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DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE  AND  I^\BOR 


BULLETIN 


OF  THI 


BUREAU  OF  LABOR 


VOLX'ME    XVI-1908 


WASHINCiTON 
oovKityvEyT  rnisriso  okkick 

19  OS 


CONTEXTS  OF  VOLr^^E  XVI 


N^.  W.-JAMARY,  II 


I^^  liahtlily  at  eanployvn  kr  iajisrii 
Mtkl  Sauiw,  hf  Uadlcy  D.  Omrfc,  A   M. 

Warkmra'p  Cijgip«— tiuo  Act  o(  IWS 

ItMliieitrul  Dispa&e*  Act  of  1907. . 

TnuU  DvputM  Act  td  W*.....' . 

Ml  c4  rvTftii  iv|mct*fl£  SUte  butvmmoi  blrar  ftouitim 
lo«« , - - 


ti>  tiunr  MopkifMML  (•  tka 


IM-ISB 


I 


ilOiio. 


nC  tbe  AtUdBer-^^eoenl  oa  qitwCioa*  «0ectinic  U>-  - 

o(  mwrtA  aAectiiie  Ubor. 

UiW9  td  Yviou*  9Utc«  rvUliiig  tn  UNir.  ««art«d  mac9  Jsaoarr  I ,  IftH 

Xp.  75 -MARCH.  WOP. 


ffhnliwtir  prfpw.  laW  to  1907 

bdutriil  hjPCMmc.  by  G«aqp«  U.  Kobcr.  M.  D.. 
tN^art  frf  rvc«tit  irporu  at  9UU  tnireuM  ol  Ittfaar 

Xr»    I  ■  ir  fc .  - 

|HitU8tytv&nia  - .*» .• 

VinpnU 

Digmt  itf  rrr-cot  fofvifo  itaciMicd  pabUratlMv. . . 

ul  oouftff  affMtiac  iBhor 

ol  ywnmm  States  rrtrtiBg  to  faibor.  snactvd  i 

Nw-TC— MAV.  IN 


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t!w  iJlAiittliui  InidDttrUl  I>up«t»  f  arat^eBtiati  Act  ol  1907.  by  Mctor  S. 

OKk.  rh.  D 

Wte  to  docw*  f<ir  ibe  oAemtikiyrd  in  Eunnioii  cmtatfim,  b)r  W.  D.  P.  Kiim . 
Divert  •tf  PKvnl  ivpurtf*  of  8u<«  b«ra*y>  ol  bKor  itatutao: 


N'liffth  CaniliM «. 

thgm  f4r«c«cii  frtrn^^  HUUAioil  publn-aikiw 

DtHAowotf  rcmnii  Afleriin^  labor _ 

t  .»  ,.  -.^r^.v.^  K.^ate!»  rvUUR^  to  labnr,  aoactH  idot^iaaaar^l,  t9#4 

iTIabur  UvB  uul  deHaioot  nlatiii^ ibenta. 

lutirt  K)  vuiuiw  i'  - 


frt*! 


REAU    OF    LABOE 


WASHIXCfTON. 


Jaxtabt.  19»>*- 


iL  LIABILITY  OF  EMFIOTESS  FOE  TSmiSS  TO  THKIX 
EXFLOTEES,  Dl  THE  imTED  STATES. 

BY  LINDL£T  D.  <  X-\KK.  A.   M«  IX.   M. 

h  the  Engli-li  c«jmnion  law  lies  at  the  fixmdatioii  of  oar 
f  employers'  liabilin'.  ihi^  doctrine  L<  oontinaallT  and*?rgoing 
th  by  the  rulings  of  Slate  and  Xati«^nal  i»urts  and  by  the 
of  numerous  statutes  pa->ed  with  a  view  to  a  more  exact 
of  the  right-r  of  the  employee  or  to  some  amelioratioQ  of 
on  in  other  re^j^ects.  Tlie  principles  of  the  conmiofi  law  are 
tly  interpreted  in  the  various  juri.sdietioas  that  State  name? 
:o  certain  applications  of  them,  indicative  of  a  locally  rec- 
ew  which  is  not  in  accord  with  the  generally  accepteil  con- 
f  the  law :  while  the  statutes  range  in  form  and  effect  from 
tatement  of  the  rf^ninion  law  to  an  abrogation  of  it  in  some 
5S  inclusive  degree  and  the  enactment  of  rules  varying  con- 
)Oth  from  it  an<l  fnmi  one  another. 


2  BULLETIN    OF  THE    BUREAU   OF   LABOR, 

the  result  that  we  now  have  in  the  United  States  a  IkkIv  of  law  and 
practice  that  is  in  effect  hirgely  of  the  nature  of  a  con»i)roniise.  It 
is  the  purjiose  of  the  present  undertaking  to  set  forth  with  some  com- 
pleteness the  nioi-e  important  prmciples  of  the  conunon  hiw  as  gen- 
erally applied  to  this  subject  in  this  country,  together  with  such  Iwal 
variations  as  may  appear;  also  to  reproduce  the  statutory  provisions 
of  those  States  wliich  have  passed  enactments  on  the  subject,  pres<»nt- 
ing  the  construction  i>ut  thereon  where  they  have  l>een  nMieweil 
by  the  sujwrior  State  courts  or  the  Federal  courts. 

COMMOX  LAW  LIAHTTJTY. 

The  doctrine  of  the  employer's  liability  under  the  common  law 
is  presented  under  the  heads  of  the  duties  and  the  defenses  of  the 
employer. 

THB  DUTIES  OF  EMFLQYEBS. 

As  already  stated,  the  two  principal  factoids  of  the  problem  arc  the 
duty  of  the  employer  to  protect  his  en»ployee  in  the  discharge  of  the 
iluties  of  his  employment  and  the  assumption  by  the  employee  of  the 
risks  involved  in  the  undertaking  in  which  his  contract  of  employ- 
ment engages  him.  The  duty  of  the  employer  is  first  consideied, 
but  it  will  be  found  imi^ossible  to  discuss  it  without  constantly 
bearing  in  mind  the  modifications  that  residt  from  the  existence  of 
the  complementary  obligations  resting  on  the  employee. 

The  briefest  statenuMit  of  the  rule  governing  the  emj)lover  is  that 
he  is  required  to  use  due  care  for  the  safety  of  his  employees  while 
they  are  engaged  in  the  performance  of  their  work.  This  is  taken 
to  include  all  reasonable  n»eans  and  precautions,  the  facts  in  each  par- 
ticular case  being  taken  into  consideration.  If  su<'h  provisions  have 
l>een  made  as  a  reasonably  ])rudent  nuui  would  supply  if  he  himself 
were  exposed  to  the  dangers  of  the  servant's  position,  no  negligence 
would  api>ear.  In  the  cast*  of  corporations  the  Supreme  Court  fixes 
the  duty  at  the  use  of  such  cauti(m  and  foresight  as  a  corporation 
controlled  by  careful,  prudent,  officers  ought  to  e.\in-cise.{<') 

Though  the  courts  of  review  have  condemned  any  instructions  that 
would  tend  to  charge  the  employer  with  a  higher  degree  of  care  than 
that  which  nuiy  be  defined  as  ordinary,  the  measure  is  not  an  ab^^o- 
lute  one,  but  is  proportioned  to  the  dangers  to  which  the  empl<»yee 
is  exposed.  The  ordinary  incidents  of  railroading,  mining,  and  cer- 
tain classes  of  manufacturing  are  in  themselves,  in  comparison  with 
general  employments,  unusually  dangerous;  and  so  of  a  large  rail- 
road yard  as  compared  with  a  smaller  one,  an  expivss  train  as  com- 
pared with  a  freight  train,  or  a  gaseous  mine  with  one  in  which  no 

'  Waimsb  li,  Co.  v,  ATcDaufels  (1882),  107  V.  8,  4o4,  %  Sui?,  Ct.  952, 


EMPLOYEBS'   LIABIUTY   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  3 

such  dangers  exist.  In  such  cases  as  these,  or  when  temporarily 
abnormal  conditions  prevail,  ordinary  care  is  advanced  far  beyond 
the  requirements  of  the  less  dangerous  conditions.  On  the  other 
hand,  care  may  lawfully  be  relaxed  if  the  risk  is  unusually  slight  or 
if  a  device  is  for  a  specific  and  transitory  use.  The  general  rule  as 
to  care  is  qualified  by  the  youthfulness  or  inexperience  of  an  em- 
ployee, a  greater  degree  of  care  being  commonly  requii-ed  for  the 
protection  of  such  persons;  nor  is  the  master  relieved  by  the  fact  that 
a  servant  of  tender  years  misrepresented  his  age  in  order  to  secure 
the  employment.  (*) 

PLACE  AXI)  IXSTRU3IEXTALITIES. 

Tools  and  appliances. 

In  accordance  with  the  rule  as  to  due  care,  the  obligation  rests  on 
the  master  to  supply  tools  and  appliances  that  are  reasonably  safe  for 
the  intended  use  and  reasonably  well  adapted  to  i>erform  the  work 
in  contemplation.  These  must  be  provided  at  the  place  of  use  or  at 
a  place  of  such  ease  of  access  as  to  l>e  reasonably  procurable. 

Place  and  materials. 

Closely  related  is  the  dutv  to  provide  a  safe  place  to  work  and 
proper  material  for  use,  the  measure  still  being  not  absolute  but 
reasonable  or  adequate  safety.  The  distinction  l>etween  place  and 
appliance  is  not  an  easy  one  to  draw,  though  the  couKts  are  stricter 
in  their  requirements  as  to  the  former  than  to  the  latter.  Thus,  if 
a  scaffold  furnished  bj*^  an  employer  be  regarded  as  u  place  to  work, 
he  is  responsible  not  only  for  the  materials  supplied,  but  also  for  the 
construction  and  maintenance;  while  if  it  be  viewed  only  as  an  appli- 
ance, he  must  make  reasonable  provision  therefor,  but  its  insuffi- 
ciency, if  sucli  there  be,  may  l>o  laid  to  the  account  of  the  fellow- 
workmen  of  an  injured  employee,  or  perhaps  to  his  own  negligence 
in  erection.  (^) 

Netv  devices, 

"WTiat  may  be  required  in  the  way  of  improvement  and  alteratitm 
or  in  the  adoption  of  new  devices  to  accomplish  the  ends  of  safety  is 
governed  largely  by  the  usual  and  ordinary  course  of  procedure  of 
those  in  the  same  business.  The  employer  can  not  he  made  an  in- 
surer, nor  is  he  bound  to  introduce  the  newest  and  safest  appliances. 
On  the  other  hand,  he  can  not  Iw  allowed  to  disregard  all  inventions 
for  securing  the  safety  and  comfort  of  his  workmen.     But  as  new 

''Am.  Car  &  Foundry  Co.  v,  Arnieutraut  (1005),  214  in,  509,  T3  N,  E.  766, 
6  Butler  V,  Townsend   (1891),  126  X.  Y.  105,  26  N.  E.  1017;  Hoveland  v. 
National  Blower  Works  (1908),  ll-i  N.  W.  795.    (Wis.) 


4  BULLETIN    OF  THE  BUREAU    OF  LABOR. 

devices  become  more  generally  used,  the  standard  of  the  custom  of 
prudent  men  will  become  correspondingly  altered,  and  the  law  of 
general  usage  may  compel  the  adoption  of  devices  the  omission  of 
which  had  not  previously  l)een  considered  as  negligi»nce.(*')  This  rule 
operates  more  effectively  in  the  case  of  installing  new  equipments  or 
of  beginning  a  new  undertaking  than  where  the  question  is  one  of  the 
continuance  or  modification  of  established  conditions. 

The  doctrine  that  the  employer  is  bound  to  safeguard  his  employees 
from  exposure  to  needless  and  unreasonable  risks  is  subject  to  the  gen- 
eral qualification  that  one  has  the  right  to  carry  on  a  business  which 
is  dangerous,  either  in  itself  or  because  of  the  manner  in  which  it  is 
conducted,  provided  it  does  not  interfere  with  the  rights  of  others, 
without  incurring  liability  t«  a  servant  who  is  capable  of  contract- 
ing and  who  knows  the  dangei*s  attendant  on  employment  in  the  cir- 
cumstances. (^)  A  brief  statement  of  the  rule  is  that  the  employer  has 
a  right  to  exercise  a  reasonable  judgment  and  discretion  in  the  con- 
duct of  his  affairs,  and  it  is  said  that  it  would  be  a  very  extraordinary 
case  indeed  in  which  this  right  woidd  Iw  interfered  with.(*)  This 
does  not,  however,  permit  the  usi»  of  unreasonably  dangerous  appli- 
ances nor  those  which  are  in  themselves  defective  or  so  obsolete  and 
inferior  that  their  adoption  or  retention  wouhl  of  itst>lf  indicate 
.negligencc,(^)  though  the  (juestion  is  held  to  be  one  not  of  conipara- 
tive  safety  but  of  reasonable  safety.  Xo  fixed  mile  of  liability  is  pos- 
sible, therefore,  in  this  respect,  each  case  being  of  necessity  decided 
on  its  own  merits. 

Where  a  convenience  is  of  great  advantage,  its  adoption  may  be 
classed  as  obligatory,  at  least  where  the  changi*  involves  l)ut  small 
cost.  It  is  iu>t  clear  how  far  expense  may  be  ofi'ered  as  a  d(»fense,  no 
case  being  at  hand  in  which  that  alone  was  hehl  to  relieve  the 
employer  from  the  duty  of  correcting  abnormally  dangerous  condi- 
tions. In  Alabama,  however,  the  <'ost  and  the  effect  on  public  inter- 
ests were  considered  as  so  affecting  the  re<|uirenuMit  tliat  the  employer 
was  not  hehl  negligent  as  matter  of  law  in  a  case  where  a  low  bridge 
over  a  railroad  could  be  changed  only  at  large  exi>ense  and  the 
marked  inconvenience  of  scvei'al  UK'nibtM-s  of  the  public. ('') 

The  same  care  is  required  of  the  master  in  nuiintaining  as  iji  fur- 
nishing safe  and  suitable  appliances.  ('')  Inasmuch,  however,  as  the 
progress  of  work  and  the  use  of  tools  produce  constantly  changing 

«MnflOu  x\  Itlclimond  &  I).  U.  Co.  (lSi)2),  111  N.  C.  482.  in  S.  E.  (JUS. 
^Tuttle  r.  Detroit,  etc.,  Ily.  (1SS7),  122  T'.  S.  ISi),  7  Sup.  VX.  Wm. 
<'(*hoctnw,  O.  &  (J.  tt.  Co.  r.  MfDade  (IIHKJ),  101  V.  S.  iM.  24  Snp.  Ct.  24. 
<<  rA>iii8vlUe  &  N.  R.  K.  Co.  r.  Hall  (1800),  irt  Ala.  112,  H  So.  371. 
''Moore  p,  Wabash,  8t  U  &  l\  H.  Co.  (1885),  85  Mo.  588. 


^P  EMPLOi'EBS     LUBIUTT   IK   TQE  172CITEO  STATES.  5 

M»Dilitions,  the  doctriuc  Umt  reasouably  saf^  places  am!  appliances 

[must  Iw  provided  is  frequently  motlified  hy  the  statement  that  the 
iliity  has  lieen  <li*i4'hrtr<r»^l  wlien  ortlinftn*  or  reasonable  i-sire  ha^  boon 
exercised  in  the  effort  to  make  such  provision. (■ )  The  continued  em- 
ployment of  tool^  chat  are  so  worn  as  to  iucrease  the  dnnger  of  their 
ti*^  will  in  general  rntai!  liability  on  the  employer.  If.  however, 
the  danger  is  an  obvious  one,  the  employee.  <rontinning  to  work  with 

^m  knowledgie  of  the  danger  and  without  complaint,  will  lie  considered 
to  hft%'e  assumed  the  risk,  and  in  case  of  injury  Ims  no  nKMjvery:  nor 
vill  liability  attach  until  ihe  employer  has  or  rea^^uably  could  have 

tiufonnation  of  the  defect  requiring  repair. 

Here.  Hgnin.  qualification'^  aUjund.  the  usage  of  the  li*ade,  the  cus- 
tmn  of  the  shop,  ami  the  natuiv  of  the  instrumentality  each  being  a 
Tactor.    Simple  rei^iirs  may  custonuirily  be  made  by  the  asers  of  the 

^tools-  in  which  ca.*e  the  employer  \<  without  liability.  If  n  machinist 
is  employed  to  make  repairs,  a  workman  injured  wliile  nttempting  to 

^rr|Hiir  his  own  machine  is  witliout  right  of  action.  Perishable  appli- 
ances, ^ich  as  ropes.  l>eltH,  etc..  which  wear  out  constantly  from  u:*e, 
(Jkouid  be  reJiewed  »t  pro|>er  intervals  if  the  master  is  to  stand  clear 

|of  the  charge  of  negligenct\ 

Liability  attaches  only  where  the  injury  is  the  result  of  the  use  of 
an  appliance  for  the  work  nnd  in  tJie  maiuuT  for  whicli  it  was  fur- 
ni^ied.  Thus  the  common  practice  of  workmen  riding  on  elevaloi-s 
intendeil  only  for  freight  is  at  the  risk  of  the  workman;  (*)  so,  als«>,of 
the  use  of  one  ladder  for  splicing  to  another  when  it  was  intended 
kolely  for  use  alone.  C**)  Continued  indidgence  in  a  practice  with  the 
^inaster^s  acquiescence,  however,  or  the  adaptation  of  an  appliance  to 
uses  by  the  master  himself  or  by  a  n*preH4'ulative,  qualiRes  this 
d^,  so  that  if  sucli  use  involvcr^  increased  danger  and  a  servant  is  in- 
[jured  thereby  the  master  can  not  defend  by  i>ointing  out  the  deviation 
from  the  original  use  or  showing  that  the  instrumentality  was  suitable 
ior.(') 

CusU>marf/  method. 

In  close  connection  with  the  above  is  the  rule  that  the  employer  is 
(lo«t  liable  to  an  employee  for  an  injury  incurreil  by  n  departure  from 
tomar}*  method  of  performing  work  or  by  leaving  the  place  of 
|pIoyn»ent  lo  work  in  some  other  department  unless  on  instruc- 

•AmlerMon  i.  .Mk-hlwiu  C\  K.  i\>.  (IWC).  lt>7  MIob.  r»01,  or>  N,  W.  SSr»:  Keod 
L«,  Btockmycr  i  intHM.  ?ci  r,  f.  ^v.  3M.  74  Ve*\.  iSfi. 

*KrTJi  r.  De  Hitrtn*  A  IX  Su^nr  Hef.  Co.  (ISIHiU  125  N.  Y.  .V».  25  N.  E.  lOTl. 

'  McKar  V.  UHud  (1M)T).  lOH  Maw,  27o,  47  N.  K,  1*M. 

*  l^ntrr  r.  Vnrkmyrtb  <JS(n},  If*  iM.  App.  535,  4S  M.  E.  MH.  .^ 


dii^Hitoi^d 


6  BULLETIN    OF  TIIK   iU'HEAV   OF   LABOR. 

lions  from  a  pro|)orly  authorized  represontative.('')  So  if  a  more  dan- 
gerous luetliod  or  place  of  work  is  t^liosen  when  one  less  dangerous 
was  available,  the  resultant  injury,  if  any.  does  not  charge  the  em- 
ployer witli  liability.  C*) 

Iiicamph'ti\  eU.^  appUanccs. 

A  lower  standard  of  the  employer's  liability  prevails  where  the 
emi>loyeo  is  engaged  in  the  work  of  repair,  or  of  bringing  an  unfinished 
appliance  to  completion,  or  of  the  demolition  of  a  structure.  A 
greater  degree  of  danger  is  obviously  j)resent  under  such  conditions 
than  if  the  Avork  was  proceeding  with  complete  and  stable  instru- 
mentalities, and  the  employi^'  is  held  to  Ik*  correspondingly  obli- 
gated to  be  on  his  guard,  though  it  is  by  no  means  intended  to  relieve 
the  employer  by  a  general  rule.  The  actual  knowledge  of  the  em- 
ployee may  be  taken  as  the  ultimate  guide  in  determining  liability, 
and  unnecessary  ami  abnormal  dangers  are  not  a  part  of  the  risk 
assunied.(') 

IhspvifutH. 

The  *luty  of  making  repairs  necessarily  involves  the  diity  of  dis- 
covering the  need  for  them  as  it  may  arise,  which  entails  the  duty 
of  iusj)eclion.  The  duty  of  maintaining  tools  iind  machinery  in  a 
reasonably  safe  and  suitable  condition  is  in  general  on  a  level  with 
the  duty  to  pi'ovide  such  api>liances  in  the  first  instance.  The  in- 
sp<H'tion  re(|uired  for  such  mainlenan<*e  ililTers  somewhat  from  that 
necessary  oi*  presnuied  at  the  time  a  new  ])lant  or  new  tools  are  first 
brought  into  use.  As  to  the  latt*»r  it  \\\\\y  tirst  be  stated  that  an 
employer  who  makes  aiul  sup|>lies  an  Instruuientalily  is  cliargeable 
with  such  a  knowledge  of  its  defects  as  (inlinary  care  diu'ing  the  course 
(^f  su<'h  manufacture  wo»d<l  have  disclos(»d.  Subse(|uent  inspections 
will  not  relieve  him  of  this  liability  so  long  as  the  defects  continue, 
and  notic<'  of  such  original  defects  is  not  necessary  in  order  to  fix 
the  responsibility  of  the  euiplovei-.  In  case  of  purchase,  the  duty  of 
inspection  may  ordinarily  be  assume*!  to  have  Ihm'm  ^lischarged  by 
the  nninufa<'turer.  though  a  showing  that  the  jiuiehaM'  was  carelessly 
made  (as,  for  instance,  Avithout  indicating  to  the  manufacturer  the 
intendi'd  n.^e,  so  that  he  might  nuike  tests  ai)pr<tpriate  to  such  use) 
has  been  held  to  im})Iy  negligence.  If  an  article  is  of  an  a])proved 
pattein  an<i  the  dealer  is  a  reputable  one.  the  presumptitni  is  in  favor 
of  the  employer's  noidiability.     Tmleed.  it    is  gi'iierally  considered 

«  StuKK  '•.  Kdwiii-a  \V<?Hterii  T«»  &  Spice  Co.  <l!Ht»).  \m  Mo.  4W.  (K)  S.  \V.  3J>1. 
*  WoniieU  r.  MaUie  i\  I^  ('<►.  <1S«7).  71>  Me.  \VM,  10  Atl.  4U. 
'•(N)l<»raao  Midland  U.  tU  r.  Xnylou  (IWrj),  17  Colo.  WU,  :tO  Tac.  240;  but 
geeJirlck  t\  Hocheeter,  S,  1\  &  V.  K.  Co.  (1HS5),  1«  X.  Y.  211. 


EMPLOYEES     LIABILITY  IX   THE   UNITED   STATES.  7 

that  such  facts  are  conchisive  in  his  favor  in  the  absence  of  particu- 
lar facts  or  circumstances  calculated  to  put  a  prudent  i>erson  on  his 
guard. (°)  This  doctrine  does  not  appear  to  control  in  Michigan,  how- 
ever, where  it  has  been  held  to  be  the  duty  of  the  employer  to  cause 
thorough  inspection  of  newly  purchased  articles  before  putting 
them  into  use.(^)  The  duty  of  a  reasonable  inspection  of  purchased 
appliances  is  also  inferable  from  a  comparatively  recent  opinion  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  ('^)  In  favor  of  this  view  is 
the  fact  that  it  accords  with  the  doctrine  of  nondelegable  duties,  dis- 
cussed below,  and  that  it  alone  affords  protection  to  the  employee 
where  there  has  been  actual  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  manufac- 
turer, with  whom  he  has  no  contractual  relations. 

The  necessity  for  inspection  of  instrumentalities  in  use  obviously 
varies  with  the  nature  of  the  appliance  and  the  circumstances  of  em-, 
ployment.  Small  and  simple  to6ls  may  l>e  used  without  inspection, 
the  employer  being  entitled  to  assume  that  the  Avorkmen  will  make 
timelj'  discovery  of  defects  and  be  suitable  judges  of  the  fitness  of 
such  tools  for  use.  Complex  or  dangerous  machinery  or  instrumen- 
talities that  are  liable  to  rapid  wear  or  deterioration  must,  on  the 
other  hand,  bo  the  subjects  of  inspections  of  a  nature  and  frequency 
adapted  to  the  conditions  indicated.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  inspec- 
tion is  only  a  means  to  an  end,  the  fact  that  due  provision  has  been 
made  therefor  will  not  absolve  a  master  from  liability  where  he  has 
actual  knowledge  of  defective  conditions  through  some  other  means 
than  by  inspection.  Nor  will  the  proved  inadequacy  of  an  inspecting 
force  charge  him  with  liability  if  it  in  sliown  that  in  any  particular 
instance  the  appliance  involved  in  the  case  was  in  fact  properly 
inspected. 

The  duty  does  not  extend  beyond  a  reasonably  careful  inspection, 
thougli  no  defect  will  be  considered  latent  which  may  be  discovered 
by  the  exercise  of  due  cart*.  The  taking  apart  of  machinery,  or  such 
other  inspection  as  would  interfere  with  the  profitable  conduct  of 
business,  is  not,  in  general,  required.  (*)  External  appearances,  how- 
ever, may  be  such  as  to  demand  a  more  thorough  inspection;  (*')  so. 
also,  of  appliances  showing  defects  in  operation  or  those  to  Avhich 
some  accident  has  occurred  of  a  nature  likely  to  cause  obscure  in- 
juries, etc.(0 

As  to  frequency  of  inspections  there  is  little  that  can  be  stated 
definitely.     The  nature  of  the  appliance  and  its  liabilitA'  to  change 


«  UeynoWs  r.  Merchants'  Woolen  Co.  (18U7).  KiS  Mass.  r»01,  47  N.  E.  40(1.    But 
Pee  Erickson  r.  Am.  Steel  &  W.  Co.  (UK)G),  li»3  Mass.  119,  7K  X.  E.  7(J1. 
6  Morton  v.  Detroit,  etc.,  R.  Co.  (ISOO),  81  Mich.  423,  40  X.  W.  111. 
<•  Richmond  &  D.  R.  Co.  r.  Elliott  (1803),  149  U.  S.  266,  13  Sup.  Ct.  837. 
«*  Philadelphia  &  R.  R.  Co.  i\  Hughes  <1S8S),  110  I'a.  301,  13  Atl.  280. 
**  HaU  r.  Emerson-Stevens  Mfg.  Co.  (1900),  94  Me.  445,  47  Atl.  024, 
/  Mooney  %\  Connecticut  River  Lumber  Co.  (1801),  154  Mass.  407,  28  X.  E.  3fi* 


8  BVLLETIN    OF  THE   BUBEAU   OF  LABOR, 

iiiKlcf  the  conditions  of  iisi»  aiv  clomenls  to  lx»  rockone<l  with.  A^)- 
pliances  which  are  nnieh  worn  or  which  are  not  nmintaincd  at  a  good 
standard  of  condition  according  to  connnon  usage  require  more  fre- 
quent insi>ection  than  is  obligatory  with  newer  and  moiH;  efficient 
equipment  and  methods. 

The  modification  of  the  doctrine  of  safe  places  in  case  of  unfinished 
sfnictures  and  of  repairs  following  accidents  applies  to  the  duty  of 
insiwction,  the  probability  of  defective  conditions  being  a  matter  of 
common  knowledge,  so  that  the  servant  making  the  inspection  will 
be  supposed  to  have  assumed  the  risk. 

OwncrHhip  of  appliances. 

The  duty  of  inspection  above  considered  assumes  the  ownership  of 
both  ai)pliances  and  premises  to  be-in  the  employer.  AVhere  owner- 
ship is  divided  various  tlistinctions  exist,  based  on  the  ivlations  of 
the  employer  and  the  owner  of  the  premises  or  instrumentality. 
The  most  important  of  this  class  of  cases  are  perhaps  those  in  which 
is  involved  tlie  handling  by  railroad  companies  of  curs  In^longing  to 
other  companies.  Such  cars,  known  in  railroading  as  **  foreign "' 
curs,  although  receiv(»d  only  temporarily  for  purpos<»s  of  transpor- 
tation, are  as  completely  identified  with  the  employer's  plant  as  if 
the  transfer  was  made  by  purchase,  so  that  the  nature  of  the  obliga- 
tions arising  therefrom  differs  from  that  existing  in  cases  when^  the 
emplo^'cr's  luck  of  control  over  the  appliance  is  usually  held  to  ex- 
empt him   from  liability. (") 

In  the  first  place,  it  may  lx»  said  that  no  railway  company  is 
obliged  to  receive  and  turn  over  to  Ih^  handled  by  its  emidoyees  any 
defectiA'e  or  dangerous  ear.  Every  eompany  is  under  a  legal  duty 
not  to  expose  its  employees  to  dangers  arising  from  stich  <lefefts  of 
foreign  cars  as  may  be  discovered  by  reasonable  inspection  b<'foro 
such  cars  are  ivceivcd  into  its  train.  This  inspection  is  such  a  one 
as  the  company's  own  cars  woidd  iH»ceive  while  in  use,  and  not  a  shop 
iusijection.  The  shortness  of  the  time  during  which  the  foreign  car 
is  in  the  hands  of  a  company  is  not  an  excuse  for  neglecting  tlie 
duty.(*) 

Where  danger  from  the  use  of  foreign  cars  arises,  not  from  defec- 
tive equipments,  but  from  differences  of  construction,  it  has  been 
generally  held  that  the  servant  assumes  the  obvious  risks  thus  aris- 
ing, but  if  ignorance  of  the  risk  is  predicated  on  his  part  his  right 
of  action  would  follow.  It  may  be  noted,  however,  that  the  statu- 
tory requirement  of  automatic  couplers  is  not  met  unless  the  various 

•Baltimore  &  l\  K.  (\>.  r.  Mackey  (IWW),  157  V.  H.  72,  15  Sup.  Ct.  491. 
^AtchiBon,  T.  AS.  F.  R.  Co.  r.  Peufold  (1800).  57  KauB,  148,  45  Tac.  574. 


employers'  liability  in  the  united  states.  9 

kinds  brought  together  will  actually  couple  by  impact,  the  mere  fact 
that  they  will  so  couple  when  used  with  others  of  the  same  make 
not  being  a  sufficient  compliance  with  the  Federal  statute.  (■) 

Anifnah. 

Where  animals  are  used  as  a  part  of  an  employer's  industrial  ap- 
pliances, or  are.kept  on  his  premises,  and  an  employee  is  injured  by 
reason  of  their  vicious  or  otherwise  dangerous  qualities,  the  em- 
ployer is  liable  for  the  injury  if  he  is  or  ought  to  be  aware  of  such 
dangerous  qualities.  The  same  general  rules  as  to  the  employer's 
duty  to  give  warning  and  the  employee's  assumption  of  risk  in 
accordance  with  his  own  knowledge  of  conditions  are  applicable  in 
this  connection  as  in  the  case  of  inanimate  appliances  or  adjuncts. 

WORKING  FORCE. 

Hirinff  coservants. 

Besides  the  duty  to  use  care  in  regard  to  inanimate  or  irresponsi- 
ble instrumentalities,  the  employer  nmst  also  be  reasonably  and  prop- 
erly careful  and  diligent  to  see  that  each  employee  hired  by  him  has 
such  qualifications  as  will  enable  him  to  perform  his  duties  without 
gi'eater  risk  to  himself  and  his  coemployees  than  the  business  neces- 
sarily involves.  The  same  principles  apply  here  as  in  connection 
with  the  duty  as  to  appliances.  Where  the  degree  of  danger  to  be 
guarded  against  is  greater  or  the  skill  needed  for  safety  is  of  a  higher 
order,  the  degree  of  care  demanded  is  correspondingly  increased. 
Obviously  the  question  of  experience  or  ability  would  be  of  little 
moment  in  mere  manual  labor  unrelated  or  not  immediately  related 
to  other  stages  of  work,  while  for  certain  classes  of  railroad  employ- 
ment, for  instance,  definite  inquiries  as  to  qualifications  are  iieces- 
sary  to  relieve  the  employer  of  the  charge  of  negligence. 

The  disqualifications  of  persons  of  suitable  age  may  be  mental, 
moral,  or  physical,  the  most  common  being  those  that  arise  from 
the  intemperate  use  of  intoxicants,  though  habitual  carelessness  or 
reckleasne&s,  such  as  may  reasonably  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
employerj  likewise  charge  him  with  liability.  The  element  of  knowl- 
edge, either  actual  or  constructive,  is  an  essential  one.  A  plaintiff 
grounding  his  claim  on  the  negligence  of  the  employer  in  hiring 
an  incompetent  coservant  must  prove,  not  only  the  incompetence, 
but  also  that  the  employer  failed  of  proper  care  and  diligence  in  the 
original  hiring  or  in  subsequent  inquiry  as  to  incompetency  of  which 
notice  was  given  during  the  term  of  service.  C)     It  must  further 

«  Johnson  r.  S.  P.  R.  Co.  <1904).  196  U.  S.  1.  25  Sup.  Ct.  X5S. 

"  Indiana.  B.  &  W.  R.  Co.  v,  Datley  (1887),  110  Ind.  75,  10  N.  K.  631. 


10  BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUBEAV    OF   LABOR. 

appear  that  tlie  injuries  coinplained  of  woro  the  con-^t^quonce  f>f  the 
incomi>ctcuce  charged. (") 

Altliough  the  employer's  duty  in  re^rd  to  rare  is  a  continuing 
one,  the  presumption  of  ^ood  character  and  suitable  qualilfioations 
can  safely  be  relied  on  by  an  employer  who  lias  ust^d  due  care  in  the 
original  hiring  until  notice  of  a  change.  A  single  act  of  negligemv 
or  incompetence  is  not  enough  to  ^x  the  employer's  liability  for  con- 
tinuing to  employ  the  servant  guilty  of  the  same,  though  noti<*e 
thei-eof  may  be  presumed  to  put  him  on  his  guard.  It  has  been  held 
in  some  cases,  however,  that  the  quality  of  a  single  act  was  so  notori- 
ously objectionable  that  it  indicated  a  degree  of  incompetence  suf- 
ficient to  charge  the  master  with  liability  for  the  emploj'uient  of  the 
person  committing  it-C*)  Evidence  of  the  commission  of  several  acts 
of  negligence  is,  in  most  jurisdictions,  held  to  Ih»  competent  to  i)rove 
the  unfitness  of  a  servant.  In  Pennsylvania  (')  and  Massachusetts,  ('') 
however,  general  reputati<m  is  uuide  the  test,  and  the  submissitui  of 
individual  acts  is  objected  to  as  tending  to  raise  collateral  imiuiries, 
and  thus  indefinitely  to  protract  the  case;  but  the  rule  that  proof  of 
frequent  specific  acts  of  actual  negligent  qualit}'  of  which  tlie  em- 
ployer had,  or  by  the  use  of  due  care  could  have  had,  knowledge  is 
the  one  generally  approved;  and  obviou?ily  reputation  is  the  general 
result  of  the  impressi(ms  made  by  individual  (»ccui*rences. 

Corollary  to  the  obligation  to  employ  competent  coservants  is  the 
requirement  that  a  sufficient  numlH»r  shall  be  provided  for  the  reason- 
ably safe  performance  of  the  employer's  work.  This  duty  includes 
that  of  seeing,  at  least  in  a  general  way.  that  the  employees  eugag4'd 
are  properly  distributed  to  the  various  parts  of  the  establishment  and 
that  due  provision  for  physical  fitness  is  nmde  by  allowing  oppor- 
tunity for  i-est  and  time  for  meals. 

Another  !>ranch  of  the  employer's  duty  is  that  of  providing  appro- 
priate rules  and  securing  the  carrying  out  of  a  suitable  system  for  the 
<'onduct  of  his  work.  This  applies  only  to  businesses  sufficiently  com- 
plex to  make  such  arrangements  reasonable,  and  no  such  assumption 

fl  (JiilvePton  Hoik*  &  Twine  Co.  r.  Riirkoll  (ISfi.'J).  '2  'JVx.  Civ.  App.  liOS.  lil 
S.  W.  (KiS. 

^  Unuh'v  r.  Now  York  &  H.  J{.  (*<►.  (1S7»).  .".O  X.  V.  :i.-U.  17  Am.  Ucp.  ^I-"- 

Trnzler  r.  rwinsylvnnln  11.  Co.  (IMil),  ;is  Pa.  1(»|.  SO  Am.  Dei-.  -HiT.  This 
vn»e  was  Hharply  riitldKctl  hi  IMttMbiirg.  Ft.  W.  &  C.  U.  Co.  r.  Hiihy  {\s.7\ »,  ::s 
Ind.  2tH,  10  Aui.  Ilep.  Ill,  lu  which  It  waH  HaUl  that  "  tho  ciifie  Htnuds  nhme,  iin- 
PiiHtnhied  and  imsiipimrttHl,  ho  far  an  we  have  bi^eii  aUIe  to  dl(K*uvei'.  by  any 
elementary  work  or  deolHiou." 

*'Hatt  V.  Nny  <1887),  14:1  Mu»8.  ISO,  10  N.  E.  807. 


employers'   liability  IX   THE   I'XITED   STATES.  11 

is  made  as  that  rules  can  be  so  framed  as  to  guard  against  every  con- 
tingency. The  duty  is  held  to  extend  to  the  nndclng  of  reasonable 
iniles  and  their  reasonable  and  practicable  enforcement,  ordinary  care 
being  used  to  anticipate  and  guard  against  such  accidents  as  can  Iw 
reasonably  foreseen.  A  defective  system  and  inadequate  rules  will 
not  satisfy  the  law,  but  the  presumption  is  in  favor  of  the  sufficiencj' 
of  those  provided,  and  it  has  l)oen  held  that  only  manifestly  un- 
reasonable or  clearly  insufficient  rules  would  leave  the  employer  open 
to  the  charge  of  negligence.  (<>)  In  this,  as  in  oth<»r  cases,  conmion  usage 
is  in  general  accepted  as  conclusive.  The  absence  of  rules  may  be 
condoned  if  it  api>ears  that  a  customary  method  of  carr3nng  on 
work  is  actually  sanctioned  and  approved  by  the.  employer  and  is 
imderstood  by  the  employees  as  l)eing  binding  upon  them.  A  mere 
custom  of  employees,  however,  apart  from  the  employer's  approval 
or  enforcement  will  not  suffice. (^) 

Such  rules  and  practices  as  are  prescril>ed  must  be  brought  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  employee  Iwfore  he  is  considered  to  be  bound  by 
them,  but  it  may  \ye  inferred  from  circumstances  that  this  has  been 
done.  Express  contracts  with  reference  to  the  conditions  of  em- 
ployment as  affected  by  specified  rules  are  conclusive  as  against  an 
emploj'ee  profes.sing  ignorance  of  such  rules  ;(<•)  but  a  mere  agreement, 
though  in  writing,  to  study  the  rules  and  keep  posted  on  thoin  is 
applicable  onh'  to  such  rules  as  have  been  duly  promulgated  or  which 
the  employer  has  definitely  undertaken  to  bring  to  the  employee's 
Jcnowledge.O  Continuance  in  service  for  a  considerable  length  of 
time  or  the  fact  that  printed  copies  of  rules  are  furnished  with  direc- 
tions that  they  l>e  i*ead  are  circumstances  that  will  be  construed 
against  the  employee  in  cases  of  claims  !)a>»ed  on  alleged  ignorance 
of  rules. 

Enforcement  of  rules  is  no  less  a  duty  than  the  promulgation  of 
rules  in  so  far  as  a  reasonably  careful  supervision  will  accompli-ih  it. 
Repeated  and  notorious  violations  will  charge  the  employer  with  a 
knowledge  of  the  insufficiency*  of  the  provisions  made  and  the  neces- 
sity of  new  regidations  or  of  additional  superintendence.  In  the  ab- 
.«ience  of  steps. to  secure  the  enforcement  of  rules  thus  violated  it  has 
l>een  frequently  held  that  the  master  has  sanctioned  their  al)rogii- 
tion  and  that  thej'  are  no  longer  binding.  Their  violation  would  not 
then  be  regarded  as  negligence,  nor  coidd  the  employer  offer  such 
rules  as  a  defense.  (<*) 

«  Little  Rock  &  M.  R.  Co.  r.  Barry  (1808),  2S  C.  C.  A.  044,  fi4  Fed.  044. 
*Abol  r,  I>elaware  &  H.  Canal  Co.  (ISSO).  103  X.  Y.  5S1.  0  X.  E.  32r.. 
*-S«lgwlck  r.  Illinois  C.  R.  Co.  {1SS7).  73  Iowa  158.  34  X.  W.  790. 
'Carroll  r.  East  Tennessee.  V.  &  G.  K.  Co.  (1880),  82  Ga.  4.^2.  10  S.  E.  103. 
«8t  LonU,  A.  &  T.  R.  Co.  v,  Trlplett  (1801),  54  Ark.  280,  lu  S.  \V.  831 ;  16 
8.  W.26d. 


12  BULLETIN   OF  THE  BUBEAU   OF  LABOR, 

InHtruvtiorm  and  irarnhi(/t*. 

Besides  the  gencnil  rules  by  which  the  conduct  of  business  is  de- 
tenninedj  instructions  may  be  necessary  either  in  case  of  abnormal 
conditions  or  of  the  employment  of  inexijerienced  persons.  The  prin- 
ciple lying  at  the  foundation  of  this  duty  is  the  same  ns  in  the  case 
of  providing  appliances,  viz,  liability  does  not  attach  on  account  of 
the  dangers  of  the  situation,  but  for  placing  the  employee  in  a  situ- 
ation of  the  iiazards  of  which  he  is  excusably  ignorant.  There  is 
no  legal  necessity  for  the  giving  of  instructions  or  warnings,  there- 
fore, where  the  employee's  knowledge  as  to  conditions  and  moans 
of  safety  is  equal  to  that  of  the  employer,  nor  where,  all  the  circum- 
stances l>eing  considered,  adequate  knowledge  can  be  attributed  (o 
him.  On  principles  already  adverted  to,  I'epair  men,  or  those  whose 
duty  it  is  to  make  dangen)us  places  safe,  are  not  entitled  to  instruc- 
tion so  far  as  the  dangers  involved  relate  only  to  the  appliances  or 
places  which  engage  their  attention.  A  modification  of  this  rule 
is  to  he  found,  how^ever,  in  the  fact  that  it  is  not  a  mere  knowledge 
of  conditions,  but  a  comprehension  of  the  dangers  attendant  thereon 
that  must  l)e  shown  in  order  to  al>solve  the  master  from  responsi- 
bility. (°)  Misrepresentations  on  the  part  of  the  employee  as  (<»  ajre 
and  experience  have  been  held  by  some  courts  to  relieve  the  master 
of  the  duty  to  instru(;t,('0  while  others  deny  such  effect. ('')  Ke^anl- 
ing  the  duty  as  one  of  '^  proper  care,"  it  would  seem  that  the  employer 
can  not  Ih'  absolved  from  the  duty  of  disclosing  dangers  which  iire 
not  obvious,  by  any  statements  whatever  of  those  whom  he  nuiy  em- 
l>loy,  though  the  circumstance  of  the  employe(»'s  representations  may 
l>e  considered. 

Inasmuch  as  persons  of  tender  years  mv  particularly  unlikely  to 
understand  the  risks  attendant  upon  the  use  of  dangerous  nuu^hinery, 
the  duty  of  instruction  will  be  held  to  apply  in  cases  of  their  euiploy- 
ment  when  it  would  not  be  considered  if  the  conditions  related  to 
adult  employees.  Experience  and  capacity  are  to  1x*  iTckoned  with  in 
deciding  us  to  the  duty  of  instructing  minors  as  well  as  adults,  but 
wliere  a  person  is  too  young  to  realize  the  dangers  or  to  profit  by  the 
instructions  given  the  employer  is  not  freed  from  liability  even  by 
the  giving  of  such  instructions  as  would  under  ordinary  conditions 
be  sullicient.(*') 

X<»t  every  contingency  is  to  be  anticipated  in  the  giving  of  instruc- 
tions, but  such  only  as  ai'e  probable  in  the  conduct  of  the  business 

oCooiubR  r.  New  lU»dft»r(l  Corilajre  {'a.  UstH)),  102  Mass.  Zu-2,  3  Am.  Rep.  500. 
f  StetMi  r.  «t.  raul  &  D.  It.  Co.  <ms7).  a?  Minn.  310.  34  N,  W.  133. 
ci^uUviUe  &  X.  II.  Co.  r.  Miller  (1!KM)),  43  C.  C.  A.  430.  IW  Fed.  124. 
^Jifckoy  r.  Tante  (1SH7),  VK*  N.  Y.  20,  12  N.  E.  280;  Pittsburg,  C.  &  St.  L. 
A  Co,  «;  Adeiua  (inm),  100  lud.  151.  0  N'.  B,  1«. 


employers'  liability  in  the  united  states.  18 

and  while  the  servant  keeps  within  the  scope  of  his  eniJ)loyment. 
Increased  hazards  of  which  the  employer  has  or  should  have  knowl- 
edge should  be  brought  to  the  attention  of  even  experienced  workmen 
who  are  not  in  a  situation  to  acquire  timely  knowledge  for  them- 
selves. The  instructions  must  be  sufficiently  definite  and  explicit  to 
call  attention  to  the  specific  dangei-s,  and  must  be  timely  and  ade- 
quately imparted  to  the  person  for  whose  benefit  they  are  intended. 
What  will  amount  to  a  sufficiency  can  not  be  determined  by  any  set 
rule,  but  will  vary  with  conditions.  It  has  been  held  in  a  number  of 
instances  that  a  mere  notice  to  be  on  one's  guard  is  not  sufficient,  but 
that  the  particular  danger  and  a  probably  safe  way  of  avoiding  it 
should  be  pointed  out.('*)  It  is  obvious,  however,  that  conditions  may 
make  the  enforcement  of  this  nile  unnecessary  or  even  impracticable, 
for  the  danger  may  be  discoverable  or  avoidable  by  proper  circum- 
spection, or  it  may  be  of  such  nature  that  only  the  pers<ms  actually 
present  can  determine  at  the  time  how  it  may  best  be  avoided. 

A  railroad  employee  riglitfully  on  the  track  may  expect  warning  of 
the  approach  of  a  train ;('')  also  the  crew  of  a  freight  train  is  entitled 
to  warning  if  likely  to  meet  unusal  obstructions  in  a  yard  at  night.('^) 
Under  the  doctrine  of  the  "  last  clear  clmnce ''  this  duty  to  warn  is 
held  to  be  such  that,  notwithstanding  the  previous  negligence  of  the 
injure<l  person,  if,  at  the  time  the  injury  occurre<l,  it  might  have 
been  avoided  by  the  exercise  of  reasonable  care  on  the  part  of  the 
defendant,  he  will  be  liable  for  the  failure  to  exercise  such  care;(<') 
while  in  a  recent  case  in  Missouri  (*^)  it  wa.s  held  that  under  the  theory 
of  the  "  humanitarian  doctrine  ■'  of  the  employer's  liability  an  em- 
ployee, even  if  negligent,  can  recover  where  it  was  practicable  for 
persons  in  charge  of  a  train  to  avoid  inflicting  the  injury  on  account 
of  which  the  acti(tn  is  brought. 

RESTRICTIONS    OF    K^IPLOVKES'   RIOIIT   TO    RECOVKR. 

Efforts  on  the  part  of  the  employer  to  make  his  workmen  insurers 
of  their  own  safety  by  the  adoption  of  rules  or  the  requirement  of 
contracts  releasing  the  emploj'er  from  liability  will  in  general  be  dis- 
countenanced by  the  courts.  Thus  it  has  been  held  that  a  rule  which 
required  an  employee  not  to  attempt  to  use  appliances  unless  he  knew 
that  they  were  in  a  proper  condition  imposed  upon  the  servant  one  of 
the  duties  of  the  master,  i.  e.,  that  of  seeing  that  the  implements  fur- 
nished are  in  a  reasonably  safe  state  of  repair,  and  such  rule  was  de- 

«Fox  t\  PeninKiiIar  Wlilto  I»ad  &  Color  'Works  (1S01),  84  Midi.  G7tJ.  4S 
N.  W.  203. 

*Iinnols  C.  R.  Co.  V.  Mahan  (1S9C),  54  S.  W.  10.     (Ky.) 

<•  MeGraw  v.  Texas  &  P.  K.  Co.  (189S),  50  I>fl.  Ann.  46G,  23  So.  401. 

'Styles  V.  Receivers  of  Richmond  &  Danville  R.  Co.  (lSi)6),  118  N.  C.  1084, 
24  >S.  E.  740. 

•Johnson  v,  St.  Joeeph  Terminal  Co,  (lliOT),  101  S.  W.  041. 
a0d4»— BaU.  74—08 2 


14  BULLETIN    OK  THE   BUREAl'    OF  LABOR. 

(•Inivd  voi<l.('»)  A  sti]>uintioii  «'X<*inptin^  n  railroiul  coiupnny  fruin 
liul>ility  for  iiijnrios  crusimI  eni|>]()yiH»H  hv  its  iic^li^ciwv  is  voitl  us 
n^unsi  publio  polu^v.CO  A  oontract  cxccmUmI  sulK(M[iu'itt  to  iIh» 
oiiiphmr's  ontninn'  on  serviit*,  rdirvin^  i\w  ('ni])I(iy«'r  of  linliilily,  is 
voi<l  for  wnii*  of  consi(loi*ntion.(')  In  anotlior  rase  a  1<»\v(m'  cotiit  of 
iho  siimo  Siate  liohl  a  contraH  of  lik<v<'fft'<'t^  though  1)H<4m1  on  siifliticiit 
<H)nsi(lorati()iK  to  1k'  void  ns  against  pii1>Ii<'  ))4fli<'y.('0 

Tt  has  Ihhm)  livid  that  an  cniployt»r  could  not  I'flifVf  liinisolf  hy  con- 
tract of  a  liability  in)p(»sod  l>y  statute.  ahlioujNrh  the  stahitt*  itself 
made  no  rcfcriMJce  to  such  contra<'ts. (' )  An  implied  waiver  of  ihe 
l»cnetits  of  a  statute  which  ro<juires  fro;rs,  et*..  on  railroads  to  he 
blocked  or  nmchinery  to  Ik»  puu'de<l  by  continuance  in  si^-vice  with 
knowledge  that  the  law  was  uui  complied  with.  ha<  In^cu  h<-ld  not 
to  Ih»  valid  as  a  defense  in  an  action  for  injuries  I'esnlting  from  ilie 
company's  failure  to  so  comply.(M  There  is,  howev<'r.  a  strong  li:-t 
of  cases  on  the  other  side.(")  In  (Jeorgia  (*)  an*!  Peniisylviinia  { ') 
express  contracts  limiting  or  denying  the  enipl<»yee's  right  t»f  acti«)n 
have  been  u|>hohl.  In  the  former  State,  a  later  statute  di'daic-  -iich 
contracts  void  so  far  n<  they  affect  any  liability  iixed  by  law.  Sinnhir 
or  more  general  statutes  exist  in  a  number  of  States. 

Where  the  feature  of  relief  beneiits  exists  a  new  factor  is  intro- 
duced, and  the  ridings  niv  (juite  uniform  in  favor  of  the  contract. 
'i'he  terms  of  the  contru<'t  are.  in  general,  that  the  acceptance  (»f  In-ije- 
(its  by  the  injured  employee  sludl  operate  as  n  waiver  oi'  his  right  of 
action  at  law  against  the  employer,  and  that  if  action  is  brought  anti 
is  coinpi'fMuised  or  <-:irried  to  judgment  no  claim  siiall  lie  again -I 
the  fund.  Sucli  funds  are  usually  maintained  jointly  by  employer^ 
ami  employees,  though  tlie  expense  is  riot  ncrcs-nrily  ei|UMl!y  sliMn'd, 

"Missouri.  K.  &  T.  M.  Co.  r.  \V<mh1    (1sik;i,  :\T,  S.  W.  s7:t.      n't'x.i 

^I,iik<'  SlioFf  &  .M.  S.  Uy.  <ii.  r.  SpMiiLfhT  (issiii.  It  nliin  St.  171.  *-  N.  K. 
•nJ7:  I.ntle  I{=trl<  &  rt.  S.  ny.  Co.  r.  Knhiiuk>  (  lss7(,  |s  Ark.  Ui*K  '•'<  S.  W.  S()s ; 
nicliiiHHHl  &  li.  It.v.  Cm.  r.  .loin'S  (  IslU  I.  ir2  Aln.  -Ms.  H  So.  l!7fi:  StMti.'s  A-litir.  -. 
I'nitHi  r.  It.  Co.  (  Mi07».  S!i  Vnv,  717*  (1  l:ili)  ;  .rohiiMon  ?•,  c|inrl**stt»n  *:  S.  IJ.  Cu. 
( |s!«M.  r.."i  S.  C.  l."ii\  ;;l'  S.  K.  J:  INicsiht  r.  llcnuiiini   ( issi  ».  s  I-'imI.  7^-. 

'■  I'nrd.v  r.  Itoinc.  etc.  K.v.  Co.  (  l*':ltl  ».   li'.'  .\.  V.  :ii'!t.  'jr,  \.  i-;.  I'.v.. 

'Mtiiiil  r.  HtTiiiii:  ( istcji.  I;»  \.  V.  St.  I'Jii.  Jl  N.  ^  .  Sium'. -I  I. 

'  Kiiiisiis  r.  li.  Ct'.  r.  Ti'iivry  (l.ss:;i.  j!i  K;i!is.  )\VX  (I  Am.  l;"|t.  <;;<».  'I'.ir- 
iM'ii  r.  KtiM.-iiul  li.  Co.  (  m:oi  ,.  -,:;  Vt.  :jj7.  M  Ail.  ti. 

'  .\:irr;MiJtirc  r,  Ch'\<'!;iiMl.  C,.  C.  ^;  St.  I..  My.  Co.  i  Isicii  '.*>.  l-i-.i.  'J. in;  |t:i\;< 
i'oiil  Cit.  r.  I'dlliMHl  <l!»""ii.  I'lS  III.!.  *yt7.  <:-•  V.  i:.  !;»:::  W.-stfi-it  I'lirM,  /t  \]U'.. 
Co.  r.  rJooiii   U:-07),  !>M  I'mc.  vjl.     (Km  ;:.i 

fM>('iivi'r  »V  11.  «;.  li.  <'o.  r.  (J.-iiiiiiMi  (li"i7i.  f«i  t'.u-.  s.V:  tCitjH.i:  si.  i.-.m;- 
Cordri':)' Cf».  c.  MilliT  (I:MI.",i.  Ijij  I'l'tl.   I'.C:   (>*.M:i!i'y  r.  So-itit  ttosMii  (i;is  I.iu'ht 

Co.  (isit:i).  \:*s  Aijiss.  i:i.-i.  :i-j  n.  i:.  iint. 

''  Wrstorii  &  A.  It.  Co.  r.  lUsliop  (lS7:;i.  ."tO  tU\.   MiT,. 
'MHihoII  r.  I'll.  n.  (!,sr>:St.  1.  Am.  Law  \U%.  717. 


employers'  liability  in  the  united  states.  15 

The  Pennsylvaina  siipromc  court (<')  held  that  an  agreement  to  accept 
benefits,  the  acceptance  to  oi>crate  as  a  waiver  of  the  right  of  action, 
was  not  contrary  to  public  ix>licy,  inasmuch  as  it  was  not  the  signing 
of  the  contract  prior  to  the  injury  (which  would  not  in  itself  l>e  effec- 
tive) but  the  acceptance  of  benefits  subsequent  thereto  that  barred  the 
iiction.  Such  a  contract  merely  requires  the  employee  to  make  his 
election  whether  to  apply  to  the  relief  department  or  to  sue.('')  But 
if  there  is  lack  of  mutualit3\  or  the  defendant  company  fails  to  show 
that  it  assumes  a  fair  portion  of  the  burden  of  paying  the  benefits, 
even  the  acceptance  of  such  benefits  Mill  not  bar  a  suit  for  damages.(/) 
Nor  will  a  partial  payment  of  the  agreed  benefits  avail  as  a  bar  to  the 
action*^  though  a  full  compliance  with  the  terms  of  the  contract  would 
sto  operate.  (**) 

A  contract  that  purports  to  bind  the  nieml>ers  of  the  relief  depart- 
ment by  the  decision  of  an  "  advisoi'y  committee,"  making  such  de- 
cision final  and  conclusive,  is  void,  as  it  undertakes  to  defeat  the  con- 
stitutional right  of  appeal  to  the  courts  for  the  redress  of  wrong. (*^) 

The  agreement  that  claims  on  the  benefit  fund  are  forfeited  by  suit 
in  which  judgment  is  procured  or  a  compromise  is  made  was  held 
valid  in  an  Iowa  case.(0  I^ut  the  supreme  trourt  of  New  Jerst^y  ruhnl 
that  ''the  judgment  intended  is  one  by  which  the  claimant  recovers 
some  compensation  for  the  loss  allegc<l,"  and  granted  a  new  trial  in 
a  suit  for  the  benefit  where  damages  at  law  had  not  been  secured,  (y) 

A  further  MTriation  in  conditions  is  found  in  the  case  of  persons 
not  employees  of  the  company  causing  the  injury  by  its  negligence 
or  that  of  its  employees,  but  who  are  l>eing  carried  as  a  part  of  the 
contract  of  their  employment.  Such  cases  arise  in  the  employnicnt 
of  express  mes-^cngers,  who,  while  not  employees  of  the  railroad  com- 
pany, are  also  not  in  the  status  of  passengers.  A  contract  IjctAveen 
the  express  company  and  the  railroad  company  over  whose  Hncv  the 
former  wishes  to  do  business  may  contain  a  clause  by  which  the  ex- 
press company  agrees  to  hold  the  i-ailroad  com[)any  harmless  from  all 
liability  for  injuries  to  tlie  employees  of  the  former  company  while 
being  trai»sported,  whether  such  injuries  are  caused  by  the  negligence 
of  the  employees  of  the  railroad  company  or  not.  Then  l)y  contract 
with  its  employee^  the  express  company  nuiy  procure  an  agreement, 
as  a  condition  of  employment,  that  the  applicant  will  assume  all 
risks  and  nmke  no  claims  for  injuries  however  occasioned.  A  case 
involving  such   ccmditions   was   bt'fore   the   Suj)reuie  Court   of  the 

"Johnson  r.  PhiladPlphIn  U.  Oo.  (isol),  lfJ3  Pa.  St.  KU.  20  Ail.  Syl. 
^ Owens  r.  HaUIniore  &  ().  II.  C*\  (ISSS),  :-;."»  Fetl.  715;  Lons  r.  I*«nnsylv«nia 
Co.  (l-SiM).  30  Inrl.  Ai»i>.  47,  37  X.  K.  423. 

*•  Chicago,  H.  &  Q.  K.  Co.  r.  MUler  (ISJHi).  7«  Fe<l.  4.31)  (C.  C.  A.). 
'Prtin8>-lvanin  Co.  v,  Chupnian  (lf»05).  220  111.  42S.  77  N.  E.  248. 
'BftltlmoTC.  etv\,  It.  Co.  r.  Stanfcara  (1S07),  oC  Ohio  St.  22-1,  40  N.  K.  57T. 
f  Donald  r.  Chicago.  B.  &  Q.  R.  Co.  (1895).  03  Iowa  284,  G1  N.  W.  071. 
f  O'ReiUy  v,  Petmsylvanla  li.  Go.  (1903),  GO  N.  J.  L.  110.  54  Atl.  233. 


16  BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU   OF  LABOR, 

United  States,(«)  where  it  was  hold  that  the  position  of  an  express 
messenger  more  nearly  resembles  that  of  an  employee  of  the  trans- 
porting railroad  company  than  that  of  a  passenger,  and  that  his  con- 
tract was  a  valid  release  of  his  employer  and  the  railroad  company 
from  liability  for  injuries.  Wiere  the  messenger  is  not  aware  of  the 
contract  between  the  companies  he  is  not  a  party  thereto  and  is  not 
bound  by  its  terms.  (^) 

DUTIES   NONDELEGAISLK. 

Considering  the  employer's  duties  as  matter  of  personal  obligation, 
it  would  be  ai)parent  that  directions  to  a  servant,  or  the  employment 
of  persons  to  perform  these  functions  in  the  employer's  stead,  will 
not  in  itself  relieve  him  of  the  responsibility;  but  if  there  be  a  defect- 
ive discharge  of  such  duty  by  the  j>erson  employed  for  its  jjerform- 
ance,  the  employer  is  still  liable  and  will  not  l)e  allowed  to  screen 
himself  behind  his  agent.  In  determining  the  question  of  the  em- 
ployer's liability,  the  relations  of  f<'llow-servants  arc  involved,  or 
rather  the  tloctrine  of  vice-principals,  and  tlie  decision  will  be  found 
to  turn  largely  on  the  point  of  whether  the  negligent  employee  was, 
with  reference  to  the  act  occasioning  the  injury,  a  coemployee  or 
whether  ho  was  the  representative  of  the  employer  in  that  particular 
act 

The  courts  have,  in  general,  hold  <iuito  *'onsistently  to  the  view  of 
the  nondelegable  (|uality  of  th(»  ilutios  onmnoratod  ab(^e,  their  ruling 
being  that  as  to  them  tlie  omplovor  can  relieve  himself  only  by  per- 
formance. In  some  cases,  h<)w<>ver.  it  has  been  hold  that  the  appoint- 
ment of  an  employee  to  the  duty  was  a  sufficient  dischal'ge  of  tho 
obligation.  Thus  in  a  nuniljor  of  MassachuAHts  cases  the  rule  seemed 
to  bii  that  the  master  is  liable  only  in  case  of  failure  to  supervise;  such 
servants  as  he  has  appointed  to  dischar<re  \\hat  are  in  other  jurisdic- 
tions classed  as  nondcle^'able  duties. C)  In  ii  IVinisylvania  case, 
also.C)  it  was  held  that  the  empldyment  of  competent  inspectors  and 
affording  them  i-easonable  opj)or(iniities  f*»r  work  was  u  sufficient  dis- 
charge of  tlie  duty  to  inspect,  unless  n'asonable  dili<:(  nee  would  have 
disclosed  the  defective  numner  in  which  tlie  work  was  being  done.  In 
a  recent  case,  however,  it  was  held  by  tlie  supreme  <'ourt  of  Massachu- 
setts(')  that  a  showing  that  an  employer  had  engaged  competent  engi- 

"  Haltiiiioro  &  (K  S.  W.  n.  Co.  r.  Vol^t   ( 11MH)>,  17i',  V.  S.  lits.  20  Sup.  Ot.  38. 

6  Brewer  r.  New  York,  etc.,  K.  Co.  (ISUI).  VM  N.  Y.  5!t.  2G  N.  E.  32-4;  Cham- 
iMTlain  r.  IMersdii  (lsiis».  87  Fed.  420.  :5t  <*.  r.  A.  1.". 

'^Ro;;ors  r.  Liulhtw  Mfjt.  Co.  (iss?).  HI  Muss.  I'lS.  n  \.  K.  77;  Lawless  v, 
CoHiuMtic'iit  Klvrr  It.  Co.  (IsSTi).  VMi  J[ass.  1. 

dUuilroaa  r.  IIuKhes  (18.S.S),  llt»  I'a.  :J01,  13  Atl.  28C. 

<*KrkkKon  v.  American  Steel  ami  Wire  Co.  (IIMKJ),  1J«  Mobs.  310,  78  N.  EL 
ro%  rWiiff  Moxtiihiiii  r.  IIIIIh  Cu.  (ISSS),  HO  MasH.  58*(,  10  X.  15.  574;  Hooe  Dk 
Jioston  and  yorthern  St  Ry,  Co.  (1004),  187  Maes.  <SI,  72  "S.  ¥L  ^\, 


employees'  liability  in  the  united  states.  17 

neers  to  design,  install,  and  inspect  appliances  did  not  relieve  him 
from  his  original  responsibility  of  using  due  care  to  provide  safe 
appliances,  • 

From  the  first  and  more  generally  accepted  principle  it  follows  that 
the  employer's  ignorance  of  the  incompetency  of  his  vice-principal  is 
not  a  defense;  nor  is  it  sufficient  that  a  competent  superintendent 
actually  gave  the  proper  orders.  Reasonable  cai'e  must  also  be 
exercised  to  follow  up  the  orders  and  enforce  conformity  thereto.  It 
is  hardly  necessary  to  add  that  the  failure  to  appoint  any  superin- 
tendent is  no  less  negligence  than  the  appointment  of  one  who  is 
incompetent. 

Supplies, 

An  exception  to  the  rule  that  the  master  is  liable  for  injuries  arising 
from  furnishing  uasafe  appliances  was  noted  above  (p.  6),  the  ex- 
ception being  in  the  case  of  purchases  obtained  from  reputable  dealers 
or  manufacturers. (")  It  would  be  carrying  this  principle  of  pur- 
chase biit  a  step  furtlier  for  the  employer  to  make  provision  for  the 
supply  of  all  instrumentalities  by  procuring  them  from  independent 
contractors,  and  so  evading  responsibility  for  their  imperfections; 
but  only  a  few  courts  have  sanctioned  the  doctrine  of  the  nonliability 
of  the  employer  to  this  extent. 

In  a  Federal  circuit  court  of  appeals  {})  and  in  Califomia,(<') 
Georgia, {<*)  Illinois,(*^)  Missoiiri,(^)  New  Hampshire.(^)  Rhode  Is- 
land, (*)  and  Texas,  (*)  the  employer's  liability  has  been  maintained 
in  cases  of  injury  arising  from  the  neglect  of  independent  contractors 
in  the  furnishing  of  appliances  or  the  maintenance  of  a  safe  place, 
while  in  New  York,(^)  Virginia, (*^)r  and  New  Jersey  (')  the  opposite 
position  has  been  taken.  In  Pennsylvania,  in  a  somewhat  recent 
case,("*)  the  employer  was  held  liable  for  the  contractor's  negligence, 
Avhile  an  earlier  decision  (")  released  an  employer  who  had  contracted 
for  appliances  which  proved  inadequate. 

«  Fuller  f.  New  York,  etc.,  R.  Co.  (11)00),  175  ilass.  424,  5G  N.  E.  574, 
ft  Toledo  Brewing  and  Malting  Co.  v.  Bosch  (1000),  41  C.  C.  A.  482,  101  Fed. 
530. 

'^Shea  r.  Pacific  Power  Co.  (1I»05),  145  Cal.  680,  70  Pnc.  373. 
''Central  R.  &  Bkg.  Co.  r.  Passniore  (1802),  OO  On.  203,  15  S.  E.  760. 
*^  Pullman  Palace  Car  Co.  r.  Laack   (1802),  143  111.  242,  32  N.  K  285. 
^Herdler  r.  Buck  Stove  &  Range  Co.  (1890),  130  Mo.  3,  37  S.  W.  115. 
0  9>tOTy  v.  Concord  &  M.  R.  Co.  (1000),  70  X.  it.  364,  48  Atl.  2S8. 
*Moran  y.  Corliss  Steam  Knjrine  Co.  (1800),  21  R.  I.  380,  43  Atl.  874. 

*  Gulf,  C.  &  S.  F.  R.  Co.  r.  Delaney  (1000),  22  Tex.  Civ.  App.  427,  55  S,  W. 
538. 

i  Devlin  i\  Smith  (1881),  25  Hun.  2(»6,  afHrmed  (1882).  80  X.  Y.  470. 

*  Norfolk  &  W.  R.  Co.  t\  Stevens  (1809),  07  Va.  631,  34  S.  K.  525. 
«  Ccnway  r.  Furst  (1805),  57  X.  J.  L.  045,  32  Atl.  3S0. 
"Philadelphia  &  B.  R.  Co.  t\  Trainor  (1890),  137  Pa.  148,  20  Atl.  632. 
■ArdeBco  Oil  Co.  v,  Gllson   (1870),  63  Pa.  146,     Note  ala)  the  attitude  of 

the  Uassaehusetts  courts  indicated  by  the  caees  cited  in  notes  c  and  e  on  the 
preceding  page. 


18  Btn-LETIN    or   THE   BUBRAU   OF  LABOR, 

Inxperttitu  iiufi  mahift'nanre, 

Tho  duly  of  tho  itminUMuincc  of  appliaiK-os  ami  of  in^pocting  their 
condition  1ms  Uvou  niontionod,  un  exception  hoin^  nmdc  Jn  the  case  of 
simple  totals  and  appliances  the  condition  of  which  was  easily  ap- 
parent to  the  user.  In  general  the  duty  of  inspection  and  mainto- 
nanco  is  held  to  ho  vondclegahle.(")  The  States  in  which  the  con- 
trary view  has  been  held  are  Alabama, ('')  Tx)nisiana,('')  Maryland, (*) 
Massachnsetts,(')  Mississippi, (^)  New  Jersey, (")  Ohio,(*)  and  Penn- 
sylvania. (*)  In  New  York  the  position  of  the  higher  cotirta  has  iK)t 
he^Mi  altogether  consistent, (■')  hut  seems  ^Mierally  to  charge  the  em- 
ployer with  these  duties. 

A  distinction  that  is  Ht)metimes  made  <-harges  the  employer  with 
liability  if  the  work  of  repair  is  done  by  a  person  specially  delegated 
therefor  and  not  engaged  in  using  the  apparatus,  (See  p.  r>0  below.) 
Another  test  that  is  sometimes  us«»d  is  found  in  the  nature  of  the  ro- 
pairs  themselves.  If  the  repairs  are  to  l)c  of  a  permanent  character, 
the  duty  of  making  them  may  be  regarded  as  nondelegable;  but  if  they 
are  to  be  of  a  temporary  character  they  may  l>e  intrusted  to  coem- 
ployees.  The  application  of  this  rule  depends  on  the  fact.s  and  cir- 
cumstances of  each  case,  and  can  not  here  be  gone  into  in  detail. 

I'hc  duty  to  frame  and  promulgate  rules  and  regulations  is  absolute, 
according  to  <hc  courts  of  this  country,  the  only  exception  noted  lK>ing 
in  the  State  of  West  Virginia, (*)  where  it  was  held  that  the  choice  of 
competent  servants  to  receive  and  transmit  necessary  orders  relieved 
the  UKister,  and  that  it  was  not  recpiired  <»f  him  personally  to  see  that 
notice  actually  came  to  the  knowledge  of  all  afTected  thereby.     In 

"lloii^rh  V.  Ti»x«s  &  V.  U.  Co.  (IsT'.n.  li>0  r.  S.  111:1,  2."  I..  VA.  Olli.  quoling 
Fenl  r.  Fit<-lihur*r  It.  Co.  (1S72),  110  Mass.  240,  14  Am.  \W\k  .V.is. 

«' WiMMlwartl  Inni  Co.  r.  (VmjU  (11KK»),  124  Ala.  .'MO,  27  So.  4.".. 

'■  linliiili  r.  Nt-w  OrlciiiiH  &  C.  It.  Co.  (1S5I).  {\  U\.  Ann.  lIC.  7A  Ant.  I>eo.  r>G5. 

<*Shjim-U  r.  Nortliem  C.  U.  Co.  (I.SliC).  2.".  Md.  »(>2. 

••  K\\\\K  r.  Hosion  &  W.  II.  Corp.  ils.'! ),  \)  CiihIi.  112;  hut  Mro  Moyniluin  r.  IUUh 
Co.  (isss),  1  \t\  Mass.  .".Sli,  1*;  N.  K.  ."(.  and  Konl  r.  ritchbnrj,'  It.  Co..  note  a. 

/  Now  Oi-IfHns.  .).  &  (J.  X.  It.  Co.  r.  Hiij^'Iics  nK7:j),  4tt  Miss.  2r.s. 

fMInrriwMi  r.  (Vntnil  It.  Co.  (ls(i,-,).  \\\  .\.  j.  L.  21*.*!:  niodUUMl  in  Nord 
I)tMits<'I»T  Llii.vtl  S,  S.  Co.  r.  lnj;W>n%'Ktt'n  (IMC).  :^•;  X.  J.  T,.  102.  .'il  All.  CIO. 

*MHlo  MInni!  It.  (^^.  r.  ritzi-atrlck    (1S'^4K  42  Ohio  SI.  .".IS. 

*  licniisch  r.  KoImtIs  (isOl).  14:;  \\\.  1.  21  Atl.  !K»S. 

^  Cf.  MuhHH'  r.  Ilnthawny  {1S7(>).  tW  N.  Y.  T>,  21  Am.  Krp.  ,":'.,  and  I^^uilng  v. 
New  York  V,  It.  Co.  (1S72).  4J>  N.  Y.  r.21,  10  Am.  Itep.  417. 

^(Hlver  r.  Ohio  lUvor  H.  Co.  (ISlKi).  12  W.  Va.  703,  20  S.  la  444. 


emplotkbb'  uabujty  wt  the  united  states.  19 

• 

Maryland  ('')  and  Missisfnppi  (^)  it  has  been  hekl  that  train  di.s- 
patchers  in  giving  orders  were  but  fellow-servants  with  the  train 
men,  for  whose  negligence  the  enipk>yer  was  not  rej^ponsible :  but 
the  general  view  corresponds  with  the  rule  given  above. 

Statutory  dnttes, 

t 
As  to  duties  prescribed  by  statute,  it  appears  to  l)e  the  rule  that, 
apart  from  an  express  legislative  declaration,  they  will  be  classed  as 
delegable  or  nondelegable  according  to  the  common-law  classification 
of  such  duties. 

THE  DEFENSES  OF  E9EPLOYSBS. 

For  a  breach  of  duty  to  an  employee  resulting  in  injury  an  action 
will  lie  for  the  recovery  of  damages.  Employers  arc  not  insurers, 
liowcver,  and  are  liable  for  the  consequences,  not  of  danger,  but  of 
negligence.  Some  duties  are  b}-^  statute  made  obligatory  upon  the  em- 
ployer to  such  an  extent  as  practically  to  fix  his  liability  in  case  of  in- 
juries entailed  by  their  omission.  Apart  from  such  enactments,  how- 
ever, fhe  employer  mav,  in  case  of  an  action  for  damages,  offer  a  de- 
fense based  on  the  principle  expressed  in  tlie  maxim,  "  Volenti  non 
fit  injuria;"  or  he  may  undertake  to  prove  the  plaintiff's  assumption 
of  the  risk,  or  his  contributory  negligence:  or  he  may  rely  on  the  doc- 
trine of  common  employment  to  relieve  him  from  lial)ility. 

The  principle  of  the  maxim, ''  Volenti  non  fit  injuria,"  is  of  general 
application,  the  meaning  of  the  phrase  as  freely  rendered  being  "  That 
to  which  a  person  assents  is  not  esteemed  in  law  an  injury."  A  clearer 
statement  is  that  by  an  English  judge,  "  One  who  has  invited  or  as- 
sented to  an  act  being  done  toward  him  can  not,  when  he  suffers  from 
it.  complain  of  it  as  a  wrong"  In  a  Massachusetts  case  the  doc- 
trine was  thus  expressed :  '*  One  who  knows  of  a  danger  from  the  neg- 
ligence of  another,  and  understands  and  appreciates  the  risk  there- 
from and  voluntarily  exposes  himself  to  it,  is  precluded  from  recover- 
ing for  an  injury  which  results  from  the  exposure."  In  brief,  the 
injured  person  has  assumed  the  risk;  and,  apart  from  the  contractual 
relation  of  employer  and  employee,  there  is  a  considerable  class  of 
cases  in  which  this  defense  to  an  action  for  damages  may  l)e 
interpofsed.  The  invitation  or  assent  is  not  necessarily  or  even  com- 
monly formal,  but  is  inferable  from  conduct  and  conditions,  often 
sub-sequent  to  the  entrance  upon  the  sittuition  that  gives  rise  to  the 
circumstances  to  which  the  doctrine  is  applied. 

«  Wonder  v.  Baltimore  &  O.  R.  Co.  (1870).  a2  Md.  411,  3  Am.  Rei).  143. 
ftMUlsaps  r.  Ix)UlBvnie,  X.  O.  &  T.  K.  Co.  (1801),  m  Miss,  423,  13  So.  696. 


20  BULLETIN   OF  THE  BUREAU   OF  LABOB, 

English  courts  have  more  definitely  fixed  the  application  of  the 
principle  than  is  the  case  in  this  country,  where  it  has  bi^en  fully 
discussed  in  comparatively  few  jurisdictions,  but  neither  in  Eng- 
land nor  in  America  are  the  authorities  agreed  on  its  application  to 
concrete  cases  nor  on  its  relation  to  the  doctrines  of  contractual  as- 
sumption of  risk  and  of  contributory  negligence.  Many  authorities 
hold  that  the  nile  of  the  maxim  covers  the  ground  of  the  usual  defense 
of  assumed  risks  under  the  employee's  contract,  besides  its  own  field  of 
noncontractual  relations,  while  others  regard  the  two  defenses  as  dis- 
tinct. The  question  of  its  relations  to  the  doctrine  of  contributory 
negligence  is  briefly  discussed  below.  It  may  be  said  here,  however, 
that  the  distinction  is  not  always  maintained,  and  it  is  held  by  some 
coTU'ts  that  the  i>erson  described  as  volens  may  l>e  better  doscril^cd  as 
negligent,  or,  rather,  that  the  person  making  the  volmitary  choice 
may  be  none  the  less  guilty  of  contiibutory  negligence.  In  so  far 
as  the  liability  of  employei'S  is  c(»ncerned  it  appears  that  the  moi-o 
general  application  of  the  rule  in  this  country  follows  the  same  lines 
as  are  observed  in  connection  with  the  doctrines  of  assumed  risks 
under  the  contract  of  emi)loyment,  and  imtil  the  subject  is  more  defi- 
nitely adjudicated  its  separate  consideration  in  an  undertaking  of 
this  scope  docs  not  seem  advisable. 

ASSIJMPTIOX  OK  RISKS. 

When  a  contract  of  employment  is  entered  upon,  the  law  imports 
into  the  agreement  an  assnuii)tion  by  the  employee  of  the  ordinary 
risks  incid<iiit  to  tlie  emi)loyment,  and  of  such  other  risks  as  may  be 
known  to  and  appreeiated  by  him.  Tins  is  siiid  to  be  a  term  of  the 
contract,  express  or  Implied  from  tlu*  circumstances  of  the  employ- 
ment. C')  One  seeking  employment  impliedly  represents  that  he  is 
capable  therefor,  aiul  that  he  comprehends  the  ordinary  risks.('') 
Another  view  of  the  defense  is  that  it  does  not  aris<»  from  the  oon- 
tratrt  of  employment,  but  from  the  status  of  the  employer  and  em- 
I)loyee  as  fix(»d  by  common  law,  aiul  is  over  and  above  the  contract, 
being  imi)osed  by  law  upon  the  parties  thereto,  regardless  of  their 
*lesircs.  (*■) 

h'mnrliih/c. 

The  qiiestion  of  the  employee's  knowledge  is  in  general  contr()lling, 
but  the  knowledge  may  be  either  actual  or  imputed.  A  worknuui  of 
nuitiire  j-ears  and  ordinary  intelligencCj  ofl'eriiig  himself  for  employ- 
ment, is  presumed  to  know  and  appreciate  the  conditions  and  to 


^NarrniiKire  r.  Clovelaiia.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  K.  Co.  (1S1K)),  |HJ  Fttl.  :i!)S,  ;J7  C.  C. 
A.  490. 
*  Wagner  v.  Chemknl  Co.  (18ir2).  H7  Pa.  47.^  Xi  Atl.  772. 
'^ leaver  &  K.  G.  K.  Co.  r.  Norgate  (11K)5),  141  Fed.  247;  Martin  r.  Chicago, 
-tt  I.  &  r,  R.  Co,  (J002),  118  lowB.  148.  l»l  N.  W.  1034. 


employers'  liabilitt  in  the  united  states,  21 

assume  the  risks  ordinarily  incident  to  the  service  and  to  have  notice 
of  all  risks  which,  to  one  of  his  experience  and  capacity,  are,  or  ought 
to  be,  open  and  obvious.  He  does  not  assume  risks  arising  from 
conditions  of  which  he  was  actually  and  excusably  ignorant;  nor  is 
he  required  to  use  more  than  ordinary  care  to  discover  existing  con- 
ditions. («) 

There  is,  however,  one  class  of  cases  in  which  the  question  of  knowl- 
edge is  not  raised,  and  that  is  where  the  conditions  complained  of  are 
the  result  of  the  employee's  own  choice  or  selection  of  a  course  of 
action.  In  such  cases  the  risk  is  assumed  irrespective  of  any  implied 
term  in  his  contract  of  service,  the  employee  being  held  to  be  respon- 
sible for  the  proximate  results  of  his  own  conduct.  (*) 

Ordinary  risks. 

The  determination  of  what  are  ordinary  risks  evidently  becomes 
important  in  view  of  the  fact  that  with  regard  to  them  the  employer 
is  relieved  of  all  responsibility,  even  if  the  employee  did  use  ordinary 
care,  unless  by  reason  of  inexperience  or  minority  he  was  not  charge- 
able with  having  assumed  such  risks. ('') 

The  courts  have  sometimes  defined  ordinary  risks  as  those  that 
pertain  to  the  employment  after  the  employer  has  discharged  his 
duty  as  to  safe  place,  appliances,  etc.,  and  which  ordinary  care  on  his 
part  can  not  guard  against.  Under  another  conception  the  word 
*'  ordinary  ■'  is  held  to  be  construed  in  its  usual  sense.  This  may  be 
taken  to  mean  either  that  the  risk  is  so  obviously  a  normal  incident 
of  the  employment  that  an  intelligent  observer  would  recognize  it 
as  such,  and  the  dangers  arising  therefrom  as  constantly  possible;  or 
it  may  imply  that  the  employment  unavoidably  and  of  necessity 
involves  the  risks,  which  is  much  the  same  as  holding  that  the  mas- 
ters care  can  not  obviate  them. 

These  risks  are  such  as  arise  from  the  negligence  of  fellow-servants, 
unless  the  employer  was  negligent  in  employing  incompetent  work- 
men; or  from  the  nature  of  the  instrumentalities  used;  or  from  the 
conditions^  wliether  permanent  or  teniporary,  of  the  conduct  and 
nature  of  the  business.  The  master  can  not  undertake,  for  instance, 
to  make  railroad  labor  or  the  manufacture  of  explosives  as  safe  as 
many  other  employments,  and  the  hazards  of  such  industries  are  held 
to  be  assumed  according  to  the  standard  for  the  industries  themselves. 
In  like  manner  works  of  construction  and  repair,  in  regard  to  which 
the  master's  liability  was  found  to  be  modified,  cast  upon  the  em- 

« Allen  L\  Boston  &  M.  R.  Co.  (1898),  GO  X.  H.  271,  39  Atl.  978;  Comben  v, 
BellevUle  Stone  C<t.  <1897),  5J)  X.  J.  L.  226,  36  Atl.  473. 

^Mellor  r.  Merchants'  Mfg.  Co.  (1800),  150  Mass.  362,  23  X.  E.  100. 

«  Jones  V,  Mfg.  &  Invest.  Co.  (1809),  92  Me.  565»  43  Atl.  512;  Qoodes  t\  Bos- 
ton ft  A.  R.  Ca  (X804).  162  Mass.  288,  38  N.  £.  500. 


22  DULLETIN   OF  THE   BUBEAf  OF  LABOR. 

ployoo  n  correspondingly  larger  tirgroo  of  risk,  which,  hx  this 
principle,  he  is  held  to  nssnme.  This  rule  applies  only  to  om])loyees 
actnally  en|»aj2;ed  uj>on  the  work,  nnd  the  risks  nsstnned  iur  those 
thnt  arise  only  from  llie  work  in  hand  and  not  fmin  defects  in  por- 
tions of  the  work  ahvady  completed. (") 

Kisks  which  may  l>e  obviated  by  the  exercise  of  reasonnl)le  care  on 
the  pail,  of  the  eniployer  are  classed  as  extraordinary*  and  thcM*  the 
employe  is  held  not  to  have  assnnie<l  without  a  knowledjre  and  com- 
prehension of  th<»  dangers  arising  from  the  employer's  negligence. 
If  the  danger's  are  patent  or  are  brought  to  the  knowledgi*  of  an  em- 
j)loyee,  his  entering  upon  or  remaining  in  service  is  presumed  to  have 
waived  his  <'laim  against  the  employer  for  resulting  damages. ('') 
In  the  first  cast*  he  will  l)e  held  to  have  made  his  contract  in  the  light 
of  exisling  conditions:  and  as  to  risks  arising  during  employment  it 
has  been  said  that  if  a  servant  coi\tinues  to  use  an  appliance  M'hich 
he  knows  to  Ik*  dnngi'rotis  he  does  so  at  his  own  risk  and  nf>*  at  tlmt 
(»f  his  employcr.i' )  Tt  must  api)ear.  however,  that  the  ri'^k  was 
actually  appreciated.  While  a  failure  to  notify  the  emi»]oyer  of  dis- 
coveiwl  or  known  risks  is  c<mstrued  as  indicating  the  eniployee's 
w'illingness  to  continue  to  work  while  they  exist,  the  risk  is  noi  thrown 
upon  the  employer  by  n  n»ere  notitication  nol  re])lied  t(»  by  his  prouiise 
to  repair.('')  If  th(»  alternative  of  continuing  to  woi'k  with  the  de- 
fective appliance  or  of  leaving  the  employment  is  <»ffered.  and  tlie 
employee  co?itinues  Ij)  work,  he  will  i»e  held  t(»  liave  as^niued  the 
risk.C)  A  promise  to  rt»pair  mu  bo  relied  upon  only  for  a  iva>onable 
time,  after  which  the  risk  will  be  upon  the  employee. 

Fiirtjrffuhuss    rdUsi  tl   htf  pi''  ^x'U'i-   "f  fhlftf.<. 

Temporary  iuadverten<*e  or  forg(»tfuliie>>  of  4langerou-  conditions, 
even  if  occasiontMl  by  the  urgency  of  the  situation,  i-  generally  held 
nol  to  ri'liev**  the  emi>loyee  fi'om  tlu'  burden  of  the  :i->iinied  risk, 
though  as  to  this  element  the  <'onrt<  aie  not  agreed.  In  n  minibei"  <»f 
Xew  ^'ork  cas(*^  allowanci*  has  Ix'cn  made  U\y  the  forgi't  rnlne--  of  an 
employee  whose  attention  wjis  diverted  from  ininiincnt  daugei"  by  the 
pressure  of  his  duties,(M    while  the   Tnited   St:)tes  circuit    court    <tf 

"  iOvnasville  ik  It.  it.  To.  r.  .M:m1(1iix   I  IsiCM.  VM  IimI.  .Ml.  'X\  N.  K.  :H.".. 
''Tnttle  r.  Drlrult.  (J.  ![.  i*c  M.  liy.  (issTi.  ll'i;  V .  S.  ls;i.  7  Slip.  \'\.   imt'i. 
'' WnHliln;:toii  tS;:  (;.  II.  Cn  ,-.  Mrl>jt(l('  (Isjhm.  i:ir.  V.  S.  .Vil.  10  Sup.  ("1.  loll. 

''  Must  'nMinevHc*'.  \".  &  <;.  u.  <'u.  r.  immeid  ( issrii.  vj  \a»a  );:j.  17  Aim.  it*".»,  :ti:». 

*■  U'jiry  r.  Itfi.ston  i^  A.  II.  To.  fissrn.  i:tl»  Muss,  .'so,  2  .n.  r  i  ir.. 
/Wnn»('<»  r.  Central   Vermont  K.  To.   (ls<»:n,   !;W  N.  Y.  :«ni.  'X\  N.   K.   loOi*; 
yitx/ft^niM  ?\  Ae»r  York  C.  &  H.  II.  K.  Co,   (IMHI),  37  Ajip.  IMv.  327.  "►.'•  .\.  Y. 
^upp.  UL%  etc. 


EMPIiOTEKs'  LIABILITY   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  23 

appeals(«)  and  the  supreme  coiirti^  of  Towa('')  and  Rhode  Island (**) 
have  given  the  idea  recognition,  though  in  no  jurisdiction  can  the 
lyractice  be  said  to  be  uniform.  The  prevalent  rule  seems  to  l^e  that 
the  employee  is  not  allowed  to  deny  his  assumption  of  the  risk  on 
account  of  the  rapidity  of  thought  or  action  necessarj'  to  meet  the 
exigencies  of  any  occasion,  if  it  is  established  that  he  had  acquired 
before  the  accident  a  fuU  comprehension  of  existing  risks. 

COXTRIBITORY   XKOMiiKNCE. 

TM>en  a  risk  involves  such  a  degree  of  danger  that  a  prudent  man 
would  not  assume  it,  the  defense  to  an  action  by  an  injured  employee 
is  not  that  tlie  plaintiff  by  his  contract  assumed  the  risk,  but  that 
he  was,  by  his  conduct,  guilty  of  contributory  negligence.  The 
line  is  not  clearly  drawn  between  the  two  defenses,  nor  is  it  always 
easy  *o  do  so,  inasmuch  as  the  facts  in  a  given  case  nuiy  support 
either  defense.  The  principles  are  distinct,  however,  as  assumption 
of  risk  is  an  implied  or  actual  agreement,  entered  into  before  the 
happening  of  the  accident,  to  waive  compensation  from  the  employer 
for  injuries  resulting  therefrom:  or,  it  is  an  incident  of  the  contract, 
read  into  it  by  the  fixed  rules  of  law.  If,  however,  there  has  been  con- 
trilKitory  negligence,  there  is  no  reference  to  either  contract  or  status 
to  determine  rights,  but  only  to  the  coiidtict  of  the  employee.  If  un- 
der all  the  attendant  circumstance^  he  fell  siiort  of  reasonable  and 
ordinary  care,  the  defense  of  contributory  negligence  will  lie  against 
him. 

The  rule  is  announced  hy  Coole}'  as  follows:  ''If  the  plainliff  or 
party  injured,  hy  the  exercise  of  ordinary  care  under  the  circiuu- 
fitances,  might  have  avoided  the  conseqiiences  of  the  defendant's 
negligence,  but  did  not,  the  case  is  tme  of  mutual  fault,  and  t!ie  hnv 
will  neither  cast  all  the  consequences  upon  tlie  defendant,  nor  will 
it  attempt  any  -apportionment  thereof."('')  The  contributing  negli- 
gence must  be  that  of  the  party  injured,  that  of  a  fellow-servant 
cooi>erating  with  the  negligence  of  the  master  l)eing  no  defense  to 
tl>€  latter  for  injuries  resulting  fro!n  the  combined  negligence. 

^  'oiiiparafirc  iir<jHtn,H(. 

In  Illinois  for  a  number  of  years  a  doctrine  of  comparative  negli- 
gence prevailecl,  according  to  which  the  courts  attempted  to  ap|)or- 
tion  the  fault,  and,  if  the  preponderance  of  negligence  seemed  to  be 
chargeable  to  the  employer,  to  award  damages  in  a  corresponding 

"  West  r.  Soiitheni  P.  <'o.  (is*i»8).  in>  C.  ('.  A.  219,  «i  F«l.  ;il»2. 

*  Strong  r.  Iowa  C.  B  Co.  3KfK>),  94  Iowa  asO.  a2  N.  W.  709. 

^Dlsauo  r.  New  England  Steam  Brick  Co.  (lSf»S).  20  R.  1.  -tTri,  40  Atl.  7. 

<i  Torts,  p.  074. 


24 


BXJLLEXIN    OF  TUB   bUItfiAU   OF  UlBOn. 


amount.  The  rule  seems  (o  have  been  firsi  applied  in  nn  einployer^fi 
liability  case  in  Cbicajjfu  and  Nortbwtfstoni  Ilnilway  Company   v, 

Sneeney  ( ISOO)  (^t2  U\,^2Ti),  This  nih»  was  CdiUimioiisly  folhiwed 
at  Iciist  until  1S8C,  («)  but  is  at  present  denied  in  that  State,  {*')  and  a 
nr';;Ii^nt  employee  is  now  barred  from  recovery  imle^s  it  appenrs 
that  bis  eniploytM*  was  (i^uilly  of  willful  negligence  in  connection 
with  tlie  orcasion  of  the  injury.  (") 

Kansfis  bus  In^n  cbi!^.sed  by  some  writer.s  as  one  of  the  juri.s<iic- 
tion.s  in  wbirlj  lliis  dt>rtrine  is  favored,  the  supreme  court  of  that 
State  having  held  that  wbeie  the  negligence  of  the  defendant  is  j^rcat 
and  that  of  the  plaintiif  but  slight,  the  latter  may  recover.  (**)  This 
eouii  bus,  however,  repeati'dly  deriieil  that  it  cotinlcnanee.s  the  doc- 
trine of  ronijmrative  neglij^ence,  and  it  iruiy  be  fairly  doubted  if  more 
could  bo  said  than  that  the  rule  there  followed  is  simply  the  common- 
law  doctrine  nf  font ributoiy  negli|;en4'e  somewlint  peruliJirly  stated. 
The  same  may  l>e  ^jiid  <d'  Tennessee,  where,  if  the  nc'rligenre  of  the  de- 
fendant was  the  efficient  cause,  of  the  injury,  the  fact  that  the  in- 
jured party  was  somewhat  in  default  will  not  bar  bis  recovery  if  it 
d<ies  not  amount  to  a  luck  of  ordimiry  cure,  <'vcn  though  be  might 
have  escaped  by  the  use  of  extraordinary  care.(*')  The  negligence  of 
thr  phiiruifr  win  be  taken  into  considcndiou*  however.  In  initigntion 
of  the  damaj^es  to  be  nwiirded,  and  where  the  fault  is  e^jual,  no  dam- 
ages will  be  allowed.  The  defendant,  to  bo  clear  of  negligence,  must 
^Iu^w  c<»nipliaiici'  with  all  rcc|ulrcnieuts  of  the  law.(0 

It  nuiy  here  lie  noted  that  tbt*  doctrine  of  comparative  nogligenco 
WAS  incorporated  iti^o  the  Federal  employers*  liability  law  of  1906, 
recciilly  de<*lHred  iincnnstitutioiuil.  though  not  on  this  ground,  and 
i^  found  in  a  inimU'r  of  other  rcci^nt  statutes;  but  iu  general  the  rule 
is  as  stated  in  the  quotation  from  Cooley  above. 

Came  of  injury. 

The  negligence  of  an  employee  will  not  be  a  bar  l^  his  action  unless 
it  is  the  actual  and  proximate  cause  of  his  injury.  Conduct  merely 
furnisJiing  the  occasion  or  conrlition  of  the  injury  dfH»a  not  amount 
to  negligence. (")  Even  if  the  employe(»  was  guilty  of  negligence 
which  may  have  ctMitributed  to  the  acvidcnt.  yet  if  the  employer  by  the 
exercise  of  ordinary  care  and  diligence  cotdil  have  avoided  its  occur- 
rence, the  antecedent  negligence  of  the  employee  bus  Iwen  held  not  to 
destroy  bis  right  of  action.     Still  less  will  I  he  negligence  of  the 

•  riitrflEo  &  A.  II.  Co.  t\  Johnson,  110  III.  206.  4  N.  E.  381, 
^Clty  oS  Marou  r.  Hftlc-nnih  (llMia).  205  HI.  C*43,  VR)  N.  K.  TO. 

■  MMiJcHjro  &  A.  n.  Co.  r.  Myers  rilKn).  05  111.  Api*.  5TS. 

■  *  Wli  Ulln  &  W.  H.  Co.  r.  Uavli*  ( tKS7),  37  Kunst.  743,  70  DaC,  T8, 
W         '  KtiHlivUlc  &  V.  n.  Trt.  t\  rarron  (1S71 ).  0  UtO^k.  n-»7. 
I         //>>i;/flri/;/f  A  X  K.  r,K  r,  tUirke  llMlK),  i\  r.thU.  ir>. 


EMPLOrEBS     LIABILITY  IN   THE   VKITED   STATES. 


25 


f^oi'vant  operate  as  a  defense  where  it  is  followed  l)v  willful  or  wnn(on 
negli|,a»iioe  on  the  part  of  the  niaster.  Where  injuries;  rusidt  In  death, 
the  right  of  the  |)er8onttl  ivprest'ntative  to  sue,  wtiich  does  not  exist 
timler  tlie  eonttnon  hiw,  but  is  now  given  by  statute  in  most  States, 
IH  Hubjert  tu  the  Kaine  limitations  as  woidd  have  la^en  the  right  of 
the  injured  persou  if  he  had  survived.  ' 

What  ntgligenec  bars  rccot^er-y.  \ 

What  does  an<l  what  docs  not  eonstitute  siich  negligence  ns  to  be 
a  bar  to  an  rMuj^loyee's  eJaiin  for  damages  have  not  l>een  eonsistently 
ruled  upon  by  the  courts,  Tlie  tej^t  varies  according  to  eireura- 
stances,  the  nile  being  that  the  st'rvant  must  amduct  himself  as  a 
prudent  pei-son  wonhl  in  a  liki*  position. 

A  servant  engaging  in  work  for  which  he  is  not  qualified  by  pre- 
vious experience.  an<l  incurring  injury,  is  held  to  have  be<»n  negligeut- 
In  some  jurisdietions  the  master  ha^  not  lx»en  made  responsiViIe  even 
(hough  he  kneAV  when  lio  lured  tl»e  euiployee  that  liis  ine.\p*MiiMir.e 
made  (lie  labor  abnoruuiUy  hazardous,  but  such  views  are  not  gen- 
erally accepted. 

80  also  if  the  precautions  appropriate  to  dangeroiiJ?  situations  are 
omitted,  or  if  an  unnecessarily  dangeroiLS  method  of  doing  work  is 
chosen  whei-e  the  employee  har*  the  power  of  clioicc,  or  if  he  assumes 
or  remains  in  a  position  of  unnecessary  danger,  he  will  be  held  to 
Vme  guilty  of  (vmlributing  to  his  own  injury  Tnntteutiou  to  sur- 
roundings, .and  goiuf;  in  the  line  of  duty  into  a  phire  of  unusual 
danger  without  notifying  those  from  whose  reasomibly  anticipated 
arts  harm  might  befall  him,  hiivo  the  same  effect.  The  fact  that  the 
pi*ewnce  of  an  employee  in  the  phtee  wheiv  tim  injtuy  was  i-eceivwl 
was  not  required  for  the  performance  of  his  duties  will  prevent 
i-ecoveiy.  T'sing  an  appliance  for  a  purpose  other  than  that  for 
which  it  was  intended,  if  suggestive  of  daugt^*  to  a  person  of  reascm- 
able  intelHgence  in  the  situation  of  the  workman,  will  usually  be  a 
bur  to  surte.ssfid  iKrtion.  The  use  of  defeetiw  or  otliei'wise  unsuit- 
able iustnimentalities  nuiy  be  negligent,  though  if  a  showing  of  due 
etre  in  the  ciivumstances  is  made,  and  the  danger  was  not  great  and 
obviouSf  an  action  for  damages  may  he  maintained. 

Violation  of  ordci*s  or  of  spccilic  valid  rules  of  wliich  the  employee 
b«»  notice,  and  the  neglect  of  warnings  witji  refei-ence  to  any  of  the 
acts  named  alx)ve  will  usually  be  lu'ld  to  imply  negligence  as  a  mat- 
ter of  law.('')    In  Texas  ('')  ami  New  York,(' )  however,  the  violation 

oOoopB  V.  Lake  Shore  ft  M.  K  R.  Oo.  (1887>.  66  MIoh.  488.  3»  N.  W-  041; 
Ix.uKnlUe  &  N.  IS.  Co.  r.  Wooda  <1«>5).  lOr^  AIii.  TiCI,  17  »o.  Jl. 

*l't*  Worth  i  I>.  %\  n.  iVt.  f.  Tlifmii.w.n  (ls:t;U.  'J  Tpx.  I'lv.  App.  170.  21 
8.  W,  137. 

''4JroiM»  r  l'-Mi.^v?wuilu.  r.  &  II.  K.  '■•-  ns'ii  .  4'J  N.  V.  s.  \{_  siis  m  \.  Y. 
6up(i*  GIG. 


^  BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU   OF  lABOE. 


i:._  .      ^'\*  *'«topi>oa  from  hr;«.,;„„  ;«  *u.  ,i„. 


justify  au  otherwise 
master  whose  rules  or 

p..    ....M-  ur^r<H'  (.sto  f  "''"  ''^  performing  work  is 

I  •«'K*»K*'ii»'o  where    ^^  "  ^^"iging  in  the  defense  of  contributory 

-^i'*'!*  iiih.  or  cu«t  ""  ^'"P^^y^<?  lias  l)een  injured  while  conforming  to 
(i«'*«'riiiim»il,  if''^*^^"'.  ?^"^'^  t^  ^*^iat  extent  has  not  l)een  accurately 
$>(  <'<»inli(i<>iis  loi  V  "^^'*™  employee  incurred  his  injury  on  account 
^i'*»'i  Mils  fm»i  ^.,11  ^  "^*^i'eto  which  were  outside  of  his  power  to  con- 

'f  his  roliuiu-o  o  !r*^^  *^  negative  the  charge  of  negligence;  so  also 
^*«'d  «'<,n<li(i4„j  ***  ^^  P''^^"»M>tion  that  tfx)ls  and  appliances  are  in 
/*'"*!>'  doiu».  m"^  .•  ^*:  ***^  ^^'^^^  **^  *^«^''^  department  will  bo  pni- 
f  ^'Kligcnc,.^  <'ilho"^T**^  ^"^  ^^^'^^^  fre<iuently  a  defense  to  the  charge  of 
,i<Mi(al  Hiu\  i)hv/  *^J^«oHite  or  partial,  varying  with  the  age  and  the 
>«'*'  *»f  the  ah(jv^*     *^*!P*^^'ity  of  the  individual.     In  connection  with 

»*'i*t  =^h()iii(i  J  //^"*"|'^^'ations  the  remark  made  in  a  previous  state- 
|iii>K*Mous  conic^^^^  "^  "nnd.  that  where  the  eniergoncy  or  other 

ii»!*^**.Vee,  the  .  **"  .'^  ^  result  of  prior  negligence  of  the  injured 
'  ^iti>»i5t  u  v\v.T  ""**g»^ting  or  rebutting  elements  are  of  no  avail 
th  ^i^e  of  contributory  negligence. 

Loral  rules. 


In  a,  few  s*„i. 

riH'e  the  ^^^^  'o<*al  do<>triMes  have  modified  to  i 
*'*'^,  of  risks^  ^^"^"*^'  ^"^*^  ®^  *^  contributory  negligei 
4  »'V  ..*,.,.„  .   ''■,.  '^'^''^  Jn  Alabama,(&)  the  fact  of  an 


a  greater  or  less 
?nce  and  assunip- 

•  '  'I  ntorv      »  1-        "  *^iatjaiua,{^)  tlic  fact  of  an  employee's  con- 

*  *'    'iiiurv   ^  *^^**^****  has  Ixh'u  held  not  to  l)e  a  bar  to  recovery  where 
*^**'  ■'  lit  or^^T  ^"'*'''^**^  ^^y  **»^  Avantonor  reckless  conduct  of  a  fellow- 
t<«*''^     .11        //**^   **mplovcc  for  whose  conduct  the  employer  was  re- 
H|***'  ,     .-"       *^**''fria  ('')  makes  contributory  negligence  a  ground  for 
II  r**'*"**^^^V^  <^f  the  amount  of  damages  to  which  the  plaintiff  would 
1,0  otherwise  entitled  rather  than  a  bar  to  con)plete  recovery.    To  what 
^^xlcut  t ms  IS  the  result  of  legislation  will  receive  consideration  be- 
low.     1'**'  I'ule    followed  in  Illinois    has  already    been    mentioned 
(pj).  ■-^'>)  -'*)•     rile  language  of  tlie  courts  of  this  State  in  a  number  of 
i-Hses  IS  such  that  it  can  not  be  determined  to  what  extent  the  doctrine 
of  the  assuinptiou  of  risks  is  recognized,  or  rather,  perhaps,  wdiat 
di>tin('tion  is  made  In'tween  assuni])tion  of  risks  and  contributory 
nrgligeiue.     Ill  ifissouri  the  defense  of  assumption  of  risks  has  been 
ill  l;u'fr<»  measure  <lisallowed.     In  a  very  ret'ent  case  ('')  the  State  doc- 
trine on  this  subject  was  designated  by  a  court  of  that  State  as  unique, 
in  Ihat  "the  servant  assunu^s  only  such  risks  as  are  ordinarily  inci- 

"  MiKW)url  Fnrnnce  Co.  r.  Abend  (ia«<t).  107  III.  44,  47  Am.  Kop.  425. 
*  l^mlsville  &  X.  It.  Co,  v.  York  (1001),  128  Ala.  305,  30  So.  67C. 
•*  Merco  r.  Atlanta  Cotton  Mills  (1887).  70  On.  782,  4  S.  E.  381. 
'Oberuieyer  i'-  Chair  Co.  (1000),  120  Mo.  App.  50,  90  S,  W.  073. 


^^H  EMPLO\"ats'    LlABILm     !.\    iHE   VSITED    SIAlliIS.  29 

dent  to  iii-"=i  omplrtVu»<'iii-  afWi  \U**  umMt^v  \\n>  perfnnaed  his  wliole 
duly  lo  proviilo  liim  a  rpa^onnlily  <nfv  pincc  to  work  and  reasonably 
sftfe  nppHuiices  with  which  to  do  (liih  work; ''  while  if  the  inaslor  is 
nogli^put  in  thv>o  ivsp('(t>  nml  tlu^  ^-rvant  knows,  or  by  the  exorcise 
of  ordinary  an\'  couhl  havf  known,  of  the  iinhaft'  phur  or  appliancoK, 
and  ye(  ctintiniies  in  th*.*  s<»rvic'e,  he  dtK?s  not  theix4>y  assume  the  ri.'^k 
ocoasionod  hy  tlie  nv'gligence  u(  (Ijo  nni'-ter.  Contributory  nt^gligrnce 
cjin  be  rharged,  however,  if  tire  danger  was  mi  great  and  obvious 
that  a  prudent  man  wcmld  not  work  under  the  circunistnnee.s,  or 
if  the  work  could  not  be  done  with  reftsonnble  safety  by  the  use  of 
r«ulion-(") 

The  nde  in  Tennessee  apix'ars  to  l>e  MmJUr  to  that  followed  in 
Georgia,  that  if  tlio  employer's  negligence  occasioned  injury  to  an 
employei>  who  WH^  himself  negligent  in  the  premises,  the  employee's 
negligence  gtM*s  in  mitigation  of  tlie  <lamages,  but  doe^  not  excuse 
the  employer.* *■)  The  wording  and  interpretation  of  ^^latutes  give 
ris4»  to  other  ilitTi'i-eutjos,  which  will  be  con?-i<lercd  mider  the  head  of 
blatulory  liability. 

THK  "  >->:uxiw-servant"  n^  i,r. 

The  remaijiing  defense  to  an  employee's  action  for  dnmoges  is  what 
is  known  a«  the  "•fellow-servant"  rule,  or  the  doctrine  of  common 
employment.  Ac<'ording  to  this,  where  the  employer  has  discharged 
liis  d\itics  ns  to  u  safe  place,  ^afe  aud  suitable  appliances,  competent 
fellow-.^^ervrtnt*,  etc.,  he  is  not  liable  to  an  emph)ye<»  for  the  act«  or 
negligence  of  any  mere  fellow-servant  or  coemploype.  provided  such 
ooeinployee  docs  not  rejnehent  the  employer.  Or.  as  it  has  been  oth- 
<"rwise  stated.  "'A  master  is  not  Ixiuml  to  indemnify  one  servant  for 
injuries  cauhed  by  the  negligence  of*  aiiijther  servant  in  the  ^amtr 
contmou  enii)Ioyment  as  hin^s^lf,  unless  the  negligent  servant  was 
the  ntastel*"s  representative."  If.  however,  the  negligence  of  a  co- 
servant  concurs  with  the  negligence  of  an  employer  in  causing  the 
injury,  the  injured  employee  not  contributing  thereto,  the  employer 
will  be  liable  in  ilamages. 

Tlu*  v.ell-kiiown  diversity,  not  to  ^ay  confusion  and  c<mtradictori- 
ueiss  of  the  rulings  of  the  coui'tK  as  to  the  application  of  this  rule 
anM>  from  the  lack  of  precise  Kn<l  generally  acceptetl  definitions 
of  the  idea  of  counuon  emph^yment  and  of  representation  of  the  mas- 
ter. The  ndations  of  this  <Ioctrinc  to  the  other  elements  which  de- 
tenidne  employer's  liability  are  such  that  practically  all  that  ha^  Ijeen 


alfirt  Haiuilloii  r.  HUh  U\U  Coal  M!n.  Vo,  llH!i2>.  108  -Mo.  3tM,  IS  8.  W. 
U77. 

•XaHLvMIe  &  C.  11.  Cn.  r.  riirmll  nsTl  i.  i\  llijlNk.  ,147. 


28 


BCLl-ETIN    OF   TUK   BURKAV   OF   LABOR, 


NecE88iTv,  ETC. — Apparent  nooossity  nmy  justify  au  otiiorwiflo 
negligent  ni'lion,  unless  obviously  TOBh.C)  A  luaHtor  whoso  niles  or 
cu-stonmry  pciirli*'*'  prcM'iibp  ti  riTlnin  nmilc  of  performing  work  is 
in  some  tiegre**  estopped  from  Iniiiging  in  (Im*  <Iefi*Mse  of  {•ontril>ntory 
neglig(Mice  where  an  employee  has  been  injured  while  conforming"  to 
such  vnh  (^r  ousfom,  lliongli  Ui  wluU  cxienl  hii^  not  been  JU'cimitcly 
determined.  If  llii'  injiiret]  employee  iiirurred  his  injury  on  niM'-oiuit 
of  fon<litions  leading  lliereto  which  were  outside  of  his  power  to  con- 
trol, this  flirt,  will  t(Mid  to  negalive  the  chnrgt'  of  n«*gligi'nee;  s*i  also 
of  his  i*eliinn'('  mi  the  presumption  that  1(m4s  mimI  appliiiiices  are  in 
good  condition  and  that  the  work  in  each  department  will  b»  pni- 
dently  done.  Minority  is  als«>  friMjuenlly  «  defi'iise  to  the  cliarge  of 
negligence,  either  aI»soIiite  or  partial,  varying  with  tlu-  age  and  tho 
nientul  and  physical  cjipacity  of  the  individual.  In  connection  witli 
ein.'h  of  the  above  <piiilificntious  tla*  remnrk  unide  in  a  prcxious  state- 
ment sln»nld  Ih»  kept  in  mind,  that  where  the  emergejicy  or  other 
dangerous  c*ondiliun  is  tbo  result  of  prior  negligence  of  the  injured 
employee,  these  mitigating  or  rebutting  elements  are  of  no  avail 
agiiin^t  a  flinrgc  of  contribiittiry  ncgligt'in.e. 


In  a  few  States  local  doctrines  have  mo^lilied  to  a  givater  or  leas 
degree  lh»'  rustiiuuiry  rule  as  to  contributory  ncgligent'c  and  assump- 
tion of  risks.  Thns  in  Alabama. (*■)  the  fact  of  an  emph>yee'H  oon- 
tributory  negligiMiii*  luis  Ih^mi  h<'hl  no!  to  lu*  a  bar  (o  nvovrry  where 
tlie  injury  was  cauMnl  by  the  wanton  or  reckless  »'ontlu<'t  of  A  fellow- 
eervant  or  other  employee  for  whose  conduct  the  employer  was  re- 
{^ponsible.  (ieorgia  C)  makes  coniribiitory  uc^digence  n  grotrml  for 
n  reduction  of  the  amount  of  <bniiages  to  which  the  plaintit!*  would 
be  otherwirtc  «ntitleil  rather  than  ii  bar  to  complete  recovery.  To  what 
extent  this  is  tin*  re:*nlt  of  legislation  will  recvive  ronsi<leralion  bii- 
low\  The  ruh'  followed  in  Illinois  has  nirendy  Vieen  mentioned 
(pp.  23,  '24).  The  iangnape  of  the  courts  of  this  State  in  a  number  of 
cases  is  *^Mch  tliat  it  *'an  not  be  determined  to  what  extent  the  doctrine 
of  the  assnmplion  of  risks  is  recognized,  or  rather.  iiprhai)s,  what 
cljstinotion  is  ntade  U^tween  assumption  of  riskn  and  contributory 
negligence.  In  Mis-<airi  the  defense  of  assumption  of  risks  has  Imvu 
in  large  measure  diN;dlfiwe<l.  In  a  vary  ivcent  cast!  ('0  the  State  doc- 
trine on  this  subject  was  designuttnl  by  a  cwnrt  of  thai  State  as  ani<|uc, 
in  that  "the  «$ervant  as«nnie»»  only  such  ri»ks<  nn  n\ 


"MIkwiuvI  rurimiv  IN».  t:  Alwutl  ( IHs;j).  107  \\l  44.  41  Ami.  lu*\> 
*I/iiH«^'iU«?  &  N.  it.  Co.  r.  YMfk  OWM.  VJH  Ma,  TMC*.  IM*  Sit.  t;-^;. 
'*  iMeri'p  r,  Allanlu  i'tttUni  Min*  f  1H87I,  Til  (Ui.  7s:.  -I  M.  K.  :s» 
^Oiferwtfsrr  c,  (Imtr  *\y,  (UX«>»  I2<»  Mo.  Ahu  M*  ""^  ^^   *^    '^7;;. 


4  ■.::». 


EMPLOYEBS'  LIABILITY  !X   THE   UNITED   STATES.  81 

p<dicy,  as  tending  to  make  the  employees  inon*  watchful  over  their 
own  conduct  and  that  of  their  fellows,  thus  benefiting  employers, 
eniployeosj  and  the  public  alike  by  the  greater  care  with  which  they 
perform  their  duties.  (")  In  close  connection  herewith  is  the  claim 
that  any  marked  enlargement  of  liability  to  capital  would  lead  to  the 
withdrawal  of  capital  from  industrial  enterprise,  thus  reducing  the 
opportunities  of  employment  and  inflicting  damage  upon  the  whole 
community,  (^) 

Each  of  these  reasons  has  been  the  subject  of  adverse  criticism,  and 
no  one  of  them  seems  to  give  a  satisfactory  gixjund  for  excepting 
employees  from  the  benefits  of  the  doctrine  of  respondeat  superior, 
or  for  compelling  the  employee  to  liear  the  burden  of  "  pure  acci- 
dents "  which  occur  in  the  prosecution  of  undertakings  the  advan- 
tages of  which  are  to  he  reajxHl  by  the  employer.  The  last  two  rea- 
sons mentionetl  above  have  perhaps  been  most  frequent!}'  relied  on 
as  supporting  the  cuslomary  rule,  though  no  such  results  as  are 
therein  indicated  ha^^e  followed  the  adoption  of  statutes  greatly 
enlarging  the  rights  of  employees  to  recover  for  injuries  following 
upon  industrial  accidents. 

The  chief  points  recjuiring  determination  in  any  action  involving 
the  principles  under  considenition  are  those  of  common  employment 
and  of  repivsvntative  capacity.  If  it  appears  that  the  injuries  com- 
plained of  are  the  result  of  the  negligence  of  a  coemploj^ee,  the  only 
hope  of  the  plaintiff  lies  in  showing  that  the  negligent  person  was 
a  vice-principal,  rcpiMjsenting  the  master  at  the  time,  and  so  devolving 
upon  him  a  liability  for  the  acts  or  omisi^ions  charged. 

i  'o/it  in  OH  em  ploynt  en  t. 

The  first  question,  then,  to  Ik?  considered  is  what  constitutes  common 
employment.  It  was  said  in  a  leading  case  tliat,  *"  prima  facie,  all 
who  enter  into  the  employ  of  a  single  master  are  engaged  in  a  com- 
mon service,  and  arc  fellow -servants,"  ('')  but  this  broad  statement 
will  not  answer  as  a  conclusi\e  test.  Not  only  emi)h)ymenL  by  a  com- 
mon master,  but  also  engagement  in  the  performance  of  duties  that 
may  reasonably  l>e  said  to  tend  to  the  accomplishment  of  tlie  same  end 
is  necessary  to  meet  general  acceptance  by  the  courts;  nor  is  it  a  suffi- 
cient answer  to  say  that  all  si^rve  the  profit  <»r  convenience  of  a  com- 
mon employer,  ^^^lerc  another  servant  than  the  plaintiff,  employed 
for  a  purpose  entirely  different  fi'om  his  duties,  has  negligently  caused 
the  injury  complained  of,  it  may  well  be  said  that  they  are  not  fellow- 
servants.     But  even  with  this  qualification  the  statement  is  not  def- 

«  Chicago.  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  Vo.  v.  ItoKs,  siiiira. 

*Xew  Pittsburg  Coal  &  C.  Co.  r.  Petersou  (1S03),  13G  Ind.  SiKS,  35  N.  E.  7, 

^  Baltimore  &  O.  H.  t\  Baugh,  aupra. 


32  BULLETIN   OP  THE   BrREAU   OP  LABOn.  ' 

iiiitc  enough  lo  I*  of  mncU  iim-  in  <leloni»iniiif!;  pnrtirtilar  cases,  and 
the  oxpi*c.s.sion.s  used  by  jiidgos  in  {Missing  on  ihi*  qinvstion  of  eonimon 
emph\vnu'nt  throw  littli*  lipht  on  tho  sulijpct.  '"^  Kngiigori  in  the 
sanio  gvncral  business,"  "  i\w  sjinu*  firi»iiviiil  iinclrrtakinp,"  or  "  in  pro- 
moting one  common  object  "  are  frofpient  nuules  of  i'\j)rfssion,  thoii^ 
in  other  cases  th«  pomowhat  moiv  restricUHl  plirascs,  "services  hav- 
ing an  immediate  connnoii  object,"  or  "  working  in  llie  siuno  place  to 
sulwerve  the  same  intei*estH/'  are  nsed.  The  <]iiestion  involves  l)oth 
law  and  facts,  but  where  the  bitli-r  are  inidisptitcd,  tlje  detMsinn  bo- 
comes  simply  a  matter  of  law,  and  the  trial  jury  will  not  jiUHS  tipon  it. 
CoNrKMr»i.ATFJ>  KiSKs. — A  ihiHiry  (hat  hu.s  bc*Mi  adopted  in  many 
cases  is  that  tlie  service  is  connuon  if  the  negligentx^  of  tin*  delimpient 
servant  was,  in  a  fair  and  reasonable  stcnse,  one  of  the  risks  contem- 
plated by  the  injnn-tl  enijiloyiMi  in  undertaking  or  continuing  in  his 
employment. ('')  Tliis  ih  a  reference  of  the  case  to  the  doctrine  of  a»- 
fiumed  risks  previously  discussed,  and  involves  the  principles  of 
knowledge,  actual  or  presutnplive.  ]\y  this  Ih^^ory  the  ivlation  of  the 
duties  of  the  injtn'eil  and  the  negligent  employecH  becomes  tlie  crite- 
rion, together  with  the  <picslion  of  the  probability  of  the  negligence 
of  the  one  attVcting  the  safety  of  the  (»ther.  An  injured  employee's 
action  will  not  l>e  bariXHl  as  matter  of  law  by  the  single  fact  of  serv- 
ice of  a  connnon  nninter  where  the  pmbubililiew  of  injurious  conse- 
quences from  the  ilcliiupient  s<'r\untV  negligt*uce  weie  loo  remote  to 
be  reasonably  fon^si^en ;  ( ** )  but  mere  acci4lental  occurrences  which  no 
one  cotdd  reasonably  anticipate  or  provide  apiinst  an'  outside  the 
rule  of  liability  on  geuend  grounds.  TImt  a  knowledge  of  the  condi- 
tions under  which  eix^niployees  are  mutually  eTnplo>'ed  is  influential 
here  fuiiher  appears  frtun  the  frequent  emphasis  f)laced  on  the  fact 
of  pr«)xinii(y  one  in  another  in  Ilie  phircTt  of  their  emphiyinent.  In 
fact  it  was  said  in  a  Texas  caM('')  that  "  the  rulu  should  be  confined 
to  those  servants  whose  duties  bring  them  into  such  juxtaposition 
that  one  would  l>e  enabled  to  ob^'rvc  the  iiegllgcnci*  of  his  fellows." 
But  this  was  only  as  pntposing  a  roasomible  limitation  on  the  fellow- 
servant  dix-trine,  which,  however,  the  court  did  not  feel  able  to  adopt 
in  view  of  the  great  weight  of  authority  to  the  contrary,  declaring 
that  tlio  remedy  lay  alone  with  the  legislature.  Yet  ina.smuch  as  the 
question  is  not  one  of  locality,  but  of  likelihocHl  of  connected  consc^ 
quences,  mere  remoteness  is  not  sufticieut  to  negative  tlie  idea  of  co- 
Hsnnce  where  the  other  elements  are  present.  So  also  the  fact  that 
iIutieA  are  diverse^  or  are  porfonncd  in  different  departments,  or  under 


"  njlnurtt.  M.  &  St.  V.  H.  Oo.  r.  rioi!M«i.  supra. 

•NnrihiTn  l\  K.  Co.  I'.  H)uiil>ly  (ISiUi.  mt  V.  K  »4»,  14  8np.  Ct.  WWt 

p  8t,  1-oalfi,  A.  St  T.  B.  Co.  v,  Wrich  (l>iS8),  72  Tex.  2itf<  JO  «.  W.  fS2». 


EMPl-OVERS     LIABIUTV    IN    THE    U^'iXED   STATES, 


33 


Tlwi(1iro*'li<»n  i»f  ililTerent  fitreiueii  is  not  conclusive.  Proi>abi]i*y  of 
cunlurt  or  of  resultant  danger  fion^  the  negligence  of  an  cniplojt'«e 
is  a  necessary  element  in  tlio  application  of  this  theory^  though 
nt  what  i>oint  the  line  shall  V)e  drawn  is  often  difficult  to  detemiine. 
A  nninufaclmer's  iloniehtic  servant  is  not  in  fellow -service  with  an 
employee  in  his  factory,  nor  is  the  driver  of  a  butcher's  wagon  a 
foeniployee  with  worltFiien  i-nj^a^^'d  in  building  an  addition  to  the 
employer's  premises.  The  distinction  i^  not  .so  easy,  however,  where 
tJie  nature  of  tlie  employmeuts  is  iu>t  ^o  divei*sc,  and  the  tluctuations 
in  the  position  of  the  i-ourts  above  referred  to  are  apparent  in  cases 
wlirre  this  principle  is  involved.  Tliiis  in  Indiana!")  a  bridge  car* 
peuter  l)eing  conveyed  to  his  place  of  work  was  held  not  to  bo  a 
coservant  with  the  nn^ijuHM'  of  tlie  train  on  which  he  was  riding,  a 
fiecision  whici»  was  fullowed  by  the  Iowa  courts  in  18Co;('')  though 
apparently  the  rule  had  already  been  abrogated  in  Indiana,('^)  and 
sub^^efpu'nt  rulings  indicate  tlmt  the  plaintiff  coidd  not  now  recover 
in  the  latter  State  under  the  circumstances  aUive  wt  forth. 

DErAKTMENTAL  DofTBisE. — A  sccond  thcory,  based  on  a  different 
test  from  that  of  contemplated  risk,  is  naturally  suggested  by  the 
cnnhideralions  indicated  alM»vi*.  In  ihe  appliaition  of  this  theory 
the  clas-sificatiou  turns  on  the  relation  of  employees  in  different  de- 
partments of  tlie  employer's  establishment  or  bu-iiness,  more  or  less 
Kegregjileil.  In  the  <'ourts  in  which  it  is  adopted  the  general  test  is 
one  of  the  identity  or  divei*sity  of  the  departments  in  which  the 
plaintiff  and  tlie  delin(|ncnt  employee  were  at  work.  Since,  how- 
ever, no  hatisfuclory  iletinition  of  Ihe  term  "department**  has  yet 
been  furnished,  the  test  may  be  more  accurately  said  to  be  one  of 
oi^nMHMHtion  of  duties,  i.  e.,  such  a  relatioti  of  tlie  duties  of  tlie  in- 
jured euipluyee  antl  those  of  the  delin<iuent  cueinployee  as  that 
(he  former  had  a  i*easonable  opportunity  for  protecting  himself  from 
injury  by  bis  own  elTorts.  All  courts  would  unite  in  ruling  out  the 
dffi'ns<*  of  coemployment  in  certain  classes  of  i-ases,  ond  there  is 
a  hopeless  contrariety  of  views  as  to  where  this  tfefense  shall  be 
allowed  and  wheie  denied.  Even  in  those  Stales  whei-e  tlie  defense 
IK  luoht  fretjuently  based  on  what  hah  l»een  called  the  departmental 
doctrine,  this  test  is  not  the  only  and  Rnal  one,  as  it  is  foimd  that 
Mhili*  dfpartntents  may  l)e  distinct,  those  employed  therein  may  be 
thrown  into  siu-h  contact  that  fellow-service  can  not  Ix*  denied,  and 
vice  ven^a.  While,  therefore,  the  two  theories  presented  lead  to  real 
and  wide  rlifTcrcnces  of  view,  there  is  a  class  of  cases  where  they  ap- 
proach,  an*)  tlie  conclusions  i*eacbed  therein  may  be  referred  indiffer- 
ently to  the  one  reason  or  the  other. 


r.  Miidlson  &  I.  R.  Ca  <1S54),  5  Ind.  33i».  t*l  Am.  Dec.  lOU 
.  XII»e.  &  M.  R.  Co..  18  Iowa  2MJ.  Hi  -\ui.  Dec.  ;«)1. 


UlUenwuter 
r>c)uuli3«ou  V 


84  BULLETIN    OF  XHE   BUREAU  OF  L.VBOB. 

The  jnrifidiclions  in  whit-h  f()ns(»cia(i<»ii  uf  dntios  has  been  more  *»r 
less  iniifonnly  luiido  the  test  of  coservice  are  (TtM)r^ia,(")  Tllinois,('') 
KentiK'ky,('')  LotiisiaiKijC")  Missouri, C)  Nebraska,*  0  TTtalu^") 
Virginia, (*)  Washin^on,(^)  AVosl  Virjrinia.i^)  the  Territory  of 
Arizona, (*■)  and  such  Federal  C\>urts  as  haw  ailopted  tlio  rule  to 
conform  to  loeal  j>ractice.  It  is  also  followed  in  Tennessee,( ')  hut 
is  ap])1ied  to  railway  si^rvice  only.  It  will  appi'un  howev<.»r,  from  a 
review  of  the  eases  that,  in  son»e  of  th«*  States  named,  tlie  courts  have 
at  times  numifestod  a  i)refereiu'e  for  the  theory  of  contemplated 
risks,  whicli,  as  already  s(vn.  shows  slij^fht  re<rard  for  departmental 
boundaries. 

Elemkn'ts  or  Test. — As  stated  above,  the  mere  fact  of  difference 
of  departments  is  not  conclusive,  though  a<'c»»rdiug  to  the  thwiry 
under  consideration  it  is  matter  of  eviden<'e.  As  the  result  of  an 
analysis  of  a  hir^e  number  of  ca>»es  in  which  this  dcx-trine  contnds, 
the  following  elements  are  presented  by  a  leading  text  writer(")  as 
deterndmitive  of  the  rights  of  the  injtired  employee: 

a.  Whether  or  not  he  hud  an  o]>port unity  of  ((bserving  the  oxteiit 
to  which  the  negligent  serviint  was  competent  for  the  j>erfi>rmance 
of  Iiis  duties  and  the  nuiniier  in  wiiich  he  habitually  <-<uidncted  him- 
self. 

A.  Whetiier  or  not  he  w-as  able.  t(»  take  api)ropriate  measures  to 
ward  off  a  danger  occasioned  by  an  act  already  committed  or  about 
to  be  committed  while  the  work  was  actually  in  |u*ogres-;. 

r.  AVhether  he  coidd  or  could  not  lessen  the  risk  of  injury  by  exer- 
cising ujKUi  the  lU'giigent  servant  an  influence  calculated  t<>  promote 
caution  au<l  diligence  on  the  part  of  the  laltei*. 

f?.  AVhether  or  not  he  was  ai)Ie  to  protect  him>eli'  l>y  repcu'ling  de- 
]in<|uencies.  thus  securing  tiie  more  careful  siii>ervision,  or,  if  need- 
ful, the  discharge  of  negligent  em])loyecs. 

<'(*(Mf|>(>i'  r.  MulUiis  (I'SUO).  oU  4iii.  ]U'k  71;  Am.  \h*y\  u:>S:  iii<in;;h  the  iliKlritu^ 
wciiis  to  1h'  rt'pndialiKl  in  this  Stale  (sre  Itru>li  K,  K.  &  \\  <'o.  r.  WWIs  (1'mn»), 

im  ihi.  u»2.  ;tn  s.  k.  ;i(ir»). 

'M'hh-api  &  N.  \V.  U.  ('(•.  r.  Munoula    (ISTI'K  It:;  11).  ::inJ.  '.\\  Am.  Uop.  lus. 

'•  Kontwcky  <'.  U.  (Vi.  r.  Arkloy  ( isssj.  s"  Ky.  l'7s.  S  S.  \V.  iVM. 

*'  lh.|>s<ni  r.  New  Orh'iins  &  W.  K.  Cd.  nt«H>K  TC  I.m.  An.  1127.  27  Sm.  fi7o. 

'  SnIIivnii  r.  MlHsoiirl  1*.  li.  i'o.  (Iss'l).  !»7  Mo.  IKt.  lit  S.  \V.  S5*J. 

/  Oumha  ^V  K.  V.  ll.  i'n.  r.  Kni.vcMlnihl   ( IMHf).  is  Nolir.  .V^!.  U7  N.  \V.  1 17. 

■''Ariiislnui;:  r.  (U-tV'iM  Short  Mac  &  T.  N.  K.  (.'o.  (Jsii:t».  s  itah  4-3».  :t2 
Vav.  (Ii).'i. 

''Ti.rhins  r.  Ulchmond  &  A.  U.  r...  (Iss7).  M  Va.  11(2.  1  S.  K.  .'V!t». 

'  l'n*n  r.  (^thlcn  Tunnel  Mhi.  <'n.  (I!mH>.  'JI  Wash.  '»nI1.  «U  Par.  17-1. 

>  MaUch-n  r.  Cht'saiM-aUr  &  <).  It.  Co.  (ISSUi.  L*S  \V.  Va.  V,UK  .%"  An».  Ht'p.  <U»5. 

'Ihihson  r.  N.  Mex.  &  A.  It.  t'n.  (issii).  11  I'ar.  r.4.'. 

'NashvlUe  &  ('.  K.  Co.   r.  Oin-oll    (is71i.  U  llelsk.  :i47:   r<»iil   (Twk   Mhi. 
Co.  /-.  J>/iv}if  asm),  VO  Tciiii.  7M.  IN  S.  W.  :'.S7, 
'^iMlmtt,  *' Maatvr  and  servant,"  p.  l^H). 


EMFLOYEBS'  LIABILITY  TN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


55 


yot  all  tlicsc  qticstions  an-  likely  to  be  raiaed  in  any  single  cnse, 
but  the  answer  to  tlie  «m»  or  tiiorr  pr<»siV!i(  in  h  ^ivcn  ins-tance  may 
1h*  found  to  be  decisive  of  (lu*  rights  nf  uu  iiijuivd  s^MViint,  t'vcii  to 
Ihe  extent  of  entirely  ijnioring  so-calleil  departmental  classifications. 


HrpvcH'titafion  i>f  fhe  rmphnjcr, 

Ko  conn  goes  so  fur  ils  to  a.s.seil  wiliioul  (jimUtiriilion  tlinl  all 
eniployeeit  of  a  coninion  n^aster.  or  even  in  the  snuie  depart nietit 
are  <.y.>cniployees  in  such  .^on^  a.s  (*»  relieve  the  master  of  responmbil- 
ity  for  the  negligent  acts  of  thos**  who  are  t.Iu*  niRsitrr's  ryprtwt^nln- 
tives.  either  pemianently^  or  as  to  the  matter  in  liand.  But  here 
npiin  lheri»  ar*^  ns  JrnToncihible  rliirertTKv.s  jus  any  that  have  been 
noted,  and  it  will  be  possible  only  to  present  the  different  views  taken 
by  tht*  various  coirtts  without  uttemptln^  to  sumuiarize  them  or  to 
bring  theuj  into  harmony. 

There  are  in  general  two  jrrounds  on  which  adjudications  aiv  based : 
One.  the  mere  superiority  in  rank  of  the  negligent  employee,  and 
tile  other,  the  nature  of  tiie  injurious  act.  i.  e.,  whether  or  not  it  was 
one  which  was  connected  with  the  discharge  of  the  .so-c«lled  non- 
delegal>le  duties  of  the  employer.  Like  other  distinctions  made  in 
the  applications  of  the  fellow-servant  rule,  there  are  cases  in  which 
the  decision  might  l>e  reached  by  the  use  of  either  test,  but  in  otlier 
cases  the  adoption  of  the  one  iide  will  l)e  found  to  be  decisive  along 
Utic«i  not  capable  of  being  reached  by  the  other  unless  by  giving  a 
speviiil  meaning  then*to. 

Test  of  Rank. — The  representative  of  the  employer  is  most  fre- 
qtiently  termed  by  the  courts  a  vice-principal,  though  the  actual 
f  unctionH  of  his  employment  and  not  the  desigiuition  by  which  he  is 
knovrn  w-hilc  at  work  will  l>e  determinative  in  any  case.  This  rule 
has  l>een  made  to  extend  ho  far  as  to  relieve  the  emplo\*er  even  when 
the  injuixnl  eniployee  in  goixl  faith  regarded  the  negligi?nt  employee 
a?  his  sufx'rior,  not  knowing  of  the  latters  discharge:  from  that  po«i- 
lifin-t'')  C)n  the  other  hand,  a  cowrvaut  intrusted  temporarily  with 
tbt!  duties  of  a  vice- principal  must  U*  answered  for  by  the  empl<»yer 
no  less  than  if  ho  were  pennaueiilly  holding  the  |K>.sition.  Kepre- 
scnttttion,  however,  nuist  be  actual.  In  a  majority  of  the  juri^sdic- 
tions  of  the  Ihiion  the  mere  fact  of  superiority  of  rank  is  Jiot  sufficient 
to  charge  tlie  employer  with  linhilily  for  the  negligeiu-e  of  the  «n- 
perior  servant,  thinigh  the  negligiMice  complained  of  may  have  lx»en 
tonnceled  with  the  giviug  of  nrders.C)  Nor  do  these  courts  consider 
that  the  ndding  on  of  the  power  to  hire  and  dis(.*harge  is  huflicienl 

win  nwW).  «5  'TenO'  385,  21  S.  W.  700. 

^  Kii«iH.'»  . ,  \v».|.i.r  \  \  -!>7  K  ira  N.  Y.  417,  45  N.  10.  m\ ;  McU-uu  i .  Hlue  IVlut 


• 


I 


86 


BULLETIN    OF  THE    BUBEAU   OF  LABOR, 


to  convert  a  foreman  of  siibordinato  ip-ado  to  the  rank  of  vice-prin- 
cipal, an  mere  fear  of  dtschiirge  >vi]l  not  justify  the  as>iUtnptiou  of 
undue  risks.{'»)  And  this  \>  true  even  wh^n  thero  is  power  of  con- 
trol.(')  Thus  it  was  suid  in  u  reeeiil  cii^e  tltal  *' a  sorvuiit  who  sus- 
tains an  injury  from  the  negligence  of  a  tsuperior  agent,  engaged  in 
(iu!  siiitH'  general  hnsiness^  ran  not  niuintain  an  actuin  against  their 
common  employer,  although  he  was  subject  lo  the  control  of  such  hu- 
perior  agent,  and  could  not  guard  against  hi.s  negligence  or  its  ooune- 
riuenccs/'C)  This  rule  is  based  on  the  theory  that  the  contracting 
employee  assumes  the  risk  of  liis  superior's  negligence  as  one  of  the 
ordinary  risks  of  hi.s  employment.  This  does  not  cover  cases  where 
the  onler  directs  a  departure  fnnn  the  original  scoj>e  of  tl>e  servant'^ 
employment^  aucIi  onler  being  attributed,  by  an  apparent  sut3pensif>u 
of  the  rule,  to  the  nuister  himself,  sti  tliat  he  is  held  liable  for  any 
negligi'uce  connected  therewith. i^)  The  mh^  is  also  siiliject  lo  re- 
strictions resuhing  from  the  appiication  of  the  doctrine  of  nonassign* 
able  duties,  tiie  duty  of  giving  dire4.'tions  a.s  to  details  of  the  conduct 
of  work  not  being  one  f(»r  which  the  employer  is  regarded  ns  person- 
ally rcspoubible.  Tliis  principle  d<x's  noL.  except  in  a  few  States,  ex- 
tend to  actual  superintendents  or  managei's  of  an  employer's  busi- 
ness: nor  is  it  \ita]  that  such  n^presentutive  shiiU  not  Ik*  employed  in 
part  at  actual  labor,  or  tlial  he  shall  re<'eive  a  higher  salary  than  his 
subordinates.  X(>  tixed  rule  is  discoverable,  but  to  i"enth'r  the  mailer 
liable  tlie  en)j)h>yoe  "  must  Ik*  nxire  than  a  mere  foretnan  to  overs*»e  a 
baldi  of  hands  and  dinn-t  llieir  work  uncU^r  tlie  supervision  of  the 
niaster."('')  Or,  as  stated  in  another  case,  "ho  must  liave  general 
power  an<l  contnd  over  the  business,  and  not  mere  authority  over  a 
certain  ilass  of  work  or  a  certain  gang  of  men.'^(') 

8urKKioR  Skkvant  Doctrine. — While  such  is  the  rule  in  the  greater 
number  of  American  jurisdictions,  what  is  known  as  tlie  "  su|)ei'ior 
servant  doctrine  "  has  Ixsii  adopted  in  a  numU'r  of  States,  Tlie  form 
of  this  rule  \arie-s  in  ditferent  Slates,  or  even  in  the  .same  court;  anil 
Ihei-e  is  inconsisteney  in  its  application  to  ditTcirut  cases,  iVhuUlng 
fi»om  an  unwilliugnes.^  oti  the  pait  of  si>me  rourtsS  to  cany  It  out  to 
it.s  logical  conclusions,  and  from  an  indefiniteness  an  to  the  point 
where  it  shall  cease  to  control.     In  the  supi^eme  court  of  Illinois^)  ii 

"AlaHkn  Trenilwen  <;oJ(1  Allu.  Vo.  r.  Wlirlaii  <1S»7).  ItR  l\  »,  80,  18  Suki. 
CU  40. 

*Vltlo  e.  Kwgiiu  (isiii),  15  App.  DIv.  .*l2n.  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  1;  Lchlfth  VaUey 
'<?00t  Co.  r.  JoiWB  (1878),  8C  Pa.  432;  Vllter  Mfg.  Co.  t\  Otto  {190TK  167  IVnI, 
230  (O.  a  A.). 

*-  Kopnnn  r.  New  Yrtrk.  L.  K.  &  W\  U.  Co.  ilS'Kii.  14.%  N.  Y.  UK).  80.  X.  K.  711. 

'(hi*!!*:*!  &  N.  W.  II.  Co.  r.  Hnyliehl  (IKTT),  'M  MUb.  'JOTi. 

«  IhjMitu  f.  ntrhnioiHl  &  n.  U.  rtK  ( 1S7UI.  SI  N.  T.  4in.  .Tl  Aui,  Ui'i*.  512. 

/Ar«-  JV/rA,  y«  K.  A  }V,  H.  Co.  i\  Hell  y^^^\^,  \\i  Vxk.  KK¥\,  \  ,\XI.  TAV 

Outuiol  Coni  CkK  P,  MViHbacijei'  (ItW),  134  lU.  W,  aV  S-  ^  «r». 


EMPLOyEB.S     LIABILITY    IN    THE    I'^JITED    STATES. 


37 


i(K  *•' WiPiv  tlie  lu^gligeiit  aot  of  out*  MTvaiit  rausos  injury  lo 
itiolher  rts  the  n*Mi]t  of  the  exercise  of  the  authority  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  iiwrtter  over  the  servant  injured,  the  master  is  liable."  In 
a  Missouri  ra.'-ec*)  tlie  following  liniguag^e  was  u.sed :  •"  ^Y^le^e  the 
master  appoints  an  agent  Avith  a  su|x*rintcnding  control  over  the 
work,  ftnd  with  power  to  employ  and  discharge  hands  and  direct  and 
control  their  tiiovenuMit^  in  and  alK)ut  the  work,  the  agent  *  •  • 
stiindH  in  the  place  of  the  uia^t<'r."  Variou^^  grounds  are  olFered  for 
this  view,  tJie  most  sati^^factory  one  being  that  advanced  in  an  early 
Ohio  ra.-e,(  *•)  in  whieli  the  iluty  of  ^supervision  and  control  was  treated 
as  nondelegable;  oi\  a>  slated  in  a  Mi^isonri  ca:$e,(')  "the  master,  by 
Rppoiutiiig  a  foremau  or  other  pci-son  to  superintend  the  wcu'k,  with 
power  to  direct  the  men  under  him  how  to  do  it,  thereby  devolves 
upon  auch  person  the  jjerformanee  of  thosi»  duties  personal  to  the 
master.*'  The  power  to  hire  and  discharge,  while  of  evidential  value, 
is  not,  under  this  doctriiu*.  eojiclusivt*  either  for  or  nguinst  the.  injured 
employe*.',  excej)!,  perhaps,  in  the  Stales  of  Xoilh  Carolina!'*)  and 
Texas,(*)  where  this  test  seems  to  l)e  one  of  decisive  in»port»ncc.  In 
addition  to  the  Stales  alrciidy  named,  the  courts  t>f  Kan*;as,(0  Ken- 
tucky,!") 1^>uisiana,(^)  Missouri.!')  Nebraska. (')  Tennessee. C")  and 
Utah(')  seem  lo  be  committed  to  this  doctrine,  either  formally  or  in 
effect. 

Status  ur  Manaijer. — It  has  ahvady  \H*vn  iiulicated  that  there  are 
some  States  in  which  what  may  be  called  the  "  extreme  view  "  of 
fellow-ser\'ice  is  held.  i.  c,  that  even  a  general  manager  is  a  fellow- 
servant.  Thirt  may  be  called  the  English  as  opposed  to  the  American 
view,  as  it  prevails  where  the  rulings  of  the  House  of  Ix>rds  are  the 
pivcedenl ;  wliile  in  by  far  the  greater  number  of  the  Slates  of  this 
country  there  is  a  recognition  of  an  actual  superintendent  or  genei-al 
manager  as  the  master's  representative,  for  whose  acts  the  master  is 
accountable.  \Miile  the  cases  invnlving  the  question  of  vice-principal- 
hlup  in  thU  form  naturally  disclose  for  the  nio^t  part  conditions  of 


■Stephoiw  r.  llnunlbnl  &  «t.  J.  R.  Co.  (1RS5).  86  Mo.  221. 
*nevelHnU.  O.  &  (\  H.  C*o.  f.  Kenry  <1»?54).  »  <»bin  St.  LNil. 
Mlaoit  IL  0>.  r.  StPViMis  (1S5H.  20  Ohio  -lir*.) 

^^  .Miller  f.  MIsHourl  1\  It.  Co.  (ISOU),  K«»  Mo.  SfiO,  11*  S.  \\\  TiS, 
^Hr>nu  r.  Southern  It.  I'o.  Ol»01),  V2H  N.  i\  .'i-K",  3*  S.  K.  914. 

•  rterliiK  Mft;.  O).  t\  Keinelnt  HIMM).  TT>  S.  W.  StJI), 
'  U'HlkiT  r.  iJillett  (3St>S).  .'jlt  Karis.  214,  ."iU  Pao.  442. 
PSunthem  It.  Co.  r.  Harr  (UHW),  21   Ky.  L.  Hep.  1»J1.\  .'."  .S.  \V 

Ctnclnnntt,  N.  O.  &  T.  T.  R.  Co.  r.  HlllV  Admr.  (1005).  «)  S.  \V.  :.J3. 
*Fari*n  c.  Selluiii  <1SS7).  39  I-a.  Auc.  1011,  3  So.  303. 
»  Ilimf  r.  \>o%\oge  0*>nsoI.  U'nU  Co.  (IWM),  70  K.  W.  710, 
'  Vnimi  V.  n.  Co,  r.  Do>le  n»»7K  W  Nebr.  oCr..  70  N,  \V.  4.".. 

*  l.nnl«viUp  St  X.  K.  Co,  r.  Ijibr  tlSK^),  8<l  Tenii.  3.T5.  «  S.  W.  V^U, 
'Trlbay  f.  Bruoklyo  Lead  Mlu.  Co,  tl88C).  4  VtaU  408,  11  Pnc.  012. 


t.See  also  Utile 


88 


BULLETiy   or  THE   BCREAXT   OF  LABOR, 


wliiil  »nuy  Im'  (MiiiNitU'n'il  |>4M*iiiitTiotkt  iM'lntinnMup.  llio  f^amo  ruU*  Las 
l>ei'ii  !ipUi  to  apply  lo  pur^oiiH  occupying  tin*  position  only  tt^iuporurily; 
ns»  for  iustana\  in  the  porforinanw  of  s]H.'fii!c  nmliTtiikingi*,  nfliT 
tin*  completion  nf  \vhit*h  tho  re|>reM^ntatiro  woiiM  a>Mirne  hU  f  ii-* 
tomiiry  rank  a.^  coornployco  witli  la^  li.'in|)<jniry  -^ubordinHtcs.  Uoth 
the*  Hcopo  and  xUv  wason  of  the  ruli*  mv  in  port  inJicated  in  th^  opin- 
ion givon  in  n  Xew  York  c«st»,('^)  in  wljicli  it  was  \\r\t]  tluit  wLeiv  tho 
*Mnnstcr  withdraws  from  tho  niunngenitnt  (»f  the  l>usine'-^,  or  the 
business  is  of  such  a  nature  that  it  is  neoe^sarily  coniniitled  to  a^Mitt^ 
as  in  the  vAst*  of  corporntions.  thf  nmstcr  !.-•  liahlf  for  ihf  neglects  and 
omissions  of  (hity  of  the  oup  rhargnl  ^\ith  the  sidi-rtion  of  the  oHier 
ftorvant-s  in  eujploying  and  sfelectiiig  such  servants  and  in  the  general 
roruhict  of  tho  hti-in'-^s  comniilted  lo  his  care."  Hie  Slate**  in  which 
a  .snperinteudi'nl  hmmu**  to  ho  considered  a?*  u  ruH'fvant  witli  other 
employees  are  Alabama, (^)  MassjichuscttsiC)  MisHis»ippi,(')  and 
New  Jersey, (')  whih-  in  Cnlifoniin,  Indiana,  Maine.  Mnryland,  Mis- 
souri, Now  York,  and  \'ennont  are  to  Ih»  fcunid  cases  indicative  nf  a 
similar  view;  but  fnm\  a  general  view  of  the  decisions  in  the»e  States 
it  appeal's  that  tlus  ruling  run  not  1x»  cmi'^iilered  law.  In  Alahain 
Mnyvachtiscti-»,  an*l  Mis.'4i>sippi  thr  fdnininu-law  ntfc  hu^  Uh-ii  uukII- 
fied  by  h'gi.^hitive  enactment. 

FlKADh  OF  Dkiwrtxiknts. — ()u  pnuciplt'.  a  njMil  that  ivcogni/.o  \hv< 
niatuiger  of  an  entire  i>nsiness  as  tla*  nia>ter\  ivpn."*entativi'  can  not 
well  refuse  similar  i^cognition  to  |>ersons  in  charge  of  single  branches 
of  nn  nndertnking.  a^  in  large  imhistnal  nndiTlaking-^  the  head  of 
Huch  H  hninch  is  completely  in  control  of  the  men  muler  him,  and  the 
management  of  itii  affairs  U  aa  fully  in  his  hands  a<t  if  it  xvew  an  in- 
(ic|M'ndent  business.  Thus  it  has  Iw-cn  held  by  the  I'niled  States 
iSupienie  Court  (')  that  thei'ei-*a"clear  di-itinrtion  lo  f>e  made  tut  Iteir 
relation  to  their  common  principal,  between  servant-  of  a  corporation 
exercising  no  supervision  nvrr  others  rngngi*d  niili  them  in  the  snnic 
employment,  and  agi'Uls  of  the  corporation  clothed  Aviih  the  control 
un<l  nmnagiMuent  of  a  ilistiuct  department  in  which  their  duty  ib  en- 
tirely thai  of  direction  and  stiperintendeuce."  The  limits  of  the 
application  of  ihir^  principle  aiv  not  clearly  marked.  The  courts 
making  most  fi-equent  use  of  il  are  the  Federal  iMJurts,  and  their  posi- 
tion may  be  con<idcrt*d  a^^  fairly  pre>ent*"d  in  tl  ■  '■nt  that  it  i? 
only  imlividuals  who  are  iu  charge  of  -.■imiut.  .1..I  .l.-nnr-i 


1 


•MnJone  r,  tfathownj  (tS^TBI,  <M  N.  \.    ,  _.  .u.. 
^MiibKi*  Jc  M.  R.  Co.  r,  Smltli  llSTTl.  RU  Ala,  315. 

**nMWd  r.  Mli»5lHsl|i|)l  ('.  R.  Co.  (lK74i.  50  Ml> 

-Mfii,  (c  N. .!,  1,.  7r.H,  4'j  All.  t;  1. 
.  I'.  It.  Co.  r.  Kutta  (IW^).  iU  U. 


».  :rn'.  c  Km^  n.  tM. 


EMPLOYERS^   UABILIXY  IN   THE   UNITED   STATES.  39 

ments  of  service,  and  havo  entire  and  absolute  control  therein  that 
are  properly  to  be  considered,  Avith  i'e.sj>ec't  to  employees  under  them, 
«s  vice-principals.  In  the  Supremo  Court  case  just  quoted  from  it 
\ras  lM*ld  that  the  conductor  of  a  freight  train  was  such  a  vice-[>riuci- 
pal,  while  in  18^  the  sanTe  ooui*t  ruled  that  the  engineer  of  an  engine 
running  alone  was  not.  although  by  tlie  rules  of  the  company  he  was 
in  charge  with  the  same  authority  as  a  conductor  of  a  train. (*')  Later 
still  this  court  excluded  the  conductor  of  a  freight  train  from  the 
operation  of  this  principle,(^)  thus  revoi-sing  the  position  taken 
fifteen  years  Ijefore  on  the  facts  involved,  though  not  abrogating  the 
rule  as  to  vice-principalship.  Such  variations  of  iK>sition  liave  added 
to  the  perplexities  of  the  situation,  not  only  as  to  the  Federal  courts, 
hut  as  to  State  courts  as  well,  and  to  attempt  to  determine  or  illustrate 
the  present  extent  of  the  application  of  the  doctrine  of  vice-principal- 
ship  as  tested  by  rank  would  1>e  out  of  place  in  an  undertaking  of  the 
present  scope. 

Character  of  Act  as  Tkst. — In  case.-i  in  which  vice-principalship 
is  conceded  there  is  j'et  a  i>ossible  distinction  as  to  the  kind  of  acts  for 
which  the  employer  will  he  held  responsible.  In  the  first  place  it 
must  obviously  be  a  negligent  act ;  and,  secondly,  it  must  be  within 
the  scope  of  the  agent's  authority  and  be  connected  with  the  proper 
business  of  his  employment.  Besides  these  points,  as  to  which  it  is 
only  necessary  to  establish  the  facts  in  order  to  determine  their  status, 
the  question  of  the  official  or  nonofficial  quality  of  the  acts  considered 
may  be  raised. 

In  accordance  with  this  view,  a  doctrine  of  dual  capacity  has  been 
developed,  according  to  which  some  acts  of  the  employer's  represen- 
tative may  be  taken  as  those  of  a  mere  servant  and  not  of  such  a  na- 
ture as  to  make  the  employer  responsible  for  negligence  therein.  In 
the  courts  adopting  this  doctrine,  the  negligent  performance  of  the 
so-called  "  nondelegable  ''  duties  by  one  who  is,  by  virtue  of  his  rank, 
conceded  to  be  a  vice-principal  casts  a  burden  on  the  employer, 
while  the  same  person  may,  as  a  coservant,  perform  an  act  of 
manual  labor  negligently,  and  to  the  injury  of  a  fellow-workman, 
without  devolving  any  liability  therefor  ui>on  the  en\ployer.  This 
doctrine  of  dual  capacity  seems  to  have  been  fii*st  ai)plied  in 
Rhode  Island, ('•)  though  the  leading  case  is  one  that  was  decided 
in  New  York  in  1880.  ('')  Other  States  adopting  this  theory 
(though  not   alw^ays  without  qualification)    are  Arkansas,('')    Col- 

«  Baltimore  &  O.  R.  Co.  r.  Baugli,  149  U.  S.  aos,  13  Suit.  Ct.  014. 

*Xew   Euglttud   li.  Co.   r.   Couroy    (ISfUi),   175   V.   S.   iS^a.   2(»   Sup.   Ct.   .'^. 

<^Mann  v.  Oriental  Trlut  Works  (1875).  11  It.  I.  152. 

*  Crisplu  f.  Babbitt,  81  N.  Y.  51G,  37  Am.  Rei».  521. 

»  St  Ix)ulat  A. «  T.  R.  Co.  t;.  Torrey  (1803),  58  Ark,  217  S.  W.  244. 


40 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  BCHEAU  OF  LABOR, 


orado.(*)  Iilalio,^)  Illinois.^)  Imliana,^')  Iowa,(')  Mnssftdiu* 
setts,(0  Mifhigun(i')  (though  in  a  somewhat  earlier  ca8e(*)  it  was 
said  that  a  superiiik'udonl  "  stands  in  the  plae(>  of  Iho  ina^trr  in  what- 
ever lio  does  ill  fiirtlu*raiHv  of  the  l«I^iIl^ss  and  oiicnitions  he  has  in 
charge  "),  Minne*^ota,(*)  Pennsylvania,!^)  Tennessec,(')  Virginia, (') 
Wnshinfrton,('")  and  AVi-srun^in-i")  Tt  has  iK-en  ref'ognized  in  tlic 
Federal  oourts  also.(") 

On  (he  oilier  hand  aiv  lo  be  ranired  those  courts  whiiii  do  not  con- 
sider that  the  ehnraelcr  of  a  viee-prin*Mpiil  shifts  with  tlie  nature  of 
his  aets,  holding  ns  the  V>etter  rule  ihal  the  master  is  liable  for  tho 
iiegligence  of  his  repre.sentalive  whelhei*  the  negligent  act  was  dono 
by  liis  own  hand  or  by  tinother  umler  his  orders.(^)  Tliis  is  appar- 
ent Ij'  the  position  of  the  courts  of  Kansas, (»)  Kentucky,(») 
Xebraska,('^)  North  Carolina, (")  and  Ohio.(')  Federal  ca*#s  mip- 
|>oillng  this  view  may  als<»  Ire  fi»iind.(*')  In  Miivsouri  it  was  re- 
cently declared  by  the  supreme  court  that  the  doctrhie  of  dual 
capa«-'ity  was  fully  estal)Iished  in  that  Stale. (')  and  a  niuiil>er  of 
cases  were  cited  in  support  of  that  view,  beginning  with  Harper  v, 
Indiiinapolis  and  Saint  Louis  Railway  Company  (1871)  (47  ilo. 
r»<»7,  4  Am,  Kep.  .Vis),  Hut  in  the  case  of  Hutsou  *',  Missouri  Pacific 
Railway  Company  tlbUJ)  (."iO  Mo,  App.  yw),  it  was  held  (hat  tho 
negligent  performance  by  a  section  foreman  of  ordinary  labor  such 
us  a  cf)sorvant  would  engnge  in.  resulting  in  injury  to  a  worknujn  in 
his  gang,  was  the  ncgligiMice  of  the  cniploycr:  "  The  re  is  no  just  or 
logical  distinction  between  the  act  of  the  vice-principal  In  ne^- 

"iK**.!.  Mlu.  &  Dnihnnt.-  4\>.  c.  rilajn'tiild  (IMJtri),  21  Colo.  KKJ.  ^3  Pac.  ::10, 

»Urwi»  r.  Lo  lH»ax  (UKJT.).  U  Idaho  4».  81  Vnc  »U)n. 

Thlcftgo  &  A.  R.  Co.  L\  Mny  (IA«3),  108  111.  2S8. 

•f  Si\loui  Hloiiu  &  Lime  (V  t\  l*baMtnlii  (18tMK  0  lad.  Mn*.  45:^,  'M\  N.  E.  OtOl 

TnMtnj^wotKl  r.  ItlliinN  &  L  KhpI  Oo.   (IWM).  125  low«  ^7.  lol   N.  W.  283. 

f  MrPliis*  r.  \i*w  KiiKlnnd  StrmMiirnl  To.  (IIKK'.),  ]SS  Mukh.  111.  14  N.  K,  303. 

tf  Vattv  r.  hiitllp  (V.'ck  Vuvv  I'.mmI  <V.  (UtOT.),  142  MIeh.  17,  li<S  N,  W,  T2, 

*  Sliumwny  r.  Walwurlli  &  N.  Mfw.  To.  ilsiMK  tKS  Mloli.  411.  :i7  N.  W.  2.'»1. 

*  Sontar  r.  Mlnueuiiolls  Iiitcnintloiuil  KIcitrIc  Tu.  ns!i7».  <iS  Minn.  IS.  70 
N.  W.  TftiJ. 

^  Kicks  r.  riynn  (  K>UO),  IM  I'n.  LMW,  40  Atl,  ;;no. 
*Nntloiml  FertilixiT  Co.  r.  Travh  (IStni).  1<J2  Teim.  10.  4H  ».  W.  832. 
'  Koiillioni  IL  TNi.  r.  Slnnxy  (li»00).  IW  Vn.  ae,  .17  S.  K.  2KV 
"•  .Siiywiird  r.  i*Hrlw)u  llSOOi,  1  W'usli.  2)).  2:i  rue.  S30. 
«  KltK-hinskl  r.  Shonii  Luniher  Co.  (IMMJ),  Itt  WIk,  41T,  1)7  N.  W.  \<H. 
^  IUh*i\  r.  Ml(K'laii»'y«T  nsiHi).  74  FwL  ISU  (C.  V,  A.). 
P  MUiiolH  r.  1«.  i\K  r.  Juwy's  Adiiix,  ( 1IK>1 ).  22  Ky.  L.  H^iu  l7J>a.  01  S.  W.  703. 
vCouwtl.  KnuMUH  t'lty  SmcllltiK  &  Uef,  Co.  r,  Pcteriwn  (l^****  ^  *•»""  ^M»^ 
310.  SO  I*ac.  073. 

'  Crydtnl  Icu  Co.  e.  aiu-rlfH-k  (IW:!),  S7  Nebr.  10,  S5  y,  W.  251. 

*  Purcelt  t\  Southern  H.  ri*.  (IWKl),  11»  N.  C.  72.S.  2«  8.  ^:,  UIL 
'  Brrnfi  Stone  f«.  r.  KrafI  i  iH77 1,  .'II  Ohio  SI.  2S7.  27  .Viii.  H*'!*.  .nit>. 
•A«  r.  New  Turk.  L.  K.  &  W.  It  0>.  (issil).  20  F«J.  T2;  llflrdy  r.  >lliitinipo* 

•/VyflrO-  '•.  .%  LoiiiH  Tniiw/er  Oi.   ilOOO.  IM>  Mo.  4W, ';\>  ^  V«I. <¥W. 


EMPLOYERS     LIABILITV    IN    XHE    ViJITED   STATES. 


41 


gemly  onlpving  n  senan*  lo  (]o  an  impi\i<lent  iliinp:  and  in  doing  tho 
thiti^  himH'lf/'(")  In  Texas  also  docisioiis  in  apparent  conflict  may  bo 
fonniL  M>ine(^)  denying  tlu'  dual  onpaeily  theory,  wliile*  u  ojise  of 
tho  >anic  datc('")  supports  it.  Exiuiiple.s  ctf  hu'Ic  nf  harmony  couhl  be 
adduced  from  other  States  al.so.  and.  us  appear^  from  the  ritations 
^ven,  the  rulinjrs  of  the  Federal  courts  are  not  uniform. 

A  Federal  judge  in  a  recent  cns4»('')  declared  tliat  the  test  of  rajik 
nswl  in  the  Hoss  ca>G  has  been  largely  superseded  in  the  Federal 
courts  by  the  test  of  the  character  of  the  act,  as  followed  in  the 
Buitgh  ca8C.('*)  "  The  *iue.stion  is  alwaj'S,"  says  the  ]udjre,  "  whether 
the  negligence  charged  is  the  neglect  of  a  primary  ami  abs(»lutc  (hity 
i>f  the  master  lo  the  servant.  If  such  be  its  character,  no  delegation 
of  (he  performance  of  that  duty  to  another,  im  matter  how  inferior 
hi-^  nink  may  \ye  \n  the  masters  service,  can  relieve  the  liability  of 
the  master  for  its  neglect,"  Some  discussion  was  had  in  an  earlier 
part  of  this  chapter  of  these  nondelegable  duties,  from  which  the 
employer  can  l>e  relieved  only  by  their  performance.  Courts  differ 
in  (heir  clnssiliciiti»»n  of  these  duties;  but  where  the  character  of  tho 
act  and  not  the  rank  of  the  agent  is  the  test  of  liability,  a  person 
chnrg«*<1  ^ith  the  i>erformunci'  of  what  is  considered  a  nondelegable 
duly  will  Iw?  elasseil  in  respect  of  such  act  as  the  employer's  represen- 
tative.  The  attitntle  itf  the  courts  of  ^ventl  States  and  a  somewhat 
general  discussion  of  the  duties  of  this  class  are  to  be  fomul  on 
pages  I»»  to  11*  above,  to  which  refen'uce  is  suggesteil  in  lieu  of  a  rejKJ- 
tition  of  the  s^tatenients  there  made.  It  nniy  lx»  added  here,  however, 
thMt  where  the  negligent  act  as  fellow-servant  coojx-rates  with  one'd 
negligence  m:s  vice-principal  iji  i>roducing  an  injury,  the  effect  is  to 
charge  the  employer  with  liability. (^) 

The  rule  lliat  an  en»ployer  who  piirchases  appliances  from  a  rep- 
utable maniifactnrer  or  dealer  is  not  obligated  to  test  or  inspect  the 
same  is  in  etfeet  an  avoidance  of  the  duty  to  see  that  applianics  are 
reat^onubly  safe;  this  is  practically  an  exce]>tion  to  the  general  doc- 
trine that  such  duty  is  nondelegable,  and,  as  was  noted  above 
(page  7),  it  is  not  admitted  in  at  least  one  Slate,  and  is  modified  in 
the  Supreme  Court. 

The  ridings  of  the  courts  as  to  the  liability  of  the  employer  for 
the  acts  of  an  indej>endcnt  contractor  are  too  contradictory  to  be  .sum- 
marized.    The  de<*isions  of  a  few  .->u[>eri(jr  courts  are  indicated  on 

"Se*^  farther  iHtytmrflb  c.  Hannlbnl  &  St.  J.  R.  Co.  (1801),  IDS  Mo.  570.  15 
8.  W.  rcht.  niitl  liiiNH  r,  Wabanh  W.  K.  Co.  (1W)2K  :iO  8.  W.  172. 

"^.Sweeuy  r.  Kulf,  r.  &  S.  r.  a.  Co.  U«»2),  S4  Tfx.  433,  lU  .S.  \V.  K)0;  Ttxas 
&  I',  n.  To.   r.   Hwtl    UM>.'»).  .T>  S.  W.  HS.  i 

"Onlf,  C.  k  M.  V,  K.  Oo.  r.  SfUwnl.hr  nMCJi.  I'l  S.  >V.  70fi.  1 

oiVtwat  t.  Ucorxe  (1007 »,  134  Kwl.  iKW. 

'  S*H*  pagi^  '\H  anil  MM.  flbovp. 

J  CoiJy  r.  Kimgjt'Uf  UW?J,  U4  X.  W.  755.     t.^*""*)  J 


44 


buij.&ti:n  or  the  bureau  of  labob. 


caso.  A  complninl  by  nn  employee  is  in  effet^t  n  tlet'lrtrnlion  (hat  Iio 
will  no  longer  rnntiwue  in  service  under  the  conditionH  of  danger, 
while  the  proniis**  of  ll^e  eriiph>yor,  so  loii^  as  i(s  Milidity  tH»ntimies,  Ib 
said  to  have  c^stiihlisiied  ii  new  relation,  the  employer  iinpiiwily  agree- 
ing Ihut  ihe  employee  «hull  iio(  Ix'  held  to  have  a^^surned  (he  nsk.(*) 

\i  follows  fi*om  the  giving  of  the  promise  that  the  question  of 

ne^Iigoni'e,  whirh,  apart  from  the  promise,  wouM  have  been  diN'idvd 
adversely  tt>  the  phiintitT  u.s  a  matter  of  law,  will  he  stibmitteil  to  the 
jury,  and  that  some  reuKon  other  than  mere  eontiniianee  of  work  in 
(he  posiiion  where  the  injury  was  iveeiveil  must  l)e  preseiit*Ml  in  order 
to  impute  coiiti  ihulory  lU'gligenee. C*)  If,  however,  the  place  was  one 
of  such  ojHii  and  imminent  danger  that  a  prudent  man  would  not 
risk  life  or  liiuli  liy  eont lulling  to  work  therein,  the  promiM*  l<i  repair 
is  not  suftiriont  to  ivlieve  of  the  charge  of  negligence  ii  "^Mvaiil  ><i 
rontinuing  to  work.i**) 

Load  rnhM, 

In  a  few  jiirl^dirtions  a  t«'ndcn»'y  to  restrict  the  application  of  the 
alnive  principles  ha^  been  iipparei»t,  as  in  \lassurhn.setts,('')  where  a 
repair  hand  was  excluded  from  the  benetith  of  a  promise,  though  a 
mere  a(t<Midnnt  at  a  machine  would  not  be;  and  in  Wisconsin,  (•") 
where  the  doctrine  was  held  to  apply  to  t(H»]s  and  nnu'.hinery  but  not 
to  place  of  work;  while  in  New  Vork(^)  it  ha^*  been  held  that  the 
promise  makes  no  change  in  the  status  of  the  employee  in  cases  where 
the  inhtrinnontality  is  a  simple  one  and  its  construction  am!  defects 
are  as  well  known  to  him  as  to  his  employer.  The  supreme  court  of 
Maine(«')  seems  to  inive  taken  practically  the  same  view  as  that  held 
by  fhe  courts  of  New  York  in  a  comparativel}'  recent  cabo. 

mKUT  OKDEItS. 

'file  fact  that  an  employee  was  acting  under  dirort  orders  at  tho 
time  his  injury  was  received  is  also  influential  in  determining  hxH 
right  to  recover  where  **uch  order  had  been  given.  The  order  mii^t  be 
given  by  the  employer  or  his  repre^'Utative  acting  with  due  autluu'jty, 
though  it  may  reach  tho  employee  thn»ugh  an  intenncNiiary  of  e<pml 
rank,  who  is  then  siniply  the  channel  by  which  it  reuclu's  the  employee 
affected.    The  order  unist  be  the  caubc  of  tho  action  whirh  r-  -"i'...t  ;•, 


«  Kwlft  &  Co.  i\  O'NeUI  i  U)00).  187  111.  837.  M  N.  B.  410. 
"  IlougU  V.  Texan  &  P.  R.  Co.  UBTD),  100  U.  S.  LM3,  25  L.  lOd,  G12. 
*"  TexjtM  A  N.  O,  U.  r*\  V.  niii;:lr  (IMIT.),  SI  Ti^x.  I'lv.  Aiip,  :V1'2,  LM>  ^<.  \N .  Oi-I, 
*SUyIu  i\  Wuuii»)OHmt'  MUlH  {  UHH)*.  177  Maw.  UM,  .%S  N.  K.  MKJ. 
'SliowoUev  r.  nilrl.iiitk«  (isun.  ks  \VU.  nvu.  <io  N.  \V.  257. 
/A/Htfth  t\  rhii'kr^riuf:  ( J.vsot.  lut  N.  V.  air.,  Ti  N.  K.  Wi. 
^Ctmtt^y  r.  Am,  Kx/i.  CU  { ISOrj),  87  Me.  352,  82  AU.  WS. 


mtm 


EMPLOYERS     LI.VBIUTV  IM   THB   UNITED   STATES. 


45 


:ijo  ii*jnrs%  ami  it  must  l»o  of  Unelf  negligent  iiinlor  cxisring  cirniin- 
>Uin<:frs.  AVlu-ii  ihe^  (.•onditions  are  inet,  a  presumption  is  raisc<i  iu 
tbo  enipIovepV  favor^  eitlK^r  that  he  was  exnisaUly  ignorant  of  the 
rtsk,s  to  wliich  hir*  oUhIjimioo  oxpostxl  him  or  th:U  hi-^  artion  Wii.s  in 
MHiie  ilegref  ixMTotHl,  hi  that  (lit*  eniph»y*M*V  iMi-^loniarv  <lefenscs  of  as- 
«uuic<l  risk  and  of  contributory  negligence  are  proportionately,  though 
not  ulfMiIntely,  negativiMl.  If  tht*  onlm'  thtes  not  direct  ex|x>sure  to 
dhcr  than  the  onliimry,  H->unu'(l  risk-,  no  uogligi*nrr  oin  Ir»  charged 
to  thr  master  in  connection  theivwilh.  Xcitlier  do  the  courts  hold  him 
nt  >vh»*re  he  wa>  ignorant,  nctually  and  without  fnult.  of  the 
^  1  -  to  which  a  Mn*vaiit  would  be  exjH»x*d  by  obeilience.  But 
where  the  employer  knew  of  the  danger  and  failed  to  warn  the  serv- 
ant, and  ^tilI  more  where  the  r^-rvant  \vn>-  ImjIIi  ignoruiit  and  incapa- 
ble, physically  and  mentally,  of  safely  pcrfonniug  the  work  ilireuted, 
the  order  will  Im  hehl  negligent  and  the  employee  will  be  entitled  to 
recover  f<ir  resulting  injuries. 

In  r<inn*M'tion  with  a  direct  order,  or  in  resixuise  to  some  complaint 
or  inquiry  of  the  employee,  an  employer  may  give  as^rances  of  the 
iiiM  *  *  >afety.  Tliis  may  Ite  in  the  form  of  a  siHtement  that  the 
Woi  not  inv»d\e  <langer  ar  that  the  wcu'kmiin  will  be  protected 

in  its  performance.  AA'here  such  nn  assurance  is  given  by  an  author- 
iw-*  i.  and  it  is  negligently  given,  -o  that  the  emphiyce  is  there- 

b\   ;    ■  i  to  do  work  or  to  enter  a  place  other  thnn  would  probably 

h»%'e  been  the  case  apiirt  from  the  assunince,  the  eiuployee  will  not  be, 
i>   I  !•  of  law.  ilmrgeable  with  either  au  ii.sMimptiou  of  the  ri^k 

or  '  utribtitory  negligence  if  injury  results.     This  rule  is  ?.ub- 

jrct  to  the  same  quolifications,  on  gi'ounds  of  the  actual  knowledge 
i*f  tlie  em]>loycc  and  his  going  into  plj»r*cs  of  obvious  danger,  as  have 
bre-n  *?rt  forth  in  otlicr  conne<*tioius.  Yet,  ina>nu)ch  as  the  law  re- 
garcU  the  employer'.**  knowledge  of  the  conditions  of  the  employment 
ms  sn|KTior  to  that  of  the  employee,  it  considers  his  asisiirancc  of 
safety,  eNp4'ci»lly  when  accompanied  by  an  order  to  pro**eed,  to  be 
Mifiicit^nt  warrant  for  the  employee  to  lay  aside  his  scruples  and  per- 
Uap«  t<»  proi-*<>e*l  with  less  vigilance  than  he  would  have  otherwise 
excrrisn^l. 

In  Missouri  (*)  it  has  been  held  that  an  authoritative  assurance 
ct>upU'd  with  an  order  amounts  ti>  a  guaranty  of  Mifety,  tliough  this 
isi  not  in  accord  with  the  general  primiple>  controlling  in  employers' 
Imbility  cases. 

.{Mflll/n/ttiott   of   iiM^'H. 

A^  between  the  ordinary  defenses  of  the  employer,  that  of  assump- 
tion of  liKks  ia  le«4  affected  by  the  giving  of  direct  orders*  the  gi.»neral 
rule  Ix'ing  thai  one  who  knows  and  appreciates  the  dangiT  of  a  periU 

*#w/-r«-  /;  JarvO  fjoht  Packlnjg  Co.  (J WW),  M  Mo.  Avi^  X^», 


46  BULLl:TI^'  of  tjie  buheau  of  labor. 

oils  iin(lortakin<r,  ovon  tlu>u*rli  lie  on^a^os  in  it  unwillingly  ami  in 
<»lH'<li(»ii('('  to  tho  or«k»i*s  (»f  n  siiiH'rior.  un\>i  lK»ar  tlie  risU.C)  If, 
however,  the  soivict*  involves  a  departure  from  the  oustoinary  lino  of 
duty  and  involves  tiangers  not  obvious  to  a  person  of  ordinary 
prudence  and  intelligence,  the  employee  will  not  be  held  to  have 
assumed  the  risk. 

( 'ouinhtttory  hef/JIf/fuc**, 

The  fact  of  an  order  is  almost  conclusive  a^;  against  the  defense 
of  contrihutory  negligence  unless  the  danger  was  so  manifest,  glaring, 
or  imminent  that  a  prudent  person  would  refu>e  to  ventui'e  upon  it. 
Tn  general  the  cinijloyer  will  not  !>e  heard  to  dedan*  that  the  doing 
of  thos*»  acts  the  performance  of  \vhi<'h  he  commanded  was  negli- 
gence on  the  part  of  the  M»rvant  who  olM»y*'d  him  therein. C*)  Even 
where  the  circumstances  rentlered  an  alternative  disolnMlience  justi- 
fiable, th*'  act  of  t»bedience  may  not  have  Invn  negligent,  esjwcially 
where  an  cmergi^ncv  prevente<l  deliberation  or  an  ajjparent  duty 
demanded  the  performance  of  the  act.  As  U>  the  point  that  such 
an  a<'t  was  coerced  ratliei'  than  voluntary,  the  courts  have  not  fur- 
nished many  decisions.  If  the  fact  exists,  it  will  1h'  considered, 
though  a])art  from  cases  involving  minoiv  the  compulsion  would  luu'o 
to  U*  of  an  unusual  kind  to  be  of  decisive  weight.  In  no  case  will 
the  fact  of  an  order  justify  a  negligent  performance  of  the  i>re>cril)ed 
inidertaking. 

scoi'i:  AM)  (  ni  i:m;  m-  lmpi.-iv  mi;n  r. 

The  |»rincipl«'s  conlrolling  the  liubiruy  of  the  employer  have  l>een 
considered  only  in  their  iii>|dication  to  va<v^  where  the  injury  was 
received  by  a  servant  engaged  in  the  dinic-  for  whicli  lie  was  sjxviti- 
cally  or  impliedly  hired.  Then'  is.  how(»ver.  a  <-la'"  of  caM»?^  in  which 
an  injured  i'mpiovee'-^  claim  \<  bused  on  injnrit'^  rereived  while  he 
Avas  at  a  place  or  in  an  employment  n<»t  contemplat<'d  in  lii>  contract 
(»f  hiring. 

If  tbe  eiijplityee  leaves  his  cn-tomary  work  vf>luntarily  and  goes 
whei'e  he  has  no  right  to  be  tir  undertakes  to  u-e  niachiiiery  whi<'li  it  is 
IKJt  his  business  to  use.  be  is  no  better  than  :i  tre-^passc?"  to  whom  his 
master  owes  no  duly.(')  Ac<iiiie>c<'nce  by  thecmphiyer  in  thectuiduct 
of  the  employee  may  be  construed,  liowe\er,  a-  extending  the  MH^pe 
(if  empIoyiiM'nt  to  the  new  line  of  duties,  carrying  the  roriivsponding 
mutual  obbgatioiis.     Where  the  act   \^   for  the  eni[»l(>yer"s  benelit   it 

•'  Ferreii  r.  <Uil  Colony  It.  i'o.  (issT).  H.'i  Muks.  I:i7,  ".»  N.  K,  *Jos. 
*  Iliiwlej-  r.  Nitrthern  <*.  IS.  To.  (isso).  sj  N.  V.  Wlw. 

'"Slajrj;  r.  IMwnrd  Western  T*>a  &  Spice  «'o.   (1!M>2>,  V\\\  ^\y^.  .|si>,  m  H,  W, 
astl:  Utetm  V,  lirainerd  &  X.  M.  It.  Co,  (UM>2>,  ^S  ^,  \\\  V"A,  y^*  VWww.  'i\*. 


employees'  LIABILITV   IX   THE   I'NTTED   STATES.  47 

may  be  decided  as  a  matter  of  fact  that  it  was  reasonal>ly  a  part  oi 
the  employee  s  duty,  though  in  the  absence  of  l)oth  command  and 
acquiescence  recovery  would  be,  to  say  the  least,  doubtful. 

Act  ordei^d  hy  employer. 

The  case  is  different  where  there  is  a  specific  direction  from  the 
employer  or  other  competent  jxjrson  ordering  a  tem[X)rary  departure 
from  the  contractual  lines  of  dutj*.  The  risks  incident  to  the  now 
employment  are  in  a  sense  extraordinary,  as  they  are  outside  of  the 
regidar  line  of  duty  and  were  not  assumed  under  the  contract  relative 
thereto. 

The  elements  necessary  to  a  reco\'erv  in  c^ise  of  injury  resulting 
from  the  undertaking  of  sudi  work  are  that  the  departure  from 
the  regular  employment  should  be  substantial,  that  it  should  be  in 
obedience  to  the  orders  of  a  competent  person,  and  that  the  order 
given  be  negligent.  ('')  Tlie  mere  fact  that  the  work  Avas  not  that 
for  which  tlie  emi>loyee  contracted  is  not  enough,  since  a  command  of 
the  employer  and  ol^edience  without  objection  by  a  person  of  mature 
years  and  ordinary'  capacity  present  in  themselves  no  conditions  of 
culpability.  If,  however,  the  master  Inicw  of  some  unfitness  on  the 
part  of  the  servant  or  of  some  increased  danger  in  the  new  situation 
of  which  the  employee  was  uninformed,  the  giving  of  the  order  may 
be  considered  as  negligent.  In  the  absence  of  grounds  on  which  to 
support  the  charge  of  negligence,  workmen  will  generally  l>e  con- 
sidered as  assiiming  the  risk  of  the  new  undertaking,  in  so  far  as  they 
are  known  or  are  of  that  open  and  patent  character  that  charges  a 
person  of  ordinary  intelligence  with  a  knowledge  of  thenLC")  Some 
courtss(^)  have  differed  from  this  view,  however,  and  have  in  effect 
made  the  master  giving  sucji  an  order  a  gmirantor  of  the  safety  of 
the  conditions  of  the  new  work.  The  reason  given  is  that  the  new 
order  carries  the  employee  l>eyond  the  contract  of  hiring,  and  so  also 
away  from  his  implied  undertaking  as  to  assumed  risks.  In  tlie 
Adams  and  the  Fort  cases,  the  rule  appears  to  be  specially  applioal>]e 
on  account  of  the  youth  or  inexperience  of  the  injured  employee 
wliereby  he  was  not  readily  able  to  compr<»hend  the  risks.  This  con- 
dition does  not  appear  in  the  Mann  and  the  Lalor  ca<cs,  however. 

Contributory  negligence  is  not  ordinarily  allowed  as  a  defense  to  an 
employer  giving  orders  for  a  departure  from  the  usual  Hue  of  s<'rv- 

«  Galveston  Oil  C«.  t*.  Thompson  (1800),  70  Tex.  23;'.  13  S.  W.  00. 

»FeIton  r.  Glrardy  (1900).  43  C.  C.  A.  430,  104  IhhI.  1J7. 

Pittsburgh,  C.  &  St  L.  K.  Co.  r.  Adams  (18.S0),  lOT.  Iiul.  151,  5  N.  E.  1S7, 
citing  Mann  v.  Orifflital  rrintWorks  (1^75).  11  tt.  I.  ir.2;  I'ulou  P.  M.  Co.  v. 
Fort  (1878),  17  Wall.  554;  Laior  r.  Chicago,  B.  &  Q.  R.  Co.  (ISGD),  52  111.  401, 
cite. 


48 


BULLETJN    OF   XUE    BUREAU    Or   JLM50B. 


ins  (Ik*  iVHHon  tliori-for  l»ein^  pracMioilly  thnt  giviMi  iihovi*  vrbcrc  tlio 
qlle^tio!]  of  nlH^lioiuv  t<i  ilirert  orders  wus  disctisseiK  i.  t\.  tlmt  a  person 
will  not  Iht  liciinl  to  s«y  tlmt  it  is  iicgligeiu-o  to  rHiry  out  his  own 
onlc'i*s.  One  can  not.  howovcr.  enter  upon  a  work  involving  obvious 
and  ts\lreine  ri^kh  and  claim  tin*  t'lnployerV  prok-cdnn  in  hi  doinf?, 
nor  can  he  enter  on  work  for  which  he  knows  hiniM:*!f  to  l>e  essen- 
tittUy  unnitcd  hut  as  to  which  he  ninkes  no  prote*-t  or  objeotion.  Still 
the  prpNuniptiiin  lliiit  the  employer  is  hiMtor  tnf<»rnie<|  as  to  the  con- 
ditions of  the  work  and  the  necehsary  qualitit*nli<it»s  for  doing  it  prop- 
erly, and  the  rule  i»f  tlie  customary  duty  of  obedience  to  n  superior, 
will  hcrVG  to  i-elieve  the  employee  even  in  -iich  casics. 

(^ourac  uf  emploijmvht.  I 

It  may  occur  tliat  an  injured  person  received  bin  injury  under  cir- 
cnmstan*vs  that  ralM*  llie  t|ue>ru>n  whellicr  or  not  the  accident  oc- 
curred as  the  renult  nf  his  employment  within  its  true  Iwunds.  Sucli 
a  ipiestion  arises,  for  instance,  when  an  employw  is  l>eing  transported 
on  a  vehicle  ownejor  operated  by  his  employer.  If  ilie  injury  was 
received  while  he  was  lx»in^  transported  for  the  purpose  of  forward- 
ing the  iMidcrtaking  for  wliich  In-  was  rngrtge<b  it  will  Im*  regard***!  as 
an  incident  of  his  employment,  and  tlie  rules  as  to  usHumi>tion  of 
rii<krt  will  control. (")  The  postsible  negligence  of  tho  employeen 
engaged  in  oi)eraling  a  train  on  which  a  bridge  gang  is.  ne(»or<ling 
to  custom,  bring  <'onveyed  to  tlie  place  of  its  ariiial  work  is  such  a 
rmk  an  would  ordinarily  be  contemplated  in  accepling  such  em- 
ployment. The  same  rtde  will  apjdy  tn  (he  urgligence  *>f  other 
classes  of  eniployeos,  as  track  hands^  if  iheir  uegligmce  wouh!  not 
have  furnishe<l  gnumd  of  action  if  tJie  injured  employee  had  been 
actually  at  work  at  tlie  time  of  his  injury. 

If,  however,  the  employee  was  traveling  euiirely  for  hi.s  ow^n  pur- 
poses, nnrl  was  not  at  the  time  subject  to  tlie  ordei*s  of  hi»  employer, 
the  relations  of  master  and  servant  will  Ix*  held  to  Ik*  suspended,  and 
the  injured  person  will  have  the  rights  of  a  stranger.  In  n  Pcnn- 
siylvania  case(*)  it  was  held  that  an  employee  who  re<»eived  transpor- 
tation to  and  from  (he  place  of  his  employment  as  a  part  of  his  com- 
pensation was  entitled  to  n'dress  «s  a  p«sseng<*r  in  iho  event  of  «n 
flceident  inflicting  injury.  The  same  view  beemb  to  have  becu  takeu 
by  the  hUj>reme  court  of  W»shingt(»n,(')  while  in  Xew  YorkO  this 
riding  was  condemned,  antl  tlie  fact  of  traiisportatioti  U^ing considered 
aa  part  pa3inent  for  \\\^  iierviccii  wam  held  not  to  take  the  case  out 

«81inuuua  e.  I'nlon  n.  LU  (1006),  27  IC.  I.  47^.  CI  All.  4N^ 
eo'IHiimoU  r.  AUfpb^'ii.v  Vnlley  R.  r<>.  <1S(WK  W  pJi.  tSi'.t,  ms  mu.  |>ec.  ;i:u;, 
'IVlcrwrn   »'.  Si'allltf  Tl*«*ilini  To.   (IlH)li.  23  Wurth.  iS+n.  UTi  Pao.  .M3. 
*VUk  r,  A>ir  York  C.  ^  U<  A.  a  Co.  a8&4).  1)0  »,  V,  awr\.  «  Ma.  \Vn>.  m* 


rEKS'   LlAB] 


IN   THE   r SITED  8TAT6B. 


of  the  ruU'  stiitiul  in  the  pBi'agrnph  aliovo.  Tho  courts  of  Ken- 
ti»rky.(*)  MassachiisiHlji.i*)  Penn?^ylvjinin,{ -)  mid  TeimirssecC)  Imvo 
allowed  rerovery  for  injuries  received  by  employee*;  riding  on  trains 
Mr  street  ears  at  tlie  elose  of  the  day's  work  or  for  meals  withont  jmy- 
ment  (»f  fare,  ihe  view  being  Ttdcen  that  sneli  transportation  was  not 
eonnetrted  with  tlie  performance  of  tlieir  (hities,  wliicli  were  at  an  end 
for  the  litne,  and  (hut  tliey  had  no  coimection  with  the  operation  of 
thr  vehicle  on  which  they  r(Mh\ 

The  variety  of  fads  involved  in  cases  presenting  the  qucBtion  of 
courst^  of  employment  is  so  gieat  that  it  wonUl  prartically  require 
■n  ennii)erati(»n  of  the  decisions  to  present  the  uttitnde  of  the  courts 
thereon.  Tlie  pMieral  rule  has  l>een  mentioned,  i.  e.,  that  the  em- 
ployer iti  not  liable  for  injuries  incurred  by  empU»yees  going  beyond 
the  vct>i)e  of  their  employment. C)  They  approximate  the  condition 
of  vohinteers,  with  wlioin  tliey  are  smnetimes  chi.s-sed.  By  the  term 
'"  vohinteers "' js  meant  |K*rsun.s  not  in  the  .-service  of  ihe  employer 
prior  to  their  engaging,  without  authorization,  in  tlic  omployment  at 
which  they  reieived  the  injury  romphiined  of,  and  their  situation  is 
in  general  no  l>etler  thnn  that  of  trespassers.  They  «re  held  to  have 
as>:nmed  Ihe  limitations  of  servants  without  ac*iuiring  the  right  to 
ilaini  the  perforniain.v  of^  ma.ster*.s  duties  toward  the!n.(0  They 
will  l>e  protected  fn)m  wanton  injuries  at  the  hands  of  the  regular 
eniploy<*es.  however.! c)  and  the  circumstiinces  may  he  such  that  they 
will  l»e  held  to  warrant  a  service  rendered  at  the  invitiition  of  pers<ms 
not  ordinarily  authorized  to  hire  employees  so  as  to  give  to  injured 
volunteers  a  right  to  recover.!*)  Or  it  might  l>e  said  ihat  the  situa- 
tion of  the  persons  so  employed  is  modified  :*o  that  they  arc  no* 
longer  regarded  as  volunteers,  at  leiist  not  as  tresj)assers. 

The  reason  for  the  rule  as  to  voIunteciN  is  that  no  one  can  l>e  sub- 
jected to  the  obligations  of  an  employer,  which  ai'e  the  result  of 
contract,  Avitliout  his  consent  thereto,  either  express  or  implied. 
This  l)eing  the  ease,  the  situation  of  a  person  undertaking  to  render 
i^rvice,  either  on  his  own  motion  or  at  tht»  invitation  of  an  unau- 
thori/eil  p«»rMUi.  gains  nothing  from  the  fart  that  the  danger  was  not 
appreciated.     This  pi-eveuts  exceptions  in  l>ehalf  of  minors,  though , 

"  IjjuIfPvme  &  N.  n.  Co.  p.  Scott  (IIKX)).  22  Ky.  U  Hep.  30.  56  8.  W.  674.      I 

*  lUckinKt.n  r,  W.'st  I-lnd  St.  R.  r*K  i  1l»01 ),  177  -Mnsa.  3ii5.  5»  N.  R  00.  1 

•'McNiiity  r.  rwinsylviuiin  K.  i'o.  nS071.  1S2  Prt.  479.  3S  Atl.  r.24. 

''nintoinootta  UrtpM  Transit  Co,  r.  Vcnalile  flftOO).  lOTj  Tenu.  4m.  5S  8.  W. 
Stfl.  I 

*■  I'npe  4*5,  unprn. 

f  Unenn  r.  Tyler  {If^D.  114  FpO.  716  (V.  C.  A.>. 

'Kenlucky  f\  U.  Co.  r.  tljiKtUtniu  0?<K^»).  ^  Ky.  IIU;  Evnrts  r.  Kt.  rnul,  M. 
ft  M.  n.  Co.  <1SOO,  rjfl  MIna.  141,  57  N.  W.  45!>. 

*Bta<ll^y  f.  New  York  i\  R.  <*n.  (1875).  i?*  \.  V.  r«»:  IlnrMtrnv  r.  OM  I'olony 
It  r^ji.  nwj7|.  143  Ma»*.  535,  ly  >%  B,  20D,  ^^^ 


nVhLEXlS    or  Tli£  dCBEAU  OF  UlBOB, 

in  some  jnrisdiotions  thoy  nrp  not  rojrftrded  sih  trespasaors  wiipn  thi 
arc  too  youii^  to  Ih»  charged   wilh  discretion,  ond  thus  i\  givater 
degree  of  cMulJou  must  Ix-!  cxcrciiied  in  Ihcir  Ijchulf. 


ItlSTAII^  OP   W(illK. 

A  general  Liniitation  of  ihe  obligntianB  of  the  employer  is  to  bo 
found  in  Ihi?  rnli^  thiil  hi*  is  not  Iwund  io  suiwrviati  Ihe  purely  openi- 
tivo  details  of  hi.n  employees'  undertakings.  He  will  not  he  rvupoa- 
bible,  therefore,  for  merely  tnuusitory  dimmers,  "exiting  only  on  tJiO 
Bingle  occasion  when  the  injury  ycfks  sustnined,  and  due  to  no  fHult 
of  plim  or  eoiiHtructioiK  or  luck  of  repair.  hiuI  to  no  pcrniflUent  defe<rt 
or  want  of  sttf<»(y  in  the  deferuhmt  s  worUs,  or  iti  the  nmuner  in  >\!iicli 
tliey  had  been  ordinarily  used.*'(*)  So,  also,  if  I  lie  danger  arises  in 
the  jtrcigress  of  the  work  and  i«  one  of  Ihe  nndeiNtood  conditions  of 
Huch  i>rogres.s.  no  linbility  attaches  to  the  employer.  Acts  which  are 
involviil  u\  the  preparation  ur  car»  of  instrumentalities  C4ia*t  no 
it'sponsihility  nijon  the  eiuphiyer  where  such  acts  are  a  part  of  the 
work  of  the  employees  affected.  If,  hi»wever,  the  |>er>«:in  caring  fur 
or  pK'paring  the  agencies  is  not  the  one  who  uw«  them,  tli©  latter 
prrson  wilK  according  to  h  Iiirge  number  of  casi"*.  have  mi  action  for 
injuries  ivsulling  from  the  nrgligenrt*  of  fhe  first-named  enjployee,(*) 
though  niervf  differenex*  of  einployment  does  not  imply  such  riglit. 
Other  decisions  many  of  theui  snhse<|nently  overruled,  make  repair 
hands  fellow-^crvants  with  the  users  of  Ihe  instnunentalities. 

The  impn^i^cr  ii.'jc  of  suitablci  instrumentalities,  or  failun*  to  usa 
those  furnislied.  erroneous  choice  of  methods  of  work,  or  impropor 
oitliTs  nod  us-iigutn»'nt'<  of  subordinates  Ki  duty  aiv  acts  of  a  superior 
for  which  the  emph)yer  will  not  iti  g(*neral  be  held  i^espoDiiible.('')  In 
the  same  category*  are  found  the  giving  of  signals  the  transmijtsion 
of  orders,  and  the  manipulation  of  instrumentalities  (e.  g.,  cars  on 
railway  tracks)  durmg  the  progress  of  woi*k.('')  The  adjustment  of 
tem|j(tnuy  structures  and  iippliuncei^  us«m1  in  tlie  co\irse  of  the  work 
are  within  the  rule  of  nonliaUilily. 

The  reverK*  has  fxHsn  held  whore  the  apjiliance  izausing  tho  injorr 
WHS  furnished  by  the  ernpl(»yf'r  himself,  where  there  was  aii  imjili'sl 
nn<tertaking  that  the  appliance  furnished  ^honld  lx»  in  a  eomplett>d 
ronditlon,  where  Ihe  emjdoyer  failed  to  furnisli  suitable  mnterial  fi>r 
the  pre|>«  ration  of  an  itiMtriunentAlity,  vrhew  (ht*  • 


«M(M-lmn  r.  Splrrtc  Mfp.  To.   tV*«>'.U,  172  MflSfl.  Kltj.  na  X.  K,  M"^. 

ft  K»>ra  V.  Kitchhunc  K.  r«i.  (1S72).  lit)  Mniw.  240,  U  Jim.  I»ep.  .V»s ;   m  ... 
TcXttM  &  I*.  U.  Co.  (ISTS)).  mo  r.  S,  213;  tlunter  i\  araHUvvUItt  Ud^  < 
IS  «.  C>  202.  a  XuL  nei>.  %Vl 

M^mil^a  r,  NortMO  (1W»I),  1:>1  S,  V.  ]. :»  N.  K.  JNIV 

^Mtirm  n  Atcmnjti,  T.  *  «;,  r.  n.  t>>.  (iW),  w\  v.  w.  *wk  n  i^uvi.  cv 


EMPtX>rESs'   LLiBlUTY    IN  THB  UNITED   STATES. 


51 


nwi 


iMMlt. 


Trot'  clioire  in  (he  selt'ctinn  uf  iimterialii^  u\u\  wUere  Hit-  danger 
ihi'tl  (rvtu  oun4]ili(ii)>  wliifli  iin^ht  properly  lx»  clus>it'd  as  perm;»- 


In  oonchiili 


this 


f  till 


iiiJin^  tins  roviow  or  tlir  iH»iuinon-law  phases  of  the  em- 
plover's  liiiluiity  it  Is  hardly  aecessan-  to  i*ecur  to  tL<?  pn-liiitiiiury 
stwUvitMitv  tnadv  us  to  tlw  vurinnt  and  rontnidictory  intorpretaition-s 
pnMnnl^itwl  hy  tho  sanio  t'ourts  iit  ilitTtavnt  tinier  aiul  to  the  dLs- 
bimilarity  of  views  held  by  the  courts  of  different  States,  since  tlio 
inipcHtanre  of  definite^  nuifying  legislation  must  l)e  ohvioub.  In 
coiiHdering  the  stymies  enacted  on  the  subject*  n  consideruble  inflti- 
tt\w  lowartl  hnrmonizing  (he  law  will  Ix*  found  in  tiie  fact  that,a 
lc^[Uilatur«  enacting"  a  statute  copied  from  another  State  is  assumed 
to  lake  over  also  iIm*  ronstnirtion  mid  interpn^aition  put  upon  the 
Matute  by  the  courts  of  the  earlier  enacting  State  prior  to  its  adoption 
by  the  le^.-flature  of  the  later  otie.  Apart  from  this  fact,  however, 
the  diver^itie-  of  interpretation  of  the  crinuiion  hiw  reappear  to  affect 
the  construction  put  upon  statutes  of  independent  enactment  in  the 
various  Suit«5c 

It  was  generally  heiieved  that  a  long  step  toward  th*'  hannnniza- 
tionof  tliolaw  i*elatiup  to  the  liability  of  common  carriers  for  injuries 
lo  their  employees  was  taken  in  lOOC  in  the  enactment  of  a  F*ederal 
statute  applying  to  interstate  commerce  generally.  This  lielief  was 
based  on  the  fart  that  such  a  .statirte  wtnild  supersede  all  ln«'al  statutes 
and  niUngs  where  it  applied,  and  also  l>ecause  its  construction  by  tlie 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  any  cjisc  (hat  sliould  come 
before  it,  would  become  the  authoritative  nding  in  e^ery  jurisdiction 
on  tlie  point  involved.  By  thi'  nding  of  the  Supreme  Court  (")  this 
law  i^-Tij-  declan*d  not  constitutional.  ^Iiat  State  legislation  has  ac- 
eompUshed  will  Hi>iKMir  in  the  main  in  the  following  portioius  of  this 
article. 


LI^VBILITY  I^'DER  STATUTE  LAW. 

EKPLOTEBS*  UABILITY  I^AWa 

'  tl  in  the  United  States  for  the  purpot^e  of  deter- 

tu  y  of  the  employer  for  injtirie-^  to  his  employees  ar*1 

of  two  principal  classes,  one  relating  in  a  nu»rc  or  less  gi<nera]  and 

iiu  '  '         '  '     1  of  employment,  the  other  confining  itself 

o  -  of  empUivmenr.  The  laws  of  both  classes 

c^roduci'd  m  the  following  compilation,  following  which  is  a 

«?f  duni^ftiion  of  their  application  and  judicial  constniction. 

•   ■         •   •.\n  m- 

iM#  />t«w  i^ir*mirtc%%L  t*itt  iia»  uut  at  tiiia  Uutr  Vtuuv  Ul*  fur  c«ai&iOvvrtuW<iSi* 


I 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUREAU   OF  LABOR. 

SAFETY   APPLIANCE   AXTD  INSPECTION   LAWS. 

A  l>04ly  of  Frnvs  thnt  are  related  to  those  here  ronsiilorefl  prrs'-rilrti 
the  use  of  sjifety  appliHiu'es  on  niihvays  and  in  fnctorics  nml  regu- 
lates the  openitiou  of  mines  with  a  view  to  the  aifety  of  crnployees. 
These  hiwn  frequently  eontftin  ii  proviHion  thut  violation  of  the 
statute  shall  rnlail  a  spo<'inl  1ial>ili(y  ui>oii  (he  eniploViT  for  injunes 
occasioned  by  sneh  violntion,  or  shall  affect  his  defenHes  in  actionH 
for  injnrieH.  Tlie  viohition  of  hnvH  of  this  class  Is  coiistmed  by  tho 
eoints  of  «ionie  SIhI*s  only  "s  evitlence  of  neg!i|fenee,(")  hy  others 
as  negligence  i>er  8e.(^)  In  the  latter  view,  tlie  defense  of  as^iunied 
risks  iK  bariH?d,('")  and  llie  party  injure<l  is  not  hcHind  to  show  that  fie 
was  in  (lie  e.xon'isr  of  doe  cart*  to  avoi<l  an  injury  caused  hy  a  will- 
ful viohition. (*)  None  of  these  laws  can  properly  bo  reproduced  in 
(ho  prcs^Mit  eoinieftion;  l>ut  their  more  inijxirtant  pnivisionsj  from  the 
.standpoint  of  their  effect  on  the  liai>ility  of  tlie  employer,  will  bo 
notiMh 

RIGHT  OF  ACTION  FOR  INJURI£S  CAUSING  DEATH. 

In  almost  every  jurisdiction  in  this  country  laws  have  l>con  enacted 
which,  while  not  einployei's'  liability  laws  in  form,  luive  yet  gone  far 
to  iimelionile  the  condition  of  the  employee  suifering  tinder  the  hard- 
.sliip  of  the  conimon-lttw  rule  (hat  pioliibitH  recovery  of  damages  in 
cnseM  wliere  an  injnivd  person  dies  immcdialidy  as  a  consef|uenco 
of  his  injury.  'I'hough  this  statute  in  itself  do(»s  not  alTe^'t  the  usual 
defenses  of  the  eniployer  in  cases  of  accidental  injury,  it  does  give  a 
new  right  to  the  heirs  or  personal  rc|)resi'ntntivcs  of  a  deci»ased  em- 
ployee^ conferring  upon  tlu'ui  the  same  right  of  action  tJiat  the  in- 
juivil  i)ei'son  would  have  had  had  he  survived.  These  laws  are  gen- 
erally lield  to  iiniro  to  the  benefit  of  nonresident  alien  benefiei- 
nriert.('')  The  laws  of  the  various  Slates  iliffer  in  s(ime  minor  f>oints^ 
though  they  are  alike  UKMleled  after  an  Knglish  act  of  1S10.  known 
QH  "  Lord  CampbelTs  act/'  Tlie  States  are  not  uniform  in  tlieir  rul- 
ings on  the  question  as  to  whether  or  not  punitive  or  exemplary  dam- 
ages arc  j'ecoverable  under  their  acts,  but  only  such  rights  ran  be 
enforced  os  the  statute  provides.     The  amount   recoveralde  ' 

a  IMichtT  e.  Nf'w  York  C.  &  II.  I(.  II.  Co.  (iwn ).  VJl  N.  V.  lyrti,  SS  ?^,  K.  I3ii; 
Jupiter  Coul  Alln.  Co.  r.  Mercer  (IMIO).  8-1  lU.  A|f|i.  \f>\. 

tColJlott  p.  Auierlenu  Mfg.  C<>.  (1807),  Tl  Mo.  Api*.  lOfJ;  t»re  i\  Aui.  Mffc 
Co.  nwi).  K30  Mo.  IKH,  rtl  S.  W.  »)78, 

oNnrrnmore  r.  Cleveland,  Ho.,  B.  Co.  <18l>0),  06  FeCL  206;  rnUed  8t&lc« 
Cement  Cu.  r.  Co<M'er  (1l>(>7).  -VJ  N.  K.  081.  (Ind.)  (8ee  und(»r  Rpi^lrletlan*  oT 
empl»>y'*<'«'  rl^jht  to  rt^'over,  |mik««  H,  «ttn>v.) 

'  rnwn.H'  Coal  Co.  r.  fioyee  (llMK)),  1H4  HI.  4(C,  50  N.  R  h*ni, 

•  Miimmi  r.  KnMmi  (HmW),  17*1  Mnw.  2iX^  ,'.7  N.  K  SSC;  Luw  Mour  ln>0  ViK 
K  U  Waaeu'n  Aiimt,  fmm),  00  8.  C  WCJ,  tCMJ  Va.  KL 


I 


EMPLOYEES     LIABILITY   rN  THE  TTSTTED  STATES. 


hj  the  statu(«8  of  some  States,  while  othei's  declare  in  the  constitu- 
tion of  tlie  State  tliat  the  amount  shall  not  be  i*fe,strietecl.  Pei-sons 
projw-Tly  I'lassifiahle  ns  henefioiaries  nuisl  be  found  to  brinjr  tlie 
action,  the  persons  no  named  by  the  English  act  Ix^ing  the  wife,  hus- 
band, parent,  an<]  child  of  the  deceased  person.  In  n  number  of 
State*?*  iho  use  of  the  words  "personal  repi-escutatives "  implies  a 
less  restricted  classification  of  beneficiaries.  Of  the  same  effect  is 
the  ruling?  in  a  ca.se  under  the  statute  of  Coum^cticut  on  tliis  snl>jei'l, 
that  tlie  ground  of  damages  is  not  the  loss  to  the  relatives,  hut  the 
|>erHonal  injury  to  the  deceased.  (") 

Laws  governing  the  liability  of  pmploy»n>  I'ither  contain  independ- 
rn!  j>rovisioii'^  t'onferrinfr  ihc  right  of  action  in  cases  of  <Ieulh  from 
accidental  injmy  or  refer  to  the  State  statute  pi-onding  for  such 
action. 

Owing  to  tlu'  fact  that  these  laws  are  not  to  lx>  regarded  as  em- 
ployers' liability  laws,  and,  further,  that  they  are  very  similar  in  their 
principal  features,  no  n^production  of  them  will  be  nmde  beyt>nd  a 
presentation  of  the  law  of  tlic  District  of  Columbia  (Cmle  of  1901 ), 
which  will  serve  as  an  exanipk^  of  this  class  of  statutes:  ] 

SEi-rroN  1301.  Wlumever  by  an  injury  done  or  hnpi>ening  within 
the  limits  of  the  District  of  Columbia  the  <leath  of  u  i)ersun  shall  be 
caused  b}^  the  wrongful  act,  neglect,  or  default  of  any  pei'son  or 
iHJrporation,  and  the  act.  ne^jlect.  or  default  is  such  as  wouUf.  if  <leath 
had  not  ensued,  have  entitled  the  party  injured,  or  if  the  pers<jn  in- 
jnrcil  l>e  a  marrie*!  wonnni,  have  entitled  her  husband,  either  sepa- 
rately or  bv  joiuiuj?  willi  the  wife,  to  maintain  an  a<'tion  aiul  recover 
dauuiges,  tUo  pci-sriu  wlio  or  corijoralion  which  would  liave  l)cen  lial)le 
if  dcatli  had  not  ensued  slnill  be  liable  to  nn  action  for  dauui^es  for 
wich  <lealh,  notwilhslamling  the  deatli  of  the  person  injured,  even 
though  the  death  shall  have  lM»en  caused  unde;*  circumstances  which 
eoUKtitute.  ;i  fehmy  ;  and  such  ilonuiges  shall  be  assessed  with  reference 
U>  the  injury  resulting  from  such  act,  neffleet,  or  default  causing  such 
(h'ulh,  to  thi*  \vid*)W  and  next  <*f  kin  or  snch  {leeeased  person:  Pro- 
vidtd.  That  in  no  case  shall  the  recovery  under  this  act  exceed  the  sum 
of  Xi^w  thousand  dollars:  .1////  prorftled  fttrt/iri\  Tluit  no  action  shall 
\jQ  nmintained  under  this  chapter  in  any  case  when  (he  ])arty  injured 
by  such  wrongful  act,  neglect^  or  default  has  recovered  damages  there- 
for during  the  life  of  Mich  party. 

Sec.  1;U>J.  Every  such  action  shall  be  bronght  by  and  in  the  nanio 
of  the  personal  representative  of  such  deceased  person,  and  within 
iMM-  year  after  the  death  <if  (lie  party  injurtnl. 

Sk"-.  i;^03.  Tlie  <lanuiges  reeoveriMl  in  sttch  aetion  shall  not  l>e  ap- 
propriated to  the  payinent  of  the  debts  or  liabilities  of  siich  deceased 
jierson,  hut  shall  imne  to  the  benelit  of  his  or  her  family  and  be  dis- 
iribnCcd  accoriliujr  to  the  provisions  of  the  statute  of  distribution  in 
force  in  tliu  said  District  of  t'ohnnbia. 


•  McKUli!"M    .-    n>tt..r.j|.i>    ilstiii     til   i'..nh    ir.7. 


54 


JIUULKTIN    or  TIIK    BflU.M     ^'i     j-\lJ*"h 


Following  is  a  onm|>ilntiou  of  xUr  various  law:s  in  tliv  FniTi 
8ioti>-s  regiilnlin;^  llic  liabilit}''  of  riiipioyers  f<»r  iujiirics  to  einpl'ty**^* 
wrnuigt**!  ulplmMirHlly  according  to  States^  «iid  Tcnitorkv; 


rODK  OF  1SI»7. 


LUibiUty  uf  *mpiu)trrK  fnr  iitfitH'ii  lo  rw/i^oyv- 


by- 


kry  cniuod 


I»»C«'Ol* ; 


NcctlKenopnf 
«uti«rlutun<|- 
oof: 


Or  uuc  In  nu- 

thorlly  ; 


Ob4^IMii(V  In 

rulrc    or    i n- 
■frncllon» ; 


]i  p  r  •  ii  u  In 
eburi;t»  of  fftll- 
riiinlHttfiinl.clr. 


Cxc^lillona. 


SrxTjON  ITJit,  >Vhpn  ;\  («*rKnnnl  Injury  itt  r- 
nr  riiiiilnyiT  in  tin-  w-rvlt.-c  or  hu»«iiifw*  nf  ifir 

till'  imtsti't"  or  rii)|il'iyrr   in  Untiio  In  nti-i^-iT   ii<   ....i....^. -.»>  U 

Hprvjtitt  or  rniploytH*.  jis  If  lie  wtTi*  ii  MitiiMStT,  t\tu\  imi  tMiir^tfiM  In 
nuvU  Borviei'  or  viii|>l<>>tuvitt,  In  tin*  discs  fotlowlnt:: 

1.  Whvn  thp  tojnry  Ih  eniiw**!  hy  r(*fifloH  of  nuy  iWc^i  In  th«' 
foinlltltiu  of  tbi"  wayh.  wnrkH.  uimUlm'ry.  nr  plnnt  i*iinno*-t«?0  wlUi. 
or  tiwMl  in  thi'  buslnrss  of  tin-  niu>tlrr  <tr  frnjiloytT, 

2.  \Th«ii  lh<*  injury  1«  cnii>*t'Hl  by  iVMitnn  nf  itn*  nincllirpiiiv  of 
liny  |«»n*<»n  In  tin*  M*rvi»'««  or  rniiiloynion!  nf  tho  ttKiitt»^  »»r  mi- 
Itloycr,  wln.t  LiJiM  nny  fniiHTlnli'mk-iirt*  InlniBUnl  to  Uhu.  wliilsi  hi 
Miv  oxon'lsi'  tif  mirli  su|xTlntr4iiic"niH.'. 

.'i  V\*lnMi  «noh  Injury  Ik  ciiusrtl  by  rtvisoii  of  tlit*  iMirlljcviior  vt 
any  ih-Tmoh  In  tlii'  M-rvkv  or  I'uiploytuent  of  tin*  nia**?' "^  •■'  -m- 
j»li»yer.  lo  whn«»  ordrrx  <»r  (Urwlbms  tbf*  wr^nnt  or  t*.  a 

thi*  tiuio  of  tilt*  iiOury%  wiis  bnunil  tu  cnnforui.  nnU  •!  >  in. 

If  Kuril  InJnrJpH  n*stilro(l  frnni  b!s  Iwvlnjr  M  conformed* 

4.  WIji'H  snch  Injury  it*  «-!in^*»»«l  by  roaxon  "f  lbc»  net  or  ombu 
sbm  nf  nay  i>*>r*nK4  in  tUv  -  ■   ^'OiMloynntit  of  Uw  uwihIit  «r 

i'UJ|tIoyi»r,  cliin«4or  mnilv  ii  ■*  b»  Ihr  ni!»'8  nuil  rc^nbitlnnit' 

tr  by  Inws  of  tin*  nlil^^or  I'l  « tipni-.M-r,  or  bi  oixnlieno*^  U*  \mrUc- 
nl«r  Instrncllons  cl^f»n  by  nny  ptrHon  d<'b'ir;itKi  with  Ihr  imtliorlty 
itf  Ibr  nKifti»r  or  oinployor  In  t'»  ■     '  -   ■    'f, 

.%.  Wlirn  Mirh  Injnry  Is  CJin  son  of  tin*  neKlltfMM*  mf 

any  iK-rt-ou  in  tiJt*  wrvlrt'  ur  -  ■.  ■.  ■nf  of  fii:*  ini/H'i4'r  ..■  t-m- 
plityrr,  wlni  has  thi*  Hiiir«c'  or  control  of  nri>  •- 

uioii\o,  cnebii*.  Kwltcb.  mr,  or  tmin   ii|»ou  :i  .  .y 

I'lirt  of  tUr  trni'i;  nf  ii  railway. 

Hnt  tho  uuiHtpr  or  om|ilnyor  Iw  not  llithlo  mnirr  *UI"  •*orl|nn 
ihH  wrvjint  or  4Mii|iloyc^'  kn<'w  of  Uu*  dofn  t  (»r  nr- 
tho  lujnry.  ant!  falliil   In  n  ri*iiKonnblr  tluio  \*t  u- 

tlH»l'»>'^f  to  lb*>  !nn«t4»r  or  oui)»Ioyor.  '•■    

blni*«t'lf  cuuMiri'O   In  th<*  KiTvi»'e  or 
pmploypr,  uiiif^nN  ho  wan  nwar>-   tli 
BUt'h  HuporJor  ulrwnly  kucw  oi 
tiM*  Mntsl«T  or  «'niployi*r  llabli.*  i 
ftf'l  llnM-Hn  noMillontHl  affH*!*  from, 
rrtJicMltoil  owlTtK  l4t  tl«»  ni'Klltrinin'  <  ' 
of  noun*  iK>r*4oM  In  tin*  sonlco  of  tb' 
truHlisl  by  blni  with  ilif  duly  of 
run  ■'■' '  ■•■ ■....,., 


If 


rxtmnsn  ex- 
on  I  lit. 

XuJitrjr    i*aii«- 
Itlftflmtti. 


of 


etUiJioyiH;,     bif:«    pt'tPHMJai     I 

artlon    fb«»rofor.   nrnl    Ihr 

II,.. 


tnt  or  **tfti't*»ypf.  of 
I-  •  in  tJie  iMiytnMit 

'    flu*  M'n:Mif   tip 


iknt    lo   tit 
.    «r«    Of*l 
buL  fc4iali  be  dUctrUtutui  uu.urd' 


DM. 


EMPLOYERS     UABILITY    IN   THE    UNITED   STATES, 


57 


COIiORADO. 
CONSTITUTION. 

IArticus  15, — Oontmcts  of  emptoyvvfi  ttoivtng  right  to  dam<iift4t, 

Sbctiok  15.  It  riinl!  I>e  imlnwfnl  for  ftijy  person,  rompnny  or  cop-     Cohirnc  i  ■ 
poratlon  to  reiiDliM?  of  Itn  Korvnutg  or  emijlnjeca,  as  a  eoiKlltlon  f>^ T'dlm*^ •eJ'^'** 
their  emuloyitieiit  or  otliorwlsp,  niiy  oontrntt  <ir  agreeiiH'ii!  wlifieby  ^        "**    ' 
«ikIi    iktwui.    ooiiiiMiny    nr   CoriiontlftHi    shnll    Im»    ivkMiscd    nr   dis- 
cliarKiHl  from  liiibillly  or  rPHponslblllty  on  ncooont  of  personal  In- 
jurli'fl  PX'i'Ivt'd  by  surli  8<.*rv»iifs  nr  employ*?*'**  wUile  in  tUt'  wrvkM! 
nf  BiM'li  person,  cniufiuny  or  lorporntion  by  rc«»m  nf  (he  iu*gIlK»*uce 
of  KUt'h  jierxttn.  c<iinp«ny  or  cori>oniTi(m,  or  tlif*  HtrfmlH  or  piiipIoye«»8 
thereof,  uail  micU  iMiutna-ts  kIuiII  ho  tib»<»it]tely  utill  aud  void. 

milXS' ANNOTATKD  STATVTES  OV  IS*!  AND  SUITLICAIKNT 

OF  1W>1. 


LUtbiiitU  f'f  »inithi(ft  tH  foi'  iitfurirs  fo  rmployrr^. 

Skction  1511(1.  Wlipre,  after  the  initi^aKe  of  this  net,  perwouul 
Injury  («  ranssod  to  nn  employ«t*,  whn  is  biujwjif  in  the  exercise  of 
tlue  run*  iiiid  di)i;;en<-<*  iit   tJit>   ttuu". 

(1)  Hy  n^nsou  of  any  def»x't  In  the  condition  of  the  w«y».  worUs 
'or  tuuchluery  cuiinctled  witli  or  nswl  In  Um  bnsliiuHM  of  the  eui- 

I'loyer,  which  nrose  from  or  liml  not  l»eoii  dljutiver^nl  or  remedied 
owinc  tti  the  iieKliKetice  of  the  employer,  or  of  nuy  iforson  h»  the 
Hprvlco  of  the  employer,  and  intnisied  by  hlia  with  the  duty  of  w.*e- 
lliiK  Ihut  file  wnyn.  wniKs  iMul  luachiucry  were  in  rir<>[>er  cnnditliiti ; 
Dr 

(2)  Hy  reason  of  thi-  n»*»rliiienre  of  nny  person  In  the  servlee  of 
|ll«?  employer,  !ntrns(nl  with  or  exenlslnj;  nnperlntendence  who*? 

sole  or  primiiial  duty  In  that  of  superinteiidence; 

(M)  Hy  reason  nf  tlie  net,'llKence  of  any  piTHon  in  the  service  of 
the  employer  who  Iiuk  the  cliarui*  or  control  of  auy  Mvltrh,  Hliniul. 
)octmnttive  engine  or  train  uimmi  n  railroad,  the  emphiyee.  or  tn 
ftase  tlie  Injury  ifKuUs  In  death  the  i>nrtlea  entltloil  by  law  to  sue 
ond  rwover  for  HUi.h  duniatfcn  Khali  have  the  Riime  rlijht  of  cnm- 
liensatiou  and  rentcily  aunlnnt  the  employer,  as  if  tht*  employee  had 
not  Itf^'ii  an  employee  of  or  In  the  servlet'  of  the  emitioyer  or  en- 
iKfl{;eiJ  In  IiIm  or  its  work. 

8kc.  irilllh  The  amount  of  com|K_MisrttIon  recoverable  undei*  this 
Jnct,  in  r«j*e  of  a  per:*«rtml  Injury  reHulting  stjlely  from  the  uegU- 
Ipjuee  of  It  c*:»empIoy(.f,  **hall  not  exc^-ed  the  sum  of  live  thousand 
IdoJlflrs.  No  arthai  for  the  re^^overy  of  comi»en«itlou  for  Injury  or 
ileath  undi'r  thlu  act  shall  be  maintained  unlens  written  notice  of 
ilbc  time,  place  and  cause  of  the  Injury  is  given  to  the  employer 
vMthln  Hlxty  days,  and  the  action  is  commenced  within  two  years 
from  thf  occurreiH'c  of  the  accident  caut^lm;  the  Injury  or  death. 
Itnt  i»o  notii-e  Riven  under  the  provisions  of  this  sectlMU  kIhiII  l»e 
dt*emed  Invalid  or  InsnlHrimt  soh-ly  I>y  reawai  of  any  Inaccuracy 
In  Ktfllin;?  the  time,  place  or  cause  of  Injnrj- :  Provulnl,  It  Is 
frhown  (hat  there  wa8  ito  Intention  to  uilsh*ad.  and  that  the  i)arty 
[I'utrtle*!  to  notice  was  not  in  fact  mlsle<l  thereby. 

Sec.  lollc.  Whenever  an  emidoyi*  enters  lnt*»  a  oonirnot»  either 
[tvrllteu  or  verbal.  wUh  an  uide|M'ndent  ccnitractor.  to  do  pjji't  of 
jiincb  emftloyer's  work,  or  whenever  such  ci^nti'nctor  euterH  Into 
n  contract  with  a  «ui»contraclor  to  do  all  or  a  part  of  the  work 
Feomprhusl  In  snrli  iimirarl  or  ronrracts  with  the  employer,  Buch 
i-unlract  or  HulM.-onlraet  shall  not  bar  the  liability  of  the  employer 
ifor  Injurlen  to  tin-  emiiloyec!)  of  wudi  couiractni-  i»r  subcontractor, 
Ilty  reaHon  of  any  deflect  In  the  condliloa  of  the  ways?,  work:*, 
in.i'IdrH  TV  i.r  ninnt,  If  they  arc  the  prttperty  of  the  employer  or 
and  If  Huch  defeit  aroKt?  lu*  laid  not  lieen  dia- 
led throngli  lla*  m^i;Ut:<*nce  of  the  employer  or 
t»»f  i*wme  i***rMt»n  hilrunled  by  Iilm  with  the  duty  of  seeing  that  they 
mere  In  proivr  rondltlon. 


Injury oauMcd 
bj— 


tH^fccts 


NVErllK^no^of 
Jinpcr  i  n  t'^tid- 

Of  person  In 
rharice  of  rail- 
roiidaiKtiiiti^tc. 


Dimases. 

Notlr*. 
IJmltutlou. 


Con(r«cl<irV 
pinpli»y«»^. 


BULLKXIN    OF   THE    BUREAU    OF   LABOK. 
CALIFOBNIA. 
l>KKKIN<rS  <'<)I)Krt  AM>  STATrTKS,  IMJSu, 
Civn.  Cook, 


Ordinary  XtcrioN  U»7i»  («f»  iuihmuIwI  l.y  rlmpler  07.  Aoin  of  llHiT).  An 
pinpliiyfi'  IH  not  binind  in  liulnnnlfy  h\9  tHupUtyt^o  for  lutist'M  mif- 
fritil  by  iIh'  liitUM*  111  mtitu-NiiH'iH't'  nf  Hit*  mdliiHry  rinks  of  tlie 
ltnsiiii>*<s  111  wlili'h  lir  Ik  riii|i]oy(*il,  nor  lit  onnsm^jiicitor  (*f  tl]<>  ix'kII- 
j!»MK-e  of  aiiolhor  poi'hou  eniiiiny.nl  by  tho  niuiie  employer  hi  the 
5UtiiH*  tftMu-rul  ImikIiii^s.  iiiiIchs  ttii*  iif>£ll^4Mit'e  cniiKluk'  tlu*  Injury 
xvH«  fi>iiiinU(til  ill  tlio  iK'rfoniiuiH-'e  of  n  duty  (bo  emplnyor  owes 
by  biw  lo  the  fiupluytt',  ni*  iiiili'tw  lUr  euiployi'r  bus  iH*i:lt'<-UHt 
tn  !!*«►  onliimry  nire  In  llio  HoU'i-ltnii  eif  tho  ciilpnblo  (Mnplnyiv: 
or  f*riirul*il,  m'lrrthil'Hi*,  Tlint  IIh*  tMiiiiloycr  hIimII  be  liable  for  Kinb 
Injury  wbori  the  Kinin'  tcmiMh  fnMu  Ibe  wmntrfiil  jtrt,  iiruUi't  nr 
ilrfiiuit  (if  niiy  »»:eitt  or  oltleor  uf  hucU  employer.  Mii|M'rltir  to  (he 
I'liipliiyts'  luJiireU,  or  of  ii  iKT^ion  enipluyiil  by  f<nrU  employer  buv- 
\i\ii  Iho  rlj^bt  to  eontrol  or  Ulreit  Ibe  servb-*-?*  of  >*iirb  empbtyw 
Injiii****!.  mimI  itlHii  \vb4*ii  Hitch  Injury  it'ttnitH  from  the  ivroiifrfnl  urt, 

Othrrdepnrt-  iietrlcct  or  <lcfjiiilf  of  n  roeniployee  euicflneil  In  nnotber  ilejittrtinent 
Um,  cic,  (,f  bibor  from  that  of  |Ik«  employe*'  lujun^l,  or  eniploy<Hl  himui  a 
mnebbir^,  rnltroiiil  train,  switch  sl;fn«l  ftolnt,  locomotive  oiiRlnp, 
or  olber  appliance  tbiui  (bat  ii;«m  wlil'b  tlie  employee  |\vbo|  Is 
hijiiretl  Is  employe*!,  or  who  l«  cbartrefl  wllb  illHpalcblne  trulms 
or  tniMsinlttinu  leir^M-iipbb*  or  ti'lepbonlc  order*)  n|Miu  any  rail- 
road, nr  In  (be  npvriiilon  of  any  inbie.  factory,  machine  iibop,  or 
oilier  Indmitrliil  «>«*taliliHbment. 

KDowle4li;e.  Knowledjto  by  an  einployiv  Injured  of  the  ilefrctlve  or  nnmfc 
t-lniracter  or  coiiilltbin  of  iiiiy  macblnory,  wayiii,  appllnnci*ii  or 
FlruclureH  of  Hitch  empbiyer  nball  imt  be  a  bar  t«t  itnMvery  for  any 
Injury  or  death  <finHe(l  tb'M'eby,  unlei^H  It  »<ball  aim  np|Kiir  tbiit 
Hitcli  eniployi'i*  fully  inideri^tfHHl,  couiprebendiHl  and  ap|>riM*lnt**d 
Ibe  danKern  Incident  lo  the  use  of  nnrb  defeetlve  uiachlnery, 
ways.  appllanceN  nr  HtrU'turcN,  iind  iberi'after  eonsenUnl  In  im»« 
the  Hniue.  or  c<»ntiniieil  In  the  uw  then-of. 

Injur  I  r  t)  Wlicn  death,  wln-lber  lnstantane<nifi  or  olberwise,  resnIlH  from 
rnuKliigUeiiili.  „„  pij,n.y  (,,  „,,  i.inploy*«e  r4veU»'d  as  aforoMitlil,  the  |*'rHomil  rei»- 
Ifftentntlve  of  stirb  einptoya'c  Hhall  bav«*  a  rl^lit  <>f  ncilon  therefor 
iil^aliiHt  Huch  nnployer,  and  may  recover  dania>r*'H  In  re«|ioct 
IbertMif.  for  and  on  behalf,  and  for  the  beuellt  of  Ihr  wbhuv.  etilld- 
ren,  dcjiendent  paieiitH.  and  ili*|MMidenl  bvotberw  nnt]  i*JHtrix  In 
order  of  precedence  an  heii'ln  Mtati*«l.  but  no  more  than  one  nirtlon 
Hhall  be  bronubt  for  ^ncli  nt'overy. 

Any  eontnu'l  or  ai:rivineiit,  exiu*<»s«  or  Implied,  made  by  nny 
HUeh  omploy4*e  to  uatie  the  beiii'tli**  of  iIiIk  Hociioii,  or  any  i>art 
Uicreof.  hIuiII  be  null  and  void,  iind  thin  si^'ibui  Hhall  not  t>e  i<on- 
IrtrufMl  lo  deprive  any  hucU  employne  or  b1»*  i»erwonal  n'pri*ji«*nt(i- 
tlve,  of  any  right  or  ii'metly  lo  wblcb  he  Itt  now  eniltlwl  under  Ihv 
laws  of  thlH  Slate. 

roniriiiutnrjr     '|«|,y  |-nb'H  and  principles  of  Inw  nn  to  e«m(rlbu(oi'y  noKllgenev 
tif*i(iiirrnrt*,        ,vblch  apiily  to  oilier  canen  shall  aiiply  to  oaneH  arlHliu;  under  thin 
Hi<4>ibm,   exc4'pt   In    so   fur   ns   the   siime   ore   herein    luiMlllbsl   or 
cban^Lil. 

Skc.   1071.  An   employer   namt   In   oil   euH*"*   Indcnmlfy   hU  em- 
ploye^fl  for  loHspK  ca(is<'<l  by  the  fonuer'8  want  ol  ordinary  wire. 
IVurbuiH  acts  reKulalbi^  the  working  of  mlneM  provide  tlint  \1ii- 
liitlou  thereof  or  willful  fiitlnn*  to  ctmifdy  tlien'wltb  rriidcr!*  i«*^r 
fuma  f)o  olTendlne  liable  to  all  ihimaseH  rrfmltlnif  b< 
vJolnlUm  or  failure.     A<Ik  of  March    i:s.  lS7:i;  ttvt 
J^74:  lief*  !>/  1W3,  diuptor  74.1 


Waivers. 


59 


DEI^WABE. 

iO  nrt  rcqnirihf;  Air  )»i-iila*>  to  It   iiw>il  oit  iinHfl*^hK(*r  trnin^ 
im  tiieir  violation.    A<-ti^  of  ]!Nt:t,  (^'Impt^r  :m4.) 
VLOBIBA. 
ORKRRAL  HTATUTRS  OF  11100. 
ZAahilltp  of  rnitrtrtid  tftmponi**  /or  lnJuH**»  to  einpfojffiett. 


:t  i^.  A  railroad  t'omiwiny  sUnll  he  Uable  for  any  tluiu-     l»  o  m  »  u  »• 


■UP,  stiK^k  ''i-  otluT  pro|»erly.  by   Ibi?  rnnnlnj;  *''iiion'*o7  rarh 


Necllecnee. 


rutoiutraUvo 


lit. 

thi  .<r  Cflr*.  or  otbt-r  nmcblnery  of  hucIi  t**)in]iiiny,  or^r, 

for  tUiuiJi,'!.'  i\>ino  by  nuy  |M-rB<>n  bi  Ibt*  employ  nml  sitvU'o  of  such 
comimny,  imU»f"*H  Ibi*  n»in|miiy  nlinll  mnk**  it  ainM'nr  (lint  tbolr 
lt»  '  ^  nil  onlihMi'y  uTnl  ri'ai<*Mutl)le  rnri*  and  dlll- 

ice.  '.  !    Ill  nil  onf:(*s  ItcUiu  iikhIiisT  tbc  ''Hinpiiny. 

'1*Er,  ....,,  -■  ]..,-. .!»  sbiiH  riinvHr  (iainiiprt"^  from  n  nillrnnd 
company  f(»r  Injury  to  hlms<*lf  or  his  projifrty.  wbrn*  the  i*ame  \» 
(|on»'  t»v  Lis  ronwnt,  or  !«  rnii.s.il  by  bis  uwii  iM*s;it)roTi<*o,     If  tho  _ 

vot  ;iitd  the  iipt'utK  of  lb**  romtniiiy  nrv  Inttb  «t  fiinlt,  lbi» orKliffpncc 

fori  rwoviT.  bnt  (bo  dfiimiK*^  (■linll  Ik?  dlmiulsbiil  or  In- 

rrf«M«l  U>   ihp  Jnry  In  jiroiwrtlon  to  tbe  ninount  of  clofaiitt  at- 
trlbutnblt*  to  Itlui. 

Si;r.  .*il.V».  If  nny  imt^oh  is  iiOnrrfl  by  n  rntlrond  <^»mpany  by  N<t"ii((t'nce 
tbe  riiimlni;  of  Him  !.►.  <.(iio(1v*'r  or  i^arn,  or  otluT  ni:\rblnery  of  "^.'^'' "'"*"'*""* 
BHCb  couipiiny.  h*»  bflni;  »t  rhp  tluu'  of  siidi  Injury  nn  tiniiloyi'O  of 
tbt>  co»i|Biny,  and  (!»•'  doituiK''  wii*  raiisi»i1  by  iietjllnouef  of  an- 
oUifr  omploytH*.  and  wltb(»ut  fiitilt  nr  m-KlUviii-e  on  tbc  part  of  tho 
perwii  Uijiu'pd.  bis  cinpioymcnt  i»y  the  comiwiiy  slinM  !»*•  no  bar  to 
■  rwtfvvry.  N-j  totitnici  which  rHstrlcls  such  UnblUty  shall  ba 
or  btoUlug. 


Contracts. 


OEOBOIA. 


COOK  OK  1805. 


IJiihiUiij  of  mihodd  rompanle*  for  injuriei  to  cmitJoitt'cit, 


RccTio^  2297.  Uallroad  companies  are  common  carriers,  nnd 
IIaMp  as  such.  Ah  such  oomitnulea  nere««arlly  have  uinny  om- 
jiloji'OH  who  cnn  not  iHwsildy  luntrol  tl»i»8e  who  should  I'Xfrt.lw* 
care  and  dilljrpnce  In  the  rimiiluir  of  Inilus,  such  r-ompnnle»  shfill 
Ih»  liable  to  siu'h  einployprH  ns  to  imsiatMiftprs  for  bijurteH  nrlslnt! 
Xr»       ■'  ■     '     1   '  1  dlM^tMK-e. 

>  y  phiill  bo  liable  for  any  dnniafro 

d'-  *-     .  i    pi-o]M^riy,  by  tho  ninnini;  of  the 

U"  -M"  eiir."t,  «-r  (itlior  nuwliiiifry  of  »n»  h  company,  or  for 

dii  by  jiny  itorsnn  in  the  eHij>lo\ni]cnt  iitid  Hfrvice  of  nnch 

conipiiny.  unU's*:  lhi»  iT»mpany  hIkiII  ninke  It  npprnr  tba!  their 
jigiMi*»»  bnvi-  fv=T'-Ivt"|  all  ordlii.Try  and  reanonable  ntri'  and  dill- 
■  hi  all  mfM*5  iM'In;;  fipibifef  the  coinpnny, 
.  jibjiM  rei'over  daiiintro  fi'oin  n  nilln^n*!  Com- 
'jM^rly,  where  the  stnno  Is  done 
•  >\\n  ne;;11in':u')'.  If  the  coui- 
1111  Ml.  n^.iii  .'i  W1--  .  .■jiijtiiiiy  nrr  both  nt  fnntt,  tbr  for- 
ri^i'over,  Imf  thr  djiinncefi  phiill  be  dlriilnlf-li»'d  by  the 
"portion  111  tin*  nniounf  of  defnnU  :ittrib>it;ihl.<  *■»  him. 
If  the  irtTwni   Injur.- 1   l<s  blniwlf  nn  «  "f  the 

1  fb.    dini/    .•>'  WHS  <  iitiso«t  by  nnother  i-.  and 

on  tbp  i»art  of  the  jvrhort  iiijiMcd,  hlu 
■■'■-  ■fbnll  h(»  no  b:ir  to  bis  rwovcrj*. 

"  *\:\.  Aet«  of  ISfMt). 
njX  oUier  like  oiUoers 


Rrt- 


pu 

iv 

plil  illii  :    1 

mer 

may 

Jnrt 

h.  t 

>..■ 

C*-:' 

Wl' 

eii'i 

Mrnsiurc     of 
llnblUty. 


t>nniBff<pB  Jirln- 
ItiK  irvtu  upcr- 
alliin  nf  euTK, 
no. 


XcellKPHM. 


Compnraip 
negUpvnoo, 


N  ••  tf  1  i  n  *'  II  c  0 

n(     frllnw-lSMrT- 


lInb[lM> 
Ct'irefa. 


«0 


BUI.LKTIN    OF  THK    BUHEAIJ    OV   LABOR. 


oi»or4itlnR  i*iilIton»!«  In  this  Slntc.  or  j-miilnll.v  In  this  Stato,  for 
fnJiirU's  iind  (hiniii^efi  to  (HTHotis  hi  tliclr  employ.  cniiwM  by  the 
riocIlK***'^'*^  "f  ctn'inployiM'K,  m*  tity  InJurlfH  nr  i!niniip>i<i  |o  ikt^imirI 
proinTty.  hIuiH  he  the  winu^  n»  tlir  Hiihlllly  int\v  ll\<tl  I»y  Iiiw  kov-j 
crninic  the  oiHirntion  nf  nillri>tu1  cnrpornlltnin  In  this  Stnic  for  llk( 
ItiJurli'H  ami  (lnina;:(>H.  ntul  n  IUmi  Ik  luTclty  crontHl  on  iho  ^roMi  hi*j 
conn.'  of  nny  snoh  rnlM'oml  uUlle  In  (lao  lininls  of  any  wiioh  rei'dver, 
trufltw,  or  u«»!»:nfo,  or  olhft  |)t'r«oii«  In  fuvur  of  »nch  InJur.Hl  eni- 
ploy<t«  or  plnltitin',  Kiipcrlor  to  flU  other  Utms  ugiituHt  tlofifiuhtut 
uiioier  tho  lawH  of  this  Stnte. 


J.lnhUitu  o/  rmfihiU*'i'B  for  infurirfi  fo  rmp?o|/rM. 


of      fuUow-KTT- 

•nti. 

I>uty  of  fin- 


A*«nmptlou 
of   rlMk. 


ronfrftetR 
walvtns    lUlfll- 

My. 


N«'(flli:rll<?0 

of    follow  wrv- 

RUtN. 


Doitrcr     nf 


Skctio.n  2«na  Kxtrpt  In  t-ano  of  ralh-ofiil  (•(►nii«ni!u».  thp  mnfliepj 
1h  not  liable  to  one  wrvant  for  Injurbnt  nrlnluc  from  t he  n<»i:Mirriice' 
or  lulHconihu't  of  other  wr\nnt«  about  Uio  wnio  biiHlnwH, 

Srr.  'Jtin.  The  maKter  Is  tKinnd  to  oxcn-lae  orclhiary  c»ire  In  Ihr 
fipWilon  of  N^rvantH.  aiifl  not  to  retain  them  after  knowIrMljre  of  In- 
ctmipetenry;  he  inunt  iihu  like  care  In  funilphln^  uiaubluery  djiial 
In  khul  to  thnt  in  ^^'noral  nse,  noil  nitsonnbly  Hiife  for  all  |K*r-. 
Hons  who  opcriite  If  with  ortlinai'y  cnrv  and  illlivrenre.  If  tbl-i 
are  latent  defeet^*  In  maehlnery.  or  dnn^'prn  hieldent  to  nn  emploj 
miMit  niikienvn  to  the  jwrvarit,  of  wlilcli  the  innMti'r  knovvm 
on»rht  to  know,  hn  iiinKt  ylve  the  HorvnnI  wiinilnc  in  ref»r»eet  thereto/ 

Rfo.  2012.  A  forvnnt  aaHunief*  the  ordinary  \-\n\in  of  his  employ- 
nieiit,  and  In  hound  to  exerflwe  hit*  own  sUlll  and  dllliieure  to  pn>- 
io*^{  hiniwolf.  In  snIlH  for  Injuries  arUInt;  froni  (he  tiet;li«en<>L'  of 
th(^  nuiHler  In  falUnc  to  roniply  \vlth  the  dntloH  ImiNtHod  h}*  the 
pre^'edlnK  aet'tloti.  It  niUHt  apiM'ar  lluit  the  innHter  knew  or  ouKtat 
to  have  known  of  the  hu'oni potency  of  Ihi-  olhrr  wrrvant,  or  of  tl 
defe«'t8  or  dnnpTT  In  the  machinery  mipplled;  ntul  II  must  nli»o  n] 
|)ear  thnt  the  servant  InJnrtHl  dUI  not  kno\Y  ntid  had  not  erjunl 
means  of  knowliik'  such  fiut.  and  by  the  exeniw  of  ordinary  care' 
could  not  have  known  then^if, 

Sko.  2»viri,  All  eontrartu  l¥'lww»n  mfl«lpr  and  n^nant,  matte  lu 
couKlderallon  of  eniployuKMit,  wlu'reby  the  nuiHtor  Is  exemplnl 
from  Ilabllhy  (o  the  wnant  arlsluE  from  the  neellir**uot*  of  Ihe 
naiKter  or  hlH  HemndN.  an  Kn<-h  lliildllty  In  now  flxcd  by  low.  shall 
be  null  and  void,  ai*  inrnluHt  pnhlle  polley. 

Sice.  3030.  TIiu  prhu-lpal  Ih  not  liable  to  one  niriMit  for  Injurli-fl; 
nrlMln;;  from  tln^  nf>flltfen<*i»  or  nd*'oiidnet  of  oth*r  oKHntN  ahon( 
Ihe  Mjitne  huMlnt'HH:    the  exoepUon   lu  caw*  of  ruHroadM  has  beett 
pjwb»UH!y  Htatetl. 

SKr.  rjK.'iO.  If  Ihe  plalntlfT  by  ordinary  eare  eould  havo  nvol.bHl 
the  eonnequeneeH  to  hlmftelf  eaiiMMl  by  the  rtefeinhinf*«  n 
he  Ih  not  ontltled  to  re<*«>ver.     Rut  In  other  I'flWH  the  d<i'  s 

not   rrlleviMl,  olthouf^h  the  pliilutlff  nuiy  In  some  way  have  ^'ou- 
Irlbuteil  to  the  Injury  «ii»talnod. 


ILLINOIS. 


I  An  not  requlrlnsc  thrrshlnje  mnrblnoK.  comfihellers.  or  any 
olher  maehlne  driven  by  borwi'<'wor,  to  have  tbr  tnmbllnir mdM  or 
idkafttTif;  boxe<1,  ninkefi  th<'  owner  who  falls  tn  eom[>ly  with  tbn 
terms  of  ihe  net  llahli*  in  dainap'H  for  lt»Jurle»  (K'niahaied  by  Kocb 
noneomidlntire.     Annota1e<1  StaluteH  nf  IMMl,  chapter  7n,  mwtlon  (. 

So  filNo  of  the  net  I't'cnlatinj:  the  workluK  of  ci»nl  mines.  Aftn  of 
IStm.  ait.  piik'f  :Mwt.  mvllon  :u. 

The  railroad  safety  applhim-e  law  of  1^n*~  f,.i^..u  .m-i*-  ri...  .t,.. 
fi'UM'H  of  nKptnnxtl  ri^KK  and  of  (.tjutrlbm  i 

empioyi**'  U  Injnritl  iM-r-iniRe  of  tbceompiii  ,  h 

the  taw.  rhiMich  the  cniployev  knew  ot  It  Act«  of  lM)u,  ttcl«  ihk^ 
300,  MLvtlun  a  I 


iTEBB'  UABTOTY  IN  THE  UJTTTBD  WTATEe. 


INDIANA. 


ANNifVrATKD   STATUTKW   UK  1SI>1— ItKVISION   OK  11»01. 

LlabUitu  of  rmphiynn  /of    injuries   to    rmphiuvfit — Contrihutrftu 

mttfiOiHcr  to  be  mnttvr  of  <l*fi'nsr  outy.  \ 

HrmoN  Sriihi.  Jk»rt'3fti>r  In  fill  actions  for  dnniiip'H  brt>ui!ht  on     ActmnM     fnr 
Qccomit  of  tlie  allf^'eil  iifjrUpoiice  of  any  itersou,  copnrtnersbii*  or^nJ^'ru-rt.  etc. 
coriK>nitloii  for  rauwinj,'  perniutiil  lnJnrU*f<.  or  tli<*  (l<*iith  of  any  iH^r-  \ 

son,  it  shall  nor  Iw»  np«***«Knr,v  for  the  plnlntlir  In  surb  flctlou  to 
al]i*p<*  *ir  provu  lUe  want  of  rontribntury  n<'j:ll«i'nft»  on  Ibe  |Mut  uf 
Ibe  itlaintiff,  nt*  on  tbe  piirt  »»f  tbc  jM^rsoa  for  wbose  injnry  or  dosilU 
Itie  uelbm  niny  b«'  !)r(iUi;br.  ronirlbuloi'j'  nt'tilipfiiof*,  on  tlii»  pjirr  tonrrfumorr 
of  |be  philnfifT.  <>r  sm^h  otli(?r  [»ers<»n.  shall  be  u  ninlter  <tf  (Ipfrnw*,  "''JibK'-m..-. 
and  sucb  dofeii»*»?  uiny  bo  proved  uu<b»r  tb»^  answer  of  gpneriil 
denlol:     •     •     •  | 

Contractu  of  rmployrrn  tcntrhw  riyht  to  dumttgrx. 

Section   7oS2n.  All   t^»ntrnols  liefwcori   cniplnycr  iiml   (employe**      c  tun  ra<?tB 
rolcjiHins  the  omployor  fr<>ui   liability  fnr  fbiin)i»;es  ^lrtHin^;  mit  df  void. 
tbe  ncjfligrnro  of  tbi*  employer  by  which  tbe  employee  Is  Injured, 
or  bj  euEJo  of  tbe  employee's  deiitb  ttj  bis  representullveis,  are  against  ; 

public*  poliey,  iuu1  hereby  doehired  null  aind  \i»ld.  ' 

Sec.  7osi*b.  All  e«»ntnutK  lieiween  employer  and  empliyoe  releas-      Third      iwr- 
in^  third  pcrnuns,  eopurtnershlps  or  cor|H>rnllons  from  Ilnblllty  foreona. 
di»nnij;»'f  arising  out  of  the  necUpenee  of  sui;h  llilrd  persons,  co- 
pnrtnensbips  or  eorporatlons  hy  whirh  tbe  employ^-e  of  such  em- 
ployer Ik  injnre<l,  or  in  ease  of  tbe  dealb  of  such  omiiloyee,  to  his 
reiireMi'iitatives,  are  ajsainHt  public  rfoUey  and  ar«  hereby  declared  \ 

null  and  void. 

Set.  70S2.\  Ail  oonti*notH  between  an  employee  and  a  tlUrtI  per-     Coairacisro. 
Bt»n.  coiHirtnerwblp  or  oi>n>"t'aUou  in  wbieb  it  is  aKreed  that  f^*-' IV^JJU*^      tnm 
eiupioyer  of  such  employ<»e  shnllbe  reloase-l  from  Ilahiilty  for  dnm- *"***""*■ 
npf^  of  »n<'li  employee  arlHliii*  out  (»f  tbe  iieplit;en(V  of  the  employer.  ' 

or  i;  '  (be  death  of  snob  employee,  to  his  repre»Jentntlve-S  an* 

ay;-  '•  poll.-y  and  are  Iiereliy  deeijired  null  and  vohl ;  Pr*)' 

vidiu.    lull  notlitni;  In  tliLs  tot  slnill  apply  to  vohmtary  relief  de-      tiiMiniiico. 
imrtments,  or  jiJ^wtelaHonn  or^ranlziMl  for  the  pnnH»tic  of  hi8urlnK 
ciiiplo.veeH.     Notblnjr  In  this  ii.t  Hball  be  oonhtrned  to  revert  back 
to  conlrnetB  made  prior  to  tJie  pnssn^je  of  tlds  act.     Nor  shall  this  j 

nrl  afTiH't  |»endlnu  Iltluntinn:  Piitridrtl,  That  nothing  lu  any  sec- 
lion  of  tblM  aet  shall  Ih?  ko  wMiBtrued  as  to  affi^'t  ur  apply  to  any 
cuntrnci  or  uirroement  tliat  nwiy  lie  ninde  between  tlie  employer  and  Coatrart* 
employee,  or  in  citMe  of  deaUi.  his  next  of  tiin  or  bin  representa- P^^**  **'*""  ***" 
live  after  an  Injury  to  tbe  employee  has  o«Tnrred,  but  tbe  pro- 
vlffbinfl  of  this  net  Hliail  nptily  wilely  to  contracts  mtide  prior  to  any 
Injury. 

Liability  uf  rnilrund  (.umfMnirg,  t'fc.,  /or  Injuries  to  cmplo^rcn, 

Skctio.n  70S3.  Every  rnlln^d  or  other  eori»oratb>n.  except  niu-     injurycnufi^ 
nleliMil.  o|ieratli)t;  in   tbi.'*  Stato,  shnll   t>o  Uable  for  damages  for^^y — 
l»ernonnI  Injury  ftufTereil  liy  any  emiiloyee  while  lu  its  servb-e,  tbe 
emidoyee  mi  inJiinHl  iretm:  In  the  ejterelBe  of  due  cure  and  dill-  I 

gence,  hi   the  followinc  ea«e8: 

tirat.  When  sueli  Injnry  1h  siirferrd  by  reason  ©f  any  defeet  In  r)t-f»^4(«: 
the  condition  of  way«,  worlts.  plant,  ttKilH  and  Djaolilnery  fon- 
nectiNl  with  or  lu  !i!<e  In  tbe  business  of  i*neh  cor|*oration,  wlien 
**»ch  defn  t  vvuB  ihe  result  of  neiL'Ilfi:cn<*e  on  tlie  pJirt  of  tbe  ror- 
lioratloo,  iir  »»oau'  pi-rson  lntrusl<*d  by  It  with  the  duty  of  Iteeplns 
BUcU  vvuy.  worlis.  plant,  tooiB  or  maebhiery  In  iirojHT  conditl4tn, 

iitrf*ml.   \Vhi'r«»  sncb  Injury  leMilteii  from  the  ufjiliueiu'e  of  any     XpbI 
Iterwm  In  the  Kcrvlee  of  such  <iiriKiratIun,  to  ulntue  order  or  direr- "t   ""<*  Jn 
lion  tho  InJuiiMi  employee  at  tlif  time  of  tbe  injury  wan  bound  to  .  **'*   ^' 
omifonti,  and  did  couforui. 


BULLETIN    OF   THE    BVBRAU   OF 


CibodU»no*»      Third,  \Vln?iv  wirh  IiO»ry  n-*"''' ■■'   •■' 


(o  fMliMi.  ^^^^y  ptTi^iu  <l()iif  or  lIUIllc  111  nl 

hy'lnw  of  sin*b  c<ir]Mimtl<kn,  nr 
Hlrttt.  (ioiih  plvLMi  li.v  any  tH>rA>n  tU'lrgniini  witii  Ihv  nuttiurity  uf  liie 
roritoriitlon   In  tJiiit  hobitlf. 
N«'nU(rrnrc      I'tuntU,   Wbero  miicli  Itijurj  y<^^  cnnm*d  by  H- 

of     iHDtnii     In  [„»fj|(,n  In  x\\f  service  nf  stk-h  ctiriHirntton  \vl>.. 

rnatl  •itcoal.atc.  ^'^'I'lil*  Mi^crniih  unku*.  NWiU-u  ynrnl,     ' 
riitfltic  ur  triilu  t))Miu  u  rHi[wu.r.  or  w 

l)>  Ihtf  iiui;llKoiit'o  of  rtuy  |H»r»«>a,  rmMi. »-- 

#iaj:iMl  In  tUo  ht\u\v  ouniun)U  i«»rvl<'r  !n  any  of  Kio 
uieiits  of  Ibi^'  Ht'ix  kv  of  any  micIi  i>>r|«.>r)illtMi.  tb*? 
rtui>Ii>>'«*t*  or  ffllo^r-wrviint,  ni  tlir  llmi*  iKtlnic  In  ' 
{torfunnlUK  O^'  tltity  uf  tbr  coriHtniili^n  In  titut  t< 
IMTmm  f*u  injuri*il.  oU\vUik  or  ronfortuliifc  to  iLif*  ikril«*r  ««£ 
IK>rlor  at  tin*  tlmv  of  miirli  Injury.  U^nhii;  auili'Uit)  lo  dli 
jiothlim  luTi'ln  Hhiil!  lit*  conMrneU  to  ahrlOjct-  llie  llublllty 
(-oriiornlloii  umlcr  t»xlstln;;  Ijiws, 
«f  Skt.  T'K^o,  TIk*  ilnninju.'^  rwovi'mhie  nr  v  ■  •' ■  -  '  »  '■ 
couuiiiMiMirnlr  witli  tbi^  Injury  »iUKiiilni'«i  i 
Rnch  Injury,  whon.  In  sn»"li  eato,  tin?  ncti. 
l^}Vornwl  lu  nil  n-KiKHtw  hy  tbi*  Inw  uo\v  In  I 
tlonn;  Pnnhfrij,  That  whoro  any  J<utii  ihtpou  i 
npiiIriHt  ft  railroad  or  t»tb4'r  (.orintniilocu  ami  hv- 
an  apponl,  ami.  pondlii)?  surh  up[K<al,  thr  Injni  i 

tbv  Judgim'Ul  rtMulcred  lu  tin*  ccturt  bolow  bo  liitiinfu  r  it*^. 
tlio  rlplit  of  notion  of  wufh  jn-rson  «lmU  sunivp  to  Uls  lipil  r 
Hontatlvt*. 
'iitr«c(»     sr:t:,  7i>S7.  .\U  fontrni'tM  nmilr  by  rnllronjs  nr  othtr  rv»ri»rirfllloU)» 

hliitf  rigii'*-\ymi  ti,(,ii.  euiploywi*.  or  ruUi«  or  ro-"'-"-"  -.i.....,.i  i ,..,. 

lM>nitl(iii  ri'IiHiMtnt;  or  r**lirvln>;  It  ft- 

hftvlUK  Q  rljfht  of  action  niitltT  tlio  pi' 

doclorcil  null  and  void.    Tlip  provUlons  uC  IM 

not  apply  io  nuy  Injuries  RuMalitcd  bi<f<>ro  it  In 

It  a(ro<"t  tu  any  niannor  any  milt  or  lei:ul  prtKVi't.llugti  i»viMUi*y 

Ihf  tluu-  tt  takcH  I'lTcot. 


It  p  n  »  u  r  1' 


4N)Ul| 


(A  provision  of  tin*  act  roiinlrbi^  NU*iini  rnllr*ind*  ■ 
Willi  nvrltch  llKhtx  ninkcs  n  coniixtny  Tlobuint;  or  ' 
ply  with  lht>  law   Mabli*  lo  nil  |H'rN(»nN  and  I'nipbMff^  lujui 
rtMiNtMi  of  non<^iin|illan4'(>,  nnd  tiilu>s  away  tin*  duft-uM*  of  ui 
lion  uf  rink.     Section  r»l".'U.', 

A   itlndlar  provlMlou  npiioar.i  tu  n  titattito  dlrcrtUiR  tUi« 
ni^.ni  ,,t'  I  iiiiN.M.)  itKtiuiotivuv  with  vuiclno  braki'M,  tiw  lUte  vt  n 
ton  au4l  tUr  placlliff  of  gmb  Irottit  uu  Cttm    iUtt 

UH.. 

>io  tti»i»  oi'   ibr  Kafoty   appllniu'c  law  of  IWiT.    AcU  of 
Cluiplor  US;  mid   the  not   n>RulatlnK  boura  uf  liilMsr  *U  ratll 
ruiploywH.     Arid  of  l'.K.t7.  obapter  I'll. 

Th**  wlatntp  n*)jiiU'lu>;  fire  rwaricx  to  Im*  plnr<Hl  on  fnctorli 
maUtw  ownrrs  who  fall  to  ivniply  with  !t«  '  ~-       "   '  '     '      ' 
for   tbf   piMs.itiiil    Injury    or   (l**ath   i»f   jn 
fin*  In   a  hnlldln;;  uol   pmvhKnt  with  |U>    -    ■..,-    .      ... 
rbapti>r  rJi*. 

Tho  HiMtul.'  rr..Mil:itIii:^   ItiM  M'orktns  of  Oon!  tti'no:^  L'tSff^  n   rli 
of  nr||i  '  lor  of  a   niliif  foi* 

liy  Any   ^  i.  or  willful  falliir* 

provlfiiuiui.     AtfU  of  Uka*.  (.■hupttr  Wi.I 

IOWA. 

iX>OK  UK  mi7  ANl»  Ktl'fUatBNT  OF  MKG. 

i.ltiUttU^  <if  foOi-oaii  vouipaitifg  fifr  itijuri^  i9  (^Niploi^^ 

I  H  J  H  r  I  B  «     Skltion  20T1.  Kn»ry  cnriwmtlon 

eNHKvil      hjllnltii     fr.r   Tit    dnmn:rn^(   «:tiiHntn(*rt    '■ 
atveJiitvntt'.  y^,. 

HgVh 


svcas    LI. 


IK  THK  nnTRD  BTaTBS. 


iC  flD<l  hi  conjHMiiionoo  of  it 


I 
t- 

|[i 

tv. 

|.:- 

J» 

ft 

t: 

tht,   , 
ftp.  1^ 

r- 

Im 

!'■  ' 

r- 

the  ». 
of  luj 


trfttiiR 


Mr   otlier 
M  with 


lit.  or  lTwi<ni»nltv     Ooarnnis  of 

.  Thf  injurs-,  »»«-  >««"»-"n'*^'- -*^'- 

I     (ir   nnv  oilier 

ill  the 

itUy  by 

.  oi   U-(4aI  re|>te»ftiluth*'6  aftPT 

rinv^rnt,  or  H«M..r'i!ti (on.  p/^rmtl- 

"  ^  r  ho 

III''  II  ij^  •-'•I  I  M"n:>iii  [I  ir  ii.-iiM  ici*s 
to  InJnrU**  ro<_*ffvcd. 

'■ '      '    'I  fmd  QUtoitintlc 

'■*<•   of   asi=itiijeC 

-  .  .Lil  by  failure  to 


.uir«»ni(*nts  of  tbe  law  regnlnttng 
IN  (iiKhittHl  ui  Itt*  culpable  negligence  lu  cu»ea 
lierefrom.     Swtloii  241^2.] 


ACTH  OF  1WI7. 
OnArrKR  181* — Lhhititu  o/  nnplotfi'ra  /or  injurhii  to  tmp}oprrB — 

FF.mnN  1.  Tn  all  roRcs  wlicrc  fUe  property-,  wnrUs,  maclilnerj-     Nolle©    by 
f'T  <  >i  iif  nil  eiiii'iMver  iirt'  Llt.'ftHitl^e  or  oui  uf  reimlr  ami  tlu?  '^'"f*''*J'*^ 

e:.  ,  '  13  know!6tli;e  thereof,  ami  bus  glvon  written  uotloe  to 

llii-  .iniduyfT,  or  to  HUy  iktsou  nnihorlia<Hl  to  twelve  and  Hwept 
Biicli  iMilUo.  or  to  any  iw»ri*<ni  In  the  stTvlce  of  tlie  etnployor  Jind 
lniriiste<1  by  bhii  wiih  the  diiiy  <»f  i!kK»iu,:,'  that  ilio  proju-riy.  %vnrks, 
litar1ih>t*ry  or  Hii|))hitu'<>s  arc  in  pr<t|M'r  ctiiMlUloii,  of  thf  jturthMiIar 
dt^fiii^t  or  want  ^f  ropalr  ttv  whon  the  ♦■iiipltiycr  or  such  otht-r  per- 
Boii  Unit  lu'vn  ii'irdn-.i  In  wrilinK  (ff  f^iah  defret  cr  want  *tf  ri-'palr 
by  any  p»>r»oTi  wtu^e  duty  H  Is  mid'r  Ihi*  rulw*  of  ih..  «.ini.i.iyer  or 
Uie  InwH  of  Ihe  Stato  to   InsptTl  such  works,   m  -ir  ap- 

pllanrv*!!.  or  miy  jwrwcm   who   is  t-nbjt-rt    to   tbf?    i  I'MjI   to 

WK-h  tb'f^t  or  want  of  rc|>Alr;ii<)  tniiployof  uftor  trnch  iurik*v,  **bull^^jj}^  ""'  "•' 
by  ri*:it<oii  (if  rt'inaiiiin^  lu  tho  fniplojiuput  with  such  knowlc»(lp% 
Ik*  (ItH'timl  to  liMVo  ansutuod  tbo  rl^k  tiic*idcut  to  the  daugpr  aris- 
ing froin  Hiicb  defect  or  want  «>f  r^imir, 

KANSAS, 


onNEHAL  RTATTTKS  OF  1f*ftl. 

i^Mffy  fit  rtriUoad  rtiMpnuuji  fur  iMJutir-tt  tv  anptoyt^rtf, 

immdrtl  by  (^hnptor  1!M.  Arts  of  ltK)7).     1.     NVKiip-nrc  of 

y  'tiv  orrj.Tif/'**!  <.r  iVd"ir  bitshicsw  lu  tbe  State  "f^'^J^y""^  ''^' 
it[  'p  to  any  mnployo*  of 

r.  ■•  of  Its  ujitMitH,  or  l»y 

t  'I    ll^    (■ii':ui<'<'r';   <ir   "Hut  fUipIuytH^s,   to  any 

f"  U  liiiiiiji^'i';   I'niiitlnf,  That  imtire  In  wrltin;? 

II  • ^""'Miriitl,    Mtathij:   tlii*   liiiic  jind    plji^e 

ti  -y  Mr  »in  tmluilf  of  iiu'  jmthi.h  hijorwl 

(■■  'u  iML'ii!  Ill  •((!!'<  ;  r:<'r  Iht*  <HTiirr*^iK'e 

ll>'  ■^i}\y..  *!   ^liriM  not 

h*  .  1    u>»tl«.'i*:    Atul    ,n  <t 


BULLETIN    OF    THE    BrBEALT    OK    LABOB. 

of  llip  nillrojnl  coini>nny  niiisliiu  tlio  liiJiiO'  <'**  '*  |>rovpiU<*«l  by  tbe 
t^ffiX'tH  uf  NiUl  Ifijtiry,  tUv  MiUl  ei;;)it  iiioiidiK  kIiiiH  itut  bo^'u  tu  run 
until  siii'h  injuroil  j)orK(iii  ts  iliHchnrK'^l  from  luild  btispUnl  or 
care  of  flnld  riillrond  cuntimny  ov  until  hik'Ji  (llwbtlliy  bo  re- 
moved: Pmviii'd  furthrr,  Tbnt  In  cihh?  Miiid  luJuriHl  ponion  hIwiU 
die,  a»  n  rnKult  of  salil  Injuries,  wtthln  siild  olRht  iiionthfl,  H  shall 
not  ln'  iio***'KMry  tu  j;Uo  Mild  iiolkt>:  Ptuvitlvd  furthrr,  Tluit  hlIiI 
notli-c*  iummI  nid  jitnto  \vb«»t!K'r  or  n(»l  suit  Ih  intontb^l  li>  he  l>r<tucbt, 
itlMu*^*^*  "'  "■  ''^'*^'  **"*'*'*■*'  iiM't'tloiKKl  lu  fi4H-tioii  1  brifttf  ni;i.v  bo  »*»'rvi«d  by  a 
\vr!tt**M  t'opy  tlR'n't)f.  by  tin?  im-inou  hijiiit'd  or  iiny  unc  «iii  his  U?- 
hiilf,  upon  uny  prrwMi  dcslKiHitod  |»y  fJir  riillr<»Jid  In  nny  t'DUnTy  In 
uhK'b  tb(*  in-ilou  uilfrlil  bt»  broiiubt,  as  I'lovhU'd  In  hoitloii  4400 
of  thi'  Uoneriil  StJituteH  of  Kiiuhus  uf  llXIl,  or  If  no  ^nch  imtkoii  Ima 
bwn  UeKiKuiitfU  or  ttpl"''"t«l.  n»*  l'»  *w\*\  hwtUni  provUbHl,  Ihwi 
nr>on  nuy  UmuI  nu|M>rbilcndi'nt  of  jiflTiilr)*.  frrlifbt  up'ut,  ukciiL  to 
»i?ll  tk'kcls  or  Htutb.m  k(x»(>or  of  nin'h  roinpnny  or  ror|>oriitlon  In 
sui'h  fouMty.  or  Hiu*b  siTvlfo  miiy  bo  umdo  by  lonvtuj;  a  oopy 
tIu'r«.'of  at  nny  tb'iiot  or  Ktntloii  of  such  c-mnpnuy  or  coriwriitiou 
In  surli  conitty,  with  tbe  porsuu  hi  rlinr^:*'  tln-ietif  or  In  tbe  rniploy 
of  tttirb  4'ouipniiy  or  corpornllon,  nnd  Hucb  Kt'rvb'r  Kbtill  hr  bob! 
ntul  dconiwl  t'liniplcto  tind  rffivtim).  I'riH'f  of  MUch  wrvkv  slmli 
bo  niiido  by  tbe  amdiult  of  tbo  ]«rly  luitklng  tbo  iiiaoie,  or  otber 
porHonK  knowing  tbe  fuots. 

ITbo  stntnto  nninirlti*;  thr  InKtallntlon  of  Itro  pflonpos  on  fao- 
torit*H,  and  of  nafoty  dovUvH  In  nninnfncturliig  or4iabll»ibuionta^ 
untbnrix^'s  an  ai'tlori  for  lnjnr)i*H  or  diiUb  roKulltng  from  dlvrc- 
Knrd  by  Tin*  I'uipIoytT  of  tlie  provUbais  of  fbc  art.  Acts  uf  UMI3, 
Chuptor  .HTMt.] 

.     KENTUCKY. 

lAn  flct  r<^Kulntlnjr  tbo  conBtrnctlon  of  mllrnnd  brblfr^B  ntid  tnn- 
ncia.  and  dlrcM-tbiK  tbe  UHe  of  nir  braku?*  nn  railroad  IraluH  and 
tbo  lilueklnu  of  froKH  at  HwlicboH,  nnikoa  tbe  ounipauy  Uablo  for 
inJnrb'M  ri'sulttnt;  from  a  fallniv  or  nt'^'kvt  to  riinipiy  wllli  Ui« 
provisions  of  tbo  law.    8tatiitos  uf  llKKl,  Hoctiou  7li3.] 

LOUISIANA. 

HKVIHKI)   CIVIL    COIM-:— i:i>rn<t\    Hi-'    J>t87, 


N^Mllg«fhi-f^. 


At-tM    nf    0U) 


LbtliUlly 
ri»|iloy«*r*. 


HobUittf  of  4-witioi/rni  for  htjMrif*  tu  nii i^luyt^'ju 

AuTii  r.F  2310.  Kvory  i>fr«on  U  ioK|HninlbIo  fur  tb**  dnuiao*  be 
iKvaHb>ns  nut  nu-roly  by  bl«  not,  but  by  bis  uri^UywK-r,  bt«  Im- 
prndonco,  «»r  bla  want  of  nklll. 

Art.  2;il7.  We  nr*;  ro-^pooRlblr,  not  only  for  (be  (biinugt?  occa- 
slontM  by  our  own  Mot»  but  fur  tbat  wbloh  Is  cuumM  by  th*.-  act 
uf  porHt>nt4  for  wboni  wo  nvt*  ans\vi*rubU%  or  of  tbe  tbiii^!;  which 
wo  have  hi  our  custody.  •  ■  • 
'  AitT.  liiiW.  ilartirris  and  en)pU»yen*  are  AfiMwerablc  fur  tho  dnm- 
ago  u'oaslonrd  by  tbclr  Korvnnt!*  and  ovcrssfr^  tu  tbe  exercise 
of  tlii>  fuiu'tlons  in  wbU'b  tlioy  are  empbiyetL 

Tt'ju'borM  and  artlwniw  -•«if  int^xv.-i-Mc  I'-.r  (li.*  iLiin.-iLn-  .-iuifled 
bythoir  3w.'b(»Iarw or  nppii  "^o. 

In  tlio  alMivo  crtSHH,  Yi-  iia»- 

torn  or  oiuiiloyiTti.   tenrluuH  and  uniniiuh.   niik:bL   Itave   pre\eut«4l 
tbo  act  wlik'U  cauHeU  tlie  dnnnitcoid  and  tinvc  not  done  It. 


2CABYLAND. 


ri  BI.IC   LOCAL  I>AW8— CODE  OF  18S«L 
AftTici.E  L — LinbiUtif  of  oprrator^,  rtr,,  uf  mittrs  for  tfiJwHm  H 

t«w   ttjiplint     HriTnon  lOfta   (ndctnl  by  cliardtY  IIX  Act*  of  I'rflS).    Any  60^ 


EMPLOTERis     LTABILITV    IN    THE    UNITrn    STATES. 


65 


»m7»ln   Alloimny  im*   (^iirrott   coimHos,   whotlu-r  siitU  «)\viii'r   or  ,^*\"    u\ay 
owners,  opeintor  or  ni>ernior«  Im»  nwMciil*  *tt  tl»>  State  vt  Mary-''     ™  **'*^''*' 
JauJ  or  iiol.  tMU|iluj-liiii  in'v»Miii>t  In  tlio  uiK^rMlifn    if  mhiliiR  co«i  or 
rlny,  shull  be  liiihU*  hi  Inw  tr»  iniy  pinplny****  riit;iij't';i  i»  snoh  iwn- 
IwlkiQ  or  to  IjIh  U*Kii\   lviir»'W'iitu liven.   In  <:iiw  of  d*»htli,   fop  tbv     „ 
O^imnire  nrlslnjc  anil    !iow!n>c  from   nuy   injury  rwlved    hy   saM         *^  »:*»<*«. 
emi^loy^  tbrotiKh   tlie  tir»t.'lit:<?nf*>  of  fi-iirt  ownf»i'  oi'  o|tt'Vator  oi* 
fr<?iD    Ihi*  n4-^n»:<'in;e  of  Hny  atrwit   or   itKeni^.   ptuftloyt'e  or  um- 
jiloyiK'rt,  Hntl  ]t  till?  iK'jrllj:f  iiof  cnn.ihiff   wiicb  injnry  l**?  fonn<1   In  np!ri|™'{|^J.I.''*'*' 
c*aiifilHt  af  tlio  joint  or  c-olk»<*tIvo  nojiIlKuiU't*  nf  both  tbe  euiployur, 
his  ♦tjrtfmt  or  iipcnts.  I'mpbfye*?  or  I'mploypes,  on  the  one  baud,  aucl 
of  1"  :<n»:*?  nf  tbo  In.iuriMl  eini't'i>C"  "H  the  nther  biinvi.  tbiti 

U  --  lo  lint)''  of  Ibe  Jury,  ar  of  tbo  t-onrt  Rltilntr  at*  a  J'lry, 

tti  "1  1-  *     1  (isirrtiiln  ns  ne:ir  ns  may  I'p  rbo  proportlo!i  of 

wntb  It-  r  wliich  uai  b  ban  bi'en  ^uiliy.  iiial  buviin;  nwrr- 

luhXHl  ,  iibitvl  ([M(Ji  pro|)tjnioii.s  of  iiftriljseiu'o  rnnslii^f  tbo 

Injnry,  It  whail  b*>  tbe  dnty  of  tbe  jury,  or  of  the  court  MJtrbiK  »n  a 
Jnry.  fo  upiN^rtirtu  tbe  dMnnii^ps  iirlKint^  from  nmIiI  injnry  In  like 
proportion  or  dtvr*'*'  nnd  jiuitrd  to  the  plnlntlff  or  rtlnlntlltH  tbe 
|trop«irOnii  nf  dniiin«t's  Mun'4Mi-.i  wbU^b  !t  sliitll  bavp  bL»en  deter- 
mined wn.M  the  proportion  of  tbe  (lefpndnnt  or  defendants'  negll- 
gcucf  c»»ntrlbutiny  to  tbe  bijury  ooiupluIntHl  of. 

ITbe  vlatnto  rtTnIatlng  tbo  operators  of  mint's  In  Alleprany  and 
<inrn'tt  iinriitlcH  nuikon  fiwinTn  or  operatoiH  who  fail  to  roinply 
lbere«'Ub  liable  In  dHiu«ne*i  for  Injury  or  ilenth  ocoasloned  by  sucli 
fnllure.    Article  1   (revision  of  liKrj),  .mt'llon  20!>n.J 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


IlKVISKU  I^\WS  UK  1002, 


Cbajtsk  H>i. — CotUruriH  './  emiiloyccii  tcairinff  right  to  dt\tHQv^9. 

Sectiox  1G.  No  porsuni  sbnll,  Ity  a  siM>oInI  conlrn*-*  \\\\h  bl«  em-     ConiroeH 
rIoyo»^8,  exeuijtt  blmsrlf  from  llatiUlty  wbli-b  he  nmy  be  inider  to 'o******* J*^"- 
tbem  for  liiJnrleH  tainYered  by  tbein  in  tbelr  employment  and  re- 
snltin^  from  the  neKHgeuce  of  the  euipioycr  or  of  a  i>ersou  iu  his 

CUiploj', 

Cbxptcr  100. — LlabiHty  of  cmpfoyn^s  for  injurtrs  to  anptoi/^ei, 

I^TJOX  71.  If  personal  Injury  in  ranse<l  to  nn  omployee,  who,     InJurycauMd 
■the  time  of  tbe  Injury,  is  in  Ibe  exer*:iHe  of  due  aiiv.  by  ivjiiittn  *>y — 


First,  A  defect  In  tbe  eondllion  of  the  waya,  works  or  manliliH»ry 
cr»nn«»cled  vrlth  or  ns«l  In  tbe  butflnewB  of  tbe  emiJloytn*.  wbleli 
orow*  from,  or  bad  not  bt>en  diwoveretl  or  rcmeJleil  In  oonHo<iurn<« 
of,  fb(»  iuvUjrpn<'4>  of  tlie  employer  or  <»f  a  perKnn  In  bla  service 
who  liad  Itef-n  Iiitru^^ttxl  tiy  blni  with  tb**  duty  of  seeint;  tbat  tbe 
w»y»,  works  or  ninc-bincry  were  In  proper  rftiulltlon ;  or. 

Second.  The  iH'CllL'^'nre  of  n  pcrstMi  Iw  tin-  stM*\  ice  of  the  em- 
|ilo3'er  who  wiih  liilrtjHt«^l  wHb  iin<l  wmh  exeroiHln<  HUi>erUitc»tid- 
*iO*e  nn»l  whose  m*)f*  or  prinfii*:il  duty  was  tbat  i>f  HniM^rlntendi-ncis 
or,  in  ibo  Hb»tvK'e  of  KUib  Mnperinrwidont,  of  a  pcrwon  artttn^  as 
Ba|)erlntrndeni  with  tlic  authority  or  consent  of  Muoh  employer;  or, 

Tbiril.  Tli»'  inx'll^'enct'  of  u  f'^wn  In  the  wrvb.-e  of  Ibe  euiployer 
who  wiiK  In  rbnrp'  or  control  of  n  sipial.  switch,  locomotive  enidue 
or  irnln  upon  n  mllroad; 

T'  ''ye^'.  or  bN  U^irnl  reprej»ontallves.  sball.  KUbjeet  to  tbo 

fU'  •'  ilic  rlirlit    foUowIn;:  soi-tliiOM.   Iia\o   tbo  s»un?  rli:iit» 

Ki  '•>"  tiud  uf  aoilon  at'iibist  tbo  employer  nn  If  be  bud 

til'  <>yet%  nor  iu  tbo  8crvk-««  nor  onieaged  iu  the  work, 

Ol     I 

A  cur  wiiicb  ih  In  use  by.  or  wblrb  1h  In  i-owoflnlon  of,  a  rallrond 
n»rr»nnitl<m  «hnll  bn  (v»n;ddpn»il  nn  n  pnrt  of  ibp  wnys,  workn  or 
niAcblu^ry  <»'  on  wblch  nm**  or  has  It  In  iMishCWHloii, 

Wlthlu  tbe   >  uMi*  one  of  tblH  wctlon.  whoibor  it   Is 

«wucd  by  Mjfii  r...(iM.i;aou  or  by  some  olber  company  or  i>crsoD, 


Defect  8 


St-gUgcneo  ot 
auto*  r  Id  lend- 
eut ; 


r  *»  r  R  n  n  In 
cbiirirr  of  rail- 
road (■Ifcnal.  etc. 

Btn(u«  tif  em- 
ployee. 


I^ellnltloiii. 


BUIiLKTI};    or   THE   BUBEAU    OF   LABOft. 


1   10  lit*  n 


itiv 


Onv  fir  BMiri>  ntrs  vcU\r-h  nrr  hi  mntlon,  whi-thf *•-'** 

flno  itf  hot.  t^liiill  <-iiiiH(iriitH  n  triUi)  wlihUi  lln- 
thrcij  of  tiiin  HfvtUm,  itiui  wliofvcr,  as  u  [mrt  < 
tlni»*  U*'\UK-  |iliy«iriilly  c<»ntroIs  or  dlrwt*i  tUe  u- 
nnl,  tfwircU.  liK'oitxiTivi'  cii^'lrio  ur  trnlit   filmll   1  < 
pf»rwin  In  rlmrne  nr  cHUitrol  of  ii  HiLniiil.  sTritcU, 
or  train  wllliln  tho  iitmiiliig  of  hiK)  rUiiiHo. 
forln-       Krt*.   72    lilt*    iiiinMidtHl    i»,v    flmlUtT   .""  '     "     '  ^' 

«uud«nt»i.  injiiiy  (|«»«M  iiM»(i  In  the  pr»'<*iHUiw;  tu^- 

ll,(.  ,...,,.,,.,.,.    .....)  mi,, J,  |]t«jttli  in  in>l   li—.. 

by                                  lui;.  mul  II'  !Urr«»  is  iiny  : 
Inr')                 ,   .      ^'Itii;  nn  itIIoh    nn.lrr  il 
lo^^iuK  w.-^.-lioii.  tbr  ]i.*mil  m 
tJi(>  iicrinii  lirinif;lii  iitidor  lit 
rt*cov(n*  dunmKr*K  fur  tlit*  iKmili  lit  itUtlUioti  lo  i^ 
nud   In  thv  Nairn*  tiitloii   uiHlttr  u  m'puriitc  roii' 
iiijiy  rooinfr  (I«m4i;(c«  for  cnnwlnn*  i^uB'rrlnj;  ti-  niuni:  'r-.-ji    xin 
NiiMi-  Injury. 
Action  for      kkc.  Tit.  Jf.  ns  t!n'  rr--'     •  '  'irL-Iljrinu'c  -'  '--^ 

the   provItslonH   (if   Ktfli  ■:.  ;iy-«ije,  un 

kllltHi,  or  illt's  wiitfout  c«m9«i:iotwt  sufTprhi^,   his  KUKf%v 
]euvo)«  uo  widow.  hl8  uvxt  of  kilt,  who,  ul  the  IIuh*  (»f 
wrro  d<'[M>m]iMiT   nfMin    his  Willi's  f(»r  HUi>[iort.  sliull  luivt'  u  rU&Ut 
of  uciitiu  for  Ujiuiauo  upihiHi  th**  Hiiiitloyor. 
"'      Skc.  TI.  It   unUiT  lhi»  provlwhins  of  cither  «»f  i\u  1 

III)?  socllona,  d»iiiiii?c«  «r«'  nw.irdfxl   for  tin*  i|i»iith, 
iissesmnl  wllh  rffi'iuiKv  lo  the  dtsrrtH-  of  ciiliutbllit..    ui    m--  vm- 
jtloyer  or  of  the*  |»<»r»<on   for  w)ii>f«r   »io(rlI;:i'iico   the  ctnployrr   In 
lUihlo. 

Tbf*  nmount  of  diimneps  whirli  inny  li**  nwnrdf-d  In  an  nnl  <h 
undvr  the  provlBiouM  of  hcctlon  w.'V(Mity-otU'  tor  a  pergonal  Ijijurr 
to  nn  roiip^oy*^  *»  whirh  no  dntnntics  f<rr  h\n  Htmth  nn*  iiwiird»*0  , 
ttnde'r    lli**    [»ro\  IMomh    of    w-otlon    wvwUy-two,    Khttll    uo(    cxcc<'<£ 
fonr  thoiiKUMd  dollars. 

TlH*  nntonnt  nf  diunn^cn  wbtrli  mny  t>«  nwardnd  tu  tiiclt  nctlon. 
If  diinin^*»B  for  Ids  doftTli  hw  flwnrdtsl  iindor  Itif  •  ■  '  '  ns  of 
ffwtlon   mnrnty-two.   kIiiiII    not   oxcitil    Hvc   IhoiiHui  for 

ImiiU  tliu  Injury  ntid  iIm»  d**  '■     ■  i'   '■'■    ^    i ' '»"• 

Jury  hetwc-t^ii   tho  l«vnil  rri' 

X>prsv)nH  who  would   luivc   I-  .        t 

lH«etlon  M*VL*nty-thr4*e,   to  ImIiik  :iii  uctiou   Im*  hl«  «ifca»lb  U  H  liuti 
|»e«»n  In«tnn1iineouR  or  without  coii*!ons  wdfTiTlfM'. 

Th(*  iinioimt  of  dnmnp*H  which  m  <      i 

liruueht   iiiid«*r  tlic  provl^UHiH  of  fn*  i  I 

bo  t.-      "■'■:•:   : 
Sotlcv.  s  IV  <»r 

doiiu.    .o.-.   .    »...    ,  i  •- 

LlmltHtlotL    rmir.    tnchi-slvo,  A^inll   : 

jdino  nud  cuuHt«  of  thi-  y 

dn3'8.   nnd   thn   nrtUm    i>   foinmrufml   wttiiln  ouc  j-  tho 

aet'ldrnt  whlrh  cnuhetl  Itie  Injury  or  il(»flifh.     Sit<h  r  '    Ik» 

In  wrltlnir,  siniotj    hy  th**  t«'t>'  -^ 

bt*hiilf :  Imt  If  from  jdivxlcnl  or 

fnr  ;;        .  I 

tu  H 

nothc  Ji 
IdA  litjit: 
iKtmtar 

but  he  i"  ■!  **i    iii»ulULUJul   iKdL-l3    b^    1' 

rnt'v   iTi  lit  tlini".    idrtr***  or  fiiii***  of   i  -^ 


fKHlf'tirM  con- 

idertHl. 


Umltofdam 


tht 


vv 


SMPlXhTERS     LTABILrrY  TK  THE  imfTE©  fiTATES. 

Skc.  7fl.  If  an  <'Tuployor  rntrrn  Into  n  c«inrrac*t,  wrllleu  »•)•  verlutl.  ot 

with  an    imJciii'iiiii'iit   '?»iu|j:K'lor   lu   ilo   iKirt   of    sucii    euii»i*iy<^»'>' '^        ,      ^tWtn 

»'*frU,  or  if  siicli   I  onlr»t'tnr  enters   Into  n   n.urrjn'l   wllli  a  silh-    "^  "    ' 

►utrnrtor  in  lUi  nlJ  itr  :»ny  [lart  nf  ibe  wurk  t*t»niprfM«?<l  iu  8urh 

'►ijtnH'l    wiUt   tilt'   fniiiloyfr.   wirU   ci»ntrjict   or  sut>- 

aot   lijir  tlh-  liitUMlly  i>f  tlu»  fiiiiiloyur  fi.ir  liijuriwt 

.  4'H  of  Miifh  rontniclor  or  siilxtiiiirnctor.  riiiis<il    liy 

tin*  (.'(mUlttuu   of   lh«'   wnys,   works.   rniiohiniTy   or 

11"  iIm-  !T":'vru    of  i!)i>  cnijilnyer  or  uri'  funilMiwl 

iH»t  luH'n  tj i *,Mn'<*nil  ov 

i.|»h*r<'i'  or  uf  sinin*  |n.*r- 

«i>ti   Liitru»ieU  by  liiui  willi  tUe  Uiil^'  itf  Heeiiiit  tbttt  lUi\v  wi-n*  iii 
]rro|H>r  coiiitltlori. 

KEi.   77.   .Vii   I'liipl-  -I    !■<>     I'-mplojrw 

i«iititiPd  luiiLT  th,-  n  IIW"'''''' 

►empliiytT  If  hu'  li  n  (l<*f»vt  t.i                                urli 

[c-t'i*o»l  Iho  iujiu>,  :  i'i»«H»»nal'l'             .     ,.   ',  or 

C-UUK*  l<»  Im*  (rhrii.  i  tu  iUv  ••Uii»kiyi'i-,  <fr  to  Honir 

.^tDrsHMi  nuiHifior  Vn  ij  -(•  of  tlio  iniipiuyM-  wbo  whs 

lUlrifbtlMl    with    Kt'UVtHi     4!tli|»iH'ill('.>tMU*flOt^ 

Sk'-.   "h^.  Am  (Mni'lovfc  wth»  »ihnll    Iimvp  «^o>ntrlt)nt4nl  ti»  nn  Inimr-    Ki«plo>n«r con- 

rtps  ii>r  whirh  (■ointHm- 

:-■!-  tin*  |.r<'tisi<'K     ,  •■       'floiin  »i'M»nty- 

t  '  .  or  to  any  r--  .    fdrtiitHl  nn- 

|U>     I' *:*  srviiitiH'u,  i-ii:', .i|  iilrif'lop'n  of 

kv  out»  Ii  «l  twenty-five,  may  pr»ivt»  In  mitlmiilon  of 

lUiuisi'H  I  !<•  (ty  nil  rnipliiyn*  ntiiirr  th«»  provision!?  of 

iM  •ierllofin,  nu*ii  pi'n|*..rtion  uf  tlu*  i^mintAPy  born-tit  whhh  Iwh 

•Ij  fecelvwi  by  whli  cmpkiyw  fl'<uu  any  wicli  fiit»d  or  3tK*U»Iy  oil 

[jiiroiiiit  of  Miieh  r<niti'Uiiition  nf  ittiUl  <»tiipIoyi>r.  us  tlw  rinitrUnUlou 

if  fiiU'b  t'lDpIoyor  to  Kuih  fund  or  f*o<.ioty  ln'jirs  to  tho  wboh*  ooii- 

IrlLutloii  tluTiHo. 

Jsrf,  70.  TIio  pnivlKkins  of  Xhr*  oI»?ht  prPt^»illn»r  80<tion8  *'baU  not     Ex(»mptlon6. 
npply  lo  hijurli*  rnnPiMl  to  doraeKtto  Hervanl**  or  fiinn  Inburor*  by 
frllow-finployoofl. 

iri,.,  1.,.    ,,   ..■i,..i..r,  ti ».tji.Mi,  t;.,«.  -.*•  iMitMiupt  to  Im?  nj*t*d  as 

It*  fS*ii|M's  iitiil    Hrt"  px- 

^  ^  -  s,  or  <>»i'ii|».ints  llftbh' 

jwr»i>ii  iiijuntl  for  nil  4tniiuiKi*s  cituMci}  by  violation  of  ll.s 

U>n9.     Cb'iptcr  KM,  miction  .Vi. 

TIm*  act  illrtY-tiii^  (ho  ItiHlnlUitloii  iiiiil  iifft*  of  mfi'ly  upplinnt^H 

oil  rnllniriilM  Inki-K  iiwny  from  tbo  lu-utluent  otmiiKiity  tbo  dt'fimw 

•  '  -I**!  of  liijnry  roHtiltin;;  fruin  vlointltius  of 

■  lnJore<i  eiuploycf  kauw  vt  Ibr  vloluttun. 

MINNESOTA. 

JtKVISEJ*  lAWS— UMAV 

i-Uit>iHt^  t»/  mitnuiii  mmpnnirtt  /or  injufirs  /<*  rmptutt* t m. 


It:,  ft?t  a  o*tni-      Actn   of   feP 
for  fill  ilnin-  '^>«'-w«»«u'». 


,.,».-  i..\    MM..   M^.-ni   Mi    -.i\:iiit  fborpi»r 
■wn*  oil    bl.-   i<iirt.    by   ronson   i>f   tbv 

til  i»KT...f   :iti.i  on  I !fn'"t.  iior  nn> 

;iir  rtr   Mnilt   fnv\\ 
II  riini  n^  lo  r<nMl<»r 

by  ntiy  wiob 

ti  I  ft  nrvr  n»n»i. 

liti)  jjuri  lUvrt'of,  uiU  i'irt,-u  to  public  irttiL-1  ot  um*. 


68 


BUU-KTIN    OK   TilK    Bi;itK.\i;    OF   UUIOR. 


MISSISSIPPI. 


rnXSTlTI'THlN. 


Artu'lic  7, 


lAiihiUty   of    ttiUrtMitl   vrtmiHintrn    for   tnjurlvt    to 
vmptnyrrn. 


MivaDt*. 


have  tbo  wiiiu*  right  nini   n*ii»rillcpi  for  ftiiy   InJ'  •  '■•«|  h\ 

hliii  frciin  till*  act:  or  ohiUhIoii  of  milil  i-(ir|Hirnii<>t)  or  )t»  i<m- 
(ihiyf'OH.  It!*  tu'M  iitlowisl  by  law  !<<  ntlnT  |H'r»*tjiiH  iiot  i»uii»I<tyi^**i, 
wliiTi'  tla»  Injury  n'NiiltH  from  llw  iM'KnK«'iK<*  uf  ii  Htiiwrlor  amnit 
or  olliriT,  nr  nf  a  |H»rwm  liavln}f  tlu'  rlRht  ro  iMttitrol  ttr  tllroi'l  iho 
KtTviros  of  thi«  parly  Injiirrnl,  and  al****  ^^  lit* ii   tbo  Injury   rrMUIti* 

Of  fpJIow-from  the  nru'lltfriuT  of  ii  frllow-wrviint  cii^i;;*-!!  In  aiiulhor  il«^ 
jwriuient  of  lahor  from  timt  »tf  the  loirtyMiOtiriHl.  or  of  a  ri»llow- 
HiM'viint  OH  atioth'r  triilii  of  rant,  or  otic  prtKaiftsl  aUou^a  ilin'mnit 
phs'o  of  work.  Kiii>\vh»i|«M  hy  iiny  rmph»y>*«>  liijiir»'(l,  of  tho  ilcfwt- 
ivo  or  nnwifi*  olianu'lMr  <ir  riMuUlioii  of  any  innohliu-ry,  \viiyi«,  i»r 
niiplhiiHfH.  n\n\\\  !>*•  no  <i(foiiH<»  to  an  artlon  for  Injury  rnusi^l 
thiMolty,  ox<'**pt  Ml*  t't  rninliM-tiirH  or  I'litftiii'orn  In  rlmr;,'^  of  i!nu- 
i:t<r<MiK  i.r  tittHiifc  riirn.  i<r  on):ini*»t  voluntarily  oporai^tl  hy  tbtui. 
WhiTo  ilrath  rnKUi-s  froni  nny  Injury  to  rmplt'.Tci's,  \\\f  lojrnl  or 
|HT:4onal  repr».'HontatIv»»M  of  i\\v  \n-r^^\\  Injiinnl  hIwHI  hivw  the  niuW 
rl);ht  mihI  ronnilU's  ur*  aro  nllowitl  hy  hiw  to  Huch  rcpro^votitiitlvrM 

t'.iii  trnt'tiof  oilior  |M'r«tua.    Any  I'onirnor  or  fl>rro*'ntfnt,  oxfiro**H  or  Inipllt'^, 
wajvhiK  "'»»<^-u,„d».  by  „r»y  fMiploy(H>  lo  walvr  fbr  brnt-fU  of  tliU  WN^tton  ttbnU 
he  hull  nnil  void  ;  and  tlilK  ai^'IIou  ivjuilt   nut  1*^  <  >    fo  iW^ 

|Uiv<»  any  fDipIuy<'<*  uf  a  for|Mtr«tli»n  or  IiIh  b'jnil  <■  i  n*iire- 

Neiitntlv(\  of  any  rU'til  or  rt'nioily  that  \w  now  bim  i>\  )i>>*  Uwv  uf 
thn  lond.  Tho  lo«iwlainrt*  in:\y  uxtrral  lbt»  rfmf?OU*M  horrlu  irn>- 
vUUhI  for  lo  liny  uUkt  cIiisk  of  euiploytvH. 


ivntli. 


Kvld«ae«. 


A«ti   of 
jrlorii : 


CODK  OF  lUOll.  • 

HabilUjf  uf  mUrond  vt*ntimniv8  for  (nfurit'n  to  cmptoift'r*. 

HnrrroT  V.tKt.  In  nil  a<*t1on9  nitnlnfft  rnllrnfid  runUMiuU-w  fur 
dHunicrH  duno  tu  prrwHiM  or  prujM^rly,  prtwtf  uf  liijnrj'  lutlUird  bjr 
tliH  ri)iudn>!  of  tbo  ItHHunotlvtm  or  earn  of  nurb  runipatty  fliAH  1h* 
prilua  fatio  i'\  IdiMitt'  of  Ibt'  want  nf  maH'Hinblo  mUIII  and  can*  nu 
tliL*  part  uf  IIh'  HrrvantH  of  thr  ciunpany  th  ri'frrt'nci*  Ut  mnb  la* 
Jury.  TUlH  sorilun  sluill  alno  apjily  to  jmHWrinrrH  and  ctupluyi.Hi« 
uf  nillrond  conit*»MU*H. 

Hjir.  UKAi,  Kvi'ry  omployw*  of  n  riillroad  ror|»orrtflo»  MinM  liavt* 
the  wint»  rli(b(w  acul  ronnHlb?>t  for  an  Injury  HufTMrt'd  by  hitu  froui 
Uiti  acl  or  ouiImkIou  of  tin*  <'ur|Kinitlou  or  lt»«  rmpliiyi»i*!i  iim  ttrv 
nllowwl  by  law  tu  ..i'  us  nut  untpIoy»>»'>s  \vb«'r*»  lUo  Injury 

rixuHs  fruuj  tbi*  nr  '  a  wniM-rlor  aL'fui  tir  urtbtT.  ur  itf  a 

IrtTMtn  bnvtnc  tin*  iiKm  !■>  *i.ulrol  ur  dlroct  tb«*  »ii'rv1oc«  of  th<» 
party  Injuntl,  and  alHu  ninii  tin*  litjury  rcHttliH  frutn  the  ni'^ll- 
-  Kcnrr  of  a  fi'llow-»wrvanl  iMiKa^iMl  In  another  di-purtruput  of  labor 
from  that  4(f  tin*  party  Injured,  or  uf  u  f'-IlMW-M-rvaiir  on  auidher 
Irdln  uf  nirs.  or  i-nc  (*n}Ciitreil  ab<iui  u  dlfTcnMd  picvf  nf  work. 
Knuwlcdiri'  by  an  ruipl"j*<*<'  Injurod  ot  tho  di*fr<*tlvr  or  ntisjifi* 
rbarartor  or  rondttlun  of  miy  macblnpry.  wiiy**.  up  iip|»lbtnrfM.  or 
of  tin*  hnpropiT  loadiUK  ttf  <-ar'4,  Kltnll  not  boa  dcfcnuf  ^  "t 

fur  Irijiiry  canw*!  tlntn^tiy,  pxn-pt  nw  to  t'lmdiHturrt  or  •  m 

flinrp*  uf  dauiitM'ini^  ur  unwifc  nirw  or  ouuUii'h  vidu'i  y 

ntod  by  Iburu,      Wln-n  dt*nlb  onKrn'M  fruni  iiit  Wi.lnry  lu  .«• 

iiM  ai-t'luii  tnay  b*»  bruui:b!   In  H' ■ f  "■•■  »  .-i...*  m- 

ployi'^'  for  ibo  itoatb  uf  tbo  b  m.* 

dfnth  **{  biM  wlfi',  or  >'\    jfi'i  1  i   .. 

of  !hr  .'hlld  for  tbo    '  m^ 

nuiy  Im  wurrpfi'*!  by  1 1  li»' 

tSiiUiiH[L*ii  to  ^L•  for  tiiu  u»o  o(  »U4.U  vik^Vwv.,  XtutlM^d,  uv  «JUVV1.  •'X- 


EMPLOYERS      LlABlUTi'    IN    THE    TNITED    STATES. 


69 


ft  (luit  In  fUHe  (bt*  willow  Hlinukl  Iinvt'  tOiildreii.  Ilie  iliiiiiat;i'»4 
11  be  (lib>trJl)iitc*d  ««  pt^'^oiuil  |ii'«*ii*'rty  of  the  luishanU.  Tlit* 
\e^il  or  |R*r)iioiiiil  iviircsonrativp  of  tho  pvrsiin  itijure^l  Mtmll  liiiv<* 
ibe  wiiiH*  rlKlitH  iiinl  iviihmUi^b  u>;  iut  uI1o\vi.hI  l»y  law  to  vik.Ii  rt'ttr*'- 
jiciitnllv''*;  "<    .  Hi,..-  1...  ....I,";.      In  evrrj-   Mirh  jK'tir^ii  tlie  Jiir.v  tuny 

jrlvo  HI|.  lie  foil'  Kiut  JllJtl,   with   Pf^ftMVIU.'O  li»  Ul" 

injury  !■  II  ilfiith  lo  lljt*  in^rsou  Htihitf:.    Any  *'<»n 

tmi^  ov  9it:r(i*intriil.  (•xt<iL>»«^l  (If  Implied,  nunlc  l>y  iiii  i*ui|il(»ye(>  1<» 
wflivo  tiK*  t>^nt.'tit  t*f  Ui\^  stH'Cloii  Htiiill  Lh'  mill  ihkI  void:  iimt  IULh 
it4<r(toii  fbiill  iiot  tU'prlve  hii  eiu|tl>>yi-t.*  of  a  ih-Thou.  iiultirnl  or  nrtlti- 
cUil.  or  tlip  t^*pil  or  [iciifWMial  rt'i'rew^iilutives  of  such  person,  of  nny 
rljsbf  or  rt:?uii'(Jy  llify  iiow  h:t\o  by  Inw. 

|A  Ktatiite  tbat  reiiulri's  ti'lKMli**  or  warning  sirluiTH  to  be  plnctMl 
ovpr  laUrtinrt  tnirk**  nt  iipproarh**?*  tn  nvpibeail  l>ii<le*?H  or  othur 
uv4*rliiiri;rlii^  uliji't-ts  iiiak«*i4  iu*v'Ii;;fiit  rMinpaiiit"*  linlile  for  the 
Injury  or  ijentb  of  a  pcrsfai  raiiM^l  by  !:>trlkln(;  i!^uHi  biiilbTO.  etc, 
even  IboHKli  t\io  i«er.s«jii  ko  UUIimI  or  Injured  was  guilty  of  coutrlbii- 
lory  negllgoix'e.     Sortbiu  4o.".l.J 


WalviT. 


MISSOURI. 

RKVISED  STATVTKS  OP  1800. 


Sectiuk  2S73.  Kvery  rallrtjud  rorporrtdoM  ownlne  or  operalh\H 
n  ntllrunrl  in  Ibln  Stiito  Hball  b«  llahle  for  all  flama(;p9  f^iotTnlucd 
by  any  ngc-ni  nr  wrvaiit  iliiM-iHir  while  oii^aKOil  hi  the  wui  k  of  o|jer- 
atine  «iu'h  nillroad  by  rnistMi  of  ilie  ui'Kllceii"'**  **f  nny  oilier  iij^ciit 
or  wrvant  Ibrro^f:  I'turidni,  That  it  may  be  shown  in  defirn*ii' 
tiiflt  the  |>erj=>oii  itijun-d  was  guilty  tif  ne;:ligenc#?  coutribuliiijLf  n»  a 
proxiniatp  i-anj»i»  io  prmUire  iho  Injury. 

Stc,  ltK74.  All  iHTWMis  en^nKef]  lu  tho  w*rvit.'i'  of  nny  sncli  rail- 
road corporation  iloln;;  bii.siness  in  thiH  Stnte,  who  are  IntrnBtwl 
by  (iurb  '■orponilloii  with  the  anthnrlty  of  KMperbitenden«*e.  o<iiitr*tI, 
or  roinnuind  f»f  orbor  p»>rs4Hi>*  In  the  eiiiphty  nr  sorvlre  of  snoli  cor- 
IKtnili'tii,  or  wllU  the  antborlly  lo  dinrt  any  oihcr  Korvant  hi  llie 
|H'rf<tnnancr  of  any  dnty  of  sni*Ii  scrvatit,  or  with  the  duty  *\t  iii- 
HftcH^tbin  or  otlicr  doty  owiit^*  by  tlie  master  to  flic  wrvant,  an* 
vkM*-prlnolpalR  of  huoU  eorporntlon,  and  are  not  l'eIlow-t*ervantK 
with  such  eui|>iuyee»i, 

Rkc. 'JSTS.  All  perw^ns  wiio  are  enirasett  fn  the  eonnnon  service 
of  Bueli  rallrniid  roritf>ratlon.  and  who  while  ho  onwaced.  are  wnrk- 
biK  toKi.'lber  at  tin-  fiiinie  time  and  place,  to  a  iiinninm  pnrpow  of 
same  grade.  n»'tther  *>f  wi'Mi  pcrs»>iirt  l»ehic  Intrusted  by  ?>ueh  r'op 
jHiratInu  with  any  siiiierlntendence  or  control  orer  their  fellow- 
emj»h»yees  are  felbjw-M*rvanls  with  eaeh  '►tbc>r;  f'ntr'nlrtt.  That 
l>otbinj^  berelii  eotilithitHj  minili  be  i-o  iuiodined  i\9  to  niake  any 
mrrut  or  servant  of  BUeb  rcriKiratlon  in  tin*  servlee  of  nneh  c(»rtHv- 
fflllnn  n  fellow-Hervant  with  any  itther  airetit  or  si-rviint  of  nueh 
coriwinillou  ent'a^ntl  In  any  other  dei'artuient  or  service  of  Hiioh 
4*1  trpo  ration. 

Sre.  2S7G.  No  ponimet  niiidw  lH,'tw«*n  any  rflUnrnd  corporatlou 
and  any  of  Its  atrenlH  or  Jiervanl*!,  baju'd  upon  the  ctin! latency  *»f 
Ibe  Injury  or  dwiili  of  any  agent  or  servant,  liniitln^  the  liability 
tkf  Hueh  railroad  eortKiratlon  for  nny  danin^ee  nu4ler  the  provl^loutf 
of  tlilH  act.  Rhall  be  valid  or  binding,  hut  nil  sneb  vonlraels  or 
M^riiiii.rits  mIiiiIJ  he  null  and  vohl. 

s  ,    (adde<I  hy  act,  tiajre  VAS,  Acts  of  Iinri).     Whenever 

llif  rnllnmd  cftuuwmh'H"  or  '*  rnUri»ftt1  corporalion"  Hhalt 

he  f*noid  la  un>  Keetlon  of  thi$[  diiipter  It  shall  \n^  talcen  and  vnn- 
»<tru<*cl  to  bulnde  nil  coaiimidi^K,  corporaliohs.  [>erson  or  r»erwin8 
oppratbip  any  rallruad  In  this  State,  and  wben-ver  the  word  "  raU- 
n>ad '*  occisrsf  In  any  sm-tlon  In  Ibin  dnipier  It  sliall  be  talien  and 
construed  to  Include  nil  rallniadi>  oi»ernt»*d  In  this  State  by  what- 
ever motive  or  power  pnutelleii,  and  Hhall  Incimb'  all  j*]illroa<ls  or 


NVgllgf^nc^of 

fpl  l<>  W-(JO  PV- 


V If f'  princi- 
pals detloed. 


Fellow  -  serv- 
ants defloal. 


Cnn  tmcti 
Mmlilati  nubil- 
ity. 


Lteflnltloni. 


70 


UiT-LKTIN    OV  THIi   BTJRKAl'    OF  UkBim. 


mi; 

oi- 


•  I  iiti.v  wlifT"*  ill  Htc  St»U\  <i.! 

iiHhtT  llii'.v  In*  wholly  or  in  {va  .     

AIhu  ull  rtitlr<>:i(tH  wliliiii  tbp  nitmir.v  " 
hy  wliAt  Irt  vt»luiiii>iil;r  Lm>^u  ti»  cnbl**  t»r  motor  ]h>\\ 


-\rrs  OF  1007. 

S.ttiltlfti/  of  mint   tiprrafor*  for  Injur)/  In  rmjti'tifrrM, 


Art*  of  r<i1- 


|Mlc 


rcA'prlacI' 


Follow -»frv' 
III, 


srcnopr  1. 


Krwy  pcrwD,  cotnpAny  nr  corpfimtlcra  Dprratlns  a 
^  In  UiIh  Stnt««,  vrotV-  '    -   'V     '  '      -     ••    r 

I- 1*.  «hnM   hf-   llnlilo   i 

nr  uiliD's.  |iy  rt*iim>n  nf  tlio 

Ihproi^f:    I'rciviflt  il,  T\\u\   ii   I 

Mm  Injiirod  wmh  miitty  nf  mitiiicfuti-  inutnbuiUiie  110  11  lu-oxlmute 

cauKM  ti)  pni'.liKv  III*'  *n)nrT. 

Skc.  :;.  All  |tfr>«i"iiH  ^•lt^^l^^*ll  (It  \hv  wrvkv  of  uuy  win  li  it»*rwia, 
ctiuaiHinr   M"  r<»riKiral1i>ii   doliiK  hiiKlmiw  lu   IhlH   Smtr.   wlut   un' 

riy  4>r  coriKiratlon  with  r  ■     r. 

i*r  ("tuitmaTuI  uf  ntluT    1  n 

..  ,    .  ;      ,.  .i  iKTMUi.  ronifuini    •" 

iHrcin  any  oilu-r  »«Tvnnt  In  r 

smjiul.  or  wltb  tlir  duly  i  i  r 

Uuiy  insliic  *ty  tJH*  mrt«tt'r  to  th<*  wrvAni.  jirv  vi  f 

fiurh  prrwm.  ciwiiw^'iy  (»r  roritorntI'Mi,  nml  nn*  run  :* 

wllll  Mit'U  fuipldytN'X. 


Uy   of 
llir  iMM 

with  II > 
nny  «!»i 


8«c- 

ami  vi- 

]lllKV     I' 
|«>I'M>IIX    lH»lr 

Willi  nny  h« 


3.  All  (icrsMtnik  who  iin*  fm^np'^  In  thci  pAtnuMm  avtr^'ler  of 

•  iilii^ 

I*  and 


!i 


Cod  trocts 
llmlilnt;  liabil- 
ity. 


or  iitw 


n|«{i)5'tii|[  to 
"f  coacmi- 


1-.I    Its     KlI    :  i| 

it"lir«'  or  '  ■ 
nn*  fplldw  »*<»rviinis  with   nrn-li  otlirr. 

Snr.  i,  .\'t»  roiitrurift  uuhXv  lifi(vtH*n  any  prrann,  (VtmrmTiT  nr  rnr, 
|K»nillnu   F<o  oiH'niliuK  nurh   nilnc  hr  mint'*  nnd 
unrvaiit*.   Iwn^l   njpon   thn  coiiHticfiiin'  of  tlin  hiji 
JlUy  Wli'h   a»fiMi|   or  nrr 

/or  nny  (Inmntro^^  mm  I 

or  blliiiJlii^,  Nut  »til  sh< ...• ^ii.n\.m^  >-,.., I i„\ 

void. 
Appllcotloa       Sir.   1;..    N'uililiiu'  In  tlii^  :h'I  slmll  I-     -..  .-..ust ni.ij 
III 
Irni.  

irtn'  \n\\  iifw  provh' 

i»f  iuIUiii  hi.  .-ij  i>r  U»  1 1 

[K>n(l«*iitK  of  |H'r>t)ti>  Ullliti  t»\.ui>.r  of  u   fiillnro  <if  iiir  4>\^i 
«)|»oratvr  to  cnnipiv  willi  lt»  pivnlRton**.     l(n\iHf«l  StJitMt<»«*, 
K.S20. 

Ijiwm  rv^iilrlns  rnllro^d  rnninnnlwi  to  lilftru  »wUvl»<»»>.  f 

rnanl  v-'-    -■  •■■   ■-•'■*•■ '■•    '-• -     ■ 

(NmiT  ' 
fr«iiu    . 
of 
pi.. 

lu    Iljt'    UtUtT    Ui\ 

nmiiiiiiNl  tbo  rtsi. 

1JM>".   art,    pMKC  JMi    u>.U    pniif.    JSiJ.J 


E»n*LOTKRS'  LTABTUTY   IN   THE  V^VrB^  STATES. 


78 


NEVADA. 


AOTR  or  1005. 

ChaFtcb  142. — Riifht  of  urthtn  for  prt'Aonat  infurtrg, 

tEcrro;*  1.  Whnnpvpr  iinv  iM*rs()n  »hn\\  Hnffer  i»or«»nnl  Injury  by     NctfUcen  t 
wniriicrul   (let.   nejrlt'i't  or  a«fnillt  of  nriotlior.   the  iktmhi   .■.niKlriKP*'**""'*  "»**'*'• 
Uw  Injury  Kintll  In:*  Uiihif  tn  tho  porwm  hiJiirtHl  for  (lnmnuv*«-.  nnti 
wLnrf  flip  jtorsfni  mtislmr  sucb  Injury  in  t»nipl<'ye<t  l»y  nnniher  iK-r- 
wjh   fir  con^t^'nitiuu   ri'S|ii>n*«lble  for  Ills   tjondiirl,   Hiioh   |it»r»f>ii   or      r.mijlo)  ci-^. 
mriMnntlon  so  rcf*r*onslbli*  wtioH  be  lluhle  to  the  i»*rson  Injttrtxl  for 

UniiiitV'*^. 

Srr,  '2.  ftnrli  Ilnhlllty.  Imwever.  when*  not  »nrtc'hn rj:o(l  l>y  njfrw?-      Dcirrminii- 
mout  hihI  wttU'UK'nt  slinll  t»x(»t  unly  !n  sn  fur  ii«  tho  sjiiiio  Mlmll  jj""    "^    lUbll- 
lt*»  nfi^'orrnliufl  nixl  jitlJndtftHl  by  a  Strtto  ur  Kwlcrtil  court  of  Of»m- 
I*elinit  JurNilii'tJon  in  this  statp  I-.i  un  nt-tlou  brought  for  that  pvir- 
1H>m>  by  tb(*  iiersun  injurL*iJ. 

AfT.S  <iV  1!)4)7. 

CHAim*  214. — Liobilfty  nf  vrnploycn^  for  Injurfrn   tff  cmptoffrra, 

Wbttton  1,  Every  oonimon  carrier  enimsrtt  tn  trnde  or  commerce     Aetn  of  pm- 
lii  Hit*  5*tHtf  of  N'L'vnibt,  and  fvery  mine  and  rutll  owner  «n*l  o|feni-  pi«yM«. 
tor  nrtnitlly  eti;nt|;tMl  In  nihiln;:.  cir  In  nilllin;:  or  rednotltm  of  nres, 
In  the  Sinteof  Novmln,  shall  ho  lljible  1<»  nny  of  Its  en»|tl<iyoe«.  »»r, 
In  oflS(?  of  lb*»  (lontJi  nf  yiifh  cini»loytH»,  to  his  i»ors<>nii!  roprp>*<'nta- 
Itve  for  tbi*  bvnptlt  of  hi»  uld'-w  iwhI  rhihltpn.  If  nny.  iind  If  uont*. 
thru  for  hi*  next  of  Ufn,  fur  nil  ilnmiiges  wlildi  iitny  rrsnlt  frnm 
the  noyllgenro  of  the  oilb'ors,  npcnts,  or  euiployecs  of  snUl  cnmnion 
pnrrler  ur  mine  or  mill  operator,  or  by  reason  of  any  dofccl  or      Vvtectt. 
In^iirtlrlency  due  to  their  nejrM;4eiiOo  In  Its  oars,  enjjlnos.  uppIiancoM, 
iiwtrblnery,  fracU.  rnadbwl,  ways  or  works,  or  to  their  negligent 
hnndllnir  or  sforlnjr  nf  oxpUtslvcM. 

Src.  2.  Tn  all  at'doiiH  lit'iolnnftfr  brooKbt  np'i!nj«t  any  oonuntm  t'oiupurailTU 
fflrrler  or  mine  or  mill  uwo^r  and  ojiorntor  to  reoovor  daninKes'*''t'"K''"'''^ 
for  jMTsonal  Iiijnrb'S  to  nr  dtMtli  nf  im  i'nif>loy«HV  the  fart  that 
thf  f^ajploj-ot'  may  have  bcon  Koilty  <<f  mnlrlltutory  nrKJlKonfo 
nhitll  n<»t  ttnr  n  recovery  where  hlfl  ^•ontrlbnt'iry  nejcll^reiK'e  was 
Pllubt  nnd  the  nc;rHj;ent,'e  nf  the  employer,  or  lis  olHcerH,  nj^entfl, 
itp  emiiloyees  wa»  «jif.si*  U\  cimipariKoii.  All  (piestloiis  vt  netflfgcnoi 
nnd  contrllxiti.ry  n*ril;''*fice  fthnU  h^  fur  Mie  Jury. 

t<Er.  3.  No  roiiUact  of  employment,  litsnranee.  relief  benefit,  or  Contracii 
bid»»mn|ty  f-^r  Injury  or  dcntU,  i'ritrr''d  Into  Uy  or  on  behalf  of  any  °"'  **  *"*•■• 
employei',  tjur  the  a«x-ei'tant''c  uf  any  lusmrance,  relief  beneUt  or 
li>dcmnt|y  by  the  perj*on  rntfflfd  thei-eto,  shall  coiiHtHute  anj'  bur 
or  (Jefeuj'e  lo  any  action  brout-'bt  to  re<'ovpr  dnmiipes  fur  [>crH*aial 
tnjurlMK  to,  or  death  of  such  employoo;  Prurhhil,  hfurrvrr.  That 
n|KHi  the  trhil  of  such  actlnn  ibe  defendmit  may  net  off  tliordn  any 
HiMii  It  has  eontrlbuted  toward  nny  such  Insurance,  relief  lHMi»»tit, 
or  Imlemulty  that  may  have  been  paid  to  the  t)erRon  entitled 
thereto. 

NEW  MEXICO. 

coxirrLKn  jaws  of  isot. 

TJahiJUu  <if  rallrtutd  crtmpmtir/i  frtr  lnjitr(ra  fo  nnpfoi/rr/t. 

Slcnio?r  .^21tV  Rvery  rnrporntlnn  nperatlnp  a  railway  In  this  T-o<'lt  "f  '•'»« 
^iTltory  Hluill  Im'  liable  In  a  sinn  snrtit  ieiil  in  con»r>enBate  Nuoh  !j|  "VijJJ'"''*''*""' 
uplnytt'  fur  III!  ibuna«*>fi  Rustalneil  by  any  entpl'\vee  of  r»nch  mr-    ^* 


TeiT 

emi .  ^.^  ^...  .^  ,...^  ....,,..,..  ..  

poni'I'in.  the  pcfKoii  injured  or  dnaiaireil  beln*;  without  fatilt  ■•n 
hU  nr  h.T  pnrt,  fmrrln^  or  Mifitalne*!  In  •  nii»*>juoneo  uf  nny  uils- 
niif  nepleet.  default  or  wnmcfnl  act  nf  any 

j^pui'flUott  wblLtt  itt  tJto  ^Aj^fdae  of 


BULLETIN    (»r   TUB    BUKKAU    Uii^  1.X&UR. 
CUAPrcH  12X—iAaMlHu  of  entfilai/era  for  tnjuiiia  to  t-mpioj/ei 

Aru  of  nn-     Si:<; TioN  1.  Evfrrj*  oompflnj-.  con>ornMoti.  m*  liMlivtdual  opiTutluie 

p4>Hnt«udeDt«.  iniy  niliio.  Hineltci*.  iti*  mill  fur  Ibi*  i'i>flulii^  of  i}r*'ii  ;«tmtt  Im*  Jl.thle 

•'<^'  ri»r  tiny  ilnuuiKi'H  HuntaliHMl  Uy  juiy  t*ui|)loyw«  tli(»n»<if  wllliln  tbla 

Stale,    wUIkmiI   fonirllnitlntC   iH'iftlnciKMr   on    IiIk   I 'art,    wluii    jJiirh 

ilniiinei*  \i*  ciXUi^Ci]  hy  thr  npj/llKt'iu't*  I'l*  nuy  ftu|K<)'Ui(i')it1eiiti  f*>r©- 

mati,  Hliifl  lit>HK,  b'tiHiliiK,  or  oiluT  t'tiirliifcr,  or  oriiiic  nirn. 

rnntrHciH  not     Kkc.  I*.  .Vn  oiMitnit-l  of  Inniirniu'o,  roKrf,  iHMiftU.  ur  linliMiailiy  In 

n  Unr.  rane  nf  Injury  oi*  dwitli.  nor  niiy  otIuT  oitntruct  eiitcrwl   Into  be- 

lt»ri»  tb(?  Injury,  bftwet'u  ebe  pcrsftu  lujuro*!  nuil  any  of  dip  pm- 

plnyprji  minu-tl  In  tlit«  net  Hhnll  con^dluti'  luiy  luir  or  ilcfiMiw  to 

liny  rnnNT  or  action  hroutrlit  under  tlir  provl*lnn  of  tbli  act. 


Dctttll. 


Skc.  .'t.  In  .CUSP  of  th*'  t!*>atli  of  iiny  niu-h  i-niployivH 
i|noiU"»?  of  any  Injury  or  dnniaci'S  so  Kusliilmil.  the  r!;ri)t 
HbnII  survive  and  umy  Im»  i.rnsi-ruhfl  iimi  inMiutaintii  i»y 
or  persnnal  rerre»enlative«. 

NEBHASKA. 

ACTS  UF  im»T. 


In  cnnfle-^H 
urtloa^^l 


Ai.l«   of  cm 

pIoyivM. 


Defects. 


riiAiT».ii  -18. — LinhlUty  uf  niflnnt^t  mmpfinffn  for  inlnrirn  tti  rm^ 

• 

fiwrrioN  1.  Kvory  railway  romimny  opomthiK  a  railway  rntrino, 
I'lir  or  train  In  tho  State  of  Nebraska  nbnll  Im>  Ilnblo  to  any  of  Iln 
i'iij|»Ioy<**'H,  wbo  at  tlio  time  f»f  Injury  an*  t'n^iMiiisl  In  i-ouKtrnciloii 
or  rtMialr  work,  ^r  In  the  iiw*  nml  it|H>ra(lnn  nf  any  rnt;lnt'.  car  or 
train  for  wild  roMM«iuy,  or,  in  tho  <:ww»  of  hU  (h^nfli,  to  bl«  iw?r- 
Koiial  rrprf*^<ntaflvi';«  for  tin*  la-niMll  of  IiIm  wUhtw  and  i'hlldn*n. 
If  any,  If  nour,  tluni  ti>  hlH  parriitN,  If  noui'.  tlifii  to  hln  i)f>xt  of 
Ivln  dt*|H*ndont  u|M>n  lilni.  for  itlj  daniaKcn  whbb  naiy  ri*HUtt  from 
iU'^UfC<Mir»,'  of  any  of  IIh  oftlriu's,  a;:onTK,  or  (MUplftypf!*,  or  by  fpa* 
wai  of  any  d^fft^tMH  or  Pmiilllrlinicy  <l<f(*  <<>  It^  not:llKtMu*c  hi  Itn 
cnrH,  ruKhiPH.  apidlHiKi'M.  iiiuvhiui*ry,  truck,  roatlluHl,  way>«  ur 
wiu'kfl. 
riini|uiratlv«  Kkc.  1*.  In  alt  n<'tinuH  Ix-rtfiftrr  hroUKht  autiPiNt  any  railway 
iiPEltlff'npt?,  runipany  to  itn-uver  (hinia^ct'H  for  pt'iMoiiiil  InJnrleH  t«)  an  oniplny*^, 

or  wlion  MUrh  InJurlrM  have  rr»>nlti>d  In  his  d«-aTh,  tlio  fact  that  tbe 
fnijiloyn'  may  liav»»  bwii  jruilty  of  cnntrltnUitry  nrcMuvMire  hIijiII 
not  liar  a  i»t*ovory  wbru  l»l?«  ctintrlbutory  nriillK»Mn  c  wai*  Hllf^it 
and  (hat  tif  Iho  4>niployi*r  wan  ^ritt<}t  In  ron^pnrlHon,  htil  (biuiaief*^ 
Khali  bt*  dliidiilKliitl  by  llio  Jury  In  iiroportlou  to  thi*  auiouut  of 
m'4?nj;c'ntt»  attrUoitiil)lo  to  siwh  I'lnidoyut*.  all  i|ur!ttlon»  of  U(*|{U> 
fioncv  and  rnutritititnry  nr^ll^ffnco  «hall  bi>  for  tlw  Jury. 
"CoBtrneti  Skc.  :i.  No  ronliat't  nf  oniiiloytucut.  Ittf-uranc**.  relli'f  lionpflt, 
or  Indoninlty  fnr  Injury  c)r  drafh  lu-roaflrr  rnton'il  luin  by  or 
on  lM»haff  of  any  *»ui|iliiyt*«'  n«tr  tho  nt-rvptnut**'  <tf  any  Rurh  tn- 
Htirnncc.  ndU'f  IhmuMII,  mI'  iiKUMniilly  hy  (ho  pornon  entitUil  ihMO'l**, 
flhall  liMistUuti*  any  bar  or  di'ft'UKi*  to  any  at'tbai  hmnirhl.  to  rt*- 
cover  Oaututri'H  f^<r  personal  Injnrlra  to  or  (h-aih  of  wu-h  <*m- 
Iiloyrr:  Prorittrtl,  hotrrtvr,  That  tipt'n  tin*  trial  <»f  MU'b  action 
nualnst  any  railway  con>imn.v  ti'  nt  may  »ef't-ofr  any  huiu 

it   laiH  rontrllmied  toward  any  i  auco,   n-tlcf  honrtW,  or 

Imli'inulty  that   uiay  bavr  luM>n  pinii   i--   die  htjurtil  I'tuptoiyec  Qt, 
111  uaw  iif  biH  death,  to  bin  por»onal  reitri*Hi»utatU-t'8. 

(The  Mintnte  dirofttnsf  the  nne  of  jk 
brakes  on  railroad  tralUK  pruvldf^  ih. 

of  vlf.lalli.M  "'  "      ' '     "   -"I  lit • 

In  rt^-ftvi-r  (Ij!  liT  in   Ihr  r 

coinpiiny.    <  '  i'-M.  I'tii  1 


I 


Dot  A  bar. 


EMPLOYERS     LIABILITY    IN    THE   CNITED   STATES, 


73 


KEVADA. 


ACTS  OF  l!N)fi. 


ChaPTKB  1-12. — Ritfht  vf  artiim  for  prrsonnl  itijurirg. 


1    w'h.Miovir  nnv  pHTsnu  sb«ll  siiffor  jterscmnl  injury  Uy     N«»BMB#nt 
..r  (lefault  of  uiiotJu-r.  llie  rHTsoti  ctuislng'*^""""  "'*^'*- 
iili»  to  th*^  iJt-rson  lujurffl  for  ilnm:if;es;  jiimI 
tlic  |KT?<ini  cjtuvine  such  Inj'iry  Is  employed  by  auniber  per- 
l»r  oori»«»rfttlon    rcsiMinRlbU'   for   hW   *i>tHliu-t.    wiirli    pors*">ii    or      nrnployen. 
itJoa  fli>  resjHinslbl*?  shnll  be  liable  to  Ibe  per^'ii  Injnrwl  for 


U  ?!ab(ntr.  bnw*evt>r,  vrbm*  not  i!lwban:e«l  by  nin*<*f»-      Dcirrmlna- 
Mniinnjt   shiill  *'\lsl   only  tn  so  fur  ns  tin*  -siinio  sbnll  [J^"    **^    llabil- 
I  ..t..|  .».iiii.;-r».i  by  a  Sliiltf  ur  Kwloral  court  of  t'om- 
^tatp  bi  nu  nctlon  bruuglit  for  that  pur- 


ity. 


ACTS  i>F  1W7. 

CnATTtM,  5H. — LtabiUtu  *jf  nniitoitrrt  for  Infurtrt  to  rw|i/o(/frft 

f^scnox  1.  ETory  oomn»rtn  <?nrrior  onjra^cO  In  trade  or  coumiereo     Arts  of  em- 
In  TV"  *^'-»  '  ■•'  V.......I.,   iinti  e\-ory  uilue  and  mill  owner  and  opera-  pioyee*. 

ri»r  mJnlnp,  <ir  In  uilllln^  (»r  reiUi<.*t!on  of  urw. 

la  V  .    -^  I,  sball  be  Kmblo  to  nriy  of  Its  employee**,  or, 

In  «•*  of  the  ijt'ntb  of  pufli  employe^*,  to  hlfl  personal  repre«»ntn- 
titv  fnr  the  lHMt»'t1t  of  bin  \rlt1ow  anil  eblldreu.  If  any.  and  If  none, 
for  bis  next  of  kUi.  for  all  Oanm^es  wbk'h  nmy  result  fnini 
iJli;^.^!^  of  tbe  oifttvr*.  aetMits,  or  employees  of  said  coninion 
^^r  tubie  or  mill  operator,  or  by  reason  of  any  defert  or  ivfwts. 
iry  due  to  ibeir  neglli.'enee  In  its  pai*s,  onplnen.  acpHanceH, 
Iraek,  roaillMMl.  ways  or  works,  or  to  their  negligent 
llnx  or  storhijc  of  cxpIoKivei*. 

2.  Tn  all  Jictbins  boreluaftor  bronjrbf  apilnst  nny  rnmnion      CompBrmtir* 
T  ur  ujlne  or  mill  owner  and  o|H'rubtr  to  recover  daiunjfea'*^'*"^"'*"- 
lal   Injuries  to  or  denth  of  an  employee,  tbe  fact  tbnt 
may  have  t»een   ^nllty  of  o^ntrlbtitory  nepHgenee 
lirtr  a  rect»vei'y  wbere  bis  eoutrlbufory  neull.^ence  was 
Ibe  negllgenrt*  of  tbo  rmploj^er,  or  its  offloers,  aKents, 
ii?s  nvaB  jrrotta  In  etmii-nrl^on.    All  nnestlons*  of  necHjrenoe 
■    '  ■■  '      frtp  iijp  Jury. 

'.  liisnranrG.  relief  benetlt.  or      i.'oDir»ct« 

.   .  -d  into  by  or  on  bebalf  \*t  any  °'^*  ■  '*"''■ 

r  any  lnsuran<'*\  relief  benetit  or 

■  1  tUer*?to.  sball  conptlmte  any  bar 

:irti<fti  brooKht  to  recover  dnmajfea  for  jM-nwuial 

lib  «*f  purb  employee:   Provided,  hotrmr.  That 

-'tob  artbtn  tl»e  tiefendant  may  wt  off  therein  any 

tttited  toward  any  sncb  Insuranoe.  relief  Iw-netit, 

riiat  may   have  lM>en  paid   to  the  person  entitled 


i-r    iiii'-utuiiy 
t^«rvto. 


NEW  MEXTCO. 


l^OMriLED   JJiWfi.   OK    ISl>7. 
LiithHttif  <if  roilrocd  nnuitnnirn  for  in}trrir»  fo  m\p\oycc$, 
IPX  ^CtC.  Every   p'^rr'^ratlon  oi)eTulinp  a   ralhvny  lu   this 


mU    be    11; 
nU  <tnnt 


\Af\  of  c«re 
-ini  siiHiriont  to  .^.mi-onwite  such  j^^^^^'"*"''*"' 
■ie<I  Ity  nny  tuiployee  of  wich  c*-»r- 
i)   being  without  fault  ou 
'TinHetjnence  of  any  lulB- 
•-■j<vC  .i*T;Mi/f  i»r  wruiiirfu!  net  of  any 
r*rt\pnxUoti  nliiie  in  ihv  cxerclK?  of 


74 


BCLLET13C  OF   TUK   BUREAV   OV   UkDCm, 


tlu'lr  wvprnl  thitlcft,  wln-n  sitrh  '-  '  ' 
Iwt.  ili'frtttif  *>r  wrongful  ikI  of 
lipi'H  nvohlrd  l>y  siicli  corrMiriili' 
able  cull'  or  ilillKoint*  iu  flit*  wl<««.'ii 
OrprwnrklnK,i^|.i]fs,  or  bjr  ttni  ovftrwiwrkinif  snUi 


(•raplofecM. 


iriw  of  defect 
Ire  Mini,  elc. 


I>iuBiijee«. 
rrortno. 


lowing  Llioiii  to  uork  an  niiusuul  or  UkiiouK.tiiii<' 
And  any  otintiiirt  mitrlt'ttnK  KU«*ti  llnMltty  kI.. 
contriir>  to  tUo  |nihll«'  |ioii- 
81H:.  li^lT.   It  Kluill  1m*  Ull 

Ot^firH'iiv*'.  or  nijy  UHT  or  Im'iniK^ht'  ti|>.ui 

fittiit  liuioufM  ilu'n^tu   1mM<i1)$;1iij;  urr   In   ui., 

bhopH  or  iJiiK.-lilnrry  mid  iitliicbuK-utH  th)  ri">l'  \n  h 
iimmMT  di'fpt'dvo.  whioli  dnfivtii  inlL'Iit  li.n-  ft-tii  1 
lalin^  by  firdlniiry  cart*  »(h1  dii 

Jf  tUoiuupbtyof  of  «u>  wu'h  < 
liy  r«HHiiii  of  (iucli  JvfiK.'t  Iji  nny  t;u  m  !»' 
uttiit-liitit'iitA  tbvroiii  liL*loii|!tiii:.  or  Kbo|i»  .. 
uivntH  tlu*ri>of.  o\viH*<l  nnd  ojKM'iilnl,  or  bi'ut^'  ruij  itiio  • 
BUfb  rori'oniUoii.  tbroiu'b  110  fniili  of  u\*-  ii\vr\.  8iit'Ii  >  ' 
Hbnl)  U*^  linlili*  for  t^urli  Injury,  nml  tiiw»n  iir<»tf  of  ti-- 
aotUtU  brou^bt    by  nuch  oinpIoy4X'  or  his   IfjiMl   mi' 
ntiy  f<Mirl  »<i  i)ro|n'r  jtirWdiition,  n^ahinl  sin  li  rulh"     ' 
tor  Uiiui«a«'M  (Hi  «n'cnint  i^t  wiioh  iujnry  i»o  r»t"tv«4,  ••i! 
titb'il  to  roroV(*r  u^iilnNt  ttticb  coriMiiiiUoii  11U3'  kijui  con  . 
wiTb  tbc  Injurti's  Kuntalni'd:  I^miifittl,  Tbut  It  hUhU  b<-  iL' 
of  iiU  tb«r  oiui'bnees  of  rHHriHid  crtrjiorftlluiis  to  r^omiiilv 
111!  dfffrtii  r«iniluf;  to  tbolr  kuowbili:!*  In  iiiiy  Muh  «')ir  ' 
live  <ir  sbo[w  or  rafH'lihiorv  fi»d  tilijjchnirnls  ibt-rwif  i<»  : 

Dili'*'-  ' '  ■■'•  '■■■'■  ■■■■'■ -'•'■ -'  -'■'"•   -"■  '■  • 

trii 

>;..:_ ;       ■      _   ■ 

iiDdtT  rHvnuiKtniu'i'K  iroiii  wbloli  n  enuN*  t*i  lu'tniii  w 
nccrutMl  under  tho  |iru\tMbiu8  of  thi-  t«ii  pn^-oillni;  >" 
dnitb  had  not  misiirvl,  nn  nclion  tl»' -  H  br  brou 

tuAuncr   tirovbbtl   by   HiN'tfon    tbriM'  ;    two    bm 

fift*H*u.  uud  un3*  8Uni  ro«'ovrr«1  thon'iu   "Ij.iil  bi?  ^  ;' 
(lie  tirovl»tU>us  of  iuiUX  Mvtiou  throi*  tbou^iiud   t>i 

flftfHfti. 

NEW  TORK. 


ACTS  or  100a. 


I    In  tb«  • 
the  mndltiou  iif  Ibe  W«5^  «rorkil 


imwpd  by—       I,  ,Tn,(^^   ,„  n„   „p„,i, 

riire  nil-; 
tt«>rccttvc  tnn-      1     n\ 

tinner>:  or  -  **       ^ 

Id. 

«Ut..-K 1        ;.-   r 

H^nkx'  of   tl)<?   fr 
wtdn;!  tbiit    (Iu*   w 
dlllun: 

K«»«ll«*Dp<*      2.  Ity   rrHKon   of  tbp  n«iuHir«*m'(*  **f  nnr  pf»r*tnTi    In    dm  nfrrlffl 
?nt'"'*       '**"^  of  tbp  cnipbtyor   Inlrnstf'^l   witb   nnd   v^' 
wbottc   HuU*  or   pHniMiNil    dn*v  Im   tbut   ol 
tbr  -  •  ■  '       : 

tb. 

fir 


««  the 
ry  rtilaoCtte 
A«a  ATtatec  mtttr  tUi  act 

vfairh    renaia   aflier   IW 
IvovUliic  <«r  tb»  asMi-  aC  Iris 

nc  nd  lM-«ti  -tM*  duit«r  «r 

UirrKir.iai,  alHdl  imr,  bs  a  rajn^r  ci  law, 
br  ■Dcli  ««BHo3r«c  to  lb«  rxMcsoe  «r 
9i  prranttAl   Ifijanr  tfci'n'frinK.  tw  am 

Ibi*    ri.0:   t.r  Kuch   iaJtifT'*  <r 

140CV  Ui  tb»  «■»  ptece  and  cttona  «( 

^)«e  or  iba  riafc  oT  lojarr  AaH  ^  aaa 

'  u«Bal  poiTprs  of  tbr  nmrr  In  a 

i.-t   fMKlKtvi}   nyntmry   to  tke 

aittdad  oaAcr 


ur 


Ttju-nr^    l> 


•i:v  r/jj;\'..i  o- 


.aU  Bfvt  ba  aittdad 
'  or  renntr  a^aba 

'•j^'w  Inxrw  of  tba 
-1  laiifd,  arlUkia  a  wm«m     v%a^vp 
lafbnBatJoa  tb«fvof  ta  Iba  P<»^ 
blBMvJf  la  tb^  aerrkv  of 

!«>ai«  tfrortttl  iRttirrtaKfiA- 
ii^i  (hat  r^ih'U  iWt-^-X  <>r  tirsU- 
or  superior  j-trreon,  iirtoc  to 


BULLBrriN  or  thh  uubkau  of  laboh. 


rimlHbutton 
thmiiKli  ln»ur- 
■  ncv  fuoU. 


Svr.  i.  An  otiiploycr  who  slinll  linvo  roturlbutc*!  to  nii  InRtiramc 
fniiiJ  ci'LMiltMl  niM]  iiiitintJiliinl  fnr  tbt>  niiitiinl  pnr|HiM»  of  Imleinnl- 
fylnc  III!  t»uiph»yw  for  |H'r»uniil  liiJurU«,  fnr  wlilili  c'unijH*nKiti<m 
may  l»o  r^x-overed  niMl'*r  thij*  iift,  4>r  to  nny  n-Hof  sorioty  or  h^n^flt 
flinti  iToatid  uitilrr  tlu*  IinvH  i»f  IIiIh  Slitfc,  iij:iy  tirt)VO  in  tiiUl|;»- 
tlon  of  tliiniiiKOH  rocovrnitilo  by  nn  cmpUtyco  imilcr  TIiIh  avx  such 
pru|Nirtl(>ii  of  tho  [uvunliiry  In^nolU  which  hnn  \hh?u  nxx-ivwl  by 
Hiii'ii  i-mpliiyci'  from  wirh  fiiiul  (»r  WM-lety  i>ii  iK'i'oiint  of  hucU  (vni- 
Iriliiilluii  of  t'liiidoyi'i'.  ttH  (he  nmlilliullori  iif  «iii'h  fUiiiltiyer  to 
tiiM.b  ftniJ  i»r  wM'loty  bcurs  to  Iho  wboh*  i-ontribulUui  tlioroto, 

Sk*.  r>.  Kvory  ovislli.jr  ri;;hl  of  iiiti«.ii  for  nojrllKciu  o  or  to  P0- 
I'ovi'i*  diiiuupL'H  for  lnJni'i<'H  ri'siiltln^  lu  doiith  \i?  •■oiittiiui.'d  niid 
iiolhliiK  In  ililK  ni't  nuitniiHHl  fihnll  bo  r«)iiHtriietl  as  lliiillliii^  any 
Kiirb  rlKbl  of  tU'tlori.  itor  Nhall  Ibo  ralliiiv  to  ^Ivc  the  iioiliv  pro- 
vitli^l  for  In  Roctlon  two  of  tlittt  ii<-t'be  ii  bnr  to  the  nialtitcuauix 
of  11  Kuli  iit>oti  any  mirli  (>xl8tliiiiC  rli;lit  of  nrtlon. 


CiiAFiKK   iXM,—Liabitittf 


Acrra  of  hkhj. 

i/   f^iitritad   i^tmtHtttirtf  for   (njurfcn   to 

rtnpUtyvf'n. 

Skction  I.  rbopter  liv<?  bnnilrf.nl  uad  sixly-Hvo  of  tbo  Iaw»  of 
pIfcUtivii  biiiiilntl  iiihI  nlnrty,  •  •  •  |n*lnllni;  to  tht*  orcnnlzn' 
tioii,  rtr..  of  nillroixlH)  \n  berrhy  nnirndi^l  by  aiblln);  IhcTOto  a 
new  Hii'llon.  ti»  bo  known  «h  sii-tion  forty-two-n,  hk  f<i|low»: 

Swtlon  A'J.-i\,  In  all  actloim  iij^nlnut  a  riillrimd  <'or|M>rntIon, 
forolifii  or  (loiiifKtU-.  tlohiK  tfUKtnoKH  in  iblH  Stnt«',  or  Hi^iihmt  a  tv- 
I'olvpr  th<»rt>of,  for  porwnml  Injury  to,  or  tirnlli  romilllnir  from 
I>i'rKoiinl  injnry  «tf  any  piTMon,  wbilo  In  tlio  oinployuiciit  of  siioli 
fN>rt>orallon,  or  ^•^■«'Ivc'^,  arlHliij;  from  the  lu-tJIiKonoi:  of  *»nt'Ii  o*ir- 
iHtriKloii  or  nnvivor  or  of  miy  of  Ua  or  blw  odlrcrH  or  tMnploy<H»«, 
every  pnii)loy<'<».  or  hU  U';ral  ri'proKonlall\ oh,  xlial)  havo  !lio  wimn 
rlKbtH  anil  ronnMlIrs  for  an  Injury,  or  for  death,  HufTorLnl  by  bini 
from  tilt'  art  or  onilMAJou  t^f  •iiiili  corporallon  or  ri^colvcr  nr  of  Hh 

AOitltlAnal  or  bin  ollloors  or  tMiU)Utyoi*»*,  an  a ro  now  nllowo*!  by  law,  anil,  tu  ntUll- 
llubllKx.  tlon  to  tbc  llaliillty  now  u.xlrttln^^  by  law,  It  i^hall  bo  lioM  In  nucIi 

nctloUK  that  p<T«on»  onir»»:<Nl  In  tho  wrvUv  of  any  rallmail  iiir- 
(Miration.  ftU'olKn  or  ilona'sllc,  ibdni;  biislnoFH  In  thiH  Stato.  or  In 
Xh\*  Hrrvlo<»  *»f  a  rwoivor  tboroof,  \\\m  aro  Intru»«l<nl  by  *<nrlj  t-iir- 
pKMiTto!!  or  ni'otvor,  with  tho  anthorlty  of  Huifcrlntonilout'o.  con- 
trol or  louinnuKl  of  otbor  iHTwiim  In  iln?  oniployiia*nt  of  Hui'h  eor- 
iMinitlon  or  rocohor.  or  wHb  llio  ntilhorlly  to  illm*!  or  mntrol  nny 
otbor  oi)iploy*H»  tn  tho  |MTfonnain-o  of  tbo  Only  of  siub  emi>loyt»i\ 
or  who  havo,  nn  a  jmrt  of  their  ilnty,  for  thr  Ilnu!  brinj;.  phyMlral 

control  or  dirn-llon  of  tho  naoomont  of  «  »il|^'nal,  Bwltflj,  bwoiuo- 

VlM-prlncI- tlvo  en^lno,  rur,  Irnln  or  tolojri-nph  otlko,  an?  vlce-jirlntlpHls  of 
such  (Hirporatlon  iw  rwolvor,  and  aro  not  follow-HU'rvantu  of  auoU 
InjurtNj  or  tl«.'Coa^<ot1  oiLipIoyw.  If  an  pnipIo>iH'.  oniraj:o»l  In  lb<? 
si-rvloo  <if  any  sucli  railroml  roriKinitlon.  or  ctf  a  nN'rlv-'r  tbortH>f, 

iWcctB,  Hlinll  r«*«i'lvo  any  Injury  by  roJiMiu  of  any  dofr^'t  In  tho  OfimHtlon 

of  tho  wayn,  worlis,  nmcblnory.  plant,  Ph.Ih  or  IniplomonlM,  op  of 
any  oar,  ll'nin,  hK*onit>tlvo  or  attai-hnn-nt  thoroto  belonKluff,  nwiioti 
or  oporatiM!.  or  boln*;  run  anti  oiM.*ratt>«!  by  «uob  corr»>Vrttiou  or 
nvolvor.  whon  snob  dofort  could  ban*  boiMi  (ilwuvonHl  by  mul'U 
rorpondlon  or  ro*>'!vor.  by  r"a»»i>nablo  ami  propor  care,  WhXa  op 
liiMpoi  tlon.  Huoli  t*oriKtr»t|on  or  P*»«'olvor,  Khali  bo  ib^onioil  to  have 
bad  knowlo4lj;o  of  Mn<h  iloftN'l  bofupo  ami  at  Iho  timo  such  Injury 
la  KUHinbutl;  anil  wbou  tbo  fact  of  hucU  ib'fi-i-i  »<hnll  t>o  provi*il 
upon  (bo  trial  of  any  arthni  In  tbo  conrlH  *if  \\\\h  Stato,  broinrht  Irt* 
stub  oiniiloyot."  or  hlH  lo^ral  ropn'jscntatlvi-R.  acnluKt  nny  snob  rflll* 
iiiail  ooriwratlon  or  nn-olvor,  <m  imtoiuiI  of  **nrti  inlnrlfM   km  ri^ 

on 


lIWbL 


Conirmc(«. 


I'olviil,  tti-:*  wuao  wball  ?••'  prhnn   farin  ovMonco  of 
the  part  of  HUcb  oorporallon  or  roodvor.     TIMp  vn;  t 
iifTiHi  aoiloiiK  or  <*nn»M»K  of  aotlon  now  oxi 
rpffifit,   rnb'  or  r«'i.oilMtU»n,  Ik'Iivinmi  an  »mi., 

I  oxonipt  oi"  UuiU  '  > 
tbo  i^ruvUVrnw  ul  ^ 


w.l\. 


EMPLOyEKti      UABILITV    IN    TUK    TXITED    STATES. 


79 


Hec    firi(\-._"i     ii   -hnll  Uv  iiiiliiwfiil  fur  any  aiiiMi  rfirporallon  In  rB#«fdcfec(- 

1.                                     'ridy   UHi*  or  oin.-nik*  uiiy   nir  nr   Im'tunoiive  "*****'"*'*'• 
tt.                                     any  ciir  or   ItMLuuiolive  xi|»on  wlih'h   tin*  uin- 

(IiiiitTy    i*r    aitarhiufiitH    llu-rctti    livIoii^'UiK   are   in    iiny    uuttiner  m 

*Iofe<'tive,     If  tin?  luiiployeo  of  nny  hu<'U  Corporation  sUiiII  rect^lvc  M 

any  lujnry  by  reasttn  of  nny  dt'fvnM  in  nny  car  or  IiH-numlive,  nr  *■ 

the  mnrhintry  nr  nttaclinipntN  Ihnvto  imloni^in^,  owniMl  nnil  <»]M>r-  S 

fltiMl,  or  t>ctnf;  mil  nud  oitomrisl  l>y  hucIi  roriHirntlnn.  etu<'U  roriH>-  I 

rntlou    ^ImU   bf   (KH-nittl    to    have   liat!    ku<»\vl<HlKe  of   such   <K'f**ct  I 

iK'fore  and  at  tli«^  tlnn-  sncli  Injury  is  mi  HUKtaiiu-tt.  .iiid  wUl-ii  llii*  ■ 
fftct  of  8U0I1  defect  HliAll  bo  made  to  iipiK.>nr  in  llio  trial  cif  any 

liottoii  in  tli«'  (-i)urL*<  of  lUis  Stall*.  bpMmht  liy  snch  i'mployei»,  or  Erlrlenco. 

Mr    le^ftl    rritre}«Mi1n fives   npilnnt   nny    railroad   (-or[H»ratiou   for  ■ 

dtiuiui:er>,    on    uiM*nnnt    of  ^tucli    lnjnrlt*s    (^<t    retclvisl,    tlu*    mimr  | 
tdiull   \}Q  )iriuin   faolo  fvldcncp  nf  UfitliUt^nce  on  the  {Kirt  of  sncU 
coriM-tratinu. 

Hi:r.  ^.T^Ti-'J^.  In  all  nctioua  airnluHt   the  railroad  conii»any  for  Hupprlorwrv* 
IK-THitnal  injiiry  lo,  or  dcatli  resnliin^'  from  inMsnnuI  Injury,  of""'*" 

nny  |tors»Mi,  wlilie  In  the  wnpluy  of  nncli  euniiHiny.  iirittinie  from  ■ 

tl*c  n»'ffll;;on'V  ftt  snrli  <*on»itany  or  nny  of  its  otTii*rrs  or  iMuplityi'OH,  ■ 

U  fttiall  be  b(*Id  In  addition  to  tbe  Ilaliility  now  t'XiHtInu  by  law.  ■ 

tlint  every  iit'rwni  In  Uic  *»midoy  of  sueb  coniimuy,  actually  liaving  ■ 

power  or  authority  tn  direct  or  control  any  odier  fuii>lctyoc  of  ■ 

Riicli   I'Diupiiuy.   \w  uot   tbc   fellow  Bcrvant.   tiut   kuiktUu*   of   snch  ■ 

oth<T  tnupbiye*'.   alsn   tluit   overy   person    In   tbo  employ   nf  sneh  ■ 

coui|mny  buvin^'  cliarj;o  nr  control  of  employees  iu  any  separate  H 

branch  or  de|iarimcnt.  Khnll  l)c  held  tn  }»'  tbc  sn|>orinr  and  not  ■ 

fWIow-KTvaiit  *'f  cmptnyct'H   in  auy  utiier  branch  or  department  fl 

wbt»  Imvc  iin  jKJwer  to  din'cl  nr  control  iu  Ibe  branch  or  deimrt-  H 

no'iii  ill  vs  iiiiii  iiu'\  Tir.*  i-mpbtyod,  ■ 

ALTS  OP  1I»02.  I 

K^^     Linhitiiirn  of  vmiiUt\tvra  fur  \n}ur\t)t  to  crttphytes,  m 

SKiTlox   1.  An   emplnyer  Hhnll   l:>e   resiKiUHible   In   damnses   for  Injuries     riv 
fK>i-winal    injury   eaujMHl    tn   tin    empinyif*,   wim    Is   bIm.'Mdf   in   t'*^'fj"f[4"fv*«^ 'i«a^ 

t'Xerci»e  nf  due  care  and  dill;;euce  at  llie  time.  Uy  reason  of  any  i-Linery.  uic. 
drfpct  In  tile  ^imdltlon  of  the  niacliinrry  or  uppllancvH  coimet'ti'd 

with  or  ii«ed  In  the  business  of  the  employer,  which  arose  frooj,  J 

or  bad  noi   Ikm'U  dlwoven^l  or  reutediiil  owlnp  to  the  nej;lii;i*Mce  I 

ut  llie  cmp'oyer,  or  t)f  nny  ihts<»ii  In  the  wnlce  of  the  employer.  H 

IntruKled  by  him  wllb  tlie  liiity  nf  InsiMvtlon,  tvriair,  or  of  stidng  ■ 

that  tl»e  machinery  «tr  appbincex  were  in  iin)iK>r  coiiditIi>n.  ■ 

ACTS  OF  1001.  I 

B^^            Emiihtiicf9'  linbilUy — iitttitmtttioft  of  risk.  M 

>lriTio\  1.  In  iinv  action  broutrht  Iiv  nu  einplovoi*.  or  Ids  lepil  t'aHurr   10 
repr">M.*nt:illve,  a^aiuMt  blM  emjilnyer.  to  rwt>\er  for  perj»>'nal  In-eti-. 
Jurl4'*i,  n-hcu  It  Khtill  appear  Ibiit  tlie  Injury  was  cau^cii  iu  wliole 
or  In  pari  by  the  ncfiill^ent  omisHitm  of  such  employer  to  f^unrd  or 

prtilwl    bit)   mucblriery   or  appiianceH.   or   tlie   preuuPCH  or   |dact»  J 

where  wild   einj»lr»yce  was  employed.    In   the  maimer  re<piircd   by  ■ 

nny  iiciuii  Htntnte  nf  tlic  State  uv  rnltctl   SlateH  In   tnrce  nt   Um  m 

date  of  Ibe  passu^'c  ot  tldn  act,  the  fuel  that  Kucb  emplnycti  con-  I 

tlT'T''-'  '■■   -.tld  fmplMVOM-ut  witli  knn\vle«ljce  nf  snth  nuii>wtt>n,  Khali  ■ 

ti                      an  a  dcfi'us*-;   and  in  Huch  actinu,  if  Hi*'  jury  find  fi»r  M 

I                     r.   Ii   mjiy  nw/ml  surh  dannices  not  exi-eedlnc,  for  in-  fl 

j                              In  di-alb.   the  hiiui  of  live  thouHaitd  dntltirH.  and  m 

f"                           '   s*>  rcsuitlufr,  the  Nuni  of  three  thou.siual  dnllnra.  W 

Alt  ii  amy  llod  proiHirtlonod  lo  the  jrtvunbiry  dnmatcvs  reaiiltlng  1 


BULLETIN    OF  THK   BUHEAU   OF  LABOR. 


or  wUcro  Hucb  Injurips  have  rosultocl  In  hl«  (loath,  tijo  fnrt  that 
the  emiiloyoo  niny  hnvo  li<M>a  Kullty  of  roritrlbotory  noullct'iioe 
Hlmll  n«»l  bar  a  rw<»v<'ry,  wiM'rt?  liU  foiilrII>iil<jry  Ufullj^xnui'  wna 
Hlluht  1111(1  timt  (»f  the  en)[>loyi<r  wiih  groHit  hi  rotii[)iiriM>ii,  bill  Ihe 
ilaiii.'tj;eH  slmtl  \w  tllniliilHlittl  by  tlii'  Jury  In  protKirtlou  to  thr 
nnidiitit  of  lu'^llsentv  uUriliiilnhIr  f»  f'luli  cuiployiv.  All  qiioHllons 
of  iM'j;UK<*Dce  nnd  eontribiitury  iioicll^rfint'  Bhall  l*e  ft»r  lli<*  Jury. 
Oaotractsnot  Skc  H.  No  ronirnct  of  einploymrut.  liiKurunccv  rclU'-f  hcn^nt  or 
'"  '*'**■  Indemnity  for  Injury  or  di'uth  entered  Into  by  or  on  bebnlf  of  any 

LMhi'luyco,  nnr  tlic  an^eptniice  of  any  pucb  Insiirauc*!*,  n-lh^f  liriM'tlt 
or  InibMunlty  by  Iho  jHTi^m  fiitltlwl  tlw^mlo  shnll  conRlltnto  a  bur 
or  ik*f*MiHe  to  any  notion  brought  to  rwovrr  rlriuui^t*s  for  [trrrumal 
lnjnrl<>»4  (o  or  di'Hili  of  fiicb  fuipbiyee:  I'r'QH*t^«f,  Uuic*t'rr,  'i'hut 
iiprm  thii  trlj»I  of  twld  ncthm  aKatUHt  any  cotiunon  currier,  tU<»  do- 
feiiduat  uiay  liSL't  off  therHu  any  tfum  it  ban  i-tmrrlbntod  tuwArd 
iiny  Bucb  luHwrunre,  relief  benefit  or  Indemiiliy  (bat  may  luivu 
been  nintlo  to  Ibc  liijtirtnl  ouiployoe,  or  In  titHe  of  his  (!(*ulh,  to  btv 
t»erKonal  reprf«cntntlv(«. 
Ltmiutloo.  8i:c.  4.  No  nvtion  nball  be  iunlttUilued  under  thU  act  unlnv 
commoucei  withlu  one  yi*ur  from  tbo  time  the  cnnne  of  actloo 
nccpued. 

OHIO. 

BATES'S   ANNOTATRD   STATtTTEH— Tllinn   EDITION. 

Li<ihitit]f  of  nidrttad  coinpantrn  for  injutim  to  cmpioyves,  etc 

Contracts  Ssx\  3.*)05  20.  H  Bhnll  be  uolawfnl  for  any  mUroAd  or  railway 
J!L*'.Tl"5-filL'"*"  ^'^n^'f^Hlon  or  couipany  ownlnc  and  oiH'rutlnn,  or  oiNM-iitUiK* 
•  •  •  a  railroad  In  whole  or  In  j^irt  In  till*  Statet  to  adopt  or 
pnminlpite  any  rule  or  reculallou  for  the  pjvernmcut  of  ItM  Herv- 
nnlM  or  einploypfii,  or  nuike  vr  euliT  Inlii  juiy  roijiract  or  n\ire^- 
went  with  any  person  enjra^iHl  in  or  about  to  enoiice  In  Uh  wrvk**. 
In  which,  op  hy  tln»  terms  of  whbb,  siicb  emplnytv  la  any  manner, 
directly  or  lndlre<'ily,  |iroiulw;fi  or  agrrei'a  to  Intld  ■!■  '•  '■'*n>"rnllon 
or  comiuitiy  liariuh»s.s  ou  n(\^}unt  of  any  Injury  i  vUe  by 

rejtsun  of  an  a"-vldunl  to,  breakage,  dcfetrt  or  in  i    in   th« 

carB  or  machinery  and  attncbnient^  thereto  beloiiKiuK.  u|Nin  any 
cars  &o  owned  and  openiteil.  or  belna  run  and  operated  by  Kueb 
eor|ioratlon,  or  couiiHioy  belu^  Oeftretlve,  am]  any  anch  rule,  retcn- 
latlon,  contmot  or  a^jr^'ement  Bhall  lie  of  no  t*rre<:-t.  It  bbnll  be 
unlawful  for  arij'  ef>r{H>ration  to  wmijiol  or  rtMiuIn-  lUns-tly  or  Indl 
Join 


I 


for  dnutti:ca. 


Compo  11 1  n  K 

tellof  rectly  an  fmplnyii'  to  J'»!n  any  mmpjiiiy  rtRH<»<-l;iliou  wlMttmK'Vrr,  or 


*""'''*'^''  to  wllliholtl  uny  part  of  an  euiployis^'ti  wages  or  U\n  wiUiry  for  tlie 

imynient  of  dUffl  or  assiKsinents  In  niiy  fVM'Iety  or  ort;anluttton 
whalwx*ver,  or  demand  or  ri'tiuire  either  uh  u  condllh»n  precedent 
to  seeurloK  employmont  or  belnj;  employed,  and  said  railroad  or 
railway  ct)mi«!ny  aliall  not  dlwhar^e  any  enti'loyee  biH-nune  he  re- 
fuNPS  or  nef;i<*<'t8  io  bcvtmio  a  memtirr  of  any  Hoclcty  or  orpiulmi* 
tlou.  And  If  any  euiidnyco  \h  dlsebfirc^Hl  be  may,  at  uuy  time 
wUhln  tmi  dayH  after  recclvlnj;  a  notico  of  bis  dlnthur^e.  demiind 
Itritflon  for  the  rcnRnii  of  said  dlwharpe,  and  wild  railway  or  r:illr<>MiI  vorn- 
llariinrtfc.  jwny    thereupon    sbriU    furnlsli    wild    rcawm    t"    said    dii<M.*hni-i;t«<I 

emp'^y*"^*  I"  wrltlnj:.     And  no  railroad  company,  Inxnnnuv  siH'lety 

or    aSSlK-iatloll,    or    nihor    ImM'WMI     Bhnll    *l.rt.;ir..l        i.,*.!.!       r.^mir.*,    or 

inter  Into  any  eontrn<*t.  aun^'ment.   '  ^rn 

iilKiut  to  enter,  or  In  the  eniiduy  of  an.\  _  i  i*t>y 

W  i«  I  V  I  n  KHUch  (H'mon  stIpiilateH  or  a^rceK  to  ttiirivudcr  nr  wiii^c  aii>  riKbt 
(Tlnimti  forrtiim- lo  damageH  ofirainRt  any  ralirond  company.  Thon^aftpr  nrl»Onc  for 
'*'*'■  prrisoual  bijiiry  or  death,  or  whereliy  he    '  'Or 

waive  In  ease  he  Mfi«>rt)t  (he  wjnie,  nny  *••  er, 

and  all  hUcU  atlpnlallouH  and  ai^'reementN  hh;ti> 
rnriH)ratioii,  nssofjallon  or  persnn   vlnlatlnt;  or 

In  the  v1mIv<^ (  h.i..  .....; .....i;   r...-  .-..!. 

(wiy   1o   til 

the  Num  i!   :  i        .  .    ' 

Jam/  ilrtUnm  HWU)  to  bv  rccovirred  to  &  ci-^U  n^vtem. 


KSrrLOTCSA     LIABIUTT   IV  THE    ttJUHD  STATSS. 


9rt.  XVV^-2\.  It  i4tfi1!  br>  oidRwfMl  far  wv 


^  or  <ictcTate  bbjt  <sr  «r  loccvaotlw '** 


:U»B  In 


wklch  the  »•• 

r    iiiiji-L.s)VA;9i   i_t»?>r9to  lirtiifl—  aiv  In  bbi*   »'  ■■■nr 

If  the  9n$4oj«e  of  aojr  smA  iatpormtUm  aten  ncriw 

•    •  •  feafloa  of  bbt   '  '  -  •  s^  any  car  or  locaa»Uf^  «r 

or  attaduxx^'  fcHiwuliiu 

nm  ami  or^i^;     _         .  ^*h  c^tn'^ratUia. 

T!t^  time  ftin  Ii  iujury  !.•«  -41  su?:tuia«4.  aad 

r  fthnll  be  nutle  tn  apfi«ar  la  Ibr  trial  of  aaj* 
-^  '>r  thu  :<fato.  brou«tu  hy  snfh  ^mpliijfa,  ar 
-s   ncnintC   anr   rallraail  mniafatfaa  far 
f  >rK-)i    iiijiiii^v    6i>   rec«<rcd.   tkr   aaoi^ 
kleftacv  of  Chr^ii^ecwv  on  Ifae  part  nf  m»eh 


lu 


all  actVMW  asalast  Cbe  nllivad  oanpaar  ft**    ' 
tnjary  Uk  or  <]«ath  wsolUiifr  tram  permmml  tajorr*  o^****" 
ppnarm.  wt:I!p  Iq  tbe  enptoj-  of  fth-Ji  coapany. 
ii  'h  oKni»:  ■ '  s  uflkTia  or 

acltlitlou  :  /  iMnr  exMlae  t^  lav. 

-'  *u  In  tbe  €«ip4ojr  at  i^uch  i-oiapaox,  a«tiiaUy  fcarluft 
lit^irUjr  to  dlrert  or  control  aor  otbcr  cniilaTce  of 
o.iii!>^>uv,   In  Dot  th^  fetlow-avrraot,  but  soivrlor  o<  aodi 
thrr  fiiaplii^<>r,  atao  that  evpiy  |i«>9oti   ia  the  cnplnj  caf  aoeta 
>ng  cttarsc  tir  cciuiml  of  cnaplore«s  tn  aay  opparmte 
MrtmcQl,  ilull,  tH>  biHil  lo  t>e  the  Mtperivr  aad  aoc 
nf  rtapioyciea'  Id  any  irtbrr  Ivaneti  or  drfiartiiimt 
in  lini*  ~  to  dirvrl  rur  nwtnal  la  the  Mvnirfc  or  ikf«rt- 

it  In  %•  are  miiiiifML 

ACTS  OF  i«e. 


SaiMrttri 


IMttHiUes  0/  cm|»fojrrr»  /or  imfBtia  to  rmptoprrt, 
ri^kc«  114.1 


lox  1.  An   einjiloy*^ 
Inlurv   4iiiffH4Nl    t(i 


Tillable  In   daoagM  for     Injarts 

Tji-  Time,  by  rvtti*«  '»f  fl njr  chlan?.  e(i 

■  r>-  or  ait(tlUu!'  •-«  ei'iin»i't«l 

'  '   y<>r,  nhioli  aT<M»  from, 

vine  to  the  DfglfmfKv 

-r  \  •.  .■  ..f  the  emplojTr. 

-   ar  of  seeing 

-lion. 


ACTS  or  WW. 

£Ap//>|^mi*  IttittUitp — AJUHumpitrm  of  rUlr. 

iPiftJt*  S47.I 

ojr  1.  Ill  any  n^'tion  I.rr»n!:bl  hy  an  Miip»oyp«*.  nr  hi«  '^'^^  nmT*dI' 
tatlv**.  flenin<)t   ttt«  (^nivi-'ViT,  to  r<»«'f»VFT  for  prraotial   hi-^e. 

■  .>*Mi|  in  whole 
:   to  punrd  or 
ir_\     '»r      ■  t.i     in      |ii  i-iiiii*OJi    or    pln(*i^ 

-H"  wjis  I-:  itj   i\w   luniuior  n»iiuir«l  by 

r   ti...  ^;  tnl    Stnt<^  in   force  at  the 

lilt  «uch  oniploycH'  eon- 
•  if  Hucli  oiniKsinii,  stlinll 
Htuli  !ii  lion»  !f  the  jnry  fiml  for 
.   (laniHi^oH  Tn»t  i'X»*«'*HiInji.   for  In- 
it  ^Iiiitli,   \Uv  hum  of  rtvo  thouHitnd  (btllnrs.  «"»! 

Injur  n'r«»Itliiir.  the  num  nf  thr^-o  thon^und  dollars, 

it  may  f"^"'  I rcftf^rtUmcti  to  tbr  frectmitxry  ilnmntw^  n.»suUVw^ 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BCREAU   OF   LABOR. 


frniu  Knid  Injuries;  litit  nutliln^r  bemlii  Hlmll  uffoot  the  |>rovliiIoiifl 
of  «'?ftinu  (n;tr>  of  th«>  Kovl»fd  Stntntes. 

Nothiutf  lii'rein  roiiirtliiwl  Hbnll  I>o  cnUHTriicHl  ii«  nfTt^tlut;  tlio 
(U'fMiso  of  rontrUintory  »o»:nj;t'nc*<',  lior  tl»c  ntlnilHsilillHy  of  ovt- 
(li'tiw  ronii*eteiit  lo  Mi|M«'ll  HUtii  (U'fwirt**. 

I'J'ho  sfntulc  n*»ruliitlnic  tbr  working  nf  tiilucH  trlvc«  n  riifbt  of 
nctiitii  for  iiijtirlcK  m*  tlnitli  tK'niMlniiiH]  by  niiy  vlolnllon  r»f  tho 
net  or  any  willful  fulliirt)  to  ooui|ily  wUli  1(8  provUiotiB.  All, 
Stilt.,  sivllon  yin. 

A  rullrond  couiiHiiiy  wliORo  f«ii|»orlii(i>iit]i*iit  or  fitnll<m  ngeni  bas 
rc-^vlvril  notice  of  n  drfoi'tlvo  ronplor  or  briiko  Ih  lUihIr  for  In- 
JurioM  otraslouwl  by  Buch  dofuct  after  tbe  oxplrHtlon  of  twenty- 
four  botirs  Hfter  tbe  notlcts  bna  beeu  received.    An.  Stnt,  iuM?tluu 

ancTif. 

A  Kliiluto  tllrecliiijr  tbe  ns»»  of  s«'lf.cl«\ultiff  nnb  dump  Iwiij*  on 
rallroiul  Im'ouinrivrMiIoiiicH  tri(*ouiiuii)irH  ni'Kli><ilriK  (u  comply  wltli 
l!ic  liiw  tbe  dcfciiKc  of  contrllmlory  iicKltKcncc  or  <if  aHHUinc"!  rlKk« 
III  iK'tlonH  for  iHTHciiiiil  Injury  U*  or  ilriilb  tif  niiy  onyhn'cr  or  rtn?- 
Uiiio  tM-fHsUiiRil  by  Hurb  ncirllgmro.     Acts  of  IIHH),  pjifrr  10. 

A  Htiitute  dlrcstbiK  (be  iuKliillntloii  of  imwer  or  tnUn  briikes 
and  of  autuuiatic  ^'oupbTH  on  niMwdy  trnbis*  provlilo**  tbat  lu 
iirtlons  for  lujurlcH  or  dculU  caURed  by  fiilUire  to  observe  tbo 
biw  tbe  defeitsoH  of  nsauitH^l  rlHkH  and  contributory  uoKllgence 
will  uot  b«s  ulluwod.    Acts  uf  lt)(>0,  act,  imge  70.  J 

OKLAHOMA. 

CONSTITtJTIOS  OF  HW- 
Asnvtx  IX. — IJabifittf  of  rmithti/rnt  fur  Injnririt  to  ftn ployrrs. 


I 


juTv  Skctton  .*^i.  Tbe  common  law  doctrine  of  tbe  fellow-Hervant, 
«  •**'»»  far  ns  It  affi'cts  tbe  Ualtllity  of  the  Mirt«tt'r  for  Injurlvn  to  blit 
H*«rvaiit,  r*'«ultlnK  fnmi  tbe  H<'tH  itr  omlswton.H  nf  uny  oiber  norvnnt 
ttr  HcrvantB  of  ibo  cuniuum  umHter.  Is  nbropitrd  as  to  every  etu- 
plnyei'  of  every  railroad  company  and  every  street  rnllway  com- 
pany ov  interurlniM  niltwiiy  company,  and  ofevery  petHon.  tirm.  or 
corporation  ennn»c<'d  In  mininc  In  tbij*  .State:  and  every  »iueb  em- 
ployee HbatI  bave  the  Kiinie  rlubt  to  nvover  for  every  Injury  mif- 
feriMl  by  bini  for  tbe  aelw  or  onilKHlonn  of  any  other  enipbiyee  or 
eniployeeH  of  tbe  oanuion  maMter  tbat  a  w^rvnnt  woiibi  have  If 
Ijj.nil,  si:cb  urtu  itr  omlsslonH  were  (liitsi*  oT  the  niaKter  blniHelf  In  t\w  jier* 

fornaiii(*e  of  a  nonaHKl^fmible  duty  ;  and  wb<>n  deatb.  wbetber  In- 
Htantrineou}!  or  n<il.  n^Hults  1o  HUeb  employw  from  any  Injury  for 
wblcli  be  could  Imvo  rei''*vpr<'d  tnider  tbe  nbove  provlnIonK,  Imd 
not  death  oefiirred.  then  bin  leiral  or  iM'rwiuiil  representative.  Hur- 
vlvlnu  iMiuffort  or  rehilUeM,  or  any  truntee,  curator,  etainnlttcM*  or 
Kinirdlan  of  HUcb  conmirt  or  rehitlveH,  Hball  have  the  nauie  rItfbtM 
and  reinedicH  wltb  resiNvt  thereto,  aH  if  death  bad  l)een  cnutM'il  by 
the  ne;:Ilp*nce  of  tbe  miiHter.  And  every  railroad  conJi«iny  and 
every  i*rre<*t  railway  eoniiwiny  or  Internrban  railway  c»m»pun3*.  and 
every  (terKon.  ilrni.  or  <'or|ntralliiti  en^apnl  lu  underKf'Uitnl  mining 
In  this  Stale  nball  Im*  liable  under  tbltt  WM-tUm,  for  the  nets  of  bin 
or   Its   reet-lverH. 

Nothlnu  cnmlalJied  lu  thin  seetlou  shall  ri'wtrlel  tlje  power  of  the 
legislature  to  extend  to  tbe  employees  of  any  |M.>rson.  linn,  or  cor- 
iKirutliai,  Ibe  rltcbta  and  i*eme<11eH  herein  (irovbled  for, 

Articms  XXIIL — Coutrihiitory  nfffligence  and  aM»iu»t>tton  of  n>lt. 


Qui*»iiMnM     SuTiox   d.  The  defenw   of  contributory   uei;llK<^nci*  or  of  a»> 
forjurj-.  Mumptlon  of  rUk  sluill.  lu  nil  caM'ii  wbalMH^ver,  tie  a  iitiimtloti  of 

Xuct,  and  sUuJl.  ut  all  tiiuee*  bu  left  to  tbe  Jury* 


dCFUlTZXS     LUXnXTT  US   THX  C^EZTZB 


U 


OBJBGOJr. 
ACTS  OF  lanOL 


tfMUw  vf  rmflrv*^ 


fm^  te>cr«er  M 


=*» 


I 


1.  ErtHry  oorpocatAatt 
-ta  corporailoQ  h^  n«ttind 
ifT  uihtrviap.  sfaaU  be  llAble  ta 

tjifn^ti  bj  any  i*fDpi<ir<w  0f 

acc«t  ^r  oOccr  of  voe! 

JBivd.  or  of  ■  Persia  cBpkiy«d  liy 

lislrt  to  comrul  or  aiitct  tbe  iik'M  mf  sodi 

the  mrins  4if  Uh*  csK|iki7«e  bf  wbon  be  I 

wbco  «Drh  taUnty  motts  ttom  Um 

foalt  of  a  coenm^orve  oisa^ed  in 

ftnsn  Uuit  of  tbe  ^nplcryve  IsOravd.  «r  of  ■ 

trahi  of  ntrv.  i»r  of  a  cvieai44oyve  vbo  bos 

rii;aal  r  lorocBOCire  i  mloi    or  wbo  la 

iBtcb'^:  ur  traBflaltllBg  Uir^t  aiibir  or 

Ka<vwifni^<-  Ml  nil  cmployvr  la>iu«d  of  tbe  deiBrtlv« 

arter  or  ciNiditiao  of  anj  ■iarikisicff7.  wajra; 

tores  of  ouch  cnrpomtkai  shall  aoC  «rir  Itactf  be  a  bar  to 

for  anx  bijnnr  or  dmih  caiwed  fhcrctr- 

Btanfaixwooak  or  okh«*r«iop.  nsalla  Croo  an  tmjnrj  h»  any 

tif  sorh  corporBlloQ  rvcdved  aa  afoRoaiC  fl^  prraoaal 

atlre  of  Koth  employiee  AaU  hare  a   lighc  of 

against  nai^i  cotT>orstk)A.  aad  taAj 

UiereoC.    Any  coatract  or  asrecment. 

any  anch  eiaiiloTve  to  waire  tbe  bcmjlt  of  tUa 

thermt  ahaU  bo  nnll  aod  voia. 

KtrtMd  to  <lef)i1re  any  soch  oiaploree. 

tK^,  of  any  riiAt  or  maedy  to  which  fae  la  i 

tbi>  tflwn  of  thin  State. 

Sx-c.  2.  The  rules  aad  pcinciplea  nf  lav  aa  ta 
pKjrc  vhlcli  appty  to  other  caam  flball  aprly  to 
tbl»  act.  vxivt**  la  ao  Aur  aa  tbe 
cbooi^ei}. 

tRm|»loyn^  whoAP  fnlhire  io  coBiilr  with  tbe  Ihctorj  toffirrttia 
hiw  rauaes  iojurr  tn  ptspk^ree*  are  Uable  ta  aa 
Acts  of  IIM/T.  cbai|-t«r  158^  secOoo  &] 


aadeby 
inypait 
be  COB- 


PEHVSTLVAKIA. 
ACTS  OF  1W7, 


Act  No.  329.— LioftaiVv  of  nsp/ofirra  f»r  imImHn  Io  gaiyloiwvf, 

Sm  im\  1.  Tn  nfl  arttoos  broaxht  to  r«mr«>r  frnm  an  »«npk>srcr 

'  ^  by  his  etop1nrr«e,  tbe  w^gwiiv  of  a  fUknr- 

^  "Xee  »)1411  iH>t  l>«  a  d^enOF.  wh<fTe  tttf  fadorr 

wa&  -.humM  ur   L>uutrlbDt«d  lo  by  any  of  the  fnlloirln^  ranses; 
uamdy, 

Aoy  dt»foct   !n    the   w..rk*i.   plant,  or  BM^blnety,   of  which   the 
rmployrr  muld  hnvo  ha«l   kr.o«l»-<1ge  by  tbe  exerrl«o  of  ordinary 

*^'«^     '► -i.^i  ..f  T.t.i    I— r^i.i-  ••n^ipeO  a«  imp*-^  n..f.,)..»)t^  oiao- 

on  hi  charpe  ■  of  the 

^'  •  L"lipp«oe  (»f  iittj  ;  .  rhnrpp 

.    tlif  tiurlU-iiliir  wnrk   In  whK"h   the  itujOoroc  was 
Mm^  of  ^ho   Inlnry  or  /1*^^h;    Tl»e  noiclisn'uo^  of 

•■••imil  t««  ronfonn, 
tiformpt)  thereto, 

njurj    (T  (iivjll;    r>-^iii:tt:;    ttn-  j',T   '"I    :\\}y    Iri  h  ■^^ ->■<■.-.  unt,  iVuQe 


BULLETIN    or  THE    UUKKAU   OP  LABOR. 

Ill  obOillouee  to  tUo  rulOA.  InHiructlona,  or  ordern  givoii  by  the 
fiiiphiyrr.  oi;^ny  itihor  poreoii  wbti  Iiuh  nutborliy  lo  tlirtx.'t  thv  doing 
uf  sjiKI  iirt. 
\"(w   prim-i-      Ski..  '2.  Tho  rimnngt»r,  HtiinTlnlemlent,  foremau.  or  nlhcr  |H.'r«on 
P»Ii*.  In  chnrKD  or  «mir»il  of  Uit*  workn*  or  iiiiy  P"rt  of  tbr  works.  i(tmll« 

ututfr  tiilH  net.  tn*  lii'lil  iih  thr  iiK<*iit  of  ttit*  iMiiployrr,  In  till  mtua 
for  dumuKt;tf  for  di^itli  or  Injury  imflri*r«il  by  etuployt^vs. 

PORTO   RICO. 

LiahilUit  of  rmfttoi/rnt  frtr  ittjurtvn  to  rmpfn^tf*, 


by- 


Ilp^rtiTi'iu* 
clilDDry ; 


rMnattttS- 


ttUMLd  SKCTrAN  :i^.  WIuto,  ofior  the  irfiuMit;*^  »f  tbl«  act.  iionwnjil 
Injury  Ih  cuuHtMl  to  mi  riuitloyw  who  U  hiuim«lf  In  th<»  i^rrclm? 
of  line  i-nro  nnd  lUMfifnco  nt  tho  nin<»; 

1.  Ity  reason  of  nity  <Irf*H't  In  tbe  condition  of  thr  wiiyR,  works, 
or  iinirhitipry,  i-onniM-iwl  willi.  or  ns('<l  in  riio  tMi]<i|nffl>;  of  ihe  om- 
Iiioyer,  wiiU-h  nroi<e  from  or  hinl  nt»t  l»wn  (Hwtnt-nMl  or  n-iiKtHwl 
owing  to  till*  itoKllK*^nrp  of  tin*  oiii|»Ioyor  or  of  nny  inTson  In  tho 
M»rvU'e  of  the  em|iIttyor  ami  Intrnttitil  by  bini  wUh  tbc*  dnty  of 
wplnM:  that  !lir  ways,  workK  or  Hin*'h1nory.  wpiv  In  proper  rondl- 
tlon;  or 

Np«I  iBi'nri'      'J,  Ity  reason  nf  flu-  nt^glliriiK***  of  nny  iK»rwin  In  tho  fiTvlif  nf 
(«iiliorliJti>ml- (In,  employer   InlrnHttil    witb    tht'    exrrclHlni:    of   8iipfr!nl»'nd<'n<v 
*""  •  whoKo  poll*  or  prliu'lpnl  tinty  Ih  tliat  of  HntHTlntciidrnw;  or 

piTNoci    In      ^-  ^y  J**'!***"'!  "f  tl'*'  riej^llironi^i*  of  any  irtmoq  In  tliM  »»i*rv!ctf  of 

fhnrur-  <tt  Inoti-  Ibo  ('inplnyrr  who  linu  t-hnriiCo  of,  or  physically  contrnln.  nnjr  i<il;;nal 

mnitvc,  vU'~       Hwltch,    ItM'oniotUo  onpInt>,  car  or   train   In   motion,   whnhor  jit- 

Wlio  nia}' sac.  tnrlnfl  to  an  <'n»;hu'  or  not,  ni>«»n  a  rallrrmd.  tho  i'iii|tIoy«'«\  «»r.  lu 

rant*  tilt*  Injury  rcsnlls  In  drath,  lilR  widow  or  clilliln-n.  or  |M>(h  of 

tlioni,  nnd  if  lln^n*  bo  no  xnoh  widow  ami  clindroN,  then  bU  fuir- 

Ptits   (ftrovidtMl   that  wild  jwiri-nlH  wito  doiMMidonl   niMtu  mch  itii- 

p|iiyi*f>  for  HiipiMtrt)  may  nuilnlidn  an  arH'*n  for  ilamaROR  ii(uiinvl 

the  oniployor,  pur«n«ni  to  tho  provlnimm  of  rhln  art. 

8i:c.  IVSl.  Whtm  an  oniployco  rwclvcH  n  personal  Injnry  iin<}47r 
any  «if  the  oondillon^*  onniiHTntoiI  In  wvtloii  1  hcrrMtf  ^am^.  :vj*2I,  bo 
iiia.v  lirlnis  an  aotinn  npiinnt  hU  employer  Iioforo  tho  pvint  ip*i- 
trlt't  ronrt,  to  nvovor  danuip'H  for  BUfli  Injury.     Thr  d;i  • 

rocovensl  hIiuII  tad  cmi'ihI  tltc  snni  of  two  Ihon^ind  d*'  ' 

In  a»!»<»s(*lm;  tlie*  amount   nf  pn^h  dattKiccft   tho  court    - 
Into  roiiHhh'ratlon  tla*  dojrroo  of  rnlpabllify  uf  the  oinpl'^  r 

.llio  pors«ni  for  whoRo  ni'elljrcnce  tho  eniployoc  Is  Ibiblo  li 
tho  KnniH  i*\iH>m1ci1  by  tho  nnploym*  for  miMJlciil  altoii< 
drnjrs.  nu-^llrhu-K  and  Hlinilnr  no*t'HHary  oxikmhok.  and  r  r 

wntfoft  while  recovcrhnr  fn»ai  tUv  Injnry;  the  <-onrt  Hliall  nl«i»  lak*» 
Into  I'oni^ldenitlon  the  pliysbiil  [tnln  and  HulTerUif;  eaiiHitl  b>  tbe 
Injury.  If  tho  Injury  hi*  of  surh  cbanirttT  an  to  pormuroMiHy  Im- 
pair the  enrnliiK  rapnelty  of  the  einpUty^-e,  tlie  rourt  Khnll  lnelmli? 
In  tin*  (laniMKoH  award***!  an  allowiini-o  for  ?*n<'b  I'lw.     In  "  ■' 

Injury  rojiults  iu  a  temporary  ImpJilrmmt  of  Ids  oamln^' 
tho  court.  In  adilltloii  to  piilu  and  KuffiTtrnr  aud  111"  oxi..  ,,,.,, ., 
for  niedhat  Forvleos  and  ilruK!*.  shall  (aUr  Into  t'ouslMornthui  tin 
nveraKe  rote  of  wiij:v«  wldi.h.  iindfi-  oiiUnary  etaalltlodH*  he  luljchi 
bavr  mrtiisl  If  net!  hijansl. 
of  Kko,  324.  In  caso  of  the  death  of  the  employee  lieforc  tbe  4or- 
niinatloii  of  the  tietlon  ho  lirtMivbt  imaiiiKt  tlu*  eniploynr.  It  may  tK* 
rontliimil  Ui  tho  nanio  of  hii*  wlilnw  or  i'hllilr»'ii,  nnd  If  thiiri*  tu*  no 
Knell  wl'Iow  of  ehllilron,  then  In  ihe  "  '  ,  '    '       . 

or  rllbfr  of  ihom.   wi-re  ili-ponih'ut    ' 

port  at  the  lime  .>f  tlio  Injnry.     If  It  -;..  ■  .,',.]•'■■"■  -i  • 

ronllnnfsl    In    tho   uanu*  of  thi*  widow,    rlillilrim   i  i  i 

deeOafH*'!     lit  illl'Jil     ilinili.M-c     tlm  t     l  Ih>    <lf:i  rli     \\:\^     rin 

UmllufdaiD  '"Jury.  •' 
«gm.  exooofl  II; 

datunirt'H  kn  ucn^rdamv  with. 


8urvlPiil 
ncilon. 


I^M9 


►YKES     LIABILITY    IN   TUB   UNITED   STATES. 


85 


t'ODK  OF  1(W2. 
Civil  Cook, 


Rights  and  mnrdic/t  of  nnittuy^^tt  on  strrrt  rttUitayM. 


>Tt  2S4S.  Evory  nmi»lo.v»H>  of  nny  strwt  rftllwnj  *loinji  busi-   ^h«t    rrme- 
In  IlilK  State  sbnil  Imvc  !h**  sttnn*  rlplitn  iiiul  wnHtlleK  for  nii         "J'P*'* 
Injury   Miinfrixl  hy  nny  jH^rsnii  from  ilio  nets  or  onilspivin  of  milt]  ! 

Cor|Kiruii«jn.  or  Uh  i'Uii>I"i.vt.'**«,  ns  iire  provide*!  by  tJi«  tonMtUndoii 
for  (>iiipIoyM*n  of  mllrood  corfK)rntlotiR. 


ACTS  OP  IJKKt. 

Act  No.  -IH. — Liabititt/  f*f  rnUi-ntui  vompnnica  ffir  inJuripM  to 
vmpUtyrtH — Rrlii  f  drjttirlinmtn. 

KrrTiON  1.  Krom  nnd  nftor  tin*  npprovnl  of  Ihln  art.  wlicn  nny    S»'Hi«'im'n! 
rnltnMHl  rumicniv  lia«  what  Ib  UFiinlly  caiUiI  a  rcllof  iloimrtiiuMit  *'")''''*''»"***"'*»i 
for  H»  •  tli«*  niomlwrs  t,t  wliirh  «rv  roqulrt'd  or  iK>niiittisl 

to  pay  '  ^.  ftH>p.  iiionoyH  or  cumju-uHution  to  in*  ontirit'd  tt> 

the  bpueiiib  tiitTt^jf,  ujHin  the  dt>uth  or  injury  of  tbe  eniployeo,  a 
im*in!K*r  of  hmcU  rvUct  d<'pnrtnn*Mt.  hucU  railroad  (.■oiupnny  U  hoi*e- 
hy  rtH]nlr<'d  lo  p«y  to  the  person  oatltliti  to  sanu\  th**  niaount  It 
was  ainvH**!  the  t*iii[iloyeo  or  bis  heirs  4it  hiw  should  receive  from 
sijrh  relief  deparlmeut;  the  nrreiitance  of  which  aiannnt  shall  not       Brn«'flt  nr( « 
oiK-rnte  to  estop  or  in  any  wny  bar  the  r)it?ht  of  8uch  employee,  or*'***"    *"    "■"•'u 
bh?  personal  reprewMitatlve.  from  nH'tiverltm  dnnaices  of  Kueh  rail-  '*^  ""»»€<*■■ 
r«od  company  for   Injury  or  dentb  caused   Uy  the  nepllKenep  nf 
BUcb  tx^mpflny.   Its  agents  or  t»er%'ant.s.  as  now  provided  by   law; 
and  any  eontrai-t,  or  agrt^pmeut  to  the  contrary,  sbull  be  IneffectJvo 
for  that  i*i)riK)iic>. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

KEVISKD  CODKS  OF  UJOfl. 

Civil  Codk, 

LtnhlUtu  nf  rmphtyt'r9  for  htjuririt  to  rmpjoyrra. 

RETTioTf  1449.  An  employer  l«  not  Iiound  to  Indemnify  hit*  em-  nrrtlnory 
ployw*  for  lo.Mtn^s  suffernl  by  the  latter  In  cdUHetpienoe  of  the  risks, 
ordinary  risks  of  the  bnRtno!<is  In  wlifeh  he  is  eniploytHl,  nor  In 
eiin»e*|tn'nee  of  the  iieirllsentv  of  a  not  tier  (K'ri*»»n  *'niphtyeil  hy  the 
ttaiue  enipluyer  In  the  Mime  general  buylneys,  unleKS  he  bua  neg- 
ieetod  to  nsc  ordinary  care  In  the  seleetlou  of  tbe  culpalile 
employee, 

8Ee.  HriO.  An   emjOoyer   mast   In   nil    cases   Indeinidfy   hla  em-     Waiitof iftr«. 
ploy4*e  for  loisses  caused  by  the  former's  want  uf  ordinary  care. 

ACTS  OF  iixrr. 


4!llAl-rKU  210. 


Uuhiiify    uf    niiiroad    cotnimnUn    for    injuries    ttt 

rWfltftJffTH, 


SkctiqN  1.  Ev«*ry   eouimon   rnrrler  euun^Ml   in   trade   or  eom-     Aitu  of  rm- 
inen*e  In  tbe  State  of  South  Ihtkota  shall  be  liable  to  any  of  its  P'oy*^"*- 
eniployw?ti,  or  In  rase  of  his  dc^th,  tit  bis  i>ersnunl  reitreseiitallve 
for  the  benefit  of  hiH  widow  and  children,  If  any.  If  nunc,   tlieii 
for  hl«  [tarents.  If  none,  then  for  his  next  of  kin  dei»eiulent  ni>on 
tilni.   for  all  damac(*s  which   may   result   from  the  nogllgonce  of 
any  of  Il»  odieers,  auents  or  f'uiployei'H,  *)r  by  reason  of  auy  de-      iKiferta. 
ttxt   or   Ini«uthrleney   due  to   Its  nepHgenee   in   Its  cars,   engines, 
ftpldiaixvfl,  machinery,  tra<'k,  road-be<l.  ways  or  works. 

8f.c.  2.  In   all  actions  hereafter  bron^lit  ak^ilnst  any  eomuion      CumpArntlvc 
«irrlcr  to  re<^>vor  dama^'S  for  ftersonal  Injuries  to  an  em|iloyee.  neifllBem-o. 
or  where  «ueb  inJurh'N  have  renulted  lu  his  deaili,  the  fact  tluxl 


A£^ 


BUU*ETIN    OF  THE   BCREAL'    OF   LABOK. 


Knowlwis'^of     Sec.  32l>.  No  pniployee,  or  Ills  wklow  or  children,  nr  eUhor  of 
6e{vii  a  ti«r.      tbom.  or  bis  ]iarenlH,  If  thi're  be  no  «nch  wld<iw  nr  ohlUlren,  »lmll 
he  ontUIrd  iimlcr  lliltt  net  t<»  nuy  ritfhl  nf  »H>in|HMiRii1lna  or  rcniMly 
nwiInMl  til*'  I'Uiployer  lit  any  raw  wbert*  Kiitli  iMiuiloyin'  knew  nf 
the  df'fert  nr  iu'v'Mkimu'*'  whlt'h  fnii!*oiI  tho  Injury,  nml  fiiUo<1  wtthln 
a  nMiMJiuiblo  tliue  tu  n^\v,  oi*  cutt^o  lo  hv  Kivrn,  lnf<<niinlloii  thortNjf 
tn  tbo  rniiiloyrr,  or  to  iwimr  [ktsou  Hn|»erlnr  to  lilinsrlf  In  tho  fw-rv- 
Ue  of  ibf  riuployi'r  wlm  biij  lntru8toi]  to  bliu  Hoim*  ttriKTuI  HU|ter- 
1nlonilc»nrt». 
roDtrlbution      8f,(*.  a.'iO.  Any  omployer  who  shall  hnvo  onntrlhnted  to  an  In- 
to inButnnrf  j4|j|^m,.(m  fuiiil  criMit^il  and  mnlnliilniMl  fur  ihe  luutnni  imn«>«-*  "' 


fund. 


KlM^IOIlfl. 


li'doinnlfyiiiK  «n  oniployf<«  for  iK»r!«innI  lnjur1i'«  for  whlrh  tiiin- 
iMMigHtloii  niny  be  nn-ovrri'd  under  tbl.t  net,  or  ulio  htiH  lumirt^l  tb<» 
wild  finplityiN*  in  any  InHnraiioe  nomimny  nciilnst  the  neeldonts  of 
Inlmr.  Hbiill  Im-  rnlltlcd  to  have  dtMlnrtisl  fntm  (be  nmn  which  he 
fclitill  Inn e  to  ])iiy  ii«  f'nnii'*<'nHj»tlim  nndi-r  tbe  provNlonfi  of  thin 
net.  (In*  niiHinnt  tJwit  »b)ili  bnM*  b«'fn  penlvetl  by  ibe  (terMMii  In- 
JuriMl,  or  by  his  widow,  or  clilldn'n.  nr  Iw^th  of  tliem,  or  by  tuo 
pjii-entH.  If  there  bt*  no  mich  widow  and  fblldren,  fi'oui  the  afor*- 
wiitl  fund  or  from  the  luBurance  eompnny.  by  ronson  of  the  mitrM 
aoeldeut. 

Skc.  .*trtl.  Tills  art  !«bnll  not  apply  to  bijnrlen  <mnm*<1  to  douientlc 
servants,  or  farm  lalMirors,  i>y  friiow  *»miiioyeeii. 


RHODE   ISLAND. 

|71ie  filntnto  UlrecllnK  the  epiitpnient  of  rertnin  bulldlnKK.  In- 
cluding fartorlen,  wltb  lire  ewitin**.  and  the  irnardlni?  of  elevator 
sbafti^.  t'ti'.,  nutketf  owners  and  U*Nxi'rs  llablr  In  damaices  for  in- 
jurleH  iir  ileatb  ransi^l  liy  a  failnrt*  u*  itnnply  uUb  lis  provlsbiiia, 
CJeueruI  Laws  of  ISJNJ,  rbapli-r  UK,  KH'tlons  S  and  lO.I 

SOUTH   CAROLINA. 

rONSl'lTlTION.  • 

Annvix  0. — lAaWUy  nf  niHmtui  camintntrit  for  injnrtr»  fo 


•npi'nor ; 


Of  fellow- 
iMrvnotN  la  Nn 
othnr  drparl- 
BKnt. 


Kaon-|i<tlif''  ttf 
JdfftTtlTi'  mn- 
Jrhlnrry. 


Injury  «iuii- 


('i>  n  t  r  a  r  t 
IVrslvlav  rIffbtB. 


Sk<  TioN  l.'i.  Kvery  o»iitl»ytH>  of  any  railroad  'oriMtratlon  sbnll 
bave  the  aamo  rl>:blw  and  ri*nie*net4  fr>p  any  Injury  HuffereU  by 
liini  from  the  arts  or  ondtwbiUH  nf  Kabl  ror|K>ratlonH  or  Its  em* 
|tIoyix»»  QH  are  alloweil  by  biw  lo  otbrr  per^ms  not  eiuployceni,  when 
the  Injury  resuIiH  fntm  the  neylieeme  of  u  superior  ntfenl  or  ofB- 
enr.  (ir  of  a  iK'twai  bavln^rn  rlybt  to  rttnlml  or  dlrii*t  the  Bi'rvlcnii 
of  ft  iwrty  Injnriil,  and  al*»  when  tbe  Injurj-  re8u!ts  from  tbi*  Ul1^ 
Mpenrn  of  n  fellow-wrvant  enpip'd  In  anolUer  ih>partment  of  Intwir 
fr<»m  that  uf  tlie  party  Injured,  or  of  a  fn||nw->'*'r\aut  on  anolber 
train  of  ears,  *n*  one  rnuHU*-!!  about  a  dlfTorfnt  piece  of  work. 
Knowlwlp.'  by  any  employeo  Injnre<l  i>f  Ibe  defective  or  nnwfe 
character  or  condition  of  any  umcbluery.  wayt*  or  appllauei»H  nball 
be  no  defeuHO  t(t  an  action  for  Injury  iTiuwtl  tbereliy,  except  ««  to 
condnctorB  or  eiiKlnwrs  In  cbar^e  of  daiitt-rous  or  nn^afe  earn  or 
en;;lne»  volnntiirlly  o|M'ratt*<t  by  Ibeni.     Wlieu  il-  n--*)  from 

any  Injury  to  empI<jy*'eH.  the  lepul  or  pernonul   i  tivcH  of 

tbe  |t<*rs4m  Injured  sinill  liave  the  same  rljibt  aoii  i.iiu-uk's  iik  ttr»* 
ailnw«'d  by  law  to  such  repreHentiUlvf«  of  ntber  i)er*u>n».  Any 
eiaitrui't  or  aKr*'<'ment,  cxpr'---'  "•  i.i,,.ii,..i  nuide  hy  any  em- 
ploypt^  to  wajvf  tbe  limx'tlt      i  ''*•  tnitl  and  vn|d  ; 

and  IblH  Hc<-!ltiri  nball  not  b<  .  i  i\i'  any  rnr(doy<»e 

of  u  corporation,  or  bW  lepil  or  iH<rHiawil  rcprcMMdutUe,  of  nny 
renie^Iy  or  rlubt  that  be  now  ha«  tiy  tbe  law  of  tbe  land.  Thi 
pMHTul  nsHeiiibly  may  extend  the  rimiedles  hen>ln  provided  for  tO 
any  other  elnM  of  employees. 


i 


EMPU>rtaB     LIXBIXJTT  tS   TBE   C2nTlI>  SZA 


•>ji»K  or 

rUTL 

SEcnox  2MS.  Shviy  <unil»jcc  of  mj 
to  thi9  5«*><'>»  ^>^ll  IH^  tte 
Injarr  mflTi-.  r  i 

rorpnr«i>on,  •  :  iplograva.  as  are 

far  c9i|ilo9r«r6  vf  rmilruad 


[A"  I"    ■^•*-  ■*"*■ 


ACTS  or  11 


wf  lr>  fw  §mfmr%r9  M 


SecTTOx  1.  Kroa  and  aflcr  Ov  apigrmal  «r  tMs  act, 
nltmad  cotntNiti/  Ihs  wlial  Is  oiailtj  cmtlrd  a  rHicf 
for  In  enployvcSk  tte  lafwhi  i  ■  of  vldi^  aiv  fvqatnd  «r 
to  |«r  w>fn^  4n^9,  f4>«a,  awaxya  er  rimpfnwTiiw  to  be 
■£«B  tbe  dead!  or  lalair  «r  tt» 

defwrtBKOt.  aoch  ffmamd  caaivnr  I* 
n^jnir*-*!  lo  i«y  in  the  perxMi  catitSfd  |»  wt.  tihe  aaoaaC  It 
vraa  agreed  the  efaplojrc^  or  kla  telnat  Itv 
•sell  reU&t  dcparUBcnt :  tbr  afm^Dre  of 
ii|Wf«le  to  eatop  or  In  aiir  war  bar  the  ri«ftt  «C 
hia  peracMMl  rgprw»DtatiTe,  fmoi  moniiaB  Auaacea  af  aaaft  raB-' 
rood  ciMiisiaiiT  for  Injury  or  dcatb  ca— d  by  tie  \n  j  nji  la  ■  of 
flucb  ccmpanr.  Its  aeenis  or  aervmata,  as  aoar  pratifej  hy  law; 
and  MXkS  cootracf.  or  axreeneot  to  tht  eimmry.  Aa!l  li«  tacff«ctlTc 
for  tbat  pariNiae. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


OK  I-HOl  An  »m|iluy«  ia  oot  hemad  to  tiVroitiy  hia  cb-  Or^laarr 
for  loaatt  «ttff«red  ftr  tta  lattar  la  rnaaeminari  af  tfeeriAk. 
ry  risks  af  tbr  tiaili  m  In  vWrk  ba  la  enplar«d>  Bor  to 
n»4«<qopff»re  gf  cbe  negJAgmc^  of  aoolbrr  pctaoo  itdajirt  by  Uto 
toime  eiuH<iyer  to  tW  Miae  ffaMtml  towinw,  atlm  be  baa  neg- 
lertad  tn  uae  ordinary  tan  fa  tbe  aeJettkiu  of  the  rslpable 
voipkigrve. 

Sor.  14SU.  An  «a|ilox«-r  nuM  to  an  eaaea  todcamlfy  Us  ^m-     w^mL^rtm. 
phrjve  fur  loasee  caueeU  bj  tbe  fomcr'tt  want  af  vntlaarr  cmir. 


t^mirs    for    imimrirt    tn 


Acrft  OF  i«r. 

CUATTCa  210. — Li4Mity    of    railr/tni    co> 


SSfixiiAX  1.  Kvery  '^otnoioa  carrfer  eno^ed   In   trade  *^  com-     Acta  w  vm- 

[n  t^i-  ^  '^  Suulli  Daku4a  eball  be  liable  to  any  of  fta  »'*'•* 

•  •r  his  death,  to  htf  persotuil  r«^ireaeatatiTe 
bet)*-tji  «i>n  irklfvw  and  rtatldien.  If  anj,  if  none,  thai 
for  bis  ftarentaw  if  none,  tliea  t<iT  hU  next  of  bin  depeodcBt  npoa 
blm.  for  all  damnir(>«  nh^-h  may  resolt  ftocn  tbe  oe^ttsence  of 
any  wf  Its  t4V%T-  iplojeea,  or  t^  r«fl80ci  of  any  de-     i»wf«ru. 

fert   TT   Inpnfflf-lt  ,-  n^lpence  In   Its  cars^  en^lnea, 

ai'T  "I.  way»  or  works. 

.V  :'roai^ht  a^fnst  any  oommflQ      Comf«.r«ilTe 

earr;*  r  *.»  r/fHHr  tiAtt^^*^  r**r  peivooal  l^/arles  Io  an  eiuvW^*-  Mti^tew-*. 
[«r  nftrtfir  Mtth  la/uritm  bmre  />*mUlCd  la  bJa  death,  tbe  fai:t  that 


88 


BULLETIN    OP  TUB   BUREAU   OF  LABOR, 


VIRGINIA. 


(X>XSTITL'TIOX. 

Aktk'MC  12. — LtabUitif  of  fitilnfotf  vfitupanUt  for  ininHtt  to 

enitttoyt'i'n. 


Actfi    of   M- 
uw-Korvanffl, 


•lupcr  Intend- 
«ni. 


rfwtDKi 


III  an 
drpnrl 
tavat.  «tv. 


I  titer 


SECTION  iCi  Tlie  doctrlae  of  feIlow-i»ervant.  fuj  far  qb  It  afriM:U 
the  Iliiliilliy  of  tlie  uiiiBtrr  for  liiJurlL's  ti>  Ills  servant  rpsnlflng 
from  thf  iiotH  or  unilHHloiifl  of  any  otlii^r  srrvnnt  or  Hcr^anlrt  of 
the  L'ouiuioii  luuHtor.  1h.  to  ttio  exttuit  horciiuifter  t^tittLM.  uhollKliiMl 
aH  to  fvery  <*iupl(»y*'i'  of  n  rnilnuul  ruinjniny,  engiip:^]  In  tlK*  |*(i>>*- 
i<*al  nmstnit'iliMi,  rvpnlr  or  iiiiiliittMuincc  of  Uh  roiulwny,  truck  «>r 
nny  of  the  structures  oonmrtiHl  thcrLnvilb,  or  hi  nriy  work  lii  or 
upon  n  car  or  viiglne  fttuiiUIn^  ui>ou  u  triiok,  or  In  tin?  pUyslcal 
o|H*rntIon  of  ii  triiln,  I'lir,  niifino,  or  im'ltcli,  or  in  any  cktvIcp  rc- 
qnlrlntr  Ills  prtt^once  upon  a  train,  ear.  or  <»ngino:  nntl  ovi-ry  Ruoli 
fUipIoyiM'  simll  liave  tliL*  tiiiui'  rlKlit  to  n-LLfVcr  for  I'vrrj'  Injury 
Fiin'orotl  tty  '''">  frtiin  tin?  in  tn  nr  omissions  of  nny  otlmr  enipli*y(*o 
or  cmploywH  of  the  couiuion  lunHtcr,  that  a  wiTvant  won'-t  in.x.. 
(at  lilt'  time  wlieii  tliltj  t.*on8tltutloii  k'H's  Into  cflToct),  If  > 
or  ouilMHloiiM  wew  l\i*nn^  of  tin*  lunsior  tilniM>lf  la  tlic  iH!>t  i- 
X*'icl.l«*ncpof of  a  uonaHsitfiniblt'  duty:  J'rovifltd,  Tliat  the  injury,  so  p-uilrn-U 
hy  Huch  ntllnmil  rnipIoytH*.  n^nnlt  from  tlio  n«*j:Mj!fnf.N?  of  an  oOl- 
ctM%  or  »K»''»t.  of  tjjc  t-iuupnny  of  n  hl^bfr  icmdt?  of  wrvi(.*<«  llnin 
hlniM'lf,  or  fnmi  (hat  of  a  tH'rmin,  cmployni  l»y  ilu'  ctnnpnny.  hav- 
ing tin*  liKht,  or  i-harciil  with  the  duty,  to  n»ntn»l  or  illrt^'t  llie 
jifUiTuI  servlot'K  or  the  IninMillaU'  wDrk  of  th(?  party  Injure*!,  or 
thf  p-noral  wTviri***  ur  the  Ininicillato  wrtrU  of  th**  toemployow 
Ihrouirh,  or  by.  whoHu  act  ur  miilHrtlou  ho  Ik  Injnrocl;  or  that  It 
result  from  liic  nejrtlKenei«  nf  a  iiM»mployi«r  i>nffaf;e«|  In  iniolher  «Io 
piirtmont  of  labor,  or  enRn(j:tNl  n|K»u,  or  In  obarfre  of.  any  car  \i\u%n 
which,  or  U|)on  the  train  of  which  It  Ih  a  jiart.  thi»  Injnrctl  mi- 
ployec  is  not  at  Ibc  lime  of  nvoi>In«  the  Injury,  or  who  1»  iu 
churKo  of  any  Kwltrh,  sl^niul  point,  or  loeomotivi*  eittzlnr,  or  Im 
i-harirnl   with  dlfpatchlni;  trains  or   transniliiii  npblc  or 

telephonic  orders  therefor:  and  whether  hocIi  n  ih-  iu  the 

iHTfttrnianee  uf  iin  asslniuilile  or  nonnsultrnablt  .;..-.,.  i  he  phyx- 
ical  ronHtrurilt>n,  n*palr  or  nialntenanee  nf  the  roadway,  tnok  <ir 
nny  of  the  Ktnietnn'H  coinn'cttNl  therewith,  and  the  phj*slciil  con- 
Btnicti«m,  rcpiilr,  ntnintoniinei>,  el«anluic  or  ^p^•ratlon  of  trnluA, 
cars  or  entrfacs,  fiball  U'  n^arditl  jih  different  dt»partnienl8  <iX 
labor  within  the  meunlntr  of  this  cn-lon.  Knowlcdirc,  by  any  snich 
railroad  employoe  Injured,  of  the  deft'cllvc  or  tinaafi?  dnirncttfr  or 
rnnditlnti  (»f  lUiy  machinery,  ways.  applinnccH  or  strnctni*^.  jthall 
I'c  t\u  defeniic*  to  jiii  action  for  Injury  caused  lhcret>y.  When 
I  a  J  a  r  1  f"  "death,  whether  iuHtantHne«Hi)»  or  not,  re*nlt8  lo  such  au  cmpIoytH* 

cautlDgdeato.  fi^,j„  imy  injury  fnr  whiih  he  could  Imve  re<'overeti.  under  Iho 
abovp  iM'ovlMlonH,  had  death  not  occnrrrtl,  then  his  legal  or  per- 
wmal  reprewutatlve.  FturvhiuK  eonnort.  and  relatlvcM  tand  any 
trutitee,  curator,  committee  or  j;uardian  of  Huch  contort  or  rela- 
tive?*) Hhall,  respiHMively,  liave  the  name  rifrlita  and  remeilleH  with 
feKpecl  theret<r  aft  If  IiIh  th'ath  hud  been  I'liuseil  liy  the  ne(;lteciice 
of  a  t'ltentployoe  whllo  In  the  performaiK'e,  an  \lct-prlnclpnl,  of  a 
^"■"1*1".*.'.!-.*  ""^'*^^'fc'""*''''  tl'ity  of  the  master.  Every  coulrati  or  ajrnvmcnt, 
c:ipreKH  or  Implied,  nuide  by  an  euiployei',  to  wahc  the  enetit  of 
thin  KH'ttnn.  hhnll  Ih*  null  atui  void.  Thin  xi*Libin  nhall  not  be  con- 
Firued  to  deprive  any  euipioyfe,  or  his  hiral  or  i>cr«tnal  repre«?nt- 
iitlve.  snrvlviim  couwu't  or  rehitlvea  (or  any  truHter.  curator, 
f'ommittee  i»r  K'Ji^rdiun  of  «ncli  cuuftort  or  niatlveK),  «if  any  rlfshtn 
nr  remeilles  tlmt  he  or  they  may  have  by  the  law  of  the  land,  at  the 
TVovUIoofi  (liuo  this  ivnstitlitlon  koch  Into  effect.     Notlilnir  coTitfMruyl  In  IhN 

oof  r#-trlrf)ve.  ^.,.tj„„  ^j^jh   n'strlcl    Hn.'  jM.wer  of  the  c..i 
Iher  enlarge,  for  the  at>ovfnano<d  iia«H  '■' 

and  renuNlicB  hcrclnlieforo  jiv^ivUU'il  for,  or  i  .  .si.tio  mhu  liirn''^ 
and    remcilieH    to,    or   otherwiw    enlarjre    the    pn-ni-nt    rlKht*   ami 
rfjjjf.*tJirM  of,  tiuy  other  cln»»  *>f  em\i\oywn  ot  vvvMivjuda  or  of  eoi- 
/tJox^s  of  any  /ktmoq,  Arm  or  qorpuvuXV^u, 


WftlvlKK  riKlita. 


UMPbOTEKS     UABIUTY  IX   XHI  TSXICD  STATIS- 


OODE  OF  noi. 


lM^U4t0  »/  rsflnMtf  CffUMWiiiri  /or  ■■/«nr*  f*  na, 


rtai«»«- 


to  tie 


Rmmo3t  12Mk.  Bresr 
Stat*?,  vrhetber  such  corpora tkifi  be  craated 
Statr  or  otbenri««.  ttomU  be  liable  !■ 
Injaries  snscaiiicd  bj  anr  aaiplax«e  of 
WlwR  nach  izUnry  m«!ta  ftvoi  the  wroosfW  act. 
tmtitt  of  an  affoit  or  oAoer  of  audi 
mikSo^ee  liiJttraS,  or  «if  a  peraon  CBplof«d  bgr  an 
barlms  ibe  risbt  to  rtmtxvi  cr  dind  (be  a»  i  kca  «f 
lojnred.  or  tbe  ■errfcea  of  tba  tnphay^e  hj  w^am  be  la 
and  nlfu  nrhm  aaeb  faOuTf 
or  fa  coenptoyoe 

Ul»'  uat  of  Ibe  Miijiafiif  taOonsd.  ar  af  a 

anmiii-r  txuLa  of  fjars;  or  of  a  eoeai^aycr  wbo  baa  datve  af  a^j- 
FVllcU,  eiKBal  |»olBt,  or  lotaxmoHwe  wm^^Mt^  or  vfao  n  cbarced  vich 
traloa    or    traa^aittlns    wygnpjht    «i 
Knovled^  of  amj  taiil^pc^  lajsrei  «C  Oe 
tnHMifl»  rbararter  or  coadttfcin  of  s^y  MMt 
or  atrortur^^  of  sncii  cerpocatkm  aball  aot  «f  Itaetf  be  a  bar  to 
letmeii   for  utjv  injury  or  deatb  caosed  tberdbr-    WkcB  dratk.     iaj«rJ«a 
trZftrtbei  ;i«ous  or  otbeiaiae^  rgwoHi  ttvm  any  iajary  to* 

aoy   t^:  '    aDcb   forpotattap    reeeiwaJ   aa  afinn^tU,   Ae 

peraonai  rvt^rt^i'statlw  n(  vacb  oaplayee  Aall  barr  a  rfdu  of 
•cthio  tbercfi>r  n^liist  each  corponttioai,  aad  bmj  necowa'  dc»- 
aecs  In  rea|«rt  tbereoL    Aay  eoatzact  or  aAiiiMHwl,  iiripwii  ar     c*B(ract*| 
taiplM.  Bade  by  aar  aodi  tiutifcijKMj  (a  walfv  tbe  liiait  af  ttia  nM^c 
•actJob  or  any  part  tbrreof  itell  be  imll  and  raid,  and  tUa 
sdnUl  not  be  conainwd  to  dtprlre  any  aacb  inmhgMi,  or  kla 
nonal  letnuamUtire,  of  any  t\^bt  or  niii\y  to  wb&cb  be  la 
entlUrd  ittid^  tite  taws  of  tbla  SUte^    Tbe  riilea  and 
of  Iftw  as  Xn  cooUibalory  nccUfaice,  vfaicb  apfUy  to 
ibalt  apt^ly  to  caaes  arfateie  aader  thia  act«  eSLcepc  in  ao  fitr  aa  tbe 
■unr  are  berdn  modlHed  or  dhaneed. 

tAn   art  dlrertlns  the  erection  of  teOtaiea 
at  tbr  aiif»njacli««  to  bridges  over  raUwadt,  l■illw^^  etc* 
fliUtuY  to  proride  floch  deviixs  groand  fier  a  ricbt  of  nctioa 
injvry  or  death  reantta  from  aneb  fblhme. 
Mctiuo  30.) 

WASHTKGTOV. 


tAn  act  reqnlrtas  tnt»,  valtcbML  and  snaid  nUia  In  be  binched 
and  euan9*)(l  nabef  oompaalta  tilling  to  do  a»  liable  la 
to  panlea  Injarieil  beraine  of  and)  fiillore.    Acts  of  198. 
3Si,  aectloQ  2. 

ESbpJoycr^  wbooe  fbltare  ti>  eomihly  arttb  ibe  fiietoffy 
liiir  aiusTfl  Injury  to  onpluyvea  are  tIaWe  to  and 
Acta  of  1905.  chapter  tM,  aoctioa  8.1 


WISCOKSm. 
AXXOTATEt*  .STATITES  OF  UBS. 


Stxmov  ItflC  las  amoidMd  by  chapter  2&i.  Acts  of  1007k  Erery    tai «  r  t  « 
coni|«iiy   shall   U?   liable  for  damaipea  for  all   Injttrte*****'  "'"" 
rtanlting  in  dearli  or  ant,  wwtitned  by  any  of  ita  en- 
«d»iect  to  the  proriaUiaa  hereinafter  contJUned  repudlng 
nccUsoea  on  tlie  part  of  tbe  InJuvd  onployee : 
1.  Whan  aoch  Ibjtiry  la  canied  by  a  deflect  In  any  looonwtiTe,     [irfcrt*; 
isglAe.  cmr«  nil.  txark,   rtiaditcil   macMnery  or  appUanoe  need 
by  lis  vtajtU^rw  la  moJ  sthjat  (tv  btiaiatmt  at  thetr  employncvt. 


BITLLETIN    OF  TIXK   BCRBAU   OF  LABOR. 


rompurnllve 
noiEllgrnco. 


Recovery, 
when. 


Qimtloaa  tor 
Jury. 

C  n  n  I  r  n  **  I II . 
cU'..  Dot  H  tmr. 


IicauUloni. 


1*  I  i>  n  <l  I  II  A 


Kxftmptloiis. 


2.  Wbeu  BUfli  Injury  pIwiII  Imiv<»  h<H^\  MiHtnlnod  liy  miy  offltvr, 
n;;mit,  Horvaiit  or  4>u)|iIu>'ch>  uT  hiioIi  i.-oiu|miiy,  uliUo  (•n^i;«<<l  In  tbi» 

JliiL'  Mf  tiU  tliit.v    :\n  such  iiiul  wUK'U  HtiiU  injury  ^hiill  Imve  lNH*it. 
i'iuihimI  hi  wliuU?  <ir  In  jrrtNiUT  pnrt  by  llic  n»'gIlitiMun  i»f  nuy  I'tlirp 
nfUcor.  ngt'nt,  wrvnnt  or  *Mit|iluyi»c  i>r  smrh  comimny.   hi   ihv  iIIh- 
i-liiirEr  of.  or  hy  ri'rtwiu  of  fnllurt>  to  i3lt*».*luirirc  hU  i!iUlf»  ns  sinii. 
.T  In  pviTy   union   to  riH'ov(»r   for   «mU   Injury  tUt*  four!   mIiuU 
submit  to  the  Jury   the   folliiwlny  qucHtloim:    Klr«t,   wbt*lli*«r  tlio' 
i*<'uiiiniiy,  or  iiny  otHcer,   iiKritt,   wr^unt   or  emptoyw  olber  lluiu 
(lie    ftumou    lujurod    iva»   puHty    of    neirll^rfm^-   dlroHly   cnntrlhu- 
tlnj*  to  liu»  bijury;  »e«nicl.  If  Ihul  tiucHllim   Is  unswotVil   In   the 
nfliruintlve,    whethor   tlie  i>or»on    Injured    «»«  unHty   of  «»v    nm- 
liKencn  which   dlrmily   r-'iitrlbuUNi    lo   the   Injury;    tlitn'       '      '     f 
ijni-N(l(»n    l«  jiuHWeri'^l    In   the  iitttrnuitlvr,   whether   tbo   ! 
of  th«'  piirly  «c»  hijured  wan  nllKbterM>r  Kre»tr'r  uj*  ii  nuiii.. - 
must*   t4>   the   Injury   tlmn    thiil   of   the   ronipjiny,   ur  nny    ortlcef.i 
rtjrenr,  w^rvnnt  op  oniphtyee  other  Ihiin  the  fK'rs*on  sn  Injnrod;  niiit 
Bucb  other  qufnthinn  ns  niny  Ik*  necesisury. 

4.  In  nil  cii«e«  ivhere  the  jury  Hhull  hnd  XhM  the  ueKll«t*n<'v 
of  the  wtMiininy,  or  «ny  olllivr.  iitfenl  or  employee  of  »neli  com 
pnny  wns  unniler  thnn  the  iie;:llp*n<*e  of  the  eitiployr^t  bo  lnjiin*il. 
iind  (ontrlbutiii;;  In  h  ^renter  lUvrw*  (<•  inry,  Ibeu  the 
plntiillfT  hIimII  he  <*ntl(lnl  Ut  rt»eovcr,  nrul  M  'ii-,  ir  :iny,  f»f 
the  oniployoe  ttt  Injnretl  Hhnll  be  no  bur  lt»  r.u-  u  u-  <>koin>. 

n.  In  nil  enM*N  uiuler  iIiIh  net  the  qiieHtioa  nf  ni*ffM|C(*Sir4>  nuil 
eontrlhntor>'  ne;:Ii«en<'<'  fhnll  Ik*  for  tl)t'  Jury. 

tl.  No  eoutriirt  or  rweipt  betwt'en  any  pnip]<i,\-re  nml  n  mllroflj 
eotupnuy,  no  nile  or  reculnihMi  pronuiloMoil  or  adopted  by  mreh 
toiuiKiuy,  and  n<i  coutruei,  rule  or  r«*uulatlon  In  rejniixl  to  nuy 
notlop  to  be  given  by  sneh  employee  sbnll  exempt  such  coriKuiitlou 
from  the  full  Muhlllty  hn]H:)WHl  by  this  uct. 

7,  The  phram'  *'  riillrond  eonipany."  n«  u«xl  tn  this  act.  ahall  be 
lalceii  lo  euibrnet'  any  ctnnrMiny,  uswH'billon.  eori>onithm  or  THT»m 
rniinaK'nt?,  nialnlalnliif:.  operatluj:,  nr  in  pii).>.'»winn  of  u  raHrnnd  lii 
whole  or  In  part  within  this  Stale  wh<*(her  an  owner,  e^miruotor, 
leKjkM?,  u)ortKHK**»',  truBtiKs  a»»I;;n*»e  ur  n^•*'|ver, 

5.  In  any  autlun  |jruu;;ht  In  the  eourt8  In  this  Stute  by  n  resb 
dent  lhere<tf,  or  the  reprewniatlvo  of  n  do«i^'*<'d  rewlibnit.  fo  re- 
eoviT  dMMUi|!eK  In  mrordnnee  with  UdF  net.  where  the  employee  of 
ntiy  railroad  eonti^tny  owning  or  oiR'nilbij;  a  rullrond  exteiidlnif 
Into  or  through  this  State  and  Intif  or  thi*ouj:h  any  oih«*r  State  *n- 
Slatett  Hhall  have  reer'lved  IiIh  Injuries  In  any  ntluT  State  when* 
snrli  rallroiid  \m  uwneil  nr  oiH'rated,  and  iJle  eontntel  <»f  employ- 
ment  simll  have  Ikhmi  made  In  this  Stale,  It  shnl)  imt  be  enmiK'tent 
for  Huel)  riiiiroad  comimny  to  plead  or  prove  tlo'  dei^li-hHiM  i>r  Mai 
utes  of  the  State  where  Kueh  i)en«iu  Khali  have  bi*i*a  lujurtnl  a**  a 
defenm*  to  the  nrtlon  hroujjhf  In  thU  State. 

1).  The  pro^lHhmH  of  thiH  aei  nhiill  uoi  apply  to  cuiplojreeH  work- 
ing; In  shops  or  ottlees. 

[A  Hlntiite  dlreetlnc;  mlli*on<l  con)i»onU*«  to  block  or  enanl  all 
trnK^  In  their  iniekH  mnken  fallnrr  to  ivunply  with  the  Ian-  ;7i'<>nni 
for  netltai   In  danaiKeN  \n  cawH  where   Injury   reHult«  from   wiel 
faUtue,  e\eu  thouj-h   the  failure  or  violation  rK-curi*  ihroutib  tJie 
nejrilgi'nee  of  Home  fdher  nj^ent  or  empk»y<v.     8t-«*tli»n  lH0>b. 

The  law  re*julrliiir  diinueroUH  uiaehlnery  to  lie  -  '  -  '  'm 
nwny  the  defenw  *tf  asi«nmed  rl»kn  hi  eaw*  when* 

Injured  an  n  t..v,.i(   ..r  it n.r.i.iyer'it  failure  lo  oti «■ 

law.     Snpp.  '■ 

A    stulnle    ;  erwtlod    of   telltnleti   ut    lUe   ttp- 

proache*  tn  briil«e»,  etc..  over  rnllronrtF,  takew  away  from  an 
imnlttt  ne^rI»♦etln^r  or  refUHlnie  to  mmply  u-itb  llw  !««•  tb*'  ilefnuf 
of  nKMuniptinn  of  rl^k   In  cam^n  where  employ*"**!*  .  >\ 

account  of  the  luck  of  kucU  telltaley.     Kupp.  llMl,  I 


^^H         EMFLOYEBd     UABrUTY   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES.  91 

^^^K  WYOMING. 

^^HP  CONSTITI'TIOX.  1 

JamciJi  to. — himHatUm  und  trnlvet' of  Hpht  to  tlttmoffrit,  I 

StCTlON  -i.  Sti  liiw  sliiil!  ite  cnucttMl  HuiltlitK  the  auiotml  of,  rmmnKM  for 
dnmiiirrft  to  be  rrrovenil  for  r.niisfh;;  rht*  hijnrj*  or  diiilh  of  nny  '"^"""• 

lH-r*«ttj.     Any  contrwH  cr  nt'r(**Min'iit  wltli  nny  omploytv  wjilvinir  1 

liny  riglil  to  rpfviver  tLuimtT''?*  f'lr  rnnslm:  tin*  iIi-jUli  ur  iujiiry  of  1 

any  employoe  vliall  be  \'ol(l.  1 

Aaticc  is*. — ConO'«C/«  of  vmitluyttv  tcuiiinu  lipltt  ft*  ftttuiafirji, 

Rectiom  1.  It  Hbalt  Ik*  nnlnnfiil  for  nn}'  itorsoii,  rtimimii.r  (»r  or»r-  Conirarta 
ln^niMou,  to  r»*i^iiiru  uf  its  HMr\:jiitf*  or  euipJoyt'^'H  hk  n  ciiiMlltlon  of  **l*'"*^     *"'*•''*' 

thf^r    '   f.    or    othrrwls*',    ritiy    ci.iUnut    «»r    nBrtt'iiti'iil.     *        '****"• 

wli'  -on  (.1  coiniwiiy  or  r*tr[»i>rntioii  slinll  hr  rel^^Ht'.l 

or  ,  I'lii  )iul»ility  *>r  n*KiMm.Hil»iIUy,  mi  ur(^>uiit  of  |»t'r-  J 

fKiU&l   luJurlfH  rereiv»xl  by  enoU  siTviints  i»r  euijilnyofs,   vvUilt*  in  ] 

th<'  wrvic-f?  of  wjob  pt^rsiii.  coinimny  or  cortHtrrttlon,  liy  roawtti  nf  | 

tJR'  ueellKe/R'O  of  such  p<»rrtoii.  <."ouii>auy  or  c*or)K>rutloii,  or  tht» 
niftMitw  or  rinplo.vi»t»s  ItitTeof.  luiil  sueb  contnicl»  fhall  bv 
ab»r>i(ito)y  Dtill  mid  void. 

fin  iiu  artlclo  on  ilu*  operation  of  oitnea  the  conHtftntion  ron-  j 

talriH  a  jtrovitilon  Krn»it!ii*r  :i  rlybt  of  action  for  tnJnrlt'H  or  ib'nth  j 

oirnslone*!  brcniise  of  vlolntlon;*  by  tlie  emi»loyi»r  of  th^^  prnvtHioiiH  1 

of  tlip  rfin«tItiiilon  or  of  Inws  pnsswl  In  pnrHnance  thereof,     Ar-  i 

Ucltr  0.  set-tlou  4.]  | 

ITNITEr   STATES. 

\T\\o  po-ralle*!  fafety-ai»pliiiiu-L'  liiw.  wliit-h  prowrlbos  (ho  iiso  »if  I 

notomntlr  cDuplcrs.  |M>wer  bruken,  Mr.,  on  rnllr««ul  ti-nin?!  pn^ntrcil  I 

ill   IritcPMtntt'  comiiKTce,  provides  lliat   oniployws  Injured   by  the  j 

iiBP  of  nriT  loc'omittlve.  car.  or  train  hi   violalioii  of  the  lu't  Khali  I 

not  "  cd  to  have  :j»^*tnmed  the  ri»k,  even  tbixi^b  b*'  knew  of 

th'  ii«<\     ri.uii'ik-d  Statutes  of  11*01.  [Mipe  ;ilT(,  section  S. 

*.'.    iMi-  M.ihiliry  law  of   UKMi.  wbleh  wait  divhirwl  naeinistltn- 
tlonul  b^  llie  ^uprrme  Court,  eee  pages  21(»  and  iil7,  beh^w.l 

CONSTRUCTION  OF  STATUTE  T-AWS.  j 

In  the  followinpf  siimmnn'  of  opinions  iiso  has  b^n  made  almost 
uxcl nsi vt'I V  of  tho.  opinions  of  Fedonil  rmirts  and  of  the  State  courts 
of  final  resort.  As  np|>onrs  from  un  oxniuinatinn  of  the  stutntt^*  re- 
produced alx)ve,  some  of  them,  as  Arizona  and  Connecticut,  are  noth- 
iniL'  more  tinm  a  reHtalen»ent  of  the  common  law  and  require  no  con- 
sideration here,  Tlie  general  statntes  nf  North  I>akutii  (irections 
53tia,  5544,  5545)  and  South  Dakota  (sections  144l»,  1450)  are  also 
exnmpK'a  of  this  chiss  of  hiws,('')  though  in  each  of  the.so  States  is 
lo  lie  found  h»gishilion  aifi'cting  tlic  linhility  of  railrond  companies. 

Prior  to  11*07  the  Californm  law  (sections  1070,  lt)71)  hud  U^ji 
hiniihir  to  (liut  of  tho  Dakotas,  all  three  havin;^  he»Mi  taken  from  tlie 
druft  of  law  prtparefl  by  the  New  York  code  commission,  of  which 
Darid  Dudley  Fiehl  was  tlie  Icadin^f  meml>er.  The  amended  form 
of  !?ectioM   1070  introduces  the  liuperior  *iervant  and  departmental 

"  ClUat  «.  i^lilr»go.  M.  &  St.  I'.  U,  Co.  (18S1I).  5  Dnk.  523,  41  X.  W,  758. 


92 


HULLKTIN    OK  THE    BUREAU   OF   LAUOB. 


<U>clrinos,  stating  llit*  liittor  in  suoli  fonu  a*i  iipparemly  lu  uiotlify  to 
n  coiisiderublo  ik'jrrco  the  defciiM?  of  coouiploynient.  It  also  oxccpU 
from  tlje  cinss  of  follow-^orvnnts  rnrtain  designated  groups  or  grades 
of  «'niployei*JS.  Tlio-e  amondnicnf^  Wring  the  jjoction  in  tho  purtiruluru 
Kpocificd  within  the  class  of  hiws  which  follow  the  Knglish  linbility 
law.  and  woidd  doubtless  bv  von^tnifd  i\>  are  >imih»r  provisions  of 
^tl(•h  laws  in  other  States.  No  case  under  tlie  anRMuleil  sootion  has 
y vt  boen  reported  from  the  Culifornlii  courts. 

The  law  of  Georgia  also  (sections  i*(W0-2r,in,  ;W)ftO)  is  in  pffoi-t  a 
ivstatenient  of  the  conunon  law,  lliougli  section  -Td^  declare.s  ecu- 
tracts  waiving  the  ;*orvnnt*s  rightn  ns  fixed  by  law^  to  lie  null  and  void, 
in  so  far  abropitiiig  the  conimon-linv  doctrine  of  this  StAtt*.  Kail- 
nnuls  are  e.\enipte4i  from  the  scope  of  these  sections. 

As  htnted  in  the  first  part  of  this  discussion,  the  principles  of  the 
common  law  as  construed  in  the  various  States  will  apply  in  the  **on- 
^<truclion  and  u]>plicution  of  statutes.  Within  the  Ix^unds  of  tho 
stiitute  it,  of  coui^se,  controls,  hut  the  conunoti-law  doi'trines  and  defi- 
nitions in  \m^  in  the  State  nr<?  intlnential,  .-^iiltject  U*  the  ride  that  the 
inloption  liy  ii  St«te  of  the  statute  r)f  nnotlier  State  glvi-s  to  (he  ron- 
Htruction  put  uih)u  the  law  by  the  ccnirts  of  the  State  of  earlier  enact- 
ment an  important  inf1uon<e  as  indicating  the  true  intent  of  the  legis- 
lulnre  in  adopting  such  law.  These  conslructi<>Ms  njid  rulings  are  not 
conclusive^  but  arc  entitled  to  givat  weight.(*) 

Whether  or  not  the  provisions  c»f  a  statute  can  be  wnived  by  a  con- 
trart  entered  into  prior  to  the  happening  of  the  accident  causing  tho 
injuries  for  which  damages  are  elaimefl  has  l>een  generally  decided 
in  the  negativt».(*)  The  laws  jiroliibiting  such  contructtj  have  re- 
ceived countenance  in  a  number  of  cases.{")  In  the  Indiuna  and 
Iowa  citations  it  was  necessary  to  decide  on  the  constitutionality  of 
this  parti)»ular  provisitin  of  the  statute.  In  tlic  Muniford  case  the 
clause  prohibiting  contracts  limiting  liability  was  held  applicable  to 
a  provision  in  a  contract  of  employment  limiting  the  time  within 
wliich  actions  ((»  recover  damages  f^.ir  injuries  might  be  brought,  the 
provision  being  condenmed  as  contrary  to  law.     In  tlie  Quinn  cui«e 

«  nirmtaffliaiu  It.  &  Klectrtc  CV>.  v,  Allen  (isai),  fiO  Ala.  ttSO.  ia  8u.  8:  Colo- 
milo  MMIIiiK  &  KUnntor  Co.  t?.  MlrdioU  (IftOO).  20  Cola  384,  &S  I'rc  28. 

*  Sw  pose  H,  abov(\ 

"  Qiiinn  r.  New  York.  N,  II.  &  II.  It,  0>.  (IWIO),  175  -Maas.  J54>.  WJ  N.  K.  SiH  ; 
l»lei'ce  c.  A'aii  Dtiwcti  (1S!>7),  7S  Fi«*l.  *J1«:  MliiiifitjHttli.  &  St.  U.  It.  Co.  r.  Her- 
rlck  ttS88),  127  r.  8.  210,  S  Snp.  Ct.  Iliii;  Tlttshnrp.  i\  (\  &  St,  U  R.  d.  p. 
.M«mt;:ouiiT.v  (IMW).  l.VJ  Ind.  1,  4U  N.  K.  o^i; ;  iVwHI  r.  SUl^fwchjiI  <lfKH), 
HI'J  Mo.  «MC..  <hl  S.  W.  '1S5;  .Mniufrfn]  r.  rblcnpo.  U.  I.  X  l\  U.  i\\  lHH»r»^  IS8 
Iowa  iiS5.  101  N.  W.  lU.*):  Kariwis  V,  K.  O.  r.  Pfiovey  (ISJ^i).  2J>  Kan.  ICl),  U 
Am.  Hep.  *130,  n]>i»rovrxI  In  Woertfrn  Furu.  6i  MfR.  i;«.  r.  BUK>m  tllHJT),  OU  l*ac. 
iidl.     WCuna.)     iVr  eoutrti,  tive  Sliuvfr  r.  PeuiitfylvuxUa  Co,  llf^NS),  Tl  FimI.  tl81. 


EMTLOYEBS     LIABILITY   IX   THE   CKITED   STATES. 


93 


Ic  was  held  that  the  statute  wasi  not  contra vened  by  an  agroemout  in 
the  contract  of  employment  by  Avhich  the  employee  undertook  to 
make  a  careful  examination  of  the  x»l«ce  of  work  so  that  he  might 
understand  its  dangei-s. 

\x\  agreemeut  %vith  the  employer  that  the  acceptance  of  benefits 
from  a  relief  fund  will  act  to  prevent  recovery  in  suits  at  law  is  not 
a  violation  of  a  provision  forbidding  contracts  waiving  a  right  to 
nH:over.('')  "^  It  is  iiotliiiig  more  or  lo^  than  a  contract  for  a  choiro 
between  sources  of  compensation  where  but  a  single  one  existed;  and 
it  is  the  final  choice — the  acivptance  of  one  against  the  otlier — that 
gives  validity  to  the  trnnsaction."('') 

Double  i*ecovery  will  not  be  allowed,  the  provision  of  such  con- 
tracts that  prosecution  of  a  suit  to  judgment  or  a  eonipromifee  l>ar?^  all 
claims  to  the  beneftt  fund,  fixing  Ihe  ^tatus  vi  any  claimant  there- 
under. Thus  a  widow  who  sued  as  administnitrix  and  recovered 
damages  for  the  death  of  her  husband  for  the  Wnefit  of  their  chil- 
dren was  held  barred  under  the  contract,  as  the  court  ruled  that  the 
judguient  accrued  to  her  benefit  as  well^*')  But  her  receipt  of  bene- 
fits from  the  fund  as  widow  doe^  not  bar  subsequent  action  as  ad- 
ministratrix for  the  Ijenefit  of  a  child  or  children. (*»)  A  statute  of 
G«)rgia,  however,  requires  railroad  companies  to  pay  the  agreed 
benefit  on  the  death  of  an  employee  from  accident,  with  the  ]>rovi- 
inon  that  the  acceptance  of  such  benefit  shall  not  l>e  a  bar  to  action. 

While  express  messengers  may  at  conmion  law  waive  their  right  of 
action  against  both  their  employer  and  the  transporting  company,. 
such  a  contract  was  declared  void  as  against  the  railroad  luuler  the 
Iowa  statute  forbidding  contracts  of  employees  waiving  their  rights 
to  sue  for  damages. (•') 

LAWS  FOLLOWING  THE  BRITISH  STATUTE. 

ITje  connnon  law  w»s  constrtied  nuich  more  unfavorably  to  the 
employee  in  Englaiul  than  in  this  country,  a  fact  which  led  to  such 
an  amount  of  agitation  for  a  statutory  change  that  a  liability  law 
was  enacted  in  1K80,  taking  elFect  January  1,.1881.  This  law,  while 
of  comparatively  small  present  importnnce  in  Great  Britain  on  ac- 
count of  the  later  "  Compensation  Acts,"  has  had  a  considerable  in- 
fluence in  this  country,  bot!i  its  foiTU  and  its  judicial  construction 
having  l>een  adopted  mow  or  lets  fully  in  a  number  of  jurisdictions 

•PIttsbtirff.  C  C.  Sc  St.  L.  R.  On.  r.  Cox  (ISOC^,  55  Ohio  St.  4li7,  4ri  X.  R. 
Ml ;  Johnson  r.  Charleston  &  S.  R.  Co.  (1899),  55  8.  C.  152.  32  S.  E.  2, 

*PIltrfiurB,  C«.  C.  &  .St.  L.  K.  Co.  r.  Mo*>rf  (1S«)).  152  Ina,  345,  53  N.  V..  2HX 
*  BaUUiiore  6  O.  R.  Co.  r.  Ray  (19*15),  ST.  Iml.  App.  4.10.  73  N.  K.  1*42. 
<0*Brlrii  r.  Cbt.-uiro  N.  W.  R.  Co.  (1002).  130  Fed.  002. 

_        ruMU'i— null  Ti— lis 7  1 


iH 


BtnXETIX    OK   THE   BUKEAC    OF   L.\BOR. 


uf  the  United  States.  Tlie*^  arc.  iu  tlio  order  o(  tunc,  AlabaflH 
(18a^-85),  Massachusetts  (1887),  Colorado  (1893),  Indiana  (IdM 
ftpplioahle  only  t<>  railroads  nnd  otlu*r  i-oriKirations,  oxrept  miinicfl 
piilK  New  York  (11K>'J),  mid  IV)Ho  Kwv  (Um).  The  IVnii-sylvanB 
lialiility  law  of  1007  also  emhodie«^  in  a  less  formal  manner  the  prifl 
L-ipal  provisions^  of  the  act  in  so  far  as  they  relate  to  tlie  defense  |l 
feilow-serviw,  ■ 

The  form  of  tlio  Massachusetts  law  as  it  appears  in  the  fr>refpi]fl 
C(inii)ihitiou  is  (he  result  of  ii  numl>er  of  amendments,  while  the  origfl 
nal  Colorado  statute  (sections  l.)lia-l^lle)  is  in  ^ome  measufl 
nffected  by  the  nbsolute  abrogation  of  the  fellow -servant  doctrine  by 
iin  Mit  of  tlic  legislature  of  U>01   (sections  ir»Uf.  l.')!!^). 

These  laws  (except  those  r>f  I*oiin>ylvania  and  Porto  Kico,  und< 
which  no  action  has  been  reported  iis  yet)  have  all  stomi  the  t«4 
constitutionality,  except  that  of  Indiana,  ns  to  which  it  has  h 
ruled  that  the  inclusion  of  other  ciM'iHirations  than  those  en^iged 
railway  service,  while  partnerships  and  indixidual   employers 
cxeiMpt,  is  lunviirrnutahle  nrul  nnconstitutiorMil.('')     Under  this 
htnirtion,  therefoi'e,  the  Inw  applies  to  railroads  exclusively. 

OKNHILVL  raiNCIPLES  OF  COXSTHIU'TIOX. 

The  rule  that  statutes  in  derogation  of  the  common  law  will 
strictly  constnu*d  has  generally  lK*en  nioilitiedf  in  res|H'cl  of  the  ai 
in  hand,  in  favor  of  a  UIhtuI  construction,  iu  order  that  the  purpt 
of  the  acts  umy  Im'  nccc»mplished.('')      In  the  Ahibauia  case  cited  tl 
court  said:  '"  Heing  iu  tlerogation  of  the  common  law,  the  infere.m 
is  that  the  terms  of  the  act  clearly  import  tlie  changes  intended,  aj 
their  operation  will  not  Iw  enliirgi'd   hy  eonstniction   further  thi 
may  be  necessarj'  to  etTcctuate  the  niiinifest  ends.    Notwithstanding, 
a  luirrow  nnd  restrictive  view  of  the  act  should  not  be  taken.     In  il 
construction  the  court  should  consiiler  its  objects,  liave  regard  to 
intentions  of  the  legislature,  and  take  a  broad  view  of  its  provisioi 
conuuensurnle  with  the  ]>roposed  purposes.'* 

In  general  it  may  l>e  snid  that  the  effect  of  the  act  is  not  to  croi 
new  cause's  of  action  nor  to  abrogate  t]»e  genera!  principles  of  coi 
mon  Ihw.     The  determination  of  the  relationship  of  the  parties 
employer  and  employw  is  unchanged. (*■)     Voluideers  and  servai 
goiiig  out  of  their  scojm?  of  employment  are  therefoi'e  not  aided 
lliL*  laws;('')  nor,  unle-ss  sj>ecifically  included  (as  i^  done  in  Uio  Co 

"  no<lford  Quarrlos  Co.  v.  BoutfU  (1W)7),  80  X.  E,  S20. 
^UyuUm  V.  .MtvliniiU  h*  MUIfl  <lS.Sft),  IW*  .Maw*.  1!M»,  'J2  N,  K.  7<W;  ll»tti 
rniiner  (1(K>n.  2i\  Iml.  Am>.  -tU  TiO  N.  K  TiO;  Maldlc  A  n.  B.  Co.  e.  tL^^\ 
Usss),  Hi  Ma.  i;a,   ■!  So.  Kll, 
*".\lnbnuirt  15.  S.  U.  Co.  c.  <'4irt*«^l  '■.. 

<IVo;ij»t  r.  noi.rwia  I',  II.  i\u  f  I  i       !  Hit.  7f « :  MHIi«r  r. 

oAaan^'  Mfg.  fa  UiS»}),  WO  Maw,  30'J,  2»  N,  ^  WW. 


EMPLOYEES     LIABILITY    IN    THE    UNITED   STATES, 


95 


rldo  uikI  Massji'jlnist»tts  Ntatutf>).  do  tlu*  aot>.  i'IiiIji'iuv  suiiroiitruiUors 
or  their  eriiployw>s.(»)  EiiipIoy<*es  of  iv*viviTs  were  hold  to  be  within 
the  protection  of  the  IndiAnn  law-C*) 

The  nets  do  not  fttteinpt  to  co<lify  the  whole  hiw  on  the  subject,  and 
they  leave  open  some  rodinioii-liiu  defeiis4»s  mid  sonic  roninKin-luw 
liabilities, (••)  A  pUintitf  seeking  relief  for  injuries  may  find  it  un- 
der the  eoninion  law  rather  thrtn  under  the  stntnte.  as  in  some  States 
the  latter  makes  certain  requirements  a-t  to  notice,  etc..  and  limits  the 
amotint  rcK-overable,  and  one  suing:  midcr  the  act  must  show  that  his 
case  falls  within  its  provisions.  (')  The  acts  are  frequently  referred 
to  as  *'  fellow-s^Tvant  laws."  the  principal  featiire  being  the  abroga- 
tion as  to  the  classes  of  employees  enumerated,  and  under  the  condi- 
tions specifieii.  of  the  defense  of  ronunon  employment, (•*)  so  that  the 
qu^'stion  of  tlie  importance  or  weight  of  this  defense  may  decide 
whether  an  action  should  be  brought  under  the  statute  or  the  com- 
mon law.  The  defenses  of  a^^sunied  risks  and  of  contributory  negli- 
gence arc  at  tltc  most  only  mo<lified,  and  are  not  taken  away  fi'om  the 
employer  by  these  act-s.  Tlie  supreme  court  of  Alabama  allowed 
rw'ov'er}'  tinder  the  liability  law  for  the  death  of  an  emidoyec  result- 
ing from  the  wanton  licgligciifc  w  willful  wrong  of  an  engineer, 
holding  that  even  though  tlie  injun^d  party  may  have  been  negligent, 
his  negligence  woidd  In*  n  defense  oidy  in  connection  with  n  piirely 
negligent  act  of  the  employee  inflicting  the  injury;  l>ut  where  the 
wrong  was  intentionaU  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  injured  employee 
would  not  defeat  recovery.C)  In  the  same  case  the  thi*ory  that  dnm- 
agcn  under  this  act  aiv  pniiitrvc  wms  ilcnjfd,  (!io  nuirf  rnlinir  thjd  tiny 
are  compensatory  only. 

In  no  State  arc  the  conniioiidu\N  rights  of  an  injiiri-d  employee 
abrogated,  and  the  re<|uiremenl  as  to  notice  of  action  need  not  be 
given  nidesH  the  suit  is  for  damages  recoverable  only  under  the  act, 
Tliuft  in  a  Xcw  York  ca.'^elO  it  ^vas  held  that  the  act  only  regulates 
pro<'ednr<'  relative  to  the  new  or  extendi-d  liability  granted  thereby; 
hut  the  requirement  as  to  timely  giving  of  notice  must  be  strictly 
oliserved-C)  Tlu-  contents  thereof  need  not  U*  formally  complete, 
Iwiwcver,  if  they  aiv  sulficient  in  fact  to  furnish  sul>stantial  notit:e.(*) 
AVliere  the  statute  contains  u  |irovision  limiting  the  time  within  which 

•  8cart)orotii;rh  r.  Atatuiiua  M.  ».  Co.  <1S»1).  04  Ala.  4»7«  10  Ho.  316. 

*  Hmil  r.  Conm^r,  sMprii.  , 
f  Uyalls  r.  Mwlianitrs'  MillB.  snpm.  | 
"Cuffw  r,  N.  Y.  etc.  R.  <'o.  (1«H>.  irCr  Mieis.  LM,  2H  X,  K  112^«. 

^^^»  lAiiiifivUle  A  N.  n.  Co.  r.  York  (  V,m  V,  12S  Ala.  WkV  :Vt\  N«».  (ITfi, 
^^^■Giuaohfc  r.  Roneiihorf;  (lii'M),  lis  N.  Y.  1-IT*  70  N.  [<:.  421. 
^^^»VHj!rmu  v,  Mtnw  (1«VJ>.  lO"!  M«ks.  UX  SC  N.  K.  iTi}. 
■      *  Krkk  r.  Bo»wurth  {Om).  102  Muss.  .334.  :u>  N.  R  ."tG. 


96 


BULLETIN    OP  THE    BURKAIJ   OK  I-ABOB, 


nclion  thereunder  may  be  brought,  it  must  be  strictly  olworveJ,  ftfl,! 
like  notice,  it  is  a  condition  iinpoiioil  on  the  cnforccinont  of  ii  imvf  [ 
remedy,  J 

HI'KCI KU"    FKOVISIOKS    OF    TUE    \CTH,  I 

^^^^  Defects  in  condition  of  wayi*,  works,  etc,  I 

The  principal  purpose  (if  this  dnuse  seems  to  luive  been  to  lay  a 
foinidation  for  the  abrogation  of  the  Englifih  fellow-service  doctrine, 
and  it  doOvS  ni)t  gruatly  affect  the  rights  t»f  the  employee  at  eounuoii 
law  as  it  is  comstrued  in  the  United  States. (•)  The  duty  of  provid- 
ing and  maintaining  safe  and  suitable  appliances  here  devtdves  on  the 
employer,  and  is  nondelegable.  The  conditiitn  <if  the  place  is  the 
matter  to  be  considered,  and  not  the  question  of  the  employer's  |H»r- 
sonal  negligence  as  distinguished  from  Ihat  of  an  employee  to  whom 
he  may  have  committed  the  duty  of  attending  thereto.  In  ttther 
words,  the  employer  is  liable  for  defects,  and  it  is  not  newssary,  under 
this  section,  to  aver  that  he  was  negligent. (*)  As  at  ci>mmon  law, 
however,  the  defect  must  be  the  proximate  causi^  of  the  injury, (*")  and 
meiv  accident  affords  no  grotmd  of  actimi. 

The  ground  of  action  is,  in  all  the  States  in  the  list  under  cnnNiflcra- 
tion  with  one  exception,  an  injury  caused  by  a  defect  in  the  coiidil  ion 
of  the  instrmnentality,  following  the  phraseology  of  the  English  Ihw. 
The  exce|>ti<m  is  Pennsylvania,  where  the  word  '*  condition ''  is 
omitted,  and  the  defect  is  to  be  in  the  works  plant,  or  machinery. 
The  signiticunce  of  this  omission  has  not  lx»cn  determined  by  the 
Pennsylvania  courts,  but  has  bei>n  discussed  ina  MassachuM^tlsca^ie,^) 
where  it  was  held  that  a  defect  in  the  condition  of  nniclnnery  meant, 
not  u  defect  that  interfered  with  the  working  capacity,  but  one  Ihut 
affei^led  the  safety  of  employees.  An  English  judge  stated  that  the 
use  of  the  word  *' condition  "  gavi>  a  broader  moaning  to  the  phrase 
than  it  would  otherwise  have,  ^  but  I  do  not  think  it  is  very  much 
wider."('')  Xot  every  accidental  or  temporary  condition  is  included, 
but  tlie  defect  must  affect  the  pernunient  or  (]uasi-p<*rnninent  condi- 
tion of  the  employer's  establishment. (') 

The  phrase  *"  c<»nnec(ed  witli  or  used  in  tlie  business  of  the  em- 
ployer" is  broad  enough  to  inchnle  instrumentalities  which  the 
enii)loyer  dtavs  not  own,  but  which  are,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  being  used 

"  IliallH  r.  llctiinulch'  MUlft.  fltU'^u. 
»  t.ynch  r,  AUen  iM^)1^),  100  Mass.  218.  ijn  X,  K.  ri5<l. 
-  Sotithoru  a.  Co.  V.  Uuyton  OWW).  122  AIu.  SIU,  2.'i  Si».  .*«. 
""WlUey  I'.  noRton  IC.  L.  On,  (1M»7».  le^  Mnw.  M\  M\  N.  K.  3115, 
"Mctilffln  r.  ralimT'B  S.  &  I.  To.  <1SS2>.  10  Q.  Ik  DIv.  Ti. 
^trtV.nnop  r.  NVnl   USDM.  ir.n  Mhjih.  trsn.  20  N.  KL  807;  KnuMB  City, 
R.  Co.  t\  Kurttiu  tlMC),  U7  AIn.  240.  12  So.  KS. 


w 


EMPLOYEBS'  UABU^ITY   IN   TUB  r KITED   STATES.  97 

by  hull  ill  tlko  eoudtk^  of  his  buKines.'^ ( " )  But  do  liability  attarhes 
where  the  eiiiplo^'cr  has  not  the  control  of  the  agency  causing  the 
injur)',  ns  wlieir  he  was  a  mere  licensee  nsing  occasionally  the  track 
of  a  connecting  railroad.* '')  **  The  defect  must  he  one  which  the 
employer  has  a  right  to  n'lne^iy  if  he  discovers  it. "'(*•) 

IMiat  i*onst itutcs  a  defett  is  not  defined  by  the  acts  themselves,  and 
recourse  i^  had  to  the  principles  of  common  law  in  making  the  deter- 
miiMtion.  As  alreaily  infiniatetK  it  depends  on  the  question  of  suit- 
ableRe?K  for  the  intended  use  rather  than  on  any  iinrelnted  quality  of 
completeness.  An  unsuitableness  of  ways,  works,  or  machinery  for 
work  intended  to  be  done  by  means  of  them  is  a  defet*t,  although  they 
are  j^rfe<^  of  their  kind,  in  gooil  i*epair,  and  suitable  for  some  work 
done  in  ihe  employer'^  business  other  than  the  work  in  doing  which 
iheir  nnsuitableness  caused  the  injuiy  complained  <if.(*)  That  the 
employer  is  not  liound  to  iinx'tire  the  latest  or  l)est  obtainable  devices 
follows  from  the  rides  of  couniion  law.  as  does  the  fact  that  he  is  not 
liable  where  the  employee  fails  to  observe  such  pi^ecautions  as  a  pru- 
dent man  woidd  observe  in  like  circunistnnces  of  danger,  or  where  by 
his  own  choice  he  diverts  the  instrnrneniality  from  Its  intended  use  to 
«no4her  use. 

The  exprcNsion  as  to  knowledge  of  the  defect  practically  brings  the 
employer  within  the  doctrine  of  the  common  law,  which  does  not  im- 
pnte  liability  unless  there  is  actual  or  constructive  knowledge  of  the 
C0nditi<3ns  occa.'-ioning  the  injury. (*") 

The  provision  of  the  acts  relating  to  the  reporting  of  defects  by 
the  employee  is  not  fotmd  in  the  Indiana  and  Pennsylvania  laws.  In 
the  former  t^tate,  however,  the  injure<l  e?nployee  must  \^e  "  in  the 
exercise  of  due  cjii*e  and  diligi^uce,'*  which  is  practically  a  statonient 
of  ihc  conditi4»ns  requii'cd  for  an  action  at  common  law,  and  would 
presumably  be  required  in  a  suit  under  the  Pennsylvania  statute. 

Failure  to  report  known  defects,  unless  the  employer  was  known 
to  hftvr  knowledge  tIiei*eof  otherwise,  is  a  bar  to  action  for  resultant 
injmies;(0  ■^*'  ^^  other  words*,  the  statute  does  not  exclude  the  appli- 
mtion  of  tjie  maxim,  "  Volenti  non  fit  injuria.-' f'')  This  is  therefore 
in  art^jrdance  x^ith  the  common-law  rule  that  an  employee  accepts 
the  risks  of  known  ami  appreciated  dangers.  f\.i  connnon  law,  fail- 
\m  to  rt'j>ort  is  held  not  the  breach  of  a  duty  but  an  addwl  reason 

*C*oflrc«*  »*.  N»*w  York,  etc..  K.  0».,  »nj'm. 

*Timyfc  r.  Old  foloiiy  It.  Co.  11802).  WM  MfXfm.  208,  31  X.  K.  rt. 

c.  Now  York,  olo..  It,  Co.  (lyVil,  ICiO  MnuR,  '2*y0,  35  N.  R  MT. 
mk  r.  Jitcitm  Puuip  Co.  (lSf>6>.  36.%  Mawi,  1202,  43  N.  K,  S5. 
'rnabville  &.  X.  R.  Co,  v,  Cninpl«*U  O^e),  1*7  Ala.  1-47.  12  So.  B74 ;  Coffee  t, 
xv^   Ynrk,  vtc^  R.  Ca,  frnprn. 

Ik*  &  B.  n.  Co.  r.  llolltoni.  suprn. 
***\inj.'r  r.  Sttora  intfitou  'snsif^ut  t\\  r imw).  i.vt  Maw*,  i:\rs  S2  "S.  V..  UVi, 


98 


BUIJLETIK    or  XIJK    BUREAU    OF  lABOB. 


I  Tuliy  an  employee  may  not,  under  such  circumstances^  recover.    Th« 

I  status  of  1111  employee  who  has  given  the  required  notice  is  not  wrfl 

r  settled.     An  Eii^lisli  rus»^(*)   fiivonMl  tlie  position  (hat  an  employee 

I  having  given  sudi  notice  was  secure  in  his  riglitn  to  rec^^v'er,  tlion^i 

I  later  case«;  have  left   room   for  a  consideration  of  the  dttctrine  of 

I  volenti  non  fit  injuria. (^1  . 

I  Xt'f/ltf/cncd  of  ftnployeeH  exrr(*iitinf/  gujfertnfriidtttre, 

I        EiK'h  of  the  hiwh  of  the  group  nndor  rcnisideration  ha*  n  clause  set- 

I   ting  fortli  the  liaMlity  of  the  euiployer  for  injury  caused  hy  the  neg- 

I    ligencc*  of  a  person  in  authority  over  the  injured  employee,  by  reason 

of  which   the  injure*  was  inflicted.     The  scofx*  of  these  provisions 

varies,  and  the  lest  4»f  ranlt  is  not  unifonnly  held  to,  the  Alal>ama  law, 

i    for  instance,  allowing  specifically  for  a  dual  capacity,  while  the  Col«- 

[    rado  law  on  its  far*^  only  n'qtiires  that  the  negligent  act  1k»  that  of  ft 

'    person  whorio  sole  or  prin<'ipnl  duty  is  that  of  suiKM'intendence.    Tho 

Pennsylvania  law  ej)uuierates  an  within  the  class  of  persons  for  whose 

acts  the  employer  is  liable,  foremen  and  other  imt^-ou*^  in  charge  of 

works,  jdant,  or  machinery,  and  jiersons  in  charge  of  the  particular 

woric  in  which  the  employee  was  engaged  at  the  time  of  his  injury. 

In  (lie  construction  given  by  tho  courts  it  stvms  to  be  pretty  tmi- 
forndy  established  that  the  act  eomi>luiu('iI  of  naisl  its<df  Ih^  one  of 
I   superintendence,  and  that  the  mere  fact  that  it  was  the  act  of  a  per- 
son usually  engaged  in  superintendence  is  not  conclusive.('') 

An  action  nuiy  Ik*  brought,  however,  even  where  the  injury 
I  residtinl  from  the  negligence  of  a  superintendent  wliiU'  he  was  cu- 
I  gaged  in  manual  lalx)r,  assisting  the  plaintiff  in  his  work,('')  and  tho 
[  fact  that  he  lalnirs  occasionally  or  even  a  considerable  portion  of  tho 
I  time  does  not  necessarily  take  away  the  employers'  respmLsibility  for 
him  as  u  i)UperiMteudent;('')  but  the  negligiMice  mufit  l»e  in  the  matter 
of  his  duty  as  jiuperiutcndent,  au<l  not  iis  a  laWirer,  io  make  the 
I    employer  liable  under  this  provision. 

Wlio  are  superintendents  is  variously  indicateil,  sd  bir  as  ilic  ai-is  gii, 
I    Persons  whow  sole  or  [irincipnl  duly  is  supt^'infendence;  or,  further^ 

I     •Thomaa  r.  Qimrteramino  (1W7),  1ft  Q,  B,  Olv.  nw,  no  U  J.  Q.  J*.  N.  8,  'MO, 

f      »  ynrniLiutlj  r.  rnuKT  (ISST).  Itl  Q.  H.  IHv.  OS".  57  L.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  &  7;  Smith 
I    1'.  Bnker  (1**!»1 ),  A.  C.  325.  00  r..  J.  Q.  l\.  N.  S.  0S3. 

I  «  WhUluki^r  r'.  IU.nit  (lh07).  Ut7  Muhu.  TiS^.  4iS  N.  R  121  :  ImniiUcr  t.  t>e  Bar- 
I  UeMirn  C,  &.  I.  I'o.  (ISH3>.  101  Ain.  nOO.  U  So.  10;  Loul8rllle.  N.  A,  A  (*,  It.  Co. 
I  r.  Soutitwlck  (isuu),  lu  Ilia.  ApiK  -1^  -t-ft  N.  H.  20!);  Uatlagtter  i\  .Xewnian 
I  (ISH)S),  lUO  \.  \\  '\4U  Xi  N.  R  ISO.  Nf  now  mi  ihXs  \nyU\t  fn)ii4  ^'ohirndo  Ic  nl 
I  luinil,  liiit  111  vk*w  of  tbe  KlmllHrKy  rtf  ttie  t)n>vU1(iriH  nf  Itit*  hin-M.  thi^  rnurtM  of 
tl»!'^  'iiUI  |tntb:iMy  ji^rri^  with  \i\f  < 

it^,  M.  &  n.  It.  Cv.  V.  Muiluii  , 

k  V,  George  C.  Whltnoi-  Co.  (UXfOi.  177  Mnw»,  li(i.  ;»n  .N.  I-  tiitt^ 
r      ^J^/oa  r.  Bocleport  CmuUe  Co,  USO^).  I"l  ^"^  ^'t*.  50  X.  E.  5'jr#:  Cnmlry 
«  Cottlus  il^HHJ),  JGS  Mttja.  -l^tO,  43  ^^  £1  107. 


ijis^ 


KXFliOTBS     UABajTT  IS  THS  CirmD  STJkXW^ 


p»wogi»  aclis^  as  $«cii  with  aaUMirhj  m  their  «fa9enor:  or.  «5  ui  Al»- 


Imauu  a  per^dn  wbo  lifts  "  anj 


intfiKtcd  toLitt, 


are 


drrigntlad.    TW 


osvd  is 


L^fhsaia  hv  art  noi«4  abo^-^: 


ikfr  ttidMDa  law  oaohs  Ihr  clau- 

The  diflktihT  (if  det^nahiiiig  tfap  point  of  s«iperintT9d«>c<e  of  rtMtr^ 


onl 


V  w 


famtbp 


yiTolvrs 


»  a 


^B   iothi 


VIow  the  ruik  of  a 
^nl  ^LiprnutcfKktit  or  maiu^rr,  .luku  of  a  ^xnal!  ^an^ 

frvijziit  lumdlers^^*)  and  dk»  fofcman  of  a  ««etkti  g»i^  oa  «  rail- 
raafl(*i  havi<  favpii  htM  tji  lir  within  thr  Maaaadboaitts  art.     In  ;svn-, 
1  it  i>  a  nutter  for  the  jury  and  mn^  he  dtCcrauneii  by  the  fa<-ts^ 
io  the  part)<"ular  cafe.    Tl»r  fart  that  he  i:^'  not  expeHed  or  rN{nirrd  to 
t)ii&(')  or  that  he  reoetves  hi^wr  wage  Ihaa 
n.i  liMoe.  bat  is  not  coodaavr.    Mef>»  tayUtkm 

lbreiiuui«  however,  or  the  fact  that  he  occaskaialh'  girrs  ai%lrfs»  will 
not  be  auAcieitt  to  diai^  tl>e  r«ii|ilon-r.<'^ 

lliat  the  emplojerVi  liabilitT  U  enUrg^  by  this  datise  was  t«CQ|p^' 
niznl  in  a  New  York  ca^,('|  in  which  it  was^  m\\\  Uiat  *^il  «»  dear 
thai  it  [the  act  of  190^]  has  tnvpc  an  additkoal  catise  of  actioa 
where  it  prc^ribcs  that  t)u*  lu-iNur  ^lall  br  liable  for  the  ne^ffmcw 
of  the  superintendent  or  any  i^rs^in  acting  as  sorh.  At  oommoo  law. 
while  the  master  was  liable  fiu  i'  '  't  of  his  alter  egti  t«.i  whoisi  he 
intrtistcd  the  whole  mantt^niei::  work,  with  the  |>ower  t»i  em- 

ploy and  discharge  ser%'anis.  he  was  not  liable  for  the  neg1is>en<v  of 
foremen  tuerely  i«  such.** 

As  to  the  phraidng  of  the  Alabama  hiw  its  mpreme  court  has  said 
that  it  was  the  apparent  intent  of  tlie  legislature  to  make  the  common 
eri     '  I'm  the  injunr  compUined  of  b*  caused  bv  one  who, 

ha  ^  tdencse  Intnisted  to  him.  whether  or  imt  lie  i«  en*| 

gaged  in  manaaJ  Ijibar.(')     The  negligent  act  must,  liowertf.  be  onaj 
of  tendence.e) 

.  -  nt^igent  su|>erinteudent  need  not  be  the  superintendent 
tif  the  injured  empio>-ec  is  held  in  an  AUbama  ca5)e.(')     The  negli- 
gence of  a  mi/'  ninning  Km  train  ii      '      '     '       tv  to  orders^! 
thereby  causiiii:              ith  of  a  Breman  on  t«i!  .  wais  hvhU  ia^ 
a  ca^  imder  the  New  York  law,<')  to  be  the  act  of  a  |)erBon  not  in  sii- 


•MabODer  r.  New  T 
*TNiri«  r,  Nt'tr  V..rl: 

r.  Wllcui;  ■,  » 


rk  &  N.  U  R,  C«x  <1*^),  lO)  Massl  .-iT^.  3G  N.  K  TtSS. 
V.  II.  A  IL  n.  Cut  0»*3*.  ia>  Mniw.  :EC  M  N.  K.  VVTii. 

it  It.  Mr^  cu.  iisoni.  ii»  Mn8&  151.  as  X.  tw  tnTw 

Ji3  Maw*.  221,30  N.  E.  lOia 

{l<i/<),  i;i  Mutts.  36,  uO  N.  K,  45S, 
..-       ,   (iSiM).  Wl  Mas*.  t7M.  3rt  N.  K.  W2;  Kuljtlit  r.  O^vnuiin 
1  MiUtf.  l.Vs  W  \.  H  «»ii. 

mu*ra.    fW^  al»i.>  Harris  r.  Italtlnioro  M.  &  &  IVurka. 

■ini. 
■  ij'ra. 


100 


BULLETIN    OF  TUE   BVREAl?    01'  tABOR. 


perintpndcuce,  that  duly  devolving  on  the  train  dispatcher,  whfW6 
proper  ordci-s  had  been  disobeyed.  No  damages  were  allowed  therefore 
under  the  net  of  100*2,  though  it  seems  probable  thftt  under  the  act  of 
1000  (chap.  Oo7),  recovery  could  be  had. 

Xegltgencc  of  employevH  giving  ordcrtt* 

The  Ihws  of  Alabaniii,  Indiana,  and  Pennsylvania  follow  Iho  l^ng- 
lish  act  in  eontiuuin^a  clause  mentioning  injuries  eausinl  by  ihe  negli- 
jljenoe  of  an  employee  giving  orders  to  which  the  injured  employee  was 
bound  to  conform,  ami  did  conform,  nnd  making  tin*  employer  liable  if 
hijuries  reHnlte<l  from  the  fact  of  Ilis  having  ho  conformed.  Thij^  clause 
is  H  recognition  of  the  *'  superior  servant"  ihK'trine  discussed  in  the 
iirst  part  of  this  article,  and  h  independent  of  and  in  addition  to  the 
provisions  relating  to  the  uegligi'nce  of  superinlcn<lents.(")  It  **  dis- 
tinguishes employees  of  a  superior  rank — employees  clothed  with 
authority  and  responsibility  of  the  employer/' (*)  The  question  of 
engaging  in  manual  lulK)r  is  of  little  or  no  importance  here,  the  test 
being  one  of  actual  aiithority,  of  orders  within  the  Hcoi>e  of  that 
authority,  the  obligniion  to  ol»ey,  and  the  connection  U-lween  obedi- 
ence and  the  injurv  complained  of.  The  first  two  of  thes4»  three 
points  practically  fall  within  the  scope  of  the  ])rinciple  of  law  that 
the  act^  of  an  em|doyee.  oul.side  tlic  scope  of  his  employment  entail  no 
obligation  on  the  employer.  This  applies  to  the  giving  of  orders  as 
well  as  the  carrying  of  them  out.  An  Indiana  case(')  apparently 
hohls  that  in  the  abs»nice  of  specific  authority  to  do  so,  a  su|>erintend- 
ent  or  foreman  can  not  appoint  a  temporary  sul>stitute  to  act  in  his 
absence  and  to  have  >mc1i  authority  as  to  bind  the  employer  for  tlio 
negligence  of  such  substitute.  The  question  at  once  arises  as  to 
whether  the  injured  emp!oy(»e  whs  bound  to  nhry  Ihe  temporary  foi'c- 
man's  orders,  or  would  disobedience  Ijc  excused  by  the  eomn^on  em- 
ployer on  the  grouuil  of  the  hu'k  of  pro[>er  authority.  If  employers 
generally  "would  not  so  cxeusp  disobedience,  as  seems  most  probable, 
then  to  deny  to  the  injured  erupli>yee  the  right  of  action  would  seem 
unjust.  Apart  from  this  statute,  however,  llie  Indiana  court-s  Iiuve 
held  that  foremen  or  bosses  were,  in  general,  fellow-servanls  of  ihe 
workmen  who  weiv  oldiged  to  conforn»  to  their  orders.  (*)  An  employee 
who  complies  with  the  request  of  a  person  in  charge  of  work,  but  not 
in  conti'ol  of  him  personally^  has  no  redress  against  the  employer  in 

"  KanAAfi  CU}\  M.  &  T1.  H.  Co.  c.  Burton,  mu»rn. 

ft  I,uuNv  lUr.  N.  A.  9i  i\  K.  Co.  V,  WoKuer  (1S«9>,  ITttt  IimI.  4'JO,  M  N.  R  027. 

'  H.Hlfies  i\  HXaiiilnnX  AVbeel  C<t»  (1806),  362  Ind.  «8fi,  Ki  N.  K.  801 :  lame  i%m 
MS!»fH,  M  N.  K.as.x 

■'  nriijill.  &.■„  Coal  Co.  r.  Calu  (1S»4).  08  lud.  1«JS;  Indiana  Cnr  Co.  c.  I»nrV*r 
/  l.'v'^r.).  art  Tmi.  ifii. 


£MPUDY£BS'  LIABILITV  IN   THE   UNITED  STATES, 


101 


1 


of  rcsulliu*;:  iuiurv.(°)      But  wliore  there  i^  authority,  the  em- 
*r  is  liable  even  thougii  the  order  is  to  do  an  act  prohibited  by 
is  rules,  on  (he  ground  that  the  employee  is  not  supposed  to  decide 
to  tlie  right  or  wrong  of  the  act  when  obeying  his  actual  supe- 
ior:(*)  but  not  if  Iko  knows  the  act  is  outside  the  -icope  of  the  su- 
periors ttulliorily.i*^) 

Tlie  requirement  that  there  must  be  a  causal  connection  between 
he  negligent  order  and  the  injury  complained  of  is  in  accord  with 
the  ]>rincip!es  of  liubility  already  sufficiently  discussed.    The  order 
liwlf  may  Ih?  g-iven  explicitly,  or  it  may  be  infei'able  from  circuni- 
ano^;(')  but  the  latter  ground  will  not  extend  to  acts  done  in  the 
discharge  of  general  service,  and  growing  out  of  the  usual  course  of 
ihe  plaintiff's  employment. (•') 

I  ActM  hi  oh^Jienrr  to  ruUgj  etc. 

31ie  fame  States  as  named  above,  Alabama,  Indiana,  and  Penn- 
•U'ania.  have  enacted  a  provision  similar  to  that  of  the  Engli*^h  act 
»vering  the  acts  and  omissions  (though  the  latter  word  is  not  found 
Ihe  Pennsj-lvania  statute)  of  any  employee  of  the  common  em- 
'ployer.  ilone  or  made  in  accord  with  rules  and  regidations  of  the 
employer,  or  with  special  instructions  given  by  an  authorized  person. 
The  proviso  of  the  English  act  that  restricts  recovery  to  cases  where 
there  is  an  impropriety  or  defect  in  the  rules,  etc.,  is  not  found  hi  the 
Ampricnn  enactments.     Tt  is  probaldy  not  to  l)e  assmned.  however, 
that  th©  omission  is  significant  of  any  ditferent  effect  on  the  employer's 
liilbilily  than  if  they  had  been  inserted,  as  to  do  so  would  entail 
liabihty  without  fault,  and  would   tend  to  make  the  employer  an 
iiumrer  of  the  employee's  safety,  so  long  as  he  conformed  to  rides  or 
ia'!tnictions.(^)     The  law  of  Pennsylvania  speaks  of  the  act  of  a 
felloxT-servant  instead  of  "any  person  in  the  employ,*'  etc.,  which  is 
bdl  Ihe  adoption  of  the  coustnictiou  of  the  Indiana  law,  where  it 
vag  5aid  that  the  language  of  tlie  law  was  broad  enough  to  include 
ufls  or  i»n>issions  of  the  injured  employee  himself,  but  that  it  would 
U*  nujui?t  to  so  road  the  law.  as  this  would  practically  make  tlio 
rmpioyer  liable  for  pure  acciilent.(*)     The  act  was  therefore  construed 
as  lipplying  only  tt»  acts  or  omissions  of  fellow-servants.    The  omis- 
sion of  enjoined  duties  or  disobedience  to  rtdes  is  not  within  the  scope 
of  this  clause.(')     The  dause  seems  to  add  little  or  nothing  to  the 

'^'    I  M  f .  ileortrla  P.  U.  Co.  HSSS),  S3  Ala.  MS,  3  So.  704. 
>  r.  Ostii.ru  tism),  10  Times  L.  U.  3SS. 
t  c  I'.  Midland  R,  Co.  (1883),  47  U  T.  N.  f?.  I7rt, 
ae  &  O.  K.  Co.  t\  (Jwrp?  (181H).  04  Alft,  lIMt.  10  So.  14r». 
lUott  r.  W.  V.  Tel.  Co.  (1805),  OS  Fed.  03(t  (Iiidlinm  st;itutf). 
EUtiglinm  r.  Rrewer  fifiW).  113  Ala.  uOiK  Jl  S<».  415;  Ualllmore  k  O.  ft.  ■^\ 
*  /4»  R  Jjn/e  (2S07),  149  lad.  107,  48  S,  E.  Sti2. 


I 


102 


BCLLETTX   OF  THE   BCREAX;   OF  LABOXC. 


employers'  duly,  uiulcr  the  coinmon  law,  to  innintniu  a  proper  systenP 
an<i  to  make  and  oviforce.  sultal>le  ruU».s.    Tlio  same  doctrines  as  to 
knowledge  of  ndcs,  condoning  systematic  or  continnous  violation, 
and  of  action  in  emergencies,  as  are  set  forth  in  connection  witli  the 
<Iiscussion  of  th«t  pliase  of  the  connnon  law,  ai\'  appIicuMe  here. 

Acts  of  certain  cmployeee  on  railroad*  ^ 

All  the  lawB  of  this  group  except  tliose  of  Ponns^'lvania  and  New 
York  enutnerate  certain  chisses  of  employees  on  niilroads  for  whoM 
negligence  the  employer  is  held  liable  in  a  diffeiTnt  degree  from  that 
fixed  by  common  law.  In  New  York  there  is  a  separate  section  of 
later  enactment  whieh  provider  for  practically  the  same  classes  of 
em])loyee.s  as  are  named  in  the  English  statute,  which  is  in  the  main 
followed  by  the  other  States,  flKuigh  there  Is  some  variety  in  the  lan- 
guage- used. 

The  provisions  of  this  olaiiN--  are  additional  to  thus**  contained  in 
the  clause  fixing  lia]>ility  for  the  negligent  acts  of  superion>,  uud  taken 
in  connection  theiTwith  prcKent  a  practical  abrogation  of  the  dtxirine 
of  fellow-servi<e  ns  a  defense*  in  castas  of  injury  (Mcurring  by  the  negli- 
gence of  those  engaged  in  the  o(ieration  of  railroads. 

It  was  said  in  an  Alabama  case  (")  that  the  act  in  no  wine  relieves 
an  en»ployer  from  the  common-law  duly  of  using  reasonable  care  in 
selecting  employees;  it  increases  his  liability,  nilher,  anil  makes  him 
responsible  for  injuries  sustained  by  an  employee  in  consequence  of 
the  negligent  a<t  of  eniployeo.s  of  the  designated  dus-se-s.  and  that 
.without  reference  to  the  care  and  diligence  used  in  iheir  selection. 

Persons  in  charge  or  control  include  those  who  have  the  actual  phys- 
ical c<intnil  of  the  instrumentalilii's  named  as  well  us  those  wUo  aro 
intrusteil  with  woik  of  a  directive  nature.  Since,  liowever,  su^wrin- 
tendence  is  ineliideil  in  the  otlicr  clauses,  it  is  understood  that  this 
provision  relates  rather  to  employees  not  included  in  them.(*)  Tlie 
control  may  be  only  temporary, ('')  an*l  the  neglig<'nt  nuunuil  o|>era- 
lion  juay  Ix'  performed  un<ler  the  directiou  of  others,(^)  Vtlvo  is  in 
charge  of  an  engine,  train,  or  other  inslrtunentality  al  any  particular 
lime  is  u  question  of  fact,  to  Im*  deleruiincd  by  the  circunistiinces  of 
the  particular  case.(')  Nor  need  the  duty  be  considered  to  rest  en- 
tirely upon  one  [»ei*son,  since  diiTerenl  duties  may  1h«  assigned  lo  dif- 
frrenl  persons  uud  each  1h>  charged  with  the  conduct  of  llie  truin.(') 

•Culver  V.  Alal>ama  M.  H.  Co.  (1805).  108  Ala.  ana  la  So.  K2T. 
'•Htrmlnghnw  It.  &  E.  Co.  r.  Unylor  (IsiW).  101  Ala.  4SS,  13  So.  703* 
'  Welch  I',  ^•l■w  York,  etc.,  U.  Co.  (lOOO),  170  MnHB.  .TlW.  r>7  N.  Iw  tWft. 
<>  UiiilMinc  &  N.  II.  C^,  t\  nUhardma  (18IKt).  100  Ala.  -J3:X  11  So.  SOO;  HUoa  r« 
New  York.  N,  H.  &  H.  R.  Co.  (WKi).  ITS  Ma**.  177.  5:1  N.  EL  SOtk 
*}lny»]vr  r.  i;rL«t  We«teni  U.  Co,  (ISSl).  72  l^w  T.  12t>;  (^nroo  r.  Itoirtoa 
^A.  it.  Cq,  (JiUKi).  HU  Mom,  C23,  42  N.  E.  \U. 


EMFLOYEBS^   UABOJTT    13?    THE    UNITED  STATES, 


lo; 


But  a  sapmor  wlio  is  adiinUy  present  cun  not  devoh-e  (he  disclmrgj 
of  his  duties  upoa  an  infiTior  so  as  to  make  the  employer  rcspoubtblJ 
for  ihi*  loiters  negligence. (*)  I 

.The  words  "  sii^nals  *"  and  "sigrnal   points"  have  been  variousljl 
ilefinietfL     The  t<»rni  '^sigiiaU"  inchides  mechanical  devices   (^)   and 
lori>«t|e.ps,(')  as  well  as  signals  tr.uisniitted  by  flags,  lantenjs.  etc.(')l 
The  Wisconsin  cmirts  have  decido<i  that  un  interlocking  sj-Ktem  wsea* 
to  |H*event  collisionft  is  not  «  signal.(*)     As  to  the  Alabama  law, 
court    nilp<l    that    the    comma    l>etween    the    words   ''signal"    and 
**  points"  was  not   prt>pfr!y  there,  and  construed  the   wonls  us  m 
phrase  referring  to  apparatus  and  not  to  loeality.C')    The  English  usm 
of  the  word  "points"  instead   of  the  term  ''switch"  used  in  thcJ 
Ubited  Stjites  lias  not  been  followed.     Of  the  laws  mentioned  undofl 
this  general  head  only  those  of  ALiliamn  and  California  contain  thd 
won!  -'  point,"    In  that  of  the  latter  State  the  phra?*  "switch  signafl 
point  "  occure,  while  the  Porto  Kican  law  speaks  of  a  '•  signal  switch.^ 
IIow  these  terms  would  be  defined  by  the  court'^  does  not  appear  nm 
vet.     Switches  are  mentioned  in  a  number  of  the  laus,  but  in  the 
Indiaua  law  the  only  inference   thereto  is  in  the  phrase  ^switch 
y«rtl.**     The  court  refuse*!  to  accept  the  suggestion  that  the  legisla- 
tive intent  was  to  separate  the  words  by  a  comma  and  so  give  thei 
linct  me«nings,(')     The  same  coiirt  held  tliat  u  switch  target, 
ring  autODiaticaliy  with  the  opening  and  closing  of  the  switch, 
a  signal  within  the  meaning  of  the  act.  but  tliat  it  meant  only 
signals  complete  within  themselves  and  not  subsidiarj-  parts  of  other 
devices*(') 

Tlie  laws  generally  n'f**r  to  locomotives  or  locomotive  engines,  that 
of  Alalwma  separating  the  woixi  •'  locomotive "  from  the  word 
'^cnginr  "  by  a  cofnma.  The  question  therefore  arose  whether  a  sla- 
titmafy  engine  emplove^l  to  move  cars  by  means  of  a  rope  or  cubh 
oune  within  the  meaning  of  the  a<l,  but  it  was  held  that  such  ai 
mginc  was  not  un  engine  on  the  track  of  a  railway,  and  so  was  noli' 
induded.t')  A  pile  driver  used  un  the  tracks  of  a  railroad  and 
geared  to  move  by  the  application  of  its  omu  power  to  the  axle  of  the, 
wheels  on  which  it  retsts  is  not  a  loci»motive  under  this  «ct(*).J 
Attemptd  to  make  this  clause  cover  the  operation  of  railways  oa 

-    it  N.  R.  C^  r.  GoKK  tl^MTJ),  IIJT  Ala.  :;i!li,  ft*  S...  1007. 

l>mlffTllle&  N.  k.  Cn.  <I!<I7>.  44  R*».  (SSTL  (Ala.) 

^Vwima  c.  Hay  tlOul).  106  FWL  S3X  47  C-  C,  A.  3.'..:, 
ijt&clioMMMl  &  in  R.  Co.  r,  Jwats  (l«tl),  KJ  Ala.  2IS.  0  So.  27«k 
^Ctilcaso.  St.  P..  M.  Jt  O.  R.  Ou.  r,  Cliloatro,  M.  &  St  P.  R.  C'l*.  (MiOC). 

Wt,  K»  X.  W.  190. 
/  Pnfttn^AT*  A  O.  H.  W.  R,  0>.  r.  Un\**  tlWT),  14U  rod.  107.  48  X.  R  862- 

S4».  12U 
^J»rttt  r.  iiltcB  fSlKa,K  JCl  toO.  I'lT.  07  X.  E.  ItKiT. 


104 


BULLETIN    OF  TUE   BUBKAU   OF  LABOB. 


■\vhicli  fleet ric'ity  is  useil  as  ii  motive  power  Iiuve  not  received  the  saiic- 
liou  of  the  courts, («) 

Some,  of  the  statutes  speak  of  charge  or  control  of  n  train,  others 
of  a  cur  or  train,  upon  «  railway.  The  hitter  pliran?  would  sei*m  lo 
l>c  explicit,  though  the  AInbnnui  courts  hold  tluit  the  word  "car*'  is 
jipplirahle  also  to  hand  cars,(^)  ^AHiei^c  the  word  "train"  only  is 
used,  the  question  arises  as  to  what  constitutes  a  train.  In  a  Mnssa- 
chnsetts  case  it  was  held  that  a  number  of  cars  detached  from  the 
loi'oiuotive,  luul  moving  under  the  impetus  given  hy  the  lo<'(Mnotivo 
l>efore  being  detached,  formed  a  train  within  tlie  meaning  of  the 
act.t'')     'riie  prescjil  law  of  tliat  State  is  explicit  on  this  {>oint. 

A  dummy  railroad  has  lx*en  held  to  Ik»  within  the  act,(*)  as  is  also 
a  temporary  track  used  by  a  city  for  hauling  gravel, (')  A  locomo- 
tive in  n  ronndhous*'  is  not  "  oi\  the  track  of  a  raihvay.*^(0 

In  the  fourth  subdivision  of  section  7083  of  the  Indiana  hiw,  re*.x)v- 
rry  is  allowed  for  injuries  on  condition  that  the  injured  jwrson  was 
*'  ol»oying  or  conforming  to  the  order  of  some  sti|x»rior  at  the  time  of 
such  injury,  having  aiithority  to  direct,"  The  attempt  has  been 
made  to  defeat  by  means  of  this  clause  the  claims  of  employees  who 
were  Injured  while  in  tho  exercise  of  their  routine  duties,  on  t!»e 
ground  that  they  were  not  at  tlic  time  working  luider  orders;  but 
this  contention  htis  not  l>ecn  allowed,  the  ground  Inking  taken  that 
tiri'men,  engineers,  and  workmen  of  like  employments,  were  of  ueces- 
Mty  subordinates,  and  timt  action  in  the  lino  of  duty  cotdd  only  bo 
action  under  the  orders  of  superiors.(tf) 

All  the  laws  of  this  group  provide  directly  or  by  i^cference  for  tho 
re<*oveiy  of  damages  where  ileath  ft»llows  tho  injuries  received.  A 
number  of  them  proviile  also  for  tho  assessment  of  damages  pro|>or- 
tioned  to  tlic  degive  of  the  negligence  of  the  employer  or  of  the  em- 
ployer for  wliose  acts  he  is  liable.  This  is  not  to  be  confttsod  with  tho 
dta'lrine  of  eomparative  negligence  embodied  in  a  nuinln*r  nf  recent 
liLWb  relatijig  to  railway  employment. 

THE  COLORADO  LAW  OF   1001, 


This  law  (section:)  1511f,  l<>ng)  la  the  tirnt  enactment  of  a  Irgisla- 
tum^  in  a  jurisdiction  wheiv  tho  common  law  prevails  to  entiivlj 

"  I'nllmi  r.  West  Kiul  ,St.  H.  Co.  (IMKS).  171  Mhmk.  241».  n(»  N.  K.  .VTC;   Indlnn- 
bjhjUk  &  a  n.  T.  Co.  v.  Andis  (ItKM),  aT  Ind.  App.  OUT*.  VZ  N.  B,  145. 

^KuiiMiH  City.  M.  &  B.  R.  Co.  l*.  Crock*?  (1802),  ns  Alu.  412,  11  Ru.  202. 

•*  Cnr»m  v.  Ho*7toii  &  A,  U.  Co..  supra. 

•^  niniitiieliMni  It.  &  R  Cm.  e.  Haylor  (1903).  ItM  Abi.  "IRS  13  Bo.  7D3. 

'^C*iujiliUn  r.  i-JintbrldKo  (180G).  IW  Mass.  :.HS.  41  N.  C  218. 

/  IVrry  r.  Old  Colony  «.  Co.   (l«fCH,  HU   Mns,<,  -»!•<).  41   N.  IZ,  iSti. 

vciitriniinii.  II.  &  i>.  n.  riK '-.  'niii'imiid  <]!i<iu>,  in  Fo<i.  '.us  <c.  c\  .\,>.ciuiiir 

nutilmris.  c/l'..  R  ViK  r.  Meniir"iiirt'y  (IMis).  K,:;  tml.  1,  Jt»  N.  K.  r*S2, 


^^^  employers'  UABIUTV    IK    THE   UNITED    STATES.  105 

AlK)TisIi  the  ilefoise  of  eosorvice.  Tt.*^  >oop<>  iind  effect  -nere  sot  forlli  in 
u  recent  case  (")  in  which  the  ^niprciue  court  of  the  State  niaintiniied 
(he  constjtntiounlity  of  the  law.  In  the  course  of  Its  opinion  the  court 
stated  that  the  act  in  qne-Ktion  reuders  the  employer  liable  for  damages 
resulting  from  injurie*-  to  or  death  of  an  employee,  caused  by  the 
negligence  of  a  coemployce  in  the  same  manner,  and  to  the  same 
extent,  as  If  the  negligence  causing  the  injury  or  death  was  that  of 
the  employer.  AVliolIior  or  not  the  employer  i«  liable  under  this  act 
must  bo  determined  by  each  particular  case  based  on  its  provisioas. 
It  does  not  deprive  him  of  any  defense  to  the  liability  thei'eby  imposed 
which,  under  the  establislied  rules  of  law,  could  be  ivgarded  as 
sufficient  except  his  own  lack  of  negligence.  ^*  For  the  purjKise  of  pro- 
ri<ling  for  the  safety  and  protection  of  employees  in  the  service  of 
u  common  employer*  the  law-making  power  has  the  undoubted  au- 
thority to  abrogjite  the  exception  to  the  general  rule  of  respondeat 
suijorior  in  favor  of  the  employer,  and  make  him  liable  to  one  of  his 
employees  for  damages  cau^d  by  the  negligence  of  another  employe© 
while  acting  within  the  scope  of  his  employment,  regardless  of  the  fact 
that  sncli  employees  are  fellow-servants.'' 

Thus,  far-ivuching  as  this  law  is  in  its  particular  field,  the  defenses 
of  assimied  ridf;?  and  contributory  negligence  remain  unaffected,  nor 
is  the  employee  in  any  way  protected  from  the  consequences  of  pure 
accident. 

STATUTES  AFFECTING  EMPLOYMENT  ON  RAILROADS. 

A  very  con^idei*able  number  of  States  have  laws  applying  specific- 
ally to  the  business  of  railroading,  some  of  tliem  applying  to  all  em- 
ployees, and  some  only  to  those  engaged  in  the  operation  of  the  road. 
Tliese  laws  range  in  effect  from  the  slightest  possible  deviation  from 
the  principles  of  the  coniraon  law  to  a  complete  abrogation  of  the  de- 
fense of  fellow -service,  and  important  changes  in  those  of  contribu- 
tory* negligence  and  of  assumed  risfe. 

The  most  conspicuous  instance  of  a  statute  that  leaves  the  employee 
in  practically  the  same  status  as  is  fixed  by  the  conuuoii  law  is  that  of 
Xew  Mexico,  which,  apart  from  tlie  doubtful  exception  as  to  tlie  ap- 
plication of  the  doctrine  of  contributoi'y  negligence  after  the  em- 
ployee has  given  notice  of  defects,  would  seem  to  l>etter  in  no  way  the 
condition  of  an  iiiJMvc<l  employee  seeking  damages  for  accidental 
injuries. 

The  constitutionality  of  laws  relating  to  railroa*ls  only  has  been 
repeatedly  decided  in  their  favor  in  the  face  of  contentions  that  they 
are  discriminatory,  not  affording  railroads  equal  protection  with  other 

•VluOlcutor  CotxBoh  Gold  Mtn.  Co.  r.  Flrstbrook   (IdrjC),  30  Colo..  409,  86 


>ii»-;-  u»iji>latioii  does  not  infriii^  upon  tho  clause  of  tho  fourteenth 

i:i.en«l!rient    rei^uiring  i>qnal   protection   of  Ihc  laws.  l>ecaust*   it    is 

-^P»h;i.i[  in  its  chanicier.    When  leprislation  applies  to  pai-ticnlar  Ixnlies 

^  jr  assixnations.  imposing  upon  tlieni  additional  liabililies.  it  is  not 

^  •pt^T?  to  the  objection  that  it  denies  to  theui  the  equal  protection  of 

^  /le  lawv:,  if  all  persons  brought  under  its  influence  are  treated  alike 

^  ji'kT  the  sanie  i-onditions.     The  hazardous  character  of  the  business 

^  o|^H?raiinL*r  a  railway  would  seem  to  call  for  special  legislation  with 

^p-peet  to  railn^ad  oorjx>rat ions,  havinir  for  its  object  the  protection 

^  their  etuplovivs  as  well  as  (he  safety  of  the  public.     The  business 

^   other  i\ir[H>n«ions  is  not  subject  to  similar  dangers  to  their  em- 

^^ivivs*  and  no  objwtions.  therefore,  can  l)e  made  to  the  legislation 

'         the  grouml  of  its  making  an  unjust  discrin»ination.    It  meets  a 

'^    ^-ttculav  nevvs>ity.  and  all  railrond  corjiorations  are.  without  dis- 

■"^  ,*.iiou,  made  subject  to  the  same  liabilities." 

^WS  ATFECTING  THE  LIABILITY  OF  OPEKATORS  OF  MINES. 

^i^-?ides  the  States  whose  laws  eud)race  the  working  of  mines  in 
^-ciiwius  of  wider  inclusion,  two.  Maryland  and  Missouri,  have 
■^**\trte#  that  n»Knlo  only  to  mining. 

^\be  l*w  of  Maryland  applies  only  in  case  of  death.    It  abrogates 
^Wfr»=*  ^*^  av^n^viiv,  and  pn>vides  for  a  proi>orti(matc  compensa- 
^   «heiv  the  negligence  of  the  decedent  cooixn^ated  with  that  of 
*^  ^»i«t\vr  or  his  agiMits  or  employe«»s. 

**t^  Mi^«uri  law  diviaivs  a  liability  for  all  danuiges  Fustained  by 
j^  w  avwuut  of  ihe  negligiMice  of  any  other  agiMit  or  employee, 
i.—  itatf  nfftvt   the  ilcfcnsi'  t»f  contributory  negligence.    Vice- 


EMPLOTEHS'  UABIUXY  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  107^ 

STATES    WHOSE    ULWS    AB&OOATE    THE    DEFENSE    OF    COHMON 

EMPLOYMENT. 

Some  grouping  of  the  States  is  possible  on  the  basis  of  the  scope 
and  effect  of  their  laws.  In  the  first  group  may  be  placed  those 
whose  laws  abrogate  the  defense  of  fellow -service,  either  as  relates 
to  all  employees  in  the  industries  included  within  their  purview,  most 
frequently  railroad  service  only;  or  to  designated  classes  of  employees, 
as  those  engaged  in  the  use  and  operation  of  railroads. 

ARKANSAS. 

Arkansas  falls  in  this  class  by  virtue  of  the  act  of  1907,  which  ap- 
plies to  coal  mining  as  well  as  to  the  operation  of  railroads,  and 
entirely  abrogates  the  defense  of  fellow-service.  The  law  repeals 
conflicting  acts,  without  specifying  any.  It  seems  probable  that  this 
expression  would  work  the  repeal  of  sections  6658-6660,  which  em- 
body the  superior  servant  and  departmental  doctrines,  thus  restrict- 
ing but  not  abrogating  the  application  of  the  rule  of  coservice.  These 
sections  are  retained  in  this  compilation,  however,  until  a  judicial 
decision  determines  the  point. 

FLORmA. 

The  doctrine  of  comparative  negligence,  set  forth  in  section  3149, 
is  held('')  not  to  apply  to  employees,  who,  by  the  next  section,  must 
be  "  without  fault  or  negligence."'  If,  however,  the  injury  resulted 
from  the  performance  of  an  act  in  which  the  injured  employee  had 
no  part,  the  presumption  is  that  he  is  free  from  fault,  and  that  he 
may  recover  the  same  as  if  he  were  notan  employee.  (") 

GEORGIA. 

The  legislature  of  Georgia  was  one  of  the  first  if  not  the  firet  in 
the  Union  to  enact  a  law  of  the  class  under  consideration.  Section 
2297  of  the  Code  of  1895  was  enacted  in  1855,  and  is  applicable  to 
cases  of  injury  not  connected  with  the  running  of  trains  as  well  as  to 
those  which  are.(*)  Section  2321  is  a  statement  of  common-law 
"principles ;(*■)  but  taken  with  sections  2297  and  2323,  an  employee 
who  is  injuretl  by  the  negligence  of  coemployees  may,  if  himself  with- 
out fault,  recover  damages,  since  the  risks  he  assumes  are  not  those 
occasioned  by  the  incomi>etence  or  negligence  of  other  employees.  ('') 
In  order  to  clear  itself,  however,  the  company  need  only  show  that  its 

« Florida  C.  &  P.  R.  Co.  r.  Mooney  (1898),  40  Fla.  17.  24  So.  148;  Duval  v. 
Hunt  (1894),  U  Fla.  85,  15  So.  876. 

ft  Thompson  v.  Central  H.  &  Bkg.  Ca  (1875),  54  Ga.  509. 

«  Campbell  r.  Atlanta  &  B.  Air  Line  R.  Co.  (1873),  53  Oa.  488. 

'Soatbern  B.  Co.  v.  Johnson  (1901),  114  Ga.  829,  40  S.  B.  235. 


108 


BULLETIN   OF  THE  BUREAU   OP  L.\BOB. 


t'liiployecs  used  ordinary  and  ronsonuMc  cure,  and  it  is  not  rcquiivtl  to 
neooMnt  for  the  accident.('*)  The  provisions  of  the  law  are  held  to 
apply  to  oriployec»s  on  street  railway^.C') 

The  doctrine  of  comparative  negligence  expressed  in  section  2322 
is  construed  as  indicated  for  Florida,  nbove,  that  State  having  fol- 
lowed Georgia  in  the  enactment  of  its  law.  By  section  3830,  how- 
ever, the  iegisIatuiH?  of  Cieorgia  has  established  a  rule  that  iwrmits 
recover}',  even  where  the  injured  j>erson  has  contributed  by  his  negli- 
gence to  llie  occasion  of  the  aceitleiit  that  caused  the  injury.  This 
section  has  l>een  construed  as  applying  to  employees,  (**) 

As  ab*eady  stated,  the  general  liability  hiw  is  n  statement  of  the 
principles  of  the  common  law  and  is,  in  etfect.  but  a  declaration  that, 
except  as  to  railroad  employees,  the  rules  of  that  law  control. 


IOWA. 


The  Towa  statute  has  been  hehl  to  cover  the  operations  of  a  ccm- 
st ruction  company  running  gravel  trains  while  building  a  rail- 
road.(')  though  the  eni|)loy^es  of  inde[>endent  contractors  can  not 
recover  from  a  railroad  company  for  injuries  caus«'d  by  the  negli- 
gent acts  of  its  employees. (")  Without  extending  refeivn(*es»  tlie 
following  sentences  fi'om  a  nv^ent  ca9e(0  "i«.V  '»<-*  quoted  as  showing 
the  construction  adopted  by  the  supreme  court  of  the  State: 

"  It  has  been  construed  us  embracing  within  its  protection  all  that 
class  of  employes  whose  emjdoyment  *  exposes  them  to  the  peculiar 
dangers  and  perils  attend:uit  upon  the  use  nnd  nperation  of  rail- 
roads.' Am<»ng  others  foinid  to  be  entitled  to  recover  have  Ix'en  the 
section  hand,  the  section  foreman,  the  shop  hand,  the  clinker  man, 
(he  detective,  the  gravel  sh(»veler,  and  the  snow  shovi'ler.  none  of 
whom  had  an}'  connection  with  the  train  servicre  ijro|>er.  The  kind  of 
lal)or  in  which  the  employee  is  engaged  is  not  the  test  of  \\\s  right  of 
r**covery  so  mnch  as  the  fact  whether,  in  ihe  |»erf<»nnanre  of  that 
lalx>r,  he  is,  for  the  time  being,  exposed  to  the  pecidinr  hazards 
which  arisi>  from  or  are  connected  with  the  use  and  ojwration  of  Iho 
road."  Exposure  to  the  risk  of  the  nperation  of  trains  witliotit  neces- 
sarily Ix'ing  employed  in  the  actual  nu»vi>in<iit  brings  the  emjdnyp** 
witldn  th<»  protection  of  the  law.(^) 

•Georiria  K.  ft  Bku.  Co.  v,  Hlcka  (1S(K>).  SKi  Ca.  im,  2Z  8.  K  013. 
*Sjivnniiali.  T.  &  I.  of  H.  U.  r.  Wim»im»  {Um),  117  (Ju.  4\i,  4:\  S.  R  751, 
"Allantii  Cotton  Knctory  Co.  r,  8i>e4*r  (188.3),  Oft  fJo.  137:  HIII  r.  Cannlian 

^.MrKtilclit  t\  \nwn  A  M.  It,  Coant.  Co.  ilH7(l).  4.'1  Inwn  -im. 
•  Ney  v.  InilMKiiif  &  S.  C.  n.  Co.  (ISTHI).  Ltt  Iowa  347. 
/  Jrawu  e.  Otiintiu  Sl  St.  U  II.  Co.  ( 1rt>-ii.  llTi  lown  40J.  8S  N\  W.  UI52, 
'/>»€'  r.  cnU'Uffi*.  K.  &  Q.  n.  Co.  <18H0>.  5^  lowu  223.  0  X.  W.  281;  8uillli  r, 
Itumi^OD  &  S.  H,  Co.  a>m),  7S  Iowa  r»iS3.  4n  N.  NV.  T>^T>. 


d 


EPLOyKRS     UABTUTV  IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


109 


PVne  Uiniting  words.  *'  such  wrongs/'  are  held  to  ix'fer  to  the  "  nvp- 
Jert  "  »nd  '*  tiiistiiauageuient  *^  luentioned,  «s  well  as  to  the  "  willfu) 
[^ronpi  **  nnniod  siibsoquentlv.i")  Nor  iU»os  tlio  fact  that  the  iiegli- 
Igeiit  employee  is  subject  to  tin*  ronlrol  of  the  ijlaitititl  bar  the  Jatter*s 
right  lo  recoVtn'.(*) 

I  KANSAS. 

I  Tlie  J^tatute  of  Kansas,  v!owii  to  the  Hrvt  provi>o.  is  a  practical  v0\vy- 
mi  the  earhrsfc  law  of  Iowh.  which  was  stmiewhtit  hi-ondcr  in  tenn«- 
fthan  the  Iowa  law  now  in  forw.  The  added  matter  relates  only  to 
'proetMltire  and  does  not  afftn't  the  liubility  of  llie  employer  otherwise, 
[The  same  general  line  of  construction  as  adopted  by  the  courts  of  that 
fStale  is  followed,  though  the  liencfits  of  ilie  statute  exteml  furlher 
tlhaii  do  those  of  the  Iowa  law,  which  the  Kansas  .supreme  court  de- 
frlarwl  to  apply  only  uhere  (he  plaintiff  or  the  negligent  employee,  or 
both  of  them,  are  engaged  in  the  use  and  ojKM'ation  of  a  railroad  at  the 
kime  of  the  acrident  cunning  the  injui'y. i*^)  This  restriction  was  held 
[not  to  exist  under  the  construction  of  the  law  of  Kansas,  and,  in  the 
case  in  hand,  a  section  hand  on  whom  a  fellow-workman  let  a  rail  fall 
Was  allowed* to  ircover  damages.  (*') 

The  Htatnte  applies  to  *^ every  railroatl  company"  in  the  State, 
*wbich  term  is  ci>nstrued  as  including  only  <Nirpornti<tns  (which  is  the 
word  used  iii  the  Iowa  statute),  and  partnerships  or  individuals  en- 
gaged in  railroading  are  held  not  to  fall  within  its  scope.  ('')  The 
[query  at  once  arises,  in  view  of  the  ruling  of  the  Indiana  and  Missis- 
l»ppi  i^ourts  that  a  law  applying  to  corporations  but  n(»t  to  firms  and 
li(i<iiri«lunls  engag»Ml  in  the  same  lines  of  busine^  is  unconstitutional, 
[how  such  a  position  Is  tenable. 

I  Xo  decision  is  at  haml  cijustruing  the  jn'ovisions  as  to  notice,  added 
[hy  amendments  of  liM>;},  1905,  and  IV»07,  hut  according  to  the  general 
I  rule  previously  set  forth,  they  would  demnnd  strict  observance  as  to 
I  time  in  order  to  bring  a  plaintitf  within  their  terms,  while  a  material 
[  rather  than  formal  c*.impliance  as  to  contents  of  the  notice  wouhl  be 
I  rwiuired.C) 
I  MiNXKJ*irrA. 

I  Tho  law  of  this  State,  like  that  of  Kansas,  is  held  to  apply,  not  to 
I  all  '  '  .  .'S  of  railroad  co!npanit»s.  nor  alone  to  those  engaged  in 
I  lliv  lit  of  train-;,  but  to  all  who  are  exposed  to  and  subject  to 

I  lajtirieB  by  the  dangers  peculiar  to  the  use  and  o[}eration  of  rail- 

I  •SfalOM  r.  Barimgton,  C.  R.  &  X.  R.  Co.  (1884),  OS  lowii  417.  21  N.  W.  "W. 
"      »!!  ^^^  r.  Cblongc..  K.  I.  ft  P.  R.  Co.  (1S82).  m  lovrn  230,  14  X.  W.  778. 

•n  P.  R.  Co,  r.  llnrrifi  riSSTO.  Xi  Knn.  41G.  fl  Puc.  571. 
^tf^lVf  'Ubark  (ISOO).  41  Kau.  dm,  25  Pnc.  48. 


110  BVLUCTIN    OF  THB    BUIIKAC   OF   LABOB,  ^H 

roatls.('*)  Emplo3"«s«rs  of  receivers  aiv  within  Ms  |»ratection,(^) 
as  are  thoBu  of  u  privuto  corporation  ofM^ratiiig  u  logging  rail- 
iv>ad.(' )  or  a  narrow -giuigo  road  hsimI  in  stripping  rarth  in  mining 
ojjeralions.^'')  Work  ilone  in  llu«  ronstruction  of  a  yard  for  une  iu 
connection  witli  a  line  in  uso  \>y  tlic  public  i«  not  wi()»in  the  proviso 
that  r\n»pts  new  ivmds  from  the  oiH»ru(ioii  of  the  law.C)  Strwt 
railways  are  not  within  its  pnr\  it'w,{^ )  th<Mi<rh  the*  itpcnition  of  hand 
cars  on  ^teani  ronds  l8.(')  J 

M18.SOt  iti.  1 

While  sections  287.>  and  287<i  aiv  dovoteil  to  ilofinitionH  of  vice- 
prhicipals  and  fellow-servants,  in  mnch  the  sjune  language  as  is  ustnl 
in  statutes  of  tlie  next  ehiss  eonsidered,  .si^rtion  'JHTA  elearly  reniovea* 
the  defense  of  fellow-service  in  actions  for  injuries  without  ix'ference 
to  the  relative  grndes  of  the  pliiintif!'  and  the  neglip'nt  eniployiv,  if 
the  injury  is  ivceived  winle  the  plainlilf  is  engaged  in  the  work 
of  operating  a  railroad.  This  provision  includes  all  work  that  is 
dirwtly  n<vesT<ary  for  running  intins  over  a  track,  eird>racing  that  of 
section  hnnds.l*)  In  the  ciise  cited  a  mendxT  of  ii  section  gang  was 
injured  hy  the  negligence  of  other  members  of  the  gang  in  throwing 
timl)ers  upon  him  wliilc  he  was  acting  as  watchman  at  a  bridge  over 
a  street.  The  constitutionality  <»f  the  law  and  its  a]>pru*ution  to  em- 
^lovei^  of  a  receiver  of  a  niilitiad  company  were  upheld  in  n  recent 

The  term  "  railroad  corjMJratinn''  used  in  this  statute  is  taken  to 
mean  nil  companies,  and  individuals  as  welL  owning  or  o[i<M*ating 
railroads,(^)  The  net  does  not  include  street  railway's  within  its 
sco|>e.(*^)  The  art  4»f  U»OT  relating  to  mining  has  Imimij  in  the  ab><Mice 
of  decisions,  sufficiently  noticed.(') 


MOXTANA. 


Chapter  1  of  the  acts  of  1005  of  this  State  presents  a  brief  but 
compivhensive  enactment  abrogating  the  doctrine  of  fcllow-aervico 

Ia  IVarwm  r.  Clikim'o,  >I.  &  SI.  I*.  It.  Co.  (ISHli,  17  Minn.  0.  -10  N.  W.  302. 
^MlkkoItMMi  r.  Tniowliilr  fiwri).  (W  Minn.  V\7,  (V)  \.  W.  IHTHi. 
"  S<tm«  r,  roweri*-Slinp»'n  <'o.  (IfMC).  SR  Minn.  AM,  HO  N.  W.  ftft. 
<'Mlmir«ot«  Iron  f".  r,  KIlue  (HtO.n*.  HCi  V,  H.  5m,  2«  8ut».  l«t>- 
'•  Moran  w  tUuil«?ni  U,  t'l*.  itstn:),  -18  Mlim.  -10,  M*  .V.  W.  1*30. 
t  Funk  r.  St.  riiul  <'lty  K.  Co.  (l«ir>>.  til  Mluu,  435.  (R  ,\.  W.  1000. 
*»  SlofTonson  r,  Chlcagi..  >l.  &  St.  P.  U.  Co.  (JW1)»  -ir.  Miuu.  3Ks  47  S.  W. 
HXW. 
»CBllaUna  r.  Hallway  Co.  (iOOU).  17*1  Mo.  47».  71  S.  W.  308, 
<  r»\vt*n  r.  ShcnviH»<l  ( lUOl).  UK!  Mi*.  fll»ri.  (Kl  H.  \V.  -ISS. 
'  tb.:  citlni!  ML-etloD  2(Ria.  IL  8. 
AH;iiuh  I.  St.  t.oulii  &  M.  tt.  C4J.  (11X13),  ITl  Ma.  ^%  TA  H.  W.  USA. 


EJdPtOTKBS     UABIUXT  127   X£LE  Uf7IX£D  STATES. 


Ill 


cases  of  injuries  neglipently  iiiflieletl  in  connection  willi  Iho  use 
and  operation  of  niilruuds.  No  cnse  la  at  hand  under  this  act,  but 
its  constioiction  wonhl  doubtleta  be  similar  to  that  of  the  Iowa  statute, 
the  langua^re  of  which  it  resemble.^. 

Sections  200)0  to  yfitW  make  no  addition  to  the  provisions  of  the 
conimon  law. 

The  act  of  1907  is  a  ri'sfricted  law,  np|iiicabk*  oid3'  to  emploveos 
who,  at  tlie  time  of  injui'y,  are  enpa*^ed  in  construction  or  repair 
■work,  or  in  the  uise  and  o|>erntion  of  utt  en*rine,  car,  or  triun. 
Within  these  lluuts  the  defense  of  coser\*ice  i.<  abolished.  The  pro- 
vision as  to  defects  is  practically  a  slatenienl  of  the  conunon-Iaw 
Habilitj,  closely  resembling  the  coiTesponding  provisional  in  the 
English  act  and  those  folUiwing  it»  to  the  tliscussion  of  which  refer- 
ence may  be  uiade.('»)  The  provision  as  to  comparative  negligence 
look.s  toward  the  alleviation  of  the  hardships  of  those  cases  in  which 
heretofore  any  contributing  negligence  has  been  a  bar  to  recovery. 

NEVADA. 

The  law  of  1007  is  much  broader  in  its  scope  than  that  of  Nebraska, 
not4?d  above,  in  the  inclusion  of  other  industries  than  railroading,  as 
well  as  of  bU  employees  in  the  included  employrn4'r»ts  without  ivstric- 
iioo.    In  otlier  res]>ect8  the  two  laws  are  similar. 


NOBTII  CAROLINA. 

The  law  of  this  State  is  embodied  in  the  Code  of  1905,  since, 
though  printed  as  a  private  law.  it  is,  by  its  contents  and  efTecl.  a 
public  statute,  and  is  constitutional. (*)  It  abolishes  entirely  the 
defense  of  cosenice,  so  that  questions  of  control  or  rank  are  imma- 
terial.C^)  Wliere  an  injury'  is  the  rcsidt  of  ii  tlefectivc  engine  or 
appliance,  the  defense  of  assun»ed  risks  is  taken  away  from  IJie  em- 
pIoyer,(*)  In  a  case  involving  th«»  application  of  the  law  to  a  private 
road  owne<1  and  u^<l  by  a  lnnil>er  company,  the  act  \\i\>  hchl  to 
npply,(')  the  court  rmiarking  that  it  woultl  ajjply  to  a  street  railway 
as  well. 

NOKTH    DAKOTA. 

The  law  of  lf>07  abrogates  the  defenso  of  fellow-service  in  actions 
for  injuries  to  employees  of  common  carrier^  and  requires  actions 

*>  See  [wigra  WMW.  aliove. 

*»  Hftin.iK-k  V.  Norfolk  k  \V.  ft.  Co.  (I»05*),  124  N.  C  222.  ffJ  8.  E.  C7E». 
*  Klizuuj-  r.  North  <^ntUun  U.  0».  (Jsas).  VJ2  S.  il  IWl.  au  S.  K  m::. 
'CViiry  r.  N.irrU  CVirnllim  U.  Co.  (lliOI  l.  12S  N.  C.  5;M.  :J0  S.  K.  I.T. 
•IlemiiUUl  f.  Duck  Creek  l.mubei-  Co.  (llHWj,  Ul  N.  C,  4i>7,  ft  I  H.  K.  4LU 


112 


BULLETIN   OF  TUB   BUB£AU   OF  LABOK, 


thereunder  to  bo  bnnight  within  one  year  from  the  time  the  cause  of 
action  ucitmhI.     In  other  respects  it  resembles  the  Xebruskn  statute 


OKl^AllOUA. 


The  conMitution  of  this  State  abrogates  completely  the  defense  of 

fellow-service  wliere  injuries  <KVur  to  any  einployeo  of  steam  or  elec- 

Ark  i:a.ib'*)ad  companies,  of  inine.o])ei'alors.  or  of  the  recoivers  of  such 

;!Wiipl«''i'vrs,     It  also  giv«!^l<itlie  jury.wU'fituistions  ^h  to  assumed  risks 

•and  contributory  neglijcrence. 


souTii  ii,\i\i>rA. 

Chapter  'ill).  Acts  of  Il>07,  is  identical  in  its  nuiin  provisions  with 
the  act  of  Norlli  iJaUota  of  the  same  year. 

TEXAS. 

The  law  in  its  pi*esent  form  is  a  moditication  of  an  earlier  statute, 
the  changes  Ijcing  for  tl»e  purpos»»  of  nuH^ting  judicial  NUgge&lions  or 
iidings  that  the  old  law  did  not  apply  to  receiverships  ni>r  to  tho 
operalion  of  stre<»t  railway^^.  Tho  present  law'  names  both  as  within 
its  purview.  The  act  resembles  tho  law  of  Missouri  in  that  while  its 
first  section  entirely  removes  ilie  defeuM'  of  f«*ll*iw-servi4"e  in  action.*j 
by  certain  classes  of  employees,  succeeding  sections  are  devoted  to 
definitions  of  vice-principals  and  fellow-servants  iilong  tlie  lines  of 
the  superior  service  and  departmental  tloctrines.  Untler  this  law  co- 
service  was  not  nUowed  iis  a  tlrfeiise  whrre  a  switclinuin  was  injured 
by  the  negligence  of  his  forenuui,ihe  making  up  of  a  train  being  a  jairt 
of  the  openition  <tf  a  railroad. (")  TlieojM'ration  of  a  haiul  car  is  held 
to  Ik?  within  the  scope  of  thelaw.(*')  In  another  case  involving  the  u>*o 
of  hand  cars,  however,  the  supreme  »rourt  held  the  company  liabh;  for 
injuries  to  a  member  of  a  section  gang  who  was  carrying  tools  to  the 
lot»I  house,  while  other  mend>ers  were  taking  tools  in  on  u  hand  car 
an<l  run  against  the  plaintitT,  causing  ihe  injuries  <M)ui])laiuiHl  of,  not 
on  the  grouuil  that  the  men  were  ojwrating  a  car,  but  on  the  ground 
that  they  were  engaged  on  a  different  piece  of  work.C)  On  the  same 
ground  a  bridge  gang  of  live  rucn,  divided  into  (wo  pnigs  for  tho  pur- 
iH)sc  of  moving  bales  <»f  cotton  to  allow  ihe  repair  of  the  company's 
cotton  jdatform  at  a  station,  were  held  not  to  l>e  employed  on  tlio 
sauH'  pievT  of  work,  where  each  gang  moved  it.s  own  bale  indei>endent 
of  the  other.('')  It  will  Ix*  observed  that  sections  *2  and  '6  relate  to 
employees  generally  in  the  service  of  a  railroad  company,  and  aiv  not 
restricted  in  their  application,  as  is  the  first  section. 

«  MIftwiurl.  K.  &  T.  K,  l%i,  r.  linker  <n»00).  r»S  ».  W.  WVI. 

Torca  r.  Sini  Ant(»nlo  k  A.  1'.  U.  To.   tUKrj),  »;7  S.  \\\  137:  Texnn  h  V,  R.^ 

Co.  r.  suiitii  niHCK  lu  r*Hh  7*js  II'.  r.  A.) 

'■/au/jc  i\  fhU-iiK*\  H,  t.  &  T.  It.  Co.  (  UMXM,  M  TeiL.  M,  »M  8.  W.  MKi, 
^litlvrauUoDuI  S  O,  .\.  it  Co,  v.  Still  aiH>5),  SJi  H.  Vf.  'iKl, 


EHPLOTEBS'  LIABILITY  IN   THE   UKITED  STATES. 


113 


The  contention  that  a  section  foreman  is  a  vice-priucipul  under 
ion  2  and  that  no  recovery  could  be  had  on  account  of  injuries  re- 
ceive<1  by  him  becnusre  of  the  neplifienro  of  the  men  under  his  rf»n(rol 
was  not  allowed  as  being  again.st  the  provisions  of  section  1  that  lia- 
bility attaches  for  injuries  received  in  connection  with  (he  operation  of 
cat's,  tlio  injury  in  the  case  in  liand  being  caused  by  the  uefjlifrent 
operation  of  a  hand  rjir,(*)  The  private  road  of  a  hunber  c<>inpany 
is  within  the^*ope  of  tlte  Iaw.(*)j  A  laborer  unloading  tele^jhonti 
poles  fi-oni  a  rnr  niovin<![  on  the  track  so  as  to  distribute  tlie  poles  at 
proper  intervals  was  hcUl  to  l)e  employed  in  operating  the  cai-s.(') 
A  railroad  company  irf  liable  for  the  negligent  acts  of  the  foreman 
of  a  g^n^  of  men  working  in  a  yard,  where  the  men  under  him  fol- 
lowed his  instructions  wltich  he  assiste<l  in  carrying  out,  though  lus 
negligence  consisted  in  the  improper  performance  of  an  act  of  man- 
ual labor,  he  l»eing  despite  this  fact  a  vice-principal.  («*)  The  same 
ruling  as  to  liability  was  made  where  a  forcnuui  of  a  section  gang 
had  failed  of  his  duty  to  keep  the  track  clear,  leaving  an  obstacle 
which  was  hurled  by  a  passing  train  Hguinst  a  member  of  his  gang.(') 

Accepting  the  ca.scs  given  as  illustrative  of  the  scope  of  actions  2 
and  3,  it  is  evident  that,  taking  them  with  section  1  of  the  act,  the 
defense  of  common  service  is  restricted  to  very  narrow  limits.  The 
statute  expressly  dcidares  that  it  does  not  modify  the  defense  of  con- 
tributor^'  negligence.  There  in  a  later  law  (chapter  ItKJ,  acts  of  1005) 
which  relates  to  the  third  principal  defense  in  actions  for  injuries — 
tluit  uf  assumed  risks.  As  this  applies  only  to  suits  by  employees  of 
the  same  classes  as  are  embraced  in  the  act  of  1897,  it  will  be  noticed 
here. 

A  case(')  arose  under  this  act  in  which  it  was  held  that  continuing 
in  service  while  an  instrumentality  was  retained  that  was  being 
sin  !  by  tlie  employer  bj'  a  safer  device  was  a  case  within  the 

ftuiii .  .:  .;;e  act,  and  that  the  employee  did  not  assume  the  risk.  The 
question  as  to  the  constitutionaliiy  of  the  act  was  answered  in  the 
itive. 

WISCONSIN, 

The  Wisconsin  statute,  in  its  amended  form,  presents  essentially 
the  same  conditions  as  are  found  in  the  laws  of  North  and  South 
Dakota,  and  is  one  of  the  gmup  of  five  States  which  last  year  em- 
bo<lied  a  provision  as  to  comparative  negligence  in  laws  ivlating  to 
employers"  liability.    The  additions  found  in  the  Wisconsin  statute 

•Trxiin  &  I'.  R.  Oo.  c  SmUli,  supra. 
L^t^vK'k  Lumber  Co.  r.  Tnylor  ilJVXi),  S7  S.  W,  35S. 
:3loaii«:r  r.  r>Mlw!tk  I.uuilK-r  Co.  UIHKJ).  ai  8.  W,  240. 
mrl,  K.  &  T.  n,  Co.  r.  Demi  tnK>r>>,  Sl>  8.  W.  TO". 
l«i  &  r.  IL  To.  r,  CarMn   (lOtGl.  180  V.  8.  3:^.  'St  Snp.  Ct  5S5. 

frs  ruMo  A  #:  n:  n*  c\k  r  Fott  (ivo7),  ico  8.  w.  I7i. 


E  BULUCTIK    OF   THE    BUBKAU   OF  l>AJJOn, 

i*eJuU'  cUietly  to  pleading  ami  an  explicit  .statement  of  tlie  cUsfies 
of  employoos  ulfwlcd.  Employees  in  shops  ami  offices  are  excluded 
from  (ho  opemtLon  of  the  law.  and  tlir*  lirnlttition  of  one  yeiir  fmiiirl 
iu  the  Dakota  statutes  is  omittcil.  Section  iHiG.  prior  to  uaiendntent, 
WHS  hi^ld  not  to  apply  to  logging  rHttrouds('').  iind  the  sunie  ccui- 
stnietion  would  probably  be  put  on  the  present  law. 

"'OTAtES    WHOSE    LAWS    MOl)TFTr    THE    DEFENSE'  OF    COMMON 
♦••  •  EMPLOYMENT. 

Another  group  of  States  is  made  up  of  those  whose  laws,  without 
aibro^ting  the  dcfensr  of  coservice  generally*  modify  It  by  incor- 
porating into  their  sdituten  provision^  as  to  the  re.sponhibllity  of  th<» 
employer  for  the  acts  of  superior  servants  or  of  those  in  different 
departments  from  the  injured  employee;  or,  in  other  words,  statedly 
adopting  the  ""superior  serv«nt  "  and  '"•  depurt-meutal  "  <hx'triues 
which  were  set  forth  as  being  followed  in  certain  jurisdictions  under 
the  conunoii  liiw. 

i*.\i.nY)nNiA. 

The  amended  form  of  section  1!»70  of  the  civil  code  c»f  California 
n'mi>\vs  this  State  from  tlic  chiss  of  th<H<^  whose  stntntes  wciv  ii  more 
y*tatement  of  the  common  hiw  to  the  group  under  present  consider- 
ation. TlieiH?  in,  of  course,  no  lino  of  State  derisions  avaihibk'  for  a 
fleternunation  of  the  classes  of  su|>eriors  or  of  departmental  bound- 
aries, OS  the  nmendment  was  enacted  only  last  year,  Tlie  construc- 
tion of  similar  statutes  in  other  States,  ht»wever,  and  the  lines  indi- 
cated by  the  common-law  decisions  will  In*  found  sugg»*stive.  Tlw 
])iY)viHions  of  the  section  extend  by  its  terms  to  industries  gi»nerally. 
The  dnuses  tm  the  subjects  of  ordinary  risks  and  knowledgi*  are  but 
a  statement  of  common-law  principles. 

uituuHairn. 

The  pnivisions  of  .s^'ction  405C  of  the  Co<le  of  IliOft  and  of  section 
lDi4  of  the  State  constitution  are  the  same,  except  that  the  last  sen- 
teiKV  of  the  conhlitutitfual  piovlsion  is  not  rei>roduced  in  the  statute. 
In  tronnection  with  Ihi:-  sentcn^v  it  may  lie  n<»ted  that  the  h'gisluhire 
anderlook  to  enact  a  law  (chapter  87,  iVcts  of  1890;  chapter  G6,  Acta 
of  18l)H)  in  nt'cordnnce  therewitli,  evtending  the  Hpplientiou  of  the 
law  to  corporatit)nfl  generally.  This  was  decljired  a  violation  of  tlw 
fourteenth  amendment  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  Htaies  oil 
the  gioiind  that  there  was  no  proper  classification  of  industri*  '  • 

biisis  of  their  dangers  or  other\siM*.  and  that  it  di^H^rimiiiated 


•MeKHVTffUi  f.  Alexamlw  ft  K.  MimluT  LV>.  ilUOu),  VSh  Wis.  wi,  iVJ.  N,  W. 


UAMUTT  I3C  THB   V 


115 


Iplo^Qg  mrii^dr»i io<t-^  4n<1  UHliru1tmT>  Ctlgagrd 


HI  Sinn 


Ur  li 


In 


uwk 


r  I 


liut  br  the  wordss 


-  of  tU^  oonstitutum  < '  ^  it  wa>  s^auI 
.j:  ait  or  oficrr,'^  vvfv  iDf«nt  pcr:«ci:>  '^of 


other 


the 


tpanjV 


^>rl  well  known  as  such,  and  luij  ocoer  person  in  me  oxn] 
servir*?,  br  whatever  nunv.  t^Uo  may  U-  i!Unt>teHl  viixh  the  rigrfil  lo 
roottul  and  direct  tl*^  -*ta*i>--  nf  ..tKcr^  according  lo  his  dk4:rQLioii 
and  judgment — onr  «1  the  direction  or  mntnii  of 

qJhffH^  for  the  accv»ui^U>iaiiA.i.i  ui'  r<>;^.o  vml  depvndeikt  on  ]u<  indr 
pendcfit  orders,  bom  of  tbe  occa^ioiK  ^pning  from  him  as  dirrdor,  and 
Doi  coosiMing  of  tbe  merr  rxecution  of  routine  duties  in  [nirsaance  of 
fixed  rules  bj  various  employees,  each  charged  with  certain  parts  in 
the  goxMial  pcrfannance.**  In  this  ca^e  it  wa^  held  that  a  locomotive 
CBpineer  was  not  the  superior  officer  of  a  brakeman  on  the  (niin,  Xor 
was  the  foreman  of  a  switch  crew  held  to  be  the  superior  oAkvr  of 
the  men  mider  him  within  the  meaning  of  the  law  wiK-rv  the  work  i.< 
the  mere  discbarge  of  rciatine  duties.(*)  In  thi&  case«  the  court  said 
that  under  other  cii-  ■  *:ts  the  foreman  lui^bt  Ik*  the  coiupany*9 

agent,  so  that  Ibe  ^\  -<^em5-  to  need  adjiiiiication  for  each  par- 

ticular case — a  marked  defect  in  this  doctrine^  as  ha^  already  a]>- 
peared*  Departmental  Iwiinds  an*  little  if  any  ca&iex  of  delenulna- 
tioo.  Thus  a  locomotive  firetnau  i>  clearly  in  a  ditferi'Ut  dep:irtnteia 
hotn  a  telegraph  operator;(')  bat  an  action  bv  a  section  Ixaud,  in- 
juTfd  on  aL"coiinl  of  the  uejrligence  of  a  draw  lender  nt  a  !>ridg»»  failed 
on  the  groumi  that  the  latter  wu^  not  the  plaiutilTV  su|>erior.  the 
ion  of  difference  of  departments  being  apparently  overlooke<L(') 
»e  •  '         iTistniction  oiHupany  using  cars  in  it.^  work  is 

wii  *  u  of  the  law.iO 


qne^i* 


OHIO. 


Section  Z'M'^*-^0  is  hanlly  classifiable  as  an  employers*  liability 
law  in  the  ?ense  in  which  such  laws  liiive  lieen  discussed  here,  since 
it  relates  chiefly  lo  contracts  limiting  that  liability  as  it  exists  at 
eocnmon  law.  The  next  section  goes  somewhat  further,  tliotigh  it 
operates  by  changing  the  rule^  of  evidence  rather  than  by  enlarg- 
ing the  dtity  of  the  employer.(')     It  does  not  affect  the  defenses  »»f 

cfiT  '-•    *  "*-:Tence  or  as^^umcrd  risks.(»)     The  presumption  of 

^  chargeable  to  the  eonij>any  by  this  K^etion  can 


iBallartl  r.  MlJH'wlppI  Cotton  Oil  Co,  (1003),  81  Mtse.  507.  34  So.  533. 
.  X.  o.  &  T.  II.  Co.  (is!»;n.  TM  Miss.  ri27,  vj  so.  .\si. 
^  c.  K.  Ci».  tiiK>o>,  u»o  Fi-ii.  ::-tT.  -n)  k\  c.  a.  .'mjo. 

flMlnnlx  C.  U,  Co.  r.  Uuiiter  <ls«a).  7l»  MSsk.  til.  V2  So.  4Si. 
in,...iu  !■    I?    Co,  r,  Hl»h<iiK  (ISlWi),  7G  MIh**.  7r»8»  i'»  8o.  SU7. 

*  h,-^-  r.  f  o.i;iubtJs,  S.  d  li.  n.  tV).  /  JSl»S»,  5S  Ublu  St.  l«T.  o^»  N.  V..  Vii^X 


■mL, 


lib  BUI^LETIN    OF   T>ir.    BrREAU    OF    LABOR.  ^^M 

be  overcome  only  by  actual  proof  und  not  by  proof  of  facts  tliat 
merely  raise  an  opposite  presumption. (")  'ITms  it  was  held  that  iho 
en»])Ioyiiient  of  a  competent  insi>ector  was  not  evidence  oi  the  dis- 
charge of  tli«^  duty  of  inspection  pufficiont  to  rebut  Mie  pre-^umptitiu  of 
negligence  arising  from  the  fact  of  an  injury  occasioned  by  a  de- 
fect. («•) 
cmI  Tlielibbence  of  a  custoinftry  appliiJ>ed  comes  j\nder  the  statute  tlio 
ysmn^tBa  would  a  defective- ttppUa«ce.('')  | 

Section  3:^05-2:2  embodies  the  i^uperior  servant  doctrine,  which 
prevailed  in  Ohio  under  the  construction  put  upon  the  common 
law  by  the  courts  of  that  State,(*')  and  also  presents,  in  a  modi- 
fiinl  and  rather  iieculiur  form,  the  de])artmenta]  doctrine.  Tho 
constitutionality  of  this  section  and  it-  application  to  employirs 
of  receivers  were  maintained  in  a  case  that  was  before  the  United 
States  circuit  court  of  appeals.  (')  The  law  makes  sui)enor  servants 
in  any  departuu*ut  tlu»  superior  of  an  employee  in  a  different  de- 
partment who  has  no  power  to  direct  or  control  in  his  own  depart- 
ment. Thus  a  chief  insj)ector  of  cars,  liavlng  othei-s  muler  him.  is 
the  su|>erior  of  a  hrakeman  on  a  train ;(')  l>ut  a  soh"  inspector,  with- 
out subordinates,  is  the  fidlow-servant  of  a  hrakeman. (")  An 
engineer  on  a  locomotive,  hnving  control  of  liis  fireman,  is  not  tlto 
fellow-servant  of  a  brakeiuun  on  another  train,  who  has  control  of 
no  one.(')  A  train  dispatcher  is  the  superior  of  a  locomotivo 
engineer,  but  a  telegraph  operator,  whose  duty  it  is  merely  to  trans- 
mit messages^  is  th<'  follow -servnnt  of  such  engineer.(*) 

The  difficulty  of  construing  and  applying  a  law  making  provision 
for  the  superior  servant  doctrine  and  the  uncertaijities  involved  in  the 
application  of  the  principles  of  negligence  and  contributory  negli- 
gence have  l)een  adverted  to  heretofore.  They  find  a  striking  illus- 
tration in  a  l<»ng-contested  case  which  arose  under  the  provisions 
of  this  section,  aiul  which  involves  ImUIi  the.se  poinls.(^)  This  was  a 
case  in  which  a  locomotive  fireman  was  killed  by  the  negligence,  as 
alleged,  of  the  engineer  on  anotlicr  train.  The  case  was  heard  in  the 
United  States  circuit  court,  and  a  judgment  in  favor  of  tlu'  iihiiiiiiir 
was  rendered.  The  niilrond  company  appealed  to  the  court  of  ap- 
pejils,  which  reversed  the  jmigment  on  the  ground  that,  <in  the  far© 
of  the  record,  Kane  had  i>een  guilty  of  contributory  negligence,     A 


•Columbus.  H.  V,  ft  T.  R.  Co.  v,  Rrick  <18»4).  M  Ohio  St.  H(J»  37  N.  E.  128. 
*Felton  r.  RiUlnrd  (IWH)),  01  Ked.  7S1. 

<"<;riimley  t\  Clncliuiat!.  H.  &  IX  R.  Co,  (INiMU,  1'2  Ohio  C.  r\  104. 
*Soe  iMij^cH  Ufj  aiul  37.  iiliovf. 

'I'iurop  1-.  Vnu  lUiwu  (LSI)").  78  Fiul.  tK'M.  Jl  c   c    \.  'jsi\ 
'  CoImnl>U8,  etc..  U.  Co.  r.  arlck,  jtupni. 
Pl'VUou  f.  nullunl.  fliiprn. 

*CJm'immn,  H.  Jl  1>.  It.  Co.  e.  MarKrat  (1H04).  f.l  Obi<»  St  ^3(^  ^  X  EL  11. 
^  ttfiittmon'  A  O.  /;.  Co.  v.  Cnnip  OsSCo.  r».%  K.mV  \K\i,  \a  C.  C.  K.  ^iSS^ 
>A-tf«t'  /'.  Kriv  It.  Co.  (1000),  rV2  Twl.  0!^U.  VC.  e.  X,^ 


EMPLOVEBS     LUBlLrrV   IN   THE    UNITEU   STAGES. 


117 


md  triwl  in  the  circuit  court  wa>  Uiul,  when  the  section  under  con- 
Milemtion  was  tlei'lare<!  to  ite  uncxmstitutionnl  us  contravening  the 
prt>visionb;  of  isection  !2  of  nrticle  1  of  the  constitution  of  the  State, 
'ivbich  declares  that  gcverninent  is  institutetl  for  the  equal  protection 
and  l>eno!it  of  the  people  The  court  held  that  the  provisions  of  the 
s^ection  benefited  only  s^uch  employees  in  each  depurtiuent  at-  had  no 
<u!>oniiiuies,  find  timt  by  pliK-ing,^  enoh  train  a  boy  who  should  bo 
tinder  the  charge  and  control  of  every  other  employee,  the  OMnpftny 
<t)iilil  avoid  liability  for  injtmes  to  nil  other  employees. 

From  this  ruling  Kane's  administratrix  appealed,  bringing  the  case 
a  s^Hroml  time  to  tijc  court  of  apix?ah,  which  denied  the  premises  of 
the  circuit  court,  held  the  law  constittitional,  and  remanded  the  case. 
On  the  third  trial  in  the  circuit  court  the  right  of  recovery  was  denied 
ou  two  grounds,  one  that  though  the  negligent  engineer  was  in  charge 
of  hhi  fireman,  he  was  himself  subordinate  to  the  conductor  of  his 
tmin^  nnd  was  not  therefoi-e  n  superior  servant  within  the  meaning  of 
th<?  statute;  the  second  ground  was  that  Kane  had  lx^en  guilty  of  con- 
tributory negligence. 

Coming  to  its  third  hearing  in  the  court  of  appeals  the  case  was 
reversed  on  lx)th  points.  Superior  servants  were  held  to  be  not  only 
thorse  who  had  entire  control  of  a  branch  or  department,  but  the  term 
include:^  those  who  may  l>e  in  control  of  but  a  single  employee.  Three 
factors  vere  held  to  be  involvetl  in  a  case  like  the  pi*esent — a  separate 
branch  or  department,  a  sjiperior  thennn*  and  a  subordinate  in  an- 
other branch  or  department.  Separateness  of  de2)artnieuts  is  essen- 
tial in  thb  case,  as  an  engineer,  though  the  su|)erior  of  his  fireman,  is 
dlow-serjrant  of  a  brakeman  in  the  same  train,  though  the  brake- 
is  the  sui>erior  of  no  one.('') 
Kane  had  been  found  guilty  of  contributory  negligence  in  the  fiist 
trial  by  the  court  of  appeals  iH-cause  of  his  violation  of  a  rule  that 
was  put  in  evidence  by  the  company.  Kvidence  was  submitted  at  tho 
tliird  trial  befoi-e  the  circuit  court  that  the  rule  in  question  had  been 
in  fact  abrogated,  and  it  was  on  the  weight  of  this  evidence  that  tim 
court  of  appeals  reversed  the  court  Ixdow  on  this  point.  The  case 
ins  again  remanded  to  the  circuit  court  for  proceedings  not  incon- 
sL*»tent  with  the  opinion  given  by  the  court  of  appeals,  but  the  results 
of  such  ])ro<'<vdings,  if  any.  are  n(»t  at  hand. 

(.IREGOX. 

The  act  of  this  State  embodies  the  doctrines  of  superior  service,  of 
difereut  departuienls,  and  of  liability  for  the  acts  of  designated 
claiiKes  of  employees.    The  defenses  of  assumed  risks  and  contribu- 


•Rallway  Co.  r,  Sbanower  (1S»04K  7t>  Ohl«  St.  HJtt.  71  X.  E.  270.     (An  eii- 
Ipwr  tM  fWt'  tmiti  ami  tin*  brakeman  on  nnotiier  are  not  feWow-WTM^wX.*,    ^« 
JMTgrat  etise,  above,) 


118 


UULIiETlK    OF  THE   BUREAU    OF  lABOK, 


torv  iK>g]igeiicG  are  affected  by  the  claii.se  as  to  kuowledge  of  defects 
not  being  of  itself  a  bar  (<>  actions  f(»r  itijurios, 

SorrJI  CAROLINA. 

Tlic  I'oDstiliilituini  provision  as  to  liability  presents  pnictio^iUy  tlio 
sanu'  fcatnivs  as  are  found  In  the  law  of  Oregon.  Engincerb  and 
<H>ndiU'tor*  Voluntarily  oixtnLting  i*jirs  or  cnginen  known  to  lie  unsafe 
are,  l>y  the  statutes,  oulbidu  of  the  protecti<ni  of  the  clause  as  to 
Itnowledge.  While  an  eiigineiu*  on  a  loiMiniotivt"  is  a'  vice-principal 
of  hifl  fireman,  he  is  a  fellow-servant  of  n  brakeraan  on  the  same 
train. (")  Section  'JS48  of  the  Civil  Code  gives  to  eniployet»s  of  street 
railway  companies  tlie  same  rights  as  are  secured  by  the  constitution 
of  the  Slate  to  railroad  employees,  ^ 

UTAH. 

nds  Slate  has  onaeled  a  law  applying  to  every  class  of  employ- 
ment, end>odying  the  superior  servarU  and  drpartiuental  doctrinoii. 
The  act  is  constitutional.C')  Whether  miners  in  different  tunnels 
are  or  are  not  felIow-s**rvants  is  a  question  of  fact  for  the  jury.(*) 
The  statute  charges  the  emj»loyer  with  lialiility  for  the  negligent 
acts  of  vice-principals  whether  such  acts  were  acts  of  sin>orintendence 
or  otherwise,  and,  if  performed  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties  us 
euijdoyeos,  ^vhether  connnitted  while  in  the  exercise  of  their  authority 
or  not.('') 

\IU<;INIA. 

Tiie  section  of  the  conslilution  relating  to  the  liability  of  emplovei's 
and  the  hiw  on  the  same  sul>ject  present  features  quite  similar  to 
(he  law  of  Oregon.  It  relates  only  to  railroad  employments^  and 
enacts  the  sui>erior  servant  and  departmental  d<K*trines,  and  fixes 
liability  for  the  negligent  acts  of  certain  classes  of  employees.  The 
rule  of  law  that  knowledge  of  defects  woidd  charge  the  employee 
with  the  tihsumptiou  of  risks  Is  abrogated.  The  defense  of  contribu- 
tory negligence  is  expressly  retairicd,  except  in  ;^>  fur  as  modifi**d  by 
the  |)roviHions  of  the  act. 

The  clause  as  to  knowledge  not  being  a  bar  to  at!t um  was  copied 
from  the  Mississippi  coustitulion^l'')  arui  was  held,  in  accordance 
with  the  construction  placed  thereon  by  the  Mi&istssippi  Courts(') 
not  to  destroy  the  defense  of  contributory  negligenc<».  Knovvlctlge  of 
defects  was  held  to  be  still  a  fuctor  iti  determining  whether  the  em- 
ployee noted  with  a  projier  degree  of  caution  uinler  the  circumstances, 
Hccklessnesfl  and  carclessncses  are  not  licensed  by  this  provih*ion.(') 

«I'/iffnn  r,  Hntithoni  U,  C*\  intOT).  rrf»  «,  R  Xt 

"UryUuTii  t.  Murcur  UoM  Mlii.  &  Mill  (\>.  (1«»S).  is  nn!i  «a  TjC  Pac  8(57. 
♦"Soijtlioni  I'nrlHr  t'ti.  r.  Sclinrr  IllMyj),  Ul  JVd    '  A.). 

^Si»rfi»tk  Jt  W,  U,  Co,  i\  ri«aatwot"r»  Ailm'x.  U'  K.  WU 


SMPU>T£B8     LIABIUTY  IN   THE  XTSnTBD   STATES. 


119 


I 


£1CPXX>Y£&S'   LIABILITY  TTNDEfi  TH£  CIVIL  LAW. 

The  artirles  of  tlie  Civil  CVl**  of  Louisiana  reprotluccJ  in  the  above 
oompilaiion  closely  follow  the  Code  Xapole<»n.  A#  thi>  law  is  ap- 
plied in  ihti  jiirisilidions  unaffected  by  the  En«rHsh  coinuion  law,  it 
presents  some  difforonccs  tliercfroni,  chiefly  in  favor  of  the  einployee. 
In  darigeroits  einployim*nts  the  master  iw  ubiignted  to  take  '*  every  pre- 
caation  which  can  b^  taken ''t**  preveufc  neridents — ^  to  protect  hm 
employees  by  iJie  l>est  |>oj*^ibIe  lueaus,  aud  even,  to  some  extent, 
Bgnin-st  their  own  imprudence/'  The  dofonso  of  fellow-service  'i>y  not 
pied  in  such  jurisdictions,  and  that  of  contributory  negligence  Ls 
ified  so  as  l*»  allow  recovery  in  a  proportionate  aniuunt  unless  the 
injured  eiuployees  negligence  was  the  sole  cause  of  his  injury.  Risks 
arr  held  to  l>e  assumed  as  umler  the  common  law. 

It  can  not  be  said,  however,  that  those  principles  prevail  in  Louisi- 
ana^ as  its  jurisprudence  Ls  affected  by  the  general  law  of  the  country 
and  especially  by  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  The  situation  may  be  illu^tj'ated  by  a  cjise(")  in  which  dam- 
ages were  allowed  for  an  injur}'  to  an  employee.  Tlie  court  cited  these 
articles  of  the  Civil  Code,  holding  that  under  them  the  plaintiff  was 
entitWd  to  rec»>very,  ^  and  likewise  imder  the  coustructiou  of  the  gen- 
<Tiil  Iiiw  applicable  to  master  and  servant." 

LAWS  AFFECTING  THE  DEFENSES  OF  ASSUMPTION  OF  RISKS  AND 
CONTRIBUTORY  NEGLIGENCE. 

The  notes'  fnllowing  the  repriMlucetl  laws  of  a  nundwr  of  the  States, 
and  certain  laws  which,  in  other  mses,  stand  as  the  only  statutory 
modification  of  the  roumion-law  liability  of  the  employer,  arc  gen- 
erally to  the  effeet  Ihnt  where  enactments  relating  to  specified  indus- 
tries or  employments  are  not  complied  with,  a  ilifferent  degree  of 
lUbalily  attaches,  or  one  or  both  the  defentics  above  named  are  with- 
drawn. 

(irnenil  laws  affecting  the  defense  of  assumption  of  risks  under 
designated  ctmditions  have  In'en  enacted  by  the  legislatures  of  Iowa 
/Arts  of  lOOT.  chapter  181),  and  of  Ohio  (Acts  of  li»OK  act.  page  547). 
In  the  absence  of  judicial  decisions  on  these  statutes,  it  will  !)c  suffi- 
cient to  point  out  their  similarity  to  the  Texas  statute  which  was  held 
constitutional  in  llio  Foth  cas(;.('*)  The  numerous  proWsions  as  to 
restrictive  cfjntracts  are  ^-ufficiently  discussed  in  the  early  paragraphs 
of  this  section,  ('') 

Ti  '    "   ,jr  tiiij^  iliscussion  it  miiy  not  Ik^  inappropriate  lo  revert 

toi  matle  in  connection  with  the  act  of  Colorado  of  1001, 

ihit  even  the  entire  abrogation  of  the  doctrine  of  fellow-service  leaves 

•Jntueit  r.  Rnpldes  Lumber  Co.  (1SI«),  23  So,  4©. 


120  BULLETIN    OF  THE  BUREAU   OF  LABOB. 

the  employee  to  bear  all  the  consequences  of  inevitable  accident,  or 
the  •'  trade  risk,'-  as  it  is  frequently  called ;(*')  also  that  laws  effecting 
a  modification  of  the  doctrine  are  of  small  avail  as  affording  certainty 
of  relief  since  so  much  is  dependent  on  the  details  of  circimistance  sur- 
rounding each  case.  Of  this  the  case  of  Kane  f\  Erie  R.  Co.,  noted 
aboycj  is  an  instance;  while  of  the  law  of  Tex»is,  which  abrogates  en- 
tirely for  certain  classe^^o^J  emj^loyecs  ^ndfestriptti.  closely  for  others 
.tl)is.yH?ne  defense,  it  may,l^,saii4jthat,i.t  its  the  JbasLs  qf  an  amount  of 
litigation  that  is  probably  not  surpassed  by  any  law  of  its  kind. 

Statistics  of  4(»,000  industrial  accidents  collated  by  the  German  im- 
])erial  insurance  office  for  18!)7  show  that  29.80  })er  <*ent  of  the  acci- 
dents were  due  to  fault  or  negligence  of  the  injured  employee,  Kl.Sl 
per  cent  to  that  of  the  employer,  4.G6  per  cent  to  the  joint  negligence  of 
theemployerand theinjured employee, r).!>8  per  cent  to  that  of  awm- 
ployees  and  outside  parties,  1.31  per  cent  to  the  "Act  of  God,"  etc., 
and  42.05  per  cent  to  inevitable  accidents  connected  with  the  employ- 
ment. The  impossibility  of  securing  to  the  workman  the  neede<l  pro- 
tection by  a  mei'o  grant  of  right  of  action  for  injuries  for  which  the 
employer  can  rightly  be  charged  is  evident  from  a  consideration  of 
these  statistics,  as  well  as  from  the  discussion  of  the  principles  of  law 
set  forth  al)Ove.  The  employer,  who  is  the  agent  of  the  public  in  the 
matter  of  production  and  transportation,  should  l)e  charged  with  the 
duty  of  so  administering  industrial  undertakings  that  the  burden  of 
the  trade  risk  shall  fall  on  the  industry  at  large,  and  not  be  concen- 
trated on  tlie  weakest  i)<>int — on  tlie  individual  workman,  disabled  for 
service  through  the  mere  fact  of  his  employment  at  the  time  and  i)la(^o 
of  the  occurrence  of  an  inevitable  accident,  or  on  the  widow  and  chil- 
dren of  such  worknnui,  if  the  accident  results  fatally. 

**Aii  limtnictlon  to  a  jnry  Is  corr*M*t  whi<ii  states  that  If  a  iilaintlff's  Iti- 
JurlcH  w<»ro  the  dinnt  rosults  of  an  accldont  hu'ltlent  to  tho  hiishioss  hi  whlfh 
lie  was  (>iipi^(Kl.  he  can  not  riMjover.  MoblU*  &  <>.  It.  t'o.  r.  (Jeoi'fjo  (IbiH),  !)4 
Ala.  309,  10  So.  145. 


SUMMARY  OF  FOREIGN  WORKMEN'S  COMPENSATION  ACTS. 


By  the  term  '"  workmen's  eomiiensalion  laws"  nre  meant  enact- 
ments whii'Ii  HmlK)dy  the  principle  that  the  workman  is  eatitUnl  to 
coiiipen-iUion  for  injuries  roci*ivo<l  in  the  conrse  of  his  employment. 
Sudi  laws  have  been  enacte<l  in  tw>fnty-4wo  foreign  Statc:^.  " 

Usnnlly  the^njnrie^  mn«ft  cftiise'dt^alilement  for  a  specified ^iinmber 
of  Jays  or  wi-eks  before  eninpensalioii  fieeomes  due.  The  employer 
may  usually  Ix*  relieved  from  the  j^ayment  of  compensation  if  he  ran 
prove  that  the  injury  was  caused  intentionally  or  b}'  willful  luiseou- 
duct,  nr  in  Hime  coiuitries  by  the  ^oss  negligence  of  the  injured  per- 
E-on  or  during  the  performance  of  an  illegal  act. 

The  indu-strios  ii»ually  covered  by  the  acts  are  manufaciuring,  min- 
ing and  quarrying,  transportation,  building  and  engineering  woi'k, 
lunl  other  employments  involving  more  or  lesb  hazard.  In  Belgium, 
Franc<%  and  (ireat  Britain  the  laws  apply  to  practically  all  employ- 
ments. In  Austria,  Belgium,  Denunirk,  Finland,  <iermany,  Italy, 
Luxemburg,  Xetherlands,  Norway,  Russia,  Spain,  and  Sweden  only 
workjueu  I'ugageil  in  aeltuil  inanual  work,  and  in  souie  cases  those 
exposed  lo  the  siune  risks,  such  as  overseers  and  technical  exjjert.s, 
come  within  the  operations  of  the  law.  On  the  other  hand,  in  France, 
nreat  Britain,  the  British  colonies,  and  Hungary  the  laws  apply  to 
salaried  employees  and  workmen  pqually.  (Jvei*seers  and  technical 
experts  earning  more  than  a  prescril>ed  amount  are  excluded  in  Bel- 
gium, Denmark,  Germany,  Cireat  Britain.  Italy,  Luxemlnirg.  and 
Rui^dfl.  Employees  of  the  state.  pr<»vincial,  wnd  local  administra- 
tions usually  come  within  the  provisions  of  tlie  acts. 

The  entire  burden  rests  upon  the  employer  in  nil  but  four  coun- 
tries, Austrin,  Germany,  ILmgary.  an<l  Luxemburg,  where  the 
empIoye*»s  bear  }>iirt  t»f  the  expeuse.  The  laws  in  every  case  iix  the 
eom}M*nsation  to  Ik?  piiid.  Except  in  Sweden  the  compensation  is 
basi'd  upon  the  wages  of  the  uijured  pers^m.  It  consists  of  njcdical 
an<l  surgical  treatment  ami  perioilical  nlIoAvanc(»s  for  temporary  dis- 
ability, and  annual  pensions  or  lump-sum  payments  for  2>*^rinanent 
disability  or  dcatli. 

In  most  eounliies  employers  nuiy  contract  with  state  or  j^rivate 
insurance,  institutions  for  meeting  the  poyments.  In  a  nunilx»r  of 
countries  such  trun^fcr  is  iibligaiory.  Provision  is  usually  nunle  for 
the  protection  of  lieneHciaries  in  ran?  of  insolvency  of  employers. 

The  acts  of  nearly  all  of  the  countries  ai*c  framed  with  the  view 
of  obviating  the  necessity  for  instituting  legal  procee<lings.  If  dis- 
putes aris*^  tlic  acts  specify  the  necessary  pro*.*edttre  for  si'ttlptnout  by 
special  arbitration  tribunals  or  by  ordinary  law  eourt.N. 

Tlie  following  suiiiniary  gives  the  most  im]>ortani  features  of  the 
workmen's  compensation  actis  of  all  countries: 


BVLLETIN    OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  LABOB, 


ATJSTKIA. 


tnffi  of  ennrtmrnt,  r>co<*niber  2S,  1SS7.  lii  offivt  November  1,  lSSf>.  Anienil- 
nturv  iirtk  .M;iri-h  'MK  ^'*SS,  April  4  and  .liily  li\  ISSJ).  January  17,  l^ilKI,  iK^xMn- 
ber  ;W,  l>*!rt,  SeirtembtT  17,  iSVni,  July  !iU.  ISJU.  uud  July  VJ,  V.'Utl. 

Injurif'M  vttmpi'tmntt^d.  AM  InJurlt^H  ciiiiHht};  ihiith  ur  rllsahUtty  for  more  thnn 
tbnf  days  ri^elvcHl  in  the  eourne  of  wnployuient.  imU*8e  cauiwd  laleutloiuilly, 

Jntlujttricjt  voirvvft.  MUiUip,  Quorryliic.  stoiiet*iiflin*r.  f»8nufnrturlnK.  bnlldliig 
Irndes,  rnllways,  irnnsimrmtUiu  on  IuUiik)  wiUers.  Hfornp*.  tbrntcpH,  rldintiey 
Rwe*^|tliij<,  Htreet  L-le»ii[iit;.  Wulldlnt?  4.-Jejii)iit|!.  heuor  «-tKiniiix,  drt>di;tiiK,  «pU 
iVij:if(iW.  Htrijrtunil  iron  worUhit;,  etc.;  a?rieuUiiral  uuU  foivKUy  eHUtliUslJiueuia 
n«Uig  nitK-liluery. 

I'ctnoHtt  ctimfimitatril.  All  workmen  niid  lecbnlenl  oHlrlails  r«'»ndarly  employed, 
but  tn  uKrk'idtun*  aitil  forestry  only  em|»toye«>s  vxtioJ!)ed  to  mueUiuery. 

Ouvt  rnmrttt  tmiihtyrttt.  Ai-t  uppUeH  to  e;overiuneut  Piiinloyivs  uutesB  uii  eqnal 
or  moro  fiivoralde  itmipeusatlon  Is  iirovidetl  by  otiier  laws. 

Jtiiril'it  of  ii'itftnrnl.  .Medical  and  siirglral  trontmimt  for  twenty  weeks  and 
enmiHMiKation  for  fonr  weeUs  of  disability  puld  by  slek  funds,  to  wUlcU  eiu(»loycrs 
contribute  nnM-lhlrd  ami  emploj'eeH  tW4>-lhirds.  Comi*<'i)^Ltb>it  *'*'r  disability 
nfler  fuurtl!  wef»k,  and  for  death,  imld  by  territorial  iiiRnrauce  asf^ocIationSt  to 
wbieh  enj|iloyei'3  r<Hilribute  JO  |>er  c^nt  nuti  (employers  IK*  ikt  rt»ut. 
Crtmi»rnnnti'm  fnr  th-nth: 

(ri)    Funeral  expeUKen  iMtt  to  exce^l  25  tlorlns  ($ltj.t5). 
{b)   ronslons  to  membora  of  fnuifly,  not  to  pxcee<l  50  (>er  CPiit  of  earnings  of 
drewis^'d-  to — 
\Vid«)\v.  'JUi  iH-r  cent  nidll  deatb  ur  reniarrb*Ke;  In  (he  hUler  caJH?  n  himp 
Runi  <M]oal  to  tbn^e  annual  paynicnlK;  tn  (leiK'tnh*nt  widower,  i?*  (»er  eeut 
durinj;  diRabllity. 
I'^u'h  lef^itiutate  ehlld.  15  yean<  of  awe  or  un<ler.  15  i»er  cent  when  ono 
paivnt  «urviv«»s  and  2i)  \k't  rent  when  neither  t*nrvive*»;  to  et\cli  Ulcgili- 
mnte  child,  15  years  nf  ajji'  or  ninler.  10  per  ci*nt :  itensbtris  of  wUtoiv  <or 
widower)  and  children  rwluced  proportionately  If  they  uggre^te  over 
W  pi^r  cent. 
(r)   When  peiisIonB  to  almve  heirs  do  not  reach  50  per  cent.  dei>enUent  bcfrs 
in  nij<cendlufr  line  receive  iKiwious.  not  to  eneeed  1*0  |ht  i-rnt  of  carnlQgi 
of  dc«eaM»tl.  purents  taking  preeedence  over  m'jind|mrent& 
ill)    In  eompnthi^r  iK?usion8.  the  eveesw  of  the  atuiual  earulnj^s  over  1,200 
florins  (?1.S7.!!0)  Ib  not  eousidereil. 
ComtH'ntafion  fur  iiinabiliiy: 

\a)   Medical  and  surgical    ullendiiuco   for  1!0  wn*k8,   |ifild   l>y  aWk  benefit 

fund. 
{h)   For  it>tal  leniiKti-ary  or  fiormatjent  illKnMllty.  Ot)  per  cent  of  avemirt» 
ilally  wap'S  of  In^nrett  workmen  in  tbr  IwjilUy.  imid  by  Hick  tH-uefit 
funds,   from   tirst  to  tweary-«'l^h(?i   day;   and  m  |»er  eent   of  areruge 
annual  eandngs  of  injured   iH'n5<«i.  after  twen(y^»lghth   ilny,   |tabl  by 
territorial  acvldent  Ini^nraiice  InMitutlons. 
(r)    Tor   partial    temiHiniry   or   i»enuanenl    dlrtahility,  Itcnienis  consist  of  a 
IKtrtiou  ..f  above  allownnc**.  but  may  not  excised  fiO  iier  i**»nt  of  uvernjK* 
aniiuiit  eiirniiit;^. 
(cf)   In   couiputlni;   |Hiynient«,   the   excels   of  annual   Mruini:^   over   1,200 
florinn  (JplS'.liOt   Is  not  couMd'-riiL 
RrvMftn  of  romp<  it»iition.  neroni*ldei*ntlon  )»f  tile  i*n»e  iniiy  be  uudertukOD  bj 
thi*  InMumnce  atesorlatirin  of  Itn  own  will,  or  u|fou  iivtltion. 

Jn^urarnr,  ra^ua-nlK  are  met  tiy  mntual  tmtnmnee  nmoetntlorm  of  eai>loyors 
in  which  all  cniployccH  are  reipilriil  lu  be  liiHured.  The  luunlry  1»  lUxldiil  Uitit 
district*,  with  a  Hefwirale  nKHi>clatl*>n  for  each  district. 

firruritu  of  ^mumrnt*.  Operatlonn  of  the  hifliiniuce  aH«i»clatiouH  are  rtindtirttst 


littler  tUv  sniKTviiKlnu 
Miwnients. 

firUh'MVnt  of  tUnfiuti 
of  A  Juild'ial  ciHli.'1'r  ai 
hy  the  ntlid«t«'r  <>f  tin 
and  tiir  empluye(*tt. 


if  the  uiiulifler  oT  Inlerior,  who   niny  Inrreiiiw  Ttir  nx- 


T  MnlMiIi'm 


.rrl. 


I.lr 


SUIOCAILY  OF  FOEEIGN  WORKMEN'S  COMPENSATION  ACTS. 


By  the  term  '*  workiiieiri^  coiupensntioii  Inw.s "'  are  meant  enact- 
ments ^'hich  euilMxly  the  principle  ihat  the  workman  is  entitled  to 
c*niijX'ii>alion  for  injuries  n^ceived  in  the  vonrse  of  his  employment. 
Such  law?,  have  l>eeii  oniuiod  in  t\ietif3'-tub  foreign  States.  "  ' 

Usually  iljc*]njnrks  hiiist  caii^*  flwahlement  for  a  specified'Httmbet 
of  d«yr»  or  wwks  I>*'foTe  coini)cnsatioix  becomes  due.  The  employer 
may  usually  be  ixOleved  from  the  payment  of  compen^iation  if  ho  can 
prove  that  the  injnrj'  wa>  caused  intentionally  or  by  willful  n»iscou- 
duct,  or  in  ^nie  c<.»untries  by  the  gross  negligence  of  the  injtin'd  per- 
>ou  or  during  the  {>erfonnnnce  of  an  illegal  act. 

The  industries  usually  covered  by  the  nets  ai*e  nianufiicturing.  min- 
ing and  (juarrying,  transportation,  building  and  engineering  work, 
and  other  employments  involving  more  or  less  hazard.  In  Belgium, 
France,  and  <ireHt  Britain  tin*  la\v*s  apply  to  j)ractically  all  eniploy- 
nient.*:.  In  Aut.tritt»  Helgiunu  Dennuirk,  Finlantl,  Uennany,  It^bs 
Luxemburg,  Netherlands^  Norway,  Russ»iaT  Spain,  and  Sweden  only 
trorknien  engaged  in  nctiud  manual  work,  and  in  some  cases  tho:3Q 
exposed  to  the  same  risks,  such  as  overseers  ami  technical  expertii, 
come  within  the  operations  of  the  law.  On  the  other  han<l,  in  France, 
lireat  Britain,  the  British  colonies,  atid  Hungary  the  laws  apply  to 
^alaried  employees  and  workmen  etiually.  Overseers  and  technical 
i'X|>rrts  enrniiig  moiv  than  a  prescrilx'tl  amount  are  excluded  in  liel- 
gium,  Denmark,  Germany.  Great  Britain,  Italy,  Luxemburg,  and 
Ru^^a.  Employees  of  the  state,  provincial,  and  local  administra- 
tioias  usunlly  come  within  the  provisions  of  the  acts. 

The  entire  burden  rests  upon  the  employer  in  nil  but  four  coun- 
tries, Ati^ria.  tierman\',  Hungary,  and  Luxemburg,  where  the 
eii'j  "  ^I'ar  [)iirt  of  the  expeuM*.     The  laws  in  every  ease  lix  the 

cm  ,  "U  to  Im»  jiaid.     Kxcept   in  S^veden  the  compensation  is 

based  upon  the  wages  of  the  injured  person.  It  consists  of  n)e<lical 
•urgicnl  treatment  and  periodical  allowances  for  temporary  dis- 
lity,  an<l  annual  pensions  or  lump-r^um  laiyments  for  permanent 
disability  or  death. 

Ill  most  countries  employers  may  cvmtra<*t  with  state  or  private 
iiksuranee  institutions  for  nie^^ting  the  payments.  In  a  numl>er  of 
tttantries  -iurli  trauhfer  is  obligatory.  Provisiiui  is  usually  nnide  for 
lh«  proteiHion  of  lienoficiarit^s  in  case  of  insolvency  of  en»ployers. 

ITie  acts  of  nearly  alt  of  the  countries  are  framed  with  the  view 
of  uhviating  the  ne<M->ity  for  Instituting  legal  pnx-cedings.  If  dis- 
pntcs  arise  the  acts  specify  the  necessary  proctnlure  for  settlement  by 
fecial  arbitration  tribunals  or  by  ordinary  law  conrts. 

'  "  iiimaiy  gives  the  most  important  feature.-?  of  the 

ition  nets  of  nil  countries: 


124 


BULLETIN    OF  XHK   BUBl!:AU   OF   LABOK. 


BBITISH   COLUMBIA, 


Ihitt'  uf  tiitirtmrni.  Juno  21.  IWX!.  In  i^fTttt  JIny  1.  l!N.>a. 

lufitri*!*  rowpf iiHfttrd.  Injuvlos  by  nccUlont  nrlslnR  ont  of  nml  In  tho  ivinrne 
of  till'  *Mii|il<iyiiH-nT  wlilrb  ninhi*  dtiuh  ni*  iHhiiIiIi*  a  worknuin  for  at  UmisI  two 
wodke  from  ^mrnliii:  Tiill  wiucetf  at  the  work  iit  nhlch  Ul*  was  tMii|iloyott,  unions 
the  liijtirjr  i«  "  Jitliihntnhli'  sfik-ly  to  tlw  m»rliius  ami  « lllful  mistcoutlnct  or 
«erloti«  neirlwt "  of  tlio  Injured  wnnkuinn. 

iotln0h-k^  ti/vrrr<t,  HnllwrtyK.   fiunorlt^K,   luluofi.  fluan-icft.  mgineerlnK  work, 
find  iMilMinffH  wlil<*li    t'^rrri!    -Ill   f*H>t    in    hnlj^hl  irnrt  nrr  holnp  ronstniote*!   or 
ropiilKMl  1»>  ninins  of  u  HcttlTolilinf;  <ii-  bdn^'  ilt'inoiiHluil  or  on  which  uiiirhlitery 
(IrlvL'ii  l»y  mfchiinli-al  power  Is  uhwI  for  constnu'tlon,  ri'pnir,  or  drniolliltin. 
Vct'HOHH  rttin/nnMOtfil,  .MI  iM»r«onH  fHtrat;»Hl   in  niannal  Itilmr  **r  otlu*nvlHe. 
(iuixnimnit  nuployrrn.  Art  nppllcH  to  rlvlllnn  rniphty(M's  In   tho  S4*nloo  of 
the  Crown,  to  whom  It  would  apply  If  th*»  oiuployt-r  wen.*  ft  prtvnte  iK?rson, 
nufttcn  of  intj/nii  lit.  Kntiri'  roHK  of  ifMniieuHiitlon  nntts  n(ioii  enipluy^. 
CtttHprtiHOtion    fnr   tttuth : 

(a)  A  sum  iipinl  to  ihroo  yi>nrs*  ooniiuKf^,  hut   not  Ions   than  :^1.<Kt(i  uor 
nioro  tt)an  $l,r»(K),  to  ttioM*  wholly  dP|N*iid(>nr  on  riirnln(;!4  of  d<v><'aii;rHJ. 
{b)  A  sum  k'SH  than  abovo  amount  If  wurknian   leaveH  pt*rHon8  partially 
deiKMHhHit  on  his  fiirnlu;;}*.  tho  amount  tu  Ir-  uhTucd  uihiu  hy  thi*  pnrtlefl 
i»r  to  ho  fixed  I>y  arbUratJon. 
(r)   n<'a}4om)bh>  oxptMist'H  of  mt*dh*at  ntteudnmv  und  burlnl  not  exeei«dlng 
9HX).   If  d4M>oaH4>d   h'avvH  no  do|K»mUMit«, 
CompniMiilioii  fur  iUnuhHUy: 

(«)   A  weekly  pjiymont  dnrlnj;  dlwihlllty  nftor  «w»ond  wook,  nor  px(*p«llnfr 
.•M*  iR-r  fi'tit  i'f  eniplnyw's  nvorajit*  wt-^'kly  oanilnuH  durlriu  tho  proviouH 
twolvo  niontliH,  8uth  wookly   pnymonts  not  lo  excood  iflO,  and   total 
llfthlllly   nol    to  oxrooil   $T.ri(H>. 
(&)   A  wookly  imynunit  dnrin;;  partial  diKnblllty  after  Bon>nd  wook  to  ho 
tlxod  with  i*<»»;ard  to  tho  dItToronoo  botwooti  oniplnyi'o'H  avornco  wookly 
oarniuKH  boforo  Iho  aooldont  iind  avorap^o  wi'^'kly  amount  which  hr  \h 
(>nrnlnK  <»r  ahio  to  oani  nftor  tho  Injury, 
(r)   A  lump  tiuni  may   ho  MnbMtltuto<1   for  tlie  wOt*kly  imymeutM.  after  hIx 
months,  on  tho  nppllcatfou  nf  tlio  omiiloyor,  Tho  ninoimt  tu  ho  sottl»»d. 
In  dofunll  of  atjroomout.  by  urbltnitlon  nndor  tho  art. 
JtcrinUtn  uf  vttmtuuifnitUm,  Wtvkly   pHymontK  may   bo  rovl»^>d   at   rnjncKt  uf 
4*lthor  ])afty. 

InHtinirtrr,  Kniployors  may  oonlrnot  with  thoir  onn>I'^yw»s  tor  (ho  t*nhstttutlou 
(if  a  B*^'hoini'  of  coniponHjitlnn.  honoMt,  or  In^nranoo  In  phuv  of  tho  provltilona 
of  Iho  act  If  tho  atloruoy-jTonoral  oortldoH  that  tho  whoino  l8  on  tho  wholo 
not  loKK  favorablo  to  tho  vonoral  iMHly  <>f  omployi'OK  iiiid  tlieir  dL'|«Midonts  than 
tho  priivUlouH  lit  the  art.  In  such  ciij'o  tim  oniploynr  \a  Ilablo  only  In  a<Xf»rdanoo 
with  IhiK  Hohomo, 

Smirftu  nf  tuttftttnitf.  Whon  an  oniployor  booomoH  Itablo  undor  tho  art  to 
pay  oou»|>*Mis4ttIon  and  Ih  ontltlod  to  any  wudj  from  Instm'rH  oti  nwount  of  the 
amount  dtto  to  a  workman  tnulor  Hiich  llahllliy,  tUon  In  the  ovont  of  tim 
oniployor  lti*oonitn;;  Imnkrnpr,  nm-h  workman  has  a  Itr^t  ohilm  tipon  tbo  amount 
8o  duo,  and  a  Jia1;!o  of  (bu  KUpronio  oourt  may  dlro«'t  Iho  luMurtrrM  t«»  |my  8tiolt 
ffuni  Into  any  itmrtvrml  hank  of  Cuundn  to  bo  lnvi*fit(Ml  or  npiHlod  to  paymont  of 
i'oini»ouHatlou. 

,^ttth$nrHt  of  itiMfititr^.  UUpntofl  nrlBlni;  mnlor  tbo  not  aro  softlml  hy  nrbl* 
tratlon  «if  oxUltn^  n>nnnltUHi4  r«'proj*oiitallvo  of  i>ni|)loyor>«  and  ompIoyeoH,  or 
If  I'lthor  jnirty  ohjii'ti*.  by  n  .hIukIo  nrhltnUor  nfroi-d  upon  by  Iho  p"*  -■«  -r, 
hi   tho  ah«ou»"«'  of  aciiinnont.   by   an   arl)ltrator  aifpolnlod   by  a   .ln>l  .» 

Huprotno  oonrt.     An   arbitrator  appolntoti   by   a   jndjro  of   tho  nnpr.  rt 

hnn  all  tho  imwor  nf  a  judco  of  thi*  Knpr«'nio  oonrt.     iiuo«iittn«  i*t  law  may  be 
submittoi]  hy  the  arldtrutor  for  tbo  d^-Ulou  of  t\  Jud^'  of  (be  &upiX'iUtt  cuurL 


70RKIGX    workmen's   COMPENSATION    ACM. 


125 


CAPE   OF   GOOD  HOPE. 


Oai**  of  t^tmetmciii,  June  »'.,  IWiT*,  it)  v-ffeii  s«»it!oinl>f*r  1,  IIhis. 

Injurirn  vomprmtattd.  AH  Injuries  to  ruu>K»yo«*»  iirtHiuK  uut  of  and  in  llie- 
ntitrNi*.  ,,f  iii.<  <'tMMii>\  ntent  oaiisliiK  Umth  or  ne».i'»situting  jihseuce  from  work  for 
in<  uid  not  beinp  rutiseil  hy  or  IhrtHiKb  Ihe  jn^tflH  ('nrele8SU<^s» 

InduiftrirH  nncrcKt.  Any   lr:t*le,  buftlntwi,   or   imblir   iiiulortakln^,  uii   Jaml  or 
lU  or  wUhin  th«>  tfrrltorlnl  wnter«  ot  the  colony,  except  ilomostlc,  messenger^ 

and  scrvk-e  or  pniployiiu-nt  hi  ni?rl'''i 'tiuv. 
'rrntonn  (tjm/iOMrtfcii.   KuipIoycH-*;.  wlK-lhfr  i'n«ii«w!  In  uiaiinttl  woi"k  or  other- 
wise 
I  Oocfyytmritt  rtnpioifren.  Act  npplloH  to  civilian  iienwus  employed  by  or  iinder 

■    tbe  0(n»-u  to  wboui  It  would  apply  If  eniidoyer  were  n  privHte  fjerson. 
ftunirH  nf  paytiunt.  ICuiployor  nnd  every  priiuiiwil  nre  jointly  iind  ftevernlly 
liable  for  (be  eomiH>nftat!ons  required  under  fUc  net. 

Ctimfun^ntion  fnr  tUnth.  WUen  disitb  results  from  on  Injury  for  wblcb  a  lump- 
SOlu  hun  not  iilrendy  beeu  \*a\*\  mi  nccount  of  i>eruninent  dlsnblllty — 

(a)  A  lump  Buui  not  excce*linff  thre<»  years*  wnt^es  of  deceased,  nor  more* 

than  £400  I$1.{M6.1K)).  to  those  wholly  dependent  u|>on  the  workman's- 

earnings. 

ib\  A  lump  sum  not  excee<lins  f2f»n  l$973..'WH  to  thoAe  iwirtliilly  dei>endont 

uiwn  the  workmnnV  wirniiiffs;  In  tlie  nhsence  at  iiersons  totally  dpj>end- 

Ient,  the  sum  not  to  ex»?eeil  the  value  of  the  supjMjrt  which  they  were- 
reot'ivlnp  from  ihe  tUveastHi,  ciiloulatcd  fur  two  years. 
(cj  Temporary  payments  previously  made  not  to  be  deducted  from  atmve- 
sums  uiiloKK  they  have  cuntinue<i  longer  than  three  months. 
(4)   Keasitniihle  e?i|>enses  of  mediciil  atti'n(huH>«>  and  burial  not  exceeding 
£40  ($l!»4.(iti)  In  ciis«?  deceased  leaves  no  dependents. 
ComprntiQiitiH  for  ttiniihiUtjf: 
|«)  A  sum  not  exceetlluK  three  years'  waKe«,  less  any  payments  nveived" 
uuder  a  prnvislonal  onler  of  court,  but  not  exc^^e*!!!!^  £(j<H»  (;$1!.!II'.i.*.m>^ 
In  case  of  i>erninnent  total  dlsjiblllty.  and  a  snutller  sum  In  proiM>rtioi» 
to  loss  of  earning  jMiwer  and  not  exiiMMliii^  CWH)  i$l,4'»tM>r>)  in  case  of 
r>eriiiaiieitt  imrtia)  dis:tbl1ity. 
lb)  A  paynitMH  made,  by  order  of  the  lix-al  magistrate,  at  the  same  Intervals 
as  (he  customary  waj:e'paymenis,  not  exctHHlhij:  HO  per  cent  of  watces 
receivpti  at  time  of  tlie  Itijury.  nor  £2   ($D."r?)   iK.*r  Aveek  K  the  Injury 
I  causes  ieni(H:irary  disiibllity  lasting  more  than  three  days. 

Wri-i*i*in  of  ittmfn'HKfiti'tfi.  The  (irovisloual  order  may  be  st*t  aside  or  allered 
fthe  mairistrate.  urxm  ri^jnest  of  either  party.  If  justified  hy  a  further  *'xiunl- 
N«tbm  of  the  injui'e<I  im^i-som  or  by  production  of  additional  evidence. 

i/«*«niMci'.  Kniployt'rs  may  insure  In  n  company  or  aswiciatiou  acalnsl  iter- 
Honnl  injury  to  the  workmen  employed  liy  them  or  In  Ibeir  t>ehalf.  If  the 
employer  enntrlbntcs  towni-d  a  beneftt  society  of  which  the  Injured  or  deceased 
fteraon  Is  u  member,  allowance  is  made  for  such  contrittution  by  the  court  hi 
Its  order  or  Jud^uMit  Hxinir  amount  of  couiiH'usation  (o  be  paid. 
St'curtty  of  pfUfuuntt,  When  an  employer  or  i*rlnclpal  Is  adjudged  or  admits 
liability  under  the  act  and  is  cnttlled  to  any  snm  fnuu  any  Instirers  on  account 
uf  »ocU  liabllitj.  (ben,  in  (be  event  the  employer  l»woines  Insolvent,  the  worker 
<ir  hia  dependents  have  n  first  claim  uimn  such  sum. 


/'/  of  tUnputcs.  Tom  [K.M  I  sat  Ion  in  <^iKi'rt  of  disability  Is  fixed  provision- 

nmrc  than  six  mouths  by   the  loi-al  naipislrate  after  receiving  a 

"•"'nt-nfi*  nf  disal)lli(y  and  hnldlnsT  an  Inquiry.     No  aiii'eai  can  be 

!'rcli[ninnry  onler  i'xce!>t  aKaliir^t  a   tlndinjr  on  the  <iuestiou  of 

-'*  and  then  only  upon  leave  jcrantwl  by  the  sninrbir  court.     In 

iiry  n'htiKs  In  dcsiili  or  iNMMuauent  dlf*iibllity,  the  claimaniH  have  a 

rit  iio»  In  the  local  umKlstrate's  *'ourt  for  the  amounts  due  under  the 

law.     in  lUInp  the  amount,  the  court  Is  n^ulred  In  every  case  to  liave  reicard 

to  Ihe  workman's  or  the  dependent's  ne»*eKsIl!eH. 

aofuti—isuii.  74— a» — 9 


5^    • 

aii 

phj.  ^. 
taken 


■HiiHb--ab 


J 


BULLETIX    or  THE    BUREAU   OF   IJ^BOR. 


DBNBIARK. 


hatf  »/  rnuf  tuit  lit.  Jaiiiiiii'jr  7.  ISis,  hi  i-fft'cl  Jiiiiuiiry  ITi.  ISlKi;  tiiiu*iuUil 
May  li\  UMiX, 

InJHrhs  ifimu^nnfttrtt*  All  IhJ«i*U'«  by  no<-Wmt  oocnH|ijn*Hl  liy  ^l^  trniH*  nr  Us 
roiulUliiMM,  Hiid  ciiiifiinfc  oUlirr  ()(Mith  nr  illioililllty  Insttii^  iivor  thirtprn  wof^kii, 
iinlcHH  IinniKlit  (Ui  Inlontlniially  or  (hnm^-h  yroKs  iu-;:nf:fnre  «»f  tin*  vltilni. 

IndunhUH  vftrvrrtU  rrnctlrnlly  nil  cshibilKhnimiH  in  niliilns.  qnnrrylnK.  innn* 
tifiKiim^  biillilliif^  iiiid   iMiglih*4'rfiiK  u>>rU.   ti-iin*<iHti-(M(l*>n.   itfl*'|rh«>iir  aiid   (He*' 
f;rnt>li    »<'Iv1c»'h,   dtvln^   mid    siilvnfCf ;  cutnbHHhitirnli*    nsln;;    uuH'hfiiilc'iil    fkowi^r 
wliK>h   nmko»  tliviii  stibJiTt    (u   ftirtory   lnHit«vtU>u:  otbiT  Itidtmtrlul   fHtnbllHli- 
iiu'iitK  tU'HlKiuilifl  by  tbo  tniiiifiter  (if  liitfrlnr. 

V*'mitttH  v*tmfn'H4tit*tU  All  wi>rkmt*n  hi  iii«('hiiui(*al  uml  tecbDloiil  U^imt'tinentH, 
liu'lmllri^  lUi>s(^  hi  MU(N*rvlHury  i*H|iai*Uy  wbitw  Biiuuul  oiirulupi  ilu  uot  ex- 
cwd  2.4<M»  c-iowiis  <$(M3.:i<t). 

tttnrniuirnt  f  mftlnihr».  AW  itpplii'?*  lo  nil  eiii|i1oye<*s  of  ntale  and  the  com- 
iniiiijil  ^'oYcrnuii'iitH  In  hidti»ttt'l««H  iiImim*  UidU'nli'il. 

Ituntin  ttf  lioymrnt,  KiM\n*  btmkMi  of  iMiyiiaiMit  rf*HtN  U(*oa  t*mi>1uy«*r. 
rom/irn«a/iofi  fur  dt'nth: 

<ai   KiwR'itil  bvii(.«Ut  uf  TiO  crownB  ($i:i.-*0), 

(A)   A  lniii|i  siiin  tHjti.il  to  fuor  tliiit'H  iiiiiaial  turnings  of  itoniiMnl,  tiiil  uot 
ovff  :Vil)t*  rt-owris  ($s57.(UM  nor  Irss  tb#tn  l.'JtM)  rrowiiM  (la'iT.lXik,  to  - 
Widow  wbolo  iitiiouiit.  If  k1u»  KiirvlvrB. 
i'hlhi  wholo  niuoiint.  If  It  \te  Xhv  only  heir. 
ChlldrtMi,   a<tordlOK  l<^  dwUiou   of  bisurnnre  citiincll,   wlien    Ibefi*  Ik  no 

widow. 
If   in'tlher   widow   nnr  cbllOrt-'u,    hutiiniaor  c*<»imcll   devldcH  whether  nnd 
bow  fiir  other  h«*in*  rwolve  (-itniit«*itK«tbrt». 
('''iHfH'iiftntiftu  for  dlMtihiiiti/: 

(rt>   Kii»in  iMid  of  Iiilr!i*i'ii11i  wnok  nfter  Hooldont  until  nrnl  of  trvnttm>nt.  or 
uutti  diNibllity  Ih  devlaritl  |H*riiiiiiiiMit,  ii  dully  cMHtt|irtiHnllnii  of  (U)  ii^r 
cent  of  eiirnlnirH,  but  nut  Ichh  thnii  1  rrown  (21  iH»iits»  nor  over  2  ctowtib 
<r>*l  cfut*!)   for  loiul  diMid>lllty,  mid  ii  |»ro|»ortloiiHli«  n»ui|tfii«iitUiii  for 
|)iirtlAl  dlAiiblHty. 
ih)    In    n\Hv   of   |M<riniiiitni    (liHiiblllry   nn    liuU'iiiiilty    of   rU    lliiit*N   nnnuiil 
I'tiruhiKH,    bill    uot    less    thnu    l.si*i»    crow  dm    (♦4S;1-10)     nor   over    ■I.^'h> 
croiv'iiH   |$1,*jsu.40)    for  totnl   iH>rn)iiii<-nt  disability,  niid  iiroiNirtbuuito 
tmyuientft  for  purtlnl  iiertnniietil  dlKublllly. 
(r)    ir  employee  rtufferliiL;  front   i>eriiiiiiiem  diMibUlty   Ls  n   iuat«  iH^weou 
;M»  uml  .V>  years  of  ujie,  be  luiiy  deniuud  i-iirebaiw  of  an  nuimlly*.     For 
men  of  other  ntiv»,  ot  of  unsmiud  mluil,  or  women  und  cblldroti,  Ikr 
luHurunt.'e  coiuietl    niiiy   HuliHtllutL'  lui   uniiulty. 
J{rt'i^ittn  of  vothiivnutition,   hctcruilualbni  of  det;ree  of  itormaneut  dlHttbUttjr 
uiUAt  be  niude  us  akui  us  [msMiltle  after  one  yeiir  from  dat<t  of  In.tnry.     If  tbb|, 
Iw  uut  |HN<iHitde^  a  teuitntniry  detenniinitiou  nmy  be  made,  bitt  a  re^lettTmluntloi 
may  be  ilvmnmbil  within  two  yenrs  foltowlu?. 

hutiimntr.  Kmidoyer^  may  IrauHfei*  obllt^nllon  lnii>oNod  tty  tlu*  law.  Ity  liifftir- 
lug  tbi'lr  eu)[doy(*ef<  bi  antborlxo*!  Invunimv  omitwnlev  ur  muttutl  enipluytN^ 
iasurnhee  aK»oclatinuH. 

Frcuf-ilu  of  pnumcittJt.  WluTt?  UnbUlty-  under  thp  law  hnH  not  Ikmmi  IrniiBfei 
tiy  liiMiinttK'**,  liideninliA  for  ditoibillt.v  Iv  a  (irefernM  eUlm  ntnin  MMMita 
eniiiloyer. 

Hrftlrmrnl  of  ttUfJutr*.  l>ls|iulrs  enn«*ernlux  tHioilwnsutluu.  luilewi  Hettli*d  hy 
mutual  Cooawit.  miWt  li*  r«'f"r>*>-i  *■•  li>»irir:tn*^o  .'nninit.  V|it.*>^U  m-'ic  !»*»  bud 
tu  the  mlnlatpr  at  Ititviior. 


:k;X    WURKME^  S  COMPENiiATlOX    ACTS. 


127 


FIVLAVD. 


«) 


hair  of  cnavtmrnt,  lN.vfiijlK»r  Tu  ls!>ri,  !ii  effi^.l  Jiiiiimry  1.  1^^. 

im^mritt  <N>M/>rHJ»ri/rcr.  All  InjurlMt  ti^  a^vldeut  (hirhi);  n-ork.  cansSiif!  t1<>aUi  or 

»r*-   "•■•  ■    ^i\:  ilny^,  esrept    vbfn   brourtil   <»n   iDtenlioTiiilIy  or 

viitlui.  iiittMJtioiiuHy  by  niiy  otiirr  ittrwrn  thnn  tlw 

__  Ml  (if  ih*^  work,  or  mufiiHl  tiy  i»<rtiie  otluT  <N:».iirrptK>» 

oMerly   Inil*'j»«*nilent  <if  rii»r  nuturi'  or  ctniditUmH  **t  work. 

imdmatrica  rtn-ryih  ^Ilnrs,  Qiinrrlcs,  melRlhirul^'Hl  *^tHlillt(hiiieiitfi.  factorleit. 
nwiallte.    tii'i  slitiifuts    UKluff    uu<cbftiik'a)    ]M»w<«r,    <h>iih1  ruction    of 

dmsrllM  Hiid  *r   line  Htory    bUli:    conRtnirtloii   and   c^Hmitlon  nf 

vmtrr,  ^aa,  e^&avic  i^rwer  ptautn,  and  ui*oratloii  uf  railMndn. 

f'.t..  n-;  vminnnatfil.  M\  jH^rpoiis  nctTuilly  t'iuplt»y«l  ;»t  work,  but  iiol  tlifise 
MM'  'uly, 

(,  t  rmftlo^crn.  Act  applU^H  to  euiitlfrrment  on  tbe  state  Rud  Of^Diinuual 

nmfttruc'Liiiu   vorki*  attd   Mate  milwnyK 
/iMrJm  of  pQyiHfHU  Kiitirp  bnnlen  of  pnyiiif^iit  n^Mf)  npon  fmployer. 
romprnKfl f ion  /or  Untth.  In  nddlttiHt  \»*  niiy   inl'»r   luiyuiwil**  on  :i(T<iiint  of 
illMlillItj,   ittmsiun*  to  di-i*^ti(l^ut  heirs,  tr*\m  dny  of  dt>»th.  not  f-xofwIUiK  40 
l»er  wot  Lif  nniiiuil  t'nrulug«  <>f  dtK'^iiMe«1.  to — 

fa)   Widow.  2«»  ivr  cent,  imtll  dt'uth  or  rt.Miwrriag>e;  lii  lullrr  t-nfie  a  flual 

will)   (^jnal    to   t\v«i  iiiiiKuil    |*»ymi^ilH. 
(5)    Vmc\i  rlilld  until  liif  «j;e  of  ir»  TwirK  V>  pw  cent.  If  onr  itarent  survives, 
and  2<t  p**r  mit  If  iieltb^T  p:irf»nt  snrvlvf*^. 

In  itimptiiiii^'  iH'tiKl.iii.  winiiuss  cif  ivtirkniiiii  to  bo  fiiisidertHl  not  over 
731  marks  <9i:t^:MU   nor  under  3(I4»  imirkK  <^HiiO)  :  bnt  un  adidt  eui- 
pIoyiH'  to  riN-eivi*  «  ptMisiori  grcntiT  Ibiiii  his  arluul  i^mtujcfi. 
xtmiUm   fur  tlitubility: 

A  |»«ai»brti  oqajtl  to  tK*  |»^r  f^nt  of  ^iu[>loyee'R  earulup^  for  totnl  dU- 
atdtSty.  or  n  i»eusioii  proportionate  to  tho  dtirrtw  nf  imnjUK-lty  f««r 
imrllal  diKi)Ulllty.  to  1m<  |mid  fruui  day  of  recmery  from  lllae<*8  dne  to 
Itijnry,  f»r  iifier  lit*  dtiyi*  Iwive  tdiiiisfd  siuce  injury. 
lV'h»<ion  niiiy  by  mntinil  (t>n?kMit  !«•  rrpbutHl  by  sinjele  payment.  If  it 
dfioK  not  exrci^l  'Jil  nmrkH   i£;i..si>)   unnimlly: 

111  I'ouiputlii;:  iN-hslim.  i^rtdnfT^  i»f  worknmn  U*  In*  ronnld**r«l  not  over 
rJU  uinrlcK'  i^Kts.iMji  nor  under  31M»  ninrkH  ($57.00)  :  but  no  adult  eni- 
pliiy«<«>  to  reioMc  «  prhsimi  prrnler  tluin  hts  .vtniil  cniruiiifis. 
In  fa^es  of  ipmiwrary  dlwibitlty  (Inrludinp  nil  cnw's  of  dlwdtilhy  for 
1  'o  ,]-,\<  nf(i*r  injury^  d:illy  comi»enK;iriou  of  va}  \t*r  tvnt  of  ^^rulngi*. 
4  witb  BTvtrnth  dny  after  ncvideiit,  for  complete  teuifmrnry 
i:  j.   and   n    |»ro|»ortionnto   c-^>ni|H-nHfliion    for   fwrtial    diKublllty: 

but  iwi  UKire  iban  '2X^i  markn  (48  cc*nti«|  i»er  diem. 
TntU  n-covcrj-,  injure*!  employee  niny  be  givcu  treatment  In  a  lu»fliplta1 
in  Hen  fff  other  e«imi»eu«ition:  during  anch  tn*atm<?nt  bis  wife  and  cbll- 
dren  set  u  coniikeiiHtitlon  equnl  t«"  pensUm  in  case  of  deiilh. 
^rrl«<on    of  r'»nip»*«.«fln'oii,  I>«*mandj<   for   revision  of  com|>ttiaat1on    tuny   i»e 

by  either  imrty  bt'f<tre  proper  oourt. 
/■  EaiplojerH  an?   re<iuiri*d    to   transfi'r  tin*   burden   of  payuteut    of 

ntti  I  lo  a   irov<Tumei»tal   Inanranoe  otfiee.  ]>rivate  lufturamv  t\tnii«niy. 

iinii'i;ii  •niployerp'  iiisunince  aRSooljitlon.  or  npproveil  forcijrn  inmiranee  eoni- 
t«ny.  uDlem  unidde  to  (pbtain  sui*li  Insiimtitv  or  relenwil  from  tbi**  obltmitlon 
MU  |»rewutatioa  of  hatl»fa<iory  puaniuteew. 

Brrmritf/   uf  ptiitmrtitn.  M"lipn    exemptiM    fiMui    the  duty   of   insuring:    his  oni- 
or  nnniiie  I"  otdiilu  iiiKtirnnoi*.  the  employer  must  sniarautee  imymeiit  of 
lo  the  Injured  workman  or  hlH  family  by  arrancewent  vlth  a  private 
teanraikre  compmty. 

HrtHrmrut  ttf  lU^ptihit.  In  ciise  (if  abKent-e  of  Insurume  or  diHHutisfiiciion  uilh 
drrtelnn  of  infnimu<n^  pom|ttiny.  Injnreil  eniployep  or  liis  dejieudent  muy  carry 
tlir  caae  into  The  Inferior  court  of  the  lot^illty. 


(*) 


(e> 


mmli 


128 


BUU-ETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU   OP  LABOB, 


FRANCE. 


Date  nf  rnaeitnrni,  April  0,  IStlH,  In  offwt  July  1,  ISIK):  nmomlntorr  hucI 
wipplemoiitttry  ttcti*  MnrrU  '2:2,  1(W.\  Mnrcb  31.  IWW,  April  V2.  XVXn\,  and  July 
17,  11I07. 

InJuHtH  comitrnsntci!.  AH  InjnriOH  by  ac-oldoiit  lt»  \voi*kiiJi*ii  ur  Milurtrtl  rti^ 
ployrcK  iliiriui;  or  on  nonuint  t>f  labor  niiiHiiii:  ih-ittli  ur  illiuibilUy  fur  llvr  ol 
luor*.'  ilnyK,  unlow*  ppxhinMl  liiti^iitbinaMy  by  tbf  \l(Mlin,  If  diK*  In  ([wxiMiRjibM 
fuult  (»f  viftlin  or  of  cmphiyor,  c(mip<*iisiitloii  iimy  by  n  ifiiirt  order  ho  tbTnititqfl 
or  Inrrriisrd,  but  not  r.\i'LMHlin«  lutiial  ninilimH  tif  vk-tlui.  I 

IittltistrivH  iitfct'Cit.  linlliliii;;  trntU'A,  riH-iot'lcx.  workKbopH,  RblpynnjH.  transiMiA 
tnltoii  by  Initft  niMl  wtitor.  [>iibllc  witn'tuHiATK,  nilnlnf?  nrwl  qimrrylriK.  timnfl 
fiirliuv  or  baiMllhiu  of  t*xploHivt'K,  nifrinilturiil  iiml  otbi>r  work  iiHltit;  nKH'liiiiiblH 
]Mnv<'r,  liiid  iiioroaiittb'  oNtabllsiliuu'UtH;  otbrr  ImluHtrk's  on  nnjiirKt  of  b4kd 
pnrlJoH.  ^ 

VtrnuiiM  ffitnpf nKittnl.  All  workuuMi  ami  salarlwl  eiiiplf»3'iH*B.  I 

tiormuni  lit   I  mitloyrt  M.  l,aw   upplloHi  to  Kbito,   iTpparlniciitnl.  And  coniinuiid 

imlubllHbiuL'iilH  wliLMJ  I'liKa^ced  Ui  bulUKtrUti  iniiun'raUtl  uImwi*.  ■ 

Ituntrn  of  iiat/inrnt,  Kniln*  cont  of  c«mi|HMittntlnu  fnlln  U|«in  employer.  ■ 

ComiirHHiilinii  for  tlittth:  V 

111)    Kiiitornl  «'\|H*iis(*K  not  o\o<^*4llni:  1iM»  frnnt'H  ($lP,i'X)).  I 

^_^      ih)    IViikIi.hih  to  dt*p^*iitKMi(  lirirH  not  I'XciM'OiuK  *>*^  |i**r  ^^tMil  nf  nuiinal  wuKe# 

^H  of  il<vi^iK<Mt.  iliHtribnip)!  to — 

^V         willow  or  wlilnwt'r.  '.ft  |M-r  cimiI  until  ilcatli  or  tvnmrrlnt,'e.  In  whloli  Intter 
^1  cam'  a  tiuul  mnu  iMpinl  to  (brtn^  arininil  payniontK.  m 

^B  rhildrm  nmlor  MX  y4^art<  of  a»4r  If  ouo  pai-«*nt  Nnrvives — 15  i»or  ocnt  fl 

^H  lliori'  JH  but  out*  rbild:  'Jo  per  ivnt   if  tlii'n*  ar*'  two  rhlldri^i:  35  |iM 

^H  «mt  If  th('n»  jin*  thrt'o  rblldn-n  ;  -10  |H»r  <x'nt  If  tbero  arr  four  or  nmn 

^M  ■ 

^H  Knell  ('bllil  uiidfr  1i»  yoiirff  of  nfs^*  If  neltlifr  (mrout  AiirvlvoH.  l!t>  |H*r  4'«*itfl 

^K  Knell  nseinidant  niiil  each  ilrKeendaut  under  Itt  yenim  of  ntiio  di*pend(« 

^H  upon  dtN-rtimil,  if  no  widow  or  eblldnni  tnirvlve,  10  iN-r  i.t*4it,  the*  nifinv 

(r)    If   anntuil    waices   exei<e<l   2.4IKI    francH    if^O^l),   unly   om*-fuurtb    (■ 

tlie  e.\<.rHN   Ik  eonKidennl   In   eninpiuhiit  poiirtbMiPt.  ^ 

VoMiiriiHaiitifi  for  diittihiUtff:  I 

(o)   KxtHMisfN  of  uKMlleal  or  Piiriclonl  trenlment.  ^ 

(6)    If  pernmntnitly  dlMablwl,  n  |N*imlon  of  (Mlji  |H»r  r«vnt  of  nnnnal  \vnK<*»i  for 

total   dltiablllly   and  of  one-balf    Ioka  of  inirnlnf:  raimelty    for    t»irtlnl 

diMlblllty  ;  or,  If  demanded,  one-fourth  tlii>  eapltul  vnlur  of  |>pnitloti  In 

eanb,  tbo  inmisIom  to  be  n*tln<'<^I  neeordln;;ly. 

(c)   If  tiMuikftrartly  dlwibbvl,  nn  allowniu-e  of  T<a)  \H*r  cent  «tf  dully  wa«e«, 

I  beuhinbm  wllh   (Iflh  day.  and  IneliidbiL'  SundnyK  jiitd  holidays,  nitli-sri 

dlwiblllty  lasts  nior**  than  ten  days  when  jiayiueuts  Itwomu  due  frnni 

the  HrHl  day. 

itt)   If  annnal  wurtr  expfVHl  2,4ftl  fmm*a  ($4*V^.20),  only  ont^fonrth  f»f  tlie_ 

eXecHK  Ih  coiiKlderetl   (u  tonipiithi);  iH-iislonH, 
(i  )    rnynieiilK  of  prm^loiid  of  not  over  KRI  fninoK  ($10.^))  (ter  nnnnui  [Uflj 
^B  by  mntnnl  ronHont  whou  bouetlelnry  Ih  of  n^,  bo  n'plflii^l  by  a  ctii 

^P  iHiymcnt. 

firriition  of  riimtn  ttMitfioH.   IU'\'Ia)(Mi   i»f  ttimiH'nwitbui  beonuHo  of  ntftcmvntb 
or  dlnilnntlon  of  dlniddUty  of  vlotlm  may  Ih*  nnide  within  threi>  yi*itrB. 

hufuntiirr,  Kmployer)*  may   Iranwfer  burden   of  (layinoid   of ion 

up|trovtsI  multial  aid.  aetldenl   biKuranee.  or  tcimrmdy  an^oelai'  "  «i 

of  |M*nHlnnH,  to  iiatloiuil  neetdent  Inviiranee  or  national  old-a^e  i"  ijti"h  lOudB. 
StvurUu  ttf  fiujftnviitM.  The  Statt»  irnartintiH'w  ajniliiHl  Up***  of  ikmimIou  payiUKi 
on  iirediint  of  ln!«olvenry  nf  fiaphiyerH  nr  biNuranee  ort::inl%iillnnK.  and  1H  re 
hursi'd  by  a  HiHVhil  tax  on  i*n)ployi'rH  within  Hropo  of  iln-  m-t.     Kor  teiu|Hirul 
dlMiibllity  pnyrnent)*.  nn*iIlelneN  and  iuinUuiI  nr  unnrkal  alteudami',  and  fuue 
ex|H*tiKeN  tiin  vlrtlin.  bl>*  cM^dltorw,  f»r  r«*ptv»»ent«flr»^  hnvp  a  prpfcrrwl  rlnlni  ot» 
profterty  of  emplnyer. 

SrHJimiHl  of  tttitpuftit.  I>Upiite:N  nn  (n  iH-iiRlunH  «r  Invithttn;  more  ibn 
fititu-ft  ($rtT,t*0)   may  ^*•  nirrl<Hl   IiiIm  Ulftber  eUll  eonrtH.     JntiKroont  i\K 
Jnt»ttiyL*  of  the  jHHU-e  in  ftimt  in  oilier  rawii. 


FOREIGN   WORKMEN  S   COMPENSATION    ACTS. 


129 


QEBMANY. 


DiU  of  cm^Hntrnt.  July  0.  1SS4,  in  effect  October  1.  ISfcO.  Supplemeuury 
acts  Miiy  2S.  1SS5,  Moy  \  lS8<i.  July  11  and  18,  1887.  A  cwllflcuiloii  enacted 
Jno^  :P).  IIMX). 

/ii>«*iVj»  cotHpcn^tttCit.  IiiJurifH  by  neeiJciit  in  the  fourfto  ftf  the  oiur>loymeut, 
cnudlnK  dcalli  or  UiNittlHty  for  iiiOr*'  than  three  »hiy»,  unless  t-iiuaed  inteu- 
ttounlly.  (;nnii»eiisafM)ij  uiay  be  refused  or  retluced  If  Injury  was  received  while 
mmtulttln;;  aii  illfpil  art. 

r     "  v  rttvnrtt.  Mlnlnp.  salt  works,  (|utuTyiMK  «nd  allied  lutlnsiries,  Hhli>- 

ji  -rlefi.   SMiPltln;;   works,   Iniiklhij:   tnulcs,  cliliuney   F>veeplng,   window 

I'h-jiiiiiii:.    otiioherlDe.    trunBiturtatlon   mid   bAndlIng,   agriculture,   forestry,   and 

frrnfinx  rttrnprnnatril.  All  workmen,  and  thofip  teohnloni  offlrlals  whoso  nnniial 
tsruUitn*  lire  If****  th«u  't.OMt  murks  »$7HK  With  tlie  npproval  uf  the  Inipfrial 
|i»Hiiriin<i-  Offl^>»  the  law  may  he  extended  to  other  cla»se». 

'  if  rmphtu'^t'M,  Act  ci>vers  povernment  eui|tloye«*s  In  piistul,  telejrra|»li. 

an!  y  i*ervlr**s  nud  in  iadustrfai  enterpriws  of  anuy  uud  navy,  unions 

fitberwiw  pn>vidi*d  for. 
BnriS*  n  t^f  puym*  nt.  Medical  and  surgical  trealiucnt  for  ninety-one  diiyH  and 
ofii   ttnynients  from   third  to   nlnety-tlrst  dnys  are  provided  by  Rick-bent'flt 
ds  to  which  employers  ctmiribute  <H»e-thinl  and  eniployet^s  iwo-thlrd^;  from 
tvetily-4'iKhrh  to  ninety-first  d«y  payments  iire  lucrojimNl  by  one-ihird  at  expens*! 
€tf  employer  in  whose  estublisbmeiit   jKfldont  oifurrtM ;   tifter  nlnety-flr»fit  «hiy, 
and  in  nisi*  of  dniih  from  tnjnrie**,  ex{ionKe  is  Iconic  hy  employers*  asfloclatloiis 
mptiorted  by  contribiitloiis  of  eu(i»I'»yers. 
Vumsu'ttAtilitin  fur  ttmlfi: 

Ca>    Kuneral  benefits  of  one-llfleenth  of  anuunl  eamlntrs  of  dceeaaed,  but 

not  lesa  than  .V)  nuirks  (|!n.*>0». 
lb)  IVnslohH  to  deiMMidont  heir;*  not  exi'cedinp  TiO  i>er  cent  of  nnnunl  earn- 
injre  of  the  dwcnse^l,  as  follown:  Widow.  2<>  per  cent  of  nunual  ottm- 
\ugyf  until  di'Oih  or  remnrriiiKe;  In  latter  msea  linal  sum  eipial  to  three 
annual    rwymcnta :   deiiendent    widower,   IM   i>er  cent    of  nnuual   earn- 
ings :  each  rhlld  15  ywirs  of  ape  or  under,  tHi  iwr  oetit :  imymcnts  to  f«iu- 
sorl  and  to  Lhlldren  to  be  reducwl  proiK>rtiomitely  if  the  tt»tal  would 
exi>*e<l  tM»  |»er  ct'ot;  deiH'udeiit  heirs  In  asct^udtng  Ih»e,  2*>  |>er  cent  ttr 
less.  If  there  Is  a  residue  after  providing  for  above  heirs;  orphan  priind- 
rhlldi'ou,  2*t  per  cent  or  loss.  If  there  Is  a  residue  after  providing  for 
nbo>e  heirs. 
ir)   If  anuunl  earnings  excee<l  l,5m>  marks  t$.'ir»Ti.  only  .nu^rhird  of  i>\ceff8 
1h  ctnisidered  In  com|>utlng  [tensions. 
fowiK'fUti/irtH  for  tiiMfihilify: 
{m)  Free  nuNllcil  nud  snrplcal  treatment  pnid  first  thirteen  weeks  by  sick 

benetit  funds,  and  afterwarils  by  emidoyers'  nssoclatious. 
\b)  For  temiN»rary  or  jiermaueut  total  disability,  oO  iM>r  cent  of  dally  wapess 
of  j>ers4)us  similarly  omployed,  but  not  exceeding  :i  marks  (71  cents), 
pQld  hy  sick  benefit  fmids  from  third  day  U\  end  *if  fourth  week;  fmui 
fifth  to  end  of  thirteenth  week,  above  allowance  by  sick  benefit  fund, 
phis  Itiji  Iter  c<4it  tontrlbuled  by  employer  dinvt ;  after  thlrtt*en 
weeks.  WH  per  cent  of  nverage  annual  earulutca  of  Injtired  iH?r»ou  paid 
by  employers'  associations. 
\''\   For  com]tlote  helidessness  necessitallnjr  jUtoiidnnce,  imyments  may  be 

lucreastM  to  ltK>  iK>r  cent  of  nnuinil  earnlnps. 
<rf>   For  partial  disability,  a  correspondinp  reduction  In  payments. 
(r)    If  annual  enrnlnps  exceed  l.rrfHI  marks  i^So?),  only  one-third  of  excess 
Is  cimsldcrcd  lu  computing  i»ensb»ns. 
ttcrMftn   r,f  finpnirntH.  Whenever  a   chnnpe  In   condition   of  Injured   i»erson 
MPnra,  a  revlsbui  of  Itenefits  may  be  made. 

Jmatiranfs'.  raynients  art*  met  by  nnitnal  Insurance  associations  of  employers, 
tn  whkh  all  eluployees  are  require<l  to  be  Insured  at  the  exi>ense  of  employers. 
KeiMimte  ttSBoclatlons  have  lnvn  orpanlzetl  for  each  Industry. 

Kr*'sWr|/  tjf  paymrnU.  Solvency  of  iinployers'  as»t»clatlonR  is  piiarantefHl  hy 
tW  State. 
^'  '"  '     '  '        -       '■'      ,t,^  nro  setrletl  by  "arbltnU\ou  louvvft  t«^Y  \\ft\\i- 

"f  one  ifovernment  ofIk\a\,  two  vevTv*ew\av\\«^ 


180 


BULLETIN    OF  THfi  BCfi£AU   OF  lABOfi. 


GREAT  B&ITAIK. 

ftoti-  t»f  rti4i4tmtnt.  MwoiuIht  L'I.  I'.HHi,  In  rfftvt  July  1,  llK^lT,  rrpliclng  «ct» 
of  AiifCiiHl  (i.   ]K!i7.  iiud  July  l^K   llKJOL 

/f?ii(n*r«  rf>«i/M-itiio/rtf.  Injtiri***  hy  »r»'ldCTi<  nrUlnif  ont  of  nnd  Id  tliP  cmirup 
<»f  lilt*  <ir»[»lf»yin<i»t  n-h!c!i  cnnne  i1i»nrt»  or  iHwihlo  a  worUinnn  f«»r  at  k*at*t  ooo 
Wfck  fmiii  fiiriiliij:  full  wiiircs  ul  tin*  work  nt  wlilch  Iw  wui«  rttivIoyt^L  iNimprti- 
tudou  U  ii(»<  iwld  MdMM  Injury  Iff  doi*  t«>  mtIouh  ami  willful  iuIhcoimIucL  nuleos 
It  I'csnItN  111  ilmth  nr  flprlmis  nud  pfmiHnrut  (ilwihlfiiiiiil. 

fiitluHlHrft  rnrrrrfj,  "Any  eniploj'tinMit." 

l*rr.Hiins  rtnnfutmiitt'd.  Any  inn-wm  rrjriilurly  eui|»lo3*<»d  for  tin*  [Mir|ii>M*fi  of  the 
*»uil>li»yiT'H  tnwlf  or  tuislnowi  wliow*  oomin'iinntimi  In  Irss  tfmti  £2^1  ($1,21lUW) 
IK*r  aiuiuin:  ttiit  iH^rmmn  rnpi^tcHl  hi  umninil  labor  only  an*  not  Bubjitt  t<i  (hlH 
lliultatlun. 

normtntrtU  nnfitnyrcB.  \v\  i\\riA\e»  to  rlvllluii  |>t*n«»iiH  »'Hi|>loytMl  mul^r  lb« 
rrnwn  to  wliotii  il  would  npply  If  the  miployer  w«'re  n  iirtvnte  pprHtnu 

Hunirn  uf  ptiymml.   ICiitlrr  eoBt  of  oouuhmiihiUou  rt'Sln  njn.ri  (.'iiiployor. 

iUtmin  hHtitioH  fur  thrill : 

ill)  A  iBuiii  «h|um1  to  Ibroc  ytasfii*  cnnitiiiCK.  but  not  l^^tw  thiiu  £iriQ  ($72£UI9) 
Ui*r  Qior^i  tliflit  €HM  <yi,4riUi<i>.  to  tbcmr  mtlrfly  d«>iN!Udtmt  on  «iuru< 

1Uf£H   of   d«H'OUW*d. 

ib)  A  Kum  l<*fw  tluiii  iibovf*  ntnoiiiit  If  dcncaimil  ItNivt-^  [ntw>iik  imiitiilly 
dfiKMiilciU  <<ti  1i1h  oarntii;;H,  iiiiHMint  to  In*  ji>;re(tl  ti\Mt\  by  tUi*  imrtlpN  or 
rtxtsl  by  MrbJtntHon. 

(r)   fteJiHifiiiihlp  rxTM-iincH  of  innlU-nl  Hltciidfinn-  iind  burial,  luit  uut  to  (*x- 
ctiHl  £10  ($4H.(;7)  If  diHt<nH«'d  kwvoiR  no  dt4>oJ)d«*ut«. 
<'ftmfn'utntttrtn    for   itimittilUff: 

(a)  A  w(»«*ly  imyiuwit  durlue  Inraiflclty  of  not  twnr  tlwn  SO  per  ccTJt  of 
eni|*loy(«H'N  miTiiK^'  wfN'kly  I'nnilnttH  dnrliitf  iiriMloim  twelve  uionlbH,  Init 
mrt  fifi-r^lhi^:  XI  (IH.yT)  ikt  week  :  If  liu-npiiclty  lawt*  le«i!i  tli.in  tw" 
w^eks  no  imynietit  Ik  riHinlrrtt  for  Ibo  first  win'Jc. 
<6)  A  w«*ly  iwyiiH'nt  dnrliiK  jwrtlnl  diMiblMly.  not  rxcrcdliig  th<'  Oiffrronco 
lirtwwn  oniiiloy«i''K  nvHraB**  wtn-kly  iitrulni:'*  Iwron*  Injury  und  jivontge 
nnioiint  whliMi  ht*  in  Himlii?  or  Is  nbU*  to  f»n\  nftor  Injiirj*- 
(r)    Minor  |wrwmH  tiiiiy  )h*  nlb>wt*d    full   i*n minus  diiriiic  lucapttcUy.  but 

nwjkly  imyiiionlj*  iiuiy  not  »»xt'ot*d  10  slilllin^s  <$2.4.M). 
(<f )    A  ffnm  fiu(nH«>ii(  to  iMiivbiiw*  n  llfo  iiumiity  tbrou>:b  llu*  I*uAl-OrHiv  Snv- 
liics  Itniik  of  Tri  prr  icnt  of  nnnujil  vnino  of  wei-hly  imyuH'iitH  iiuiy  Im* 
HiibntHiiT*'<.|,  on  iippllt'Jitiitn  '*f  ""•  i'ti  f.i.,\..r.  for  wct'kly  puyuM*ultt  nfler 
nix  tnontbo;  but  ollirr  iirniii-  l.-niptlon  of  wifJcly  |mynunila 

niny  Ik*  made  by  «Ki^iv»mfiit  I"  ■  fr  nml  rm|*l<ij*w. 

Rniiririn  nf  hnt'/itit,  W(-i*1ily  imyiittMitn  niiiy  ho  rf'vlHml  nt  n^iieKt  of  rltber 
pnrly,  miib'r  ntnilntlmiti  IkkihhI  tiy  Ibr  w-iTi'tnry  of  «tnlt». 

JiiMUtvtui',  KuiploytTH  inuy  niuKc  L-oitiriu'lH  with  ruiploynrn  for  Hubxtltutlon 
of  u  Hi-brUH*  of  roiiiiHMiHutioii.  iN'ocHt.  or  lii8urinu-i*  lit  (iliiri.*  of  tbi*  provlMoiifl  of 
iht  act.  if  Ibr  nycl*tr«r  of  frlrndJy  WKlftlrn  rtTllflvw  tbiil  tbo  i«chrmc  li*  ii"t  b»w 
fiivonibb*  tit  tlir  worUmm  and  Ibrir  drpmHlcutw  Ibnn  tlw  provisions  of  Ibo  fioti 
and  Unit  ii  iiiuJorKy  of  Ibr  workuiou  tiro  ftivtirablt*  to  lln*  rmliMltntr.  'l^lic  riit- 
ployrr  Im  Hum  llabU*  only  lu  atHtirdumi*  \vUb  tbo  |>rovlHlon«  of  the  Ht'betuo. 

tirriitUp  uf  pa\ttttrtttK,  \\\  caw*  of  employer^  bnnkruplo-.  tli*'  uuiotuit  of  com* 
fimHtttlou  due'  uuder  tbt*  nrl,  \\\i  to  iHAt  (^.iKiI.tiTti  in  Miiy  IndUldual  ntMr,  U 
(•]nK>:oil  ai"  a  prrfi-nMHl  »'lnlin;  or  wber*»  an  t'liii'     ■  iMilfivd  lul«t  ii  ronlnn'l 

tt'JtJi  InHurerti  iu   r*'t4CH'L  of  any   lUibilJty   itmlr  to  nny   workiiuiu,   Kuclt 

rljibts  of  the  t'in|»loy<»r.  In  cnw  In*  liei'uuieH  U.i.R.ni.*.  an-  lrutit«fc*rrt«d  to  auj 
vi*»(o<]  In  tbi'  wurkuMiU. 

Hrtltrwrtit  uf  it"- ■■*•■-     riiir*llon!i  •I'l-v ^.' ■■••  ' ,r..  ui'ttlod  ''" 

a  I'fMnniHtiv  ri'i'n  >»f  tlu*  v\-  i,  i._(   an  / 

wUvtixI  by  Ibr  t\\         .        .  or.  If  tin-  .     . :  _;     ,  hy  tbc  li" 

CHkunty  court,  who  uniy  aiipotnt  iiu  «rbltni(«r  to  act  lu  hU  place. 


I 


IX   VOBKJiEK  ^  C<>MPKX&iHOK   ACTS* 


131 


OBSEC& 


D^ir 


iM|<»jBiiint  «»d  mu 
lmiiig.^1  OB  lotcoUcHt-i 


daring  or   l»«nin8(*  of  t 
than  four  dajv.  anl 


.-T„r>'  *jl    (Manrti  «|.  190L  lu  «fff«ct   (retruactlvolT) 
J.  IWli. 

.lijnric^  by  acddMUfl 
or  (ItanMlity  lining 
.      M-  lujured  pcrsoiL 
it*4m»iHtti  r^rtrffL  Mtncik  quarrt^t^  nod  nteiullnrxinil  twiatillfdiiuiHils. 
J'rrwvmM  evmprmMiUd.  AU  w«irk(UieiUMi  «u<l  mbonlluntr  mlar^cd  pcreniis. 
OotemmKnl  rmptapre*.  No  oMKntton  of  pivpmnienl  ein[»loTi*OB  is  intide  la  Um* 


ilfl#4ffB  •/  l»a|Miii»/.  f^ptnror  rsirricM  full  hunlen  uf  («^iu«tU  cif  lu(li«ninitit% 

dnrini;  flrp?   •'  -^^ *'*-•    ■'•  -  •»>-'-•  'nonfb.^v  half  th«^  jKij-tiieiits  of  |iru!«ions 

fer»«NMrtl>>  .v4i  i5  maluly  sup[iorto«1  by  h  tnx  on  Mu* 

mIboi  «ad  1-  .  ^ -.  t*ut  |<artly  by  itfUlribuCiuuB  frutu   ihc 

'0  niutiul  aid  aucioties   in    tlM?«M*  ostabllsliiuents  and   suint^  minor 


f*oMi»riMO<ioii  /^'/r  tUalh: 

(IS)   If  dentb  oorurs   ininx'duitcly   or    witlUu    thrtv  months:    <1)    Fuiii^rul 

expeasui  Biui>«ii(iJiF  to  tA»  drachiuaH  1$11J38);  <2)  peoflkms  to  hWm 

aKRTPiintinK  (i^nisfoa  pniil  for  lulnl  tllsiibllily. 
Xh}   If  dmiii  <irt.*urs  X\^Tv*'  inotitlis  lifter  injtiry  <tr  later,  potisious  to  livirs 

aiegPCKating  75  |ht  r-<Hit  of  {K'uslon  i«Ul  durius  life  of  llit*  iujureil. 
%c\   AM  ■  -  to  hoirs  arv  dUtrlbutiil  u^  foUo«>i;   Bijtml  atlmrp  to  widow 

an  1  I.   or,   iu  abcieuc«  of  widon'  uiid  chlldnii.  «H|(ml   shnro  to 

ftlli I.    UMJtlllT. 

s4\  Penaian  to  widow  (Vfix*s4  ou  Ut-r  n-uiu rriain:* ;   to  uinU'  vblldmi  :tt   Ifl 
years  of  aipr;  to  fontale  chlltltvii  on  ttu^r  luarrlajre.  with  ituyuu'tit  of 
ntic  y€*«r'8  j>eiision  as  a  tlowry. 
If)    If  oiily  ui)«>  beir  survives  be  Is  eatitled  to  only  oue-balf  of  vrlirliiul 
peaslflti. 
tXmpen»aU0H   for   dimikHitij: 

4«)   Frt'o  uh*«1)(*aI  Qud  surjik'nl  treafmeui. 

fft)   An  ntlowuncr  of  r>(>  {H^r  c-ont  of  (*«niliigEB  of  lujiired  euiployue  durliix 

Brrt  till.  -?i^. 

ir\   If  jHTh  iisnhloiK  II  i»e«sli>u  of  W  i»er  rent  of  enruiu^  iu  nuv 

of  total  u.— ;..  .>  1  (nrliHliiiK  loss  of  n  baud  or  foot) ;  la  cane  of  furttn) 
disability,  n  ixiti^ioii  of  Xii^  \K*r  cviit  of  t*tiriitDie^  |teii9lon  |inyuieiit*<  to 
bei^ti  after  mid  *if  third  luuiith. 
f)  Pension  may  not  exw'wl  KW  dnu'biiuis  (^ll^^'itt^  |wr  luouth  pltis  2."  |H*r 
c«ut  of  tiie  exc«H«i  of  mniputnl  |ieasi«>u  ov^r  Hmi  dnw'tiniiis  (fllt^M. 
1^)  In  c*on»[>uliu^  iieuHion  of  apttreuticvs  and  children,  no  wngpe  l!^  b*  bt* 
rmutid^'ed  )e«8  than  iLCii*  drsirhnuks  (4s  ce^nts)  i>er  day. 

of  <^tm$Mnt»tiuH.  Injured  etnploye**  uiny  itres^eiil  a  new  iietllion.  or 
t  of  (be  miners"  fund  may  order  n  new  examiiiiitimi.  whenever  tliere 

Is  rea^OD  to  Ixdieve  tbnt  chan^ofl  bnve*  iKXMirTVd  in  the  dinrree  of  diHahillty. 

fajwrnace.  No  i»rr>\lflb»ii  Is  made  by  tlie  law  for  the  transfer  of  Ihe  burden  of 
(oyvidit  of  roni|>en9iUlon  by  hisnrnme, 

Atvmritv  of  fMiymifir*.  The  miners*  fund  KoarantrcN  imymeiit  of  penalons  and 
•  '■  s  nmJ  hns  pref»»rt»*(t  rialni  uimmi  einployer's*  nw*etn  in  ettne*»  of 

'!  reed  ftaif  of  establisliuKMit.  and  also  lu  (vines*  of  voluntury  (rans- 

f'  I  in-  iM_'*v  prt>i»rielor  asMUDie»>  (be  i»l»Upitlon^  under  Ibe  law. 

■  'i  of  tliiputvit.  Atuoutit  of  iiennton  is  ±*eltled  by  the  eonncll  of  Ihe 
niiii*i>  iiiiid,  and  upftenls  against  it^  (JecisiMns  lutiv  lie  tiu-rleU  into  ttie  urdluary 
coiiria. 


BrLLETIN    OF   TllK    BUREAU    OK   LAB03, 


HUNGAKY. 


Date  of  enactment.  .\]tv\\  i*,  VM',  In  effwl  Jul>  1.  1007. 

Infurfru  vutnthumUvi!.  Iii,|nrli'»  hy  nr<*|(!(>nt  tn  the  oourso  of  tbo  euu>loynieut 
pnuffln»;  Month  or  diMibilliy  for  more  lUtui  three  (Inyn.  lujvirtes  ifiii§eil  Inteu- 
tionully  nrc  not  compeiiBute*!  nnlcws  fatal, 

IntluHtiirx  rovctvtl.  All  fftotorlt'H  siihjj»ot  tn  lhni»eotlon,  uiltiost,  QUiirrl(*fi.  inetJil- 
InrpU-iil  i'Sliitilit4bitii*ntt*.  l)U)hllii^  trudPK.  I(iiiihrrlii)£.  (■inistnictloii  work.  k1i1|i- 
bullULnt;.  Hluuik;h(L>rhijim<.'H.  i>bnriiHK*ii*H,  HHiiatorln,  (liontt.'rts  iiiHtltut<*s  of  art  aud 
acleikce. 

iV'i'jtoDx  fumpfniiatrtl.  All  riu|iloy(*«>ii  in  hidiutrtoti  (^miniprnted. 
iitn-tiumrnt  rmith>ifrt m.  Aft  comm'k  i;t»veriiuitMit  ontployiMfH  lu  Htate*  iuitulei|iu1, 
anO  oonutniiiJil  huItiNtrEeM  LMtiitneralod  iibove. 

ItuttliH  nf  iiiiffhtfut.  All  bpiu'rtts  nnil  cost  nf  tn-atiMpnt  for  Mrnt  l**n  weckB 
providcHl  by  Kick  fuutls  tn  wliU'b  niU'l^'yei*'*  Had  finpluyeoH  contribute  oqtaiUy. 
Koi^lnnln)?  with  rlevmth  week  entire  cost  U  defmyecl  by  cmployors  fhroujfb 
the  aeekU'UL  fund. 

i'f>ininftMiilftin   fur   dtath: 

((I)   Kuneral  hnni'ilt  of  tvvL'iiry  ilii»e»*  ftvemgt*  dally  waK*>«. 
{b)   Ten^haiH  tu  heirs  uut  excei'dlng  00  per  ei^it  nf  annual  c^nrnlnJ7B  of  de- 
renwi!.  as  folhnvH — 
U'Iduw,  lio  t»er  cont  of  anitnal  ein-iilnp<  until  detitb  nr  rtMiiMrrbiKe:   lu 
liitior  i'aMf  a  llnal  sum  i-ipail  tn  »l<i  p4'r  (■<'iil  of  annual  earnln^TH;  or  to 
deiMMi(h*iit  wlilowor  '^i  [mt  cent  diirli)}£  dlwiblllty. 
Kaoli  rhlld  Its  yt'urH  of  hkv  or  niidrr.  ITi  per  ceul  if  one  pnrmt   nun  Ives, 
30  jMT  crut  If  ni'ltber  Kurvlvi's;  imyna-ntH  to  ronmrt  niul  i-hlldrHi  re- 
dni"»«<I  i>rnpor1ioiintely  if  tlu-y  UK^r(*Kalo  mor**  thiiii  iM>  por  ecut. 
I»rpcnd<*nt  parentH  and  crandpnrcnti*  if  tlu'i'p  U  a  n*»*idni>  after  providing 

for  alHive  hoirn.  lni  p.-r  tent  or  K*b8. 
I>epoudent  nrptnin  ;;nintlt'b)lilrpn  15  yparn  of  u\it'  or  under,  If  tbcrr  le  n 
reHldue  after  providing  for  above  helrH.  *ju  |K.»r  riMit  or  It'HH. 
(r)    In    e*inipnfln^    |>onHlniis    tlic    exn'ss   of    annmil    (tirnincn    nbnrp   2,^U0 
i'i**>wiiH  ($4ST.-''0  Irt  \uft  eonsldored. 
t'owi/i*  MATir/foM  /#ir  ithnhility: 

t*M   Kr^M**  nifdicat  and  sur^lrnt  trentim^nt  prorIde<1  firM  ten  wooUb  by  Blck 
fund,  and  afterwanl  by  arcldeiU   fund. 

for  tei)i|Htriiry  nr  permanent   toiai  diHabilKy.  TA)  jrer  ('<>nl   of  avertiKe. 
daily  wrtgfR  but  not  exi-eiNiiniir  4  crnwiw  (Sl  centH)  fnr  Ilrsl  ten  we«^t(U 
[tri>vlded  by  t^lt  k  fund;  bev'imiln^  wttb  elev4'nlh  week.  *'At  |H*r  oent  of] 
nveraui*  nnnunl  earnlaun,  provltled  tiy  neelib'iil   fnnd, 
For  eoni|ilete  lielpleMKiK'Sx  net-fKHltatln^  attiMitJam'e  payments  may  be 
IncivaMfl  to  PNI  |NT  eeJit  of  nnnnal  eanilntSM.  J 

For  partial  dlMddlity  a  nirnntiHtndhm  )>ortlou  of  full  |H*n8loii.  1 

In  I'onipntini;  p**nslnns  the  execKK  of  annual  earulniTH  above  'X-iOd  crowiiS' 
)?-tS7,*-Mt   (s  ni»t  'nusldenHl. 
Hcrhirtn  uf  vnmiunHntvm.  Whein'\ er  a  rhuftue  tn  t-ondition  «if  Injured  person 
Oceurs  the  ncrlilent    fnnd  or  tiie  bijurcd  p»'r»*'n  niny  ask  for  n  revision  of  the 
benelilN. 

hivuninrr.  I'liyuienlB  are  met  liy  a  state  luKuranee  InKlitution.  tn  wbleli  all 
en»ploy«»»*  are  re^pdreil  to  be  InHunnI  at  the  exi»en«e  *tf  empluy<?r«). 

rircuritu  uf  puf/mrnt.  lauurauteed  by  the  Stair.  | 

Svttffvuni  uf  tthitut'M,  Hijiputi-K  aiH»  *eltle<l  Uy  ;irliltrntlon  <i»urt»,  imii?.imiuh 
of  u  prcNldluK  Jnd*:e  and  an  wiual  number  of  rti>rfH4'ntatlve»  I'f  workmen  and 
emplityers,  i 


(h\ 


(e) 


FOREIGN    WORKMEN  S   COMPENSATION    AlTS. 


133 


I  ITALY. 

Datr  of  tnactmcut,     Mnroli  17,  1SJ»S,  in  effect  Septoniber  17,  1808.     Amended 
June  i!!l,  1!Hif$.     Promiilpite«l  in  cmlinetl  form  Janunry  31,  1!)04. 

'•■■    —'^  fttrnfH'riHittiul.  .MI   injuries  sustained  by   workmen  or  salnrlefl  em- 
lurinir  or  on  aee<»iiiu  of  Iiilmp.    If  due  to  willful  mlfirondupt,  employer 
!     .         I'.iniburjsed  through  crfuiiiial  actUm. 

I  tnduxtrifA  focrrcd,  Mhiet*.  qunrrii^,  hulUlinjr  irnd<*3:  lijilit.  heat,  and  iM»wer 
jtlanfs:  arwnnln:  ninrltime  construction  work;  tmiititi)ortu(iou ;  IndUHtrieK  re- 
4]utrUi>r  llie  n**  or  ImtullJnjE  of  expUwIvcs;  all  industrial  or  n^'irnltiiral  worlv 
in  pn^xinittT  Tr»  power  niachlnery ;  where  more  than  tive  i>ers4inft  nre  employetl 
I  111  •  ^r  r«Mi8tnu'tion  work:  operatiouH  fur  pnitwlinn  a;;ulnst  landBiides. 

[  TluLt.  tuitt;  lo^^xfu;;  and  tlnilier  raftUi^.  and  Hblphulldin;^. 

Vtfiii.t*9  i*,tnin'iHftitrt!.  All  workuie?i  and  apprentices  and  nver»e<'rs  recelvi«>f 
[not  more  lljan  7  lii*n»  ($1.35)   |>er  day  and  paid  at  lnter\nl8  <'f  one  niotith  or 

I      iiovrrhMCHi  rmpfoiffrH,  Aet  nppMeH  t«»  employmeni:  In  Rtnte,  provincial,  and 
I  eimimunnl   indnstrlpR  enumerated  aliove  unh>ss  Rpeelally  pnuldefl  fur.  and   to 
wi*rk  |>erformeiJ  for  a  puernment  iustlttillon  under  eontract  or  eonee»sIi»n. 
Bunttn  uf  fniyincut.  Kniire  cost  of  i-onipen^uitlon  rests  n|>on  employer. 
I      VumprnHtitviH  fur  tirittfi.  If  within  two  years  after  the  accident,  Ave  times 
I  nonmtl  wn^rett  of  di>eeaseil  workman,  with  a  niaxioium  of  lO.iMM)  llms 

I  ($l.p;«U.  distrihutrtl  to— 

I  on    Survlvfui;  eoiisort   tw<)-fifthH  of  Indemnity  If  there  are  ehlldren  :   one- 

I  half  of  Uidemnity    tf  there  aro   dt'i'ondent   asceutlautg;    threi'-tifthw  of 

I  fiid«'niiilly   If  <inly  deix^ndeiit   hrotlu'rs  or  sisters;  entire  indenuilty  in 

I  nh«*»uce  of  heirs  enunieratwl. 

^^        I'hililren,  amounti*   suttlelent   to   pnrchiitte  an   annuity  of  equal   nuiuunt 
^H  for  ench  child  under  12  years  of  age.  and  one-half  of  finch  nnnnity  for 

^^f  each  child  from  12  to  IS  years  of  age. 

F  Each  deiM'udent  parent  or  prand  imrent,  If  there  are  no  children,  nnnnity 

I  of  equal  amount  for  life. 

I  r>i'i^^"dent   brothers  or   sisters   leKS   than   is  years  of  ace  or   inea|Mit>le 

I  of  iterformlnjr  lutnir  l>y  reiisou  of  n  mental  or  )>hysical  defe«'t.  if  there 

I  art?  no  children   or  deiiendent  nscendants.  annnltleH  dlstrlhuteil   u|M>n 

I  same  principle  as  In  cat***  of  children. 

^^    I  ft)   In  uhwMioe  of  heirs  indemnity  1«  tnme<l  Into  a  Ri»eclal  fund  for  Imnie- 
^H  dhite  aid  to  Injured,  payment  of  Indemnities  for  Insolvent  employors* 

^^f  and  pri'Ventiou  of  urcldents. 

f      Comtirnaation  for  diHahilUy. 

I  m)  (*»»jit  of  first  uhhIIcuI  and  surgical  trt^nlnient. 

I  (6>  An  indemnity  in  case  of  i>ermanent  disability  of  six  times  annual  eam- 

I  injrs,  but  no!  less  than  S.OTMI  llras   ($r»70l   if  totally  dlsJibled.  and  six 

I  times  the  Iosk  <tf  annual  earnhm  capacity  if  partially  dlsjibled.  ejirnln^ 

I  in  latter  ruse  to  be  consUbTeil  as  ni>t  Icsn  than  .V»o  Uras  ($!><».r><>). 

^^m    ic)  A  daily  allowance  In  case  of  temiM^rary  diKOhillty  of  one-half  the  wnpes 
^B  of    lnjnre<l    workman.    |>ayable    for   not    more   tlnin    thnx*   months.    If 

VV  totaII>   dl«d»leil.  and  ♦hhuiI  to  one-half  the  reduction  In  wages  (m'ch- 

W^  -  sloiirti  by  the  Injury,  if  partially  disjibU'd. 

f     HorMo*!  0/  rv»»ry»ciMrtrfr>rf.  Rtiih  workman  and  insurer  may  nsk  for  a  revision 
I  of  C4>tli|»enKation  within  two  years  after  accident. 

I       In'uriin,,     Kmployers  must  insure  their  employees  In   (n)   the  National  At*el- 
I   ik'ii  e  Fund,  (b)  nn  nuthorlK(*<l  Insurance  comimny.  (r)  an  assoi'latlon 

I  of  ■  '  -  for  mninal  Insurance  ajtalnst  accidents,  nv  td  i  a  private  enii>lojeiV 

I  ln«uraui'<*  fund. 

I  Hvt'Mritu  of  ftayminfit.  Payments  are  t^uurnnteed  by  Stale. 
I  t<rttlt'm(ut  of  dinputrn.  In  mses  of  dispute  onicemluK  temporary  disability 
f  Iflymc  iits,  the  cttuncll  of  prufihontmes  nr  the  iiretor  of  the  hx-jilKy  In  which  the 
f  'H^cnrml  has  authority  to  sit  in  final  Judgment  If  auKumt  Involved 
i  **xeiMMl  2U<)  llras  t|i:is.flO>.  nisputes  Involvlnj^  larger  amounts  ar« 
L  rt'Xcrnal  tvr  fiettlcwent  to  the  JocMt  maglBtraiea, 


dii^Mit 


134 


BULLETIN    OF   TUB   BUREAU    OF   I>ABOB. 


LXrXEMBTTKG. 


Dntr  uf  ritartmrnt.  April  r».  IIK^J.  til  i'lTuct  April  15,  lt(03.  8lck  ln«urnii<v  Inw 
ennctrO  July  ai.  11K»1. 

Jnjnru'i*  ronipctiHatrti^  All  liiJiirloH  hy  iioeUliMit  diirini;  or  bccauHe  of  the  em- 
jilo.vineiit,  ro«uinhjr  In  ilcnth  or  (llHnliMlly  for  more  tlmu  Ihrre  dnyR,  iiitleHft 
ranaed  InlPiilUniuIly  liy  Ibc  vk'lliu  or  diirltiF;  (he  <*ommlffs[on  of  an  IIU^hI  iirt. 
Inftwh  lift  nut  n  ft.  MUu*^,  ijnnrrk'**,  mnnufnrturlt's,  im>tulliirKi<*fll  i^iliibllwli 
UK'iits;  KMH  ami  cl(H*irlc  wurkK;  tnu)K)iitrt;Uloti  iind  luindllnp:  Inilldint;  iind 
cn^lurorln^  couHtnu'tion  :  iiud  i-<'rtn)n  nrti.siiiis'  shoim  hitvliii;  nt  It'iiMt  five  <*in- 
|iloyw8  rei-iilarly  »>"1  u^Uitt  niivliunli-]!!  inoMve  jutwur.  By  ndtiiliilHtrntlve  ord*»r 
otli4>r  e.stJiblishmeMtH  iiiiiy  hivoiiio  HiibJtH't  to  tlu<  Inn*  if  n*t7urdt*il  diuip«rou». 

Prrmuttt  ctitnjifnstilt^tf.  Workiiifii  ntwl  thow  Hn|H*rvtHlnK  niid  tci'hiilnil  ofHrlnliH 
wliow  iiiiniinl  I'liriilncH  art'  Ivwi  lliiiii  'A.it^K*  truuvH  f^TiTU).  Certulu  other  cIuwh-ji 
of  iM-rsoiih  riiuy  lio  vnlnninrliy  liiNnml. 

fiovfrnmriit  riniiltftfvrn.  Art  n|i|ilUf«  lo  KovorniiH^ut  l('icj:rn(tli  iind  Meph^nr 
HorvJrrH.  imhlii'  woiii«  loiidnclwl  hy  imhlli-  nK<Mirlos,  ami  ifllipi'  govcninieiitn) 
ludiiMtrliil  «'>tttiltlUliiiit*nlM.  uDli'HR  iitlior  provUlons  an-  umdt*  for  |»eti8li>uluK  vin- 
ployci'B.  ,  I*i'iiul  liiHtltiitJonii  iiio  not  IncIudwL 

Itutiitti  of  paffuiint,  Uom'llt!<  and  <twl  of  trwilniont  first  thlrloon  w«*okfl  |»ii»- 
vId<M|  by  f»k'k  beiiertt  fnndd,  tt)  which  omployoiH  ooiilrlbiit*'  <im*-thlrd  nm!  rm- 
ptoyt-OM  twiHThlrdx,  if  injuriHl  |HM*KtHi  Ifi  hiAurisI  ii>::ittiKl  Klikiu^Hit:  If  not,  boifiuMp 
employed  U'ss  thnn  oiio  wwk.  liy  ini  nccldiMit  hisnrun<i*  iissm'lntlnn.  Bnpportinl  by 
♦ontrllMitbHiH  i.f  4*niployorH;  If  not  In^nnd  for  othiT  n'ftwms.  I»y  Ibo  f'niiiloyor 
dlrtN't :  nil  iMMU'Mt-*  tuul  trontinciit  jifter  thll'lofii  wei'kn  p:ild  by  irvUU'uI  liiniir- 
nnoe  nsworliitbin. 

CufniHiiHatitni  ffjy  tU'oih: 

(</)    Kiincnil  «»x|K»nR*»H,  one-(lfl(H'n(h   of  Ibe  nnnnnl  rnrnlnps.  hot    not    Io^h 

thnn  1<>  friini*K  ($7.TU)   nor  nioif  thnn  N()  frnnm  (^fiL'i.U). 
(h)   rniHJonH,   not   to  rxniMl   (M»   por  i*riil    <if  t'liruUiKH  i»f  i]tMt*n»Pd.   to — 
Wblitw  20  iK-r  i.vnt  nnill  dinith  or  r^'umrrlrtp*;  In  thi-  hiltor  vHne  n  hmip 
Finn  <'(|iiitl  to  i)(>  iHT  ii*nt :    winir  pnynirnt  to  n  ili'jKMidi'nt  wUlowi^r. 
K  I^iK'h  rblld  'J^t  pvr  cf'nt  until  Ift  yinuM  of  ae<N  (*vt*ii  If  fiittiiT  Hiirvl\'<^  [irn 

H  vbliil   ht*  ;ibiiml(MK*tl    thrni.   or   tin*   luolbet'    who   wut>    kllliHl   wa»   (jii'lr 

H  ninln  Hn|>i>nrt. 

H  lH*|H*ndotit  hc'lnt  Iti  iin  am^pndhif?  line.  20  itor  ceut. 

r>(<p<M)driit  tirplnin  cnimkblldri'n  2t^  por  tent  nalll  ITi  yoarN  of  Uf!v. 
Widow  und  cliildit'ii  h»iu'  tin.'  iirt'fori'ni*.*  imT  olhrr  hoirn, 
ir)   In  I'onipnilnie  |NMtstoHK  only  om'-tblid  of  <*X(i^h  of  iinnuiit  rnndnirti  ovor 
l.rttNi  fniiK-H  i$'JS!i.:i4>^   Im  4iMn<ldcr«l. 
Cumfit'itiilhtri  for  tlittthililjj: 

{a)    KntliT  cost  (tf  niidU*/)!  itml  ^-iir^lciil  tmitiniMtt. 

ib)    For  tiM»i|"»rHry   ur  |H*rmitm-nt   U>\nl  dlsjiblHty.  from   tldrd  dny   lo  fnd 

H  of  fouiib  w***'!!:.  5*1  (ht  rout,  and  fn»m  flfth  to  rnd  "f  thlrtiiMitli  wo^'k, 

V  ^^  M'r  f«'nt  of  wn»st*«  of  iii«rH<»nH  HiniDitrly  »»niitloyt*tl :   iifttr   thlrt*H»ii 

W(*t*kH,  (Mij  IHT  t'l-nl  of  nnnnnl  cnrnlnK?*  of  Injnml  (htsimi. 

(c)    For  futrlliU  dlKiiltUiIy  n   ]M>rlIoi]  of  abovo   (doiKMidlnjc  ujion  dtJgrof  of 

tHMal>llllyK  whi<li  nui.v  be  Incn-aHitl  to  full  jiniotnit.  us  Umg  nn  Injunnt 

rmployoc  Ik  without  onipIoynnMit. 

(t/l    Lump  Fnm  pnymonl?*  may  In*  KnbKtItntrd  for  iieuvlooH  whrn  dtnn'iH*  of 

dtMabllMy  Is  nnt  ;rrratcr  than  LM  por  cent. 
('•)    In  ooniiMitlit;;  |N*nHlonM  only  om-  third  of  <*.xr<*Kn  itf  annual  carnlnir*  *»n*p 
l.r.OO  francH  ($2>*I».ri(M  Ih  ctnisldori'd. 
HrriMioii  uf  romitrn/tatioit.  IVmands  for  cliatiKi*  t»r  iimounl  itf  rutupcnftatlon 
may  be  nuidr  within  Ihni*  yi*iir»«. 

tiif^urttnrf.  I'aymontH  an>  uwX  by  ninliinl  aroldeni  lii»urAn<v  a*«(HM<tnlion  of 
fmploy*'rH  In  whbh  nil  rmployet'H  miiKt  \*v  lUHurtHl  ul  uxprnw  of  rmployori*. 

mt-rtirUti  "f  imifmrntH,  Inwinimv  iiBHoctnibin  r-oinluctiNl  undt»r  Btuli*  fiUfM^r- 
ifRtnn. 

h'rtlUmriti  ttf  ititpHU'Jt.  \\\\\inK\n  tr*m\  Iho  dJ-clnInttn  of  lht>    .  — -i.n -♦ 

^nrrh^l  witUUi,  fi»rt,\   iJ/jVft  (^  a  JiiHtlif  of  tbi'  |Knif<',  who 

^jMcifx.    rurttn*r  iit>i**uil9  tuojr  bo  tak€<u  to  IIm?  Vk\\^vx  couttx. 


FOBBIOX    WOBKMEX  S  COMPENdATlOX    ACTS. 


135 


NETHEBLANDS. 


t>mtr  of  enactmnti,  Jauuar.v  2.  vm.  In  eflfHt  Juiit-  1.  liiui.    Other  acta 
nmrr  3  and  December  S.  llKri,  aud  Jul>  24.  l!M.i:!. 

fmittrirx  ifituprnftatrd,  \]\  injurlet^  i-^uHcd  by  acctdwit   In  the  courne  of 
laiiikignoL^t  auil  c!uuslui;  (l^'utli  (»*  dlf^tblllty  Air  over  two  tlaya,  uulfMf  ItrvMt^l 
«a  laleuiidiiiilly.     Jf  duf  fi*  iutoxk-ntiou,  i.>(>uii>eitsutiuu  l»  ii<duc«'0  i»:iivljuU.  uj 
if  death  rufiuUtrf  uu  comiH-usitUou  U  paid. 

im4m*tri4'tt  rovrrriS.  VraciU-nUy  nil  mauufarturing,  miiilii4C<  QnarrytnK.  bulli 
IkC  «afflBC3erlu^  cx>iistructJii>u.  iiud   truusiMrtutiuu;   IIkUIuk  Ui   Jiitonml  wfttcj^aj 
vAabiltMinK'ntd   nsiuf:   iDocbiUiKnl    uiotixu   |N>wor,    ur    i'\iiU*9iJve  i>r    Uiflai 
ciutt-riBli^  dud  tueri'anlilo  t^tiibtisUiiKMittt  btindltiig  sunh  umteriuls. 
/*ri'*Qim  fo/M/K'Mxafo/.  All  n"i>rKiui»ii,  hu'liidliig  jipiir^ntuiij. 
C?o4*mi«irA/  emploift't:jt.  All   stnte.   iiroviDrliiU  and  (*(tmcuuaal  fiuflorNS  arp 
lodtMlod  ubeii  cnpigotl  lii  miy  of  the-  iudu.strU*:«  ouuiueraUHl, 

•/  paymrnU  The  eutlre  exjieuse  rests  U|h.iii  tiM*  eiuiik»>'iT. 
xtkm  for  thitth: 
(o>   Fniipnil  btiietU  of  tblHy  tiui»*s  nvenigo  dally  (nirnUiKs  of  dci'cns^ 
(6>   IViiipious  to  beirs  of  uot  over  IH»  iilt  cent  of  eitnilu;ui  of  dcttuiv^  dli 
trfhutpd  to— 
Widow.  30  j>er  t-eut  of  earuliiKi^  uutll  dcwtb  ar  reuuirrUi^*.  In  lattt>r  cni 
two  yeiirs*  iiayinentji  ns  n  i>(>ttl^tneiit :  ur  t<>  df|HHid(>u(  widou'iM'.  a  iH>n<' 
ftioa  fgiial  to  ci>t<t  of  KUitiMirt,  but  imt  over  Tjli  \^:v  ivut  of  oarulu^H  ol 

dfVMIBCd. 

Kii'h  I'htid  undor  K1  yo:irs  df  use  1*>  i^r  cvtit  If  uup  tiarent  »urvlve»,  uud 

LK  jM'r  <fnt  if  botb  are  di*u«L 
I>c|>endctit  paroikiA,  aiid   In   tbi*ir  ui»soncr  to  ^frand  pnretitft.  iiot  ovpr  30 

(tfr  et'tit. 
Oridiaii  jirandrhildri'n,  not  o\er  L*<'  i»t'r  cent. 
Detteudent  parents-in-law,  uot  over  StJ  [ler  ctmt. 

Widow  aud  rliildron  to  Ik*  rrcfrmtl  t»ver  all  other  bHrs.  and  tinir  ro- 
Kfit^-tivc  Fharcs  to  be  reduced  ivn»i»i>rtion:itely  when  ajwregnlinK  o\cr  (M.» 
I>er  c«it. 
(c)   Id  n^iupatJn?  i»en8lons.  wages  lilgher  than  4  florins  ($1.01)    l»er  day 
are  to  l>e  confdderevl  as  of  that  auionnt. 
[C^vflipmjtafM^M  j<tr  ttixattilitp: 

<•)   1-Yee  ukhIUiiI  and  Kar^lcal  tr«iitui<*iit.  or  Us  oo»1. 

4#)   From  daj  after  Injury  until   forty-tldrd  duy.  an  uDownnce  of  TO  per 

c^ut  uf  daily  enruluKs,  excluding  Sundays  and  liidUlays. 
(c)   From  forty-third  itiiy  a  |»onsi<in  of  iibme  amount  diirinp  lotjtl  illAnbllity 
HDd  II   »nialli*r  pcufilon  In  proinirtlon   to  In^s  of  earulny  iiowiT  if  i«tr- 
tiali      ■  .il. 

<tf)    Tn  *  [»»-iii*ions.  wa^w*  bl^h^^r  thnn  4  florins  <$1.01  >    i»er  day 

are  u<  i"-  -  ■Mfidered  as  uf  that  amount. 
Rrvlftion  of  rr,mprnffOti'in,  An   examination   of  condition   of   victim   may   he 
mad?  whenever  tlie  Uoyal  luRnrance  Hank  s<i  denlres. 

/iMamnrr,  Employers  may   insure  their  euiploieet*   In   the  Hoyal    lusunuice 
li-,..t    ...  .......  !...:,..*•,..,    jjj  jj  private  coniiwiny  or  nsso**iatlon  operatlns  ntjder 

J^i  amy  tarry  the  hnnleii  thems«»lves.     If  not  InnnriHl  in 

tli  II  siitHrient  puarauree  uiust  Ue  deiMiBlted   with  the 

hi"  .-ar  :i  pro|Mjriioii:tit>  nbiiri'  ttf  the  expense  of  adiuinla- 

tT  ;ioce  Uank.  wlietli*'!*  tUcy  hr^nre  In  It  or  not. 

■  ritu  fjf  iKturrunfti.  (*otii[>enRallon  piiyuuMilK  are  ^uurautinnl  by  the  Slate. 
4„,  nt   ..f   .ti^t.ut..^     \i.i..^tlK  nu»y   U*  taken   from  divUious  of  the  Itoyj 
In  ^\\\in  eoiiucllit.  In  whirli  employers  and  employeei 

■n  1  lui  ih€m  to  a  ccutral  arbltrattou  couucU  wi 

dec&aUaia  aru  iXxuxL 


136 


BVU.ETIN    OF  THE  BUREAU   OF  LABOB. 


NEW  ZEALAND. 


Date  of  niaNmCHt.  (iftobtT 
g«iv«»nior  l>y  order  In  «x>nm'll. 


It  ilutu  lUod  by  the 


I 


is.   llMHt.   to  luUi*  elTLM.-t  at 
AiiUMidoil  Octobfr  :i,   lllO-J. 
Novt'UibtT  \  V.KH.  (K'tobiT  .'Jl.  7!K>ri.  jiinl  «)rtoh^i'  'JO,  V.hh\, 

tnfuririt  rrtmitenHnlrtt.  All    Itijurii^s    to   wmianeii    rtrlHliijt  nut   of  and    In    Iho 
ifMirMe  of  Tbo  rmii]o)')iHMit  rnusin^  ilnith  or  <1irinl>lltty  for  nt    \n\fH  tiiiL>  wiM.'k. 
t'Xof^pt  whiMt  duo  to  stM'loii»  ittid   witirul   mtHcitiidtht  nt  the   workman   Injured. 
htituHtrirs  ttivrmt.  IncluBlrlal.  t'onunrnlal.  iiunmfn<Murinj;.  Imildlntf,  n;crifiil- 
itiral.  pHHtortil.  mining,  qiinrrj-h)};,  on^lneeriuK.  nnd  bnznrdouH  work  carried  oil 
by  nr  on  bt^'bnlf  of  ibo  employer  as  n  pnrl  of  bin  trnde  or  bnHlnesn. 
PvrsfjUH  vumprnmtvd.  All  persons  nrider  <'ontrait  with  an  ouiployor. 
Vntrt'ittunHt  cm/j/'tf/rri.  Act  applies  to  work  carrliHl  on  by  or  on  t>€bn1f  of  Ibo 
Oovernineiir  or  aiay  looal  authority  If  It  would,  In  cose  of  n  prtvnte  employer,  be 
nn  en)i>loynient  to  which  (ho  n*:i  applltiH. 

Ituntiu  ft/  jm^minf.  ICntIre  fost:  of  c<mipenKatlou  rcHtn  niton  empUiyer;  bnt  If 
there  are  contractors,  then  on  mich  cuulrHCtorH  and  the  prlucU»ul.  Jointly  und 
Hevenilly. 

CoittitfttAafi(ttt  for  (tenth: 

{a)  A  Hnm  iMjuai  to  thro(«  yearn'  earnluic^.  but  not  leKH  than  t'^H)  ((l»73JIO> 
nor  more  than  £4<M>  ($t,!t4(UM)|,  tn  Wutttf  wholly  dependent  upon  eara- 
Ihks  of  dwenntHl. 
(f>)   A  }<ntn   les.s  than  above  anmunt  If  deftcndents  wern  portly  dependent 
uiKMi  di'cfaHeil.  to  be  atfreo*!  \\\hMi  by  the  turtles  f»r  Oxed  by  n  magis- 
trate or  by  tile  artiitratloii  court. 
(r)    UetiHtimdile  exp*^!!-*^*'!^  of  meilli-al  attomlnncc.  nnd  burial,  not  cxctH^llng 
£.*J0  (?I4IS.0IM.  in  case  deo«MiKed  leaves  uo  de|>eud<*utR. 
Votnt><»i<ititJit  for  ttimbilitif: 

(«)   A  wei'kly  payment  diirinjc  disiililllty  not  oxeefHiin;:  .'0  |»cr  cent  of  em- 
I>h>yee'K  avi^raixe  \vo4'kty  oarnln^H  dnrlnfi;  the  provlons  twelve  niontliH, 
K  Inil  not  tu  exctH'd  i'd  (f!).7M»    tior  to  fall  1k*Iow  £1    V$<.H7)    where  vni- 

H  plny<H.'*H  ordinary  rale  f>f  pay  at  time  of  iiocldcnt  was  not  Iohh  tlnin  30 

H  HhlMhiKt*    ($7.:^J»    per  week.     Total   liability  of  employer  1h  lhnlte<l  to 

■  £:)0(i    UI.IMM^rt).      No   payment    Is   nnide  for   llrst    week    If  dtisablllty 

doe»  not  tontlnih'  for  a  lonjjer  p^rlad  than  two  wi*ek». 
ih)  A  lump  sum  may  be  Hobstltaled  fi-r  wet'kly  pnymentH  for  iM?rmunent 
totnl  or  iHirlial   tllsnUilMy,   to  be  aKreiMl  on  by  the  jwrtlen  or.   In  d«.i- 
fanlt  of  ai:re<'ni«*iit,  Oetermlncd  by  the  eonrt  of  arhltrailun. 
UrrtnUm  of  hviiffitM.  \ViM»kly  paymentu  nniy  l>e  revlwwl  at  rwiuesi  o/  either 
jrtirty. 

Inniirnm'f.  Kmployers  may  rontrnet  with  their  employee  for  snimtltutlon  of 
u  A*henie  of  cian)M>nKarlnu,  benetlt,  or  hiHuranco  In  place  of  ibe  provlHtonH  of 
the  act  if  the  MiuMne  1h  .shown  to  be  not  Ichh  favorable  to  the  ironeral  bikly  of 
emp''».veea  and  their  dependents  than  the  provislonH  of  the  act.  lu  Biieb  ease 
llii-  employer  is  liul/Ie  only  in  accordance  with  the  whenie. 

tirrurifn  ttf  im\im'ntK,  When  nn  employer  beeouien  liable  under  Ihlt*  ucl  lo 
pay  ciMiipcnHailiai.  and  in  initllled  to  any  tmin  ftoni  insurers  mi  <ie(*tnmt  of  the 
nmonnt  due  to  a  workman  under  Rticb  liability,  then  in  the  event  of  IdN  tMvonihig 
hiHoUent  !:ucb  workman  haB  a  Urnl  elalm  n)M>n  thin  huui.  <'om|K*nHJtti(>n  for 
injnrloK  »custalniil  In  the  cmirM*  of  oniployaimt  In  or  about  a  ndne.  fnetory, 
buUdiiiii.  or  vesnel  Ih  deemed  a  cbarj^u  upon  the  employer'**  IntereMt  In  hucU  i)roi>- 
iTly  und  has  priority  over  iitl  chjirui^  otin^r  than  Ihowt  lawfully  exlAtlnf:  at  th» 
time  of  the  conmienreinent  of  the  act. 

ifirtUriurut  uf  ttiHjnttr/i.  rilsput<*«  arlslujt  nnd*M-  tb."  art  are  Hottled  Ity  the 
ro\irt  of  arbitration  nuih-r  the  indnHirlal  urbltrallon  act.  Where  claim  fur 
eompcnKation  do{*H  not  exceed  £1.*'n)  <]pl)T:t.:tfM  pr<M>«Hi|ln[;H  may  la*  luKtltuted 
liefore  a  mairistrale  wbowe  de«l«lon  l«  linn  I.  exci-i't  that  In  nisen  whcro 
nitioimt  involvfil  dncK  not  excml  C.'K)  (f2l'l.ri:t)  eitluM-  |uirty  may.  with  the  coo* 
iffDt  of  the  nuitcl^lrnte.  and  In  caw**  where  the  ilalm  exo4V<lfl  £«i  t$243.S8)t 
wJtlitMtn  fiuvlt  cvtJmnit,  uiH^hI  flMUi  hlH  decinlou  on  uuy  point  of  InW, 


POREIGN    WuBKMEN's   COMPEKSATION    ACTS. 


137 


NORWAY. 


Ditte  vf  <*ii4tr/iti<-H/.  July  23,  ISfM.  Iti  effect  Jnly  1.  1S05. 

injmrirt  ntmpt n*ntni.  All  litJnrieH  hy  liulii>ttrl)il  noi-idE^nts,  ransinf;  tlontb,  or 
4imbllify  for  iiicire  ihaii  four  w»M>kR,  or  rrtpiirln^r  trontnient  after  that  |>erlo(l, 
iK*»*  jnteiitiunnlly  hroiijrlit  about  l»y  llie  liijiiretl  persou. 

IrtfiunfrirM  r^trrrtt.  PrjKtlcuIly  nil  fnot*iH<»s  niul  workshops  nsinj;  other  than 
'Iiiitm)  f^^ver:  miiu*8  and  qnarrles:  tlii<  hniiilliii^  of  ioe.  explosives,  or  inflam- 
ItmihU*  \v:ir*'»*;  hiilMiiiK  niul  eiijeiiieerliig  eoiiHtructioii,  elertrlr  work,  transiwrtn- 
fllon,  «alvai>e  and  diving,  chimney  pweepinjx,  and  Hre  extlnciilfthing.  Rtnpioyees 
in  otl>er  Induntrles  may  avail  theniHelves  of  this  Insnnince  system. 
prtniiHH  ctjmitrusiitiil.  All  wnikinjniieii  and  (»vers«»rs. 

tiorrrntncjtt  rmptou*4".  Ad  eovers  employees  in  government  or  eommnual 
■wrvleo,  when  encage^l  In  any  of  the  Induairlen  eiinmenited  above,  unless  at 
Oettpl  egtiul  i-oniiMMisjitloii  is  pmvideil  liy  KiHH.'itil  regulation. 

tturtlrn  t,f  itof/mcnt,  Cost  of  i^iini|>en«Atlon  ivirta  upon  employer, 
CoMpiMitotiun  in  vm*f  of  tUatli: 

(ff)    >*uiienil  iMMiellt  of  r»i>  erowns  i?i:{.40y. 

{(t)   PeoNiOhH  in  heirs  not  exciHHling  TA\  |ter  oeut  of  eanilngs,  to  be  dte* 
trihnted  to — 
WUhm-,  'JO  por  cent  of  enrningB,  until  death  or  rotunrrtage:  In  the  latter 
<^Re  a  lump  sum  e<]ual  to  three  annual  pnynientj*;  or  dependent  wid- 
ower. 20  |ter  e»Mit  of  annual  eaniingH  of  defease*!  while  diKiihllity  Ut.sts. 
Kaeh  ihMd   !."»  [kt  cent  of  anuuiil  ea^llng^^  1111  age  of  1."  years.  If  oue 
imrenl  survive*,  nr  2<>  iK»r  cent  If  neither  survivt-w;  ir»  \nn-  eeul  for  eaeh 
luirent  to  earh  rhild.  when  tmtli  parents  h:ive  dlctl  uh  result  of  hiJurlcH. 
Oependeiit  reUitlvet*  hi  ascending  line,  if  there  \a  a  r«'«ldue  after  provhliiig 
for  nhovt»-nientloned  heirs  a  pension  of  'JO  per  <*ent  of  ennitng8  untti 
death  or  eessatlou  nf  need,  to  he  dlvldtMl  e<pmlly:  hut  living  parents 
exclude  grand[iareiit8  froui  partk'l|Mitiou. 
ie)  In    computing    |tem<lons,    the    exrt>ss    of    aunual    eanihigs    over    I.UOO 

cn»wn8  (Sn^l.r.*)*  Is  not  cousUIered. 
{d>  Penaion    (layments  are   In    addition    to    prior   alUiwanees   granted   for 
dfi'ahtliry. 
Ci*mv*'nMiitif/n  for  fli^tthitHy: 
U)   Fr<H.'  medical  and  surgical  troainient,  or  cost  of  same,  after  four  fvM>eks. 
(fr)    If  employee  Ih  touilly  dlwihliNl   for  more  than   four  wei»k«  an  allow- 
ance of  <«0   |»er   cent   of   Ihe   earnings,   hut   mtt    less   than   ()i>0  crown 
03  cents)  i>er  diem  or  ITiti  crowns  t$403M  i>er  annum:  and  a  pr<Ji>or- 
llonate  allowau'-e  in  case  of  iwrtin!  dtsnhlllty. 
<r>    If  injunnl   employee  is  forcwl   to  stay    In   a    hospital,   de(»eudents  re- 
allowances during  that  time  ecpial   to  the  pen»Iou.s  granted   In 

^   nf  flt'iUh. 
(il)    U  injureil  employee  i3  not  n  memlter  of  a  sick  Insunince  fund  he  Is 
cntltliHl  (o  receive  frtira  employer  directly  sick  henertts  and  free  med- 
ical treathi»»nt  from  first  day  of  injury. 
iti  In    coniiMiting   nllowanccs   the   excess  of  annual    enndngs   over   1,200 
crowns  ($:i21.fW»)  is  uid  couslderefl. 
Sfr-inion  of  rofnpf'nMtition.  ComiH'nsatlun  Is  suhject  to  revision  ni»ou  demand 
of  rilher  the  henettciary  or  the  Insurance  nfflce. 

/(M«ra«cc.  A    state    ceulnil    iusuriiuce    office    Is    estahlishtMl    for    the    entire 
k'iM..,i..Mi    tn  which  all  employees  suhjpi't  to  the  law   must  he  insured  by  em- 
iiilcss  he  is.   for  ei>eoIfll  rcqks<:ms.   relieved  by  royal  order  from  the 
ill  of  Insurance. 
SfTurili/  uf  paymvtttM.  Insurance  offlce  is  guaranteed  by  the  State. 
Piilrmcnf  of  tlitputcH^  Apjumls  from  tieclslons  of  Insurance  office  may  be 
within  six  \ve<*k8  with  the  spoclnl  Insurance  commission. 


I 


BUU^XI>'    OF  THE   BUREAU   OF  LJiBOtt. 


QlTEENSLAlfD. 

Dtitr  of  rmuttiKnt,  Dweiul»T  'JUK  IJKKi.  !n  i-ffei't  MarWj  lit.  l\t(k\, 
fitjurhn  iitmpt'uMUd.  All    iiijurif^^  h>-    lUvUWikt.   iirlstiix  itiit    of  nriil    tn    tlit^ 
*Niiirw  of  the  ••njploj'uirijt,  whlrli  ruiiw  (Unith  *»r  (iiiuihlf  n  ivorkmnn  for  iil  li-nnt 
two  wtH'kK  Trom   fiirniiiK  full   wii>re«  wX   tho  w«»rk  n(   w  hlrh   lu-  wnn  ••iii|»lrt.v<^l, 
rxii*|tl  whrti  tlu*  liijur>  1h  dirt**  ll.v  at(ril>iit;it>le  to  liit*  M*riitiitt  iiiul  wUtfttl  luiHti'it 
iliirt  lA'  whpii  It  iK'ciii'H  while  protHM^IUi^'  to  or  fnoo  UIh  pUcp  of  wt^'K. 

lutttmiritM  t^rrftiU  IiidioMrhil.  rttinioiTrlul,  mantifji«-tnrin?,  ImiMitt^.  neri<*(il- 
tiirul.  luiRlitrul.  tiiiuiii^  quaro'tiiK*  «*ii)firirM*riti;r.  or  lijiiuir<1oiiK  work  rarrlml  on  1f>* 
or  oil  hftuiir  of  tiM*  fUJpUiyrr  iik  a  pnr(  nf  liJH  tni*!**  or  t)iiKii»i*iKK. 

/•f  r*fon  rv/«i/H  »«»(/(*/.  AH   InTMiHi**  Mti<l«*r  (filtno-t    wUli  ini  *'jii|tlojrer. 
(Jui'cruuirMt  vMtitiu^'i'*.  Att  iipi'Ht^  tn  iiny  work  currU-*!  on  l*y  <»r  «i  lielmli'  of 
the  KovtTiiim'Jil  or  mm.v  I<k'9i1  Hiiiliorii.r  if  it  w<»til<1.  lu  i-at^  <if  n  iirlvnte  eiut>loy«^, 
\ny  nil  rni|iloyiiici)t  ttt  whli  li  tb4>  to-t  nttpli<>*t. 

Huntrn  uf  iHiymcut.  ]-4ntlr«'  foiit  i»f  (HMiti^ni^iioii  r*<iitt4  ii|Miti  iMniiloytM*. 
CominuMttiiitn  f'>r  tfnuh: 

{a]    A  Miiiii  iiiiiiil  to  ttiroo  ypnrK'  Hiniiiif^H,  Iml  not  ifr»  lliini  £'J<K>  ((Stut.'iOi 
U4tr  UHin*  tUnu  iUH*  lIl.'.MO.UO).  to  tliosi>  wholly  tU*piii«l**iit  tiiKMt  4*iiru 
iiitf>f  lit  i|(M-<*ii?^'il :  lull  iix^tl  Jiiul  iiiMnu  i'iiipliiyi*i>s  iiiny  axree  In  ailvauco 
to  a«vei*t  H  redtt4-t«U  diuounl. 
(tt)    A    twin    IrHR   thuu   nUovi'   If  hrlfM  :irt*  only    luttity  (liMK>nili-nt. 
(r»    U«>amiml>l«>  fx|ienHf>H  of  niedUtil  uttHiKt:uH*M  :hii1  luirliil.  not  mixH^llliu 
I'ii)  <$1-)i!).  if  tleiviiiMxl  leuvi's  no  ilr|inuU^it»i. 
Cumftt  Hirtiikttu  for  liitmhiUt^: 

irMi  A  wwldy  |>tiyuu-n(  (InHnj;  dlfiiiMHty  tifli»r  Kw-^nid  wiM'li.  n<i*  rxr*HHl)iiL' 
5*1  |K?r  rvnt  of  *?ni|iloyi*''s  n*<-ni*ro  wt'Hily  ctirniiiirw  itiu'lnj:  tlw  provliois 
Iwplvo  inontliM,  Kin'h  w«H'kiy  iiflynh»nt«  tiot  to  rxo^t^l  t\  ($4*S7y,  hih) 
tnml  Hiitailty  not  to  ox^tHNl  il<K»  (f  1.m4l.(iil(  ;  oX(M«i>t  tlitit  akM  uihI  In 
firm  Hhiployot'N  niiiy  "Ktvc  In  niliniir*-  to  ar<'>v>|it  n  rt«Oui**»(l  ainoiint. 
{h)  A  \rppkiy  puyuieut  durlni;  iinrlliil  dlKflblllty  nfler  MK'ond  woi*k.  not  px- 
ifiKlitiA.'  oio'lmlf  of  illfTi'i-MiK-i'  JM'twiMMi  fhr  oi»iiIi»yi'«''H  rtVM^ge  wockly 
cnmliuc^  lH*ff)rp  tb<'  iK*<*liU*iit  ntwl  tbo  nromic^  infMMtly  nianuiit  wlifoh 
hi*  N  fiirnlii}:  or  nltli-  to  c.irn  jifti-r  injur.\. 
ir\    MliKvrs  imiy  ho  nllowi'd  frill  nirnln^s  diirlntr  la(*Hpni'lty.  Bi»t  «»xoeKdhi;: 

10  idiilliiito"    (12.4:))    wct'kly. 
<*/)   A    Uimp   »uni    tuHv   Ik»   Kiilwiltiil^^l    for   wt'i'kly    i«yiu«'ntii   afltT   ihrw 
luonlUM.  on  .'ippih-iil  14)11  (*r  f*in|tloycr,  the  niuotuit  io  tx'  iif;r«H^1  \\\hm\  nr. 
In  (lofuuU  4if  jigrtH'uiml.  (o  Ik-  UKeriwInwl  Ijy  n  |»uUrL'  uuiirlKtntfo. 
lit  I  itiitu    iif    t'linitfvtation.   WwHtly    |ictynit*n1ff    nmy    In*    rfvlmut    hy    ti    jkHW 
innciKtt^tr  at  ro*|nMit  of  oltlui-  imrty. 

fnMitt-Hnrt.  KmployiTH  inny  wiitrttfl  with  IhHr  rniployiH***  for  Fnhstltullon  of  n 
Hchonn'  of  loniponsiitloii,  hfiirflt,  or  liiMiirnnro  In  plucr  of  »hr*  provlnhnis  of  tho 
nrt  If  IIk-  K-hetn**  (b  offh-lnlly  r»»rtlf>rf1  tn  Im*  not  Wnh  finonihlc  to  (hi*  I'inph'yooH 
ntic!  thoir  tl«»p*'oi!fnt^  thnn  thn  pr^ivJKiont*  of  tho  mt.  lu  Rm*h  rjiw»  tlir  oiuployiT 
Is  llnhio  onii   ill  «i*i*oriliin"*o  with  tho  Hrtu'tue. 

Hrtttrttft  of  jutftmrntM.  Whm  nn  cuiphtyrr  l«»ooiu(*ii  lUibli*  iiufirr  tht  nvt  t»  |Miy 
t-onipcuNiillon,  iiml  Ih  ojiIIiUhI  Io  iiny  Hinn  from  liiHnri'rn  tin  Hrcinint  of  (ht* 
MUM/uitt  line  to  n  workc*r  nn(l«T  Mnrli  Mnbnity.  th**n  In  tlie  t'vviit  of  UU  Invomluig 
IntutlviMil.  stioli  workmuu  bus  it  flrnt  clnltn  npnn  lhl»  Mtni  for  thr  nnmnnt  At> 
dua*. 

S4'tttrmrHt  nf  tttMjiufra.  Dlftptttof*  aiiwUijr  uuiSiT  ITm*  ncl  nr**  hmn!  and  dHi»r' 
nilru*d  hy  n  |miIu'<»  inncLstrnlo,  whow  dorijitoii  Is  fliial.  i*xi^*p(  tlwU  **ltht'r  liarlj' 
niiiy  (ipiKiii  froiiJ  thlt*  di-tiMon  oii  iiny  [>olnI  I'f  )ii>v  wIlU  thf  lattrr'n  h*avf  tf  thr 
ilahii  doiv  aot  ox<'ei«d  £SO  i^'^VUVH}.  or  wltlicwt  h\m  lffir«»  If  It  exciw<l«  tbut 
itluounL 


FOBEJGX   WORKMEN  S  COMPENSATION   ACTS. 


139 


P^lw 


BUSSXA. 

Oair  of  cnnrtmcnt.  Jutie  2  (lu),  llnO.  lu  effect  January  1   (U),  IW*. 
tn/nrira  f/miM'ntntffl.  ATI  hijnrli's  hy  ncclUeiil  im^oihIoiiwI  by  itr  on  n<T<nint  of 
wi>Hc  flftil  mmjlni:  dwith  or  fliwibllity   for   more  than    tbree  days.   unle»i« 
•vrtHnchl  oil  Inteiitbiually  by  fho  vU'tliii  or  due  1o  cT<»tw  iinpnideiice. 

r;,7ii.f.  r,  >,    tf.rrrrtt.  MeliillurKlrn!    and    mlrilnif   (vtabUfihiiieiit»i   and   factories 

iig  tither  Ihnit  bund  tK»wer.  Init  exclusive  of  sbo[)v  of  prlvat*? 

iiHb1|>  i't>in|Mitilcf)  Mild  certaitt  rural  ltid(|tftrial  oxtablUhmeiitii. 

/*rrjH>n.«  rompruMtttrt!.  Workiut^ii   and   tbrme  technical   officfols  wbose  nnnilRl 

mhir*;  dn  lud  eicottl  l.r<U«.i  ndtli-s  (?77'J.r»0), 

r7'  rmftlottrrit.  Act  Qii|tUes  to  nilidntc.  tuefiiHurizlcal  and  nuinufnctur- 

t  •  -  !innit«  of  nomi>ip«l  und  xenistvo  xovemmonts,  but  not  to  imttcrtiat 

"VrfiiuH-iit  ci«i'''»y*^'^**.  f*'t*  wbom  iq«e<;lfll  rei;tibition»<  exist. 
Kmr^h  n  of  paymvtit,  Kutlre  burden  of  imyment  rents  upon  employer. 
Comp*ntfttUtn  /«*■  tlmth: 

{u}   Funeral  expenito^  not  exceeding  30  rubles   ($15.-ir))    for  an  adult  niul 

15  niblea  <$7,73)  f»»r  a  child  nndor  l.i  yenrs  of  aice. 
<>)  Pensions  to  deinfident  bt*lr»  tutl  evi-e^-dln^r  W3  l»er  cent  of  annual  e*»rn- 
Inp*  of  virtlMi,  4li«lrlbnltNl  t»»^ 
mridow  .^.'t^   [H*r  rent   uutll  death  or  remarriai;e:   In   tht*  latter  case  u 

lauift  »ui\\  e<itinl  U*  tlirti*  iinniuti   imyuientH. 
Enrh  clilld  niilll  ajr*'  uf  ir.  years  lt;s  per  cent  if  one  jiarent  Hnnive«  and 

25  |jer  cent  if  neither  iwrent  survive**. 
HeiMHidiuir  heirs  in  nwendluK  Hne.  V*i  (»er  eeiit. 
Enub  de|H>ndL'nt  orpliaa  hro(b(*r  and  Nl;«tt-r  uutll  1I>  yeatrff  of  afce.  161  per 

r«nt. 
Widow  and  cbltdi^n  tJike  precetU»iice  over  c»tber  deiiendent   belrs.   who 
share  the  reninindor  hi  ec|iuil  imrttt. 
(C)  iVutiitiu  may.  l»y  mutual  i-ouai'nt  of  employer  and  beneficiary,  be  re- 
pbiretl  I'v  siimlc  pu.\uienl  of  ten  tiuiep  anionnt  of  nnutia!  i»en»<|on  and. 
in  crtHo  nf  obiidnti.  ihMision  niultlplteil  by  the  numlwr  of  year?  reuuiin- 
lui;  fur  pension  pa.vuieiits,  but  not  exce<Hilng  ten. 
ComprnMUtion  fur  tiiitfihUitv: 

(a|   Kriv  rue*IUnI  ami  »inrj;!c«l  treatment  or  relmbnri»enjent  of  eipeuse  of 

name. 
{h)  If  permanently  dlntbleil.  a  pension  of  00{  pereent  of  anuunl  t*anUngs 
of  victim  In  case  nf  total  dlmhtllty.  and  a  ihminUmi  prnfiortbintiti*  to 
devn't'e  t»f  ImaiMU'ity  in  wi.s*»  of  p:irlliil  disiibilUy.  In  be  jiald  from  time 
when  degree  of  permanent  disability  waa  d4?tcriulned :  If  amount  of 
Iteusbiu  cxottHlH  tbnt  of  previous  nlhiwauot*  for  tt^nipnrary  dlsitblUty, 
difTereine  between  the  two  during  the  |»erloti  of  disability  Is  j^iid  to 
Heinnineully  Injunnl  eu)|>Io.vee. 
iv)  Pent^inn  may.  by  niutunl  omseJit  of  employer  and  bcnt'ficiary,  be  re- 

pbu-od  by  a  8iti;:le  payment  of  ten  tiuK"^  amnuut  of  annual  ]K>UHl(tn. 
{d\  It  teniiMjrartly  dlsiibli*<l.  an  allowance  of  T*t  f»er  cent  of  actual  waK"s 
B         cf  vlrtim  frnni  day  of  necldent  until  complete  reei»very  from  di»tbUlty 
V        wf  Ibe  determining;  of  degr;*e  of  i>enuaufut  disability. 
Sniakin  of  ruhiittHJtaiif>n.     iJpumnds  f»tr  revltsion  of  imyments  or  to  siH.'ure 
inttuikai  prei  iuu^ly  lefunctl  nuiy  be  made  by  ettlier  party  within  three  y«irs. 
fiflMJtorr.  KmitloyLM'M  may  trunaftT  burden  nf  itnymenl  of  (NmiiteuMntloii  by 
imtht'lr  Hmplnytvif  In  anrborlxotl  Innuranre  rompanI(*8  or  HocJetles. 
St^nrity  uf  juii/mffit't.  On    retiring   fntui  bn(*liies.s  employer  must   fcuarniitee 
lymentfl  by  liiMurame  or  by  de(>os!t  with  n  Mate  Iwink.     in  e.ise  of  iuiwivency. 
lynwntii  ccmatltuie  a  |irefcrre<l  claluj. 

Settlrmnttn  of  itlHpnlrn,  Dl*ipnte»i  may  l>e  earrled  into  courts  as  other  flvll 
kpL  Hach  raBi^«i  are  exemiH  from  court  fet>«,  the  doctinients  are  free  from 
^Ea  tax.  uad  ntioruey'»  fees  aiv  fixed  t>y  law. 


140 


BULLETIN    OF  THK   BL'REAU    OF  LABOB. 


SOUTH    AUSTRALIA. 


/)«^■  of  rn'ti  tttinit.  I>i't(MiiltL'r  5.  IIH)(».  hi  effwl  not  enrllop  thnii  Jnno  1,  IfCH. 
InJurit'H  rrnitprtt/titivd.  All    liiJuHcH   to   worUmon   nrlnlhg  oiil    of  «ud    In    Ihi* 
Coiirs4>  of  the  Piiiiildyint'iil   rniisliiK  tli'nlh   or  (JlKiihlllty  for  nt    l*»nKt  otic  \v<H*k. 
excopt  wIumi  d«o  !u  serious  aiitl  willful  uiiwvmOiirt  uf  tho  woiUmun  liijtirwl 

/mtiifitrirfi  t^nrrril.  IIulIwayR.  wntorvviirUs.  tniiiiwii.vs,  HectrU--ll;.'!iiinK  W(»rkK, 
fui'toi'lt'H.  iiiiiirH.  qunriMos,  tMijcliKHTliic  mill  luilhllit^r  wtirk.  I'liiiildyiucnffl  lUi  InriHl 
hy  a  prtK-liiniiitlou  «tf  tin-  Kt>\»Tiiur  tipoii  uiMi-oksi's  frinu  both  ln»uw»8  of  iwrlln- 
liK'tit  tit  bi'  (luiiKci-oiiM  (n-  lujiirbms  to  hoiiltli  or  tbin;;oroiis  tu  lift.'  or  limb,  and 
aiirU'ulttinil  purntillH  wlirre  unx'hnnlrnl  nioilvi«  powt-r  Ih  iisttl- 

/Vr«ofw  cyw/itiiwu/f'i/.  All  iwrsoMs  inisnKfxl  In  iniinnal  Inbor  or  otbcsrwise. 
(Utvrmmi'Ht  rnifttnttitH.  Art  npptlos  to  ilvIHan   iii'r.'ton**  <?niploy»^(!  unJor  llie 
Crown  ti>  wlinin  It  wonlil  apply  If  thr  <'niplt)ycr  woiv  a  private  person. 
Burden  t*t  fMi/m*  nt.  Kntlrl?  cohI  of  fOinivuHutlon  n*viiH  \iim>ii  t>uipluyer. 
VtinviiriiHtitiun  fnr  iltnth: 

in)  A  Hxun  i-^inal  in  thrcr  j-i^nrs'  onrnUiEff.  but  not  Iopb  tlinn  £ir><)  ($72I».I»S) 

nor  nmn*  than  £'i(Mt  (il,4r>1U»ri),  to  tbow  wbully  dt*p**iHlent  uihhi  eani- 

hiK«  of  d(*ri*iiK(^l. 

(b)  A    snui    lr>f*H   than   abovt*  antionit    If  dcpt'ndenlH   wort'    partly    di*iHMid- 

put  npoti  doceumxl.  Iti  Ir*  afrrt'tNl  npou  b}'  the  partlos  or  tlxeil  by  nrbl* 

tratloit. 

if)   Ib'aHonablo  ex|i(*nw8  of  niedlrnl  atli*ndatict>  and  bnrlal  not  oxcetNllnts 

£r.O  (:|IJ43..TJ»,  If  dw4»«Hod  lonvw  no  dopendont;*. 

VotniniiKOtiOn  fur  tliyohiliti/: 

(a)  A  wwUIy  paynicnt  dnrlnp  dlwiblllty  after  flr«t  wook,  not  ox(Nh**1Iiik  TiO 
pvr  (MMtt  of  t»raployiN»'H  avornifo  wit'kly  carniuKH  dnrliij;  tbo  t)r«»vbm8 
Iwi'lvr  nionfhs.  Ktu-h  weekly  paynioiils  not  to  I'Xi'eed  £1  (?4.**7^  imr.  In 
raso  (tf  toial  huaimelty,  to  he  k'>4s  ilian  Ik  tlii.  ii|!|,s:{t  jw»r  week,  and 
total  liability  not  (n  exeeed  £:;4Ni  lAKirtlUtr')!. 

A  wi'ekly  payment  tbirinn  partial  dl>*jd)Ulty  after  llrnt  wei'k  to  he  l\\**tl 
with  repird  to  dlfTerenee  hetweeii  einployiM''8  avonine  weeklj*  eiimlnK** 
liefore  the  aecbleiit  aiul  avern^*  wi^kly  ainonnt  wlilrb  he  In  cnnibn;  or 
able  to  ejirn   after   Injury. 

A  Intnp  Hiini  not  excee^lbiK  £;ttM)  i$1,-iri1Mtrit  may  be  !*nbf*tlln(ed  for 
weekly  imymentH,  after  hIx  months,  on  applkittion  of  either  party,  the 
atnuiint  to  be  aettleil  hy  uridtnitloii  under  the  aet  In  defitnlt  of  a^rce- 
meiil. 
Iff  riititut  of  tH-ntfit/i.  Wwkly  itnynientn  niny  \h*  i-evlfted  nl  rwjoefrt  of  ellber 
imrty. 

ttitufftitrt*.  Kmployer**  tnay  i-ontrart  with  their  employees  Ptr  Mnlistltntlon  of 
a  n-hiiui*  of  ennipetiMutlon,  lu'netlt,  or  iMHiiranee  hi  plaee  of  the  proviHluitH  of 
the  ni'l,  If  tlie  pnldle  a<ttmry  i^ertltten  thai  the  whenie  Ih  on  the  wholi*  not  less 
favorabli*  tu  general  l»<My  of  (•niplo>ti«K  aud  their  depemleiilM  than  Un'  pri>- 
vIhIoiih  of  the  net.  In  Hueh  ens4<  I'mptoyer  is  liable  only  hi  arcordanee  with  the 
Pcheuie. 

HrvttrUu  of  iHifinttiifii,  When  an  empbiyor  bN.-onifM  Hubk*  ntider  llie  net  to 
)iay  eompenj^atlon,  and  In  entitled  to  any  sum  from  Itiiiiiu'erH  on  nccotint  of  thi* 
uinonnt  due  to  a  worknuiii  under  HUi'b  llabtltty.  then  in  the  event  of  bin  becoming 
In54dvent  mull  wnrknuin  hitH  a  llrxt  einim  upon  this  sunt,  atid  any  J*|'*'*'hil  maK- 
IftlraU'  may  direet  U«  pnyment  Into  the  RnxUiKH  hank  lo  be  ntiplbM  to  payment 
of  roDi(M*nsntbai.K  dut\ 

Sritlrtn*  lit   Iff  tiiMpuivH,  ItlKpiltes  nrWInc   nnder   the  art   are  nettb>d    by 


ih 


ir) 


tho 


arhltniiion  tTf  exintltiL'  (uniniUt' 
or,  If  either  |»arty  objerp*,  liy  a 
nbtti'nee  of  aKn'eiueitt,  by  a  H|m*.  i^m 
luuglHtrute  has  uU  the  puwern  of  u 


Mi|tlo.verH  and  • 
t  ttn  bv  the  pan 


Lii  .iti'Uralor  iipi>uUiU-<k  i>j    lue 


JDREIGR  WOBKMBN's   COMPENSATION    ACTS, 


SPAIN. 


Dair  of  rucitinrnt.  January  30»  llHHi.  In  efTect  July  28,  1900. 
tnjHrirff  ntmpfnmiUH.  \\\   Injuries  by  aec'UU*ntB  to  employees  In  the  course* 
of  ai»d  Ity  n'nsim  of  tbe  enipUtyuieuf  causing  doatb  or  dtMihlllty.    Compensation 
laay  be  rt-dm-fMl  If  Injured  iwi-wtn  was  engaged  In  an  llleK«l  act, 

tniim*tri*s  covered,  Munufurturiug,  inlnee,  quarrlea,  metallnr^cal  oetabllBta- 
nkeuts.  itinstmctlon  work.  induRtrie«  injurlons  to  bealtb,  trannportatlou,  gai 
aiid  Hf^'trl**  works,  street  ehmnlnp.  theaters,  and  agricultural  and  forejitry 
r^tabtUhueutfi  Ufiing  i>ower  machluery. 

P*T*t»«*  tfjoifti'tufotr*!.  Workmen  i^erformln^  manuul  latwr.  IncludluK  hel|trr» 
and  approutletw. 

iiuri^mmfnt  tmpJuyrrs,  Act  applies  to  employees  of  8tate  factories  and  other 
icorrmment  etitabllRhmeutK,  to  labor  ari'identH  In  war  and  naval  deimrlnientK, 
BOd  to  enitabliKlimcuts  of  provincial  and  commnual  governments. 

Burdm  of  pnymtnt.  Entire  cost  of  comi>en»i1iun  restt?  uiton  employer. 

t'omprnfiatUni  for  diath.  In  addition  to  any  prior  henetltft  luild  for  disability — 

(a)   FuoenU  exiK^uHes  not  exceeding  10(^  iwaetau  ($1V*.30). 

(b>  A  lump  Bum  etpiul  to  two  years*  earnings.  If  widow,  and  ehlldreu  or 

dependent    orphan    grnndcbildren    under    16    years    survive:    eighteen 

mouths'  earnings   If  only   children  or  orphan   grandchildren   laurvtve; 

one  year's  earnings  If  nnly  widow  survives:  t*ni   months'  eaniingK  to 

dep^'f^dent  i>arent8  or  gnind  juirents  over  60  years  of  age.  In  absence  of 

widow  or  children,  if  two  or  more  survive;  seven  months'  earnings  If 

only  one  parent  t»r  grand  imrent  sunives, 

{c)  For  these  lump  snm  payments,  by  mutual  consent,  the  following  jten- 

aiouH  may  be  substitnted :  40  i»er  cent  of  annual  earnings  when  widow 

and  children  or  grandchildren  sunive;  20  per  cent  of  annual  earnings 

when  only  widow  survives;  10  per  cent  to  each  dei>endeut  |iarent  or 

grand  fiaront  «>ver  tW)  years  of  age,  when  no  widow  or  children  survive, 

but   not  over  30  per  cent  In  the  aggregate;   compensation   to   widow 

ceases  on  her  remarriage,  and  to  children  on  their  attaining  the  age  of 

16  years. 

(4)   In  theoe  cases,  the  daily  earulngs  to  be  considered  as  not  less  than 

1.50  |>esetas   (^)  centsK 
(r)  AH  of  these  comt>eusiitlons  are  Increased  by  50  y)er  cent  If  the  establish- 
ment Is  lacking  In  the  re(iuire<l  safety  provisions. 
ipenitation  for  disabiliti/: 
(a)   Free  me<lical  and  surgical  treatment  during  disability, 
(A)   Fifty  per  cent  of  dally  earnings,  Inchidlng  Sundays  and  holidays,  from 
day  of  Injury  to  day  of  recovery  from  ^Usability,  but  not  over  one  year, 
Hft»*r  which  case  is  treated  as  one  of  i>crmanvit  disability. 
(n    In   i>:i8e  of  ttcrmiineni  disability,  in  addition  to  the  furt^^olng.  u   sum 
equal  to  two  yeai*s'  earnings  for  total  disability. 
eighteen   mouths'   etimlngs.   If   total   disability   extends  only   to   former 

trade. 
One  y^r's  earnings  in  cases  of  partial  |)ermaneut  disability  for  nsual 
employment,  unletts  the  employer  agrees  to  employ  Injurnl  workmen 
at  some  other  work  at  old  rate  of  wages. 
id)  In  these  cases,  the  dally  eai-nlugs  to  be  considered  as  not  less  than 

IJjO-iK'setas   t2D  ceutsL 
<e)  Comiieiisatlona  are  increased   by  50  per  cent   If  the  establishment   Is 

lacking  In  the  required  safety  provisions. 
'•'  '       './  rorfipvnsfttionr  No  special  jtrovlslon  Is  made  in  the  law. 

.   Kniployers  may  contract  with  anthorlzefl  InsuraiHv  companies  to 
iiiM-  ••i'ligations  laiitos<*d  by  law. 
'M/i'ly  of  tHtiiift*.nt9,  No  siieclal  provision  Is  made  In  tbe  law. 

rrn.  IHspulcs  coucernlnp  ^^imii^osaitlon  under  the  law  may 
h*  /fTiijaweDt  Jalwr  tribunals  conalstlng  of  representatives  of 

Um'  .->..ji».  tviy/i^'i  r  j.'.  riflJ  e/jj/»yoyees. 


142 


BULLBTTV   OF  THB  BURBAU  OF  LABOR. 


SWEDEN. 


Date  of  enactment.  Approved  July  5,  11)01,  In  Rffert  January  1. 1003:  nmendcd 

Juop  3,  1004. 

tnfuricM  vumpctDtatctt.  Injurlot*  by  luviilputs  1o  worktiion  roHuItltiK  from  tb9 
vniployuient,  nnd  canstiig  dontb  or  dltutbilliy  for  more  than  Rlxty  dnyx.  unless 
due  to  ih&  willful  act  or  e^ohh  nogllpence  of  the  vtrtlui  or  to  the  willful  act< 
of  a  third  i>er8ou  wbo  has  neither  the  huihtvIsIou  nor  the  direction  of  the  work.. 
Irtduntrics  i*ovarrd.  Practl«jMy  nil  eatiibllNhmpnts  cngngMl   In  forestry  work. 
mining,  quurrylnt:.  turf  iiud  tee  cuttlUK  and  hnndliUK.  luanufucturlnK.  ehiruney 
Hweoplng.  raftlnK,  nillwny  and  trnuiwjiy  service,  hiiitdllni;  nowlw,  huildliiK  trades, 
conduit,  rofid  and  other  constnit'lkm  work,  i\nd  eU'ctrlrlty,  p\H,  ami  wnter  dis- 
tribution.    EmployerH  in  other   tudUHtrloB  may   hi.sure  their  empIoyoe8   In    the 
State  Intfuranee  Institute  and  thert4>y  he  placi.-d   under  provislouD  of  the  net. 
KmployeeH  In  other  IndUHtrleM  may  WMMire  the  protection  of  the  net  by  Insuring 
themseives  In  the  Ktate  luRuranct*  Institute. 
Peraonti  vompcnMafrtI,  Workmen  tind  foremen. 
ffnvrmmmt  t'mp}n\irrH,  Act  nppIU*s  to  emplciyecR  In  thr  slate  and  eomiuunal 
services  when  en^Cll^fed  in  any  of  the  Industries  iMiunn^rated  above, 
Buuirn  of  payment.  Kntire  cost  of  ('oui|N*nMitt(in  ivhIs  n|>ou  employer. 
Compensation  for  death.  When    death    resulta   from   the   injury   wlthlu    two 
year©— 

<a)   Funeral  benefit  of  (JO  crowiw  ($lt5.08). 

(6)  Annual  peuHlonH  not  cxtMHHliUB  lu  the  nKKre^ate  'M)0  (.towuh  ($80.40), 

to  t>e  distributed  to  widow,  until  remnrrliige  llfO  crowus  ($32.10)  ;  eACb 

child  under  15  years  of  age  (V)  crowns  ($16.08). 

OvmpertHQtion  for  di*iability. 

(a)   If  permanently  disabled,  annual  pension  of  300  crowns  ($80.40>  In  case 
of  total  (lisabltlty,  and  a  smaller  sum  corresiMmdIng  to  loss  of  earnlnj; 
power  In  case  of  partial  disability,  pension  to  he^lu  with  slxty-tlrst  day 
of  disability,  or  later  If  i»ermaneut  character  of  the  disability  wds  not 
then  establlshiHl. 
(6)   If  temiHirarlly  dlsableil  for  more  than  sixty  days,  1  crowu  (27  cents) 
[>er  day  tH'Kluntng  with  slxty-Qrst  day. 
HcvUion  of  comprnxatiott.     Suit  may  he  brought  in  a  court  of  first  Instance 
by  Injureil  employee  for  a  revision  of  cuuiiKMisatluu  wltbln  two  yenra  from  the 
date  of  the  tixlng  of  the  same. 

IrtMurnnce.  If  an  Injuretl  person  receives  nn  nllownnce  or  jK^nslon  from  nn 
orgiinlJUition  which  Is  HU|j|K>rtetl  entirely  or  In  prcater  pnrt  liy  the  eniitloyer.  or 
if  the  victim  Is  Insurvd  In  a  private  orKanlxatlon  by  his  employer,  th«*  amounts 
received  from  such  a  source  may  l>e  dfHjuctwl  fmni  imynicnis  ro(julre«l  of  em- 
ployer under  the  act.  Employers  may  transfer  burden  of  paymeut  of  coml>ensa- 
tlun  by  InsurluK  lu  the  State  Insurance  Institute,  created  for  this  purpose  |ty 
the  act,  or  in  Indlvldiiiil  r-itHos  purchase  nnnuKIfH  for  t>«*nsionerH  from  this  Insll- 
tutlon.  Other  nrrnupMrn-nta  may  be  made  between  employers  and  cmplojrws 
If  thr  Stall*  luHiirunco  Institute  finds  upon  exnmlnntlon  that  they  tire  not  un- 
fnvornble  to  the  employ et^s. 

Si'curitu  of  jttiumcntH.  Au  employer  may  be  required  to  ^1^Dl8h  adequati' 
security  for  tbr  pnyment  fif  the  jKnisloM  to  cover  the  contInK»'t»ey  of  his  neglect- 
ing to  |iny  the  miUH*.  of  blM  retiring  from  htinlrn'«s  or  Icnvlnj;  the  r<Hnitry,  nrl 
of  his  itiH-onilni;  Ini^olvi-nt.  If  he  fulls  to  furnish  security  hu  moy  hv  r«'(pilred 
to  |Miy  a  lump  xuni  cipial  to  tlie  i*apltal  value  of  the  pensltm  pluiv  tin*  imymeniflj 
aud  Interest  due.  which  amount.  In  the  cast^  of  an  Injured  emiiloyee.  must  b«^ 
Investitl  In  the  purchase  of  au  annuity  from  the  Uoyal  Insuranci?  Institute. 

Srttlrtnmt  of  itinputffi.  Disputes  may  be  aettlwl  oithcr  by  nr'^Uration  or  by 

brlni!init  suit  in  u  court  of  first  Instauci*.     The  dci!  '  i* 

made  or  the  suit  liroufibt  within  two  yenrs  after  tii  A 

flivIdeiitH   within    two  years  after   the   ileitlh   of   the    vJtilm.     if   the  aclii-'U   iS 

tartiUixf  thx*  H(HU'  Insuniuvt'  Justifut**,  one  fi-ar  more  Is  uUowimL 


FOREIGN   WORKMEN  S  COMPENSATION    ACTS. 


148 


WESTERN  AUSTRALIA. 


Pitit  of  martmcnt.  Febrimry  IB,  1002.  In  effect  on  a  date  fixed  by  tbe  gor- 
emor  bj  order  Iq  council. 

Injuries  CDrnptTitfOfed.  AM  Injuries  caused  to  n  workniiin  arlslnjc  out  of  and 
In  tlte  course  of  the  employment  caaslng  death  or  disability  for  at  least  two 
weelui.  except  when  dne  to  serious  and  willful  misconduct  of  the  worlcman 
tnjnrcd. 

Industries  covercfJ.  Hallways,  waterworks,  tramways,  electrlc-Hght  plants, 
fttctoriee.  mince,  quarries,  engineering  and  building  work,  and  emplojrments  de- 
clared hy  a  proolnmalUm  of  the  governor.  Issued  pursuant  to  addresses  from 
both  bonnes  of  {jiirllument,  to  be  dangerous  or  injurious  to  health  or  dangerous 
to  life  or  Unib. 
P<T»©iw  compcnanted.  All  persons  engaged  under  eoatract  in  any  employment 
Oovrmment  rmptoj/ees.  Act  applies  to  all  r>er»on»  employed  under  the  Crown 
to  whom  It  would  apply  If  employer  were  a  private  person. 

Byrdcn  of  poyment.  Entire  cost  of  compensation  rests  upon  employer. 
Compmjtation  for  death: 

(o)  A    sum    equal    to    three    years'    earnings,    but    not  less    than    £200 
(1973.30)   nor  more  than  £400   (|l.:mUiO),  to  those  wholly  dei>eudent 
npon  eamiugs  of  deceased, 
(ft)  A  sum  less  than  above  amount  If  dependents  were  partly  dep^ideat 
»I»on  deceiiHed,  to  be  agreed  upon  by  tbe  parties  or  fixed  by  local  court, 
(c)   Keusunable  expenses  of  medicul  attendtiuce  aud  burial  not  to  exceed 
not)  l$-l»G.UOi.  if  deceased  leaves  no  deiKJudeiits. 
CompenMation  for  dimbUity: 

(•)  A  weekly  payment  during  disability  after  second  week,  not  exceeding 
50  per  cent  of  injured   person's  average  weekly  earnings  during   the 
previous  twelve  months,  sucli  weekly  imymeut  not  to  exceed  £2  ($9.73) 
and  total  liability  not  to  exceed  CMH)  ($1.451U)5). 
(ft)   In  case  of  partial  disability,  regard  Is  to  be  had  to  the  difference 
betwee^i  average  w<»ekly  eurnlngs  before  and  after  the  accident,  and 
to  any  payment  other  than  wages  made  by  employer  on  account  of  the 
Injnry. 
(c>  A  lump  sum  may  be  substltnt^M  for  weekly  payments  after  six  months, 
on  tbe  application  of  the  employer,  the  amount  to  t>e  determined  by 
the  court  In  default  of  agreement 
Rm*i9Um  of  benv/lta.  Weekly  payments  may  be  revised  by  the  court  at  request 
of  either  party. 

tnnumnrc.  Employers  may  contract  with  their  employees  for  substitution  of 
n  aclieme  of  ct»mi»»M(Sjitlon.  benefit,  or  insurance  lu  place  of  the  provlslous  of  the 
net.  If  the  registrar  of  friendly  societies  certifies  that  the  scheme  Is  on  the 
whole  not  lees  favorable  to  the  general  lx)dy  of  employees  and  their  dependents 
than  the  provisions  of  the  act.  lu  such  case  employer  Is  liable  only  lu  accord- 
BQoe  with  this  si-beme. 

SeourUy  of  pai/mcnta.  When  an  employer  becomes  liable  under  the  act  to  pay 
COvnpeDsatlon,  and  is  entitled  to  any  sum  from  insurers  on  account  of  tbe 
AiDoimt  due  to  a  workman  under  sucb  liability,  then  in  the  event  of  his  t>ecom- 
log  tnpolrent  such  workman  has  a  first  charge  upon  this  sum  for  the  umonnt  so 
du&  Compensation  for  iujuries  sustnlm-*!  lu  the  course  of  employment  In  or 
about  a  mine,  factory,  building,  or  ves8«-l  Is  deemed  a  charge  on  the  employer's 
latereftt  In  such  i»ror>erty. 

Srtttement  of  diiputca.  Disputes  arising  under  the  act  are  settled  by  the  load 
ciMirt  of  the  district  In  which  the  Injury  is  received. 


BRITISH  WORKMEN'S  COMPENSATION  ACT  OF  1906. 


In  the  following  pagvs  is  given  in  full  the  text  of  the  British  Work- 
men's Compensation  \oi  of  1006,  enacted  Deeeiiiber  21,  li)06,  to  tuko 
effect  July  1,  HK)7.  It  is  given  here  to  show  the  present  provisicms 
of  the  British  law  in  regard  to  the  comix*nsation  of  workmen  for  in- 
juries i-eceived  in  their  eniployniejit ; 

An  Act  to  r<m«<in<ltil««  uiid  uiiieml  tho  buv  with  rf»iKMt  to  fnin|K;n«iilon  to  work- 
men for  InJuriL'H  8iilTorod  In  the  <*€tnrne  of  (lieir  t-niploynnMit  |2tHt  I)e**eml»er, 
1906]. 

Be  it  cnartrd  hy  •  •  •  pafliamtnt  m>Mrnibtf'd,  <nnl  hp  thf  authority  of 
the  namr.  an  fuUown: 

1. —  (1)  If  in  nny  employment  persouiil  Injnry  by  itfvlfleiit  arislnR  out  of  and 
In  the  cotirw-  of  the  fmitloyrnvnt  U  oaused  to  n  workmnii,  hit)  employer  Himll, 
mibject  nK  hereinafter  uientlone<1.  Ite  liable  to  pay  t'oniiHMiKutlon  In  ae^'ordanee 
with  the  flrHi  Hohwinle  to  thlH  ai-t. 

(2)  rrovUled  that— 

(n)  The  employer  Hhnll  not  be  liable  under  this  act  In  reHi>ert  of  any  Injnry 
whlrh  does  not  dlHuble  the  workman  for  a  period  of  at  least  one  week  fntm 
earnUiii;  full  wagets  at  the  work  at  which  he  wuh  ewployeil : 

(ft)  When  the  Injury  was  eunswl  by  the  iH^rsonal  uenllK^Miee  or  wlllfn!  ai-t  of 
the  employer  or  of  Home  person  for  whose  act  or  default  the  employer  la 
reHitonslble.  DothluK  In  tlila  uet  shall  atfiH-t  any  elvll  liability  of  the  employer, 
but  In  Ihnt  fuse  the  workman  may,  a1  his  option,  either  claim  compensation 
under  this  act  or  tnke  prmeeinnps  Independently  of  this  act:  but  the  employer 
Bball  imt  tw  lliible  !■>  |wy  eoiu|>en>4atioii  for  Injury  to  a  workman  by  ai-vldent 
nrlslnj;  out  of  jind  In  the  conrw*  of  the  employment  both  lndt'[HMidentty  of  and 
alwi  utider  tlHs  art.  and  mIuiII  not  be  llnble  to  uiiy  pi'«H>ee<lin^H  tiidepcndetitly  of 
this  aet.  except  In  ease  of  such  personal  nej:llKenee  or  willful  aet  as  aforeaald : 

tr)  If  it  U  provfHl  thiit  the  Injury  to  a  workninn  Ih  atdlbutiible  to  the  serious 
and  willful  mlwoudm*t  of  (hat  workman,  atiy  eompensatlnu  rlahmHl  In  reH|»e«*t  of 
that  Injury  shall,  uMless  the  injury  results  In  doatli  nr  mtIoub  and  permnucut 
disablement,  be  disallowetl. 

(3)  If  nny  ipiestlon  nrlsi>s  In  any  proe<*edln(;s  under  this  not  its  to  the  IliibUlty 
to  pay  f'onipensaflon  under  this  aet  (Ineludlng  any  question  as  tn  whether  tho 
perwai  Injured  1h  a  worUnatn  to  whuui  this  net  aiiplles).  or  as  tit  ihe  amount  or 
duration  of  ronipeowitlon  under  this  net,  the  question.  If  not  H<'ttle<l  by  iiirn***- 
Mient.  Hliall.  wubjtsi  (tt  the  provlRiona  of  the  tlrht  w-luMnle  to  thU  act,  be  setthHl 
by  arbltnitlon.  In  atn'ordiinre  with  the  wvtmd  seUedule  tt)  this  net. 

t4)  If,  wlthia  the  time  hereinafter  In  this  act  llmltevi  for  tiiklnp  proet'wllnjSM, 
nn  aetlon  1m  brought  to  rt»cover  danuiK**^  Indeiiendently  of  this  art  for  Injury 
rauHOtl  by  any  aceldent,  and  tt  Is  determined  In  ench  action  that  the  Injury  la 
I  one  for  whh'h  the  employer  Is  not  liable  la  siicli  uctlon.  bui  that  he  would  hJive 
ibei*n  liable  to  pay  riini[HnisalUm  under  tlio  provlwlons  of  this  net.  the  mtlon 
nhall  lie  diHrnlshed ;  but  the  court  In  whiih  Ihe  flr(lo!i  1h  (  '  *  "  II.  If  the 
plalnllO'  so  choow,  prc»oi*eil  to  asm^w  sueh  eompenstitlon.  but  m-t  from 

mich  comi»ensattrtn  nil  nr  p«rt  of  the  >  n»itfl  wMih,  In   W-   '■  '  *•  T-cni 

eauseU  by  tlie  plalntKr  brluk'Inir  tin-  artlou  Instciid  of  pn  K't. 

|]nnny  pr<s*ee<llnp  imhIct-  tlii-  -nhKiMiimi    <,\ii(iri  tlic  .'"Dci  '!«u- 

fjivj  It  HJmll  frhf  :i  1  tiC- 

ft»tjf  it  fjfjfi  ttht*ti  ,1  .4^* 

[r  forre  hr<$  t^ffeci  ol  uu  awut'd  uinivr  iiiU  bcU 


SUTISH    W0BKȣN'8  COMPBHeATTOK   ACT  OF 


II   Notbin^  in  tUltf  uft  Hhatl  ufft^^t  iiuy  pnH-iH*4l1nt;  for  u  Htii*  iiikUm*  tht*  t>niit-t- 
relotlng  to  mines,  fnrtorles,  or  work^ho|»^  or  tbe  appHcBtiou  of  any  Huch 

2. — 0>  Pror«*e<1ln^  for  the  reeovery  nuder  this  BCt  of  rom|>ensatlon  for  an 
tmpuy  fit  "  :  I'H  roAlntalnable  imloss  notlre  of  the  aocUleut  has  been  given  as 
mim  m»  !e  aft^r  the  hu|>(K.*utiii;  tLifr«^«f  and  lit*fi>re  ih**  wtirkuiaii  baa 

f*telitafii.\  •i.ii  liit*  emiiloytueiit  in  which  h*^  was  lnjiire«l,  and  unle$)»t  thp  i^laini 
oonpcnaaifon  wiTh  respp^t  to  ftxwh  nrrident  haslnvii  uiado  within  six  inoniha 
the  (Kvurrence  of  the  uoeideut  (■nuaiug  tbe  lujury.  or,  iu  cube  of  deutb« 
vltbiik  *ix  DioDths  from  tbe  time  of  deAth: 

Provided  always  that — 

im)  the  want  of  or  any  defect  or  inaccuracy  In  auoh  uotloe  shall  not  be  a  bar 
lo  the  malntetii^Dce  of  such  proceedluga  if  it  iiii  foimd  In  the  proceedliiBs  f*tr 
Ktlling  the  claim  that  the  employer  \a  not.  or  would  not,  tf  a  notice  or  no 
aneided  uortiv  were  then  (dveu  and  the  henrliif;  iM>Ptitono4l.  be  jtreJudloe<l  In  his 
defhnae  V  '  -;;!it,  defect,  or  Inaccuracy,  or  thai  Piich  want,  defe<'l,  or  inat-cu- 
l»cy  w>'  "^  by  mistatce.  absence  from  the  L'iilte<l   Kingdom,  or  other 

iMBWttal  ..  ■  .  and 

(li>  the  faliure  to  mnl^e  a  claim  witbio  the  |>erlod  above  94|»ecitJed  shall  not  be 
•  iMir  to  the  mjkintenance  of  Huch  priH*ee<lin£:K  if  It  Ih  found  tliat  the  failure  was 
•toialaued  by  mistake*  ubeence  from  tbe  I'nlted  KlnKdom,  or  other  reas<»nHble 

<2»    Notice  in  respect  of  an  injury  under  tbla  a»'t  shall  give  the  name  and 

MldnefiS  of  the  pen<ou  lujuretl,  and  sluil)  state  In  ordinary  language  the  i^^uae 

4if  Cte  Injury  and  the  date  at  which  the  accident  happened,  and  shall  t>e  served 

^llifn^  employer,  or,   if  there  Is  more   than  one  emi>Ioyer.   ui>ou  one  of  such 

<3)  The  notice  may  be  servetl  by  delivering  the  same  at,  or  seudiug  It  by  |K>»t 
Ib  ■  registered  letter  addressed  to.  tbe  residence  or  place  of  bnalneiw  of  tbo 
iwrsoo  <iD  whom  it  is  to  be  aerveil. 

14)  Where  tbe  employer  la  a  body  of  iieraona,  coritorate  or  unlncortionite,  tbe 
MrtSc«  nuiy  also  be  served  by  delivering  tbe  aame  at,  or  by  seudlng  It  by  po»t 
fci  a  iwglsiered  letter  addressed  to,  the  employer  at  the  office,  or.  If  there  be 
■ore  tbaia  one  ofhce,  any  one  of  tho  offices  of  such  body. 

So. —  il>  If  the  registrar  of  friendly  societies,  after  taking  Fteps  to  ascertain 
tbe  views  of  tbe  employer  and  workman,  certifies  that  any  scheme  of  c*>ni|»en- 
Mitoiit  benetlt.  or  insurance  for  the  workmcu  of  an  emiiloyer  hi  any  employment, 
irbrtbrr  or  not  such  scheme  includes.other  employers  and  their  workmen,  pro- 
vMefli  scales  of  ctimitensaition  not  less  favorable  to  the  workmen  and  their 
dependents  than  tbe  i*orresitoDdiug  scales  contained  In  this  act,  and  that,  where 
tbr  scheme  provides  for  contributions  by  the  workmen,  tbe  scheme  confers  bene* 
Oln  at  l«nfit  equivalent  to  those  (^Hintrlbutlons.  tn  addition  to  the  benetits  to 
irh  ■  ■  '  •■rknien  would  have  Imm-u  entitle*!  under  this  act.  and  that  a  majority 
taine<l  by  ballot)  of  the  \vi>rkmen  to  whom  tbe  scheme  is  applicable 
.,  of  such  stjhrme,  the  employer  may,  whilst  the  certitUate  Is  in  force, 
Umct  with  any  of  his  workmen  that  the  provisions  of  the  scheme  shall  be 
;TirLT«si  for  the  i>rovlslons  of  this  act.  and  thereurKtn  the  employer  shall  be 
iui  I  awordance  with  the  scheme,  but,  save  as  aforesaid,  this  act  shall 

»\.^  lUstandlng  any  contract  to  the  amtrary  made  after  the  commence- 

metii  of  tlii>^  act. 

i2*  The  registrar  may  give  a  oertlttcate  to  expire  at  the  end  of  a  Umlled 
I«>rtod  of  nut  loss  than  five  years,  and  may  from  time  to  time  renew  with  or 
without  mtKliilcaTions  such  a  certlrtcate  to  expire  at  the  i-nd  of  the  period  for 
which  it  is  renewetl. 

|3>    No  scheme  shall  be  so  certitleil   which  c<mtains  an  •ihligatlou   uikhi   the 
VTirLitHMi  tn  lolfi  the  scheme  as  a  coudttlou  of  their  hiring,  or  which  does  uot 
1^  enabling  a  workman  to  withdraw  from  the  scheme. 
iiit  Is  made  to  the  registnir  of  friendly  societies  by  or  on  behalf 
lueu  of  any  cmployrT  that  the  benefits  conferred  by  any  scheme  no 
'  in  Tn  the  v'onditlouH  slated  in  subsection  tl)  of  this  section,  or  that 
'  such  scheme  are  ji.ing  violated,  or  ttiat  the  s*:heme  is  not  lielng 
.-il.  (»r  Thai   siitisf;irit»ry  reasons  exist  for  revoking  the  certlil-j 
'ill  e.Minilnc  iiiln  the  complaint,  and.  If  satislied  that  goo<l* 
■mplnint.  shall,  unless  the  ciiuse  of  complaint  is  removed«J 

'tea  a  mn/rittirt*  It*  rvvolnil  or  cijfires,  any  inoueyft  or  S4?v'uvUWi^\\e\<\\.vit 
of  the  .'Hiif*ajv  othtiJf,  utter  drie  provision  has  t»evu  made  to  i\\¥<' 


146 


BULLBTIN   OF  THU  BUREATT  OF  IiABOR. 


tl»*»  lirthllitlf^t*  ftlronily  ftccnhil.  Im*  (Hrttrlbulwl  um  nm.v  bo  arraiige^l  bctwoeu  llie 
employer  nnd  wurkiuen,  vr  uh  nia^'  be  (letenuiucU  by  the  reiclMtrur  of  friendly 
societies  In  the  cveut  of  a  dlffereuce  of  opinion. 

(fi)  Whenever  a  8cboine  hna  been  certified  ah  Qforesnld,  It  ahall  be  tbe  duly 
of  tbe  employer  to  answer  all  Bucb  InqulrleH  and  to  furiilsb  all  aucb  aeeouuta  In 
roKiird  to  tbe  acbeuio  aa  may  be  made  or  required  by  tbe  reglatrar  of  friendly 
sooletfes. 

(7)  The  chief  rotslsirar  of  friendly  sooletlofl  sbnil  Include  hi  his  annual  report 
tbe  rwirtk'ulurK  uf  tbe  proeitHlltiKft  of  the  rei^lstmr  uuder  tbU  act. 

(S)  The  chief  re^ilatriir  of  friendly  socletlea  may  make  reiuriilatlona  for  the 
pur(M>He  of  carryhiK  Ibis  Bectloii  lnti»  effwt. 

4. —  (1)  Where  any  person  <iii  this  section  refern*d  to  na  tbe  prlncliMil).  la 
the  course  of  or  for  the  purftosK-s  of  hia  trnde  or  ImBlncHH,  cr»ntrnc1»  with  any 
other  i>er8on  (In  thlH  Kecllon  referred  to  as  the  coiitraftor)  for  the  pxeciition 
by  or  under  the  oontrni'tor  of  the  whole  or  any  part  of  any  work  undertaken 
by  the  principal,  the  principal  Khali  bi*  liable  tt>  i>ay  t**  any  workman  empl<*yt'<l  I" 
tbe  exoeution  of  the  work  any  conipenHatioti  under  this  act  which  be  would 
buve  been  Iltihlc  to  pay  If  that  workman  had  hwn  Unme<]latety  employitl  h.v 
him;  and  where  couii>enHation  is  clttlmcHl  from  or  proceedhiKn  are  taken  nuulnNt 
tbe  i»rlocl|i«l,  then,  In  the  application  of  thlM  net,  referenrcH  lo  the  prlnelpal 
shall  be  substituted  for  refi^reucea  to  tbe  employer,  except  that  tbe  amount  of 
comiKniautlou  aball  be  calculated  with  referenct*  to  the  cnrulnKS  of  tbe  work* 
nntn  under  the  emplojer  by  whom  he  Is  ImrnwHately  einplnytM): 

I'rovideii  that,  where  the  contract  relnttw  to  threehlnic,  plowing,  or  other 
BKricultural  work,  and  the  contractor  provides  and  usvw  machinery  driven  hy 
uioehunlcal  i)ower  for  tbe  purpoKi!  of  such  work,  he  and  lie  alnue  sluill  be  liable 
under  this  act  to  pay  comiKMiHiitlon  to  any  workman  empluye<l  by  blui  on  such 
work. 

i'2)  Where  the  prlnciiml  Is  lial^le  to  |>ay  comi>enftatlon  under  this  section,  he 
Himll  be  entltl«?»i  to  be  Indemnified  by  any  penum  who  would  buve  lieen  Uablr  to 
jiay  comiH'iimition  to  tbi*  workman  lndei»endeiitly  of  tbia  aectlun,  and  all  QUev 
tlons  as  to  the  rlgbt  to  and  amount  of  any  such  indemnity  ahell  In  default  of 
agreement  be  aeltletl  by  arbitration  under  tbU  act. 

Hi)  NotbiniK  In  thlH  Hci-tion  ahnll  he  construtH)  ns  preventing  a  workman 
rec»»verlnK  compensation  nn<ler  this  act  from  the  contractor  Instead  of  tlie 
principal. 

(4)  This  SLvtlon  shall  not  apply  In  any  i-ase  where  tbe  accident  (Ki-urred 
elsewhere  than  on.  or  in.  or  about  premises  ou  which  tbe  principal  baa  under- 
taken to  execute  tbe  work  or  which  are  otherwiae  under  bis  contrtd  or 
nioimgejnent. 

D. — (1)  Where  any  cmitloyer  has  cuturwl  Into  a  contract  with  any  Inmireni 
in  respect  of  any  liability  under  this  act  to  nny  workman,  then.  In  the  event  of 
the  employer  ImvouiIuk  liankrujit,  or  maltlnf;  a  coniposltioti  or  nrrannenicut  with 
his  creditors,  or  if  tbe  employer  is  a  company  in  the  event  of  the  com|iany 
bavin;:  cia»menc«'d  to  be  wmind  up.  IIk*  rl^bts  of  tlie  employer  auMlmit  tli" 
Insurers  as  respects  that  lliitiility  shall.  notwltltstandiiiK  anylblntc  In  tin'  •na-  t 
Dienfs  rplallnij:  to  bankruptcy  iin»l  tbe  winding  iij)  ttf  companies,  bo  iriinHfrrro] 
tu  and  v<wt  in  the  workman,  and  ui>i)U  any  such  triumfer  the  Insurers  shall  have 
the  same  rights  ond  remedies  and  be  8ubje<.*t  to  tbe  same  UairlllMcs  as  If  they 
were  tbe  employer,  so  however  timt  the  IrisnriTS  slwUl  not  lie  under  any  greater 
ihiblllty  to  the  workman  tlian  they  would  have  1mh>u  uuder  to  tbe  rmffloyer. 

{2)  If  tbe  liability  of  the  Insurers  to  the  workman  la  less  than  the  liability 
of  tlic  employer  to  tbe  worliman.  tbe  wi>rknniu  uiuy  prove  for  the  balance  In 
the  bankruptcy  or  llqnldallon. 

(.X)  Tbcrp  slwUI  t"^  Inehuled  among  the  ddds  wbleb  under  aecllou  one  of  ibi« 
|'ri'f»'rentlul  I'ay meats  In  Itankruplcy  Act^  iSSH,  and  wctJtin  four  of  Hi.  r^n  i.r 
entlal  rayments  In  Unnkruptcy   (Irelnml)   A(?t,  IHMD,  arc  In  the  dlsl'  r 

Uie  property*  of  a  bankrupt  and  lu  llie  dislributloii  of  the  iism^ta  nf   i 
iK'Ing  wound  up  to  be  paid  In  priority  to  all  other  debts,  the  nmount,  unt  e- 
Ihk  Iti  any  Individual  caae  one  hundred  ttounds  {91St{.t^»|,  due  in  r>*^p<«^r  •-! 
eoinpiMisjitluii   tilt'  llnbtlit>    wluMvfor  intTMiNl  bt'foro  ibe  date  »»' 
ordtT  IT  the  date  of  tlu*  coniuienccuieul  of  the  wlodini:  up.  aU4l  I 

tbe    IV.'         ■'    '    ' ,      It-;    In    UtW .-         

ffffM't  <    (he  coiMi  I 

«/"''  ^a    :  ...JJ,    for   Hi,;    ,,.;.. ,..   .,.    , , ....V-. 


BBITISU    workmen's   COMPENSATION    ^^^^1906^  147 

the  axnount  of  the  luaip  sum  fur  which  tlu'  wtH?kIy  imymfnt  could.  If  redeem- 
able, be  redeemed  If  the  employer  made  an  upplicntiou  for  that  purpo^  under 
tbe  Orat  Achedtile  to  this  act. 

(4)  lu  the  case  of  the  winding  up  of  a  comfNiny  wltlitu  the  meaning  of  the 
Staaoaries  Act.  3HX7,  snob  an  omoant  as  nforesflld.  if  the  ot>nu«u8atton  Is 
|Mijab]«  to  a  miner  or  the  der*eudi>nt8  of  u  miner,  nhall  have  the  like  priority 
flfl  19  conferred  on  waires  of  miners  by  Beetiou  nine  of  that  act.  and  that  sectloa 
■ball  have  efftt-l  awordlniily. 

(ftt  Tlie  provisions  of  this  section  with  respect  to  preferences  and  prtorltlM' 
shall  not  apply  where  the  bankrupt  or  the  ctimpany  being  wound  up  has  entered 
lalo  such  a  contract  with  Insurers  a»  nfuresuiid. 

(G>   This  sectJoM  shall  not  apply  where  a  oom|)any  Is  wound  up  voluntarlly 
ly  for  the  purposes  of  reconstruction  or  of  amalgamatiou   with  another 
ifiompsny. 

G.  Where  the  lujury  for  wbich  compensation  Is  payable  under  this  net  was 
ratified  under  circumstances  crentlnjr  a  legal  liability  In  some  person  other  tlmn 
the  employer  to  l«iy  dainiig4««  lu  r«BiMM."t  thereof — 

(1)  Tbe  workuinu  may  take  prrtceedlngs  both  against  that  person  to  recover 
dauiages  and  against  any  |>ers4tn  liable  to  pay  eomponaation  under  this  act  for 
such  compensation,  but  shall  not  be  entitled  to  recover  both  damages  and  com- 
petiiMtlon;  and 

^2)  If  the  workman  has  recovered  eompenaation  under  this  act.  the  persoi 
bj  whom  the  compeusatlon  was  paid,  and  auy  i>erson  who  has  beeu  called  on 
to  pay  an  Indenmity  under  the  section  of  this  act  relating  to  subcontracting, 
flhall  be  entitled  to  be  Indemnified  by  the  person  so  liable  to  pay  dainaueH  us 
aforesaid,  nnd  nil  questions  as  to  the  right  to  and  amount  of  any  Huch  ludemnity 
shall.  In  default  of  agreement,  be  settled  by  action,  or,  by  consent  of  the 
IMirtles,  by  arbitration  under  this  act. 

7. — U)  ThLs  act  shall  apply  to  masters,  seamen,  and  apprentices  to  the 
service  and  apprentices  In  the  sea-flshing  service,  provided  that  such  persons 
are  workmen  within  the  meaning  of  this  not,  and  are  members  of  Uie  crew  of 
any  ship  registered  lu  the  United  Kln;cdom.  or  of  any  other  British  ship  or, 
TCMBel  of  which  the  owner,  or  (if  there  Is  more  than  one  owner)  the  manai 
owner,  or  manager  resides  or  has  his  principal  place  of  business  In  the  Uiilted 
Kingdom,  subjw-t  to  the  following  mmlirtcntlons: 

<a)  The  notice  of  accident  and  the  claim  for  comiwnsutiou  may.  except  where 
the  iierson  Injured  Is  the  master,  be  served  on  the  master  of  the  ship  as  If  he 
were  the  employer,  but  where  the  accident  hapjiened  and  tbe  Incapacity  com- 
menced on  iMwrd  the  ship  It  siiall  not  be  necessary  to  give  any  notice  of  the 
accident ;  ^ 

<b)    In  tbe  case  of  the  death  of  the  master,  senman,  or  apprentice,  the  claim 
tnr  ci.mi(ieu8atlon  shall   be  made  within   six  months  after  news  of  the  death 
been  received  by  the  claimant: 

c)  WTiere  an  injured  inii.stcr,  seaman,  or  apprentice  la  discharged  or  left 
lud  lu  a  British  pttssesslou  or  in  a  foreign  country,  depositions  resiwctlng 
circumstances  and  naturi*  of  the  Injury  may  be  taken  by  any  judge  or 
magistrate  In  the  British  i>ossession,  and  by  any  British  consular  officer  in  the 
foreign  country,  and  if  so  taken  shall  be  transmitted  by  the  person  by  whom 
Ihey  are  taken  to  the  Board,  of  Trade,  and  such  de|>ositlon  or  certified  copies 
thereof  aim II  In  any  prt>ceeiUnga  for  enforcing  the  claim  b<»  admissible  In 
evidence  as  provided  by  sections  six  hundnni  and  ninety-one  and  six  hundred 
and  ulnety-tive  of  the  Merchant  S^hlpplng  Act,  1804,  and  those  sections  shall 
apply  acconlingly : 

I  <i  t  In  th(>  case  of  the  death  of  n  master,  seaman,  or  apprentice,  leaving  no 
d»  no  comi»enaation  shall  be  payable.  If  the  owner  of  the  ship  is  under 

It.  :!it  Shipping  Act,  18IVI.  liable  to  {tay  the  ex|»enses  of  burial : 

\r>  The  weekly  i)ayment  shall  ooi  be  payable  In  respect  of  the  period  dur- 
ing which  the  owuer  of  the  ship  is.  under  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act.  ISIM,  as 
amended  by  any  siibs»Hinent  ennctnient.  or  otherwise,  liable  to  defray  the 
cxiienses  of  mnlntennncc  r-f  the  Injurwl  muster,  seaman,  or  apprentice; 

'  '  *'  Slim  i^iyable  by  way  of  i*ompensi»tic»n  by  the  owner  of  a  ship  under 
II  11  be  |)flld  In  full  notwithstanding  anythinjr  In  section  live  hundred 

at,,,  ..  •   ti>"  \*.Ti-hant  Shipping  Act,  ISIH   (which  relates  to  the  liniilatlon 

of  a  s  illly  in  c^Tliiln  cases  of  loss  of  life.  Injury,  or  daainKe), 

but  tit*  '  the  owner's  lliibillty  Imposed  by  that  section  shall  npplf 

<9  cAc  mmotutt  rvoorerabte  hy  way  of  indemnity  under  the  eeclVotv  ol  >ia\»  ft'iV 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU    OF  LABOR. 


rrlatinc  lo  remcHlioK  horU  aKAii^st  eiuployi^t'  atid  sti*aii};er  n8  If  the  iDdemnI 
wn»  «1nrnng«*  fur  low*  of  life  or  p4*rnonnI  Injury: 

if/t  .SubHtH.tk'DK  (2)  and  i3)  of  siftlou  oue  hundri*d  and  scveuty-four  of  tbe 
Werduiut  8hlppinE  Act.  IStM  (which  relntefl  to  the  recovery  of  wages  of  seaujeu 
loHt  with  their  ship),  ahalt  apjdy  as  resiterts  proreodingB  for  the  rei^wverj-  of 
oom(MMiRatiori  by  dopoiideuts  of  masters,  Beaineu,  and  apprentices  lost  with  their 
ship  a»  they  apply  with  res^iet't  to  proceetllugs  for  the  recovery  of  wages  due 
to  seamen  and  apprentices:  and  proceedings  for  the  recovery  of  comfiensatlon 
Ktmll  In  such  a  case  he  nmiiuaiiiahle  if  the  claim  I»  made  within  elghttvn  mourha 
of  the  date  at  which  the  ship  Is  deemed  to  have  been  loHt  with  all  handa: 

(2)  This  act  shall  not  apply  to  such  members  of  the  crew  of  a  fishing  vessel 
as  ore  remunerated  by  shares  In  the  profits  or  the  gross  earnings  of  tbe  working 
of  such  vessel, 

(3)  This  section  shall  extend  to  plloti^  to  whom  Part  X.  of  the  Merchant 
Shipping  Act.  1S94,  applies,  an  If  a  pilot  when  employed  ou  any  such  ship  hs 
aforesaid  were  a  seaman  and  a  member  of  the  crew. 

8.— (1)   Where— 

{{)  the  certifying  surgeon  apr>olnted  under  the  Factorj*  and  Workahop  Act, 
IW)!,  for  the  district  In  which  a  workman  la  empIoye<l  certifies  that  the  work- 
man 1h  Hufferlng  from  a  disease  mentioned  In  the  third  schedule  to  this  act  and 
Is  thereby  disabled  from  earulug  full  wages  at  the  work  at  which  he  was 
employed ;  or 

ni)  a  workman  Is,  In  pursuance  i)f  any  special  rules  or  regulations  made 
under  the  Factory  and  Workshop  Act.  IHOI,  suspendetl  from  his  usual  employ- 
ment ou  account  of  having  contracted  any  such  dlsenRe:  or 

(III)  the  death  of  a  workman  Is  caiisetl  by  any  nuch  disease: 
and  the  dt»<ease  is  due  to  the  nature  of  any  employment  iu  which  the  workman 
was  em|tloyed  at  any  time  within  the  twelve  months  previous  to  the  date  of  the 
dlHalilement  or  susitension,  whether  under  one  or  more  emi»Ioyers,  he  or  biB 
de(H>udenis  shall  be  entltletl  to  compensation  under  this  act  as  if  the  disease  or 
such  suHittMisiou  as  aforesaid  were  a  pernnnal  Injury  by  accident  ii rising  out  of 
and  iu  the  course  of  that  employment,  subject  to  the  following  niodinrutlona: — 

iu)  The  disablement  ur  susin^'usioii  shall  be  treated  as  the  hap)H*ning  of  the 
Bireldent ; 

ibi  If  It  is  proved  that  the  workman  1ms  at  tlie  time  of  entering  the  employ- 
ment willfully  and  falsely  repreeenteil  himself  in  writing  as  not  having  previ- 
ously suffered  from  the  disease,  compensation  shall  not  be  payabk>; 

(c)  The  com|>euHj»tion  shall  be  recoverable  from  the  employer  who  last 
employed  the  workman  during  the  said  twelve  months  In  the  cmiployment  to  the 
nature  of  whlrh  the  diseaM*  was  due:  , 

Provided  that— 

(!)  the  workman  or  his  dependents  If  so  requlreil  shall  furnish  that 
emitloyer  with  such  Inforniatluu  as  to  the  names  and  addresses  uf  all  other 
employf-rs  who  emplojeil  him  in  the  employment  during  the  «ild  twelve  months 
ns  be  or  they  may  possess,  and,  if  such  Informalliui  Is  not  furnlshtil.  or  Is  not 
sufllclent  to  enable  that  empl(»yer  to  lake  protxH-'diugs  under  the  ni'xt  follow  lug 
proviso,  that  employer  uikju  proving  tliat  the  disease  was  not  foutrurtwl  whilst 
the  workman  was  in  his  <»mployment  shall  not  be  liablo  to  pay  com|>ensailMu; 
and 

(il)  If  tbat  employer  alleges  that  tlie  disease  was  In  fact  contractc*!  whilst 
the  workman  was  in  the  i'm|»loyment  of  some  other  employer,  and  not  whilst  In 
his  employment,  he  may  join  such  other  employer  as  a  imrty  to  tbe  arbltrullou, 
and  if  the  allegation  is  proved  that  other  employer  shall  he  the  employer  from 
whom  tbo  oomi)ensatlon  Is  to  be  recovpmble;  and 

(III)  if  the  disease  Is  of  such  a  nature  as  to  he  coulrucle*!  i)y  a  gradual  pi*i>c- 
ese,  any  other  ru]|)Inyf»rH  who  during  the  said  twelv*'  months  cniployi-d  thw 
workman  In  tlu*  emiiloyment  to  the  nature  of  wliich  the  disease  was  duo  shall 
be  liable  to  uiuke  the  employer  from  whom  comitcnsatlon  Is  rectivrntble  such 
contributions  as.  In  default  of  agreement,  may  be  detern)iiK*d  in  tbe  arbitration 
nnder  this  net  for  settling  tbe  nniount  of  the  i'onii»enNUIon : 

i*l)  Tb»'  amount  of  the  comr»en8ation  ahnll  Ih^  calculated  with  reference  to 
the  tiimlngs  of  the  workman  tmder  the  employer  from  whom  the  ctJtnpwisatlon 
Is  re».'ov<'nible; 

(r)   The  employer  to  whom  notlt^  of  the  dnath,  diwiblpment,  or  susi»enslon  Is 
to  be  given  shall  be  thi*  rmployer  who  last  tMii|>Ioywl  the  workman  during  the 
|Mild  twelve  uumths  In  tlie  employment  to  tbe  nature  of  wtilch  »h«»  dlHcnse  wns 
and  Ihc  *    '      '  uiv  he  given  notwithstanding  that  the  workman  has  vol- 
r'!r  '    *  uieiit. 


BRITISH    WORK] 


►ENSATION    ACT   OP    U 


(/)  If  au  fiiu>loyer  or  ii  workuum  Ib  it^grieviHl  by  the  iiclioii  of  n  t-prtifylng  or 
othec  »urg«H>ii  In  giving  or  refusing  to  give  u  (■ertlfloate  of  disableiuent  or  in  biib- 
I>«n<Ung  or  refusing  tcp  HUB[>entl  a  worJinuiu  for  the  pnrjiows  of  this  seotlon,  the 
XuHtter  ?-lialI  In  aifordance  with  regulaliouH  uiude  by  the  fctetTotiiry  of  state  be 
referred  to  a  uietlical  referet*,  whoi*e  deelsion  shall  be  final. 

(2)  If  Ibfr-  workman  m  or  iuinuMiiaifly  before  the  date  of  the  dlftablement  or 
pu6>i*ension  was  fniployed  In  any  i)rweKs  mentioned  In  the  second  column  of  the 
third  »t'bediile  of  this  act,  and  the  disease  coutracteii  in  the  di8ease  In  the  Unst 
column  of  tliat  8clip<inle  set  0|)i>oslto  tlie  destTlptlon  of  the  process,  the  disease, 
except  wlicre  the  ccrtifylug  surgeon  certilies  that  in  his  o[)lnlou  the  disease  wna 
not  due  to  the  nature  of  the  employuient,  shall  be  deemed  to  have  been  due  to 
the  itature  of  that  employment,  uniesM  the  employer  proves  the  contrary. 

(3)  The  secretary  of  state  may  make  rnlos  regulating  the  duties  and  fees  of 
certifying  and  <ither  surgwjus   (Including  dentists)   under  this  section. 

(4)  For  the  pnr]x>ses  of  this  se<'tlon  the  date  of  dlsiiblemcnt  nball  be  such 
date  as  the  certifying  surgwm  certlties  as  the  date  on  which  the  disablement 
commenced,  or,  if  he  is  unable  to  certify  such  a  date,  the  date  on  which  tho 
cvrttlicate  Is  given  : 

I*    Provided  that— 

f  (o)  Where  the  nietlloal  refertM?  allows  an  appeal  against  a  refusal  by  a  certi- 
fying siirge<m  to  give  a  certiticnte  of  dl^iblenient.  the  date  of  disablement  Bball 
be  Btich  ilflte  as  the  medical  referee*  tnay  determine: 

grifr^  Where  a  workman  Jles  without  having  obtained  a  certlflcate  of  dlsable- 
■Klt,  or  Is  at  the  time  of  death  not  In  re<.'eipt  of  a  weekly  payment  on  ao-ount 
■W  disablement.  It  aliall  Ik*  the  dale  of  death. 

(5)  lu  such  cases,  and  subjwt  to  such  cnndltiona  as  the  set^-retary  of  state 
may  din-ct.  a  medical  practitioner  appointed  bj*  the  secretary  of  state  for  the 
puri>"w?  shall  have  the  |>ower8  and  duties  of  a  certifying  surgeon  under  this 
aectlou,  and  this  section  shall  be  construed  accordingly. 

<6)  The  secretary  of  state  may  make  orders  for  extending  the  prttvislons  of 
thin  swtlon  to  otiier  diseases  and  other  pnx*es»es.  and  to  injuries  due  to  the 
nature  of  any  employment  8pe<*itied  In  tlie  order  not  Iteing  InJurleB  by  accident, 
either  without  modilicattoti  or  subject  to  such  m»>dUicatIon8  as  may  be  (.-ouralueil 
in  the  order. 

(7)  Where,  after  Inquiry  held  on  tlie  aj)pllration  of  any  employers  or  work- 
men engaged  lu  any  Industry  to  which  this  section  applies,  it  ap|K»arB  that  a 
mutual  trade  insurance  comiumy  or  society  for  Insuring  against  the  risks  under 
this  section  has  been  established  for  the  industry,  and  that  a  majority  of  tho 
employers  engapcM  Id  tliat  IndiiKtrj*  are  Insunnl  against  such  risiis  In  the  e«tm- 
jmny  or  society  and  that  the  company  or  society  consents,  the  secretary  of  state 
may,  by  )»rovisloual  order.  re<|ulre  all  employers  in  that  Industry  to  Insure  In 
the  comjMiny  or  sfjclety  ni>on  such  terms  and  under  such  cvmditions  and  sui)Jpct 
to  such  excepti<»ns  as  may  be  set  forth  in  the  order.  Where  such  a  coni|«iny  or 
fsociety  bus  been  established,  hut  Is  contiued  to  employers  lu  any  particular 
locailiiy  or  of  any  particular  class,  the  secretary  of  slate  may  for  the  purposes 
of  this  provision  treat  the  Industry,  as  carrM  on  by  employers  In  that  locality 
or  of  that  class,  as  a  separate  industry. 

(8)  A  provisional  order  made  under  this  se«n(on  shall  be  of  no  fnrc<"  wliat- 
erer  unless  and  until  it  Is  i^mlirmiHl  by  Parliament,  and  if,  while  the  bill  con- 
flmtlng  any  such  order  is  [leudlug  In  either  House  of  Parliament,  a  petition  is 
presentetl  ngfilnst  the  order,  the  bill  may  be  referred  to  a  seltK»r  commlttoe.  and 
the  petitioner  shaU  be  allowed  to  appear  unci  opitose  as  In  the  case  of  private 
bills,  and  any  act  coutlrming  any  provlsbainl  order  under  this  section  nr.^y  b** 
rettealed.  altered,  or  amended  by  a  provisionai  order  made  and  ctmfirmcd  in  like 
manner. 

(0)  Any  GXi>enses  Incurred  by  the  secretary  of  state  lu  respect  of  any  sucli 
order,  provisional  order,  or  conOrmlng  bill  shall  be  defrayed  out  of  moneys  prf»- 
vldeil  by  Parliament. 

(1*M   Noililiig  in  this  swtion  shall  affect  the  rights  of  a  workman  to  recover 
,  ComtM'nsatlon  In  rf'Site^-f  of  a  dlscai^e  to  which  this  sectbtn  does  not  apply,  if  the 
diiteast*  is  a  jK'rwinal  hijury  by  accident  within  the  meaning  of  this  act, 

1», —  (1)  ThlH  act  Hhall  not  apply  to  i»er»on«  in  the  naval  or  military  service  of 

llu»  Cr<.iwn,  but  otboi*wlse  shall   apply  to  workmen  empioyeil  by  or  under  the 

'  Crown  itt  whom  this  act  w<'uld  apply  If  the  entplitycr  were  it  private  |>ersoii : 

I      Provided  timt  In  the  caw  of  a  iM'iwm  empIoytMl  in  tlie  jirlvate  service  of  the 

Oowu,  the  head  of  that  ile|iai-lnicnt  of  tbe  royal  housrhuld  In  which  he  was 

I  ^mployed  nt  the  time  of  the  accident  shall  be  deemed  to  be  hlH  v^\iivVjis*?t, 


150 


BULLETIN    OF  THE    BUREAU  OF  LABOR. 


(2)  Tlie  treflsury  luuy.  by  wftrrnut  laid  befuiv  Parllaiuent,  modify  for  the 
ptiriK)8«fa  of  this  net  tholr  narr/itit  niado  undor  Hwrtlon  om>  of  the  Sup*^rnnnim- 
llou  Act.  1S87,  and  notwltbatandlog  aiiytliiuK  in  that  act,  or  any  nueU  wtirruat, 
may  fruni*?  i*cht')iH*8  wllb  a  view  to  their  being  certified  hy  the  replatrar  of 
frlendlj  societies  under  this  art. 

10. —  (I)  The  secretary  of  state  may  ui>i>uiut  such  legally  qualiHod  medical 
practitioners  to  be  medical  referees  for  the  purv»oste8  of  this  act  as  he  may, 
with  Uie  sanction  of  the  treasury,  determine,  ajid  tbe  remuneration  of,  and  other 
oxiieuBes  Incurred  by,  nitMllcai  reforoes  uuder  this  act  Bfaall,  subject  to  ro^ila- 
tlons  made  by  the  treasury,  be  paid  out  of  mtmeys  provided  by  Furliameut, 

Where  a  m«^ical  referee  has  been  employed  as  a  medical  practitioner  in 
connection  with  any  case  by  or  on  bebalf  of  an  erapitiyer  or  workman  or  by 
any  Insurers  intereHteil.  be  sbnlt  not  act  as  medical  referee  In  that  case. 

(2)  The  remunenition  of  an  arbitrator  apiwiuted  by  a  judge  of  county  courts 
under  the  s^H-ond  m'hetlule  to  tins  act  shall  be  juiid  out  of  moneys  provided  by 
Parliament  lu  accordance  with  regulations  made  by  the  treasury. 

11. — 1.1)  If  It  is  alleged  that  the  owners  of  any  ship  are  liable  as  such 
owners  to  pay  comiMinsation  under  this  act,  and  at  any  time  that  ship  Is  found 
lu  any  port  or  river  of  England  or  Ireland,  or  within  three  miles  of  tbe  ci»ast 
there*if.  a  Judge  of  any  court  of  record  in  Rngland  or  Ireland  may,  uiM»n  lis 
being  shown  to  him  l)y  any  perwm  iipplying  in  accordance  with  tbe  rules  of  the 
court  tbat  the  owners  are  probiibly  liable  as  such  to  i»i».v  such  compenwition, 
and  that  none  of  the  owners  reside  In  the  I'nited  Khi^'dom,  Issue  an  order 
directed  to  any  ofllcer  of  cuMtums  or  other  othcer  named  by  the  judge  requlrbig 
him  to  detain  the  ship  until  such  time  as  tbe  owners,  a^eiit,  masLer,  or  con- 
signee thereof  have  paid  such  compensation,  or  have  given  security,  to  he  np- 
prov^.'d  by  the  Judge,  to  abide  the  event  of  any  proceeiliugM  that  may  be  lusU- 
ttited  to  recover  stich  compensation  and  to  pay  such  compensation  and  costs  as 
may  l>e  nwarde<l  tbereon  :  and  any  officer  of  customs  i^r  otber  officer  to  wbom 
the  order  Is  directed  shall  detain  the  ship  accordingly. 

(2)  In  any  legal  prix-ce^ling  to  rec«>ver  such  couurtmsjitiou,  the  person  giving 
security  sball  be  made  defendant,  and  the  production  of  the  order  of  the  Judge, 
made  In  relation  to  the  security,  sball  he  conclusive  evidence  of  the  liability  of 
the  defendant  to  the  proceiHllng. 

(3)  Section  six  hundred  and  ninety-two  of  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1S04, 
shall  apply  to  the  detention  of  a  ship  under  this  act  as  it  applies  to  the  deten- 
tion of  a  ship  under  that  net.  and,  if  the  owner  of  a  ship  is  a  <'or|N)rution,  It 
shall  for  the  piirpos«»8  of  this  scn-tion  be  dwuKsl  tn  rpHide  In  tlie  Tnlted  Kingdom 
if  It  has  an  otfice  In  the  United  Kingdom  at  which  service  of  writs  can  be 
effected. 

12. —  U)  Every  employer  In  any  Industry  to  which  the  secretary  of  state 
may  direct  that  this  section  «hnil  apply  shall,  on  or  before  such  day  lu  every 
year  ns  the  secretary  of  state  may  direct,  send  to  the  secretary  of  state  a  cor- 
rect return  fijiefifylnp  the  number  of  Injuries  in  respect  of  wliich  cump^Misatlon 
has  been  paid  l>y  blm  under  this  act  during  the  previous  year,  nnd  tbe  amount 
of  such  comiK-nsation.  together  with  such  otber  imrtlcuUirs  as  to  tbe  compensa- 
tion as  the  secretary  uf  Klatc  may  din»ct,  and  lu  default  of  cnnix>iyiny  with  this 
section  shall  be  liable  on  conviction  under  tbe  .Summary  Jurisdlctlou  Acts  to  a 
thie  not  ejteixHlhig  five  iMiunda  I$"JI^'l'Jl- 

{'2)  Any  rcguliitlona  made  by  the  secretary  of  slate  containing  such  direc- 
tions us  aforesaid  sball  be  laid  before  both  Houses  of  PnrliameDt  as  soon  fie 
may  be  after  they  are  made. 

13.  In  this  set.  unless  Ibo  context  r>tbrnrls<!  requires, — 

"Employer"  lnclud»*s  any  lM»dy  of  ifersons  corix>rate  or  milncorporale  and 
tbo  le^al  [wrsoniil  repre**fiifallve  of  a  dw-cnswl  employer,  and,  where  the  serv- 
ices of  a  workman  /in-  i«Mnptinirl!y  lent  or  let  on  hire  lo  nnotbi-r  person  by  the 
perH(»u  with  whom  tbe  workman  ban  entered  Into  a  contract  of  s»*rvlre  f*T  ap* 
prenlbN'shtp,  tbi*  biiter  shall,  for  tbe  puriMtses  i>f  Ibis  n<'t,  be  tbi-nHil  lo  con- 
tinue to  be  the  employer  of  the  workman  whilst  be  is  working  for  that  other 
person  ; 

••  Workman  *'  does  not  Include  any  person  employed  otherwiw?  tban  by  way  of 
nininml  labor  whose  remuiierullon  exceeds  two  hundred  and  flfty  J)oundft 
|S1  JUVOMI  fl  x'esr  or  a  iterwiu  wboso  employment  Is  of  n  i'iihuiiI  nature  and 
w'  I       hiTwiw  than  for   the  purposes  of  thi'  "r 

b  T  of  H  ptiUce  fonv,  or  an  outworker. 

etiiin-'^tr^    i.iniiiv    tiwelUng  lu   hlfl  bonne,   but.  save  as  »i....^i.iM,   .1,.^....-  ....y 
person  wbo  has  entered  Into  or  works  mjder  a  itiutracl  of  sorvlce  or  appreullee- 


BRITISH    WORKMEN  B   COMPENSATION    ACT   OF    1906. 


151 


Bhip  with  an  employer,  whether  hy  way  of  manual  lahor,  clerical  work,  or  other- 
wise, and  whether  the  contract  Ih  eapresswl  or  lujpHetU  [h  oral  or  in  writing; 

Any  reference  to  a  workman  who  has  been  Injurt^^  nhnll.  where  the  workman 
IH  dead,  Include  a  reference  to  hiH  legal  jiersonal  repriHueutatlvc  or  to  hlR  de- 
pendents or  other  peruoD  to  whom  or  for  whose  benefit  compensation  is  pay- 
able; 

*•  r>e|»endent8  "  means  such  of  the  members  of  the  workman'a  family  as  were 
wholly  or  la  purl  dependent  upon  the  earnings  of  the  workman  at  the  time  of 
lus  detith,  or  would  but  for  the  lucaimclly  due  to  the  accident  have  been  ao 
dependent,  and  where  the  workman,  lH»lns  the  jmrent  or  piand  jmrent  of  an 
Ulenritiniutc  child.  leuA'es  such  a  child  bo  dependent  up<^tn  his  camlnga.  or.  being 
an  ItlefTltimate  child,  leaves  a  |)arent  or  ^crand  parent  fio  dependent  u()ou  hla 
earningH  shall  Include  such  an  ille^tlmate  child  and  parent  or  fO'and  i>arent 
resitectlvely; 

"  Member  of  a  family  "  means  wife  or  hustmnd,  father,  mother,  grandfather, 
KDtndmother,  9te[»-father,  steiJ-mother,  son,  daiif^hter.  f^randson,  grayddaufi^hter, 
Bepsou,  step-duuuhter.  bmther,  sister,  hulf-brother,  half-HlBter; 
^  "Ship,"  "  veswfl,"  "  »*.'nmau,"  and  "port"  have  the  same  mennin^H  as  In  the 
Mefrbftut  .ShlppiuB  Act,  ISiH; 

"  MnnaRcr,"  in  relation  to  a  ship,  means  the  chip's  huslmnd  or  other  person 

to  whom  the  oninagement  of  the  ship  la  intrusted  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  owner; 

"  I'olk-e  force"  means*  a  police  force  to  which  the  Tolice  Act,  1890,   or  the 

Police  (Scotland)  Act.  18iH),  applies,  the  City  of  London  Police  Force,  the  Royal 

Irish  ConBtabulary.  and  tlie  Dublin  Metropolitan  Police  Force; 

"Outworker"  mcanH  n  person  to  whom  articles  or  mnterlnls  are  Riven  out  to 
be  made  U|»,  olwiiuii.  wrtsluHl,  alterwl,  ornameutetl.  tlnlahed.  or  repaired,  or 
^djipted  for  wile,  In  his  own  home  or  on  other  premises  not  under  the  control  or 
■Uiniir;ement  of  the  i>er»in  who  gave  out  the  materials  or  articles; 
»  The  exercise  and  i)erformance  of  the  jMiwers  and  duties  of  a  Imuil  or  other 
public  authority  shall,  for  the  purposes  of  this  act,  be  treated  as  the  trade  or 
business  of  the  aullmrity; 

"  County  court,"  "  judRc  of  the  county  court,"  "  registrar  of  the  county  court," 
"  plaintiff,"    and    **  rules    of   fx»urt,"    as    respects    Scotland,    mean    respectively 
^lerlff  court.  sherlfT.  sheriff  clerk,  pursuer,  and  net  of  H<Hlerunt. 
P^34,  In  Scotlaud,  where  a  workman  raises  an  action  against  his  employer  Inde- 
"pendently  of  this  act  In  re8i>eet  of  any  injury  cauaeil  by  accident  arising  out 
of  and   In  the  course  of  the  employment,  the  action,   if  raised   In  the  sherllT 
court  and  concluding  for  damages  under  the  Kmployera*   IJablllty  Act,   1880, 
or  iillcrnntively  nt  common  law  or  under  the  Kmployprs'  IJabitity  Act,  1S-S<I.  shall, 
notwHIiRtandlng  anything  coutnlritMl  In  that  n**t,  not  be  removed  under  that  act 
or  oUierwlse  to  the  court  of  session,  nor  shall  it  he  ap|)ealed  to  that  court  other- 
wise than  by  appeal  on  a  question  of  law;  and  for  the  pur(K>s<'8  of  such  appeal 
the  provisions  of  the  8e<!ond  siMieilnle  to  this  act  In  regard  to  an  appeal  from 
the  decision  of  tlio  sheriff  on  any  question  of  law  deterudued  by  him  us  arbi- 
trator under  this  act  shall  aitply. 

15. —  O)  Any  contract  (i>t)i<T  than  a  contract  substituting  the  i)rovlsion8  of  a 
scheme  certlflwl  under  the  Workmen's  ComiKMiwition  Act,  181)7,  for  the  pro- 
visions of  tluit  act)  existing  at  the  conimeneement  of  this  net,  whereby  a  work- 
man rellntpilshi'S  any  right  to  comi»enrtation  from  the  employer  for  personal 
Injury  arising  out  of  and  In  the  course  of  his  employment,  shall  not,  for  the 
pyfposes  of  this  act.  be  deemed  to  continue  after  the  time  nt  which  the  work- 
man's contract  of  service  would  determine  If  notice  of  the  detcmilnatton  tliereof 
were  given  at  the  commencement  of  this  act 

(2)   Kvery  sclieme  under  the  Workmen's  Com i>ensui lion  Act,  1897,  in  force  at 
the  commencement  of  this  act  shall,  if  reeertilied  t)y  the  registrar  of  friendly 
^tecletle-s,  have  effe<'t  as  If  If  were  a  scheme  under  this  act- 

■  t.'il   The    registrar   sluill    rtvertlfy  uuy  Huch    R-hcme  If    It  Is  proved    to    his 
fctlsfaction  that  the  scbeme  c^mforms,  or  baa  been  so  modified  as  to  conform, 
with  the  provisions  of  this  act  as  to  schemes. 

(41  If  any  such  scheme  has  not  be<^u  so  reeertlfled  before  the  expiration  of 
^x  months  from  the  eommenecment  of  this  act,  the  certincate  thereof  shall  be 
revakwi. 

IH.  —  I  I)  Tliiw  art  tihall  come  Into  oiMTtttlon  on  the  first  day  of  July,  nineteen 
hundr*Ml  and  seven,  but.  except  so  far  as  It  relates  lo  references  to  medical 
rer#T«H*s.  and  prcK-eeillnjrs  crait^'cpientinl  thereon,  shall  not  apply  In  any  case 
whore  the  awlileni  h«[»penwl  bcftire  the  commencement  ot  tids  act. 


148 


HULLVnir    OF  THB  BUEBAU  OF  LABOR. 


i*i>liirint(  to  r^-fDMikMi  both  ajilMf  mmploser  and  stniuieer  as  If  the  tmleiutilty 
wen-  (Inninao  for  kMi  c€  tUb  or  patwoal  Injury : 

^ff  w..i....^i,^Bfl  (2)  aitd  (8)  or  aertloa  <me  hundred  and  •erentr-f'^ur  of  the 
%|4'r  :'pln|f  Art.  1HM  (which  rrlatfla  to  tb<>  recovery  of  irage«  of  iseiiiiipii 

Umi  r  «lil(  t.  dial!  apfrlj  m»  res|iects  |iri»cw?ding»  for  the  recovery  of 

<'#>m|MfiMiii>ifi  '  !•«!•  of  BHat«r«,  acamen.  and  apprenticca  loat  with  thetr 

■lilp  a»  tlj^y  '•  i*  mitcrt  to  proc«edlKisa  for  xht*  recovery  of  m'agi'a  due 

to  aaami  ami  ttppriOiUas;  awl  procccdlnrv  for  the  nocovery  of  oompeuButlou 
ahall  la  such  a  caae  he  oialntaliialile  If  Uie  rUlm  is  made  wlthfo  elKhtctni  uoutha 
of  the  date  at  which  the  ablp  la  dMsncd  to  have  beeo  loat  with  all  lutods: 

(2)  Thia  act  aball  not  apply  to  oodi  mca^bija  of  the  crew  uf  a  flublug  veMel 
aa  are  retnan^rated  by  share*  la  the  proOta  or  tlie  groaa  earulnKs  of  the  working 
of  Nuch  vpnael. 

(rt)  'I'hlii  HM'tiou  ahall  extind  to  plkAa  to  whom  Part  X.  of  the  Merolmiil 
Slilppin^r  Act.  IfVH.  apjillett.  as  If  a  pilot  when  employed  on  any  Huch  ^Ip  us 
Afor<»Mild  wpre  a  s««oiaa  and  a  member  of  the  crew. 

8.— (1)    Where— 

<l)  the  rertlfylni;  aunceoti  apt^olnted  und«^  the  Kaetory  ami  Workshop  Act, 
11*01,  for  the  dli*trU*t  In  whWh  a   >       '  .      i     w*i  oMtifles  that  the  work- 

riiuti  In  HurrrriiiK  frt*m  a  dlHentie  i  nl  nhediile  ta  thl9  net  and 

U  then»by  disabled  from  eiimiutf  iwn  miK*-:^  ni  ihe  work  at  wbieh  he  was 
employwl ;  or 

(II)  n  workman  Ih.  In  punnunuee  of  any  apec-lnl  nilea  or  regiilatlonti  made 
under  the  Knrtory  and  Workshop  Act.  31MI1.  susfWDded  from  bin  naual  employ- 
ment uu  uceouut  of  liAvluK  contracted  any  auch  diseuiKN  or 

UU)  the  death  of  a  workman  1*«  canstHl  by  nuy  imch  disease: 
and  the  disease  Ih  due  to  the  nafuiv  of  any  entployment  In  whioh  the  workmun 
wnrt  emiiloyetl  at  any  time  witliln  the  twelve  mouthfc  pn-rtou5  to  the  ditte  of  the 
dlMihleriient  or  iinapennlon,  whether  under  one  or  n»or»'  einployerM,  he  or  his 
defM'niletilK  Hhnll  be  eiitllliNl  to  coiuiH^nwitlon  under  thlH  net  bh  (f  the  tllsense  or 
KiK-h  i^itHiK'nHlon  JIB  uforeHiiUI  were  n  iterHdiinl  Injury  by  ntvldent  iivlsln^  out  of 
and  In  the  cuurite  of  that  employiueut.  subje^-t  to  the  fullowing  uioilliU'iilIuuM: — 

itt)  The  dlsehlcment  or  atn^ienslon  shall  Im*  tre«te<I  ns  the  hnp[»enlne  of  tho 
seeldent : 

1f>)  If  It  In  proveil  that  the  worknmn  bar*  nl  the  ttuie  of  fmlerluf;  the  eniptoy- 
ment  wMlfnlly  and  fnl»ely  reprem»nte<l  himwif  In  writing  ah  not  having  prevl- 
oualy  HiifTeriHl  from  the  dlntMiae,  (Y*m|HMi!*atlon  Mini)  uv\  be  iwyiible; 

(r)  The  I'lmipeuMatlon  Bhull  Ite  re<.*'vorubIe  from  tin*  t^niployer  who  Inst 
employed  the  wurknifin  during  the  smld  twelve  months  In  the  employment  to  the 
nnttire  of  which  the  dlmyi*M'  whh  due: 

l'ro\id«'d  thnt-- 

(1)  the  worknmn  or  h)t<  de)tendeiitfl  If  so  re<)uii*etl  filmll  furnish  that 
empioyi'i*  with  niirh  lufornn)ti<iu  mh  to  the  nnmea  and  nddreflHe.s  of  nil  other 
employers  who  emiilnyi**!  Him  In  the  employment  durlnie  the  Mild  twelve  luoiitha 
IIP  be  or  they  nmy  |M>8Hess.  iind.  If  such  luforumtlon  Im  not  furnished,  or  Is  not 
Huintient  to  unable  that  employer  to  take  proi'eetUnfrH  under  the  next  following 
provlNii.  tbjit  eniplitycr  niton  proving  thnt  the  dlseam*  whh  not  contrnetM  wbtltii 
the  workman  wrh  In  his  employment  shall  not  lie  liable  to  pny  iHimponsatlcn; 
and 

(II)  If  Tbnt  employer  iilleceK  that  the  dlwiise  whs  Iu  fnet  t'<mtmeted  whilst 
the  worUmiiu  wjih  In  the  rniploymeut  «»r  sa^mie  other  euipb»yer,  mid  not  wbliKi  In 
bl^  employment,  he  mny  Join  Hucb  otht-r  omidoyer  an  o  party  to  the  arbitration, 
ami  If  tlie  nllegiillon  Ix  proved  tbrtt  ttther  em|itoyer  shall  be  the  emrtoycr  fron 
whom  rhe  comtHmtiiitlon  It*  to  be  ri*<.^»veruble;  and 

(III)  If  the  disenw?  \»  of  anch  n  nature  as  to  Im»  eoutnicted  by  a  jcradual  pr»>e- 
[vss,  any  oiher  employei-s  who  dnring  tlu*  «nid  twelve  inonthn  ontploywl  the 
'workman  In  the  employment  t«t  the  nature  of  wblth  'be  dls4'aM'  n  Imll 
iltM'  liable  to  nnike  the  employer  from   whom  eoniponsatlon  Is   re**--  i-h 

contributions!  as.  hi  drfniilr  itt  aCT'<vment,  may  be  deterniliuHl  In  Ih.  w  xmi-tloik 
under  Ihirt  art  fnr  Hettlluc  tlit-  anionni  of  the  i-ompenwitlon ; 

id)  The  nmount  r»f  the  (.'omiieuHittlon  shall  be  caleulnteil  with  refereucv  to 
he  fiinilnKH  of  the  workman  nndpr  the  employer  from  whoro  the  comiNmaalltin 
In  ro<'itviTnMc»; 

/r)    Thn  *'jn;doyer  In  whom  liotb-e  of  the  deiH '  Is 

/m*  ffivt»fi  Mfml)  /if*  tUf  erwpf"yHr  who  last  eni\  uo 

/n  /he  \'\'  it  to  tin*  nuuxir  ^^\  Aa 

may  b#»  .  wltb8trt\u\U\\:  ^U^^'  "^^"^ 


BRITISH    WORKMEN  S  COMPESa\TION    ACT   OF   1906. 


149 


ilhis 


If  Hu  euipU»yer  or  a  workwau  is  asKCifv^l  by  tbo  Hction  of  u  certifying  or 

surg<vn  In  giving  or  refuwing  to  give  a  rertitioate  of  dlnableuent  or  iu  sus- 

or  refusLug  to  nuts[Kiud  a  workman  for  the  purjwses  of  tliie  section,  tho 

fetter  shall  in  nooordftuce  with  regulatious  uinde  hy  the  secretary  of  8late  be 

CefTCd  fo  a  DKHliodI  rt^>feree.  wbo^t-  decision  8ba)I  l>e  tlniiK 

(2)  If  the  workman  ut  or  iuiHjf<liately  before  the  date  of  the  disablement  or 
MMipensloo  was  employed  iu  any  pnK'ess  mentioned  in  the  second  coluuui  of  the 
lUilrd  schedule  of  this  act,  and  the  diseas*'  (•ontrarted  is  the  dlaense  in  the  Brat 
Icoiiuun  of  that  (schedule  »et  op|M(site  the  dcsiTlptloii  of  the  jirocess,  the  disease, 
cxc«pt  where  the  certifying  t^urgeou  certifier  that  iu  his  opiniou  the  disease  was 

iBoC  doe  to  the  nature  of  the  employment,  8ball  be  deemed  to  Imve  been  due  tn 
[the  nutnre  of  that  employment,  unless  The  employer  proves  the  contrary. 

(3)  The  secretary  of  st«t«  may  make  rules  regulating  the  duties  and  fees  tif 
l^'Crrtifjlng  and  other  surgeons   (hicludlng  dentists)   under  this  section. 

(-1  ►  For  the  purjKpseK  of  this  se<"tion  the  date  of  disablement  shall  l»e  such 
tl.'ir..  :i>;  tbe  certifying  surgeon  certifies  us  the  date  ou  which  the  dlsublement 
•  >^1.  or.  If  he  is  unable  to  certify  such  a  date,  the  date  on  which  the 

«  "is  given : 

i'ro^ided  that — 

(a }  Where  tbe  medical  referee  allows  an  appeal  against  a  refusal  by  a  certl- 
tfiog:  surgeon  to  give  a  certificate  of  dis:»blenient,  the  date  of  disablement  shall 
be  such  date  as  the  mi>dicnl  refert*e  may  d(*termlne: 

(6)  Where  a  workman  dies  without  having  obtained  a  certificate  of  disnble- 
meckt.  or  is  at  the  time  of  death  not  In  rweipt  of  a  weekly  (tayment  on  account 
of  disablement,  it  shall  be  the  date  of  death. 

(5)  Iu  snch  cases,  and  SHbJe<.t  to  such  oi^nditions  as  the  secr<*tary  of  state 
may  direct,  a  medical  pnictltioner  appointed  by  the  secretary-  of  state  for  the 
porpose  shall  have  the  i>owers  and  duties  of  a  certifying  surgeon  under  this 
aecUcm,  and  this  section  shall  be  construe<l  aeooi-diugly. 

(6>  The  secretary  of  state  may  make  orders  for  extending  the  provisions  of 

Brctlon  to  other  diseases  and  other  prooesaea,  and  to  Injuri€»fl  due  to  the 

of  any  employment  8i)ecit^ed  in  tlie  order  not  being  injtiries  by  accident, 

sr  without  mciliacation  or  subject  to  such  modifications  as  may  be  contained 

ftp  order. 

<7)  Where,  after  Inquiry  held  on  the  application  of  any  employers  or  work- 
men eugaged  in  any  Industry  to  which  Ibis  section  applies,  it  iip|>ears  that  a 
mutual  trade  insurance  comimny  or  society  for  insuring  against  the  risks  under 
section  has  beeu  t»«tnbliHh«Hl  for  the  Industrj*,  and  that  a  majority  of  the 
»yerH  engaged  In  tluit  Industry  are  insured  against  such  risks  In  the  ctmi- 
or  society  and  that  the  comi»auy  or  society  consents,  the  secretary  of  state 
by  provisional  order,  rei|uire  all  employers  in  that  industry  to  Insure  Iu 
tbe  conjiwny  or  society  uiKm  such  terms  and  under  such  t'fiudltlanH  and  subject 
to  soch  exceptions  as  may  be  set  forth  iu  tlie  order-  Where  such  a  comiMiny  or 
•ociety  has  been  estal>lish*Hl,  but  la  confined  to  employers  In  any  partiriiiar 
locmUty  or  of  atiy  purticular  class,  the  secretary  of  state  may  for  the  purixMica 
ol  this  provision  treat  the  industry,  as  nirrled  on  by  employers  In  that  locality 
or  of  that  chiss,  as  a  separate  industry. 

iH)  A  provisional  order  made  under  this  section  shall  t>e  of  no  force  what- 
mtless  and  until  It  Is  conMrme<I  by  rarliament,  and  if,  while  the  Itlll  cou- 
ig  any  such  onler  Is  [MMiding  in  either  Hous«>  of  rarliament.  a  iH>titb>n  is 
it«l  against  the  order,  tho  hill  may  Im*  r<»ferred  to  a  selei't  committee,  and 
?Utiouer  sliall  be  alIow*»d  to  api>ear  and  opi»ose  as  In  the  case  of  private 
and  any  act  c<mtiruiing  any  provisional  urdcr  under  this  section  may  be 
lied,  altered,  or  amended  by  a  provisloiml  order  made  and  confirmed  in  like 
innor. 

[&f   Any  expenses  incurred  by  the  secretary  of  state  In  respect  of  any  such 
r,  |ymvlsioual  order,  or  confirming  bill  shall  be  defrayed  out  of  moneys  j>ro- 
hy  Parliament. 
1"  "p  In  this  section  shall  affect  tho  rights  nf  a  workman  to  recover 

in  resi»<s:t  of  a  dise»is<»  to  which  this  sei-tion  does  not  apply,  If  the 
iw  :i  [MTsonal  Injury  by  accident  within  the  meanlne  of  this  act. 
1>   This  a-t  ■vliall  not  apply  to  iH_'i*sons  in  the  naval  or  military  serviiv  of 
ii,.i.M    iMit   ,.)h.i-u!«..  «iinll  apply  to  worknieti  emiiloyed  by  or  under  the 
M  upi'ly  If  the  employer  were  a  private  person  : 
.'f  ji  |iersi>fi  einpIoye<i  in  tlie  prWa\e  *erv\w  ol  Vte 
'^  hrtid  .*/  tJuif  titjinrTtttt*ut  of  the  roval  house\v<»^(\  \u  n\V\o>\  \ie  ■^tv^ 
^f  fAe  tlwe  of  thr  uccuient  sh/iH  be  Oe'emwl  to  be  Ws  emvV>y*i'f' 


BXJLLETIN   OF  THB  BTTHBATT  OP  LABOB. 

(i;)  The  Workmen's  CompouBntlon  Acls,  18ft7  nnd  lOtK),  iire  lierchy  rcpi'niitl. 
but  Rlmll  (i)iitiniie  to  npply  to  oases  where  the  uccident  hji[»[)eDO(l  before  the 
roiniuenceiueut  of  tht8  act,  except  to  the  extent  to  which  this  act  appltes  to  tUoFe 
canes. 

17.  This  act  may  be  cited  a«  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  1900. 

First  HriiKOVLi:, 

SCALE    AXD    CONDITIONS   Of  COM  FENS  ATI  ON. 


(1)  The  amount  of  compensation  tinder  this  act  shall  be — 

(a)  where  death  reHuIts  from  the  Injury — 

(I)  If  the  workman  kiives  any  de|iendcuts  wholly  deiiendent  Ufjon  bis  eam- 
InffN,  :i  NiHu  i'<|tiiil  lo  hlH  earuin^K  In  the  omploymeiit  of  the  Hame  employer 
during  tho  three  yeurw  next  precetllUR  the  lujury,  or  the  mtni  of  ouv  hundrwl  and 
llfty  |iotnid«  llfTlSUkS).  whichev(»r  of  those  buiuh  Is  tho  Inrp:»r,  bn!  not  exonodlnR 
in  liny  ciiKf  three  hundrtMl  ponndR  ($l,4f>l».VK>],  provldwl  Ihnt  the  lunount  of  iiiiy 
wei'kly  jwymentM  uiado  nndiT  this  act,  and  any  lump  sum  iwld  iu  redemptiun 
thereof,  Hball  be  dtnliioted  fmm  sucb  Hum,  nod,  If  the  period  of  the  workman'n 
employment  by  the  wild  employer  has  he<?n  h»»B  than  the  said  thret*  years,  ihea 
the  amount  of  his  earnluKS  during  the  said  three  yeiirs  shall  be  deemwl  to  be 
one  binidred  and  flfty-slx  tImeH  hl»  average  weekly  eurnlnin*  durlni;  the  t»erliKl 
of  hlB  actual  euiploynient  under  Ihe  said  employer; 

(II)  If  the  workmau  does  not  leave  any  Huch  dei>endentB,  but  leaves  auy 
deiHMidents  In  pari  defrendent  utK^n  hla  earulnK'*.  such  sum,  not  exeeedtnff  In  nny 
vnn*!  the  amount  jxiyHble  under  the  foro»rolnjc  prnvlslonH,  hh  may  be  agreed  ii|Nin, 
or,  In  default  of  apre*Mnent,  may  be  determined,  on  nrbltnillon  under  this  act, 
to  be  i*i*aKonable  and  proi>or1i(inate  to  the  Injurj'  to  the  said  dependents;  nnd 

(III)  If  he  leaves  no  dependenls,  the  rennouable  exi»enH«<«  of  his  medical 
ttttondance  and  burlnl.  not  exeeedhiK  ten  ]H)undK  1|4S.<17| ; 

(b)  where  total  or  |>artial  inoaiwclty  for  work  results  from  the  Injury,  a 
weekly  imyment  durlnj?  the  lucnpaclty  not  exeeedluK  fifty  per  cent,  of  bis  aver- 
age weekly  onrnlngs  durhiK  the  (irevlous  twelve  months.  If  he  has  Imnmi  so  long 
eniptoynl,  but  If  not  then  for  any  less  tn^rlod  durluf;  which  he  has  been  In  the 
I'Uiph'ynient  of  the  same  employer,  such  weekly  payment  not  to  exceed  one 
p<iund  1$-I..S7| ; 

l»rnvkled  that— 

(a)  If  the  incapacity  lasts  loss  than  two  weeks  no  comircnsatlon  .ihiill  be  pay- 
able In  respect  of  the  first  week;  and 

{U)  iiR  re8i)ecrH  the  ww^kly  iMiymenta  during  total  Incaimclty  of  a  workman 
who  Is  under  twenty-one  year»  of  age  at  the  dote  of  the  Injur}',  nnd  whose 
average  wwkly  earnings  are  lenn  than  twenty  fthilllnKs  |?4.871,  one  hundri.*d  (ler 
<*eni  shall  be  substituted  for  fifty  \ier  cimt  of  hlH  avera»re  weekly  enmtnKS,  but 
the  w<>okIy  iiayment  nhall  In  no  rase  exeeed  ten  NhllHufSH  |$2.4I{). 

i'2)  For  the  pur|Mjm;»  of  the  prt>vIslou8  of  this  scheilnle  relatluR  lo  "eara- 
\UKH  "  nnd  "avernse  weekly  eanilugs  "  of  a  workman,  the  following  rules  shsll 
be  oliserved  : — 

(0)  avernKe  weekly  earnings  shall  be  rompute*!  In  snrh  manner  as  Is  b)>»t 
r«I<*ulated  to  give  the  rate  per  week  at  whi<-h  the  workman  was  being  reniuner* 
nteil.  Provided  that  where  hy  rei»K<tn  nt  the  shortnesH  of  the  time  during  which 
Ibe  workman  has  been  In  the  employment  of  bis  employer,  or  the  casuul  nntvire 
of  the  employment,  or  the  leriuH  of  the  employment,  It  Is  Impraclleuhle  at  the 
dulc  of  the  accident  to  compute  the  rnte  of  remuneration,  regard  may  be  bad  to 
Ihe  average  vriH'kly  amount  which,  during  the  twelve  monthH  prevloUB  lo  the 
aeeident,  w»m  being  earntMl  by  a  inmsou  In  the  wime  grade  employixl  at  Ihe  samo 
w<»rk  by  tlie  Hiiine  employer,  nr,  If  there  In  no  x»erson  fwt  omjiloyed,  by  a  ijerson 
In  the  same  gnide  employed  In  tbe  same  class  of  rmploymcttt  nnd  In  the  sam« 
distrlft; 

ih}  where  the  workman  bad  entered  Into  ijoneurreut  contracts  of  s^tvIco 
with  lw(t  or  more  employers  under  which  he  worked  at  one  rime  for  one  such 
employiT  and  al  another  lime  for  auother  such  euu>l*>yer.  his  average  w<»tikly 
••arniiigB  shtill  be  compuletl  as  If  his  earnings  under  nil  uncb  eontrncts  were 
#'aniJng<i  In  the  employment  of  the  employer  for  whom  he  wat*  wurklug  at  IhtJ 
r/Mf*  tjf  till'  »oi'Ut*}ut : 

€'istfjhiynn*nt  hy  tUr  wjunu  ernployt»r  shall  be  \aUei\  Iw  m^»t\  wavVs^uawnt. 
JMwo  ewpJajvr  tu  thtf  ;rm<ie  In  wUlcb  the  workman  vra»  wiuvVo^iA  w^  v\»« 


I 


BRITISH    workmen's  C0MPEN6AT10K  ACT  OF  1906.  158 

e  acoideut.  uuiuiemipleil  by  ubseuc'C  from  work  due  t*»  Illuesw  or  any 
b'olduble  oauHo; 

<rf>  where  tbe  employer  hns  been  accustomed  to  \*tiy  to  the  workmau  a  sum 

corer  any  »]>eclal  exj>ensei«  MitalNMl  ou  him  by  the  oature  of  his  emiiloyment, 
tlw  BUm  so  paid  shall  uot  be  reckoned  as  part  of  tbe  eumlogs. 

<3>  In  flxiug  tbe  auiouut  of  tbe  weekly  paymeul.  regard  shall  be  bad  to  auy 
jAymeut.  allowance,  or  benedt  which  the  wcrknuin  may  tceelve  fn^m  the  em- 
pkijer  doritip  thr  r»*^riod  of  his  incapacity,  and  In  the  cas*?  of  partial  lneai«clTy 
tte  VMkly  payment  shall  In  no  ca^e  exceed  the  diCTerence  betwH^eu  the  amount 
of  the  Bveni^e  weekly  earnings  of  tbe  wurkmau  before  the  accident  and  The 
average  weekly  ainoimt  whiob  he  Is  earning  or  Is  able  to  earn  In  some  ftnitahle 
employiueiit  or  business  after  tbe  aeeidentt  but  !*bjill  bear  such  relation  to  tiie 
•iDPOimt  of  that  difference  as*  under  the  circumstances  nf  the  case  may  api»ear 
irci|>«r. 

(4)  Where  a  workman  has  given  notice  of  an  necldent.  be  shall,  if  so  re- 
quired by  the  employer,  submit  htmseJf  for  examination  by  a  duly  qualified 
nwdlcal  i>mrTitii>uer  provided  and  |)uid  by  tbe  employer,  and,  If  he  refuses 
to  suhnilt  himself  to  tcuch  cxamluiitiou.  or  lu  iiuy  way  obHtructs  the  aame,  his 
risbt  to  compeotfutlou.  and  to  take  or  pn>8e<*iite  any  proceeding  under  this  act 
tti  relation  to  comt*eut<tatioo,  shall  be  suMi>ended  imtll  .such  examination  has 
taken  place. 

<ri|  The  payment  In  the  case  of  death  sbull,  unless  otherwise  ordered  as 
hpervlnufter  provided,  be  paid  Into  the  county  court,  and  any  sum  ko  i>ald  Into 
<xiurt  shall,  snbjivt  to  rules  of  court  and  the  jirovlsions  of  this  w^hedule,  be 
lave«ted.  applied,  or  otherwise  dealt  with  by  the  court  tu  such  manner  as  the 
txmrt  in  Its  dlswreiion  thinks  tit  for  the  benedt  uf  the  iK'rsous  entitled  thert-to 
cuder  this  act.  and  t)ie  recei]>t  of  the  registrar  uf  the  court  shall  be  n  sufficient 
discharge  In  respect  of  the  amount  paid  In : 

Provided  that,  if  so  agreed,  the  iwyment  hi  case  of  death  shall.  If  the  work- 
mao  leaves  no  dei^ndents.  be  made  tu  his  legal  jiersnnal  represi^ntativp,  or.  If 
he  hftfl  no  such  representative,  to  the  person  to  whom  tbe  ex(»eu»fes  of  medical 
atteudauoe  and  burial  are  due. 

(tf>  Kules  of  court  may  provide  for  the  transfer  of  money  paid  Into  court 
under  this  net  from  one  court  To  another,  whether  or  not  the  court  from  which 
tt  is  to  be  tmnsferrwl  is  In  tbe  same  part  of  the  Tnlted  Kingdom  as  tbe  ixmrt 
to  which  it  is  to  be  transferred. 

(7)  Where  a  weekly  jiaymeiit  Is  payable  under  this  act  to  a  jterson  under 
any  legal  disability,  a  county  court  may,  ou  application  being  made  Lu  accord- 
aDce  with  rules  of  court,  order  that  the  weekly  iiaymeut  be  iMild  during  the 
disnbiliCy  into  court,  and  the  provisions  of  this  s<*bi*tiule  with  rpMpect  to  sums 
required  by  this  schedule  to  be  jmid  Into  court  shall  apply  to  sums  paid  into 
court  In  pursuance  of  any  such  order. 

|8)  Any  Question  as  to  who  is  a  de[>endent  shall.  !n  default  of  agreement,  be 
ft'ltled  by  arbitration  imiler  this  net.  or.  if  not  so  settled  l>efor«*  payment  Into 
ccwrt  under  this  schedule,  shall  be  si<ttled  by  the  county  i*ourt,  and  the  amount 
pajable  to  each  dei>endent  shall  be  settled  by  arbitration  under  this  act,  or,  if 
•Of  tmt  i«>ttle*I  before  payment  into  court  under  this  s<'h»«dule,  by  the  county 
covrt.  Where  there  are  LH>th  total  aud  iiartial  de|»endeiitH  nothing  In  this 
•ClMdQle  shall  be  construed  as  preventing  the  C4jmi»eusatlou  being  alJotted  imrtly 
Id  tiM*  total  and  luirtly  to  the  [tartlal  de|>endeuts. 

fd)    Where,  on  application  being  made  In  accordance  with  rules  of  court,  it 

a|if)Mn  to  u  county'  court  that,  on  aci;ouut  of  neglect  of  children  on  the  luitrt 

«f  a  widow,  or  on  account  of  the  variation  of  the  circumstances  of  the  various 

"r  for  any  other  sutllcieut  cansr.  nii  order  of  the  court  or  an  award 

!>ortioument  among>:t  the  several  dei>endeut8  of  any  sum  paid  us 

i    ....   a,   or  as  to  the  umnncr   In    whb'h   any   sum   iiayable  to  any   stich 

dtfflt  is  to  be  invested,  applied,  or  otberwis**  dealt  with,  ought  to  be  varied, 

court  may  make  such  onler  for  the  \ariatlou  of  the  former  order  or  tbe 

XWanl,  as  in  the  circumstances  of  the  case  the  court  may  think  just. 

C10>  Any  sum  which  uuder  this  achftlule  is  onlered  to  be  Invpsletl  nmy  he 
lB««««ted  in  whole  or  in  i)art  iu  the  Post  Office  Savings  Bank  by  the  registrar  of 
tfaf*  omntv  c«mrt  In  his  name  as  registrar. 

(in    '  (TO  be  fto  invtwt»>l  nmy  l»e  Invpsted  in  the  purchase  of  an  annuity 

from  t!.  I   debt  comniiHsioncrs  tlinniiifh   the  Tost   '►ffice   Savings   Hank, 

rr  im  uu.^, /jj    the  pfis/musifer-geherai   as  u    deitctslt    \\\  the  t\uuw  nt  \\x« 

nteMrar  Mtf  eocA  and  Ute  provlttioua  ot  auy  statute  ur  regu\ixUuu%  Tcfc\w:V\sv% 


I 


15)  A  Judge  of  county  courts  nmy.  If  he  ihlukiK  fit.  suiiiiuon  n  medlcn)  referw* 
to  Bit  with  him  as  au  nswHwn-, 

(0)  Rules  of  court  iniiy  nmke  provision  for  tho  npppflnmco  lu  auy  arbltrfttJon 
under  this  net  of  any  party  hy  boiuc  other  pereoii. 

(7)  The  vttMH  of  uud  lucitU'iital  to  the  arbitration  and  prtM-eodluffi*  c<mnt^'t<M 
therewith  Khali  he  in  tlie  diw:retlf»n  of  thi*  coninilltiH',  iirhltraior,  nr  Judjrc  of 
the  county  court,  subjHt  as  res|iects  such  Judire  and  an  arbitrator  aii|H)lnt<Ml 
by  hlna  to  rulex  of  court.  The  rnntK,  whether  lH''fore  a  committee  nr  an  arbi- 
trator or  In  tlie  county  ix^urt,  nhnll  not  exre^sl  tlie  limit  prewTlbetl  Ity  rule!*  of 
court,  and  shall  he  tuxc<l  In  manner  prewrlbed  hy  thoae  rules  and  such  taxatkm 
may  t»e  reviewed  by  the  Judfre  of  the  <rounty  court. 

(8)  In  the  ca»e  uf  the  deiUh,  or  refuwil  or  innhlllty  to  aft,  of  tin  iirbitrntnr, 
the  JudKe  of  the  county  court  may,  on  the  application  of  nay  i»ariy.  appoint  a 
new  arhiti-ator. 

(B)  Where  the  amount  of  compenMitlon  under  thin  act  ha^  bopn  aticertnlniHl, 
or  any  wt^'kly  payment  varied,  or  any  other  matter  d<»clde*l  under  this  act, 
either  by  a  conniilttee  nr  by  nn  arbitrator  nr  by  ai;reenicnt,  a  memornndnm 
thereof  shall  l)e  sent,  lu  manner  prewribed  by  rules  of  court,  by  the  committee 
or  arbitrator,  or  by  any  juuty  lnteu'ste<I,  to  the  rei:l»triir  of  the  county  court 
who  Bhall.  sdhject  to  nuch  rulcH,  on  Indnir  satlHiled  as  to  Its  genuineness*  reifird 
Buch  memorandum  In  a  i*|HX'lal  rejtlHter  without  ftv,  and  thereupon  the  meum- 
ratidum  shall  for  all  purposes  he  enforc<*able  as  a  county  <.*ourt  Judgment. 

rrovldoil  that— 

(a)  no  such  meuornndum  shall  he  recorde<l  before  seven  days  nfter  the 
desr»alch  by  tlie  reRlatrar  of  notice  to  the  jmrtles  interested:  and 

ib)  where  n  wf>rknuin  s<>eks  to  rtvord  n  nii-nioranduiii  of  apretMuent  hetwe*M» 
hlH  employer  and  himself  for  the  payment  of  compensation  under  this  act  and 
the  employer.  In  accordance  with  rules  of  court.  provcH  that  the  worknuin  hnf*  lu 
fact  returned  to  work  and  is  earning  the  same  wukcn  ub  he  illd  befnre  the 
oecldent.  and  obJ«»ctH  to  the  reef>rd!ng  of  such  memorandum,  the  memomnduzn 
shall  only  be  recorded,  if  at  all.  on  such  terms  an  the  jiulKe  of  the  county  court, 
under  the  circumstances,  may   think  Just;  and 

{c)  the  Judge  of  the  county  court  may  at  any  time  rectify'  the  register ;  and 

id)  where  it  appears  to  the  registrar  of  the  c<iuniy  wmrt.  on  any  Inforuia- 
tlou  which  he  conelderw  HUlllclenr,  that  nn  agrwMnent  as  to  the  nnlcmittion  of 
a  we<?kly  pnyiiient  by  a  lump  num.  or  an  agri^ment  a»  t<i  the  amount  of  <.-«>m- 
jienHiitlon  [uiyitble  ti»  a  i»erson  under  any  legal  disability,  <*v  to  deiM?nd<»nt«, 
ought  not  to  l)e  reglKt<'red  by  reason  of  the  inadefpincy  of  the  sum  or  amount, 
or  by  reason  of  the  agreement  having  beini  obtained  by  fraud  or  undue  influence. 
or  other  Improper  mean»,  he  may  refuse  to  nvord  the  menioniniluni  of  the 
agr<»ement  sent  to  him  for  reglHlratloii,  and  refer  the  matter  to  thi-  Judge  who 
ehnll.  in  acconlance  with  rules  of  court,  nmke  such  order  tlnchnling  an  order 
as  to  any  sum  already  paid  imder  the  agreement)  as  under  the  clrcuiustancea 
be  may  think  Just;  and 

(r)  The  juiige  may,  wlihlu  six  months  after  n  momoranduni  of  an  agreement 
as  to  the  redemption  of  u  wifkly  payment  by  u  lump  sum,  or  of  nn  agr^'emeut 
as  to  the  auiount  of  inniiM'nKation  payable  to  a  i>eri!Uin  under  any  legal  disability, 
or  to  dependents,  h:iH  been  recorded  In  the  register,  order  IhiH  the  record  be 
removetl  from  the  register  on  proof  to  hlti  satisfaction  that  the  agreement  whh 
tihtulned  by  fratid  or  undue  Influence  or  other  Improjvr  uH'auK,  and  may  uuiko 
such  order  ilnclinllng  an  order  as  to  any  sum  already  paid  under  the  agree- 
ment)  as  under  the  circumstances  be  nuiy  thlidi  Just. 

(10)  An  agreement  ns  to  the  redemption  of  a  wwkly  imymrul  by  n  lump 
sum  if  not  reglstoreil  In  accordance  with  tbl*»  act  slmll  not,  nor  shall  the  pay- 
ment of  the  sum  payable  under  the  agriM-ruMit,  e\cmpt  the  person  by  whom  the 
weekly  payujent  Is  payable  from  liability  to  coutiane  to  tnake  thai  wiH'kly  pny- 
iiKMit.  nnil  an  at^remient  its  In  the  umiumt  of  comiivuHatlon  to  be  (niUl  to  a 
I>erson  under  a  legal  dlnablllty  or  to  dniu-^ndents.  If  not  so  reglii;t*Tf**l.  >li;i'l  not. 
nor  shall  the  [uiyment  of  the  Hum   jmyable  under  the  UKreemenl.   •  k' 

iH'rson  by  whom  the  crmufcnsjithm  Is  p»yjibb«  from  llalilllty  to  |ui>    .  t- 

tltm.  unlesH.  in  either  casi>,  he  proves  that  the  failure  r*i  reglAer  vnn»  not  tlut» 
lo  any  negbvt  or  default  on  bis  [lart. 

t\\\  Wher*'  nny  matter  under  IIiIh  net  !w  to  Uv  /I  ■  v, 

fo.  or  tfetore  the  jtuigi'  or  registrar  of  a  ''otiniy  « -  ,y 

Utteution  fififpt>4»r.  iti**  t*iutif  Kimlj.  tMtbJtH't  to  rules  «>i  vmmvi    n»   .^»>l^»■  >\. ,  -"  ■,;. .  i»>, 
'  itefa/v  thii  Jmlxc  or  vegtHtmr  of,  the  comity  court  ot  \U«  d\tivt\v.\  \u  xi\i\»;V  aW 


BRITISH    WOBKMEN  8   COlffPEWSATIOK  ACT  OF  1906. 


157 


I 


pArtif^s  conoem«l  r«sldu,  or  If  thoy  reside  tn  different  dUirlcta  thf  dlslrlct 
prescribed  by  rules  of  court,  witboiit  prejudice  to  any  transfer  In  miinner 
provtdiHl  by  rules  vt  courU 

(12)  The  duty  of  a  judge  of  county  courts  under  this  act,  or  In  England  of 
an  arbitrator  Appointed  l>y  him,  shall,  subject  to  rules  of  court,  be  part  of  the 
duties  (if  the  tHJUUty  o*»urt,  aud  the  offleers  of  the  court  shall  act  accordlnply, 
rules  of  court  nuty  bo  made  both  for  any  puriKise  for  which  this  net  author- 
rules  of  court  to  lie  made,  and  ul9*>  generally  for  eurryliig  Into  eff^'t  this 
»o  far  as  It  affects  the  county  court,  or  an  arbitrator  apjwlnted  by  the  judge 
of  the  couuty  court,  uud  pri.>ceedlrig8  In  the  county  court  or  before  any  such 
•rtiltraror.  and  such  rules  may.  In  England,  be  made  by  the  five  jud^^es  of 
cuanty  eonrts  ap|*otnted  for  the  muting  of  rules  under  Rcctton  one  hundreil  and 
»4xty-four  of  the  Couuty  Courts  Act,  ISSS,  and  when  allowed  by  the  lord  chan- 
cellor, as  provided  by  that  section,  shall  hare  full  effect  without  any  further 
conaeur. 

(131  No  court  f**,  except  such  ns  muy  be  prescribed  under  paragraph  il5) 
of  tlie  flret  i»«-he\ltile  to  thi:*  act.  shall  he  payable  by  any  i»arty  in  rc?*i'<*»:t  of  any 
IKToceeallngs  hy  or  against  a  workman  under  this  art  in  the  court  prior  to  the 
■wvrtl. 

<]4)  Any  sum  awanled  as  conii>eusatlon  shall,  unless  |»ald  Into  court  under 
tlil»  act.  b«'  itnid  on  the  receipt  of  the  i»erson  to  whom  It  is  payable  under  any 
agreement  or  award,  and  the  solicitor  or  agent  of  a  person  claiming  comi>ensa- 
tlou  under  this  act  shall  nut  be  entitled  to  recover  from  him  any  costs  in 
re^)ect  of  any  proceedings  lu  an  arbitration  under  this  act,  or  to  claim  a  lieu 
in  res|»ect  of  such  costs  on.  or  deduct  such  costs  from,  the  sum  awardfMl  or 
agreed  as  compeuKation,  except  such  sum  as  may  be  awanled  by  the  committee, 
the  arbitrator,  or  the  judge  of  the  county  court,  on  an  application  mtide  either 
by  the  jver^utn  claiming  comi>eii»titiun,  or  by  his  solicitor  or  agent,  to  determine 
the  amount  of  costs  ti»  be  paid  to  the-sollcitor  or  agent,  such  sum  to  be  awarded 
wibje«^t  to  taxation  aud  to  the  scale  of  costs  prescribed  by  rules  of  court. 

n&)  Any  citmmittee.  arbitrator,  or  judge  may.,  subject  to  regulations  made 
by  the  secretary  of  state  and  the  treasury,  submit  to  a  medical  referee  for 
rvj»ort  any  matter  which  seemH  material  to  any  question  arising  In  tlie 
arbitration. 

iltt>  The  secretarj*  of  aiaie  may,  by  order,  either  nncondltloually  or  subject 
to  such  conditlous  or  modifications  as  he  imiy  think  lit.  confer  on  any  com- 
uilltee  repn'sontative  of  nu  employer  and  his  worltmen,  as  resjief-ts  any  matter 
In  which  the  committee  act  as  arbltratorc*,  or  which  Is  settled  by  agreement 
snbmltted  to  and  approved  by  the  committee,  all  or  any  of  the  powers  conferred 
by  this  act  exclusively  on  county  courts  or  judges  of  county  courts,  and  may 
by  the  order  provide  how  and  to  whom  the  cumpeusatlon  money  Is  to  be  paid 
Id  cases  where,  but  for  the  order,  the  money  would  be  required  to  be  paid 
tutu  court,  and  the  onler  nui3*  exclude  from  the  operation  of  provisos  id)  and 
(c)  of  ^>arngniph  (9)  of  this  sch«?dule  agreements  submitted  to  and  npprovetl 
by  the  comniitlce,  and  n»»y  contain  such  Incidental,  consequential,  or  supple- 
meiitJiI  provisliint;  as  may  api»ear  to  the  secretary  of  state  to  he  necessary  or 
pro|»er  for  the  purposes  nf  th<'  order. 

ill)    In  the  application  of  this  schedule  l<»  Scotland  — 

(aj  "County  court  judgment"  as  used  in  paragraph  ifj)  of  this  schedule 
means  a  recorded  decree  arbitral: 

{bi  Any  appMcation  (o  the  sheriff  as  arbitrator  shall  be  heard,  tried,  and 
determined  summarily  In  the  manner  provided  by  section  flfty-two  of  the 
Sheriff  Courts  tSctitlund)  Act.  187(1.  save  ouly  that  parties  may  l>e  represtMit»Hl 
by  any  |«?rsoii  anthorizetl  In  writing  to  appear  for  them  aud  subject  to  the 
de»"lnration  tluit  it  sluill  l>e  comikcient  t<»  either  parly  within  the  lime  and  in 
accordance  with  tlie  rondltl*HiH  prest-Tibetl  by  act  of  sederunt  to  re<iuire  the  sheriff 
to  «<tute  a  case  on  any  iiiiesllou  of  law  determined  hy  him,  aud  his  de<.'isioa 
ther<*on  In  such  cam*  may  be  .submitted  to  either  division  of  the  court  of  session, 
who  nmy  hear  ami  determine  the  same  and  remit  to  the  sheriff  with  Instruction 
an  t<>  the  Judgment  to  Ite  prououriced,  and  an  ai)[H>al  shall  lie  from  either  of 
such  divisions  to  the  House  of  U^rde. 

(c\   Pnragraphis  i^\,  (4).  and   (s)  shall  not  apfdy. 

0»**l    In   the  applicatitm  of^thls  ^M•hl•dule  (o  Indaud   the  expression 
of  the  ootinty  court  "  shall  include  the  ret-^^irder  of  any  city  or  towu, 
jtHfjfj/  f/e  ft\}m  the  trtiirf  of  upiteal  to  the  House  of  Ixirds. 
-Bull.  T-i—as ij 


. 


168 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  BTTREAU  OF  LABOB. 

Thibd  Schedule. 


Deaorlptlon  of  dl 


Deacrlptlon  oi  proceM. 


Anthnx 

Lead  poUonlnf  or  Itfl  »equelB 

Mercury  poltoning  or  Its  sequeln  . . . . 

Fhoiphonu  polsontng  or  ita  wquelce . 

Aneolc  poltoDlng  or  its  aequels 

AnkylottomLula 


Handling  of  wool,  h&Ir,  brlatlea,  hideo,  and  lUiuk 

Any  procen  InTOlrlng  the  use  of  lead  or  its  prepuatlona  or 
compoonda. 

Any  proceei  InTolrlng  the  lue  of  mercury  or  Iti  preparation! 
or  compounds. 

Any  procen  involTlng  the  use  of  phoaphoraa  or  Its  prepara- 
tions or  componnds. 

Any  process  involrlng  the  use  of  arsenic  or  Its  preparations  or 
compounds. 

Mining. 


Where  regulations  or  Bpecial  rules  made  under  any  act  of  Parliament  for 
the  protection  of  persons  employed  in  any  industry  against  the  risic  of  con- 
tracting lead  poisoning  require  some  or  all  of  the  persons  employed  in  certain 
processes  specified  in  the  regulations  or  special  rules  to  be  periodically  exam- 
ined by  a  certifying  or  other  surgeon,  then,  in  the  application  of  this  schedule 
to  that  industry,  the  expression  "  process  "  shall,  unless  the  secretary  of  state 
otherwise  directis,  include  only  the  processes  so  specified. 


CAHADIA5  IKDUSTBIAL  DISPUTES  IKVESTIGATIOK  ACT  OF  1907. 


I 


Following  is  given  in  full  the  text  of  the  CHnadian  Industrial  Dis- 
putes Investigation  Act,  enacted  in  March,  1907,  to  provide  macliin- 
ery  for  the  settlement  of  Inbor  disputes  and  to  prevent  strikes  and 
lockouts  in  mine^  and  public-utility  industries.  Although  the  act  has 
bt»en  in  effect  but  a  short  time,  it  has  already  been  employed  success- 
fully in  the  adjustment  of  a  considerable  number  of  disjMites  affecting 
large  umubers  of  workmen  employed  in  mining  and  transportation. 

Ajf  Act  to  alii  In  tbe  prevention  aatl  settlement  of  strikes  and  lockouts  In  mineH 
and  lndu8lrle«  connected  with  public  iitUUies.  (Assented  to  22d  Marcb, 
1907.) 

Hi*  Majesty*  by  and  tcith  the  advice  and  c<i^^*CHt  of  fA«>  Senate  and  Houve  of 
fOfMMonj  of  Canada,  enaetti  an  follows: 

t.  This  act  may  be  cited  as  tlie  IndiiHtrlal  Disputes  luvestlicatlon  Act,  1907. 


PRELIAIINAKY. 

littcrpretatioH, 

S.  In  this  act  unless  the  context  otherwise  requires — 
(o)   "MinlHt'^r"  means  the  minister  of  Inbnr; 
it)  ••  Dciwrtment  "  means  the  dcpurtment  of  labor: 

<c)  "Employer"  meaiiB  any  i>er8on.  coinpuny  or  eoriMjratlon  empIoyInK  ten 
ur  morv  persons  and  owning  or  oiteratin^?  uiiy  miuiUK  proiterty.  aKcnoy  of  trans- 
portation or  communication,  or  piihlk'-s*'rvti'p  nflllly.  Including,  except  an 
hereinafter  provliJe<l.  rnilwuys.  wlicther  o[terated  by  steam,  electricity  or  titber 
motive  power,  stejiuisfiips,  telegraph  and  telephone  Hues,  gas,  electrlc-lleht, 
watpr  and  i»ower  worlis; 

(d)  "Employw*"  means  any  person  employed  by  an  employer  to  do  any 
«klllod  or  nnskiUed  manual  or  clerical  work  for  hire  or  reward  in  any  ludustry 
10  which  tills  act  appUes; 

<r>  "Dispute"  or  "Industrial  dispute"  means  any  dispute  or  difference 
betw«>cn  an  employer  and  one  or  more  of  his  emplnvee«,  as  to  matters  or 
affei^tin*:  or  relating,'  to  work  done  or  to  be  d«>n»*  by  btm  or  them,  or 
tbe  [trlvllecos,  rlithts  nnd  ilutlew  of  employers  or  employees  (not  involrIn« 
such  vlolatir>n  thereof  as  constitutes  an  indictable  offense)  :  and,  without 
ig  the  general  nature  of  the  at>ove  doQuitlon,  includes  all  matters  rp- 
to— 
f1)  The  wages  allowance  or  other  remuneratlou  of  employees,  or  the  price 
IMld  or  to  be  paid  In  respect  of  employment; 

<2>  The  hours  of  employment,  sex,  a(?e,  qualiflcatlon  or  status  of  employees, 
and  tlie  mofje,  terniH  and  c«>nt1itIous  uf  employuieut; 

{''.  ■■*  jipioymeut  of  children  or  any  pe»rsou  or  jwrsous  or  class  of  jtorsons, 
or  •  -sal  of  or  refusal  to  employ  any  [wirtlcnlar  p<*rson  or  |>ersons  or 

dc-  lis; 

^  on  tbe  part  of  an  employer  or  any  euipIoy**e  ns  to  whether  and, 
-hut  circumstances,  itrefercnce  of  eniploynieiit  should  or  should  not 
IvtMi  tu  one  class  over  another  of  t»er>win«  beinj;  or  uot  being  members  of 
AT  olbcr  orgauixatioaa,  Brltiah  subjects  or  alleus; 


I 


160 


BUI-LETIN    UF   THE    BUREAU    OF    LABOR. 


I 


» 


(5)  Materials  Hnpi)Iloil  iiml  aUeKt*il  to  he  hiul.  iiutlt  nr  uitHiittahle,  or  (tnltlJtK•^ 
ulkrpHj  to  have  Ik'^'ii  iloiiv  In  work; 

(0)  Auy  e«tabMshtHl  custutu  or  Mxago,  eltbor  Kf'it^rally  or  lu  the  imrtliMilar 
dlfltrlct  nflWtwl : 

(7)  Thi.>  Interprututloii  ot  nu  utsivcmeiii  or  a  c'lause  ttii'riH>f. 

(/)  "Lockout"  (nitliout  llwltliiK  tbe  itattire  of  ita  unniulnK)  tueans  o  clos- 
Vug  of  a  placo  of  ^mitUtyiiu'iii.  or  n  suspcuslon  of  work,  or  a  rofnHal  by  an 
employer  to  continue  to  cinpltiy  any  uunilwr  of  LIh  oiuployoes  In  c*oiitkH]urtioc 
of  a  (Ilsputt*.  done  with  u  vlfw  to  coiu|jelIinK  tils  cuiployi-es,  or  to  alil  anothrr 
employer  In  conii>elMng  his  employees,  to  jn-ccpt  terms  of  employment. 

(fj)  "  Strlki'  *'  or  "  to  po  on  Htrlke  '*  ( without  Ilinltin^  the  utitiire  of  Ur  nwnin- 
Ingt  lueiinH  the  ceswilltpn  tff  work  by  a  iKuly  of  i'Uii)loytM?«  actlu»r  in  eomhltmtlon, 
or  11  concert c*il  rornsal  or  a  refusitl  uuiler  a  common  miilerHtumHii^  of  any  num- 
ber of  employees  to  coiitlniU'  to  work  for  nn  employer.  In  conaeqnence  of  a  ills- 
pnte.  done  as  a  means  of  eoiniK}lUng  tholr  employer,  or  to  aid  other  employetw 
in  comi)einnB  their  employer,  to  accept  terms  of  employment; 

(A)  "Hoard"  meiins  n  t>onrd  of  eon4:lllattou  and  Investigation  ecrtabllslied 
under  tlie  provlalonn  of  thin  net; 

(0  "Application  "  meatiH  iin  application  for  the  apiwlnroent  of  a  board  under 
the  provlaionrt  of  this  act: 

(/)  "  Ue»:lsrnir  '*  means  the  reKletriir  of  Itoiirda  of  conciliation  and  lurcnnlKii- 
tloD  inuler  thU  act; 

ik)  "  Prewrlbed  "  nieanH  prewrlbed  by  this  act,  or  by  any  rulcH  or  rejctila- 
tlon»  made  thereunder ; 

in  "  TrAde  union  "  or  "  tmlon  "  meauM  nny  organliution  4if  employes  fortued 
for  tbe  purpose  of  regrulHiin);  relatlontt  between  emptoyerfl  and  employees. 

Atlminitittatinn, 

:i.  The  mInlKter  nf  lubor  Khnlt  have  Ihf  f;n'Ut*rnl  lulmlnlHtrutlon  of  this  act. 

4.  The  KovMHH'r  In  nnuK-U  shut!  up|M»lnt  a  re^Utrar  of  bonrds  of  concllhi* 
tlon  and  Investljcatlon,  who  nhall  have  the  |K>wer«  and  i*erfom)  the  duties 
preHiTlbe<l. 

li.  The  office  of  rei?t8trar  may  be  held  either  aeimrately  or  In  conjunction 
with  any  other  ottlce  In  the  i»ubllc  aervlce,  nnd  In  the  Inttrr  «*«se  tbe  rcKlntrar 
may.  If  tht*  governor  In  council  (hinks  lit,  l»f  niipoliit(*d.  not  by  mime,  but  by 
reference  to  f*nch  other  ofll<t«.  wla*r«nipon  the  i»ermin  who  for  the  tlmr  being 
IkOldH  HUch  offlce,  or  iMTforma  Its  <luile«,  shall  by  virtue  thereof  be  the  ceglalrar. 

BOAUD8   OF  CONCILIATION    AND    1NVK8TULVTION, 

("ontttitution  rtf  haardM, 

5.  XN'herever  any  dlnpute  exlatu  l)etwt*eu  an  employer  and  nny  of  hla  em- 
jdoyiH'H,  nnd  the  purtlcK  thereto  are  unable  to  adjust  It.  fllhrr  of  the  piirtlcH  to 
the*  dlitputf  nmy  nmke  application  to  the  minister  for  llif  upiH>lntment  of  a 
board  of  concillatUai  and  ItiveHtlgatlon,  to  which  boanl  the  dii«piit4*  may  b«>  re* 
ferrwl  inider  the  pnivlHlouH  of  this  net:  i'lovidni,  huirrrrr,  That,  In  the  cane 
of  a  dlrnpnte  Ih'Iwwu  u  railway  company  and  Its  emplnyecH,  Huch  dispute  miiy  ho 
referroil.  for  the  puriNiHc  nf  t*oncUlatlon  and  InvoHilKutlon,  UM<lor  the  provlslonti 
concerning;  railway  dls|»nte»  In  tbe  t'oncllhitlon  and  Labor  Art. 

6.  \Vhen<<ver.  under  thl8  act,  nu  Application  Ik  made  In  dne  form  for  tbn 
ap|ioIntnH*nt  of  n  lioiml  of  coirclllatlon  and  iiiv«*>«tl*riition.  and  Huch  appllcatiou 
docH  not  ri'lalc  tn  a  dlhpiitc  which  If?  the  mibjcft  of  n  rrffrcnce  uudrr  th<»  pro- 
vIhIous  cfinc-ernlng  rnllwn.v  dlHputCH  In  the  ronclllntlon  and  Labor  Art,  the 
UdnlHter,  wht>Mc  dcH-ltdon  for  Nuch  puri»Ofli>  flhnll  he  final,  Khnll.  within  llfteeu 
dayu  from  the  dati*  at  which  the  application  U  rii-eived,  t*HtahliHh  HOdi  board 
nnder  hln  hand  and  wal  of  office.  If  mtlstlo^l  that  tbo  pn^vUlomi  of  thin  act 
npply- 

7.  Kvory  board  »hall  ivnuUt  of  thro«»  nienibeni.  wb<»  nhnll  be  ap|M>lntoil  by 
the  minlHlcr. 

'J.  Of  the  thrw  inembern  of  ihe  board  .  '     "  '  'Mted  on  tti 

mondutlon  of  the  oniployrr  and  oni*  hii    r  nf   thi*  • 

(the  iHirtlea  tn  tbe  dispute),  and  the  thUU  •  i.  .i>*    .<  •  ^-......^  ii.iuilon  of  u--    , - 

/ff'/s*  A>  rbinu*n. 
^.   /V>r  fJjr  fjurfxtft'fi  ot  <ip|Joiuliuent  of  the  memV)er«  ut  Vhv  \Kmt^.  U»«  Cottuir' 
prvfimions  shall  ff/ip/jr ; 


I 


CANADIAN  INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  INVEtiTlGATION  ACT  OF  1007.       161 


L  £jBch  imrty  to  the  dlMputo  may,  at  the  tluti*  of  uuikhii;  appUcHtUtn  or  within 
Ive  daya  after  bclut;  rt-tiue^tetl  so  to  do  by  the  iului»t4?r,  rc'cuniweiid  the  uumo  of 
\^w  r*rfton  who  is  wilUiig  lud  ready  to  act  as  a  lueentw^r  of  the  board,  aad  the 
IminisiiT  sball  upiwlm  sut'b  iH»rs4)n  ii  nuMiibi'r  of  the  lM»nnl. 

If  either  of  tbe  mirliw  fails  or  m'Kle<.'t8  to  duly  make  any  reconmicuOaclon 
tlie  said  peri'xl,  or  such  exteuHlon  theroi>f  as  the  ndaUtor,  on  cause 
grants,  the  minister  shiill,  a«  soon  thereafter  a«  ix>salble,  appoint  a  tit 
to  be  a  lueiuber  of  the  btKird ;  iiud  Hueh  member  shall  be  deemed  to  be 
lied  ou  the  re^onimeudatioa  of  the  said  jiurty. 
The  nienilH'rs  chi»seu  on  the  reixminiendatlou  of  the  parties  may,  wUhlu 
tlny^f  after  their  u|iiH>intment,  re<.oiuuieud  the  uame  of  one  i»erKoii  who  !« 
VilUui;  and  retidy  to  act  at*  a  third  member  of  the  board,  and  the  minister  Khali 
»PIKtint  such  pers<m  a  member  of  the  imanl. 

i.  If  the  meml»ers  ehoneu  on  the  reeommendatlou  of  the  pjutles  fail  or  uefslcct 
tii  duly  make  any  reeommeudation  within  the  said  i>eri<Hl,  or  such  extension 
thereof  as  the  minlater,  on  ejuise  shown,  grants,  the  minister  shall,  as  soon 
thereafter  uh  iK^)£U(ibU\  iip[>oint  ti  lit  iieraon  to  be  a  third  member  of  the  board, 
land  such  memU'r  shall  be  deemed  to  be  apiwinted  ou  the  recomtucDdatlon  of 
[Ihe  two  other  members  of  the  board. 

^.  The  Uiird  memltor  shall  l>e  the  chairman  of  the  board. 

9.  As  soLMi  as  possible  aftej*  the  full  board  has  been  apiNtllite^I  by  the  minister. 
the  registrar  sliall  uotlf}-  the  parties  of  the  names  of  the  members  of  the  Ixmrd 
and  the  ohalrmau  tbere«>f,  and  auch  uotlfleution  shall  be  final  and  conclusive 
for  all  purposes. 

10.  Kvery  uiemlxT  of  a  board  shall  hold  oHice  from  the  time  of  his  appoint- 
ment until  the  reix>rt  of  the  boanl  is  slgutnl  and  transmitted  to  the  minister. 

1 1.  No  (tersou  shall  act  as  a  member  of  tike  board  who  has  any  direct  {tecuu- 
Ury  interest  in  the  issue  of  a  dispute  referred  to  such  board. 

13S.  Kvery  vacancy  In  tbe  membership  of  a  tmitrd  shall  l»e  supplied  in  tbe 
nme  manner  as  lu  the  ca»e  of  tbe  orlRlnal  api»olutmeut  of  every  persc>n  ai>- 
poiDted. 

18.  Before  entering  upon  the  exereiw*  of  the  functions  of  their  office  the  mem- 
tH'rs  of  a  tstiinl,  Ineludlui:  Ihe  chairman,  slmll  make  oath  or  afhrmatlou  before 
a  Ju»tU-e  of  the  iM:»iice  that  they  will  faithfully  and  Imimrtially  perform  tho 
duties  of  ihetr  ottlce.  and  also  that,  except  in  the  discharge  of  ihelr  duties,  they 
win  not  disclost*  to  any  iwrsou  any  of  the  evidence  or  other  matter  brought 
[lirfiire  the  board. 

The  deinirtment  may  provide  the  l>cuird  with  a  secretary,  steuographer,  or 
other  clerical  assistance  as  tn  the  minister  ap|K?firs  ueceisaary  for  the 
it  currying  out  of  the  provisions  of  this  acL 

I*fmrtlure  for  rvftretice  of  disputct  to  hoards, 

tho  pun>os4*  of  determining;  the  manner  In  which,  and  the  persiins  by 
in  ap|>IU'atitin   for  the  H[>|Hjintment  of  a  board  is  U*  be  made,  the  fol> 
rfnp  pro\IsUms  shall  apply; 

U  The  npjtiicatiou   sliall   be  made  in   writing  tn  the  preacribed   form,  and 
be  In  sultstauce  a   request  to  the  minister  to  ajipolnt  a   iKwrtl  to  which 
:t«tlug  (iispnte  may  be  referreil  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 
The  a[i^Iicati(in  shall   be  ai.com|»auled   by — 
!«>   A  statement  setting  forth — 
<1>   The  parties  to  the  dispute: 

(2)  Tbe  nature  and  cause  of  the  dispute,  inctudlufc  any  claims  or  demands 
laadr  by  either  imrty  uimui  the  other,  to  which  exceiitluu  is  taken  : 

i'A)   Ad  approximate  estimate  of  tbe  uiuuber  of  persons  affected  or  likely 
lir  nfTMttHl  by  the  dispute; 

(4)  The  efforts  made  by  the  (tartles  ihemselvea  to  adjust  the  dlsimte; 
awl — 

■'  '    *    «tntutory  di-claratiou  sotting  forth  that,  falling  an  adjuslniont  of  tbe 

f   a   reference  iherer>f  by  the  minister  to  a  bfwrd  of  conciilailon  and 

,j_.  ....lion   uml'-r  the  act,   to  the  best   of  the  knowledse  and   belief  of  the 

imm.  a  liMkrmt  or  strike,  as  the  case  may  be,  will  be  declare<l,  and  that 

»8«ny  pMtlKirlty  to  dwlare  such  lockout  or  strike  has  been  ulitahuHl. 

•n  may  mention  the  name  of  a   jierson  who  Is  wlllinp  and 
_  ii  lo  act  jt»  H  wembvr  of  the  board  represeutlug  the  pu.n^  <)t 

^tttkiu^  xhe  appllrHtlon. 


BTrLLBTOT   OT  THE   BUREAU    OP   LABOH. 


tn  foriH*  with  roHi^tN't  to  witiiesHOK  in  cIvH  huIU  hi  tbe  fiujit*rlor  courts  In  tlie 
pruvlim*  where  Ibo  Inqniry  Ih  ttoiiif:  eouduotcd. 

3S.  \Vher(?  a  refoiviite  has  boen  niiiiU*  to  the  ho«rd  of  n  diHpule  between  a 
nilhviiy  coriip*iii.v  and  Its  eniplo,viH»s.  niiy  wHiiohh  sumtiiMiipd  by  the  l>oar<1  in 
roniieption  with  the  dispute  shall  be  entitled  to  free  trttnH|»oi*tatlon  ovrr  niiy 
railway  eu  i-oiite  when  pnneeillUK  to  the  place  of  meeting  of  the  buurd  iinil 
Iherimfter  tetiimlnt;  to  tils  home,  und  the  tMiard  nhall  fnrnish  to  hmuU  wltnet^ 
n  jirojter  eertitirnte  ovldent'lnK  hla  rl^ht  tn  sni-li  frtH'  ti'aiiN|HjrlHti(»u. 

30.  If  any  jierKon  who  haH  been  duly  Bervi*d  with  such  HuninionB  and  to  whom 
at  the  s*ame  time  payment  or  tender  has  Ih'^mi  iiinde  of  hiH  reitwrnHble  tmvellnK 
expenRi^H  aecordhig  tii  the  nforesnld  ncule,  fallti  to  duly  attend  or  to  duly  pro- 
dui'i'  any  bi>ok.  i>a|K»r  or  nther  din-umtMit  or  thing  ns  rinjulred  by  hl8  Humnion**, 
he  shall  t>e  K^illty  of  an  oflTeuHe  uud  liable  to  a  |ieunlty  not  exeee^llng  une  Unu- 
dreil  doDiirM,  unless  be  showA  that  tliere  wus  a  K^^od  nnd  HutUcleot  cnuao  for 
Huch  failure. 

37.  If.  ill  any  proeetnlhigs  before  the  biinrd,  any  peifwu  willfully  InKultn  any 
uieniber  of  tho  bminl  or  willfully  Interrupts  the  pr<>i-e<'ilings  or  without  R(k»4 
rnuHe  rrfuBes  to  krive  evidenee.  or  Ir  fndltj*  in  any  other  nianner  of  nny  willful 
contempt  In  the  fare  of  the  boiird.  any  offlcvr  of  the  lM»nrd  or  any  (MiUHtnble  may 
take  the  person  offtMuliuK  into  cuHtody  and  remove  him  tii*iu  the  preclncti)  uf  the 
board,  to  he  <1etHlne<1  In  runt(Nly  until  the  rlHlnj?  of  the  hoard,  nnd  the  perHon  so 
offending  tthall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dolhirt*. 

38,  The  hoard,  or  nny  niendier  thereof,  and,  on  Iwing  authorlztHl  In  writing 
by  the  board,  any  other  pertton,  may,  without  any  warrant  than  thin  lot, 
at  any  time,  eutor  any  bulldlni:,  mine,  mine  worklngH.  nhlj),  vejtw*!.  factory,  work- 
sh4ip,  place  or  prmulMos  of  any  kind,  wlH-reln,  or  In  rt'«jK«et  of  wbl'*h.  any 
Industry  Ik  carried  on  or  any  work  U  being  or  ban  beun  done  or  c<.»iumtnu'wl, 
or  any  inntter  or  thing  Is  taking  ])Iaef^  or  hns  taken  pln<-o,  which  Iuih  htH^ti 
mude  the  Bubji»ct  <»f  a  reference  to  the  l>oard,  and  hiHiMvl  nnd  vb*w  any  work, 
nmterhil,  iiwiehlnery,  appliance  or  article  therein,  ami  Interrogate  nny  jtevwuH 
in  or  ti|Kin  any  nuch  building,  mine,  mine  workings,  ship,  vesHid.  fnclory,  work- 
shop, place  or  prenilHeH  a.s  aforesaid,  In  resiMt't  nt  or  in  relation  to  nny  niaiter 
or  thing  hereinbefore  inentloiiet],  ami  any  iter»on  who  bluderH  or  obslructK  the 
bour<l  or  any  such  iK!rM>n  authorlKe^l  m*  aforeaald,  In  the  exerci»e  of  liny  fM»wer 
confern-d  by  thiH  sei'tlon,  Hhall  be  gullry  of  an  offense  nnd  be  liable  to  u  jtenuliy 
not  ejLecH.iting  one  buudriHl  doMm-M. 

3«.  Any  party  to  a  n-frMvUi-e  may  iw  repre»t^te»J  before  the  iHuird  by  lhrt*e  or 
le8<  than  three  fH/rwinn  deelgitiitiM  for  the  puriK>8e,  or  by  c*ouam*l  or  ttoUcUor 
where  hUow^mI  an  hen>mnfter  providtnl. 

•10.  Kvery  |tariy  api»e»irlng  by  a  repreHentathe  Hhall  be  bound  I>y  tbe  netM  of 
Miicb  repretteutatlve. 

41.  No  counsel  or  solicitor  shnll  l»o  ontttleil  to  ni»tHvir  or  Im>  heard  before  the 
board,  except  with  the  consent  of  the  inirtles  to  the  dlHl'Ute,  and  notwithstanding 
mich  couHent  the  bttard  niiiy  divMnc  tri  allow  couii.siO  or  sollcltorn  to  apfienr. 

4'J.  Persons  other  than  Itritlnh  subJectH  shall  nut  be  allowed  to  act  wh  mem- 
bers Iff  a  board. 

•13.  If,  without  g(X)d  cause  whown.  any  party  to  proceo<llng9t  before  The  board 
fullM  to  attend  or  to  be  ivpreHented.  the  board  may  proct><Hl  as  If  be  had  duly 
attendtnl  or  had  been  reprewnletl. 

44,  The  NtltlnLTs  of  the  board  8hAll  be  held  at  »uch  time  aud  place  an  are 
from  time  to  time  UxihI  by  the  ehalruian.  after  couHultatlou  with  the  other  metti- 
bern  of  the  board,  nnd  the  parties  nhall  be  notlfiefl  by  the  elmlnnan  as  to  tho 
time  and  place  at  which  Kltllngs  are  to  l»e  held:  PntviiJtd,  That  fo  far  aa  prac- 
ticable, the  board  Khali  sit  In  the  locality  within  which  the  !tntiJ«H't-nuittc^r  of 
the  pnK'ccillfig  iM-fi-re  It  iirow. 

4!i.  The  prnceetllngN  of  the  biinrd  shnll  be  coudu*-*'"'  '' 
at  any  Hudi  iirtHi-tNlIngs  before  It,  the  boanl.  on  Itv 
f3itlon  of  any  of  the  luirtleR.  nuiy  01t*i*ct  that  tlie  pt< 
in  private  and  that  all  [MTnaiM  other  than  the  parilet*,  tti«>lr 
ofllcerK  of  (he  buurd  aud  the  wllneMncM  under  evaniiiottirnt  i 

40.  The  decl!<ion  of  a  mojorlty  of  the  member-  ' 

buanl  Hhall  be  the  divlNitai  of  the  tionrd.  and  the  !> 


't.l! 


II,  or  <"n  ■ 
shall  hv 

reprt  - 

bttll 


'pt.,.f 


of  tile  noijorlty  of  Itw  i 


..r  thi-  iw..,i-.i. 

teaKt   one  olJier    luvinber 
itg  of  \Utt  buarA. 


CAJtADTAN  INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  IXVESTIQATION  ACT  OF  1907.       165 


4H.  In  t*n«e  of  the  nUseiicp  of  nny  niio  uietnb<*r  from  n  nie<»ling  of  the  boaril 
thtr  ftthrr  two  m*'mbei-s  Hball  not  proceed,  huIpsh  It  Irt  ahowu  that  the  third  luoni' 
bcr  bas  hwtt  tiotlflKl  uf  the  meotiu^:  in  aiuple  time  to  luimlt  of  his  attondunce. 
If  :tu>'  member  of  a  honrd  dies,  or  liecomefi  Luoai)iKitatfH3.  or  ri'fnsos  or 
18  to  «t't.  his  sncrcswir  shall  bo  apiM>lntcd  In  the  mauDcr  provided  with 
t  to  the  urlulnal  member  of  the  board. 
O.  Tl»«  iKNird  may  At  any  time  dlsmisa  any  matter  referred  to  tt  which  It 
thlnkf^  frlvolouB  or  trivial. 

ftO.  The  board  may,  with  tlie  oou^iit  of  the  miulRter.  employ  cDmpotent 
experts  or  asaessora  to  exuuilne  the  IWMiks  or  olliibil  rt'iHirts  of  either  (larty.  mid 
to  adviw*  It  ui>ou  nny  teehnknl  or  other  matter  material  to  the  Inveatijoitlon.  but 
■ball  not  diKrluHe  sueh  re|H)rt8  or  the  results  of  »uch  insiiectlon  or  examination 
onder  ttUs  bcctlou  without  theeoUHent  of  iKitb  the  itartles  to  the  dispute. 

ffrtnunfralion  ami  vxiM'tuirii  of  btmnl, 

51.  The  members  of  n  board  while  enjs^nged  In  the  adjustment  of  a  dlsiaif^ 
1  he  remunerated  for  their  services  as  follows: 

(0)  To  members  other  tJinn  the  ciialnnan — 

(1)  Ad  allowance  of  Hve  dollnrs  a  day  for  a  time  not  exceeding  thn**'  diiya 
daring  which  the  members  may  be  actually  eneat;ed  In  selecting  a  third  memlM-r 
of  the  board ; 

4U)  An  allowance  of  fifteen  dollars  for  each  whole  day's  sittings  of  tlie 
tMMrd; 

(lit)   An  flllowant?e  of  seven  dollars  for  each  half-day's  sittings  of  the  hoanl; 
(ft)  The  chairman  shall  be  allowe<l  twenty  dollars  a  day  for  each  whole  day's 
g»  of  the  board,  and  ten  dollan*  a  day  for  each  half-day's  sittings; 

No  allowance  shall  be  made  lo  any  member  of  the  bt>ard  ou  account  of 

sitting  of  the  board  which  does  not  extend  over  a  half  day,  unless  it  Is 

iikowu  to  the  sarisfaction  of  the  minister  that  sm-h  mefthig  of  the  iKHird  was 

ry  to  the  itcrformance  of  Its  duties  as  8i)eedy  as  iK>ysll>le.  and  that  the 

wblcb  prevented  a  half-day's  sitting  of  the  board  were  beyond  its  con- 


■ 


kgp: 

Vbfvof  t 

"  aaaoclat 


BS.  No  member  of  the  board  shall  accept  In  addition  to  his  salary  as  n  mem- 
bfV  of  the  board  any  peniuisite  or  gratuity  of  any  klud,  from  any  corpi»ratIon, 
aaaoclatlon,  iiartuership  or  iudlvUlual  in  any  way  lntere.ste<l  in  any  matter  or 
tUog  before  <ir  altout  to  be  brought  liefore  the  i>oard  in  accftrdance  with  the 
prnvtsloDs  of  this  act.  The  accepting  of  such  i>erqul8lte  or  gratuity  by  any 
member  of  the  ttoard  shall  be  an  oQVnse  and  shall  render  such  member  liable  to 
a  fine  not  exceeding  one  thousan<l  dollars. 

53.  Each  member  of  the  board  will  be  entitled  to  his  actual  necessary  travel- 
Ing  (»xpeuHes  for  each  day  that  he  Is  engaged  In  traveling  from  or  to  his  place 
of  rv'sldence  for  the  purpose  of  attending  or  after  having  altetuled  a  meeting  of 
the   board. 

54.  AH  exi»enses  of  the  board.  Including  exi>enses  for  transfiortatlou  incurred 
by  the  members  thereof  or  by  jiersons  under  Its  order  In  ninking  investigations 
'  -  'Mis  act,  salarleK  of  emidoyees  and  agents,  and  fei's  and  niiUtige  to  wlt- 

j.ill  be  allowwl  and  paid  u(iou   the  presentation  «tf  ileuiized   voucbera 

..  approved"  by  the  chairman  of  the  board,  which  vouchers  shall  be  for- 

wsnliHt  by  the  cbalrmau  lo  the  mlulster.     The  chalrmnn  shall  also  forward  to 

the  minister  a  ctfrtiiled  and  detaibM  stateuieut  of  the  HiltlngH  of  the  board,  and 

iof  XhK  members  present  at  such  sittings. 


DUTIKS  OF  THE  RKGISTRAK, 

SS.   It  shall  be  the  dnty  of  the  registrar: 

la)  To  receive  jiud  register,  and.  sul>ject  to  the  provisions  of  thlw  act,  to  deal 
with  oil  appilcatJt>uB  by  employers  or  employees  for  a  reference  of  any  dis])uto 
TO  a  board,  and  to  at  once  bring  to  tbe  mlnlstec's  atteutlon  every  such  appUcu- 
Uuo: 

(*>  To  conduct  such  corresitondence  with  the  parties  and  members  of  boarils 

may  be  !i**«'»*HH:»ry  to  constitute  any  board  as  siMHHlUy  as  jHissibie  In  aceord- 
uie^  with  th<  us  of  this  act; 

(c)   Tv  rv  '  iie  all  re(»orts  and  recommendations  of  boards,  and  cou- 

H«imr/  0Ofi/  r'c/r/e-.-/«'//i/f/i«Y*  iiOfi  flo  Fticti  fiifngs  SB  huiy  usslst  In  reuderVwv,  vtl«^- 

"^  'vcommeziiJjttloug  vt  the  boards,  hi  ae<^»rdftuce  witb  tbe  VTi*N\'i\oA\^  *>t 


■--  -^-  -'- 


166  BVLLRTtV  OF  THE  BITREAU   OP  li&BOR.  V 

(f/)  To  Uoop  n  re^lfiter  In  wbleli  Btmll  he  <mi<!Ti\\  ilie  tmrtlculars  of  all  flppll- 
ciitlunR.  referenros.  r»'|Mrt«  and  reooniinendnlloiis  reliitlii;;  to  the  upiHilnliuout  of 
II  board,  and  IIh  pn«*ewlings:  and  to  wifely  kocp  all  appllratlonH,  ntatcnient^,  re- 
portK,  rL'Comim*ndutloiiK  niid  otlicr  di^x'tiujeiitH  relating  to  proceedings  bofuru  lUe 
hoard,  and,  wlion  h<i  re<]uiretl,  tratittudt  nil  or  any  of  »nch  to  the  minister; 

(r)  To  BUpply  to  any  jmrtles,  on  reipieflt,  Infornnitton  as  to  this  net,  or  any 
refrnlatloHH  or  pnx'eedlntfK  thereunder,  and  alno  to  furnlHh  pnrtleH  1o  n  dlHpule 
and  nH'Udu'rs  of  the  hoard  with  n4_*ee»»«arj'  Munk  forms,  forms  of  Runimimis  or 
other  pupt'rK  or  doounienlN  re^pdriNl  In  conneellon  with  the  effittlve  carryUiK 
out  of  the  provlslouH  of  thiH  net; 

(/)  <ienernlly,  to  do  all  Huch  thlngK  and  take  nit  fiuch  ])roeeeiUng«  uh  may 
t>e  rwpilred  In  tho  performonce  of  his  duties  preflcrlltod  under  tills  net  or  any 
reKUlallous  thereunder. 

STRIKES    AND    1/>CKOt:T8   PRIOR   TO    AND    PENDINO    A    RKFEUENCIQ 
TO  A  BOARD  ILLKGAU 

rso.  Tt  flhnll  he  unlawful  for  any  employer  to  declare  or  cause  a  loi-kout.  or 
for  any  employee  to  gu  on  Ktrlku,  on  a«vniiut  of  any  dlnpuie  prior  to  ur  during 
n  ri'forence  of  wnrh  dispute  to  a  hunrd  of  raneUhttiMn  and  Invetttlicatlou  under 
the  i>rovl.sIon[*  of  thiH  act,  or  prior  to  or  during  a  reference  under  the  provlalonn 
('oneernhiK  railway  dlnputes  lu  the  roneilhitlon  and  Ijibor  Act:  ProviUctl,  That 
uothhiK  In  thlK  act  hIuiII  prohltdt  the  suKpcnnlon  or  discontinuance  of  any  Indus- 
try or  of  the  working  of  any  jiersona  therein  for  any  caune  not  constltullng 
n  lockout  or  Htriko:  /*ror/t/c<£  aho,  That,  except  where  the  partlen  have  en- 
tennl  Uilo  an  at;rtH.*ment  unilor  section  *\2  of  thiH  ai-t,  nt'thlUK  In  this  art  Hlmll 
|te  held  to  restrahi  any  employer  from  dcclarlnj;  a  lockout,  or  any  employee 
from  ifoln;;  ou  strike  in  respect  of  any  dispute  which  han  he<*n  duly  referred  to 
n  hoard  and  which  han  licen  dtmit  with  under  iHM-tlon  2-i  or  2o  of  thiH  net,  or  lu 
re«|>ect  of  any  dispute  which  has  l>een  the  subjix't  of  a  rcfereiuv  luitler  the 
provlslonB  eoneerniuK  railway  dlspulesi  in  the  (\mclllntion  and  fjihor  Act, 

ri7.  KuiployerH  and  employet^H  Hhall  i:lve  at  least  thirty  dayN"  notice  of  nu 
lnteu<l<Hl  change  ufTectln);  cundttlons  of  employimmt  with  reniiect  to  wnK*^"**  or 
Iioui'h;  ntid  In  every  caw»  where  a  dispute  has  hcen  referrcil  tn  a  hoard,  until 
the  dispute  ha«  Infu  llually  dealt  with  by  the  hoard,  neither  of  the  parllcH  nor 
the  empl«»y«'ert  nfl'et'ted  fshall  alter  the  condltloUH  of  employnuM»t  wltli  re>.pe<*t 
to  wn^reH  or  hours,  or  on  account  of  the  dlHpulH  do  or  l*e  coucernwl  In  dotuK* 
dlriH'dy  or  ludlrwtly,  auythhuf  In  the  nature  of  a  IcH-ktuit  or  strike,  or  a  mus- 
|ien»lon  or  dUcftnlinuaniv  of  employment  or  work,  hul  the  relationship  of  em- 
ployer and  emp]i»yet!  Nlmll  C4>nlliiue  tinlnterruptisl  by  the  dlRvuite,  or  uuythlnj; 
nrlsluK  out  of  the  dispute:  hut  If.  In  the  opinion  of  the  hoard,  either  party 
uses  tlilK  or  any  other  provision  of  tids  net  for  the  puriNines  of  unjustly  nialn- 
tainluK  a  Klvtni  (dudltUai  of  affairs  through  delay,  and  the  Imard  so  re|)onH  to 
the  ndnlHter.  kucIi  party  shall  l>e  gidlty  of  an  otTense.  ami  liable  to  the  same 
IK-Mujltles  as  are  Imposed  for  a  violation  of  The  next  preceding  section. 

1%H,  Any  employer  divlarlng  or  causing  a  hM_'Uout  contrary  to  the  jtrovlslons 
of  this  t\\'i  shall  ho  liable  to  a  tine  of  not  li*ss  tluin  one  buiidroil  dollars,  nor 
mor(*  than  oue  tiiousaud  dollars  for  eadi  day  or  part  uf  a  day  that  such  look- 
out exists. 

59.  Any  employee  who  goes  on  strike  contrary  to  the  provlshms  of  this  acl 
nhalt  ho  llahle  to  a  fine  uf  not  less  than  ten  dollars  nor  more  Ihun  llfty  dollars, 
fur  each  day  or  |«irt  tif  n  d.-iy  timt  such  .  .    !s  nu  strike. 

60.  Any  person  who  Inciies.  eucouriu  In  any  manner  any  (Mnployer 

lo  dechire  or  Cfmtlune  a   luckfiut,  or  nn>    .-utri'^ '•»■  to  go  i}r  — :*!■■■•. ...i,. 

contrary  to  the  pivivislous  of  this  act,  shall  l»e  gtdlly  of  an 

n  fine  of  not  I**hh  ihnn  tlfty  dtilhirs  nr»r  more  tliun  one  ihi  -   . 

4(1.  The  procedure  for  ehf«U'clu>;  iK'nallles  Impownl  or  .-  '   To  lie  Un 

iwiwt^  by  this  act  Bhull  be  that  presc-rlliiHl  hy   l*:>rt  XV.  of  mlnal  Code, 
relating  to  sunminry  convictions. 

SriOClAI.  i'itU\  ISIU.NS. 


f«ot  iu  a  rcfvtt'Ucv   f 


iMite  whlrli 

't  iwy  liM 
.'.     f..   1... 


CAXADGLX  IKDUSTKIAL  DISPUTES  INVESTIGATION  ACT  OF  1907.       167 

■meut   so    to    bo   boimcf  made    Uy   one  pnrty    shnll    Im*    f<trwnrde<l    to    the 

rnr  who  shall  tttminunUiite  U  to  the  ottier  i»art5\  and  if  the  other  jiarty 

?»  In  like  maimiT  to  lie  hoiind  l».v  the  recituiuifudatiou  of  the  board,  thcii 

p  rfxi>nimpnil:iTion  shjill  he  mude  n  nile  of  the  snid  eimrt  on  tlie  a[i|illGatfon 

ellber  i«riy  and  shall  he  eiifori'wilile  In  like  niauner. 

t«f.  In  the  event  of  a  disidite  arising  in  any  industry  or  trade  other  thikn 
as  may  be  IneKnJed  iMulrr  the  provlsionH  nf  thiK  act,  and  such  dispute 
thrmtenR  to  result  lu  a  kH-k^mt  or  strike,  or  has  aetnally  resnltod  In  a  lockout 
or  Ktrlke,  either  of  the  (lanie^  niuy  ogr<^  In  writ-  Iwrltiog)  to  allow  such  dlH- 
pnie  to  be  referred  to  a  botinl  of  conciliation  and  tnreetl^tlou,  tu  be  coustl- 
tated  under  the  pn>vlKlnnH  of  thlit  act. 

U,  Ererv  n>rreenicnt  to  nlUnv  snch  reference  shall  be  forw^arded  to  the  rest»i- 

mr.  who  sliHJl  couiniiinlcitte  11    to  the  other  (lai^.  and    If  Nurh  utlier  party 

-r—"-  !ti  like  umnn^r  to  allow  the  dispute  to  he  referred  to  a  board,  the  dls- 

V    be  HI  ri'forrtMl  jis  If  the  indu.«ttry  or  trade  and  the  parties  were  In- 

-v  ithln  thp  provishius  i>f  this  act, 

a.  t"T<tQ\   the   time  that    the   imrtles    hare   l>cen    notified    hi    wrltins:   by    the 

rvi^Utmr  that   Id  ctvnseriUHm'e  of  their  mutual  ajfreenient  U*  refer  the  dl^ipnte 

to  A  Inmrd  under  tl»^  provisions  of  this  act,  the  minister  has  decided  to  refer 

fineb  diKpute,  the  lockout  or  strike,  if  in  existence,  shall  forthwith  cease,  and 

the  provlsloutf  of  this  act  shall  bind  the  purtlen. 

MISrELLAXEOrs. 


or  ( 

H  ubli 

■I 


» 


64.  No  c*iurt  of  the  Unmlnlun  of  Canada,  or  of  nuy  I*r<tvince  or  territory 
thrrwif.  shall  have  jMiwer  or  Jiirl.**dictlon  to  nvoj^lxe  or  enfom*,  ur  to  receive  In 
ovitlonoe  any  re|)ort  of  a  board,  or  any  te»ttluiotiy  or  prtx'etHllnpi  before  a  hoard, 
aa  agaluMt  auy  jx-rson  or  for  any  purpose,  except  In  the  case  of  the  prosecution 
of  such  pt-rson  for  (»erjury. 

65.  No  pru<-ee<liii)?  under  Ihls  act  shall  Ih*  deemed  Invalid  by  reason  of  any 
defect  of  form  or  any  ti.'chnical  irregularity. 

66.  The  minister  shall  determine  the  allowance  or  amonnta  to  he  pnid  to  all 
permaaB  other  than  the  meuilHTt*  of  a  board,  emidoyed  by  the  Ooveriiment  or 
MBj  bofird,  including  the  re>;i!?trar,   secretaries,  clerks,  experts,   dtenofcraphera 

other  inrsons  i»erfornnng  any  8«»rvices  under  the  [provisions  of  this  act 

67.  In  case  of  proHecutluus  inider  thin  act,  whether  a  couvlctlou  1b  or  la  not 
ublalned.  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  clerk  of  the  court  before  which  any  such 
lirwM^-Mrion   takes  place  to  brietly  report  the  particniars  of  such  prosecution 

f!  r:ir  within  thirty  days  after  It  luis  lnH»n  determlneil,  and  such  clerk 

!»«d  to  a  prewribwl  h'e  In  payment  of  hl«  servk^es. 
■©*».  1  u'"  governor  in  council  may  m;ike  regulations  as  to  the  time  wtthLn 
which  nnythluf?  hereby  authorizcHi  shall  be  done,  and  alsit  as  to  any  other 
niTiM.-f  .,r  thinjt  which  ap|>ears  tu  him  uetessary  or  advisable  to  the  effet.'luul 
:  of  the  several  provisions  of  this  act.  All  socli  rejjulations  shall  go 
;  e  on  the  day  of  the  publication  tliereof  lu  The  <'anada  Gazette,  and 
tbi-y  shall  be  laid  before  Parliament  within  fifteen  days  after  such  puhllcutlon, 
or.  If  rnrUanieiir  is  uot  then  la  session,  within  fifteen  days  after  the  opening 
iif  the  )('  o  theref»f. 

61>.  -^  -  and  expenses  Ineurreil  l)y  the  Government  iu  connection  with 

ti>e  .irhnin.M: ilium  of  this  act  shall  be  defrayed  out  of  such  nppropriatlcms  as 
are  made  by  Parllantent  for  that  purpo»>. 

Ti»      \n    "tniual  reiM.>rt  with  ivsjtwt  to  the  matters  transacted  by  hliu  under 
l»e  made  by  the  miul?*ter  to  the  S'lvernor-^jeneral,  and  shnil  be  laid 
iuieac  within  tlie  tirst  fifteen  days  of  each  sesf^on  thereof. 


BBITISH  TRADE  DISPUTES  ACT  OF  1906. 

Tho  text  of  the  Brilisli  Trade  Disputes  Act  of  1!M)(\  is  given  in  full 
iu  the  following  pag^  in  response  to  numerous  iuquirie.s  in  regntd  to 
the  fiuhjent.  The  decision  in  (h(»  Taif  Viile  ruse,  whic-h  was  tlie  iniinc- 
dinte  cause  of  the  onnotinent  of  (his  law,  and  the  legal  position  of 
labor  unions  as  the  result  of  the  decision,  were  discussed  in  Bidlptin 
\»K  70  of  tliif!  Bureau  and  more  at  length  in  Bulletin  Na  '>0,  and  need 
n(»l  Im*  iTprodnred  heir. 

A?(  Act  to  provhk*  fur  tU*i  r«^KUlft11un  of  tniUon  tiulonti  aiitl  tniilt*  diBputt^ri  |2lAt 

tir  ft  riiard'tl  hi/  •  •  •  l*iirUttmrnt  itrntrmMt'*!,  (intt  by  thf  authuriti/  o/ 
Iftf  MUtin-,  tin  fiiHt/trx: 

I.  Tbn  fotlowlim  |mi'n^i'iii>h  hIiiiM  Ih»  mUlml  nn  a  iit'w  piiriittriipli  after  thu 
fli'»t  jiMniKnipli  uf  M«v(li>ii  thiw  of  iliti  <'*niHpli'nry  ami  rroitvtltui  of  Tropcrly 
Aft,  1875  («»  : 

"An  net  (Inno  In  pnrsunnoe  of  an  ain*e4mipnt  ar  ennitilnatlnn  by  two  or  mom 
iH'rwiiK*  kIhiII,  If  doiH'  In  oontoiuplatlon  »»r  furUieranct*  uf  a  tratV*  <ll«|»uto,  not  bo 
itrlintiiihir  iinlt'wt  tlw  lu-t.  If  diUK*  wltlmut  jiny  siu-li  ii^nviii«Mit  nr  fonibhwitlon, 
would  he  aotloniible." 

2.-  -(1 )  It'Hliiill  III'  litwfiil  fur  on*'  or  muri*  |k*ijm)ii«,  iirtlac  on  tUvW  own  licUalf 
or  nil  bt*li!ilf  of  II  tritdo  nnli>n  or  of  nn  tiidlvldtuil  cinpliiy^T  or  rlrni  In  contom- 
platloii  or  furllif-ntnrf  of  n  trade  dispute,  lo  a(tiMid  at  or  noar  a  houme  or  plaoc 
wb<Ti-'  a  pi'i-^»n  ro(*idu8  »pr  workB  or  nirrli-n  on  bn^lni^P  or  htipiMMin  to  h<',  If  lliry 
tm  aftciul  HK^rtdy  for  the  ptirpom*  of  |M*ncrfnlly  f>lttnlnlnK  or  rnntmunlrutinj^  In* 
foruiailuu,  or  of  pouccfully  |M'n^undtii>;  uny  iMTHon  to  work  or  jilmliiln  from  work- 
Inte. 

(1!)  ScH'tion  wni>n  of  thpl'ousplracy  and  rrotfctlon  uf  I'riiiH'rty  Art,  IHTfi  (*), 
|k  h*'r<»by  rcix*"!'"^*  fntai  "nttrudtnt;  nt  or  iicnr"  to  llio  i'lid  (if  tbe  H»H:lioa. 

:i.  An  art  doiu'  by  It  piMwai  In  idnt<*iupla(lon  or  furtbtTinuv  of  a  triidc  dl»- 
pnrr  Hhnll  not  Ix'  nrtlomiblt>  on  thi'  Kroun<l  only  thai  It  lndur»>M  Konii*  otber  fwr- 
H*>n  to  break  a  rinitntrl  of  i*nipli>yin<'nt  op  that  It  Ih  an  Inlorferrutv  wltli  tlu» 
trade,  husUirsH,  ur  empitjyniiMit  of  sHinu*  othor  pornon,  or  n  ttb  tin*  rlKbt  of  stonm 
(•thcr  porwon  to  <ilHpo(«p  of  IiU  mpUHl  or  Utn  liibor  as  be  will**. 

4> — (1)  Au  ai»tlon  a»fi»lnHt  a  trade  union,  wbftber  of  workmen  or  uuiAttTH.  or 
n;;MlfiiK(  mty  meadtorH  or  oitUlalK  thereof  on  bebnif  of  theniwdven  ami  hII  ottier 
ItienitjerH  tif  tin*  tnide  \inloit  hi  lVHl>t»<^l  of  ]>ny  toiiious  ml  «llep»d  to  luive  b»*^n 
i'«injmllti.*d  by  or  uu  belialf  uf  the  trade  union,  aball  not  b»  «tntertulu4Hj  by  any 
i?ourt. 


•*  Tbr  ilrftt  puntKiapb  of  nwllon  U  uf  Uie  (.'onsplniry  and  ProUfllou  of 
Property  Aot.  lS7r».  here  referi^***!  to.  read«  wh  followK  : 

An  aiiri^ment  ta*  eoinldnarinn  by  two  or  ntore  peraonH  to  tlo  or  priHMire  to  be 
Uoue  any  act  In  eouleniplallon  or  furthenince  of  a  trade  dUpnte  biMween  eui- 
|i|i;»yer»i  nnd  workmen  Mlinlt  not  he  indictable  nn  a  eoofplrary  If  »nch  act 
coninilttiHl   by  one  perwai  would   not   bi'  piinlHbatde  tin  a   crime. 

*'rhe  purl  of  rtMMlnn  7  of  the  (*iii  '   "  '"   I*ri>|>erty  Ai*t, 

1875.  which  Is  ropeiile*!  by  ib*-  ;iIm(\. 

Atti-ndlny  ut  or  urur  the  lioiiw'  or  \ ■■  "■  ■!  -    •■- 

i?arrlen  on  buHlncMM.  or  happcnn  to  i.e,  or  the 

to  f>n]or  inei'ely   to   oMnIti    ..r    >  ouiuiunli.'ate   Ini  , 

n-Mtc/jhi/^'  or  h*Mftii  thif  mvmnttXK  ot  tiiia  Hvcttou.     I*' Wfltctilns  ' 

f*f  " btKm'fting  "  art*  ).  .i  ) 


JOS 


BRITISH  TRADE  DISPUTES   ACT    OF   IWW. 


I 


f!>  NMblug:  In  t\\\9  9(H.<tIoii  sbiill  »(T(N't  thr  Unbllily  nf  tbp  rniKtees  of  a  trade 
nnion  to  he  sued  Ui  the  eveutu  pntvlded  for  by  Ibe  TriuU»s  Viiloii  Act.  1871.  stv- 
tloo  iun<?  (*),  except  in  respect  of  any  tortious  act  conuuitted  by  or  on  l»eUalf 
of  Ui**  union  in  i.'OU(euijilHtion  or  in  fiirTlicnniff'  of  n  trado  disjinte. 

S.— (1)  TlilB  act  may  be  cited  as  the  Tnide  Disputes  Act,  iy*)C,  and  the 
Trade  Tnion  Acti»,  1S71  and  187*i,  and  this  act  may  be  cited  together  as  the 
Tndie  Union  Acts.  3S71  to  V.M)^. 

|2)  Id  this  act  the  expresHion  "trade  union"  has  the  same  nieaului;  as  in 
tbe  Trade  l^iUm  Actji,  3S71  and  1876  (^>,  and  shall  Include  any  combination  as 
tb^ri-'lu  di'tlued,  uotwlthstandlus  that  such  combimitlou  uuiy  be  the  branch  of  a 
trade  union. 

(3)  In  this  net  nml  In  Ibe  Conspiracy  and  rrottvtioii  of  rro|)erty  Act,  1.S75, 
tbr  elprcwtiuh  "trade  diKpnie"  means  any  tliBi>u1e  between  employers  and 
wvrkmen.  or  l>etwe»'n  workmen  and  workmen,  which  Is  oiuiiected  with  the  em- 
ployiBent  or  nonemployment  or  the  terms  of  the  employment,  or  with  the  con- 
»  c^f  lalntr,  of  any  |>erson,  imd  the  exprenwion  "  workmen  *'  nit'uns  all  jkt- 
s  emplityed  lu  trade  or  Industry,  whether  or  not  In  the  employment  of  the 

ployer  with  whom  n  trade  dispute  arises;  and.  In  section  three  of  the  last- 
mentloned  act,  the  words  "  between  employers  and  worluueu  **  shall  be  repenled. 


■  Section  9  of  the  Trade  Union  Act  1H71,  here  referred  to,  reads  as  follows: 

The  trustees  of  any  trade  union  r*^i»ten?d  under  this  act.  or  any  other  «tllici 
^  jnch  trade  union  who  may  be  authorized  so  to' do  by  the  rules  thereof,  are 
l^flWlF  euipoweriHl  to  brlLitr  or  defend,  or  cause  to  be  bntu^ht  or  d*-feuded, 
say  action,  suit,  prosecution  or  complaint  in  any  court  of  law  ov  efiuily 
touchlnur  or  couc<»miUK  the  property,  rijrbt.  or  claim  to  property  of  the  trade 
unkiu;  and  shall  and  may,  hi  all  cai^es  concerulnf;  the  real  or  i:»ersoiml  proi>erty 
of  snch  trade  union,  sue  and  be  sued^  i>Iead  and  be  Imiileuded,  In  any  court  of 
faiw  or  equity.  In  their  pr*»per  names,  without  other  description  than  the  title 
of  their  office;  and  no  such  action,  suit,  p^o^#ecutlou,  or  complaint  shall  be 
dii!<ciM>tiuued  or  sliajl  abate  by  the  death  or  removal  from  olKce  of  micb  persima 
or  any  of  them,  but  the  same  shall  and  may  l»e  pn^ceeded  in  by  their  successt>r 
or  Hutve^^on?  as  if  such  death,  resi^utlon.  or  removal  had  not  taken  iihuv: 

n:  '   '     siK-cessMtn;  shall   pay  or  revvlve  the  like  costs  as  if  the  action,  suit, 

I  I,  or  comphilut  had  been  commenced  In  their  names  for  tht*  tH-iutit 

4  lY'lmbiirsed  from  the  fniids  of  such  trade  union,  and  the  summons 

l-  "  such  trustee  or  other  officer  may  be  served  by  Icovlni;  the  same 

ti-  red  office  of  the  trade  uni<in. 

^  Xhtr  eJi])rei«lon  **  trflde  union  **  is  defined  by  the  Trade  I'nlon  Acts,  ISTl  aud 
3S76.  as  follows: 

Tbe  term  "  trade  union "  means  any  combination,  whether  tem|Hirary  or 
penaanent,  for  regulating  the  relations  between  workmen  and  masters,  or 
between  workmen  and  workmen,  or  between  masters  and  masters,  or  tm  inip<-'s- 
lOK  re«trlctl\e  conditions  on  the  conduct  of  any  trade  or  business,  whether 
HK'b  i*omhlnati(»n  would  or  would  not.  if  the  principal  act  had  not  been  passed, 
have  been  deemed  to  have  been  an  unlawful  combination  by  reason  of  some  one 
or  more  of  its  purposes  being   in  resirnlnt  of  trade: 

Pr&rfilcd,  That  this  act  shall  not  ittTect — 

1.  Any  agreement  between  partners  us  to  their  own  buslneBs; 

2,  Any  agreement  between  an  emidoyer  and  thost*  pmpltfyed  by  him  as  to  sit 
employment; 

^  Any  agrevmeut  in  consideration  of  the  sale  of  the  g<H>d  w*lll  of  a  bufilne 
ur  of  lJitn.Hluctiou  lu  auy  professiunr  trade,  or  handicraft. 


ttdl 


ue 

I 


iTE    BITREAUS   OP    LABOH IOWA. 


171 


average  of  $l,fUt5.(t7,  lumc  of  ihe  honies  Ijeiiig  uiiiiu'iiinUMt'd,  while  80 
reported  an  equity  of  $1W,143  in  property  valued  at  $191,0i)0. 

Kaiueoao  EMi'H')ncK8. — This  is  nn  investigation  of  (he  <'rinditions 
ffurrouiidiiig  the  employment  of  railroad  men  in  the  tran^iportation 
hntnch  of  the  service  und  ii  reconi  of  the  accidents  to  railroad  em- 
ployees within  the  State  during  the  year  1905,  and  of  accidents  to  em- 
ploye«*s,  passengers,  and  nthcrs  during  the  period  1878  to  1905»  Re- 
turns from  the  railroad  employees  show  that  tlie  average  run  per 
montii  WHS  3,430  miles  for  22  conductors  on  5  different  systems,  2,951 
miles  for  42  engineers  on  9  different  systems,  8,0.38  miles  for  23  fii^e- 
men  on  C  different  systems,  and  2,772  mlle^s  for  22  trainmen  on  tt 
different  systems.  For  conductors  the  rate  of  pay  was  $3.45  per  100 
miles,  the  reported  average  yearly  earnings  being  $1,304.65;  for  en- 
gineers the  rate  of  pay  rariged  fi-om  $3.80  to  $1.^0  per  100  miles,  the 
reporteil  average  yearly  earnings  being  $1,410;  for  firemen  the  rate 
of  pay  ranged  from  $2.30  to  $3  j>er  100  miles,  the  reporte<l  average 
yearly  earnings  being  $882.47,  and  for  trainmen  the  rate  of  pay  was 
$2.29  per  100  miles,  the  reported  average  yearly  earnings  being  $757, 

E.MPLOitits'  Statistical  Report. — These  returns,  presented  in  two 
tables,  cover  the  year  1905,  and  were  furaished  by  employers  in  882 
industrial  establishments,  in  06  counties  of  the  State,  in  which  35,551 
persons  were  employed,  29,488  being  wage-workers  and  6,063  salaried 
employees. 

The  first  table,  arranged  by  counties,  gives  in  detail  character  of  in- 
dustry, number  of  establishments  reporting,  number  of  employees 
(men,  womeji,  and  children),  hours  worked  i)er  day,  days  in  operation 
during  the  year,  increases  and  decreases  in  wages,  and  amount  paid 
in  wages  during  the  year  to  each  class  of  wage-workers  (men,  women, 
and  children).  In  addition  there  is  given  the  amount  paid  in  salaries 
during  the  year  to  men  and  women,  together  with  the  number  em- 
ployed of  each  sex. 

The  sec<jnd  cable  siuninarizes,  by  counties,  the  data  presented  in  the 
first  table.  It  shows  that  the  29,488  persons  employed  as  wage- 
workers  in  the  8M2  establishment^  earnetl  during  1905  the  sum  of 
$14,576,187.  Of  the  total,  24,000  men  earned  $13,245,837 ;  4,tH5  women 
earned  $1,202,047,  and  783  children  under  IC  years  of  age  earned 
$I2S,30;5.  Tin:  average  annual  earnings  of  the  men  were  $550.53:  of 
tlie  women,  $258.78,  and  of  the  children  under  IC  years  of  age, $163,80. 
To  the  ti,0C3  salaried  employees  the  sum  of  $4,655,432  was  paid, 
$4,0-15,.53S  to  4,638  men  and  $609,81)4  to  1,425  women.  The  average 
annual  salary  received  by  the  men  was  $872.26  and  by  the  women 
$'127.99.  The  average^  numl)er  of  per.sons  employed  in  eiich  of  the 
882  estobli^sjinients  was  40,  the  average  houi*s  worked  per  day  9.95, 
and  tlie  average  uunil>er  of  days  per  year  29S.  During  the  year  4,677 
petrsons  received  an  increase  of  pay  averaging  8.64  per  cent. 


172 


BULLBTTN    OF   THE    BUREAU    OF    U^BOR. 


The  Cannini;  Indistkv. — The  inforninlion  tvlnting  to  this  in- 
dustry is  presented,  by  counties,  in  two  tHblo«.  In  the  first  table  is 
t^hown  for  11)05  the  niimlier  of  plants  reporting,  time  in  operation, 
ninnlx'r  of  nion.  women,  nnd  children  employed,  hours  worked  per  day, 
and  amount  pai<I  in  wages  during  the  year  to  each  clusw  of  wage- 
workci-s;  also  the  number  nf  men  and  women  employed  on  salary,  to- 
gether with  the  total  amount  paid  each  class  during  the  yvnv.  Tlie 
seeonil  table  is  a  list  of  graded  hourly  nites  sliowing  that  paid  in  each 
of  the  different  occupution-s  of  the  industry,  hours  worked  per  day 
and  |>er  week,  and  ehangeH  in  the  rates  paid  during  11K)5, 


MAINE, 


I 


Twentieth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  IndtmtrUd  and  Labor 
Statt9ticii  for  the  State  vf  Maine,  ltK)C,  Samuel  W,  Matthews, 
Conmiissioner.     'i'il  pp. 

In  this  ivpoit  the  subjects  foMowiiig  ai*e  presented  :  Factories,  null:^, 
and  nhop^  built  during  lJ»0(i.  5  pages;  lalxir  unions,  71  pages;  St(K'k- 
U>n  Ha rlx>r,  Maine's  new  !>enport,  17  pages;  manufacturing  industries, 
IH  pugch;  the  Hii^^kcll  silk  mill.  4  pages;  the  paper-box  industry,  3 
pages;  the  pulp  iind  paper  industry,  iiO  pagt*s;  railroads,  5  pages; 
ivport  of  the  inspector  of  factories,  worksliops,  mines,  and  quarries, 
l.'i  pages. 

Kactohies,  MiLUs,  AND  Suops  Built. — Returns  show  that  in  1006 
in  105  towns  132  buildings  were  erected  or  enlarged,  remodeled,  etc., 
at  a  l<tlfll  ••iist  of  $2,037,500.  These  improvements  proviiled  for  3,7*24 
additional  employees. 

A  summary  of  iinprovemeuts  of  this  character  is  presented  for  the 
ten  years  1807  to  lOOtJ: 

FAOTOaiBS.  MILLS.  AND  8H0F8    aiMLT  OR   ENL.VRGED.   ETC..   OURtXO    THK   YKAB^ 

16B7  TO  lOOO. 


■                            rw. 

Nuiubtr 

oflo«rtu. 

Xumbor 
of  build- 

Afsrcffiiu 

cone. 

IWff 

74 
U 

IM 
114 
M 
Dl 
W 
Dt 
Ddi 

1(KV 

rt 

i« 

107 
121 
l£U 
131 
11:1 
lt4 

ara.ioo 
2.174. «a 

i.4;it.«oo 
?.»a.4lO 

S.037.f«O 

■?.  ctij 

lyui....   ..                                            

I.AWiH  Unions. — tTnder  this  title  is  given  a  list  of  all  fwlerations 
mid  anions  rejMrtitig,  together  with  the  addrosacis  of  the  wcretaries. 
"^'-^rr  n^ere  i?  Sint4.i  nnd  11  central  feduTttUonis  ikT\i\  ^\X\  \oc«\  \vtv\<^VA 


BKPORTB  OF  STATE    BUBEACS   OF   LABOR — MAINE. 


178 


M  iMties,  lown^,  and  pliinlniions.  Of  llie  local  uaitms  known  to 
exist  in  lOOtl,  5  faiied  to  ifjMirt  nienibersliip  and  14  sent  no  re|K>rt, 
The  Imports  from  the  unions  give,  by  cities  and  towns,  the  date  of  or- 
srauization,  the  membei'sliip,  tlie  qnalifiratinns  foi-  membership,  tho 
iiiitiation  fees,  dues,  benefit^^  allowed,  the  hours  of  labor,  rates  <>f 
wkges,  etc.  The  11K5  local  unions  reporting  comprise<l  n  membership 
of  U,77i>. 

To  the  f|uestion.  "  What  have  you  accomplished  for  labor  by  organ- 
ization f*'  a  wide  range  of  replies  w^as  returned  by  the  unious:  but  a 
iimjority  i»f  them  asserted  thnt  higher  wages  and  a  shorter  workday 
had  l»een  gained.  To  the  question,  "  Do  nonunion  men  enjov  tlio 
same  i*on<liti<>ti.s  as  to  labor,  wages,  and  steady  employment  as  union 
men  ?"  190  unions  made  reply.  ^^  indicating  that  notninion  men  enjoy 
<K|Urtl  comlitions  with  union  men  and  101  that  they  do  not. 

Tiider  this  chapter  is  also  given  a  discus>don  of  the  a|)prentice8hip 
system,  and  the  rules  of  the  various  unions  governing  apprentices, 
together  with  a  history  of  the  labor  demands  and  di&putes  occurring 
diiHng  the  year. 

Mamf.uti  hiNo  iNDrsTBiES. — The  data  presented  in  this  chapter 
%vt  compiled  frtmi  the  United  States  I'ensus  of  manufactures  of 
Maine  fi>r  190r».  Comparisons  are  also  made  with  the  TTnited  States 
census  i»f  manufactures  for  1000. 

TuK  Papek-b<»x  Indistry. — A  general  description  of  the  more 
important  paper-lmx  factories  in  the  State  is  given  under  this  title, 
t<igether  with  statistics  of  the  industiy  for  the  entii-e  State,  for  the 
Unite<l  States,  and  for  six  States  in  which  the  induslrj'  is  mos-t 
prominent.  In  Maine,  in  1905,  there  were  9  paper-box  factories, 
with  a  capital  of  $144,900,  which  gave  employment  to  '2*22.  hands,  to 
whom  was  paid  in  wages  $70,416.  The  sum  of  $100,lf>l  was  paid 
for  materials  and  the  product  was  value<l  at  $:2.3t>,149. 

TiiK  Pti.i-  AMI?  Pai'er  Tndistry.-- At  the  present  time  the  nuiking 
of  pulp  and  paper  is  the  leading  manufacturing  industry  of  Maine. 
The  investigation  eonsideretl  in  this  report  is  confined  principally 
to  the  year  IDOti.  However,  as  a  matter  of  genera!  interest,  and  for 
puq>tiseM  of  compurisiMi  with  other  States,  a  list  is  presented  of  the 
States  where  the  manufacture  of  pulp  and  paper  in  liH)4  was  u  promi- 
nent industry',  sliowiug  the  vidiie  of  the  product  in  each  State.  Also, 
there  is  given  n  s^-uopsis  of  the  industry  in  the  United  States  for  the 
jretr  1904  compared  with  1800,  followed  by  a  similar  synopsis  of 
tbie  industry  in  the  State  of  Maine. 

The  returns  for  llKMl  give,  hy  towns,  a  general  de.s*:riptioa  of  each 
establishment,  stAting  kind  and  degree  of  power  used,  kind  of  ma- 
ihinery,  kinil  and  ainoimt  of  maleriiils  used,  kiml  and  nmount  of 
products  nutnbvr  of  t'mp}n\x^^  etc.  During  the  year  \\w  m^ww^ttc.- 
mu40—BatL 


174 


BUULKTIN    OF   THK    BURKAU    OF    LABOR. 


ttire  of  pti!l»  and  j>a|)er  was  oarrictJ  on  in  'M  pulp  luills  ami  *28  paper 
milLn  ccHnpriseil  in  38  dilTeront  establLshments,  employing  8,006  work 
people  (8^50  men  and  ^56  women).  To  th<w4;  Hnployc«s  a  total  of 
$4,820^308  was  paid  in  wa^s,  and  tlioy  turned  out  a  product  valued 
at  $34,617,606.  There  wen?  under  construction  during  tho  year  8 
{>n]p  mills  and  4  paper  mills,  5  of  (he  pulp  iriilU  an<I  3  of  tlic  pa[Kn* 
mills  constituting^  C)  new  establishments. 

The  chapter  concludes  with  three  contributed  papers,  as  follows, 
relating  to  the  industry:  "History  of  paper  making  in  Maine,  and 
tlie  future  of  tlic  industry  f^  "  Chemiciil  woo<l  pulp  nnd  paiXM* — how 
made,"  and  "  Maine  forest*,  their  preservation,  taxation,  and  value.'* 

Hailkoads.—  For  the  year  ending  June  30.  UH)6,  there  were  8,84<*) 
persons,  incluiling  general  officers,  in  the  service  of  the  20  steam  rail- 
roads operating  in  the  State.  Tlie  nggrcgate  amount  of  wages,  in- 
cluding Kularies,  pnid  during  the  year  was  $5,084,191.82.  Tho  num- 
ber of  eu^ployoes,  exclnding  gpjieral  oftieers,  was  8.781,  an  increase  of 
71  over  llK)r>.  The  total  numbei*  of  days  worked  by  employees,  other 
than  general  officers,  was  2.549,007,  and  the  total  amount  paid  llib 
class  of  employees  in  wages  was  $4^,909.1)00.08.  The  average  daily 
wages  of  the  same  class  was  $1.93,  an  increase  from  $1.88  for  the  year 
1905.  Statements  are  presented  showing  for  the  years  1IK>5  nnd  liKMJ 
the  total  mileage,  gross  earnings,  passengers  carried,  freight  hauled, 
passenger  and    fivight    train   mileage,  etc. 

The  mmilxr  of  men  employed,  mcluding  general  officers,  upon 
tlie  street  railways  of  Mairu^  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1906, 
was  1,330.  To  these  were  paid  wages  and  salaries  aggi^gating 
$834,404.35. 

Accident*^  on  st<*a(n  railroatls  for  the  year  ending  June  80,  1900, 
resulted  in  38  j>ersons  being  killed  and  2*22  injured  by  the  move- 
ment of  trains.  Of  those  killed,  17  wore  eniployeos.  it  were  passen- 
gers, and  10  were  other  person5i:  of  those  injured,  13G  were  em- 
ployees, r>4  were  pa.s.sengei%  and  3*2  wei'e  other  persons.  On  tlin 
street  railways  accidents  resulted  in  7  persons  being  killed  and  i8 
persons  injured.  Of  those  kil1e<l,  3  were  passi^ngers  and  4  were  other 
persons;  of  those  injured.  0  were  employees,  87  were  passengers,  and 
5  weiv  other  pei-sons. 

Ciin,r>  liAnoR. — In  the  report  (m  factory  inspection  liil»les  are  pro- 
Hentcd  in  which  it  is  shown  tluit  the  number  of  children  working 
under  certificates  in  certain  manufacturing  csiablishtnc4its  of  this 
StJite  was  813  in  llX»r»  nnd  877  In  1900.  The  fact(»ry  inspector  khv 
omiuertrts  additiomtl  legislation  rcgulatiiig  child  labor  in  thu  State. 


m  BBPORTS  OP   STATE   BUBEAUS   OF    UABOU — MARYIAND.  17^|i 

^^L  MARYLAND.  ^ 

Fifternth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  StatistiriH  //rul  ItiforTnatio^U 
of  Maryland^  1906,    Charles  J.  Fox.  Chief,    214  pp.  V 

In  this  re|>ort  the  subjects  Mlowing  nro  presented :  Tlic  cliiUI^^^ 
labor  law.  35  pages;  inspection  of  clothing  and  other  manufactures, 
23  pi&ges:  strikes  and  lockouts,  65  pages;  free  einplovnient  agency,  ^H 
pages;  cost  of  living,  19  pages;  in  labor  circles,  11  pages;  agricultural^ 
statistics,  1906,3  pages;  new  incorporations,  1906,  ^Ih  pages;  immigra- 
tion, 5  pages;  State  reports,  d  pages;  conferences  and  conventioufl|fl| 
2  pages;  Bnancial  statement  of  the  bureau,  1  page. 

The  Child- Labor  Law. — The  State  legislature  of  1906  placed  ui>on. 
the  labor  bureau  the  work  of  enforcing  what  is  generally  known  a^l 
the  child-labor  law.  In  this  chapter  is  given  the  result.s  of  the  work 
of  six  months  under  this  law — from  July  1  to  December  31,  190G, 
To  children  between  12  and  16  years  of  age  10.289  labor  pennits  were 
issued,  5,896  to  boys  and  4,393  to  girls.  Of  the  total  pennits  issued 
9,294  were  for  Baltimore  City,  5,2.'>1  to  boys  and  4,043  to  girls. 
Applicants  for  permits  to  the  number  of  1,046  were  refused. 

A  summary  of  the  work  of  the  various  district  inspectois  shows 
that  in  90  manufacturing  establishments,  with  sale^srooms,  visited 
there  were  248  boys  and  129  girls  under  16  years  of  age  employed, 
■vho«p  weekly  earnings  averaged  $2.64^;  that  in  356  stores,  mercantile 
KtAblisliments,  and  offices  visited  there  were  565  Imys  and  1T7  girls 
under  16  years  of  age  employed,  whose  weekly  earnings  averaged 
f3.48»  and  that  in  949  manufacturing  establishments  visited  there 
were  1,175  boys  and  1,688  girls  under  16  years  of  age  employed,  whose 
weekly  earnings  averaged  $3.64^.  Also,  there  is  given  the  degree  of 
intelligence  of  the  children,  hours  of  labor  per  day  and  time  allowed 
for  lunch,  sanitary  condition  of  surrt)undings,  etc. 

The  chapter,  further,  contains  a  report  on  the  applications  for 
relief  investigated  by  the  Charity  Organization  Society  and  the  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Improvement  of  the  Condition  of  the  Poor,  the  need 
df  relief  being  based  upon  the  alleged  loss  of  wages  of  children  to 
whom  IalH)r  jHTmits  had  l>een  refused.  Cases  in  the  tx)unties  oiitside 
v\i  Hakimore  were  investigutetl  by  the  secretary  of  the  Man*land 
Child-Labor  Comnuttee,  whose  report  closes  the  chapter. 

Inspectiox  ok  Ci/»THiNo  ANO  Otheh  MANrFACTURES. — Dunug  the 
year  190*1  the  work  of  insj)ectiiig  e-stablishnients  where  clothing  and 
other  articles  are  made  which  come  under  the  act  commonly  known 
as  the  "  sweat  simp  law  '■  wa.'r  vigorously  pursued  and  with  satisfacto 
re*ult3.    It  is  staled  that  the  old-time  sweat  shop  has  in  large  me^sii 
been  eliminated   from  the  manufacture  of  clothing  in  the  city 
lialdmore.     The  opinion  of  iho  State  cotirt  of  appe&Vs  Aftc\ftx\Tv\^  >3Sf 


1 


176 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  BUREAU  0¥   LABOR, 


of 
rk- 


fHi'iory  jiinl  workshop  iii^peociuii  law  ciiii'^nitUitHiHl  Ims  pnicticHlly 
ivvolutioui/ed  conditions  in  the  garm(.'nt-nmking  trader. 

After  inspection  and  report  thereon,  during  the  year  li>06  there 
were  1,441  pennit.s  issued  to  contractors  and  individuals  to  work  and 
employ  25,822  people  in  the  manufacture,  chiefly,  of  various  articleaj 
pertainiJig  to  the  clothing  trade.  Of  the  total  permits,  929  w< 
issued  to  proj)rietors  of  fa(;tories  and  worlo^hops  and  512  to  pro- 
prietors who  worked  in  tenements  and  dwellings.  Tlie  number  of 
I>eople  who  were  authoriiced  to  bo  employed  in  the  factories  and  work- 
hihops  u^^'eguted  24,619,  and  in  the  tenements  and  dwellings  1,30* 
Of  children  under  It)  years  of  age  there  were  employed  173  males  rtn< 
683  femaleu;  of  those  under  14  years  of  age  there  were  employed 
males  and  104  females.  Tables,  by  inspe<*tion  distri<'ts,  give  in  detail 
number  of  employees  by  age  and  bex,  houi*s  of  labor  per  day,  kind  of^j 
articles  made,  and  c*onditions,  sanitary,  social,  etc.,  existing  in  eonneo^H 
tion  with  each  tenement,  dwelling,  and  factory  insjx»ctcd.  ^^ 

S'ntiKEH  AND  Lockouts. — There  are  given  for  the  year  IfW  siatis-, 
tics  of  24  strikes,  which  thraw  out  of  employment  2,051  persons  (1,74S 
males  and  309  females),  with  an  estimated  wage  loss  of  $103,762.     Oj 
the  24  strikes  reported,  15  wei-e  ordere<l  by  organizations  and  9  wer 
not;  9  were  for  increase  of  wages,  5  were  against  the  entployment  oi 
nonunion  men,  4  wej*c  for  i^eduction  of  hours  of  IhIku*,  ami  *>  were  for 
ocher  causes;  7  strikes  were  successful,  4  weix'  partly  successful,  and 
13  were  unsuccessful.     A  brief  description  is  given  of  each  strike^ 
together  with  an  account  of  several  minor  labor  troubles  which  could 
not  be  characterized  as  strikes.     No  lockouts  were  re|>orted  for  the, 
year. 

Krkk   EMri^»VMKNT  AuKNfv.— r)uring  190r»,  the  year  covered   b^ 
this  report,  there  weit*  t>44  applications  for  positions — (517  by  mulci 
and  27  by  fenuiles.     Of  the  applicants,  231  were  laborers,  63  wei 
clerks^  4*J  were  watchmen,  30  were  cttri)e!itrrs,  27  were  timekeejx'rs, 
24  were  drivers,  and  the  remainder  were  distributed  an)ong  variom 
occupations.     Applications  for  help  numbered  521 — for  male  helj 
459;  for  fenuile  help,  02.    There  were  141   |M>sitions  filled — 129  bj 
males  and  12  by  females.    An  to  character  of  positions  filled,  113  wer 
lal^DRM-s,  12  were  farm  hands,  7  were  general  houseworkers,  etc. 

<\)ST  OK  LiviNo. — Under  this  tith*  roiupiiralive  prices  of  vanoui 
articles  of  food  and  fuel  in  the  Baltimore  nmrkets  are  presented  foi 
the  years  1H92, 189;">,  UK)5,  and  ltH)0.  A  table  is  also  given  showing  th< 
iiverugc  monthly  retail  prices  of  the  principal  articles  of  fotnl  fui 
190tJ  compiled  from  prices  quoted  in  the  daily  paj^rs  of  Baltimore.^ 
In  conjuncti<m  with  the  prices  of  foo<l  muuuf»<ntie!).  etc.,  tliere  are 
j>reaented  tht?  yearly  earning^  of  10  reprcseiitulivo  families  wiT 

'£S    ej/  4-\t>r/nlitnr,.^;    ^Jst,    for    ^37     (HTfttUl*    .-..-'-...t    \u    'M    vU»..i...) 

mjj^iP  /loiji-y  worked  and  fsai'ui  -  ^t^j ,  «\*^»  ^Qt> 


REPOKIS  OF  STATE  BrBEAlS  UK  I-ABOK— MAHYLAND. 


177 


ItlM 

k 

■    frt)i 


duxwg  tHe  Tpar.  rtiul  avto'age  yearly  earnings.  For  [)eiNons  ♦^nga^oil 
nil  part  of  tb^  rxrnpatious  the  avei'age  yearly  eaniiugs  for  li»0»j  ui-e 
placed  in  comparison  with  those  for  1905  and  1901. 

In  Labor  Circles. — Under  this  caption  is  presented  the  returns 
rpTvived  from  02  labor  orgiinizations,  having  a  re|>orted  nienibersliip 
of  10,073.  A  list  of  the  unions  reporting  is  given,  with  name  of  each 
organization^  name  and  address  of  secretary,  meuibersliip,  hours  of 
Itbor  per  day,  and  daily  rate  of  wages.  Of  the  total  unionij,  14  re- 
ptKled  the  hours  of  la)x)r  as  8  per  day,  8  as  9  per  day,  aiid  3  as  10  per 

T,  the  reuuiining  unions  not  reporting  as  to  houi^s.  Less  than  $;} 
day  per  meuiWr  were  the  earning?^  rejwrted  by  40  unions  and 
from  ^  to  $4  per  day  per  member  the  earnings  rep<«ied  by  20  uiiioas, 
TLer^  h  given  for  22  unions  the  number  of  members  reported  idle  for 
Mch  month  during  ll'OO. 

J:uMu:[L\TioN. — For  the  year  ending  December  31,  1906,  i>6:2M 
illeiis,  (*xclusive  of  transits,  were  admitted  at  the  port  of  Baltimoi*e. 
Of  ihis  number  only  i*.7l2  wei*e  destined  to  Manland. 


MICHIGAN 


nteniy' fourth  Annual  Rtpovt  of  the  linrtau  of  Labor  and  Industf'u 
Sintistirg^  iurhiding  the  Fourttt  nth  Annual  Ntport  of  Statt   I n- 
Mpcction  of  Favton€9.    1907.    Malcolm  J.  McLeod,  Commissioner. 
XV,  &35  pp. 

This  reiHH't  contains  20  chapters,  of  which  Chapters  I  to  X,  336 
pages*  are  devoted  to  inspection  of  factories,  stores,  hotels,  tene- 
ment shops,  etc.  Labor  and  industrial  statistics  are  pivsented  in 
<^hapters  XI  to  XX  under  the  following  titles:  Organized  labor, 
and  labor  disturbances  in  11*06,  48  pages;  free  employment  bureaus, 
13  pages:  statistics  of  industry,  lal)or,  nnd  wnges*  18  pages;  prison 
«nd  reforiuutory  statistics.  17  pages:  manufacture  of  beet  sugar,  32 
pages;  Porthuid  cement  aiul  brick  industries.  20  pages;  tunning  in- 
dustry* and  manufacture  of  wire  fence.  0  pages:  power  used  in  manu- 
facturing in  Michipui,  9  p»ges;  statistics  of  important  industries,  17 
pages;  coal  industry,  18  pages, 

Oaganized  I^bor  asd  Labor  Distitrbances  in  1900. — This  can- 
vaK*i  made  of  organized  lal)or  in  Michigan  ciivers  the  period  from 
July  1,  1905,  to  July  1,  HH)0.  A  suimuary  of  the  returns  shows  f)39 
local  organizations  canvassed^  which  are  believed  to  embrace  fully 
1*5  p*.*v  cent  of  the  lin-al  labor  uniotjs  in  the  State.  These  539  lo<'als 
ninvasve<]  repre^»nt  !M  distinct  rM\-np«tions  in  63  trades.  The  nuin-  i 
bar  of  members  on  July  1,  HK)5.  was  35,369,  and  on  July  1,  1^0,  the  fli 
number  w;iv  .^9J87.  Meml>ers  worked  an  average  of  0.2  hours  jwr  t 
day  and  an  nvcra^n*  vf  lOS*  ii/o))th>  per  year.  In  1905  average  <laily 
ws£^  ofmeniLers  werv  $2.5i^  mid  m  1906  they  vrere  %1.^7>. 


178 


BULLETIN    OF   TUK    BUKBJLU   OF   LABOB. 


wore  I4rt  unions  which  roportx»d  that  organizntion  had  shortened  the 
work  duy,  470  unions  which  reported  that  differences  had  l>eon  st^t- 
tled  by  arhitratiun,  and  323  unions  which  ri^portwl  thai  tliey  hud  nn 
agreement  with  employers.  During  the  year  covered  48  unions  were 
involved  in  striki^,  1^4  of  which  were  successful.  Strike  benefiUs  were- 
paid  to  the  amount  of  $48,817.85.  There  were  188  unions  which  paid 
an  average  wei»kly  sick  Ix'uefit  of  $5.21,  the  aggregate  paid  by  all 
IociiIk  in  silk  Ijenefits  during  the  year  l>eing  $2*2,.100.  There  were  875 
unicHiH  which  paid  an  average  death  benefit  of  $227.39,  the  aggre^te 
pHid  i>y  all  locals  in  death  )>enefils  during  the  year  Ix'ing  $8d,526. 

Tlie  Hecond  part  of  this  chapter,  devoted  to  labor  disturbances  for 
the  year  ending  r>e<-eud>er  31.  ](K)A,  consists  of  the  report  of  thi)  work 
of  the  State  <rouit  of  mediation  and  conciliation.  A  brief  account  ih 
gi\en  of  the  V^  labor  disputes  investigated  by  tlie  court.  The  work 
of  the  court  wan  entirely  that  of  mediation  or  conciliation,  no  case 
of  arbitration  or  public  investigation  of  disputes  leaving  oo<'.urred. 

Frkk  Kmi'ix>vment  TU:rkai'8. — ITnder  tliis  title  is  presented  a  de- 
tailed report  of  the  work  done  in  the  two  bureaus  of  the  State — one 
opened  at  Detroit  on  June  12,  1005,  and  the  other  at  Grand  Rapids 
on  July  1,  llH)r».  The  table  following  summarizes  the  work  done  at 
the  Detroit  bureau  from  the  date  of  opening  to  November  30,  1906, 
and  the  work  done  at  the  Grand  Rapids  bureau  from  the  date  of 
opening  to  December  31,  1000: 

OPEBATION  OF  FRHE  PUBLIC  R11PIX)TMBNT  07PICB8. 


Ottf, 

SltuiUona  wmnUA. 

HatpwuitMl. 

PoilUoQs  MriirMt . 

Ualai.     Pumalai. 

HaIm. 

FcmalM. 

IfAlM. 

'-•H 

T*i>*wl»             ,    ,.w.„ 

I.OB 

s.aw 

11, on 

I.TIO 

Orttid  RiiirhJii.....,,., ,,,,., 

::: 

l.MO 

T'^fti 

It.fiCA 

t,<U 

U.M 

4.601 

u.no 

«.flno 

Statistics  of  Industry,  Laboii,  and  Waoks. — Tliis  prei^^entation 

shows  for  7,170  rnimufncturing  establi4unents  cttuvHs-stsJ  in  UK)5  and 
for  7.770  canvassed  in  IIKW  the  ruiuiber,  wages,  and  hours  of  labor  of 
all  wage  and  salaried  employees,  together  witli  the  avi-rage  num- 
ber of  days  worked  per  month  and  months  workei!  per  year.  The 
ftggregftt^  amount  of  wages  paid  all  ernphtycos  in  HH)5  was  $122,053,- 
324,  ill  lOOr.  it  was  $138,303,^7;  the  average  hours  worked  per  day 
wert»  0.0  in  1005  and  0.7  in  l\H}(\:  the  average  days  worked  per  nior^tlt 
weiv  26.-1  in  1005  and  25.(1  in  190*1;  the  avcrrtir.*  nw.ndi^  ui.il;i.<i  i..»r 
year  were  U.l  in  1005  and  11.8  in  1906. 

The  fncN  collected  have  been  ci>mpiled  niul  piv.-»enU'<J  In  dtMaiU'^I 
form,  showing  tlie  various  items  by  counties.     From  a  aiimjuan'  of 
the  investigation  the  following  table  is  given*  wliioh  shows  the  num- 
in^r  of  emphywii  of  each  «*Iiiss  and  the  averap;e  davV^  'wiitt.va  v^v^  v^ 
/,Orr,  .',rnl  /fhh:  /,j  ^^,j,  esfablishnient-  .Mnv^isiHod'. 


BEP0BT6   OF   STATE    BUREAUS   OF    LABOR MICHIGAN. 


179 


[PLOTKK8  OF  EllCU  CLASS  AND  AVEKAGE  DAILV   WAGES  IN  MANUFACTUR- 
IN(i   KSTABMSHMENTS.    1905  AND  IDDO. 

[Figures  are  tor  T.ITO  cfltftbllshinents  In  190S  and  for  7.7TO  Id  1906.] 


ISItf. 

IMS. 

V                                    Clnf»  of  "iiiploypp*. 

Kmuber 
of  era- 
ploreaa. 

ATcnre 
dftOy 

Roraber 
ol«n- 

plOfVM. 

ATCTACe 
dally 
wates. 

SopvintiDdmU. 

O0»<krk>: 

s.m 

S.QOS 
1,414 

i.ni 

S.02 
1.71 

i.a 

i.in 

I.Ot 

.77 
.M 

7,0W 

7,ns 
s.ms 

I.TW 

IflB.Sll 

M.pr4 

t,M« 

1.877 

ftmfilf* , _^ 

1.4$ 

QneTKl  fftctorr  workon: 

M«lM 

rtai»i« -^ 

Cbflflrflo  betwcea  14  ud  l«  rears  ot  Me: 

"•»«■                                                ......        .... 

Fnm^ltfi 

I.M 
l.Ot 

.87 

.07 

TWil.. -        --.      „ 

ttX.SOS 

1.82 

t67,W0 

I.M 

Further,  the  chapter  gives  statistics  of  1905,  showing  the  extent 
of  the  man u fact u ring  industry  in  the  United  States  by  presenting 
for  each  State  the  number  of  establishments,  capital  invested,  wages 
paid  annually^  expenses^  cost  of  materials,  and  value  of  manufactured 
products. 

Prison  and  Reformatcjrt  Statistics. — Under  this  title  appear 
the  re|)ort8  of  the  wardens  and  superintendents  of  these  institutions. 
Tables  are  given  showing  the  iuiinl>er  «»f  otiicials  and  salary  of  euch, 
number  of  inniates,  cost  of  clothing  and  footling  of  inmates,  number 
of  inmates  employed  at  c^nitract  labor,  rate  per  day  of  contract  lal>or 
and  hours  of  labor,  and  munber  of  inmates  employed  in  systems  of 
labor  other  than  contract. 

MANLKAcrrKE  OF  Beet  SroAR. — In  the  beet  sugar  industries  16 
factories  were  in  ojx^ration  during  the  year  llK)r»,  the  same  mmiber  as 
iu  1905.  These  10  failories  i-cpresented  a  total  cost  of  $10,f)00,000. 
The  acivage  devoted  to  l>ect  raising  in  lUOC  was  9-l,0G0,  an  incrt^ase 
over  1905  of  20,687  acres.  The  tons  of  l>eets  gi-own  in  11*0G  were  esti- 
mated at  7;'S3.058  and  the  pounds  of  sugar  made  at  178,000,000.  There 
were  55."^  skillet!  laborers  and  3,401  other  laborers  employed  in  the 
factories,  with  un  average  daily  wage  of  :^^.09  for  the  former  and  of 
$1.95  for  the  latter. 

PoKTiMNn  Ckmknt  a.nu  RBit'K  Inuustuieh. — In  tlie  cement  industry 
16  of  the  17  plants  in  the  State  were  in  operation  at  the  time  of  the 
investigation.  The  Aggregate  cost  of  the  plants  in  ojn^ration  was 
$fi,3(K),000,  and  their  aggregate  daily  capacity  19^200  barrels.  The 
estimated  output  for  UiOG  was  4,032,418  barrels.  There  were  on  the 
pay  rolls  440  skilled  laborers,  at  an  average  daily  wage  of  $2.8'i,  and 
1,641  other  laborers,  at  an  average  daily  wage  of  $'2.41.  The  average 
daily  wages  of  nil  rm;)loye4»s  were  $"J.49.  The  annual  \)a\ 
juuorwied  to  $l^&7,e00. 


2 


180 


BXnXETTN    OF  THE  BUPEAIT  OP  LAfiOB. 


I 


^ 
W 
^ 


TJiiTi*  were  SO  brickyards  rHiivassed,  Jocuted  in  'M»  (xiunties,  repre- 
senting an  invested  capital  of  $1,742/^31.  The  ninnber  of  bricks  nmdo 
in  1000  WHS  estinuUed  at '21V2.3J>0,000,  with  an  average  value  per  KOUO 
at  the  yards  of  $5.17,  En»plt>ynient  was  given  to  07  superintendents 
at  an  average  daily  wage  of  iiCl.05,  to  46  foremen  at  an  average  daily 
wage  of  $2.75,  to  102  skilled  laboi^rs  at  an  average  daily  wage  of 
$2.57,  to  1.80ft  <N)ninion  lahoi-ei's  at  an  avenige  daily  wage  of  $1.80^ 
and  to  37  children  (under  10  years  of  age)  at  an  average  daily  wage 
of  84  cents. 

TaNNINU    iNDUSrKlf    AND    SlANUFACri'LiRB   OK    WlHK    FeNCK. lu    the 

tanning  industry  20  plants  weiv  rAuvassed,  kwated  in  17  <x»nnties^ 
representing  an  invested  capital  of  $0,557^7.  The  approximate 
value  of  tanned  prodiict  for  the  20  tanneries  in  lt)05  was  $14,511,014. 
The  tanneries  furnished  employment  to  27  superintendent:^  at  an 
average  daih'  wage  of  $5.80,  to  54  foremen  at  an  average  daily  wage 
of  $2.84,  to  0()2  skilled  laliorers  at  an  average  daily  wage  of  $2.07,  to 
1,211  common  laborers  at  an  average  daily  wage  of  $1.00,  and  to  100 
female  lalM)rers  at  an  avenige  daily  wage  of  $1.07.  The  wages  jjaid 
during  Ihe  year  aggregatc{l  $1,180,848. 

In  liKX'i  there  were  0  plants  in  the  State  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  wire  femre.  whose  invcHted  capital  aggregated  $1,805,000. 
The  output  of  the  0  plants  for  the  year  was  77.100  tons  of  fen<re, 
valued  at  $4,370,778,  the  pnMlucti«ut  of  which  gave  employment  to 
9  su{>erintendent8  at  an  average  daily  wage  of  $4.38,  to  29  foremen  at 
nn  average  daily  wage  of  $2.82,  lo  231  skilled  lal>orers  at  an  average 
daily  wage  of  $2.1K  to  2t)0  other  lal>orei>  at  an  average  daily  wage 
of  $1.77,  an<l  to  2  children  (under  10  years  of  age)  at  an  average 
daily  wage  of  62  ceaits.  The  amount  of  the  annual  pay  roll  aggre- 
gated $0.S5,273. 

PowEK  Used  in  MANrKAtnriUNo  in  Muiiioan. — Of  the  7,770  man- 
ufacturing esUiblishments  einbniced  in  this  presentation  3,227  used 
steam  power,  1.000  used  electric  ]x»wer,  040  !ised  gas  or  gasoline  power, 
219  used  water  power,  412  used  rented  power  (kind  not  reported), 
and  1,804  establishments  nn^uired  no  power  to  operate.  TTie  total 
power  generated  in  the  r>.H70  power-using  establishments  was  831,736 
horHcpower.  Also,  statistics  are  given  of  steam  Iwilers  aud  their 
(H|uipment  and  kind  of  alarms  in  use  and  their  condition.  The  data 
in  detail  are  prc-scnted  by  counties. 

STA*n«Tic8  or  iMroRTANT  Indistkibi. — Under  this  hwid  varioiw 
industrial  firms  nn»  nicntioned,  with  descriptions  of  the  establish- 
nienls,  number  of  persons  employe<i.  cajiilul  and  product,  aggix*gate 
pay  roll,  etc.  In  noticing  some  of  the  establishments  consideralde 
Affention  has  Inxni  given  lu  recently  inaugurated   industrial  better- 

UC/t/.S. 


REPOR' 


LUS  OF  LABOR — MICHTGAJf. 


181 


lAL  Imh  STRV. — In  this  industry  then?  wrre  *^S  cow!  mines  in  op- 
ilion  (luring  the  vonr  UKXt.  us  tonipiiivil  with  33  niine:^  during  the 
y<ar  11*05,     A  <*ontli'nsed  sninuiaiy  of  the  opi'rations  of  the  ntines 
fw  the  two  years  is  presented  in  the  table  following: 

C04L  MINE  STATISriCA.  IM&  AND  IBCM, 


T«ftr. 


ItriiH. 


Of  «ni(>lor«eft 

rorkci  i*t  4iftr 

rlEf*<l  pvr  nonih.. 

iMTMtdASy  vrM«« 

TOMolMial  mlnnl _ 

'  coat  of  mtnlar  per  ten — 


» 


1M3. 

IMS. 

s> 

■9 

3.rM 

i.no 

7.7 

7.8 

IS.O 

sz.s 

«-W 

«t.«o 

i.jai.3W 

1,372.854 

«i^ 

IB^ 

In  Ifi  mines  33  accidents  were  reported.     Of  tliese  6  were  fatal.  8 
srnous,  11  ^j^evere,  and  8  slight. 

OHIO. 

ThiHUih  AuHtfiil  Report  of  fhv  Hurtatt  of  Ltihor  StottHtivH  of  the. 
Staff  of  OhicK  for  the  year  I9(>€.  M.  D.  Ratchford.  Commissioner, 
67]  pp. 

This  report  consists  of  six  parts  in  which  are  pi^esented  the  follow- 
ing subject*:  Laws  governing  the  bni*ean.  recent  labor  laws,  and  wnirt 
decisions,  if'2  pages:  ni nnu fact u res,  350  pages;  coal  mining.  'HI  pages; 
prison  lalxir,  4  pages;  sweat  sh<>j>s,  '21  pages;  free  pnhlic  employment 
offices^  18  pages;  clironology  of  labor  bureaus.  3  pages. 

MANirAiTi  RJ-s. — Tables  are  given  for  1005.  showing,  by  industries 
^  for  each  of  the  five  principal  cities,  the  remaining  cities  and  villages, 
Band  totals  for  the  State,  the  numljer  of  establishments  reported,  oap- 
"  ital  invested,  value  of  g<Ws  manufactured,  iimotmt  paid  for  rent, 
^  taxf^  and  insurance,  total  amount  paid  in  wages^  number  nnd 
Biuotlthly  pay  of  salHrii^l  employees,  number  <>f  male  and  of  female 
B^^iT**'***"'"*^^'^-  i"nnlM»r  employed  by  occupations,  and  nverage  nuuib«'r 
Bof  days  worked,  average  daily  wages,  average  yearly  earnings,  and 
Baveragie  honis  of  daily  laltor.  Other  tables  show.,  by  industries  the 
Bmmiber  in  each  <K:cupation  affected  by  a  change  of  wages  during  the 
Bjrnr. 

B  The  8,514  e.stablishment6  fi*om  Avhich  returns  weiv  received  for 
BllK^S  rriKirted  mii  invested  cai)ital  of  i?4-lt*.T0'J.188,  an<i  gfatds  pro- 
Bdnce<i  or  manufactured  to  the  value  of  $ST0,Wt.H,493.t*.0,  Wages  paid 
BaWJ.lM  males  and  :»7.«H;i  fenuiles,  or  a  total  of  303,838  wage-eaniers, 
^^B^gMted  $18'.\i>77;ilM».23,  and  salaries  aggregating  $:^H..>08,'t4t'..10 
^PHr»  pM/d  to  :iX4ti7  t^tnployetl  jis  oflia*  help,  etc.  l>\vT*m^  v\ve  vvvii: 
^^StM;  f^rsom  receiveii  an  nvemge  increase  in  Wftgya  1)1  t.o  Y^jT  cw^ 


4 


182 


BULLETIN    OF  THE    BtJHEAU    OF    L.\BOR. 


jind  'J,600  (>et*s(>iis  suffered  Hti  average  reduction  in  wages  of  7^  i>er 
cent. 

The  number  of  esUblishnients  rejxirting  in  1905  was  733  more  than 
in  11)04.  the  vnliie  of  nmnufiu'tured  pn)ducts  was  $15l?,0fir».850.85  moro 
than  that  of  11X)4,  and  the  amount  jmid  in  wages  during  the  year  was 
im-reased  by  $25,060,464.33.  The  aggregate  invested  capital  exceeded 
that  rcporteil  for  \\>0\  by  $43,8(W ,.■>(> I,  and  the  saJHries  jiaid  super- 
intendents, office  help,  etc.,  slu)wed  an  increase  of  $:^.:V2y,04j.i>G. 

Coal.  Mining. — Tables  are  given,  by  counties,  showing  number  of 
nii(n>s  rei>iu'ting,  average  numl»er  of  entployeas,  ('apital  invested, 
value  of  pr<»duction,  wages  and  salaries  paid,  average  daily  wages, 
average  yearly  earnings,  average  days  worked,  average  hours  of 
tiaily  Ialx>r,  etc.  The  following  comparative  table  presents  a  sum- 
mary of  mining  statistics  for  the  years  IfMU  and  ISH)."): 

STATISTICS  OF   COAL    HININW.    IfMM    AND    1006. 


IflM. 


IncrtMe 


«1fainb«r  of  inlnw  rcportlnr 

Avvraicn  niirabt>r  of  omttlnyrt*  (iiinnthlyi 

Avrrnsn  tiuintxr  of  naluriuij  vtnployws  (moDtfaly>.... 

InvmtA^l  ••ftpltnl „ _ 

VnliH'  of  pri'tlucUoii 

Amount  i>nt(l  for  rent,  taxM.  aoil  liuurmiM 

Amount  pnid  In  wnem —....,_...— 

Ammint  piihl  In  unlnrlwn -_„„.._„„. 

Av^rnir*' <tnvj*  ^vorlrwl  T>''r  f mplnyoa ........^.».._ 

Avtrti'  .  ■    yre -,_ 

Awrni."  I'layee--**.. ,«-,—„ 

Avrrnn  -...—  .„.—  . 

NllllllX-r   rl  !U  ,  :  I       \  :i)  -■*    ,„„ „..., 

XtlltltUT  ntTis  I  '■■■■\      :i     v:.-'!* ..,—...... 

AvvrnKO  P«*r  <  <  «i  uul'..     «.—,...-_ 

Avernrc  per  wnt  n'liudiuii  lu  wages .».^_ 


fids 

97,004 

I. OH 


ttB,7IH,-^i1l.(.1 

It 

A4 

S9.310 

9.4 

6.0 


070 

8B.flao,tU.O0 
i.sn.m.BO 

i0IO.6QS.94 

•l«.S7S.flD|.7t 

9073,888.40 

IT* 

IB.4S 

•4tO.M 

8 

104 

I 

S.0 

ts.s 


-0 

+080 

-44 

-0D.WB.OO 

}  167.010.18 

-010.83S.10 

^80  6i 
+«l.40 

'    *i66 

-20.S4I 

-B 


Pkison  Labor. — This  is  a  brief  inquiry  relating  to  the  manufacture 
of  shovels,  spades,  anti  seoops  by  oonviet  lulM)r  in  the  Oliio  Peniten- 
tiary and  to  the  manufurture  of  t]»e  .same  urticle.s  by  six  et<tab!ish- 
ments  employing  frei*  hdnir,  arising  from  the  complaint  that,  in  the 
industry  named,  prisoners  beyond  the  number  allowed  by  law  were 
being  employed. 

SwKAT  Snops.— Thi.s  inquiry,  confined  to  the  cities  of  Cleveland 
and  rincinnnti.  rmbruces  the  tenement-shop  manufacture  of  clothing 
and  ihnt  iif  cigars,  slogies,  and  cigaret(<*s. 

In  the  city  of  Cleveland,  in  the  clothing  industry,  01  shops  were 
canvassed,  employing  1,07(^  wagt'-oarnerh,  :U4  males  and  7tJ2  female^. 
The  hours  of  labor  per  week  averageii  .'iO,  and  the  average  earn- 
ings i>er  week  were  $12.4^  for  wdult  mnlcs  and  $ti.9:i  for  tulnU  females, 
Tn  the  manufacture  of  cignrs.    *  .  and  cigareltes  R3  sVi  re 

canvassed,  employing  17]  wn^  i>,  134  males  and  -1< 

7'he  hours  nf  lalntr  per  week  averaged  40.8  for  nuiles  and  1H.H  far 
ff^mnhs.     Tlw  '  earnings  per  week  w*rc  %\^T\\  lot  vidxAx  uvWtfs^ 

mi  $5.93  for  .  Mjale.s- 


REPOBTS   OP   STATE   BITREAUS  OF    LABOB OUIO. 


188 


city  of  Cincinimti.  in  the  clothing  industry.  112  shops  wtn*e 
ivassed,  employing  1,1  lU  wage-earners,  ;V2G  males  and  b*i!?  females. 
The  hours  of  labor  per  week  averaged  54.6  for  males  and  54.5  for 
females.  The  average  earnings  per  week  wei*e  $11.73  for  adult  males 
and  $5.99  for  adult  femule8.  In  the  nianufaetui'e  of  cigaiv,  stogies, 
and  cigarettes  74  shops  were  canvassed,  employing  S*27  wage*eaniers, 
208  males  and  119  females.  The  hours  of  labor  per  \v*H»k  averaged 
50,7  for  males  and  58.7  for  females.  The  avei*age  weekly  earnings 
wen*  $10^  for  adult  males  and  $6.70  for  adult  females. 

Friue  Px.^lic  EMHiyOYMENT  Ofkices. — In  addition  to  an  itemized 
statement  of  the  expenses  of  each  office  for  the  year  ending  October 
31, 1906»  and  text  reports  from  each  of  the  five  offices,  tables  are  given 
diowing  by  ye^rs  the  results  of  ll»e  operations  of  each  office  from  date 
of  organization,  and  for  each  week  of  the  year  ending  October  25, 
1906. 

The  following  table  shows  the  (»penitions  of  llie  five  free  public 
employment  offices  of  the  Stale  for  the  year  ending  October  25,  1906: 


: 


OPSaATIONS   OP 


PtTBLIC   CUPLOYMEXT  OPPIOES.    TEAB   ENDINO   OCnX>BEB 


City. 

BItaatlaos  wuitad. 

Help  wanted. 

PufUoof  lenind. 

MalM.   |F«niate. 

MalM.   jPMDaltt. 

Males.     FecDNles. 

CltTf*«rnl   _ 

S,S30           ft.  Ml 

7.«W 
i.SSS 
1.006 

S.660 
S.Btt 

5.047 
I.89B 

2.08; 

1,470 

s.tis 

{.OK 

Cotumbtia 

t,6tf 

4.9W 

l,g70 
1.7M 

2.161 
1,(B» 

D*r«oo.               

Toleito 

S.OO0 

m 

TtoUL 

w,xtt 

10,803 

21. MS 

w.a» 

14  .r4 

».«n 

Since  the  organization  in  1890  of  the  five  free  ptiblic  employment 
officcjs  there  bus  l»een  a  total  of  432,773  applicatioii-s  for  situations 
wanted,  390,954  applications  for  help  wanted,  and  263,753  positions 
seicured.  Of  applications  for  situations  60.9  per  cent  were  filled,  and 
of  applicaticais  for  help  67.5  were  tilled. 

Tlie  expenses  of  the  five  offices  for  the  year  ending  October  31, 
1906  (excluding  salaries),  were  $2,236.81,  of  wliich  the  ex|)en9e3  of 
the  Cleveland  office  were  $408/^6,  the  ColunibuH  office  $446.17.  the 

incinnali  office  $470.65,  the  Dayton  office  $462.73,  and  the  Toledo 
t».95. 


: 


RECENT  FOREIGN  STATISTICAL  PUBLICATIONS. 


AUSTRIA. 

tt'.  Vf'rhUltniHHt  in  drr  KU'UU'r-  uml  W attchekou fi'kilon,  ThTflirsge- 
^pIk^m  vom  K^  K.  A^tH*itt^t^tatistis(?hen  Auitc?  iru  Hmult^lMuini^tu- 
rinni.     lOrm.     lOJ  pp, 

Tliis  report  is  based  upon  the  refills  of  an  investigation  made  by 
the  Austrian  bureau  of  laixir  statisticH  in  1899  in  regari]  to  condi- 
tions of  production  and  labor  in  the  clothing  and  garment  industiy, 
this  N-ing  the  tii-Nt  of  a  series  of  investigations  nnide  witli  s|>eoiaI 
n^fei-ence  to  home  work.  The  work  of  investigation  was  in  the  hands 
of  a  special  <*onmiittee  composwl  of  reprcMMitrttives  of  the  biufau 
of  lal)or  statistics,  tlie  ministry  of  connneri*e,  tlie  uiinistry  of  the  in* 
terior,  the  ministry  of  jiisti<.'«,  the  superior  sanitary  commission,  tlw 
lal>or  in-sj>ection  bureau,  the  manufartnreiN,  the  master  workmen, 
and  the  wage-workers. 

One  hundred  persons  representing  the  several  branches  of  the  in- 
dustry and  the  various  inrlustrial  centers  were  examined  by  the 
special  conunitte**,  llie  intenx)gntories  being  baspti  npun  >}»e*:ial  do- 
tailed  schedules.  The  principal  questions  related  to  conditions  of 
production  and  sale  and  to  the  econo?nic  and  mhmaI  conditioui  of 
llie  diiTerenl  rlastses  of  manufacturers.  Miiddlemen.  and  work  people 
invoIve<l.  The  inquiries  laid  much  stress  on  the  subject  of  home 
work,  with  a  view  to  its  regulation  or  abolition.  The  reiwrt  is 
<livided  into  three  parts,  discussing  respectively  tlio  manufacture  of 
ineu's  clothing  and  uniforms,  of  women's  clothing,  and  of  white 
goods  and  cravats. 

The  inquiry  into  tlje  first  branch  of  the  subject  distdosed  a  localiza- 
tion of  certain  kinds  of  manufacturing,  as  well  as  the  specitication  in 
the  cases  of  individiinl  workmen.  The  mamifactm'crs  in  some  in- 
stances cut  (he  clotlif  siHuctim(*s  by  the  aid  of  marking  and  cutting 
ma<*hiues  driven  by  steiim;  otlters  give  out  the  cloth  in  the  piece, 
cutting  l>eing  attcndetl  to  by  the  contractor.  The  coutniclors  were  in 
part  skilled  workmen  while  other-*  were  nu'i'e  l)u^inexs  managers, 
taking  no  part  in  (lie  acltud  work  of  manufactuix*. 

One  of  the  larger  manufacturing  firms,  making  all  s*irti»  of  meji*s 
and  children  s  garments,  employed  frou)  10  to  UO  cuttoi'^^  and  used 
two  cutting  machines  <lnven  by  nieaut.  It  bail  IftO  contractors  or 
////ddJe/jjpo  in  the  immediate  ilif^lrict,  and  no  fewer  than  ;WXJ  in  sur- 
'^Huitiing  vinagi^St  boiidea  JW  w<»rk*rs  nn  eolton  y^tMids  1k\l)w«^  %wV  'iWi 

JS4 


I 


FOREIGN    STATIBTICAI.    PUBLICATIONS AUSTRIA.  186 

employwl  ou  chililrenV  rlothing.  It  is  estimated  that  the  t-ntire 
workiug  force  employed  through  these  vnrious  contractors,  etc.,  in- 
creiLs^  the  total  number  uf  employees  by  approximately  850  perscma, 
iwing  an  average  of  fewer  titan  *2  employees  per  contractor.  Other 
IS  reported  contractors  as  having  '2  or  3  workers,  a  few  as  many 
fts  7  or  8,  so  that  the  propoKion  of  woman  and  child  labor  would 
appear  not  to  l:»e  large.  Indeed  a  considerable  avei-sion  to  the  home 
work  hystem  Mas  expressed  by  some  contractors  and  workmen,  while 
oil  the  other  hand,  the  manufacturers  generally  expressed  their  pref- 
erence for  the  continuance  of  the  pret^-nt  system  and  against  its  abol- 
ishment or  restriction  by  legal  enactment. 

Employment  appeal's  to  be  more  stable  in  I'ecent  years  than  for- 
merly, work  never  being  suspendetl  entirely,  even  during  the  so-called 
dull  fceason  which  usually  occurs  in  April  or  May,  the  number  of 
riuployees  laid  off  during  this  period  being  comparatively  small. 

The  data  relating  to  wages  show  a  considerable  diversity  of  rates, 
generally  ilcpending  upon  locality,  character  of  work,  and  skill  of 
the  workman.  Cases  are  cited  of  a  shop  worker  in  Vienna  whose 
maximun)  weekly  earnings  amounted  to  13  crowns  ($2.64)  with  board 
and  lodging;  aiid  of  a  home  worker  in  the  same  city,  working  on  uni- 
fomts,  occasionally  assisteil  by  his  wife,  whose  average  earnings  were 
IK  crowns  ($3,05)  per  week  working  14  hours  a  day,  which,  during 
busy  seasons  wei'e  sometimes  extended  to  18  bout's  with  an  increase 
in  tftamings  to  a  maximum  of  24  crowns  ($4.87)  per  week.  The  earn- 
ings of  a  home  worker  in  another  locality,  assisted  by  his  wife  and 
frMjuently  working  from  17  to  18  hours  a  day,  bcldom  exceeded  11 
crowns  ($2j23)  a  week.  Other  instances  are  given  of  8  crowns 
<$l.tj2)  as  the  niaximuju  of  the  weekly  earnings  of  pieceworkers, 
and  6  crowns  ($1.22)  and  Umrd  and  ]<Mlging  of  time  workers.  The 
best  wages,  as  a  nde,  are  said  to  be  paid  to  those  who  are  employed 
on  articles  intended  for  export. 

The  hours  of  lalwr  vary.  12  being  an  average  number  I'eported  for 
fil»op  workers,  working  from  (5  a,  m.  to  8  p.  nu  with  three  intervals 
for  m«ils  aggregating  two  houi^s.  Other  cases  report  commencing 
'work  at  ^  '»-  •"-  j*i"1  "^.'i  a.  m..  continuing  until  broken  off  by  night- 
i*\L 

TIic  sanitary  couilitions  .surrotmding  the  shop  workers  and  home- 
workers  are  described  as  generally  very  uasatisfaclory.  In  a  ma- 
jciritj  of  cases  the  rooms  wei'e  small,  overcrowded,  and  poorly  ven- 
tilated. Fre<|ucjitly  the  working  rooms  were  also  used  as  living 
rooms,  bedrooms,  or  kitchens,  or  for  all  these  purposes  combined. 

Attempts  at  organization  among  working  people  in  this  industry 
imve  «  far  produced  ratln*r  indifferent  results.  Aside  from  a  few 
fii'k-heat^Bt  asa^tfjution.'^,  mention  is  made  of  a  tailor's  union  iiv  Yvo'r^- 
^U  nriib  a  oiembership  of  150  persons  whose  object  \s  SloXftd  Vo  \>fc 


188  BUtXETlK    OF  THE    BUREAU    OF   LABOB.  ^^ 

FRANCE. 

nupporta  ftur  rAppUcation  dett  Lois  Heglemetitatit  h  Tra>Hiil  en  lOO-"). 
Dii'ection  dn  Travail,  Miuist^re  du  Travail  *.'t  <ie  la  Pi'ovoyance 
Socinle.     1906.    cxcii,  47fi  pp. 

In  this  volume  are  fouud  the  suiuniary  reports  of  the  iiienibers  of 
the  superior  coininission  of  labor  and  of  the  minister  of  labor  and 
social  providence,  and  the  more  detailed  reports  of  the  <livision  in- 
spectors of  labor  on  the  subject  of  tlie  enforcement  of  certain  laws  of 
France  affecting  industrial  conditions  These  laws  are  three  in  num- 
ber: The  law  of  September  0,  1M8,  relate.s  to  the  hours  of  labor  of 
male  adults  only;  that  of  June  12,  181»3,  amended  by  a  law  of  July  11, 
IDOft,  is  a  general  factory-inspection  law,  applying  to  all  Kstablisli- 
nient.s  considei^ed  in  this  i'ejx»rt,  and  contains  proviwions  fur  lighting, 
ventilation,  and  safety  of  employees  in  publicly  owned  workshops,  as 
well  au  in  those  under  private  control;  the  act  of  March  30,  1900, 
which  is  in  reality  an  amendment  or  revision  of  the  law  of  NoveinlxT 
52,  181)2,  has  for  its  subject-matter  the  regulation  of  the  employment  of 
women  and  children  in  industrial  establishment.s.  This  last  law  also 
controls  the  hours  of  labor  of  adult  males  at  work  in  estiiblishmeuts 
where  women  and  ohildnMi  are  employed. 

Mines  and  quarries  are  not  considered  in  this  report,  l>eing  under 
the  mine  insf)ection  service,  while  factories  connected  with  the  pi'wluc- 
tion  of  army  and  navy  supplies  are  imder  special  regulations.  The 
number  of  establishment's  coming  within  the  purview  of  the  present 
report  is  511,78;j,  a  net  increase  of  i*,934  as  compared  with  the  year 
1004,  Of  these  255,4«'>7  employed  females  or  a  mixed  working  forc<*, 
and  256,326  employed  adult  males  only, 

A  tendency  noted  in  previous  ye^rs,  nan»ely,  a  diminution  of  (ho 
nutnl>er  of  establishments  employing  a  mixed  working  forc<»,  and 
a  corresiKinding  increase  of  the  nundKn*  employing  adult  males  only, 
is  observable  in  this  report.  This  is  explained  by  the  fact  that  the 
elimination  of  women  arul  (*liildreu  fnun  the  working  force  take,v  an 
establishment  out  from  under  the  limitations  of  the  laws  of  Novem- 
ber iJ,  IS92.  and  March  30,  1900,  which  make  10  hours  th<»  limit  of  a 
day's  work  where  women  or  children  are  employed,  and  allows  the 
full  12-hour  day  of  the  law  of  1848.  Thus  in  the  six-yejir  periial, 
lIHMi  to  190fi,  the  nuDi)x>r  of  establishments  coming  within  the  pro- 
visions of  these  laws  decreased  from  lt>4,786  in  the*  •nurlirr  year  to 
15S.43S  in  the  later,  a  decrease  of  rv^48.  On  I  lie  other  hand,  the  same 
periotl  shows  an  increase  of  t\94I— fn^m  20,fi22  to  3«,ftWi~in  the  cIh) 
of  establishinents  coming  under  the  law  of  1H4S.  The  report  vonrui 
f/if  prvfhci'ion  that  unices  something  occurs  to  cljjingr  the  preMMit 
rrt>iiti,  then'  wiU  fie  a  pnicticiil  segregation  of  t>ve  wotWvuv!.  \-'  ^  *  t 
Uftih  luaJes  uud  those  in  which  wttuu'U  ttn»\  r\A\\At«u  «ktv  \^ 


I 


FORKIOK  flTATISTlCAL   PCBLICATIONS — FRA.NCE.  189 

pt  where  labor  is  intimately  interdependent.  Two  dangers  are 
fifpn  in  this  tomlency — one  thi*  deprivation  of  industry  of  its  sources 
of  recruiting  its  labor  supply;  the  other,  the  injiirj'  to  the  children  in 
he\ng  thrown  out  of  employment.  The  thi*eat  of  employers  to  dis- 
charge children  under  18  if  the  law  limiting  hours  of  labor  is  enforced 
is  fre<picntly  madt*  to  inspe<'tors. 

Of  the  total  number  of  establishments  considered,  416,3^3,  or  81.1 
per  cent,  had  from  1  to  5  employees;  70.-427,  or  13.8  per  cent,  had 
from  C  to  20;  21,331,  or  4.2  per  cent,  had  from  21  to  100;  4,235,  or 
0.8  per  eent^  had  from  101  to  500;  and  467,  or  0.1  per  cent,  had  more 
than  500  employees. 

Tlie  total  number  of  employees  was  3,72t5,578,  of  whom  300,988 
were  males  under  18  yean^  of  age,  and  2(>4,650  were  females  under  18; 
797,483  were  adult  females,  and  2,363,457,  or  63.4  per  cent  of  the 
tnthe  nmnber,  were  adult  males.  The  percentage  of  females  of  all 
ages  was  2S.5. 

Opinions  are  divided  on  the  subject  of  the  increase  or  decrease  of 
the  nnmlier  of  home  workj^hops.  If  these  employ  only  members  of 
the  family,  under  the  control  of  a  parent  or  guardian,  and  use  only 
hand  or  foot  power,  lliey  are  not  subject  to  inspection  unless  the 
uianiifacture  is  of  a  class  designated  as  dangerous  by  the  law.  Actual 
statistics  are  impossible  with  tlie  present  inspection  force,  and  the 
inspectors  make  divergent  reports  as  to  their  movement.  The  de- 
sire to  escape  supervision  and  to  procure  very  cheap  labor  leads 
some  manufacturers  to  favor  the  giving  out  of  work.  Opposed  to  tliis 
tendency  is  a  desii-c  f<tr  uniformity  of  pro<hict  and  the  regularity 
in  output  and  the  cheapness  of  machine  production.  Though  unable 
to  de**ide  which  of  these  tendencies  actually  prevailed  at  the  time  of 
like  report,  the  labor  conimission  reuewetl  its  recommendation  of 
such  changes  in  the  inspection  law  as  wouhl  provide  for  more  ex- 
U*nded  protection  of  woman  and  child  labor  by  means  of  an  inspec- 
tion of  home  indu-stries  similar  to  that  exercised  over  industrial  estab- 
lishments. 

The  industrial  employment  of  children  under  13  years  of  age  is 
prohibited,  except  that  children  who  have  attained  the  age  of  12 
years  and  have  a  proper  niedical  certificate  may  be  eraployeth  on 
.showing  that  they  have  completed  a  prescribed  course  of  primary 
studies. 

As  already  indicated,  the  houi*s  of  labor  of  adult  males  are  fixed 
at  a  maximum  of  12  per  day  by  the  law  of  1848,  while  by  the  law 
of  1900  they  may  not  exceed  10  hours  for  women  or  for  persons  under 
18  jears  of  age.  The  limitation  to  10  houi-s  also  applies  to  males 
iworkJng  in  ebtablishmcnts  with  females  and  minors  under  18.  The 
3xjuuht*r  ol est4ib}isltti}ent>  affected  by  each  law  is  given  above.  Spe\:\*V 
ic4»~BaJi,  T4-~m 13 


lyo 


BULLETIN    OF   THE   BUHEAU    OF    IJ^BOR. 


and  temporary  exceptions  are  alIowe<l  on  proper  request  and  showing 
of  cause  to  the  authorities.  The  report  consiihirs  the  qiieHlion  of  the 
effect  of  the  reduction  of  hours  from  11  to  10  per  day  by  the  oi>era- 
lion  of  the  law  of  UK)0.  It  was  t!ie  f)rovHhnit  opinion  of  the  insjw'c- 
tors  that  the  production  had  not  Ixien  affected,  either  because  a  volun- 
tary ten-hour  day  had  been  adopted  prior  to  the  tirao  when  the  law 
came  into  operation,  or  l>ecans<*  by  a  better  or^nization  of  tlie  estab- 
lishment the}'  wen*  able  to  produce  as  nuich  in  10  hours  as  had  previ- 
ously been  produced  in  11.  In  some  of  the  smaller  establisliments, 
however,  and  particularly  where  the  output  is  actrurately  measured 
by  the  speed  of  operation  of  a  limited  number  of  machines,  a  decrease 
was  reported. 

Reports  of  industrial  accidents  are  required  by  law  to  be  made  in 
the  first  instance  to  the  mayors  of  the  communes,  who  in  turn  rej>ort 
to  the  inspectors.  Accidents  are  of  three  classes — those  causing  death, 
those  causing  i>ermanent  disability,  and  those  causing  temporary  dis- 
ability. Accidents  causing  disability  of  not  more  than  four  day^  are 
not  reported. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  rule  ikm*  ihousjtnd  of 
accidents  occurring  in  each  industrial  group,  according  to  their 
gravity.  Mines  and  quarries  are  not  included,  since  undor  the  Frencli 
law  a  different  insjwction  force  has  charge  ther«»of. 

NUMbliK  OP  ACOmENTS  OCCUBJUNO  AND  RATK  PES  TUOCSAND  EMPLOVCEfl,    BX 
OBOUPS  or  INL»UBTRl£8.  AOOOBDING  TO  EEfiULTB.  UMG. 


XuStutrjr. 


0«»w 
of  la> 
Jurr 

1.000 
•m* 
ttloy- 


pnr:   ■    -   -^  ':..-  .-.»_— 

C  

C'i  .  »mJ  puUpboanl 

PriniinK  ouii  iMiuiiHUinC.. _.__.. — 

Textiles « 

Olothluc — 

Slrou-,  foather,  aodhalrcoodi 

niilf>  «mJ  leather — , — _ 

W()i>(!\v(»rkins...„„„ .._ | 

MetallurKV 

Metal  working:,  baw..,. —                 .    , 
||i>fn)  worVlnp    |>r«Hom!,..,«... 

r:i  . 


iiiinit 


<7.$ 

ltt.4 
W.7 
S».& 
%5.9 

n.« 

3L4 

M.« 

U7.4 

tu.& 

».l 
16.G 
Al.« 
IS3.7 
M.8 
U.l 

(•) 


DaftUu. 


Hum    «»!• 
■*"•  l.OOO* 


DliabOltlos. 


PermBomt. 


I 'J 


« 

MS 


1 


> 

MS 

1 

6 


iNuin- 
ber. 


o.s 

.1 

.1 
.1 

<•) 

™.. 

.8 

1.0 

.2 


sss 

ISO 
107 
W 

4ta 

V  I 
3 

01 
708 
lAI 

mo 


Rate 

i,on>. 


.a 

1.1 

.t 

IS 

141 
Utt 

(») 



<•) 

in 

KM 

0.7 
],t 
1.1 

.8 


.9 

,7 

f.& 

1.8 

1.0 

.6 

2.1 
.0 
,« 


Temporary 
(•xMMlDr 

four  days) . 


Muni' 
bar. 


11,<4IU 

lif.tlTll 

t.m 

16.WI 

172 

:i..-.t8 

W 

l.OM 

n.«4 

O.flU 

U.QS1 

U7 


Rfttf 
per 
1.000. 


4.'i.D 
I18.B 

R7.* 
ZH.5 
21.0 
A.S 

10.7 

27.8 

111.4 
17.7 
li.W 

N]  .r. 

Uii.3 
M.7 
17.1 


Baaatu  ud> 
known. 


>•  Bat4> 

oar.   .  jjjj^ 


las 

as 

17 

2\& 

U 

o 

ss 
aou 

Wl 

&1D 

H 

"»■ 
fiflO 
100 


o.i 

l.T 

.9 

.t 
.:i 
.1 
.1 
.1 

.9 

.« 

1.1 

,t 

Ti 

1.0 
.T 
.« 


liMo  die  oiw ftuni IrMltlii  at  ocm  jm  thotuiftnd. 


k  VqI  nom^fiA. 


;iGN    STATISTICAL   PITBUCATTOKS — FBANCE. 


191 


Tlie  fullowirifj  tahle  shows  the  nuniher  of  arc'ulents  and  the  rat^  i>^r 
thousand  reported  in  some  of  the  industries,  grouped  by  age  and  sex; 

NmtBKR  or  ACCIDENTS   OOCURRINO  ANT>  RATE  PER  THOPSAND  EMPLOTCES,   IN 
OEOITPS  OF  rNDLTBTHIES.    UT  AOE  AND  SEX,  IMS. 


XmployflN  noder  la  year*  of  ace. 

iBdnBtrr. 

MalM. 

Ettnaln. 

Omamot 

Em- 
ploreef. 

R«(«per 
1.000. 

Gam  of 

Injury. 

Era- 
ploy«ai. 

"f.!S»- 

j^ 

78» 
819 

l.fM 
115 

ai 

3S0 
1.Z70 
8,400 

7,»» 

AT 

3 

31 

l.OiM 

1.607 

?75 

81, IM 
S.lSl 
6.S11 
13,  M8 
4S,(nO 
7.64S 

u» 

12.118 

ao.MO 

8.808 
S0.008 

t.sts 
is.au 
n.eas 

SS,161 

9& 
07 
» 
tt 
45 
17 
88 
83 
41 
816 
18D 
tt 
U 
88 
06 
08 
18 

170 
IV 
142 

06 

1.188 

107 

10 

88 

101 

S 

846 

18 

T 

188" 

67 

11.240 

S.4SI 

8.0S4 

5,008 

80.864 

107,881 

8.IS1 

0.680 

4,74ft 

TT 

7.111 

l.S7« 

174 

8a 

i« 
6.«ie 

18.888 

15 

Priaanx  »ad  pabUihlD« „_ 

TtxKOtt 

Cteftiklnc 

BtTftW.  featlwr.  ud  bftlr  cooOi . 

aid«  and  lestber 

VTrKvlTvprklar  ..... 

48 

IS 

v» 

15 

8 
T 
U 

n 

MrtaUuTffT-    -      -             ..          . 

Metal  worktar.  prccioiu — — ^„— ., 
l.apMiUT  work.                    ,    _..._ 

0$ 

9 
4ft 

Btooe  euttloE  aud  polliiriinc , 

Earth  work  moA  meioDrj , 

Bartiten  aad  atoae  vara . 

CnaimfffTf  and  binklnr .<  -     -— -- 

J: 

a 

Emploj 

ecs  18  yeara  of  mgt  or  over. 

MakM. 

FemalM. 

Oaaeaof 

Em- 

Bate  per 

OaMi  of 

Em- 

BaUper 

tajnry. 

ployeM. 

14100. 

tojory. 

ploy  eM. 

1.O0O. 

Vood  prodoeta 

U.4<M 

9M,aB8 

S7 

aao 

56.027 

15 

Cbcmeal  InduitriM 

U.BBW 

00.170 

148 

740 

».^ 

88 

CaoateboDc.  pap«r,  and  pavtdboard — 

S.488 

87.513 

OS 

tot 

84.M8 

n 

Prlntlixc  and  publlablog ..»_ 

1.601 

48,813 

88 

180 

lO.CSB 

8 

TcvtflM-.         -         ,                ™ 

10.498 

365,718 

41 

8.886 

8S7.4S8 

11 

riDtblnc 

1.404 

61.138 

tl 

601 

SU.MB 

8 

8(T»w .  feaUier,  and  bair  goods 

M 

&,8tt 

IB 

60 

T.SS7 

8 

Hi<te9  and  teatber 

8,0(8 

80.474 

86 

801 

83.001 

U 

Wr>r>du'urk.1nH 

lO.BOO 

2S0.87& 

71 

SOO 

17.650 

IT 

Mrtfcllurjff 

l>.504 

77.7G1 

tso 

as 

ofia 

40 

34MA)  worklnr.  ba«e 

40.S8O 

887.008 

ISO 

8U 

U.&8I 

a» 

XMal  wrirklor.  precloiu — ^ 

S7& 

11.887 

Si 

88 

4.476 

5 

16 

l.OM 

i» 

4 

608 

8 

Mom  enttJnc  and  poUsWuf , — 

i.o:&i 

17.7J5 

50 

t 

l.ODO 

S 

EarUi  work  and  muonry 

88,713 

£50,647 

138 

U 

SB 

u 

KttrtiMn  BTul  ctoM  warr    . . 

T.OM 

110.134 

n 

SIO 

10.044 

IS 

CoamuflVf  and  banktos 

lO.OBl 

800.888 

6S 

466 

88.800 

6 

The  next  table  shows  the  total  nuiiilKT  of  employees  by  sex  and  age 
groups,  and  the  distribution  of  accidents  among  these  groups  accord- 
ing to  resulti{.  for  the  year  1905 : 

TOTAL    NUMBER    OF    EMPLOVKBS    IN    1NDU8TKIBS    REPORTING    AND    RESULTS 
OP  ACCIDENTS,   BY   8BX   AND  AGE  GROITS,    1905. 


Vtatbm  at  employeM 

ytirooat  (•)— 

Number  t*t  dsath*. 
P««nt  (*i 


Number  of  permancac  dltabtUllcft 

Pvrent  i«i. 

Jtvaahtr  of  tamporary  dliabnitles  (above  4  days) 

Pit  cast  (•). 

tttm^u  tukaowB ,», 

Arent  i*K. 


I 


!192  BULLETIN  OP  TUB  BUBEAr  OF  LABOR.        ^^^H 

A  --"triking  extvss  in  the  proportion  of  accidents  to  eniployew  m 
the  case  of  adult  males  over  those  occurring  to  other  classes  of  em- 
ployees is  apparent  from  the  above  table. 

F^i'oni  the.  mine  inspectors*  reports  it  appears  that  theiv  were  ;iii0.7!)*i 
persons  employed  in  mines  and  <iuarries  in  1905.  The  number  of 
accidents  was  33,742,  of  which  348  were  fatal,  42*2  rcsulte*!  in  perma- 
nent disability,  32,331  in  temporary  disability  (exceeding  4  days), 
while  in  t»41  cases  the  results  were  unkiiown. 

Lf's  AssoriaiioHH  i'rofeHHionuMeH  Ottrnh^ea.  Office  du  Travail,  Min- 
istere  du  Commerce,  de  ITndustrie,  des  Postes  et  des  T«'Iegraphes. 
Tome  II,  1901,  895  pp.  Tome  HI,  1003,  C70  pp.  Tome  IV,  1004, 
821  pp. 

These  v<dunies  ni'e  a  continuation  of  ii  series  of  reports  on  trade 
un<l  agrictihural  associations  by  the  French  bureau  of  labor.  The 
first  volume  was  Issued  in  1899,  a  dig&st  of  which  appeared  in  Bul- 
letin Xo.  31  (pages  1272-1274).  As  there  indicated,  the  ivpoH  con- 
sists of  three  parts,  the  first  of  which  is  devoted  to  a  review  of  legis- 
lation on  the  subject  considere<l,  while  the  last  (not  yet  issued)  will 
j>resent  a  historical  account  of  the  various  local  and  national  federa- 
tions of  uni<ms  of  different  trades  and  of  labor  exchanges,  Thfl 
three  volumes  named  above,  and  the  latter  part  of  the  first  volume, 
are  taken  up  with  the  second  division  of  the  subject,  which  o<mfiists  of 
an  ac<*ount  of  the  development  of  the  various  trade  organizations  in 
the  principal  cities  of  France  which  have  become,  under  the  law  of 
1884,  the  regularly  incorjwirate*!  local  or  national  trade  bcnlies. 

In  the  fii*st  volume  five  gnnips  of  industries  are  discussed:  (1) 
Agriculttire,  forestry,  and  fisheries;  (2)  the  extractive  industries, 
mining  and  qiuirrying;  (3)  food  products;  (4)  chemical  industries, 
including  the  manufacture  of  tobaivo;  (5)  printing  trades.  In  vol- 
ume two  are  dia'ussed:  (tt)  Hides  and  leather;  (7)  textiles  and 
clothing;  (8)  furniture  and  woodworking.  In  volume  three  are  pre- 
seiitetl:  (9)  Metal  working;  (10)  stoneworking,  and  earthen  and 
glass  ware.  The  fourth  volume  discusses:  (11)  The  building  trades; 
(1-J)  tranwpoHution;  (13)  various  industries. 

The  discussion  oi  the  organizations  found  in  these  various  indus* 
trial  groups  is  quite  detailed,  and  includes  statistical  data,  an  account 
of  the  origin  of  the  different  classes  (»f  unions  or  societies,  the  pro- 
visions of  ihcir  4M>nslitulioi)s  and  by-laws,  accounts  of  strikes, 
methods  of  relief,  benefit  funds,  trade  congresi^Cd,  etc, 

A  brief  concluding  chapter  Is  devoted  to  tl)*  ■\   of  women 

in  trade  orgnni/jitioiis,  aiid  a  list  Is  given  of  I  iMHlies  com- 

exdusively  of  women,  the  total  membership  being  13,87d.     In 

^'''  '^Htions.  of  i>l,(>OR  memWrji.  lft,f,0^  ^t^  !«»\w*\5rA.^ n^VW 

^^  '' hit  VI.'  siaiiUci*  ni'otiortionv,  o!  ItiuiuV;  \vw\ofe«rcK 


FOREIOK    STATISTICAL   PUBUCAT10^'S — GERMANY, 


198 


(lERMAXY. 


'iiherhhit'  tier  (rtu^crhr-Aufitirhtyhtatiittn  mtd  Bmjhehdi'di  u  fiit\ 
da'*  Jahr  J.OOo.     lOOG.     Band  I.  xliii.  OCT  pp.;  Band  II,  xvii,  1235 
pp.;  Band  III,  xi\,  1004  pp.;  Band  lY.  1002  pp. 

Tliese  volumes  pre^nt  a  report  of  the  factory  and  mine  inspectoi-s  of 
tht?  German  Empire  for  the  year  1905.  Each  principal  and  subordi- 
nate division  of  the  Empire  is  treated  separately  in  the  first  three 
B  volumes,  the  fourth  volume  presenting  summary  tables  for  the  whole 
"  conntry  and  an  extensive  analytical  index.  Tlie  subject-matter  re- 
lating to  eftch  province  or  district  is  uniform  throughout,  and  is 
H  treated  under  the  following  heads:  (1)  A  brief  general  view  of  local 
^  conditions,  showing  the  relations  of  the  inspection  office  to  employers 

(and  employees,  the  number  of  visits  of  ins}>ection  made,  etc.;  (S) 
statistics  of  the  working  force,  under  the  heads  of  young  jx^rsons 
(under  16  years  of  age),  females,  and  all  employees;  (3)  the  protec- 
tion of  laborers,  under  the  heads,  injuries  from  accidents  and  sanitary 
provisions;  and  (4)  economic  and  moral  nnidition  of  the  working 
people,  provisions  for  betterment,  and  miscellaneous  observations. 
The  subject's  considered  include  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  govern- 
ing the  employment  (jf  chihlren  Imth  as  to  age  limit  and  hours  of 
work,  the  hours  of  labor  and  rest  for  women,  overtime,  .Sunday  and 
holiday  work,  reports  of  accidents,  safety  devices,  sanitation  of  fac- 

Itories  and  homes,  wages  and  hours  of  labor,  etc. 
The  following  table  shows  for  eaich  group  of  industrit^s  the  total 
number  of  establishments  reported  for  the  Empire,  the  number  em- 
ploying women  an<l  young  persfjns.  and  the  number  of  employees, 
^    by  sex  and  age  groups,  for  the  year  11K)5: 

B    ESTABLISHUETNTS  AXD  NUMBER  OP  EMPLOIKES.   BT  SEX  AKD  AOE  OBOUP8.   1906. 


b 


IndufttTiei. 


TotaJ      Youox 
number.  I  p«T*onff 
(under 
IS 

r«ftra>. 


MtDinc.  mdatmnlnl.  »ic,  ptc.._ 

Quan'rlnc    prcxuKU    of    ttooa,    day. 

Clacs.  rtr 

uurkinc 

J,  butnimf'Qti,  apparatus,  ele. 

_  product' 

•o«P.  CM.  etc 


ir.  balr.  and  nibbor  eoo<l^ ... 

potWw.  pair^ii  •'tc — 

Fooili  and  drlntt  *\v  '  ■  u) — 

W«<arlaK  ■PP«r«'.  rl«ii  

BuOdloc  tradM 

TtlBlltic.   bookbtnfllnc.   trp«(ouiMUiis. 


Eb  tn  btUhmcati . 


Number  amploy- 


4.1td  I      l.flM 


25,106 

?.M0 
8.515 
14,338 

?.«n 

2,720 

i'..ffn 

82,049 


Feraala 

jtmn  or 
over). 


7J8 


Em  ploy  f 


ObOdren  (ander  1« 
ytan). 


Total 

number. 


7,sn 
•.aw 

7,7«» 

ri5 

T.B3S 
3.01.1 
S)t>  , 

a,  104 

10.2.i4  , 
1A.M4 
S,orf» 


1« 


fi,79D  ' 

1,400  : 

•00 
711  1 
11.019 
t,^76  I 

775 

9.8BB 

W.775 
143 


79,735 


s.j 


140 


014,008 

OCSfXTS 
497,101 

TBU.A73 
I37.3*J 
06.271 
SS7.000 

«7.474 
Mt,W! 
.'•51.  M  4 
3SO.O60 
m.M7 

Ui&.SUk 


MalM. 


70 


8}t 
71* 

4:t 

1.10» 

SOS 

60 

270 
71 

&« 
\0 


P#- 

malef.i 


873 

MO 

n 

4* 

SO 

l.8t4 

1«R 

.T' 
11' 

1 


Total. 


7t 
IMX* 

lao 

TV 


7M 

010 

l.tM 

7« 


^\ 


194 


BULLETIN    OF  THE    BUREAU    OF    LABOR. 


KflTAfiLISHMKNTS   AKO  KXHCBER  OF   EMPLOYEKS    ETC. -OoodtMlwl. 


BmptoreM. 

Touag  panoni  (14 

ur  under 

Total 

H                     ta<1tutiiM, 

l»7«ars). 

children 

PenialM 
no  yean 

MatiM  (10 

^H 

■on 

w 

UAlea. 

FimalM. 

Total. 

youiiff 
peraoiu. 

•ir  over). 

orer>. 

acInlDE.  inMnriiirflcat.  salt,  etc 

90.481 

1,081 

IKAOS 

U.Oil 

if»,Brj 

987.174 

QunrrylnK,   i>rnai)cU    ol    «U>ne,   cUy, 

ClaKif,  I'lc 

sp.m 

T.aaa 

M.7ia 

M.OUO 

01,070 

fi27.i)W 

Untnl  working- ^„.,..,_ 

88,  T« 

o.oes 

47. 7W 

48,807 

u.on 

lOH.l»t 

Machinvrr.  instniindnto,  ftp|fftr«Liu,  «i4t- 

AS.D74 

2.071 

40.frt6 

47.481 

SS,4fi9 

7D8.0BI 

CtKtiiilral  prmltirta 

a.m 

S.OGt 

A.  44ft 

G.MO 

18,404 

tos.tn 

on.  fnl,  soap.  VM,  «t«.. ._.«^-,«. 

1.074 

078 

2,0&f 

J,  131 

"•!« 

57,000 

TexUlos 

2ft,  111 

45.134 

78,i4& 

76.168 

SM.W 

8»i.a3& 

Piii»or.. 

e.m 

7.0M 

U,X» 

ii.Txa 

51.081 

00,707 

Lt-nKuT,  IiBlr.  iiekI  rubber  gotnia..^^ 

8,016 

1.0^4 

6.  SOU 

S.Wl 

»,407 

00.006 

W'K>il\vi>rklti(-.  ciirrpil  [nati^rlnN,  etc 

17.860 

S.1S& 

S1.01& 

SI. TOO 

S4.»8 

t06.oa 

Po(h1»  nriil  ilrlrikN  <lrH-Iii(llnK  tobacco) 

1-.7S8 

to.otn 

M.WO 

so.m 

im.flso 

87O.1H0 

WpurliiR  npiiarvl.  cl<<anliyi,  etc 

fl.ssi 

«S,644 

se.sM 

41.00» 

liff.SlS 

87.7tt 

IJiiiulliiir  trmlrt* 

6.005 

11 

0.700 

0,778 

BM 

lia.osa 

Frluthiir.  boohblTKllnv.   triwfuuadlnr, 

ftc .„. 

U.lTt 

i.lU 

10,2M 

10,400 

S3.814 

101. 7V« 

Billw<olliin»o(i« „_ ,...j.  . 

fiOT 

S74 

071 

fiBO 

t,OW 

e.ou 

Total 

U6,m 

lu.on 

an.sM 

m.soo 

1.041,000 

4.179.09 

No  industry  group  is  reported  that  tloes  not  give  employineat  to 
employees  of  every  clasw,  thoujtrli  (he  number  of  children  under  U 
years  of  age  is  very  small  in  the  building  trades.  Compaixul  with 
the  total  niiniber  of  employees,  however,  there  is  a  much  smaller  per- 
centage *»f  fliihlivn  in  (lie  mining,  etc.,  industries  ihnri  in  iiny  other. 
The  textile  and  clothing  industries  together  employ  approximately 
30  per  cent  of  all  children  and  young  pei-sons,  while  in  these  two 
groups  are  found  considerably  more  than  one-half  of  all  feniaies  16 
y4Mirs  of  nge  or  over. 

ITALY. 

Statistica  Indus friak,  Ria«ffunto  delie  Nothie  iuUe  Condhioni  In- 
dvatriali  del  Regno,  Ministero  di  Agricoltura,  Industrin  e  Com- 
mercio,  Direxione  Genernlc  di'Ila  Stutistica.  Port  1,  243  pp.  11 
Part  TL  40r)  pp.  ISMK'i.     Part  111,  VAX  pp.  lOOfi. 

These  three  volumes  issued  by  the  Italian  bureau  of  statistics  of 
the  deportment  of  agriculture,  industry,  and  commerce  present  a 
statistical  and  descriptive  account  of  conditions  of  Italian  manu- 
facturing, mining,  and  related  industries.  The  data  presented  havorj 
been  collected  by  the  statistical  bnreau  during  the  years  from  181  - 
to  1903  and  pul)rishetl  in  the  Annali  di  Slatistica  and  Jn  monugraplLs 
relating  to  tJie  separate  Provinces  or  to  sj>ecific  industries.  The  mfttrj 
ter  tlius  pre.'*ente<i  has  l)een  revised  and  correcteil.  by  the  astdMai 
of  l<Kyil  and  other  Cfovernment  officials  and  of  chambei>  of  comnici 
.*f>  thnl  the  report  is  as8umc<l  to  represent  with  Mifficicnt  exaolnestf' 
\the  conJiiions  of  privwW  industries  in  lftO:V  For  *rther  indii-<4rieESr 
^eluding  mining,  public  works*,  and  iudustnea  «a\j\wA.  \ft  Qrt>\«enx- 


.  FOBEIO: 


rSTICAL    PUBLICATIONS — ITALY. 


196 


ment  inspection,  the  data  pi-cscnted  are  for  a  later  [jeriod,  in  some 
cases  for  the  year  1904.  in  others  for  the  year  1905.  The  report  does 
not  include  transportation. 

The  first  volume  contains  statistics  of  production,  imports  and 
exports,  mechanical  equipment,  labor,  etc..  for  different  industries 
in  detail,  and  for  different  series  of  years.  Maps  are  appended 
sliowing  respectively  the  distribution  of  industrial  labor,  exclusive 
of  home  workers,  and  of  mechanical  motors  used  in  industry. 

The  second  volume  contains  tables  only,  showing  for  each  Prov- 
ince by  specific  industries  and  by  groups  the  number  of  establish- 
ments, of  steam  boilers,  of  motors  by  power  used,  total  power  de- 
veloped, and  number  of  employees  by  sex  and  age  groups.  Totals 
for  the  Kingdom  are  also  shown. 

In  the  third  volume  the  same  facts  are  presented*  the  industry 
being  made  the  basis  of  tabulation^  instead  of  the  Province. 

Industries  are  grouped  under  four  principal  heads:  Mines  and 
minerals,  metal  working,  machinery,  and  chemical  products;  food 
products  (including  liquors,  but  not  tobacco) ;  textiles:  and  various 
industries. 

The  following  table  pi'esents  by  groups  of  industries  the  number 
of  establishments,  the  number  of  motors  and  total  horsepower,  and 
the  number  of  employees  by  sex  and  age  groups.  For  the  period 
represented  and  for  the  classification  of  industries  reference  should 
be  made  to  the  foregoing  text. 


BTABUSHllSNTS,  MOTIVE  POWCK.  AND  NUMBER  OF  EMPLOYKR8,  BY  GROUPS  OP 

niDUSTBIES. 


Orooia  of  lodmtriea. 


Idn«t  And  mlnenlii.  meu3- 
woiklns  BuichlDery,  •  u  (I 
elk«mteftIpn>4urL« 

tooA  pradacta  (IncludlDc  liq> 
uon.  bat  uot  tobacco) 

Textiles 

Vftriutis  iDdustrle*. 


Toiai 117,407     «S,509 


Num- 
ber of 

lUh- 
meaU. 


8S.1M 

62.  IM 
7.2W 
14.830 


Meub&nlaU 


Num- 
ber. 


Hone- 
power. 


8. 821 

46,366 
4.«M 
4.087 


880.888 

218. 973 
187,808 
6B.&ai 


Number  of  emplofeci. 


Mele«. 


Fciiiale&, 


Oybt 

16 
reu«. 


19Z,2U 
8S.0B3 
135,841 


16  Toum    Orcr 

or      I      15 
under,    yean. 


38,067 

11.161 
12.890 

22,497 


774,000     704. 7M  1  79.41A     487,701 


38,401 

14,764 
380.200 
114,280 


lAyeen     Total. 

or 
under. 


X,2&9 
«0,88B 

45.220 


118, 191 


418, 9V5 

220,411 

4sa,iat 

807.M«i 


1. 400,  IS? 


In  the  group  representing  the  manufacture  of  food  products  is 
found  the  greatest  nuntber  of  mechanical  nioiorh,  l»th  absolutely, 
and  in  comparison  with  the  total  number  of  establishments.  The 
ftvermge  horsepower  per  motor  is  small,  however,  lx»ing  but  4.G  us 
agunst  44.4  per  motor  in  the  gi'oup  of  mines,  minerals,  etc.,  and  2H.0 
in  the  gi'oup  of  textiles. 

77w  ^miips  are  not  suihviently  well  defined  to  adiuk  oi  (ieV^AviSi' 
^risiiiis  of  data  tts  to  pnipjr>ye<^s.      The  largfe  excess  ^^^  ^<?^\av 


11)6 


BULLETIN    OF   THIi    BUREAU    OF   LABOR. 


I 


over  luHle  eiiiployoes  in  the  group  rif  textiles  may  Lw  noted,  however, 
nml  e!»pc<*ial]y  of  fenniles  of  1T>  yeHva  of  uge  or  under,  an  coinparc<l 
witli  lualeij  of  the  same  age  group. 

Caw  tSane,  Evt/tiomiche  e  Popolari.    Coniune  di  Venezia.    t23  pp..  10 

appendixes.     lOOC. 

This  report  issued  by  a  commission  of  the  city  of  Venice  on  sanitai"y 
housiiig  at  moderate  rentals  consists  of  a  general  report  of  23  pages 
and  W)  appendixes  of  varying  sizes,  presenting  text,  statistical  tables, 
plates,  etc.  The  city  is  making  a  moderate  growth,  the  population 
having  increase<l  from  158,305  in  1895  to  lfi7,0(»r>  in  li)05.  Attention 
was  called  in  188(J  to  the  nect»ssity  of  providing  the  working  clasHea 
with  moderately  priced  home*i,  suitably  supplied  with  light  an<l  air 
and  protected  against  the  dangei*s  of  excessive  dampness  so  easily 
prevalent  in  a  city  built  as  Venice  is.  Numerous  proposals  were  sub- 
mitted, from  a  consideration  of  whicli  it  was  concluded  that  three 
general  methods  were  open  to  the  connnune  for  assisting  in  the  move- 
ment iov  sanitary  housing:  (1)  By  encouraging  private  enterprise, 
granting  premiums  to  offset  financial  losses  occasioned  by  investmontH 
producing  smaller  returns  than  usual;  (2)  by  undertaking  directly 
the  work  of  construction  and  management  of  tlie  houses;  (3)  by 
favoring  the  formation  of  s|MM'ial  companies  for  the  prosecution  of 
the  work  under  private  initiative. 

The  granting  of  pn'uiiums  was  agreed  upon  in  1891,  and  was  to 
continue  for  a  detinitc  period,  and  tuuler  requirements  as  to  size  and 
tyi>e  of  the  structures  aiul  a  guarantee  as  to  the  maintenance  of  the 
buildings  for  the  uses  and  awarding  to  the  tyfjes  agrciMl  upon.  A 
preniiuMi  was  otfert'd  of  0.20  lira  (4  cents)  per  cubic  meter  (1.3  cubic 
yards)  of  structures  in  open  areas,  and  of  0.15  lira  (3  cents)  |>er  cubic 
meter  (1.3  culuc  yanls)  of  slructureH  built  on  ground  already  tn^cu- 
pied,  such  premiums  to  he  paid  annually  for  10  years,  the  buildings  to 
be  ivndy  for  occupancy  by  December  31,  1894,  In  1905  the  premium 
for  structures  on  areas  previously  unoccupied  was  nii.^jed  to  O.'io  lira 
t5  cents)  per  cubic  meter  (1.3  cubic  yards),  and  the  payment  of  all 
pn*miums  was  to  be  continued  until  the  close  of  the  year  190*k  A 
(•rerniuui  of  0.15  lira  (3  cents)  |x'r  cubic  meter  (1.3  cubic  wards)  was 
also  granted  to  encourage  the  niaintenance  or  restoration  of  hygienic 
conditions  in  houses  not  included  under  the  condition*;  of  the  com- 
munal regidations  of  lft91.  Under  thesis  various  grants  payments 
were  made  of  883.31  lire  ($170.48)  in  1893,  2^34.:25  lire  ($450.61)  in 
1894,  3,139.60  lire  ($f;(>8.84)  in  1895,  the  payments  incira.sing  t<» 
17.610.0(1  lire  i$:j,438.C7)  in  1905,  the  total  for  13  years  being 
i9A09M  lin*  ($19J86A0).  In  the  S-year  \ier'u)d,  1901  to  1905,  build- 
ir-  "V'/Tf*  cnsted  uijder  the  premium  syaVtm  \\8in'\\\^  a  VoVvA  ^imV*twV 
^j^S4Ml  cubic  ttietcrs  (285,811.9  cubk  yiiTAsV 


: 


SKATSSnCAXs  PCBUCATIONS — tTALY. 


w 


e  conolusiou  was  reached  in  the  year  1893  that  privut*^  iuitUlivo 
1(1  noC  'supply  in  5*ti*factory  numbers  the  class  of  ilwellings  tl«s 
sirrd,  and  SO  per  c*ni  of  the  net  returns  from  the  Savings  Bank  of 
Venice  {Casjtn  di  Rifpni-^nio  di  Vt^\r5ui'\  were  set  apart  for  a  period 
of  35  year*,  from  1S?3  to  1&27,  for  the  construction  by  the  couuniino 
uf  sanitary  and  e<.*onoiuical  dwelliugs.  This  has  afforded  annua]  suina 
of  varying  amounts,  the  lowest  in  12  years  being  :ifj,tK>2.12  Hro 
<$^UK»9.n)  in  18P6,  and  the  highe*?t,  M,7d7.57  lire  ($10,575.1>3)  in 
liKH.  The  aggregate  for  the  period  1S93  to  1904  was  508,734.79  lire 
^$&SJ85^1).  In  order  to  provide  a  fund  for  the  immediate  com- 
mencement of  the  work  the  sum  of  500,000  lire  ($%,500)  was  appro* 
priated  at  tlie  ^uie  time.  This  sum  became  available  in  the  years 
1897  to  1809.  In  UK)3  a  like  sum  was  added  by  the  conunune,  which 
paid  over  in  1901  and  1905.  The  total  receipts  available  for  the 
ion  of  dwellings,  frcMu  1897  to  190o.  including  earlier  payments 
from  the  Savings  Bank,  were  L41J),574.55  lire  i$278,977.89)*  The 
work  of  construction  and  administration  is  in  the  hands  of  a  com- 
mistdon  of  6  persons,  3  nominated  by  the  communal  council,  and  3  by 
the  Savings  Bank.  A  report  made  in  March,  UHHl,  shows  that  at  that 
dale  37  houses  had  l)een  coniplete<l  or  were  in  course  of  t*onstruction, 
furnishing  from  6  to  15  apartments  each,  the  total  numWr  of  apart- 
ments being  396,  Estimates  for  36  dwellings  with  390  apartments 
place  the  number  of  tenants  to  be  accommodated  at  2.150.  Kentals 
range  from  10  lire  ($1.93)  to  ♦SO  lire  ($11.58)  per  month.  There  ai^ 
but  12  apartments,  however,  which  command  a  rate  in  excess  of 
30  lire  ($5.79)  per  month,  while  47  apartments  rent  at  14  lire 
(^70)  and  a  like  number  tit  21  lire  ($4.05).  The  next  highest  num- 
bers are  34  at  23  lire  (*4.44)  and  29  at  13  lire  ($2.51).  The  total 
annual  income  from  rentals,  at  the  scale  fixetl,  wotild  lie  91.842  lire 
($17,725.51). 

In  admitting  tenants,  a  preference  is  given  to  employees,  pension- 
ers, and  manual  laborers,  and  to  persons  whose  family  income  does 
not  exL^eed  1,4CK)  lire  ($270.20)  per  annum,  or  2S0  lire  ($54.04)  jwr 
capita  where  the  family  consists  of  more  than  5  i>ersons.  Natives  and 
residents  of  Venice  are  preferiTil,  and  those  who  huve  childivn  rather 
than  thase  who  have  not. 

A  list  of  the  occupations  of  the  tenants  of  94  a|>ai'tnients  showed 
13  workmen  at  the  royal  arsenal,  10  on  the  State  railway,  and  22  in 
various  other  industries;  8  were  classed  as  private  employees  and  8 
were  employees  in  public  serNice;  15  were  salaried  persons  in  the 
same  service,  0  were  public  [wnsioners,  6  were  luiderofficials  in  the 
royal  marine,  and  0  were  wutijluuen. 


OPINIONS  OF  THE  ATTORNEY-OENEKAL  ON  ftTTESTIONS  AFFECT. 

INQ  LABOR. 

[It  IH  one  of  the  duties  of  tbe  Attorney-General  of  tbo  United  Btatefl  to 
furnlBb  opinions  advising  the  PrpHUUmt  and  the  heads  of  the  Hxecutlve  De- 
purttnentft  lu  relation  U}  their  official  duties  when  such  advice  la  ret|ne»tpd. 
OpInlouH  on  tiuestlous  afTecilng  labor  will  be  noted  from  ttiue  to  time  under  the 
above  head.] 

EiaUT-HOHB   l-AW — ExTKAOKl>I>AHY    EmKUOKNCIBS — •TeTTT    WoRK — 

Admncr  Mhecta  2G  Op.^  ptii/f  S7M. — The  Secrctflry  of  War  submit  tod 
an  inquiry  as  to  the  construction  of  the  eiglit-hour  luw  «nd  its  uppH- 
cation  to  the  jetty  work  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cohunhiu  River,  which 
is  being  conducted  directly  by  the  Government.  The  facts  on  which 
the  opinion  is  based  are  reproducecl  herewith: 

The  jetty,  when  completed,  will  consist  of  a  pile  trestle  fti  miles 
in  lenf^h,  with  an  enrocknient  of  nibblestone  suiHTluipused.  AIkjuI 
5  miles  of  the  jetty  have  Iwen  constructed,  and  the  work  is  now  cen- 
tered upon  tlie  outer  ii  miles  of  this  portion,  which  *'  is  rx|X)se<I  to  the 
full  force  of  the  breakers  which  have  madu  the  bur  of  the  Columbia 
River  a  terror  to  all  navigators.  The  seus  are  never  smooth  and  often 
rough,  even  during  the  simimer  season,  rendering  the  operation  of 
constructing  the  pTlo  trestle  and  conveyinir  n>ck  over  it  u  matter  of, 
considerable  risk  to  life  and  property/'  The  work  seems  to  be  stead- 
ily progi*essing,  but  it  is  liable  to  frequent  interruptions.  Softii'limes 
there  is  no  interruption  for  two  or  three  days,  and  again  all  w(»rk, 
except  small  jobs  on  shoiv.  must  be  suspended  for  periods  varying 
from  a  few  hours  to  several  days.  The  delays  are  occanioned  partly 
l)y  fogs,  which  prevent  the  barg<^  bearing  the  stone  from  n*aching 
their  destination  as  soon  as  refjuired,  and  partly  lx»caus4>  of  vibra- 
tions imparted  to  the  m>stle  by  the  action  of  the  waves,  which  stop, 
for  varying  periods,  the  work  of  the  pile  driver  and  the  carriage  of 
the  stone.  f)n  account  of  these  natural  causes,  hindering  the  sjjeedy 
completion  of  the  jetty,  it  seems  that  lalM>rers  and  mechanics  are 
worked  over  eight  hours  a  day  when  conditions  are  fnvonible.  Ilie 
question  of  preventing  this  overtime  work  has  I"  l  by  the 

ofli(vr  in  cluirg)*  of  the  eotistrnction,  but  he  l>eli«  i»mploy- 

nient  of  an  extra  gang  of  men  is  not  practicable.  Tiie  impracticabil- 
ity of  employing  an  extra  shift,  however,  does  not  arista  from  any 
diflicultv  inherent  in  the  project.  It  is  based  almost  entirely  on 
economical  cnn«iderations  of  speetly  and  cheap  nu>thods.    He  says: 

^'The  question  of  providing  an  extra  gang  of  men  has  had  careful 
i'f//.  ■  .'  '^1/;.  but  it  is  l>clieved  to  l»e  wholly  imprncticiible.  If  an 
Mr  were  eiiiployed,  the  two  y^fx-W^^  wiiuVV  W\ni  \iy'.^>-o.\>V5  \\<at 

U*8 


0PIK10N6  OF  ATTOBNEV-GEXERAL  ON    LvVBOR  QUESTIONS.       1! 


I 

,'11 
ver     I 


re  honi*s  per  day,  on  an  average,  a  month  during  the  w 
se-asoD,  nnd  many  days  at  a  time  at  least  one  gang  wonid  be  in  idle- 
ues^s  *  *  *.  Even  if  the  emplovinent  of  two  gangs  were  feasible 
from  other  i"eaons,  it  wonId  still  be  very  objectionable  from  the 
delays  that  would  result  in  changing  from  one  gang  to  another,  such 
changes  being  likely  to  come  at  a  tune  when  the  interruption  would 
mean  the  loss  of  a  valuable  opportunity.  It  is  estimated  that  the 
labor  item  alone  would  be  increased  from  CO  to  80  per  cent  if  ii 
should  become  necessary  to  employ  two  gangs  of  laborers," 

Following  tills  statement  of  facts  the  Attorney-General  said 

Ui>on  conj^iderntiou  of  all  the  facts,  it  fairly  appears,  in  ray  opin5 
ion,  that  the  difliculties  of  construction  are  such  as  were  known 
and  fully  appreciated  at  the  time  of  the  preliminary  survey.  They 
are  not  so  ffrave  as  to  compel  the  conviction  that  Congress  never 
could  have  intended  the  statute  to  apply  to  such  work.  In  the  ca 
of  the  Eastern  Dredging  Company  v.  The  United  States  and  Ba 
State  Dredging  Company  r.  The  Unitetl  Stales  (206  F.  8.,  *24fi  [Bul- 

:in  No.  71,  p.  361] ).  the  Supreme  Court,  in  holding  that  dredging 
artificial  channel  is  not  one  of  the  '*  public  works  ■'  intended   l>y 
:ongress,  assigned  as  one  of  its  reasons     the  very  gi-eat  difficulty,  if 
not  impossibility,  of  dredging  in  the  ocean,  if  sucn  a  law  is  to  govern 

•  •  *."  Hen*,  however,  it  appears  to  me  that  the  difficulty  results 
ino6t  merely  in  an  inconvenience,  and,  as  was  pointed  out  in  the 
dissenting  opinion  in  those  cases,  that  '*  is  a  consideration  fit  to  be 
adtlres-st'd  to  Congress"  rather  than  to  the  courts  or  administrative 
officers.  The  work  belongs  to  the  United  States  and  is  a  complete 
whole,  having  structural  unity  and  a  permanent  existence,  and  ia-i 
within  the  rule  laid  down  in  those  cases. 

Nor  does  it  seem  to  me  that  the  facts  show  a  case  of  extraordinary^ 
emergency  within  the  exception  to  tlie  law  contained  in  its  first  sec- 
tion, "  in  case  of  extraordinary  emergency."  That  exception  was  not 
intended  to  have  a  wide  but  a  narrow  operation,  ana  was  mainly 

iigued  to  excuse  overtime  work  which  must  be  rendered  to  avert 

ime  sudden,  unusual  exigency  ouickly  and  unexpectedly  arising  and 
calling  for  prompt  action.  In  Lllis  v.  The  United  States  (200  U.  S., 
246,  257),  it  was  said:  ^J 

^  It  needs  no  argument  to  show  that  the  disappointment  of  a  coidB 
tractor  with   regard   to  obtaining  S4)me  of  his  materials,  a   matt«r  *1 
which  he  knew  involved  some  difficulty  of  which  he  took  the  risk, 
does  not  create  such  an  emergency  as  is  contemplated  in  the  excep- 
tion to  the  law/' 

In  tlie  lower  couil  the  judge  had  instructed  the  jury: 

*****  an  extraordimiry  cmergencv  *  *  *  is  the  sudden,  unex-  ,j 
pected  happening  of  something  not  o/  the  usual,  customary,  or  i*eg-  I 
ular  kind,  demanding  prompt  action  to  avert  imminent  danger  to  " 
life,  limb,  health,  or  property.  The  possibility  of  danger  is  not 
enough." 

This  ruling,  indirectly  approved  by  the  Supreme  Court,  was 
adopCed  in  the  case  of  The  United  States  t\  The  Shei-idan  Kirk  Con- 
tract Company  (140  Fed.  Rep..  ftOl).  813);  by  Attoriu^y-Onerul 
Moody,  now  Mr.  Justice  Moody,  in  a  circular  letter  dated  October 
31.  Jobe.  and  brrour  Department  hi  two  circulars- 


200 


BULLETIN    OF   THE    BUREAU    OF    LABOR. 


Ill  Circulftr  No.  3;j,  under  date  of  July  30,  UK)t).  it  whs  snid: 

*' Attention  is  railed  to  the  fact  that  the  eujergency  proviyioii  in 
the  law  is  oonsiden'i]  t<»  rover  any  oxtraordinarv  einergeuries  whirli 
ran  not  be  foreseen,  such  as  might  l>e  neeessiirv  for  siiving  life  or 
property  of  the  Ignited  Slates,  antl  not  tttMrtt  irhit  h  dcpettd  for  their 
t tntrgtney  aolthj  vpon  economical  methodti  of  irork  or  importance 
of  rapid  conHtrttrtion.'* 

Agftin,  in  Circular  No.  fia,  under  date  of  December  Siti,  llK)t>,  it  was 
said : 

"An  'extraordinary  emergency*  under  the  act  is  one  not  to  be 
foreseen  in  time  to  avoid  the  necessity  (»f  exceeding  the  limit  of  the 
fixed  daily  hours  of  lalK>r  by  the  employment  of  more  men  or  mi»rc 
shifts  of  men.  ^f<'re  economical  conttidcnttionti  do  not  affect  th^ 
qitestion  at  all.  It  in  to  he  nsMnmed  that  in  mahtng  the  rcqvirrmcnt 
Comjrcss  knew  that  under  want/  conditions  the  law  icottid  impose 
great  cu'pense  upon  the  Oovernment.^^ 

Althou<:h  there  ran  he  no  doubt  thnt  in  the  prosecution  of  this 
work  in  this  dangerous  locality  extraordinary  emergencies  within  the 
exception  to  the  law  have  arisen  and  will  arise,  still,  »i|>on  the  fiict.s 
stated.  I  am  of  opinion  that  no  case  of  continuing  extraordinary 
emergency  exists,  \i\\(L,  therefore,  upon  the  (piestions  sugg<'ste<I  by 
y<iur  communication  3*ou  are  advLsecI  that  the  eight-hour  law  applies 
to  this  work,  and  that  I  fidly  concur  with  the  view  of  your  Depart* 
nient,  as  expressed  in  the  circulars  quoted  aU)ve,  that  those  who 
fairly  come  within  the  oniinary  meaning  of  the  words  ''lalK)rers  and 
mechanics'*  shoidd  be  restricted  to  no  more  than  eight  hours  of 
effectivo  labor  upon  each  calendar  day.  irrespective  of  enforced  idle- 
ness on  other  days,  except  when  a  suJden  emergency  nuist  be  met  by 
prompt  acliojL 


ImMIOHATION CONTKACT       LaUOK SKILLED        LaBORKIW — InSUKFI- 

riENT  Supply — Advance  Sheets^  SO  Op.^  patjc  '2^^, — An  inquiry  wiis 
submitted  to  the  Attorney-General  by  the  Secretary  of  Commerce  and 
Labor  on  the  subject  of  the  admission  of  two  lithographic  artists  com- 
ing from  (rermany.  These  men  were  detained  as  violators  of  (he  con- 
tract lrtl>or  law,  having  come  to  the  United  States  under  contract  of 
employment,  and  appealed.  An  agent  of  the  American  liithographio 
Company,  of  New  York,  nutde  tlie  contract  abroad  and  prepaid  the 
passage  of  the  persons  in  question.  Other  facts,  and  the  statutes  in- 
volved, are  set  forth  in  the  opinion  of  the  Attorney-General,  which  ia 
in  the  main  as  follows: 

Unless  saved  by  an  excei^ting  clause  or  a  proviso,  this  contract  is 

squarely  within  the  pn)hibitiou  of  the  statutes  referred  to.     Whilw 

this  is  not  (h*ni*'<l  by  the  upin-llants,  it  is  insisted  in  their  l>ehalf  that, 

under  the  first  proviso  «)f  s<'ction  5  of  the  act  of  Kubniary  'JO,  1885 

(23  St4U.  3;VJ),  and  tlie  secotKl  and  third  provi.-os  of  section  )1  of  the 

act  of  March  :^,  U»o:5  (;V2  Stat.  1:.M3),  they  should  \k  admitted. 

The  ;j)iiterial  part  of  section  o  of  the  act  of  18S5  reads  as  follow- : 

'V^/r^/vJ/'v/,  Thfit  .y/ri7/tHi  hd>or  for  thai  purpo**  cau  i\«V  W  ollwr- 

»'/*e  obtawvil;  nor  tJiall  the  provisions  of  Ibis  aa  app\v  ^^  "PTol 


«^- 


OPINIONS  OF  ATTORNEY-GENERAL  ON    LABOR  QUESTIONS.       201 


^lonnl  actors*  artists,  leoiurei's,  or  i^ingers,  nor  to  persons  employed 
strictly  as  personal  or  domestic  servantis:" 

Section  '2  of  tlie  act  of  I90;i  specifies  certain  olassej^  of  |)er6ons  who 
shall  be  excJudetl;  among  others,  ''those  who  have  been,  within  one 
year  from  the  date  of  application  for  admission  to  the  United  Slates, 
deported  as  being  nnder  otfei's,  solicitations,  promises,  or  agreements 
to  |>crform  labor  or  ser^-ice  of  tiome  kind  tiierein.'"'  This  section  also 
contains  the  following  provisos: 

*•  *  *  *  An^i  vrnvided  further^  That  skilled  labor  mav  be  im- 
ported if  labor  of  like  kind  nnemployed  can  not  be  found  in  this  wum- 
try:  And  provided  further^  That  the  provisions  of  this  law  applicable 
to  i-onti-acl  lalwr  shnll  not  be  held  to  exchide  professional  actoi"s, 
artists,  lecturers,  singers,  ministers  of  any  religious  denomination, 
professors  for  colleges  or  seminaries,  persons  belonging  to  any  recog- 
nized learned  profession,  or  j)ersons  employed  strictly  as  personal  or 
<lomestic  ^rvants/' 

TTnless.  then,  it  can  l»e  shown  that  tha^^^  aliens  are  artists  within  the 
meaning  of  the  statutes,  or  that  skilled  labor  of  like  kind,  nnempl<»yed, 
c:an  not  be  found  in  this  coimtry,  the  appeal  must  be  dismissed.  A  de- 
rision upon  either  ix>int  in  favor  of  the  aliens  would  entitle  them  to 
admission. 

As  the  ap{>eal  should  clearly  be  sustained  on  the  second  ground 
upon  the  evidence  submitted,  I  deem  it  unnecessary  to  determine 
wnether  the  appellants  are  artists. 

On  the  former  point  the  evidence  is  so  free  h'om  continidiction  that 
weir  the  case  being  tried  by  a  judge  and  jury  the  court  would  be 
obli^d  to  direct  a  verdict  for  the  aliens.  Their  counsel,  at  the  hear- 
ing oefore  the  board  of  inquiry,  called  officers  of  ^xe  different  litho- 
graphic companies  to  testify  to  the  scarcity  of  lithographic  artists 
in  this  country.  Henry  W.  Kupfer,  superintendent  of  the  art  draw- 
ing department  of  the  American  Lithographic  Company,  testifie<l 
that  he  had  been  for  four  yeare  in  charge  of  that  department,  and 
tliat  during  all  that  time  part  t>f  his  duty  had  been  to  hire  Jitho- 
graphic  artists;  that  while  his  compjiny  couhl  use  t<»  advantage 
twenty  «ir  twenty-two  artists  it  had  only  ten.  He  further  testified 
that  for  three  or  four  yeai-s  there  had  been  the  same  difficulty  in  se- 
4'rirint:  i"^*"  **»  *1"  this  work.  It  also  appears  from  his  testimony 
that  tne  company,  in  the  belief  that  to  meet  this  situation  it  was  neces- 
sary lo  bring  men  in  from  abroad,  applied  early  in  1007  to  your  De- 
partment to  know  how  this  might  be  done.  The  Commissioner-Gon- 
••ral  of  Immigration  suggested  that  Iwfore  any  steps  were  taken 
looking  to  the  importation  of  lalx)r  it  was  advisable  to  demonstrate 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  authorities  that  no  labor  of  like  kind,  un- 
employed, was  available  in  this  country.  In  accoidance  with  his 
suggestions  advertisements  were  inserted  three  times  a  week  for  four 
wwK-s  in  twelve  newspapeiN  of  genei*al  circulation  in  the  eight  cities 
uliei*e  it  seemed  most  likely  that  litbogi*aphic  artists  could  be  se<Mired. 
There  wei'e  thirty-two  answei*s  t<i  uiese  advertisements.  No  |)er- 
sonal  applications  were  made,  and  the  company  did  not  seinire  a  single 
lithographic  artist  as  a  H'sult  of  its  efforts.  The  reasons  why  none 
of  the  thirty-two  who  communicated  with  the  company  were  selei-ted 
ans  clearly  and  satisfact<)rily  explained  in  the  record  you  have  sub- 
mitud  for  my  a/nhlderuuon,     The  company  ihcreupou  w\^«^^  \wVo 


^202 


BITLLETIK    OF  THE    BUBKAU    OK    LABOR. 


contract,  ahove  referred  to,  with  Kui^zflorfi^r  ami  llaering,  informing 
ihv.  ('oiiiinissioiior-Cionoral  of  [niniiicrution  of  the  fuel  anil  of  the  dale 
upon  wliirh  the  alienH  would  rcncli  New  York  in  order  that  a  test  case 
HMKht  thus  h<^  inado. 

All  of  these  witnesses  swore  that  tlie  demand  for  high-grade 
lithographic  nrtisti*  wa-s  constantlv  increasing  in  tliis  country-  The 
work,  however,  hiLS  been  going  iiliroud,  l>etuiutie  the  lark  of  skilled 
lithographic  artists,  according  to  the  stntemcnts  of  these  witnesses. 
prevents  it-s  heing  done  in  this  country. 

Counsel  for  ap]>eltHnts  has  also  put  in  evidence  a  rejxjrt  of  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  showing  that  the  value  of  lithographic  importa- 
tions has  increased  from  under  $l*')0,000  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  1898,  to  approxijnately  $2,7lX)JXK)  for  (he  last' tiscal  yenr. 
This  development  has  been  gratlual  and  steady,  every  year  showing 
nn  increase  over  the  year  before,  and  the  figures  for  the  fin*!  nine 
months  of  the  current  fiscal  year  show  a  still  further  incn»ase. 

This  testimony  as  to  the  scarcity  of  labor  in  practically  nnoon- 
travlictcd.  Counsel  for  the  Lithographic  Artists,  Engravers,  an*! 
Designers'  Ijeague  attemj)ted  to  show  that  the  difficulty  in  securing 
men  was  du<^  to  a  strike  which  had  Ihmmi  dcchired  in  August,  WH). 
This  idea  is  negatived  by  the  statements  of  tiie  witnesses  above 
referred  to  to  the  effect  that  the  short^igi*  existed  for  several  years 
prior  to  the  time  the  strike  was  declared.  Nowhere  in  the  record  is 
there  a  scintilla  of  evidence  even  tending  to  contradict  this, 

Richard  Kitchctt,  president  of  that  National  lithographic  Artists, 
Engravers,  and  Designers'  Tx^ngue,  (e.stificd  that  there  were  about 
two  hundred  an<l  forty  meml>ers  of  his  organization  unemployed 
in  the  Ignited  States,  and  that  this  was  a  sufficient  number  to  fill  all 
vac-ancies  and  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  Jithognijthic  business. 
Counsel  for  the  aliens  then  put  in  evidence  a  circular  issued,  with 
the  knowledge  of  Mr.  Kitchett,  by  the  national  advisory  board  o£ 
tJie  Lithogi-aphic  Artists,  Engravers,  and  Designers'  League,  of 
which  he  ndnutted  he  was  the  head,  which  inn  in  part  as  Allows: 
**  The  employers'  own  figures  show  that  the  ntimlnT  of  men  they  lack 
in  the  art  d<'partment  is  actually  greater  than  the  whole  number  now 
out,  so  tliat  were  the  strike  to  be  settled  to-morrow  there  would  not 
lw»  enough  men  tti  fill  all  vacancies.^' 

In  new  of  this  statement,  issued  with  his  authority  bv  a  board 
of  which  he  wa.s  the  head,  his  testimony  to  the  contrary  is  entitled 
to  but  little  weight. 

I  therefore  advise  you  that  the  reix^rd  you  have  submitted  shows 
lK»vond  any  reasonable  doubt  that  there  are  not  in  the  country  at 
this  time  a  suffi<*ient  numi>er  of  lithographic  artiste,  employed  and 
unemijloyt^d,  to  meet  the  demamls  of  the  business.     The  deinsion  of 

I  the  board  of  si>eeial  inquiry  should,  therefore,  be  reversed,  and  tlwi 
aliens  adniittea. 
Immiouation — Promise  or  EMin>oYMENT — Patmknt  or  pAftfiAOE — 
State  Ixtekvention — AdDo^we  Shtieta^  iHG  Ojk,  page  4^/.— The  Swi- 
rrfarv  of  Commerce  and  Lal>or  submitted  an  intjuiry  to  the  Attorney- 
CffnctHl  ou  the  r/Hp.stion  of  the  admisaiou  of  a  Cubixu  laborer,  brought 


I 

I 


OPrNtONS  OF  ATTORN  EY-OENEBAL  ON   lABOB  QUESTIONS.       201 

to  New  OrleaiLs  by  the  Louisiana  State  board  of  agi'iculture  uiid 
immigration.  Tbc  facts  as  subiuiited  by  the  Secretary  are  as  foU^ 
lows : 

Geronimo  Garoia  arrived  at  the  port  of  New  Orleans  from  Cub 
I  August  5,  lt*07.  His  passage  was  paid  bv  ^Ir.  Re^nald  Dykei-s, 
who  at  the  time  was  the  i*egularly  authorized  agent  of  the  Louisiana 
Slate  board  of  agriculture  and  immigration,  out  of  funds  appropri- 
ated in  regular  mamier  by  the  State  legislatui*e.  Mr.  Dykers  and  a 
Mr.  L.  H.  Allen,  the  latter  also  being  a  representative  of  the  said 
board,  approached  the  alien  in  Ilabana  and  solicited  him  to  immi 
grate  to  the  State  of  Louisiana,  assuring  him  that  employment  as  t 
farm  laboix»r  would  be  ^ciiivd  for  him  on  his  arrival  in  said  State 
In  exchange  for  the  passage  money  the  alien  gave  to  the  said  officials 
a  receipt,  in  which  he  promised  to  return  to  the  Louisiana  State 
boai-d  of  agricultui-e  and  immigration  within  a  year  the  sum  so  ad 
vanced.  It  is  the  expectation  of  the  State  agent  that  in  such  case5, 
upon  the  alien  securing  employment,  his  employer  will  loan  him 
the  amount  necessary  to  reimburse  the  State  and  deduct  the  same 
fiom  his  wages:  but  no  method  has  been  provided  whereby  an  em- 
ployer can  be  compelled  to  make  such  loan,  it  being  the  intention 
of  the  State  board  to  rely  upon  the  moral  obligation  of  the  alien's 
promise  to  reimburse  the  State,  and  not  upon  any  legal  measures 
against  him  or  his  employer.  The  alien  is  left  fi-ee  to  select  such 
employer  as  he  pleases,  although  the  expectation  of  the  agent  is  that 
aliens  selected  by  liim  under  this  plan  will  he  of  such  a  reliable  class 
that  they  will  usually  seek  emplovment  from  parties  who  can  be  de- 
pended upon  to  advance  to  the  alien  the  amount  of  the  passage  and 
enable  liim  to  therewith  reinibui*se  the  State  fund.  It  also  appears 
that,  while  the  alien  Garcia  had  seen  advertisements  published  abroad 
by  the  I^ouisiana  State  board  of  agriculture  and  inanimation,  reciting 
the  inducements  the  State  of  Louisiana  offers  for  inuuigration  thereto, 
he  was  not  induced  to  come  to  the  United  States  solely  by  reason  of 
sncli  inducements;  nor  was  the  sole  inducement  the  fact  that  his 
passage  was  paid  by  another,  nor  the  fact,  brought  out  in  the  testi- 
tiiony,  that  his  father  hiui  previously  come  to  this  country.  These 
facts  operated  to  some  extent,  however,  to  lead  him  to  endeavor  to 
avail  himself  of  the  assurances  given  by  the  alwve-named  agents  that 
employment  as  a  farm  laborer  would  be  secured  for  him  on  his  land- 
ing in  Louisiana. 

Although  tlie  desire  of  the  State  agent  is  that  Garcia,  if  landwl, 
shall  enter  the  employ  of  an  individual  planter  who  would  be  will- 
ing to  loan  him  the  cost  of  his  passage  and  gradually  deduct  it 
from  his  wages,  thus  enabling  said  alien  to  immediately  reimburse 
the  State  fund,  he  is,  as  above  stated*  left  free  to  accept  other  em- 
ployment if  he  so  desires:  and  there  is  no  evidence  that  shows  posi- 
tively that  the  said  Garcia  (or  anv  other  alien  imported  in  accordance 
with*  the  plan)  might  not,  after  landing,  be  employed  by  a  corpora- 
Uon,  association,  or  society  at^  freelv  and  in  the  same  manner  as  by 
an  individual;  suggesting  a  |x>sslbility  tliat.  under  tiie  indirei't 
method  of  attempting  to  eventually  secure  reimbursement  to  the 
State  fund  of  the  amount  of  the  alien's  passage,  a  condition  could 
Aixew  which  mighty  perhaps,  be  regurded  ad  being,  reuioXft\^  WX  '^^v 


i?()4 


BULLETIN    OK   THE    BUREAU    OF    LABOR. 


in  effect,  a  payment  of  snch  passage  by  a  corporation,  society,  or 
association. 

Upon  these  facts  tlie  Attorney -Genera  I  ruled  that  Garcia  was  not 
entitled  lo  admission,  as  appears  from  his  opinion,  which  constniee 
the  iinmigi'ation  act  of  Febnmi^  liO,  1907,  and  is  as  follows; 

1.  It  appears  that  from  this  statement  reprcHentaiiveft  of  the 
Louisiana  Slate  board  approached  (Jarcia  in  ITabana  anil  solic- 
ited him  to  emigrate  lo  Louisiana,  assuring  him  that  employment  as 
a  fann  lal>orer  would  be  secured  for  him  on  his  arrival,  and  that 
>tu:h  assurances  operated  as  a  material,  if  not  the  principal,  induce- 
ment to  his  inunigration,  sinc<^  neither  the  advertisements  publislied 
by  the  State,  nor  the  payment  of  his  passage,  nor  his  father's 
previous  coming,  was  the  sole  inducement  to  his  coming,  but  these 
mattei*s  operated  to  some  extent  to  leail  him  to  endeavor  to  avail 
himself  or  the  assurances  of  employment  given  him  by  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  State  board. 

Among  the  classes  of  aliens  excludes!  bv  section  2  of  the  act  of 
1907  (M  Stat.  808)  are:  "  Persons  liereinnfter  railed  contract  lalM)r- 
ei*s.  wlio  have  been  induced  or  solicited  to  niigiate  to  this  tmmtry  by 
offers  or  promises  of  employment  or  in  consecpience  of  agi-eementa, 
oral,  written  or  printed,  express  or  implie<l,  to  perform  IalM)r  in  this 
rountiy  of  any  kind,  skilleu  or  unskilled."  This  provision,  as  stated 
in  my  opinion  renderetl  the  President  on  March  20,  1907,  excludes 
**  aliens  solicited  or  induced  to  inniiigrate  by  reason  of  offei*s  or  ])rom- 
ises,  even  when  theixj  is  uo  contract  of  employment.'*  (26  Op.  11)9, 
207.) 

The  assurances  given  to  Garcia  by  the  State  agents  constitute,  in 
my  opinion,  ui-omises  of  employment  within  the  inhibition  of  the 
statute.  While  it  is  provided  that  aliens  coming  to  this  country  in 
consequence  of  advertisements  by  a  State  of  its  inducements  to  immi- 
gration shall  not  be  tre«te<l  as  i-oniing  under  a  pi*omise  of  employ- 
ment (sec.  0),  there  is  no  exception  in  favor  of  a  State  iu  refe^'ncCj 
to  specific  promises  of  employment  to  individual  immigrants  such^ 
as  were  helu  out  to  Garcia  hy  the  reprcMMitatives  of  (lie  State  board. 
NeitiuM-  is  there  any  requirement  in  the  act  that  the  promises  of  em- 
ployment in  order  to  work  exclusion  must  be  the  sole  inducement  to 
the'innnigrati<)n. 

Thei-efoi-e,  since,  as  stated  in  niv  opinion  i-endeivd  the  President 
uu  Marcb  t»,  11)07.  the  unquestionable  richt  of  Congress  to  regulate 
the  admission  of  aliens  into  the  United  States  rlearly  controls  the 
acti(»ri  of  any  State  agent  in  this  i-espccl  (l'O  Op.  ISO,  103),  it  fr)llows 
that  on  account  of  the  assurances  of  employment  that  wei'e  given  to 
(iart'ia  as  an  inducement  to  his  inunigration,  he  should  be  excluded 
from  admiKsion. 
I      ti.  Furthermore,  a?*  his  passage  was  paid  out  of  Stale  funtls,  unless 
I  it  was  also  clearly  shown  that  he  did  not  Indong  to  any  of  the  classes, 
I  such  as  paupei>,  etc.,  H[>e<>ifi(uillv  excJuded  by  the  act,  he  r>omes  within 
the  provision  of  section  L*  of  (fie  act  CM  Stat.,  808)  exolu<iiii  v 

person  whose  ticket  or  pas^agt*  is  paid  for  with  the  inoT»ey  of 
/T  who  ts  rts.viste*!  by  others  to  come,  urdevs  it  is  ufliinmtively  m 
ifar/ori/y  shown  (hat  such  person  d<x*"s  uoV  \j«*Ao\\v;  U>  ou<;  of  (- 
t^i^i^  excluded  cluiiiMbi  and  that  suid  ticktl  uv  \J4ifc5>.^c"«>i^'wA.  v*^^  V*ix 


OPINIONS  OP  ATTOHNEY-GENERAL  ON   LABOR  QUESTIONS,       205 

by  any  corporation,  association^  society,  municipality,  or  foreign  gov- 
ernment, either  directly  or  indirectly."  Under  this  provision,  while 
the  payment  of  an  immigrant's  pasvsagc  out  of  State  funds  does  not  of 
itself  require  his  exclusion,  yet  such  payment  by  a  State,  just  aa.by  an 
individual,  operates  to  throw  upon  the  immigrant  the  burden  of 
clearly  showing  that  he  does  not  come  within  any  of  the  otherwise 
excluded  classes,  and  in  case  of  his  failure  to  so  show  he  is  not  en- 
titled to  admission. 

3.  In  reference  to  your  suggestion  that,  under  the  indirect  method 
of  attempting  to  eventually  secure  reimbursement  to  the  State  fund 
of  the  amount  of  the  alien's  passc^e,  a  condition  might  arise  which 
could  perhaps  be  regarded  as  in  effect  a  payment  of  his  passage  by.  & 
corporation,  society,  or  association,  as  the  statement  of  facts  does  not 
show  that  any  such  condition  actually  existSj  or  that  his  passage 
money  is  in  fact  to  be  so  repaid,  I  am  of  the  opinion,  Avithout  passing 
upon  the  question  as  to  what  would  be  the  eifect  of  such  a  condition  if 
it  did  arise,  that  the  mere  hypothetical  possibility  of  such  a  condition 
would  not  be  a  ground  of  exclusion. 

30049— Bull.  74—08 14 


DECISIONS  OF  COUBTS  AFFECTING  LABOB. 

[Except  iu  cases  of  si>ecinl  lutei^st,  the  tlecisious  here  presented  are  restricted 
to  those  rendered  by  the  Federal  courts  and  the  higher  courts  of  the  States  and 
Territories.  Only  material  portions  of  such  decisions  are  reproduced,  intro- 
ductory and  explanatory  matter  being  given  in  the  words  of  the  editor.  De- 
cisions under  statute  law  ai'e  indexed  under  the  proiicr  headings  in  the  cumu- 
iative  index,  i>age  283  et  seq.] 

DECISIONS  UNDER  STATUTE  LAW. 

Ahbitkatiox  of  Labok  Disputes — Constructiox  of  Agreements — 
Scope — Judgment — Construction  of  Statute — In  re  Sonthem 
Pacific  Company  et  al.^  United  States  Circuit  Court,  Northern  Dis- 
trict of  California,  155  Federal  Reporter^  page  1001, — This  case  was 
before  the  court  to  review  the  findings  of  a  board  of  arbitration  ap- 
pointed under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  June  1, 1898, 30  Stat,  424, 
commonly  known  as  the  "  Erdnian  Act.''  The  questions  submitted  to 
the  board  were  four  in  number,  and  are  as  follows: 

^ {a)  AVhether  members  of  the  Order  of  Railroad  Telegraphers  in 
the  employ  of  the  employer  shall  legislate  for  train  dispatchers  re- 
specting rates  of  pay  and  hours  of  service,  or  otherwise,  {h)  The 
question  of  reduction  of  hours  of  service  on  Sundays  for  employees. 
(c)  The  question  of  percentage  and  general  increase  in  salaries  of 
emi)loyees.  {d)  The  question  of  eliminating  from  the  operation  of 
the  schedule  certain  important  agencies  where  the  duties  of  soliciting 
traffic  are  ])aramount. 

These  <|uestions  were  answered  by  the  board  after  hearing  the 
evidence,  which  was  very  voluminous,  covering  1,500  pages  of  type- 
writing, besides  a  volume  of  exiiibits,  and  in  due  course  the  following 
answei's  were  rendered : 

""  {a)  That  the  n»embers  of  the  Order  of  Railroad  Telegraphers  in 
the  employ  of  the  employer  shall  not  legislate  for  train  dispatchers 
regarding  rates  of  pay  and  hours  of  service  or  otherwise. 

{b)  That  the  regular  hours  of  service  on  Sundays  shall  be  one- 
half  the  regidar  hours  of  labor  on  other  days:  Provided,  That 
at  any  station,  where  it  is  impracticable  or  inconvenient  tor  the 
employer  to  arrange  the  service  so  as  to  reduce  Sunday  labor  to  one- 
half  time,  he  may  arrange  to  give  the  employees  leave  of  absence  and 
full  pay  for  2G  days  per  annum,  at  such  time  or  times  as  will  cause 
the  employer  and  the  public  the  least  inconvenience, 

{c)  Tliat  the  percentage  of  general  increase  in  salaries  of  employees 
shall  be  seven  and  one-half  (7J)  per  cent,  and  that  the  apportion- 
ment of  this  general  increase  among  divisions  and  subdivisions  of 
the  employer's  lines  shall  be  such  as  may  l>e  mutually  agreed  upon  by 
the  employer  and  the  Order  of  Railroad  Telegraphers. 

200 


DECISIONS  or   COUBT«   AFFECTING   LABOR. 


20T 


{d)  Tlmt  Die  appointment  of  stalinii  agents  wlia'^  re^ulnr  tliilios 
flo  nnt  iuolutk  telegraphic  work,  und  whorie  annual  earning  in  tlie 
form  of  sniiiries  iukI  c*>nmiissions  e<inal  <>r  exceed  $l,;iUO,  shall  not  Im» 
controlled  by  the  hchetlnle  or  agnvment  between  the  employer  and 
the  Order  or  KHJInrnd  Tidegrnpherw. 

The  aet  under  wliirh  the  submih.^lon  was  mode  provides: 

That  the  iiwnrd  und  the  papers  and  proceedinpi,  inchiding  the 
testimony  relating  iheroto,  certified  under  the  hand-^  of  the  nroitru- 
tors,  anJ  which  shall  have  the  f<irce  and  etFect  of  a  bill  of  exceptions, 
shall  be  filed  in  the  clerk's  olfice  of  the  circuit  court  of  the  I'nited 
States  for  the  district  wherein  the  conlrovervy  aris(»s  or  the  arfiilrn- 
lion  is  entered  into,  and  simll  Iw  final  and  conchisive  upon  both 
parties,  unless  set  aside  f«»r  error  of  law  apparent  on  the  record. 

Also  that: 

The  award  being  filed  in  the  clerk's  ofTice  of  a  circuit  court  of  the 
I'niled  States,  as  hereinbefore  provided,  shall  go  into  practical  opera- 
tion and  juiigment  shall  be  entered  thereon  accordingly  at  tiie  expira- 
tion of  ten  days  from  such  tiling  unless  withiji  such  ten  days  either 
party  shall  tile  exceptions  thereto  for  nnitter  of  law  api)arent  upon 
the  record,  in  which  case  said  award  shall  go  into  practical  operation 
and  judgment  be  entered  accordinirly  when  such  exceptions  shall 
have  been  linally  dispose<.l  of,  either  by  said  court  or  on  appeal  there- 
from. 

In  accordance  with  the^-e  provi^ioiw  the  telegrapher-;  (designated 
as  employees  in  the  opinion)  filed  exceptions  to  the  awards  de^ig- 
naled  ns  (w)  and  (J),  claiming  that  each  was  contrary  to  tlie  law  und 
not  supiK>rted  by  the  evidence,  tliat  the  board  erred  in  admitting  cer- 
tain evidence,  and  that  finding  {</)  was  not  i-esponsive  to  the  question 
submitted  under  the  agreement.  Tliey  also  asked  for  the  enforce- 
ment of  awards  (//»  and  (r)  hy  entry  of  judgment  in  due  legal  form. 

Judge;  Van  Vleet,  Iwfore  whom  the  matter  came  for  hearing,  dis- 
allowed the  exception  as  to  («),  sustained  the  exceptions  to  (J),  and 
ruled  tJiat  imder  the  terms  of  the  law  he  was  unable  to  enter  judg- 
ment ou  a  pari  of  tlir  findings  while  others  were  ir»  al»eyance.  The 
case  is  of  interest  as  being  the  first  in  which  the  law  in  quastion  has 
l»een  in  court  on  the  points  involved.  The  fact;;  ijivolved  and  the 
principles  on  which  the  various  conclusions  were  readied  are  bet 
l''*rth  in  the  following  portions  of  Judge  Van  Vleet's  opinion: 

1.  The  record  discloses  that  the  controversy  involved  in  the  arbi- 
tration grew  out  of  antecedent  negotiations  hud  between  the  partieHj 
the  employees  nq>respntfd  by  their  ***tieneral  Committee"  and  tho 
-employer  oy  certain  of  its  officers,  in  an  effort  to  bring  about  certain 
pnoilitfcations  in  the  schedule  or  agreement  designated  "Kules  and 
pRegidations  of  Pav  of  Telegraphers,''  then  in  fortv  U-tween  the  par- 
■ties,  commonly  re/erivd  to  as  tlie  "  Schethdc  of  VM)'2,''  the  date  of  its 
nddptictn.     These  negotiations,  which  hail  l>een  in  i>rogres-i  for  ^QV- 
eral  weeks  without  tlu*  ability  to  come  to  a  complete  adjustment  of 
Rlitrerciices^  finally  culminateil  in  the  agi*eenu»nt  <»f  arbitration  which 
"form.'i  the  basis  of  the  proceeding,    On  the  hearing  U'fore  the  l)oard 


Efifci 


b 


8  BULJ.ETTN   OF  TUB   BUfiKAU    OF   l^BOR. 

of  arbitration,  the  employees  look  the  initiative,  nnA  in  submitting 
their  case  ns  to  issue  A,  above  stated,  they  iiitrodinvfl  oviflenoo  show- 
ing that  the  train  dispatchers  in  the  service  of  (In*  omnlover  on  the 
system  invoIve<l,  a  majority  of  wliom  wt'vv  ineriilKMN  of  the  eini>h)y<H's' 
order,  had,  by  a  vote  of  about  two-thirds,  authorized  the  general  com- 
mittee of  the  employees  to  represent  nnd  "legislate"  for  them  in 
negotiations  "in  si»eiiring  a  new  conlrnet  with  the  Sontheni  Pneifie 
Company.*'  These  authorizations  were  in  writing  in  the  form  of 
letters  und  telegram^,  and,  wliile  viirying  slightly  in  phraseologvi 
were  all  of  the  same  general  import.  They  uls<»  introduced  evideuie 
lending  to  slu>w  the  njitui'e  of  the  duties  of  (rain  dispuiehers,  tlieir 
status  as  emph\vees.  and  tlie  general  mode  of  |M'rforaung  tlieir  serv- 
ice; and  also  showe<l  that,  under  tin*  existing  sehetlule,  the  employees 
had,  for  a  period  of  some  eight  vears,  been  representing  ana  legis- 
lating for  the  dispatchers  in  all  negotiations  of  the  kind.  Tlio 
employer  did  not  attempt  to  rebut  the  evidence  as  to  the  fact  that 
the  ilispnttli<'i*s  ha<l  given  tlu(  em|)loyees  authority  to  act  for  them, 
but  was  perrniUe<l  on  its  part,  0V4'r  tlte  obji-i-iion  of  en»ployv*i*s,  to  iti- 
Iroduee  evideiic«%  hii'gely  exi»ert  or  opinion  in  character,  tending  to 
show  that  a  tmin  dispat<l»'r  is  an  entirely  ditferent  functionary  Irom 
n  telegi'aplier  or  "  oi)eralor  "  so-called  :  (hat.  while  the  dispatcher  may 
be  an  operator,  lie  is  not  necessarily  such,  his  duties  being  very  dis- 
wmilar  in  cliaructer,  largely  admn\istrative,  and  of  much  greater 
importaiice,  not  oidy  to  his  employer  in  curryijig  on  the  service,  Imt 
(o  the  snfctv  and  convenience  of  tlie  public:  that  he  stands  in  a  ilif- 
ferent.  relation  to  his  fuiijloyer.  as  well  in  fact  as  in  law,  rcprc-senting 
him  in  the  dis/'harge  of  his  duties  as  an  alter  ep>  or  vice-princi|)al 
in  his  rcla<i(»ns  with  other  employeivH;  and,  finallv,  that  the  fcattiri> 
of  the  schedide  in  force  permitting  the  employees  i)rdcr  to  legi^hltc 
lor  the  dispatchers  as  to  rules  of  emj)lovment  and  rates  of  wages  hail 
Ix'en  found  to  wurlc  very  unsatisfactorily  and  injuriously  lo  the 
service,  and  was  a  rule  which  did  not  obtain  on  the  liftes  of  any  other 
general  system. 

The  objection  urged  by  the  omploy»*os  to  the  action  of  the  board 
under  this  issue,  and  the  only  point  ma»!p  uiuler  theii*  exceptions 
thereto,  is  that  all  the  eviden«M^  thus  atlmitled  in  behalf  of  the  em- 
ployer, so  far  as  it  affected  that  particular  issue,  was  wholly  irrele- 
vant and  incompeieiit,  and  outside  th<»  issue;  that  the  sole  <iMcstion 
involved  in  that  issue,  when  properl}*  construed,  was  whether  the  em- 
i>loyees  luul  Imh'u  duly  authorized  by  the  train  dispatchers  to  "  legis- 
late "  for  them  res|>ecting  rates  of  i>ay,  etc,  and  to  represent  them  in 
the  arbitration  proceedings;  that  the  moment  surh  nuthorizafion  was 
made  to  aiipear  by  the  evidence  the  inqinry  under  this  issue  was 
closed,  auil  tlu*  boanl  was  without  autluirity  to  go  further,  but  wan 
bound  to  find  the  issue  in  the  anirmalive.  Ibit  nuinifiv^tlv  the  lan- 
guage of  that  issue  will  not  support  this  construction.  It  may  be 
conccde<I  that  the  contention  is  correct  as  to  the  merely  incidental 
right  of  the  employees  to  repiv-4>nt  the  dispatclicrs  before  the  bounl 
of  arbitratitkti.  That  was  purely  a  i]uestion  of  agency,  and  the  dis- 
patchers had  a  right  perbfti»sj'to  delegate  it  to  any  one  they  saw  fit, 
regardless  of  the  wishes  of  the  employer.  In  fact,  wldle  ^ome  oldec- 
tion  api>ears  to  ha\e  been  nuide  by  the  employer  before  the  board  of 
ttrhifnithin^  \t  was  tjvcrnilcil,  and  is  not  now  being  insisted  upon, 
liut  ihv  qufi.ftios}  wlivihcv  the  order  *^  HhaW  kgisWVi  l^ii:  U^^vix  ^v 


0ECISIOK8  OF  COUBTS   AFFECTING   IJIBOR, 


209 


patellars  respecting''  rates  of  pay.  hours  of  service,  or  otherwise  ^  in- 
volves, more  than  a  mere  quej^iion  nf  :i»renoy,  whero  the  will  nn*l  de- 
sire of  tiic  party  oonferrinff  the  power  is  alone  to  be  considered.  The 
lan^impe  of  the  qtiestion  is  in  the  futui-e  tense,  nnd  very  idearly  in- 
volves a  question  of  principle  or  policy  affecting  the  reliitions  of  the 
|»nr1i<\s  and  tiio  methods  of  conducting  the  denlin«rs  <»f  tiie  employer 
with  its  disprtlchei's:  whether,  in  other  wordr;.  it  shall  for  the  future 
lie  iiermilled  to  deal  with  them  directly,  or  shall  Ih»  suhiwt  to  tlie  con- 
trol of  a  third  party,  in  est^dilishing'  the  rules,  reirulations.  and  rates 
of  pay  that  shall  obtain  in  their  service.  This  was  a  quej^tion  in 
which  Ixith  parties  to  the  controversv  wen*  at  least  equally  interested, 
and  liuo  u[Min  which  it  was  very  evitWtlv  the  purpose  of  the  frainers 
that  l>oth  parties  should  be  heard.  Mat}  it  Ixh'U  the  purpose  to  sub- 
mit the  simple  inquiry  whether  the  omi)loyeos  had  l^en  empowered  by 
i\w  dispntciiers,  the  issue,  if  put  at  all,  W4»uld  doubtless  have  l>een 
fmrned  verv  differently;  but,  moreover,  it  would  be  convirtin**  both 
parties  to  tlir  controvei'sy  of  a  ))ie<'e  of  idle  folly  to  hold  that  they 
intendcil  to  submit  to  arbitration  a  mere  question  of  fact  so  easily 
aseei-tainable.  It  is  not  contended  that  the  character  of  the  evidence 
was  impnjper,  if  it  was  adniissihle  at  all.  nor  that  it  was  not  suflicient 
4c  sustain  the  finding,  if  the  boanl's  interpretation  of  the  issue  was 
the  proper  one.  I  am  satisfied  that  the  construction  adopted  by  the 
IxKird  as  to  the  nature  of  the  question  was  correct,  and  tnat  the  ex- 
ception can  not  l>e  allf>wcd. 

2-  The  oidy  ground  of  exception  to  finding  D  which  I  deem  it  nec- 
essary to  notice  is  whether  the  facts  foinid  thereby  are  within  the  l^,- 
sues  s"iibmitte<l  l>y  the  agreement.  A  difference  arose  U'tween  counsel 
of  the  respective  parties  in  the  hearing  Wfore  the  arbitrators,  as  to 
the  meaning  of  question  1)  as  stated  in  the  agreement,  and  as  to  (he 
scope  of  the  inquiry  thereimder.  The  employees  were  confining  their 
investigation  purely  to  the  literal  terms  of  the  ipiestion  by  inquiring 
as  to  the  numU-r  and  location  of  stations  or  agencies  where  the  para- 
mount duty  of  the  agent  was  that  of  soliciting  traffic.  Tlie  employer 
objected  that  this  was  luiduly  restricting  the  inquiry  un<ler  that  issue; 
that  its  real  meaning,  and  the  uuotion  intentled  to  be  thereby  suh- 
lMilte<l,  was  ns  to  tht*  elimination  from  the  operation  of  the  schedule  and 
the  nde  of  seniorit}'  therein  provided  of  stations  or  agencies,  termed 
"starred  stations,"  where  the  business  of  the  company  was  such  that 
the  other  duties  of  the  agent  were  more  important  than  telegraphing, 
where  it  was  necessary  to  employ  as  agents  men  a]>t  in  business 
methods,  familiar  with  traflic  conditions,  able  successfully  to  solicit 
d  gJiin  business,  superintend  the  men  imder  their  charge,  look  after 
e  operation  of  fr-eight  and  warehouses,  handle  and  sell  tickets  of 
I  kinds,  and  transact  other  couanercial  biisinci^s — stations,  in  other 
words,  where  such  qualitic^  in  the  agi*nt  were  of  moi-e  essential  i*on- 
Mderation  than  his  ability  as  an  operator.  And  it  was  urged  that, 
if  the  iiNSue  had  )»eeu  misunderstood,  it  should  be  amende<l  or  cleared 
op;  and  the  board  was  rwjuested  to  make  a  nding  for  the  guidance 
of  the  parties  as  to  its  interpretation  of  the  question.  Tlie  employees 
took  the  ground  that  (here  could  be  no  misapprehension  of  the  mejin- 
ing  of  the  (juestion,  that  it  was  to  l>e  inlerjneted  by  its  terms  and 
the  inquiry  restricted,  as  therein  specified,  to  agencies  where  the 
chief  or  puramoimt  duty  of  the  agent  wa-i  .^olieitiug  triiffic',  «iud  Uw^ 


nn 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUnEAV   OF   UVBOB. 


I 


objected  to  nny  nmeniliuent  or  any  siidi  construction  llunvof,  iif^  suff- 
^•sli'tl  by  i]w  otujiloyer,  ns  In-in^  (H|nnlly  without  tlic  jKiwer  of  tni' 
Umnl.  AfU»r  some  fousi<lprnUli»  ar^iunonl  the  iHuinl  ro<|iivsttMl  tin* 
]>nrtii'>s  t'Hch  to  Hit*  iu  writing  iii-^  iiitrrpn'tnlloii  of  thi*  (]Ui*stioii  for 
their  iufoniiatioti.  ami  tlial  it  wotilil  then  deteniiiae  its  moulting. 
This  re<|ue.vt  was  f'omplieii  with  hy  the  otnplover,  but  the  employees 
tloclinod,  upon  the  protmd  that  tliey  rcpnnled  tlie  lan^iui^*  of  tlic 
isjiue  ns  free  fn»m  nnibipiiity,  and  pn-ftMieil  to  ^taiul  in>on  its  terniii. 

Tlu»reu|>on  tlie  nrbitiiUurs  by  u  majurity  vote,  ruled,  in  elTeet,  tlmt. 
while  they  e«»nld  iiul  amend  ihe  hiu^jmi^e  of  the  fniestion,  it  sh*mM 
Im*  eon^t^lled  sul>htanlially  as  ooverinp  tbe  p'onrul  eontended  for  by 
the  employ*»r:  and  they  permitteil  liie  evidence  lo  take  tJiat  st*o|>e. 
At  the  nnlM't  it  may  Iv  ivmarked,  in  re>^ponse  t<i  eortuin  Mi^grestions 
made  at  the  ar<>:nment«  tlnii  tho  proeeedint^  bus  its  iiu'e|)tirMi  in  nnd 
re»ts  solely  upon  tin?  a^retnuent  of  arliilration  entered  into  iK^tween 
tbe  parties;  tliut  it  i>;  l)y  the  terms  of  that  instrument,  when  properly 
construed,  thai  not  oidy  the  ri^lits  of  the  parties  thereto,  but  the 
oxti'iit  of  the  powers  of  ihe  arbitrators  thereunder,  un'  to  Ik*  lindti^d 
and  determined.  The  act  jmls  the  arl»itrulion  pnxivdin^s  therein 
provided  f«tr  iu  no  dilTerent  caiejfory  in  this  res|HN't  than  the  onlinnryi 
eommon-law  lubitrntitui.  Moreover,  ^^ldle  the  pr(K'(«edin*r  is  judicial 
in  character,  the  relation  of  the  jiarties  is  purely  a  contractual  one, 
nnd  in  no  ivspeet.  other  perliapK  than  in  the  application  <tf  the  rules  of 
evidiMiee,  does  the  proceeding  partake  of  the  nature  of  n  civil  action, 
Therefc»re  the  ndes  of  coastruction  ami  interpretation  applicable  to 
contnicts  rather  than  tliose  applicable  to  |>leadin^^  obtain.  Nor  is 
there  anything  in  the  a^'t  iiuricaltng.  as  sn^'jre>le<l  by  our  of  the 
parties,  that  ds  provisitMis,  either  as  to  the  rtHjuireutcnts  of  thr 
aprecment  fiu*  arbitration  or  the  itrocreiliiiifs  (beretmder.  are  to  In* 
tested  by  auv  diirerent  or  mtJiv  idjeral  rules  of  coivstrucliun  than 
tlios4»  appli»';ibh'  to  other  (Contracts  or  procciMlin|r^  of  a  similar  nature. 

We  are  lliercfore  t<i  have  resort,  m  delcrmininfi:  the  pur|>ose  of 
the  particH  under  this  a^rrcement,  to  those  usinil  and  weJl-v^tab- 
liiihed  canons  of  construction  aiiplicable  to  contracts  generally;  antl^ 
applying  those  ]>rinciples,  1  am  satisfied  that,  taking  the  hrnpiu^j 
of  the  contract  alone,  the  jiiullng  nuule  in  response  to  tple^tion  l) 
not  responsive  to  the  is.s»ie  thereby  submitted.  One  of  the  cardinal 
rules  for  the  interpretation  of  an  inslrunuut  inter  partes  im  that 
primarily  it  nmst  l>e  inter|)reted  by  its  lanjrna|^'.  Iuk4*n  in  its  ordinary 
nnd  accepted  meaning;,  and.  if  that  language  is  plain  ami   nniim- 

Ibigitouii  in  ilM'lf,  there  is  no  room  for  construction,  but  il  will  U'  hehl 
to  mean  precisidy  what  its  terms  imply.     Very  obviouHly  (his  ride 
was  violateii  in  the  n»nstruction  plncevl  by  the  arbitrators  upon  thiM 
fcttlure  of  the  apieemcnl.    The  question  related  solely  (o  aircncie 
\ """■ 


could  well  1h»  plainer  than  this  languap'.  It  is  in  no  sense  ambig- 
uous, and  there  is  nolhinfj  in  it^df  nor  clHfwhere  in  the  contract  to 
indicate  that  il  was  emnloyed  in  any  teehnlcal  sensi%  or  othcrwiw 
than  according  io  its  ordinary  iin|>ort.  It  refen'eil.  neithrr  directly 
nor  by  inqdication,  to  the  character  of  npeucies  deh<'rilH*d  in  ('"•  lu'd- 
inif.  and  (he  fimling  says  notblng  about  (he  character  of  -< 

uTeiTed  lo  in  (he  ouestion.  C'oui»seI  for  the  employer  urge  »);»'  toe 
^ruJ/tip' /wed  not  follow  the  precipe  terms  a*:  to  descriptive  xvord^-  em-, 
^/qsedw  t/tc  quvaiivtu  ihni  i(  is  suifii'lunl  \\  l\\e  &u»\\T\ft  uwiAv'?.  w 


di*»p<fseii  i»f. 

Tlic  >ianic  AH ; 
•^Al  the  o\ 
Mirt  upon  * 
lall  be  eiitfi 


j  tme,  but  ii  ^ 

may  br  art 

til*'  |>arti*'>  !^2!l.lViai  IBW 
V  '   PMICP    til    CW 

>  .^rsiood  far  cW  fnin  «ft  tW 

Kitii.   fur  this  tMr|Msr.  ^ 
elaiin^^  of  the  panics 
rvipirxl  is  thai  if  tbr  hiD^n^  mi  m 


li)at  language  c»a  do*  t>r 
of  the  summDdtt^ 
i^rti*-.    AVliat  tht 
Jiu\r  niPiiul  i»r  in 
liave  it>«4.    It  i^  Qolj  tIw 
c»n<r  (-i»n^tni«-ii<>.'.  that  tike  i 

I  a  J^t  thr 

It  ^'  -'    and  that 

u^Kin  pithiT  paitT. 

3.    '  '  'jtioa  flor 

len-t  .  oimIm'  thii 

I '  i  when  a  part  k  set 

li- ,  . ..  :  .itl^-  of  ihr  art, 
to  prcKv^ings  of  th»  cbatBctn^  tfae 
intt*r(i4«pendent  and  iaggparafaiy  a 
must  all  -taiiJ  or  fall  ta|^4lHrr.'  Bat.  if  I 
t'>  'i^^  inr.niii:  i^  imaialiin  ,  iimI 

I'  A>  nt^  I. are  <ee«  dbotr.  tfe 

>rf  tiltnl  (*-  Ti>»  airard,  k 


fl 

,rij  \t*  -^id  ai 
anre  trkk 
•*i(hcr  i^uxtv  iii^ll  appeal  tlwitfjw  to  tlie 
♦     •     •    th^-  fl^oniUBatiM  af 

ill  lj«-  fiaaL  mmd 
rmrt,  ji 


clerk  t!n*n'nf  ti> 
fhrn'UjHiii  \ttr  en!- 

the  act,  (^ 

eluill  lie  cjui-rt'i  t 
«fl4*r  the  iliMnsi^.i 

i   '        '    ■ 


runt.    II  wiihizi  the  ten  iLt\i^  however,  U 


212 


bciJjEtin  of  the  bureau  of  labor. 


entry  of  juilgmont  must  await  the  (letcrmination  of  Kiich  appeal,  when 
filial  jiulginenl  niny  hr  vulvrvi]  pui-^imiit  thereto.  Very  ovulrntly  the 
act  doo.s  not  warrant  a  piccenioal  jiidgnifnt  siid»  as  contmiplaUnl  by 
tlip  motion;  luU  our  final  jii«Ignicnt,  wlucli  shall  lie  determinative  of 
t1u»  wliolo  nnitlcr. 

Having  in  view  the  very  commoudnbic  object  aimed  at  by  the  act, 
I  r<*gn't  much  tho  nooessity  of  reaching  a  con(*Iiij^ion  tlie  result  of 
whirli,  if  siistiiined,  will  be  jiartinlly,  if  not  entirely,  to  set  at  hirgo 
tlie  (lilFereniM's  betwiH»n  the  parties  out  of  which  the  roiitrov«»rsy 
aris<»s.  'J'hc  evident  purpose  of  the  law  was  to  afford  a  ready,  suni- 
tnary,  and  speedy  method  of  iiniicalily  ndjustinj^  lid>or  disputes  aris- 
ing l>etween  the  class  of  employers  and  employees  to  which  U  applies; 
aufl,  the  eas«>  being  a  r)ioneer  thereunder,  a  more  satisfactory  result 
of  its  operation  wouhl  have  been  <l(»siral»le.  There  are  certain  fea- 
tures of  the  act,  however,  which,  idthongli  di>ul>tless  intended  to  a*ld 
to  the  simplicity  of  the  pnnvdure  pmvided  therein,  are  calculated  to 
result,  as  in  this  case,  in  malving  cuujheiNonie  and  burd»'iis<ime  its 
operation,  aiul  to  largely  negative  and  defeat  tlie  object  of  a  s|x?edy 
deteniiinaiioii  (tf  a  <'untroversy.  As  noteil  MU»ve,  the  entiiv  record — 
jjapers,  testimony,  and  exhibits — consisting  in  this  case  of  something 
over  M.OOO  pages,  is  treateil  as  a  bill  of  exceptions  for  the  purpose  of 
review  in  this  court.  This  would  not  Ix^  so  ol>jectionalile  in  itself  if 
thi^ro  wns  any  i*ei!inr<'ment  at  Ihe  hands  of  the  excepting  partv  of 
presenting  a  specihcation  of  the  erntrs  irlied  upon  in  soin<*  such  ^)nn 
as  would  definitely  j^oint  cmt  the  objections  inv<»]ved  in  the  excep- 
tions. In  this  instance,  the  exceptions  fdcd  were  in  Uie  most  general 
terms,  with  no  attempt  then*in  or  in  iho  brief  of  couiis^^*!  to  point  out 
the  particular  page,  or  even  the  vohnne  in  which  any  obnoxious  evi- 
dence or  ruling  was  t(»  l>e  foiuid.  As  a  residt,  the  e\idence  upon  all 
tlie  issues  l>eing  intermingled,  the  cNinrt  has  been  put  to  the  necessity 
of  searching  through  the  entire  record  at  the  pxpeusi*  of  much  valu- 
able time,  and  the  greiit  and  unnecessary  ilelay  of  its  concluKJon. 
This  result  could  l>e  nvoided,  either  by  providing,  as  in  other  in- 
stance's, for  a  bill  <tf  exceptions  presentinp  only  the  s]H>cifi<'  errors 
ivlied  upon,  or  by  a  jjrovision  reipiiring  llie  parly  exct»pting  to  the 
awiird  to  lile  such  a  sp^'cification  of  err(»rs  as  would  serve  to  point 
more  particularly  the  rulings  complnine<l  of. 

For  the  reasons  above  slated,  the  exceptions  to  fiutling  A  will  \w 
overruled,  the  exceptifin  to  finding  D  will  1h»  suhiiiined,  and  the  mo- 
tion for  ju<lgiJK'nt  will  Ix*  <lenied.  Ix't  an  order  l»o  entered  to  lliat 
effect. 


CONTUACrS  OK  E.MrUlVMENT  WITII  TSTENT  TO  DKFKArD — -Vn- 
VANrKH — PrXISHMEKT  FOR  FaILURK  TO  KkPAY — CoNftTITTTIOXAMTY 
OK  Stati'tk — Vanff  i\  Sfafr^  Suprrmr  t^oiirt  of  ('fcorgla^  67  Soi/th- 
vantfiru  Iifpftrft'i\  parjr  s^iO. — A  case  was  l)ofoi*c  the  couil  of  a|ipeal« 
involving  the  ctmKtitutionality  of  tho  act  relating  to  the  fraudulent 
pro*MU'ing  of  advancH^s,  No.  M^^  Acts  of  1003,  which  reaiis  as  follow*: 

iSECTioN  1.  From  and  after  the  passag<»  of  this  act  if  ariy  person 
^itnll  f'xmtinct  nith  /mother  to  perform  ft^r  him  services  of  any  kind 
n-f'th  hitojjt  to  procure  uioney,  ur  oilier  iVvui^  ul  vv\\vv«t  \.VvttiA>^'.j  «xv\ 


PECISIONS  OP   COURTS    AFFECTIKO   LABOB. 


Sid 


not  to  pprftiriu  the  service  roiitractpd  for,  to  the  lo^s  nnd  dnina^o 
of  tho  hirer;  or  ufler  havinp;  so  contracted,  fi\m\\  procure  from  the 
hirer  money  or  other  Ihin/r  of  vnhie.  with  intent  not  to  ]>erfoi'm  such 
.S4»rviiM»,  til  the  loss  imd  (himitgc  of  tlie  hirer,  lie  slmll  i)e  <h*enu'tl  ii 
ronunon  clieat  and  swindler,  nnd  npon  conviction  sihall  be  punisherl 
as  prescrihi'd  in  ^-eclion  WM)  of  the  Code. 

SKf.  2.  Sati.sfactorv  jjroof  of  tlie  contract,  the  procurinp"  thereon  of 
money  or  olher  Ihin*;  tif  vnUie,  the  fnihire  lo  perf<»rni  the  wrviees  o 
contracted  for.  or  fiiilnre  to  return  the  money  so  advanced  with  in- 
tei'est  iheroon  ut  the  time  said  hil»or  was  to  Ih»  performed,  without. 
gjocKl  and  suHicient  cause  nnd  [withj  loss  or  damage  to  the  hirer, 
hhall  he  deemed  j^resumptive  evidence  of  llie  intent  referred  to  in 
the  preceding  section. 

A  series  of  qnet^tions  on  the  various  points  involved  was  i^uhmit- 
ted  by  the  cou»1  of  apjieaLs  to  the  supi'eme  court  of  the  Stat<',  which 
upheld  the  constitutionality  of  the  act.  From  the  o{)inion  of  the 
court,  OS  given  by  Judge  Lumpkin,  the  following*  is  quoted  : 

].  Is  the  art  of  IiKKJ  unconstitutional  as  being  repugnant  to  and  in 
eontravention  of  clause  1,  sec.  14.  url.  8,  of  the  Coustitulion  of  the 
I'nited  States  (continued  in  Civ.  Code  18i^5.  sec.  00:iO),  as  to  the 
})rovision  therein  contained  that  no  State  shall  deny  to  anv  pei*sou 
within  it.s  juri.sdicdon  the  eoual  protection  of  the  laws^  llie  con- 
tention is  tlnit,  in  the  class  oi  contracts  dealt  with  ami  contemplated 
by  the  act,  the  person  or  persons  cQiitracting  lo  perform  services  are 
denied,  as  against  (h**  person  or  |_M'rsons  for  whom  sueh  services  are 
to  be  rendered,  ihe  equal  protection  of  the  laws,  in  that  it  subjects 
the  former,  uiuler  certain  c(uitingencies,  to  pro^-cntion  and  puni^h- 
meiil,  and  at  (he  same  time  affords  the  latter  absolute  immunity  fnun 
prosecution  or  punishment  by  rerts<m  of  any  infraction  of  said  con- 
tractual obligations.  If  the  act  of  l!)()H  sought  to  nutke  it  penal  to 
A-iolflte  a  contract  or  fail  to  pay  a  debt,  it  would  be  2>atenlly  iincon-li- 
(utioiiah  But  this  court  has  held  that  *' such  act  d(»es  not  violate  the 
constitutional  inhibition  against  im]irisonment  for  debt :  the  legisla- 
tive pur]>ose  being,  not  to  punish  for  a  failure  to  coini)Iy  with  the  ob- 
ligation, but  for  the  frau(hilent  Intention  with  which  the  money  (^r 
other  thing  of  value  is  procured.*'  (Lamar  f\  Stale,  liil)  Ga.  -UJ,  47 
S.  K.  OaJS;  Hanks  c.  State,  V2\  (ia.  ir»  (I),  b*2  S.  K.  74.  ii  L.  K.  A. 
(N.  S.)  10{»7:  Townsend  /•.  State,  124  (la.  09,  52  S.  K.  293.)  This 
being  true,  it  is  anpareiit  (hat  the  objection  is  without  nu-rit.  In  the 
nature  of  tilings  the  niaster  <loes  not  ordinarily  procure  advances  from 
his  servant,  i»r  the  employer  fnuji  his  empKtvee.  Legit  itnate  dassilica- 
tion  is  not  unjust  discrimination.  There  aiv  a  \ery  large  number  of 
laws  upon  the  statute  boyks  im|n)siug  penalties  upon  rertnin  persons, 
without  also  providing  for  pemihies  as  lo  others,  though  having  s<mjo 
relation  with  them.  The  abanclonment  of  a  diild  by  its  father  is  a 
misdemiumor.  (Pen.  Code  lsi>5,  s^'c.  111.)  Btit  it  is  n<»t  declared 
criminal  for  a  cliild  to  abandon  its  fa(hcr.  It  is  evident  that  the  same 
duty  does  not  rest  upon  l>)th,  and  the  two  are  not  in  the  same  situa- 
tion. Enticing  awav  apprentices  is  unlawfid.  (Pen.  Code  1895,  sec. 
110.)  But  nothing  is  said  as  (o  putting  any  penalty  i»n  the  emph^yer. 
•  •  *  It  is  criminal  f<u'  bank  olfirers  to  purehase  any  bill,  eheck, 
or  other  evidence  of  debt  issued  by  the  bank  f»u'  Ie^9s  than  its  faco 


yi4 


Bf  LLETIX    OF  THK    BCKEAt*    OK    l^mH(, 


valui-:  Init  the  siOlcr  is  not  imnisliotl.  ( IVn.  Code  181)5,  ftec.  20W.) 
TIk'^so  aiv  only  a  fow  of  tlic  ninny  instanci's  wliirh  n»)|;rl»l  Ih'  <iti'*l:  but 
thi'V  will  suttHM'  (n  show  ilml,  \vlieri«  I  wo  |a'i"s<ms  ileal  wi(h  each  otlier 
and  ihe  <'on*hii*t  of  one  re<|aires  safeguarding,  criminal  laws  have 
been  .shniR»<l  fi)r  ihni  |)iir)Hise,  and  they  have  never  lieeji  euuHJUenHl 
unamstitutional. 

ti.  It  is  furthiM'  lU'i^ed  ihiil  ll»r  (»qiial  |)ro(ection  of  the  law  is  de- 
iiie«l,  Ijeeanse  the  perhtui  rontracleil  v  ilh,  and  for  whom  MTVices  are 
to  be  rendered,  is  jicrmitlcd  to  testify  to  a  state  of  facts  tlochuvd  to  l«> 
suflieient  to  carry  the  iircj-uniption  of  frauduh*nt  intent.  wlii«n*«s  (he 
accuMMl  is  not  perniilli'd  to  testify,  and  Inis  no  oppoi-tunity  or  nieans 
oqiiiil  to  thos4»  alfordei]  to  tlie  perM>n  contracted  with  of  proviiifr,  that 
no  fniiidulcnt  intent  existed,  nufl  the  act  lay.^  down  no  nieasiirt^  of 
proof  by  '»vhic!i  such  presumption  may  Ix*  overcome.  Here, again, the 
error  is  made  of  treating  the  act  as  punishing  a  breach  t»f  contract, 
instead  of  a  fraudulci»t  transaction.  To  say  that  the  e<]iial  protec- 
tion of  the  law  is  denied,  beranse  a  pronvntor  <'an  testify  anti  the  j>er- 
son  accused  of  crime  can  not,  wotdd  npH't  the  practice  in  criminal 
])roceilnnr  for  renturies  imst.  Tlie  privilep*  to  the  accused  to  testify 
ajs  a  witness  is  conferred  by  statute  in  s<mie  Slates,  It  is  not  a  com- 
niondaw  right.  In  this  State  it  does  not  cxisft  ^nerally,  but  only  in 
certain  cases. 

3.  The  c<intention  tliat  no  measin'c  of  proof  is  laid  down  by  the  act 
of  the  lejrislaturi'  by  whi<*h  such  pivsmujition  may  Im'  overcome  is 
without  nu'rit.  The  treneral  law  in  re^ird  to  crinnnal  prtHMuIure  is 
to  Ih»  considered  in  conncctir)n  witli  this  act.  The  |u*csumption  of 
sanity,  of  a  contimumce  of  a  stale  of  fn<'ts  p(»rmanent  in  its  nature 
Mlien  once  sliown  to  have  existed,  and  other  disputable  presum|>tionii, 
are  declaimed  by  law.  U]>on  the  whole  (!ns*\  in  a  criminal  prosecution, 
the  State  nntst  show  tin*  piilt  of  the  accus<'d  iH'yond  a  reasonahlo 
doubt.  Hut  the  act  is  not  unconstitutional  l)ecause  on  its  face  it  doea 
not  declare  the  exact  nnioimt  of  piviof  which  >vill  overcome  a  dt^pu- 
tabh'  presumption  raised  bv  law  from  a  given  state  of  facts. 

4.  It  is  further  contended  that  the  act  is  violative  *>f  paragraph  1. 
sec.  4,  art.  1,  of  tlie  State  constitution  (Civ.  Code  iSlK'i.  sec.  57»t*2), 
atid  es]x»cinl!y  that  portion  thereof  winch  ileclan^  that  *"']nws  of  a 
general  nature  sliall  have  urdform  oiM'ralion  througliout  the  State." 
It  is  argued  that  the  act  «»f  l!H);5  does  not  have  uidform  operation,  in 
that  it  singh's  out  and  deals  with  a  given  character  of  contracts,  and 
pivs<*ril>es  with  reference  thereto  "diiTert»nt  rules,  dilferent  condi- 
tions, an<l  diifeivnt  i>enalties  froni  all  other  contracts  of  whatever 
nature,*"  and  bectui'-e  it  imposes  heavier  burdens  iipon  the  f^eiNcm  or 
jH'rsons  who  I'ontract  to  jMM'form  M^r\ices,  whih*  albirding  to  the  per- 
son or  iK'rsons  for  whotn  such  services  aiv  to  Ix-  |x*rforuUMl  inununity 
fnan  pros*'ciitioM  and  puut-<bment,  and  also  because  it  gronjis  a  clasa 
of  citizens  who  contract  with  n*ference  to  the  perfornuuiee  of  serviecv, 
and  imp<»s»*s  on  some  nf  theru  r-erlain  conditions^  prosecutions^  and 
ptmishments  not  inHicted  upon  others.  Here,  again,  the  error  nf 
treating  the  act  as  punishing  fiir  a  violation  of  a  contract  Hpi>earv, 
The  law  is  general  and  mdform,  aj»j>lying  uniforndy  througlmut  tlie 
Slate  to  all  ijersons  falling  within  Us  terms.  It  is  well  M-ttled  th«t 
reasonable  chissifieatinn  nuiy  bo  made,  and  if  the  law  ap[jlies  nni- 

fnrmlv  to  itU  Within  /he  class  it  is  not  unconstitutional.     If  this  wens-i 


PECISIOSS  OF   COUBTH   AFFECTING   U\BOB. 


215 


so,  all  tbo  laws  jriviii^  lit-n-s  to  laboivis,  niitti'riul  iiu»ii,  ooulraclors, 
aiul  »tl»ri*s  agaliibt  tin*  |M.'i>t>u  with  wlu»iii  tlu'V  contract,  <ir  for  lln^ 
impnjveiiu'nt  of  wliosc  properly  they  furnish  labor  or  niatcrialH, 
without  provitlinj;  a  r<miit*'r  lien  of  some  sort  in  fav<H"  of  tlu*  <»th»»r 
party  to  the  contract,  wouhl  he  iinconslitniional.  AVc  ilccni  it  un- 
necessary to  cite  authorities  iuMip(>ort  i>f  tliib  wcll-settlod  prr*position. 

'».  Again,  it  is  tir^ed  tliat  HHtmn  :i  of  the  act  i^  repii^rnaiit  to  para- 
graph 5  4>f  section  1  of  article  1  of  the  constitution  of  iho  State  (Civ. 
Cofle  ISO."),  sec.  i»7thi),  Mini  piirticMlnriy  to  Ihat  portion  <if  the  {tnny- 
isrraph  which  provides  tluit  the  accused  sliiil!  have  a  public  and  s|M*edy 
trial  by  an  impartiul  jury,  in  that  gaid  act  arbitnirily  fixes  the  measniv 
uf  evidentx*  by  which  the  jury  may  presiune  fcuilt,  wheivaw  the  consti- 
tational  provision  couteniplates  that  the  jury  alone  shall  determine 
that  questioti.  This  point  is  in  effect  contndled  by  the  decision  in 
Banks  r.  State,  124  Oa,  15  (ill.  52  S,  E.  74,  2  L.  R/ A.  (\.  S.)  li.K)7, 
where  it  was  held  that  "  a  |>rovisii)M  of  the  act  of  iVO^i  to  the  effect  that 
pruof  of  the  cf>ntract  of  hiring,  the  procuring  thereon  of  money  or 
other  tiling  of  value,  the  faihire  to  peiforui  the  ^i'rvice  mj  citutracled 
for  or  to  return  the  money  or  other  thing  of  value,  the  faihire  to  per- 
form the  H>rAice  j-o  contracted  for  or  to  return  the  money  so  advancetl. 
with  interest  thereon  to  the  time  the  Iflbor  was  to  be  ix?rforme<I,  with- 
out gtHH\  and  sutheient  cause,  nnd  loss  or  damagi*  to  the  hirer,  shall  Im» 
presumptive  evidence  of  a  fraudideut  intent  in  the  procurement  of  the 
advances,  is  not  an  assiunptiun  of  judicial  functions  by  tlie  legisla- 
ture,** If  the  act  luade  the  presiunption  of  intent  ari?^iug  from  [irottf 
of  certain  fu<ts  concluMve.  rather  than  disputable,  or  if  the  infereiux* 
was  arbitrary  and  without  rea-^onnble  connection  Avith  the  premises  on 
vriiich  it  was  predicated,  a  more  serious  question  would  arise.  Rut 
such  i>t  not  the  ctise.  •  •  •  Xhe  act  is  not  unconslitiitiomil  on  thi*^ 
ground. 

C.  It  is  still  furtlier  contended  that  the  act,  particularly  the  becond 
station  thereof,  is  repugunnt  to  the  provisions  of  paragraph  17,  sec- 
tion 7,  art.  3,  of  the  ct>nstitution  of  the  State  (Civ.  Code  181>ri,  sec. 
ri770),  whei-ein  it  is  provided  that  "  no  law  or  section  of  the  Code  shall 
be  umen<led  or  repealed  by  mere  refen*n(v  to  it-^  title,  or  to  the  luimber 
of  the  section  of  tne  Code,  but  the  amending  or  iT|M*aliug  act  shall  dis- 
tinctly describe  the  law  to  l>e  amended  or  re|)enlcd,  as  well  as  tlie  alter- 
ation to  l>e  nuide."  It  is  said  that  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  190;'* 
are  in  direct  conflict  M-ith  section  10^:t  of  the  Penal  Code  <if  180.1, 
which  iirovides  (hat  *'on  (he  trial  of  all  criminal  ea^-o  the  jury  shall 
\m  the  judge:*  of  the  law  and  lh»*  facts,  and  shall  give  a  general  verdict 
of  ^  guilty  ^  or  *  not  guilty  f  that  the  act  neo'vsarily  worIc<  a  repeal 
of  this  section  as  to  the  class  of  pif>secutiou^«  within  it'-i)urview:  and 
that  no  refeivnce  Ls  made  to  lliat  section  of  the  C"de.  The  particular 
point  of  eoiiflict  lH»tween  the  s<»ctit>u  anil  the  act  urgi'd  is  that  the  lat- 
ter provides  wliat  evidence  will  raise  a  pre^tmiption  of  guilt,  whereav 
tinoor  the  nrovisions  of  the  section  of  the  Cotje  (he  jury  are  the  sole 
jntfges*  of  tne  facts  and  of  their  probative  value.  What  has  lK»en  said 
]ii  the  preceding  divii^ion  of  this  opinion  substantiallv  decides  this 
ol  '  The  act  of  l!»0;t  is  not  in  conflict  with  and  do<K.  not  rein-al 

lit  li  of  the  Cfnle  quoted  a!M>ve.     I'pon  the  whole  cast*  that  sec- 

tion IS  still  the  law,  construed  as  it  has  litM'etoftuv  Ix'en  by  thi^  court. 
The  two  Tuw-,  lire  to  bc  construed  ui  liaiuMiuy.    The  e^tablikS-VwttiKwV ^>^ 


216 


BITLLETIN    OF   THE    BUREAU    OF    UVBOIL 


1(*;;is]ii(ioii  of  ii  rule  of  presumptive  intent  from  acts  doiu»  in  carrying 
oiil  lluit  hitiMil  does  not  violate  tho  const itutionarprovi^^ions  lust  nion- 
tioiiL'il  uIkjvc 


KMPI-OVKRft'  LlABlUTV — RaILROAD  CoMPAMKS — PoWERS  OV  FeDCRAL 

(tOVERN'MKNT — iMT-RS-rATK  CoMMKRCR — CoSSTITlTIONALITY  OF  STAT- 

VTK — llou-arti  /'.  IVluoii*  Ccntnd  Itnilroad  Company;  Brookn  i\ 
Sonthern  Parifiv  Cofixpnny^  Supreme  Court  of  the  f'nittd  Sttitrs^Xrw, 
;ilO^  a^^,  Ovtobcr  Tcrruy  W07,—Th^^  casi's  were  befoio  the  Supremo 
Court  on  appeal  from  the  Ignited  iStalcs  rirouil  ronrt  for  the  western 
ilistiiet  of  Tennessee  (st>e  Bulletin  No.  ilS,  p,  192]  and  for  the  western 
distriet  of  Kenlneky  (i^w  Hulletin  No.  fi8,  p.  Iftrt],  resi^ectively,  tho 
Federal  eiii|>!oyers'  liidnlily  law  (if  ll>n(>  having  hiwn  in  ImjIIi  instances 
derhuvd  iincttn^-titiiliorial.  The  employees  in  both  instances  were 
firemen  employed  on  locomotiveH  en^iged  in  moving  interstate  eoni- 
niiTn*  train-,  and  on  judgment  again'^t  the  plaintiffs  apfwals  were 
lakt-n.  the  eases  being  argueil  not  tmly  by  (he  attorneys  of  tln^  parlies 
in  interest,  but  also  by  the  Attorney-(ieneral  of  the  United  States, 
(he  two  cases  l>eing  rombine4|  and  heard  as  one.  The  faets  hiv 
innnaterial,  as  the  decision  turned  entirely  on  the  question  of  the 
eonstitutionality  of  the  law,  which  was  deeidcd  in  tho  negative,  by 
a  divided  court.  On  aecoimt  of  the  importance  of  the  cases,  both 
the  opinion  of  the  cotir(  and  the  prin<i|>al  part  of  the  dissendny: 
opinion  aiv  repro<lneed,  as  well  as  the  text  of  the  law  itself. 

.Fudge  \\'hile,  who  announced  llie  opinion  of  the  court,  after  a 
statement  of  the  history  of  the  cases,  sai»l: 

IJefori'  coming  to  consider  the  contentions  concerning  tho  constitu- 
tionaltv  of  the  aft,(")  we  n*»tiri»  (vrtaiti  sugjjestions  which  nroc»H*d 
upon  (lie  a*^sumption  that  they  may  concern  the  issue  for  ilecision.    It 

'(.'UArTKB  ;t07:^  An  net  rrlutlan;  to  UiibMIty  of  eonuuon  enrrlcM*:*  Ui  ttip  District 
Iff  <*tiliiiiil)lii  mill  T<M*rltiirl('H  nuil  roininoii  rnri'U'i'H  i'liKiivctl  In  miniiicirc  )w 
twwii  (be  Slaten  auU  beHvi.'L'n  tliu  Statw  mni  ffirclKU  iiiitloii«  to  xhv\v  I'lii- 
ploypcs, 

Jir  it  vHuctid  hu  the  Senate  OwJ  fioute  of  /?c/;rc«cnl<ifiiT«  of  thr  Cnitcd 
HtfUrs  uf  Amn'lvti  in  Cunffn**  ai*gi$tt?iUuI,  Tlmt  vwty  roiiinmn  nin*li*r  tnitmcitl 
hi  \viu\v.  *<r  rimuiu'rii'  In  llie  IHstrU-l  of  ('ithinihin,  or  tn  i\uy  Torrltory  of  iho 
t'nltoi!  Slnti»K,  or  iM'twrrn  tho  si'vonil  Stiitcx.  or  tH'twcrii  any  Ti-rrlt^rj'  tind  iin- 
otbt'i',  itr  bt'hvwii  any  TorrU'Ty  nr  IVrrlliirlcH  nml  iin>  Mtul*^  nr  Htato*.  nr  tlif 
tHwli'lct  nf  rnhiiiibin.  or  witli  forclu'ii  iiiiUoim.  or  hflwriMi  liii*  FHHri'U'l  **f  Tn- 
liiiiililii  mill  niiy  Stiitr  or  Stnfos  or  forolpi  nailoi)^,  ttliiill  l>o  ttnliln  to  nny  of  Ut 
i*ui|>loyo4'M,  or,  ill  (1)1*  CHKO  of  IjIk  iloiith,  tn  U\**  ikthoiuiI  ri'|>r4'><i*M(j(llvu  for  llic 
iM'Dotlt  uf  iilM  w-hlovv  luu]  <  ttlhUvu.  If  tiwy :  If  iio)o\  1h4Mi  for  lilii  jitiri'iits;  If  notice 
tlirn  for  litH  iH'Xl  uf  kiu  iU!|H.>ti(U>iit  tiiK>ii  biui,  for  nil  ilutiinuoH  which  luay  re^ilt 
fmni  tlio  iicKUe*Mirt»  of  nny  of  tl«  utflrcrH,  ni:«'ii(».  or  i'ni|'lt»ycN'H,  or  by  n^Kr>ii  4»f 
any  ilcfiit  or  liiHiiflltlfiicy  due  to  lt«  lu-ylltfeoco  In  JtH  rnrn,  nuKUie*.  niiiilltWHT'*', 
iiiiii  hlitrry,   Irnrk,  roadlutl.  wnys  or  \vovk». 

Si  I.  :;.  That   In  iiM  av'tl«'iiH   licnMiftor  bruiiKht   «i;ittn»»t  any  niiuiaoii  rwrrU'rn 

(ii  n't'uvcr  ■' i-riMniuI  injiirlt-H  tn  an  L»tin>lttyty\  or  whcT"  -■■■■i'  t. .(...!»»« 

/>Mif'  /V'^i;]'>                              :>.  lilt*  tjicl  (lull   tlir  I'lofitnyoi*  utiiy   hm  <  f 

iyintrilmt**!  j.i.'I  nol  bar  a   n \\\\\  svli»!i'»!  Ills  oniM  1- 


is  said  that  thp  ^tsrntr  h^nr-'^hinTfV  rrffm^c  -rtir-  T»»5w<<r  r*f  Ci»i 


I 


to  <:iiuse  < 
a  commoi 

t*r  n  mat  I 

ri 
n 

SUItJf'i'l    If 

niU^  of  I 
he  nnknov. 

h< 
U 

o— '  t 
ha 


iriadictimi  atMi  i 

.  MP  dveilsng- vitluji 

.^    .,  all  vfao  cbMse  to  m^.^.    .<.  .. 

►n  carrier,  «anop  tbow  irW>  ?so  flo  inll 

Mdi  Oir 


tW^i^XMlW 


".  ^-'ii  1 1 


in  n  fii 


V,  smor 
AK  serv.i 
I  in  ■  ntsp  V 

4X1QUIIUU  carpPTs  in  a  • 

cl  '     '     T  it  is  iosi^ira  lii 

|ii  .*■*   it   impnqpfi  tV- 

up    i 

tllr    -. 

on  the  part  of  ihr  sprvant  by  allowing^  rpcorpTT,  altboocrii  be  mar  hane 
b*n-ri  ni-glipi'nt. 

But,  without  even  for  the  sake  of  ai^grnroent  wmcrdlng  the 
ness  of  the^  ^ugge^io^s.  ve  at  otkoe  dismiss  tbeni  fnmi  coosidenUii 
as  conr«*niiiie'  nierely  tho  expediency  of  tbe  act  and  not  the 
C'  !iaoi  it.     We  sar  this  *dnce.  in  le>tinir  ihr  f 

al  t.  we  mnat  ronfine  ourselves  to  the  power  t 

iiuiv  iKil  ixiiisi*ier  ■  !'*h  it  is  stippoaad  will  ariae  frum  ii*e  exe- 

cution of  the  law.  :  they  be  real  or  imaginary. 

fr^<^'  ^vAjt  ^tlrhf  uTmI  thi]f  i-f  ihe  emptojrr  van  rroas  in  romparicwiu  1*ut  tin*  daxn- 
flL  r>  Jaty  In  tvofwrtion  to  tlie  amooxst  of  nf«Usipti^'e 

til  All  ijoeatfflBS  of  D«eiiseDce  aad  cmitribuioo' 

SfiT.  :i.  T  iirfict  of  em[>1oTi]wnt.  tnsnranre.  ivllef.  benrflt.  or  ln< 

nlf     '  ■    •  i  '   '     '  .  or  ott  befaalf  of  any  efiu' 

{«•  f.  lieneilt,  or  indemnitT  n 

f-ii'  '"  .I'.f"..—  to  any  a< '  ■» 

r»  ;ich  cmpl-  r, 

A  V  conuuon  *- 

ft  y  set  off  T her*  in  tiny  sum  i(  ha«  i  !  Ittvrnnl  nny  such  insiir- 

O'l  benofiT,  or  iiuloiimlty  ttwit  may  h  ,  \n\U\  to  tho  Injureil  mu 

fUoyii*.  of  in  I'm**  i»f  his  dnilh  to  hi«  ikt^'iijiI  rci»n.'*>*'utiitivo, 

8Rr.  4.  Thnt  no  nctinn  kIuiII  Iii>  niiilntniiifHl  nmlpr  thl:*  nrt  nn1i>«cs  cii[uni«ni< 
yf]'-  '      ,      ■  .      r         ■  .hmI 

nil  tho  tliity  of  common 
«-.■  -  ••«  .'..  .1  .  ..ii'inyivM  tiiul*>r  tho  fcifoiy- 

01  liiinilrttl  Mini  niiit'l y-tlmt*.  ns  nuiriuUHl 


111-        I 


A I 


si\.  r.iHl   M.ir.h  f^s  uml,  ii1u(*t«vq 


.  Jtuw  11.  lOOtl. 


BULLKTIN   OF  THE   UVHEAV  OF  UiDUU. 


All  the  uiiestioiih  which  urine  concerii  the  nature  and  extent  of  the 
IR»W4*r  of  Coup:reKs  to  r<'|fiiIiito  foniiiKUTe.  Thnt  suhjinrt  haa  l)ecn  so 
oftt»ii  hero  ronsidpFotl  !inrl  hits  hoi»n  so  fully  elahornletl  in  ivrerit  <k»- 
cLsioits,  two  of  which  uro  hoUmI  in  the  iimr;^'iii.('')  thut  we  content  onr- 
8elvos*,  for  the  [turposeia  of  ihiN  <*«se,  Aviih  ivpnuin;;  Iho  hrouti  defini- 
tion of  the  commerce  pt»wcr  as  rxpoiin<lc(l  hy  Mr.  Chief  Justice  Mar- 
shiill  in  (lil^hons  r.  Opdcn,  I>  Wlient.  I,  I0r»,  \vh»Tr  he  siiid : 

"We  are  now  nrrived  nl  the  in(juiry.  What  is  this  power?  It  is 
the  power  to  re^uhite;  that  is,  to  prcs^TilM*  the  rule  hy  which  com- 
merce is  to  1)0  p)verned.  This  power,  like  all  olhers  vested  in  Con- 
gn*ss,  is  con^ph'te  iit  itself,  may  Ih-  exi'reis**d  to  its  utmost  extent,  niul 
ncknowled^^es  no  liniitalioiiH  other  than  are  pix*scril»ed  in  the  Con^^ti- 
tution.  *  *  *  If,  «s  has  alwiiys  lx*en  uiiderstowl,  tlic  sovorei^nty 
of  Congress,  though  limited  to  Rpecilie<l  ohjerts.  is  plenary  as  to  those 
objects,  iho  power  over  conunerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  nnjonr* 
the  S4»\end  .States,  i.s  vested  in  Congr-ess  as  ahsohitely  as  it  wouhl  be 
in  a  single  governnH*n(«  having  in  II.n  e<Mi.s(ltution  thi*  haine  restrictions 
on  tlie  exerciw^  of  the  ix>wer  an  atv  foinid  in  the  C*aastitutiou  of  the 
ITnited  States," 

Acee|)tiug.  as  we  now  do  an<l  us  has  always  Invn  done,  this  (•i»mpi'e- 
hen&ive  statement  of  the  j>ower  of  C'onfrre?^N,  we  i\\^)  adopt  and  reil 
erntu  tJie  |>erspicuouH  statement  niatle  ui  tlie  same  cbhc   ( P*  1J)^)»  uf 
thos<^>  matters  <if  State  control  which  are  not  embntceit  in  the  gruDt  of 
nnthority  to  Congress  to  regulate  ifjinmerce; 

*'  It  is  not  inteniled  to  sav  timl  these  word*-  t^omprehend  lliat 
niercc,  which  is  completely  internal,  wliidi  is  carried  ot»  bi'lween 
and  man  in  a  Slate,  or  l»et\>een  ilitferenl  parts  of  the  sjime  State, 
which  does  not  extend  t(»  or  nll'ect  other  Stales.  Such  a  power  would 
Im  inconvenient  and  is  certainly  unneeessary.  Comprehensive  as  the 
word  *  uinung '  is,  it  may  very  pn*perly  Ik*  ivMtricted  to  tliat  conuuercc 
which  cnnc<»rns  more  States  than  one.  ♦  •  »  '|'in,  genius  and 
char«<icr  of  the  whol<»  (i(»vernment  wem  to  lx\  that  its  ncti'm  in  to  lie 
applied  to  all  the  external  conc^Tns  of  the  Nation,  and  to  those  inter- 
nal concerns  wliicli  atTin*!  Che  Staler  giMiendly :  but  not  to  lhosi«  which 
are  complctelv  within  a  pailiculnr  State,  which  ilo  not  affect  other 
States,  and  with  wjiicli  it  is  n<it  necessary  to  interfere,  for  the  pui'po-se 
of  executing  some  of  the  general  p<»wers  t>f  the  (fovermnent.*' 

We  tliink  the  onlei'iy  discussion  of  the  qiiestittri  imiy  Iwst  Im*  uwi  by 
disposing  of  the  alfirniative  [)ropositionv-  relied  on  to  eslablisli  tliat  the 
Htatule  conJlicts  with  the  Constitution. 

In  the  lirst  place,  it  is  asserted  that  theiv  is  a  total  want  of  poxrer  in 
Congress  in  any  conceivuble  aspect  to  i-egidate  the  subject  with  which 
the  act  deals.  In  the  sec<»nd  place  it  is  iiisisted  the  act  is  void,  eve 
altliough  it  be  conceded,  f(»r  the  sjdie  of  argument,  that  some  pha 
of  the  '   ^Nith  whicli  it  is  couccrnetl  nuiy  be  within  the  i 

(\«igi'  Hsi»  the  act  is  conHned  not  to  such  phases,  hu  -; 

contrt»l  o\er  many  things  not  in  any  event  within  the  power  to  ix^jn- 
bite  comment. 

While  it  may  be,  if  we  Indulgi^d,  for  the  sake  of  argument^  in  the 
hypothesis  of  limited  power  ujxin  which  the  second  i>ri»positioM  rost? 
it  woidd  result  that  a  considei'nt ion  of  the  fir>t  proposition  vonid 


),uf 

Dtof        J 

,  and 


DECIBtON'6  or  COrRTS  ArFECTlXG  lABOB. 


> 


^ 


iinTjort*<^nrT  Iv-fHus^*  the  act  woitJJ  be  foiTDcI  to  !*e  repugnant  to  II 
!'■  IK*  emhrariii^  p^oviMon^>  liev  as^unuHl  and 

i\  -  iv  we  do  not  think  we  a^  at  li  •  at'oiil  dwi 

ing  vrhethrr,  in  nny  pos^ihle  a^^pect,  llwr  swUjw^  to  which  the  act 
hiiets  hs  within  the  |xj\ver  of  Congnptis.  W'k  say  thLs  for  if  il  tir  that 
from  the  naturo  of  the  stibjeot  no  priwer  wliaiever  over  the  same  can, 
nnder  any  conceivable  ci^c^!nl>tt^n(x»^.  lie  possessed  by  Congre;^  wo 
oiigbt  to  so  d<M:l«rc,  an<I  not  by  an  attempt  to  c^mceire  the  iucoijceiv- 
ii^'  -e  the  exi?ttniee  of  ^mie  authority,  thits  ii  may  be*  nusk'ar" 

iii:  ;i'^s  and  ^ivin^  rise  to  ftiluiv  rotaeution. 

i.  The  pntpo^ition  that  iIktc  [^  an  nlx^hite  want  of  power  iu  Coi 
toeimct  the  statute  is  Imstnl  oti  tlie  assuiiipiion  that  as  the 
la  holeiy  addressed  to  the  regulation  of  the  relations  of  the  em]^ 
to  thosiC  whom  ho  employs  anil  the  relation  of  tho.-*  employed  bjr 
ain4>u£  tliem>«»lves,  it  deals  with  fcubjects  whit4i  Can  not  nnder  any 
cii  ^  wime  within  llie  i«>wer  conferred  ui>on  Congress  lo 

J.i;  HTce. 

A^  it  U  patejit  tli«t  the  net  doe^  tvpdatr  i'  '  ion  of  rnasti-r  an 

servant  in  the  ca^es  to  which  it  applies,  it  i-  .w,  that  the  act 

Ifcvorii]  the  anihority  of  (\ni*.'r\--  if  the  proj>oMtion  just  state*!  Ut 
well  fontided.  Hut  we  ninv  not  lest  the  pow^r  of  Coi^^rres?^  to  n'*j~(- 
late  commerce  solely  by  al»stractly  considering  tlie  pariicnlar  sn' 
lo  which  a  regulation  relate^,  irrespective  of  whether  the  regidamni 
ill  tfjiicslion  is  orjc  of  interstate  commerce.  (>n  the  contrary,  the  le^ 
of  p«>wer  i.H  not  uierely  the  matter  ivirulated,  but  whether  the  rr>j  i- 
lalion  is  directly  one  of  inletstaie  couiuuTce,  nr  is  embruood  uiiM!»i 
ll*e  grant  **t>nf*Tn*d  on  Congress  to  n^-e  all  lawful  means  ■ 
and  appropriate  to  the  execution  of  the  power  to  ivgidnte  *- 
We  think  the  uns<:)undtie>o»  of  tlu'  contention,  that  bei'auso  ihe  aet 
regulates  the  relation  of  master  and  servant,  it  is  unconstitutional, 
bf^u^c  under  no  ciixnimslances  and  to  no  extent  can  the  regulation 
of  such  subject  l»e  within  the  grant  of  authority  to  regulate  com- 
merce, is  dcmoiivtrabie.  We  say  this  lMi*ause  we  fail  to  jH^rceive  any 
jir*l  n-H;^n  for  holiling  that  Congress  is  without  power  to  regulatt* 
the  ivlation  of  master  and  ^^rvant,  to  the  extent  that  re^dations 
adopte<l  by  Congrr.-s  on  dial  subject  arx*  solely  coniined  to  interstate 
commerce,  and  therefore  are  within  the  grant  to  ivgidate  that  com- 
meree  or  within  the  authority  given  to  use  all  means  appropriate 
to  the  exercise  of  tlie  powers  conrerretl.  To  illuslnite:  Take  the  case 
of  an  interstate  railway  train,  that  is,  a  train  moving  in  interstate 
ct>  .  and  the  regulation  of  whieh  lhert»fore  is,  in  the  nature 

III  n  ivjritlution  of  >uch  ronuueiw.     It  can  not  be  sai<l  that 

I-  '<**l  by  Congress  as  to  such  train  when  so 

ei  u  icne  deals  with  the  relation  of  the  master 

to  the  servaiits  operating  such  train  or  the  relations  of  the  servants 
engageil  in  such  operation  bi»lwtvn  thenisehx%  that  it  is  not  a  regu- 
Lition  of  interstate  commerce.  Tliis  must  be,  since  to  admit  the 
fliilhority  to  refrulate  such  train,  and  yet  to  say  that  all  i-egidatioiui 
which  deal  with  the  relation  of  nmster  and  servaiUs  engaged  in  itd 
<»]  '  *tre  invalid  for  want  of  power  woidtl  be  but  to  concede  the 

\"  :  then  to  denv  it.  tir  at  all  events  to  reit»gnixe  the  i>ower  antl 

y.  <I*T  it  iiM-   ■  ■. 

■    of  the  ;  just  stnte<l  we  might  well  pass  fvoiu  t 

coauderatJon  of  flit"  subjtrt     We  add,  however.  XUaV  v;^i  VVvVCvVl 


'^ ■^■■■■'■=f^- 


220 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUBEAr   OF   LABOR. 


error  of  the  proposition  is  shown  by  previous  dwisions  of  this  court. 
Thus  thr  wiml  iif  itowcr  in  a  Stiiti'  lo  intorforp  witli  itii  intersditc 
conimorce  train,  if  tlu'roby  it  direct  biirdiMi  is  imposed  upon  inter>itiitc 
conmuTce,  is  settled  Im'voikI  question.  (Mississijiju  K.  K.  Co.  r.  Illi- 
nois Cent.  R.  R.,  20:5  f\  K  335,  343,  and  causes  cited;  Atlantic  Coast 
Line  R,  R.  i\  \Mun-ton  et  al..  Railroad  Coninjissioncrs,  207  U.  S. 
—  ['28  Snp.  Ct,  121 1.)  And  decisions  cite<l  in  the  margin. (")  holding 
that  State  statutes  \vlii(;h  regidated  tlie  ixdatiou  of  uui>ler  and  -servant 
were  npplirnhle  to  thosi*  actually  eii^ap^l  in  an  (UH-ralion  of  inler.-latc 
ec»mnien*e,  I>e(uuse  the  Stul<'  power  existed  until  Congress  acted,  liy 
nect'ssaiy  iniplieation,  refute  the  contention  Ihut  a  regulation  of  tim 
suhjwt,  confined  to  interstate  commerce,  when  adopted  by  Congress 
woulil  be  necessarily  void  iK'cauHe  the  I'egulation  of  the  rehitiim  of 
master  and  servant  was,  however  intimately  connected  with  inter- 
slate  eonnnerce,  beyond  the  power  of  Congress,  Ami  a  like  conclu- 
sion also  persuasively  results  from  previous  rulings  of  tlus  court  con- 
cerning tne  act  of  Congress,  known  as  the  Safety  Appliance  Act. 
(Jolin::on  r.  Southern  racific  Co.,  U»0  IL  S.  1  |  Bulletin  No.  ."id,  p. 
:U»:5]  :  Schlennuer  *•.  HulTalo.  Hm^Iiester,  etc.,  Ry./2(»5  lb.,  1  IBulletm 
No.  71,  p.  38.)].) 

"2.  But  it  is  nrgned,  even  though  it  be  conceded  thai  tlie  nower  of 
Congress  may  lx»  exercised  ns  to  the  relation  of  master  ana  servant 
in  mattei's  of  inteiNtute  commerce,  that  pt)wer  can  not  be  lawfully  ex- 
teiuled  so  as  to  include  the  regulnli(»n  of  the  rehition  of  master  and 
servant,  or  of  servunb^  among  thenisidves,  as  to  tbiuj^s  which  are  not 
interstate  commerce.  From  tbis  it  is  insisted  the  repugnancy  of  tljc 
net  to  tlie  Coruitution  is  clearly  shown,  as  the  fiire  of  the  net  makes 
it  certain  tlial  the  power  which  it  asserts  exteiuls  not  only  lo  the  rela- 
tion <*f  ni;istcr  antl  servant  and  servants  among  tlu-nisflves  as  to 
things  which  are  wholly  interstate  commerce,  Intt  eml>races  those 
relations  ns  to  nuitters  and  things  domestic  in  their  character  and 
which  do  not  <'ome  witliin  the  authority  of  Congress.  To  test  this 
proposition  iv<)uires  us  to  consider  tlie  text  of  the  act. 

r^rom  tlie  first  section  it  iscerlaii)  that  the  ae(  extends  to  every  indi- 
vidind  or  corporation  who  nuiy  engage  in  inteiNtato  rommercr  ns  n 
common  carrier.  Its  all-emlu'acin"  words  leave  no  rooni  for  luiy 
other  <*<nie]usion.  It  tnay  incluile,  lor  example,  steam  raili-oads,  tele- 
prapb  lines,  telepbone  lines,  the  express  business,  ve^istds  of  every 
kind,  whether  steam  or  sail,  ferries,  bridges,  wagon  lines,  carriages, 
trolley  lines,  etc.  Now,  the  rule  wbich  the  statute  establishes  for  the 
pnr]>f»s<'  iif  dctciinining  Avhcther  all  the  subjects  to  whicli  it  relates 
are  to  be  conlrtilled  b}'  its  provisions  is  that  any  one  who  conducts 
such  business  Im'  a  "  iMiumiou  carrier  engaged  in  trade  or  commerce  in 
tlie  District  of  <\ilunibia.  <»r  in  any  Territory  of  the  United  St^Uivs, 
or  between  the  several  States,'*  etc.  'I'biit  is,  tlie  siil>jects  stated  all 
come  within  the  statute  when  the  individual  or  corporation  is  a  com- 
mon carrier  who  engag(»s  in  trade  or  commerce  U'twecn  the  Slates, 
vie.  From  this  it  follows  that  the  statute  deals  with  all  the  cnncenis 
of  the  individuals  or  cor|>oratioim  to  which  it  relativ*i  if  they  engagii 
ns  common  carriern  in  trade  or  counuerce  between  the  States,  etc.»  and 


V(tr»:  -MlijnejifH.IiH,  flc.  U>.  <'o.  e.  H 


h,i 


1  .'T.  I-.*:  IK 


PKCISIOXS  OF   COURTS   AFFECTtNG    LABOR, 


221 


><!o^niot  confint»  it^lf  to  the  inteivtato  comnunve  Ixisiiit-ss  which  may 
be  done  by  such  persons.  Stnted  in  anothor  form,  the  statute  is  acf- 
tlrpsM'd  to  the  individnnls  or  eorporrtlion;^  who  arc  engrngod  in  inter- 
state ctunnuToe  and  is  not  confined  solely  to  i*e^ulntin^  tlie  intoistatc 
commerce  biisineT^s  wliieh  sneh  persons  may  do — thiit  is,  it  rej^idatcs 
the  persons  b(»cHnse  (hey  engay;*'  in  interstate  commerce  and  does  not 
alone  regidate  the  business  of  interstate  commerce. 

And  the  cnnchision  thus  stated,  wliich  flows  from  the  text  of  the  act 
conceminpr  the  individuals  or  corporations  to  which  it  is  made  lo 
apply,  is  further  demonstrated  by  a  consideration  of  the  text  of  the 
S'-tatule  delininc^  the  st*rvants  to  wiiuni  it  ndntas. 

Thus  tlie  liability  of  a  comnion  currier  is  declared  to  be  in  favor  of 
**  any  of  its  employees/*  As  the  word  *' any  "  is  unqualified,  it  fol- 
lows that  lial>ility  to  the  servant  is  coextensive  with  the  business  done 
by  the  employers  whom  the  statute  embraces;  that  is,  it  is  in  favor  of 
any  of  the  employees  of  all  carriers  who  engage  in  interstate  com- 
merce. This  also  is  the  rule  as  to  the  one  who  olher\YisG  would  be 
a  fellow -servant,  by  wliose  negligence  the  injury  or  death  may  have 
lieen  occasioned,  since  it  is  provided  that  the  right  to  recover  on  the 
part  of  any  sc»rvaut  will  exist,  although  the  injury  for  which  the  car- 
rier is  to  be  held  resulted  from  "the  negligence  of  any  of  its  officers, 
Blunts  or  employees." 

The  act  then  Inung  addressed  to  all  common  carriers  engaged  in  in- 
terstate commerce,  aiul  imposing  a  liability  ujH)n  them  m  favor  of 
any  of  their  employees,  without  qualification  or  restriction  as  to  the 
business  in  whicn  the  carriers  or  their  employees  may  be  engagetl  at 
the  time  of  the  injury,  of  necessity  includes  subjects  wholly  outside 
of  the  ]H>wer  of  Congress  to  I'egulate  commerce.  Without  stopping 
to  consiiler  the  numerous  instances  where  although  a  common  carrier 
ip  engaged  in  interstate  commerce  such  carrier  amy  in  the  nature  of 
things  al.--o  tmnsact  business  not  interstate  conunerce,  although  such 
localbusiness  may  indiiTctly  be  related  to  interstate  commerce,  a  few 
illustrations  showing  the  operation  of  the  statute  as  to  matters  wholly 
indepcn<lent  of  interstate  cf)nnncrce  will  serve  to  miike  clear  the  ex- 
iifiA  of  the  power  which  is  exerted  by  the  statute.  Take  a  railroad 
engagtHl  in  interstate  commerce,  having  a  purely  local  branch  oper- 
ated wholly  within  a  State.  Take  again  the  same  road  liaving  shops 
for  repairs,  and  it  may  be  for  const  ruction  work,  as  well  as  a  large  ac- 
counting and  clerical  h^nv,  and  having,  it  may  be,  storage  elevators  and 
varehour<vs,  not  to  suggt^sl  besides  the  possibility  of  its  being  engagetl 
in  otijer  independent  enterprises.  Take  a  telegraph  company  en- 
gaged in  the  transmission  oi  interstate  and  local  mes-sages.  Take  an 
«*xpress  owipany  eng:iged  in  local  as  well  as  in  interstate  business. 
TaKc  a  trolly  line  moving  wholly  within  a  State  as  to  a  large  part  of 
its  business  and  3'et  as  lo  the  remainder  crossing  the  State  line. 

As  the  act  thus  includes  many  subjects  wholly  beyond  the  power 
to  regulate  conunerce  and  depends  for  its  sanction  upon  that  author- 
ity, it  results  that  the  act  is  repugnant  to  the  Constitution,  and  can 
not  be  enfoived  iml€?ss  there  be  merit  in  the  propositions  advance<l 
lo  filiow  that  the  statute  may  be  saved. 

On  the  one  hand,  winle  concetlinp  that  tlie  net  deals  with  all  com- 
mon rnrriers  who  arc  engaged  in  mterstate  conunerce  Ix'cause  Ihey 
jD  '  oi'l  mdeoil,  whih  moreover  conceding  V\\at  V\\Vi  ^cV  -^^a 

-^_^  fSiHL  74~4X< J5 


BtnJLXTIK   OF  THE   BUITEAr   OF   UlBOB. 


oin^InAlTy  drnwii  for  the  pui-p*.*.***  of  rt^Hcliino;  n]\  llir  employees  of 
railniHils  oii«;apfi'(l  in  iiil^^rslate  fonmu^riM'  lt»  \\  hit-h  it  is  >-aiii  tin*  ncl  in 
iti^  ortginHi  fonii  nloin*  tvlatod,  it  is  yt't  insisto*^  (ItNt  tlu*  net  is  -w-itliin 
thr  |M>n**r  of  i'mx^ivss.  Ik'ouwc*  one  uho  on^njc^s  iit  iiiterMrtlv  ooiii- 
nu*n*e  tlion-by  (x>nii»s  uimIit  tlip  pimrr  of  CoiipiTss  as  t<»  till  his  busi- 
ness iiTitl  miiy  not  (v>inplutti  of  iitiy  reirulntion  which  Congrt*ss  may 
chouse  to  ndont.  Those  contentions  nre  thus  pnramed  np  in  the  brief 
fiknl  t«i  behalf  of  the  Government: 

'  "  It  is  the  ctrrrtrr  and  not  its  emplovco&  that  Iho  act  seekn  to  ref- 
late, and  the  carrier  is  snlijeii  1<»  suc)i  re^hdifMis  beraiiM^  it  »«  co- 
gufzi^l  in   iiUotstate  c*»mnu'rct\ 

"  By  t^»p^ri^g•  in  interstate  commence  the  carrier  chooses  to  mihject 
itself  and  its  Intsiness  to  the  contnil  of  Ouijjress,  and  can  not  b«i 
Ijeard  to  complain  of  snch  iv^rulation^. 

"  *  *  *  It  \h  suhmiucd  ihat  Concrc'^^'  can  make  h  common 
carrier  ciiga^^^l  in  intei'stnte  commerce  liaole  to  ant/  one  for  its  nejrli- 
gence  who  is  affected  by  it;  and  if  it  cni»  do  llinl,  necessarily  it  can 
make  such  cjirrier  liable  to  all  of  its  employee^." 

On  the  other  Imnd^  the  sume  brief  insists  llint  tJwsc  ]U*opositions 
aiv  irrelevant,  liecnnse  the  statute  mny  be  inteqireted  so  as  to  confine 
its  operation  Avholly  to  iiitcrstnte  fcinuncrce  or  to  mcnns  nppropriato 
to  the  re*jnlntion  of  ihnt  subjwt,  and  hence  i*elieve.s  fmin  the  necessity 
of  <lecidin^  whotlier,  if  the  statute  roiild  not  l)e  so  conslrue<l,  it  would 
Ik*  constitutional.  In  Ihe  oi'id  disctission  at  b«r  tliLs  latter  vi^w  was 
earnestly  insisted  upcai  by  the  Attorney-Creneral.     Assumi  i» 

do,  that  tlie  pro])ositions  are  intended  to  be  alti'mative,  >vc  -.  -  ^-  d 
iho  order  in  whu'h  they  are  pi'essed  in  argument,  and  thei-i'fon*  pasi 
for  a  monient  the  consideration  of  the  proposition  (hot  the  tstatuto 
is  constitutional,  thoiirjh  it  includes  all  the  Kiibject«  which  we  have 
found  it  to  ern)>race,  in  <irder  to  weijrh  the  contention  that  it  i*  wis* 
eeptible  on  its  face  of  a  different  menningr  fr<ini  that  which  we  hove 
j;i\eu  it,  or  that  such  result  ciin  be  accNunplished  by  the  applieatinn 
of  llje  niles  of  inler])retation  which  are  relie«l  upon. 

So  far  as  tbr  fat'c  of  the  statute'  is  conn-rnrd,  the  urpnnont  is  ihis, 
that  because  the  statute  wavs  carriers  enpifct'd  in  commerce  between 
the  Stales,  etc,  therefore  (Tie  a<i  should  Iw  interpret<v]  as  lh>in^  ex- 
clusivelv  applicable  to  tlie  interstate  conunerce  husine-sH  and  lume 
other  of  such  currici^,  and  that  the  words  '*  any  employee'*'  as  found 
in  the  statute  should  be  held  to  mean  any  employee  when  snob  em- 
ployee is  en^a;ct*ii  only  in  inlerstiite  counuerct\  Hut  lbi«  would 
re<|uire  us  to  write  into  the  statute  M'ords  of  limitatitin  i;  >u 

not  found  in  it.     Hut  if  we  could  bring^  ourselve-;  to  m<  >  .• 

ute  by  \\ritinj^  in  the  wol-ds  sugye^ted  tin*  ii'sult  Avould 
tlie  o])eration  of  the  act  as  to  tlu*  District  rtf  Pi.Tnt«.l.i  i 
torics.     We  fsay  this  lx*<.*auso  imm<'diately  i 
thf  act  eonceminfj  (xirriers  en  :^    '    '  •■ 
and  Territories  is  a  clause  rualii 

r'wv  * in  lln'  1  ' 

any  1  .  ,  "    If  f  ■ 

JtJoft  III  svnli  Ternl^irics,  i 

stfifv  c    ,1%  nrv  iiv  the  act  ul  . 

playpen^  as  ihvrcln  deluied,    Tlie  \cgis\aii\«  \H>W(jt  ol  ^:v«itg^i^  at«. 


i 


\h'  io  restrict 

Till   till'  Ti'm- 


DBCISiON8  OF   COI 


•TINO    LABOR. 


298 


Hkc  ^'  t  of  CoIimibiH  and  the  Territorifs  Ix-iim  plenary  :irnl  not 

dei  .    uj>oii  the  iiitri'stato  conuiu'.rce  clause,  it  iT^uIt;^  tlint  the 

provi?vi<iu  as  to  tho  District  of  Cohirnhia  and  the*  Territories,  if  stsmd- 
lug  aloiir,  could  not  W  quoiionod.  Thus  it  would  come  to  pas.s  if 
wt  ooukl  hrinjf  ourselves  to  modify  the  statute  hy  writing  in  the 
wonls  suggested;  that  is,  hy  causing  the  net  to  read  **  any  employw? 
wh«n  Mtgigwl  in  interstate  conunerce,''  we  would  n?strict  the  net  ts 
to  the  District  of  Columbia  and  the  Territories,  and  thus  dcMroy  it 
in  lui  iniptiriaut  partiridnr.  To  write  into  the  act  the  qualifying^ 
■tenls  therefore,  would  l>e  imt  adding  to  its  provisions  in  order  to 
IBre  it  in  one  aspect,  and  thereby  lo  des(r<ty  it  in  nnolher;  tlin(  is,  lo 
derdtroy  in  order  to  save  and  to  save  in  ortler  to  destro3\ 

The  principles  of  construction  invoked  are  undoubt*yl,  but  niv  in- 
■  ppJicahle.  Of  c^^urse,  if  it  can  be  lawfully  done,  our  duty  is  to  eon- 
«(nie  Che  (statute  so  as  to  render  it  constitutionnl.  But  this  doe?  not 
imply,  if  the  text  of  an  act  is  unambiguous,  that  it  may  \yo  rewritten 
to  ncM'omplisli  (hut  purpose.  EipuiUy  clear  is  it,  jronendly  spfalangr, 
tiiat  wliere  a  statute  contaias  provisions  which  are  constitutional  and 
NHb^rs  which  an*  not,  effect  may  be  i^iven  to  the  le^al  provisions  by 
i^baratinfr  them  from  the  ille/jral.  Uut  this  applies  only  to  a  case 
wbere  the  provisions  are  separable  and  not  dependent  one  upon  the 
other,  and  does  not  Fuupoil  the  contention  that  that  which  is  indivis- 
ible may  be  divided.  Moi'eover,  even  in  a  c^ne  where  legal  provisions 
may  Ins  serened  from  those  which  are  illepsd,  in  order  to  save  the  rule 
«pplic<i  only  wheix*  it  is  plain  that  C'oiigros  would  have  enacted  the 
it^    '  with  the  unconstitutional  jjrovisions  eliminato<l.    All  thoi^e 

?r;  lilt-  so  clearly  st»ltled  a<  not   to  be  open  to  controversy. 

1:  r  n  full  review  of  the  authorities,  ivstated  and  re- 

ap^  L   case.     (lllinoLs  Central  Kaihxmd   r.  McKcndrtM% 

SOa  L.  J^.  M4,  ami  authorities?  there  cited.) 

As  the  act  Iw^fore  us  l>y  its  terms  rehiles  to  every  common  carrier 
cufngeil  in  interstate  commerce  and  to  any  of  the  employees  of  every 
sorti  carrier,  thereby  regulating  ovei*y  relation  of  a  carrier  engaged  in 
iniei'state  commerce  with  its  s<»i*vants  and  of  such  servants  among 
themselves,  we  are  unable  to  say  that  the  statute  would  have  Ijeen 
ena4>te<t  had  itn  prt»vi^ions  been  restricted  to  the  limited  relations  of 
that  cJiarncler  wliicli  it  was  within  the  powrr  of  Congress  to  regulate. 
On  this  subject  the  opinion  in  the  Trade-mark  cjises,  100  U.  S.  S2^ 
where  an  tt<:t  of  Congivs^  concerniu^  trade-marks  was  held  to  l»e  uu- 
conA'titutional,  becau.se  too  broad  in  its  scope,  is  pertinent  and  instruc- 
tire.    The  *H:uu't  said  (p.  00) : 

*^  If  wo  sliould,  in  the  case  lw>foi*e  us,  nndertako  to  mnke  by  judicial 
con-struc(ion  a  law  which  Congress  did  not  make,  it  is  quite  probable 
wi-  *  *  '  '!(»  what^  if  the  matter  were  now  In-fore  that  l»c>dv,  it  would 
be  ;ig  to  do,  namclv.  make  a  trade-nuirk  law  which  is  oidv 

|Kiruai  ilk  it.s  oiMTHtion,  and  which  would  omiplicate  tlie  rights  whidi 
parties  wt»uld  hold,  in  S4ime  instances  untler  tue  act  of  Congress  aud 
lu  others  under  State  law.  Cooley  Con«t.  Lim.  178,  179;  Couunon- 
wr;i)tlj  ■ .  Tliti-ldugH,  Ti  Cray  (Mass.)  4S2." 

^  only  to  con.sider  the  contention  which  we  have  pre- 

.  i-.u-.  >  'ju i.  that  the  act  is  constitutional,  although  it  embraces  sub- 

jectfi  not  within  the  power  of  Congress  to  regulate  cominerct*.  U'cau^c 
ai.<      '  '      ■   '  >ov(H*  tlierobv  s\a\,\ 


224 


BULLKTIN    OF   XUK   BUREAU    OF    LABUB. 


osition  is  to  rcfiito  it.  It  asflumps  thnt  bocanso  one  rngngps  in  inter- 
stHte  roniiiKMte  hi'  thoroby  endows  Ctmjpi'ss  with  powrr  not  dolegjited 
to  it  \ty  the  Constitution,  in  other  words,  with  the  right  to  legislate 
concrniin;;  ninttrrs  of  imiitIv  Stnle  roneeni.  It  rests  upon  tlie  eon- 
coi>tioM  tlmt  the  ConhtUiition  destroyed  tliat  fretMlom  of  conuueroou 
which  it  was  its  purpose  to  preserve,  sinct*  it  treats  the  right  to  engagel 
ill  iuterstuto  eonnnerce  as  u  privilege  wliieh  run  not  Ih«  uvuihMl  of  ex- 
cept upon  such  condilious  as  Concre.ss  may  preHerihe,  even  although 
the  ct»nditi<»ns  woultl  Ik*  titJierwise Ijeyond  the  power  of  (^tnti^ress.  It 
is  apjiareiit  tlmt  if  the  contention  were  well  founded  it  would  extend 
the  powrr  of  (Vin^ress  to  every  eonivivabh'  suhjrct,  h<tNv<'ver  inher- 
ently hieul,  would  obliterate  all  the  limitations  of  power  in»pos»'d  by 
the  C<»ustitution,  anil  wouhl  destroy  the  aulhorily  of  the  iSt.Hti*s  as  to 
all  eoiiceivahle  matters  whieh  from  the  heginning  have  been,  and  must 
continue  to  Iws  under  their  eonlrol  so  Uaig  as  theCoiistitnti<»n  enilures. 

4.  Reference  was  nuule  to  the  report  of  a  committee  submitted  to 
the  House  i»f  Kepl•e.sentati^■es  on  the  coming  in  of  the  bill  which 
fmidly  became  the  act  in  »|uestion.  We  content  ourselves  on  this 
subj^H't  witli  saying  that  that  ivport,  we  think,  instead  of  a<lding 
force  to  the  argument  (hat  the  plain  terms  of  the  act  shouUl  he  dis- 
regar*le<l,  tends  to  the  contrary.  And  the  same  observation  is  appro- 
priate to  the  reference  made  to  the  text  of  the  Safely  Appliance  Act 
of  March  2,  lsi»:^,  which,  it  is  insisted,  furnishes  a  guide  which,  if 
followed,  would  enable  ns  to  disregard  the  text  of  tlie  net.  We  say 
this  because  the  face  of  that  act  clearlv  refutes  the  argument  V>a80a 
npon  it.  It  is  tnie  that  the  net,  like  the  one  we  are  considering,  is 
uddi'esscii  to  every  comm<»n  carrier  engaged  in  interstate  conuiiercc, 
bnl  this  direction  is  followetl  liy  provisions  expressly  limitiiig  th« 
scope  and  effect  of  the  act  to  interstate  comuieive,  which  are  wholly 
FuperihioMs  if  tlie  argument  hero  nmde  concerning  the  statute  l>efore 
us  be  Humd. 

AVe  deem  it  unnecessary  to  pa^s  upon  the  merits;  of  die  contentions 
concerning  the  allegi»d  repugnancy  of  the  statute*  if  regarded  aa 
otherwise  valid,  to  the  due  process  clause  of  the  Fifth  Amendment 
U)  the  ('onstitnti<tn,  becaus4'  the  net  idassifies  togrMher  all  common 
carriers.  Although  we  deem  it  tinjiecessary  to  consider  that  subject, 
it  nuist  n*»t  be  implied  that  we  quest itm  the  correctness  of  prcviouH 
decisions  noted  in  the  margin, (")  wherein  Stale  statutes  were  ludd  not 
to  jje  repugnant  to  the  Fourteenth  Auiendnicnt,  although  they  classi- 
fied steam  railroads  in  one  claj«H  for  the  piirpost*  of  applying  a  nilfl 
of  master  and  i^ervant.  We  further  deem  it  (nine<vssarv  to  express 
nn  opinion  concerning  the  allege*!  rej>ugnancy  of  the  statute  to  the 
Seventh  Amendment,  because  *»f  the  provision  of  the  act  ns  to  the 
|V)wer  of  the  iury.  In  saying  this,  however,  we  nmst  not  be  con- 
sidered as  intinuiling  that  we  tliink  the  |>rovision  in  question  is 
hus4-eptihle  of  the  construction  placed  on  it  in  argument,  or  that  if 
it  could  be  so  construed  it  wouhl  be  conslilu(if»nah 

Concluding,  as  we  do,  thnt  the  statute,  wiiilsl  it  embrace^*  subjects 
(    within  the  authority  of  (\>njffi*ess  to  repdate  commerce,  al.-o  include 

subjects  not  within  its  const itutiomil  pt»wer,  and  thnt  the  two  nre  «o 
I   interblended  in  the  stntiite  that  tliey  are  incapable  of  H!pttratiim,  we 

\t^  Hrrrlck,  i:>7  lb.  -JIO;  ailcago,  etc.,  R,  U.  r.  Von\\\v«^  ATm  \\^.  "^^Ai. 


DECISIONS  OF   COURTS   AFFECTING   LADUR, 


225 


»^w!r  the  opinion  that,  tho  roiirts  Inflow  riglitly  held  the  slaUiU'  lo 
l*e  xvpiignant  to  the  Constitution  anU  nonenforcible;  and  the  judg- 
in<»nts  below  are,  therefore,  affirmed. 
Mr.  Justice  Da^'  concurs  in  this  opinion. 


Mr.  Justice  Pccklmni  concurring. 

I  concur  in  the  result  of  the  foregoing  opinion*  but  I  am  not  pre- 
pared to  agree  M'ith  all  that  is  stated  as  to  the  power  of  Congress 
lo  legislate  upon  the  subject  of  the.  relations  between  master  and 
f=ervant, 

I  concur  in  the  proposition,  that  as  to  traffic  or  other  matters  within 
tlie  State,  the  act  i.s  unconstitutiuiuil,  and  it  can  not  be  :>cparated  from 
that  part  which  is  rlnimod  to  Iw  valid  as  relalin^;  to  interstate  com- 
merce. As  that  is  all  that  is  necessary  to  decide  in  this  case,  I  place 
my  concurrence  upon  that  part  of  the  opinion  which  decide^  if. 

I  am  authorized  to  state  that  the  Chief  Justice  and  Mr.  Justice 
Brewer  agree  in  this  vie^v. 


!Mr.  Justice  Moody  dis.senting. 

I  nm  unable  to  agree  in  the  judgment  of  the  Court,  Under  ordi- 
nary circumstances,  where  the  juilgmcnl  rests  exclusively,  as  it  doeiS 
here,  upon  a  mere  interpretation  of  the  words  of  a  law,  which  may 
bo  readily  changed  by  the  lawmaking  branches  of  the  GovernmeDt, 
if  they  be  so  minded,  a  dilTerencc  of  opinion  may  well  bt»  left  without 
e3q>ression.  But  where  the  judgment  is  a  judicial  condemnation  of 
an  act  of  a  coordinate  branch  of  our  Government  it  is  so  grave  a 
step  that  no  meml>er  of  the  Court  can  esca]>e  his  own  responsibility, 
or  r>e  justified  in  stippressing  his  own  views,  if  unhappilv  they  have 
not  found  expression  in  those  of  his  associates.  Moved  by  (his  con- 
sideration, and  solicitous  to  maintain  what  ^eems  to  mo  the  lawful 
powers  of  the  nation,  I  have  no  doubt  of  my  duty  to  disclose  fully 
the  opinions  which,  to  my  regret,  differ  in  some  respects  fi'om  those 
of  some  of  my  brethren. 

The  oidy  question  which  these  cases  presents  is  the  constitutionality 
of  the  Employers*  Liability  Act,  which,  briefly  stated,  provides  a 
remedy  for  the  injury  or  death  of  the  employees  of  teiTitorial,  inter- 
state and  foreign  common  carriers,  caused  by  the  ncjirligence  of  the 
carrier.  The  defendants  were  both  interstate  earners,  and  these 
actions  were  brought  to  recover  for  the  deaths  of  their  employees 
who,  at  the  time,  were  engaged  in  interstate  transportation.  The 
jtidgment  of  (he  Court  does  not  *Ienv  that  it  is  within  the  power  of 
ihe  Congress  to  provide  a  remedy  for  the  injun.'  or  death  of  employees 
engnged  in  the  conduct  of  territorial,  uiterstate  and  foreijrn  commerce- 
It  rests  upon  the  ground  that  this  statute  is  unconstitutional,  be- 
cauf^**^  it  seeks  to  do  more  tlian  that,  and  regulates  the  liability  of 
ei'  while  engaged  in  inter-tate  commerce  or  in  manufacture. 

A^  .  fshold  T  may  t^w  that  I  atsn^e  that  the  Congress  has  not 

the  power  directly  to  regulate  the  purely  intoriud  commerre  of  the 
States,  and  ihnt  f  mji/I*  r-/jwjd  that  t<>  Vh'  (he  opiiuou  ot  t\^:T^  \ustsv- 
hcr  of  the  Court. 


■  -■'--'''::;'''''^;\;,':,\h.-.om.ori«i:r,i.-:^ 


,»,    ...  X."'!.:  :v  ;::ior|H"»-«*''l  !.-  I...:  :..::    .::  j     -.7,  :be 

■    Ji      ft.;MM(o    himI     foiv:p.    c  •i:.:..v:  v     l..    i:.---:r 

^     .  .,.\^^  ■-''•'•''  '''  ""'  *''*'  '''•-'•*•'*•'•--  "^  ••=:..:.-  ro^,  uhd. 

'^i,i,;,^  i»u\    jHiwiT  "Hif'Ti*/*!  l»y  III*.-  C-iiT^it'Jtion 

'/r-':M   Kviiii^'.  I'vi-ii  if  til*'  a<  t  i-  .;■  .i.-.enurl  T.::h  a 

v*^    »    ..    ^:H»:«   1^'**   |i*»w<r   '»f   C''j];;L^r-T-.   vot    the   >ix'cidc 

,    ».,    i  .i  1^**  roiiiiiioii  l;»\v  ru!(>  ^ov.-rinii^  ih-  !\-lationi: 

'„.»'  ,.  »i^'**>**''  rM-^'i'd   lli*r  Jf;.'i-ljuiw  power  or  violate 

'?.  ...m1    ivivO»iUiin»h-.  wlii'ii  i*-(ri':i  ili;ti  j.ow^r. 

■';.,■  .■  (!• »»  1^*'' '"'  '  •  ""'  "I"'"  ^**  "'^3'  "f  1'*^*  coiuiiuiiloiial 

^.^     ..,»;i»  I    iK  HH'I    :li:ill   i-Ofi-i<li'l'  all  of  l]i<rr  o'.iieftluHs 
.  '    V  «;i!J»    t    l»"^'*      '!'''■'*   ilj'-/ll. 

'     .  i,.i'M»i**»*  "'  ''"*  ■'''*!"'  "f  *^"*  ^liilui"  f'»r  the  pVirpo>o  of 

'  „V.-ilnM  H  ■••*"li  ■  t*»  <'oiiii-()l  (hut  pari  of  «*0!umerco  wliich 

S.  "  v^^*'*  "**  *  '•**'/-'''*  "  '""^  -iiKjrrt  only  to  tiie  governnuMit 

!  '  }i  I    »t»  I"'  "I'  ri»i"i|  |li:ii  i)i>'  (fpriiiiiff  ^va^ll-  of  Congress 

'      /  imm^  »'I  *'"'  I'ltiiiiilioii  of  iu  Mittlioriiy  and  of  the  con- 

'^'^^,.    ^j^, ii,in  Ih'Iim-.m  Miiiiiiif'i**'!'  aiiionir  the  Si;iti.s  ami  with 

'"    '        oi*  *'"■  "'"'  '''"'^  ''""^  niiiiMH-'ire  v.iiiiiii  the  State??  on 

'  "'  '  1       i'lii' » itiiiiiriinl  .  <i!"  Mm*  I;iw  aiv  :i ■.!'.: :.^-'^il  o:;ly  to  "coiii- 

!,^,jrt.»'"'  "•  ''-■•''■  ""■'  <"iiiii;-:v'.' "  W.  i'h-  ti-irit-'rio>,  with 

'  ,'.  .  rt'ii'l  .o.i'.ii?'-  ill--  S(:i»i-.  ;i:.i  vi:ii  :v-;-.-:t  :  »  .-.irriorrs 


'-*     ^.^'i'    i|(ii  miili '.I   '.I   '''.iif'M-       I-.  «*<|Mivah'i;1    :  1  fw    .x.'-.M 
*" '\*l\ii.i  I  iiiiKi' »•''"'<'  '■'    l''n  it'»ri;il.  iri1«'r-*ta[i'.  :\:\:\   foivi: 


,o»»'i"'  '  ''''III  tlic  Shit-'-  till*  l;;w  i-  ]\,\yn — "vv'.y  ■iiloiit. 
iOmI  '  oMiii'  i.iii'Ki  iif  lijf  jcii'!^  of  riMrirrc:'*',"      ,  ■  'h  aro 

ion 
in 
lio 

P- 

<  ^'   j»,i  '••'""' *'''■'''  '■'   ''■" ''''I'li'l.  iril«'r-ta[i'.  :\:\:\  fo;vi<^i 

\         '""^  k  j|,,i  nil. I    i'»(i  <.l  III'-  iiif'-riijil  ciiniiiu'n.v  of  tho  Stato,  is 

'^^^  ^'\\^^  ll''    """'"''■'    '*' lii'Ii   '     <'X'"Iii-iv('ly  internal  to  tlie 

s    -^N'    ]^       itni    .Jfi'i    .11. V    '-iliir   *liai-ac(«'r  nf  roinnuTio.   was 

•^,  ^   ,■      w^^  ,uil--''''    *'"    I""""-   "f  Hie  hiw^     DcH's  not  a  ]»ropor 

.">\  ^.v^rttl.t  *tf  <'"'.;'('       :iri'l  llic  -lroii*r  ])ro>iinipli(»ii  tliat  it 

^    *^      hI  M"  I "'  '"•'l'"*"'iy  'I''''laiO'I  l»y  this  Court,  rc- 

'^     -^  ^'^''^V.UiH''   **'•''       *'' *'    ''"'    l^'"*''*  "'^  ("omiin'rce  within   its 

i         ^v.  .  -.    ^'^m»l  III'  '■'''  '""''  •  'oiiii'TJiic'il  all  tilt'  v.onls  of  the  law, 

*'^'^'^^^iki   *»>•'  **'  ''■    ''''•■"■'    *')'lv  to  that  t*oi!imi'r<'o  and  no 

Mil  k^V  w|'" '•'''"'  'v  •*  'I'''ti'  line  of  di>i^ion.  so  that  one 

i|  4»*»lo.  11 '  ly  io  ihi*T-t;ito  and  foroi^GTii  commerce, 

I  Yfntv  I  iif/iijL""l  «'\flii.-iv('ly  in  commcrco  within  tho 

|,  nf  iiioi:f,  iiiv-iii-  to  jiny  niind  that  this  act  had 

Slulc  curriers.    But  there  is  no  such 


DECI(510X8   r>P   COUBTS   AFFF.CTlN<i    LABOR, 


S^O' 


X  ■,■"  ,.,,]  fn.st  line  of  divi.sion.  Cnrrici-s  ofton,  and  \s-hcrc  llicy  aro 
J.  .  usually  uie,  fl.s  a  niallcr  of  faet,  riifja^ed  WAh  in  interstate 

ADii  foreifjii  coinim'ivo  over  which  CVtu<ri'yiHS  luLs  the  nHitrtjl,  and 
Snirastatt'  coimiih  rcf  f>v**r  \vhirh  the  StaUvs  Iiuvr  {\w  conlrol.  Apjily- 
iDg  th^  law  imclor  consideration  to  the  condition^  Q.t>  they  acttmlly 
*-xKst,  it  i?»  said  that  its  words  aiv  so  g<'n**rul  an4j  sv.vuniu^  as  to  oom- 
prt'heiiJ  within  iLs  beiiofits  not  only  thi*  employees  or  the  interstate 
1  ■_'«'d  in  th*»  husiti(*ss  of  inter-^tate  <  ,  hut  also  the 

(  :  tlie  saine  carrior  cntjafjed  in  lite  hii  intrastate  car- 

rijij^e  ^s  hich  it  may  and  iisuallv  (hi:-^  <*.iindiirt.  (VMuif^el  illiistrati'il  their 
ar;j:iiiiient  by  BU^^e,^lin<?  that  if  a  carrier  doing  an  inler.-.tate  Inisiness 
on  tiie  I'acirtc  shipe  aLst»  eonductod  u  lo<;td  trolley  line  wholly  alon^ 
the  Atlantic  sealx>ard  within  a  single  State,  an  eniph»veo  on  the  lood 
Irolley  line  would,  by  the  terms  of  this  arl»  l>c  entitled  to  its  benefits. 
If  such  be  the  necessary  interpi-ctatiiai  of  the  statute  jdainly  it  ex- 
wc(Ls  the  iK>wer  of  C'onpe^s,  for  Con^re<'<  certainly  has  no  ri^hl  to 
reu-nlate  lh».'  purely  internal  comnu'ret*  of  a  State.  Nor  can  the  ;it:itnte 
be  ^^aved  by  rejecting  that  j>art  of  it  which  is  uncon^^itutionttl  lie- 
ipan^  its  provisioiL-*  are  single  and  inciqKibh'  of  separation.  The 
f%icious  part,  if  such  exist,  is  ho  interininij;leil  with  that  which  is  ^ood 
that  it  can  not  be  ijlinnnated  without  ile-st roving  the  whole  structure. 
Whiclt  interpretation,  then,  should  be  tulopied?  That  which  re- 
^nln  tJie  law  as  pivscribin^  the  liability  uf  the  caiTier  only  to  thoiM» 
employee's  who  are  en^njjcd  in  the  work  of  inlerstate  and  forelg^n 
coinrniTcc.  tir  that  which  extends  the  l>enelits  of  tlu'  law  also  to  tho^» 
<  !  1  in  work  which  lias  no  relation  whntevor  to  sneh 

(.         .  -wcring  tins  question  it  nuist  n(»t  U*  for^iftitten  that. 

if  the  latter  interpretation  be  adopted,  in  the  opinion  or  the  whole 
Court  the  act  is  beyond  tlie  constilulionaJ  power  of  Con^re.ss,  That 
is  a  consideration  of  vast  imiwi-tance,  l»eciuise  the  Court  ha.s  never 
exercised  the  mighty  power  of  ilcclanj\^  the  acty  of  u  ccKndinute 
branch  of  ihti  Goveniment  voitl  except  where  there  is  no  possible 
and  sensible  construction  of  the  twi  which  is  consistent  with  trie  fun- 
damental orguiiic  law.  The  presum]ition  that  other  branches  of  the 
Goverruuent  will  restrain  themselves  witliin  the  s<'ope  of  their  author- 
ity, and  the  rcBpect  whicli  is  due  to  th^'in  and  their  a<'ts,  admits  of 
no  i>ther  aMilmle  from  this  Court.  This  is  more  than  a  canon  o( 
inlerpn-talion,  it  is  a  rule  of  conduct  rcKtins  u|)iin  consideration.s  of 
puldic  p(tlii  y,  and,  in  the  exercise  of  the  delicjile  finu'liou  of  con- 
rUeninin^  the  acts  of  coordinate  and  equal  hranchet?  of  the  Govern- 
Bnenty  under  the  £»an)e  obligation  to  respect  the  ConMitution  as  our- 
selves, has  been  ob-^ervcN.!  from  the  beginning. 

Judge  Moody  cited  h  Tuindx^r  of  cas*»s  in  support  of  the  rule,  and 
continuing,  said : 

There  is  no  doul>t  that  the  rule  exists,  there  i;<  ro  doubt  that  it  is 
wise,  and  promotes  the  nuitual  ivspecl  between  the  dilTerent  branches 
of  tlwD  Government  w  hich  is  so  essential  to  the  welfare  i>f  all,  and  that 
it  pe<|uirc*  us,  if  it  is  within  our  power,  to  pve  to  the  words  of  the 
statute  before  ua  a  meaning  which  will  cfjnhne  its  provisionH  to  sub- 
meets  within  the  <xmtrol  of  Congiess,  If  two  interj)retations  are  pos- 
Si]d4^  our  plain  duly  in  to  adopt  that  which  sastaiits  the  statute  as  a 
lawful  exercise  of  authority  and.  not  that  which  coudciunb  it  its  a 
UHurimtioa. 


228 


BUlOJiTlN    OF  THE   BUREAU    OF    l*ABOn. 


TIk'  ar^rmneiit  whirh  ^-UJ>|>OI•(s  a  coiihlniPtion  of  tlip  >-latutv  wliir.h 
woiiUI  iiicliitle  witiiiti  its  provisions  intnistnte  roniiner«'<t  Is  readily 
stntt^i.  It  is  sniti  that  '*  ovory  romrnon  ciirrior  *'  onpngi?!!  in  territorini, 
fon.'ig^u,  or  ijilcrj'tMli'  (nulo  is  nuidt'  "liable  ti»  any  of  i(s  einpIoytTS 
*  *  *  for  all  damages  which  may  residt  from  the  negli^iuv  of 
any  of  its  officers,  agents,  or  eiuployees,  or  l>y  re)ison  of  any  defect^ 
in  its  iiistrumentalitie.s,  and  that,  an  there  in  no  qnalification  of  or  ex- 
ception to  the  generality  of  ihe  langinige  <h*s<Tiptive  of  llie  employees 
or  inhtriimentalitie.H,  it  mnst  l)e  deemed  to  inrlude  those  engaged  and 
\\sei\  solely  iti  jntra^late  coiumeree,  and  «*ven  in  mannfarlnro,  as  well 
as  those  engagetl  r.nd  used  in  other  roinMierto.  Hot  I  venture  to  think 
that  lliis  argiinienl  res(s  upon  too  narrow  gmnud.  It  contemplates 
merely  tlio  words  nf  the  statitte;  it  shnts  ont  the  light  which  the  Con- 
stitution slieds  upon  them;  it  overlooks  Ihe  significance  of  Ihe  eninii- 
erntion  of  the  kinds  of  commerce  cU'arly  witinn  the  national  control 
Miul  tho  omission  of  iho  commerce  beyond  that  control — nn  enumeni- 
tion  and  omission  which  characterizes,  colors,  and  restrains  every 
word  of  the  statute — tind  it  neglccls  llic  pivsumplions  iji  favor  of  tho 
validity  of  the  law  and  of  the  olx-dience  of  Congress  to  ihe  commandri 
of  the  Consiituliou,  which  can  not  with  propriety  Im^  (lisrcgarded  by 
tliis  Court.  Taking  into  account  these  missing  aids  to  const rnctiiin, 
it  ix'comes  (piiie  easy,  quite  rea^jnable.  and,  in  my  opinion,  <piito 
nocGKHary,  to  construe  the  act  as  conferring  its  lK?nefits  only  upon 
employees  engaged  in  some  fashion  in  the  cf»mmerce  which  is  enumer- 
ated in  it  and  is  inuloubtedly  under  the  control  of  Congress.  Even 
without  these  guides  for  discovering  the  intent  of  Congress,  which  (he 
nMif*»rm  |>raclice  of  the  Court  compels  us  to  use,  it  is  natural  to  sup- 
pose that,  when  territorial,  interstate,  and  foreign  carriers  only  aiv 
mentioned  and  every  such  carrii-r  is  declared  to  ni?  liable  ^^  to  any  of 
its  employees,"  only  its  employees  in  such  connnerce  are  intended. 
With  those  guides  the  conclusiim  appeai-s  to  me  iiTPsistible,  for  they 
ylM)w  that  if  the  words,  "  any  of  its  employees,-'  in  the  context  where 
they  are  used,  are  capable  of  moaning  nil  of  tl^o  employees  upon  any 
kind  of  work,  yet  tlieir  generality  should  1m*  restramed  ko  as  to  in- 
clude only  those  who  are  subject  to  the  power  of  the  lawmukinp  IkxIv. 
The  case  of  McCulIougli  c.  Virginia,  \7'2  U.  S.  lO-J,  is  pr<'ciscly  in 
point  here.  An  jicf  nf  tlie  general  assembly  of  Ihe  Slate  of  Virginia 
provided  for  refunding  the  State  debt  by  the  issue  of  coupon  bonds 
for  two-thirds  of  the  total  amount  of  that  debt.  It  was  enacted  that 
the  conpojis  should  "  be  receivable  at  and  after  maturity  for  nil  taxes, 
debts,  dues,  and  demanils  (luo  the  State."  There  was  at  Ihe  time  of 
llie  passage  of  the  refunding  act  n  provision  of  the  constitution  of 
Virginia  requiring  all  mIiooI  taxes  to  be  paid  in  cash,  and  it  had  been 
held  by  this  Court   that   the  constitutional   provision   disal)led  thft 


N'irgitua   legislature  from 


iling  thai   Ihe  coupons  should  1m»  re- 


ceivable for  such  tuxes.     Mc(iahey  r.  Virginia,  13.1  V.  S.  002.     The 


I  iirovuiing 
^ic(iahey  * 
argument  amis  then  miulc  IhnI  as  tn<*  slalnte  provicling  for  the  r(*cetv- 
ability  of  the  coupons  for  "  all  taxes,  debts,  dues,  and  demands  on  thft 
State  "  wtis  in  part  bcyontl  the  constitutional  power  of  the  legislattire, 
the  contract  eviden<'e<l  by  that  statute  was  entirely  void.  The  Court, 
>!pcaking  by  Mr.  Justice  Brewer,  answeied  this  argument  by  saying, 
p.  //i':  '''  It  i^iHtrvs  Ihe  ditFcrence  bet  ween  tlie  statute  and  (he  conlniol, 
Mad  cotifutnts  the  two  entirely  distinct  maUer^  oi  couaVvviOJwju  w.A 


DKCTSIOXS   OF   COURTS   AFFECTING    I_\BOR. 


829 


TolidHy.  Tlic  .statiilc  j)roi*ciles  tlie  contruct.  Its  K'opt'  and  nieaning 
list  be  deteriniiioil  U'foro  any  iiuo.-lion  will  arise  as  to  the  validity 
of  tin*  <x»ntriict  which  it  aiitljoi'j/cs.  It  is  t'lcnicntary  hiw  that  every 
etatiito  is  to  bo  n*nd  \n  the  light  of  the  Constitution.  However  broad 
and  general  its  Ian*rnage,  it  can  not  be  interpreted  as  extending  be- 
yond tliose  matters  winch  it  was  within  tlie  constitutional  power  of 
ih?  legislature  to  reach.  It  is  tlie  same  rule  whicli  obtains  in  the  in- 
torjiretution  of  any  private  contract  between  individuals.  That, 
whatever  may  be  its  words,  is  always  to  be  construed  in  the  li<<ht  of 
the  statute:  *»f  the  law  then  in  force;  of  the  circumstances  and  con- 
ditions of  parties.  So.  although  gcnejal  language  was  introduced 
into  the  statute  of  li^Tl,  it  is  not  to  bo  read  as  reacliing  to  uiattci-s  in 
respect  to  which  the  le«^Ls!aturc  had  no  constitutional  power,  but  only 
as  to  those  mattei*s  witTiin  its  control.  And  if  there  wei-e,  as  it  seems 
there  were,  certain  special  taxes  and  dues  which  under  the  existing 
provisions  of  tlie  Slate  constitution  couhl  not  be  atrected  by  legisla- 
livu  action,  the  statute  is  to  be  read  a-i  lliough  it  in  terms  excluded 
lliom  from  its  operation/'  The  JauOTuige  quoted  was  not  obiter.  Tho 
case  turned  ujHjn  the  construction  of  the  statute  and  ix*vei-sed  the  con- 
struction by  the  liighest  court  of  the  State  of  its  own  statute,  as  well  as 
its  judgment,  that  the  statute  thus  eonstrued  was  incimsistent  with  tho 
State  coiistitution,  because  "all  taxes''  included  taxes  beyond  the 
power  of  the  legislature.  I  am  unable  to  reconcile  the  judgment  in 
that  CHS<>  with  the  conclusion  which  is  reached  by  the  Court  in  this. 
The  reasoning  which,  in  that  case,  led  the  Court  to  construe  a  statute 
providing  that  the  coupons  should  l>e  receivable  for  "all  taxes"  to 
ineaa  oJiTy  fitr  such  laxi^  as  the  legislature  had  the  constitutional 
power  to  declare  payable  in  such  a  manner,  is  equally  ix>tent  to  lead 
the  C«)urt,  in  the  case  at  bar,  to  construe  a  statute  providing  for  the  lia- 
bility of  the  interstate  and  foreign  carrier  to  *""  any  of  its  employees  *' 
Co  nu*an  only  to  any  of  its  employee:^  for  whom  Congress  has  the 
c«iii>.titutiona1  power  to  make  such  a  }>rovision.  In  that  case  there 
were  taxes  within  tlie  le^'islative  control,  and  taxes  without  the  legis- 
lative control  of  the  Virginia  assembly;  in  this  case  there  are  em- 
Idoyoes  within  the  legislative  control  and  employees  without  tho 
egislative  control  of  Congress;  in  that  case  the  statute  provided  for 
*'h11  tiixes;''  in  this  case  the  statute  provides  for  "  any  employees;''  in 
that  ca5ie,  examiiung  the  statute  *^  in  the  light  of  the  Constitution," 
this  Court  drclared  that  "  however  broatl  and  general  its  language, 
it  can  not  bcr  iiderprefed  as  extending  beyond  those  matters  which  it 
is  within  the  constitutional  power  of  the  legislature  to  reach,'*  and  if 
it  ;  ihat  tlierc  were  taxes  l>eyond  the  control  of  the  legislature, 

ih.  .itute  should  be  ivail  '*  as  though  it  in  terms  excluded  them 

from  its  operation ;''  I  am  unable  to  imagine  any  reason  why.  examin- 
ing tlie  statute  in  this  cas**  with  the  aid  of  the  same  light,  the  Court 
should  not  make  the  same  declaration  of  its  meaning.  Moreover,  it 
should  bo  remembered  that  a  circumstance  leading  in  tlie  same  direc- 
tion is  j)resent  in  the  case  at  Imr  which  was  absent  in  that  case,  for, 
to  repeat  what  has  already  l>een  sai*!,  heiT  tlie  general  words  are  used 
in  a  I'onlext  which  sugg*»sts,  if  it  d<M'H  not  recpiire.  the  less  extemled 
III' 

i  lb*?  obsr^rveil  that  the  McCullough  case  was  simply  a  e^aft 

>/  cvustructlon.     The  Court   tiuule  no  judicial  »mctw\T\\eu\-  ol  >Xtf\ 


,^ 


iittii^ 


280 


BULLETIN    OV  THK   BCBEAC    OF   LABOR. 


titatni<?  or  exception  /roin  it*  provipions  of  any  sulij<v(  ^vluch  mine 
wilhiij  tliein  nocurdin^  to  tlieir  proper  meaning,  iiscortained  with  the 
aid  <»f  tlu*  li^lit  of  tlie  constitiitionnl  lirniLs  of  the  Jo^i.slativo  j^Hiwcr. 
JVlr.  Justice  lirower  pointed  out  the  distinction  l)etwceii  tho  construc- 
tion of  thi'  ^dilute  and  its  validity,  .saying:  ""The  statute  T)n*t!i*dcs 
the  (xtntract.  Its  scojx*  and  meaning  must  oe  determined  beiore  nny 
({Ui'^titin  will  .'iriso  us  to  the  viilidity  of  the  rontnirt  ^vhich  it  Hnthi»r~ 
izos."  Thui^  tlie  cnse  is  dLstinirni.shed  from  some  olliors.  much  relieii 
iijxjn  in  the  iii'fromcnt,  v.-hirh  estahli>-h  the  pro|)osition,  that  n  siofjle 
Btulutorv  n  is  \«id  if  it  is  ex[»r»'.ssiMj  in  ^emTii!  wof!  il 

OA  to  niJiii  viirly  the  intention  l<i  inchtde  witliin  the  Is 

Mubjecls  Iwyoiid  the  constituliouul  power  of  the  hnvmalunfr  hody. 
The  courts  hnvo  no  power  to  read  into  such  n  provision  un  ext*epti<»a 
for  the  purJ>o^ie  of  savin;G:  thitt  which  is  left  from  condeumntion.  A 
law  which  can  not  endure  llie  lest  of  the  Constitution  without  judi- 
cial amendment  must  perish.  [Cases  cited.)  Hut  the  rule  dcriveil 
fivm  ihi'se  ciiwH  is  I>y  no  menus  dtM-tsive  of  ihe  in<|uiry  whether  ihi.t 
htatiite  mnst  be  c(mftrued  as  ^eekln^r  to  acc«>!nplish  <»hjects  beyond  the 
power  of  Coi»;^ress.     It  cnii  l)e  matle  decisive  (»idv  hy  ht'_-  '^u* 

very  *|ucstion  to  l>e  determined,  und,  in  the  words  of  ili  t» 

Hrrwer,  (onfusini;  "the  two  entirely  ilistinct  matters  of  constriiction 
aJid  validity." 

The  natiirMl  menuiug  of  the  wonls  *>f  the  stattite  considered 
..»^e(hcr.  ench  Wijrd  reeeivin*;  si^i^nificnnce  from  llmse  witti  wliich  it 
is  nllied.  lire  irspi'ct  wliich  is  due  to  (\mprreRM,  the  belief  which  1  hold 
that  it  would  not  inlontionallv  overstep  t)ie  clearly  defined  limit'*  of 
its  nnthorily,  and  the  i»rinciples  of  c^mstniction  heretofore  ncleiJ 
upon  by  Ihis  Court.  lend  my  mind  to  the  settled  conviction  that  the 
8t.atuto  can  be  interpreted,  and  ougjht  to  he  interpreted,  as  irffording 
the  ivmedy  therein  prt-srrihed  only  to  the  f;      '  ''''.■'■.'■  ^  r- 

stnte,  nnfl  territorial  cnrriers,  who  nre  Hk  le 

capncity  in  such  cn^mmeiYe  in  some  of  its  uja.aluM  ii.pctts.  It  ihi.s 
menninf^  be  anril>uted  to  the  wordsi  tif  the  Inw,  it  is  iipi>:ircnl  Ihnt  bi 
th(^  opinion  of  a  majority  of  tlie  Court  the  law*  in  its  main  featuren 
at  [oust,  would  be  const ittitionnt. 

Knter(ainin«r  tlu^se  views  of  the  meatdnp  of  the  Rtatule,  I  am  com- 
ixdled  I  to  I  ffi)  furtlier  and  consider  the  other  objections  to  it.     I  n^^^*^^ 
entirely  witli  nil  that  was  said  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  .Tustire  \VTii||^H 
in  support,  of  the  power  of  the  (Vm^rress  to  enact  n  law  <»f  this  p;en^ 
eral  character,  but,  as  i  think  that  the  jiid;jiiienN  \i\  these  ca^»s  oii^ht 
to  \ye  reversed,  1  can  not  escape  denlin;;  >\ith  specific  objeetums  to  Ihe 
statute  whi<h  he  has  not  tleemed  it  iiicossnrv  to  discuss.     T  think  it 
lielter.  therpfore,  to  deal  with  all  the  questions  that  are  neeessarily 
rnistHl  in  tlie??(.»  cases. 

1  come  now  to  the  question  whether  (he  stntiite,  thuH  cotL*** nieil,  is 
i'l  *'"■  '■'  efMition  of  any  power  conferred  b^'  (he  Constitution  upon  the 
(  It  is  apparent  tliat  there  is  no  Huch  power  unless  it  bo 

ioiiiii!  m  (h.'it     !  »>f  the  C-onMitution  wliirh  ant'  f  -^ 

"to  reindate  i*  with   forvitfu  uationn  and  :  d 

Stnb     ■       '  ■;-•'»•• 

7'//i  >'  deBorihpil  have  the  i*onmion  qiinli- 

//W  thai  ihcY  aiv  /nore  easieiiHivc  Ihtiu  l\ift  junsAvcAAwi  ^>l  tv  -*\t\^ 


DBC16I0K6  OF  COXTBTS  AFFECTING  LABOR. 


281 


■ 


It©  ftnd  Iioblc  to  injury  from  conflictinjoj  State  laws,  and  tlicreby 
all  alike  distin^tisluHl  from  the  ]>iiiT*Iy  inltriml  comniercr  of  the 
States.  Tbere  is  nothing  in  the  vords  of  the  grant  that  permits  the 
belief  that  the  power  is  not  o>ext<'iisivc  ovrr  foreign,  inlorsiiUe,  and 
Imlian  trnde.  or  is  anylhinfj  less  than  the  whole  power  whirh  any 
jpovfrnniwil  niay  properly  exercise  over  either,  though  it  nmy  well  l>c 
that  the  restric(ive  parts  of  the  Constitution,  its  prohibitions  and 
re3*ervations,  may  0|>^rate  differfutly  on  ditferent  kinds  of  commerce, 
or  even  on  ditfei-ent  a.spects  of  the  same  kind  of  commerce. 

It  is  siiid  that  <  '>  lias  never  la-fort'  enacted  lepislntion  of  (his 

naMnv*  for  tht>  m>«  •  of  intrr^tnte  commerce  on  land,  thoufj^h  it 

li  yea  upon  the  water  and  for  the 

^^  l  on  the  contrary  the  i-elalions 

aifrcicd  have  ije^^n  c<>mrolle<l  hy  the  undoubted  ]>ower  of  the  .States 
to  £C*>vern  ineji  and  thin^  within  their  respective  dominions;  and 
that  this  omission  of  Congress  is  of  controlling  signiticance.  The 
fundamentnl  fallacy  of  this  argument  is  that  it  misundcrj-'tands  the 
nature  of  the  Constitution^  undervalues  its  u^efulnesK,  and  for^*ts 
that  i  '  «g  provisions  nre  adaptHble  to  the  infinite  variety 

of  th'  ludilions  of  our  national  life.     Surely  there  is  no 

statute  of  liuiilutions  which  bars  Congress  from  the  exercise  of  any 
of  its  jfranted  powers,  nor  any  authority,  nave  that  of  the  people 
whom  it  represents,  which  may  with  propriety  challenge  the  wisdom 
of  it-s  cboive  of  the  tin»e  wlien  remedies  sfiull  tirst  be  applied  to  what 
it  deems  wrong.  It  can  not  Ite  doubtt^d  that  the  exercise  of  a  power 
for  the  first  time  may  be  called  upon  to  justify  itself.  The  fact  that 
it  is  for  the  tiist  tin\e  is  a  circumstance  to  \>e  ctmsidered.  but  in  this 
case  it  is  a  ciivumstance  whose  significance  disap])ears  in  the  light  of 
history.     *     *     * 

It  wiis  not   •  My  to  bt*  expected  that  a  phenomenon  so  con- 

trary to  the  »  ^  e  of  mankitid.  s^o  viust,  so  rapidly  developing 

an<l  changing,  us  the  growth  of  land  commerce  among  the  States, 
vrould  BpeediTy  be  apprecintetl  in  nil  its  aspecta,  or  wonld  at  once  call 
forth  the  exei*cise  or  all  the  unused  power  vested  in  Congi^ess  by  the 
Oi  '  clause  of  the  Constitution.  Such  a  phenomenon  demands 
^'  I  ex|x^riencc.     The  habit  of  our  people,  accentuated  bv  our 

&y>iem  oi  ri^prosrntative  gi»vernment,  is  not  so  much  in  legislation  to 
•aitticip.-ite  pn^bk-ms  as  it  is  to  deal  with  them  after  experience  has 
bhown  tiiem  to  exist.  So  Congivss  has  exercised  its  power  sparingly, 
Rtep  by  Mep,  and  has  acted  oiilv  when  exptnience  seemed  to  it  to 
re<|uire  action,  A  de^ription  of  its  action  in  this  resj)«ct  was  given 
In  r«  Debs,  i:i8  U.  8.  r.04  [  lSi>r>J     *     •     * 

Since  thi>*  decision  other  laws  moi'e  fully  regulating  interstate  com- 
mii*rc<*  on  land  have  been  enacted,  which  need  not  here  be  stated. 
TUr.y  show  a  constnutly  iunvasing  tendency  to  exen*ise  moi'e  fully 
■y  the  |>ower  conferred  by  the  commerce  clause.  It  is 
.  however,  that  Congri'ss  has  assumed  tlie  duty  of  pro- 
I'  le  safety  of  public  travel  by  enacting  the  safety-appliance 

1.1     ict  to  re<juire  reports  of  casualties  to  employees  or  passengers 

(31  Stat.  1440) ;  a  resolution  directing  the  Interstate  Commerce  Coin- 
lnls.sion  to  investigate  and  report  on  the  neci'ssity  for  blo^^k  signals 
(M  Stat.  8;iH) ;  an  act  limiting  the  hours  of  service  of  employoc^,  and 
the  net  under  causjdvrutiou,    Xlicw  acts,  aU  rd^liu^  V»  V^i 


232 


BUIXETIX    OF   THE    BUREAU    OF   LABOB. 


transpoilation,  demonstrate  tho  Itolicf  of  Confess  tlint  the  safety  of 
iiitpi>tnte  travel  is  ii  inattor  of  nntioiijil  concern,  nnd  its  delilxMntc 
purpose  to  i]K*irn>^e  ihni  safety  l>y  laws  whicli  it  deems  coTidiicivo  to 
ihnt  end.  1  llunk,  tlierefore,  that  we  may  consider  whether  this  act 
tinds  authority  in  the  coninu-rce  clause  of  the  Constitution  without 
eudinrnissuieut  frnm  any  inferences  which  may  be  drawn  from  the 
inaction  of  Con-j^res**. 

It  is  settled  Beyond  the  net^ssity  of  citing  cases  that  the  tran;^ 
porttttion  of  persons  and  property  is  commerce,  in  other  words  that 
the  business  of  carriers  is  commerce.  Where,  therefore,  the  business 
is  foreipn  or  interstate.  Congress,  it  has  freipiputly  \»*vu  decidefj, 
has  the  jMu;imonnt,  if  not  tho  sole,  power  to  legishite  for  its  direct, 
control.  An  obstruction  of  such  commerce  by  umawfid  violence  niavi 
be  made  puuislialde  under  the  laws  of  the  United  Stiites,  suppressed^ 
by  tho  armies  of  the  Uinted  States,  or.  at  the  instance  of  the  Cnited 
States,  enjoined  in  its  courts.  (In  re.  Debs,  nbi  sup.)  It  is  <litDcult 
to  conceive  how  legislation  may  effectively  control  the  business  if 
it  can  not  regulate  tbe  conduct  of  those  engagetl  in  the  busine^,  while 
engaged  in  the  business,  in  every  act  which  is  performed  in  the  con- 
duct of  tlie  business.  The  business  of  tninsportati<m  is  not  an  ab- 
straction. It  is  the  hibor  of  men  employed  with  the  aid  of  instru- 
mentalities, animal  and  mechanical,  in  ciirryin<»:  men  and  things  from 
place  to  place.  In  every  form  of  transportation,  from  the  simplest 
to  the  most  complex,  whether  tlie  nuin  curries  the  Imrden  on  his 
back,  or  drives  an  animal  which  carries  it,  or  a  locomotive  which 
draws  a  cnr  which  carries  it,  the  one  and  only  constant  factor  is 
the  labor  of  nninkind.  I  am  quite  unable  to  understand  the  (*on- 
lenlion  mode  at  tb<^  bar  that  the  power  of  (Naigross  is  to  regulate 
connnenH*  among  the  States  and  not  to  regulate  persons  engaged  in 
comtm-ne  nmong  the  States,  for  in  the  cnse  of  transportation  at  leastj 
the  labor  of  those  engaged  in  it  is  commerce  itself.  How  poor  and' 
meager  tho  i>ower  woidd  l>e  if,  whenever  it  was  exercised,  (he  legis- 
lator must  pause  to  consider  whether  the.  action  proposed  regulated 
commerce  or  merely  re;^ulated  the  conduct  of  ncrsons  engagt*d  iu 
conmiH\*e.  The  c<mtention  derives,  some  plausii>iiitv  from  its*  vagtie- 
nesfl.  Of  course  the  power  to  regulate  commerce  docs  not  authorixo 
Congress  to  contnd  tne  general  conduct  of  i>i'rsons  engagi'd  tlierein, 
but,  unless  it  is  an  idle  and  useless  fxjwer,  it  auihorizts  Congress  to 
control  the,  conduct  of  persons  engag«Ml  in  commenH^  iu  respect  to 
:::ver3'thing  which  directly  concerns  cimnnerce,  for  that  is  commerci^ 
itself.  It  wouhl  seem,  tliereftire,  tbut  when  persons  are  omplovecL 
in  interstate  or  foreign  connnerce,  as  the  employment  is  an  esseutiur 
part  of  that  commerce,  its  terms  and  condituius,  and  the  rights  and 
duties  which  grow  out  of  it,  are  under  the  control  of  Congress  sub- 
ject only  to  the  limits  on  the  exercise  of  tluU  control  prescribed  iu 
the  Constitution.  This  has  been  tbe  view  always  e.\presse<l  or  im- 
idied  t)y  this  Court.  In  his  concurrinp  opinion  in  Gibbons  i\  Ogden, 
l>  Wheat.  1,  Mr.  Justice  Joimson  said,  p.  ii20,  "Comu>erce,  in  its 
simplest  signitication,  nu*ans  an  exchiinge  of  goods,  hut  in  the  ad- 
vancement of  society,  labor,  transportation,  intelligence,  catx*  and 
various  mediums  of  exchange  become  wjunuodities  and  enter  into 
tyfininertv;  thf  vwb/ecl,  the  v<»hicle,  the  agent  and  thi'ir  various  u]>em- 
n'ony  become  the  objcctfi  of  conuiieicial  rtii;v\\*Uuu5u"    *    *^    * 


PEC16I0NS  OF   COrRTH    AFKECTING   LABOR. 


283 


'riio  case  of  Piorro  r.  V'un  Duscn,  78  Fed.  OlKi,  was  «loci.lev]  Uy  ihc 
Court  of  Appeals  of  the  Sixth  Circuit  hy  Mr.  Ju.sticf  Ilnrlau  iiiid 
JiKlgi's  Taft  ami  Ltirton,  Tlie  opinion  was  delivered  by  Mr.  Justico 
Harlan.  After  suj^taining  a  Slate  statute,  which  modilied  tlie  com- 
fnon  luw  rules  with  respert  to  the  liability  for  injuries  of  a  currier  to 
its  employees,  he  said  of  it;  "  The  Ohio  statute  is  not  applicable  alone 
to  niilnrnd  rorporatinns  of  Ohio,  fUijngcd  in  the  domestio  romiueree 
of  this  State.  It  iti  vqnully  applicable  to  railroad  corporations  doing 
business  in  Ohio,  and  eu<,'n«red  in  commerce  ttnion*(  the  States, 
RUhongh  the  slatutp.  in  its  opnrution,  may  affect  in  some  dcrjrw  a  sub- 
ject over  whicli  Conjrress  can  exert  full  po\ver.  The  States  may  do 
piany  things  aifectin*!;  commerce  with  foreig'n  nations  and  among  the 
eeverul  States  until  Con^'ess  covers  tlie  subject  l)y  national  Icj^isla- 
tioTL  •  ♦  ♦  Undoubtedly  the  wliole  subject  of  the  liability  of 
interstate  niilroad  compnnies  for  the  nejrli^Hice  of  those  in  tl»eir  serv- 
ice may  bo  covered  by  national  legislation  enacted  by  Congi-ess  nnder 
its  power  to  rcjLjulale  commerce  among  the  States,'' 

We  may  not  trust  implicitly  to  tlie  accuracy  of  statements  path- 
eivd  from  opinions  where  the  precise  question  was  not  for  decision. 
Bui  where,  as  in  thc^  q!u»(ations.  the  statements  wen*  an  essential 
part  uf  the  course  of  reasoning  deemed  appropriate  for  the  disposi- 
tion of  the  cases,  where  the  same  thought  clothed  in  different  words 
has  been  expressed  at  intervals  from  early  times  to  the  present  daj", 
and  where  no  decision  or  judicial  utterance  has  been  found  in  opi>osi- 
tion  to  them,  they  are  entitled  to  profound  respect,  and  furnish 
cogent  evidence  of  what  the  law  has  always  l>een  supjwsed  to  l>e  by 
the  memljers  of  this  Court,  They  can  not  l>e  regarded  lightly,  and  if 
we  follow  them  they  lead  us  to  the  conclusion  that  the  national  power 
to  regidate  commerce  is  broad  enough  to  rei»tdate  the  employment, 
duties,  obligations,  liabilities,  and  conduct  of  all  pers<ms  engaged  in 
commerce  with  respect  to  all  which  is  comprehended  in  that  com- 
meixc-  U|)on  what  principle  except  this  could  this  Court  have  twice 
enforced  the  safety-appliance  act,  undisturbed  bv  a  doubt  of  its  consti- 
tntionalitv'^  (Johnson  r.  Kailroad,  IOC  U.  S.  1  [Bulletin  No.  5*;,  p. 
3(«|,  Schlemmer  n.  Railroad,  liOo  U.  S.  1  [Bulletin  Xo.  7U  p.  385].) 
That  act  (27  St.  531)  compelled  interstate  railroads  to  equip  all  their 
Irain.-t  with  power  brakes  operated  from  the  engine,  and  nil  their  cars 
with  automatic  couplei*s.  grub  irons,  and  hand  holds,  by  enacting  that 
the  use  of  engines  and  cars  not  thus  equipped  should  be  unlawful. 
There  was  no  expreas  provision  that  an  employee  injured  by  the  fail- 
ure of  a  railroad  to  comply  with  the  law  snould  be  entitleil  to  dam- 
ages, but  without  doubt  the  liahility  of  the  railroad  is  implied.  The 
common  law  rule  iroveruiug  the  liability  w'as  materially  changed  by 
section  8,  which  abolished  in  part  the  doctrine  of  the  assumption  of 
risk,  by  provi<ling  that' the  employee  should  *■*■  not  be  deemed  to  have 
assumed  the  risk  "  of  the  unlawfid  conditions,  though  he  know  of  them 
and  continued  in  his  emidoyment.  This  section  was  enforced  in  most 
emphatic  matter  [manner]  in  the  Schlemmer  case,  where  Mr.  Justice 
llomieH  said,  "An  cnrh%  it  not  the  earliest,  application  of  the  phrase 
*a«smnption  of  risk'  was  the  establishment  of  the  exception  to  tlm 
liabilitv  of  a  master  for  the  negligi»nce  of  the  servant  when  the  person 
injnri*cl  was  n  frllow-servant  of  t!ie  injured  man."  If  the  statute  now 
before  us  in  beyond  the  eonbtitutioual  power  of  Congress,  surely  the 


BULLETIN 


lEAC 


snfety-applinnce  not  is  nbo  voiil,  for  there  can  be  no  distinction  in 
principle  ^^ct^Yocn  tl»eni.     If  C'oiigr'css  cnn  criyite  n  liability  to  sn  in* 
juivd  *MnpInyiv  for  the  existence  of  ronditions  in  certain  mochanisnw , 
which  lie  uses,  by  dechiriiip:  thtv>o  coiHlilinns  unlnwftil,  it  tuny  cre*l«< 
the  Knnie  liability  for  no^lijjence  of  the  npents  and  '  tions  in 

the  instrnnirnts  usevl  in  the  cnn'ier's  weirk;  if  il  niny  -  '\ir  o«tni- 

inon  Inw  rule  of  tiie  HssiMni>tion  of  tlie  risk  of  imperfect  «|»plmnees,  it 
may  clian^*  the  rule  of  the  nKsimiplion  of  the  risk  of  a  4*:uvless  fallow- 
Hcr\*i»nt.  I  can  oonoeivo  of  no  principle  of  conMtitution»l  law  Mchich 
enables  ns  lo  s«y  that  the  rtinunerce  elunsi*  nuthi»ri7.e.s  Conj^ess  to  fix 
upon  the  carrier  a  liability  for  nn  insnflicicnt  bruke  but  not  for  n 
defe<'tive  rail,  for  the  ali-ienec  of  autoniatie  couplers,  but  not  for 
the  ne^lii^ent  order  which  biin'r?^  trains  into  cf.llision,  for  an  iuwcnro 
p^ab  iron,  but  not  for  a  het»dles8  switchman.  If  Con^-ess  has  the 
rijrht  to  c<»ntrol  the  tinlnlUy  in  any  way  it  may  coiUrol  it  in  every 
way,  subject,  as  nil  power>  are  Mibject,  to  tlie  expreH-'^  proliibitiuns  of 
the  Constitnlion.  I  nless  the  ca.ses  on  the  siifely-apjdiance  nets  are 
deemed  to  hove  l>een  inadvertently  decided,  they  neem  to  lie  roncln- 
.sive  of  this  branch  of  the  c'nin\  This  nccnis  to  have  U^en  feared  by 
counsel  f(»r  one  of  the  defendiint.H.  who  in  Iiis  brief  said  '*  tliat  tha 
pvin^j  of  a  rijrht  of  ivcovery  to  an  injured  euiployee  is  a  ]>ro[HT, 
and  nece«^ary  methmi  for  making  etfcctivc  the  safi»ty-appliance' 
4»ct,     *     *     *     Ave  »lo  not  admit." 

I  Hut  if  we  put  aside  the  authority  of  precodonts,  and  examine  the 
luiture  and  i*\tent  of  ihe  pranl  (o  (Vuisrn*«<  of  power  {»ver  c»ininier«T 
in  the  light  of  the  settled  principles  of  interpretation  tit  to  1k>  applic»d 
to  the  exposition  of  a  roustitution.  we  ahall  arrive  at  the  same  result. 
One  main  ]>urpoH<'  and  effect  of  the  Constitution  was  to  devise  % 
scheme  of  eflicicnt  povernment.  In  order  to  accomplish  this  all  the 
powers  Usually  exercised  by  fjo\-ernnient s  wej*o  *listril)Uted  l»etw<*t'n 
the  States  nml  the  Nation,  exerpt  tliove  dwnied  mdil  or  unsafe  lo  l»e 
intrusted  lo  either  »}u\  withheld  fiMnn  hoTJi.  In  tlu*  alh»tiiicut  of 
powers  to  llie  nati(»ti  they  were  enuuvriitt'd  rather  thnn  delincd.  In 
the  enumeration  word^>  oJT  the  larjCfesi  import  were  employed,  eompre* 
bending  within  their  meaning;  jyrand  divisitm-s  of  the  powers  of  ^v- 
ernment.  The  nature  of  the  Constitution,  said  ('hier  Justice  Mar- 
Khali,  (McCuIlo<h  e.  MnrvhiTKl,  i)  \\*heHt.,  p.  407,)  ''  nnjuiros  that  only 
its  irreat  outlines  sliould  be  mai'ked,  its  im[>ortant  objects  desitrnatwi, 
antlthe  minor  inpredientN  whiil*  compost*  ihoso  ob^ecU  l>e  deduced. 
fr<»m  the  nature  of  the  objects  themselves."  The  wide  extent  of  tlio' 
powers  grant eii  lo  (Vui^rc^-  is  expre>MM|  in  a  few  simply  wonlcd  Mn> 
visions,  all  of  whici»  nii^ht  be  printed  on  a  sin^jle  pa^>  of  it'i  biHik  of 
Aliaual  laws.  Coujisi'l  have  arj»:neil  thai  the  [wwrr  to  repdate  com* 
tnerce  does  not  include  the  power  to  ivjrulate  the  conduct  of  pemooft. 
engaged  in  that  eominenx*  in  resjx*rt  of  that  eonunrrce.  This  w  whail 
Mr.  Justice  Miller  (110  V.  S.,  p.  ti.%8)  described  as  "  tV      ^  ■  ,  i  t' 

often  heani.  often  repeat<xb  and  in  thi'*  Courl  n«ver 
when  a  question  of  the  power  of  C" 
power  must,  l>e  nblc  to  phc<'  hi'-   I 

^rant  it."     Sup|x»si^  that   ii  1   reason  • 

the  |xiwcr  **  to  esiibli-li   i  and   p 

C-on^resA govtms  i  »f  the  c«. 

JO  ei^vrr  tl^aii  hh  jt  i-  ^^m.^.-j  u'--,  uy  any  ou\»  i   u^w^-u.     v^ 
/w/f/  to  Coji^tvss,  you  CHU  not  cuiTy  llm  maW,  ^ow  can  uuV  \s-  ^ 


COTmre  AFFEtnxtj  uibor. 


S35 


.  \i^  '■  *  det^rmin^  whai  sljall  be  oxchule^l  from  (lif  uij* 

yott  cull  11  ill'  Uie  wiikIuoI  of  th*.»s<*  wJio  ai'e  employcil  in  t! 

iBttil  servn  lu  noiexetupt  them  from  militiu  duty,  voii  can  n 

pttnisii  tlh  1  or  embesuenteiii.  yon  ran  not  ]>unt:>li  him  w] 

bn*«ks  auii  eniiTs  the  p<)p»t-ofIiin»  or  muil  car — all  ihcsp  jwwers  mrv 
reserved  to  the  8taK's.  Vou  *;aii  4>nlT  cstHldish  post-offiofs  and  p<??t- 
roads,  ami  when  that  is  done  your  poM-er  in  exiiausled.  Yet  CVw^'esa 
lias  done  all  <li<?^  thinp;  and  nu  one  now  doubts  it,s  jx)w<»r  to  do  theto,- 
bpcaiise  the  grant  of  j>ower  is  of  the  whole  governmental  power  over; 
(he  subjpcl^  ivv  t<H»,  the  power  to  n-friihiie  inlerNlale  nml  fon'i 
coiiHn«ryv«  i<  tho  whole  j>owor  wbieh  any  povmunent  c;in  exorci?^  ov 
III  vi»sl<'<l  ill  Con^nvs,^  ns  alr^ohUely  ;is  it  woidd  ix*  in 

a  lit  having  in  '\i>  <r»jislitvilion  tlie  vamo  restrictions 

Or  ■  of  ihe  power  as  are  found  in  the  Constitution  of  the 

I  1......  I.,'     ManJiall.  C.  J.,  in  (.iibhons  i\  O^den,  uK  sup.,  n. 

197;  The  Lottery  case,  188  U.  8.  «^l.  AVe  are  brought  then  dirv^rlly 
to  the  inqHiry  wln^lher  a  power  so  exlensi^^  is  a  snifieicnt  warrant 
for  tht?  enactnient  of  tJie  statute  liefore  us. 

By  whiti   ■        '      11  r»ne«l  tlie  auxiliary  power  Confess  rany  * 
mil  law«  w  '  II  lie  nece'->sary  and  i»roi>er  for  carryinjr  intf>  ex 

(ton  "  '  ;■    Ai-rs.     It  is  settled  that  this  luxivi.Aitm  M'    ' 

the  eh:i  M    wv--  which,  in  the  exercise  or  a  wide  <li- 

C<in4ri''?=<s  deenjs  a<Upted  to  »ecuiv  a  leiritimate  end  anil  caicuijite 
to  effect  any  of  the  «:>lije(is  intrusted  to  it,  and  the  exercise  of  tha£ 
^iMcrvtion,  uide^  it  vioJates  some  prohibition  of  tl>e  Constitution  or 
is  used  as  a  pn*trxt  to  accomplish  son>o  object  not  intnistoil  to  the 
KHlitmal  Goverilnieni,  can  not  U*  rcriewivl  by  the  judieinl  bninch  of 
tJi-  it  without  i\  u  up(»n  a  domain  which  is  |>ecu- 

li..  ti-^ivi^Iy  (ho  1  i>f  the  legislative  bniuch.     If  the 

stalUiO  Uiidei  •  ;tion  Ix'  lu'ought  to  the  test  of  the%  principles 

lh«»re  cjiu  Ix*  In-  'f  its  validity. 

It  can  not  be  <Jenied  that  in  that  pail  of  cfunmem*  which  eonsi 
iu  tniosportation,  the  safety  of  those   who  are  concerned  in  it  an 
mssengvtrs  or  employees  is  of  the  Hrsl  iinportanoe.     As  was  said  bv 
Ifr.  Justice  Gray,  in  Chicajro,  etc.,  Uailway  Co.  t\  Solan,  1(50  U. 
155,   ^  Uie    fundamental    princijde   on    which    the   law   of  ctwnnu 
carriers  \^  '  '    '     ]  was?  the  socurinjj  of  the  uliut»st  care  ;• 

r!>^e  in  '  Mce  of  Uieir  public  duties."     Thf  Cl(.\  t 

'i  the  National  (tovennnent  ha.-^  lo  luU-i - 

sti  ^       d  by  the  Court  in  the  Debs  ca«e  to  l»e 

*^  dinsc  of  dineci  supervision,  conti"ol,  and  management,"  whic 
iMfflecta  to  do  what  it  is  iitting  for  a  government  to  do  to  insure  tl 
JMifotv   of   puldic   traveU   fails   in   the   performance  of  its   high*»>t 

dut>-;  •  ^  •     , 

It  follows  that  if  Congress,  in  the  exei'cis*  of  its  plenary  power 
o^*e^  interv4ate  an<]  fnniirii  trm 
that   traii-iM"*! trtt'oii   vv,HiI-i   l>" 


V 

u 

Tiki..-    ,., 
lrt>id. 
TJ)r- 


I  not,  wiihotit 
.:.ciat  from  tlic 


■  nut  the  safety  of 

LT   thnt   tho*-e  rui- 

iVr  iiiji  !  V 

i-y  tiie  l:r  , 

\f[  ll>e  l»oundary  which  sepa- 

fudd,  declare  the  enactment 


1  ^^ 


i^^riiiftairilitaMi 


mmk 


2dG 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU   OF   LABOR. 


I 


clause,  might  not  have  l>ooii  di.-^piitpd  l>iu  for  tlio  fact  thnt  up  to  this 
time  the  siibjoct  lias  bwn  loft  to  Ik?  ilwilt  wiUi  hv  tho  Stiitos.  If  a 
donht  ever  existed  that  the  States  rotild  hiwfiilly  (h»nl  witii  llic  snh- 
jpct  uikUt  the  ^trnorul  If^lshdivo  iiuthority  to  pivrru  (hi'ir  loiTitory, 
which  was  undistiirl>0(]  Ijy  tho  ConMimtioji,  that  douht  wns  di^poIJca 
by  the  decision  in  Slierlock  '*.  Ailing,  nb.  suj).,  ami  it  is  now  agreed 
that  the  State  nniy,  in  the  absence  of  action  by  Congre.^H,  fix  and 
determine  Ihe  liability  of  all  carrii^s  while  ojuTating  wilhin  the 
State,  to  those  whom  they  employ  for  the  injuries  which  are  .snffcre<I 
in  the  coursie  of  the  eniplovnicnt,  lint  >U(h  authority  in  the  State 
is  not  inconsistent  with  i\  like  authority  in  the  Nation.  AVhere,  as  in 
the  case  of  our  dual  governmeiU,  th**  snme  tt-rritorirs  and  llir  same 
individuals  are  subject  to  two  governments,  each  supreme  within  itB 
sphere,  botli  governments  l>v  virtue  of  distinct  powers  may  legislate 
for  the  same  ends.     ♦     ♦     ^ 

'^  If  a  State,**  said  Chief  Justi(*e  Marshall  (in  (ribbons  /•.  Ogden, 
ubi  sup.,  '204 ),  "in  passing  laws  on  subjects  acknowletlped  to  be 
within  its  control,  and,  with  a  view  to  those  subjects,  shall  adopt  s 
measure  of  tlie  same  charact*'r  with  one  wliich  (^ongiHSs  may  adopt, 
It  does  not  <lerive  its  authority  from  the  particidar  power  which  has 
been  granted,  but  from  some  otluT,  which  n^mains  with  the  State 
an<l  may  Ik>  executed  by  the  same  mcan*^.  All  cxperieni*e  shows  that 
tlic  sjimc.  measure  or  measures,  scun-cly  indislinguishublc  from  cMch 
other,  nuiy  ilow  from  tlistiiut  powers;  but  this  does  not  prove  that 
the  i)«wei*s  themselves  mv  identical.'*  That  the  States  may  by  their 
laws  fix  the  relative  rights,  duties,  obligations,  and  rmbili'ties  of  all 
persons  or  corpoialions  within  their  territorial  jurisdictions,  and 
thus  control  in  that  respect  thos<»  wlu>  are  engage*!  in  inteistate  and 
ffU'cign  commerce;  thnt  such  laws  do  )U)t  proeced  froui  any  power  tt) 
regulate  su<h  conuncrce,  though  incidentally  and  indirectly  tl\ey  do 
regidate  it,  but  ai'e  to  be  i'ef<*rreil  to  their  general  power  over  f)er* 
sons  and  things  within  their  territoric-,  and  that  nil  such  laws,  so  far 
lis  they  nti'ect  such  connnerce,  unist  yield  to  the  suiwrior  authority  of 
the  laws  of  CongrvKs,  is.  I  ihitik,  omdnsively  shown  by  the  follow- 
ing cases:  Sherlock  i\  ^Vlling,  UU  U.  S.  Oil;  Smith  v.  Alabama,  124 
U.  8.405;  [etc.]. 

There  remains  to  be  considered  the  obje<*lion  that  the  s|>*vific  provi- 
sions of  \\w  act  exceed  the  legislative  power  over  the  subject,  »  ♦  ♦ 
The  oidy  limit  up<in  the  authority  of  CVaigress  relevant  to  the  dis- 
<'ussii)u  of  ihi*^  braiieli  of  t]ie  cjise  is  (lutt  whirh  forbids  C<>nfrress  from 
depriving  any  |)ersoii  of  his  life.  Iil>erty.  or  pro|>erty  without  duo 
j»i'<H'ess  of  law.  Am<*ndment  0.  It  is  conten<led  that,  nlthoiigh  the 
liiw  deals  with  a  subject  under  the  control  of  Congress,  it  dcuirt  with 
it  in  such  a  manner  as  to  violnte  that  proliibiti<m.  and  is  tliereforc 
void.  Before  considering  the  contention  it  is  desirable  to  state  clearly 
(he  substnntinl  pro\isic»iis  of  the  net.  The  remedy  afforded  by  it  is 
more  generous  to  the  employe**  than  that  given  by  tlie  eoruiiuin  law  in 
several  resp*'cts.  The  eommon  law  recognized  no  recovery  of  <hin)agefl 
for  death  resulting  from  negli'^ence;  by  tin*  statute  dnnniges  are  re(M>v- 
crable  for  death  ns  well  as  for  injury.  The  comn»on  law  allowed 
no  recovery  against  the  employer  for  the  negUvt  of  u  fellow-sorvant 
pnira^ged  in  a  common  en»plovment:  b}*  tlie  statute  the  employer  ifl 
firK/  rpfpffnsihle  for  the  negligence  of  any  ol  \\^  «>^vm*v^.  w^<^^\\*<,  <sr 
\^^fpJojWi>f  even  though  the  guilty  pcviiouw  w  k\\v>vi-3ri:\ya\\.  v)V\\\\v\ 


PECISIOXS   OF   COtTBTS  AFFECTING   LABOR. 


237 


who  is  injnreil  or  killed.  Tho  comuHin  law  denied  to  one  who  by 
his  negUf^^ncc  Iiiid  oontributod  to  his  own  injury  the  ri^ht  to  r  rem- 
edy for  Ujo  neglect  of  another  which  had  been  a  roncurrinjr  cause; 
by  the  statnte  the  nejjli^nt  snifcrer  nmy  recover  if  his  negligence 
be  slifjht,  jind  that  of  the  employer  jeji'oss  in  conipHrison.  tliou^n  tlie 
contributing  negligence  must  be  taken  into  account  in  reduction  of 
the  damages.  The  common  luw,  as  adjudged  by  this  Court,  per- 
mitted the  eniployec  to  enter  into  a  contract  renouncing  his  right  to 
damages  in  case  he  incurred  injuries  in  the  course  of  his  employment ; 
the  statute  forbids  such  a  contract.  Thus  four  doctrines  of  the 
04:minion  law  restrictive  of  the  employees'  rights  are  supplanted  by 
others  more  fuvoraide  to  him. 

Tliere  can  tx*  no  doubt  of  the  right  of  a  legislative  body,  having 
jurisdiction  over  the  .sul)ject,  to  modify  the  tirst  iliree  of  these  itiles 
of  the  coniniou  law  in  the  manner  in  which  this  act  of  Congress  does 
it-  They  are  simply  rules  of  law,  unprotected  by  the  Constitution 
from  change,  and  like  all  other  sncli  rules  must  yield  to  the  superior 
authority  of  a  statute.  They  have  so  generally  been  niodllied  by 
statute  that  it  may  well  be  doubted  if  they  exist  in  tlieir  inlegi'ity 
in  any  juris<liction.  ♦  ♦  ♦  AVhenever  the  le«rislative  power  to 
chaTi|je  any  of  these  rules  of  the  common  law  has  been  arnwn  in 
question  in  this  Court  it  has  been  sustained.     •     *     * 

But  it  is  earnestly  urged  upon  us  that  the  statute  under  considera- 
tion, applying  to  all  interstate  conunon  carriers  aiul  all  their  em- 
ployees m  that  business,  without  distinguishing  I>etween  that  part  of 
the  business  and  employment  which  is  dangerous  and  hazardous  and 
that  part  whicli  is  not,  and  confined  solely  to  the  business  of  common 
carriage  aiul  its  en»pl<»yers,  is  a  deprivation  of  the  emplover's  prop- 
erty without  due  pr(»cess  of  law,  in  violation  of  the  firth  auiend- 
nient  of  the  Constilulion.  The  manner  in  which  due  proce-ss  of  law 
is  said  to  be  denied  is  bv  the  denial  of  the  equal  protection  of  the 
laws  by  imposing  unusual  burdens  jii>on  a  class  of  pei'sons  arbitrarily 
and  capricmusly  selected.  In  support  of  this  [Mjsition  cases  from 
State  courts  interpreting  State  constitutions  and  cases  from  this  Court 
interpreting  the  restriction  u])f>n  State  action  impost*d  by  the  four- 
leentli  amendment,  are  indiscriminately  cited.     The3'  f\irnish  little 

It  is  not  necessary  in  this  case  to  determine  how  far,  if  at  all,  the 
requirement  from  the  States  of  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws  made 
by  the  fourteenth  amendment  is  included  iii  the  requirement  from 
\he  Nation  of  due  process  of  law  made  by  the  fifth  amendment  to 
the  Constitution.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  this  statute  complies  with 
berth.  It  is  rather  startling  to  hear  that  in  enacting  laws  applicable  to 
conunon  carriers  alone  Congress  has  made  a  capricious  and  arljitrary 
cJnssilication.  From  time  inuneniorial  the  common  law  has  set  apart 
those  eugngtHl  in  that  bunines.-.  as  a  pecidiar  class,  to  \>e  guverne*!  in 
many  respects  l>y  laws  jH^nliar  to  theni'-elves.  In  separating  carriers 
from  those  engaged  in  otiier  interstate  and  foreign  commerce.  Con- 
gress lias  but  f(»llowed  the  ancient  classification  of  the  common  law, 
based  upon  reasons  so  obvious  that  they  need  no  statement.  Whether 
the  law  should  l»e  nuule  to  apply  to  alf  carriers  or  to  carriei-s  by  rail- 
road alone,  or  whether  the  employees  should  be  classified  according  tn 
On*  fh'^n'v  of  iltin^r  which  sujTounds  their  empluyuwuV,  \&  ^  wv^kW^t 


BriXETXy   OF   THE   BUREAU    OF   LABOK. 

of  l^filativo  dlscrotioii  with  whioli  wo  Imvc  no  liglit  u*  nuHkni*.  (Seo 
Union  FHi'iho  Railway  Co,  r.  Mwrkcv*  ub.  sup.) 

I  have  continctl  mr  «>l>«erv«lioiis  up  to  this  point  to  the  fiif^t  thn*e 
chan^r-^  in  iho  conMnon  law  nnule  hy  thr  statnto.  The  fnni'th  change, 
that  forbi<klin^  the  uniphiyeo  to  make  a  <.'i>nl!*ttt'(  r<^!o-»iMng  his  em- 
ployer from  tht'  consequences  of  his  negligence,  is  open  to  a  possible 
r>bjectiun  not  common  to  the  others.  It  sa  asserted  tliat  this  part  of 
the  net  violates  tlie  right  of  free  contract  which  ui  some  cases  this 
Court  has  pr-otected  against  the  exercise  of  the  Jegislntive  porrer. 
"VVilhoiit  inliniatinc^  any  opinion  on  that  subject,  it  is  enough  to  sny 
that  that  j)art  of  tlie  statute  is  separable  from  and  inde|)endenl  of  the 
ivmuinder,  junl  may  stand  or  fall  by  itstdf.  an*!  tliat  no  quesii<m 
concerning  it  is  raised  in  (he^fe  cases,  I  see  nothing  in  the  provision 
that  "all  qiK'stions  of  negligence  or  contributory  negligence  shall 
be  for  the  jury  "  which  affects  the  ri^rht  of  jui-y  trial  giuiranteed  hy 
th«  seventh  amendment.  Such  questions  nlwavs  have  been  fv>r  the 
jury,  and  I  can  not  see  that  this  enactment  mafeeH  any  change  what- 
ever. 

I  am  of  opinion,  therefore,  that  the  act  should  Iv  snstaine<^l  as  a 
legitimate  exercise  of  llie  authority  of  ("ongres.^.  and  that  orders  in 
these  cftscs  should  be  made  accordingly. 


Mr,  Justice  Harlut*,  (with  whom  concnrreil  Mr.  Justice  McKennak) 

dissenting. 
Mr.  Justice  McKennn  and  myself  are  of  opinion  that  it  was  vrithin 
the  power  of  Congi'ess  to  prescribe,  as  !»etween  an  interstate  commerce 
carrier  and  its  employees,  the  nde  of  liability  established  by  the  act 
of  June  11.  100*5.  tint  we  do  not  conciu*  in  the  interpretation  of 
that  act  as  ffiveu  in  the  opinion  delivered  by  Mr.  Justice  White,  but 
thiidc  that  trie  act,  reasonably  and  pro|jerly  interjireted.  applies,  and 
flliould  be  interpreted  as  intended  by  Congress  to  applv,  onlv  to  case^ 
of  interstate  conuneive  and  in  emidovecs  who,  at  the  time  oi  the  par- 
ticular wrong  or  injury  complamerl  of,  are  engaged  in  vuch  com- 
merce, an*!  not  (o  «!oinf-s(u(:'  conmiiTci'  or  coinnieroi*  complefelv  inter- 
nal lo  the  State  in  which  tlie  wrong  or  injury  occurred.  We  coucnr 
in  the  views  expivssed  l»y  Mr.  Jiistice  Mo»)dy  as  to  the  s<'Ope  and 
interpretation  of  |h»»  act.  We  think  the  act  is  coiislitutiotiHl.  and, 
therefore,  that  the  judgment  should  be  reversed. 


Mr.  Jn?tico  Holmes  di>--cn(trig. 
T  rnu'^^  adm'tt  thnt  I  think  llieri*  are  strong  ren>ons  in  favor  of  the 
ini  ■•  adopte<l  by  a  majority  of  the  Court. 

Ilii  i  the  Words  m  such  a  wav  as  to  ^■ave  the 

coil  ■  of  the  a'^t,  T  lliiid;  ihey  should  l^e  (n1*cn  in  that  nar* 

n*^^-.    .. ..    ,     i  lie  phnjse  •' every  common  carrier  ■'■■'■' ^•')  ''^'  *'"lf^or 
commerce  '*  mav  be  construed  to  mean  "  while  •  or 

comnien**;  ^  vrilhout  violence  to  t'      '    '   ts  of  Engii -n  -jn  r.  ii.  :iii<i  to 
govern  nil  that  follows.     The  M  ii   will  ii*i^rdale  all  cohinii>ffc 

camera  while  ho  eiiga^d  in  the  Di-^tiu  t  of  Columbia  or  in  any  Torn- 


tONS   np   COUftTS   AFFECTli^G    UVBOB, 

'       (o  thorn:  niui  It  will  re|?ulnte 
Cjii  mcHT  lf*'(wepn  llic  States,  etc., 

thus  limiiing  li*^  ?-(*opt,'  where  it  i>  ne't'ssarv  to  limit  it.  So  ctuisliui'd 
1  think-  tb*'  act  viiJid  ia  its  main' feat  tires  iiink'r  the  Constitution  of 
the  irnit«4  States.  In  riew  of  the  circiuii&taaces  I  do  not  discuss 
detuiLs. 


EMruiT 54KMT  OP  CuiuiUKN — A«K  Li MJT — Daxgkhois  EMPU»r- 
MEXTft— CoKSTrrrtTioNALiTV  or  STATirTK — Effect  on  Empt-oi 
LiAniLTTT — Lmrrhnn  v.  Piltt*ion  Coal  Minimj  Company^  Svprrm* 
Ooiurt  of  PennitylranMy  €7  Atlantic  Reporter^  po.f}e  GiZ. — Marj^nrft 
Lctuilinik  sui'd  in  the  amrt  of  couimon  pleas  of  Lu/crne  County  to  re- 
foviT  danmgfs  for  iujui'ictf  receive*!  by  a  lad.  Miiuley.  uginl  14  yeai-s 
and  I  n»on(hs,  tMiiiJloyed,  \\b  allfged.  as  an  oiler  in  a  niliit*,  in  violation 
of  law.  The  (.'asf  v.iis  thrown  oiit  on  a  nonsnit,  and  on  refusal  to 
removp  the  same  an  appeal  was  taken  to  the  suprciue  court  of  the 
State,  which  directed  timt  the  cra.se  Ik*  heanl.  TIu>  action  was  based 
oa  the  statute  which  forbids  the  employment  of  children  under  15 
years  of  age  as  oilers  in  miru's,  and  the  ruling  of  the  court  turned  on 
the  validity  and  effect  of  this  statute, 

From  the  opinion  of  the  court,  which  wa^  delivcu'd  by  Jn<lge 
EIkin»  and  which  upheld  the  statute,  the  following  i*^  quoted: 

\Mien  this  rase  again  comejj  up  for  trial  in  the  court  Ixdow,  much 
will  de|M*nd  upon  tlio  exact  duties  which  the  b<»y,  Munley,  was  rc<]uired 
to  i>ert<irm  by  t lie  appellee  company.  If  it  was  u  i)arl  i>fhia  duties  to 
oil  the  "serapcr  line/'  as  is  tlu^  ct)uiention  of  appellant,  the  negligence 
of  the  uppuilee  would  be  establi.shed.  ]f«  on  the  other  hand,  as  is 
a»*orled  by  appellee,  it  was  no  part  of  his  duty  to  oil  the  **■  scraper 
line,'^  the  rule  relied  on  by  the  coiut  below  would  control  the  case. 

At  the  trial  the  learned  court  l)elow  din*<-ted  a  compulsory  nonsuit 
trt  he  entL'rod.  which,  on  motion  made,  he  refused  to  take  otf  on  the 
pround  that  the  boy  wn-<  guilty  of  ronuilnitory  ne^li^ence  in  attempt- 
ing to  oil  dangerous  piirts  of  the  machinery  while  in  motion,  which 
«*n*  in  violation  of  the  statute,  aud  therefore  negligent.  This  would 
be  the  correct  rule  if  the  injured  boy  had  the  right  imder  the  law  to 
eug>»ge  iti  the  employment  which  iK.'<*asioned  the  uijury.  The  learned 
trial  judge  look  the  View  that  the  boy,  being  over  11  years  of  age,  was 
pw*ninn*d  iind«'r  \\\v  connnondaw  rule  to  have  snflieient  capacity  to  Im 
M»ri>iible  of  danger  and  to  have  the  power  to  avoid  it,  and  that  sueh 
pi  ..n  had  not  Ikh'u  ovenome  by  the  evi<leuce  produce<l  at  the 

ti  !■  exact  question  raided  by  this  appeal  is  whether  thi^^  com- 

niouduw  rule  wa.s  modilifd  or  changed  hy  tlie  litatutory  regnluiion. 
Tlie  injured  btty  was  umler  1.%  3'car.s  of  a*re,  and,  if  the  appellee  com- 
pany emfdoved  him  for  the  purpose  of  oding  machinery,  it  did  so  in 
violation  of  the  statute.  Is  it,  therefore,  in  position  to  set  up  in  Uiis 
ea.se  the  rule  which  presunitv-i  a  lH»y  over  14  to  be  capulde  of  appre- 
ti;  !  '  <'  apply  the  i    '       '     lutributorv  negligence  to 

hi  -lutiire  in  e\i  -wv^  provicfed  that  an  em- 

ployer bhuii  liui  engage  a  person  undtu-  the  age  of  15  yeara  to  perform 


240 


BULLETIN    OF  TUE    BUKEAC    OF    L.VBOR. 


this  ilrtii^rous  worlc^  Aflnr  full  consiilirntion  wc  nrp  unanimously 
of  tilt"  ojiinion  thai  the  logisluturp,  iiiukM'  its  police  power,  could  fix 
an  a(2:e  liniil  Mow  which  l)<)ys  ^^lioiihl  not  bo  employed,  anrl,  when 
the  ago  limit  wns  so  fixed,  an  employer  who  violates  tlio  act  by  en- 
gii|Lring  a  boy  nndor  the  statnlory  age  <1ih»s  m>  at  liis  own  risk,  and  if 
U)e  boy  is  injnivd  while  engaged  in  the  pcrfonnanco  of  the  prohibito-l 
duties  for  whieli  lie  was  emploved.  bis  emplover  will  Imi  liable  in 
dnnuige&  for  injuries  thus  suKtauied.  This  rnle  is  founded  on  tlie 
principle  that  when  the  legislature  definitely  estal>lished  an  age  limit 
under  wliicli  eliildren  should  not  be  employed,  as  it  had  the  power  to 
do,  the  intention  was  to  declare  that  a  child  so  employed  did  not  have 
the  nnitm*e  judgment,  exiwrienee,  and  discretion  nwessarv  to  engage 
in  that  dangerous  kind  or  work.  A  boy  emplove<l  in  violation  of  tuti 
statute  is  not  chnrgeable  with  contributory  negligence  or  with  having 
assumed  the  risks  of  employment  in  such  uccupntiou. 


prem^^M 


In.m  NcruiN — Mode  or  MonincATioN — Vu>lation — Conte: 
Ai'i'KAL — Viltrr  Matntfavturinij  CotnjHtuy  i\  llumphrcy^  Supn 
Court  of  Wi/iromiiHy  JIB  North  western  Reporter^  pf^</^  1096. — The 
manufacturing  company  named  had  secured  an  injunction  agsiinst  an 
in)n  moNh'rs'  union  and  certaiii  in<livi<luals  to  ])revi'nt  interference 
with  the  business  of  the  company.  It  was  charged  tliat  the  union  and 
other  defendants  had  conspired  to  compel  the  company  to  grant  de- 
mands as  to  piecework,  tlu*  employment  of  ntuninion  men  and  appren- 
tices, weekly  payment  of  wages,  etc.  A  strike  had  been  instituted, 
and  it  WHS  stated  that  picketing,  persmision.  threats,  and  other  mejins 
were  u*-ed  to  con»pel  the  »!ompany  to  assent.  The  injmurtion  re- 
strained the  defendants,  among  other  things,  "  from  interfering  in 
any  way  with  the  |)laintiff'.-%  business  or  property,  from  comi>ellij 
or  attempting  to  compel,  by  tlueats  or  intimidation,  fraud,  persuasion,^ 
or  violence,  any  of  the  plaintiffs  employees  fron)  leaving  its  employ, 
or  any  other  person  from  entering  its  emj)loy.  from  eongivgatii 
aUiUt  the  plaintiiFs  shop  or  picketing  or  gmirding  the  streets  for  sucW 
purpose,  from  assaulting  employees,  or  going  to  their  homes  to  intimi- 
date or  coerce  them,  from  jRM'snnding  or  inducing  any  jM»rson  to  join 
said  conspiracy,  and  from  doing  any  act  tc^nding  or  intended  to  com- 
pel the  plaintiff  against  its  will  or  the  will  of  its  ofHcers  to  operate  ita 
factory  or  employ  or  discharge  any  workmen  in  atiy  mnnm-r  or  Ufwl 
any  terms  j>rescriU'd  by  any  association  or  union,  or  to  refrain  agaii 
its  will  or  tlie  will  of  its  officers  froui  ii]>eruting  its  said  factory  in 

ly  lawful  nuiiiner." 

The  ilefendant,  Humphrey,  knew  of  the  injunction,  but  engaged  in 

such  conduct  as  led  to  a  charge  of  violation,  ami  aflldavits  were  mado 

on  which  was  based  an  order  to  ^how  eaus4^  ^'hy  he  shouM  not  Ik> 

puw'-hrt}  For  cf//iten)pt.     llie-e  atTida\  its  M't  forth  acts  of  abuse  and 

rJ&Jei2ct\  ph'kviing and  iotimidatiou  in  luriUcnviwyi  ol  W  ttWigje^wo^- 


DECtfilONS  OF   COrRTS  AFFECTING   LABOR. 


241 


sipiracy.  ami  in  violation  of  iho  injunction.  On  he;ii-in^.  however,  tlie 
cimiiit  court  of  Mihvunkec  Connly  denied  lh<»  motion  to  punish, 
bidding  that,  on  the  evidence,  no  act  of  violation  liad  been  conmiitted. 
Fn>rn  this  the  cnnipuny  MpixMiled,  and  the  i»nler  was  i*evi'i>ed  and  the 
defendant  was  fined  nod  as^ie^sed  the  costs  of  the  protvedings. 

The  i^unds  uf  this  iwei*sal  and  ii  discussion  of  certain  collateral 

[Mosiions  are  set  forth  in  the  appended  opinion  of  Judge  Winslow, 

'ho  spokr  for  tlio  Mipronic  courl : 

Tt  is  very  plain,  by  the  terms  of  the  order  to  show  cau!^,  that  this 
n  proftH^linj;  st.vkinp  lo  puni^h  a  party  to  an  action,  nn<ier  subdi- 
ision  ;i,  sec.  .^^477,  St.  ISOK.  for  ili-owdienco  of  a  Irtwfid  onler  of  the 
roiiit.  Such  II  pHHTi'ding'  is  brought  for  the  prinmrv  purpoH*  of  pro- 
tcvting  the  ri^'his  of  the  o|j|>o>ite  pnity.  and  is  a  civil  prtx^ecfing. 
Where  it  is  desired  to  punish  an  act  as  a  <'riininal  conicuipt,  the  pro- 
ceeding should  Ix!  brought  in  the  name  of  the  State,  under  section 
2a05  ct  sccj,,  St.  18i>y.  This  was  dearly  |K)inte<l  out  in  Emerson  r. 
IIuss.  127  U is,  215.  lOG  X.  AA\  ."JlS.  The  latter  prix^eeding  is  pri- 
nmrily  for  the  punxisc  of  vindicating  the  dignity  of  the  court  and 
pnfori'ing  respect  for  its  authority.  There  are  doubtless  some  acts 
which  are  civil  as  well  as  criminal  contempts.  The  willful  disobe- 
dience of  an  order  of  the  court  by  a  party  to  the  action  wotdd  seem 
lo  be  such  an  act  if  the  rijrhts  or  remedies  of  the  opposing  party  arc 
injured  or  prejudi<*cd  thei-cby.  (See  subdivision  3,  section  25C5,  and 
sulxlivision  3,  section  ^177,  St.  1808.)  In  such  case  the  form  in  which 
the  prociH'diny  is  brought  will  necessurily  determine  its  character. 
If  the  procectfing  is  brought  and  pros^'cutcd  in  the  name  of  the  State, 
it  should  Ih?  hfid  to  be  a  criminal  pr()ce<»ding,  inulcr  section  2565, 
ipra.  If.  however,  as  in  the  nresent  case,  it  l>e  cutitlc<l  in  the  civil 
iction  in  which  the  alleged  violated  onler  was  nmde  and  charges  in- 
jury to  the  rights  or  reme«lii's  of  the  npposiiig  party  by  reason  of  the 
violation,  it  is  plainly  a  civil  proceeding,  luider  section  3477,  supra, 
brought  primarily  in  the  interes-t,  of  the  aggrieved  party.  The  pro- 
ilir^g  l>efore  us  was  therefore  a  civil  proceeding,  and  hence  an  ap- 
►al  lies  from  the  finul  oi'dcr. 

The  apjK'al,  liowever,  brings  lx»forc  us  vu\y  the  quolion  of  fact, 
namely,  whether  it  wa?^  proven  that  the  respondent  violated  the  in- 
jur»ctional  order.  We  aiv  not  concerned  with  the  nuich-vlelmted  ques- 
tion whether  there  may  lawfully  1k>  piNiceful  picketing  to  carry  out 
the  purposes  of  a  strike.  The  injmictional  order  in  (jucstiou  was  very 
broad  and  sweeping  in  its  teruis,  an^l  not  only  prohibited  all  picket^ 
ing  which  should  intimidate  or  ob?^truct  plaintitfV  employees,  but 
il-o  proliihited  the  doing  of  an\'  act  teiuling  i»r  intended  to  compel 
the  plaintilT  to  operate  its  factory  or  emjihiy  or  dis<'i»argi»  workmen 
in  the  manner  or  upon  the  terms  demanded  by  the  union.  The  order 
in  ipiestion  may  have  been  too  bi-oad,  hut  it  was  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  ci^mmissionrr.  and,  if  ernnieou!'.  the  remedy  was  by  motion 
to  modify  it*  terms,  not  by  disregartling  them.  The  orders  of  a  court 
ing  jurisdiction  must  be  oli«»yed.  If  they  can  with  impunity  be 
ar<le<l,  they  Vliould  never  l>o  made.  A  t*ourt  which  makes  such 
<*an  give  no  go*Ml  n'ason  for  its  existence.  It  shoiild  be  abol- 
It  is  not  a  ixfurt  in  any  true  sense  of  iho  levTO, 


BULLETIX  OF  THE  BUREAi:  OP  LABOR. 

Tho  qiicsliiin  wlu'ther  tht;  ro.spondent  di'^uWyoLl  tlii**  swcqjuiiuf  m- 
juiictiouu!  oriltu'  is  not  opou  to  doubt  imkIit  the  ros{>oiul*»iirs  own 
cvidtMKM'.  It  in  true  tJiat  he  ilenifs  that  lu*  at  any  tinio  ii»torfercd 
with  plnintifT*s  omployrcj;,  or  ciillctl  iIhmii  naint*^,  or  cndouvintMi  to 
dissiiatle  llioin  frt»ni  workinfr  for  the  jilainlilf  or  (o  c(n»roo  tlu'in; 
bill  lit'  admits  t!iut  he  rontinnonsly  piclirlcd  \\u-  plniiilitrs  promi^r-S 
witli  <»tli<'r  striU't-Ts  frotu  llic  litti*'  of  th»»  makinjof  of  the  injunttitmal 
ordor  until  the  L-oninicnctMiicnt  of  tlie  contempt  pro(xt»diugs,  and  that 
this  was  dono  in  piirsiiaiu*'  <»f  Iho  strike,  in  furtherance  of  Ha  pur- 
poses, and  under  the  direction  of  Uip  strike  leaders  II<*  further  testi- 
fieil  ns  folhiws:  **A  strike  is  cnrritil  on  liy  nie  nnd  those  assoriated 
with  moi  to  eonip<»l  the  employers  to  take  us  and  those  associated 
with  MS  lutek  t)u  the  tenuis  prop<»s*»d  hy  our  I'ominit^ee,  ami  thai  ia 
what  I  have  hi-en  working  for  njr)»t  alonp,  anil  every  act  T  hav<'  dono 
has  been  for  thai  purp(»se.  I  understand  everv  net  dono  hy  the  other 
members  of  the  uniiai  and  the  strikers  is  aone  for  (hat  purp<»se. 
Q.  And  you  undei-staml,  ch)  you  i»ot,  that,  if  you  and  tliose  assornitwl 
with  you  can  prevent  handy  men  and  your  union  fnun  t^oing  to  work 
in  the  fotuidry.  you  win  the  strike,  don't  you?  A.  Ve_s,  sir;  that  is 
what  ail  of  us  were  trvint?  to  do.  All  of  uj^;  were  enga^nl  in  that,  and 
whatever  any  of  us  did,  as  far  as  I  know,  was  doxw  toward  the  ac- 
eoniplishnient  (»f  that  eud."  Here  is  a  distinct  and  unmistakable  ad- 
mission tliat  the  picketing  whicli  lit*  did  was  intended  to  eouipel  tlio 
pluintitr  to  ueeede  to  the  deuiauils  of  the  onion  ajid  conduct  its  busi- 
JM^H  in  tlic  manner  whi<'h  the  union  jire^rrilx'd.  This  was  pri*oisK»Iy 
what  the.  injunetional  order  nnnrnnndt**!  him  not  to  do  in  practically 
so  many  words.  Whether  the  order  was  not  too  sweenini^  ui  it«  tenus 
"we  do  not  tleeide.  The  qutstion  is  not  U'fore  us.  uhde  it  stoi>d  it 
wns  n»spoiidrnt's  duty  to  obey  it.  Tf  lie  tlnui^jht  it  too  !>road  )ip  shoidd 
have  njoved  to  modify  it. 

The  fael  of  the  respondent's  violation  of  the  injunetional  order 
bein^  nndi.•^pute^lly  Nho\An  bv  his  own  ovidi-neo,  it  is  evident  thftt 
tho  courlV  findin^^  that  he  \\nd  not  violated  the  order  is  errone- 
ous- We  construe  this  finding  to  mean  that  the  court  Iwlievt**!  the 
respondent's  Icstimony  to  the  effect  that  he  had  committed  no  act  of 
Anoleuco  or  al>use,  but  had  siuiply  done  j>eaceful  nickeling.  We  nra 
unable  to  say  that  this  ccuiclu.sion  is  ajfainst  tlie  clear  prepouderaneo 
of  the  evidenre,  and  h(^n<v  we  accept  it  as  a  fact.  Xo  actual  money 
loRs  was  sliown  as  tlie  result  of  tlic  resj>ondent\  acts.  Hfuce  no 
indemjulicati<»n  should  have  l>een  adjudired,  but  siiuply  a  fine  under 
section  ;M90,  Ht.  181*8.  In  view  of  the  coneluyion  of  Ihe  trial  court 
fiR  to  overt  act.s  of  vitdenco  or  abuse,  we  thitdc  the  tine  should  not  bo 
Iarj;c,  but  should  tw  fixed  at  what  may  be  called  practicallv  a  nom- 
inal Htm!»  i.  e.,  $10,  together  with  the  cost.s  and  expenses  of  the  pro- 
ceed! ngu. 

Order  reversed.  nn<l  pnH'eedinjLT  renianded.  with  directi 
an  order  adjud^Lrin^  tlie  defendant  ;a:iiillv  <»f  conteni|)t  aii  . 
n  Hii<>  in  accordance  with  the  Hdatute  aiuf  a*^  in  thi^  opinion  mdJcateiL 


^r.ij 

vj^rme  Court  of  If 


or 


iiaCtSIONt 


''"»r«TS   AFFEC'TIXO    UVEOR. 


243 


Wfore  tlw  ■^uj^i»,-iiu*  cH>iirt  of  tndinita  ou  nppejU  fr»>in  tUp 
■uit  court  uf  Clinton  ('omit v.  in  wliicli  C'linrles  Lon;*  luul  s<*iMiro<l 
jadpneiit  for  wn^rfs,  pc-nallii^s,  nnd  attorney's  fees  agnin^t  the  rail- 
road rompany.  The  action  was  busted  on  sections  7056  ntul  7051. 
B»irn>'  Ail,  Stat.  1001,  wliidi  pruvitU?  thwt  oonipaniivs.  (*nr]Hfr:iLioa.H, 
aiid  nssooiiit  ions  doing  hu«<uie«t!i  iu  (he  Stato  umai  puy  the  \ra^QS  duo 
Uu'ir  *'iupU»yws  *Mi  '  ii»  nmnitiil  *»!•  ni4K*hai]i(<ul  hih(»r  at  loast  once 

n  iiK»nth.  Tht*  v>\  _  ^  -  conii'iiti^ui  tlinf  these  st'ctnin>  nrp  violative 
of  thij  Federal  Cnni^tituliau  w^as  upheld  hy  llie  .supreme  court,  nnd  the 
jnd^uiiMit  nf  (lie  lower  eou»i  revers4Ml.  The  reasons  therefor  appear 
ill  th'^  following  extract  fifun  the  opinion  of  the  court.  Avliich  was 
delixered  hy  »!»dgo  Monks: 

It  will  ho  observed  that  .said  hcclion-s.  bo  far  as  they  jilTeot  em- 
phjyers.  only  apidy  to  **  every  rcnii])!iny,  corjxmition  or  associnlion/' 
and,  so  far  as  tlieir  einfiloveew  are  concerned,  only  apply  to  thos** 
'"engaged  in  manual  or  nierhaniciil  lalior  for  everv  company,  cor- 
poration or  association,"  but  denv  the  right  to  such  or  their  eniployoes 
S!>  are  not  "engaged  In  inannul  or  mechanii-al  labor."  Ilinployees 
of  an  individual,  although  engagt?d  in  manual  or  luediiuiical  labor 
for  such  individTial.  are  excluded  from  the  benefit  of  said  sections 
of  the  statute.  They  give  the  right  to  recover  penalties  and  atlomey^s 
fees  to  a  <'erlain  chis-;  nf  eiiipU»yees  tif  companies,  ctu'jiorations,  and 
ai<sociations.  but  deny  such  right  to  tiie  same  clasfi  or  employees  of 
an  individual  engjiged  in  the  same  businesti  under  the  same  coudi- 
titujs.  They  impo.se  new  burdens  on  **  every  comjjany.  corporation 
«nd  nsdoeiation  doing  business  in  the  State,  while  an  individtial 
«*ngae»'d  in  like  busineRs  under  like  cireunistane<»s  and  conditions  is 
left  witliout  any  such  bur*len.  This  brings  said  sections  within  the 
ride  iieilared  in  TUnlford  Qnan*ies  Co.  /'.  Bough  (108  Tnd.  — ,  SO 
K,  K.  r.2D),  anil  the  ciisi\s  there  cite<L  and  ufHrn  llie  authority  of 
said  cu^  vre  hold  that  ther  are  unconstitutional. 


Stndav  L.vB<^n — Bakuers— VoLVNT.vKy  Skkvice — McCahi  r.  StaU^ 

Cotff'f  of  .l/iprah  of  frr'ftyut^  J«*?  SoHthntntu  }f  Iitf*oi-ft  /\  ff(i*je  o50. — 
Slaughter  Mct^iin  was  con^ictcd  of  violating  the  Sunday'  law  of 
Georgia  and  appealed.  McCain  was  a  barlan",  working  in  a  shop 
during  tin*  VM'ck.  but  on  Smulays  he  *K*eu]Med  a  riK>m  at  a  clubhoust*, 
where  he  ?.ha\od  such  inemlwrs  as  rwinestiHl  his  s^r\ic<vs,  no  coin- 
puLsory  charge  Iwing  made,  though  the  members  paid  twonty-five 
cent^  a  shave.  The  court  lu'ld  that  the  law  (Pen.  Code  l.Sl>5j  sec. 
432),  making  the  pursuit  of  buwiness  or  engagement  iu  one's  ordi- 
nar>-  calling,  "  on  tlie  Lord^s  D«3S  works  of  necessity  or  charity  only 

"iinor.  had  been   violatwl. 

'    law  are  presented    in   the  follr»wing  svllabus. 

nrhidi  was  prepannl  by  the  court  : 

I.   \  barbi-r  who  pursues  the  work  of  liis  ordirtary  calling  >»it  the 
iird\s  Dav  bv  -shaviriif  the  members  of  a  chd»  at  a  vouwv  *v\v  N\\^  ^\\^j 


BLIXEIIN    OF   THE    DUKEAU    UF    LABOR. 


I 

I 


honso.  iiiul  rot-eives  coinpensntiott  therefor,  violales  IVu.  Code  1895, 
Bw,  4:1-2. 

'I,  Tlie  iTiiiiiiml  t'lmrni'ler  of  .such  act  is  luit  uITwUhI  Ia*  the  fact 
tlial  the  eoinpensatinn  f(»r  saitl  work  is  not  conipulsory,  Init  vol- 
iinlarv:  nor  by  the  fact  thnt  the  work  is  confined  to  members  of  the 
ehib.  ' 

3.  The  4'oiir(s  will  jiidioiaUy  rero^ni/.o  that  ^having  bv  a  bnrlwr 
ifl  not  n  work  of  ne^'essitv  jH'rniiUctl  by  the  :iiutut«  lo  be  ilunc  on  tiio 
Sal»bnlli  Day. 

4.  The  venlirt  having  been  (leninndod  hy  Ihe  undispnteil  i«vi<lcnre, 
tho  erixji's  of  law  oomplainefl  of  were  ininmlerinl  antl  harmless. 

DECISIONS  UNDER  COMMON  LAW. 

Bdvcxjtt — CoNSPiKArr — Injinction — Shine  et  al.  r.  Four  Iirother% 
ManufaHurlng  Company^  Uniird  States  CirrnU  Court  of  AppeaU^ 
Kfijhth  Ctrvnits  loC  Federal  Rtporter,  pft*/e  1'T, — This  I'ase  waf  1h»- 
fore  I  he  circuit  court  of  apjM^uls  on  n|)iH'al  from  the  circuit  court  for 
the  eastern  district  of  Missouri,  in  which  an  injunction  had  hctdti 
^ranlcd  rcstraininji;  one  Shine  and  others.  iiH'mlM*rs  of  a  hiUir  or*raui- 
zation.  from  iiit<*rferin^  with  tlie  business  t»f  the  company.  Tlie  rep- 
rpKontBllvos  of  tlie  union  appealed,  with  the  result  that  tlie  order 
(if  the  cireiiit  court  was  aflirnied. 

The  fucth  appear  in  the  opinion,  which  was  delivere*!  by  .Itulgo 
Hook,  and  which  in  in  the  main  as  follow?: 

The  ftetioii  of  tin*  trial  court  was  in  view  fif  the  following  fart;*: 
The  complainant,  the  nnnnifaoturing  company,  is  engaged  in  the 
n)iuiul*a('ture  uf  sash,  d(K)i*s,  l)linds,  and  (»t)icr  arti<'les  um*<1  in  the 
construction  of  buildings.  Its  factorv  is  located  in  St.  I^ouis,  Mo,, 
and  is  what  is  known  as  an  *' open  shop;"  timt  is  lo  say,  the  com- 
plainant did  not  <liseriminate  between  union  and  noiumion  labor, 
nut  left  that  matter  to  the  voluntary  choice  i>f  its  employees.  So 
far  as  cMnnidainant  wai-  eoncerncrl.  workmen  <»f  Uuh  cIh'^m's  <*ould 
obtain  empl(»yiu(*iit  tlirre.  In  fuet,  Iuiwi-mm*.  its  employees,  nuiiibering 
from  .>0  to  7."),  were  nonunion.  'J'he  rules  of  the  union  Iab«)r  organi- 
zations did  not  permit  tlu-ir  n»embers  to  work  in  an  o]>en  shop  except 
in  .special  cases  aiul  for  spe<'ific  purposes.  Thei'c  were  2^J  opcti-shon 
factories  in  St.  I>ouis  like  complainantV,  and  their  product,  whicti 
was  commonly  called  "trim/*  was  al>ont  SO  jx*r  cent  of  (he  total 
nmount  ummI  annmilly  in  ihc  building  operations  in  that  rhy.  The 
employes  in  thes**  factori4\H,  aUmt  l.(M"H»  in  nutulMT,  were  nonunion, 
excepting  jK'rlmp?^  <'J  or  4.  I^v  far  the  greater  ]jro|)orlion,  probably 
nnward  oi  IK)  i>ei'  cent,  of  the  earpenlcrs  engaged  in  the  erection 
of  buihlings  in  St.  Louis  behinged  to  the  union  labor  organizations, 
Iti  this  ^talc  of  atfairs,  a  repr<'s<'ntutive  of  the  national  organization 
known  as  (h«  *••  United  Hrotherhrtod  of  Car|icntors  ami  Joiners  of 
America  *'  can»e  from  New  York  to  St.  Ijouis  for  the  jiurpostf  of 
organi/.ing  the  opeji-sho[>  factories  tn  St.  Louis  into  cIosimI  or  union 
B-hopvi.     lb*  to(»k  rhargt^  of  and  <lircctod  the  i^onrse  of    '  "  mt^ 

J/€*  ifc^fonipl'i.^ii  tliiti  end.     Allliougli  action  was  taken  ..  of 

flto  otfwr  opcB'shop  factories,  it  is  quite  cVcai  tto\u  vW  tNi<^\«& 


DB0KMIS8  or 


dM 


fliat  ritiupliiittu 

to  \v  U»  it-;  .1-1 


.4lMl«d 


m  to  join 


«^ 


rnticuvonnj   lo  tiiskr  it 

Im&ifiesfi  iinle^^  it  wuul*! 

union  ii4:ti\t!  ni>d  rr«)iiln^  :(-  (M|ilui|veB  lo 

c€rvioe.     Tlio  df  foTuIdxit:^  did  aol  «Bcic  tke 

•ii«  nonnnion  *<nipl(kyrie<u    fltcir  <#<its 

prii'  ^  :   did  the 

nJ  vn  cxMnplaiiiflDC  and  its 

isfaoiury.     Tiiere  was  no  **nlw,  aad  no 

honrs«  or  i>thrr  <T>ndii k»i5s  of  ^^rvKir,    TVe 

cHHikpli^li  their  parnnev  in  thi5  war:  Upoa  the  smrml  od' 

i»cn  a  coinmuier  knovn  «?  the  "  trim 

by  the  central  gorcnaog  bodj  of  the 

organizer  was  <-x-<>fick>  a  mtalwr  of  this  d^nuttec    To 

iximniitt4*d    the   artire  dntr  of  tm^^nitiag  tfe  ape 

caused  to  l»e  printed  dirvlan  ^^c^ng  Hflls  <rf  tkt 

were  nin  as  clo^evi  sliopa.  and  diurvrftd  ^btm  to 

nnd  anJiiterts  of  Sl  Lottts,  vbo  voold  fcor»  lo  do  vitk  ifae 

tion  of  plans  and  spedficatioiis  aad  the  cn/ii^Tot^tm  of 

Tbey  also  ^ve  them  lo  own#^Ts  of  promri  mr  ahool  to  improPO 

the  same.     They  watcfird  ibo  recoro*  x,i  r  Tjetraita  to  leani 

as  ^'ftrly  as  possible  of  projectrd  litiiMing  ■  -*-Sw     The  list  of 

rlosiMl  shops  in:'  '     '  ~V  it  all  thoBt  not  Bained  m  me  list  wtre,  to  uaa 

the  expression  •  ,  "^  onfair.^    The  circulare  conCataed  a  vaztt- 

ing  that  iniioii    a. ,  ^  ould  not  be  pmnitted  to  work  upon  aav 

liuildiu^  materials  i  _  ixdtict  of  a  ooHed  shop.    They  k^ii  tiocx 

of  the  output  of  cotuplaioant's  factory  and  nbere  it  mas  deliTered 

for  u^  in  buildino:.     i^HMne  contractors  who  had  been  ct]5toDieT¥  of 

complainant  for  many  yvar^  were  required  to  9gn  a  oontract  whidi 

put  an  end  to  thL<>  pn'r- !i—      Buildins^  oppratioits  in  which  the 

product  was  uned  wer*^  -  1  by  strikes  of  union  workmen  vhidi 

n<i  ■  .'  '  .  <a:its.     In  ^vtae  instances  the  union  car- 

rN :  1^  work,  but  they  wete  required  to  do  ao 

ly   liuiaU  I'f  hands  of  the  organizations,  wliidi 

m«'ftut  Ht  ('- :iTii  -on.    In  ont*  iitftance.  union  workmen, 

upon  :i  -j  in  which  oiniplniiiant'ti  prodnct  was  used,  were  fined 


by  tht-i,  ..^- 
of  individtinl 
though  not  a 


-  for  refuiin^  to  cease  work  at  the  direction 

its,  and   I  hi:  contraclcM'  who  t^mptoyed  thenif 

f  any  nuion,  was  nisi*  fineil  and  required  to 


pay  a  sum  of  iin»iiov  as  a  condition  to  his  beinjCT  allowed  to  continue 

'  '-"r.     In  most  iastanors  where  obliga- 
:«rs  r*^innn«r  thctn  to  use  the  product 
>.  iIk'V    I'M  i  to  continue  with  union 

"II  tl»at  A  ■  ^»  executed,  wherein  the 

I    in  the  future  he  would  not  u>e  such  material, 
..^  ...i/„t;.,Ti.   lUi^  l^nd  what  Is  known  as  a  **we  don't 
,      I  to  a  brewing  ^sj^x-iatton  which 

nuiii'iK      mm      U'  ne  u'ied  in  the  oon^lniclion  of  one 
WMwn  llir  bn  Min^  *'*iinpany  Ininuii  ihat  ius  ni-oduct 
va>  UMi£  Oojxx/ttedf  h  caJiceJed  ita  coutraet  for  the  \tsft  ol  Uvft  wwiv- 


24U 


BULLICTtN    or  TUB  BUBCXU    0» 


union  product,  and  tho  or^niser  >pnt  forth  n  ^totement  thnt  thtij 
cotuMM'ti  uas  ito  longer  uiifuir  to  union  tiilxtr.  It  (1im'>k  not  ii{)[)«*}ir^ 
howovrr,  that  tliis  inolhoil  was  pinpl'  iiist  the  > 

AVi'  un*  of  tho  i>|)inifm  ihiit  thr  rot  .       it  and  fi  m  uf 

tlio  ilffeiidantH  an*!  tJu»  ihjinu't<M*  of  tbt-  activt*  ijp  L 

the  (Xiiiiphiiiihiit.  its  )vrodvt(-t  uiid  its  custoiiMTS,  ii  _  d, 

si^iin^  of  oontraotH  bj  such  cuMomor^  putting  an  und  to  futai 
busiui'K^  relntioDs  with  tin*  coiupUinauU  nnd  tho  noting  and  wamiu^ 
to  tlu»si»  whf»  tni;;ht  hiHiMiic  ru.-<(iii»ii'rs  in  tin*  futupp,  uiaJ<e  tlw?  caa 
indistinguishable  frtiiu  that  of  Hopkins  v,  Oxlev  Stuve  Co.,  6«5  F 
IHL',  *JK  C.  V.  A.  im. 

The  oixier  i^f  the  rireuit  trourt  \t^  iiifirnunL 


HoYC^lTT  —  C'oXHIMHACr  — ^"  UKFAttt    LWTii  " —  INJUNCTION  —  /ttH^k 

Sfovt  and  finnfjv  C<*ftipanij  t\  Atn*ru'tt/t  Ffilrrafion  of  Lahnr^  rf  ahy 
Stiprt'Tf4t'  Ci/ntt  of  tht'  Pisffitt  of  CoiunMa^  Jo  ]\'a^hhif/tt>n  Law  He- 
porttr,  pa</r  707. — The  Ruck  Stove  &  Uaii^^  Conipuay,  a  corpt>mtiou 
or^niy.pd  under  the  laws  of  Missouri  and  havinp  iu  prinripal  phice 
of  business  tit  St.  Loui£«  made  a  coaiplaiut  a;;ainst  tho  AnicrioHJi 
Foderiition  of  I^il>or,  its  t»fflcers,  and  the  rtunainin)>:  meml>ers  of  its 
founciU  and  ii^ainst  Kk*i*tc<'*ypi*  Mohlers'  and  Fiiiisheris*  UniiKi  Xo, 
17,  havinir  heudquiirtiM>  in  Wu^shiii^^on.  and  <-ortaiu  individual  com- 
prising  its  oflirers  and  executive  honnl.  The  lull  of  complaint  states 
thnt  the  ('i>uipanv'  luis  been  t?npige<l  in  the  uiannfurture  of  sto>-«s  and 
rani^'s  binoe  1S4*».  doin;;  an  annual  husink^-^  of  about  one  and  n  qiiar- 
Ivr  ujillion  dotlai'N  extenciinju;  to  neurly  nil  States  and  Territories  ol 
the  rnion:  Uiat  it  eniph\Y>4  i>n  nti  av«ra|^>  st^ven  hundixHl  and  fifty 
workmen,  of  wluun  ten  \wv  eeiit  are  iu  the  uiekel  ilifpai-tmeot,  tJie 
labor  of  whom  is  eKsential  to  tbr  conduct  of  tlw  hnsitK*^';;  thiit  it 
ninintain^  an  ''  npeu  shop,''  union  men  \u  iho  nu!ni>or  of  ?(i>vernl  Inm- 
dre<i  K^in^  satisfactorily  employed:  that  the  eoutpany  is  a  meinbor 
of  the  Stove  Founders*  Natiomil  IWenrse  AH»fx*iatioiiT  und  as  sach 
in  porty  to  an  a|rrivn»ent  with  ilie  Iron  MohJeiV  I'nion  <  i 

'America,  whitth  in  turn  has  iin  utriveiiient  with  the  Metal  1'^.-  ■■  .  , 
Mc,  Tnternationul  Union  of  Xortli  Aniericn,  jimviiling  for  the  ad- 
justnieiit  of  p'ii'vances.  and  tlmt  for  many  y<*ars  tlu?  ivuipaiiy  Iw8 
faithfully  kept  and  oI^M^rveil  its  ajfiventont. 

The  bill  then  iveiteK  that  the  American  Kederutiuu  of  Labor  bfta  a 
nu^nibcrsbip  of  moiv  than  two  million  ]>erHt.ins,  coin 
di-eil  and  twenty  nnttoual  or  international  and  x\s< 
Hand  local  unions,  bctjides  Statu  fedenitituis,  ciiy  rei 
al]  of  >vhi(*li  hn\c  4)triciaU  who  act  ^1  with  uiul  iti  <>'  t* 

to  the  diivxrtionH  of  the  American  1  •. i.au  of  LnN>»*   *^*-  'i 

offirers  and  w*:%»nls,  and  who  an*  renehtnl  by  Ihi*  riivii 
^fiaas  of  tin*  FtiWnu'um,  notably  tlio  tuonXVAy  \m^nv^\  k\v>*xi  «»  vWr 


ajtti 


lOXft  ftF  cornTs 


m; 


Fe<Ierntionidt.    Tli»  cufltom  of  tbe  F«d«r»tioQ  to 
1    .     .  ..huaI  coiiYi*iuiiNi  a  ootmBtttee  oo  boycotts  is  s&k  foteih^ 
Ih^  j^tement  that  in  t«e]^iB  jmcs.  foar  hundred  and  e4|^t  boT< 
vo  bMtt  iipprovcJ  of  and  dadand.    Qaotatiptts  fevin  tbc 
dttHons  <>if  the  bojcoct  nimnwit^Mw,  adof»tad  br  the  conventioi 
of  1905  and  190fV.  mzr  made  a  part  of  tb»  biU.     In  Che  eartirr  x^r 
M'.is  said ; 

..  ^..w.^,jj5,,  t),^  fm^  llinl.  ji  b^reott  nM«ns  trtr    ^^^-^  '^  «u< 
'  ft  var  w«  mmt  adc^  tbc  tactir«  tb.  has 

-->f\d  in  war.    Tw*  j^rmtr^  nun^f-r  oi    tiir  said 
ie  of  a  bajbari&n.  and  that  th^  uwiigt  of  mxtxes 
;iii  yonr  iortxA  ommi  ma  point  of  tbe  anagy,  the 
.^     Tn  rictr  of  these  facts,  the  ooaumttee  VBeom- 
TK  nnd  central  bodii»  lay  aside  minor 
ir  efforts  and  Mieft^icB  «poo  the  lenat 
jnrinctkR.    One  wauU 
<i.^^^  .;  ;fa»oonnHnd  of  the  State 
concentrated  nnoo  one  socbf  and 
I  -iii',>--;-!-i).  liv  nf\t  on  the  Int  wotud  be  sore  caai^ 

1  I  riktc  and  within  a  rMNSidila  tine  aona  oppeitjd  to  fur 

*  •^ors  b«t  wo^  bn  bvovshi  to  sot  ccror  of  their 
ways  .  ho  intvkaUa,    CMar  9ie  pnnot  ffratun,  oitr 

efforts  are  largeAy  waited  aod  our  ananmilioo  scatlecod.  *Let  vs  re- 
dncn  the  boyeotts  to  the  lowe^  pngnhl^  munber  and  coocentnta  oar 
eftorta  npoa  these,  and  we  feel  certain  better  rednlts  will  be  obtained* 


"IV .i  

thill  **  vrnr  Wi.- 
WtIS  t' 

■ff  eakt 

memis  th»t  tt, 
grievances  ai)-! 
ntinilN^r  of  nnfai 


IP 


Thr.t  some  tntasure  must  be  adopted  to  find  out  if  the 

national^  naL  and  local  unions  who  ire  reitpoiLsibU*  fur  the 

l>fv,,.if<  /  iJ..-'r  .Tury  to  bring  aliout   the   dp*irt*d   rcsulls. 

1  '   the  organizatioos  that  have  firms  on 

l^  *  'he  Amorioan  Federation  of  I-a'^or, 

I"  o^ViTv  tlirt**  iiKuiibs  to  th*  K\-.- 

V.'  '  T    •       ^vhat  elT 

D'  to  rcp<.;                \' 

n  "j_vctjlt>  i!j-  arv  iit»t  rv- 

'riw  methods  of  deciding  to  boycott  are  detailed,  both  fvr  thb 
HI  '  PolLsliers.  etc..  T  '  L"nion.  which  ha5  i 

m .p.: lU'nniws  its  owii        -  ^l  "  wliioh  is  pttbli^l 

therein.    A  strike  by  the  luembcrs  of  thi&  unicm  in  viuhition  of  their 
ftpveineui 
worldiig  i. 

Qieuib  ran  Uiu  hours,  and  though  the  poli^en^  buffers^  and  pla 
il  V   -r  Thc^  history  of  the  di^pAite  iti  set  fi>;^' 

^  ■'•  action  of  both  unions  named  in  p 

rompany  on  liie  "  unfair"  or  '*  we  don't  patniniw  "  li-^t.  an*i  in  d 
(j^i...!;.  ..  „r..i  ....-liiijf  cirviihtrs  contair-'"  ■'  ''••  »*.■-  i-  **  Do  not  pi 
r'  *    Ttjo  ntHhodfs  of  !l  asci^uent  1 

€p:  hmuHHii  of  cuutructa  at' 


248 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU    OF    l-ABOB. 


Affiilavit?  were  filed  by  ihe  dofeniliints,  difinln*?  the  terhnical  iiso 
of  (lie  word  ''unfair;^  setting  foi-th  conditions  in  the  iron  niohling 
and  metal  polinhing  trades,  and  alle|^ing  the  diwehar^  of  erriphiyces 
ou  the  ground  of  (heir  membership  in  tlie  Ial>or  orpani/ationj*. 

The  ciiso  WHS  heard  Ix-fore  Jud^e  (jouhl,  who  prunted  (he  injunc- 
tion, Retting  forth  his  reoHons  ns  shown  in  the  following  quotations 
from  his  opinion : 

Thrre  ain)ear  two  general  questions  uj^on  this  record;  First,  luiri 
the  phiiiitin  shown  the  exihten<*e  of  an  unlawful  couihination  and  con- 
spiracy to  de-stroy  his  business;  and,  x^cond,  d(M\s  the  testimony  so 
connect  the  defendants,  or  any  of  tliem,  with  such  combination  and 
tonspirocy  as  to  make  them  amenable  to  the  injunctive  power  of  \h\n 
court. 

I'pon  the  Hrst  proposition  there  is  little  room  fur  argument  or  dis- 
cussion. One  of  the  counsel  f*>r  defendant  stated  in  argument:  "  Tho 
American  I'Vdrraliou  (»f  Labor  has  refuse*i  intcrcoui*se  with  tlie 
phiinlill',  business  intercourse,  such  as  comes  from  tiie  purchase  of 
htoves.  It  has  persuaded  its  friends  Ut  refuse  that  inter('oursi\  It 
sayt:  '  Have  nothing  to  do  witli  this  nuui  or  anything  he  niakeB  us 
long  as  this  condition  of  atfairs  exists/"  (Hecord,  p,  2*35.)  There 
is  no  attempt  to  deny  that  plaintiff's  customers,  even  tliose  under  con- 
tnK't,  have  refused  to  continue  business  dealings  willi  it  under  thn*ut 
of  being  lx)ycottod  by  the  local  organizations  afliliated  with  the  Fod- 
eration.  It  thies  not  beconn^  neci'ssjirv  in  tins  case  to  discuss  whcllier 
placing  plaintitr's  name  on  the  ''  I'nfair  ''  list,  or  on  the  ''  We  Don't 
I*atronizo''  list  in  tho  Federationist,  amounts  to  what  is  technically 
called  u  l>oycott,  for  the  reason  tliat  the  afiiilavils  as  to  what  ims  U-en 
actually  done  with  reference  to  plaintiff's  customers  leaves  no  doubt 
as  to  what  luis  lu'cn  in  fact  accon»plished.  A  boycott  is  defined  in 
volume  8  of  the  Cyclopedia  of  Pleading  an»l  IVactiee.  p.  OHil.  as  fol- " 
lows;  *^  Til  is  terui  generally  means  the  confederation,  generally  se- 
cret, by  many  persons  whose  intent  is  to  injure  another  by  prevent- 
ing all  jnT-^ons  from  <h)ing  business  with  liim  through  fear  of  incur- 
ring the  dis)>Ieasure.  persecution,  and  vengeance  of  the  cfJiispirators." 
A  better  deliuition.  to  my  mind,  is  that  given  bv  Tafl,  circuit  judge, 
in  Toledo,  etc.,  Ry.  c.  IVnn.  Co.,  54  Fed.  7:K), 'l5»  L.  U.  A.  357:  "A 
boycott  is  a  combination  of  nuinv  to  catise  a  loss  to  one  person  by 
coercing  others,  against  their  will,  to  withdraw  from  him  their  lx*ne- 
ticial  business  intercourse,  through  threats  that,  unh-ss  tlmse  others 
<lo  so,  the  UMiny  will  cause  seriotis  loss  to  tiu^m."  Thi^  ileliniti«tn  waa 
given  in  March.  1S!»8,  and  it  was  of  such  combunitioiis  ihut  the  siimo 
judge  said,  in  July,  lHi»4.  in  deciding  the  case  of  Thomas  e.  Cincin- 
nati, etc.,  Ky.  Co.*,  iV2  Fe<l.,  at  p.  819:  '*  Hoywitts,  tlumgh  unaccorn- 
tmnied  by  vuilence  or  intin)idatu)n,  have  l>een  pronounced  unlawfid 
in  evciT  State  of  the  Ujuted  States  where  the  qucKtioii  has  arisen, 
unless  in  Minnesota:  and  thev  are  held  to  lx(  unlawful  in  Kiigland." 
Since  this  statement  was  nuuie.  boycotts  have  lK>en  hold  unlawful  in 
Mifincsotu.    Ei'tz  c.  Pn>duce  Kxclniiige,  7i)  Minn.  l-K). 

It  in  not   surprising  that  there  is  so  little  difference  of  opinion 

among   the  ciMLrt:^   \ipon    the    question     involvetl.    The    c  i 

ivarJie/J  In  lia^ed  tipim  an  a])precitttLon  of  the  fundamental  :,_.:       't 


DEClSiO^*S  OF   COURTS   AFFECTIKil    IJVBOK, 


249 


Sir  W.  Erie  says;  "  Every  |>or.sou  has  a  ri«;]il  nink'i*  tl»e  luw  as  be- 
twiHMi  huiir^lf  and  his  fellow-subjects  to  full  frt»ethiin  in  disi>osing  of 
hii)  own  hilwr  or  his  owu  cnpitai  nrff»nlin'^  (o  his  will.  It  follows 
that  ovrry  other  ix^rson  is  subject  to  the  correlative  duty  arising 
therefrom  and  is  ])r<»liibito<I  from  any  destruction  of  the  fullest  exer- 
cise of  tlie  ri^ht  which  can  Ik?  nimle  compatible  with  the  exercise  of 
similar  rights  by  others.''  Defendiints  have  the  right,  either  indi- 
vidually or  collcctivelv.  to  sell  their  labiir  lo  wh(mi  they  jdcase,  on 
such  terms  as  they  pfease,  and  to  decline  to  buy  plaintiff's  stoves; 
they  have  als<»  the  right  to  decline  to  traflic  with  dealei*s  who  han- 
dle plaintitF's  stoves.  Ikit  Suilor  Bros.,  for  in^.tance,  have  an 
equal  right  to  buy  plaintitrs  stoves  and  plaintiff  has  an  equal  right 
to  sell  said  sl*»ves  to  Sailor  Bros.,  and  when  defendants  and  those 
associated  with  them  ^v»mliine  to  interfere  with  or  obstruct,  without 
justifiable  cause,  the  freedom  of  buying  and  selling  which  should 
exist  between  i>iaintiff  and  .Sailor  Ihos.  tuey  infringe  upon  the  rights 
of  both  and  <io  an  nulawfid  act.  The  same  principle  which  is  the 
basis  of  their  trade  friH?dom  is  also  the  basis  or  the  freetlom  of  plain- 
tiff and  Sailor  Bnis.  to  deal  with  each  other  untrauuuelled  by  the 
interference  of  «lefen<lant.s.  Such  interference  is  an  unlawful  inva- 
ijon  upon  the  rights  of  plaintiff.  Just  wluit  constitiites  "  justiliable 
rausc  '  for  interference,  as  renuirked  by  Chief  Justice  FiehK  in 
Vegidahn  c.  (iuntner,  ItiT  Mass.  92.  remains  in  stune  resi>ects  unde- 
termined. Defendants  claim  the  motive  of  wishing  to  f>etter  their 
condition  affords  such  legal  justification;  but  this  motive  is  too 
remote*,  as  compared  with  tlieir  immediate  motive,  which  is  to  show 
what  punishment  and  dis;l^ter  necessarily  follows  a  dtfiancu  of  their 
denuutds.  As  (pioti»d  with  approval  by  the  SupiTMne  Court  of  Penn- 
sj'lvania.  in  Purvis  c.  Brotherhood,  214  Pa.  34B:  "True,  the  defend- 
ants contend  and  testify  that  their  purpose  was  to  Ivenefit  their  own 
mend>ei's.  This,  doubtle.-*^,  in  a  ^ellse,  is  true,  but  the  Ixnetits  sought 
weiv  the  remote  purpt>se.  which  was  to  be  secured  through  the  more 
immediate  purpose  of  coercing  the  plaintiffs  into  complying  with 
their  demands,  or  otherwise  injuring  them  in  their  business,  and  the 
!»nrt  can  nut,  in  this  proceeding,  look  U^vond  the  immediate  injury 
to  the  remote  results.  Such  is  the  <l(M:trine  laid  down  in  Eddy  on 
Combinations  and  quoted  with  approval  in  the  case  of  Erdman  v, 
Mitchell.  .'»tj  Atl.  3:27,  as  follows;  '  The  IxMieftt  of  the  memlK^rs  of  the 
coiubinalion  is  so  remote,  as  compared  to  the  direct  and  immediate 
injury  indicted  upon  ihe  noiniuion  workmen  (in  this  case  non- 
utiiou  mill  owners)  that  the  law  d<K's  not  ItKjk  l>eyond  the  immediate 
loss  and  damage  to  the  imioccnt  parties  to  the  remote  benefits  that 
might  result  to  the  union/" 

In  the  case  of  Plant  r.  Wootls.  176  Mass,  492.  the  court  says:  "  The 
necessity  that  Ihe  plaintitfs  (members  of  one  union)  should  join  this 
association  (defendants'  union)  i^  not  so  great  nor  is  its  relation  to 
the  rights  of  Ihe  dcfeiulants  as  compai-ed  with  the  riglils  of  the  plain- 
tiff to  l»e  free  from  uudestatiou.  such  ns  to  bring  the  acts  of  the  de- 
fendants under  the  shelter  of  the  principles  of  trad«*  couipetition. 
Such  acts  are  without  juKtiticjition  an<l  therefore  are  malicious  and 
unlawful,  and  the  con^jiinu'y  thus  to  force  the  plaintiffs  was  unlaw- 
fnl.  Such  comluct  ib  intolerable  and  is  iuconbistcnt  iviih  the  spirit 
vt  our  Iu\\." 


BULLETIN    OP   THE    BUREAU    OF    L\BOa* 


In  tho  ras*  of  Curron  v.  (ialen,  ir»f>  N.  Y.  35,  v        --  I.  **Tlie  Booial 
priiKMpU^  wliidi  justilirs  such  orpiiiixjUioo  is-  •  froui   when 

th«^y  aro  so  oxteiuied  in  their  operntion  a-u  either  to  intend  or  to  ao- 
iNiniplisli  injury  to  ntht'rs/' 

It  i-K  ottrnestly  contfndetl  In*  doft'ndnnis'  coniiKeK  hou->  t  as 

eaoh  one  of  tli<'  <liifendiint>  Ims  tlie  rif^lit  to  refii.se  to  p,  ,  the 

customers  of  plaintitf  unless  sncli  awtomers  xrill  di^ountinue  htm- 
dlin^  phiintiff  s  stov<*s,  thnt,  therefor^',  they  n\nj  t-ornhine  in  thrir  r»^- 
fu-sul:  in  otiier  words,  that  tliere  can  not  l>e  an  unhiwfid  «'onibmiiiion 
where  ett<h  niemlter  thereof  niijrht  <lo.  indivtdinillv,  th*^  ''  '•'  ■  oti- 
teinplnted,  without  resp(»iisil»ilitv  to  the  hiw  thereior.      1  len- 

tion  has  niiM'h  of  plausihility.     U  is  undoubtedly  diffl'-uU-  to  loinui-. 
late  tlie  le^al  basis  of  the  propt>t;ition  tliat  what  is  lawful  for  onn  to] 
do  Iwroiiies  nuhiwful  when  tlone  in  eonibiniition.     ll  Neenis  i 
accurate  unnlysis.     This  feature  is  brought  out   in   tlie  di  4 

opinion  of  Mr.  Jnstice  Hohnes  in  Ve^elolin  t\  (Jnntner,  snprii,  mI- 
tJiouph  he  adds:  "  It  would  l>e  rash  to  s»y  that  some  as  yet  nnfonnn- 
IuIihI  tnith   may  not  !»•  Iiidden   under  tlds  propoMlion/*  and   ad- 
mil.s:  '"  That  whatever  may  be  the  law  in  the  fUM.*  of  n  Hinple    '    '      ■ 
ant,  tjuit  when  a  plaintili'  pi-oves  that  seNeral  perMtns  hrt\e  (  T 

ami  conspired  to  injure  his  business,  and  Imve  done  nets  protlii.iugj 
Uiat  etfei't,  he  bhows  teniporhl  thiinape  and  a  cause  of  a((i<«i,  unle*^' 
the  fnclK  diselose  or  the  defendants  prove  sonie  srround  of  excuse  or 
ju.stiJiration,  and  1  take  it  to  be  settled,  and  ri*rhtlv  settle*!,  that  doing 
that  diiinape  by  con»bined  persuasion  is  actionable,  ns  well  as  doinj^ 
it  by  falsehood  and  force/'  Hut,  however  unsatisfaetory  may  In*  the' 
Htatenieiit  of  the  ''as  yot  unformulated  truth*'  hidden  un<ler  the 
propo>iti(tn,  tlie  proposition  itself  is  Wm  (irndy  in-^^rafleij  iij^M-m  UMh., 
the  civil  and  criininiil  l.iw  to  l>e  i^^noi-ed,  Mr.  Ju  li<'**  Tfnrhni.  in  tlw 
m^  of  Arthur  c  Oakes,  'i5  U  H.  A.,  at  pap'  V2\K  tl-  t 

18  one  thing  for  a  sinn>le  individual  or  for  si,»veral   i  i 

actiufr   upon    his   own    responsibility    and    not   in   cooperation    wittij 
others,  to  fonn  the  fuirpose  of  intlictin^  actunl  injur}'  n[)on  tlie  prop-^ 
erty  or  rights  of  others.     It  w  quite  a  different  thinjL^  in  the  eye  of 
Um?  law  for  numy  iHM'.s<»n«  to  cf»nibtne  or  conspitv  lo^^ctlter  with  the 
intent  not  simply  of  ansertin^;  their  rights  or  of  nceonipliahinji  I»vr- 
ftil  ends  by  jAsieealde  metliods,  but  of  eniployioi:  their  ' 

gi€«.  to  injure  others  or  the  public.     An  intent  on  flu*  pir 
prr.Min  (o  injure  the  ri*;his  of  «>!  df  (he  )>  1' 

a  wronir  4if  which  the  hnv  will  (  lizanoe,   1 

act  hi'  done  in  execution  of  the  unlawful  intent.     Unt  h  con*  > 

of  two  or  muve  perjiions  with  such  an  intent  an*i  untler  eiivui. a, 

that  irive  them  when  so  eornbined  n  power  to  do  an  injuiy  tho^ 
woulJ  not  possess  ns  indivi<huils  actinjr  jointly,  ha*  alwnyi  htcn' 
recoifni/^d  a.s  in  itself  wronufid  an<l  i!le;r]il. 

T  I'l'Xt  ciintcnded  on  behalf  of  deferxdants  that  t** 

fpti  1    of    [jlaintitTV    name   on    tin*   "Unfair''   or  i 

*;i  ""   list    wouhl   be  an    '  nicnt   on   th'  ' 

rij'  i   an  assjinlt   upon   tl>  <wai  of  tlie   Jh  i 

filanjiitl  hail  any  r  '  sm-h  pnbiicalion  it  was  l»y  action  fi>r  itiflj 

ibel,  uutl  that  e»pii..    ..;,i  not  join  the  t.ni.lM...t;..,.  !.f  n  ri».i       \t^ 
this  wouhl  have  merits  if  the  art  of  det 
//ctition  sffHiil  a/onc.  unconnected  wWv  o\i,* 
tnU  foJ/onjng  n,     hut  it  is  not  an  UoIuVicOl  1 


DB01BI02;d  OF   COrBTS   AfFKCTlXQ   LABOft. 


351 


CO* 


Had  Um  "  affidavits  it   is  an  act  in  a 

I>Iajiu  .an  act  whirli  h?ts  «  dt^tiuiU 

'i  U>  liMi>4-  ii^TAHiatod  with  iU't  aud  an 

I  "f  tiuulutt  im  the  part  of  di-:  -  a>iM.ivi- 


I 


aK's  uhic-b  kiuUTrt'iilly  uU«<rfere*i  with  [>Inii»till"s  riglil  of  freedom  to 
txiidt*  with  whom  he  pltMses.  The  ar^uiuoiit  uf  counsel  is  fully 
■Ufwei'ed  bv  tlM  language  of  Mr.  Justit'e  Hohue^s  in  tlic  case  of 
Aikens  /*.  u  is^-iimvia,  105  L'.  S.  IW  :  "  No  i-oiKliR't  has  such  an  a\*so- 
lulc  privilege  as  lo  jnlftify  all  posevihle  schfiues  of  which  it  may  be 
a  paru  The  nvist  iiuiooeni  anil  Lvuisiiiuiionally  proteoit^d  of  acts  or 
ouAk'^iouh  Biav  be  uiade  a  6to^  in  a  criminal  |dot,  and  if  it  is  a  stop 
in  a  ph>t,  neither  its  innocenix'  nor  the  constitution  is  sufficient  to 
preveikl  the  pruiisliment  of  the  plot  by  law." 

It  Ls  asM*rti><l  in  th«^  aihswer  ox  dofeudants,  and  urged  in  the  argu- 
ineut,  that  the  defendant,  the  American  Federation  of  LalxM*,  is  a 
federalion  of  or^amzatious  and  has  no  individual  membership.  It 
wot;'  '  ^      '  ''  '  '      :  tnd  how  the  ditferent  urganizatiuus.  made 

up  ind  existing  only  by  reaM»n  of  such  intii- 

.  cuulU  \m}  feilei^attxl  into  a  ci>ntral  urgauizaLion 
dual  members  becumin«j:  ai-o  niend>ers  of  sttch 
o'l  it  ion;  i'sjHH'iHlly  wouhl  this  Ik*  dillicuU  in  a  court  of 

i-ji     ^  'M>k^  ilirough  the  forms  to  i-each  the  siubstance.     liut 

it  IhU  couid  be  aocomplisluHl  as  a  legal  or  equitable  fact,  the  testi- 
mony shows  conclusively  that  the  defeikdant  Inis  not  done  sc».  On 
page  177,  of  Uio  printed  atfidavits,  is  given  a  facsimile  from  the  report 
of  the  i>ro(,     '  .if  the  convention  of  tlio  Federation,  11>01,  show- 

in^'  that  i(  lo  be  ti»en  coini>osed  of  mure  thjiu  l.*j.M»,UOO,  iu- 

And  <>n  puge  *j;»o,  in  the  report  of  the  defendant, 
i'Ut  of  said  Feileration.  he  refei*s  to  (he  activity 
ol  ^  aii  «jur  organizei^s  our  orguni^iutions  rtnd  our  membei's." 

It  is  further  insist^Hl  by  counsel  for  defendants  that  phiintiff  s 
biiaiH-:s8  is  not  proix-rty  or  a  pr«»pertj'  right:  Uiat  it  is  a  mere 
abt<truc(ion,  incat>abfe  of  judicial  prole<.tlon. 

in  the  cH^^  of  My  Maryhmd  l^txlge  r.  Adt.  100  Md.  238,  a  boycott 
pa--       ■■       '    T  V  ry^  [ii  delivering  tLe   unanimous  opinion 

•»f  iuge:  "  It  is  too  late  to  doubt  iho  juris- 

t  cotiri  "i  4*<iuity  to  grant  ivlief  in  such  cases  as  tlii>*  if  the 
of  the  bill  are  sustained  bv  llie  evidence.  The  adjudgi*d 
caaes  are  all  one  way."  (Citing  nine  cases  from  the  State  and 
Feiieral  ctauts.)  "This  list  of  cases  mi^ht  be  swelled  a  humlred- 
fuld^  but  ^e  do  Dot  deem  it  necess^ir^*  to  cite  any  otliers.  Thoiie  that 
w#»  have  referroil  to  aiv  <|uitP  analogous  to  the  one  before  us," 

In  the  viis*}  of  Purvis  c.  rnitid  Urotherhmnl.  •>!+  Pa,  ^48,  the 
court  M-  <ri':  "The  business  of  ll"  tfs  Ls  prop- 

•rt_v  w.  lur  of  the  law.     The  deh  sought,  by 

■■\'-i  ..'1     ;i,  lo  injure  them  in  their  business;  in  other  worils, 

'ii     ^      •  ii>  order  to  coerce  them  into  submission  to  the  de- 

ma  I 

1*4  U..4;   ..  j^.uMimg  Trades  Cwmcil,  91  Minn.  171,  the  court  uses 

ilkhi  hiB^ruagtr:  "In  restraining  boycotts  the  authorities  proceed  oa 

''  -'ory    tiiat    thry    are    tmhiwful    interferences    with    property 

*     •     *     A   pei^on's   <Hvnpntioii   or   calling,  by   meatus  of 

wJiiii*  he  emijw  a  livtUhovd  and  caUeavorls]  lo  bctWi  \li^  coui\vn;v>v^ 


2^2 


BULLETIN    OFjTUE    BUREAU    OK   LADOtt. 


i\iu\  lo  pii)\itIo  f<tr  iiiul  siip|>()i'(  tiiiiiM^If  im*l  iIioho  Wopcndent  n\)un 
him»  is  proixn'ty  within  the  inoaiiin;^  "f  tl'**  I«w.  wnd  etUitlcMJ  to  pro- 
twlioii  ns  sUch;  nml  ns  condintoii  hy  the  inorrhant,  by  the  uipitalist^ 
by  the  coiitnictur  or  hiborer,  in,  iisitlo  from  tho  ^ikkLh,  rhutteU, 
inoiicy,  nr  ('iT»^<'ts  (Mnj)l*»y«Ml  niui  used  in  r(iiine<:tion  therewith,  prop- 
erty in  every  nense  at  the  \vonL" 

As  atntea  by  Jiidgi^  M^Shorry.  the  list  of  oases  nssertin^jr  this 
proposition  nii»rht  Im*  extemled  indofinitoly. 

8e<v)n<].  Thf  stMNnnl  point  to  bt»  oonsitiore*!  is,  Does  the  te^timonj 
Ml  conntM't  the  ch'fi'iiihints.  or  uny  of  thorn,  with  siirh  conihinnlion  and 
eonsj/iriH-y  as  to  niakc  thiMn  Hiiienul)h*  lo  the  injnnctivo  ]M)W<*r  of  this 
court  ? 

Thi*  riroi'd  in  this  case  leaves  no  doubl  that  plnintitT  has  boen  iind 
still  is  the  object  of  n  "  Hoycott."  nsin;;  t!iat  in  the  most  obnoxious 
st'ii-ie,  viz,  uu  unlawful  ajiispinicy  to  ilcsiroy  its  businrss;  such  n  c*on- 
f*])inicy  ns  has  received  the  condemnation  of  every  Fedenil  and  State 
court  in  tht-  country  before  M'liich  it  has  Iw^en  bnut^lit  for  criminal 
action,  Icpil  n'drcss,  or  (M|uitiiblc  ii»junclion.  This  <*onspiracy  origi- 
nnte<l.  as  I  have  stated,  in  the  action,  by  Metal  Poli>hers'  I^)cal  No. 
L3.  in  St.  I^uis,  in  the  fall  of  litCMi,  a  bo*Iy  fcdiMnted  \Nith  the  de- 
fendant American  Federation  of  LalMu*  thniujrh  the  Tutfunalional 
Metal  Polishers,  etc.,  Union.  It  was  rtdvanc<'d  in  acconlance  with  the 
procedure  of  tlie  wiid  Federation  until  in  March,  1007.  it  received 
the  active  indorsement  of  the  exei'utivc  council,  the  controlling  body 
of  said  Federati<»n.  It  is  true  that  when  this  IkvIv  acted  it  cli<I  not 
use  the  word  '' lioycott  "  but  the  more  euphemistic  terms  of  •*  Un- 
fair" and  "  AVe  Don't  Patronize.'* 

Hut  an  examination  of  the  record  conviiu*es  me  that  whatever  the 
term  used,  ihe  oih*oi  intended  was  what  naturally  hnpT)enedf  via, 
a  boycott.  In  fact,  that  the  terms  nu»an  the  same  thin*;  in  the  pro- 
c(»dure  of  the  Fctlemtion  dtK^s  not  seem  do!d>tful.  Its  constitution 
provides  for  a  committee  on  boycotts  to  lx»  appointed  by  the  presi- 
dent at  t!»e  amuinl  convention;  it  was  to  such  a  conimiitee  on  boy- 
cotts that  (he  resolution  of  Hechtold  was  referred,  and  by  (hat  com- 
mittee it  was  referred  to  the  executive  council.  Over  Hflten  pngew  of 
the  printed  affidavits  arc  tilk'd  with  reports  of  the  '*  itr^anizerH "'  of 
thi'  Federation  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  piddlshcd  in  (ho 
Federatiouist. 

These  almost  invariably  contain  the  statement  that  •'all  Ameritnin 
l'ViU>ration  of  Labor  bovct»lts  are  In-iufr  pushed  as  thortni^hly  as 
jHi^-^ble.''  In  the  convention  of  the  Feileration  held  in  November, 
iiUM).  a  motion  (f)  concur  in  the  repf)rt  of  n  certain  (rommitteo  was 
carried:  this  report  is  as  follows: 

^'A(  (he  twrnly-fifth  annual  <H>nvention  of  the  American  Fcdera- 
tiou  of  Labor,  held  in  Pitt^lmrp,  attention  wan  called  (<»  the  Inrpo 
t^unduM*  of  tirins  on  ihe  unfair  list  and  ihe  necessity  of  red-  .^^ 

^ame  -^o  that  we  coidd  make  our  declara(ions  of  unfairness 

*■  This  eommittee  fituls  that  not  numy  cluitipi*s  ha\*e  occurreii 
inp  the  pixryt  year  and  lielievc  that  wme  action  nujst  \m*  tidccn  in  o..,*  * 
to  seeuiv  the  coo|H'ratian  of  the  labor  pi'ess.  We  cauH  expect  the 
Iwlu^r  press  to  ^ive  the  fipace  it  would  renuire  to  publish  the  nankCH 
af  it)]  flicNc  linns,  and  without  pnblirity  (ne  intent  of  llie  boycott  is 
(iefvMted* 


DECISIONS  OF  COUBTS  AFFECTI^^O   L.\BOR,  258 

-  VTe  believe  that  some  nien^ure  must  be  adopted  tn  find  out  if  the 
tiatioikul.  ihteriuitiuiial  oi*  IochI  iittions  wlm  niv  reh|M)nsihle  ft»r  the 
Xtoyvtiii  are  doingc  their  duty  to  bring  alx>ut  the  desired  results. 
Therefore  we  rivouuneiiil  thiit  ilit*  urgaiiizutioiLS  t!mt  have  linus  on 
the  '  We  Don't  Patronize'  list  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
J>e|nnning^  Janiuiry  1,  1007,  report  every  lliive  months  to  llie  execu- 
tive council  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  what  efforts  they 
are  making  to  render  tlie  boycott  effective.  Failure  to  repoit  for  six 
months  shall  be  .sufticient  cause  to  remove  such  boycotts  as  are  not 
reported  on  from  (he  '  Wr  Don't  Patronize'  liat  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor." 

It  will  be  notji'ed  that  here  the  terms  "  Unfair,"  "'  >Ve  Don't  Pat- 
ronize "  and  boycott  are  used  interchangeably.  Tn  the  aHidavit  of 
one  of  ihe  defendants  it*  this  case,  he  speaks  (if  the  resolution  intro- 
duced at  the  Minneaj)oli»  convention  i:elative  to  a  dispute  "between 
one  of  the  orpmizations  affiliated  with  tlie  American  Federation  of 
I>atK>r  *'  and  plaintiff  as  follows:  "  This  resolution  souifht  the  indorse- 
ment of  the  American  Federation  of  l^lnjr  in  the  dechuation  of  a 
l»oycott  bv  that  organization,  the  International  Brotherhood  of  Foun- 
tlrx  Emplovees/*' 

It  is  well  settled  law  that  all  who  a<'ccde  to  a  conspiracy  after  its 
formation  and  wiiile  it  is  in  execution,  and  all  whd  with  a  knowledge 
of  the  facts  concur  in  the  plans  originally  formed  and  aid  in  exe- 
cuting them  are  feIlow-c<»n.spirat(u-s. 

They  conunit  an  offense  when  they  become  parties  to  the  trans- 
action or  further  the  original  plan.     (Oclis  i\  People.  V2-^  111.  399.) 

As  stat*.*tl  by  JiMlge  Dillon,  in  F.  8.  c  lialx^ock,  24  Feil.  9ir>:  *'Any 
one.  who  after  a  eonspiraey  is  f(»rtne<L  iind  who  knows  of  its  exisl- 
eiice,  joins  therein.  l»ecomes  as  nnirh  a  party  thereto  from  that  time 
as  if  he  hutl  originally  conspired. "  In  the  recent  case  of  U.  S.  y. 
Standard  Oil  Co.,  l'»2  VM,  :^9L  the  court  uses  this  language: 

•*Again,  the  alleged  conspiracy  is  one.  Its  scheme  is  single. 
It  lias  but  one  object.  IVrnaps  none  of  the  alleged  conspirators 
|>articipates  in  every  ))art  of  the  conception  and  of  the  work  of  the 
combination,  but  every  one  of  them  takes  his  part  in  the  ])lan,  or  in 
il-S  execution,  a  part  |)roniotivc  of  its  purpose,  the  restraint  and  mo- 
iio]H>li7.ation  of  commerce  in  the  produet  of  j>etroleum  among  the 
States.  To  the  Watei's-l^ierce  Company,  the  resident  dcfendnnl, 
has  been  allotted  no  inconsiderable  portion  of  the  execution  of  this 
plan.  •  •  •  One  who  knows  of  a  conspiracy  after  it  is  fonned, 
and  then  joins  it,  or  knowingly  aids  in  the  execiition  of  its  scheme, 
and  sliares  in  its  }H^>tits,  becomes  from  that  time  as  much  a  cocon- 
spirator as  if  he  was  one  of  ihase  who  originally  desigiUMi  it  and  put 
it  in  operation.  *  *  *  *  If  a  series  of  acts  are  to  be  performed 
with  a  view  to  produce  a  particular  result,  he  who  aitls  in  the  |>er- 
f*.'  yif  these  acts  in  order  to  bring  about  the  result  nnist  have 

ail  'u  to  effectuate  the  end  proj»osed.  and  if  he  cooperate  with 

odiei^s  knowing  them  to  have  the  *^^me  design,  there  is  m  fact  an 
agreement  between  him  and  them.'" 

Upon  the  record  as  presented,  and  for  the  ivasons  stated,  I  am 
of  T  riion  thai   the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  Ite  pn»t<N'ied  by  an 

hij  until  (he  final  hearing  <»f  the  i-ase,  and  I  wdl  sien  an  order 

It'  'fit  sHi/staiitially  a^  prayed  in  vU^VvY^. 

^77 


mmBSk 


HTLumx  or  THE  vcmxAr  or 


iBJancliiin  ia  in  paii  mb  lolknrs: 
m  unlefwl  that 


i  Um  imadnni^,  TIk*   Anjrn*Mn   FMcrat»f^n   of 
L^fior  [and  prrxms  iiamrd  |.  their  and  esrii 

f..,Ur*i.-,.,  ann  «ny  and  all  p*;^  ..    ^  ..^.^  .i^  j,..  ,..  ..r 
.♦-m  or  any  of  th^ni  l^e.  and  they  b**rt»hy  are, 
*  '  "'      '^      *    '     ^' -:*  in  »-aid  caiisp  fr 

ru*r  lo  ris^rtiin.  : 


>r  [ai 
mtUtav 
ia  etn: 

plain  .  ■ 

or  anr  of  thrm.  and  fr<»ni 

of  ihf  pHKlnrt  of  llif  ^*im\[ 

matK.  or  !it  any  other  per?ff>o.  linn  or  rorporati»»n,  and  froni  declar- 

inf  or  rliTrateiiinj?   »ny   Iiot«>U    o^in.-d   the  romr''"'*""*^ 

bfrone!^  or  the  prochict  of  tits  factoiT,  or  a^inst 

crt^rorpor:.  '        ^      -"'■         '       ''•         * 

frnrn   nU-t  • 

r^ 

or  any  'rthtT  pnnti*<i  or  wriifn  n^ 
er  or  iitlier  ilocnnK'nl  or  itistruinrnl 
tain  fir  in  any  toanm^r  refer  to  the  name  of  the  • 
nesH  or  its  nrodncl  tn  the  "  We  r><»n't  Patnmi/v.    ••.    me      < 
lift  of  the  n**fendants.  or  any  of  them,  their  iiffents.  nvnant 
ni  '  'I        ■    .  HI"  otlier  [KM  '      (*  1      "  ii 

r*'  ^M'ni  or  wUu 

piniiiniil,  ;  -^^  i»r  prrwfiu-t    iit  tin 

fair"  or  ^  -  Wr   I>on't   Patroi: 

|jhrB*<',  woni  or  wonls  of  >iinilnr  imjiort,  and  from  i 
iiCherwifie  cimjlnting.  whether  in  writing  or  orallv.  any 
no4tre,  of  anv  kind  or  rlmnirter  whatsoever,  caUin^  ntr 
oomidainnnt  «  ni»tomet^,  or  of  dealers  or  tn  '  .  t»r  it 

any  Ukynnt  :i|?ain.-»t  the  (.t^mplainiint,  it^^  l>  r  its 

tV  •  Of  wrrr,  or  have  l»een  fJt.i.Iaro»I  to  U 


ntior- 


lerio  "  Uii« 
nrr   nthei 

/  *tr 

.  •»r 

:   ihe 

f    j    ll'MU',   to 

piiidiu't.  or 
"  I  nfair,*^ 


■tot   \h'  piirchuse*!  or  iit>:t!r 
or  (tther  prr>.<m 


or 

deailer.   Ir,.  or  •»iner  prr>.<m   w 

or  any  r^i  urn  or  slutenienf  of  i 

ptiqxise  of,  or  tending  lo,  any  injury  to  or  i 
cotupIninftntV  hn^>ine-^s,  or  with  the  fm»  and  n- 
profliirt,  or  of  coen'ing  or  indumn^r  ony  dealer, 
fwrntion.  or  the  ptihiic,  not  to'  » 

<ir  hnve  in   rKtK.;4wsiftn   stoves, 

ir^fx-^tT  fri>m  Imi\ 
t«|r(,    I'il 
'  conuniti 
I  innm'c  of  any  ki 


ill  or  Imndli'd  hr  nni 


or   hv    ihr  jjtih!i< 

>r   iiiiiiorL    Tor  flu 


>/i//f  flcr*  »r  thmf^  iifnrnaid* 


PBGI8IDKB  OP  COVRTS  JLFFECTIXG  LABQB. 


255 


I  E>injurEB8'  LiABiLiTT — Vj<'K-PuixciPAiJi — Chah-utjui  of  Act  as 
[Tl»T — Pffem  t\  Gtf*rt/<-^  I'nii^d  Si,tien  I  ire**  if  C'otirf  of  Appt^uls^  //j^ 
■|^/vf^  RejH>rt^rs  patje  fii^.— Elias  TkMirge,  «  Symn,  had  lieen 
K^rilcd  danirtgi-s  in  %hv  cironit  court  of  the  Tnitt^d  Stntcs  for  Ihc 
IrnMoni  district  uf  Pviia.-»v!vunia,  for  injuries  roooivotl  whilo  al  work 
[in  a  qttarr}',  ami  the  <iuarry  owm'w  appouliMl.  ( Jrorgo  was  a  grncral 
flaborer.  not  expeririiosJ  in  the  niatlor  of  ilrilling  or  l»lu^tittg.  un«i  htnl 
bem  din*rtcd  hy  um*  Blo^r  to  ilrill  out  ini  irnrxpliHh'd  chMrg^'.  BIosc 
l&cted  a<5  «>rt  of  a  ht^d  quarrynmn  or  gang  boh«,  under  flie  gcnt^ml 
fdirection  of  the  superintondcnt.  Cioorgt-  ^VH^  not  warned  as  t*i  tho 
Iduu^t^us  t'liiinKter  of  the  work,  and  only  the  most  olfnifiitjirv  dircT- 
nionsas  to  how  to  procrod  v^w  given. 

r  Thp  jud/Erin<*iit  of  the  lower  court  wus  affiruieil,  puiuipuily  on 
ipouad>  which  app^^ar  ia  the  fulh>win^  ipiolntiou  fruni  ihi'  opiuiuu 
tpf  (be  circuit  court  of  ti]>]x*jds«  as  delivered  Uy  Judge  (Iray : 

IV  ■'•rtliup  MOW  with  what  must  In*  eoucetled  to  W*  a  prinmry 

aiui  r  duly  of  the  niii>t*.r  to  the  servant,  the  liabilitv  for  the 

rii«n*lH-rloruiaiu»*  of  wliirh  tlte  uuister  <iin  not  relieve  himself  hy  dele- 
tfTfltin^  it  to  any  otlier  jterson.  whether  of  tlie  highest  or  hiw^si  nmk 
bn  the  serxnee.  Mmh  nrfrumentatioii  has  been  devote<l  by  counsel  on 
[Loth  aides  to  (he  mjeslion  whether  Oavid  BhiJ^e  was  to  Ik»  eonsiderofl 
[as  a  vkre-principnl  of  tlie  defcndauls.  or  merelv  a  fellow-tnTvant  of 
1'  '  ::itiff,  tin?  eoiLs<*f]uen(v  on  the  one  hand  f)eing  thut  defondsnts 
.■  re->i^iit.^iljU'  foi'  injurieh  occMsione*!  hy  his  negliffeuee.  while 
km  the  irfher,  it  wonM  he  nier*»ly  the  n<'irlij?:»*nce  of  !i  frlh»w-si*rvant, 
■nd  one  of  t!ie  risks  a.-<^llme^l  hy  pinintitt  in  ('nterin<»  defendants'  eni- 
B>Ioynieii(.  While  nt  one  time  the  -^i-eiiHwl  ilK'(»ri'  of  vitv- principal 
Bras  much  resorlcti  to,  in  working  out  tlw*  liability  of  a  ma-^ter  for 
Knjuries  tu  an  employee  incurred  in  Ids  serviee,  it  lm.«,  sub<e«p)eutly 
io  the  d<»cision  of  the  I{oe^  Casi\  112  U.  8.  ;^T7.  5  Sup.  Ct,  1j>4>  28  l!,. 
fed.  787,  l»oeu  hlr^!:ely  dis^'unhd,  at  least  in  (he  Fetferal  courL-s.  and 
she  disiinrtion  between  n-irligence  that  is  to  1k»  imputed  to  the  niax- 
ger,  and  that  whieli  is  U*  Nc  ron-ith*red  as  nierely  and  solely  the  ne«rH- 
JHter  of  a  fellow -servant.  ha.s  Wvn  placvd  uposi  a  tuore  bUtihfuiWuy 
PB  rilior-il  lwi*iis.  In  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Jtisti»v  P»re«er,  d<livering 
Ihe  t  of  tlie  Supreme  (Viurt  in  H.  &  ().  R.  U.  Co.  r.  Hiiufrh, 

040  :  .  .  -  >.  i:i  Sup.  (V.yi  1.37  L.  Ed.  772,  the  whole  Mibject  has  Um'u 
bistruotively  dtw-ussed.  and  it  hns  been  elearlv  ami  loirically  setllMl 
■MM  whiil  grounds  a  master  may  U^  held  liable  for  injurie^^  incuri'ed 
^^^  MTvnnf  in  rh«*  ruurse  of  hi"^  employntent.  The  tpiestion  is 
^Hri  '"      'h^  rliarped  is  the  ne^le^'t  of  a  primary 

^B  ■  ^'*''  ^"  *ii*'  servant.     If  -urh  l)e  Us  eluir- 

P^er.  no  <i<'  "f  the  iH'rfi»rnuince  of  that  duty  to  anoduT.  no 

matlrr  how  n  .  his  raidv  may  be  in  the  iiiust«»r's  servict*.  <;ati.  as 

^^nivc  a]rt*ndy  said,  relieve  the  1itd»ili(y  of  the  mastrr  for  its  nei;- 

BHF   !>>  •  ■'*    * '   -^    'Tisun'  the  safety  of  the  siTVunt.  hut  he 

paes  nrtii  in  which  he  works,  and  the  iippUaue?« 

■Ml  !!!»•  rtiUtlilion-  under  wit     '.  * 'r        '-.dl 

^Bi  d,     A  derelietion  of  tli"  'i* 

^^fc^  iuM^er'^  »^iiii.vy  iu  whom  ftiiy  part  of  «uc\i  liuiy  Wu  Vyc«.\v  vV^W 


: 


256 


BCt-LETIX    OF  THE    BUREAU   OF   UVBOB, 


gotoil,  is  tlio  dorrli(>tion  of  tho  lurtstcr.  Xoiliiiij;  -Aiort  of  artiial 
notice  of  the  iImm^tit  to  tlu»  workimm  who  xh  to  cni'tnnitpr  it,  wiili 
siich  oaiiUoriiuy  p\|i]Hiuiti(»n  us  in»y  cniiVilc  liitn  to  avoid  it,  wlIJ 
sntinfy  tlip  rof|iiiroiii(»iit  of  tho  Inw,  and  tlio  ilofiuilt  of  tin*  int<»rnie- 
diai y.  uIipiIht  he  In*  tiic  lii^lit»>>t  nfliccr  ii]  ootitrol,  «ir  uifivly  a  frlluw- 
^rorktn»n  of  the  i»nc  oxposod  to  the  dang*n%  is  the  dcfiuilt  of  ihc  nuis- 
tor.  In  such  n  cnsi*,  all  ijnestion  as  to  whetlier  the  immediate  caasae 
of  tho  injury  was  the  negligence  of  a  felluw-servnnt.  is  olitninntcd, 
and  ii»qniry  as  to  tlie  extent  of  the  control  and  authority  conimittea 
by  the  master  to  (he  cnlpahh'  a^*!i(,  U^-lde  the  i^sue.  ivhicli  is  solely 
as  lo  the  character  of  the  act  or  onii^^aion.  uud  not  the  rank,  of  tba 
ntTcndbig  i>crvant. 


TNvU^Nr'ni>Ns — Priu.u  ArntNs  iNcrnx;  ViouvTifTNfi — XathmtU  i tle^ 
photii'  Cofupitnt/  ttf  ]\'fjif  Vinjinht  r.  h'fitt^  I'liitt'ff  Sf^if^ti  CircuU 
Courtf  Xorthcrn  Dhtnft  of  Went  Virginia^  I'fC  Federal  T^rporter^ 
pttf/t'  173, — Tlie  teh'phoiie  cotnpuuy  )d)ove  named  had  scrurcil  a  pi 
linunary  injunction  rotralninjr  Kent  and  'Ulier  defendants,  ele^-trici 
workers  and  nieiuliers  of  a  lahor  union,  from  interfering  with  the 
Cijnduct  of  its  hnsiness.  Snl»0(picn(ly  an  amended  hill  was  filetl,  con- 
taining (he  comphiints  of  injury  ami  violence  »ei  f<»rtii  in  the  original 
biiU  and  incorporating  nen*  matter  n.dative  to  the  action  of  one  Hil- 
ton, editor  and  proprietor  of  a  newspaper  in  the  city  of  Wheeling, 
and  the  acts  of  (r<.»rtnin  pcixtn-.  nienilKT-^  of  the  Ohio  Valley  Trades 
aiul  Labor  Assembly,  Bn<l  alleging  that  these  parties  had  joined  the 
c<»n>piracy  presented  in  the  original  hill,  and  asking  !in  injunctioa 
against  them  also.  A  ])reliminary  Injunction  wa^  ircanted  on  this 
bill,  to  which  the  defen<lnnts  nanu^d  demurred. 

On  hearing  l^cfore  Judge  Dayton,  the  doananr  ":i-  overruled. 
From  his  opinion  the  following  '\^  rpioted  as  setting  forth  the  grounds 
on  which  the  injunction  was  continued; 

It  i.s  alleged  in  the  amended  bill  tluit  tlie^o  new  defi-udants,  Hilton^ 
Ileckcr,  C'lircoran,  ami  \\\'Sm>I,  the  three  last  menlioni'd  actiivg  in 
their  capacity  a^^  olfierrs  td'  the  <  >hi(»  \'ullcv  Trader  an<l  Labor  As:-;em- 
bly,  did  hni>se(piently  to  ihe  «'ranlin^  of  the  pndiniinary  injunction, 
granted  u|xjn  the  prayer  of  the  original  bill,  join  the  ctuispiracy  al- 
leged in  the  original  bill,  and  that  they  diil,  in  pursuance  of  the  aai*" 
conspiracy,  print  and  distribute  a  ImjvcoK  circular,  which  appeal 
among  the  exhibits  to  tln'  aniendeil  bill,  anti  that  the  defendant  Hil- 
ton luiblished  in  his  |>aner  certain  mall<'r.s  intended  to  explain  (he 
careiully  worde*!  circular  and  to  uud<e  the  l)oycott  inaugurated 
effective. 

<'oml^el  for  the  defendant^,  in  the  very  able  argmuenth  ]*  ', 

June  very  aptly  Naiil  ihut  ihi^  i>  an  a^e  of  condiinatiouN.     \\  '  :,•) 

of  eond)inations — combinations  of  capital  and  cl^nlbiuali(ln^  tii  iabo 
Tlieso  cond»iu«tions  ^o  long  as  they  are  k»'pl  wiihin  the  boundii  of 
law,  aiH>  certainly  lawful,  are  in  many  instance*.  l»eneticiul  to  the 
son*i  interested,  and  may  bo,  in  some  ca:-os,  of  benefit  to  tlo'  ~  ■ 
public;  but  when  a  coniLinatioii  of  capiVaY  iis  uvudi:  lot  viwVa 


DECISIONS  (IF   COUKTS   AFFECTING   LABOR. 


267 


•-  heinp  niiitle  for  lui  avowinl  lawful  purpose,  iseoks  to  accom- 

isli  its  pur|Hl^<»  Uy  unluwfttl  iii:*llintls,  it  liccnmrs  Mie  (Inly  of  the 

imrts  to  restrnin  the  unlawful  pnu'tici's  nntl  to  puni>h  the  unlawful 

is.     Likewise,  wijon  n  oomhiniitio!i  of  labor  h  niiitle  for  unlawful 

iur|)osi^,  or,  being  made  for  an  avowed  lawful  purpose,  seeks  to  ac- 

'oniplitJi  its  purpo^  by  unlawful  niethtKit,  it  becomes  the  duty  of 

ciitu't.sto  restrain  the  unlawfid  practices  and  to  punish  the  uniaw- 

fid  acts.     The  law  knows  no  distinction  l*elween  the  rich  and  the 

poor,  recognizees  no  distinction  Ix^tween  unlawful  arts  of  combinations 

of  capital  and  unlawful  acts  of  combinations  of  labor.     The  same 


Criiicipb's  applying  to  one  must  np[>ly  to  the  (jlher,  and  when  a  com- 
ination  of  lalnirers  is  orpmized  for  unlawful  puriwses.  or,  being 
iwgnnixed    fitr   lawful   purpose,  employs   unlawful   methods,   it  "will 


be 


.supprc'^^'ed  by  the  courts,  its  unlawful  acts  restraineti,  and  its 
rimes  punished  as  promptly  and  as  effectively  an  like  combinations 
f  capital  are  suppressed,  restrained,  and  j)unished. 
There  is  further  involved  here,  after  considering  the  rights  of  the 
romplainant  company  and  the  rights  of  the  defendants,  tlie  rights  of 
thos**  citizens  who  desire  to  exei-cise  their  God-given  right  to  earn 
their  bread  by  the  sweat  of  their  bi'ow  in  the  cniployment  of  this 
'■  '  lie  company.    It  is  charged  that  the  defendants  tlircalened, 

,  pursued,  and  even  assaulted  these  men.  who  were  doing  no 
wp»»tig,  but  were  merely  exercising  their  right  to  work  upon  terms 
Mtisfactory  to  them:  yet  thev  were  made  to  suffer  the  persecution  of 
Ihese  defendants,  and  their  rights,  as  it  is  charged,  weiv  denied  them. 
There  is  to  l>e  considered  also  the  rights  of  the  general  public.  It  ap- 
pears from  the  bill  that  this  company  and  another  company  are  en- 
eikged  in  the  interstate  conunerce  of  carrying  messufife^  Ijetween  th€ 
Htates,  and  that  the  t^iispiracy  and  coml»iiiati(in  complained  of  sought 
to  interfere  with  and  tie  up  this  interstate  commerce.  This  l>eing  a 
public  business  by  a  "*  quasi ''  pul>lic  corporation,  the  rights  of  the 
public  aj-e  involved  and  are  not  to  be  interfered  with  by  any  unlawful 
methods. 

It  is  urgetl  by  counsel  for  the  defendants  that  the  injunction  in- 
terferes with  the  rights  of  the  pi'ess.     The  injunction  granted  doe-* 
not  tloprive  the  newspaper  in  question  of  any  lawful  right  to  publish 
the  truth  or  express  its  opinions  in  a  lawfid  mainier,  but  no  news- 
aper  has  the  riglit  to  publish  anj'  matter  intended  to  aid  wrong- 
tiers  in  acfouiplisliing  a  wronirful  purpose  or  doing  uidawful  things, 
or  to  aid  unlawful  combinations  in  making  effective  an  unlawful 
,r«)nspiracy.    Some  newspapers,  certainly  the  one  involved  in  (his  case, 
"  u\e  misconstrued  the  freedom  of  tlie  press  until  they  seem  to  inter- 
ret  the  right  to  l>e  a  li<'ense  to  publish  what  may  please  them,  even 
longh  the  publication  shcuild  be  an  express  violation  of  the  law. 
here  is  no  miention  on  the  part  of  the  court  to  interfere  witli  the 
fn*e<Ioru  of  the  press,  but  this  court  is  not  ready  t<»  accept  the  theory 
hat  the  freedom  of  the  press  means  a  right  to  advocate  crime  or  to 
ncouraye  tlie  violation  of  the  law. 

The  laljorers  in  the  organization,  appearing  as  defendants  in  this 
•ii!^,  have  the  right  to  org.ini/e  for  huvful  purposes  and  to  proceed 
o  accomplish  their  purjxxscs  by  lawful  methiHls;  but  when  they  re- 
to  force,  violence,  arul  destruction  of  pi-oijerty.  coercion  of  peace- 
riihctrs,  ly^ttihinutiotis.,  iiml  conspiracies  to  in^nv'  "  — '-  ?.t\;\ 
vr/i/j  husitu'^  by  tijrcais.  jjieiiaces,  and  VioVv: 


rui 


4K*\\ 


258 


BULI.K'nN    UF   TUE    BirBBAU  09   LABOH. 


rlwirpMl  in  (his  ra,^',  thoy  l<>w*  the  iiionil  support  of  lii«»  puWiit-  urn 
hrin^  upon  tlu'iiisolvoH  (lie  coiuk*numlic»n  nrul  ivsiraininir  »'  ^'•ll 
ihf  pimisiiin^  jM»\vf*r  t»f  (ho  court.     ThfV  npprt»vp  the  ii;  n  o\ 

tli»*.se  priiitMpIes  to  <onjbinations  of  oiipihil,  nnd  they  can      ard- 

in  coinphuii  of  the  Hpplicniion  of  the  siuiip  prifU'iph"<;  U*  tlieir  owti 
comhinatimis,  wht'ii  tlicy  step  beyond  the  hounds  of  the  Inw. 

Apj>lyinp;  these  principles  to  this  c«se,  and  considering  the  bill  aji 
beinjr  tinroiitrn<li('U*d,  I  hiive  no  hesitation  \\h:iti'Vi'p  in  jiromplly 
o^-errulinir  the  demunxT,  and  an  order  to  that  effect  m*y  be  now 
entered. 


L.MKtR  OmiAxtzATioxs — AppucATiov  FOR  MFJkiiiKHAnir — Qrj^urr* 
CATUiNfl — PmrriccTiox  bv  Union — Levin  v.  Ct/n^rovr  ct  aL,  Sttpnme 
Court  of  \rtr  .A»iwfy,  tlT  AthmttK^  /?tjM}rUr^  /^'f/"^  /'W. — LoiiU  I>.'\in 
Npplied  for  ineiutiership  iu  a  labor  union  nf  painters,  decomloi's.  and 
paperhnngfers,  stating  that  acconipunyin^  hij*  applimtton  «ti«  the  re- 
(jiiirrd  fei>  of  Iwcnty-five  dollar^.  Tlii**  fee  \Ma»^  in  fact  paid  in  iji^t;ill- 
meats,  and  ou  bis  rejection  on  grwinds  of  incoiiijiftcncy,  he  sutnl  for 
tlw:  return  of  this  fin?.  Tlie  dintriet  cnmrt  uf  KliziiU*tii  pive  jnJjXiDctit 
agninst  Levin,  who  appealed,  secnrinp  a  reversal  of  the  ridinL'  of  tlidj 
court  b<dow,  and  orders  for  a  in-w  trial.  I'hr  follo^^in^  srlLdiii.'i  bj 
the  conrt  «ets  forth  with  sufficient  f  tdlness  both  the  facts  invo!\'ed  iind 
the  conclusions  of  law  in  the  <■a^se: 

I.  The  conKtiiutJon  of  the  l$n>!J»erho<Hl  of  PuinteriH,  prondin^  tliat 
the  initiation  fer  [inid  by  an  applir-nnt  for  menilM»rslnp  must  accom- 
nany  llie  application  and  !)e  retmiH'd  in  ruM'  tJif 
jected,  with  a  proviso  that,  if  the  fee  It  paid  in   ii  e 

the  upnlirant  is  "•  workijijf  at  the  trade  nnd  rM'ei\iht5  liu*  p  i 

of  the  i)rotlirrhood,"  su<li  payments  shall  he  foi  fiMli'il  to  ihi- 
liO(td  if  the  apjdieant  bus  made  any  fal>e  slatcnienl>«  or  18  uitniiW*  to 
qualify  as  a   meitiU'r,  and  there  LK.'in|r  evidence  tending  to  sliow  a 
ciisiom  of  the  brotherhot>d  not  to  peiiiut  iUt  m^uAn'^rs  to  work  with 
men  who  were  not  menilwrs, 

Ilf'hf.  that  <'vidt«nee  that  an  applicant,  perwliii^  hih  AppHmtimi, 


worked  at  (he  traiJe  (o;iri'lh»*r  with  nieinlxT 
not  riliow  that  jdainfitT  uxs  "reetnvini?  the  \ 
hood,"  within  (lie  i  -  of  the  <  .n,. 

ii.  Plaiiititf's  ri;^r,  k  ami  ^i  _  loyuient  iti  hi-  Ium  fii 

ctiputi«>ri  was  a  ri^rlat  secured  to  him  by  the  oon^iitulion  of  it 
The  fact  of  the  t)rothrrh«»<Hi,  hiivinir  no  right  to  iulerfer- 
did  not  interfen%  can  not  be  euiistnied  b.s  "'  protectifin  '* 
the  brtUherhoo*!  to  luin:  •  -xk  it  in  n  lopd  "-  * 

-4.  An  appiii^nt  for  hip  in  a  trade  ii 

Clication   tluit   he   was  aUJc   to  ((yic 
H^alitv.     F/t'fff.  Tn»f  to  flTTrount  to  s 


in  order  i- 
fahitr  of 


DECnBlOXa  OF  COURTS  AFFECTING    LABl/R. 


259 


Okc  A  NIDATIONS  —  TnAnr  Ai;rkkmknts  —  Enfiirckmknt  — 
SmtiLES — Ixjcxcnoxs — .1.  7?.  Bitnus  d'  Com^Hini/  v.  Berri/^  Untted 
Siate$  Circuit  Courts  Southern  DhlriH  of  Ohioy  WtMem  Division^ 
Ft'dentl  Rt^porter^  page  72> — A.  H,  nani(*s  &  Co.  and  others,  rep- 
enting an  employers'  u&>ociHtk>a  known  as  the  United  TypotheUe 
America,  sued  for  an  iujnuction  against  Berry  and  his  coilef^ad- 
aiit*,  oflic^rs  of  the  Intomational  Printing  Pre.ssmcn  nnd  AssisUnls' 
rnion  of  America,  to  prevent  tlie  viohition  by  tlic  latttT  of  a  contract 
enterwl  into  by  the  two  associations  named  in  January,  1907.  It 
njipi^annl  that  agrt-enicuts  hnJ  been  niadf  for  a  ninnher  of  years  postj^^H 
but  that  at  tike  convention  of  the  pressmen  and  ansistanl^  in  1907,^^^ 
ooiislderable  dissatisfaction  was  expressed  with  the  failure  to  secure 
the  recognition  of  the  olo^•ed  sliop  and  the  immediate  adoption  of 
the  eight-hour  day.  Tlies**  muttei':^  had  been  dit»cu.ssod  by  the  com- 
mittees of  the  respective  bt>die.s,  but  tlie  only  agreement  nuiehed  was 
in  tlio  nature  of  a  eonipHMuis*  which  hniked  to  the  a<loption  of  iho 
eiglit-hour  day  in  Janujiry,  11»01>,  otlierwise  continuing  the  winlrnct 
of  prerious  years.  Berry  and  his  associates,  elected  to  office  subse- 
quent to  the  making  of  this  agreement,  were  alleged  in  the  bill 
to  have  demanded  an  inmiediate  niodificalinn  in  ^e^lxx■t  of  the  mat- 
ter of  the  closed  shop  and  the  time  of  adopting  the  eight-hour  day, 
in  order  to  enforce  the  demand,  to  have  inciter!  strikes  again?^ 

inibers  of  the  Typothetie  who  would  not  accetle  to  the  modiHca- 
tiona,  and  to  have  threatened  to  i>ursue  the  same  policy  in  the  future, 

V  -tatod  these  facts.  Judge  Thompson,  speaking  for  the  court, 

pri  as  fallows; 

ITw  "'clopo^l  shop"  is  contrary  to  public  policy,  and  the  demand 
for  the  immediate  adoption  of  the  '*  eight-hour  day  ^  is  violative  of 
th<'  rnnfract.  Now.  this  is  the  situation  as- 1  see  it.  This  conti'act 
w::  Tlie  old  officers  were  s?ucc»^ded  by  new  ones,  who  were 

di-  i  with  it.     They  insisted  upon  a  mtxlification  of  it  which 

wmild  recognise  the  "  closi'd  shop  "  and  adopt  at  once  the  ''*  eiglft- 
b<»ur  day."  The  Typothetic  sto<wl  upon  its  contract  rights  and  re- 
tised  tci  make  this  ctmn^ssion,  refu.s4»ii  to  chai»gc  and  modify  the  con- 
'£  made,  and  it  is  alleged  in  the  bill  that  in  consequence  thereof 
ikes  have  l«»en  declared  against  certain  ineml^eirs  of  (he  TA^iv>thette 


•i  the  <*inMitry,  and  that  strikes  are  threatened  as 
^  'if  the  Typitheta*  who  may  refuse  to  accede  or 
lion  of  the  rt»ntract  as  demanded.    Practically 
:        _     i'on  a  new  coutrnct. 

f  the  emplr>yees,  members  of  the  union,  is  neither  s|ie- 

ary.  nor  unique,  in  the  sense  that  it  could  not  olhi'T- 

1.  and  that  its  loss  woidd  cause  irreparable  injurv.  and 

restrain  theni  fr^mi  qnittiitg  the  M*rvict5  o/  tJieir 

that  their  oflirt'r^.  njrt'nis.  and  rrprfSi»ntativpH  ha 


HI 

ooibtt!ni  III  tiif 
the  union  I-  ii 
TIk 

wi 
it 

eii: 

ne 

Wicysy"  aud  to  makv  k  vdcctivv  at  ouce. 


It  ifi  not  &  (\uttS3V\Q\\^  vWx^ 


2fi0 


BULLETIN    OF   THE    BUREAtf    uF   LABOR. 


I 


fore,  of  wlielhcr  tlu»  men  who  work  "hall  Ix'  rnjoiiK**!  from  striking, 
but  it  is  n  question  whether  the  ofticers*  n^ents,  timl  representa- 
tives of  these  men,  who  repre^^ent  the  orgaiilzntion  and  ctmlrol  it, 
shall  be  permitted  to  incite  (he  n»en  to  strike,  to  induce  them  to 
.strike,  and  thereby  n»pndiiite  the  oonlmot  which  wuh  made  hv  them 
through  their  agent*^  at  the  Jiinuarv  convention  of  1007.  The  bill 
<*harges  that  the  executive  ofliccrs  and  directors  have  conspire*!  to 
force  the  nuiking  of  a  new  contract  which  will  embody  these  two 
demands,  and,  in  the  event  of  the  refusal  of  ilic  'l\|Mtihetie  to  agree 
thereto,  then  to  enforce  thes<»  denuinds  by  strikes,  ami  tluit  they  aro 
using  their  |)osition,  power,  an<l  authority  to  c<introl  nnd  iudtice  iho 
men  to  strike.    That,  in  substance,  is  the  nllcgntion  of  the  bill. 

The  court  is  not  asked  to  make  an  order  enjoining  the  men  from 
striking,  and,  if  it  were  asked,  would  refuse  to  grant  it,  IxM-ause.  n9 
already  stated,  no  case  is  made,  ni»r  can  Ik?  made,  in  which  the  court 
would  eompt'l  the  men  to  IaT>or.  They  can  m^t  U*  made  slaves.  Tli^y 
can  not  l»e  compelIe<l  to  work,  and  it  is  not  stajght  by  this  bill  to  comi>ol 
them  to  work;  but  it  is  s<jughl  to  prevent  the  (iniwi*s  of  the  organiza- 
tion fi'otn  usinc:  ilieir  power  and  influence  to  induce  the  men  to  strike 
in  vi(»hition  or  their  contract. 

It  is  plain  tluit  tlK>e  t»fticers  have  great  influence  and  i>ower  with 
the  Ixxly  of  men  ctnuposing  tl»i.s  ussociulion,  and  if  they  exercise  it 
unlaw  fully — exercise  it  for  the  pui^jose  of  !X'j>udiating  the  contract — 
they  may  l>o  re>t rained  from  exercising  such  jviwcr  arul  infltience, 
nllhougli  the  men  themselves  can  mil  be  restrained  from  striking,  or 
from  walking  out,  at  auv  time,  an<l  refu^ing  to  w<»rk.  In  a  word, 
the  proposition  dealt  with  is  this:  May  the  oHicers  of  this  organixA- 
lion,  in  violation  of  this  c(jntract,  induce,  iidlnence.  incite  or  ccten-o 
the  men  into  resorliu'i  to  a  strike  to  compel  a  moditication  of  the 
contract  1?    Sljall  they  be  permitted  to  do  that^ 

I  am  compelletl  to  divposo  of  this  case  upon  what  appears  in  the 
bill  and  tin*  accompanying  aflitlavits.  There  is  no  answer,  and  no 
affidavits  on  behalf  of  the  <lefendants.  except  the  ones  I  have  read, 
I  arn  now  disposing  of  the  aiipli<'alion  practically  upon  what  in 
shown  I»v  tiiis  bill.  It  is  shown  by  the  bill  that,  being  a<lviscd  of  this 
eoiiti*act,  they  a<lvis4'(l  the  men  to  repudiate  it,  to  deman<!  tliul  th«; 
"pight-hour  day"  la^  matle  o|>erative  at  nnce.  and  also  the  "dosed 
sh(>p,"  and  to  enforce  the  deman<l  they  threatened  Mrikes,  and  it  in 
»llege<l  that  strikes  have  l)een  entei'ed  upon  in  Chicago,  and  other 
places  throughout  the  country,  and  that  u  strike  will  be  instituted 
ngainnt  every  member  of  the  Typothette  unless  it  consents  to  this 
juodiFieation  of  the  contract. 

Now,  so  far  as  the  men  aiv  concerned,  if  they  trtke  it  into  their  own* 
hands,  they  may  walk  out,  but  this  couii  is  asked  to  stay  the  hands 
of  the  ollicern  who  manage  and  control  this  organization,  who  have 
power  to  influence,  to  incite,  to  put  on  foot  tliese  strikes,  who  have  all 
the  machinery  in  their  hands,  and  who  mmOc  to  ust^  it  tu  induce  and 
incite  these  men  to  violate  a  contract  that  was  fairly  made. 

I  am  of  the  opinion,  tluM-efi^re,  (hat  a  case  is  made  requirii»g  that, 
the>^<»  oflicers.  named,  be  enjoined,  in  the  respects  prave*l  in  the  biil^) 
fvi-  i^iiig  thfir  j*ow»r,  tJieir  control,  and  their  mUuenw  lo  in* 

r//;.  ^  for  that  piirjiir-e. 


LAWS  OF  VABIOUS  STATES  RELATING  TO  LABOR,  ENACTED  SINCE 

JANUAKY  1.  1904. 

-  onlfllQS  III!  liiw*:  i>t  the  various  Statt>H  nnd 

T*  (M  liiUtr.   In  fone  Jrtiiunry    I,   IJMU.      Liiter 

n.  11. ■»  of  thr  Itultctin,  lifglnninif  with   BuDptln 

Nu    :>T.  iht    l>o.tiv  ul  Ai^ttli,   ;iutr,.      a  t-nuinluUvt'  Index  of  ttkL'Su  later  tractmenU  Id  tu  be 
found  oo  pace  i:H3  et  teq.  oC  tbls  Issue.] 

HAWAII. 

ACTS  OF  1W7. 

Act  No,  11, — ffotir^  of  tahor  of  rmplo^r^  on  puhUr  irork^, 

IfiEfTto!"?  1.  Swtfnn  122  of  the  Rpvlfwnl  I^wr  of  Hnwnii  id  Iiore^y  nniomiiM  .•«) 
JH  rwul  lis  f"Mt»ws: 

*  S4»ction  121*.  Ki^bt  liourt*  of  nctUHl  servlcv  on  miy  wnrkinpHiny,  except  on 
Ralurtltiy.  on  wbk-h  day  only  five  bours  «»f  nctiiHl  i^rvire  shiill  miislitiite  a  day's 
lalM>r  for  nil  UMvhitnlrw,  iMtMirerp,  dorks  and  t>ther  oiuplnyeos  tMiipIoyod  ii|>on  any 
public*  work  or  in  any  puldir  offlcp  of  this  IVrritorj-,  nr  any  |iolitl«.-al  »ub<llvla!on 
tliert-of.  whether  the  W'*rk  \^  doue  hy  eontr.'u-t  or  olherMi(*e." 
Approved  over  governor's  veto. 

Act  No,  D*J. — Km plntt intent  o^c*. 

RrcTio:^  1.  *'hjii'?<'r  lo2  nt  the  Heviseil  T.iiwk  of  llnwull  !«  berel»y  amended' 
hy  uddiuK  ten  seetioim  th**n*tti  to  be  knmvu  at*  scs-tloti  •  •  «  HIS*.',  •  *  • 
and  to  revd  uh  ruM>iw*t: 

•  ■*•**• 

"  S<»etlon  1418*'.  Every  i»erson.  rtrni  ur  oorporntlon  •'ondn<*thi>;  an  einploy- 
ixM'Ut  or  ititelllicence  offi.**  or  ndvertiKhiir  an  an  eni[»ltiyn»eut  ur  Intelllgenoe  agent 
sbull  |uiy  nn  onnani  llot>n.<^>  fee  of  Iwenty-Hvo  dollars'. 

•  «••••• 
Am>rove<l  tbls  23<1  day  of  April.  A.  D.  1907. 

Act  No.  1*S. — Ratra  of   waoct   of  cmployccit  on   fiuhllr   irorX-x. 

Be»Tio?f  1.  From  nnd  nfler  the  pnpsnge  of  this  not  the  dnily  imy  (>tr  eoeh 

w'trkhiK-dny  nf  earh  laborer  enKai»*d  in  i'"nf*trn<'thiir  nr  repairinir  raads.  hrfdKPH 
or  t*rnx*ts  witterworkn  or  other  works  either  bj-  «xtntract  or  iitherwlt*t\  for  the 
Territory  tif  Uawnll.  or  for  any  |M>Htl(-a)  subdivision  thereof,  sbail  ntit  Ik*  less 
than  one  dollar  and  twentyflve  i-ents. 
Appn>ved  nver  povernor's  veto, 

AiT   Na   113. — Actions  for  pcrso/in/   lujurirft — Umittttinns, 

SECTION  1.  Actions  for  the  recovery  of  comiKMtsation  for  damage  or  Injnry 
to  iN-rjf'Us  or  properly  nniRt  lw^  instliuled  within  one  year  next  after  the  caup6 
of  artlon  aix-rinsl,  and  not  after:  Frt>viil*it,  That  aHions.  on  sneh  eiin**es.  which 
fti^rne<l  prior  to  the  approval  of  lbl«  act.  if  otherwise  barred  hereby,  may  be 
brought  within  one  year  after  such  appr«^^»val  and  nt>t  later, 

AwToved  this  30th  d»y  of  April.  A.  D.  1007. 

Act  No.  110. — EMitioffmrttt  of  minorn  in  Molontm—Salr  uf  fiquor  to  rmploprea. 


S»eTioN  30.  XJovuMs  »hnll  be  snibje«*t  lu  the  foiinwinj: 
vislonfi: 


'ondltlonH  and   pro* 


(41   nxut  no  holder  of  n  IK'i-nse  for  a  waloon  !iiislnes*K  Miall  employ  any  minor 


2*32 


BULLETIN    OF   TllK    KrRKAr    OF    T^BOB. 


(Tt)   Tim)  iin  Inloxk-rttlirif  Ihinur  «h«ll  hv  ftolil  i>r  fiiniUheil  in     •     •     •     nnj 
p<«r«m  \vlnti4t'     •     ♦     ♦     i-niploycr  shall   linvi'  irlviMi   unilri*  uh  liervlunftiT  pro* 

•  •••«•« 

AppvuvtHl  Ihia  ^{Utli  duv  of  A|»ril.  A.  It.  UtuT. 

ILLINOIS. 


k 
i 


Af.TH  (IK  IIM>T. 

ArHf/r/i/n  (o  »:w/j/</;/rr.t — Rrportn, 

{fmw  arts.  J 

Sn<mo?f  1.  It  slmll  bo  tlio  duty  of  ox-i*ry  ihthoii,  firm  or  oorpftnitlnn  rmyloylng 
hilMircrf.  urtiwuiH.  lUts-linidos  iniiHTH,  iIci'kH  or  iiiiy  olhcr  wrvmitH  nr  *«iu- 
plo.voes  of  nny  chnniotcr,  to  mnkr  n  rpjuirt  to  thr  8t/itr  Imrrnn  of  InWor  !*liiti&- 
llft*  of  L'vt'O'  Hfiions  Injury  eiitjillli)»j  a  lnM«  nf  ttdrly  ^r  mori-  days'  time,  InJ'iry 
or  iJ«*nrh  of  ovrry  oinploy<>e  iiukh'41  by  iKn-lilont  wbllt  la  tl»e  i»frformnnre  of  nny 
dtity  or  wrvbv  for  Kiich  i»iii|»lity('r  wllhln  tlilr»y  (.'^»)  diiyx  froiri  llu»  dalo  of  Mtwh 
Injury  or  donth.  Surh  reiMirt  xhull  pive  tbi*  iiiiiiir  of  Ibc  pniiiloy<'r.  rhjinn'tor 
cif  hiiNliit*HH  iif  Mdrh  ulnployiT.  wbt-pe  Io*ti(<Hl.  diitr  of  Iujur>  i>r  dititU.  niiiur  of 
firrNim  kllUtt  or  lnjtirtil,  rhnntrtrr  of  iMnploymrnt  tif  •ii'rvU'o.  n\u\  t-jiusr  i)f  such 
Injury  or  drath,  and  wbfn  bijiiry  nloiie.  Www  Ibf  cbdrnirt^r  and  HXifMil  nf  Rocb 
Injury.  ntNUhMici.'.  uuUvlty  aud  atco  uf  xha  (ivrMin  iujurtil  ur  killed,  wtM*tluT 
niarrlrd  or  sln^lo.  nnd,  If  known,  bow  innny  pt*ri><m«  nr«  dept^ndeiit  upon  Midi 
ein(il(>y<'«\ 

Spj(\  2.  It  Hbfill  ha  \\\v  duty  of  the  Stuir  iMinvni  uf  bd>or  stattstk'fl  to  raoaft 
BiK'U  ru|HH*ts*  to  bf  uiadt'  and  to  Hiforri-  tbt'  iiriniHbms  of  tbin  act  iind  Rluill 
fjiiifto  nil  of  fliu-h  act'bb'uLs  or  dc-iiThM  by  at*tf'bU»utH  to  U*  (rUMHirtrd  lulo  trftdM' 
cif  kinds  uf  t*Di|)loyrnvii(,  and  hball  aiUHi'  11k*  Htnui*  to  be  publlsbLNl  nt  lunsf  ones 
onch  yoar  on  or  brfort»  Jiiiiunry  Iwt. 

Sr.<\  o.  Atiy  portion,  firm  or  I'uriHtrutUtM  fiilUuR  or  refimJut;  to  mnko  tbo 
roiK>ri«  «y  i»rovid*Hi  in  sivtion  1  of  this  net  shiill  (m-  dootiuM  jjnllty  of  n  tulihl^ 
iurunor  aitd  Hliall.  upon  (.-iMnkMlDti.  bi'  Outil  In  »  Htini  not  K*hs  ibnu  twoiity- 
tlvo  do|liii':«  (fUTfJXi)    nor  more  thau  two  liiiM(Ir(.Hl  doILir-M   i  $'J<Ht.<M)). 

Approved  M«y  2-1.  1!K»7. 

ln$pC(;thn  uf  fnvtot-icn — Huttrrirtr  itntt  trr  rrntm  farfoHcg, 

<Pltff«  3O0.  r 

<S<'r  riulU'thi  So.  7:5.  ri|».  slU,  KiTt.) 

D^parimeiff  uf  fttrforft  initttrrtinn. 

(PftK^    310.1 

(JUh'  Bulb^tln  No.  73.  pp.  KK,  830.) 
Ptttftrfion   uf  twphtjtrfB  on   buihihipn. 

5»nrTTOT  1.    ^"  '•■  '■       holirrsi.    r- ■    -       •     •'   -       -1- 

furvbnnlcnl  <  ■  I'l'tiil  or 

ration  In  (bl  "•    '"  " 

pnlntln;:  of 

t-riftcd  und 

PTivlixl  nnd  fMnMriirlfd,  iibir^il  nuii 

prolivtlon   In  till*  !lfi»  nnd  Ilnth  nf  n  I 

rhf^nvm.  OP  iviwlnir  ondw  .h  u»  prtf-vujit 

tbc  ftillliiL'  of  ii!iv  Miri(t*rlMi  n, 


/A. 


'fir  {Sit  !ui 


//ii*  lltMir  or  uiHlii  iMtiM 


LABOB   LAW 


ILLINOIS — ACTS  OF    l^*" 


U 


|ir*>(ivf-lv  all  r«>iaiii^  ••  -<■  >.i  furit^'u*^ 

8n'.  2.  If  Lu  :  <^  ii**u  or  com- 

fliructiuu  l«   Ihir  ;j.    iis  n    ctlvalti 

^24>  fret.  !fi  tbr*  clfur.  tLi-rr  tUiuIl  be*  bulJU  k^pt  uml  luuiiiLnluiMi.  |ii<  i 

-  fjir  tlii'  jiiIMn,  wbirli  NiipiMfrtK  sluillb*.' t.>l(lii»r  lirick  walLi  t.tr  ir 
tjuiJuH.  trufwob  [trust^fAj  ur  giriitTN  uuU  tlie  tliMu-s  lu  jiJi  mm 
inrcs,  lu  i»nK*eHi»  of  ereillori         '  "til 

.    In  HiK-li   inatini*r  i\s  to  lif  >  u  ai 

11.,.  .,   ...hi  iif  (lit'  (luor  coji.-w  i..  ;.....,   ,M..,.,  *....,■,  aii4 
i   tliJit   may  bt*  *t't   u[hiH   Un»  wiitif.  :i    livi 
-  iiiiiro  foul  of  Nirfatt?  iu  fiudi  Uoui-h,  ai 
-r,  irKKi:^',  bulMpr  or  **<*ntnK*tor  or  huI 
.ih.*(un\  itr  tlie  ftiiiterlutfixiivnt  or  na 
•  >iiti  <>{  thlA  »Lvtliin  nrc  i*<mj|>ti4Nl  willi. 
owit^r  of  ov*»r5-  bouHt'.  UiiHiUut;  or  Ktrnrture 
'  ly  as  u  jirlvuU-  r«  -    " 
leil.  lo  HtWa  and  <)i 
■■-'tuctlou.  It    i  '■  t 

.     ^    ■  :-■() ;  or  if  I  .      __  ;i! 

>    t)o«*r  varie;^  tiieu  tliei-e  hImU  b«^  »uc2i  i>Ucanls  for  vucii  rur>'Ui« 

!   :!«i"r      11  shjill  be  unlawful  to  Uwul  any  !*iich  tU»«»rK  or  any  |iurt 

t'Xtt^nt  tUaM  tluf  loiiil  ludK-atLiI  mi  wieb  irliK-Hniii,  nuil  ull 

(•  wriiiL'U  nijil  upitrovi'd  by  tbe  Slat**  fjutory  liiHiKH-tor.  H 

"r  l»y  Ibc  Ifxal  fuiniul?4Bl<mcr  or  lii»i«i*tor  of  huildlnies 

,   ill   till'  (*Uy.   U>wn  or   village  chargiM  with  tlir  nn- 


or 
paruuieat 

ImiI  of  Qf. 

e> 
©-' 

Ct.l. 


It  slml!  come  to  the  notice  of  llii?  Staii*  fnclury  Insiuvtor 
or  '..    In  iin.v  city.  Town  or  vHlnpe  In  this  Stntc,  chnrKO(l  wUU 

Ibi*  iJuiy   of    eiiforcinc   the  biiiMluK   Iuwk   Uuit    the   KcutToUliiuc  or   the  i^Uuki^ 

luinrr-rs.  M(»i!c«.  t'^'"' T*^    «tjiys.  braces,   UiliJers.  Iron*  or  rojws  of  mir  Ktt{n;.'ins 

hilforiii  or  <4b*'r  sliull.-ir  Ofvlc"'  u-wmI  In  Df 

rcmoviu;;.  i'lcualuu  or  [mintiti;;  of  bulUIit<,  -s 

■     MV  unsjifi'.  <ir   n«I»Je  to  prove  ibiiucen.i  s   b.  ilu? 

Slate  factory  IiifcjHHtor.  or  wifh  bM^nl  auiborily 

'■  ..—-■-  •■-   i'-- ■'...-   '->  1-  'h^  -.f  -■-■1,   Mca/- 

SIICU 

'tin  to 

•  I    RQ- 

i>r   uinln- 

aj^':ihiKt  the  nse.  iLuiint«'iuiMei*  or  t»(i<M'utl<<4i 

•if.  auil  i-eipilie  tlif  tviiuo  lu  be  iiltorixl  and 

diriiiivr.     Sncli  notice    timy    l*e   scrvtMl    fter- 

■' '~    ■■■■.-•■".■■    -■•-    .....1'" "--■,    -■•■    i.y    \-uu- 

i    the 

■    '  -hI  ur 

lh<*rv/ur  sIjuU  ceasp  uhIjii;  and   tiuiiiedlnifly  rv~ 

Hi  or  othei*  device  or  pare  thorefif  and  alter  tir 

iiir  iXB  to  reader  It  wtfe. 

ctnr  or  nny  of  bis  dc<imHe9s  or  aucb  local  aiiUuirlly, 


rorut  or  iic\  ]>  <•  ur  nny  of  mt'h  jmrtK  la  f^ound  to  '.■ 
•  of  aiky   per*>n,  the  State  factory  Iiwitector  oi 

Ihoiil/   ttliuii  ill  ont-e  notify  the  iierH<in   rr'Hi>nnMlble  ftir  it*  cn-tihiu 

t^taiw?  of  HucU  fact,  and  U'lru  bin 


r  thi*»  rti't.  tfi  examine  or  test  r 
r  pari  Iherettf.   required   In 


•^    <shiill    tj 
•"•tl   tf>  ht'  ' 


vV«li:n  ill   llM',  uiul  i.ucb 
be  s»(>  o\'«'rloudt)1   or  < 


Idlng. 
I  and 


'•   fMi   njh- 

!-iicndent 

*  form 


111  or  coriMinillou  In  tbiii  Stale  Idrluc.  empl  tylnp  or 
Jill  Ittinrr  of  any  kind  In  lUe  eiv^'Wutt,  rv-va^'"  '    -*■'"•' 
rat^r  ^"f^  i'^I"?.  »tau^i4ve,  tnnk,  siuokeslacV.,  c\v\vi 


264 


BUULETIN    1)1'   THE    BITKEAU    OF    LABOR. 


Htcoiilo,  |H)lo,  Mnflf.  tlmiio  (»r  riiimlM.  wIumi  !hc  uw?  uf  lui.v  scafToIiJ,  ntaKhi)?,  ftwInS, 
luitiiitiix'k,  siipiMirt,  it'nti»f»rin'y  phitforni  or  nthr»r  Himllnr  ctnilrlviiiu*i»  nro  riv 
(intiiMl  or  usi'tl  in  ibi*  iKTforiiiiitK'i*  uf  him.-1i  IdImip.  hIuiII  kf'i*p  iind  iniitiitnlD  at  all 
(liiH-H,  wbllr  !>urh  lnlM<r  U  lu'liij;  iHTforiiiitl.  nnd  su^'li  iiKihanlrul  ilrvlrr  \n  In 
u(*^*  or  tn-.oniil'Mi,  n  wtfi*  ami  proKT  «*'«lTi.i(l,  :*tny.  siiMmrt  or  utl»M*  sultnhlo  de- 
vWf},  mtt  less  elinn  «lxtfon  ( I»i  >  f<vt  or  iii(»rt'.  holow  such  worklnc  M'tifTold* 
Ktuxlni;,  HwIriK.  hJiiiKiMM'k.  sup|»<'rt  or  tiMniHiriiry  plntfonii,  wliou  Hiirh  w*'rk  It 
tipliiK  i>erforiii<Hl.  at  n  hrl^li^  of  tli1rly-t\v<»  (:i2>  fcot.  for  tin*  purfnim?  of  prevont- 
Ing  tlH>  pf'i'HiiM  or  |H>rsoiis  pcrfttrinhi^;  such  Inhnr  from  fnlllnc  In  cnRo  of  uny 
u(vlitt*Mi  tu  sudi  wnrklne  HcafTr'Id.  HtuKlnir,  Bwlim.  hniiiuiock.  i!iuptK>rt  or  ttm' 
jtctrnry  platform. 

Stf.  (1.  AM  iN^ntrartni-K  niid  ownovs,  whrti  ronslnvtlntr  bulldlnfrf*  !n  rltlri^ 
whf-rf'  tho  plauH  iiiwl  »iHv!ilcaiU»ii«  rt«mihv  tho  fluorH  Ut  Ih'  arrluM  hetwi'iMi  the 
Tieiuns  tlioipitf.  i'V  wh'T*'  Mk'  II<M»rs  <if  |orl  HIliuK  hi  lu'twofu  the  Iloors  nn*  Hre- 
proof  iiinlcrial  or  hrlrkwork,  slirtJI  ooiiipleto  tln>  ihKirlnjr  or  illllnj;  In  as  tb© 
hnlltllng  proKrt»f*R's.  to  not  Ionh  than  within  lUrw  llcrw  or  boams  bolow  that  on 
wliirli  tin*  lr*^in\vork  Is  NliiK  pri?i't"(I.  If  tlii*  plans  aiul  srMN*lHcntlon«  of  sncfa 
bnllthnjTH  do  not  rftiuUv  IllUn^r  In  b«.'lww>n  tbf  boanis  tir  ibMirs  wllli  brlek  or 
flrcprtMif  nnitcrlal,  all  oontrarlurB  for  rnrpiiMiT  >vork  in  tho  i-'tnrsc  of  ronstrtio- 
lioti  sball  lay  lb*?  uiitlor  tloorluK  (boivof  or  a  wifi*  temporary  flixir  on  wirh  «itiV 
UH  tbo  bnlliUiiK  projin-ssfH  lo  ti"t  \v*h  (ban  Avllbln  1wr>  wtnrirs  or  lloctr*  bHfiw  Ih^ 
oho  to  wlili'b  r»in'li  Imtlillnc  lias  Ihvh  ('rf<'(<*il.  Wlicrr  tlonbU?  tbiors  am  nor 
bi»  hwmI,  hikIi  uwrifr  or  rnntraolor  shall  Uwii  planKwl  oier  tbo  floor  lwt»  Htorl 
or  tloors  l»i»N»w  tbc  ntory  where  the  work  Is  Iwlnn  iMTforniecl.  If  the  tbtor  Iwnmi 
nro  of  Iron  or  slocl,  tho  contrnrtors  for  tho  Iron  or  Htool  work  of  hnlUllngn 
tbo  LHinnte  of  c(HislrurtIon.  or  tbe  owners  of  Hiu'b  bnlltlbm^,  BbuU  th<»rouKb1j 
plank  over  tlio  r-iuirr  tier  of  iron  or  «f<H»l  boiitoH  on  wbteb  tho  strnrtnnil  Iron  or 
Fto*'l  work  iM  boiiiir  ortvtoil,  except  sneh  spneoij  rk  may  bt*  reasonably  nviiiired 
for  the  pr<»p*'r  eoiistruetlon  of  nneh  Iron  or  hUh'I  work  and  for  the  rat<ilntf  nnd 
lowering  of  maferlals  to  lie  iif*et1  In  tbe  i*onKtruction  of  micb  biilMlnKH,  or  snch 
HpneeH  tin  may  be  deHlgmiteil  by  tlio  pinna  anil  Hpti'llleatloiiH  fiir  HtalrwiivH  ami 
elevntor  KbaftH, 

Skc.  7.  If  eleviitlii*;  machine**  or  bolMbit;  ap|>flrotii«  are  vxod  within  n  build- 
tntc  lt>  *bc*  eonpHc*  t>f  eunttlrneilon  for  the  pnrpo^  of  lifllnf^  naitertalH  U*  be  nscd 
III  8nch  t'OTtstrnetlon,  the  eijiiirnetor«  or  owners  tthall  eaiiKo  tbe  HliuflH  or  uiicd- 
inKH  III  each  floor  to  be  Inelo^il  or  fcneeil  In  on  nil  »hles  by  a  Hubhtantlal  l)nrrlrr 
or  ralllni:  at  least  elcbt  feet  In  bel^rht.  Any  Iiolstlni:  matlilne  or  enplnr  n»«d 
(n  such  bnlhllnjr  etinwtrnetlon  Khali,  wlo-re  praerlealile,  be  m»t  itp  or  plaoed  on  the 
cronml.  ami  wheiv  !t  Ih  neeesf-ary  In  the  conKtrnotlon  of  Hin  h  biilldlnj:  (»>  plaC9 
ftm-b  hdUtin;;  maehlne  or  eia'lne  on  some  tloor  nhove  the  ground  floor,  nnch 
nmebine  or  engine  nni«t  be  pro|H>rly  and  wvurely  MUppord**!  with  a  fonnilntlon 
eatwible  of  Knfely  HtiKtulnlnj;  (wlee  the  weight  of  toicb  nutehlne  or  eiii^tne.  If 
n  bnlhllng  In  et>nrH4'  of  eonstrnetlon  Ih  Mvi*  siorb'fl  or  nutro  In  height,  no  material 
ueetUnl  for  Ktivh  eoiiHtnn'tlon  Hliall  be  bol(*ted  or  llftnl  over  pnblle  nrrwti  or 
alleys  nnle^ts  sneh  street  or  alley  idnill  be  barrleailotl  fmni  owe  by  tlif  public 
Tbe  eblef  otIlei«r  In  any  elty,  town  or  vlllnce  eluirKeil  with  tlie  enforeemenl  of 
loejil  bulldln^^  lawn,  and  the  Slate  fnetoiT  ln!i>iK*etor.  are  hereby  eliar^'i*rl  with 
enforcing  Ihi'  pro\  IsbaiH  of  this  iirt :  Vnni'l'tt,  That  hi  nil  «*|fle»t  In  the  Stilte. 
where  a  bx-al  tmlldlnj:  oonunlsslnner  Ih  provldwl  for  by  law.  sneh  olIbn*r  slm 
be  oharpHl  wth  the  dnty  nf  enforehiK  the  provlsIoiiK  of  thin  art.  and  In  enw»  of 
bi8  fallnr«^»»  tie^jleet  or  refusal  w»  to  do.  the  State  factory  iiisfx-dor  Bliflll,  pnf- 
»naut  to  tlie  teruoi  i»f  Ihlx  act,  enforce  the  provlshmft  Ihert»ftf. 

Sr.c.  Ta.  If  elevntlni;  niaehlueR  or  holHttni;  apitnrntiis.  oi)ernteil  or  controlled 
by  other  than  hand  power,  are  nwoil  Iti  the  coiintrnrtlnn,  alteration  ttr  removal 
of  any  biilldUiK  or  otluT  ftnioture,  n  rouipU'te  mid  adiMpniie  syHteni  of  com* 
niunlctitlon  by  niean^  of  sitnials  »bnll  bo  provided  and  maintained  bv  iho  ownev^ 
eontmctor  or  Hub<ontnictor.  ditrlnic  the  use  and  operalh'n  of 
machines  or  boUthn;  jipi>aratnMt  In  onler  that  (O'onipt  iumI  ffrt«<-ii 
tlon  ntity  be  liad  at  all  titneK  beiwt*en  the  o|>erator  of  en>^)ne  or  uimt..  ^"^^^,■c 
of  Kiicb  olevatln;:  nnichlr>e  and  bolsthiK  npi«initiis.  and  the  einploye<»a  or  pprw>nii 
entniKetl  Ibereoii,  or  In  nsInK  lU'  oiK'nitliiK'  the  wune. 

Hkc,  8.  It  Hball  be  tlie  duly  of  nil  ttn'blltvtH  or  draftwmii  i-ncapxl  In  pnTiB 
Ing  plaDB.  HiKH'IflratlonH  op  drnwlnifn  to  he  nrrpil  in  tho  erecilon.  rcitnlrlni:.  nlt«r^' 
Ing  or  reniovInK  of  nny  bnlhllni;  tir  wlrtj-  mh  the  t*  i  ioin 

of  r/ifi*  net,  to  ftrocble  In   ^ueb  plfto*.   ^  >  <*  fool  *\\  tlwi 

f^t^W/ttwnr  ittrrrtiK'tit  .  Y 

'//f/rt*  tm  the  fiiirt  .»f 


or 

h«^^H 

m 


LABOR  LAWS — ILUXOXS — ACTS  OF   IWH, 


865 


■hall  stil>jf-<t   fnyrh  Mvehlttci 
i,^y\  doHars  nor  more  Chan 


Sr- 


fe 


I 
I 


cli 


or  Jraf!$3iiiti  to  n  flnr  of  not  I^-ss  dun  twvnty-flv* 
two  biini1ri*i1   <•-**>(*>  dollars  for  ttiob  t*(f«jm». 

■'■■■•   ■="' -t..-   f..r.»..,.»  ..r  ...j...r  person  barl 


>  :il  or  paint! 
of  :i  >v!kIo»«  of 

act,  sbaU  roujpi.v  with  all  the  terms  tber«if.  and  hdj-  swi-h  owner,  coutmctor, 
subc<kntractor,  foreman  or  other  per^in  violAtlnp  any  of  the  pmrislonH  of 
act  shall,  npon  courletloa  therc<jf.  bo  fined  not  less  than  twontx-five  (25)  do|i>< 
hirs  nor  more  than  live  htindreO  (5*ii»)  doltars  or  luiprlfKiuetl  for  not  U 
timn  thr^^  (.3)  month.«<  nnr  more  than  two  (2)  years,  or  l»oth  fined  and  imprl»- 
ooed.  In  the  diwrotinn  of  the  nr.nrt. 

And  in  ciise  of  any  sut^h  faihire  to  Cfmiply  with  any  of  the  prtirinion^  of  this 
•CC  any  state  factory  iu!*iio»tor  may.  thmujrh  the  .StJitea  attorney  or  any  other 
■ttomey.  In  case  of  his  fatlnre  to  aet  pi^iupily,  lake  the  neceisar}'  J^al  steijs 
to  enfort'e  compliance  tlierewith. 

If  it  t>€conieg  necefaiary.  through  the  refusal  or  failure  of  the  State's  attorney 
to  act,  for  any  other  atlortit^y  to  appear  for  the  Ktate  In  any  snit  Involving  tbo 
enforeeuient  of  any  prttvlalim  of  this  art,  n>H».>uable  fees  for  the  services  of  such 
atturiiey  shall  be  allowed  t>y  the  board  of  snperrlsors  or  oimnty  coiuiulsslonera 
Id  Slid  for  the  et>unty  in  which  such  pn.H'^'OdiDgs  are  Instltntetl. 

For  any  injury  to  pernin,  or  pmiterty  occarfotied  by  any  willful  violations  of 
this  act,  or  willful  failun?  to  coiuply  with  any  of  its  provisioiiR.  a  ripht  of  ac- 
tion shall  accrue  to  the  party  hijunnl  for  any  direct  dnma^'ts  sustalnod  thereby; 
and  la  case  of  Io«s  of  life  by  reason  of  euch  willful  vii*latiou  or  willful  failure 
as  flfopestald.  a  rl;«rht  of  action  shall  accrue  to  the  widow  of  tlte  permm  8o 
knu*i1.  his  Hneal  heirs  or  adopted  ohtldron,  or  to  any  othor  |>erson  or  per9QnS| 
who  were,  before  such  lot^  of  Hfc  dependent  for  support  on  tlie  pen*on  or  per-i 
•DUB  so  killed,  for  A  like  recovery  of  dniuages  for  the  Injuries  sustained  bj 
rensoa  of  such  loss  of  life  or  Hvea. 

Approved  June  3.  1007. 

MiiW  ri^guintinna — Shot  flrcm, 

llMgo   401.) 

Secttox  1.  An  act  entitled  "An  Act  providing  thflt  operators  of  mines  shall 
fnml^ih  shot  flrerp  in  mines  where  shootinp  and  bhistinK  is  doue."  upiiroved  May 
IS,  1005.  in  force  July  1.  11»<>r»,  is  anieuded  to  read  as  follows: 

Sec.  2.  In  all  mines  in  this  State  where  coal  !s  blaatfHl,  and  wlicre  more  thaa 
two  |Hiuu(ls  of  powder  is  useil  for  any  one  blast;  and  also  In  all  mines  In  thlfl-J 
State  whore  jnts  U  trenenited  Ui  dangerous  quantliles.  a  sufllclout  number  of 
practical,  experienced  men  to  be  desl^ated  as  shot  flrers,  sliall  be  employed  by 
the  comi>any  and  at  its  exi)ensf?,  wiiose  duty  it  shall  be  to  InsjttH't  aud  do  all  the 
tiring  of  all  blasts,  pretiared  In  a  practical,  workmanlike  manner  in  suid  mine 
or  mines. 

See.  3.  The  shot  firers  shall.  Immediately  after  the  roniplotlon  of  Ihrir  work, 
lK>6t  a  notice  In  a  coUHpIcuous  place  at  the  mine,  In  which  t^hall  be  Indle-atcd 
the  numlter  of  shots  firetl;  al*)  the  number  ot  shots  they  did  not  lire,  if  any, 
Htieclfylng  the  nnmhcr  of  the  room  and  designation  of  the  entry,  and  giving 
reasons  for  not  firing  the  same.  In  addition  they  shall  also  keep  a  dally  perma- 
nent reconl  In  which  shall  be  entere<l  the  numl>er  of  shots  or  blasts  tlr»^,  the 
ntunber  of  shots  or  blasts  falling  to  expbxle,  and  the  number  of  shots  or  blasts 
that  in  their  jndcmient  were  not  pro|»erly  prepared  and  which  they  refuse  to 
giving  reasons  for  the  same,  the  record  to  be  in  the  custody  of  the  mine 
rtger  and  lo  br  available  for  inspection  at  all  ttnit'S  by  juirtles  Interostetl- 
•o.  4.  The  snii._Tl!itendeut  or  mine  manager  shall  not  |H'rnilt  the  shot  tlrera 
do  any  hlasilnir,  exjtloiilng  of  shots,  or  do  any  firing  whatever  until  <3sich  and 
every  miner  and  employee  Is  out  of  the  mine  except  the  shot  llrers.  mine  super- 
tendent,  min-  i.i  ;.i  >_-,-r  and  man  or  men  ne*'^sPi!rily  cncnjJod  In  charge  of  the 
puiup*^  and  f't^viilcd  fioirrvrr.  That  nothing  In  this  section  sliall  be 

conBtnio<l  t'!  ;  the  employment  In  snch  mine  of  a  reasonably  !ie»vsK4ipy 

Qumlx^r  of  men  duiitig  such  time  for  the  purpoee  of  securing  the  workings  In^ 
case  of  Arc  therein. 

St«c.  0.  No  miner  or  other  person  shnll  niter  or  chnngi*  any  drill  hole,  by  In- 
rrmxlng  Its  depth,  diameter  or  ulhei-wlse,  after  the  mum*  shall  Imve  bi?en 
»)>,  '   ■       "      slmt  firvr. 

ffri-r.  %viwrher  vo/untnrlty.  or  by  aiuvm&nA  ot  tw\\u*^v  «>\  tt-Ki 
■■■"-■  itnUtvrfui  bhof,  dp  any  shot  vUlch  \ft  hV*  V'""'"  '  -'^'^ 


BULLETIN    OF  THB   BVUZAV    Of   J-ABOX, 

ctinnl  ns  iifon'Kiitd.   trom  bis  liis|»erlloii   itim-rif.   iiini1«>  ae  afnrpsiilil.  hIuII  not 
Im»  «   \viirkntniiMki%  jirop.T  atiil    (•riKtlr.'tl   »«li»it, 

fiw.  7.  No  iH'fWJii  nr  tH^nutiiN  slmll  «inl*'r.  (•.>nMMiM.i  .»r  indart*  ('^-   •in-^'H'*    mt* 
olhci'uifu',  any  simt   lin»r  to  fire  any  iiiilHufi;  any  she 

JtMljCTUt'lit,  uftt'f  due  IU!(lit<>cfU*ii,  simll  uur  lii*  a   o  <       Ur.  iirnprr  .  i 

8ll0l. 

8vi'.  8.  Auy  willful  nineloet  refusal  ur  Callarr  to  do  tlii*  UilnvH  reqalrr-r!  ti^  hn 
done  l>.v  tiny  Mor'tioa,  elatine  or  iiruvlsUai  of  ttilf*  urt  on  the  iMirt  of  \Uf  i  *' 

ItcfHoHH  herein  rioiiilrcil  to  do  (Ueiu.  or  nny  tlolntloii   of  tiny  ut  the  i  • 

or  r«|ulrt'nu'iitH  hi'rcN>f.  or  nny  nttrmpt  to  ol»Htru(-t  or  Intrrffrr  w  r  * 

111  tlu'  (llxtlinru**  "'f  lilt'  (liitU'H  luTt'lii  linitowd  n|Mm  thi"iD»  or  any  r- 
l»]y  with  thr  provlHloiit^  of  llils  Qct.  !<lml]  ho  di'^'UiiMl  a  iiti«<U'Uh'iu>' 
by  a  line  not  leflw  Ihau  one  btmdred  doIUrn  nud  uot  to  t*\ti*t»d  tw 
liirs,  or  l>.v   lnu>rls(MinH'nt   tn  tlj<»  coiJDiy  Jnll  for  n   iktIoiI  not  t'\  _  ' 

uionths,  or  Iwttb,  nt  llio  di»**TetIon  of  the  court :  Proriitvil.  Tluit  wb«t»*ver  »nuU 
diHfover  timt  nny  HecttMi  of  thitc  Jict,  or  pnrt  t!«'r<»of.  \»  iM^ios;  iie»rU«'tixt  or  r!n- 
IntPiI  Khnll  rfiM»rt  1hi»  s.nnu'  to  (be  sn|M«rluteud»iH  ol*lhe  nilne«  mid  n  ' 
dlate  coiii|iIIi!tuv  therowllli;  aud  \n  atw  nt  rontluued  fulhiro  to  coin, 
throufcli  thi\StHte's  attornoy.  »>r  nny  •  'riiey.  lii  raw  of  his  fnlliiix'  lo  «'-*t. 

promptly,  tnkc  tlie  nisi-Mwiry  Iinral  nl-  tci- «'ojjipll«iu*«»  hrrcwiili.  ttirotsdkl 

nnd  by  rxK^ns  of  the  poiuiltle*<  litu'ein  I'l--^-  >  iiml. 

ApproviHl  May  :io,  ISXJT. 

fOllirr   arts  nmcndlnj;   tli^   nilnin;;  Imv   wrro  prtASHl.   tUi*  lu'lnii;':!!   cliaiitfi 
beini;  u»  folluwH:   ^tiiklu;;  an  oiMTator   fnllhiu  to  fiirulKli  u  uinp  uf  Ids  uiliift! 
Kiiilty  of  a  laisdiMuruuor ;  kIvUik  thv  pimiT  of  npjMdattni:  tUo  Slnd*  '     ■  '■   -  '       "T 
to  llio  ^uveriior   IiiHtojid   of  to  tln'  ctiuuniptttSoiiers  of  latior:    [H" 
ImilMtiorH  aud  lusiM'dluu  dlslrlflB  IiihIimuI  tif  7  ua  laTt*l<«fiir.'; 
exiiiiilnnllon  fee  for  mine  inanaKeri*,  tiolNtIng  ensiuoerv  and  uili 
ri'ciulrint;  tia*  udno  examiner  to  nw  an   hiHlinmmit  to  trst  air  « 
dally  tour  of  Insitoftlnn  prior  to  iho  foainienccniont  of  work  :  «*hrtn>;li»«  Hie  max- 
Initim  aiaonnl  rtvovoralile  fur  loss  of  llfo  catiBtNl  liy  vlolutkTti  of  the  Klainlc  frtwu 
$.VMN't  Id  $1(M)00,  and  llniltlnc:  the  perliMt  In  wTdch  mdt  munt  U>  brouslit  to  oue 
year  tifter  tln'  death  of  the  Injured  iterwiu.) 

Emvlopment  *tf  i.'hU4r\n — itvhovl  O/frndflac*'. 

(See  Dullellu  No.  TU.  pii.  084.  G85.) 

IKDIAITA. 

Acra  OF  i»or. 

I'liAiTim  11. — UaiirvUflit — Trttfnn  n*>t  fo  hv  rvn  tritlmut  itufflfirnl  rrnr, 

Sm-TioN  1.  Tt  Khrtll  In»  uulflwfnl  for  ;ui\    r-nllpoad  e»^nM"i"v  dnin  '  l.ntiiifiM  In 
the  Kinte  of  Indiana,  thiit  openiti-fci  four  1  h  <#tt 

Iweiity-four  hourw,  to  <»|M»rjito  i.\.'r  .r  nnr  p^  r  «ir 

Itennil  to  Im>  run  over  lU  r- 

Klntln*?  '»f  tiv>n»  Uinn  fifty 
ear 

ef»i. 


Uii'Vixi^  L-rvw* 


frit  icM  titMu  a  tali  f wjiNflniriT 


.T,  outfc  V'. 


LIBOK   LAWS — INDIANA — ACTS   OF   1007. 


267 


I 


'i^'— ]-•--■ '"  M-  ■'  'i^f  -1,,;.,,  ,  ^-.i.i  I.,-  .1  ..,,-,,.  .,f.  tln^nufin  shall  uot 

^s  lufewnmtrs). 

■      ^    '    '  :«•  of  ludiitun,  who 

.1(1.  or  caiiSL*  lit  Ue  Kent  out  on  Us  ntoii,  any  tram  wtiich  Ih. 

f*  wfrb  HCi'tlMiis  1  am]  2  of  tbU  nel.  stuill  }jc  guilty  uf  a 

'  vlctlun  bliull  l)e  fin^^  nut  it^HSK  tbiiii  one  huudreij  tlol- 

tjve  buudrc'«l  dollars   ($r>(N>)    for  each  offeiiM*.  imd 

I  r><-  ii:tiilo  for  uiiy  duiuugoe  niusoil  bjr  tbe  \iolaUou  of  Auy 

-f  this  not. 

.-,.  Uii  iLv  duly  uf  Lli<L*  l>Mtird  of  raliruuil  ix>iimiifKliuierH  to  havu 


of  t 

S*^  .    ..   ..   ."i 

tklB   Ihw  eufort?o<l 

Antrum  aI  Ftttruury  VU  10)17. 


CajkrTKB  2iL — RuilroaH  rttlicf  tuiitaciation^ — Contracts. 

Scmox  1.  Nn  rnllrnnil  com|»any  h«'»w  pjclsting,  or  Uerenfter  trwiU-O,  oudCT* 
■d  by  r*r*""  ■'■  •!'"  iiwfl  nf  tJitrt  Hfnto  nr  nny  oth«»r  fWflfp  or  cotnitry,  aod  hnv- 
1^  and  '»  of  rnllw.'iy  Lu  this  .<rntp,  m:iy  esfnhllsh  or  mfllTitnhi, 

r  KasU  1^  '»r  rniiintHitiin?  any  rrlhof  .T^tHK-iation  or  society,  tiio 

iImi  or  'f  whli'ti  simll  re^inire  of  any  [lorsou  or  enipUtyo*  botoiulng  a 

I  '"  enter  Into  a  coutrart,  aprtviiKiit  or  KtlimJutlon.  dirvctly  or 

•ll^,  w  bf  it'by  Riirh   pt-rttoii  or  eiiiiloyee  shalf  sllpalate,  or  ogree  to  sor- 
nr  w«lvi»  »nr  rlf^ht   of  drtiimcP  apilnst  any  railroad  foinpany  for  pCT- 
:  r  i!i.  or  whereby  snrh  p**!-soii   or  emplo>t?e  agivca  to  snr- 

'*•  \\v  ixt'i^Tis  Hiwh  cbiliu  for  dauiawH.  any  rifcbt  whnt- 
,  nnu  niiv    r-i::  i,  Kttre^uBent  or  t-untract,  #o  signed  by  sucb  i»ersou  sball  be 
and  void. 
Amiroved  Fetruarj'  21,  1907. 


C\i 


64. — SHnrfnif  laht^r — Barhrr  jrAopx. 


ItKcnoK  1-  U  shall  be  a&bwful  for  aiiy  jicrsoii  or  iiorsons  to  carry  on  or  en- 
IQK*'  In  tbe  art  or  railing  of  Imlr  cutting,  shtivin;;.  Ii:iir  ilrcssin;;  and  Hhnmpoo- 
\9tg»  or  la  any  work  pertabibuz  to  thi*  trade  or  buslnews  of  a  l';irb<?r,  on   tbe 


flrift  day  of  i^ 
stinll  bo  «upi' 


-.^•L 


ca.ll«tl  Sunday,  except  aucb  pei>i>n  or  fwrsoos 

!i  art  or  cnllinL;  In  rolotliin  to  a  dceraf^t-d  |>^rf)on. 

.'>r  any  Rueb  persoa  or  iMrsoiu^  aBBorlaiiofi,  flnu, 

ciub  lu  kMrp  vit^fti  tlielr  shops  or  plncra  of  bustm>ss  aforivald,  oa 

of  the  wei'k.  i-ommunly  called  Hunday.  for  any  of  the  parposes 

too  ooe  of  tbis  act:   ProrW^rf.  howi  rrr.  That  notbinf:  in  this 

p<rnHiti:>:  who  constclMitlously  b<*H<»ve  the  seventh  day  of  the 

•<1  as  tbo  Sabbath  and  who  aotunlly  rufrulu  from  secular 


4 


Mtlom- 

act  ftbai' 
wfvlc  alMittJii  I 
bubieM  «a  > 

Rac.  3.  Kvfi..   ,,>-...,   -...■'■■..-  --r  •)'- 

nMivirthtn  itinn-or.  Im- 

Ibiin   ru-iTi(v  live  d*'|i:u - 

la  I  Jail  not  more  tlinu  tltirty  tiayi^ 

A  '  "i.fnary  2tk  1007. 


Kiona  of  Ibift  art  fdutll,  ufion 
^  than  ten  dollare  nor  riiori' 
liiiiy  be  addoti  hui»rlsonm 


_'HAPTKa  UK — ItaitmoiU — Smftijf  upplUinfta. 

SeiTiow  1.  It  Rball  bt?  nnbiwful  for  any  rt>uin»ou  carrlor  eutcfl^nl  io  uiovj 

n».id   Tctwcon   iK.iui«   wUblii    Ibis   8tati*  to  use  ou    its  lirik»  any 

«nch    tniino    not    (7iiult>|)e<l    wIlU    jtower    drlvliis    wheel 

"    for  oi*er»fin;;   tho  train  brake  Rystpiii.  or  to   run  any 

;  u:  that  has  unt  ."H-'vi^nly-fivc  pt-r  ivutum  of  tbo  cars  lu  «nch 

;h   |M)wiT  or  train  brakes;,  and  Uavln;;  the  biitkcH  Ui^eU  and 

'        '.  Ii  Inila,  and  all  iK>wer 

iiid   hnw   tboir   braki'S 

i,rf[iu..(.  in.iL  iiiir^  r^tiix.i  -ii.tii  ii.it  uppty  TO  the  hd  odUiig 

111  yard  Mc-rvlce*  or  to  a  1<jcuJ  train  while  emaii;i*d  iu  perforiu- 


nl  for  ni' 


,  rarritM-  to  bftul.  or  p«'rmU 

■    (rnrlm-  or  elniilar  v<-h{rU> 

'in^  auiot 

-Its   ^^^  ^''■■ 


<tt  for  any  Mtich  coimuou  carrU-^  t^^  bi^uV^  or  v«.<y^ 
'-.  Jioe  any  loatmotivet  car,  tciwl«.'T 


BULLKTIN    UF   THE   BU»K\U    OF    LABOR. 


* 


HK«1  iti  moving  of  Stiito  rrnttU'  nnt   prnvUtetl  with  wvurr  priil)   Ironiv  or  Ut\nd 
hiililK  III  tin'  hkk»M  tn*  i'IhIh  llH'l'fHif, 

Hr.i .  1.  It  Hliiitl  Im'  unlawful  fnr  any  kih-Ii  comnuM)  carrhT  to  uhp  nny  h-n-o* 
n^^^!lvl^  itMiiU'r,  nir,  or  Aliitllar  vdilrU*  ns^'d  In  tlio  niovotnrnl  nf  Stitfo  trnlHc/ 
thiit  Is  Mill  pr'tvl(l(*<l  with  (IniW'htit'H  of  KiniMlnrtl  hflkrlit:  in  wit.  htaiuhirtl  frniiMl 
ifirn  iWi  hu'lii'*;  iinrrow-miiiuo  cnrB  LN»  tnrhcH:  ineasunM  |tor|MMi(lh-ulurly  froift] 
Ihr  It'vrl  cif  the  tui*  of  tht?  rails  lo  llio  ti'ntofH  i*t  Uiv  drnvvbarn:  tlit?  uiasilinuut' 
vnrtntlon  from  Hiirli  Htumlurd  btMclits  botwecMi  druwbura  of  empty  auil.louiloil 
L'nrH  Hliiill  Uv  U  Im-lx'H. 

Ski".  5.  Tlio  |»rovlH!o!j«  of  8et'lion|H|  1,  2,  nnd  -I  of  iJiU  ncl  Hliall  alno  iipl'^y, 
to  loofinmtlvca,  onrw  niHl  trnlaw  us*'<l  In  paM*t'ni:or  tniinc  lM*tW(v*n  point)*  wlthla' 
tlilK  State.  Ill  *MJ  far  hh  tin*  wiinc  art*  apc'Iculik'  to  (lit-  xHilrlt'H  ii^od  In  imK^tHi-] 
K*T  train  traHU*:  l*n*ri€lnl,  Tlial  imiu'  of  tlm  provisions*  <if  wM-thais  1,  1*.  ;t,  mill  4J 
of  tlilB  act  Mlimi  apply  to  any  r«troot  rntlroad.  tnienirt)aa  or  Riibwrbait  street 
rullrond. 

Rkc,  U.  It  shall  l»o  unlawful  for  any  common  cnrrlor  In  tbln  State  ot*^rattDS 
nil  Itilenirimn  railway  t»y  fUx-lrlc  ii^nvor  to  oinM-ate  or  ritii   niw)n  any  nilln>iidi 
In  tlil«  Sljitr  nny  motor  t-ar  nso<l  in  rottnlar  Inicrurhnn  jMisi^imgrr  Irntflc  wljU-h- 
\h  not   tMpilpiKHl  with  an   npproviil   iK>w-or  air   brnko.   In  Ko«t(i   euiitltttou,  anil 
Miiliji'i't  to  xXiv  control  and  o|H*ni(lon  of  tho  niotonium   In  chnrco  of  snoti  rar^ 
nnd  of  Rufllclont  rapacity  to  rontrol  thp  spocd  nf  tbo  oar. 

Si:r.  7.  Tin*  railroad  voinnilHxIon  of  IndiiMia   may.   fnun  tlnie  tn  tluH\  nftiT 
full   lioarliif?  ami  for  pttxl  rauK<»  shown.   Iiii'ri^i»«o  thr  minimum  pon*ontnge  o£ 
rars  In  any   train   rn|UlnHl   to  In*  opcralwl  by   |K>wor  or   train   ltrakr>*.   and   m.<\ 
fallnro  to  ctmiply  wllli  nny  Hn**!!  nipilriMiirnt  of  Hild  comnilRslon  Khnll  bo  Kub- 
Jei,*l  to  a  like  iK'Hrtlty  as  a  failure  to  comply  with  nny  requirement  of  tUlB  pet. 
The  Willi  railroad  I'onnnlKKton  of  Indlann  1h  hereby  aiithiirlxeil  to  K<*""t  to  uny 
eomnion    enrrlor,   sMh.l»vt    to   thl»  net,    npon   full    lienrliiff   nnd    for   poo*]    ennaa. 
Hhown.  a  reaKonable  extrnftbm  of  liuie  In  wiileh  to  eonj|>ly  with  the  provl^tontf^ 
of  (hU  art:   /'roriUnl,  That  In  no  cap*'  shall  Kitch  pxienslon,  or  nxti'n«1on«,  In 
the  iiKirreKate,  evcecnl  tlio  iierlod  i»f  el|ilitei»n  months  from  and  after  the  apj*r<tvol 
of  ihi»  act. 

Six',  S.  Any  KUcU  eommon  carrU-r  nuiy  refute*  to  reoelvr  from  Its  iVMiiiwIlnif 
line*,  or  from  nny  shlpiw^r,  nny  cur  not  etinlpiKtl  !n  nrenrdnnri«  with  the  pro- 
vIbIoiih  of  tills  net. 

Site.  t>.  It  ts  hrret)y  made  the  duty  of  the  mllmnd  conunlfwlon  of  Indlnnn  to 
mforc'i?  tlie  provlMlons  uf  this  net.  nnd  It  t«  hereby  anthorlKiHl.  with  thi*  oonsmt 
nnd  approval  of  the  covenior.  to  ap)K>lnt  and  jtny  an  !iisi>o«*tor,  or  Inspenom, 
tu  nHMlnt  In  »o  dolm;  nnd  In  et>lbi'tlnK  thi<  ittvesfuiry  Inforinatlon  riMinlriil  for 
Itint  puri>oKt\  nnd  snob  eommUslon  may  adopt  and  promnlpib'-  all  niNtlfnl  rnlofi 
nnd  refcnlnrlonM,  not  tnronsjjitfnt  with  this  net,  to  eontml  tb**  ritiiduft  of  Its 
Insiicetor.'t  and  such  earrlers  In  refereui'e  to  this  act  and  nneb  lnsp<»rt1on.  All 
I'arrlers  snbbrt  ln'!i*to  shall  proxhle  free  IninHiHirtatbai,  },''X>U  In  thU  Stntv, 
fur  Ibo  lns|)4v1orit  employed  l>y  mild  coinmlMloa  to  b«  nH*d  only  whllv  trnvvllng 
on  the  bnalmwH  of  the  (Ymimlsslon. 

Sre,  to.  Kvery  nueh  eommon  i-arrler,  or  the  i\*c*»lver  thereof,  uwlnir,  or  jwt^ 
uilCIIni;  lo  be  us»mI  or  luuiliil  on  Its  Hue,  any  Iwonwithe,  tender,  enr,  <ir  nlinlUir 
vohleh-  or  tmin,  In  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  thin  ntM,  Bbnll  be  lia- 
ble to  a  penalty  of  om*  himdnNl  ilolhirn  for  eneh  vhtlnllon,  t<»  lie  roeovenNl  In 
n  milt  or  sidtH  to  Im-  brought  by  nnd  In  the  name  of  the  railroad  Cfi 
of  Indlann  for  the  nso  of  tho  Stati'  of  liidlutui  In  any  rintllt  or  mijimt 
of  tlilK  Sfafo  havinc  JnrlRMftl.m  over  any  .snrh  offendlnc  mrrb*r;  / 
That  nothhiK  In  this  art  contHliMM  sbnll  mu'ly  to  JoroniolIvcH^  It-in! 
or  trains,  exclusively  nsul  In  lhi»  nuivomont  of  Inps.  nnd  when  the  i 
the  drawi>ars  on  am-h  bietinattlveH.  irndrrx  and  ears  docs  not  i'X<N»*'d  : 
or  to  bK'omotlves,  tendor-e.  cnrs.  slmllnr  veblrles  or  trnlns  whll«»  nny 
are  111  actnal  nne  In  in 

Skc   11.  It  xball  tx  stenni   mllrvjud  mrrtoF  In  tbU  StatA 

wl,:  •  ,  '    •   ■  •       ■  ,      p 

ncr 
th< 
the 


LABOH   LAWS INDtANA ACTS    OF   1907. 


269 


•*-    —  "-■  iQ  nny  «tich  (rrnk.  witbrmt  oMrtluInp:  the  jiormlsslon  of  tho  nilln^nd 

•  tti    of    Indltiiiii    wi   to  d(t:  I'ntriilrd,   hoirrrrr,   Tlmt   this  Bt^*tion   shall 

J.    ..,,...   to  hritlp'R,  viHdu*M«  <ir  other  strnrTiires  wirbhi  the  Iluiltfi  of  any  city 

or   liii*»iriM»i-:»tt'd   town   lu  this   Stutf,   nor  shall   this  act  oi»eratf»   to   roi>cul  or 

Izuuillfy   the   laws  of  this  Stat**  c'>n«vrniii»r  the  loojitWm  aud  orcvtion  of  wiroa 

laorosH  rnUrotuls.  fttreot  mllrouda,  liiterurhau  or  suburbuu  iiillroiuls. 

I      pFf\  12.  It  shall  hiTt/aftfT  be  unlawful  fur  any  8t<3iui  niilnmil  earrler  in  this 

•-:nifwl  in  openiilnj;  a  line  vf  standtinl  franire  rallrmul  In  this  8tato.  to 

.}    slrnrtnre  of  any  kind,  or  any  PxlHtinp  niiUvay  hrhipe,  or  to  r«»bnlld 

an  •ii>iinir  Ktmttnre  of  any  iilail.  or  any  existing  ruilwny  bridge,  alon?  the  Hue 

of  any  ftiirh  railroad   in  tills  State,  in  which  that   part  of  any  Mieh  8trii''tnre 

or  br"'_- irest  Hie  Iraclt  sliall  be  lefts  than  eliiUteen   (1"^'    Inehea  from  the' 

D«n^'  of  eontnet  with  tlm  eab  of  the  widest  locomotive  tlmt  Is  now  or 

nmy  r  be  UPetl.  or  less  lliun  einliteen  <1S)  iachiB  from  the  uearehi  inOnt 

oof  contHrt  wiih  the  widest  i»art  of  any  car  that  is  now  or  hereafter  niny  be  used, 
[oo  anjr  Hurh  rtiilroad.  without  ilrnt  obtaining  th?  i>ermi3siou  of  tlie  railroad 
commission  of  Indiana  so  to  do. 

Six*.  ]^  Fvery  vm-h  eouuuou  i-arrler,  fwirty.  person,  association  or  uod1cI|hiI- 
'or  |trlvjile  c<»riMiration  wiiich  ^lall  vlolute  any  of  the  provisions  of  S(<<.'tlons  11- 
or  12  *»f  thiH  art.  after  rceelvinK  sixty  days'  nrttice  from  the  railroad  coinmia- 
IsItKi  of  IndUuiu  that  bouie  provision  of  Hnch  oections  in  beiiiR  violated,  shall  be 
bvubjcct  to  u  penalty  of  live  hundred  dollars  for  earli  violation,  to  be  ret-overed 
itn  an  artion  to  lie  bmn^xht  by  and  In  the  name  of  the  railroad  commission  of 
'  Indhina  for  and  <in  behalf  of  the  State  of  Indiana  in  any  clrvult  or  superior 
Lcoiirt  In  tlds  State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  uftendinj;  party, 
f      Ski\   M.  Any  enutloyet*  of  any  auoh»common  carrier  who  may  be  Icllled  or 
[injured  by  any  locomotive,  tender,  cur,  slmilnr  vehifle,  or  train  In  use  coutrnry 
[to  llle  provisions  of  thin  act,  or  who  shall  be  kllUxl  or  lujured  oa  arcouut  of 
[ony  of  the  structures  forbidden  in  sections  11  and  12  of  this  act,  shall  not  be- 
'  rt.^m»«d   thereby  to   have  a.'isnniod   the  risk  thereby   t>ccasioned.   altlmnjrh   con- 
,  tluulug:  In  the  employnicnt  of  .such  carrier  after  the  unlawful  use  of  such  loco- 
[  motive,  tender,  car.  siiiiilar  vetiide,  or  train,  or  the  maintenance  of  such  uulaw- 
i  f al  slnictures  nnuied  In  sections  11  and  12  of  this  act.  had  been  bi-ouirlit  tu  hls- 
[  kiiowlodce,  nru*  shall  any  such  employee  be  held  as  Imvlni^  eoittrlbuted  to  hlS' 
llujtiry  iu  any  caw  where  the  carrier  shall  have  vlidateil  any  of  the  provisions- 
[of  1hi»  act  when  such  violation  contributed  to  tiie  dinith  or  Injury  of  any  suck* 
I  employee. 
I      Approved  March  8v  ll>07. 

I  Chaptm  120. — /P(ii7ro«d« — Briliry  of  employcts* 

[      SoTio."«  1.  Any  i>*irson.  beins  an  otHci-r,  a^'iMit  or  employe**  of  any  common* 

I  rnrrler  doinjr  business  in   tliit^State.  who  shall,  directly  or  Indirectly,  solicit, 

nix>*pt  or  receive  frrmi  any  perwm,  lirm  or  coriwrntiou  any  money,  projierly  or' 

tlilnn;  i»f  viiine.  In  considci-albin  for  which  sntli  oHlrer.  at'cnt  or  employee  does, 

or  atfre<*s  to  do,  or  perform,  any  act  for  and  on  b*'haif  of  «ncb  carrier,  and  in^ 

I  the  behalf  of  sucli  person,  lirm  or  ci»rpontlion.  shall  l>e  Kuiiry"  *»f  bribery,  and' 

I  U(t«m  convlcllon  thereof  shall  he  fined  not  less  than  tweuty-hve  dollars  nor  more' 

[than  one  bundre*!  dollars. 

I  Skc,  2.  Any  person  or  corporation,  or  any  aeent.  employee  or  officer  of  any" 
I  Arm  or  coriwimtlon,  who  shall,  directly  or  Indlreitly.  offer,  imy  or  deliver  to 
I  tiny  officer,  agent  or  employee  of  any  conmnm  carrier  duinp  business  In  thlsJ 
I  State,  any  moury,  pro|H'rty  or  thin;;  of  value^  lu  consideruthai  for  which  such 
[officer.  a;;ent  or  t-niployee  does,  or  agrees  to  do.  or  pLTforui,  any  act  for  and  ou' 
Ibehnlf  of  sucli  carrier,  and  in  the  l)ehnlf  nf  such  person,  finn  or  cori>oratIon, 
ktthall  be  Eullty  of  bribery,  and  uikui  oaivi'-tion  thereof  Blmli  be  fined  not  Ickh 
[tbati  twenty-lUe  (*■•''•■-  v^t  more  than  one  hundred  dollars:  /Vorf«/c(/,  That 
I  the   pOyniiMit    arul  e  of  the  establishcil  and    repilnr  chnrires   imiM>se<l 

I  by  nny  sn^h  ivniim  .-r  for  services  performed  by  It  shall  not  constitute* 

Irtther  of  I  he  crimes  delineil  by  this  act, 
I      Ai'proved  Marr-h  S,  IfiOT. 

I  Cmaptkb    121, — Mine    rcgnUitiunn — Wanhhousfs. 

I  »;k»tion  1.  Kor  the  proinrtlon  of  the  health  of  tbr  emiiloy^'cs  liTTciruifter  nien- 
|tk»ml  U  Miall  bi-  Ihe  dutj  of  the  owner,  oin'ralor,  h*^K^•e,  sn\f«TUiVvv\vW\\V  ^it,  <»t 


I 


BVLLKTIN    OP  THE    BUREAU    OF   IJVBOR. 


I 


labnrtTfl  <*n)T>l*''y^  oro  inirrounilcMl  by  or  iilTfVtcd  hy  itluiilur  mtidltincis  as 
t)liiTi'«<H  In  KHKi\  u\Uu*R,  nl  tb«»  n^iu*rit  \\\  wrlthis:  of  twrniy  (*J»>)  or  morr 
|tt«>>\tffl  of  Fucb  diIdo  ur  t»tn<,f*.  or  )u  rviMil  llu-iv  iiro  U'^m  tliuii  tweul^'  <^) 
ciiil'Io.vwt  tbrii  upon  Iht-  wilttpu  nxinmst  "f  ont»-lh!r(J  ih)  of  tho  iiiinilM*r  of  ifn- 
pMyri^s  employecl,  to  pn>vltlc  a  stiHiible  \vtiM)i  rinmi  nr  »*iifthluHi»i»  f«ir  tho  n>M» 
of  IwrwiriH  cDiployrit.  »<t  tUiil  llu-y  mny  chnnso  tliflr  <  l     '  '■'■■: 

work,  nnd  nn.^lt  tli<*iiis4'lv(.>B.  aiul  rUuiiuv  thvW  clotblni;  n  I 

balUllii;:?  or  r>*'>iii  bball  Ix"  u  sv^i^irnU*  hultttin;;  or  r<Miiii  [•■-mi  r 

room,  iiikI  Hhiill  bo  iiiiiinliiiinsl  in  p>4>l  nnbT.  be  pr*ii'*'''Iy  '■ 

uml  bp  AtippMoil  with  .  i.  Ill  .-..111  nrtd  wiimi  water,  nnd  «lmL         .^  ^ 

nil   ii«*i*<'wi)iry  f;i  to  wiisb.  miU  ftlw  prnvidt**!   wUh  wn  ; 

Incki'i'S  for  the   -         i  ihbi;;;   l^ruvitinl,   htnervtr.  Tlifll  IIh»  «M^ 

o|wii»f<tr,  b*KHw.  Kuifriiiiriiib'tii  ul'  or  «»lh*'C  rH»r««Mi  hi  rbnru*'  of  mich  wIho  «r 
pbirp  na  nti^rwiiU]  f^UaW  not  bi*  ri*«iiilri*il  lo  fiirnlKh  lutiip  ur  tuwrin. 

Skc.  2.  If  iiiiy  ik»rm>n,  p*?rKiiiiti  or  fN»r|H>rntlitn  itlmll  Tii^jjiivt  or  fnll  to  comply 
wltb  thr  pn»vl.sbm»  of  thU  iift.  or  Bball  maliciously  liijurt?  or  UcBlroy  or  causo 
to  Im'  liijiinti  *'V  »l*'s)rH,\('«|  sntd  ttiiltitliii;  \<r  pmuh.  nr  :i»y  pnri  thi'n*»»f  or  nuy  of 
llif  nppUiiiu'i's  or  tiUiii^H  M**ii\  for  Ptipplyiiitf  IlKlit,  biiit  or  watiT  tbcroSn.  or 
Shflll  do  any  art  tt'tnliriR  lo  tlif  lMjiir>'  or  (l»i«tru«II<<ii  tlwroof.  \\o  or  lh«*v  -u  .11  »„. 
jTUllty  of  n>lK4b'in4*titior.  mul   upon  iimvlfllon   sUall  hv  Iltiwl  in  luxy   h  - 

*»V<ntl  livo  luiiuln<<l    (JS.MiO)   UollnrH,  ^^^  wUlrb  Hue  iiuiy  lw»  ntbltMl  Imp:  ;t 

lu  ibt*  comity  j.iLl  not  to  i*xo«ih]  sixty  <tiO)  dflyfl. 

ApproviMl  Miircb  S,  UXf:. 

('ilAl*Tr.s   ttl\. — liaihytttth — Uuurtt  of  tabor  of  rmp/ojtfrr«, 

BEt-no*\    1.  It   nbull    Im-    unlawftil    fur*iniy    »u|MMbiteu»li'nt.   train   ilUi'Otf^bcT, 

inl  mnHtrr,  forctium  or  otlirr  railway  odlrlnl.  to  ix'rmlt.  I'Xiict.  Ucnirinil  ur 
rtHjulTL*  any  onKlnwr.  nreiuuii.  <'*induclor  bt'ak«*mau.  t*\vltrbmuu.  telc'Knipb 
o|N*rntor  or  otluT  i'Uip)oyi*t*  en^jiKnl  lu  tb**  m(»M*iut-ut  of  puK^«Miui*t  or  fru'cbl 
trftbiA,  or  tn  Hwltchbin  sorvb-e,  lu  yarOs  or  rnllwny  Mtallons,  to  roumlu  on  duty 
luort*  tbnu  KlxtiH'U  coustfutivi'  liuurs.  cx<'L»pt  wbeu  by  cuttniiliy  ocfurrlujc  iifU»r 
Buch  cmployLH!  bus  Htarttn.!  on  blK  lrl|»,  or  by  unknown  caKualty  i>''iirrlrijr  befor* 
br  MturtfMl  ou  bla  trip,  hr  Is  provrntiMj  from  rca^hbi;;  lil»  trruUinil.  or  to  re- 
<iuitv  or  itornilt  any  hikMi  t'mploy<H*  wlio  buK  lM>»n  on  duty  nlxtwii  r,  •--■••"> o 
bonrs,   to  p)  on  iluty  wllboul    luivbitf  bad  at    Irant  citfbl    liours  off  ti  • 

riijulro  or  imtihU  any  Hiirii  nnpl'iyoy  who  b:iH  \hh»u  011  dul>  ^l\ti^'ll  b  ■  ij 

npj;rej;utt'  In  any  twonly-fonr-bour  |H«riod,  to  I'tmllnuf  on  duty  or  go  on  duty 
without  having  nnd  at  louHt  t'l^'bt  lionrH  oft'  duty  wMbIn  Micb  tWL'uty-funr'boiu* 
|H.>rlod. 

Srr.  2.  For  iiny  vinlntlon  of  or  fallurv  to  comply  wltb  any  of  tb**  provision*  of 
till  'ly  Hbnll  1h?  Ibiblr  to  nil  p*>r!ioni4  and  f^roployeen  Injurod  by 

r<  "  t'tnployrf  kIuiII  In  any  cajjt'  b»"  bfld  to  have  awtinn*^!  tin* 

r!>i.  MMiiiM'i  M>   i'-;.>-in  of  mu*b  vinlntion  or  failure. 

Skii .  :t.  Any  hU|HrihttMub*tit.  train  4tis|tuiL*bt*r.  tr.iin  niiiKli^r.  fonmuin  or-orU«M- 
otn<*lal  of  any  railway.  In  tbr  Statr  of  Indiana.  vi.iiMtn,.-  m.r  ..f  th..  nr.n'   i.th 
of  thlK  nrt,  U  Iwr^by   tUi'ijtrotI  to  Im*  irullty  of  :i 
Tirtlou  thrrwif  whall  In»  )»nnlHtii'd  l>y  n  flnr  of  not  '■ 

nor  jnon*  than  t\\o  hniMlml  ilolhirs,  and  It  sliall  Ih*  Hit*  tbily  "I  \U**  rai'todd 
Of>ntndsHlnn  to  fully  Invitjtti^ntu  all  ntsti-i  of  tUu  vhdatb>u  of  Iblu  net  nnd  to 
bjilu**  wlib  tbo  ntti>rney'i:rui.*nU  Inforuintbai  of  siicb  violation  nn  may  voaw  tu 
ItBi  kno\vU><1f?«t. 

SKr.  4.  The*  provUlonfi  of  tbtft  net  nhnll  not  apply  to  rolb«f  or  wnvb  li 
wblb*  clv^artntr  obHtrm'tionx  to  tlK'  niuln  Hm*  of  auy   mllr'Mid. 

ApproviHl   March  s.  1•.^r7. 

riiATTCE  3!»T. — 3iinr  rfffttlnliuim — W'iilih   «/  rHtrir*. 

KkjCTIOn   I.  It  nbxiU  ho   unlawful    for  an^-  owner*   Iw«w«p.   aioput   or  opontlor 

of  ntiv  fonl  mim*  wltbla  tlio  Stale  of  Indiana,  to  i     '       :  ** 

to  In'  ntatU'.  dutr,  or  rtuislructcd  ntiy  i-iitry  or  tr;i'  1 

nf  tblv  art,  lu  any  ittti)  Lnliit>  In  lln*  Hintr  tif  Ifi  1 

lo  cirlv*'  with  mino  »'ur  or  mr«  unb'iw  thon* 

nr  T"<lh  :.{>]''r   ••ojm1(| i-Iv    of  any   icii' !.   "r 

m  two  (*J> 

fAv  .'I    y.-j  thr-if 

mtr^i  ,iiiU   (imK    it/   ('»i*ii/   < 
iir/V//  fnr  ttiiy  i'ni/'/o.\  (V,    , 


ZABOB  I-AW8 — mOIANA — ACTS   OF   IWT, 


271 


lb 

lb< - 

wliu  n    line 

■IxtjT  duys. 

ApfiroTrd 


til;..!-  :\t\v  nii^irii.  iftrti  wltlilii  «£tld  i!t|iaco  utt  IjorWu  pFovliled :  Provided, 
r  CTXiI  DumbfrH  tlireo  nod  four  L'oinruouly  ktuiwii  n» 
-  lu  tile  McM-k  coul  fleUls  itf  Iui]hiu4i   sUull  bt;  lat'QijiC 
pruvirijifUK  oC  tiiisi  nrt. 

Any  ftnrh   owmT.   le»««<»,  opemtor.  person  or  penmns,  vtoUttloie  ftiif 

^  l«  net  *hnll  b^  tftiUty  of  lulsdeiijefinor  and  ni»on  coiirlcticm 

1   In  any  sum  not  lo  rxtvod  two  liiinilriM  dollars  nnd  to 

luny    V*'   uiMimI    Uupriii4>uu]LMU    in    the   couaty    juU.    not    to    eJtcecd 


March  !».  1007. 
CUAms  2IM.— J/»i*c 


rtv**f**ti0H9—fifastinv,  e/c. — In»pecior$* 


8BfTH>|(  1. 


It  flhflU  be  iinliiwfnl  for  nny  i)cr80D  to  take  or  Uavc  Id  his  pococB  \ 

itrol  wlllilu  ttuy  coal  ujtue  in  the  Stiite  of  InJlnna.  any 
rv*  nr  other  hl^h  eipli/Hive  without  ttrst  ohtahihig  lu  wrlt- 

'  uihie  forouiaii  or  other  iM'fHou  Ui  char^^  of  thu  oiH'raiion 

.  tiMtthij;  forth  tho  wae  for  which  uuy  such  cap  or  explottlve  may  he 
pari     -  iiilomltNl. 

:$KC.  *J.  it  Hhall  1)0  unliiwful  for  any  |>orson  for  the  purt^^^  of  hlastUt;;  c^uil 
iLiy  lutijy  In  IhiH  Slate,  to  piviiarc  any  "shot"  lu  8iu'h  a  way  that  the  (lis- 
fruui  the  drill  holo  to  the  "loo«e  end,"  "chance"  or  end  of  cutting  Khalt 
more  than  lUv  fwt  measured  at  rljcht  auglcB  to  the  dlre<;tion  of  the  hole: 
to  ]»hice  any  charj:e  of  ih»wder  or  other  expluslve  In  any  drill  hole  prepared 
i>r  ttiiy  "  fihot  "  in  whU-h  the  hreast  of  coal  to  Ue  UlBlmlyi'd  18  of  greater  width 
thn-  "  'ah  ijf  iJic  drill  hole;  or  to  use  lu  preparing  any  "shot"  mure  than 
iU\  r"  iM.»wd»>r;  or  to  place  any  jwiwder  in  any  drill  hute  fur  the  purpose 

|:.-,-.. ,  uuy  shot  without  meuxiirint;  the  amount  H4)  plxiceil  ihereiu  with  a 

itniidnl  uieas\ire  »>  nuide  uh  to  Indicate  the  weight  of  bla8tin>r  jHjwder 
iimrcU  Uierein :  or  to  open  a  Uen,  can  or  other  ]>ackaKe  contninln;:  [wwder, 
uienns  of  a  pick  or  In  any  other  manner  excer)t  In  pnrHuance  of  the  manner 
prurldiil  in  iht*  manufai'ture  of  8U<'h  kt»s.  can  or  iwicUatfe:  or  to  rcII  or  offer 
for  Mile  any  k^i;.  can  or  luK-kuce  i-oiit;iinlnK  [Miwder  unleHt;  such  can.  ke^  or 
pBokcu;e  he  firoviilcnl  with  a  t»iitIWlent  device  for  ot>enlu};  the  i^ame  and  itc-rnilt' 
->'  llierefrouj  of  all  the  innvder  llieroiu  i-onlaintHl;  or  lo  mlore 
!er.  dynamite  or  other  hlKh  explosive  In  any  coal  mine;  or  to 
i>  '.  lilt  more  than  two  and  one-half  iucheii  lu  dluuieter  to  be  used 
•s  for  tlie  ptiriKi^e  i>f  preparhi^  any  Bliot ;  or  to  use  any  dynamite 
iif  ■  „h  pxpluHlve  In  rirtijini«'fltai  with  black  piwder. 

}<4:c-.  3.  It  tthall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  for  the  pnrtK>He  (*f  blastlufr  coal 

•iiy  mine  In  this  Slate,  except  lu  any  ndue  prodnclnn  bli>ck  coal,  to  drill  any 

paai  the  end  of  hia  cnltiuK.  "I<M>m^  end*  or  "ehanee." 

4.  If  uiM>n  Inspoetiou  of  any  working  place  In  any  coal  mine  there  ahnll 

foiuid   the  renuinnt«  of  drill   holew  drilled   im-nt    the  cuttini^c.    loutw  end  or 

inre,  or  the  remnants  of  uiiy  shot  mi^osurlnt:  more  than  the  maximum  width, 

if  '     '    '      ' !  To  have  in  his  pnsst>ftKl<iii  Iti  lli^;  wnrklnj:  [ilace 

nut;  ptiwder  and  whieh  has  I»4*en  openiHl  In  any 

,  -  U  by  law.  tile  satue  or  either  Uivrt.'^'f  respeitlvyly 

4t)  •  prima  fade  evidenre  that  tin*  worUmnn  In  whose  work- 

tat:  i  ^'  la  found  la  guUty  of  a  vhilation  of  MH'tlona  ;:  or  3  or  lof] 

tliU  nvl,  vit  «  pht  t  »iirre<*f.  i\n  the  c»»t*e  may  be» 

Kr«-.  5.  !f  phtiU  he  unlawful  In  any  coiil  mine  for  auy  i»eriK>n  to  explotlc  or 

4  in  auy  w<»rking  pin'.'e  HlnmUaniHtusIy  with  llii*  exphwk»n  or  \\fi\\{- 

'i-»l  by  the  s.nue  or  any  other  i»erw>u  In  auy  dther  working:  itlace  on 

WW  niinic  entry,  cxreitt  in  witrkln^  phirr.s  where  the  eoul  I»  undereiit  my   (by| 

flBftcldiifiry. 

f»^--    '•     **  •■"  '-•■■I  '"'""-.  wliere  nny  e»'ap<!  way  or  mnjiway  In  hereafter  cou- 
Str  '  pnoUled  with  a  pM^.!  nial  smthcient   stairway,  nc- 

<ior'       .  :ts  for  mine  stnlnvayp  now  ]'rovldetl  by  law,  and  of 

fni(Uible  defflgn  :iiid  MD'nicih  to  a'i*omplI»h  the  pnriMtjte  fop  which  it  lit  Intended. 
Mrt-.  7.   It  !»hHM  !»<»  Mtil:ivvfnl  for  any  iwrwju  desiriug  carri»jK«  uikmi  auy  cage  to 
Mix   (>i)   feet  to  aiky  "cage  hindluf;"  when  su<'h  ca^e  is 
llnir:  or  tn  erctwd  on  lo  said  ra»r»«  In  a  rude  »»r  Iwtisterona 

nij.  ■-.•-■  ,■-.■•,.,.. 


nn  I -/I/ 


-i^e  or  the  luachiuvry  xaovJug  vt  ufTivtlui;  VUw  buiuc.  AnOi.  \»ro».  ,'\*  (\ 


4 


JMl 


BULLETIN    OF  THR   BUREAU   OF   LABOB. 


further,  Thnt  ns  mnny  pprsiiaH  may  ntivr  (1im  ifonKUKC  of  llila  act  ciitvr  a 

for  carrlflRp  ns  the  wime  will  accomniodntc,  glrlng  ouch  pi»rwin  three  •qniire 

feet  of  floor  «|»ii*'e. 

SKr.  H.  It  Hhiill  he  tlio  iliity  of  Hio  ofirmtor  or  owiior  of  nny  oonl  iiiltu*  wherpUt^ 
Are  rluy  or  otht*r  iHMilntliiiiini.'iltk*  iiiHleriiil  8uUal>le  ftir  Uf^e  In  tamplnu  In  i»i 
pnrlitK  HtiotK  can  not  1h*  rvii<]lL>'  ohtiiiiKiU  to  provldr  mid  <li'|iotiit  within  siild^ 
mint*  KtH-ti  niiiicrhil,  iind  iit  iiolntH  within  ftvi>  litinilriHl  ftH't  from  tin*  fHi-o  oCj 
#>nrh  rntry  In  Kiirh  niliio.  In  case  nny  rlisjtuto  nniy  urlw  us  to  the  (•onutructloilJ 
prttptrr  to  l><.'  plari'M  upon  ILo  dI'Ovo  prnvlslon,  or  nH  t"  Ihi?  tliify  nf  any  fniclli 
oi»pnitiir  or  ownor  thcrcnndor,  nncli  dlRpnto  nhull  In*  Hitall}'  detortiilnt*tl  by  the! 
liiRptH>lor  tif  inlneH.- 

Skc.  0.  At  liny  (hiuI  mliio  In  the  State  wh«ro  thi*  mhiem  working  therein  BO 
elect,  iH»r«on9  inny  be  employed  to  net  ns  sliot  flrorn,  nnrt  tholr  wnirw*  sliull  bo 
p«ld  by  tbo  tnliKTH  worklnj:  llK»n»In  :  l*vuritt*tl,  Tbul  nothing  hrr<'ln  coutntiKNl 
flhnll  (ifTtN't  nny  f-xlKtlntr  tontrurt  iih  to  Hhnt  llrerH. 

Six.  10.  Till'  rt-stilt  of  nil  «n:ii  mine  hoiportlnnK  inndo  by  the  Inspootor  of 
nilno«  or  nny  of  liK  nNslslants,  Hbnwinjr  all  bin  intiflnslons  hb  Ut  the  cotidltlun 
tif  wiffty  iif  tin*  minos  nod  nrdorn  kIvcii  tn  the  Inspection  of  nny  coni  mine  8hAlI 
be  iKwteil  in  writing  nt  the  enlnuii'c  to  Kurli  ndlie  Itnmedliirely  ni>un  tbe  con- 
clusion of  enoh  ln.'«portlon.  The  tns|M>ctnr  of  ndnes  or  his  iisBUtuntH  nhnll  mukA 
perHonal  Innpei'tlon  of  all  conl  inlnen  In  tbe  .siiite  at  linint  thnv  tinieH  earh  year 
Instend  of  (wire  v\w\\  ycnr,  ns  lnTrlofore  i^mvldcd  by  law,  nnd  to  onnbli*  wild 
iuRiKvlor  and  bin  a«Hl«tiintK  tn  dl»i'barice  nil  the  dulleu  creiiti-d  by  this  act  and 
other  nflR  Iho  nnniber  t»f  bis  asslslnntHi  Is  heroby  hn-renm-d  fnun  two  to  four, 
8)U'h  additional  nHHlMnrits  Khali  pt»sKi'HH  tbe  winio  qnnlillratlonn  and  porfoi 
the  >'nme  dntlr.M  rc^pilritl  by  thin  and  any  and  all  otht'r  lawn,  and  Rbnll  bo  o] 
poliitotl.  em|M>\vi>riHl,  ninl  In  all  thln;:H  ;:'i\<'rnrt1  hi  tlio  name  mnnnor  and  liy  tl 
Ranie  laws  npplk-alde  to  aPHitlnnls  tn  kmcIi  Inspef't'-r  of  nihii'H  ln»relofore  exjKtInf 
nndi'r  fitrrner  I««8.  Such  additional  aeslstant.s  sball  earh  ri'<'*»iTe  for  bla  acnr- 
Ice9  till*  mini  nf  one  thmiNind  two  luin<lriMl  dollnrM  per  nnnnni;  and  for  ex- 
|>eiis*'S  they  shall  nvelvc  the  snni  n<ttially  and  niH-osKjirlly  rxpendod  for  thnt 
pnritose  In  tbe  dlM'liat'K«*  <*f  tlu'lr  otib'inl  dniles,  all  t«>  bo  imld  i|(nirt<'r1y  by  the 
Slale  treaMorev  fn-m  fnnds  in  tho  Mtaie  tnimnry  O'd  othmvUe  appropriated*^ 
All  exftenHo  Hhali  be  hworii  to  nnd  shall  Abow  lta>  Items  of  c'X|H*nHi*  In  detnlLi 
Hneh  Inspeetor  and  each  of  his  asslFtants  are  herel>y  obnrire*!  with  the  duty 
of  enforrinir  tills  n*t  and  nH  ntluT  laws  r»^lafinj?  to  the  hiiilth  and  safety  of 
pers4ins  and  pn>i>erty  eui|>IoycHl  anil  nscd  hi  and  aUmt  the  «'onl  mlnrN  of  th« 
Binte. 

Wr.r.  11.  The  Inspeetor  of  ndnt***  nnd  each  of  his  asulstJinlH  are  hereby  em- 
IxnverMi  to  net  ns  iiolire  olHeerH.  with  fnll  powers  to  nrreM  and  detain  any 
jM-rwai  fonnd  vlolntlnt?  any  provisions  nf  tills  net  or  any  itthor  minlinr  law,  or 
enjrairi'd  In  any  allonipl  to  vtidate  any  stuli  law  or  itnrt  thoreof,  or  apilnat 
whom  tbi-ro  Ij*  found  nny  rvldtiiee  of  a  prr-vbais  violation  of  snr-h  law:  /*n>- 
rUltfi.  httirtrri'.  That  no  snrh  |>eri4iai  f'hall  be  drlnbif*!  for  nny  i»erlo*|  of  tlmAI 
lonper  than  tw<'nty-four  honrw  wlthont  warrant  or  thf  llllnn  of  a  charfMl 
nirnlnst  him  In  a  ronrt  of  •■itnipflenl  .Inriwlli'llon.  Stub  liiHricclor  ami  ivirh  of 
his  assistants  sbnll  also  have  jiowiT  to  Imiiu'dlately  stop  the  operation  of  nny 
eonl  nilne.  or  part  thereof,  In  whUb  any  danpTona  or  niibn\riii  'MiitiHion  ia 
found:   /'ror/ffr*/,  Aoirrcrr.  That   whore  i'<mdlttons  exist   Jn  mi    to  do 

M>,  he  nuiy  ^'lant  a   rens«»nnblp  len^h  of  time  for  making  >    rri^lrs: 

>lroI,  pntiiihd  fiit'lhtr.  That  whi-re  any  stoji  Is  mfon'od,  sih-h  insin^tor  and 
bla  asslstantH  Kbnll  earh  have  power  t'»  snbwipiently  allow  siirh  mine  or  part 
of  nilno  to  bi'  r(N»|t<'iicd  wln-n  (he  dangerous  or  imluwfnl  rondltbms  hftv«  btaca 
remwlbil  or  renuivod,  s*i  that  they  no  lonjjer  exist, 

f*ir.  12.  Tbe  lnsp<rtor  of  mint's  shall  havo  power  In  his  dlserotlon  to  order 
the  sprlnklim:  of  any  <*intl  lulno  or  jiart  itf  mine  by  notlre  In  wrlllOK  to  tbvj 
operator  thiToof.  or  i-i^"i'  i"  .Ilmi...  ,,f  ||i,.  wmi,.,  mid  nftor  ntoU '"•'  >.H'*h 
not  lee  tt  shall  be  iinln  i  to  nt*t  In  i  bibitlon  tliMmsif  ei  t 

auch  sprlnklln^f.     ('o|'  jlven  horeniKbT  nIihII  be  im»M'  i'* 

mine  enlrant't'  b>   th<'  hi«in-«  lor  t.f  ntUur*. 

hkc.  1H,  Afirr  The  itiif).<iaKe  of  this  act  no  further  eertlHeates  of  aervlM  ahall 
be  Issued  by  Ibe  Insixtior  of  mines  to  any  person  to  a<*t  as  mine  hi)!<s,  flr« 
or  bolftdnft  *"nKlm»f>r:  I'mthtrtl^  hmrrvri;  Thnt   nolbing  lu:rrL*lu  eiMilaltied 
UfTiH't  any  et-rdll-  '  "  -         ■     i,,*^!, 

Si:t\  I  J. 'Any  \  •  -  of  this  act  or  willfully  refiiatni 

jiv»rh*rfin^  or  hiiii,,i. .4.i..i.  ..-i  >.,...  ut  W  iVme  \iv  n\\^  vvi\vt»ton  hi 

'  Mttcli  /jottion,  or  obtftrucituK  or  alteiupl\uic  U»  obwU^cV  »>t  vuvcrtwc^j  >aVW  >^«i 


LABOR   LAWS — INDIAXA — ACTS   OF   1901. 


273 


of  mlncfl  or  any  of  Ills  iis8lstQiit>  iu  th(»  iliicchArfco  of  uny  dntj  Im- 
posed by  Ihw.  or  rofuslnp,  fulUiiR  or  ut-v'lwtlns  t»  comply  with  the  proper 
orJetH  of  tbo  lu8|H?(.ti-»r  uf  nilneft  or  his  assiRtnutM,  rIuiII  be  giilUy  of  a  mlth 
dcmvnnnr  jiuiilshuhlo  on  eouvlftiou  by  t\  fine  not  oxi'iHMlinjr  Hvo  UnnrtrcNl  dollan^ 
to  whlrli  nmy  Ih*  uddeil  iui|>rim>nu)eiit  in  the  «.*<>niily  jiiU  fur  u  (ktUm)  not  cx- 
ccedUiK  six  moDllij*.  in  the  (lIstTt^tloii  of  tiie  court  or  jury  tryiii>c  nuy  such  cause. 

Se*'.  IFi.  Whrnn^T,  Itt'lnw:  tin  iitsjtrtnor  of  niinf*t<  or  mi  nssistant  lht'rf^)f.  Hhul] 

fni'.  ' ''"  »  or  rcfuFc  to  perform  any  duty  rwiuired  of  him  by  this  or  any  other 

ln\  z  to  tlie  hejilth  and  safety  of  jioraons  employ^Hl  in  omi  mLnes  ildAI 

nil''  nei'lrtl  tlierewtlli,  fUnUi  iiimhi  conviction  thprtn^f  \w  rtnin!  not  to  ex- 

rw^l  rive  huntlrf^l  dolhirs,  nnrt  U[K»n  a  second  cfmvictlon  for  nu  o(Ten«e  bere- 
uiid*T  Khali.  utHiu  cerliticutiott  of  jtid;aii*Mil  thiTtnif  to  the  pro|H'r  otHcur  holdloK 
the  jHiwer  of  iipprrintinK  lit>*  siicco«»or.  l>e  iiumedlately  removed  from  otHee  by 
wich  ol^vr  wlthonl  nny  furihi'r  j»i«tctH4iinjr«. 

Sw.  t»;.  On.  or  befon*  January  1.  UKU*.  and  blonnlally  thore«ftert  It  slinll  be 
the  duty  of  thi>  Stntt?  gtMilojfiKt  and  chruii>it  to  the  Slate  l>«iard  of  heaJth  to 
pre|iare  a  list  of  rpipstloua  on  tlie  BnbJo<*ls  of  uiinc  eii;:lno<»rinp.  chemistry  aA 
applied  to  cofil  uiliiluiJ,  and  the  practical  oi)erntions  of  coal  minini;  n«  com 
the  <t>al  lulnin;;  industry  In  Indiana.  These  tpicstiouH  ghnll  lie  t^.*  prepared 
the  auK^vers  ko  };raded  tliat  It  Hlintl  in*  pos»tb1e  for  uu  applicant  to  make  tweoty- 
flvt?  (25)  |K»inta  on  the  quePtionH  relating  to  mine  enplue«'riuK:  twenty-Gve  (25) 
ptdniR  uu  the  fiucfdltHis  relating  to  dioiuifiitry  an  nppltfM  to  c^til  ndniufc;  and 
fifty  (5<»i  pohitrt  on  the  questions  relating  to  the  practical  operations  of  coal 
nduln^. 

Kvc.  17.  Within  llfteen  (1J5>  days  from  the  first  day  of  January,  100!>,  antl 
bir:  ■  =■  "■  Therenfter,  the  chemist  to  the  State  board  of  himlth  sliall  hold  an 
ri  '.    n»iu4:    ti;e   «iid    liwl  of  jireparrt!   n>n'»tit>nH,   in    tlie   Slate  rapitol, 

wh  Liination    Kball   be  oi>en   to  iiuy   male  citizen   of  the   State  of  over 

Iweuiy-oue  t'Jl)  yenrs  of  as»\  r»f  f;ood  moral  character,  wlio  has  had  at  Icaat^ 
rtve  years*  ex(H»rlejice  as  a   practlml  coal   miner,  and   shall  irrade  the  mana- 
HCrlptM  of  all  jiers^oiiK  tuklne  ^nch  examlmitiou,  and  sUnil   prepare  and  certify 
to  the  State  j:eo|o;;lst  an  elfuihle  list  of  all  applicants  who  shall  make  a  ^rade 
of  S5  jier  cetit  or  jtrtiiter. 

Skc.  IH.  The  State  inHilofilAt  tmmedUitely  theit^ifter  ^lall  np|>oint  from  said 
eligible  Mut  nn  Iin*|»eetor  of  nibies  to  wrve  for  a  period  of  two  (2)  j-cars;  and 
the  loKpi:^>tor  of  niloe^  1hu$  ap|M>intei  shall  appoint  from  r^nid  eligible  Vist  his 
deputteM,  as  imw  or  herenftcr  niiiy  be  pi'ovideti  l»y  law.  Said  Inspixtor  shall 
qualify  us  now  provtdtsl  by  law,  and  shall  have  all  tht>  (KiwerH,  duties  and 
(teiiKition  }\»  now  provid<il  by  law.  aad  sluill  he  iinbject  to  removal  by  said'' 
fCetiUnriNt  for  cauxe.  as  providiMl  liy  law.  In  case  of  death,  resijmatlon  or  fe- 
uovnl  of  the  liispertor  of  uiincH,  the  State  i;e<dot;ist  Khali  apiwlnt  blK  successor 
fhnn  Fald  clliirtble  ll^t. 

Si^r.  I'.i.  The  aKsUiaiit  Inspector  of  mines  shall  qualify  as  now  provided  by 
btw.  and  shall  have  the  siinie  powers,  duties  and  oomi>ens}ition.  with  trnveling 
exiit.nises,  as  now  providisj  t»y  law.  Said  awdslant  inspwtors  uf  mines  umy  be^ 
reuiovi-*!  by  Ihe  liiHi'e<'lor  of  mines,  as  now  provided  by  law.  in  case  of  deatll« 
n^ttniatlou  or  removal  of  any  of  said  assistant  insiK>crors  of  mines,  the  lnsx>ector 
of  uiliieH  shall  appoint  his  sni-ceswir  from  satd  eligtlde  list. 

Hk(\  15>.  In  rtiso  the  said  eligible  list  slnxtl  be  exiiaustMl  l>efore  the  date  of 
re;;nlar  biennial  examination,  appointments  sliall  be  nnide  from  the  list  of 
app)i<*iint>;  who  pa«se<l  the  last  examination:  Proridid,  That  the  person  bold- 
lu£  the  hlKbest  iinide  shall  Ite  first  chos«*n. 

Rr^.  21.  The  provisions  of  tliis  art  shnll  be  cum.ilative  of  other  htws  upon  the 
mibjort  of  c<ml  mining:  I'mritUtl.  hmn  rrr.  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in 
Ouufllct  herewith  are  heri*by  reiieuJed. 

Approve!,  March  0.  unt7. 

fujunru  ^Vi,—Iiailro*ids^iilock  tty$tcm  to  he  installed. 

SrcTioN  1.  Aftf^r  Ibe  l.«-t  day  of  July,  IflOO.  It  shnlt  lie  unlawful  for  any  person, 
flrm  or  ntrpomtlon,  or  tlie  IfSMiv  or  rei*e!ver  of  any  jht^'ou.  tirui  or  corporation, 
which  "ihrtll  own  or  oiwrate  any  line  of  rnilrojiii  in  tills  Stiife,  to  operate  nny 
tral!i  over  sticli  nilIrond  by  steam  power  unless  such  rnilnmd  Is  ffpii!Ut4»4l  with 
and  IiJis  111  of»era(lon  an  approvefl  liloek  system  for  tlie  control  of  tniin  move- 
fii>  n  ;  /VorM''#/,  Tlnit  the  jirtnlsinns  «»f  this  st^*tlon  Khali  not  apply  to 

at.  illroad  as  shall  not  liave  a  (rt^ss  annual  ln(*(Miie  from  4qH'rntion  of 

*pFj.j/>  /ji  f  /ii/ni/nH!  {S7,rf^Mtf  ,},tiUtr»  or  more  |nn'  niiW  of  U\\<\  Vo  W  \VAk»T\\\\t\«A 
I>VHJ  JtH  Imrt  j'nt'tfUuf^  aunuul  tviKtti  to  the  raltroad.  i:v)mui\as\ox\  \il  Vv\vi\»uTS.. 


274 


BVLLKTIN    OF  THE    OUBKAt*    OK   LABOK. 


Hkc.  2.  Power  and  anthnrlty  nri*  brrcby  conhrmJ  upon  tbp  railroad  com- 
mtmlott  of  Iiifllaim  to  fxteiid  ttip  time  hinh^'IHihI  In  Aoctlou  ono  >tt  tlilii  net  wlicm 
It  Ritull  Ii4'  miuU'  to  n)»iMMir  to  It  llmt  n  ri-nfMmul»U^  n(NH»*wlty  fuv  %nrU  rxtcnKian 

Kliull  exiHt.  provliliil  tliMt  llii'  fXtt'iiHl'^h  w)  umtiltnl  nh.  ;. 

Full  in»\v*'r  (iihI  iimhorIt.v  nn*  itlso  .imforrtHl  upon  hm<  .> 

any  tmvU  jmily  fmni  i-otn|il.vlii;;  uUli   tUis  not  «h  Io  jh'.x    i-.h..  ..  •>>  4 

wht'ii  it  mIuiII  In'  iniuir  to  npiwur  tliut  no  rrnwmubh'  n**<T»<t<il.v  tlu'r 
Kiill  iKiw^r  jUiil  iititlji>riiy  ur»'  iilsn  li*'r<M\v  i>«nf<M'riNt  u|m>u  smU  vihi-  it 

n»lt*'Vi*  nny  Huvh  |mrty  fnmi  tlu'  obtlpttlmtK  lniiK»wil  by  Hcflirm  one  ■  I 

wIhmi  tt  Ktiiill  bo  iiiftile  to  iipiMMir  thiit  (lit*  \MlnnM'  t>(  tnitllc  ami  triiln  il: 

ovtT  liny  Fui-b  rnllpMuJ  nn*  hih.U  only  lUut  tlit*  wiuit»  ctxii  bv  (UMpatclu^tl  wiUiuut 
mibKtniitinl  b.iznrd  ti»  i\to  imhI  in'oporty  nvor  n  lliio  nut  »o  iimtiNlwl, 

RKt'.  .'i.  Any  ijer«oa,  flnu  ur  roriMirntlMM.  nnvlvor  or  Ifusci-  who  or  v  :  .  t 

vlolnto  FiiH'tlon  onr  nf  thlH  net  nball  forfolt  nml  puy  tu  ilu>  SUitc  nf  I  < 
sum  of  utip   tlK'UHnnd  diilliuN  |M>r   work   for  <nicli   wwk   tbnt  trnlu?*   mui -    iw 
oiMTiitifl  tivt*r  nny  Kurh   riiilnuMl  In   liithitlon  ft  KUi*b  H«H||«n,  tlie  wujk'  t«»  Ik* 
oftllri'tfKl  by  tho  rnllrond  comnilKsInn  of  Indlnnn  by  n  unit  In  lis  tuiwu  for  tbv 
u»e  of  the*  SUKv  uf  Inillanti  In  uiiy  ci'urt  of  coui|»«(u'it  JurlHUIetton. 

Approvitl  Xlnrch  !t,  11«»7. 


BKfmoN  10.  H<*ctlmi  23  of  wiliI  nrt  fof  Kobruiiry  2>^.  11)051  Hlmtl  Ih*  nmmnJMl 
»<>  H8  |o  r«nl  iiH  fniNnvH :  Stn-Otiti  23  •  •  •  U  hIijiII  bo  Hie  duly  of  nhUI  onu- 
mlSMlon  1o  ki*4'p  liironni*4l  a»  to  tin*  t'oudttlou  of  rnllnuitlM  um]  rullwayn  uuil  ttui 
inunniT  In  wliUh  tlH\v  arr  (»pi'nif<\l  with  rnfornnro  to  the  wvurlty  nnd  iKn'ofn- 
nitKbilioii  t>f  tilt*  puMlf.  ami  ns  In  tht*  cimtpHnniv  of  tli*  aevi*nil  o<jr|>urntluuii 
\vUl»  tb(»ir  fhiirtiTs  uinl  tho  InwH  of  the  Slato, 

(a)  KviTv  r«ilrt»»'I  omipany  Hiibji'rt  bvrt'to  nlinU  r(*p«.trt  Ut  tbt*  (nillroadl 
pfininiission  wUlilii  Hvc  (Ti)  dayH  aftrr  it  ItnK  mvnrrntl,  rvcry  iiri-bbiit  and  thu 
gf?^ioi'al  riiiiH*^  thi*n*«>f,  bnolvhnc  Uvm  of  Ufc,  or  «#'rloii«  Injury  to  paMwn^it-r  or 
4*niploy(*f\  aiiit  wllbin  t\vi*nty  days  af(i*r  micli  nivldttit  the*  {.'oniimny  ahaJl  nmko 
II  full  r**|>"'t't  of  tin*  caiiM<.*  IhoiiMif  to  the  i-ominiMHluU,  and  \\w  c**uiui\xHUni  whal! 
hivontlirat*"  In  Muh  nmnnrr  and  by  wm-h  iH^rfums  hh  It  may  dotnn  hr-*!,  tho  cmuj«*>» 
of  any  arridonr  on  any  rtillruad  involving!  \nM  of  llf<>,  and  ovory  *■■■  n 

at  nil  tlnit'^i.  sball  fnrnlnU  to  tho  ooniniNHlon.   Iti*  appoiiittM*^.  or  it^  ■; 

any  lnf"irmatl«iii  rolatlvo  1(>  mi<b  aorldoiitN.     Snrh  rofMirtH  and  liif»'nii  il 

not  li»'  iifl^sl  in  tho  trial  of  any  HUlts  for  daaiap*^  arising  otil  of  nab!  \) 

ami  tin*  comnil^Nloa  shall  iu>t  Kho  pnblU'lly  tu  isni'h  Information  If 
ihont  the  puhllo  lut*iro*itH  do  not  ro<|"iiri»  It.  Aftor  snob  InviM^tlualUm,  Iht-  wiUl 
ooiitniMftfon  Hhall  niaki*  a  rC'iKirt  to  thi*  nillmad  coni|tuny  of  ItM  ron(*lnshtn  and 
rtM'onmiondutionH  rocardinj;  siuli  acridonln  and  tin*  cauHOM  thoroof.  and  tho 
proitor  «top«  to  bn  tnkon  by  thn  railroad  ronipany  to  (irovpnt  llk»«  nrrldontw.  iiad 
tniU'KH  till*  railroad  cnaijiuny  Khali  In  a  nsoconablo  tlmo  i^niipiy  witli  and  cnrry 
ont  Kabl  roconnnondationH,  Hjild  oonunlHKlon  xliall  niako  tho  winio  pnbllo,  If  ft 
Bhnll  d<H'ni  bout  ho  to  do,  by  puMIshlu^  tin*  wmit?  In  any  n**wBpai«»r  or  n«'W(t- 
pn|KTM  In  IhiH  StMio,  i»r  In  tho  looiillty  wbort*  lUo  noohlrnt  t«»«k  pla^.     •     »     • 

Appru\ed  Manh  P.  Ki07. 

CMArrr.ii  'l4*l.—Iitiilrtfn(l9~^Uutrn  fur  tn\p\t»yt^rn — ivrUUnt^ 

SEimoN  J.  Kvpry  person,  firm  or  uonK»r«tlon  nppmtlnic  trnlnsi  by  sti 
I  mllrondB  In  Uii^a  Htato,  tdmll  pnblUh  prlnti^l  rnloH  fi>r  tho  rontrol 


riti 


n-ou  at  louMt  oner    m   .m.. 
■uiitlnnod    f'lr   tttliitM-n    m 


on  rniinmup  iii  uii^  f^i.aio,  niinii  )iiioiipii  |iriiiii^i  niit'H  inr  luo  <'oi 
tlou  of  jtnoh  tffilns  and  kIuiII  dollvor  oojijo*  thrroof  to  all  iM>r«'tn« 
thi*  oporntlon  of  Hn«'b  Iralat*  and  (llo  u  oopy  thorttif  wllh  i) 
»lon  of  Itallana,  and  nliall  Inwlrnrt  tinrtl  cniployifn  In  th* 
rnU'f*  add  oxutuino  Hurh  oliip!-  '     n-ou  at  lou-st    ■— "- 

afit'f    miployniont    until    th<*   n 

Dtti.ii-illi'      I  hi.t'i"!  n  i.r-  \i>\       !■. 

I" 

IIm 

Ition*  than  two  huuilrr*!  ttotiarK. 

8^'<-t?.  Ilf  P    f'trtloT  .-firf.^l  titttt   fbo  rrtl'p'rtd  f-•nltId^pIon  nf   Indlni 

Oil 


LABOB  LAWS — TStilAJHA — ^ACTS  OF  IWl, 


275 


■mi 

nil' 
4.1,.,,     .., 


ti>  r:Mlr.i:iit  :i.*.  iil^'tiK  tl.:ii   hiMv  tuk<.*ii   |i!ii«^'  Uui'Inc   Hit*  yoar,   1f>c:t^bei 

'icTt-oti  iiM  sucIj  commission  shall  luiv**  rnni 
v  fnvfMi^to  Mild  rfporlH,  tiiullii>:)t  iintl 
-^  .;-  ite  8ituii*  wtUi  n  vk»w  to  takliitr  Fncli  st**p«  l>y  ibo  c*«in)iiilt 

"■■■  '  .  ..Mt|mn|».f;  and  hj-  tlK*ir  i»flkvr^  and  fLui»Iu>w»  ae  uiay 

■nt  RiiL'U  iic'klwitP. 

!.  rimt  It  i8  b«*reliy  dvioIartHl  to  he  unlawful  f< 
"ii.  -.lii'-T  t»f  iMiiiMii\i'.'  1.1*  jiiiy  |>erwm.  tirm  or  ooriM>rntloii  piientzoil  U\  tl 
cjit^rntiun  »»f  rnllro-ui  Iralns  I-y  slraiii  |Mt«iT  in  this  Stat*-,  Ut  Ik?  or  lii*«'om 
IntoxU'jili'tl  »•  i"U'  ii  !!it'  |M'rf<inm!iu'o  «»f  hU  dii(lt*»  as  suoh,  and  II  J«  als«i  liurelt] 
de«:l:ii-<Hl  lo  f^ol  f»>r  iiuy  kiuU  i»ornou  im  o(K.n*fl!o  tiny  surh  tnilii  ur  iriii 

nnlfis  I'T  -I  ii-r  the  ipju'iiitlnn  of  any  Hudi  triiiii  omtniry  In  Ihr  priiiti 

IT'  ouii>Hiiy,  n*puljMln>:  tbo  o|MMatittii  t.f  nillnuid  Iraiii**  l>y  i*H'fiui  i^.w^l 

hi  ;**,  wUiL'li  jiPi*  re<juiriM|  by  hwIIou  uut*  of  this  uot,  nad  It  1b  furtln 

dtv-luitxi  lo  Ih'  imlawful  for  any  sueU  [ktsou  Io  oiM-rate  uiiy  awh  tniiu  or  dirt 
tbo  iifNTnliini  iif  any  sn<'b  train  In  violation  of  any  law  of  this  Slato,  und  nu] 
n\'  I  M»  nfl'indUMr  sliall  Im>  »niilty  of  a  niiiii*h>nu<anikr  and  upou  couvlcth 

tl  I  l)f  Uutnl  not  lt*!ts  than  tweuty-Uvt*  duUartf  and  not  luon-  tluiu  t\vi 

Imi  -Mitii  tii'iljirt*. 

ticic.4.  Ue  it  furthiT  rujirti*<l  that  whoneirr  the  railroad  cnnindK«li«n  of  Uidl- 
jl(i;.  hi  rh."  lnv»>Htf£atinn  of  niiy  lui'ldeyt  involving;  loss  of  life,  Kbjtll  come  to 
111'  i-i»   tluit    th)'  a'<  Idi'iic   ci-.iirn-d  ou  aorouut  i»f  Ihe   vhdalluu   of  the 

I>ii  -s   fiT   the  ujn-'raiiMU   "'f   tr;iinK,  a*  rwjulivd   by   t«*^'tJou   one  yf  this 

acrt,  hy  uuy  othivP  or  fUjplijyi'i.'  of  anv  railroad  couijiany  ujteratt'd  by  Kteam 
powtT  In  tliitf  Stalo,  the  coiuuilsi^iou  may.  if  li  dt-ems  Uvt  t^t  to  d(».  and  tlie 
luirltvt  of  duly  or  violation  of  Iho  rules  is  daicraat  or  has  ht-Hi  bronjEht  about 
hy  the  intoxication  of  any  iK'riion  while  ou  duty,  niwrt  bik-Ii  i^tkou  to  the  prowv 
f  i.f  the  »N"unir  wherein  the  aerident  ofvurred   fv>r  iiritsiKvution 

uii  -il  laws  (if  [Ills  Stale. 

.tl,,.,-  ^.u-i.  uh],  thiit  (.•opie«  of  this  nr-t,  withlu  sixty  »lays  aftor 

tli>  ■Tt.  hIkiII  ho.  by  llif  rtiuipaules  Htibji-rl  hcriMo.  ]irlntfd  and 

Co:  ,  ill  the  train  caboo»eK,  deiK>t«,  and  oHit-en  of  ti*uin  di»<i)ut>'h- 

c>rfl  and  npon  the  bulleilu  boards  ut  divtolou  lumUquarters  of  auid  (.■uiuxQiules. 

A|.r'n.vi-.l  >rMn-h  1::.  M*i\7. 

IOWA. 
ACTS  or  1007. 


SrrTinx  1.  It  shall  be  unUiorful  for  any  railway  fonii»nny  within  th*»  Rtflte  nt 
lowUi  or  auy  of  iln  oth^tTH  or  ajjents  |o  r)'<|iiire  or  }*erniit  any  eiujtloyw*  etipipjtl 
In  ur  eounetrtod  with  the  movcmeut  uf  any  r>>Uin);  **to<k,  en;;iue  or  train,  to  re- 
luult)  on  duty  rnoie  than  sutiH'U  1 10)  ronxtN-utivp  hotiTM,  or  to  ri4|iiire  or  jxTiutt 
BTi'  '  inployee  who  lini  btvu  on   duty  nlxttHMi    (10)   ct>nsi*cutlve  houre  to 

In-  ftirlluT  Mervi.  f  without  Ijavin^  luid  at  least  ten  boiirff  for  rest,  or 

Ik  r.-*iMir''  IT  i»er«ilt  any  nncli  employee  to  be  on  doty  at  any  time  to  exrtie<l 
stUteeu  (U;>  hours  In  an.v  ^^onRetmive  twenty-four  i'2i)  hourH:  Pruridnt,  h'nc- 
rtrr.  That  thi.i  stM-tion  shall  not  apply  to  work  ivrfornuMl  in  the  protwtiou  of 
life  or  property  ia  lasfi*  of  acddeut,  wreck,  or  other  unavoithtble  tasualty.  or 
fir*' wit  ?i;iln  .  ifWH  from  Ijiking  a  pnssi-njrer  train,  or  freiirhr  train  liwult*d  ex- 
f'  .  n  slfjck  ur  perle^luihLe  frel>;bl.  to  the  tiext  ueareHt  dlvlBloa  i»uhit 

i;,  :id:    Iro/  pt'uiidnl  further.  That  It  jshail  not  apply  to  that  thue 

tit> '  -  .1    s    11  -n  to  n*a«:'h  a  reKting  plaee  wlieu  an  acoldent,  wreck, 

Wi<^'   <      ~  •      '  othor  umivoldablc  otiiiHe  has  delayed  tlu^ir  train:  And 

p'^  th>t\  i  i!iU  lUltJ  Section  fclmli  nol  apply  to  vuiph^ytfit  of  »leepinj<-car 

■  ;-■■''  }ciit,  tniln  master,  train  diw|«»teher,  yard  mafitor 
v\  'ud  In  the  state  of   Iowa.   violathiK  any  of  (he  pi 

y.   .  .    .    lie  de^-rned  ^'ullty  of  a   ndsilemeaiLor.  und   ur»»n  eo| 

^rlrthiti  Klmll  I'f  pimisiii*d  by  n  Hue  I'f  not   less  ihnn  one  bnndretl  dollars  l$l*J 
nml   not   more   lli;ii'    flv.'   Iiniitbr.l   ilnliarM    (^'i"'!    f.tr   eaeh   ofTeTisf.       It    siml 
bo  tlio  duty  of  :  ,.id  e«>mni  t-t  reeelve  wrlttt-n  HlaK 

tltf^("  of  \|i»)]|t  '  wb**n  %>  I   to  hold   fti.-j  vrniio  wit! 

!>"'  ;irf  itf  !li< 

r\-^  I'll  auti  L\ 


27« 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUBEAU   OF   LABOR. 


In  iimlEliif;  Ruch  liiv(?f((liciittoii  sliall  havu  ttao  powur  to  uOmlulster  oalhB. 
ICiifc  \vlti)oKH4>H,  tiiko  trxttnioiiy,  uuil  rtfjiilrc  xUv  priMliu'tlott  of  txKTkx  inul  I'mpiTfl; 
]iii(l  niiiHt  IHo  II  r(*|Mirl  of  micli  luvi'stlpittuii  In  xvrltlni;  with  n  full  Htiii<*ii)rtit  of 
Ittf  niiilln;;  to  till*  i;oVL*riior.  lu  all  riir«<>H  nf  vlolntlon  of  this  net,  tho  honrd  of 
iiillroiHl  4't»!nmlH*<ItHH'i*H,  through  Iho  nltontov-n*'iiornI,  ntiiHt  iil  oiir<»  Im'uIh  the 
proHwulioii  of  ull  piirlk'H  nK"l»Ht  whom  evldriic*?  i»f  vlulatlcm  In  fouiicl ;  hut 
thiH  lu-t  Khiill  nor  Ih<  rtmsininl  to  itn'vent  atiy  other  ^htkoh  froiii  iM'gliintng 
l>riiM«.vullou  for  vlulutlou  lu'ieof. 
Api»rov(«d  April  2,  A.  I>.  11)07. 


niAPTKR  Myih-^Hcig/it  of  u'Jrcn  ovrr  taUroad  truikn. 


tf*MHTnl 


iirijT 
this 


Sr.i-rioK  1.  'Hn'  riillrtiiul  rominitiFlotiprs  of  lhli>i  Hind*  shatl  hnvo  k* 
8ii|H»rvlRlon  ovi»r  any  iim]  nil  wlren  for  trniiMiultllnK  «?Ieotrlr  nirrent  or 
ftthrr  win*  wUntwu'vcr  tToiwlug  uutler  or  over  nuy  trftfk  of  »  niMruad  In 
Stall*. 

Kkc.  2.  WUhlii  thirty  CM))  »Ih>s  fn»Di  Iho  (akhiK  elTt^t  of  thU  act  wihl  rail, 
road  i-oniiiilAHionrrH  shall  luako  rrtfiiliillotiM  iiroKrrlhln^  Hn*  inaiincr  In  which 
Hin'h  whvH  Hhnll  i*iiihh  Kin*h  railroad  trackn  In  tliln  Stntp. 

Skc.  .'t.  It  Khali  hiMi'aftrr  In*  utilawfiil  for  any  rorjMiratl'ni  or  person  t*»  |ihu*o 
or  siring;  any  hxwU  wlrt'  for  tran^iniltlikR  f*U»ctrlr  current  or  any  win*  whtttwjevcr 
arroHH  any  track  of  a  railroad  In  thU  Stale  exiv|)l'  In  Huch  luunner  as  Uifty  be 
prcKcrllMHl  l>y  the  railroad  eonimlj^J^loiiors  as  provlde<I  hy  thlt*  tut. 

Hva;  4.  The  hoanl  of  rallnrnd  coutuiixHlontTH  Kimll,  an  h<»oi»  a*-  iMikMllde  afli 
the  talclrttf  en'c<'t  of  thla  not,  either  hy  perwmnl  exnnilnathai  or  <»therwlrie,  olitii 
tnfornuitioTi  where  the  tracks  or  nillroadn  iir»'  croxhcd  by  wInrH  NirunK  over  Hd 
Irarks.  rontniry  to  or  tiot  In  coni|ilinnt'*'  with  the  nilri*  firewTllHil  hy  thp  ml 
road  r<inintlKHl(»nerH  an  eontrniphiti^il  t)>'  lhl.4  act,  and  nliall  onh'r  Hiich  rhaii; 
4ir  chanKeH  to  he  niiuh'  hy  tin*  juTsonH  or  (^jriH^nilWam  ownhiK  nr  oiHrnillni;  hii 
wirert  as  It  nniy  drein  ni*ri*KKii i  ,v  tn  niak*'  the  sjune  (-iiinply  with  said  rill*?»»  t 
tvirhin  Hiirh  reaAonahle  time  uh  it   naiy  pr<'ArTlhe. 

Skc.  r».   In  eaKe  Hurli  wlnm  rnws  over  n«UI  (rark.  In  no  enw  Hhnll  Faht  bcw 
rif  |-nllri.»nd  cornnilnnhMicrH  |irt'M*rllH»  n    hte*  helirht    than  twenty-two    (22)    fwit 
nhtive  the  top  of  the  rnllH  of  any  railroad  traek  for  npy  wIit, 

Skc.  (1,  The  iHiard  of  nilli-cad  iVMniulHHlonertt  ar<*  hert-hy  anlhorir.i%l  lo  pi*ovld» 
for  aad  reu'iihite  the  eroKHluc  of  wlreH  ov"*r  and  arnmn  railroad  rltrhtn  of  wny 
at  hijfhways  jtnd  other  placoH  within   the  State. 

Skp.  7.  Any  |H>rKon  or  coriHiratlon  who  Hirhitr  or  naihitnin  any  wire  ncroM 
any  railroad  track  In  this  State  al  n  dlfterent  hnlifhl  rir  In  n  illfTereni  rtt-v  ■:  ?• 
friMM  tluil  pre'stTllM'^l  hy  tho  miM  ln'tird  of  railroad  »"oninil''t*lMiir'?H  Mhall 
nnd  l^ay  to  the  State  ft  Iowa  the  siiin  of  taie  hni)dr(i><l  dollars  I]|:1<mm  ("■ 
xoparate  jmtIihI  of  ten  dnyH  dnrlnjr  which  Hinh  wire  Is  mo  nailnlaliied.  -;iiii 
furfeltiire  to  l»e  recnvenil  In  a  cUll  action  hnui^'-ht  In  any  court  of  t  iiniiM-ti-ni 
JiirlMllclfon  In  the  nnine  of  the  Stale  of  Iowa,  hy  tin*  attorneyitr'rieral.  or  hv  the 
county  attorney  of  the  mutity  In  which  Hoch  wire  Ik  «ltin»teil.  at  ihe  ret|ne«ii  nf 
the  said  hoard  of  railroad  coaindHMlonerr*,  and  It  Ih  hi-reliy  made  the  ilnty  of  tht* 
fjilil  .Ttlorney-general  at»d  c(tnnty  nltnniey  to  bring  wncli  action  ftirlhwlth  niioa 
IteiliK  H4I  rnpicHted. 

Approved  April  (J,  A.  D.  1!K»7. 

OlIAlTKB  110, — .lre/rfrn/;i*  n»  railvoatU, 

SniTioN   1.  rpon  the  occurronco  of  any  wrlouK  accidrnt   n|Mtn  any 
within  this  State,  whleh  Hhall  rcMnlt  In  iM'n*i>naI  Uijnry,  rtr  low  nf  life,  the 
IKiratlon  ofteratlnu  the  roail  ui«tn  which  Ihe  accident  fM-cnrred  Miall  Kirc 
diate  ntdlce  ttien^of  to  tht*  tinard  of  rnllroMd  eonindHslnnepK  whoM*  duty  1< 
be,  If  they  deem  It  n^N-csyyiry,  lo  !i  .    thi»  Hanu*.  and  proniMly  re|Kirt 

the  >:ovenior   the  exieaf   nf  the  per  wrles,   or   Iokh  of    life.   ;nid    Whi*t 

the  santo  \va»  the  reHnlf  nf  ndKnijni:'i;i  mm-hi  or  neulect  of  Hie  cor|N>mllon 
whoHC  llnr  ihr  Injury  or  Iokm  of  llfo  (H*iiirr*tl :  frnvhttti.  That  Huch  report  »*l 
not  lie  evidence  ur  referral  to  In  any  cnw*  In  any  <^'i(rr. 

Ariprovoil  March  27.  A.  I>.  1tl07. 

Cmaitkii  12.S.  -Ihiijilnffttuitl  offlcrv, 
fUrT/o!%'  f.  ICvrry  [wrstvi.  nrni  i>i 


LABOR  I_\W6 — IOWA — ACTS   OF   1907. 


27U 

f  or 


vnfnt  or  sltnatlfvnft  to  any  pprwm  or  persons,  ami  In  parstmnoc  of  shoU  a<li 
tittvuifut.  uirn.H*nu'nt  or  promise,  bIiuII  nxvivn  any  money,  jierwinnl  [iroperty  or 
other  valmidli'  tbiny  whais^ievur,  ami  wbo  ehnli  fail  to  proi'ure  f<ir  siK'h  pi 
son  or  iierstiiis  aci-optahle  situations  or  employment  as  nffree<l  u()on,  wUUln 
tim**  •'tHtcf!.  or  ajrroo*!  ui>on,  or  If  no  time  be  siiecillet]  tben  witbiu  a  reuftonal    _ 
1'  '  nixm  demand  return  all  sticb  money,  personal  property  or  valanble 

*  -'n  of  wbnti>ver  chanicter,  except  an  aioonat  not  to  exceeil  one  ilollar 

to  n*^  LUMFtred  ns  a  flMnc  fet\ 

Sec.  -'.  U  sbaU  l»e  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm  or  ooritoratloa  to  re<?elr© 
any  nppMuation  ftir  emidoyment  from,  or  enter  into  any  agreement  wltlu  any 
I»<'r8on  to  furnlsb  or  prtvouro  for  s;iid  imtsoh  any  entploynient  unless  there  Is  de- 
Ihered  to  any  such  [H'rsoa  making  sucU  applicatlou  or  contract  at  the  lime  of 
lh*»  ntnliiDg  thereof  a  true  and  full  copy  of  such  api»Iii*atiou  or  uirreeincnt,  which 
aipplication  or  a^re<*nient  shall  specify  the  fee  or  consideration  to  t>e  paid  by  the 
|)er»uQ   seeking  employment. 

Skc  'X  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm  or  coriwratloa  or  any  iwraon 
employttl  or  authorlxetl  by  such  person,  firm  or  coriwratlon  to  hire  or  discharge 
emp|oyet*H.  to  receive  any  i«irt  of  any  fee  or  any  iH»rc<'nini:e  of  waj;es  or  any 
eouii»eus;ition  of  any  kind  whatever,  that  Is  atrreed  uiK>n  to  be  paid  by  any 
einph>ye*  of  said  jierson.  firm  or  cori«iralion  to  any  employment  bureau  or 
agency  for  services  renderrtl  to  any  such  emivl»tye<i  In  procuring  for  him  em- 
ployment with  K\id  i»er8on,  firm  or  corj^oratlon. 

Skc.  4.  The  conmiissittuer  of  the  btirt»au  of  labor  statistics,  or  his  deputy, 
shall  have  authority  to  examine  at  any  time  xhe  re<'ords,  books  and  any  pai>ers 
relating  In  any  way  to  the  conduct  of  any  employment  agency  i»r  bureau  within 
the  iitiiw,  and  must  iuvesiigale  any  complaint  made  a]i;)ilust  any  such  emplor- 
n»eiil  ngi'ncy  or  buniiu.  and  if  any  violatiiuis  of  law  are  found  he  shall  at  oncft 

le  or  raufte  to  be  filed  an  information  against  any  im^'i-som,  tlrm  4»r  ct»ri»i.»ralioD 

illly  uf  such  violation  of  law. 

Skc.  r».  Any  jjerson,  firm  or  txiriwratlon  violating  any  of  the  provisli^ns  uf  Ihla 
act,  or  who  nlmll  refuse  aivess  tt)  rtH^inls,  b*iolis  or  other  jKiiK^rs  relative  to  the 
conduct  of  such  agency  or  bureau,  to  any  i>erson  having  authority  to  examine 
ENme,  slmll  be  deeujcd  guilty  of  ii  misdemeanor  and  uism  conviction  thereof 
shall  be  punislu'il  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  one  buudrcil  dollars  (flUO.OU),  or 
imprisonment  in  the  county  Jail  nut  to  exceed  thirty  days. 

A|ipruved  Marcli  27.  A.  D.  11K»7. 

Chapteb  130. — Vine  rrffulation9—Prjicdvr, 

ScCTio:*  1.  No  F»erson.  firm  or  corporation,  shall  be  i>ermltted  to  traj 
carry  or  I'onvey  by  any  elwirical  pr<K*ess  whatever,  any  powder  or  other 
sive,  into  any  coal  mine  where  twenty  or  more  iternons  are  emi>IoytHi  therein 
until  after  tlie  c<ml  miners  and  other  employees  have  ceased  their  work  and 
hare  deimrteil  from  the  mines. 

Sec.  2.  No  oi>emlor  or  other  i)erBon  In  charge  of  any  coal  mine,  shall  snffer 
nr  i^ruilt  nndrr  any  clrcunistnnces  the  storing  of  imwder.  or  other  explosives. 
In  liny  etnil  mine  except  as  follows:  lOaeb  miner  shall  be  permlttwl  to  have  In 
It  ire  and   Indivlilntil   poHsession  at  one  time  not  more  than   two  keg9 

'  Iwenly-five  p*>unds  of  p<nvder  each,  and  other  explosives  sudleleot 

fur  I'll*-  n;i.v's  use.  Such  |>owder.  or  other  exploiilves,  sliiill  be  kei>t  by  the  miner 
In  n  wofMleii  or  metallic  box  or  boxes  siM'urely  l«Mke<l.  and  said  intxes  shall  be 
kept  at  a  r<*asou:il»le  distance  from  the  truck;  nor  shall  black  iK>wdor  and  high 
explosives  be  kept  In  the  same  box. 

8ec.  3.  It  slinll  not  be  e<»nstriHHl  ns  storing  ftowder.  as  defined  In  section  two 
hrretif,  to  dejHif^lt  the  i)owder,  or  other  explosives,  at  the  end  of  the  ebn-trlcal 
ur  mtvliuulcal  haulage  nt  the  face  of  the  mine  for  the  following  day's  use: 
/'rorWrrf,  That  it  is  trnnsportefl,  conveyed  or  dejiosited  In  conformity  with  the 
provisimis  of  section  one  hertN)f. 

Skc.  4.  The  trnns(»ortatl(m  and  delivery  of  all  [towder  and  other  explosives  !n 
said  c»»iil  mini's  shall  be  done  by  the  oi>erator  or  liy  men  employisl  by  him  for 
thnt  p«riM>8e. 

Sr.r.  5.  Any  pt^r8<tn.  firm  or  corporation  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  thla 
a<-(  ^Ti.tll  l>«*  uiiilty  of  a  mls<1emeanor  nnd  n|H>n  conviction  Hhall  be  fiuec 
»<  iig  one  hundriNl  dollars,  or  be  Imprisoned  In  the  county 

f\  .  f^iys. 

Ajj'j'fvt^'d  Aiurfi  13,  .1.  U.  1007, 


278 


DUia.KTIN    or  THE   BUREAU    OF  l^DOR. 


Chaitui  ISI. — Liabiiity   'jf  cmtfi^^Uffn   f**f  iitjuri**   ^ 

o/   lUk. 
(8o«p  p.  fCj,  nbnvi*.  1 


tttfilnfJi't'M —  \  H»utn  nUt 


Cn\rrrM  IKI, — Rribcrp  of  cmptftpecit. 

HrrTroN  1  (ns  nni(>nOo<1  by  rhniitrr  IM.  Art«  of  11M>7U  It  ishnll  l«»  nnlnwl 
fur  any  uK'-'itt,  ropri'seiitaUvp  or  ftitpIoyvH',  ntlli-t-r  ur  niiy  ntcoiU  of  n  |»i'lvMtH  cc 
])nrntlon,  nr  n  iiiilillc  oflU'or.  nrtlni:  In  Iwtmlf  nf  n  |ii-liir||iiil  In  tiny  t>uidn«* 
trniiwirtloii,  to  rfcclve,  f'>r  hl«  uwn  upo.  dlriHtly  nr  Imnvortly.  nny  Elfl, 
intHHJon.  tllwoinit,  l>onu»  t»r  jrrulully  cniimM'O'fl  with.  r<*latlii>s  t't  nr  :.'n«wli 
out  "f  NtH'h  bitKlnoHS  tranwnTluu  :  iuid  II  ulinll  Uo  liken  1m*  iiiilawfnl  <■>(  nnj 
person,  whctlicr  u<'tlnt;  In  IiIh  rtwii  hcbiilf  or   In   bchtitf  of  nny  cot>:>  [», 

nfW'K'liilion  or  <'<ir|M>mllcin,  |o  offur.  promlMt  or  k'***  dlrcMMly  or  Indu 
sm'lk  iiitU  ciiinnitHMlnn.  ills<*«iuui.  hnnns  <>r  »!rn1ul(y.     Any  iH<r«on  violnUn^  ll 
pr«vl«!on(i  tif  tlilrt  net  or  nny  of  ihrm  nlmll  \w  irnlKy  of  n   mlwIctncMnor.  n' 
npon  (Hinvk'titui  ilu'nHif  nlnill  l»i*  imnlBlnsI  l»y  «  fWii*  of  not  Ii«kh  tJinn  ' 
dolliirs   \$'2rt),  nor  inon*  tlum  IIm*  hnmlrml  dolliint  ($tVjn),  nr  by  )tii| 
In   tlu'  connly  jnll  for  nut   luoro  tlnio  ono  yt*nr.  or  hy  hi.th  wm  U  fin*-  mhi    im- 
I>rlKonn»Mit :  *'  ProvifUO,  Thli*  not  hIjhII  not  ripjily   to  tliow  rnws  In  whl<*h  \\w 
prlnrlitnlH,  hoInR  tho  rnntrnHlnir  partK'«,  Imvc  itiidivtrtljrM  of  nm!  cousont  to  (J 
puynictit  of  u  conuiils?*l*Mi  to  iin  ii«<*ttt  or  ropri^wntHllvc.'* 

Hfc,  'J.  No  ])rr»in  slinll  Ik*  PX«"iinfMl  troni  rittniMllos,  li**'tifyln^  or  pro*lncli 
tHK>k8,  pitturitt.  Ci>iitrncti»,  ]iKret*imMilH  ami  dm-iiuiwitK  tieforr  nny  rourl  or 
ob<*<l1on<'c  to  (he  .smIiikmim  of  nny  ciMirt  hnvlni;  Jnriiwlh'thm  of  I1k>  fnl«hnnoitn( 
OTi  the  jn'onnil  or  for  llio  rrii«i*n  thnt  iho  tentlnuiiiy  or  ovUlHtrt*.  *Iorntni«iiinry. 
otbrrwlw,  niinlrwl  of  him,  niiiy  twnl  to  luiTlmlnntr  htm  or  to  »iiihj«vt  lilm 
n  ponnlty  or  fnrfnUnro.  Itut  ni)  ix-iison  shnll  f»o  H;ibU«  !*>  nny  crhohiitl  pi 
tion.  for  or  on  iicrrMint'  of  nny  iruufiictlon,  luMttrr  or  thltiu  coiHonilnjr  w 
he  niny  t»*stlfy  or  pn»iln<*c  I'vUlpnrc,  iliM'oniontnry  «»r  oih'^rwlNo,  liofrtrn  mil 
court  «tr  In  ohinlkMuv  to  ItH  KiibpoMiii  or  In  any  wnch  oiih».  nr  prfK-ctsHinr : 
rWri/,  Thai  no  prrwm  !»o  to?»tlfyin;f  or  pr<Mhn'inK  uuy  wich  bi»ok«,  itniwrrK 
tiTii't!*.  ntTwmtiiiH  or  iiornmoniN  fihitti  b«'  cvfinpiiMl  fr»tin  pruHwrnlun  ami  p 
lubniPiiT  for  porjnry  (Htnimlitoil  tn  w*  t(f*tlfylng, 

Approvt^  A|»r!l  5.  A.   1».  VMM. 

KANSAS, 

ACT8  OF  1W>7, 

Cbaptss  2K^. — i/£«''  rtg  Hint  ions — KiilHr*. 

.-f'rTio;v  1.  In  nil  otiH*?  (vln^ro  nny  <'(t«l  inhn*  now  \u  o[»ornth»n  In  tUlfi 
with  ILh  prIiioltkHl  or  mutti  HLnfl  of  u  tloplh  of  onu  tlioUKtinil  fcol  or  luol 
luiH  no  air  •  '  '  ■       "         r  'n  nr  prlii<*lpnl  ;  "     " 

In  which  t"  t.  t\r<  rcsiuln-ii  i 

Ijiwft  of  K«i*r-.,-.  ..■^'■■.  ,'  ■-■    '  •  '.  •-  '"  ' '  ■'.'   ■  -'•■ d  iWH  yoiTH  fi  ■^ 

of  Mjin-lx,  A.  I>.  \Uii7 :  I'tuiiiJuI,  That  wi»rk«'ii  bhUI  *'H(u|M*niiMit  >■'  il 

uiwiro  witliln  xlxty  dayn  of   thf«  takluic  t-fffK't  of    thl*  act,  anil    >  ■    j 

Uirrlnj;  vnuivohlnbtr  u<*(-i(lt*nlN.  iiutll  ealil  o»cui«t'iuiMit  iihuft  idutU  U*  rocupUttud. 

A|ipi"i»*'l  r«'l»ruary  1!1,  V.'OT. 


<'UArTi-K  t:iU>.--.\/inr  rrjiutattrtn* — Putriirr, 


HKcrtov  1.  n 

fW»ll,  offrr   fi" 
KnhMuM,  hl.> 
tW(*lvii  nnri  . 
IMiwiIrr  to  i 

IIIi>r.«    fliiifi 

tan 

Hin:  2,   Il  t«li:iH   In- 
*/?.r  Mluo  or  wirifN  tt>  ■■ 
\thHn  iwtwt/ltiM  iliv  wvii   tUrii'*~*(. 


liHli    hf  inilnwful    for  nny  Imllvliliml,  Hmi.  t  t'nrj*nmn\*m 
ih'llviT  for  nw»  at  nuy  tt\»\  mini*  or  in- 
1-  In  any  unitiiuT  oxcfpt  lu  orltrlnnl   i 


iiti  In  ■! 


UiBOR   LAWS — K.i>'6AS — ACTS  OF   190/1, 


379 


I.  It  sUuIl  1)**  unlawful  for  any  utlnor.  mine  laborer  or  othor  per«i>ii  or 
fier^tnx  ii»  tnhr.  rouTpy.  or  itiusp  to  be  Uikcn  or  eouvey^l.  Into  any  mine  or 
iu  tbe  State  of  Knn»n»,  blnck  ihiw^Ut  in  any  otbtT  iuuimmt  e:(C4'pt  na 
prvvlilful  In  ««tinn  1  uf  xh\»  act.  It  $iball  bo  unlawful  for  nay  minor.  Inburrr 
or  oKb<>r  f'LTHim  to  U8«*  any  pick  or  otlier  metal  Huhstanr^  or  Injitrnuipnt  In 
opealBC  any  ran  rontalnliii?  {Miwilrr  In  tht*  mine:  l^mruht!.  That  any  can  tilled 
Wltb  powtier  so  retelvwl   and   opened   by  any  luliier  or  Mtber    jK^rtiou    shall   be 

TPt' — ''        '' t(».  when  cuiplkMl,  at  tbe  miuer'a  working  swltcb,  to  tbe  ci»m- 

fkti  the   Bflwie,  l»efore  Bucb   miner  or  otber   i>or»on   ahull    receire 

Sec  l>e  d<'Iivert<d  liy  hiuilini:  tbi*  sinw  hi  any  rnr  bituled 

bj  all  «  -^  tbf  ear  in  wbiob  the  j^mdcr  H  luinlcil  for  deliv*»ry 

!■  iboroiii:hiv  liiaiiittitti* 

Sj:''.  r>.  Any  (•♦•rs'Mi  or  eoriwrnlion  or  oflicem  or  «ajiployeo«  i»f  any  cor(ioratiou 
▼I*  i'rovi»ii*in»  of  HtH-tionH  1  anil  4  of  lliis  act  aball  l»o  de^'nM 

Kii  Kir.  and  upon  <.«>ti\  li-iUtn  thore<»f  In  auj*  court  of  eiuupotenl 

jnriwin  itoii  '^iijiii  iM.  lininl  n<»t  exeecdluK  llfty  d'»llur»  fur  »*iit-h  offenBe, 

Sr,c.  ij.  Any  mlinT,  mine  IjibonT  or  *ifher  iM.T»<*n  who  i4|inll  \i«i1ate  tbe  pro- 
vl«t..i-;  -r  '^w'tloiis  'J  i«r  3  of  this  act  shall  be  deeuietl  ;;uHty  of  a  uiltHleniennor, 
»ti  iivlrtloii  tlM-nt»f  III  any  oMirt  wf  colu|K;1vut  juiitilictlou  shall  be  fined 

n<'    ■  ■    UK  tun  dolljir;*  for  ejieb  orTcnse. 

Awirored  Moreb  5,  JIX>7. 

Chaiiicm  251. — Mittr  reffuinfionM^/nnftix'tion. 


SfciTto.N  1.  Section  J  uf  rbapter  -r»7  of  tbe  SiHtslon  LawH  of  UiTH  1h  hereby 
am«>udi^l  ton  as  to  ntid  as  (nlUtwrs:  Se<.'tlon  2.  That  tbe  State  mine  his|>ertor  uiny 
b*'  '  '  '  '  :  ■  ■  --r  -  ;  lite  dnrioM  b'*re  lni{*oBei:l  U]'ou  bhii.  he  Hhatl  have  ihe  li^t 
at  iiy  (Mful  mine  to  miiUe  t-xamlimlion  or  obtain  tnf<)rniatl4>n. 

If.    -.  ..  .ti  nnder^ronnd  worUin;;*!  of  the  ibaraoter  mfutlon*»il  in  «v- 

Itoit  1  (  or  in  any  iMirtioti  itf  mirb  mine  or  workinjca,  luH-auseof  impro|»erJ 

or  liiaiii  .  i!ill;Uion,  the  I'reseiite  of  sta^mint  <ir  mixlons  or  explosive  »;at4©«» 

taadc«|naie  or  im[iroiier  air  waya  or  air  irateK  or  tbe  use  or  presenee,  wltb  the 
kuowleiljce.  conusance  or  t**HiKeiit  of  fh»«  o|HMator  or  pettmn  In  active  eharpe  of 
Rild  mine,  for  llltnnlnaf Im;  piir|»oN('H.  of  oil.  other  than  lard,  or  otber  eiinnlly 
Rife  t1r«t.t>1niw  oil.  lack  of  adeiiuaie  and  ijiwfnl  .^ttalrways.  break  tbn>u^ba,  or 
lu.i    ■  r  fiir  any  otber  r«'ason>i  witbin  Ihe  imwer  of  the  oi»erator.  owner  or 

li>  10  eierciKo  uf  ordinary  care,  to  remove  or  ^uurd  against,  or  causi> 

tM  c'tl  or  ^'uardtHl  apilnst,  be  or  btN'ome  InjurloiiH  to  tbe  health  or 

d.i  'I  tbe  lives  or  ]inili.s  of  pei-wmH  workinc  In  «ueb  mine  or  part  of 

n.-..  .  'If'-  luiii..  inj*iM:tor  **ball  notify  the  owuer«,  lessees  or  apents.  Inune- 

ilialeiy.  of  H  ry  ttf  any  violation  of  tbiH  not.  and  of  the  pennMy  impoKO'l 

theri^>y  for  ^  :ulori,  and  in  raHO  of  »utb  notlee  iK'lng  dlsrepirdeil  for  tbe 

0{Mi<V  of  tea  dM.\H,  be  bluilt   luNtllute  proaeeittlon  auabiHt   tbe  owner,  owners, 
U«iMH>!ii  or  uceulH  of  tbe  udno.  under  tbe  provisionH  of  section  10«  chapter  151*. 
r     -;»7.     In  any  t*n»e.  however,  where  in  the  JudjomMit  of  sueU  lns|»eetut. 
leopardlii^e  life  or  llnili,  he  shall  at  once  pn^ucd  to  the  uilno  wbertt] 
/  r  rxij*is  and  pxiinilue  Into  the  matter,  and  If  afti-r  full  Invt-Htl- 
■  Hb»II  be  of  tin-  oinnlon  that  there  Is  Inimetlliite  dauiser  to  lift 
11  ,,f  iii.>  11,1- iftj.  t_<<jndl11ou  of  wild  ndne  or  s<tme  part  tl»eriwf» 
owiii'i*.  lesjuto,  ojiiTator,  anient,  manager,  su[k>i 
[  tbL'  mine  tc»  forthwith  re|uiir  and  pot  Iu  roafion-' 
tiditton  HOrh  djiirKcrouN  mine  or  part  of  ndue,  or  8Uh!|>oud  all  work 
I  Hiicb  tiihie  or  pnrtH  of  mine  found  to  be  In  fact  dauKerotis  t"  life 
■  1  In  tin*  (*v»nf  that  wnUI  owner,   les.'4e(\  openitor.  HK'Hit,  nitiiia^er. 
•Jit   or  prrw'Mi   In  charne  of  thw  mine  fails  to  uw»  due  diiljrenee  In 
Caii-oi  K   tiie  repalrn  »o  <ird»-rc*I  to  be  made  In  the  time  sfie«*lrt<Hl  by  twild  mine 
biBj»<v(or.  Ihfii  sail)  ndne  inspis-tor  shall  or<ler  the  tiwm-r.  h'(*.-^oe,  operator,  aj:*'"!. 
D,tn,  ..'!., •      ,.i..>T  i.ir..i  .|».{|t  ,,r  iH'rwon   in  eharire  of  the  mine  to  Immotltately  sns- 
I"  dinnt  sij'Ii  mhieor  parlH  of  niiui<  found  to  be  in  fad  dun- 

S»  ii;id  If  the  owner.  IeM*Hx\  openitor.  nijont.  mannicer,  su)»or- 

Iii!  Ill  (hart'c  i»f  the  ndne  hhall  refu?^'  or  ne^'le^I  to  rom- 

pl'  sm*b  mine  or  ckaar  imrt  thereof  Is  In  fact  dnnr^riMts 

I"  i.iUlIeK  workln(r  therein,  and  forthwith  rejtjilr  >  ■  I 

all  -neb  mine  or  [uirtH  of  mini*  fut  found  to  l>e  in  fa' 

Oio*.  lie  Hirtji  !•"  iTinii}-  of  it  uilMJciutNtiiur,  nnd  upon  couvlcUwv  Ot/ef^' 


280 


BULLETIN    OF   TUE   BUREAU    OF    LABOR. 


iliu**!  tint  exceodlni;  four  hun<1ri*t1  dollnrM.  Work  lii  nnd  nhout  »nch  mine  or 
|wirts  of  inlno  w-fonnr!  to  ho  clnngeroim  hIuiII  not  Im»  rominietl  nnttl  fH*riiilfwlon 
of  tUu  iiiBi»et.ior  Ih  tlrwt  obtiiiiuHl.  nnh'AH  It.v  order  of  stttiir  courl  of  oonipolent 
JnriMllitlon.  In  onso  of  the  inKiK»<'tor  innkiuj;  m\*'U  ortlor,  thp  owner,  niwriitor, 
Hti|H.>rtMl<'niJi>)it  or  nllifP  )H*t-m»n  in  rliar^t*  of  hucIi  niino  nniy  bHn^  an  itction  \u 
tiny  court  of  compotont  JtirlHillothm  to  rnjnin  th(»  lnKp<»i't(>r  from  inti-rfi^rlng 
>vllh  tlu' ijiH'nitloM  of  (Ik*  mini*,  bnt  no  InJnn«tlou  Hhnll  )>c-  icmnUxl  oi'imi  hmcIi  ni>- 
Irlit'iitlon  wUlioiit  (wcntyfonr  Iinurw'  notko  to  the  Inspivt'T,  iiml  n  hrartnu  n|)on 
KtR'h  iippHriitlon.  Hiihl  nodii^  uwy  ht*  pv'rKonnlly  serv4tl  tipiMi  Hjiltl  hiKiH^-tor  or 
hlH  deputy,  If  found  hi  tlie  cfmntry  [rttunty  t.  but  If  siild  hiKp4-<:lor  or  bin  duputy 
cnn  not  be  found  in  the  country  |<*onntyl  whoro  snbl  Hftlon  is  couinienriHl,  them 
nultce  or  Hiininions  may  he  Hervi*d  {onj  Raid  InHfUH'tor  hy  tiliuMnK  n  eerllfied 
copy  thereof,  wx'urcJy  w'tillnL'.  stiimplnp.  ndilrewslnn  iind  ninlMn^  Htinie  to  snld 
hiKpeetnr.  lit  the  poHt-olIice  n(*itret(t  ttie  mine  Houtrht  to  tie  eb>Ki*i|  by  Huhl  la- 
KinMtor;  and  n  return  of  the  sherlfT  Hhowhij:  fjorvlee  of  nnttrn  or  Hnnmions  enn 
not  tu'  srrveil  on  the  hi^jh-^-tor  or  hlw  di-puly  hi  fwld  (-(unily  shnll  bi*  nntlleletit 
Ki'oundH  uiHMi  ivhich  tu  ohiuin  Hervlcu  by  nmilhii;  khiuo  us  ubovu  pruvldud. 
Ai»prc>vc«l  rcbniary  27.  IfMyr. 

c^iiAPTEB  i^>. — UoHVK  of  tabor  of  cmfitoycrn  tm  raihtHntit, 

HKcrtoy  1.  Sivtl.tn  1  of  t-hnptcr  34'J  of  the  Ses^hpu  Ijiwj*  of  V.>0.'t  rsUfllll 
bo  iiniended  to  read  an  folhtws:  Scvtion  1.  It  «h«ti  be  unhiwful  for  uny  c<>r- 
IKirnthm  or  reeelver  openitliit;  ii  Ihie  of  ralh'oads  |ntlh'ond|  hi  whole  or  In  pnrt 
ill  the  Stale  of  KaiiHaH.  for  any  ollkvr.  uyeni  or  ivprewntatlve  of  Hurh  eor|M»ra- 
tlon  f»r  rot'river,  to  ri'ipiire  <^r  perndt  any  e<inthu'(or,  eiiiChK'^'r,  tlroman,  hriike- 
man.  train  dlHimteher,  ieU*;;rapIi  «n»emti>r  or  imy  tralniiiim  who  hatM  workeil  In 
hlH  rcsiKM"tlve  eapneUy  for  Hlxt<N'ii  nHiwx'utlve  hoiirt*  tii  enntlnue  on  duty  or 
|K>rftirni  any  wi-rk  for  BUrh  niilrr»itd  until  lie  hn«  had  at  ba.«l  eiyht  hourH"  rent: 
l'rtirit!i  U,  Thiit  thin  art  Nhal)  uol  apply  In  cnso  of  waRhnnt.  n*re<-ks,  or  nuavold- 
nhlp  bhx-kadeK,  nor  Rhall  It  1m'  eonstrneil  to  prevent  llie  crew  of  a  Irnhi  wlileh 
coutainH  live  Htock  or  perlHlinbh*  fretj^ht  hi  enrlond  totrt  from  rnnnlni;  to  the 
next  dlvlHJon  point  after  the  exptnitlim  of  tlu*  time  liniH  pruvldM  for  In  tlilfl 
act:  I'ltnifir-fl  furtlfti;  That  thl«  r*e**tlon  Hhnll  not  apply  to  einftloyivs  of  9lc<?l»- 
lnf;*'*ar  comiMinb-H,  lmt!pi»;enHMi,  an<1  exprcHs  nieHHenp>rfl. 

Rcr.  2.  S^ftUtn  2  t»f  chapter  312  of  llie  S)»«Hlon  LnwB  of  IftOft  \9hti\U  he 
amended  To  read  MR  foIlnwH:  Sec.  2.  Any  rorpi>ratbin  or  n-^vlver  of^THtlng  « 
line  of  railroad  In  whole  or  hi  part  In  tlilH  Stale  wlio  Nbali  kuowliirly  vlolat**  any 
provlNtiHiH  of  this  act  nhnll  ho  Ilalde  to  the  State  of  Kansas  for  a  penalty  of 
Dot  h*H}*  than  one  htitidred  dollaiH  imr  more  than  l»<i  liundntl  dollar!*  for  each 
ofTeiiMi*,  and  mich  (tenallieH  Hhall  Im'  riH'ovi'red  and  huUh  thereof  !«liall  i)e  hront^ht 
In  the  name  of  the  Slate  of  KanwiH  In  a  i*ourt  of  compelent  .Iurlmliell(»n  In  ouy 
county  In  the  Stale  luti»  or  throut;h  which  any  Huch  railroad  may  run,  by  Ihe 
flttornoy-jceiieral  itr  nnd*>r  his  direction,  or  by  tlic  pioKixnilliiir  attorney  of  Iho 
pro)M*r  county  throui;li  or  Into  or  out  of  which  tniiiiH  may  he  it[H<rati'd  by  Faid 
eompauy;  and  uinmi  complaint  lieinu  nuide  to  1h<*  cummlHHJoner  of  lidmr.  be  18 
lioreby  authorlxeil  lo  InveKtlpite  nncli  eumplaint,  and  Hhall  Im»  empowered  lo 
examine  the  train  «hectH,  rri:lHterK,  and  dlspjitchrrs'  rc]M>rtR.  and  to  he.ir  anrh 
other  evidence  aH  may  be  (ifTered  by  olllcern  or  enipIi»yei'M  of  such  rallnmd  **o»u- 
pany  to  delermlm*  wlietlicr  nucIi  coniplnint  Ih  well  fiMn)d«*il;  and  If  the  cum' 
plaint  HpiKMirK  to  ite  well  fonnde*!.  It  ahull  be  the  duly  of  wild  coinininKloiier  of 
labor  to  rile  a  eom|i1alnt  before  the  eonnty  attorney  of  the  pmiMT  county 
tbrou;:li  which  said  company  inuy  o|)erato. 

Approvtsl  March  J».  IIK)7. 


OnArrtR  2>>i.—  UahUittf  uf  rtiittnatJ  e«Hip*i«/i«  fur  hiJurU'n  Ut  rmfttot/fCJt. 

(Fee  pp,  03,  04,  nb*ive.) 

CtiAmcK  2S3.— y?rtWroo<f» — Kht'ttrrit  for  tmrh'mrn, 

Mr.iTinv  1.  It  Hhnll  be  unlawful  for  any  rnUroad  compiuiy  or  (H^rporathm  or 

otit ...w..nrt  who  own,  coutn>I  or  "* ■    " '  ^..u..,,, -i   i..   <»...  *ii  ,»., 

4*t  If   hulld    or    repair    rulli 

'A'V  (ti'tt  w/(ii(Mi(  provldiiin  ;       _- 

Utr/i  rt'/viir  »nrli.  nui  ilmt  all   men  i-  ^  »nv\\  tv\,»\t*  w«i 

uu<ivr  »livUvr  ititt'tiis  NluriiiH  or  mi 


LABOR  LAWS — i£A>'S,iB — ACTS    OF  IW7. 


Sfc.  2,  Kverr  coriwTntJon*  TierBon  or  pprsttnp.  mnnnccr*  Rii|>t*rlntein3(?iit  or 
furt'mau  of  any  rtnniiaiiy,  rx>r|>onn1on,  person  or  jK^rwona.  who  sbjill  fall  or  refuse 
In  ci»niiily  wllh  thv  J^rovIsllitts  of  (his  act  nftor  tbe  iRt  dny  fif  S»>pr<^mh*T,  1007, 
tthal]  1m*  decHinl  joiHty  iif  a  nii«(lf*nK'umir,  nml  iipnn  ctmvlftion  shnll  be  piiiifshed 
|iy  A  nmy  nf  not  J<'>s  thnn  twtnay-tivt*  ilaJlars  uor  luort*  tiian  one  Immlrwl  doUar^ 

Appr<iv«l  iluroli  7,  lf»OL 


ritJkFTRK   -R>i!,^I/iiH'   itnprrlon'ik. 


S^ecTioN  1*  The  «f^r»*tflry  of  the  State  n^iu^  hulu^trj:,  who  iMU  be  State 
g^no  Inst^H-vtctr,  fliuH  rtH-^^ivc  a  saliiry  of  fiftct^n  huiiflrfnl  ilollars  p^r  nnuniu, 
ilBd  ju-fual  iJiKvPsiiry  pK|VJi»t's,  not  exttHilliig  oik*  tUousiDd  tlollftrs,  Tbe  mid 
9t&1i*  inhii*  iiitt|K*(:(i*r  (w  hi*rr'bj  aiitlioriaw?d  to  ai>|)oint  oiie  deputy  mine  Inspector 
for  *^vl\  of  llii>  f<iUowln(sr  oountieH:  Crawfonl,  (.1inMket\  t>sa^,  LJ*avt*rjwortb, 
and  iujo  a*l4llTI*miil  lU^mty^  iuIiim  iuKiMvlnp  fi^r  the  counJlcH  of  Cmwfont  and 
rhpr*>ki'c.  ¥^rh  of  tUe^  siiiil  dt'[Hily  mine  IiiPpt'i'toi'S  utiall  he  rwiulrecl  to  give 
liiH  full  time  to  ^ncb  eau*l<riy]iifiit,  uud  shall  rtveive  ii^s  ootnpeti&itioti  tlie  siim  of 
elKlity  tiotlnis  p*?r  monUi  iiml  ni^-t-ssjiry  tnivi-lln;?  e'^I**!^****  '''1'^  8*il*^  State 
ntUL'  [iisi»iVtor  Is  licroliy  fintht>rta<.-d  to  fli*|Kiiut  a  flcrk  for  IjIb  office,  vrho  slmll 
rooolvp  an  nitnujil  ^ilarj-  of  dt^veu  liutidRxl  nud  twenty  dollars,  Snid  depnty 
Bjlne  Saspector  and  clerk  slmli  be  uud^r  tbo  s>j]terviHlon  aod  ctHUrol  of  tiip-  State 
mlrio  ttkiMvtor  8iid  btild  tbeir  posUUiiis  ni  hlft  pleasure.  U^  shnU  l«i>  aittliorised 
U>  trnnflfor  the  deputy  insiK^tors  to  suel*  iK>iuts  witbin  tho  Klute  where  In  hla 
JadcuK*f)t  tlie  dutlfg  and  ri.'<iirir*'UM*nt»  of  tlic  iiisiHi*:tlon  low  iiuike  it  nt^eessnry 
for  tU**Tii  to  work.  Tho  tf*rm  of  the  State  mine  tH«peetnr  and  lil«  dopiitlos  and 
clerk  Bbail  l>e  for  ii  pi^riod  <if  two  yc^irs,  lieglnidiig  July  1,  UMiT*  nud  their 
ralary  mid  exiteows  AmU  bt*  iMiyubK?  lUfnUUly  opon  voucb^^rs  certltied  to  tli© 
$(tB(t*  auditor  by  tlie  ^tnle  mine  inspector. 

Aj»vr«ved  February  21,  lOOT. 


CXnrDXATITE  INDEX  OF  LABOR  LAWS  AISTD  DECISIONS  RELATINa 

THEBETO. 


t  |T1u«  tnd»xlnt-)u(|*«iiUU.1iorlair«enft^««I  limv.lrtnuarr  1, 1904.  uid  pubU*l»*4  In  »uev««Ive Imc 
la*  BulteUn,  bo^miur  with  Pulf-tln  Nn.  57,  thf>  i»ni«*..r  \\>T>h   lorv.      I.iw-  niM.  t.-l  jT^vL-n^lr 
III  UiiT«Dtiia|>M«l  Report  iiUiisl'jttcr  ol 

miif  tfi  ftn  Irnir  subjci-u  V 

bytb(0l«tu(r"l>  ■-i»(nlU>winf 

oa  cb»rvui»fnitHion,  etc,  ul  tabor Iftws  «j«  ttlmiLirly  Luduxcd,  ujul  are  iiiULcule*]  hy  thealil 
Uab  "  Up."  Id  p«mnth«ein.] 


"  t.i!r-:  5tAC»a  (D^ 


M-tliatiK  JMlll 

1M(Mtet«AM  (U) 

AKirtunFTit  off  1  ,in:»  to  iiTiJfl  *\- 


US-US 

ir»-i7r. 

710,711 

?8T.7u(* 
TnK-710 


ei^au  t(i-    (.f  ^*    tlatira  of  U- 


Uim,iac4 


i(M»-iafii 

wi  1 

1075 

230 

7t)3 

7K7,7M  I 
10S7  I 

1    ,N 

7^770  1 

Mif 

TU   1 

aM 

BU 

[ 

BlackUsttnf: 

Ar)uiuik«.........»„.^^^.« 

Coiorado 

MliiiieM>ta(D) 

NevNtlti. - 

Boyrolting: 

Coloriiao 

(See   o/to    Ititvrinrvnc*    irlth 
•mpJoTinrnt.) 

Conaeriicat , 

l»li4na 

lnw» _   _ 

U««.'iiU'hU;S»II* 

MIcMtirnn , 

g«w  Vork 
hMo  I^UihI 

8oiiibCaf«4io«.. ,-..<. 

VlfK»»ki« 

WAstUi^OO 

Wi>«'"i:*m ,,,. 

Brl»»r  utlrMol  labor 

N.  

Duivaii  n(  Iniwir: 

i'Aiilomu . . .  

IO»it -    ..  ti.. 


BulteUn 


N&;    Pi^. 


SowJtsTmty 

ViBptm* 

I'lilUKl  Slatos 

Uuraaa  of  mine*: 

HMt  VligtBU 

CaiUM  at  dlwluig*.       iS**   Dl^ 

durfp.  fltntem^nt  o<cauM  oLj 
CKild    '  -nal  conunitlM 

oil,  ■.  :i  o(; 


CMKlmi  miJ  w«.mwn,  «niplo77inint 
af.  e*n«nl  proviiiotu: 

LMUiilaa* 

UiaxMitt  (U) 

Chlltlmn  and  «»m«n,  mplovrnMit 

O/.  In'     "        ■ 

A; 

N. 

\  eniiuiii _ 

Child rm  uul  womra,  mapUfyiaeai 
ofcfaiinlntts: 


t'uiLuul  Atjlpa 


71 


ployiramt 


an 

no 

Ml 

9Q&.MW 
fQV(90B 

am 

913 
9I4.91S 


ass 

711 
Z« 
101 S 101  n 
7M 
719 


«0 


7M 
lM»ia7 


I 


CnHULATIVZ  IHDSZ  OP  LABOR  LAWS  AHB  DECISIOKS  EELATIV a 

THERETO. 


f  [Tfati  index  inclndea  all  labor  laws  enacted  sinoe  January  1, 1904,  and  published  In  8Uore!<AtTe  Usoes  of 
tM  BultetlD,  baginning  with  Bulletin  No.  57,  the  issue  of  March.'lOOG.  Laws  enacted  previously  appear 
Id  the  Tenth  Special  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor.  The  decisionis  indexed  under  the  various 
headings  r^ata  to  the  laws  on  the  same  subjects  without  regard  to  their  date  of  emictment  aiKl  are 
Indicated  by  the  letter  "  D''  in  parenthesis  foUowiufc  the  name  of  the  St  ate.  Opinions  of  the  Attorneys 
General  on  the  construction,  etc.,  of  labor  laws  are  BunllBrly  indexed,  and  are  indicated  by  the  abbrevia- 
tion "Op."  in  parenthesis.] 


Aecident  insurance.    {See  Insur- 
ance, accident.) 
Accidents  in  factories: 

New  J  eraer 

NewYoi*. 

Pennsylvania 

Accidents  m  mines : 

Ohio 

Accidents  on  railroads: 

Alabama 

Colorado 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Massachusetts 

Minnesota 

Montana 

Ohio 

South  Carolina 

Vermont 

Accidents  to  employees: 

Illinois 

Advances    made    by    employers. 

{See  Employers'  advances.) 
Allen  contraet  labor: 

United  States, 

United  States  (Dj 

United  States  (Op.t 

Antltnist  act: 

United  States  (Dt 

Arbitration  of  labor  UlHputes: 

Colorado 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

United  States  (D) 

Aulgmnent  of  claims  to  avoid  ex- 
j  emption  laws.  {See  Exemption 
<  of  wages,  aasignments  to  avoid,  i 
Assignment  of  wages: 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Iowa , 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 


Bulletin. 

1 

No. 

rage,    i 

. 

1015 

w 

4(}1 

t» 

359 

w 

379 

73 

1043 

T3 

1049 

74 

274,275 

74 

27t'. 

TO 

771 

va 

581 

72 

647 

70 

779 

GT. 

3(>0 

71 

397 

Minnesota 

New  York 

Ve  rmcmt 

Wlsc-onsin 

Bakeries,  hours  of  labor  of  oni- 
ployees  In.    {See  Hours  of  la- 
bor.) 
Bakeries,  Inspection  of.    (Ste  In- 

spectioR,  etc.) 
Barbers,    examination,    etc.,    of. 
(JBet  ExanUnation.  etc.) 


71 

I  m 
m 


i  02 

i  *^* 
lift 

I  70 
'  70 

,170 

.a 

57 
71 
W 


202 


397-."K)9 
1SJ-1S5 
173-176 

200-205 

710,711 

1040 
707.708 
708-710 
200-212 


1019-1051  I 
331  ' 
1075  j 
236  ' 
763 
767. 7t«  i 

10S7 
700,770  I 
5S4 
712] 
396 


915  I 


Bulletin. 


No,     rage. 


Blacklisting:  I 

Arkansas '  <i5  i 

Colorado ,  62  , 

Minnesota  (D) '  70 

Nevada |  63  I 

Boycotting:  : 

Coloraao 62 

{See    alto    1  nterference    wit  h  \ 

employment.) 
Bril)er>',  etc..  of  employees: 

Connecticut 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Massachusetts* 

Michigan 

New  York 

Rho<le  IsUnd 

South  Carolina 

Virginia 

Washington 

Wisconsin 

Brilierj'ol  representatives  of  labor 
organizations: 

New  York ". , 

Bureau  of  labor: 

California 


57 


Iowa 

Now  Jersey )  58 

Virginia i  "0 

United  States I  57 

Bumau  of  mines:  I 

West  Virginia 67 

Catisn   of   discharge.       (See    Dis-  I 
charge,  statement  of  cauw  of.)     , 
Child  labor,  natiomil  c«>mmittee  j 
on.  incorporation  of; 

United  States '  71 

Children  and  women,  employment  I        i 
of,  general  provisions:  | 

Loulsiuiia '.  70 

Missouri  (D) I  (iS 

Children  and  women,  o:uployinent  I 
of,  in  barrooms:  | 

Arizona I  72  i 

New  Hampshire ,  63  j 

Vermont '  60  1 

Children  and  women,  employment  i        , 
of,  in  mines: 

Illinois I  61  I 

Indiana 63 

Missouri I  61 

New  York 60 

Children  and  women,  emplopncnt  ' 
of.  Investigation  of:  I 

United  Stotea I  71 


S51 
330,331 
709,710 
588,5.S0 

330,331 


332 
269 

277,278 
710 
5H1 

905.906 

90K,909 
34.0 

781.782 
912 

014,915 


718 

328 
712 
235 

10IS1019 
78! 
719 

912,913 


399  400 


764 
186,187 


638 
589 

715 


1077 

576 

Km 

468 


397 


283 


fJ^'l  HVV^vnX    OV    THK    m'RKAr    OF    LABOR. 

\\-f  .,*.'.;ti\  .-,.A  .  ,.    .'/\.-  *V**  A-.,i  .vjwV,..)*.*  nJnting  f/wrcfo— Continued. 


1 

'.MWi.". 

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t'onutx'th'nl 

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kviil.h'kv 

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1  I'UlM.IU.t 

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Mttivtuiul   ' 

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'              J-M 

Mu-tiii:iu  vl^V    ,. 

ll'-l 

NM.VO 

MlN-.MUl 

IMT 

Moiit.m-i 

7- 

I^i.I.kV) 

N»-\\   i.-i-.'\    .    . 

(■■-' 

24;* 

Ni'itd  rmolinu  .  I»^   .  . .     . 

1       St'^t.Mi4  > 

a7:i  ;i7ti  '1 

Orcijoii      

2.Vi2(i»  i 

I        2ia. 

riim-.\Kaiii.i 

%^ 

i  aw  a* 

rrim>\l\:im:»   il>l 

74 

2;l1t.240    1 

Ulu>il«'  Island...            

t« 

2tii>  271    1 

Vomu'iil       

71 

3*^ 

io:.4,ni.vi  \\ 

\\<i.-.Jiiiij:tt'M  til) 

(i! 

Wi'-t  \ir»:iiihi 

.  ti' 

2S()  ', 

hil<tlfU.   i-lllplOVtUtilt    tif,   (^I'lltTHl 

I 

proM^iitiis: 

1- 

72 

tM7-f«9  ; 

An/oiiu 

tl38,ti39 

' 

VrkaiiMiM 

;;( 

titlO.tHil 

1 

r.ilifnrniit 

i(-2 

2(K)-202 

1 

172 

Ml,  (42 

■ 

ronntviicnt 

(■2 

2(h; 

■ 

tMawiiro 

i>2 

2(t7,2l)K 

1 

UiaI  rirt  of  Ciiliimbiii 

f*i 

2:«i.2;u 

1 

KK.nda 

7;i 

(i7.H,tl79    1 

iii-orgiii 

I'lS 

234. 2;j.-.    , 

I.liiho 

72 

l'>43,(.44 

Ilhiu'is 

7:t 

(184,  (iKJ    1 

Kivk  a 

70 

72 

■  70 

23,'».2.'i('.    1 

Kt'UtlH-kV 

7C,0,7(il 

M*im...  ■ 

l>44,t'>4.~>    1 

Udi>Uml 

7aV7(l7    i 

M«i>!ttH-|UltH>tt!< 

170 

224--22ii    ' 
7lK,772,77;i    | 

Mfisourl 

..■> 

23(i.237    , 

U^>ltUUM 

T* 

(i47  ; 

\CW   l|T«') 

243.244    ; 

S«w\ork 

f    24:.  24« 
\    2.V).2.M 

Ohio 

ta 

(          2:^').    1 

1     2.'»7.2.W    1 

^>^a(^>tt 

(-.2 

2.W  2(10    1 

lf«iUM.vU«nU 

tl2 

2WV-2*W    1 

EboifeliliHid 

'  *a 

■2«»-271 

VoniHmt 

Ma 

M7I 

27tl.277   ' 

TfiliMMtf  , 

.    «3 

.;  ta 

'             279   ; 

^SSS^SLm 

2S(»   ' 

mSmSr^.^ 

2K4   1 

BoUrtic 


xo.    r*^. 


■MB 
174 

.'  72 

.    ti2 
.'  02 


\>iMTVfl.  miployim^t  of,  In  bar- 

i^»Mtnivt  h'ut 

IMVIVW 

lUWhif 

WAh«» 

MdryUiul 

Nr»  IUtti,("liir<' 

S,Ml  ll     >ft»...t«  

\vnik*iil  

^.JulilTmt.  I'liiintiK^itiiiii  t»f.  in  cer- 
l4i)ii  t«(\Mi|tHtums,  forliidUcn: 

OrilitorniM 

rali(orni«  v  P  i 

ld;tho 

lowji ,  (18 

Mmih* !  (2 

I'hiMn'U.t'iDPlovniriit  of.  ill  mines: 

UlimM!« '  «2 

lndK.n« I  ta 

\tiMM>url 02 

Montana !  62 

On-Ron j  U3 

IVnn.t>lvHniit (^ 

IVnnHVlVHntH  U>) '  ^ 

Wi'st  Vnvinia 1  1*3 

I'hiUln'h,  I'tiiploynicnt  of.  in  .stn.H<t  j 
irailt's:  j 

Miish.t('hn>>i-tt.ti '  70 

N*'w  York I  (>2 

t'hiUln*n.  hirlnjf  ""t,  to  Mippnri 
lurn'Mts  in  idleness:  i 

Alabama 73 

( if'orfda '  ti2 

hoiii.siana ;  (12 

Mississippi ■  ti2 

North  Corolin.n 'jj-jj 

Children,  hours  o(  labor  €>t:  I 

Alabama I  73 

Arkaiistts i  73 

California ]|^ 

Dfla  WH  re i  02 

t'lorldii i  73 

Ididio ■  72 

Imliiina '  fi2 

Iowa '  68 

Kentucky i  70 

Massachusetts '  fQ 

New  Ilanips^hin' '  02 

New  Jorwy 

Orcg'iu 

On-gon  (0) 

IN-rinsylvHniii 

ChiUlri-n.  night  work  by: 

Aliibaina 

Arkan-s-is 

Californiii 


73 

Fh.ridH I  73 

(i'-oFBia I  ti8 

Miiho I  72 

lOWM !   (» 

KentUfkv !  70 


Maftsachusoti^ 

Michicaii 

N'fW  ,hTwy.. . 

Nrw  York 

OrcRon 

I'tMinfvlviiniii. 
UhcHU;  Islunil. 


Vermont 

Children.     (Src  aho  Cliildrrn  and 

wom<*n. ) 
Chinette,  pxeiusion.  etc.,  cl: 

I'ni  ted  StutCH , 


.W 


210 

361 
643.644 

za 

241 
274 
2Ttt 


19&,200 

202,203 

t»43,644 

235 

222 

211 

21S 

230 

237-239 

2oS 

2ii3-266 

SS7-«SI> 

280 


,771 
251 


(A? 
20B 


2S5 

253 


G57 
060 
200 

&U,642 
207 
078 
043 
210 
235 
700 

223,220 
241 
244 
2.59 

203,204 

2()0,2i>7 

fi.>7 
0«0 
200 
641,642 
678 
234 
643 
235 
700 
226 
231 
905 
409 
2.19 

a>7 

2C8 

276,277 

395 


719,730 


CUMULATtVK    IUDKX    OK    LABOR    LAWS.  S85 

CiimuiaUvt  inckx  of  Ubor  /aw  and  dtciMions  relating  thereto — Timtinuod. 


BuLtatln. 


No.      r«Br. 


r 


[U 


on  pOMlD  works: 
MilM>rtllWtti 


KMrllAsioo. 


a 


coal.) 
Com** ' ^  I"  Ax  wa^fui: 


Co:n 


I  Utior.    iSetBa- 


Corr 
Cott 

CO!H 


r  ogreemenUDOt: 

') 

itrttfrnocc;  tntiinl- 

lOira.    iSte  AXkat 

r   I 

:i'l».     (S«  I'rotflo- 

) 

ploymrat,  rpKiil** 

t>) 

I'luyutODt  with  in- 


ul  CAUflu  of: 

HlMTiu; 

Dtrairr.  vtc.  siAtiffllcs  of,  to  bo 

procuml: 


Be 


rricd  women: 


708 

7S0 

918 


7M 


k*.^.>..v..*iu ..,. 

Uusoun 

UontMu..  

JIodUuw  (D) ,.... 

WeT»<ta 

'K«r»4lft  (D) 

Hew  Vork 

New  York  (.D) ,... 

Fftfto  Ui<» 

V    ■■> ..n  <D) 

!M 


Tfiilr.]  Sli.trs  ll>» 


Ml 


aia-310 

714 


lOU 


281 

311 
4Sa-4U 

773 
1002,1003 

711-713 

»4,33A 
47D 

455-^7 

33R 

714-717 


rnJte(]SUt«!!iiOp  I 

It  Kgwiu: 
Ivcnci* 


i'> 

'  • .,  of.    {8t< 

^         -    *  -       t»loy*».) 

ViMUTvra'  actvuirce,  rajMbyinent 


(jSet^  liAbll- 


175-1» 
1B8-200 


378 
334 


1044,1045  I 
lOM 

»l 
1088,1004 

714 
I0CMO20 


Bnployvffa  to  biini»h   nuaea 
csnploycM  to  oflklAU: 


Nftwtfexioo. 


Wyoming 

EroploTmenc,  fonnwit,  etc, 
capUng  fee»tor  funilflfaLng: 

MontAiui 

Em  dormant  ofHcM: 

Cftlifoniia 

CiJiforDlA  (D) 

Colonwio 

Connecticut ..» 


District  of  rolamblB. 


nawiili fU 

74 
7S 
70 


loWB.. 

Maine 

MassHcbufett*. 

Hlchtgui 

MiniMMU 

Missouri 


Sow  York. 


BttUstla. 


No,'    Pago. 


73 


{? 


Now  Ytirk  (D). 
Oblo 


Viislnlii 

VlriluiH  (1)1 

{S^r  aho   Kmlgrant    ftflsnts: 
Lodging  ho u«es.»allor»^.) 
EngtOMrs.  examloation.  etc.,  of. 

iStr  ExKmlnstlon.  etc) 
EntidnK  employees; 

Arkviuas 

Loulai»ns 

Weat  Vipgfnl*(D) 

Exunlnutipn,  etc.,  of  barbers: 

Conneftlcut 

KantfAM ., 

llsr>Und 

llaryUnd  (D) 

New  York 

On^n  (D) 

Waahtngton  (U> , 

Examlnutlnn,  etc..  of  borseiduiers: 

lUwiul , 

Washington  (D).. 

Examina  tlon,  etc.,  of  miners,  mine 
iuiciDPii,  etc.: 

IlUnoiB  (IJ) , 

rencsylvonia  (U) 

ExundiAtion.  etc.,  of  plumbers: 

ntlnolfl  {0} 

Hsiite 

Mtane«<ita  (D) 

Teiaji  (15) 

Woahinglon 

Washington  \V) 

Examination,  etr.,  of  statfonary 
flfvmen: 

MssaachiinottN 

Examination,  etc.,  of  tteezn  engl- 


too 

04 
SB 


68 


Uassachosetts. 

Nevada. 


New  HampAhlra 

New  Jersey...,,.. 

Ohio „, 

I^nnjiytvania 

I'nltntl  dtat«M 

Exemption  of  wages,  asaignments 
lo  avoid: 
Maryland 


10M.10W> 


10«,U 

ail- 


6B4.fi8B 
lOM) 

715-71$ 
4fl0, 


8B0JU 

71S 
788,739 


354 

7«4,7es 

33(^343 

382,333 

iom 

338-3«» 
401 


OSS' 004 


334 
0M,M6 


rJ0-T32 

loes 

323,333 

ao4.aofi 

B7ft-877 


JOtfT,  lOMt 


.io*Mft-niiM 


S86  BUixrriK  of  thk  »itiu;au  of  tABoR. 

OamuUtive  imSer  of  tabtrr  taum  and  HftitUm*  rtlatiny  fArr/fo— Cunlimie<l. 


OmtTLATtVE    INDKX    OF    LABOR    LAWS, 
{\tm%tinHm  imdts^/iahor  Invn  ami  dtdsioiu  relating  tArrrto— Ccmttniied. 


BoDmId. 

'  Ko.     r«f«. 


jBvpKtors,  lactiirj—CoadadKl, 


\tl0L.. 


*•*  »i»!lJiJ»», 


Kr<T!T«, 

Kratarky 

MJctugao 

Minnesota ..,,«. 

Montana.. 

yrmt  WrfSui^.. 

lospM-tofs.  railroAd: 

lUinois 


ItMurmjM-«,  ooomrmtlvo: 

MAryUadfP) 

lalUBMimU  vonployMi  on  pablle 

Vmnoot ..- 

11w|Mr»M  cniployeM. 

!n»  ■--:"■  - 
Int'                      'i  vinployiiniit : 
Dt 


iSU 


I'l 


imimidAiJoii: 

CottnertleuK  i£>». 


L'Uh. 


IntAxioiTinKtlquoT.  rs«r  Uqnor.) 
Iotoxlc»tlon  Of  ctDptoyeoa: 

IntliAiu 

VpnnoDt 

Wromlnr 


fib-lureif: 
N»w  York- . 

I^bor  AgVDtll 


(5n  £iDplojTaant 

(SfC  BUZVBU  uf 


712 

lout.  lolO 
ODS 

10«-)()48 
J(l7ti 

371,273 

V7»-3S1 

761-70S 

£78 


0MMS3 

1078 
107:i,107a 


7a»-:34 

7U-74 


364 


373 
30A 


4fil 


Liability  ol  nnployiTS  for  Injuria* 
Co  «inploy«M--Coocludiid. 


BtiiirUc, 


No.,     F«CB. 


(U). 


K»niuek7(D) I  M 

UasaulnuBtts j  7ft 


l4liUM*spU(Di '  M 

iits*iuipp(  ii>f m 


appl 
MlMouii... 

MonUHA.. 
New  York. 


Nevyork(D>. 


Xorth  CArollfia  (D). 

Ohio 


OhlofDi 

rttllippine  IsUnda.. 
Soath  raroUiiM  (Dj, 

T«mu»SBa  (D) 

TfM* 


Teius<|]). 


VliKfnU  (P) 

Wuhington  yp).. 
West  VlrglttUCD). 

WISCOLUID  vUj 

I'aUcUSUtes , 


Unltetl  SUte«  (D> *. 


LiahUlty  of  nUlroaiJ  ooui^iiics  Co 
worlciiiMi  not  wnployvM: 

I'ODnsylvanlft  (1)1 

UeeiiM  Liix.  ezenipUoa  of  nuwhaiL- 
ics,  etc,  from: 

LouiaUn* 

Liquor,  sale  of,  toeutployMa: 
IlAWOil 


New  l]»inp«hii«..4.... 

Vermont 

Loo<HDotiv«  boilers,  UuneuUou  of: 
V«w  York 


70 


M  1  untclM,  mttrUitf: 

VilMK'rillil 

SCurriafv,  etc.,  statistics  oE,  to  te 
procui^fl: 

CalifomU 

Married  vomen,  eafnings  of: 

Now  Mexico . 

U«ehitnle9.    exemption    of.    bom 
manuiurturers'  tax«s: 

Phillpptnn  liUiintU 

lCiJi«  rvvtiUtloos: 

ArLjkiii 
lUinotn 


TninolstO) 
IndUnn . . 


0.1 


Sfi.833 


471 

lOU.U 

HIG*-I1H1:4 

J(7l 

7U 

»« 


3n 

ax. 
4a},4&i 

loao.  um 
ass,s» 

3«7-971 
9B*,flM 
442-444 


3S1.3tCt 


las-m 

717-735 


«Mt.SU 
310^238 


74»-746 

703 

XM.XUS 

flH».6M 
71S 

to? 


«» 


288 


BULLETIN    OF   THE    BURKAC    oF    LABOR. 


Cumulative  indtxt^lnhor  tnw$  and  titcitUtna  relating  (Vr^lo— Cimiiiinecl. 


Mine  roculBtlotu— ('^melud«d. 

ndTani 


IndT«iiA(D). 
Iowa 

Kanui 


Kentucky ,...«.,•........ 

KiMvUicky  (0)...h«. 

Mi4*blgan 4...^--.* 

MiiriOUli 

Moiitaiifl 

Nuvttttu -,. 

Now  York 

Ohio 

Ohlo(I)) , 4... 

IVimiylvuultt  (D) 

Teni lesMM!  ( D> 

L'lah 

West  VirKlrriM 

West  VIrsinU  (D> 

Wyoming 

W  ydmlnff  ( D) 

(^S(e  also  Aeoldontff  In  iiUn««: 

Mliien,  etc.,  bours  or  Labor  o(  ein- 

ploywtsln.   (Se^  Hours  of  labor.) 
MhieH.    etc..    tiitu-xlcjitivii    in    ur 

tilioiit: 

W  yoinl  ne 

Nowiboy  litw.    (^«eClilldnn,«m- 

plnym»«nl  of.  In  stivct  tradci.) 
r»yrnprit  of  wo^^s  dua  ill>charg«d 

onipUiyMi: 

ArkMiifiiti(I>) 

Pfiynieiii  or  wiigvs  In  Mtflp: 

Arlcnniua 


«1 


173 

Indlanit I  03 

MlMnun  (I>) 1  M 


Neviidii, 

New  Ucxico 

New  Vnrli », 

South  CdroUnii 

Tuxiis 

WHAliliiftton 

]*uvm«nt  ol  wfttfoa, 
llmeB  of: 

lurlUna  (U) 

Muo'liitut 

MiuiaaotiUMttt..., 
New  Jeriwy, ,,,,,, 
Vernjont. ...„..., 

rponiLfCu ; 

t'nltod8ut«l<D}. 

riL*k«titu{: 


»nd 


ri 


or. 


lion,  tw,, 
<  .Uv) 

rn  M    •  i iSie  Wmgot 

iiD  |>n.'tirih-i  villi iiiH.) 
J'riiillnir.     pulitiu.        (Sr/     I'llMIO 


I'r 


iiip]i>yM<f  tti  iticni' 
•  rxanUaltMnM: 


New  York  a>) 

VnltodStiilM  (D),.... 

rn»t«f(ion  nf'-mpluyMistM  rotwra; 

New  .liT'wv 

rrnu«iion  ot  nniployMM  ou  biuid* 
InK*: 
(nnnwl  Jtiu  t 


n 


277 

37»-380 
701-703 
n)-887 

m-Mo 
ion 

N0-«S3 

6lf7 

«IB|47D 

STB 

77« 

M7 

318,310 

334~CU7 

1Q3U, 1031 

3M 

•U,1>1.1 

1005 
380-Xtl 


lOOA 


380,  :ui 

461.  4<C 
714. 71 A 

911,913 


342.343 
7m,  7a'. 

iwn»  UW7 

770 

loiu 

eo&,(vo 

330 


1>U  <uV 

n6,777 

low,  IQTiS 


rrotfcUon  of  omploycen  on  atre*! 
miwayt: 

DlvUlct  of  t'oliunblA 

Louidana 


UaMRObusetU., 

Moatona.. 

New  York 

OhJn 

Boiith  CikroUmi.. 
Proto- t  "-pw: 

I 

FuMa  i : 

Kmnnas 

PiiMIc'  ifriritUig  to  be  done  witliln 
tho  HUU-: 

A  rknnwii 

f'lttUic  works.  Injuries  •>!  oini»loy- 
fe«  on: 

rhillppiiii'  IfllAnds 

Public  w<>rk5.  lutwr  on: 


iiict'.emikloycMln: 


New  York , 


Ptiblic  workn.  prolrnticeoldonMtt- 
tic  niMUTliLlif  (or: 

MlBWMirl  (D> ., 

Now  Mexico 

I'ubli'-  v>..-fi--    ■.•■••f<'p'(!""  ..f  rnri- 


N. 


I'ubllc  wtirkn,  nrli:4iilou  of  wagea 
of  cniplovora  on: 

CAlifurhln 

Tubllc  work*,  iiicclnation  ol  nin- 
plortwt  on: 

V'lrrlnla 

nuUruatl  brldg<<*,  eito.: 

VtTitiaMl 

Krtllr.-  t  -t..-    Mfiblllty  of, 

1,1-1  ■■■.) 

llnUr...,  ,  -  ,.,i. ,..,..,  ..  ;.iit^  for; 

Indiana 

Itallroiid  trains,  aufllciciat  crew  ro- 
ytiinvl  on: 

Arkaiiw* 

ludlttim 

KnIlroA<U.  HCfidunli  on.    l8te  Ae- 

•idf'nU  ) 
KutlroA<l%ctaiitruPtlnn  otcabooao 
t.*arti  itn: 

Montana 

Knllroad'4,  height  of  bndlfM.  wlTM, 
cW..  over: 
Arknnaaa...  . . 

Idaho 

loWB 

KiuiMis...... 

\.r.:..»nl 

Wvnilnf 

ItiitlroAdt.  hour»  of  labor  of  f*in- 

ftloj-iva  ou.    iStt  Houri  ol  la- 
tor,  > 
Rallronds,  Ulltcraln  oniploj'oM  on: 

Ohio 

TfriUrr'-  '-    [.■'■—!-'  ■'•■  I'tnployiva 
>  int>loytiitii 


Jirtili«ii.M  ■.    --■I-  t  > 

Arkannaa. . . . 
Colorado  1 1>) 
lUlnoU . 

Tiidijinii 


>«itC«aao^ 


71 


74 


7S 


M 


I 


{^ 


CUMt'LATIVE    INDKX    OF    LABOR    LAWS. 
tiir  index  of  labor  laws  an//  cleruuiiu  relating  thareio — Concluded. 


Wiflcoo^ 

SUteA  it>i 

rtidicr*  for  workmra 


AiitaiiMM k... 

K*na*« , 

fltraetiUM  a»*r  tneka 


B«UHl]i. 


No.      Pmb. 


<  «l  «mp4oyttM  of 
^office: 


of  employM*  oo 


TUjebt  o(  acuun  fur  Injurtos,    (tfcc 
turim.) 

:  ijUii-nli  on 
Jhin*-«.    etc. ;    In- 
rtorirt:  Railronds, 
aiJoty  ttppll«no«-'«  m\.) 
SttlootiR.  employiiuwt  of  chll'lrta 
uA  womm  in.     {S€t  CUildrra 
Uld  W((uit>i].  pU*.  ) 
Stnii      i^^£  Tjiynwnl  of  wagi<s.) 

FhUJpplnc  fvlaodt . 

VnilwJ  8ui« 


(0M 


I 


iiuelU 


M 


61 


^L.  .   '  uoaof: 

llitWdll 

hollors,  loipM-tlon  of 
lioo.) 

vnAinoT  n.itlon, 

etc t  of-     \S€t  r  .  .'tc  » 

8loae  worked  m  :  i  ^'  of. 

on    publk     -v.-"''.-  -        \Srr     I'tltltlC 

.  woru,   1  r  )  r  n      of  doniMtio 

Street  raUwny)!,  Uoiirs  of  Ul>or  of 
cnplorMi  on.  {Set  Hours  of 
labor,  etc.) 

BlwH  rftllw*ys.  prot^cilon  of  «m- 
ployMv  oo.     (Sk  rrulirUon  (if 

BufUfor  w«c^: 

OihtoniU 

Georgfa 

Hew  York 

8ttMl*r  Ubor: 

ComiHCticut 


57 


7a 
OoorgUiD).,,... (?J 

HftwaU........ W 

73 
74 
«IB 
57 


917,918 
2W-9Qtt 


3.S4 

an 


3S0.3SI 

1083 


afti 

006 


71 

31M,396 

|i7 

719 

M 

237>238 

|J1 

40O 

70 

761 

70 

764 

fi7 

707 

tifi 

aw 

06 

302 

703 


AM 

go« 

10Q3 

313,344 

333,334 

M2 

807 

321 

711 

Ml. Ma 

71©,  717 


SwoAtlng  •yftem: 
UHrylaiu]  (D)., 
Uasj«chu»Htts. 
New  Jer»y.... 

Nw  York 


Fcnn.iylvAnia 

Tetf^raph  operators,  etc,  TaUrood, 
hours  of  Ubor  of: 

I'nit^xl  Stiiloji.,  , 

Tdf^Apb  polej,  akxe,  bclgbt,  etc.. 
of: 

Wyoming. ., 

Tmnnt  lartnrirv.     ( Set  iospectiua 

of  liiOiork'n.) 
Timo  (or  uit'Als  to  be  ailuwod  cm- 
ittciyt^>4; 

LoulnUtia , 

1         PtnniylvanU 

Tinw  to  VQto  to  be  ailomd  era- 
pi  Dyera: 

ArkuHAS 

lUsacbiuetts 

Ohio 

Tred»-m«rks  of  trsde  mUoiu: 

ArkiuuflB 

CaUfonilB 

Conncctleut 

Connecticut  CD) 

Nebruka 

New  Jeraey 

New  Jerioy  (D) 

New  York 

Tennessee 

ViuvlnatlonofemployeeamipnhUo 
works: 

Virginia 

WuKcs  its  preferred  claims: 

lowu, 

Sew  Uflxico 

United  Statoii 

Wfi^s,  nsflljpimeut  of.     {Su  A»- 

sigiiiufiit.) 
Wneos,  comtklimtions  to  fix: 

LouUlana 

Wafpes.  exemption  of.    (S<c  Ex- 

emptlon.  etc.) 
Wn^es    of    employees    on    public 
works,  reecntion  of: 

CnllforoU 

Wagej.  pajmient  of.    (Sec  r*y- 

meiit,  etc.) 
VTagTO,   rates  of.     (,Stt   Ratefl  of 

wagee.) 
Wages,  refuslpg  to  pay: 

Hon  tana 

Wegee,  suits  fat.    {See  Suits  for 

We^InK  cojU  at  mines: 

Arkansas 

Womsn  and  child  labor,  Inveattga- 
Uon  of: 

United  Stales 

Women  and  cblldren.    {Set  Clill- 

dren  and  woman.) 
Women,  einployment  of: 

Mtehigun.... 

Women,  hours  at  labor  of; 


Ongon  <D) 


Women,  nlghl  work  by: 


Now  York. 
No*'  York  (D.I 


BuDBtm. 


No.|       PlIfB. 


ftl 


57 


73 


lOlS,  1011 
7li-7] 


401, < 


mi 


330. 


3u: 


£Bl 


B77-€7tt 


sii-^nu 


BULLETIN 


or  THE 


BUREAU   OF    LABOR] 


No.  75. 


WxVSHINGTON. 


March,  190S^i 


WHOLESALE  PRICES.  1890  TO  1907. 

In  1901  the  Bureau  of  Lal)or  collectcMl  data  relating  to  the  whole- 
sale prices  of  the  principal  staple  c*)mnu«lities  sold  in  (he  United 
Slates  for  the  |>erioil  from  1890  to  1001,  inclusive.  The.  actual  price* 
U}T  the  12  years  and  the  relati%*e  prices  computed  therefrom  were 
puhlishetl  in  Bullcliii  30,  issued  in  March,  1002.  The  purpose  of  tho 
invi'stigation  was  to  furnish  a  continuous  record  of  wholesale  pricea 
and  to  show  the  changes  in  the  general  price  level  from  year  to  year, 
Tho  investigation  thus  begun  has  been  continued  each  year  and  the 
rcsidts  published  in  tho  March  issue  of  the  Bulletin  to  show  actual 
prices  for  the  year  iuuiiediately  preceding  and  relative  prices  for  the 
period  since  ISflO.  The  present  Bulletin  contains  tu'.tual  prices  for 
1907  and  relative  prices  for  tho  18  years  from  ISOO  to  1907.  In 
these  reports  wholesale  prices  have  been  j)resented  fiir  a  large  number 
(if  carefully  selected  representative  staple  articles  se<:ured  in  repre- 
grntative  markets  of  the  United  States.  That  it  would  be  im[)ossible 
to  secure  prices  for  all  articles  in  all  markets  is  so  apparent  that  the 
foct  hardly  need  be  stated.  In  the  present  report  prices?  are  given 
for  258  representative  articles.  With  a  very  few  exceptions  these 
articles  are  the  same  as  have  been  covcre<l  in  the  preceding  reports  on 
this  subject.  Retail  prices  of  food,  which  indicate  better  than  whole- 
sale prices  of  food  the  changes  in  cost  of  living,  are  published  in  the 
July  Bulletin  of  each  year. 

The  present  investigation  shows  that  wholesale  prices,  considering 
the  258  comnioilities  as  a  whole,  reached  a  higher  level  in  1907  than 
ftt  any  tjther  time  during  tho  IS-yoar  period  covered,  'flie  average  for 
the  year  1907  was  5.7  per  cent  higher  than  for  1906;  44.4  per  cen 
higher  than  for  1897,  tho  year  of  lowest  prices  during  the  18-yea 
period;  and  29.5  per  cent  higher  tlian  the  average  for  the  10  years 
from  ISV^O  to  1899.  Prices  reached  their  highest  point  during  the 
18-ye»r  period  in  October,  1907,  tho  average  for  that  vuov\U\  W' 


I 

4 


284 


BULLETIN    OF   THE    BfREAC   Of  U1B0R. 


1.2  per  cent  higher  than  the  averap**  for  ihc  yciir  1007  and  2.S 
cent  higher   than  the  average  for  December,    1906,   the  month 
highest  prices  in  lOOfi. 

An  examination  of  the  prices  i>f  (he  various  articles  covered  by  tli 
investigation  shows  that  while  there  was  a  large  average  increase  ft 
tlic  year  taken  as  a  whole  the  iueroase  in  price  did  not  extoml  to  al 
commoditieit.     Of  the  258  articles  for  which  wholesale  prices  wei 
obtained   172  showed  an  increase  in  the  averaige  price  for  UH>7 
compared  with  1000,  35  showed  no  change  in  the  averagt^  prirc  fci 
the  year,  and  51  showed  a  derrea*;o  in  price,     The  following  tuh 
divides  the  articles  for  wliich  prices  were  secured  into  nine  grou] 
and  shows  for  eatdi  group  tht^  number  of  articloji  covcreil,  the  per  con( 
of  increase  in  the  average  price  for  1007  as  comparetl  with  that  ft 
1906  for  each  group  as  a  whole,  and  the  number  of  articles  thai 
creased  or  decrease*!  in  price: 

]>KU  CENT  OP  INCRKASK  IN  AVRKAOE  TRICES  FOR  180T  AS  COMPARBD  WITH  AVE1 
AOK  TRICES  FOR  lf06.  AND  NUMBER  OF  AKT1CLE8  THAT  INCREASF-D  OK  PECRK.VSEI 
IN  TUICK,  BY  OKOUPa  OF  OOaillODITlKa. 


Numlwr 
noOltm. 

IVrcwttt 

at 
tnenM* 
inprlML 

Numbiir  nf  onminMlKtai   J 

•howfuy—                 ■ 

M                            arwos 

1      No 

"^ 

F*nn  rr->lnrt!< 

le 
n 

75 
U 

a 

V 

9 

10.« 

S.tt 
1.4 
0.1 
4.1 
«  1 

„  1 

1 

FlK'.l       . 

Pn.  1 

M'M..'                                 1* 

Iam'i  I                             iruUcrlftH 

M                11 
7                 1 

n  1          b 

M  1              I 
*  <                -H 

!l       ? 

1? 

10 

4 

Vnii: .  iM  .[ 

2 

Ilott"-  hiitttihlii;;  j;(Mi(]a  .  ..    ,                              

U              ft.O 

MlM«flliiitr*iil'i 

* 

AU  oommodUUtt ,.,. 

26M              ft.7 

ml        tt 

" 

From  the  above  t.able  it  ia  seen  that  when  Uie  commodities  are  coi 
sidered  by  groups  all  of  the  nine  groups  showed  an  increase  in  pri< 
in  lti07  as  compared  with  1000.     In  farm  products,  taken  as  a  who) 
there  was  an  increu.se  iu  price  of  10.9  per  cent  in  1907  over  the  a\t 
price  fur  1900,  this  increase  being  great-er  than  in  any  other  uue 
Uie  nine  groups.     'riii«re  was  an  incroas*;  in  pric«  iu   II   of  the  11 
articles  for  which  prices  were  obtained.     All  of  the  staple  grail 
cotton^   bay,   aiu!   hops  showed   u  di*cided   increast^  in   price.. 
artick*««  that  showed  a  decrease  in  the  average  price  for  the  ji  car  w* 
sheep,  hugs,  and  hides,  wliich  <leerea^e  lu  tlie  average  price  for 
year  resulted  from  (lie  fall  in  pric«  during  the  last  two  montba  of 
year. 

Food  aa  a  whole  increased  4.6  per  cciit  In  the  average  price  for  11 
a'^  —1  %\i!h  11106.     Ii     '  ...=■-■ 

0  im  change,  and  I  ^ 


WHOL£SALJl   P&ICBe,  1890  TO   VHQ'i 


I 


ng  an  increAsse  were  beef,  ilour.  Kutler,  milk,  cheese,  rice.  inoal» 
eggs,  \wn\,  and  su^ar.  No  change  t4.K>k  place  in  the  price  of  hrea<l. 
The  principal  articles  showing  a  ilecroase  were  colTee,  pi^tatoes,  muU 
ion,  beans,  prunes,  and  evaporated  apples.  Some  of  the  varieties  of 
pork  and  fbh  showed  a  sU^^ht  iucreaae  in  the  average  price  for  the 
year,  while  other  varieties  showed  a  slight  decrease. 

Of  the  75  articles  included  under  cloths  and  clothing,  54  siiowed 
increaae  in  price,  11  showeil  no  change,  and  10  showed  a  decrease* 
In  the  group  as  a  whole  there  was  an  averaj^e  increase,  of  5.6  per  cent 
in  price,  the  principal  increase  l>eing  in  cotton  goods  an<i  silk. 

In  fuel  and  lightinp  as  a  proup  there  was  an  increase  in  price  of  2 
per  cent.     Petroleum  and  coke  increased  in  price,  as  did  also  some 
kinds  of  coal.     Other  kinds  of  coal  decreaseil  shghtly  in  price. 

In  the  metals  and  implements  group  tiie  increase  in  the  av(*rago 
price  for  1907  over  19()6  was  6.1  per  cent.  Of  a  total  of  38  articlea 
in  the  group  there  was  an  increase  in  the  price  of  25  artich^,  tudutling 
barb  wire,  copper,  iron,  steel  billets,  nails,  tin  plate,  etc.  Six  articles, 
including  steel  rails,  did  not  change  in  price  and  in  7  articles  there 
was  a  decrease. 

Twenty-one  of  the  27  articles  includetl  under  lumber  and  building 
materials  increased  in  1907  as  compared  with  1906.  Nearly  all  kinds 
of  timber  products  showed  a  marked  increase.  There  was  a  decrease 
tn  the  prices  of  brick,  wiuilow  (^lass,  turpentine,  and  spruce.  In  the 
group  as  a  whole  there  was  an  increase  in  price  of  4.9  per  cent.  ■ 

The  increase  in  the  average  pric^  of  drugs  aod  chemicals  in  1907™ 
over  1906  was  S.3  per  cent,  the  articles  showing  the  greatest  increase 
being  glycerin  and  opium.     Wood  alcohol  showed  a  marked  decrease 
in  prife.  ^ 

House  furnishing  goods  as  a  whole  increased  6.S  per  cent  in  price. fl 
The  increase  was  in  furniture,  wooden  ware,  and  cutlery.     Earthcn- 
wmre  and  glassware  did  not  change  in  price.     No  article  included  in_^ 
this  ^oup  showed  a  decrease  as  compared  vrith  1906.  ■ 

In  the  miscellaneous  group  there  was  a  marked  incrt^ase  in  tlie 
prices  of  news  paper,  cotton-seed  oil,  malt,  and  starch.     There  was  ^ 
no  change  in  the  price  of  smoking  tobacco,  and  there  was  a  decreasofl 
in  the  prices  <»f  rubber  and  3  other  articles.     Taken  together,  the 
group  of  miscellaueous  articles  increased  in  price  5  per  cent.     TTie^ 
per  cent  of  increase  or  decrease  in  the  average  wholesale  price  forfl 
1907  for  cacli  of  the  25S  articlea  as  compared  with  the  price  for  1906 
is  shown  on  pages  312  to  315.  ^ 

In  addition  to  the  classification  into  the  nine  groups  named  above^H 
the  25S  articles  included  in  the  investigation  have  been  divided  into 
two  general  groups,  designated  as  raw  commodities  and  manufactured 
commodities.     Of  course  fixed  definitions  of  these  classes  can  not  be 
Eamde,  hut  the  conunodltles  here  designated  as  TftW  ma^  \>^  ^^  V) 


28G 


BULLETIN    or   THE   BtTBF.AtT   OF    LABOR. 


I 


^ 


such  jw  arc  inarkete<l  in  their  naturni  state  ami  nnch  ay  havo  been 
suhjoctoil   to  only  A  prclitniuary  inivniifnrttirmtj  proross,   thrn*  con- 
vprlinj;  ihom  into  a  nmrkt^tnhlo  ronrlition,  hut  nni  to  a  suitahlo  form 
for   fmal   consumption,   wliile   tlio   conutioditlcs   bcro   dc^i^naloil 
manufactured  aro  such  as  havo  heon  subjocted  to  nioro  than  a  p 
liiiiinary    fmtory    inanipiilation    nnd    in    wbit-h    tlio    manufacturing 
lahor  cost  constitutes  an  important  element  in  tho  price.     In   tho 
grotip   (lesi^natof!   as  raw  are   inchidcd   all   farm  products,  heans,| 
coffee,  ejij^s,  milk,   rice,  nutmegs,  pepper,  tea.  vei^etahles,  raw  silk 
wool,  coal,  crude  potjoleum,  copper  ingots,  pi^  load,  pi^  iron,  bar, 
ailvor,  spelter,  jiig  tin,  ))rijn8tone,  jute,  antl  nibber — a  total  of 
articles.     All  the  other  articles  are  classed  as  manufactured  com- 
modities. 

Afl  thua  grouped  it  appears  that  the  average  wholesale  price  of  ra' 
conituoditles  fi»r  19(^7  wai»  .5..S  per  cent  hi;:her  tlian  fi»r  IIKM),  and  iha 
the  avcrnj^G  wholesale  price  of  manufactured  ronimndltii'M  for  100 
was  5.8  per  cent  higher  than  for  1900. 

While  the  gcncrnl  av<^rage  of  wholesale  prices  for  tlic  year  \[H)7  u 
higher  than  the  average  for  11)00,  the  tendency  upward  did  not  con 
iinue  ihroughotit  the  year,  as  there  was  a  heavy  decline  in  prices 
November  and  a  still  further  decline  in  December.  The  following 
table  shows  the  j>cr  cent  that  the  average  price  for  each  month  of 
tho  year  HM)7  was  above  or  below  tho  avt^rage  price  for  tho  year,  and 
in  tho  last  cohmin  the  per  cent  of  <iecreiLse  of  Ihe  average  December 
price  below  the  rtverago  price  for  each  preceding  month: 

COICPARIflON  OK  XVERAOB  PRICE  FOR  EACH  UONTH  OF  |W7  WITH  TUK  AVERAOB 
IMMiK  Foil  TUE  YKAK.  AND  OK  AVKU\(iR  TIIUK  ro\\  tiKCKUDKR.  IW,  WITH  THB 
AVEUAtlE  I'KICE  FtJlt  VMM  mUCEDISO  MONTH  OF  TUK  YEAR. 


Uomti. 


At.o  -v  liv.  ■  Ttclow 


0.1 

.& 

.ft 

I.B 


WHOLESALE  PRICES,   1880  TO  1907. 


2S7 


Tlio  avonigo  for  wholesale  prices  for  January,  1907,  wa.s  1.2  per 

cent  belovr  the  averajre  for  the  year.     In  February  and  March  there 

as  an  advance,  followed  by  a  tlecline  in  April.     Tliere  was  a  further 

'advance  in  May,  .Time,  and  July,  followe<l  by  a  slight  decline  in  Auj^ust. 

There  was  another  advance  in  Septeailx»r,  and  in  October  the  wholc- 

lo  prices  reached  the  highest  point  attained  during  the  year,  when 

they  were  1,2  per  cent  above  the  average  price  for  the  year.     In 

[Kovenibcr  there  was  a  decline  in  prices  to  a  point  0.5  per  cent  below 

lio  average  for  the  year.     In  December  prices  reache<i  their  lowest 

►oint  in  the  A'ear,  beint*  2.4  per  cent  below  the  average  for  the  year. 

From  the  figures  given  in  the  last  column  of  the  table  it  is  seen  that 

le  average  of  wholesale  prices  in  December,  1907,  was  1.2  per  cent 

►low  the  average  in  January  and  3.5  per  cent  below  the  average  in 

tober,  the  month  of  highest  prices  during  the  year. 

The  change  that  took  place  in  wholesale  prices  month  by  month 

I  during  1907  in  each  of  the  nine  groups  already  referred  to  will  be 
been  in  the  following  table: 


MPARISOX  OF  AVERAGE  PRICE  FOR  EACH  MONTH  OF  igOT  WITH  AVERAOB 
PUICR  POR  TUB  YEAR.  AXP  OF  AVERAGE  I'RICE  FOR  DECEMBER,  1007.  WITH 
iVKRAOB  PRICE  FOR  EACH  PRECEniNU  MONTH  OF  THE  YEAR.  BY  GROUPS  OF 
COMMODITIES. 


F«rm  prodocta. 

Food.  etc. 

Clotha  and  clotbini;. 

1 

Per  c«aC  ot  priw 

Pcrcmt 

Per  cent  of  prioo 

Perceat 

Pvr  cent  of  priot 
for  moata— 

Perceal 

w 

for  nuwlli— 

of  tn- 

fur  mooth — 

of  to- 

of  In- 

orfttse 

crauo 

creaM 

^B 

(■♦-)or 

(+>  or 
d«crf««0 

(+)  or 
deertaM 

^■^ 

<1«erf««e 

r        MoqUi. 

Above 

Below 

(-)  to 
Decfim- 

Above 

Bdow 

If-  )  In 
Dmx'JQ- 

Almve 

Bdow 

iWriiii- 

L 

anrage 

avpiiigQ '    ber  as 

Av«ra«« 

»vonig» 

bflrw 

average 

■veragej    brru 

1 

prir« 

price        com- 

price 

prlTO 

com- 

price 

price    1     eotO' 

L 

far 

for          t***^ 

lor 

for 

pared 

for 

for           parrd 

b 

yew. 

ywr.        wiih 
each  pro* 

yeftf. 

year. 

with 

eachpre- 

redlng 

moalH. 

yiMT. 

year. 

wilh 

e^cbpn- 
moiitn. 

^P 

coii&w 

montn. 

Jm 

-  as 

-  47 

-  a.2 

-  0.0 

-  a.a 

-u.o 

-  ar 

0.7 

+13 
4-1.2 
+Xft 
+0.1 

+  43 
+S.I 

18 
13 
LT 
LI 
.6 

+13 

Ly*bnxvy 

0.3 

+1« 

HMTh 

.B 
a.3 

114 
3.3 
3.S 



•f-lO 

GkBrtl 

+  1.4 

BE— 

3.0 
S.6 

+  1.0 

BSsL* " 

13 
LO 

A-  .3 

WBS . 

-  .7 

^^^^IGEa* 

-  9.0 

-  .ft 

3.1 

+  4.8 
+X» 
-13 
-1.5 

LS 
10 
1.7 
L3 
.3 

—  ,p 

^^^^DUl" 

-1.0 

^HBBS^ 

• 

IS 
4.3 
1ft 

-1.3 

S(ftf«tnlt«r 

0.0 

0.4 

—  .» 

iMctanbcr 

••«*•*■•» 

BuiXBxur  OF  xa&  bubeav  of  labor. 

COMPARISON  OF  AVERAGE  PRICE  90H  EACH  HONTH  OY  IMT  WITU  AVtHAOK 
TRITE  FOR  TTfK  TKAR.  AND  OF  AVKRArZK  PRirT  FOR  nECKMBEft.  I«C.  VTITII 
AVKFtJiGE  FRICE  FOR  EACH  PRKCLDING  MOXTII  OF  TtIK  YEAR.  BY  liBOCI-S  OF 
C011MODlTl£S~CoacliMloil. 


^Sknth. 


FobruAry 


April   

M*r 

•Time 

July 

AugUftt 

■        October... 
^1        Novauhgt 

f 


FmI  wi4  l^tlag. 


P«r  (Mat  of  pftc* 
tor 


Abof*     Mow 


for 
yvKr.    I    yf*r. 


1.1 

.4 


.1 


Lft 
1.8 

l.fl 
.7 


L» 


Pwontt 


(+)  or 
(->  In 
b«-  nit 


jmrMl 

pTWCHS 

mcnuh. 


-%9 

-L4 
-►tl 
+  .1 

+  !.« 
+  .» 

-  .4 

-  12 

-  ii 

-4.5 


BtfllaltOBd 


P«r  ovnt  nl  price 
fbrnonth  — 


Atjnre      Datnw 

prioc 
fttr 


yow. 


LI 
40 

1.8 

L4 


aVFTtgP 

price 

Ibr 


jnwr. 


Mrvd 

vrflh 


IS 

7.0 
AS 


terUU. 


Pvrent  i  ' 
oCln-    I 


(+'  or 
<kcr«Me 

(-1  m 

caiu- 


Abonr      Biiltirv 

livprM* '  B-MrBgi* 

prioa        pn» 

WW  Ibr 

•«4i     y«»r.    1    yi»r. 


.mijiiUi 


-t£3 

-12,4 

-I2.H 
-W.4 
-II  0 

-  «l« 

-  T.» 

-  41 

-  Xl 


ft* 
L5 

1» 
I  • 
L  i 
.2 


a? 


•  r^mm 
(,  >  t  or 


f-tin 


:::::;::i 


L4 
1.9 


-&« 
-a.  I 
-ikii 

•a  4 

-S.0 
-7.1 

-La 

-18 


DnigB  and  ^Mmlcftla. 


Iter 


MbnOu 


Ahova 
avttf- 

prw 

for 
yuir. 


J«naury,,.| 
Fvlfninrr.- 

>UR<h . . . . . 

Arwii 

M»y 

fnjm 

Joly 

AUglUt 

B»piiutih«r. 

OclOfaMF .  .  . 

NovKinlicr , 

Dewmitwr,. 


LT 
8.7 
&5 
A7 
3.9 


For 
mnt 

Oltft- 


tor    I  %^ 


ywir. 


L4 
&.« 

&T 
4.3 
4.4 

47 

14 


MCh 


nooM  famUblng 


Mlmlbktwimn. 


rwr  ccftt  of 
l>f4(«fbr 
mnnllk— 


J 


Abo 

pncv 

for 

ywr. 


BelwiH 

pni* 

yfMr. 


4-iai 

.. 

«►  ••• 

.<•..<• 

9.0 

+  ft7 

...-  —  . 

LI 

-♦-  X4 

.« 

+  7.» 

,,,,,, 

.ft 

+  7  T 

C«) 

{"] 

+  49 

4ft 

—  Lft 

1.7 

—  &4 

t  : 

—   AT 

I    7 

-    2  0 

!    1 

Ptof 
ami 

of  ID- 


IVrfT-fit  of 
pricm  {t*r 
mouth' 


(+ '  "f  I 

dr- 

muM 


coni- 

pAIWl 


[irl» 

for 


+  4.ft 
+i» 
<-2:4 

ft. 4 
'4-  .S 
-  .2 

-  .2 

-  .2 


pru« 

for 

y«4r. 


3fi 


P>r 

9*11$ 

arte- 

cffMia 

*  + )  or ; 


hrr 


IVf  phU  of 

priw  fwr 
uinn(b— 


Mrl.A 


1.1 
1.4 

.;i 
I.y 


pK.'^.: 

1' . ' '  1 

tt-ltti 

vriiti 

own 

y«r. 

ywr. 

f    M    !l 

pf»- 

r-ff 

oMliitt 
iiiuolh. 

Uldlltll 

-41 

-• 

L2 

-L3 

-5  6 

.4 

-XO 

a 

-ta 

-XI 

-no 

-Xft 
-t4 

-1.5 

«  Soiiio  ju  KVL-rnga  prlcv  for  >(-«r. 

In  January,  IfKi",  the  whol*- 
WHS  5.9  ptT  I'otit   below  the 
month  until  Juno  there  was 
Au(,'ust  the  price  wu-s  a  little  1. 
ronvh(*t]  (hiring  tho  year  wai* 


an 


'•fioiiw  (II  nV'Tfcifi'priT  tor  l.'cor»irKT. 

'  '•  of  farm  products  as  r  group 

price  for  the  year.     In  cAch 

avlvanco  in  price.     In  July  and 

'   111  in  June.     Thi-  ■     ' 
'til»cr,  when  the 


per  cent  above  the  ftvpra^  for  the  yeftt.    T\\etc  v*»  «b  ^^v  ^st^Joawb 


WUOLESAUC   PBICES^  1800  TO   1907. 


IB  October  ami  a  very  heavy  decline  in  November,  in  which  luoDth 
the  price  was  6  per  cent  below  the  average  price  for  the  year.  In 
L  Dacember  the  price  had  fallen  slightly  lower,  the  price  bein^  fi.4  pi^r 
I  wnt  l>elow  tlie  average  pri<*e  fi)r  the  year.  The  price  in  December 
was  0.5  per  cent  lower  than  in  January  and  Il.S  per  cent  lower  than 
in  September,  the  month  of  highest  prices  in  iliis  ^x»iip.     The  int^ve- 

Ijnent  in  prices  during  the  year  for  each  of  the  articles  that  enter  into 
Uus  and  the  other  grou[)ti  will  be  found  in  Table  II,  pages  396  to  414, 
ftr,  if  desired,  the  full  details  of  the  prices  tliroughout  the  year  may 
be  found  in  Table  I,  pages  'M7  to  3iifo. 

Food  commo<litie3  as  a  group  were  at  their  lowest  price  in  May 
and  at  tbeir  highest  in  Oi'tolH»r.  when  they  were  A.S  per  rent  above 
ibe  aTerage  price  for  the  year.  The  increase  in  Octfd>er  as  compared 
widi  May  was  8.5  per  cent.  Food  commodities  declined  in  price  in 
November  and  made  a  still  further  dei*IiDe  in  De<>eni1>cr.     Prices  m 

toPecember  were  3.2  per  cent  higher  tluiii  in  January*  uud  6.2  per  cent 
higher  than  in  ^lay. 

Tbe  price  of  cloths  and  clotliing  was  below  the  average  price  for 
the  year  (luring  the  first  five  months  of  the  year.  Krtmi  Januar>-  to 
September  there  was  an  advance  in  price  each  month.  In  the  laet 
lhre«!  niontlis  of  tlie  year  there  was  a  <lecline  in  price  earh  month. 
Tbe  price  in  December  was  3.2  per  cent  higher  than  in  January,  but 
■  1.6  per  cent  lt»wer  than  in  September. 

The  lowest  price  reached  in  the  group  of  fuel  and  lighting  was  in 
L  June,  wlien  tlie  price  was  2.8  per  cent  IjcIow  the  average  price  for 
H  the  year.  The  highest  price  reached  was  in  October  and  November. 
H  in  eat^h  of  which  months  the  price  was  3.6  per  cent  above  the  averi^ro 
W  price  for  tlie  year.  In  Decemlx^r  there  was  a  sharp  decUne^  the  price 
in  that  month  being  I  per  cent  below  the  average  price  for  the  year. 
^  Tlie  price  in  December  was  1.6  per  cent  lower  than  in  Janua^^^  1.8 
^Kner  ct-nt  liighcr  than  in  June,  and  4.5  per  cent  lower  than  in  October 
^B^i  November. 

^r^lie  price  of  metals  and  implemeuti?  was  above  the  averaj^e  price 
^^for  the  year  during  the  first  seven  months  of  the  )'ear.  Rt»<rinning 
Bwith  June,  ibere  was  a  dechne  eacli  mouth  untU  December,  when  the 
H  price  was  0.5  per  cent  below  tlie  average  price  for  the  year,  Tbe 
H  price  in  December  was  12.9  per  cent  lower  than  in  February,  the 
H  mouth  of  highest  prices  in  litis  ^Toup  <lurin(r  the  year. 
H  Lumber  and  building  materials  were  0.7  per  cent  below  the  average 
H  price  for  the  veAT  in  the  mouth  of  January.  The  pric*  increajie*!  each 
H  month  up  to  April,  in  which  month  the  price  was  2.5  per  cent  above 
H^Mk  average  price  for  the  year.  In  each  siic<*eeding  month  there 
^^Hp  a  decline  in  price  from  the  mouth  iumu^liately  preceilina;,  until 
HinDecember  the  price  was  6.6  (>er  ceat  below  the  average  price  for 


4 

i 
i 


290 


BULLliTIN    OF   TUE    BVBEAU    OF   LABOB. 


the  year.  In  Det'tinlior  tlie  price  wius  ^i.S  por  cent  lower  than  in 
April,  the  month  of  hij|;hest  price  in  this  group. 

Drills  and  chemicals  were  below  the  averaj^e  price  f(»r  the  yvar 
during  tlie  first  seven  monthw  in  the  year  and  above  the  average  price 
for  the  year  durinj^  the  remaining  five  months.  The  lowosi  point  in 
the  year  was  in  Jiuiuarv,  when  tlie  price  was  6.8  per  cent  below  the 
avora^je  price  for  the  year,  anil  the  highest  in  August  and  September, 
when  the  price  was  8.7  per  cent  ftbove  the  average  price  for  the  3'ear. 
In  December  the  price  was  10.1  per  cent  higher  than  in  January  and 
6.6  per  cent  lower  than  in  August  anil  September. 

House  fumi.shing  goods  were  at  their  lowest  price  in  January  and 
February  and  at  their  highest  price  in  August.  Septeml>er,  and  Octiv 
ber.  In  these  montlus  the  price  was  1.7  per  cent  al>ovo  the  average 
price  for  the  year.  The  price  in  November  and  December  waa 
shghtly  lower  than  in  the  three  preceding;  months.  The  price  in 
December  was  4.5  per  cent  higher  than  the  price  h\  .lanuary  and 
F*cbruary. 

Miscellaneous  articles  in  January  were  0.0  per  cent  i>elow  the  aver- 
age price  for  the  jear  and  -'.6  per  cent  below  tlie  average  price  for  the 
year  in  February.  The  month  of  highest  price  in  this  group  waa  in 
July,  when  the  average  price  was  2.5  per  cent  al)ove  the  average  price 
for  the  year.  A  marked  decline  in  price  occurred,  both  in  Novem- 
ber and  in  December,  until  in  the  latter  month  the  average  price 
was  5.1  per  cent  below  the  average  price  for  Hie  year. 

While  the  year  1007  was  as  a  whole  one  of  high  prices,  the  heavy 
decline  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year  was  quite  general.  Of  the  258 
articles  included  in  this  report,  132  had  in  DecendxT  declined  from 
the  highest  point  reached  during  the  year  and  40  showed  a  lower 
average  price  for  December  than  for  any  other  month  of  the  year.  A 
few  of  the  articles  for  which  the  December  prices  were  much  lower 
tiian  in  preceding  months  are  here  noted.  Heavy  hogs  declined  from 
an  average  of  17.0.313  per  hundred  in  February  to  $4.65  in  December, 
being  a  decline  of  3;i.9  per  cent.  Slieep  declined  39.1  per  cent  from 
April  to  December;  coerce  declined  18.9  per  cent  from  March  to 
December;  smoked  hams  diTlined  22.2  per  cent  from  May  to  Decem- 
ber; dressed  mutton  declined  24.4  per  cent  from  May  to  Deceniber; 
print  clotlis  declined  16.1  per  cent  from  October  to  Decenil>er;  raw 
Japan  silk  declined  24.2  per  cent  from  May  to  December;  coke 
declined  44.1  per  cent  from  February  to  December;  ingot  cxipper 
declined  45.1  per  cent  from  May  to  December;  pig  lead  declined  33.4 
per  cent  from  March  to  December;  No.  1  foundry  iron  tieclined  31.1 
per  cent  from  January  to  December;  spelter  declined  35.1  per  cent 
from  Kel>nmn»''  to  December;  reil  cedar  sliingles  declined  35.5  per 
cent  from  August  to  Decemlier;  brick  declined  26.7  per  cent  from 


.=^ 


WHOUiSALE   PBICES,   1800   TO    1907. 


I 
I 


I 


June  Ui  Di*ceraber;  tar  <l(»rlinpd  42.0  per  cent  from  April  to  Deceui- 
l>or;  quinine  declined  27.3  per  cx^nt  from  Kcbnmry  to  Decx»raber:  raw  . 
jute  declined  45.9  per  cent,  from  January  to  December;  rubber^fli 
declined  34.2  per  cent  from  March  to  December.  The  price  of  72  ^^ 
articles  remained  the  same  throughout  the  j'ear  1907,  and  for  only 
8  articles  was  the  average  price  for  December  liighcr  tlian  f*>r  any 
other  month  in  the  year.  The  avera^ce  monthly  prices  for  the  several 
articles  are  given  iu  Talile  II,  pages  39<i  to  414. 

The  following  table  has  been  prepared,  showing  for  both  raw  and 
manufacturcfl  eommodilies,  acconling  to  the  elassification  alrea<!y 
explained,  the  per  cent  that  prices  in  each  month  in  1907  were  above 
or  bi'low  the  average  prices  of  the  year  and  the  per  cent  of  decrease 
in  December  below  each  preceding  month  of  the  year: 


i 


COmURlSOV  OP  AVEHAOK  PUICKS  op  raw  and  manufactured  COUHODlTIKff 
rOR  EACH  UONTH  OF  I'JOT.  WITU  TUI5  AVKIIAOE  I'RICES  FOH  THE  YEAR.  AND  OF 
JIVERAOE  PRICES  FOR  DECEJtfnER,  IWT,  WITH  THE  AVERAGE  PRICES  FOR  EACH 
PRECEDING  MONTO  OK  THE  YEAR. 


I 


^^^JUontb. 

Raw  cuuunixSItlM.         ItfuitiXwetured  conunodlUe*. 

All  oommodltlei. 

Pwoenl  or  Bi1c« 
lor  montb— 

Poroent 

olde- 
orwaotn 

Decern- 

fMChpny 
cwUluf 
moDtb. 

Pere«ntorprlco 
for  moata— 

Percent 

ofde- 

croMelta 

Decem- 
ber Ijelow 
CHchpre- 

Mdfiw 

monlb. 

PPTcenlof  nrtce 
lor  uiouta — 

Percent 

ordo- 

rrauebi 

Deorm- 
Jrt  Mom 
vmchpn- 

cediM 

montE. 

Above 
ftverage 

prlee 
tor 

Bdow 

price 

for 

yf»r. 

AbOT« 

iiveras« 

lor 

ymx. 

Bdow 
average 

priCfl 

tot 
year. 

Abow 
Mwraffo 

price 
for 

ymr. 

Ddow 
jiTCirain> 

tor 
jf«r. 

Jmaansy 

1.0 
2.0 
XI 

.4 
1.9 
X6 

.« 



7.8 

a7 

B.8 

7.2 
5.7 
9.3 
7.4 
(Ll 
0.5 
7.5 
S.0 

l.S 
1.0 
.0 
.6 

.1 

"0.0 
.2 
.« 
.ft 

1.3 

i.g 

XI 

xs 

1.2 

.4 
,1 
.3 

1.9 

ripftrn*ry 

^      lUrrh 

z^^ 

2.S 



2.1 

"'■"as 

.4 

*4."0 
0.9 

ai 

5 

.0 

.s 

1.3 

2.5 

3.S 

O.0 

.1 

1.3 
.4 

S.0 



X9 

l.« 

u 

S.4 

1.8 

r^ 

' 

•  InrreuM. 


From  tliia  table  it  is  seen  that  there  was  a  greater  fluctuation  in  tlie^^ 
prices  of  raw  commodities  during  the  year  than  in  the  prices  of  manu-^| 
factured  commodities.  In  June,  the  price  of  raw  commodities  was 
2.6  per  cent  above  the  average  price  for  the  year,  while  in  December 
the  price  was  6.9  per  cent  beK»w  the  average  price  for  the  year.  In 
manufactured  commodities,  the  lowest  prices  were  in  January,  when 
the  average  was  l.S  per  cent  below  the  average  price  for  the  year, 
while  in  September  the  average  was  1.3  per  cent  higher  than  the  aver- 
age price  for  the  year.  Thus,  December  marked  the  lowest  prices  in 
raw  commodities  ami  January  marked  the  lowest  prices  in  manu- 
factured commodities,  while  June  marked  the  highest  prices  in  raw 
commodities  an<l  September  the  highest  prieoH  in  nmoufuclured 
commodities.     Prices  of  raw  commodities  in  December  avcraj^ed 


4 


^ 


293 


BULLETIN   OF   TH£   BUBBAV   OF  L4fiOB. 


» 


n 


per  tvnt  lower  thau  in  Jttnuarv  niid  9.;J  ju^r  cwit  low«tr  than  in  June. 
Tho  December  prices  of  nmnufcu'tureKj  cotnmoditios  averaged  0.6  |>ecj 
cant  higher  tlian  tiiuse  for  January  and  2.5  per  cent  lower  than  tin 
of  Soptcinlier. 

Thus  far  attention  has  been  directed  to  th«  changes  that  loi»k  place 
in  wholesale  pricr.H  in  the  year  1*»()7  as  rtunpiiri'd  with  1906  and  the 
movement  of  wholesale  prices  month  by  month  during  the  year  1907. 
Attention  is  now  directed  to  tlie  course  of  wholesale  prifves  fruni  year 
to  yew  sintx^  ISOO.  Tlie  following  table  shows,  by  relati^'e  prices,, 
the  chanj^p-s  in  the  average  wholesale  pricpfi  of  ihv.  articles  for  wliich 
prices  were  secured  from  1890  to  1907,  inclusive.  The  relative  price 
use<l  in  thi.s  tabic  is  simply  a  jiercenta^.  The  base  on  which  thr  rt'la- 
tive  price  is  coinpute<i  is  not  the  price  in  any  one  year,  but  the  aver- 
age price  for  the  ten  years  from  1890  to  181)9,  inclusive.  The  reason 
for  a^lopdn^  thb  base  h  fully  explained  on  pa^  3'26.  Relative 
prices,  such  as  are  here  shown,  are  also  aometiroea  npoken  of  as  rela- 
tive numbers  or  as  index  numbers.  In  computing  the  relative 
price  for  all  commodities  for  each  year  the  relative  jiriccs  for  the 
several  commodities  were  adile^l  and  the  sum  dividoil  hy  the  nuinlK'r 
of  commodities. 

To  lissist  in  comparing  wholesale  prices  in  1907  with  tlie  prices  each 
year  back  to  is^O,  another  column  is  given  in  the  table  showing  the 
per  cent  of  the  increase  in  prices  for  1907  over  the  prices  for  each  of 
the  pre<'e<liu^'  years. 

aSLATIVE  PHICKSOrcOiatODITlKS.  IMfO  TO   ll»7»  A>in    PERCENT  OF   iNCRSAiia  2N 

raicEB  FOR  wxt  ov-:r  i'rices  for  each  pukckdixg  ykar. 


rmmntot 

jfVVfMkflfll 

Bitetlv* 

UlffT?*i»lfl 

HMMh^ 

Y«u. 

prfctvfftU 

IW7  mtt 

year. 

i  ■■      ■  '     '' 

comiatt4t- 

«Utl  pT1»- 

llo».(«) 

OHitaff 

vf^r. 

ISOO 

111* 

H  - 

1 

m  ? 

27.1 

I»l i 

ni.7 

r 

1  in  :, 

17.  a 

1003 

100.1 

-. 

\\>\  ;. 

lat 

ISM 

!(«« 

2^.. 

,  ^ 

1 1 :  •;' 

11 T 

INM .   . 

M.1 

34.  S 
Sft.4 

r->  I 

Mill 
1  I  ;  II 

14.0 

IflOB .. 

14  ■ 

ISM 

W1.4 

433 

iW;^.    . 

P   ■ 

imr 

W.7 

44.4 

IWO... 

'■  1    ■   , 

■. ; 

INM 

00.4 

w.; 

HKW. 

4  ATunoT^  prim  lur  Uttft  IKfl»  IfllA 

ft'llu'u^  htriin^*  HPn  •'cirr>*-<L-   lhi»^  K^lvnti  fur  IUth.  itt  llttllnLlri  V«   JU 


•llffhtlv  In 


1 

i 

1 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 

n 

1 

^H 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 

I       The  relative  irhole^ale  prices  during  the  years  from  1890  to  1907,   ™ 
P  eel  forth  in  tabular  form  in  the  preceding  table,  are  sliowii  also  in  the 
graphic  table  whicli  fi^liows:                                                                          ^M 

L                 RELATI\T-  PRICES  OF  ALL  ^:^^^TOPITIES.  1890  TO  ItWT.         ^^H 

■                                                                 [Arermg*  priw  tor  IMOlo  1300- lOO.J                                                   ^^^^^ 

\ 
1 

1 

mcfs 

mo  mi  tma  ts-fi  tmisantsxtmnMmntsooisoi  f9S  f9fB  m*  /sos  /9os  rsa 

4 

\ 

fi2 
nc 

tu 

m 

ra 

>»< 

m 

9* 

« 

I      1       1 

1      I 

'          i 

1 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

' 

! 

J 

/ 

~1 

/ 

/ 

1 

/ 

^ 

1 

/ 

' 

/ 

Sj 

^ 

7^ 

I 

> 

/ 

I   \ 

k. 

/ 

•   '\ 

J 

\ 

1— 

1   .\ 

/ 

X 

.  \ 

/ 

\ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

y 

i\ 

/ 

;    \ 

^    t     \ 

1      \ 

1 

\ 

\ 

/ 

K 

\ 

} 

> 

k. 

—— 1 

\ 

J 

1 

A 

/ 

^. 

/ 

r 

1 

The  table  shows  that 
moditios  for  1890  was 

the  av 
112.9  Y 

erage  of  wholesale  prices  of  all  com 
ter  cent  of  the  avprairc  of  wholosal 

■ 

1 

a" 

1 

price 

I 

la 

1 

for 

the 

■ 

?    Vf 

■ 

•ars 

fru 

m   1891 

3  U 

m 

■ 

iGD; 

in 

otl 

er 

wor 

■ 

tha 

ii 

t  tii( 

i 

a 

i 

BULLETIN    OF  TUE    BUBEAU    OF    LABOR. 


average  of  wlinle.snle  prices  in  ISOO  woh  12.1)  |»'r  rent  liij^her  than  tli 
average  for  the  lO-year  poriotl  iianiCN]. 

In   ISO!   rrhitivc  whnlosalo  pricos  dorlinod  to  111.7;  that  id,  to 
point  where  tlie  average  wholesale  price  for  the  year  was  1 1.7  per  cent 
above  the  avernge  price  for  the  H)  yejira  from  1890  to  1S99. 

In  1S02  rohitive  wholesale  pricos  tlropped  to  100.1  and  in  181*3  U 
1(»5.*5.     In  thi;  next  year,  ISiM,  whoUwjUe  prices  fell  to  OC.l,  a  poi 
3.9  below  the  average  price  for  the  10-year  base  |>erio<l.     In  ench 
the  tltree  siueeeedin^  years  wholesale  prices  (le<line<l  until  in  1S!)7  they 
reaehod  S9.7;  that  is,  10.3  per  cent  below  the  averaju'e  price  for  the 
lO-year  period.     In  each  of  the  3  years  next  6ucceedinj»,  wholesale 
prices  advanced,  in  1900  reaching  110.5.     In  19(U  wholesale  pric< 
tlropped  back  to  108.5.     The  next  year,  however,  nuifked  an  increas( 
prices  in  1002  being  on  on  average  a  restoration  of  the  prices  in  I89( 
namely,  112.9.     In  1903  prices  advaneetl  to  113.0.     The  next  yei 
1904,  sliowed  a  sitglit  tlecline,  nearly  hiu'k  to  (lie  prices  of  1S90  an4 
1902.     In  1905  prices  ailvanced  to  115.9;  in  1906  prices  advan< 
again,   reaching   122.5;  and  finally  in   1907  the  general   average 
wholesale   j)rice8   reached    129.5;  thai   is,    29.5    per  cent   above   th 
average  price  for  the  10  yeara  from  1890  to  1899  and  a  higher  level 
than  in  any  other  year  of  the  18  years  covered  by  the  investigation. 

The  last  column  of  the  table  (page  292)  shows  that  the  price  in  190] 
was  5.7  per  cent  above  the  price  in  1906, 14.7  per  cent  above  the  pri( 
in  1800,  and  4-1.4  per  cent  ab4)ve  the  price  in  1897,  tile  3'rar  of  lowi 
average  prices  within  the  hist  IS  years. 

Tlie  relative  prices  appearing  in  this  table  are  bofted  on  251  articU 
in  IS90  and  1891,  on  253  articles  in  1.S92,  on  255  articles  in  IS93,  o] 
256  artiele^s  in  1.S94,  on  25S  artich^s  in  1906  atid  19(»7,  on  259  artich 
in  1896,  1904,  and  1905,  on  260  articles  in  1896  and  from  1899  to  lOO: 

id  on  261  articles  in  1897  and  1898. 

Having  eliown  the  movement  in  wholesale  price**  for  the  peril 
from  1890  to  1907  in  all  commoditi<*s  taken  as  a  whole,  a  table  is  no\ 
given  showing  the  movement  in  each  of  the  9  groups  previoush 
referred  to.  This  table  gives  for  each  group  the  relative  prices  ani 
the  per  cent  of  increase  or,  in  a  few  instances,  decrease  of  prices  ft 
1907,  as  compared  with  the  prices  for  each  prece<ling  year. 


■ 

WHOLESALE  PRICES,  1800  TO   1007.                               295             1 

HnELATIVE  PKICRS  OF   COMMODITIES.  UfiO   TO    19U7.    AND    PER  CENT   OF  INCRRA8K                1 

H     IN*    TRICKS    KOR    19(77  OVKR   PKlCfCd  FOR  BACH  PRECEDING  YKAR.  BY  GKOtTS  OF               1 

■     COIIUODITIES 

1 

Faim  prodvoU. 

Fond,  etc 

aotluand 

ololbing. 

Fwlud 

Ugbtins. 

UpUU  aimI                     1 
boptoiwiDU.                1 

PBrcmt 

PeroBnt 

Porcpfil 

Percent 

P«rerat 

^H 

of 

of 

it! 

ol       i 

ol 

■       Y«M. 

R*U- 

inc»A» 

Rl-lA- 

LncmMc 

R^U- 

inenRAjV 

Rl^lA- 

Incre^w     R«lft. 

InrreiuHs 

Uvfl 

UI1M7 

liVTJ 

lnlW7 

tlVti 

lDlW7 

Uvm 

U11907 

Utc 

mi907 

.^^fe 

prlcr. 

OVfT 

price. 

OWT 

phco. 

over 

prtoo. 

OTOf 

priro. 

ovet 

■ 

(«) 

OMOh 
pRVod- 

IttgycKr. 

(•) 

■prrcfA- 
ins  yo«r. 

f) 

prwml- 
Uicy«Ar. 

(•) 

ooch 
pmo»d- 

(•) 

PACh 

prnoMl- 

loerwr. 

^^ 

mo 

M.ft 

ia4 

4.8 

1115 

11.  n 

104.7 

319  '     110.3 

SIS 

^H^M 

I3LS 

12.  X 

115.7 

1.8 

111.3 

lis 

102.7 

81.5       111.  7 

18.4 

^^fBt. ...... 

111.  7 

33.7 

103I.6 

IS.  7 

109.0 

lAJ 

101.1 

315        1010 

US 

^^T^* 

107.0 

27.1 

iio.a 

0.0 

107.2 

112 

100.0 

aio     100.7 

40:4 

■N 

06^0 

4a.o 

00.8 

18.0 

OtV  1 

31.8 

92.4 

411 

90.7 

««.s 

4(i.9 

040 

215 

92.7 

317 

911 

37.6 

010 

01« 

mA 

78.S 

7S.1 

818 

40.0 

91.9 

W.8 

1013 

29.4 

017 

ffi.0 

MR 

85.3 

00.0 

07.7 

84.8 

ot.  k 

ao.i 

914 

40.0 

816 

00.0               , 

010             1 

m$ 

WVl 

42.7 

04.4 

24.8 

914 

317 

•14 

41.5 

814 

vri  n 

J7.1 

W.2 

19.8 

9117 

31  0 

1010 

3EL6 

1117 

310 

tm. 

25.2 

lOiS 

13.1 

ion.  8 

116 

120. 9 

11.7 

130.5 

110 

noi    . 

■    ,,        ■! 

17.3 

105.9 

11.2 

101.0 

314 

119.5 

U.0 

111.9 

3S.S               1 

,  i>  ;. 

h.\ 

in  3 

18 

102.0 

213 

1313 

.5 

117.2 

33.4 

MS 

,  1  -    s 

1&4 

107.1 

10.0 

lOtVft 

119 

14B.3 

ft  9.6 

117.6 

ai.o          ! 

VM.. 

1  1-  .' 

8.0 

107.2 

9.0 

109.  H 

114 

132.0 

1.8 

100.6 

30.S 

M& 

i.'4.2 

ia4 

10s.  7 

8.4 

112.0 

111 

121.8 

18 

122-6 

17.1 

JIW 

121ft 

10.0 

112.  fl 

4.0 

13).  0 

5.6 

t  m  0 

3.4 

1312 

11 

MO? 

137.1 

U7.8 

120.7 

13:^0 

143.4 

1 

Lomli^f  And 
boUdtnx 

Drugiud 

^•.sTiSsr-  M.-u»<,«^ 

Allflonimoditlr*. 

I'orwnt 

Per  »nt 

Per  cent ! 

Per  cent 

'  Pnrrent 

|~ 

R(4*- 
livo 
price. 

In  1907 
owrwich 

RrU- 

tlVf 

prit^. 

of 

iDcrrawi 
ill  U<07 

•  ivi-rrMcli 

RWjfc- 
livo 
prkHj. 

InrivAHf 

In  1007 

Ovrrr«u:h 

Rf>U- 

price. 

oJ 
incrrftBe 
til  litf)7 

m 

prorcd- 

prvced- 

C) 

pnti'd- 

(*) 

prwcriJ- 

^"^     1   prwd- 

ing  yair. 

ingymr. 

ing  yc«r. 

Ing  yc«r 

1  Ing  year. 

HBO 

iits 

Si.  A 

110.3 

»a5 

Ul.  1 

17 

110.3 

113      112.0 

117 

HH 

108.4 

3£lS 

108.  ti 

h.n 

110.2 

7.5 

100.4 

112  1     1U.7 

15.9 

tm 

103.0 

42.0 

102. 1» 

0.5 

Il».5 

11.3 

100.2 

19.7  1     106.1 

32.1 

MM 

101.0 

44  3 

100.  A 

9.1 

104  9 

110 

1010 

a0.0  ,     105  6 

32  6 

iSt:::::: 

90.0 

SZ.S 

a>.K 

22.0 

loa  i 

114 

fift.8 

37. 4  {      00. 1 

318 

•11 

SO.  I 

K7.U 

217 

W,  5 

22.8 

916 

316  1      03.6 

314 

VS....... 

tt.4 

57.3 

Wfl 

IB.  4 

910 

26.1 

91.4 

Mil        90.4 

413 

ur 

00,4 

fiZfl 

M.4 

l«.l 

m.H 

.12  0 

92.1 

31 0        89. 7 

414 

!■■ 

fl&.a 

S3.  3 

lUQ.G 

2.8 

92.0 

28.  S 

92.4 

37.0        03.4 

317 

u» 

106.8 

M.H 

1U..I 

"l.fl 

'.&.  1 

210 

V7.7 

3a  1 !   101. 7 

37.3 

U5.7 

27  0 

11.17 

M3 

)(».  1 

Jl.7 

100.  8 

118]     IW.S 

17.3 

MOl 

116.7 

3&0 

115.2 

*10 

no  g 

10 

1(>7  4 

lisl     1016 

».4 

IS:::::;: 

ll&S 

33  7        U4.2 

MO 

112.3 

16 

1111 

1L4       112.9 

117 

121.4 

21.0        H2.rt 

t>2.1 

1U.0 

19 

113.0 

11.9       113.6 

110 

m.7 

w.7i    iiao 

b.i 

111.7 

11 

111  7 

lis     in.0 

110 

^^m  MK.           .     . 

127.7 

ISO  1     100  1 

.fi 

100.1 

10 

IIZS 

13,7       1119 

11.7 

^^^UBBft 

140.1 

4.D        101.2 

&3 

lao 

18 

I2L1 

5.0    <122.5 

17 

■»:::.:: 

1*11. » 

100.6 

1115 

127.1 

U0i5 

■ 

AvfTogr  price  for  1800- 18W- 100.0, 

^ft 

Drcini*o. 

m 

Ttaim-  %un_'&  ara  correct;  thoao  glv«-n  fur  I'JOO  iu  BulluUii  No.  OO  were  sllghUy  In  urror. 

H 

B91— Xo.  7^—08 2 

1 

LLETIN   OF  TJIE   BUBEAlf  OF  LABOR, 

■  HIS  lAblo  the  avc»rage  relative*  prt(*w  »>f  rnrin  pnMlucts  are  baeeet 

artirlos;  of  food,  etc,  on  53  artirlrs  from  189U  tn  !80'J  and 

lOOl  to  1007,  and  54  from  I80ri  to  l<>o:t;  of  rloths  and  flothing, 

articles  itk  KHEIO  ami  1S91,  72  iii  189:^,  7:*  in  lSl>;i  uud  ISIU,  75 

r>,  1896,  U>06,  and  tlKfT,  and  70  from  1897  to  1905;  of  fuel  and 

:,  on  i:i  artirlos;  of  tnetalti  aiul  irnplcnit'nts,  *>n  Itr'arliclcis  from 

/  l*!l03,  38  in  ISIi4  and  1895  and  from  IHO^I  to  1907,  nml  39  from 

y  1898;  of  hinib<^r  and  bitIMii\ff  mnl-t^ials,  on  2(J  articl«*s  from 

Ui  lSfl4  RJid  27  from  1805  to  1907;  of  drugs  and  chpniiraLs,  on 

Iic'lca;  of  house  furnmhiii^  itj^'^ds,  on  14  artklt's,  and  of  uiihitI- 

us,  on  13  articrlce. 

iUu]y  (»f  tho  tablo  shows  llint  tho  ^onj)  of  farm  jimdijct;*  rcarhod 

>wost  average  in   1811(1  aiiil  tho  highest  in   1907;  that  of  foot!, 

lio  lowest  in  ISOti  and  tFio  htjjht-^t  In  1907;  that  of  clollis  ftjid 

Jig,  thr«  lowest  in  IH97  and  the  Lijjhest  La  1907;  that  of  fuel  and 

mgj  the  lowest  in  1S94  and  Uiehij^hestin  HK)3;  thatitf  melaUand 

menta,  the  lowe&t  m  IH9S  and  the  hi^hi»st  in  1907;  that  of  lunn 

md  buildini;  niittorialH,  tfio  lowest  in  1S1)7  and  th<3  fiij^du^«t  in  19*17 j 

of  dru>^  nnd  ohemkab,  thf  lowe^i^t  in  ISttfj  and  thi.^  highcsit  in 

?  that  of  honsft  fnmishin)^  ^'oods,  tho  lowest  in  1897  and  the 

it  in  11)07.  whilo  in  tho  nik<*<>naiKH>iiii  jjronp  tlu>  lowciit  average 

.  n:^Arlu*d  in  IH96  and  tlii^  Jiijjjlit^st  in  19i>7.     Tfie  avem^i>  fi»r  all 

cointnoditi*»a  conihined,  as  bt^fore  8tat<^d,  was  lowest  in   1897  and 

highest  m  11107.     Of  tin*  nino  jjripnp?^,  it  is  !^on  that  one  r<*arln.^<l  its 

lowest  point  in  1894,  one  in  1895,  tlirec  in  1896,  three  in  1897,  and 

one  in  1898.     The  highest  point  was  reached  by  one  group  in  1900, 

by  one  in  1903,  and  bj-  seven  in  1907. 

In  order  to  follow  the  movement  in  the  two  great  classes — raw  and 
manufactured  commodities — the  following  table  has  been  prepared. 
The  articles  included  under  each  of  the  two  groups  are  indicated  on 
page  286. 


WaOLBSALE   PKICE8,  1990  TO   VJO: 


:i^l 


K  PBICKS OF  HAW  AND  OF  MAKL'Fi.rTURRD  COMUOUITIG^  l8M>TO  1907.  AXD 
H  CENT  or  1NCRKA9E  IN"  PRICKS  FOR  IW7  OVER  PRICE3  FOR  EACH  PRCCEDIXO 
AR. 


Bur  e«aiinfMlltl«m. 

All  QcnuttpdltlM. 

p  '■'■ 

Brtattw 

PlTWIK 

attoenB«e 

in  19(1; 
ov«rattch 

1    PPTcenl 
B.i.»i«.  *>'  lncr(»« 
"*"''^      In  IU07 

PTJ*-     :  owrettch 

1      Tww- 

RplAtlV« 

prtcp. 

Pr*roeBt 

otlflcmwo 

IniMff 
ovnmah 

b-=;EE 

»?-.; 

If4.4 

9ft.3 
•1.7 
94.0 
BET.O 
94.0 
109.9 

nt.ft 

111.4 

iaL4 
m.7 
m.T 
m.» 

M19.& 
1».4 

1S.0 
14.7 

23.9 
»7.» 
49.1 
46.5 

».S 

s.a 

41.9 
30.0 
111.2 
1»." 
9.0 
8.7 
11.4 
M.1 

113.9 
U0.9 

106.9 
106.9 
9A.B 
04.0 
91.9 

ni 

UK).  7 
lUi  3 
107.9 
110.9 

ni.fi 
in. 3 

114.9 
121.9 
138. 9 

14.5 

19.2 
21.8 
31.4 

ia.» 

39.K 

42.7 
37.9 
■i7.7 
19.7 
19.. -I 
19.  S 

i&.;i 

19.  & 

ir» 

m.9 

U1.7 
100.1 
109.9 
09.1 
99. 0 
V0.4 
90.T 
99.4 
101.7 

no.  4 
IOft.3 
112.9 
lU.tt 
lU.O 
115.9 
ftLS.fi 
I3».a 

1 1.7 
13.9 

23.0 

\9^\                    

B4.B 

99.4 

1  •" 

41.3 

l,.- 

44  4 

!*/>                                    _ 

99.7 

27.1 

!»»»                                        

IT.J 

l^i 

19.4 

'■»  -'                                      ................. 

14.7 
14.0 

!  ■    -                                               ............ 

14.9 

1^ .i.4.. 

n.7 

5,7 

Lt: ..,,._...... 



•TVa. 


A{«  ooRvcl ;  thoto  glnai  for  1900  tn  DuUntln  No.  09  won  tllfihtb-  ki  error. 


In  1X90,  when  pric€»a  in  general  wero  Li^h,  the  relallve  priceii  i>f  raw 

^nimiKlities  were  higher  than  those  of  manufacturcil  commodities 

u!  reniainoil  so  until  lS93,whon  pricps  of  raw  conimotUties  dechnvd 

i»I  thos*»  of  Dianufa<'ture<l  coramoilities  were  .slightly  above  the  prices 

;92.     From  1M*4  to  I89li  there  was  a  market!  decline  in  both 

the  raw  commo<Iiti©s  being  lower  than  the  manufactured  in 

tif  these  years.     In  1897  raw  commodilips  advanced  anil  manu- 

•tared  decHnod.     From  1898  to  1900  there  was  a  decided  atlvance 

both  ffrou|>s  each  year,  raw  commodities  advancing  to  a  liighcr 

t  than  manufactured.     In  UiOl   there  was  a  very  slight  decline 

raw  and  a  more  marked  detliuo  in  nmuufaclured  commotUties. 

In  1002  both  raw  and  manufactured  co>umi04litie8  made  a  ileeided 

a  '  ,  raw  commoditie^s  much  the  prcatpr,  and  in  1005  both  sli^litly 

1.     In   li>Oi  both  raw  and  manufacturcil  commi>dilies  de- 

linefi  sHghtlr,  bnt  in  1905  both  raw  and  manufactm^d  commodities 

»'  '      '      d,     In  190G  bi>th  raw  and  manufactured  conimtKlitics  made 

.idvHnce»  and  another  sharp  advance,  equally  great,  was  made 

both  groups  in  1907.     In  19(^7  both  raw  and  manufa<-tured  com- 

tedities  reachcil  the  hij^hcst  point  during  the  IR  years  con.«4idere<I. 

For  the  18  years  included  in  this  table^  with  tho  sin^cle  exception 

if  IS93,  it  will  l>e  seen  that  iluring  the  years  of  liigh  prices  raw  com- 

were  hit^'her  than  manufactured,  and  during  the  years  of  low 

ith  the  e.\(Optiou  of  IVJ.S,  raw  commt>dities  were  lower  than 


H        298                           BULLETIN   OP   THE   BUBEAU    OK  UIBOU,                       ^H 

H       manufactureil,     Tliia  is  clearly  shown  in  the  ^Taphi*^  t:'l.|p  \vhi< 
H      folUtus: 

^^    RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  RAW  AND  MANrFACTURED  COMMODITIESJ 
^^K                                                             1800  TO  1D07.                                                          j 

nuTfn 

/890  m  i&^  fsn  m4  IQ9S 'f8f)6  mr  vsse  m^  tooo  fsot  t902  1x3  /904  /905  t^os  tsa 

^ 

1 

m 
nc 

I2B 

n< 
m 

(IB 
tf6 

VM 

n2 
no 

loa 
tot 

fOA 
102 

too 

98 

i 

, 

/' 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

_    '■ 

/ 

/ 

I 

J 

\ 

f 

\ 

y 

i 

r- — 

1 

1 

i 

7 

i 

1 

y* 

1 

f 

1 

\ 

i 

\ 

f 

i. 

\ 

/ 

\ 

\ 

J 

■"■••^ 

-•• 

1*-.^. 

f 

II 

'• 

I  \ 

L 

^" 

1 

\  \ 

/K 

1 

\  1 

/;  ^ 

• 

\ 

^ 

ft 

-A 

\ 

it 

"\ 

, 

zt 

> 

1 

[t 

/ 

JZ 

J 

tz 

11 

/ 

f 

/ 

1 1 

Y\ 

If 

If 

^Bi  -^ 

V 

u 

94 

92 
90 

B€ 

94 

// 

|i  s 

f 

V 

v 

\ 

"/ 

— 

^N 

s. 

y 

s 

\ 

\ 

I 

i 

\ 

/ 

— 

-  - 

\ 

/ 

' 

fL 



_ 

Raw 

•  — 

.  _  . WKH4^  »kCT\iHtQ.           ^^. 

1 

WHOLESALR   PRICES,   1«K)  TO   1907. 


299 


To  give  an  opportunity  to  stiuly  the  niovcjnent  in  prices  in  each 
of  the  9  o^trnps  before  nanietl,  month  hy  nu)nth  for  a  few  years  bm^k, 
a  table  is  now  given  showin;::  the  rclaiivo  prices  in  each  ^^roup  and  for 
all  ctTinniodities  for  earh  mouth  from  Januaiy,  1902,  to  DecemI 
1907,  inclusive: 

BEX^TIVE  PRICES  OP  COMMODITIES  FOR  BACTl  UONTn,  1«U2  TO  1007,  BV  OROUPa. 

lAveragn  prfoe  for  1880- 1800-1000).] 


tight.     In,plr>.  ^^''„l. 
ing.     menu   •S^rtJU. 


m.4 

112.2 

n4. 1 
115. 1 
ns.i 

110.9  { 
U9.U 
UO.O 
130.4 
119  4 
118.7  I 

n7.3  I 


111.4 

112.8 

ua.'i 

lift.  3 
120.5 
1-.M.5 
12(1.1 
121.  <l 

l:!i.u 

121.8 
U3.0 
123.7 


ti!l)l 

chein- 

icais. 


119.1 

117.2 
117.4 
117. 3 
114.9 
lU.S 
113.«i 
I1I.4 

110.  :t 

112.3 
ii:i.& 

111.5 


lia.8        114.3  \ 


120.7 
123.8 
3 

120.9 
118.7 
120.0 
120.1 
119.5 
121.5 
21.3 
124.3 
123.1 


Ilouao 

id  ailing 
gnnd*. 

Ul*- 

CWltft- 
OMIUS. 

in.s 

ns.7 

111.5 

112.3 

HI. A 

114.0 

111.5 

115,2 

112.5 

115.9 

112.  5 

iin.fl 

112.5 

no.  7 

112.5 

114.2 

113. 5 

ll3.*i 

113.5 

111.7 

113.  & 

no.  9 

1U.& 

113.0 

\     113.11 

114.1 

111.8 
111.4 
113.7 
111.4 
112  J5 
113.7 
113.1 
113. 9 
113.8 
113.0 
112.5 
III. 4 


112.2 

112.2 

113. 1 

113.1 

113. 

113. 1 

113.1 

113.1 

II2.T 

113.5 

113.5 

119.5 


na.3 

113.5 

114.9 
114.2 
115  1 
114.3 
114.3 
114.4 
114:4 
114.5 
IIU.4 

no.i 


1I0i3 
110.4 
110.9 
111.7 
113.3 
111.1 
113.0 
113.3 
112.3 
U5.fi 
114.6 
115.3 

Itl-t 


113.0  I     113.0 


111.0 

lin.2 

III. 5 

111.2 

111.5 

113.  U 

111.5 

1 12.  ti 

111.8 

112.7 

Ili.B 

lll.ri 

111. 8 

1 12. 9 

111.8 

III.O 

I11.H 

III. 2 

111.8 

111.0 

111.8 

109.7 

U1.8 

111.5 

115.9 
110.1 
115.9 
114.9 
113.3 
113.4 
113.0 
112. 3 
IIS.  3 
1 12. 3 
IIXI 
111.7 


113.« 


113.3 
114.4 
114.6 
114.0 
113.3 
I1Z9 
112.0 
113.0 
113.0 
III. 8 
113.7 
113.5 


IU.7       111.7 


113.0 


111.2 

113.8 
14.0 
113,9 
112 
112.0  i 
110.0 
lU.tt 
111.8 
13.5 
113.  i 
115.1 


114.0 
1I.V3 
114.9 
114.0 
113.8 
114.1 
114.3 
110.0 
110.7 
117  6 

UK. 7 

110  s 


800 

BtTLLETTN    OP  THK    nrRE.^U    OF   l^\BOB.              ^^M 

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WH0LESA2.B  PRICES,  ISm  TO   1907. 


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mKU^TIVC  P&1C£8  OF  COUCODmSa  for  each  MOXTB.  IMC  TO  IMT,  BV  OROrpfr- 


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l(»4  4 

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IIB.1 
119.  1 
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117.3 

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•  TfeaaAgniM  wMmvl;  tiMM  flwi  fcr  isni  in  Hanftln  No.  «m 

In  this  tabli>  the  average  re-lalivo  prices  of  farm  protlucts  aro  based 
on  16  nrtirles;  of  foo<l,  ett.,  cu  54  arlitU's  in  ISHYI  luul  1003  «U(I  4m  53 
'articles  from  1004  U*  1907;  of  cloths  and  tdotliinp.  on  70  artiolos  from 
mtl  lo  1905  and  on  75  iirticl<«  in  ISOfi  and  1907;  of  fii«-l  nnd  li*^hlin«?, 
on  13  articles;  of  metals  and  implt»ment.s,  on  3S  artiik's;  of  lumhtr 
and  building  materials,  on  27  articles;  of  drugs  and  cheuiirfds,  on  9 
articlps:  of  house  furnishing  goods,  on  14  articles,  and  of  mi^eidlane- 
oos^  on  i;(  artiflfd.  The  averai^e  relative  prier.s  of  all  romnunlitirs 
arc  baaed  ou  260  articles  in  1902  and  1003;  on  259  articlcti  in  1904  and 
1*K»5.  and  on  25S  articles  in  l<M)(i  and  1907. 

The  taUc  sIk>ws  that  tlu»  group  i»f  farm  products  reache<l  the  lovMt 
arerage  in  November,  1903,  and  the  hi|?li*'»t  in  Si'pteniWr,  1907; 
that  of  foo*!,  etc.,  the  lowest  in  Juiu?,  IOOj,  and  the  hiyh»^»it  in  Otober, 
1*07 ;  that  of  cloths  and  clothing,  tlie  lowest  in  Jaauurv.  FehmAT}-, 
April,  May,  and  August,  1902,  uii«l  the  hijrliest  in  September,  I9t>7; 
of  fuel  and  '■  -'*'-,'.  the  lowest  in  April,  1002,  am!  the  lii^M»«t  h\ 
luary  aii>)    I  .   1003;  that  of  metals  and  iiuplruienlK,  llie 

rest  In  September,  1904,  and  the  higliest  in  Fehrunry,  11)07 ;  that 
of  lumber  and  building  tnatcrinls,  the  lowest  in  Januiiry,  1002,  and  iho 
higheet  in  April,   1907;  that  of  drugs  and  chemicals,  the  lowent  in 


802 


BULLETIN    OF   THE    BUREAU    OF    LASOn, 


May,  1906,  and  the  highest  in  January',  1902,  ami  in  Aiigust  and  Sejn 
tenibcr,  1907;  that  of  houso  furnishing  gtHuls,  tlie  lowest,  Januury  to 
Juno,  lOOfl,  and  the  liii;hpst  in  AugUHt,  Sf'ptombrr,  and  Octobor,  1007; 
.whilo  in  the  miscellaneous  group  the  lowest  average  was  reached  in 
Noveniber,  1904,  and  tl»c  highe-st  in  July,  l'J07.  It  is  interesting  to 
see  that  during  the  six  yean*  the  relative  price  of  not  a  single  group 
WBii  its  low  as  the  base — tliat  is,  the  average  i»rice  for  tlic  10-year 
period  from  1890  to  1899.  Farm  products  were  from  9.9  per  cent  to 
45.5  per  cent  above  base  (average  price  for  the  10-yenr  pprifnl,  ISOO  to 
1899);  food,  etc.,  from  2.7  percent  lo  23.5  per  cent  above  base;  clotlis 
and  clothing,  from  1.5  per  c^nt  to  29.2  per  cent  above  base;  fuel  and 
lighting, from  IS.l  per  cent  to  78.6  per  cent  above  ba.se;  metals  and  im- 
plements, from  7.6  percent  to  49.1  per  cent  above  base ;  lumber  unil 
building  materials,  from  11.4  per  «»nt  to  50.5  per  c-ent  above  base; 
drugs  and  chemicals,  from  0.2  per  cent  to  19.1  per  cent  above  base; 
house  furnishing  goods,  from  8.8  per  cent  tf>  20.5  per  cent  above  base; 
the  miscellaneous  group,  from  9.7  percent  to  30.3  percent  above  base; 
anil  all  conmioditios  ctmibined,  from  10.3  per  rent  to  31.0  per  rent 
above  base.  All  conimodities  combined  reached  the  lowest  average 
for  these  years  in  January,  1902,  and  the  liighest  in  October,  1907, 

Tlie  course  of  |)rice3  during  the  months  of  1902  to  1907  as  repre- 
sented by  all  commodities  is  clearly  shown  in  the  graphic  table  on 
page  300. 

The  following  table  shows  the  movement  in  the  wholesale  prices 
of  raw  commodities  and  of  manufactured  commodities  mouth  by 
month  from  January,  1902,  to  December,  1907.  A  description  of  th« 
two  classes  may  l>e  found  on  pages  285  and  286. 

RELATIVE   rniCES  OF    RAW  COUUODITIEB.   MANUFACTURED  rOlfMOniTtE8»   AND 
ALL  COMUODITIKS.  FOR  EACU  MONTH.  IJWfl  TO  IW7. 


Jktiiliiry.,. 
Fobmaty.. 

MAIfh 

Jul 
All^■  :  ' 

Bi'pti'iu IN  r 

Oi'lol)«.r... 
Deoejclwr. 


lAvtintfe  prioo  for  l8W>-lS0»-lQOJt.1 


Dfttr. 


IMtt. 


coDunud- 
ilk*. 


117.0 
110.3 


I  If  I    K 


Mjtntttofr- 

tUTWl 

eoniiuod 
lUm. 


Arcnge.  1908. 


IMlT 

jat.0 

100.  A 

uas 

Ul  0 
Ul.2 

iiau 
iia« 
uao 
iu.7 
111. J 


All 
camuiod- 


110.  S 

iiai 

III  7 

in  3 


^^^^V                            WHOLESALE  PB1CE6,  1^00  TO   IPO?.                                  30^^ 

^^KtATTVB  PBICEB   OF  RAW  COIUIODITIES,  UANrPACTCTRKD  COIIUOOITIES,  AX|H 
^^H                    Ai.L  COMMODITIES.  FOR  EACH  MOKTH.  IM  TO  IMrr-CoaduOKl.                     ^H 

^^"                                                          t A  ran««  price  (ot  1890-1S99- 100,0.]                                                            ^^ 

1                                            nut**. 

Raw 

MauaM- 

lllsa. 

UMiuteo- 

lorod 
conunod' 

ltte>. 

1       All 

I                                                             I90S. 

^       JuMiiy. ......  ..... 

]».e 

itto 

127.8 
Uft.8 

t2L5 
ULA 
lift  9 

118.0 

iai.7 

118.1 

117.2 
117.5 

112.0 
113. 1 

112.3 
111.3 
111.4 
110.9 

110.7 
Ml.b 
110.9 
110.9 

no.  4 

115.9 

1IA.1 
116.9 
114,  ft^ 

lll^l 

113.  ^1 
113.^H 
11X^1 

iu.^^H 

111.1^1 

FebnuuT.. ...... ..«.—*—.. ^»... 

iuich,.„. :::..::.::.:.::::::.:..:::::. .::.::::.:.:;:::;::;::::,:.::;::; 

r::::::::::::::::"::::::::;::-::":::::::::;:::;::-:::::::::::;::: 

i^ ,-,..».. 

Au^at , , 

Bryumbttr - , - 

ly       October .........,,,.,, 

H      SonucNr , 

■      Etanrater ? 

1              Avrngr.wa    . ..     ,  ,, 

U3L7 

11L5 

113.0 

1                                         ieo4« 

■     Jammrf .....,, , 

121.8 

111.  1 
113.2 
113.5 

112.3 
111.0 
111.5 
110.7 

iiai 

110.3 
110.5 

lias 

1U.5 

113.3 
U14 
1110 
1110 
11X3 
112.9 
112  0 
IIZU 
J12.0 

^B     '^'^iraft'rT ,..,... 

123.6 
123.2 
121.1 
119.7 
118.6 

117.  S 

118.  T 
119.) 
117  3 
13Dl7 
122.1 

■  MMch                            .11         .       ... 

■  Anrll..... ,..., I 

■    mS^ I.I I I.,.l 

^L  d^v 

^^Hwnnrt 

^^Hc^ — — 

^^^^^^^^^^ 

^^BaB^B^C 

■             Avrrace.  1904 

119.7 

111.3 

"M^l 

W                                                          1905. 

'(uunrr..... 

12X0 
1311 
122.0 
119.0 
LI8.3 
117.4 
118.4 
118  4 
119.  G 
133.1 

111.9 
113.1 
113.1 

nil 

112.S 
IU.3 
lis.  3 
119.4 
110. 0 
110.0 
117.S 

1110 
115.3 
1119 
1110 
113.0 

nil 

1113 
116.0 
116.7 
1176 
118.7 
119.8 

Fttoniarr... „ 

lUnh... 

AnrU. 

mS^v:::  :::::!       "I  ::: 

jcai......: I !..:.:i..i...:i,;i.;::: 

/air « 

Aq^t _ 

^      ^tfpVcmlivr , ., , . 

■  ISSSfev::::::::::::::::;:::::::;:::;;;:::::;:::::;::::;!;::;;^^^^ 

130.3  1        118.2 

12L2 

1116 

115^9 

H      Jtawtry. . . . . 

•  125  5 

•  1314 

•  133.0 

•  1317 

•  123.6 

•  1319 

•  1219 

119.7 
120.3 
130.6 

laoii 

120.0 
130.9 
121.  h 

•  130.8 

•  131. 1 

■  121  1 

•  131.0 

•  131.2 

•  131  6 

•  122.1 

•  122.3 

•  122.0 

•  123.5 

•  125.7 

■  127.0 

iS?*:v;::::-::i::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::- 

■     Juir 

•  135.  4           12L  & 

^m     Hrirlrrnhvr , 

•  tao.3 
•i3a4 

•  133.4 

•  138.  Q 

121.8 
122.4 
1211 
125.0 

■     (iptober *.„..> ....*....... 

^L    ^iurmhAr, .....,, ..,.,... , 

1907. 

r^bruKfT........................... ....I*................... 

•  IX.  5           121.0 

■  122.5 

tM7 

iao.1 
iac.3 

133.9 

136.0 
ian.9 
1M.2 
132  3 

133.  N 

iHa 
1381 
1313 

1??  4 

13A.2 
137.3 
127.8 
138.0 
138.0 
128..'. 
139.4 
129.7 
13U.3 
130.3 
129  I 
127  0 

19»»0^^ 

llg 

130.  IH 

130.  R 

131.  U 
12119^ 

laiL^H 

MMch. 

i^  ■"-: :::-::•::•::::•::-::::::::;::::::;::::: 

Jmvi . •,»... 

JQIT — " 

Auinrt .  .                                  « 

e^otMnber.. 

"fl 

tnt.^^^H 

S04 


BULLETIN   OW   TUB  BrBEAlT   OP  LABOB. 


I 


I 


g 


t               .  r-  *  -  tr 

§  _.„.^.  V 

3^jj              j^                 v^ 

1  ^        ^ 

„4:4-^-5 

5 ::n   \....... 

T            >   vT 

§5j-                   J-  -^^   ^■"•. 

1 

T        y       \ 

2 

!              <r''      ^ 

ft 

'^                           i-        Iv 

8 

a. 

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^i                ^Lx^          ) 

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^!                 LS-          \ 

,1         1     5      \ 

rwcEs,  vm  TO  iMT. 


305 


The  raw  contmoditie*  reacbrd  Uw"  lowest  Averap.'  fur  theeo  yoArs  in 

FcbnMnr,  1902,  aad  the  Yu^teai  in  Jane,  1907;    manufactured  com^| 


tfatt  kiweal  in  January,  I9(>2,  an<l  the  hiohest  in 
September,  1907.     The  ar«rage  fur  raw  c()innicwJitio.s  ranged  from  16.2 
pef  rent  to  36.9  per  rent  abore  the  Kase  pnrc,  while  the  avcrajre  for 
Dkanufartured  commodities  rangeil  from  H.7  per  cent  to  30.3  per  rrn 
tSMnc  iho  b&s«  price 

The  r^MUSG  of  prices  of  raw  anil  inauiJacturcil  coxuniiHlitips  fn 
IIM"?  ^      w-.-  :      1    ,,j^j^  |yj  jjj^  prapliic  tabic  on  pa^e  3U4. 

^  i»con  iiukIo  ill  any  way  to  iuvi^ti^ato  tlie  raus 

ol  tiu*  rise  and  tail  of  prices.     The  aim  lias  boeu  Lo  give  the  pm 
»  ikey  actually  prevailcvt  in  the  market.     The  rausca  are  Un>  com- 
p)ax,  the  relative  influence  of  each  t(M>  uncertain,  in  souio  eorvorf  in- 
Toiring  too  many  eronooiic  questions,  to  permit  their  ilinniminn  in 
nWBectioa  with  the  present  article.     It  will  be  isufiiripnt  to  enumer* 
ale  aoHke  ol  the  influences  Uuit  cau^  chants  in  prices.     Such  in- 
fiuoioefi   include  variations   in   harvest,  which  not  only  restrict 
incneiTi  tlie  anpplj  and  ri>nse<juently  tend  to  uicrensc  or  decrease  tl 
IDoe  of  a  commodity r  Lut  also  restrict  or  increase,  to  a  greater  or  Icns 
Httee^  iLe  poichnatng  power  of  such  conununitie:^  a;:*  arc  (icp<?n«Jeiift 
^l^bole  or  in  part  upon  such  couimmiity;  chintzes  in  demand  cUie  to 
changes  in  fashions,  s<.*asons,  etc. ;  logisiution  altering  ijiterual-revenu 
taxes,  import  duties,  or  boimties;  iu&pecUon  aji«  to  purity  or  aihilteriw 
lion;    u^  of  other  articles  as  substitutes — as,  for  instance,  on  ad 
ranee  in  the  price  of  beef  will  cause  an  increabetl  con.'suinptinn  of  poric 
bd  mullon  and,  it  ma}"*  be  added,  a  probable  increa^ie  in  tlu'  price  o 
^.K    ••   -V:   and   mutton;    improvements  iu  methods  of  productior 
»1.  lend  eitlier  to  give  a  better  article  for  the  same  price  or  an 

equal  article  for  a  lower  price;   cheapenLD^*  of  transportation  or  hand* 
I&Dg;   spccidative  manipulation  of  the  supply  or  of  the  ruw  proiliict} 
commercial  panic  or  ilepressiou;    oveq>roduction;    imuMUut  tlcniand 
owing  lo  stcaily  employment  of  consumers;    short,  supply  (twirtt;  t*^' 
Jisputea  between  labor  and  capital  in  industriea  of  liiuited  proditcii 
eapacily,  iw<  in  the  anthracite  coal  industry  in  1002;   or]^iu\i>Mition  o 
comliinalinn  of  mills  or  producers*  thus  enablin;;,  on  tl\c  one  hiuul, 
greater  or  less  control  of  prices  or,  on  the  olluT  liand,  ccunouiien  i 
production  or  in  transportation  charges  tlirough  the  ability  tu  auppi 
the  article  froui  the  point  of  production  or  manufat  ture  neareat  thn 
purcbaaer.     So  far  as  indi\'idual  comnuHUtic^  are  concerned,  no  ron- 
clttakm  can  safely  he  formed  as  to  causes  without  an  examination 
the  possible  influence  of  .several — in  some  cases,  |>erha|M,  all     of  i\u 
r«t8e&     ¥or  example,  the  various  internal-revenue  and  taritl'  ai 
Imve,  iu  a  nu&rke<i  de^rre,.  no  doubt  afToctcHl  the  prices  of  proof  Apirii 
of  tobacco,  and  of  su^ur.     Rut,  on  the  other  hand,  they  have  not  be 


800 


BULLETIK    OF  THB   BUBEAU   OP   UOIOU. 


alone  in  their  influ(^nof*s,  and  it  prohahly  wotiM  not  in  all  axiics  be 
a^'curate  to  give  tho  clinugo  of  tax  or  duty  as  representing  tlie  measuro 
of  a  certain  and  definite  inflnenc-c  on  the  pne<^  of  those  com rno<ii ties. 

I  EXPIJINATION  OF  TABLES. 

The  general  statiHticnl  tables  of  this  report  arc  five  in  number, 
entitled  as  follows: 

I.— Wholesale  prices  of  eommoditics  in  1007. 

IT.— Monthly  actual  and  roJalive  prices  of  cominoditiei?*  in  1007  and 
base  prices  (avern^c  for  ISUO-I899). 

III. — Monthly  rcluuve  prices  of  conimoditios  in  1907. 

IV. — Average  yearly  actual  and  relative  prices  of  commoditie«, 
1890  tt»  1007,  and  base  prices  (average  for  1S90-IS90). 

v.  — Yearly  relative  prices  of  commodities,  1800-1907. 

Tabh  /. —  WholfsaU  prices  of  commodities  in  J  907,  ^HHjes  3^7  to  3B5,— 
Tliis  table  shows  in  detail  tho  actual  prices  in  1907,  a«  obtained  for  the 
jioveral  connnoilities  onibrjic^Ml  by  this  report.  There  \a  not  ?;pace 
within  a  bulletin  article  to  republish  in  full  iho  actual  prices  for  alt 
cominoilities  from  IH90  down  to  1 000.  Such  prices  may  be  found, 
h<>wcver,  in  the  preceding  March  Bulletins  of  this  Bureau,  sm  follows: 

Prices  from  IHOO  to  1901  in  Bulletin  No.  39. 

Prices  for  1002  in  Bulletin  No.  45. 

Prices  for  1003  in  Bidietin  No.  51. 

Prices  for  1004  in  Bulletin  No.  57. 

Prices  for  lOO:)  in  Bulletin  No.  63. 

Pric^.s  for  I00(»  in  Bulletin  No,  69. 

It  is  important  that  the  greatest  care  be  exercised  in  the  choice  of 
commodities  in  onler  that  a  simple  average  of  their  relative  prices 
Hliftll  show  ft  general  |»rice  level.  In  tho  present  compilation  258  com- 
modities are  shown,  and  it  has  been  the  aim  of  the  Bureau  to  select 
i»idy  important  aud  n»presentative  articles  in  ea<'h  group.  The  num- 
ber of  articles  included  is  larger  than  has  heretofore  be<'n  used  in  simi- 
hir  compilaliony,  willi  one  exception.  The  use  of  a  largo  numlwr  of 
articles,  carefully  selected,  minimizes  the  elTect  on  the  general  price 
level  of  an  unu.sual  change  in  the  price  of  any  one  article  or  of  a  few 
articles.  It  wilt  be  seen  that  nuirc  than  one  series  of  pric<?s  have  been 
given  in  the  cose  of  articles  of  great  importance.  This  has  been  done 
for  the  puri)08e  of  giving  due  weight  to  tluvsc  important  commodities, 
no  other  mct!u>d  of  accomplishing  this  Iiaving  been  found  satisfactory 
l»y  the  Bureau,  '["he  same  means  have  been  emiiloyed  by  Mr.  Sauer- 
beck in  his  English  prices,  as  explained  in  Bulletin  No.  30,  and  tho 
approximate  accuracy  of  the  same,  a,s  an  indi<-ation  of  the  variation 
i»f  prices,  haa  been  proved  by  various  tests  based  on  the  amov"' 
production,  etc. 


I 


WHOLESALK  JTHCES,  1890  TO   1007. 


'arioiis  metliods  of  weu^htin^  have  beeu  attempted  in  coiinpotion 
vith  compilations  of  relative  prices.     One  inetho<l  employed  by  Eure- 
ka statisticians  is  to  measure  the  importance  of  each  commoflity  by 
fits  annual  consumption  by  the  entire  nation,  the  annual  consumption 
[T>ein^  found  by  adding  to  the  home  protluction  the  amovmt  imported 
band  subtracting  the  amount  exported.     The  method  emphiyed  by  the 
Bureau  of  Labor  in  its  publication  of  Retail  Prices  of  Food  in  the 
Eighteenth  Annual  R(?port  and  in  Bulletin  Xos.  59,  (35,  and  71,  con- 
dsted  in  giving  to  the  various  articles  of  food  an  importance  based 
in  their  average  consumption  in  normal  families,     ^n^ile  it  was 
rible  to  determine  the  relative  importance  as  far  as  the  consump- 
tion of  food  is  concerned,  there  are,  of  course,  many  commodities 
k whose  importance  can  not  be  measured  by  this  method.     The  impos- 
sibility of  securing  even  approximately  accurate  figures  for  annual  con- 
Biuiiption  in  the  United  States  of  the  commodities  included  in  this 
compilation  renders  this  method  unavailable  for  the  Bureau. 

It  has  been  thought  best  in  tlie  present  series  of  index  numbers, 
lafter  a  careful  consi<leration  of  all  methods  of  weighting,  simply  to 
[use  a  large  numl>er  of  representative  staple  articles,  selecting  them  in 
tuch  a  manner  as  to  make  them,  to  a  large  extent,  weight  themselves. 
[Upon  a  casual  examinuti<»n  it  may  seem  that  by  this  method  a  com- 
paratively unimportant  commodity — such,  for  instance,  as  tea — has 
been  given  the  same  weight  or  importance  as  one  of  the  more  impor- 
tant commodities,  such  as  wheat.     A  closer  examination,  however, 
^discloses  the  fact  that  tea  enters  into  no  other  commodity  imder  con- 
dderation,  while  wheat  is  not  only  quoted  as  the  raw  material,  but 
enters  into  the  two  descriptions  of  wheat  flour,  the  two  descriptions 
►f  crackers,  and  the  tlu-eo  descriptions  of  loaf  bread. 
In  securing  those  prices  an  effort  has  been  made  to  include  staple 
'commodities  only.     In  a  number  of  instances  it  was  found  |>ossibIe 
,lo  continue  prices  for  the  same  commotUties  that  were  included  in  the 
lei>ort  on  Wliolesale  Prices,  Wages,  and  Transportation,  submitted 
by  Mr.  Aldrich  from  the  Senate  Committee  on  Finance,  March  3,  1S93. 
Many  articles  which  were  included  in  that  report  are  no  longer  manu- 
i/actured,  or,  if  still   manufactured,  have  ceased  to   be  important 
factors  in  the  market.     On  the  other  hand,  a  number  of  articles  not 
^shown  in  that  re])ort  have  become  of  such  importance  as  to  render 
;necessary  their  inclusion  in  any  study  of  the  course  of  prices. 

Although  in  the  case  of  commo<lities  of  great  importance  more  than 
[one  serio-s  of  quotations  have  been  use<l,  in  no  case  has  an  article  of  a 
[^particular  description  been  represented  by  more  than  one  series  of 
quotations.  For  this  reason  the  terms  "series  of  quotations"  and 
'*commodities"  have  been  used  interchangeably  in  this  report. 
In  the  record  of  prices  for  the  eighteen  years  from  1890  to  1907, 
series  of  quotnijons  have  been  secured  for  the  eulit«  \)et\*ad  ^"qA. 


i 


I 

4 


^24S 


JSmSMglV  OF  THE   BUBEAP  OF  UiBOB. 


I 


au  mldilionul  13  fur  sonio  [}ortion  of  the  period.-    No  quoiiUioas  oro 
shown  for  importf^<i  tiu  ]>late  sinr^  1898,  no  quotatious  for  Anhtoa'a 
ijMiX  since  HM>3.  anii  no  quottitions  ore  sluiwn  for  Beaver  <*verr:ofttLii^ 
^mve  iyO(),  wldch  leaves  li.>8  serirs  uf  i|uotution8  for  t.be  year  1907. 

Material  cUau^s  in  the  <l«scripti<^n  of  3  artirWa  were  mtule  in  \W2, 
of  2  articles  iu  HW3,  u£  1  artirk"  in  190-t,  uf  5  ariides  in  1^05.  uf  7 
articlt-y  in  lyut),  an<l  i>f  3  articli?s  in  1907.  For  6  of  thaae  nrticiee*  the 
Lrad^  journals  uu  lonj^r  supply  satisfactory  quotations,  the  iniuiu- 
farturo  of  th^  parti'  -  of  S  previously  quotoil  lias  been  iJ 

contiauevl   by   llie  '  uta  heretofore  furnis^in^  qtiotatioi 

aini  fur  7  articles  the  substitutetl  tleecriptioaa  more  nearly  represent 
the  present  ilemancis  of  the  trade. 

Jn  making  these  Hubstitutione,  with  two  exreptionci  in  women' 
<lrrs.^  p.HHk,  articles  were  supplied  comspoading  m  d^aely  as  po^ible 
to  thoHo  which  wore  previoufily  used. 

The  j>ricos  (^uotetl  iu  every  instance  are  wholcHale  prices.  Whol*^ 
sale  prices  have  inraxiably  been  used  in  compilationn  which  have  beiMi 
made  for  the  purpos**  of  >luiwin^  chaj»p':s  in  ;'  '     i    -*  level 

all  commodities.     They  are  more  sensitive  tli  aid  moi 

quickly  reflect  changes  in  comlitions.     Retail  pricx^  usually  follow 
.1^  wluiLesale.  but  nut  generally  in  the  same  proportion.     The  mi 
Kntweeu  them  in  the  cai^  of  some  commodities  is  so  ^i^reat  that  si 
fjBHilBM  in  the  wholesale  price  do  not  affect  the  retail  price.     Chi 
fn  th^  wholewale  price,  which  last  for  a  short,  time  oidy,  ilo  not  nauall^ 
r(*i<>ijlt  iu  corresponding  chants  in  the  retaiJ  price. 

The  net  cash  prices  are  shown  for  textiles  anrl  all  articles  whoae  list 
prices  are  suljject  to  larjje  and  varvin*;  discounts.  In  the  case  of 
number  *tf  articles,  such  as  white  pine,  nails,  etc.,  h*)wever,  wh< 
prices  are  subject  to  a  small  discount  for  cosh^  no  deduction  hns  been 
made. 

The  prices  have  been  collected  from  the  besi.  available  sources,  sue! 
as  standard  trade  journal.^,  officials  of  i>oards  of  trade,  chambers  of 
commerce,  and  produce  exchan^o^^  and  leoilin^  mnnufftetitrcfs  or 
their  selling  agents. 

The  prices  quoted  are  ustmlly  the  prices  iu  tlie  New  York  market, 
except  for  such  articles  as  have  their  primary*  market  in  some  other 
locahty.  For  graini*,  live  stix-k,  etc..  (or  example,  Chicairo  pri<*es  are 
quoted;  for  fisli,  except  salmon.  Boston  priren;  for  tar,  Wilmingioa, 
N.  C,  prices;  for  Kljjin  creamery  bt:"  ■  !'  rin.  111.,  prices,  etc.  Thoj 
prices  for  textiles  are  the  price*  la  rul  distributing  markets 

Wich  a«  New  York.  Itost<tn.  and  Philadelphia;  ami  where  no  mark* 
is  mentioned  in  the  prefatory  note  to  Table  I  it  shoidil  be  undenstoofF 
that  the  prices  art?  for  the  pmeral  market. 

Tlie  fnlli.winir  loblt?  shows  the  ditTeient  markets  and  the  nimibcvr  ol 
iirdrlsti  quoUHi  for  each  market: 


Mia 


WHOLESALB  PRICES,  1890  TO  1907. 


309 


xnuKa  or  oohmoditiks  oe  series  of  quotations  tx  iso;.  ctossiriED  by 

IfABEETS  FOR  WHICH  SKCURED. 


ll*<iM. 


!(^  Yovfc. 


Fann 


Vooil. 


Lum- 


"•T-nji^y 


t«v-       ing. 


KDBnU. 


txa 


4     ^1 


FllUbttlX. . . 


BtfK.IU 

LftAyie.  UL 

PnriiklU 

.v,c.. 


DDOuaJ 


n 


:q 


75 


13 


r  f 


as 


I 


As  nguds  the  (iescription  of  the  commodilT,  ii  should  be  stated 
tfafti  the  ^reat^^st  care  lias  \ioen  taken  to  secure  prices  througliout  the 
pmod  from  1890  to  1907  for  a  comniodity  of  precisely  the  same 
description.  Changes  in  quality  are,  of  course,  reflected  in  prices, 
and  for  this  reason  note  has  heen  made  of  any  important  changes 
wliich  have  occurred.  In  the  ca89  of  certain  coinm»Klilies,  such  as 
batter,  c^gSj  etc.,  prices  for  the  best  quality  hare  been  taken  in 
order  to  avoid  frequent  changes  in  grade.  It  should  alsi)  be  stated 
in  this  connection  that  in  the  case  of  commodities  for  which  prices 
were  secured  from  the  Oil,  Paint,  and  Dru^  Reporter  the  lowest 
quotations  w<^re  taken  wliere  a  range  of  prices  was  found.  liecaTUH^ 
the  fact  that,  in  that  publication,  these  represent  the  prices  of 
lots,  while  the  liigh  quotations  represent  the  prices  of  smaller 

Weekly  quotations  have  been  seetcred  in  tlie  case  of  all  articles 
which  are  sub)ecl  to  frequent  fluctuations  in  price,  such  as  butter, 
dieesef  t^STZs,  grain,  live  stt>ck,  meats,  etc.  In  the  case  of  articles 
whose  prices  are  more  stable,  monthly  or  annual  quotations  have 
hf«n  taken.  The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  series  of 
weekly,  monthly,  and  annual  price  quotations; 

KH  or  COMMOPITIFS  OR  SFRIFS  or  QTOTATIONS,  CLASSIFIED  AS  TO  TUBIR 
KREQrKNCr  OF  QCOTATIOX  IN  lOOT. 


of  (tootailnn. 


Karm 
prod- 


I  ) 

CUiIhK:  Ft«a 
Fr>^<^.      »ni|        j»n«i 

ttc.     clotJi-   LfibU 


.'ll5T^S'isf" 


itng  raft- 


ft        (  ^'^ 


810 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BCREAU    OK   LABOR, 


The  character  of  each  si*ms  of  quotatious  as  regards  frequency  ia 
fihown  in  all  ca.ws  in  Tahle  I  in  n  prefatiirj'  nole  which  states  fully  the 
(lutp  (»f  the  quotations  and,  if  weekly,  wliether  the  quotations  are  for 
some  jmrlicular  *iay  ut  the  week,  t!ie  average  for  the  week,  *)r  the  rnnj^e 
for  the.  week.  The  majority  of  the  weekly  (|Uotations  ahow  the  price 
on  Tuesday,  and  if  for  any  reason  Tuesday's  ])rice  was  not  ohtidnaMo 
the  first  price  in  the  week  has  been  taken.  The  quotations  from  trade 
and  other  journals,  when  credited  to  the  first  of  each  month,  are  not 
in  all  instances  the  price  for  the  exact  <lay  stftted.  as  it  is  a  common 
practice  of  the  daily  papera  which  make  a  specialty  of  market  reportH 
to  devote  certain  days  to  the  review  of  the  market  of  certain  articles. 
For  example,  the  Boston  Herald  (|Uotes  dsh  an  Saturday  only.  Tlio 
prices  are,  however,  the  earliest,  ]»rioes  quoted  in  llie  journal  to  wliich 
the  article  is  credited.  It  shouUl  also  he  stated  that  the  monthly 
prices  credited  to  weekly  puhlications  are  the  earhest  quotations 
shown  in  such  puhUcations  for  eacli  month. 

The  weight  of  a  loaf  of  hread  ia,  in  some  localities,  re^lat-ed  by 
statute,  while  in  many  others  the  price  per  loaf  is  not  affected  hy 
changes  in  the  price  of  Hour,  yet  the  weight  of  the  loaf  is  changeil 
from  time  to  time.  During  1904,  with  tlie  advance  in  the  price  of 
flour,  the  weight  of  the  loaf  was  decreased  in  some  localities.  For  tliia 
rctis<»n  tlic  relative  prices  of  bread  are  c<impute«l  on  the  price  per 
pound  and  not  per  loaf.  Table  I  shows  the  price  per  loaf,  the  price 
per  pound,  and  the  weight  each  month  durir»g  1907. 

The  average  jirice  for  the  year  was  obtained  by  dividing  the  sum  of 
the  quotatitms  for  a  given  commodity  by  the  number  of  quotations 
shown.  For  example,  the  sum  of  the  Tuesday's  prices  of  cotton  for 
1907  (shown  in  Table  I)  was  $6. 2960,  and  the  number  nf  quotations  5;$. 
The  former  figiin?  divided  by  the  latter  gives  $0.11879  as  the  average 
price  for  the  year.  Where  a  range  was  shown  the  mean  j)rice  for  each 
date  WU5  found,  and  this  was  use^i  in  computing  the  yearly  average 
as  above  described.  The  reader  will  un<lerstand  that,  in  order  to 
secure  for  any  comintnlity  a  strictly  srientiftc  average  price  for  the 
year,  one  must  know  the  quantity  marketed  and  the  price  for  wliich 
each  unit  of  quantity  was  sold.  It  is  manifestly  inq)08siblc  to  secure 
such  detail,  and  even  wore  it  possible  the  labor  involved  in  the  com- 
pilation would  iunko  this  mcih<jd  proliibiiive.  It  i.^  lielicve.d  that  the 
luethoil  adopted  here,  wliich  is  also  that  used  in  the  constmction  of 
othpr  index  numbers,  s^'cures  re^idts  whicli  are  qtiite  as  valuable  for 
nil  prartical  purposes. 

(Jwing  to  the  unusual  inelhtKl  of  fixing  the  scale  of  prices  of  cut 

an<l  wire  nails  and  the  diHiculties  cnc(»untcred  in  securing  satisfnctory 

quotations  of  prices,  It  was  thought  be^t  to  enter  into  a  somewhat 

lengthy  explanation  in  Bulietiu  No.  39..  and  the  reader  is  referred  to 

pMgea22e  to  231  of  that  nnm))er. 


WHOLESALE   PRICES,  1800  TO    VJO'. 


311 


The  base  prices  of  nails  are  the  prices  quoted  by  the  trade,  and 

wliilc  ihey  could  not  he  used,  for  reasons  ex])lained  in  Bulletin  No, 

19,  in  computing  n^iative  prices,  they  form  the  basis  from  wluch  aro 

Iculated  the  actual  prices  for  8-penny  nails,  as  jriven  in  Table  I,  and 

^reforo  the  base  prices  of  both  cut  and  wire  nails  during  1907  are 

iren  in  the  following  tables: 

NAILS:  cvr.  n  \<K  sr/Es. 
piv  ]OD-|Kiand  k>%,  L  o.  \>,  PitUbarK,  on  tbe  Ur.it  ^<t  ■  ^cli  tnonth;  quotAtioiu  from  thj  Iiun  Ago.) 


W 


f   MontlL 

1^1 

Month. 

Trie*. 

Month. 

Pries. 

Month. 

Price. 

CL06 
3.06 
3106 

iii 

13.06 

2.06 

2.06 

July 

August 

Bcptcmher. . 

S2.06 
ZIO 

ii5 

Octobw.... 
Sovmnbpr., 

DeoBiulwr.., 

Aw«g«.^ 

S2.10 

93.0(^X06 

ZOO-Z05 

i 

2.00K 

tW«] 


NAILS:  WIRE.  BASE  SIZES. 
IflO-fKnind  keg:  t  o.  b.  PlttsboiK.  on  the  first  of  each  month;    quoUttons  from  tbo  Iron  Ago.] 


MMlh. 

PriOB. 

Month. 

Prion. 

Month. 

Price. 

Month. 

Prioa. 

Jumur 

VMtnMTT 

Much....... 

»oo 

ZOO 

zoo 

1  April 

May 

Jtinu 

izm 

ZOO 

zoo 

J«»lT 

AiJifUSt 

8«pi«n»»er.. 

IZOO 

zoo 

Z0& 

Octohw.... 
NoTember. . 
Doccmbttr... 

ATenga.. 

n.06 
Z06 
ZU6 

ZOlfT 

In  previous  Bulletins  quotations  have  been  publishe<l  for  two 
H^p^criplions  of  scoured  wool,  but  in  view  of  the  fact  that  such  a  lar^ 
^fcroponion  of  the  wool  is  now  bein^:  marketed  unw8she<l,  montldy 
^Krice  quotations  for  a  standard  grade  of  unwashed  wool  have  also 
^Keen  secure<!.  For  comparative  purposes  the  quotations  on  the 
^ncoured  basis  are  continueil  in  Table  I.  No  relative  prices  were  com- 
puted from  the  quotations  of  unwashed  wool.  It  may  be  necessary 
^ut  some  future  time  to  use  these  quotations  in  the  index  number,  and 
^Kt  was  considered  ailvisable  to  secure  them  from  year  to  year. 

The  quotations  of  actual  prices  of  unwashed  wool  on  the  first  of 
jach  month  for  l?^liO  to  1903  were  shown  in  Bulletin  No.  51  (page 
[7),  for  1904  in  Bulletin  No.  57  (page  40Ji),  for  1905  in  Bulletin  No. 
(page  352).  and  for  1906  in  Bulletin  No.  69  (page  264). 
The  prices  for  1907  follow: 

raOLESALE  PRICE  OF  UNW-VSUED  OHIO   MEDICU   FLEECE   WOOL  (OXE-FOURT!! 
AND  TIIREE-BIOnrnS  GRADE),  1007. 

r  foaoA  In  th«  wmMtem  markfU  (llaUftnnp*,  BontAn,  New  York,  and  PhiladMphU)  on  the  flnt 

of  oa£h  month.] 


I 


Lr- 

Price. 

Month. 

Price 

Month. 

Price. 

Month. 

Price. 

b- 

taaa 
.» 

.33 

'  April 

f-y 

JOOQ 

aa.33 

.33 
.33 

JiUy 

AC«U8t 

Soptembec.. 

10.33 
.31 

Oclobor .... 
Non»mt»*ir. , 

A«»go.. 

•0.S 
.33 
.33 

1 

;■ 

.S90 

mi 

-Mi.  rs—as — 3 

. m 

J 

312 


BTTU-ETTif    OF  THE   BCHEAC   OF  LAJX>B. 


On  preceding  pages  of  this  report  an  ()pix>rtunitT  lias  been  afff>rilp<j 
to  note  tlio  extont  of  the  chaiijro  in  \vhoit^s*lc  |irict*s  U'tww»n  1006  and 
1007,  by  ^fTftups  of  commcMlitioa.  Tho  following^  tiihlf*  shows  the  piT 
cpul  «)f  increase  or  vlocrcftse  in  tho  ttV<'rago  wholesiilp  priro  in  11)07  for 
oarh  indivi<iuaJ  article  as  compared  with  the  price  in  I90fi: 

PKR  CKNT  or  iNcuKAsr,  OK  DKCUKABK  IN  ini:  AV'KRAOK  imoLrBALK  miriTs  or 
rouuouiTiES  IN  iKT?  courAnicp  with  twoo. 

I  Kor  »  ituinft  iWtalUttl  (lnacrl]ilkin  of  thf  «rUclr«  v«  Tuhkr  I,  iwg*  y?  rt  mqJ 

Form  produd*,  /ti  arfic/rj. 


ArtiFb*. 

urio. 

ArtlrK 

otta3 

nacK  mmicASED. 

II^Im:   Vpw  Vnrk:  StnUi,  rliolw 

C*iil«^'  citvrB.  cIk'Icc  to  cAtn*  .      ... 

u   T 

raicr.  kkckaajiu. 

FlA\m»«I :   No.  1 

CotCnn:  nplnnci.  mbMUnir 

0-«ttW'  ftUvrw  icikmI  tavhoion 

14  tl 
113 
3S.fl 
SL7 
tJ,l 

A.? 

Com:  No.  2.  Ciwh 

fiherp:    WMt'^ni ......... 

7.5 

Wti.-..f    .*-.-r,    

Iti                     ^ 

II.,                Mo.  a 

OilU.  VJ. 

BariiQ';  ifi  Miopia 

fborf,  efr.,  5J  article*. 


Dravt; 

t^lCK  UMI  AS  CV  1000. 
cnu'kera,  RtMton 

1 

rnicK  errvvjUBD— ronrltid»d. 

fliitlrr    LPwimnry.  Elgin 

I?.  J 

Bkm'I- 

lit 

1X3 

a; 

'VriVtUnirCODIDKltoL 

iriWBUldB ,^„, 

»•••••*••*■ 

i    Tll-1        (   tl'Til"-',                                                          

nmter.  ilalry.  New  Voric  BUte 

tr\(niT     Imrkwhtt*!                 ... , 

S4>uu 

.1.  Miiorutt*  Af 

1 

Ql3 

114 

111* 
IS.  1 

U' 

IT.  4 
L9l7 

Vi- 
l'( 

I-'! 

,  |.'»r  #)•)«•..   ...... 

'K(.*>  ••• 

1  » 

MMf*  Iwdf,  "tilt  hani*.  w*Mlfini. . .. .. .   , 

.^                                  PKJCX   DClUtUCtl). 

2.1   1 

X»      Mnnt-  Iwyin   «Unr1- t1h«>|M      ,      ,,,... 

IS.M 

atks 

8i 

%,i 

I  ii 

t        »   ...  . 

.» 

Bl 

'2.1 

&!<' 

* 

A.I 

6.9 

ft. 

■    .    I-  VilB     IIW"' 

19  3 


WH< 


180ft  TO  iw:. 


313 


BK&  CE»T  nv  ITiCREAfiS  OH  IXECBEAi^B  T?ff  TTTE  AVKRAGK  WBOLBaALS  FRKKS  OF 
COlUAODiriKS  IS  L907,  C(»Ml'.Vi4iuD  UIlU 


AniclP. 


of  In- 
cm»to  or 


Artlck-. 


pr  ornt 

of  m- 
crras*  or 


r«IC«  JAMS  AS  XX  UWB. 


^^^  o^nou  ttx.  '1  \-  '^vi  -Q  LI  rue . 


llHp  n*rtaitr. 
eovui  (^ttu    tight 


-u 


PUCK  PttrmKAap)— wnrinrtnrt 


tmnymA  EgTpkfan 


cotton  hoM 

Lofttlwr:  wajtcmll 

C^illaa  IbuBuia:  2|  5rKrd«  to  tb» 
Uostoy:  misi's  oottua   hsU  bt 

QMdlM 


flallil&rtl 
MtK.   oU 


IS- 


CDdennmt:  wh.i 


M.  \tLmtte. 


Woiara'a  4iv«  goods:  ca«hznert. 


VDol.  Atluxtic. 
Obio. 


Om  fha»  CX  Acul  XX 


rmiTK  TOTttBWfc 

Twfftil  j«XD»:  ?-4(H.  AnstToHui  fln*.. 
Women'!  dma  K  rL>loth.... 

rUiliMt*:  4-*.  n  

SolKinp:  Husc.  v.  suiu 

Wonl.  Otilo.  niMIuri  tlonr*' 

Lf«th«*r.  h«nM«ii,  oak „ 

Lnftt^<*^:   aoi^.  (niIc. 

Boob  *od  ihfjtrsz  xu<-ii'3  vicf  c&lf,  Dlu- 

«lvrH«J 

EhMUsg*:  brnmz,  M»Ht.inUla,  Fl^iog 

nonabnuul 

chiochiUft.  All  wooi 

tUKf  w»nCPd.  21  Ui  2} 


,  1 


Bam-  a-tuHlMl.  aukmAms 

TlaUiags:  AauMlDaM  A.  C.  A. . 
Shcvtinga:  brown,  rnip«rclJ  R. 
Uosierv:  women'*  coitaB  taaa 

less,  fast  hliick 

CMton  yanu:  ooi 

ShflBtiogs:  bli 

Boots  and  akooa:  bhb's  »pt)t  hoota. 

rasMt.  b»uud  tP|». 

Cotton  AjuvmIb:  J^vMite  totbvpMad. 
IXiMietv:  mca'acutioahalf ho*c,9«*a^ 

l«M,  ?ILNt  blwiIC 

CMtcntyu»:  aortlwtn.  ooin«,  22,«  l — 
SMMlngi:  U«HkwU  Vabmcu  3.  T. . . 

T1—iiiii:  Aiao^WM 

CotUm  thimd:  J  72  I' 
Gli|^un«:  ABMknc--- 
~~       '  1)4MfibKirP^ 


Stuvtlngs:  blMcbed, 


'.r,  Japan 

Anpnican 


can  standard  pgtata... . 
w  Torfc  min>,  Wtniazni 


m.  3»- 


Booto  and  thiotmz  mtmlt  T>r< 

W«M<m'«  dPBH  g<x>4sr  &:i?l 
jHli.  llaanitCDn 

(trwa  1                      It  clotb... 
thread:  3~  ur 

fMi  warp.  AtlaotlD  F 

AMtingf:  brofnt.  Aiiaiitic  A  . .>,». 

Ou^tit:  Wilton,  .V-(rAmf>.  BigHow.... 

fihwUnfra:  btowiu  In<UiUi  UmU 

tfftfb<*r:  tmte,  tuKokcfc ^ 

^9ct»:  ianmln*>phr.  Luw^ 

Bn*t>  arwl  uioesr  m'm'i  vici  kid  ftboea, 

Gaodycar  «<rit ,,. 

Orttag*:  JMDrtl.  stark  A 

QkfMCa:  Bmioela.  .WrHinr.  RUfflow.. 
M&^c  krawn.  I'«|»p«nU 

SUitiagar  bteadicd, '  j^''^^  WunnUt*. 


.9 

1.3 
L4 

1.4 
LA 

2.6 

x&  I 

.1.0 
4.0 

4i| 

43 

a.1  ! 

is 
■i& 

Qift 


I  ■  '  h 

Sbirtiiigv.    t'ruit  of  th»  Loom. 


Ov«rco«tinga:  chinchnia^^rnnon  wnrp. 


Worsted  yams;  2-IOs.  X.XXX  d 

pqtilvalaot,  wUlv 

BIttiilLntv:  n-4.  5  poQoda  to  pair,  aB 

Wui  .1 - 

Boots  ftnd  sboas:  wnman's  toUd  gadu 

skoQi — 

Hoflee  Uuukvtc:  OpMuuJtrach 

OTnooatli^gB:  Kanay.  ataadbrd*  27  to 

VouDcea _ 

SBtttBga:  ctejr  wanted  dlagoaal,   13- 

ounce - 

Sblkloga:  dtny  wofstad  dfagonaL  J^ 

ounce -. 

Women's  dn*it  gooda:  Franklin  Mckh 

fng» 

Shairift!  »«attdard.allwMil(lftW|mMl»t, 

AlAdOUDCCa 


LI 


SLll 


Ptul  and  lighting.  Ji  orticht. 


rars  9MMU  jtm  »  iwiL 
ll«t«4M«:  tarinr,  dAinestlo 


Cnair 

Coal:  ftUtAraolv.  rtow 

Coal:  bltUBUj30U«.  0«aT^a  CieHc  <«t 

lulni?) _.. 

Chat:  ADtltfaetta. 
Caadlcs: 


4  BITLLETIN    OF   THE    BUREAU    OF  UIBOB. 

PER  CKNT  OF  tXCREASR  OR  DECRRASE  IN  THE  AVKRAOE  WBOLKaALE  PRICES  OF 
COUUODITIKa  rN  1W7.  COMPARKD  WITH  lOOA-Conttnacd. 

Jieiali  and  implerMnU,  JtS  artuiiea. 


Art  tele. 


pRiat  SAUK  AM  ra  UM. 


BitttM:  Inniio  Joint,  oust 

Ilunrnprs!  MMylok 

fiawii:  iToiMcut.  IMuton  Ku.  1,. 

B«M«;  h«ii<t,  LilMtiui  No.  7 

BteoJ  r»lU 

Trowels:  U.  C.  O 


rRicK  urmxAtso. 


Au^vni:  cxtr*.  |4ncb 

Axon;  M.  C-  O.,  Vatikoo 

IhMtrknotia.  hIwI.  ItrotiMs-plaied..-. 

Rhnvcjs:    Ames  No   J ,.      ., 

Bar   Imn:    coraiuoo   W   b«rt   nfliwd 

(ritutiurg) 

7tino:  nhwl 

Li<«r1'  pl|M< 

Btorl  •hooti:  Muck.  No,  87 

Tin  {>lAtr<t:  ilonu'ntlc 

('Iilwlr    lutra,  iuM<ki«L  flrmnr 

lUrlrotr   hent  mriiiod  ( rhUadotphla) . . 

Stwl  tilllf  t« 

NalU.    win,  S-pwinjr,  (anM  ami  ooni- 

mop , 


IVrnot 

of  in- 
oroMP  or 


I.I 
3.1 
X.0 

S.A 
4.4 
i4 

6.fi 

0.0 
ft.0 

&1 


Article. 


ruci  nrrnBAi 

Copper:  Ingot   1»tlt<» 

Barn  wire:  p  '        ■-    '      

LuL'ki;  cmir 

VhIIm'   cut    *-  I   ullJoi 

I '  Ml.      I 

i  .       .... 

1    ,y    ,.M.,        i..--..,„rr 

roppor;  Hhort,  hot  rnllod 

riR  iron:  rmmUry  No.  3. 

PiK  iri>n.  uT»y  torn,  •outhtm.. 
Vlsvi:  •ojul  tK)i,  SO^untl 

rues  DBCftUSBO. 

0j^t«r-  wMtvm. 

iinB."."!"!["I!!!II" 

l^(ii->    ^-uilIi  mill  b«*tanl» 

Ijcmd:  pig - 

n«ne6:  OAUoy  No.  &. 


PcTocnt- 

ono- 
onmanoT 


B.4 
8.S 

10  « 
IZO 
13.9 
IX  • 
J&.S 
10.9 
17  « 
31.9 
V7.Q 
97,  S 


1.S 
XI 

%i 
&i 

Mil 


Lumbrr  and  building  viatrriaU,  ^  artietfM, 


nicm  BAin  as  iff  I90t. 

Cbment:  RoMndnk , 

rmirs  iivcaKAavo. 


Lima:  oommon 

Pirtty 

Ciirl»niiHU7  of  if'Hil:  AitHtrioMi 

Ofck:  whll«,  qimrtonMl 

PInU-gUM:  pntl«hod.Kl«Klng.ArM8to 

A  iH)imni  trAl 

Hcn.;."-k 

ri»  ii«hp4.gtAi.lnK.»n>iiMo 


hanl   

•nt    iv.rtland. 

nf  kIiu.'. 

OU:  nkw... 


.B 
t.O 
tl 

l.fl 

a.0 

40 

il) 

4.A 

6.9 

T.a 


mci  mcJtRABBD-eooalndcd. 

Rotin:  fno4.  itmlned , 

Door-':  (iiiu?.  witsltrn 

'  ■     pUUt 

t  iMinnli 

I  ,  No.  2.  barn , 

Pcpiiir ..,. 

Tar ,—...., 

ehlnfle*:  mdfw4«r 

Shinglo*:  cyprpsn , 

nUfft  PKflUASKO. 

Winilow  fEljfM:  Anu<rioan,«lngUi,tblrda 

\Viti<l<>\^  f."M»ii;  .\niprlcitti,  ulitgUi.  Orati. 

Mjixrtiitnt ,.., 

i  I  )iion  domuaUo , 


10 
•.1 

9.S 
10.0 
US 
110 
IS,  9 

ai.8 

sas 


0.0 
L« 
i« 

B.0 


Drug*  ami  chrnticnU,  9  artirUtt. 


rucB  aan  as  di  IflOl 


Alum:  tiimn... 
Murltttit!  oituK. 
tfullitiurlc  acltt . 


niicK 


A!. 


I  aiCB  P«C«BA«Klk 


Brlmnl'im^.-  eriHiw 

Almlivl;  wmidt  rafioml. 


Oh.   

0|MUtU.   UMlUilU,  lo 


t^'.i 


VrHOl.tWAt  F   PRICES,  1800  TO    1901. 


315 


;t  op  ivc&kj^e  or  decreasc  in  toe  average  wnoLESJO^  PRICES  o: 

COMMODITIES  IN  MOT.  COMPARED  WITH  iW^-CoadadeiL 
Uoutt  fumithkng  gootU,  14  arMe$. 


AnMvv 


nuci  UKUtL  AJ  ur  1W6. 


TV-    flint. '8 


en«ni'«olom1 

whitJ«^nuuU 


oUn- 


Arttcla. 


PmiCB  ixritc^sBD. 

TabfecuUcry:  nrrcn 

T»blB  cuUory:  kaivm  and  forfca.... 

Pomttuiv:  Ubkis.  kltcbi!!!. 

Wooden  wan:  tubs.  o*k-fnUned . . 

Funjitunv  l>(<dri>on(  vi«.  uh 

Ktimilun-':  rliiiir:=:.  tx'<lnM>m.  niaplD. 

Fiimitiin--  chfiirn,  Witi-h.'n 

Wooden  w*n>r  piuli.  oak-irninHd.. 


!&.■ 


UiaeetlanM'USj  IS  otHcUs. 


nUCK  *AMC  AS   IH    UOR. 

IMmaao:  ■mnklnc.  gmn.,  8«al  a<  M.  C. 
nucx  ufciciuacD. 


vrmpptng,  nusiU 

TrwKmpitiU 

Rope:  maiuU 

flkMp    (^stilfi.  mottled,  pun.. 

SUrch:  IftUDdry 

P^«r:  imra.  wood 


I 


1.3 
XO 
3.0 
3.3 
10.1 
13v7 


ratcB  racBEASKo—coDcladed. 

Cotton-4««4  ull:  vunuoer  yellov^prtntt 
Malt:  western  nimde 

Tobwco:  pluir,  CllmiLx 

Cot  ton-(i*eii  uitt&l , 

Juta:  raw , 

Rubber:  Tafu  Island,  imw 


ait 

m.9 


2.S 
U.9 


The  most  striking  increases  in  the  average  prices  for  1907  as  com- 
pared with  1006  in  the  group  of  farm  prorlucts  were  for  harley,  oats^ 
hay,  rye,  wheal,  and  corn.     The  article  shomng  the  greatest  docreoae^' 
in  price  was  western  sheep.  flf 

The  articles  showing  the  ^:reatest  increase  in  price  in  food  were 
beef,  molasses,  sun-drie<i  apples,  flour,   butter,  currants,  rice,  «^Ui- 
.  cose,  and  milk,  while  the  articles  showing  the  greatest  dex^rease  were 
nutme*^,  coffee,  evaporated  apples,  pepper,  nn<l  potatoes.  I 

In  the  group  of  clotlus  and  clothing  there  was  an  increase  of  from  ! 
10  to  36.7  per  cent  iu  20  articles,  including  most  of  the  cotton  priMl- 
ucts.  Tlie  principal  increase  in  fuel  and  lighting  was  in  petroleum,  I 
cnidc  and  refine<l,for  export.  Under  metals  and  iinpleinonts  there 
was  a  marked  incretise  in  the  prices  of  locks,  nails,  pig  iron,  copper 
wire,  sheet  copper,  screws,  and  vises.  In  lumber  and  building 
materials  there  was  a  marked  advance  in  timber  produclw,  but  a 
decline  in  brick.  Under  drugs  and  chemicals  there  was  a  large  in- 
crease in  the  price  of  opium  and  of  glycerin,  hut  a  heavy  decrease  in 
the  price  of  alcohol. 

In  the  g^roup  of  house  furnishing  goods  no  articles  for  which  pricon 
are  quoted  decreased  in  price.  The  principal  advance  in  the  group 
was  in  fnrnitiu-e  and  womlen  ware.  In  the  group  of  miscellaneoiia 
articles  there  was  an  advance  in  news  paper,  cotton-soed  oil,  and 


BULLETIN   OF  TUB    BTItBAU    OF   LABOR. 

nittlt.     The  article  in  this  group  that  showetl  the  grcati^st  (li»< 
in  price  was  rubber. 

An  rxaininiition  of  Tahlp  I  in  the  pr<»sent  Bulletin  in  connection 
with  Tabic  I  in  BTtllctin  Nos.  'MK  4.5,  51,  57.  «3,  ami  6*>,  shows  tliat 
the  prices  of  some  of  the  cominoilities  incluilod  in  theae  imle.x  num< 
bers  were  subject   to'  frcfpient  ami  tlwilod  fhictuulion'^,  \sbilo  (h( 
prices  of  othora  were  almost,  and  in  two  cases  altoj^ether,  unifoi 
iLruit^hovtt  the  puinud.     The  [oUowin;;  table  t»Lows  the  lowv*^ 
highest  quotatiooii  and  the  dates  of  the  same  for  each  of  the  con»*1 
raodities  during  the  eighteen-year  period.     Only  the  commodities  fori 
whicii  the  qaotations  throughout  the  periwi  hare  been  for  pmcticallj 
the  same  description  of  article  are  included  in  this  table. 

LOWT.ST  AND  UUiHEST  QUOTATIONS.  IftJM)  TCi  1907. ' 

[Pnr  a  morv  •latallmS  'Imrrtpttnn  nf  th«  nrtlctpn  aei*  TMhIe  T.  !*■(" iHT 9t  iwq.] 

FARn   FKODllTS. 


Article. 


ttftrlny:  Iry^Miinptn 

C*ltlo:  ■Iflan.ehok'Btuftx- 
im. 

Cftttlfi:    ■toen.   good    to 


EiOWti 


mchofti. 


Ttattt. 


Pxlc*. 


Da  to, 


PflM. 


rait. 


Com;  No.3»oMti 

Cottun:  uplasd,  inliUUJuc. 


7UixiK«il:  No.  1 

H«y.  timotby,  No.  I..     . 

Ill<li>r  xreen.  «ntt«il,  pwk.- 
•f».  hvnvy  tuUw  «>wrw. 
Titff*-  lUMvy 

Jl-M 
ihr 

Bye.  : 


>f  ftwk.\u8ri^«t» 


«th   wwft   Apr 

ifloa. 


3<lTiwiJ«nlM0    a. 


ZaTuuSupllflM 

UtTiHaFcKUt, 
-M  Ttien  Nov 

1  -'Ik, 

-  I  [  i»«n 

iti.  itti  TtwaJuljrl  & 

IMM. 

-Ttuw  imi 


Uh    T 

i1    1  111 

m*   July 

-;i>  r,  1    1  Vii 

1 

Whaftt.   etnnnet 


•ttlTnMOctiaNl 


M  •  3.1fi 

»  -    .07 

,7B  -  S^M 

on  -  Ji.i»(> 


2iltuwiJau«lMrl 


ail  Tii»«  Frt  UM 

1.1  TlMa  l/n)i  lMll.1 


•LOS  -tt.m 

7  M  -  »  « 

0.  ;o  -  r.  00 

«Hl*«i 

.U| 

l.M 

1»  Jl 


M     Tucfl 

luu" 


Apr 
*Fr 


^u*l 


.IMO 

.AH-    M 

A.Oi  -  T.M 
ITS-  L«n 


lue: 


ml 


VOOU,  KTC 


iSlr 


,M>ri«r aki« 

XUy,  Juji>  U»7..  .Uk 

May  In  Div  1IVT 
Mmv  toJtilylOU. 

J«fl  t^  Bliiy  1¥M.>  .(af>: 

!••    Umi  linw  Im  tal-    .14 

IWOi  I 

M    Ttm  iUM      .m-   .  M 

JAN).  I 


B^MIMH 

ItMT, 

June  IMK „ 

\iik?  I  ■••Ml.  JCbt 


liUL 


t'-r 

.  ftar 


a^^H 

:a 

^^^^^w 

ftirn 

r^mna] 

.It"' 

■• 

■■ 

WnOUBEXUL  FBICES,  1890  Tu   1907, 


31 


LOWXST  AND  HIGUEST  QCOTATIOXS.  1890  TO  1907— C'oniinuea. 


I 


hosttmt. 


nicest. 


Oatft. 


Batter  AMxjr.  N.  V.  aut& .'  Id     Tdm    Apr 


THcm. 


Dfttfl. 


PTiW, 


CslU 


N.  T^  tttit  cre«m . . 

Cofliw:   Hlo  So.  7 

Edp:  imw4aIiI.  nttar->>7.. 

Tl»Ti-  rmj.drx.  biMil:.  Urge. 

Flaii:  t»erTla<.shore,r<^tm<l. 
Ilib:  — *T*%'^*'.  mK,  Jam* 

n^*  Mtmon.  fiiiiiiO'l  . 

n-  

n  

Finur:     whfwt,     winter 
ctr&lglilK. 

Fruit    iHipiv.evaporaiei]. 

Pnut:  applet! 

Prult-  purrsn- 
Fniit     nnuip-',   ■ 


ftlay 


Apr 


M    TuM 
ICay.  Junn,  Aug, 

lltTMM 

in?. 

lUr     to     SBpt 

l»»<~i,AuglW7. 
MAjrto  AugUNB 
JtUUlST.. 


Apr  1MB 

\prl»r 

July  US7 

Ul   Turn   Nov 

2d  TuM  Oct  to 
1      in  Tues  Xov 


Apr  1W7. 


.06i-     .061 

.lot-     lOi 

4,00  -  4.» 

3.D0-  1.1S 
ft.oa  -  D.ao 

UIO-  L30 
1.00-  M£ 
XaB-3.10 
3.16-3.40 

3.M-3.tf 
.(Ol*    .Ot| 


fr 


C«U(DnUa,     Apr  JiM. 


Giu&'%>Mi „ 

l.mTti    prima  ronlrarl. 


UmI:  corD.  Qbm  wblc« 

MmJ:  vom.  On*  jrvllnw 

l>»*ou,   wort   clear 


b«c<on.    «liort    nt* 


Mdra- 


Uaa-  hen.  tnmh,  nutlv« 


JunaUOT 

«h    Ttiea  July 

deptttM 

:^pt  IMM 

4tb  TUM  iuly. 
la  Tues  AOK 

Uh  Tim*  July. 

Ut  Ti»e«  AU^. 

ml]  8epl  l»t'. 
4th    Tuee    Mar 

2il.M.«h 
AuglH2. 


M«fc    Iwr.    ««ll.    hAine.     4lh    Tom    Oct 
Ul«,ad  T«M 

Nov  iffii.  :i<) 
TueaOctlMr-'. 

3d.  Mh  Tqo« 
Sept,  UtTccji 
0*fC  IWk 

■Ub    Tme    Oct 

4tK  lius  July, 
:til  ( itu  6ept 


UmI-  tuuni.  iraiokad . 


Kaax.  mutioa.  ilrwMd.... 

UMt:  pork,  aialt,  Rlflss,  oUi 

to 


New    Or  loans, 
kkiitJa. 
dcmuuiUr.  rhoit* 


Amrlnui. 


Juno  IsbT,  June 

Judo,  July  lfl07.- 

flapt  lUM  CO  Hey 
IttW. 

3(1     WOBk    Aug 

laoft    to    ^i 

1;"K 
3*1  '. 

May  to  ht  h 
w*«k  S*pt 
l^iDU.  im  vraok 
Jua  lo  M 
week  July 
liiai 
o.-i.  Ncv  lOilI. 
June  ig   Au^ 

jsve. 


so 


.W4 
-Qll 

.oaf 
.sto 
.m 


.63  -    .(16 

.M  -    .01* 


.us;-     .IM 
.05  -     .07 

LdB  -  n.ap 
13.  OB  -12.  SO 

.071-     .071 

.03  -     .06 
7.»  -  S.O0 

,0175 
.33  -    .34 
.Odl-    .04 


M  Tum  U«r 
l»l.  4lta  Toee 
Apr  1907. 

ith,  Sth  Tua* 
Dot  1U07. 

Oct  MO. 


3d     Tum     Dee 

too?. 
JMiloJvtylfor 


Fat)  UCK 

attpl.OrllttlO. 


MarlXX) 

S^tlM 

NoTlSl 

•J&    TD«B    May 

ad    Tum   Hay 


Feb  1901, 

MmtUH 

Oe(Ita». 

OctUBO. 

Jaal»90. 


Not,  Dee  1807... 
3i|     Tun*     Feb 

uoa. 
SUylM 

May  IBOl 

3d.  4tli  Tnae  Oct 

lore. 
4ib   Tum  Mat 

\tm.  %i,  4tii 

TufA  Oct  1002. 
3d,  Mb.  5tll 

July  KHXl. 
3d  «wk  May  to 

3d  week  Jiioe 

let,  Zfi.  3rl  Tum 
Oct,  all  Nov 
1007. 

ith,  mh  Tom 
JuiltW3, 

1st    Taw   JOM 

1007. 
Ub   Tum  Mey 

lasa 

Oett«Decl9UT.. 

JantoJcOylfOO. 

AueCoNovUOl. 

Ixt    ertnk    Nov 
tNO    l«     let 
AprlMU. 


.«-  .tt 

4.00 

G.80  -  ?.00 
90.00 

L73-3.00 
3.  fSO  -  3.  OA 

&u-3.oa 
7.00  -  7.n 

A.SS  -A.  75 

.14i-    .IfiJ 

.11  -  .13 
.U-  .12} 
.U^    .13 

X.2S  -  2.73 

X4a 
.1315 

l.fli 
1.(17  -  1.48 

.ui-  .m 

.13-    .131 
.00  -    .13* 

uoo 


9ii0i 

.15-    .16 
.10-    .13 

.04 
.44  -    .S5 

.OCfr-    -07 

l.U 


AprlflUCutA 

JumUIL 


,0380 


quintftl 
Barrel 


100  tbs 
Barrel 
Daml 

Barrel 


Pound 

I'onnil 


I'uUDd 

Box  ^H 

liW  lbs  ^^ 
i'ound 


lUU  Iba 
i'ound 

luulbe 
lllO  lb{4 
Found 


I'naid 

Pnuad 
Darral 

B«ml 

POMHl 
POMDd 

Banal 

Qsait 
OaOdn 

Pond 

Bartal 


HS18                         BULLETIN   OF   TBE   BUBEAU   OF  LABOB.                  ^i^^^^ 

^^^    LOWEST  AND  HlGUEvST  QITOTATIONS,  1800  TO  1007— Coniinuod. 

^^^P                                                       FOOD,  KTC-CoaclndiA,                                                                       \ 

^B                Artfde. 

LOWMt. 

Hlghut 

Unit. 

Date. 

Frioft. 

D&t*. 

Prk». 

^^B  Bpici*A:  oiitmrftf.    ... 

DncieOT 

Feb   itM.   Jui, 

JiilV  IWJl 

nil  Tlitirs  Apr, 

Ul  TbursMttr 

1W4. 

in  Thun  Jan. 

;*d  riium  Apr. 

4th    T  h  »  r  ■ 

M«y  1MI4. 
Im,    ill    Tliurs 

Ft'ii  iwi:., 
4th    Tur-»   May 

1M7. 
Oct  lUtKl     . 

IOl  la  -«a  lai 

.04i-    .04j 

.(k::uo 
.oa7» 
.Qsnao 

.03i-    .08 
.20-    .Lfl 

.ao-Loo 

.  10  -    .15 
.13 

MnrlHOO 

Nov  IttOO 

Nov.IX«lWO... 
1st.    ::d     Thurt 

»<«pt,  M.  3d. 

4lh  TUura  i)el 

IfAlO. 
iRt,    3(1    Thun 

8cptl«». 

lat  Thnm  .lun« 

ItlBO. 
ad     Tu.-a     F..1. 

IMM. 

Si'pi  imn.. 

FelilSOO 

M    »wk    Juni- 
ItVI. 

Nov  1007 

IU.&4  -MlU 

.i3i-  .i;t| 

.OflBU 

.ooau^OMr7Q 

,w-  ..•» 
&.00  -moo 

L  10  -  1.  .t& 
.10 

Pound 
Pound 

Pound 
Poimd 

Pound           . 

Pound 
Pound 
Pound 
OualHd 

0*non 

^H  Btaibb :  puro  rom 

^B  Btig»r:  feO^  fair  n-Aniiig 

filler:  Mt*  twDtrltugiil 

^^m  Siigiir:  gmntiliitMl. 

^H  *r.iiA» 

^^^9m:  FonnnKK.  tinv 

1 — 

Mny  !»•» 

aa     wrok  Uay, 

*!.  4lh  wwkd 

.Iuii«  IMMl 
OotlWWt'tHipt 

to    Bt-nl     ItlOl, 
Nor     HKW    t" 
Sciit  1004. 

^g                                                               ( Li»TII!i 

AND  CLOT 

HI!VO. 

Bug*:  2-buiihrl,  AmoslcoKg. 
H    HltLiikitit:ll-4.5Iha.toth<i 
^H        (">"•  <*!'  wool. 
^1    bliinki'tn:  ll-4.r>lt>«.totb« 
^H       pair,   rottnii   warp,    nit 
^H       wool  aillDH. 
^m    BlAlltn'lii:  ll-4.51l>s.toth« 
^H       [Milr.rottnn  WKni.rniloo 
^m      nml  wool  nUlng. 

H        limi 

^H   linct                     «,-   Ttvn'w 
^H                              t-tp.lMn., 

^H    Bool                        iiK-fi'ii  virl 
^H   Boutt  liUU  flioo».  woni'^n's 

^H        iinllitr'rnMiih'w'M.li'nlbiT, 

H     p..i. 

^m  Drnr                     t  niulity. 

^H      bill.  .                 .wide  fniiti 

^H  C«rpet(i:  Uni»iiol«.5-frAziie, 

^H         tllgl'loM-. 

^H  ('itrp«'tii:     IngmlQ,     2-pl)'. 

^H             IrdWll. 

^H  ('Hrtirtfi    Wilton,  fi-fnuno. 
^H  Cnttou  llnnnPlB;  '2\  jrdfl.  lo 
^H  Cntr  <                     1}  y<lii.  to 
^H  Cotr                       -nnl.'jno. 

^^       I'm 

Cou                       Brded. 

1 »!'                   uii.aorth* 

^^n      tint,  •           -'.'1. 

^B  I]fiolin«:  AmoRkBjii 

^H  Prilllnya:  bruwo.  Popper- 

Jan  to  Uar  UB5. 
U05toU«7 

1»^ 

•aioi 

.75^ 
.54 

.411 

.00 

l^oo 

2.00 

.75 

L38 

.090 
.«« 
tfiS 
.(XSJ 
.041 
.(U0fi03 
.131 

.<m\ 

.044 

let-lwund  lop. 

SSfif..""-; 

lasi 
104 

.w 

.00 

Lao 

3H.!0 
Ztfl 
1.05 

ica 

IMS 
.5700 
Z» 

-lot 

.241 

HI 

.Ofii 

naff 
Found 

Pound 

round 

PAlt 

Upttln 

Pjur 

Palt 

Yurd 

Yftrt 

YuPl 
Yiinl 

Yiwd 
Yard 
fipcml 
Pound 

Pound 

Y«Pl 
Y»iU 

1W»,IW7 

11105.  iiKm,tvtr7,.. 
NovlffutoJuno 

l«T7. 

I>oo  1000  to  July 
1007. 

J  (HI  iMJOtn  lioc 
1N»4.  l)«c  ItWi 
to  r>v  1007. 

May.  Juw.  July 

IWHl. 

July  1006  to  D«! 
PJU7. 

1007 

1)05,1800 

JaOloJunnlflBK. 
.f«ntQj>ovia05. 

Jaii  tSU7  to  Oct 
ID04. 

JhJI  1M.1  (0  D(« 

tW4. 

Jan  IflOfi  to  Dm 

Jmi  1804  to  Juno 

.1,-            '       to 

Jan  1IH7  to  Dm 

1908. 
Jaoto  Due  IMM. 

JuJyl)nt!lon«« 

1A)9. 
DccimBiuJiinr 

LMO. 

I>tvlaMtoM»r 
18M. 

Jul  to  Mur  im. 

Xov  11)06  to  J«n 

I1Kt7 

1007 

jHlytoOeiiOw. 
July  to  Oct  1907. 
Jimi'  tu  Oral  1007. 
Fab  1004 

Jnly.  JMwlOOT.. 

Aiir.  8n»t.  Oct, 
1007.'.'..  

UOU. 
1  tim  to  ino7,  ma 

m                     I 

lTAikCb.\<\cra.V>e« 

WHOZ^SAi^  PBICES,  IdOO  XO   11M)7. 

LOfTRST  AND  HIGHEST  Qt^OTATIOXS.  1890  TO  iwn    CominuM. 
CLOTHS  AWO  f:M»THIN&-ContlnaM. 


319 


*■  cotton  hslf 
I.  fltui4&rd 
QMUty.  MoMdIn. 
ButUmy :  womflB'scomtm] 

— ^ OOltMl    ho«p, 

4  hni,  double 

B<MHrr'-  vona'BOotton 
.iMtblftck. 
»  to  as  OS..  t«>  to  ITS 


ttfttkcr:  mIo,  h«niloek, 
■oaaeid.  BMaM  Aires. 
■iMdta  vtlgbU,  Ul  qiuO- 

SiJjMr:  wtotOAk 


Luitbflr;  vuc«l(,IOto40 
tb*.  to  tb«  do»..  B  grade. 


•hoe  threvl: 


ja«. 


Umo  thnwd:  9<ord.  3oo- 

rard  aiKMl*,  B*rtimir. 
ClijWiiinny  ;    chinchilla. 


f>  cdvvn  Cloth, 
aB4n..  64jM. 


bl«Mbed,  UM. 

'bletelMd.  IIM, 
WMluotUS.T. 

lltDWD,  •-«.  AC- 

flMvtion:  browti,  4-1,  to- 
dlaiiil««d. 

RbtfCtaKs:  brovn.  M.  Pep- 

.  ti»d,   4-i, 

OSS.     blMCbed,    M. 

MkkM.  «-!. 
WcOMtta  'Vx". 


Lowe«t. 


Ili^hMt. 


D*t«. 


Pl1««. 


Date. 


r«bl8B9 

4.Ug,S«pt  ta»6.. 

Apr    to    iime 

UM.  Juir  to 
Soiit  t8B0,Apr 
to  8<<pt  1107, 
Jul   to   Mar, 

July   10  Dec 

Jime  to  Aug 
law. 


IDDQ.  Ifftt. 


1901. 


Max  1802.. 


8«pt  to  Nov 
fSBCJune  1997 

Jan  to  June  1800, 
FoKJunelSDI, 
Aug  1(M  to 
JuilW&.S«pt. 
I  KTt  iwi,  Apr, 
Jwpc  1887. 

Jail  lun  to  Not 
1«>4.  Jan  to 
Nov  lOOft. 

AprtoDeelMl. 

tMAtniav?.. 


Nov  18M.. 
1W7 


ad    weak    Max 


Apr,  Mar  iSW. . 


Apr  UM  to  Not 
1BP6.  Mar  im 
tooctim. 

DeeUM 


Jtaw  we,  Jan 
Apr,  \nr,  Dec 

IKON. 

Dec  1808 

litviim 

Dec  laM 


pec  iw;  to  Jan 
law. 

lutw*  XfM 

H«IBW 

I'.'blo  AprlWT.I 


xOflO     Maytwrr 

.  30  Sept  to  Dec  1107. 

.DCS     I  Aug.  Sfpt  1907. . 


Dfc    ISM,    Jan 
1907. 

July  to  Nov  im 


.SIflO    I  Not^  laKt  to  8«pt 

1«I4. 
.7«»    ,  UaytoDecl«a7. 
l.Sr74    '  1907 


.41 

.01875 

AH 

.270 

.oei 
.<» 

.04&0 
.OGM 
.0433 


Oct  1413.  Jtuw, 

Sept  ISBA. 
IflBOCoiaBS.... 


:kj  week  Niiv 

JunctoDvc  1907 

Oct  18»  to  Jan 
IWl. 


JdMnoe. 


Mar  to  J  line 
1«H.  AOf  to 
Dec  IflOT. 

Aug  to  Dec  19)7. 

SepttoDmUOT 
Jolr  to  Nor  IW7 
JdlrtoNoTlOOi 

Jolr  to  I>fC  1907. 


3.  4J3S-.T  4fafl     Miiv  1 
2. 91U>~3.  a».'iO     May 
.070  '  Aug  ; 


Prk». 


laOHM 
.4M7 


.07SO 


,07  J 
2.03^ 


laSS-  .77 


.4D-.41 
.80-. tf 


.MOft 
.13 

3.4ftlfl 


tlBlU 


.OBll 
.Ml 

.0T7& 
.W 
.(074 
.11 


r..6Btis-&»iao 

^977ft-&-naDU 

1.3375 


Yard 
Yard 

Yard 

Yaid 

Found 
13  palm 

13  pain 

13  pain 

l^ound 

Pound 
SqflDOt 

Pound 
13 

MlOOlS 

Vart 
Yard 

Yard 

Yard 

Yanl 
Yard 

Yard 

Yard 

Yard 
Yard 
Yard 
Yaid 
Yaid 


Pound 
Pound 
Yard 


■^             320                        JITLLETIS    or   TUB   BURFAU    OF  LABOR 

^^ 

^^^         LOWEST  AND  HIGHEST  QUOTATIONS 

.  1890  TO  1007—<:uBti]itied.          ^M 

^^^f                                 cxoxiu  xnn 

i'IA»'niIfl«^  l«miiulML 

m 

tmtmt. 

Il%h-t.                 !                 1 

^M                        AfUelo. 

TKlt.         , 

Sftts. 

Piioo. 

AM*. 

rite*. 

^H        Sultiuflu:  clay  wontoil  41- 

PohioAprtST. 

laTW 

AufftotmrtODS, 

9LM0 

■ 
YMd 

^H            MKio*].  10-OE.,  Witriltliic- 

Ju)y    to    l>oo 

^H                              UHU 

IWW. 

^H         K                           Kn   )>Iii«<,    an 

Ju  U>  P«o  1^- 

I.W06 

lOmi.  1W7 

UTWFi 

Y%»d 

^H                                     >, It-ox. .Mhl- 

^L 

^^^L%B>                      >-:n   l>lti(>,  tM 

JHUA 

i.aoD3 

.tii«i 

imm.iWT 

Julv       i',M)t\       tn 

ZitiO 

l-OSTA 

Yi»nl 

ianl«BAtoAuf 

^H             tim  Uilla  t>;UD.                              U07. 

V '                    '    ' ; ' 

^H        L'lutarwp&i:      ■hlrtB    And     Jaii  ItWI  to  Drc 

.«« 

Aii...    :  ..J--:. 

144 

V«fO 

21.00 

tue.iwT 

27.00 

12   «kV- 

^^B                ilr^iu-iTft    uli.lx.  >ill  vvt'til. 

IMIA. 

nwBtt 

^H 

Jnii  to  Ofv  laaa. 

.locn 

Hovivtatotttm 

.mo 

Y«i4 

^H 

1W7. 

^H                    f\«>li,        .i»-UI.,        AliHUUi! 

^H 

^H         Wotii'it'ft     ilrvts     gDodo: 

(JrtlWfitnU.y 

.1127 

Jun.>(nlhvlMI7 

.ZIM 

Viinl 

^m             U-iwiD.    4-4,    Atlnutlo 

ISM. 

^^^H 

^B         Uiiu  r. 

^^^H 

^H         'WniiKii's     ilmaii     K"'^l'>: 

.hity     iSMi     10 

•«>| 

Jurw'      I'30:.     to 

.«4 

Yiinl 

^H             1-  rituLlIn  aiioklngp,  hi, 

^H            U.x'l     •iliiM.  (Ill"  llotvv  kX 

July  1807. 
JiuwlMtf 

Nov  iy<)ii. 

.MTS 

JUDV     to     8i<pt 

.-aob 

l*Dund 

^^1 

lOftV 

^H 

Inn.'  IHftV  Itinc 

.2803 

Jtini<, Julv  Aug, 

.CBtO 

l-oand 

^H 

to  H<-pt  IM». 
NovlW&itfMiir 

\t.',    I'.'MI 

^H        Uur-uM  >uii)«;  >4U»,  Aim- 

,73 

N    ■        ■■■      MT 

tso 

INrnad 

^^1               tT'iltiiii  t\:w. 

iwm.    <»oi    t« 
D«ol8M. 

<vt  1UI17. 

^H         WonuM      yKFiu:       3-40a. 

Oct  !«•«  to  If^l. 

.70 

Jan.  f-Vli  IthVi.  .. 

1.3A 

IViuu'l 

^H            XXX  or  liB  coitlvAlidit 

ItlBT. 

^H           In    (iiwluy.     wnlti\     )ii 

^K           ■keLfi«.(«) 

^V                                         rm.  X 

k!f1»   LIClin 

rwMJ. 

^^L       CaiiUk>«:    a<lAiUiintln>\  0*, 

JiiiH  1897  tnJna 

•a{«i 

»»>       IWO      to 

10.  U      1  round 

^H         li-uf. 

IWO. 

Jiitir  lUOt, 

^H       C<Ml:  •nUinicUn,  hnikrn.. 

JllIM*       tiO    Aug 

fw-ptiaas 

3.111 

Auk  »** 

4.  I7«4     Tn« 

^H       Coai:  Aiilhnu?lti>,  chfatmit. 

3.701 

JalilBM 

ton 

Ton           1 

^^1          CAlI:    MJ>ir>fiK<tt>-.  .  t-t{ 

&i>tLiau> 

3.f07 

JikttlOM 

«.t73S 

Ton            1 

^^B 

Au^lWfi 

3.m 

JmiIIM. 

i.mi 

Tiw            1 

^H                                    — jr^a 

Apr     to    July 
IMM.    Jan    to 

.7» 

OcHW 

Mn 

Tod            1 

^^H 

1 

Jtimi  IMS,  JjiD 

1 

to  lljir  i«m. 

1 

AprlW»loMar 

ZIO 

OrtlWO 

«.»       Ton          1 

^^^^^IPOftt'    Titt!imtnn'i«,    I'ttO- 

1 

'irl  TiHM  M«r  tn 

t0.04i-.M! 

*!.    toil     Ttu'n 

.11 

lhi>lMl 

^^^^^  burir    '                 i'>*i. 

Itt  Tijcs  Apr 
1880. 

Not  vm. 

^H       Coki-:                            ritr- 

Apr,  Muy  i«M.. 

.»! 

Mar.  Apr  I'JUO  .. 

VISA-  l» 

Toa 

^H         M  it>  h>^>:  parlor,  tlonu-ntJi?. 

1^  ■ 

1.30 

Jul  to  Oct  1800. 

3.00 

f)« 

^^H        (viritiMinr  tnt'l''  .   

III         *'. . 

;Sf 

iiw»  *Hn 

^ 

n.*rf«l 

^^V         |vrr-ilm;nr  n'fln- .1    If.r  ox-      M^i.    (■^'»i... 

Jwi  to  Uiir  IWO. 

0«llan 

■                                                IW  j  f»h,UArt9ta. 

.(171 

N'ov  irai  to  Fi'T. 

.1(1 

r.aUnn 

^^                                  ■■                'MUs 

ITfU- 

M 

^^K^                                              orcDznllOiloltfar  tkaljif.                                                                  ^^H 

WaOkB&AIJi  FBICKSy  Idtt  TO  Utft. 
lOWBST  AKS  HlOaEST  Qi  OTATIOKS.  VM  TO  IW- 


asi 


juikfo. 


4aM:  U.  C.  Ol.  Y. 


I  Its 


Jll4M. 


»xtr«.    soRkvi 


»l».  liii» 


C«*«ei. 


Ellelxnt. 


Vttsr. 


Oc»UMtoAur 

ockiawt*bM 
Koy  u»4.  Jaa. 


tslfc 


JmwOM. 

Jail,  AprltOA... 

yv»yl9H. , 

Jul  UBO  t«  Am 

to 
JaftUi»«ot«0¥ 


to 


Stnit  18MI 

Nov  18Mto  Jao 

UHT. 

j«ii  un  lo  Api 
i«ir*oavcMs 

?>■•    1«6,    AOC 
HM-.  A  V.  Dm 

jiU)  iwr 

July  un. 

Jum  I0T„„.„ 
lUy  IMI7 

Ctttform  duTfivr 


JnUMto0«c 
JnUMIolUr 


rueo. 


Vte«:  MkUil  hox^SMb 

iToodfcnrvB.-  t-ln.,  So.lO. 


ii^tirtiic 
July  ion  to  Feb 
AprtoDfvUP7.. 


.<U2 


.Ml 

.a 

.■6 

.an 

.on 

1.12 

i.s 


U.3& 

6.U0 

l.S 

.46 
I.OKH 

12. 4D 

T.« 

.0915-    -Oe::, 

MM 

17.00 

,77  J 


OaU. 


Pricau 


F«blM»lvI>w 
WI7. 

AarnoiteDvw 

SMt  in»to  Jm 

IINOl 

IMO. 
FrbtoJAiyBaO 

Itoel^MtoSffOT 


ifarsvc 

Ibrtojiilylior 
Oct.  Xov,  »ee 

19QQ. 

SovlfliVtoAiv 

JflAWat*  Dee 

no7. 
r«b»m 

Jhrntolliiy  1M9. 

onr, 

Ma}  to  ITov  U 
Jait.  F«t>  1MB 


Dw   1! 


Jan  1007. 

JuwBW; 
Jun.    Ff) 


f«b 


m.m 


en 


|0.3»- 


luqr.SttviaH.j  17.00  Joa  mai ., 

Mat  uar. n  .UI8D-   .m«  s-»tuHi. 

•  •^t  I'rfM .ixoi  Jnlvian.. 

•S l3.73i  *3.7T)  KlMlfl»ta 


Lift 

.08 

3.  a 


lUy  wi>«iia». 

llrl     *v<>v  t«« 

rtlljf 

i-WO., 

Ap>rto  !Cov  MB. 

AttffUtt 

F.'h  >«K 

JI1I7 

DM  in»to  8*pC 
rntformilarlnK 

D«lllO» 

Ua  Uitt  10  Mat 


I 


T.ao 


r.ao 

30. 40-30.10 
21.00-31. » 

1.M 

rooa 

ii.«) 
o.«i 


UnlC 


PouiHt 

tmttm 

Pfttr 


Pouod 
Faunl 


Pound 

PBlV 


EMb 

romd 
100  Um 


ymvbm 


Ton 

Ton 
Ton 
Ton 


BmIi 
Doaan 


l.lOOM^  otincn 


.0075 

,4r&-  .000 

4.M 


TMft 

I'uunJ 

r<HitNi 
loom* 


^      aiNOT 
7jn    '  ifltiiM 


i.inunui  Ami  MuiLAiBm  T'r^niifc*. 


btvC  ffaamon  doraante. 
IWtmoaianrkMa:   Aeaarf* 


*l:  BamotlMJe. 


S^it  Il»t  ft«pt 
PtMSA. , 

on.  S4*v  i«m, .. 
ViiriaS 


H.55 


.on  J 


•1.3S-  i.s 
.00 


PM) 


no. 


Apriatt. 


7K-ft3.0O       M 


822 


BULLETIN    OF   THE   BUBEAt:    OF   L.UJOB. 


LOWEST  AND  HIGHEST  QUOTATIONS.  1890  TO  1907-A>minued. 
LmBKIC  AND  BUILDinCS  IHATBHIALB-ConcludAf]. 


Article. 


Ilamlfwk 

Llnw:  (MHumou, 


Llntee*!  oti:  nw. 


Ottk:  vrhlto,  plaiii, 

Onk:  whtto,  t]ttA.rterM. 

Oxtdoof  zlDO 

f'\OK  yellow 


POpIrtf. 

Putty. 


fiosin:  fTCNHl,  ttnUaad. 
IhlnitiM:  cypi«M. 

?pniCB ,....-. 
kr 


Tiirpentln*:  fpliita  of 

Window  kIhmi.     AnierirAii, 
Ktni^ltMU'itn.  nxS  to  lOtl.^ 

mrli. 
WliKlnw  eliim     Ani«r1(tiin, 
RiMKlK.  thin]B,0x8  to  lOxlA 
luob. 


LOVMt. 


VnU. 


PrtM. 


Nov  IHM  to  Jan   tlO 
IWi. 

Scut  tD  [><!0  IDM. 

July  to  8n>t 

lOOCI. 

F(*b.  July  1897... 
Juno    to    Svpt 

t'JUt. 
June    to     Aug 

t9'.)l . 
Jail,  FoblHDO... 


JanlnJuneiaus. 

Jau  to  Apr  laoft, 
J  una  to  Nov 
\m7. 

Sent  1(W7  to  Jan 

Oct,  Nov  IttlM. . . 


Sept  1893 

Jan  to  Dec  1807 . 

July  to  Oct  IMM. 

Sonl  laoci,  Deo 
1803  to  May 
iSM,  Jan  to 
Apr,  J  una 
IMn,  AprlMM. 

Auk.  Itept  IMX). . 

May  to  July  1W6 


July,  Aug  tW2. 


7&-«U.3fi 
.80 

.» 
00-  37.00 

00-  S4.00 

00-  48.00 

.OSi 

80-  U.0O 


39.00-  31. 00 


.0100 

l.OO 

fiO-  12.B0 
.90 


.34 

1.38M 


HIglittet. 


Z>Kt». 


Fiioe. 


July  1906  to  Dec  KB.D0-ff3.KI 

1907.  i 

DeolOOr 1.09-    1.07 


Jtily.  Aug  1901.. 
June  to  Poc  1903. 


M«y  1907 

Dec  1003  to  July 

1904. 
Auie  iWOloDec 


Iftj7. 


Uftv  1000  to  Doo 
l907. 


Uayl907 

U»y  1902  Ui  Uju- 
M  7   . 

l'«t.  .......l-ijI  tAjk 

Apr  1007 


June  LOOS. 
Apr  1901. 


1.2IU   Apr  1901. 


.83 

33.00-  M.OO 

».U0-  05.00 
80.00-86.00 

30.00- Sl.OO 
fl8.00-tt.00 


4.80 

4.» 

34.00-  98.00 

a.wi 


.TTk-    .7» 
4.80 


Unit. 


M  feet 
Uarral 

OftUoa 
UtaM 

Utoat 

MIeet 

M  feet 

Uleet 

Pouad 

M 

U   fMt 

RHirel 


rtuiloD 
£0ei4.rt 


a.S3fiO  fiOaq.ft 


nHt'Ci»ANi>  mBmi4-Ai«f». 


Atcihol;  jfraln 

Jan  luMay  IW). 

11.08       Ueo  1907 

«.03 

(inllon 

Aluviliol:   «o«m1,  rvlluad,9.y>;. 

iJec  IW)7 

.99       Fall  to  Sept  l>«d. 

1.4ti 

u  I.  lion 

Alum:  lump 

Dw  IWl  to  Fob 

>O140  Jan  tnJuue  1890. 

.UliA 

I'uUlul 

ISW. 

BHmirtone:  onule.aoeoads. 

Sent.  iHio  IftW, 
f«k  Mar  IKM. 

Oct,  .Nov  luon... 

U.0O 

Apr  1801,  May 

3&.00 

Too 

OlyoeHn:  rcAne<l 

.u 

.1..-                 ■■...0 

.18 

Putiiul 

Muriatic  ftcid:  W 

Julyl806loDco 

.0075 

N^      .-  .:     \i>r 

.OlAS 

Pound 

Opium:  iiNUiml,  incMee... 

Aug  1893 

i.ao 

Aili;,  Snpt  IW)7. 
Apr  ISO* 

7.00 

Pound 

Quinine:  Aim-rloan 

0<!t.  NrtvlWft... 

:^ 

.40 

Ounce 

Biihiliunc  afltU:  46^ 

Novlft«itoMar 

MOT  1901  u>  Jan 

.014 

Pouad 

IWl.    Apr   to 
Auft.'»ct.Nov 

1003. 

ISM.  Jan  IWS 
10  Nov  18W0. 

ROVSK  FrRTVISUINC;  4ii<M>im. 


Fxtrli 


■r.yl, 


plat«f. 

plAlttil. 


JidylSMtoDec 


'r 


rnnituin):     clialr*.     \<^l' 

r'»>iTi   mapte. 
Ftiiiiiiun.  cUuiro.  ktlctum. 
Puniilmv:  taliloM,  kltctutu 


July  IHOSIiiOm! 
tolVc 

M  IXlC 

JuulSD'toNepi 
isn. 

JaiiloKt'pt  IMM. 
JaiilMftitAiJiine 

19W. 


laaoo; 

.8U1 


Jet)  to  Deo  1004. 


Jan  1901  to  Dec 
1W13. 
8.0«rr    laii  lOrtt  to  Dec 

wnn. 

K75      Nc)vlul)Otol>M> 

Iffff. 
&.O0       Nov  1900  to  Deo 

too:. 

1L7R      .turtFiotiw-l«f7 

14.80       »M  twm  to  IXW 

IW7. 


UflO 

uxoo 


18.  QO 


90-  477Jt|  llomn 
Doaaa 

8at 

DOMO 


WHOLESALB   PRICES,   189*)  TO   1907, 
LOWEST  AXD  HIGHEST  QCOTATIOXS.  IS90  TO  1907— Concluded. 


323 


I 


AjticU. 

LOWMt. 

ni«hi»t. 

Unit. 

D&te. 

Priee. 

Dftttt.                 Prioa. 

m/^K  npplM.  *Ha.. 

lM.eammDo. 
CHuammm:    tmnblBrf.   1- 

Tkbto  catlWT :  OArran ,  sug 
Tkbhcut 

Jan  18M  to  D«c 

1900. 
Jan  liBT  to  Dec 

IWO. 
Jan  to  Dec  18W. 

iwrto  1901.  Jan 
IVIU  lo  Jiuio 
1«I7. 

I8B7 

10,10 
1.00 
.13 
.76 

6.00 
LIO 

1.25 

jHti  iffit  to  D«e 

IWT. 
Jan  1«0l  to  D«c 

lom. 
Jan  to  Dec  18»1, 

1803 

•0.U 

tao 
.» 

.95 

7.76 
XIO 

1.66 

Doma 
Doam 

DOMB 

Pair    3 

uoo.Lsei 

AugloDeclWf?. 

JftniaOOto  Aug 
lt»l,  July  to 
Dw  IWT. 

j 

QlOM  J 

gXttUad. 

Wcodea  wan:  tuba.  a*k- 
gnlsad. 

AprlSMlo  Jitn 
\»m.    Fpb  to 
II AV  IRW. 

Oct  IflM  to  Nov 
18WJ. 

NwKal 
3 

ms('Ki.£.ANi-:f»iK. 


I 


Concth«etd  omI 

Cett4)ti-flm4  oil:    sunmier 

Malt:  w^t-rn  mad* 

r«,-  

Till                     i^g.manlU.. 
t-r-       


Rofw:  BiaiiUa,  i-In(«) 


Bahber:  Para  Island 

Soap:  ca«tll«,tnottlad,pQra. 


F«bl»5 

Not.  Dee  UV7. 


July  IWT 

Oct  imo 

Apr  1J«S 

lat  wkJauto3d 
wk  Mnv  1900. 


Starrh:  taandry. 
Tobaeoo:  plog.. 


Tobacvo:  nDoktng.Knni 
kud.  S«hl  o(  N.  C. 


Aug,  Bept  loan, 
Sept.6fi  IJ«7. 

Arpt  IS)) 

UaylBMtoKov 
18M,  Mar  1MI7. 

A  OS.  Sept,  Oct 


'3k" 


Jtdy.  Aug  ISn. 

dct    IBM    to 

May  t8B7. 
Jan  1800  to  J UM 


Il&00-tl7.00 
.50    -.58 

.0176-  .oaoo 

.0375-  .o«n 
L03 

.0501 

.flO    -.63 
.05 

.03751 

.30 


,50 


Jan  lfl02. 
Fab  IflBS. 


.fil 


Oct  1907 »1.2a    -  1.27 

Jan  ISO .0376-    .OtfiO 

Sept  latS '     .0000-    .0R7& 

3dwkOclto4tb  1.36 

wk  Dec  1907. 
Dociaoo 


JuMl0O6. 
Oct  1904.. 


Aug.  Sept,  Dee 
1W2,  Jan  1003. 

July  l«04toAug 

Aiiglvo^toDeo 
i«a7. 


.157a 

t»    -1.33 
.071 

.oaotM 

.40 


.60 


3000  lb« 
Oaltoa 

Buabil 
Pound 
Pound 
OaUon 

Pound 

Pound 
Pound 

Poand 

Pound 


Potmd 


1  From  \(M  to  lgC7,  ^ac^. 


In  a  number  of  instances  llie  lowe^^t  or  lii^hest  [)rire,  as  shown  in 
the  foregoing  table,  lasted  for  onh*  a  short  time,  in  some  cases  but  a 
few  days  or  even  a  part  of  a  day.  The  groups  of  farm  products,  food^ 
etc.,  and  lumber  and  buihJiiig  materials  show  vert'  wide  variations. 
^*d  to  choice  steers  vai-ieti  from  $:j-$3.90  on  the  second  Tuesday  of 
Luaiy,  1890,  to  S6. 70-17. 60  on  the  last  three  Tuesdaj's  of  August 
tiiil  the  first  two  Tuesdays  of  September,  1002.  Corn  ranged  from 
19J-20  cents  the  second  Tues<lay  of  Soptcml)er,  1806,  to  $0.4Si-|l 
the  fifth  Tuesday  of  May,  1802,  the  high  i>rice  being  due  to  an  attempt 
to  comer  corn  in  the  Chicago  market.  Tlie  failure  of  those  interested 
in  the  comer  to  take  all  corn  offered  at  the  high  price,  however,  and 
the  mmor  that  they  had  failed,  resultetl  in  a  drop  from  SI  to  481  cents 
within  a  few  hours.  Cotton  varied  from  5^^  cents  on  the  first  Tues- 
day of  February  and  the  first  and  second  Tuesda^-s  of  November, 
1898,  to  162  cents  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  February,  1004.  Hides 
vper»  5  to  5,13  cenU  in  June,  1S94.  and  16.50  cents  in  December.  IfliiB 


BITLLBTIN   OF   THfi   BCHCAU   OF  UVBOR. 


Hea\7'  koe»an  tbe  fourth  Tuesday  of  July,  1$96,  wtre  S2.5C>-$3.I5, 
niid  on  the  secoail  Tuesiiay  of  Fi>bruan%  1893,  $8.10-$S.65.  Hops 
ranged  from  G-7  cents  in  Septomber,  ISOo,  to  45-47  rents  in  Novi^t^- 
bcr^  I  SOU,  Out^  raui^ed  fruin  14  J  cents  mi  l\w  soconil  Tuesday  of  Sep- 
tember, ISW,  to  63^-64  cents  on  the  fourth  Tuesday  of  July,  1902. 
Native  sheep  ran^iMJ  from  $0.7.W{.25  mx  tbt^  ftftli  Tuoj^lay  of  October, 
IH04,  to  |JS-$7.J5  oil  the  third  Tuo^^iiay  of  April,  10(17.  Wsaiern 
nhaep  ^h/ow  a  .similar  range.  Wheat  ran|^  &am  48i-41»i  cent^  th« 
fifth  TueHibiy  of  Jiiiiiiur^',  1895,  to  S1.73-$liio  the  second  Tues«lay  «>f 
May,  IS'.iS.  The  liijrh  price  is  said  to  have  been  due  to  an  attempt  to 
contnd  the  price  of  that  commodity  and  also,  to  sonic  extent,  to  ihii 
war  with  Spain  and  the  fear  of  other  forei^^n  complications.  The 
luotiL  marked  variations  In  th«  food  group  txrt*  in  fresli  vegelabie-s, 
onit^ns  having  varicMl  fruiu  $0.50-$!  in  May,  ISW,  to  $^$10  in  Ft4t- 
ruary.  1890,  and  p*>latm*s  from  1(^-1  r»  centA  the  third  week  of  May  antl 
tl»e  third  and  fourth  weeks  *if  June,  IStttt,  to  $l.!U-$l.r!:i  the  seconil 
week  of  Jitne,  1891.  KjrK^  rarie«i  from  lOJ-lOV  cents  the  first  Tues- 
day of  April,  IS97,  t*i  43-50  cents  the  thini  Tuesday  of  Dr  ^  ? 
1907.  Almost  all  the  articles  in  the  food  jxn»up  sl»ow  witle  t... 
which  may  be  M<*en  by  referring  to  the  fore^oin^  table.  In  the  cloibs 
nnd  clothing  <;roup  the  variations  are  not  s<>  luarked,  as  the  prices  of 
many  of  the  articles  in  this  ^Toup  depend  more  lar^n»ly  upon  the  cost  of 
labor  in  ppvlucin^^  them,  while  but  few  of  them  an^  subject  tti  Quclu- 
atioQi*  caused  by  uiauipulutiou  for  llie  purfjoHe  of  hpeculatiua.  Print 
clotb>)  varied  from  |.87o  cent.s  the  sc(  ond  Mivvk  of  May.  181*8,  to  5.25 
centH  from  August  to  the  thinI  week  of  Xovember,  11107.  Of  the  raw 
mflterial;^  in  this  fn'o"p  wool,  fine  (leet»o,  scouretl,  varied  from  34.7H 
cents  in  June.  ISV*5,  to  78. 2*)  cents  in  June  to  Septenil>er.  1005.  Of 
the  fil  articles  shown  under  cloths  and  clothinj^  in  this  table,  28  wen> 
qi»oted  luy;her  in  1*.»U7  than  ut  iiny  utJier  lime  duiin^:  the  IS-vf^r 
period.  In  ttie  [tu*I  and  lighting  group  Vougiuogheny  coal  vur:<  1 
from  4i-4i  cents  per  bushel  in  March  aiwl  April,  1S95I^  to  11  cent*  in 
November,  1891;  c(ike  from  02  centn  in  April  and  May,  1S91,  to 
$3.25-$4.2o  in  March  and  April,  1900;  and  petn»leum,  crude,  frtmi 
filg  ccntd  in  October,  IH02,  to  S1.S8J  in  December,  104)3.  In  the 
group  of  metals  and  implenumts^  best  refine*!  bar  inm  fn>m  store 
varitnl  from  1,2  cents  per  pt>und  in  Xovendwr,  1801,  and  January  auti 
February,  1JS05,  Ut  2..'j  cents  in  September,  IS0!>,  to  .lanuar^-,  1' 
barb  wire  from  .$1.05  iu  August,  1807,  to  $4-13  in  December,  180'J.  i-- 
Marcli,  1900;  pig  iron,  foundry  No.  2,  fi'om  $9.40-$0.50  per  ion  in 
June,  1807,  to  S2G.4i»-?2r».90  in  Jime,  1907;  while  ^ 
from  48.21."^  cents  [ler  ounce  in  Januajy,  1903,  to  :!l.i  i         _ 

1890.     In  lumber  au<l  building  materialH  all  the  articles  varied  nidt  ly. 
In    *  '     '       lii'iils,  wood  Hlrtihfil  varierl  fni;     -  -  , 

J/2  >  /.  to  SJ.40  in  Fcbruarv  to  ^« 


^sstimaM 


VH( 


ICE9,  mi9  TU  190*;. 


325 


^ 


SI. 50  in  Augostp  1$92,  ti>  $7  per  pournl  in  Au^tst  aoil 
Sefttember,  1907.  In  house  fnmizjkin^  goods,  kitirhen  c-huini  were 
$3.:?5  per  (\oien  frotn  January  to  S«ptoBkbec,  ]S9S,  anJ  $5  flvom 
June  to  December^  1907.  In  ihe  miaeeUaDeous  ^roo]),  cotton-Heed 
nw«l.  co(U»-6eed  mi,  paper  (news),  rope,  and  rubber  show  wkie 
TMiaikms. 

ToUir  /A —  MomSUy  actual  avd  rtlatime  friet9  of  eomnmcdiHet  in  191^7 
tmi  hem  friu9  {mermi^fw  1890-1899),  pe^M  396  io  .^4.— Th»  iabb 
uJMfii.  Corenrh  artick"  the  monlbiy  pricp.  wliirh  '  r  the  arrra^ 

ptkr  for  the  month  or  ike  price  on  some  tlar  of  i  'h.     r)n  the 

hne  belinr  the  I>ec^nibrr  price  is  ^vpn  t1>e  ave ra^  price  '  .  car, 

mmI  00  tbe  feie  abore  the  JaQuary  prico  is  ^en  the  jtveraj^o  price 
damig  Uw  10  years  from  tS90  to  1891),  which  average  prict^  is  flc^i^- 
natc<l  iho  batf^e  price. 

The  monthly  prices  far  such  articles  as  are  quoted  weekly  in  Table 
I  were  found  by  dividing  tlte  suni  of  the  (|Uotatit>ns  in  each  month  as 
ikomn  in  Table  I  by  the  number  of  quotations  La  each  month,  except 
for  articles  in  which  a  range  is  quoted,  for  which  articles  the  average 
is  computed  from  the  UMan  of  the  weekly  prices.  In  Table  I  sbi^e 
for  10(>7  are  shown  for  10  articles.  The  [mce  uf  one  of 
maintain^l  throughout  the  jenr,  the  prices  of  three  represent 
Uie  bulk  of  the  sal«*s  and  ure  maintained  gcmsally^  and  the  prices  of 
lanr  &re  avera^r^s  for  the  year.  For  each  of  these  eight  articles  the 
Munni  pffico  has  been  shiywn  in  Table  II  as  the  price  during  each 
BttBtb.  Thn  other  two  articles  for  which  singW  quolntiosifl  for  1907 
an  shown  in  Table  I  have  a  September  prii'.e,  which  represents  the 
bulk  of  lltese  sales  for  tl^  year,  and  the  relative  price  for  1907  was 
therefore  computed  from  that  price,  but  the  price  at  which  aaloa  were 
mmI*  from  January  to  March  was  the  price  of  September,  1900; 
fran  Apcxl  to  Augiist  the  price  of  Aprils  1007,  and  from  September  to 
Daoenibar  the  price  of  Scptembev,  1907.  Consequently  tliese  prices 
wexv  used  in  tliis  table  presenting  monthly  pticaa 

It  was  impossihlo  to  secure  quutatiuns  diiring  all  of  the  months  of 
the  year  for  5  of  tlie  258  articles,  viz:  BucJtwheat  fiour,  sun-<ltied 
a^pfes^  herring,  fwiltaan»  and  potatoes  of  tlie  kind  quoted. 

The  avera^  price  Ibr  1907  was  obtained,  as  has  nhnndy  been 
flxplainMlt  by  dririding  the  sum  ol  the  quotnlioBS  for  the  year  as  shown 
in  Tahte  1  by  the  uumber  of  i|iMtatk>n«  for  the  year.  The  average 
price  tor  the  lO-ycur  period,  ISilf)  to  ISdft*  was  obtained  by  dividing 
the  sum  of  the  arerage  prices  of  tlie  10  years  by  10.  This  average 
price  for  10  yeors  lias  been  adopted  as  the  bnse  for  all  ivhitire  prices. 
For  the  10  articles  which  do  not  show  prices  for  the  entire  period  of  10 
janta,  1890  to  1899.  the  base  in  eadh  case  ia  the  a.verage  of  the  jcnei 
prior  to  an«l  including  tS9^. 


I 


5  BUIXETIN    OF   THE    BL'RBATT    OF   LABOR. 

Ill  ex|)Iamitit»n  of  the  tonu  base  (»r  standard,  as  used  in  connection 
with  relative  prices  or  index  numbers,  it  may  bo  stated  tliat  in  reducing 
a  series  of  actual  prices  to  relative  prices  a  l)ase  niust  firet  be  chofion, 
and  tliis  may  bo  cither  a  single  quotation,  the  average  price  for  1 
year,  or  the  average  for  2  or  more  years.  If  the  ))rice  for  a  single  year 
is  chosen  it  is  essential  tliat  that  year  be  a  normal  one.  for  if  prices  are 
high  in  tlio  year  cliosen  for  the  base  any  subsequent  fall  will  be  unduly 
emphasized,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  if  prices  are  low  any  subsequent 
rise  will  be  emphasized.  For  the  reason  that  all  I  he  commodities 
probably  never  present  a  normal  con<iition  as  regards  prit^s  in  any 
ono  year,  it  was  decided  that  an  average  price  for  a  number  of  yeara 
would  better  reflect  average  or  approximately  normal  conditions  and 
form  a  more  satisfactory  bas<^  than  wi>uld  the  price  for  any  single 
year.  The  period  chosen  as  this  base  was  that  from  1S90  to  1890  a 
period  of  10  years.  The  average  price  of  each  article  for  tlie  base 
period  was  found,  as  previously  stated,  by  adding  together  the  aver- 
age yearly  prices  of  that  article  for  all  of  the  10  years  and  dividing 
by  10. 

The  i^elative  prices  as  shown  in  this  and  other  tables  have  been  cal- 
culated in  the  usual  manner  and  represent  simply  the  percentage 
which  each  monthly  or  yearly  price  is  of  the  base  price.  The  average 
price  for  the  first  1(1  years  of  the  period,  that  is.  the  base,  always  repre- 
sents too,  and  the  percentages  for  each  month  ar  year  enable  the 
reader  to  measure  rea<lily  the  rise  and  fall  from  month  to  month  or 
from  year  to  year  of  the  prices  of  each  single  commodity,  of  any  group 
of  commodities,  or  of  all  the  25S  commodities  involved.  These  com- 
modities are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  under  each  of  the  nine 
general  gn)U|^s,  as  in  Table  I. 

In  onler  that  the  method  pursued  may  bo  more  readily  undcrstoo*!, 
the  reader  is  referred  to  the  table  itsidf,  us  given  on  pages  30tt  to  114. 
Taking  up  the  first  commo<lily  shown,  barley,  we  find  that  the  avei^ 
ago  price  i»er  bushel  for  the  base  period,  ISIK)  to  1S99,  inclusive,  waa 
4/>.34  cents;  the  average  price  for  January',  1007,  waa  54.25  cents; 
that  for  February  was  50.13  cents;  that  for  Martdi  60.45  cents,  etc. 
The  relative  price  for  the  base  f>criod.  as  heretofore  explaine<i,  is 
always  placed  at  100,  and  is  s*^  given  in  the  table.  The  relative  price 
for  January'.  1907,  is  shown  to  be  1 10.7,  or  10.7  per  cent  higher  than 
the  base  or  average  for  the  10  years.  In  Febniary  the  relative  price 
was  130,4,  or  30.4  per  cent  above  tlio  base;  in  March  the  relative  price 
was  153.2.  or  53.2  per  cent  above  the  base;  in  April  it  was  155.0,  or 
55.0  percent  above  thelms<»;  in  May  it  rose  to  171. S,  or  71. S  pernnt 
above  the  base;  in  June  it  was  164.3,  or  64.3  |x»r  c<mt  above  the  base; 
in  July  it  was  H5.0,  or  45.0  per  cent  above  the  ha^e,  and  in  August  it 
rose  again  to  154  6,  or  54.6  per  cent  above  the  base;  in  S' 
it  ailvatinul  tn  ?0}  /i    ar  M)I  .'?  per  ccivt,  ivbuvc  the  has**;   it  n 


J 


^^^^  WHOL£&ALB   PRICES,   ISiW  TO    1007.  82^ 

a^ain  in  Ocluber,  declineil  in  November,  and  in  December  rose  ion 
213.9.  The  relative  price  for  the  ycAf  1907  was  169.0,  or  69  per  cent] 
abore  the  base.  The  figures  in  each  case  were  secured  according  toJ 
the  method  already  explained,  that  for  January,  1907,  being  expressed^ 
as  fuUows; 

iv«ni^  price  for  base  peri<.H  I |0, 4534 

Average  prico  f()r  Januiiry,  1907 |0. 5426 

Ritbtivo  jirii-e  for  base  period 100.0 

iWbltve  prir«  for  Januat}',  1907 - 119.  TJ 

The  remainder  of  the  table  may  lie  analyzed  in  a  similar  manner. 

The  value  of  pricts  given  in  this  relative  form,  it  will  readily  be  seen, 
consists  in  the  means  afTonled  for  tracing  and  measuring  the  changes] 
from  month  to  month,  fmm  year  to  year,  or  from  period  to  j>eriod,  and  I 
in  the  combination  of  prices  of  a  sufficient  number  of  conunotlities  to' 
show  the  general  price  level.     It  must  not  be  assumed  that  a  system  of 
relative  prices  of  representative  commodities  will  enable  one  to  trace 
the  causes  of  changes  in  the  general  price  level  or  to  determine  thej 
effect  of  such  changes  on  any  class  of  consumers  or  on  alt  consumers^  j 
The  use  of  such  a  system  is  to  show  the  general  course  of  prices  from 
lime  to  time  of  one  commodity,  of  a  group  of  commodities,  or  of  all 
commotlities.  \ 

It  is  stated  on  page  308  that  certain  articles  are  no  longer  quoted  i 
and  other  articles  of  the  same  class  are  substituted.  J 

An  explanation  of  the  method  of  computing  the  relative  price  of^ 
these  articles  is  necessary,  and  harness  leather  will  l>e  use<l  as  an  illus- 
tration.    It  nmst  \m>  understood  that  duiing  the  years  when  "country 
middles'*  were  quoted,  they  were  assumed  to  represent  the  several 
i;mdes  of  oak  harness  leather — that  is,  that  the  course  of  prices  of  a 
standard  grade  of  oak  harness  leather  in  an  index  number  of  prices 
fairly  represents  the  course  of  prices  of  the  various  grades  of  oak  hai^i 
ncss  leather.     Therefore,  when  it  became  necessary  to  substitute,  in 
1902.  packers'  hides  for  the  country  middles,  prices  were  secured  for 
packers*  hides  for  both  1901  and  1902,  and  it  was  found  that  the  aver- 
age price  for  the  year  1902  was  the  same,  or  100  percent  of  the  average 
price  for  the  year  1901.     The  relative  price  of  ctmntry  midilU^  in  1901, 
ftsfihown  in  Table  IV,  was  1 14.7  (average  y)ricc  for  the  ten  years,  1890 
to  1S99,  cqiiuLs  100),  and  if  country  middles  represented  oak  harness 
leather  at  that  time,  and  ])ackers*  hides  now  represent  the  class,  liftr-| 
Mess  leather  (shown  by  the  price  of  packers'  hides)  renmined  the  sama-j 
prico  in  1902  as  in  1901.  and  the  relative  i>rice  in  1902  was  therefore 
100  percent  of  114.7,  the  relative  price  in  1901,  wiiicli  gives  114.7  as 
the  relative  price  in  1902.     The  same  method  was  followed  in  comput-1 

ing  relnlive  prices  for  each  of  the  months  4>f  1902.     The  «'  ■  ])] 

o(  harness  loatlier  in  1907  was  0.67  per  cent  above  tho  nvi- 
jTsoi—S'tK  rs-m 1 


823 


DrLLETlX   OF  THE   BVBEAC   OF  L.lPOIt. 


I 


1906;  tliorcforc  tUc  relutivc  [>riu»  in  11>07  wa»  100,67  pvrcont  i>f  I2$j/ 
the  relative  pric^  of  ]VK)0,  wbirh  gives  129.0  aa  the  relative  price  in 
1907.  Tlu'sainc  niplUod  of  rompulingtho  n»lativp  pric<*&  was  fi)llosv(Ki 
for  boots  ami  shoes,  calico,  hosiery,  leather,  shawls,  sheetings,  women  a 
dress  goods,  bar  iron,  doors,  piate  {^lass,  w  liitv  pine,  shin^^los,  ami  juuU 
For  trouserings  and  underwear  the  exact  grade  quoted  for  1*J03  wad 
not  inttiiufactiired  In  11)02.  The  manufacturer  of  tn>usering3,  howJ 
ev©r,estimated  that  one-half  of  the  advance  in  price  over  the  price  fed 
llie  grade  cpiolod  for  previous  yt»Hi-K  wjis  due  to  the  fnet  that  it  was  m 
better  article  and  the  other  half  to  the  advance  in  price  of  material  and' 
cost  of  manufacture.  The  advance  was  $0.1125  per  yani  over  the 
price  in  VMY2;  one-liaif  of  tlus,  $0.0562.5,  was  added  to  tlie  1902  pricA 
of  the  22  to  23  ounce  trouserings  U)  secure  a  thcoivtica!  1902  price  fod 
the  21  to  22  ounce  trouseringa,  an«]  the  1903  relative  price  was  tlietu 
computed  as  alwve.  Undenvear  was  arlii^ranly  >;ivcn  the  same  rvhiJ 
tive  price  in  190:i  as  in  l!t02,  as  the  all-wool  underwear  manufacturedj 
by  iJic  same  linn  showed  uo  change  in  price.  The  1907  rehvlive  priced 
of  trouseringH  and  underwear  were  found  in  the  same  way  as  explained 
above  for  harness  leather. 

Table.  III. —  MoiUhly  relative  pricest  ofeommodUies  in  1907,  pages  ^/^ 
to  4^0. — Tliis  table  repeats  the  relative  monthly  price  for  e^ich  articlw 
as  given  in  Table  IJ.  In  addition,  similar  commodities  have  beeu] 
grouped  and  the  average  of  the  relative  prices  shown  for  the  commodiJ 
tics  in  each  suhgniup  and  in  eaeli  of  the  nine  geiuTal  groups.  Thaa 
aveniges  in  all  casc*s  were  fouikd  by  dividlu^r  the  sum  of  the  relativd 
prices  by  the  number  of  commoiiities  in  the  group  under  consitlerationJ 
It  should  be  Ijonie  constantly  in  nund  that  the  tenn  commodity  id 
used  liere  and  elsewhere  in  a  specific  sense,  "native"  and  "  weetem*'] 
sheep,  for  e^xample,  being  considered  different  commotliiics.  Thd 
methoil  of  securing  average  relative  prie4>s  in  this  and  other  tables 
was  a4  follows;  The  average  relative  price  of  cattle  was  found  by 
adding  the  relative  prices  of  the  two  grades  of  cattle  and  dividing  thd 
sum  by  2.  The  average  for  hogs  was  found  in  tlie  same  marmer,  and 
also  the  average  for  sheep.  The  average  f<ir  live  stock  was  fouml  by 
dividing  the  9Um  of  the  relative  prices  of  both  grades  of  cattle,  both 
grades  of  ho^^H,  and  botli  grades  of  sheep  by  *>,  the  total  uiuuber  of  dif«^ 
ferent  ilescripiions  of  commodities  or  series  of  quotations  in  the  livoJ 
stock  group.  The  average  relative  pric^e  of  each  of  the  nine  geJienhl 
groups  was  found  by  di> '  "  'c  sum  of  the  relative  prices  of  the  dif«l 
ferent  descriptions  of  t-n  iiit-s  fvu*  each  montfi  by  the  inniibci'  <>l 

these  commiKlities  or  seriea  of  quotations  considered*    The  sum  of  \hm 
relative  priceij  In  January,  1907,  of  i"  "  il 

general  group,  food,  etc..  for  example,  ,  iJ 

hj  M,  th(«  numl>er  of  di(T«Mvnt  de»criptionH  of  couunoilitiea  or  Mrin 
ff  quotations  considered  in  that  group,  gives  \\1  S\  v\\c  %x«u^l<vt  \\M 


WHOLESALE  PKICEB.  1980  TO  IWi. 


^Tottp,  foocl.rtCM  for  Jammry,  I^H>7.  Xs  expUinPfl  tn  thr  discussion  of 
Table  II.  it  was  imposBible  to  secure  quotations  during  all  of  tlie 
months  of  Iho  year  fnr  5  of  the  2oS  articlos.  In  order  of  arrangement 
tlieew  are:  Buckwheat  flour,  herring,  salmon.  sun-<Jried  apples,  and 
potatoes.  In  presenting  monthly  relative  prices  for  these  articles  a 
oocniiial  relative  price  (which  is  the  same  as  the  relative  price  for  the 
month  in  which  the  article  was  last  quote<l)  has  been  entere<l  in  this 
table  for  the  montlis  for  which  no  price  quotation  is  shown  in  Tahle  L 
This  nominal  price  enters  into  the  average  for  the  subgroup,  the  gen- 
eral gronpr  and  ''  all  commodities  '*  for  that  month. 

In  the  following  table  tiie  December,  1907,  relative  price  is  com- 
pared with  the  average  for  1890  to  1899.  The  average  price  for  1S90 
to  18^  is  in  every  case  thr  base,  or  100  percent.  Only  the  coraraodi- 
tieiB  fi>r  wliich  the  quotations  tliroughout  the  18-year  perio<l  have  Wen 
for  praclically  the  same  description  of  article  are  inclu<led  below. 
In  using  this  table  it  m\ist  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  comparison  is 
between  the  prices  for  December,  1907,  and  the  average  price.s  for  the 
bttie  period. 


4 


EBLATiVS  raiCES.  DECEVBEB.  1907.  COICrARSt>  WtTU  AVERAGE  PRICE  FOB 

If  wr  *  mom  dBteUed  dMBrtpitaB  o(  tte  artktM  am  Tabls  1,  pit^i  2f7  et  atq.    Awn^B  pr1«e  for  18S0- 

13W-  lOU^.j 


I 

I 

I 


B«l«t|TB 


rocs  XVCKCASKSu 


Oe^:  U^br » , 

q3C:  h'  """'".', 

t:  at..  :ii 

Mtlr»«tMn , 

W^Mi!  ccoUmtt, gntk»,MA 

Byt.:  No.  ^c*A 

akf:  UmnUir.  N».  1 

Conon:  upUoil.  mlddUng^ 


Mas 

IRI.T 

13B.5 

IP  : 
II 


Article. 


rkics 

Cora:  Ku.  2.eMli.. 

0»U:caab 

Bariejr:  by  aampla. 


rmJCS  DECRKJUKO. 


Flwswvd:  No.  1 

New  Yoili  Stole, 
tuiitv* 


iH-a 

U4.7 


Fnod.  fie..  5t  wticlri. 


rues  IXC&KASKI>. 


Brakd:  lo«r  CWMtalBctoD 

lUb:  m]ujkw«i.mll.Iftri«No.S 

V<vrt*blw»  tCMb:  ooUms. 

""    ■         "    mnsMd 

f«UllOM.irlli1« 


100.  A 

HB.Q 

IM. 

1013 

107.(1 
lUft..<> 

iw.n 

112.8 

n3.^. 

II' 

II' 
li: 

UK.  I 


rRiL'E  nfrKZASEO— conllDiMd. 

VlDogBr:  cMer.  Moiunb 

M«it :  bttoon,  atkort  rib  lidM 

Hc*t:  b&ooo,  abort  dear  ahtaft. 

T«Uow 

Me&i:  com.  Urn  whitv 

Flour:  wtMat,  i»pnuK  pKMotai 

[Ard:  prima  contract 

Butler:    creamery,  axtr*  (New  Yodc 

market ) 

Jhri^iit:  ixirt.  R.ilt.nieB»,obllODew.. 

'      '  How 

Klgizi  (Elfiii  rata- 


'■^. 


Stftt*., 


m^ 


380 


BULtiETTN    OV   THE   BUREAU    OF   LABOR, 


RRl.ATIVn    PnjrE3,    DECEMBER.    1907,    COMPARED    WITH    AVKRAr.E    PRICE 

1SOO-ISB»— ('ontiniufl. 

Foodf  eu.f  6£  arfic2«*— Concluded. 


Article. 


rntrx  »rcitiAnc>--«onclud«d. 

nattnn:  mMinm.eholm 

U<-  :    '    -'      it.hams, vMt«m.... 

Ml-  

Ci  '/<irli..hiltrr«4jn 

KtifNi     i'lii  h  vtlicat. 

Fluiir:  rye 

Klsli:  lierrltiK.dbore, round 

KniU:  cnirruntn,  In  l>arrel« 

Kgg*:  Tww-luid.fiuicy,  ne&r-bjr.... 


Arttcta. 


rniri  iwt'NcxaKt*. 


BDRMr'  Oft*  «*iiirtiii(ri»I 


ililornlii.  \n  boxM 
-■•  of,  AtnvrlcftiL.. 

t  .II,.-.-    uii.  ;»■!  r..  . .     .  ' 

Hpirca:  nutmitfri _  


Clotfu  and  chthing,  AS  articUn. 


nticK  ixmcASKn. 


•hoc  thrrad;  ICta,  flariKtiir 

SbdPllnipi:  blQNcbint,   10-4,    Wamiutta 

8.  T 

Bilk:  rnw,  .Inpan,  tlUtiirnii,  No.  I...  — 
Bools  ami  ihov*:  m«o'»  vtul  kl4  ibou. 

QoKiilyvitt  welt 

Urwm  IhniiK):  3<onl.  aolVyiirtl  •poobi> 

nfirlK>iir , 

Wtmi  (.)hin,.nmllumf1floaB(|  to|Kf«d«). 

diMMtri'd , 

|^-Ul!l.   •       H..ll<     ll.lk         .      .  . .       


I.-lW,  0*. 


a  \  1 

1^.; -     I'.i  pound*  to 

(lit*  lioAi-u,  H  Klwii'' 

ShlrilnKi:  Wodchi-*!.!-*  WamJUlU  *^^ 
Hliiiik'-iK:    11-4,  s  poiiml*  In  pNlr.  all 


Iiixii    ;<ii<l  tli'u-f;  wnnu>n'ii  Milld  grain 


(>■ 


lurhJUit.  Ii-mitsh,  All 
li>  '>  t^M'Mia:    Franklin  MOk* 


Cnri"  1  '     lnL-r;i.ri,     -ph.  Lnwpll 

I'r  lilto.  mulo- 


-ppun, 


102.1 
10&  1 

to&.n 

IWT 

lOD.  L 

113  A 
lli& 

tl&8 

M«.A 
ll&l 

11&4 

n&7 
n»o 

lift.  3 
lift  4 

no.  ft 

131.  J 
131.3 

I21.1> 

12X7 


nUCK  DfCNBASXI)— «0O0)udpd. 

WnnI-  uhlo.  fino  fleece  (X  and  XX 

L'l  n.lr'      iW'iiliri>il 


t^fthttif^iv,  all 
-Incll.   AtlJillllfl 


-rt>wD.  4-4,  Indiui  Baad..., 

!     .   .'..auKkrutf 

LiMiltH>r:  wiln,  Itmtmtrk,  Duciioa  Aln<a. 
•n<l  Montpna,  mi<l<il<>  wclgtiU,  tni 

qiullly 

Tlcklnx*:  Anmnkmit  A.L".  A . 

Hhlrtlnri:  bkacbrd,  4-4,  WlUlomfVlUo, 

\  I  .   ,  

Uk 

'  iiii  pound. 


'  IIR.   . 

I  II'  itiiir, 

*J*>1  ;•  , 

Cotl- 

Drill 
i'oll' 
J.  . 
Wot,,.  t- 

t.M  y . 

Bool  _  -u 

ni«M'L-l.Htiht'i   tA>p,  If-Uiul),  ouo-luilX 

douhln  will*  ...    , ,.. 

I'fiiil  rl-liii    J<-iii(  h.  »■^  by  B4 

■    'I    \ .      ... 

1.  fi-pppn-ll  . .. 
I                           .   .  *.  Kriili  Ol  tUr 
Uwoat 


^faimibi,' 


laoLi 


141.  i 
14L» 
ULII 
1U3 

\< 


.  4U  Uu«>i,  JO-UUlUft}.i 

.'vxvx"-.r  it«"l 


I'tt.r.  , 
>M  wool. 


rhlCK  IteCBKASKD, 
CMtircMHillritta:  rovtirt  t-JoihJkht  vrf'ltflll* 


WHOLESALE   PBICES,   1890  TO   1W)7. 


331 


KELATIVC     PRICES,    PKCF.MRER.    «W.    COUPARICD    WITH     AVBRAOB    PRICE     FOJ 

ueo-iino— CtioiinQoci. . 
Fuel  and  lighling^  IJ  articUs. 


Artldo, 

ReUltre 

prt«,  Dp- 

oeinher, 

1»7. 

AnlclB. 

nUCK  r!?CSUSED. 

Coal:  bltnnURous.  Gror»9Cre«l:(t.o.b. 

N»wYorkir.ir>.-r, 

Cok*:  C-oniwIK     ■              ■•i:*  ,.  ,...  .. 

1 

1W.7  ! 

117  6 

134.9 

130.4 

134.S 

1S7.5 

U7.7 

14a  0 

PkicK  OrcitKAflKD-HroocludMl. 

Petrotatun:  reflnftd.  ISfi"  (in  tc»l.  w.  w.. 

Coal:  bttoniiiious,  Oeoqjea  Cn%k  {tk\ 

inliw)                                           

151.7 

i(tft.a 

C««l:  AAthlaci                     .^ 

Comi:  iinibr,»r                       , 

nUCE   DECK£AS£0. 

CAiidlei:  AdAmAiiUno.  tis,  14-otuics 

Hfttotuu:  parlor,  (SomeaUo.. .      

!%!.« 

Wtrol*",                     ,   r export ., 

Cool:  m\                       «>tnut 

CoAl:  ntir 

Co*l:  biiuuur.uu£.  I'itUburg  (roarhl- 

8&.4 

MftaU  aiid  impUmrnta,  35  arficUg. 


L 


TWICE.  SAVK  A«  RAOL 


Saws:  rrosKUt,  Dlwlnn 

TrDwolt:  M.  C.  O..  brick.  KH-lnob. 


PUCS  nCRRAfiSD. 

Jftva:  hAnd.  THMton  No.  7 

Iler:  wMtem „.,,.^,.... 

rh  irim:  calvuilicd ....,...., 

•  niil» , 

Quickailver .■. 

L*Ml:  V^ 

Oopp«r  \^  Vo.  ft.B.  Afl 

Cwjwr  

Fwa-  s  .-.tanJ 

r: ,  ,  .\o.  5... 


rvcv  tKCUUAU>— condadnd. 

100.0     Dotti-  loose  Joint,  cut,  3  by  3  In^ 

100.0  I  Pip-lmn    ff>uu«lry  No.  I 

UttydoieXo.  ij.... 


Z'-uv-  »ti«.'l 


nny,  fence  ftmlcouunoo. 
ri!ftnp<I.     trom     •tors 

1  market! 

hot  rolletl  Omm  iiaM)  ., 


M 


'■  .<M'aiBr , 

<  .  <->.,  Y*nkM 

r.n;  foundrj-  No.  a.  uorthem 

.  solid  box,  oO-pound 

t'>^  iron:  gray  Coiye.  eouthsm,  cok«.. 

Tin:  pig 

("hi"-!*-  pxm.  srtcltrt  flrmer,  l-inob... 


.:«-pUt«d . 


ritlCC  DECBEA5&D.  I 

I  8hovplfl    Anw*  No.  2 ' 

Nails:  wlra.s-p«nny.  fenceacdcoDimoa 
Wofxt  acrewa:  Mnch.  No.  10.  nallMad.  .i 
SUvvr:  bar.  fin* i 


Lumber  and  building  materiaU,  SO  artiela. 


rues  iNdtCjiaEX). 


n.  In  nU.    ... 
a  U>  tU  by  U 


hATlI. 


U*t  KH  by  8  to  10  by  li 


Oildcof  rlfic , 

Oak:  white.  pUln,  l-liloli,  • 

up  wid© 


107. 1 
1U7 

110  3 
122  tl 
13&4   , 

im4 

122LK 

134.  a 

lUS 

riticK  ixcitXASKt>-^onn1adMl. 


'vpre»ji. 


!>ptr1tsol ...^.■..i. 

t-,iK    ..,,,L\  quartrrt>d » , 

I'lnc:  Vf'ijtjw-,  (noR  leaf...,.,.,.....*, 

Ilt'iiil'Vii :  1*  l-y  4  iru*h ., 

Poplar:  yellow 

R«6lli:good,  atraiiMMl 


PUCS  PCOKASKD. 


UnicMf  oil:  raw , 

Brkk:  cominoa  daoDottle, 
Putty  bulk 


Drugs  and  fhanicaU,  9  articttt. 


L 


M 

nucB  tyrcKtxizt*. 

1 
i 

rSICX  PtrBCASEO. 

rtcohUb  ............ 

Ml 

F 

(ta.f 

til 

.iUKHl,96[Kir««l 

40.1 

M 

. .'jj.  111  raw 

V_ 

BULLETIX    OP   THE   BUKKAU    OF   L.VBOR, 


lATIVE    PB1CE3,    DF-CEMnER.    WC.    rnUPARBP    WITH    AVERAOE    PUK'K    FOR 


Ilovae  fumiafunp  lyoorfi,  14  aUdu, 


1                        Aitlcte. 

RnlAitr* 
1007. 

Anlcto. 

RflnTKe 

IW7. 

1                           rJlICC  IXCRXAflCP. 

T»rTlif«riwr)rw:  ptntpit,  while gmnlte 

1  .                           ivea  ann  fork*,  wocv- 

Its.  4 
104.  A 

uA.n 
inn.o 
133.:. 

124.7 
135.0 
W.A 

iao.8 

rnicK  i:((n.CA0KD— ooneludwl. 

Kunilttini:  qImIti,  Iwilromtt.  RUbol*..^ 
WcKxlon  wttn:  paU«,  Oftk-sntiiM 

raice  DxriutAitKO. 

1 
Korthontran!-  tvocap*    Mid    uoMn* 
whlt«)!nLnlto.                   

m.4 

ML7 

w.* 

^^P«- »"'l'i"-                

(ilftMWtiit*-  plh  :i'                   :''in,ouiumaO. 

Gfauirwiirr;  tun                     i  o<imman-. 

^^^P*1IM 

UUcelUmnm§t  tit  ortidn. 


nil  CI  nrcittASED. 

Biilii!. 

117.4 
117. » 

11A.4I 
L23.  I 
19.0 
iaD.8 
130.  A 

roicK  iNcsKA5n^«maud«d. 
Cottoo-Bwd  niMl . 

1M.I 

n 

:  Kruiulftt«a,  Slftlsf 

Holt:  wtwtoni  madft ..* 

171.1 

nUi.:E  DCCimAMCO, 

Rnblmr:  Tiink  Ifthind 

^ 

^B 

|,CM3<tUc  nii>ttlMl.  pan 

iibt 

MB 

1  niAiilUi 

Pawr  vra  pirins,  inftBlltt 

Hf 

mHMKl  oU:  flommar  yvllow.  prbM. 

Tvsmri  DiwA ^ 4........ 

El 

Of  the  farm  products  group,  the  prices  of  12  of  the  IR  articleaiMPt 
^higher  in  Doceniber,  1907,  than  the  nvei-agr  price  for  ISOO  to  tSOO, 
[mnd  the  prices  of  4  articles  were  lower  in  December,  1907,  than  the 
.verage  for  1800  to  18^0. 

The  December,  1007,  price,  compared  with  the  average  price  for 
1800  to  1800,  bhowH  harley  113.9  p<'r  cent  ahove;  oats  S4.7  percent 
above;  corn  55.8  per  cent  above;  cotton  51.9  percent  above,  etc. 

Of  the  food  group,  in  December,  1007,  eggs  were  1(H.8  per  cent 
above  the  average  price  for  liiOO  to  1890;  herring  72.1  per  ceut  ttlK>ve; 
cheese  58.6  per  cent  above;  milk  50.0  per  cent  above,  etc. 

With  these  illustrations  the  reader  is  referre<!  to  the  table. 


WSOLSSXLE  PBICES,  ISOO  TO  IdOT. 


to 

to 


The  facts  presentcJ  in  the  foregoing  table  are  summarized  in 
following  table,  wLuch  shows  the  chitnges  iii  prices  of  articles  iu  each_ 
group,  cla&siiied  by  per  cent  of  change: 

CUAKGES  !X  PRICKS  OF  ARTICLES  FS  KJiCB  GROVP.  CLASSIFIED  BT  PER  CENT 
CHaKOE.  DECEMBER,  iSOf.  COMPARED  WITH  AVERAGE  PRICK  FOR  ItOVtML 


Graup* 


Wtmt  prodoBta.a*. . 
Food.vu 


Ftael  aod  Hghtlnc 
MuTUi 


tnplaaiisnu. 


l>ra(»«a(l 


k 


ToUl. 


MHBtar  oC  MlklM  lor  whJcb  priM- 

Nmn- 

liMrauAd- 

•AIM 
U 

DtanAKd"               1 

arU- 

lOO 
per 
Qmi 

OP 

nioiw 

1 

1 

t 

:r::: 

Leu !  10  or 
tluui  \mdiet 

<IJ        25 

oant.  ent. 

M*'    .V.          1 

per       or          , 
osnt.  jmora.       1 

M 

SI 
64 
13 

l 

1 

4 

M 

26 

11 

18 
3 

lU 
I 
3 
3 
5 

4 

8 

S 



3 

-T 

b 

35 
20 

a 

14 

U 

1 
1 

4 

a 

::::::: 

;;-i- ::::::   ! 

1 
' i 

a» 

: 

2A 

:.|    « 

a 

2|     »|     10|       i[        S     \ 

It  is  seen  in  the  above  coiTipnriiion  of  the  prices  of  Dc^'cnibcr,  1007, 
th  the  average  for  IS90  to  1S91).  that  of  the  16  articles  in  llu^  farm 
products  group,  12  show  au  increase  and  4  a  docxeose;  of  tho  51  in  the 
foods,  etc.,  group,  12  show  an  increase  and  9  a  decrease;  of  the  5.S  in 
the  cloths  and  clotliing  group,  'A  show  an  increase  ami  4  a  decrease; 
of  the  13  in  the  fuel  and  lighting  group,  1 1  show  an  incrca;se  and  2  a 
decrease;  of  the  35  iu  the  metals  and  implements  group,  29  show  an 
increase,  2  show  the  same  price  us  the  average  for  the  base  period, 
and  4  sliow  a  decrease;  of  llie  20  in  the  lumber  and  building  materials 
group,  17  >how  fln  increase  and  3  a  decrease;  of  the  9  In  the  drugs  anil 
chemicals  group,  6  show  an  increase  and  3  a  decrease;  of  the  14  in  iho 
house  furnisliing  goods  group,  11  show  an  increase  and  3  a  decrease; 
of  the  12  in  the  miscellaneous  ^oup,  9  show  an  increase  and  3  a 
decrease.  Of  the  22S  commodities  included  in  the  above  table,  191 
show  an  increase.  2  show  the  same  price  as  the  average  for  the  base 
perioti,  and  35  show  a  decrease.  Of  the  101  conuuodities  that 
ahowed  an  increase  in  December,  1907,  over  the  average  for  1S90  lo 
1899,  2S  advanced  less  than  10  per  cent,  55  advanced  10  or  under  25 
per  cent,  75  advanced  25  or  under  50  per  cent,  26  advanced  50  or 
aniler  100  per  cent,  and  7  advanced  100  per  cent  or  more.  Of  the  35 
cummoditicss  wluch  sbowe^l  a  decrease,  10  decreased  less  than  10  per 
cent.  10  decreased  10  or  under  25  per  cent,  3  ilecreascd  25  or  under 
50  per  cent,  iwid  3  decreased  50  per  cent  or  more. 


BUIXETIN    OK   THE    BVREAi:    OK   1-.\B0R. 


The  number  ninl  per  cent  of  nrticlevS  which  showed  each  specified 
increftse  or  tlecrease  are  given  in  llie  following  lahle: 

NCMURH   AND  PER  CENT  OF  ARTICLKS,  BY   CLASSIFIEU  PER  CENT  OF  INCRBA8K 
OR  DECREASE,  DECEMBER,  1007.COUPARJSD  WITH  AVKRAQE  PRICE  FOR  I80O-1809. 


Number 

of 
anloles. 

Per  cant  1 
of       ' 

anlolei.  ^ 

Num!*r 

of 
urtlotm. 

ppf  cpnl 
of 

Aftldei. 

Prior  IncmiwM: 

IIM)  iBi'  crit  nr  nwifw ., 

r-  ivnt  .  . . 

■  nt.... 

1' -  -■  t^  -.-  i-v.iU.... 

Lt-**  tUiui  lU|M.roeat 

7 
26 
75 
66 

2B 

Priov  deonftWd: 

Li\Ai  than  III  ivrri^nt.    .   , 

IP,           .     ,                      ■           .r   ... 

ToUJ 

10 

10 
•A 

ai 

4.4 

1  S 
1.8 

36 

S9B 

a&i 

TntiLl 

101 

BIS 

lUtkQ 

Price  tune  u  bttM 

a 

"1 

Of  the  228  articles  incliuled  in  this  table,  it  is  seen  that  101,  or  83.8 
per  cent,  show  iin  increase  in  price;  2  articles,  or  0.9  ]>er  cent,  show 
the  same  price  ais  the  average  for  the  base  jK^riocI,  nntl  35  articles,  or 
15.3  per  cent,  sliow  a  decrease  in  price  in  Dw-ember,  1907,  aa  com- 
pared with  the  average  price  for  the  base  |>erio(I, 

Of  the  258  commodities  considered  in  the  Bureau's  conipilntion  of 
prices,  the  nverage  price  of  108  cornuiodities  was  higher  in  December, 
1007,  than  in  DtH-eniber,  1906,  the  average  price  of  62  was  the  same 
in  December,  1007.  as  in  December,  ]00(>,  nnd  the  average  price  of  87 
wort  J<»wer  in  Decend>er,  1907,  than  in  Deceuiber,  1900.  For  ono 
article  there  was  no  quotation  in  Decemlxr,  1907, 

The  following  table  shows  the  relative  prices  of  certain  related  arti- 
cles, so  grouped  as  to  render  easy  u  comparison  of  the  course  of  their 
prices  during  the  year  1907: 

KELATIVK  PRICES  OF  CKUTAIK  OROVPH  OF  RELATED  ARTICLES  IN  1W7. 
[A vantfR  prfctt  for  IRDO-iago-IOILO.] 


Cftttto  Mid  »ttl«  pKHlucta. 

Dfclry  prodtiei*. 

Uontb. 

OftUto. 

SSfc 

BODf. 

,     B««, 

tOM». 

Tallow. 

HidM. 

ICllk. 

Untter. 

r' . . 

la:::; 

122.  a 

ll».7 

IM.O 

110.7 

147.4 

1716 

147.1 

rw  i. 

1  *-.'  Q 

1M.7 

1M.& 

iaft.i 

n^t 

163.3 

1729 

137.  a 

1  ;h  •' 

H<}i 

aur.... 

Ut.3 

]lKt.8 

IW.2 

m.tf 

ISA.  3 

163.  4 

127.6 

UJ   » 

1  i'.t.  4 

(«?•::: 

131.8 

lodo 

IAS 

121.  fl 

144.6 

1A3-8 

137.  & 

IW.S 

JA2.U 

117.7 

111.7 

Las.3 

121.  A 

144  4 

16.1  4 

112.6 

n*ii 

137.6 

iS^:.:: 

la.u 

ltO.3 

IM.2 

li't.M 

146.7 

lA&fi 

«S.O 

110.0 

iaa4 

ltt.8 

i3.i.a 

IW.3 

Vi\.A 

143.7 

1.17.  I 

laii 

U6.S 

i:svt 

aSR::-: 

lai.o 

laiv 

1«5.  1 

VJl  0 

146.7 

\SOti 

121.2 

lUO 

121^ 

136. 7 

13QL4 

lAT.a 

1217 

143.7 

im.o 

IS  6 

W.I 

I3H  4 

Oirt .  .  . . 

1S4.K 

U1.& 

lfiU.2 

I'.-;.!* 

i:t7.  U 

1M.V 

1M.9 

132.0 

16U.« 

Nov     . . 

MA  U 

m  3 

tW.ff 

inw 

Ml..') 

14A.G 

tMO 

MiO 

i."eo 

thK... 

iw.a 

11*.)* 

148.0 

I.-OA 

142. » 

19116 

1.W9 

UL6 

iM.a 

)*P?.. 

m.9 

n«.7 

IHO 

1:22.6 

166.1 

J1L.4 

136.6 

'•" 

WHOLESALE  PRICES, 


TO  1907. 


81 


BKLATTTB  PRICES  OF  CEUTAIK  GROrPS  OF  RKLATKD  ARTICLES  IN  1007— CunlluucU, 
[Avcfsec  price  for  )SOO-IS(»->tOO.oO 


Uauth, 

Tlas*  and  hog  pro>]uet«. 

Staaep  and  aheep  produvta- 

a«a». 

Buoa. 

IT*m«.     1 
Hmolnd. 

llMopork. 

L«rd. 

Sbeep. 

Xailon.      Wool. 

1     ;«a- 

i«t 

144.  ft 

TO  4 

15i7 

149.3 

129.3 

114.1 

131.3 

^^  Ah.  ... 

IAS 

UI.7 

IVLA 

101.2 

15\7 

13L0 

111*.  7 

121.3 

^B  Mat. 

lfil.3 

14ft.  3 

IK.  6 

1^3 

144.2 

1X7.  U 

130  2 

IIU.K 

^BlAflf. 

ISOlS 

141.7 

latLo 

iaa.s 

ma 

145.7 

1X»  0 

1I9.K 

^H^Sr 

144.7 

144.4 

iae.4 

154.7 

143.1 

141.3 

137.7 

119.  8 

^BwM 

IV.O 

141.4 

137.  JS 

155  3 

1382 

141.0 

128  5 

U1.7 

^Vjiibv 

iae.B 

1.V.3 

137.0 

irM.  u 

i;».  :i 

UtLS 

107.  4 

121.7 

^B^AV 

UV.9 

14a  0 

137.3 

IM.  8 

181  n 

1.T1.H 

111.1 

123.7 

^Kfi^K..  .^ 

IA4 

140.4 

133.4 

153.0 

111  I 

1.T3.S 

100.4 

12.^7 

^HbST.... 

14X9 

140.8 

131.4 

147.4 

142.4 

12a.  5 

110  1 

121.7 

^BBmt 

114.0 

13L7 

134.3 

1J7.8 

1^2.1 

HiL3 

109.4 

121.7 

UOT... 

UIS.4 

m.8 

106.  & 

13X0 

127.7 

88.8 

104.1 

131.  T 

lSk2 

140.  T 

132L4 

151.0 

140.7 

1^9 

110.0 

131.5 

MonU. 

Corn. 

cte. 

Flnvml.etr. 

Ryr  and  179 

flour. 

wheat  flour.                 FlOOr. «t«. 

Com. 

COM 

-.i"'-"-  12:1: 

Lln«on] 
oU. 

Rye, 

1 

n 

our. 

Wheftt 

Wb«it   I^Tirat  Crmek- 

"    fSoar-      Hour.  |    era. 

L08f 

bmad. 

Jka 

108.4 

14ft 

8     1U.9     100.3 

M.4 

iiii.9 

110.8 

•7.1 

,      90.0 

oao 

113.1 

110.9 

rrb.        .'  TH.2 

H« 

^      I2'.  9      107.3 

90.4 

130.8 

1183 

105. « 

93.0 

93.0 

IIZl 

iiao 

H      V 

-'      108.2 

VX.* 

137.4 

117.8 

106.  ( 

91.0 

91.0 

11^1 

HO.  9 

■ 

iM.7 

1(0.4 

U0.7 

110.1 

107.  ( 

91.0 

91.9 

112.1 

110.9 

B  -'  '    - 

106.6 

va4 

i5a3 

119.1 

137.; 

107.8 

1U7.K 

112.1 

itas 

^J^mc,  ..    i«>. - 

'      118  4 

97.0 

104. 1 

IA2.3 

13R.( 

114  A 

114.  A 

112.1 

110.9 

■Mr...-  l<3  2 

112.A 

99.3 

101.  J 

ir>3.o 

128.5 

115  0 

II.VO 

112.1 

uao 

■£«  ...MW' 

103.1 

94  8 

140.  H 

148.  & 

m.; 

111.7 

111.7 

113.1 

uao 

HB-- 

100.4 

94.8 

108.7 

145.5 

134.1 

llri.9 

118  0 

112:1 

lias 

^^H- 

107.9 

103.0 

war 

150. 0 

138.! 

134.7 

124.7 

113:1 

110.0 

^^m. 

101.5 

108.0 

14&0 

IM.8 

124.4 

132.5 

122.5 

112.1 

iiao 

^TE..... 

I. v.,  s 

l.i. 

•J  1   IJ**  «  ,     1*4.1 

99.3 

148.4 

103.0 

128.3 

1ZZ.3 

123.3 

113.1 

lUHB 

►  i9»r.. 

,m.|.«. 

4  '  ni.  i    loo.  1 

1         1 

05.7 

145.4 

138  7 

120.8 

1    108.0  1    1080 

113.1 

llOiO 

r 

Cotton  ftDd  ootton  foodi. 

Mooth. 

Cotton: 

Ba«8: 

CbIIw; 

opUnd. 

3.buahi«:. 

Amencttn 

Cotton 

Cotton 

Cotton 

Denlmt. 

OriU- 

Oir^- 

]lo«i«r7. 

mid- 

Amof- 

*t«ndiirtl  flanoriA. 

thread. 

jwn». 

li«>. 

dling. 

kaa«. 

priau. 

130.9 

132.3 

105.1 

133.9 

120.1 

131.0 

133.1 

142.1 

113.0 

9S.0 

^ 

lao 

132.3 

105.1 

133.9 

laai 

133:2 

123.1 

14Si8 

1152 

93.0 

Ur 

148  8 

l.t2.2 

lUO 

I3.T0 

130.1 

131  n 

134  5 

145.4 

115.2 

03.0 

LBV^-.. 

143^4 

130.4 

114.0 

IU.9 

laai 

131.9 

134.fi 

145  1 

116.2 

94.5 

By.,., 

1519 

130  4 

114.  A 

I*).  4 

laOLi 

131.9 

134  5 

151.3 

115.2 

948 

OM.... 

ULl 

iaa4 

Hi  A 

140.4 

143.4 

13*  8 

134  1 

147.7 

11.5.3 

94.  S 

y.... 

i&a 

iao.4 

1212 

144  4 

145.4 

142.9 

138.9 

140.3 

124.0 

94.5 

171^ 

ISO.  4 

134.2 

144.4 

145.4 

142.  D 

141.3 

1U3 

130.3 

94.5 

I«l$ 

IKll 

133^7 

144  4 

14S.4 

140.1 

141.3 

150  1 

133.0 

07.4 

9?  11 

141.  ft 

]»L4 

133.7 

144  4 

14&4 

134  4 

141.3 

147.2 

138. » 

97.4 

li#v 

tan 

190.4 

1M.7 

140  4 

145.4 

123.2 

130.  & 

1480 

128.9 

97.1 

)»..l.. 

ULV 

139.4 

133.7 

140.4 

146.4 

123.2 

138.5 

151.0 

138.9 

07.4 

tt»... 

1S3.0 

136.  & 

m.o 

130.5 

m. 

133.0 

132.3 

147.3 

122.0 

6W.< 

•  AMn««  for  1893-1899-100X1. 


8  Sm  staUpkotit  on  page  335. 


36 


BrtLETIN    OF   THK    UrUF-VV    OF   LABOR. 


CLATIVK  PRICES  OF  CF.RTAlX  nnOtTPS  OF  RELATED  ARTICLKB  IN  ia07-Coaelud«4, 
[Avongp  prtcvfor  ISM>-tKHi-tOO.».1 


Co< 

(..■ 

M. 

V. 

If-n  jrkmU. 

Montti. 

Trlot 
cloilu. 

Bbwt-  1  Stiift-      Tlek- 

Wool. 

kei.(^  STtSi"  *^*"^"*i 

FIsJi- 

Hormd 

fcet*.  1 

J«n.... 

Ml^9 

ISLO  !      )34ttl     m.« 

m,t  \    ttkQ 

ua^4 

izi.d 

tSX4 

1^9 

FA 

ICO 

m.3      12&t!     ima 

ui^      imo 

»«.» 

i:ti.3 

r.3.4 

1A9 

Kftr..... 

lMf> 

ia&7         1X14         1ZI.5 

11R.8 

llftO 

IM^I 

I£U3 

ia.4 

Uft« 

aKv::: 

Uftti 

lSi.0         Ut.1          122.  & 

119.8 

imo 

IUlB 

1X1.3 

I?.'   4 

m9 

WIS 

m.4 

uxi  I     i.rr.a 

tio.s 

imo 

Uiit 

1£).3 

ir 

'1  0 

imci 

ULS 

i:i&.i       iiT.i 

lai.  7 

tmo 

IM.0 

ij:t.2 

I 

Jiiy.... 

177.  S 

ia.4 

lao  1     1x2.0 

m.7 

UftO 

U9.9 

I2S.3 

1., 

"  i 

Aa«.... 

ttt,0 

t&& 

14a.  9  1      1^V7 

121.7 

imo 

!».• 

m.3 

ix^  1 

iau.9 

»»?.... 

imo 

UXU 

141.  S  <      Ltd.  7 

121.7 

imo 

IU.4 

12»,3 

1214 

s: 

Oel 

mo 

UCiJ 

I4&.a       ixn.7 

121.7 

IttO 

IW.t 

izt.a 

1314 

K«T.... 

m.o 

ims 

141.S         130.7 

121.7 

llftD 

U&ft 

t'£l.3 

1314 

I3ii9 

Dm..... 

iii.» 

i»i 

t^&         1S&7 

U1.7 

OftO 

Ui.9 

121.3 

1311 

lJli9 

ltV7... 

MV.4 

ML3 

iin.4      i».4|    lai.s 

UftO 

It*,  ft 

U3.3!      IZLI 

imo 

We«l  ABd  VtMtlM  lOOdlb 

I;-'         1      ■'. 

'••^  '     r^rekma. 

MmU. 

Nil 

hAwte. 

Bull- 

VMT 
WPOIJ, 

Wotn- 

dlMtt 

wool). 

lao 

yiuUR. 

lUdM. 

134.4 

H7S 

Onidft. 

A*- 

ftnoU 

Jan.... 

m.a  ' 

107.0 

131 S 

11A.S 

1A« 

1719 

1  in.** 

1    mf 

f»b.... 

134.9 

107  0 

IXI.il 

U.ll         1XE.0 

I9IL4 

1719 

139LO 

lUr. .  - . 

m,9 

107.  U 

lUX 

iia.«t     i&o 

12K4 

iia.4 

1211 

!».« 

Aj»r.... 

134.9 

107  0 

in  s 

iixsl     IAO 

un4 

L&LS 

l>il 

i 

imo 

m.  u 

m* 

1"  1 

113.»i      1320 

IA4 

1&14 

1X4 

Hi  i        liL-.i. 

UlftO 

3m»... 

L34.  0 

)'■ 

I 

11.V8         l-UO 

C7.4 

1A(LI!I 

IXL8 

EM.: 

uxn 

lako 

Joty.. 

124  B 

1... 

.    i 

115.8 

IS  0 

137.4 

i:.7  I 

V72  8 

lai.: 

)Ml6 

1       141.4 

ApJ... 

124. « 

lU.II 

1 11  4 

11^8 

132.0 

127.4 

I' 

^■;  f) 

ta&i 

Ian.  ft 

1       t«l.« 

a?.:-.: 

l>tl# 

ItW.O 

t.tL4 

11V« 

1.UU 

i:£7.4 

,, 

IK.: 

IW^M 

141  0 

134.9 

«J7.  n 

1X1.4 

11  v» 

)X'.4 

m.4 

1 

1 

138.: 

196.0 

141.0 

Not...., 

IM.9  1 

107,0 

iai.4 

11A.« 

137.4 

E37.  4       U>  i> 

\ji  i 

133LI 

1»&.<1 

1418 

Pm.... 

IM*| 

107.0 

in.  4 

11A.S 

1Z7.4 

ir.  4        ISO.  & 

123.9 

ttti 

r    «B.o 

.    ttta 

IW.. 

134  »  1 

1U7.U 

1:1s.  1 

1)5.8 

1W.II 

137.9      l«.:i|    134.0 

liv  0  '    l»  .; 

'       1.7X1 

An  exaniination  of  thin  table  shows  that  during;  11)07,  with  few 
exceptions,  related  arlicUv?  followed  the  samo  price  m  1*   for 

the  year.     Prices  of  cnttlf*  j>rtxlucts,  except  rnes-s  \iee\,  \    ■  i  in  A 

getioral  way  the  prices  of  cattle.  Prices  of  all  of  the  hog  products 
sheretl  in  the  derline  inaile  in  the  price  of  hoj^  during!:  ti^o  IjwsI  two 
montlis  of  the  year.  Mutton  reflects  tlio  decline  in  price  of  sheep, 
corn  m4Mil  refleets  the  adTance  and  ilecline  of  cc^rn,  but  t^lucoste  cfm- 
tiniied  to  advance  tmlil  llie  end  of  the  year.  Prices  of  wheat  flour 
foHitwe*!  the  price  of  wheat,  but  crackers  and  loaf  bread  remtuneil 
the  same.  Cvttoo  receded  from  the  price  shown  during  the  summer^ 
hut  the  movement  was  not  fully  reflerled  in  cotton  ^'oods,  :i  ul 

articles  either  advanced   or  remained   the  same  during   i-  ir. 

Wool  and  woolen  goods  sustained  a  very  steady  price  during  the 
year,  the  principnl  vnriation  l>einj;  in  women's  -^  "Is  (till  wool)* 

Leather  and   bottn  and  slioe.s  reflect   but  ver  !\    the   heavy 

decline  shown  in  the  j>rice  of  hiiie^. 


WUOUESAUi  PWrRSyJ 


337 


The  lowest  nv      '  '  •     '   '  iico  ilurin^  1007  for  cAltIc  wns  100.2 

in  Derember.  lii  in  July;  the  l(»west  for  freiih  hpef 

vas   103.8  in  Mwch,  the  higher  124.9  in  Ai.ijeriwt;  the  lowest  for 

htmi  hmam  was  134.0  in  January,  <hp  hi;^hest   1G0.3  in  November; 

t     tte  kywMt  for  nM*-&  l>eef  was  110.7  in  January,  the  lu;4lu'*t  13:^.5 

Hpn  Deeember;  th?  lowast  for  Lallow  was   126.0  in   Dccembrr,   the 

Hvigbesi  155.2  irv  M^rrh;  the  lowest  for  hidrs  was  \'2i).^  in  ]3eccml>er, 

V'tlw  (lighcst  173.0  in  January'.     Th*»  fiicts  for  (ho  oihpr  «rri»ni>s  may 

be  se^n  by  reference  to  the  table. 
^m  TiMe  IV. — Avrmfj£  y^arhj  artital  aiul  rthUlrt  jtrtct'S  of  cftrnnmdi- 
■«N«.  ISOtJ  to  J307,  ami  1ms*-  prii'e»  (average  for  iS9(i-lSlHi),  jtafjes  427 
Co  ^SS, — Tliis  tablf^  shows  for  eack  rommotiity  the  average  jiricc  for 
each  of  the  IS  years  from  1S90  to  1007.  In  the  parallel  column 
fullowinji;  i.-^  given  the  rt-lative  pm-.e  for  ea«']i  year — that  is,  the  [>er 
ecol  that  the  price  in  each  ^Tar  13  of  the  average  price  for  the  10 

I  years  from  IMOO  to  1809.  In  the  line  above  the  prices  for  ISOO  are 
given  the  average  prices  for  the  lO-year  i>erio(l  taken  as  tlie  baSis 
of  coznpan:»on. 
The  average  price  for  each  year  was  obtaine*!,  as  h&.^  lieen  explained 
on  page  310,  by  Jivitling  the  siun  of  the  qiu^tationa  for  each  year  aa 
sluiwu  in  Table  I  by  tlie  numl)er  of  quotations  for  each  year.  The 
trerage  price  for  the  lO-year  period  (ISOO  to  ISOO)  was  obtained  by 
dividing  the  sura  of  the  nverac:;e  prices  of  the  10  years  by  10.  Tlie 
relative  prices  for  each  year  were  computed  in  the  same  way  as  for 
each  month,  as  explained  in  the  iliscuasion  of  Table  II. ^ 

Tahh  V. —  Yfarhj  rtlailve  pricfs  of  commiHiiiics,  ISOO  to  1907,  jKt^es 
iof  io  471. — This  tal>le  is  taken  from  Tahle  IV  an<l  sliows  the  Dilative 
prices  of  each  of  the  commo*iities  incliidetl  therein.  In  this  table 
I  similar  commodities  liave  been  ^r(»ii|>ed  and  the  averaire  of  the  rela- 
Btive  prices  shown  for  the  commodities  in  each  subgroup  and  in  each 
^Krrf  the  0  general  j^'roups.  The  averages  in  all  coses  were  foimd  by 
^■dividing  the  sum  of  the  relative  prices  by  the  number  of  comraodi- 
^Bties  in  the  proup  under  consiileration.  as  explaineil  on  page  32S 
^■in  the  discussion  of  Table  III.  The  .average  relative  price  of  each 
of  the  0  general  groups  was  found  by  dividing  the  sum  of  the  relative 
[prices  of  the  different  descriptions  of  commodities  for  each  year  b^' 
jthfl*  number  of  those  commodities  or  series  of  quotations  considered 
[in  that  year.  The  sum  of  the  relative  prices  in  ISOO  ol  the  commodi- 
[lie«  t^bown  under  tlie  general  group  f<H>d,  etc.,  for  example,  'ia  5,053.2, 
rhich  amount,  divideil  by  53,  the  number  of  different  descriptions 
»f  conunodities  or  series  <*f  quotations  consitlercil  for  that  year,  gives 
12.4,  the  average  fc»r  the  group  riM)d,  etc.,  for  ISOO.  For  ISO:?  io 
1903,  M  eommo<!itieji  are  quoted  in  this  group,  and  that  number  is 
'onlingl,v  the  ili\'isor  for  each  of  lht>s«"'  years.  For  1004  to  100' 
iH9inmoiiit4os  are  iacludt?i]  ia  tiui*  group. 


838 


BULLETIN    OF   THE   BUREAU   OF   LABOR. 


The  average  relative  price  of  each  of  the  9  general  p-oiipa  for 
enrh  year  of  Ihp  period  and  the  average  relative  price  of  itll  conunocli- 
tios  for  each  year  are  shown  on  page  295. 

The  average  rehitive  prices  of  the  24S  commtnlities  fcir  which  qunlii- 
tlons  were  secured  for  the  entire  period  involved  do  not  iliffer  mate- 
rially from  the  RYera*To  relative  price  of  all  eonimoditJiia  shown  in  a 
preceding  table  basetl  on  the  varying  number  of  commodities  in  the 
dilfereat  years.  Kliminnling  the  commoditie^s  for  wliieh  quota- 
tions coulil  be  secured  for  only  a  portion  of  the  period,  we  find  that 
the  average  rehitive  price  of  the  24S  commoditie.s  remaining  was 
120.5  in  1007,  exactly  the  same  tm  the  relative  ])rice  for  the  258 
articles  for  wluch  wholesale  prices  were  secured  in  this  inve-stigation. 

The  following  table  shows  for  each  of  the  9  general  groups  the 
relative  prices  v>f  n>07  compared  witli  tlie  average  for  ISDO  to  IS99. 

There  are  inchuled  in  this  table  only  those  commodities  which 
have  retained  practically  the  same  description  throughout  the  IS-year 
period.  The  average  price  for  1S90  to  1899  is  in  every  ca^e  the  base, 
or  100  per  cent.  It  should  be  kept  in  mimi  in  using  the  table  that 
the  comparison  is  between  the  average  prices  for  1007  and  the  aver- 
age prices  for  the  ba^e  period. 

RELATIVE  PRICES,  IWO,  COMPARED  WITH  AVKRAOE   TRICE  FOR   imo-imv. 
fFor  a  more  deUllad  d»«fintluii  of  tiM  nrllrlMi  tm  Ttiiita  I,  puipi  947  el  mhi.    Avvmg*  prtM  for  tMO- 

Farm  prtuiwtSy  Ui  artirUM, 


Artlolv. 

R*Utlv« 

13?; 

Artlflp. 

RdAlUe 
prkn, 
JWff. 

raiCB  IMfRUIKD. 

VfW,  1 

MUCK  nrriii.%AM>   •ouiwSfld. 
PAiion'  iiT'lAfi'l  inldilUns  <    ><>••  >>>• 

IU.0 

w      *          ._...-....  ^^1^  

-lltittl.      (MckfUS.     AMAW 

<                                                            1     "icr 

Nj.  1 .....' 

15»,S 

I                                         »Lm  .  . 

1(0.4 

ltf7. 4 

^ 

tao.a 

157. 8 

i«.o 

146.4 

Utrlcy:  l>y  wmplo... 

THICK  ni'.niCAti.i'. 
Hop*:  Nqw  York  SUt«,  choloe. 

IflO.O 

<                        '-afth.. .................... 

itah 

IKLl 

•                         J 

5V»orf,  fte..5f  artWrt. 

|ir.,...i     r....r  .  IV. ..'>.ii.. •(....  .,>.f«i.,.i  . 

\ 
i 

)■ 
1 

1 

1 

i 

\' 

M 

l/mA-r     .  <u.  ,      M'-,.,>'i> 

U.l     ,.       I       \.l....t           U..>l'       ■-.It       .-.>lF..     .,     ,.*■ 

U».n  \\  ttiwiioncvc' 

123.5 

121.  ft 
130,3 

127.3 
IS.  ft 

139,7 
131.1 

ias.fl 

132.4 
13S.4 
1SL7 

WHOLESALE  PRICES,  18U0  TO   1W7, 


339 


HELATXVB  PRICES,  1«C,  COICP.VUED  WITU   \VER\nR    PRICE  FOR  Iflm-lfiM-^onCin 

Food,  rtc,  SS  orltci*'.*— Ooncludecl. 


Article. 


|b4.  dry,  baak.  tore* 


)>  niles. 


t'-m... 


Rfllntlvtt 
prim* 
1907. 


in.s 

UB.T 

1«L1 

14a  7 

141.3 

U1.3 

143.8 

I4S  3 

Hi 

I.". 

I'..-    ■ 

187.5 


Article. 


Fruit:  Apples, eviiporHtM. choice.. 
FUh:  maelcerel,  salt,  large  No. 3a.. 

Sugar:  rnuiulAUd 

VeeetftDlM,  Cn*.sh:  potAiom,  white. 

8ug»r:  116*mirrtrnF;it  

Buffir:  88"  In  

Rica:  dome^r  

TlTtVul'  rrm  ;  .,, 

■  'rt.  riir 

I  s  C«U(<)rnlit.  In  1>oxb«. 
- 1  inAtr  «(,  American , . . 

CmiT'--?    Uic  No.  7 

Sp(cej:  nutm^^ 


LOvwtMHktJ 


CUiih$  and  clothing,  6S  arfitleM, 


rucK  iscrmKAAro. 


OT«rcMHktliu|t>:  chlM^ilUii,  cotton  wurp. 


.S.T. 

-■  -   -  -.  _.     , ?'^ols, 

Bjrboiir 

Boot»  and  Uuma;  men's  vfd  kid  thoet, 

r.--..>.lv  liir  *n»jl...., 

W<  '  -diuin  ilwoo  (i  Aad  } 
J"  "•'■■  

Ual >.ilc 

rnd»T*r»^r:  stiirts  itnd  dr»w»TB.  white, 
all  w\K»l.  tuU-ra.»h[onr(],  l^-gaiiK** 


:  tle«ched.4-4.>Vmnsijtt»"  k'V^. 

91  flrU   qtiolttv.  t>lAOk.  Mr 

WMdc  (roro  \  X  X  wool 

t/tftthrr :  wax  call.  30  to  40  pouods  to  tb« 

doicn.  11  erade 

BUnkrt^:  11-4,  £  pounds  to  the  pair,  all 

wt»ol 

OvnTo«UngK:  chlocbiUa.  trough,  All 

WO«t| 

OlBCbam«:  LaocaslfT 

OHTprls:  lnRrain.2-pl)r,  LoweU 

Boot*  »ti'1  *i   ••-•:  v'.'nwu'e  »ni]d  grain 

h  or  )>olfca 

'■   Ulanl  Vuiti  No.  3. 

■iijvlow 

myi'iow 


OitiaC*'  tudlitu  blue,  «U  wool,  WKtUDOO.! 

timmi'*  dma  g(.*od&:  Franklin  sacfc- 


100.  .■> 
lo;.  1 

llKI.  1 

107.3 

10^.7 

11.V0 
IIXO 

lis.  8 
ll(kO 

110.Q 

117.1 

1H>.0 

119.4 
120.4 

Vll.i 

123.1 
IKl.  1 
133.5 
123.7 
124-7 
125.9 
l'X.2 


Fuel  and  lighting.  IS  ai  Heirs. 


PRICE  IXCftKAStO— CuDrluded. 
CottoD   yams:  cardfw),    white,   mui(y 

spiin.  nortliprn,  cot»y»,  22/1 

HorM'r<Iuiik--t«:i<  pounds  each,  all  WDul. 
Silk:  niv.-,  ItnlUii,  rlasAlcal 

1>'  iihti  >■     \i'ii>?k''flK 

'  I.aflipd.  Will 

I  OUtl.  4-4.  \l:- 

y    -.'.   ;   :...i:l:ti«»nl,  i"-"'    -.  .    ,      i.-i. 

J. A;  r, tout* 

Women's  dres.%  (cood*:  CHahnn»rr',   all 

wnnl.   10-U   twlU.  38-lnch,   AClantlo 

MiUsJ 

Sheeting*:  brown.  4*4  PomwrWI  R 

lA'atbcr:  m*!*-.  bt!nilock.  Buenos  AIrM 

nnd  Montana,  middle  wHgbts,  first 

quAJIty 

Cotton   yum^;  carded,    white,  mule- 

»ptiii.  nor-tlifrn,  conrs,  10/1 

nftg«:3-t'ii»hi'l.  Aniosk'Vig  

Shrftlnirs:  brown.  4-4,  Atlantic  A 

Cotton  (lannpl^ :  3}  ynrd>  to  ibo  pound. . 
Cotton  BttniM'ls:  2j  vardsto  tho  pound.. 

Shirllngii:  lih^aohcn,  4-4.  LonsdaJe 

niankets:  11-4,  5  pounds  to  the  pair, 

cotton  warp,  cotton  and  wool  filling.. 
«i,jrti,M-.    iii-.,ich-<j,  4-4.  llop*^ 

iwii,  r.'ppiTi'U.  _ 

-.s  Roods :  raahinrn*,  cotton 

..viU.  4-4.  .\tittntk'mlUaF.... 

DnUinga:  .«Mlli*h.  Stark  \ 

Shwtlncti:  M.-arh.Hl.  KM,  Pf^ip^nHI 

Shirtings:  hk-aclit'd.  4-4,  Fruit  of  llko 

Loom 

no.5is  and  ihofs:  nwn's  split  boots 

Print  cloths:  2S-lDch,B4  by  64. 


rues  DRCREAaED. 

ONtTTontlngs:     covprt      cloth, 

mvlRht.  «tai»lcKooda_ _, 

no»l«-ri-    .->..,,<  .^.,it..n  h  ilf  h..... 

Huat< 
17tttk«Bdlai...4 


light 


rRK'E  iMcutASEP— c«ncludod. 

Colt*:  CoDDcllsflUe.  runiace 

Coal:  Utumlnuus,  Georges  Cratic  <»t 

minPl ..i 

retnilvum:  crude -.  .i-. 


I-RICS  DECHE.UED. 

CAodkti:  lulomanllne.  0».  l«-ounoi 
UatrliAv:  pifcrlur,  iVouMSUti 


laiLS 

130.0 
131  1 
1313 
IXf.H 

t3:t.  4 

1M.8 


1819 
lSfi.4 


1»1.4 

137.1 
13K.5 
18H.9 
UB.1 
1».9 
141.  Q 

141.  S 
14i\7 
144  3 

147.0 

isai 

15S.Q 
153.4 

loao 

l(ff.4 


on.  9 


95.4 


-m 


1M.S        I 


mo 

190.  £ 


S40 


Brmmx  or  the  BrBEAu  of  labob. 


Ttr.I.VTlVi:  PTIICRS,  IMT.  rOUPARED  W3TU    AVKtt.VOK  PRICS   FOR 


Arttcto. 


R«UUv« 
L0O7. 


AlttdO. 


Relalfnt 


pne», 


VtacK  flAUC  AA  SAVK. 


Bam:  ^roMcut.  inMtoa 

Tfa««l»:  M.  C.  O..  brick.  lOi-Uwb. 


rniri;  i.vraiuMkii. 


8«wa.  hand,  DiMton.  No.  7 

U«rti  wlif :  jfiUviLnlfml 

Htairi  nWn 

n«tR>9    Diiilry.  No,  i 

FIIm:  ?Mueh  nilll  hMt«M 

NniU'  t-iiL,  A-lMUUiy,  temi*  aod  roiiUiMia 

ItTitt^    liHtnt  Joltil.  riurt.»  by  3  lacli 

UArlr<^'i:  ^«'M^  n>ftTWtl.  Ixom  itomirui- 

»■!■  .«ti 

II.i[  UAb.  No.ll 

8t«i  

Hp.'lt.T:   ^^•7t^•n^ 

I<t>n<]  |rlp« » 

'/Atv:  >(lni»l 

Aim:  M,  c.  «j,.  YtriUm 

I*»<1:  piK ,-      

Vl*en;  luillil  Uu.  ;i(-j^tUDd 


IMk* 


101.3 
1M.3 

M, 

1). 

135.6 

128.7 
1».0 
136.11 

i:».3 

110.9 
l«4.f 
]M.« 
147. 4 


ridcc  iMritKjunn— coiMiliidwA. 


¥\g  iron :  fantKU7  So.  1 . 

CoMMTvtn*:  h«iw 

FUCuon:  B«uaiMf 

Cttpptr:  fdiiTt,  hnt-; 


rattid  {tmm  «aM>.. 

\o.2 

'    *oijif)«m.  ooto. . 

t«r.  1-lMh.. 
tj-i' 


ritK'i:  tiKCHKABStl. 

SboT«l»:  AsnMXo.3 

NhU*:  win,  t^vnny.  tmtm  »rA  me»- 

inoii 

O'llcUtlver - 

Hllvar:  Imr,  fliw , 

Wraod  wnum:  l-4ai[^.  K<».  tO, 


SELI 


«»^7 


I/uv^€r  mui  hvUding  mvlmaU,  tO  otImIm. 


fVrmrat:  tUiaiaitolB 

107.1 
1U.7 

ia.0 
m.7 

133.3 

IILB 
U4.i 
147.2 
IIP.O 
140.* 

rnii  K  tncwmAfP-frndti^td. 
rine:  jTtllow „ 

105.2 

HrlPk'  romrafln.  rtimMtln  , 

HnnHi ,' 

MT.a 

Idifw:  fi'mmofi. 

Foplttr.... ,...« 

si 

CnrTK>tinm  i>f  IftAiir  AjbsiCmb.  In  oil .... 

3m 

Miipl*'  hHrrl 

WiDdow  fcUo'o*  <mH'i1c»n.  itoHm,  tlilrdii. 

Pt.jrv  t-.  in  T,v  ".iDCli ..... 

Whi^                '    '   .raa.fliiifta.anu. 

I-.      ■                                                                                              :        ll 

I                                   ,r   !.  uf 

I                                                     ,,,,. 

1                                {rood.  MffMlMd 

UnawKloil:  mv , „ 

1                                ^ 

jj 

Dnh: 

M 

Ortl.:  ^  ^                          1 „ 

ShtiiKi.  . 

st| 

/)rwjn 

and  dkmvr9i9,  U  mtkUt. 

rairc  ufcitKAscn. 
Drtnwlnnr'  cnt<1i>,  wtmuJ*  , 

1 

1 
l&ft 

112.4 
lllti 
12BLt( 

Oljw*TUr  Fwllnwl 

t^latoio.  AnwrteMi. 

MP 

AUini    lump 

flulphurie  •fM:  (.'i  ^  ,.                           

AU'ntinl-  frniin..  .                              

Maiiattc  ftrld    W - 

T^7 

41.8 

Opium:  tmtnrA),  liinuM 

'....: 

i 

Uo%\»r fximxthinn  ^ooth,  1  i  ariicUt, 


ruci 

rni 

■\.-\nv'- 

CHnorB,  cta(  baDdlc* . . . 

'.-.IMS.  m^luullx^•v(nlol«Ml<-1. 

i!vr  Iwdiooni  wta.  aA.  . 

uirr:  eluirt.  kJtfiitn.  . 
W  iKMlvn  wiir^ 
rumiiiiri'- ' 

1  •  1 
f  ■   * 

4 

1 

76 

1 

^ 


K"     1 


WHOLCBALE   FEICES,  IBOO  TO   IStfl, 


341 


HEIJVTITB  rniClE^  r^r  r^ypvUEP  with  average  PniCB  for  lS»-l«»-rotirlti(lnUj 

yiscrWxnrouM,  J!  ftrticlra. 


■       .^ 

1 

ArtUt. 

ReUtin 

IS?.- 

Ilia 

IMWI 

ur» 

117. 0, 

ua* 

ttMH 

rsicB  ii(oiAaEi>-«oiiciA<M. 
Rope:  DtanfU 

u&l 

■  fttarrh-'iaiinilrT 

Umll:  vmtrru  mailt^ 

Cotton-Mvd  oil:  mimis«r  rtUow.  pnstn. 

I'ikDrr:  wmpDlai.  ■uuiila. 

II7.B 

^  ^'^in:  cAfltil&i  notthH,  mirv    , 

im.V 

W  Tw5m:MwMw.ffnii»iliit«t.lMlof 
Sforth  (SSii*..?...^.., 

TolbMiBnT  thm                  

cm—  ■■■II  wmU » 

Rulrtwr.  PanMuitf 

U1* 

riiprr:  npTi» 

p.r 

Tlie  1907  prices  of  all  of  .the  16  articles  included  in  the  farm  prod- 
ucts group.  exc<»pt  hops,  were  higher  than  the  aTcraj^^c  price  for 
1890  to  1S99.  The  1907  price,  compared  with  the  average  price 
for  1890  to  1899,  shows  barley  69  per  cent  above;  oats  67-4  per  cent 
above;  hay,  62.4  per  cent  above;  hides,  55.3  per  cent  above;  cot- 
ton, 53  per  cent  above,  etc.  The  price  of  hops  was  only  1.9  per  cent 
below  the  average  price  for  1890  to  1S99. 

Thirty-nine  of  the  52  articles  of  food  sho%-n  in  this  table  were 
luglier  and  la  lower  in  price  than  the  average  for  1S90  to  1899. 
In  1907  the  price  of  currants  was  S7.5  per  cent  above  the  average 
price  for  1890  to  1809;  herring.  62,0  per  cent  above;  mess  pork, 
51  per  cent  above;  beef  hams,  4A  per  cent  above;  cheese,  43.3 
per  cent  above;  clear  bacon,  41.3  per  cent  above;  eggs,  41.2  i>cr 
cent  above,  etc.  The  price  of  nutmeg  was  67.7  per  cent  below  the^H 
average  price  for  1S90  to  1S99;  collee,  49.0  per  cent  below;  prunes, ^H 
2^.4  per  cent  Iwlow;  ie%,  10  per  cent  below;  granidated  sugar,  1.6 
per  cent  below,  etc. 

(>f  thn  58  articles  considered  in  the  cloths  and  clothing  group 
in  1907,  the  prices  of  55  were  above  and  3  below  the  average  i)rice 
for  1890  Ui  1899.  Tn  1907  the  price  of  print  clotlis  was  67.4  per 
cent  above  the  average  price  for  1890  to  1899;  men's  i^plit  boots, 
GO  per  cent  above;  Fruit  of  the  Loom  shirtings,  53.4  per  cent  above; 
Pepperell  bleached  sheetings,  53  per  cent  above;  Stark  A  drillings, 
50.1  per  cent  above,  etc. 

Of  the  13  articles  included  in  tlio  fuel  and  lighting  group  in  1907, 
the  prices  of  only  the  less  important  articles  of  matches  and  candlea 
were  below  the  average  price  for  IHOO  to  1S90.  Tlu»  price  of  crude 
petroleum  was  90.5  per  cent  above  the  average  price  for  1890  to  1899; 
Georges  Creek  coal  at  the  mine,  7.'>  per  cent  above;  coke,  66.3  per 
cent  alH>ve;  refund  j)etroleum,  51.2  per  cent  above,  ete. 

Thirty-fire  artirles  are  considered  in  the  metals  and  implement^ 
gTitup.     The  prir**:^  of  two  nrticlf*s  in  1907  w*        '        ,  '      iver- 

age  pri<'C  for  I.S90  to  1899,  while  the  prices  .  ''<>v« 


342 


BtTLbETIN    OK   THE    BUREAU    OK   LABOR. 


ftiid  4»f  5  bcldw  the  average  pricft  for  ISfiO  to  1800.  Doorknobs  m 
165.2  per  cent  above;  locks,  144.8  por  cent  abovt*;  chisels,  134.3 
per  cent  above;  augerjn,  123.9  per  cent  above;  pig  tin,  111. I  per 
cent  ubove;  pig  iron,  grny  forge,  89.3  per  cent  above,  etc.  The 
price  (»f  wood  screws  wes  10.3  per  cent  below  the  average  for  1S90  to 
1899;  bar  silver,  11.9  per  cent  below;  wire  naik,  2,1  per  cent  below, 
etc. 

Of  the  20  articles  included  in  the  lumber  and  building  uiaterials 
group,  nil  but  2  showed  prices  above  tlie  average  for  ISOO  to  1800. 
The  price  of  reain  waa  204  per  cent  above  tlie  average  price  fi»r  1890 
to  1899;  tar,  93,3  per  cent  above;  spirits  of  lurjicntinc,  S1L8  per 
cent  above;  hemlock,  8G  per  cent  above,  etc.     The  price  of  putty 

was  21.1  i>er  cent  below  the  average  for  l^OO  to  1899  and  of  Ho- 1 

oil  4.3  per  cent  below. 

Of  the  0  articles  in<'ludcd  in  tlie  gn»up  of  drugs  and  chcniicalb,  0 
were  above  and  3  below  the  avcrajj:e  price  for  ISOO  to  ISOO. 

Of  the  14  articles  considered  in  the  group  of  house  furnishing 
goods,  the  i)rice  of  1  in  1007  was  the  same  as  the  average  price  for 
180(1  to  ISOO,  wliile  the  prices  of  ID  were  above  and  of  3  IjcIhw  tim 
average  price  for  1800  to  1890. 

Of  the  12  articles  included  in  the  miscellaneous  group,  Uu>  \\n\7 
prices  of  U)  weri'  above  and  of  2  below  the  average  price  for  \S[}<)  to 
1899. 

The  facts  pre.sonled  in  the  foregoing  taldc  are  .suinmarizetl  in  llio 
following,  which  shows  the  changes  in  prices  of  articles  in  each  group, 
classified  by  per  c<int  of  cliange: 

CHANGES  IK  rRICRB  OF  AKTICI-ES  IS  F.ACH  OROCe.  CI-ASSIKIKO  MV  I'ER  CENT  OF 
CnANO^.  11107  COMt'AHEP  WITU  AVEKAUK  THICK  FOK  ISM0-18W. 


■ 

„ 1 

}*rio8  InrrMMd^ 

Crlw 

•innie 

t*rtM  deetwwBd— 

1               uroup. 

Iwr     inn 

ot      per 

■  rtl-    wilt 

ciMi.      nr 

Wl        1 

e       1 
u 

19 

AOor 

iHider 

IOf> 

prr 

a 
n 

4 
7 

e 

I 

Wor 

1 1   ■' 

Wtrr 

l^mn 

Fnffii  pro'lurti 

i 
10 
Iff 

I 

.'^ 

For.        ,    < 

Cl-' 

11    .    ,   -. 
»i 

l|    ?....!. 

I 

fu 

S           3 

i'    i            : 

»I-i                                    u 

Lu                              ■  mHUrUla. . 
It,                               

Ilrni'x  l'jrrilr!i!rn;i;i"iit^ 

10 
A 

1 
3 

4 

■ 

ii-^4 

1            II 

ii  I 

' '  *  '•  'i'"  •' ' 

Tot .  1 

83 

is 

■■1 

1  ■     ■              J 

It  is  seen  in  the  above  comparison  of  the  prices  of  1907  with  the 

average  for  1890  to  1800  that  of  the  Ifi  arlicle.H  in  the  funn  producls 

group,  15  show  an  increase  and  I  a  decroiwc;  of  the  52  in  the  f"'ul  .i 

groMpt  39  hhow  au  increase  and  13  a  decrease;  of  the  68  iu  ti 

And  cloihiitg  grvup,  ^6  sliow  an  incTC«>JC  aud  %  uW'^  ^  iWav**^-,  tcJ 


~r     ITT 


WHOLESALE    PRICES,   1800   TO   100*7. 


343 


I 


(ho  13  in  the  fuel  and  lighting  group,  11  show  an  increase  and  2  show 
a  decrease;  of  the  3.5  in  the  metal  and  implements  group,  2S  show  an 
increase,  2  show  the  same  price  as  the  average  for  the  base  period, 
and  5  show  a  decrease;  of  the  20  in  the  lumber  and  building  mate- 
rials group,  18  show  an  increase  and  2  a  decrease;  of  the  0  in  the 
drugs  and  cliemicals  group,  6  show  an  increase  and  3  a  <Iecrease;  of 
the  14  in  the  house  furnishing  goods  group,  10  sliow  an  increase,  1 
shows  the  same  price  as  the  average  for  the  base  period,  and  3  a 
decrease;  of  the  12  in  the  miscelhineous  group,  10  show  an  increase 
and  2  a  decrease.  Of  the  229  commodities  included  in  this  table,  192 
show  an  increase,  3  show  the  same  i>rice  as  tlie  average  for  the  base 
period,  and  34  show  a  decrease. 

The  number  of  articles  accor<ling  to  classified  per  cents  of  increase 
and  decrease  is  also  shown  in  the  following  table.  Of  the  192  com- 
modities that  sliowed  an  increase  in  1907  over  the  average  for  1890 
to  1S99,21  advanced  less  than  10  per  cent,  4S  advanced  10  or  under 
25  per  cent,  82  advanced  25  or  under  50  per  cent,  34  advanced  50  or 
under  100  per  cent,  and  7  advanced  100  per  cent  or  more.  Of  the  34 
commodities  wiiich  showed  a  decrease,  19  decreased  less  than  10  per 
cent,  10  decreased  10  orAindor  25  per  cent,  3  decreased  25  or  under 
f>er  cent,  and  2  decreased  50  per  cent  or  more. 

Tl\c  number  and  per  cent  of  articles  wliich  showed  each  speciiied 
increase  or  decrease  are  given  in  the  following  table: 


NVMBBU  AND  PER  CENT  OF  ARTICLES.  BY  CLASSIFIED  PER  CENT  OF  INCREASE  OR 
l>BCRE.va£.  U07  COMrARF>0  WITH  AVERAGE   I'RICE  FOR  ISCO-lflW. 


Nitmber 
ol 

lu-ticifw. 

Percent 
article*. 

NmnluT 
nrUdfts. 

pproiat 
of      1 

^m  THrr^^ut  or  mora 

r  lOOpPTwal.... 
U)  per  tvnl..... 

r  JS  per  rent 

L     L>L^  u^u  lOperoBOt 

7 
U 
83 
« 

31 

US 

21.0 
V.2 

Prio«  dQei«*«CiI: 

I^MB  tbnii  to  pertwut 

10  or  im<l<!r2SpprM«nt..- 
25  or  uu'lor  'n  jut  coot... 
W  jier  ci'flt  or  mt>  re ..... . 

19 
3 

LI 
.t 

P        Total 

1»2 

S3.B 

TOUI 

34 

14.11 

J'rkw  *MJTVB  at  ham , 

3 

IS 

Grand  toul 

3» 

UMIlQ 

n 


Of  the  229  articles  included  in  this  table,  it  is  seen  that  192,  or 
S3.8  per  cent,  show  an  increa.so  in  price;  3  articles,  or  1.3  per  cent, 
show  the  same  price  as  the  average  for  the  hase  period,  and  34  arti- 
cles, or  14.9  per  cent,  show  a  decrease  in  prin'  in  1007  as  compared 
with  the  average  price  for  the  ba.se  period 

Of  the  25S  commodities  considered  in  the  compilation  of  prices  for 
1907.  the  average  price  for  172  coinmo<lities  was  higher  in  1907  than 
in  1906,  the  average  price  of  35  was  the  samo  in  1907  aa  in  lOOrt, 

id  the  average  price  of  51  was  lower  in  1907  than  in  1906, 

37691— N'».  75— f)8 6 


^ 


344 


BULLETIN    OF   TllE   BUKEAU   OF  LABOB. 


I 


The  following  table  uhov^'s  the  relative  prioea  of  cprtaiii  reluteil 
ariicleat  so  grouped  as  to  render  easy  u  comparison  of  the  course  of 
these  prices  during;  the  ^'ejira  from  1890  to  1907 : 

BI:LATXVE  PKIC'KS  op  certain  groups  of  RKI.ATRD  AUTICLES.  imo  to  1»07. 
[\vams«  prW  for  IfldO-tNtMi-lOOO.] 


r 

CftttJfl  m4  CAtito  pvoduola. 

Dftliy  praducu. 

yaor. 

OattlfL 

Bool, 
fiwh. 

Bwf, 

Boef. 

mtm. 

TaUow. 

lUdM. 

UUk. 

Bllt5«f. 

OMM. 

».£ 

ffi.a 

n.4 

ao.s 

lOfi.7 

90.0 

10.1.1 

100,4 

974 

100.2 
95.4 

106.3 

M.0 

80.5 

101.4 

54.8 

lllJO 

105.4 

101.5 
99.5 

MM, 7 

105.1 

119,1 

«D.4 

IUb.^  . 

115.4 

10(7.3 

^^Er 

]03.« 

105.4 

05 .« 

i(n.3 

115.1 

79.9 

inu.4 

121.1 

iat.« 

90.3 

07.0 

101.5 

nil  .0 

110.3 

UH.4 

IIU.I 

102.2 

107.4 

3flM.... 

103.7 

103.7 

05.9 

101.4 

VU.S 

109.7 

99.3 

944 

M.l 

lfiV(k>>< 

«J 

00.5 

n.i 

93.7 

78.9 

55.(1 

91  .A 

W.3 

93.0 

1b9T>*>  . 

9B.A 

00.7 

135.1 

95.7 

7B.5 

105.5 

92. J 

Ml 

M.l 

HD.3 

lOM 

tlJl.K 

114. 2 

»!.« 

m.t 

W.7 

»,.n  '            Ki  a 

113. i 

m.i 

135  .A 

II5.9 

104.1 

111  .8 

99.3 

96  JJ 

in«9 

111;) 

104  .J 

114.3 

121.7 

111.5 

127.4 

HJ7.5 

101.7 

114.3 

sWt>*>< 

I10.« 

103.1 

113.5 

116.1 

119  1 

1X3.0 

H12.7 

97.7 

1US.4 

XDOB... . 

XW.fi 

I2S.0 

IISJ) 

147.1 

144.(1 

143.8 

ii2.g 

112  J 

IM  1 

U|t,,,, 

USA 

101.7 

117.3 

lU.l 

117.2 

134 .8 

U3.9 

10A.7 

1  il  .A 

IQM.... 

UO.0 

106.1 

1:0.5 

JO0.4 

105.5 

134.4 

107.5 

Wl.4 

ilOlk-.. 

111.3 

104.0 

131  A 

1%.0 

un.s 

153  .It 

1U.S 

1        ll3.i 

Il^i-t  ■ 

U4.'J 

101  .'J 

119.2 

llOJ 

ll9.a 

KM  .7 

IIH.O 

113.1 

,  .      1 

|Hw- 

ua.9 

114.7 

144^ 

m.5 

l«3.S 

1554 

131.4 

1          !».. 

143  J 

Hogs  Aad  hcft  praducti. 

Bbcvp  and  ihiwp  pfoducti. 

Ymt. 

Uogii. 

Booon. 

Hum. 
smoked. 

M«Mpork 

UM. 

BlMp. 

MaUoo. 

Wod. 

BM.... 

M.} 

m.'S 

101.1 

M^.4 

9<t.K 

IIH.S 

1  >■     '            ,1 

9»l.... 

9a.i 

101.7 

w  * 

97.2 

inn  9 

117. H 

11.'              i    ,  ■. 

n.... 

115.7 

lie,  11 

ITO  .1 

09.1 

117.9 

I2S  2 

1  '1    :                      ,     ,    ; 

MS.... 

J4B.0 

154.7 

UU.tt 

157. 0 

i&;.5 

lOri.fii 

l'i»i  ..                   lUi.O 

ffi... 

iixa 

111  » 

lOS.tt 

121.4 

U*i.2 

T.l.'t 

.•M.  _■                   79. 1 

m.... 

u.i 

IMt.l 

W.I 

UU.7 

1N.« 

-K.« 

■HJ    .'    ■                      7(1-1 

7H,a 

t;m 

IW  8 

7fi.H 

7S.7 

s;    '                   70.5 

■rr.... 

8I.« 

71>fl 

W  9 

7tV  6 

87.4 

91,2 

"i                    VI.  7 

«m.... 

86.0 

Ml.  4 

W-H 

M.*t 

84  4 

104. 'J 

<i>  II    1                  MM.  4 

wa   .. 

»l.ft 

H'>  n 

ti:i  .s 

•-»,  3 

N6  0 

104.  :t 

U4,;j 

iin.tf 

imx) 

iin.« 

111..=. 

104  ^> 

ii>;  r. 

105  & 

112.11 

or.,  4 

III-  7 

lAOl . . . . 

134  5 

lSi.3 

MM  3 

t;44.2 

135.5 

09.9 

H&.i 

'Mi.  ii 

1003 

1&5.2 

l.V)  .1 

la  1 

l.M.2 

inl.u 

l(W.2 

^  1  ."       1                                .     .        s 

UMNI.... 

U7.3 

142.b 

IS.  2 

l«.I 

U4.1 

9H.4 

|«^     .. 

im.: 

11.').  1 

1W.9 

lW,tt 

111.5 

100.1 

t.l'  ■            1 

120.^ 

119  0 

100.3 

L23.9 

IU.9 

131.  5 

113.3 1          12:.  i 

a«M.. 

!«/; 

imt 

125.5 

IAU.5 

1U.« 

l.T.',(l 

IM  7                121.1 

awi:.... 

lau.a 

140.7 

CM 

1.11.0 

140.7 

IS.  '» 

nii  n  1            TS1.5 

|v„ 

C«Ri.«te. 

,  „       Rye  fend  rye       Wlwiot  ati<  l 
'"'*^-           llouf.            vhMtnour.    j 

I  i-.ill.  fVi-. 

Corn. 

Ohi- 

UmX, 

JflOH 

LtllMMl 

oU. 

Bjr^ 
103.0 

H3» 

drar. 

Wh« 

^*    ttwir. 

Wbmt 
ttour. 

C'CMfe. 

cn. 

Vmi 

ttrtMi. 

l^L.. 

1<B.» 

125.5 

135.(1 

,1 

, 

■1 

100.9 

^^^^H- 

tftt.o 

142  n 

lU.U 

97  1 

91.1 

105.8  1 
90. 0 

157.5 

, 

ior.7 

IQ0l9 

^^Blt. 

inti.g 

pur... 

IM.3 

124.1 

105.4 

97.  T 

103.2  t 

9J.n 

'v'.3.*"  .     I'd, 

1 

,, .  ■- 

iWi4  .  ■ 

na.7 

1U.4 

lOft.C. 

1     IJl.O 

115.fl  , 

HH  1 

n.5         74. 

4 

iws. 

UH.D 

IW.? 

ur  1 

1     111.5 

ns-n  ' 

9!  ? 

94  5'      TTt 

9 

Sboo. ,. 

67.8 

si 

72.9 

hi 

g:;- 

60.9 

ter, 

78.1 

,  1  ii 

01   1 

ll>f  1  1 

^^K. 

lia.7 

w;.u  ! 

Rk 

,  I-' 

t  W  (1 

ino^ 

IIMB,.. 

^ 

WH0LE6AUB   PRICES,  1690   TO   1W7-                                  345           1 

^^    ftEUVTIVHPRU-ESOrCEIlT.UNQROUPSOrilFJ-ATKDARTICLES.MQOTOllOT-CoiKlod^n     ^J 

■ 

|A««nettprfoshir  1M&-1MB-Ia04).1                                                       ^^| 

^B    Tmt. 

Cotton  udBonoBfDoilm.                                                                f 

Coffonr  '    B^y: 
aplsiMl,    2-buabcJ 

\ 

tf^iiM       Colton     r4kttan     Cotton 

DtBluia. 

Drill- 

QtB9- 

no-           1 

^^H 

mid-  ' 

AmtM- 

*^""'**     lUnaBla.  thnoU. 

ymrna. 

ln«a. 

«M7-                   1 

^B 

dUac- 

*««. 

1               1 

1 

^Bi^. 

14.9 

U19 

lITsI       121. S  ,       IM.O 

111.7 

1!3.B 

m.1 

nil 

1M.7            1 

^^^h^^Cn" 

uas 

LU.T 

104.0,      lOLS 

{      UXk? 

112.8 

109.4 

114.4 

133.1 

133.8             1 

^^^^^^B^" 

M.t 

ltt).8 

U7.4          llli.O 

MOcT 

117.0 

1U9.4  1      101.3 

132.1 

117.4             1 

P             hIV»s»« 

U7.a 

lOA-s;       113-0       ini.4 

100.7 

1UL5 

H2.6 

104.4 

U4.9 

109.4            1 

Ml 

91.1  I        m.n         «.7 

loar 

91.0 

lia.4 

07.1 

m.s 

loas         1 

SMB.  Ill 

M.0 

aa.3 ;       m.o        91.7 

1      100.7 

83.1 

94.4 

93.2 

ST.O 

94.1    J 

iMi. 

ltt.0 

91.4 

M.9 

n.9 

M.4  !        93.0 

914 

tOO.3 

88.0 

9a».^^| 

ia7.II] 

M.S 

m.\ 

90.4 

M.4 

94.4 

90.4 

M.3 

90.4 

04.3 

a8.r^H 

m« 

M.4 

fl.4 

«10 

94.4 

90.8 

tf.9 

M8 

83.1 

8>.»^H 

mm"" 

M.7 

IML^ 

87.3 

a&Q 

8&4 

8&ft 

M.4 

MS 

M.7 

M.»^H 

mmI"' 

va.6 

U3.4 

•4.9 

1UI.4 

13Dl1 

1U.5 

1018 

105.0 

MS 

91.9^^ 

L^^  IMlIIIi 

Sk! 

M1.I 

aa4          94.4 

U0.1 

98.3 

loas 

ica.3 

913 

».*^H 

I0S.4 

*      90.4 

94.1 

130.1 

94-0 

100  4 

iceo 

M.3 

RLJ  ^^ 

I^BmmIIII 

144.7 

M4.3 

9Li 

104.S 

laai 

tJ2.9 

104.  U 

IUW.9 

101.  S 

90.1              1 

1M.9 

tM.4 

14.7 

1M.4 

130.1 

119.& 

114.6 

iiA.: 

99.9 

M.3            1 

^^^HflBalll 

ia.1 

n9.4 

n.5 

119.7 

130.1 

IUS.7 

103.7 

lia.* 

93.4 

K7.5             J 

^^^^^^^eI" 

142.0 

139.1 

99.5 

138.3 

130.1 

120.  S 

118.1 

I.TK.S 

1(«.7 

997             1 

^^^' 

1S.0 

UBLJI 

ULO 

139.5 

134.4 

U3.9 

132.3 

147.2 

1ZI.0 

..J 

li" 

Cotton  and  cotton  eoods.         |                          Wool  snd  woolon  grtodB.                          ^^^H 

Print 
doCtf. 

tag*. 

'   Shirt- 
ing*. 

Titk-  \ 
biga. 

Wool. 

Blan- 

luiUiatl 
wooU. 

Broa4- 
dotha. 

"-i  - , 

Horw      ^^1 
tdan-       l^M 

■ML... 

117.7 

117.4 

113.9 

113.1 

133.1 

108.S 

113.7 

104.3 

114.8 

104.1          1 

■H.... 

103.5 

113.3 

iiaa 

Iia7 

135-8 

106.0 

113.7 

ia.8 

110.8 

104.7            ■ 

mkI 

IM.3 

ua.s 

107. 4 

104.4        113.3 

107.1 

113.7 

1015 

114.9          109.1           M 

nn.:" 

1114 

in7.7 

110.3 

1U.3 

im.4 

10?.  1 

1U.7 

104.  .1 

109.5  '        104.7  ^^ 

UN... 

MS 

9S.9 

W.9 

103.2 

79.1 

101.3 

•1.3 

98.7 

94. 1  1          M.0  ^^1 

IMS  ... 

iiia« 

94.4 

07.4 

M.8 

70.1 

m.3 

■79.7 

91.0 

93.4  ^^M 

UM... 

•as 

9T.4 

97.9 

94.0 

70.4 

M.S 

79.7 

90. 3 

M.4 

Mt^H 

WW.... 

(f7.« 

91.8 

93.0 

91.9          88.7 

MS 

98.3 

W.S 

M.4 

£!■ 

UM.... 

72.4 

M.7 

U.4 

44.3 

146.3 

107.1 

MS 

10&3 

97.8 

UM. ... 

»3 

m.i 

47.  B 

47.0 

110.8 

u.s 

M.3 

99.4 

M.S 

M»    ^ 

two 

ll«.ft 

116.9 

100.4 

toe.  3 

117.7 

llTT-l 

108.0 

MQ.T 

104.7 

114.  T 

IWI-... 

w.» 

101-8 

96.9 

95.S 

90.4 

101.3 

110.3 

lot.  9 

100  8 

IMO 

W«-... 

104.9 

lot.  4 

94.8 

MO 

100^4 

101.2 

11&3 

104.4 

104.8 

U0.9 

I9US.... 

U3.3 

110.4 

103.3 

ioi.1 

im.3 

110.1 

110.3 

1(14.4 

114.  S 

117.8 

MM.   .. 

117.3 

131.1 

104.7 

114.3 

11.1.5 

iiai 

1I0.S 

ito.o 

117.4 

133.3 

I9W.... 

iiao 

113. 5 

un.3 

102.1 

137.3 

1190 

115.3 

115.  7 

114.4 

130.0 

WW.... 

m.7 

132.  •! 

lU.l 

119.0 

121   1 

133  0 

110.4 

117.7 

133.4 

133.  S 

iWT.... 

147. 4 

132.3 

137.4 

129.4 

131.5 

119.0 

114. 4 

123.2 

123.1 

130.9 

i: 

W  iMd  ftCll  WOOitt  gOOdfl. 

nidos.taathar.  and  boota 
and  thoM. 

Ov«r- 
eoau 

wool). 

Bluwto. 

Bolt- 
Uigt. 

(alt 
wool). 

Wotntti'tt 
(Irwn 

Koals  ( ftU 

wool  J. 

wop. 
yarn*. 

Hides. 

Leathar. 

Boots 

and 

ttxotm. 

Crutle, 

Ro. 
fined. 

■jS- 

in.  9 

107.0 

113.1 

106.3 

117.4 

123.3 

00.4 

100.4 

104.8 

96.4 

112.4 

lU.n 

107.0 

113.1 

110.0 

123.0 

133.4 

101.5 

ino.0 

]u:t.5 

73.4 

103.3 

^BB-" 

;  lu.o 

107.0 

113-4 

110.0 

124.1 

117. 3 

92.8 

97.0 

103.7 

41.1 

91.4 

■^H... 

ia&4 

107.0 

112.7 

no.o 

114  7 

109^5 

79.0 

94.9 

100.9 

70.3 

81.0 

1       97.i 

107.0 

g8.3 

92.7 

90.4 

91.3 

m.i 

01.  S 

M.4 

92.2 

■  -, 

tMB.*- 

w.* 

107.0 

80.3 

93.7 

82.7 

74.0 

109. 7 

1(8.0 

98-7 

149.3 

tMI 

m.7 

W.1 

87.8 

93.7 

74.1 

73.9 

84.0 

9.5.3 

99.4 

120.5 

un::: 

S7.8 

M.4 

88.7 

92.7 

83.3 

83.4 

104.3 

98.1 

97.3 

84.5 

'.K>.  a           ■ 

UM... 

trr.i 

9U.3 

tut.  4 

93.7 

88.5 

u«..'i 

122.  (« 

104.  4 

94.3 

100.2 

WA^^ 

^_      iMi 

ini  ft 

m.\ 

ion.  I 

1004 

103.7 

104.7 

131. » 

109.3 

90.8 

143.1 

iis.o'^H 

^HjB^^BD- 

:       t        107.0 

lLo.8l     100  4 

118.7 

118.4 

127.4 

113.3 

99.4 

148.5 

132.4  ^^ 

^^^^^^E 

107.0 

1M.9       l(U-4 

107.9 

108.3 

132.0 

na8 

W.2 

132.9 

119  3           1 

^^^^^^K. 

1(17.0 

irtt  *(  1     I'm.  4 

100.8 

111.7 

142.8 

112.7 

98.9 

135.  tt 

11H.H             1 

^^^^^^B. 

107,0 

Tr  .                        1 

114.4        118.0 

134.8 

112  0 

100.2 

174.6 

142.4  ^^M 

^^^^^^^^E_ 

107.0 

',  ■                            I 

ILVG        114.^1     134.4 

lOS..'i 

101.1   !     178.8 

140.4  ^^1 

^^^^^^H, 

117.5 

;.                    i 

fjfl.7  ,     134.7       l.-a.* 

lt2-l 

1(17. 4     ua.  1 

m-^i^H 

^^^^*WI 

I  J.  1       i2fi-.'; 

U»    S            l\   >.!\ 

1.14. 1    '     ISt.'i        tW.T 

1211-1 

121. s  1    r-v.-i  1     uti.n        ■ 

r         tas;... 

iai8,       107,0 

,           1             ' 

l»XV        137.1>        l.V,.,^ 

1^4  U        IS-'i  9  ,     191)..%  1       l.'W  L            ~| 

Il 

t                            ^ 

I 


>LETIK    OP   THE   BUREAU   OF   U\1!0B* 

tublc  show!^  for  nil  of  the  0  article-i  gnnip^^d  unilor  cattle  and 
c  products  (cattle,  fresh  beef,  heef  Ijanis,  nie.ss  beef,  tallow^  and 

1  i)  an  advftnt**^  in  price  in  IS91.  but  not  in  tli^  same  degree;  in 
,  a  decline^  in  alt  of  tho  artictciri  in  this  group;  in  18113,  an  increase 
t  for  bides,  for  which  there  was  a  furtber  decline;  in  1894,  & 
»h-viimP,  oxt'oj)!  fur  beef  hums,  which  increased;  in  1SS>5,  an  increase, 
except  for  iiccf  hani^  nud  tnllow;  in  ISOfl^  a  decline  in  all  of  tbe 
articles;  in  1897,  an  increase,  except  for  tallow;  in  ISflS,  an  increase 
for  nil  uf  the  Mrtlcles,  e.vcej^t  beef  baniia;  in  1891>,  an  int^rease  fr^r  all; 
in  1900,  a  decline,  except  for  mesa  beef  and  tahow;  in  1001,  an 
inereasn  for  cattle,  tallow,  and  hides,  aJid  a  decline  for  fresh  beef, 
beef  liiuns,  miuI  iiies*  berf;  in  1002,  an  increase  for  all:  in  t003,  a 
decrease  for  all;  in  1904,  an  increase  for  cattle,  fresh  beef,  and  hams, 
and  a  decrease  for  mesa  beef,  tallow,  and  hido^;  in  1905,  an  increase 
for  cattle^  riic^s  In^f,  and  bides,  and  a  decre*i.se  for  fresh  beef,  l>cef 
!tani>i,  and  tallow;  in  lOOG,  an  increase  for  cattle,  hides,  and  taHnw, 
nnd  a  detreaso  for  fre-sh  heef»  beef  ImiuiH,  and  jncEyi  beof;  in  1907, 
art  inrreasr  for  all  excejit  hides,  which  decreased, 

Vot  the  IS  years  from  1800  to  1907  the  lowest  relative  price  for 
eattle  was  S.s.3  in  1806,  the  bit^hesfc  139,5  in  1902;  tbe  lowest  for  fre^ih 
beef  H0,2  in  IS90,  the  higheflt  12.5.9  in  1902;  tlio  lowest  for  beef 
hams  S(j,-{  in  1890^  the  bi^he-st  Mlin  1907;  the  lowest  for  me-ss  beef 
84, S  in  l^\)2,  the  highest  147.1  in  11]02;  the  lowest  for  tallow  70.3  in 
1897,  the  highest  144.6  in  1902;  the  lowest  for  hides  68.4  in  1894,  the 
highest  164.7  in  1906.  The  facts  for  the  other  groups  may  be  seen 
by  reference  to  the  table. 

General  Tables  I,  II,  III,  IV,  and  V  follow. 


WHOLESALE  PRICES,  1890  TO   1007. 


347 


Table  I.— WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907. 

(For  cxpUBAtioQ  and  dlsctusloii  of  Mxia  tablr,  aee  p*gca  3(A  tu  siS.] 

FARM  PRODUCTS. 

B-%RLBVi  Cholpe  «a   tmncy   mnlfllair*    hy   Kample. 


[PkSn  ptr  buibcL  in  ChiMgo.  vookly  rut 


<nf  fiirnlabod  Uy  ilte  Miciut&ry  of  tlM  ChlaiCo 


K 

Price 

tfonUi. 

Price. 

8a  07  -80.70 
.60  -    .71 
.70-     .73 
.7IH    .74 
.73-    .75 
.74-    .80 
.M  -    .85 
.77  -    .M 
.72  -    .78  ; 
.72  -    .70 
.75  -    .70  , 
.74-    .75 
.73  -    .75  1 

Month. 

Triofc 

8a.7M0.7S 
.03-    .06 

.<a 

.61-    .W 
.61-    .05 

.05-  .m  1 

.07-    .70 
.08-    .75 
.74-    .87 
.«-     .90 
.Ifr-    .M  i 
,fO-    .94 
.01-  LOO 

llontlL 

Pitett. 

Jul 

r 

8an  -80.55 

.51  -    .55 
.58-    .57  f 
.58-    .57 
.55-    .58 

.57  -     .00 
.58  -     .01 
.00-    .53 

Apr.... 
lUy... 

June... 

July... 

Ane„.. 

Bopt... 

• 

Oct 

Nov 

Dm 

Are  rage. 

8L  00-81.  OS 
LOl-  1.08 
1.05-  LIO 
.H8-  LOS 
.7.V    .» 
.7»t-    .95 
.00-    .90 
.85-    .90 
.86-     .90 

1 

.Olh     .05 
.tiS  -     .73 
.73-    .75 
.«-    .73 
.68-    .72 

.0.V    .98 
.07-  LOB 
.07-    .68 
.94-    .» 

1 

1 

\ 

•0.70Ci3 

CATTLRs    !Ctcrri>,    4*b»i<^e    *o    fnncy. 

|Fl4c>  per  ImndRNl  pooodA,  fn  Chfcago.  on  WodnovdiiT  of  each  week;  quolatloiu  Srum  tho  ChJcago 

Dftily  Drovtrs'  Jounwl.] 


Jaa 

h 

10.35-87.30 
0.25-  7.15 
0.10-  7.00 
0.1.1-  7.00 
0.30-  7.00  , 
6.30-  7.25  > 
0.10-  7.00 
0.10-  0.00  1 

Apr 

M.y... 

imu... 

811.10-16.73 
6.05-  0.73 
8.10-0.75 
0.05-6.05 
S.85-&40 
5.90-  0.50 
5.7^  0.50 
6.75-  tV60 
6.  OO-  (V  ftO 
0. 5&-  (V  70 
6.50-  0.90  ; 
6.00-  700  ' 
0.00-  7.10  1 

July... 
Aiig_.. 

Sept... 

80. 75-87. 2S 
(ilO^  7.30 
0.7&-  7.2fi 
0.70-  7  3.1 
aTO-  7.50 
CoO     7.  SO 
0.SO    7.4S 
O.S0-  7.40 
0.»n-  7.30 
ti.3.V  7.25 
0.40-  7.46 
»V0(l-  7.05 
U35-  7.a5 

Oct 

Nov 

Dae 

ATBngB. 

80.40-87.30 
0.15-  7.ao 
«..■«)-  7.40 
CIV  fiOO 

ta>-  7.00 

0.1(^  7.(0 
5.7fr-  6.25 
5.75-  0.05 
5.40-  0.50 

Mu..... 

r 

r 

8.00^  0.00 

A.lit-  ft.iW  ! 
n.  to-  tv.  7.-1  1 

0.00-  0.M5 
0,10-  OlBO 

1 

5.70-  ft.35 
5..1.V  0.00 
.1. 415-  0. 30 
5.40-0.15 

1 

1 

i 
1 

1 

l>l.5443 

CATTLRl    Sfi-c-rit,    gro«»l    to   phalpe. 

I  Trim  pox  bunlTR]  pounds.  In  Chlcac?.  on  WMni^Inr  of  twh  weok;  quotations  from  tba  Chicago 

IMiljr  Druvcra'  Jounul] 


Bl'LLETTN    OF   THE   BVREAU    OF   LABOR, 


Tabi^  I.— WnOLESALE  TRICES  OF  COlOfODITIES  IN"  19ff7— Coottnuod. 

FAIIM  J'ROOUCrrS— ContintKHi. 

CORHb  No,  Sv  miall. 

[Prim  t>ft  buKlirl ,  In  ChlcAeo.  on  Tiwvdar  of  Midi  wwk:  quoLuLkin*  fiuiilafa«d  by  lb*  sitcnUry  of  tba 

Cnloago  BoftM  o(  Trad*.] 


Mi>. 


Prion. 


I 

Si 

439 


Honlh. 

Pri», 

Apr.. 

•:r| 

lUy... 

1 

J«.... 

.54  - 

f 

.«!- 

.fi3 

a* 

.a 

Hnnth. 


Attf.,.. 


•ELfttt 

.SJh    .SB 
.» 

.IH4 

■"h  •"* 

.601-    .00 

.«i  -  .ai) 

.B 


Uonth. 


Oil 


N<rv. 


n«B. 


Anciff*. 


Prtw*. 


AH-  .U 

-  -»• 

U|-  .57 

-  -m 


tO.SZM 


COTTO^B  rplaadf  mlddllii«. 


IPtff  ptT  praBA.  tn  N**  To*,  on  TvwdAT  <»«  «»*»  «•*: 
Cmnzsarco  imd  CvouMriiMl 

iniotoUoof  fM8  tlw  K«ir  Yeit  Jotnmttff 
BultoUn.] 

JftO 

•n.io7sl 

Apr.,. 

•aiovo 

Joly.... 

lOinSol    Oat 

•xino 

AOAS 

.llflO 

A%a 

.lUS 

.lUMl  ' 

.ma 

.1215 

.n:s 

.^wo 

.iiu 

.t»0 

.!!« 

.uw 

.ii« 

.UM 

.bM 

fJvb,.... 

.1100  1 

M«y.... 

.1171 

An^... 

.1X26 

NOT«... 

.lUti 

b. 

.not  1 

.1306 

.uao 

^|Mf 

■ 

.1100  1 

.!«» 

.itti 

T  WW 

.110* 

.UH 

.im 

•IHf 

lUr..... 

.naft 

JUM... 

.un 

s«pt... 

.uu 

Dm 

•  lira 

.1136 

.is» 

.laoft 

-UM 

un)  , 

.IJM 

.ma 

.im 

1 

.1005  1 

.u;q 

.nw 

Av«c«o>. 

1 

I 

KlJlWf 

(I'rlcMpor  Ituahul,  lanucucn,  anltu  Qrtt  of  Mch  ni'Jnth:  quotAtlon»IutiU«lMdljy  UMM-eneUkfT  uf  Ui« 

Chicago  Bfmrd  of  Tnido.) 


•I-IU  - 
Mfl' 

MT           -  .       -   ...    . 

$1.13  -$1.30 
1.14  -  1  21 

1.  XU-  in 

July.... 
Anc — 
BUS-.. 

'     '!■( 

.WJ-  l.W 
SLIMI 

NAVi   TImolkr,  !!«» 1. 

(rrtm  ^r  tan.  la  CJUoac^.  on  Tmixltty  of  o*eh  vnak:  qoototl'»n»  (raoi  tin  I>«Ur  lASrM)c»Mu] 


Apr. 


lUy 


Joly... 

Aug... 

Ilvpt... 


UiUU     J.U.1AJ 


-'      Nov.... 


IM3>    UiV* 


Lin 


WHOLESALE  PBJCES,  I8d0  TO  1007. 


349 


TKMUt  I,— WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IX  lW7-<:omii»uod. 

FAllM  PKOOrCTS—C'c.ntmucd. 

QIDBS:  GrcvK,  •Ailed*  p«47kcrst  keaT7  aallve  »trrr«. 

lAiawlJi  Mniiflily  pdn  pw  poood,  la  Cbiciiffp;  qooUtiooi  t»om  the  Shoo  and  LmUwt  Baport«r.l 


^bmth.          PrtoQu 

Honllt. 

rUte,         JIxorUl 

r*M. 

Uemth. 

Price. 

Jul.....           sai«i7 

Mb .1«H 

!»{:: 

.itts 

Jdir... 

laJira    I  Orl 

.lill        XoT 

.1411   ,  Dm 

90.1170 

.13M 

.nas 

ATwnign. 

90.115S 

HOGSt   Me«Vjr. 

(Pv1c«i  per  hoadr*!  pocmiSa,  ta  C^ilca^.  oa  Tae*iar  of  each  week;  quatstioiM  tram  thn  D«i|j'  Inif r- 

i>c«ui.I 


Jan 

fti30-46.4S      Apr.... 

t   .  ■  •          '  Jul/... 

fiTttMiA 

Oct 

SS-OS-ftLH 

e.«)-  ft.5S  1 

&.«!-  y« 

•^w-^a 

A.a^tt.G5 

.Vi5-  iOO 

A2S-«.M 

aoO-  0.72), 

&.«}-  b.  10  1 

&tfiw&a 

«LW-^W  1 

1.   |o     .. 

6.»5-na7j 

K.S&-A.9 

T*h 

«»»-:«      M«y... 

(•  .:.i     ..    Ti      AUE... 

8.7V  ft  30 

Nov 

A.  35-  ft.  or 

1  < 

5-  80-  »■  :ifi 
5.S5~  !■  'HI 

A  00-  A  » 
4.75-  SIS 

a.o&-*La» 

5.10^   ti^.i3 

4.00-  4.39 

Jfur-'-- 

&!&-&» 

Siipt... 

a.iK)^  fi  Oft 

Uv 

4.S^  yUu 

ff^ 

)lOi-  (1.30 

5.80-  (130 

^XV-  4.9 

B 

fi.QO-&ZM 

5.7^-  a  20 

14fi-4.ai 

■ 

ftt>5-  c.a5 , 

S.I6-  iklO 

lao^  4.tf 

■ 

Awm^. 

4.45-  4.r4 

p 



1 

1 

1 
1 

Korus 

noosi  M«h«. 


lI*Ttt-"  [><r  h  lU'Ir  :l  i>ouiids,la  CtiiBA£v>tOB  Tamiar  ol  twdi  we«k;  quoUiiccn  from  tlid  DoUxlDUr^ 

OceuL] 


RIB»a«.  . 

Kl10<I6.4S      Apr.... 

W.O»-»s.«l    /uiy... 

«&.10-»i.M> 

Oct 

tA.30-«ri.7n 

(Lis-  (i  iS 

(1.  M  -  tt  70  , 

0.00-0.  1& 

«.(15-  ILM 

&  4&-  11.  r>> 

ft.  At  -  G  .V»  1 

6.»fV-fi  10 

0.45-  R.70 

6  «-  6.  ;2i 

6.80  -  fi  75  1 

0.  ID-  0.  30 

6. 15-  H.  .W 

MV>-  ft.M 

B.ao  -  o.#a  ' 

0.4(^-0.(16 

5.»-  n.2;i 

rwi 

fi!Vv-7oei   lUf... 

n.40-<l.M      Aug... 

ti.  IN-  0.  40 

Not.... 

6.5S-  0.1£ 

7.  at- 7.21) 

0.45  -am  J 

0. 40-  n  05 

S.00-  s3 

Hi 

C  a>~  7.06 

c.  a)  -  6  c?i 

0.  u&-  6.  ao 

4.HS-  &ar 

m 

a.ao-  7. 10  ^ 

fl.SO  -  6.M  1 

A.l&-«.tt 

>.M-  4  33) 

m..... 

ft  S5-  7.00       lunp... 

n.2ft-fiX5      8«pt... 

B.O(t-ll.» 

Dk 

4!tfi-  A  td 

m 

r-AS-  7.00 

r..»7t-  ft.  .TO 

B.3&-O.G0 

CSS-  4.05 

■ 

&.7(K-  (kW    , 

«.U  -  6.30    1 

ft.3&-  6  TO 

A&&-  4  U 

K 

(LIA-  IL30 

5.0!^  0.124 

a.ftS-li.00 

4.A0-  <m 

■ 

1 

.iverasn- 

4.aO-  4Cfi 

■ 

1 

1 

p 

iA.2ia 

KIOF91   Nemr  ¥«rlc  Btatr*   rholrV'. 

[^rtn^  par  pound,  tu  Smr  T*vk.  on  thf  Orm  (ifwurh  mnnth;  quotAtlon<  firocn  tli«  K«*v  Tork  Jmtmai  of 
Conuiii  n.v  nn<J  rvMnmri'lftl  UuUcUii.] 


i-2: 

Mar. 


.21-       M 


Apr... 

Juno.. 


aa  10-90  » 

.I.V     .11 
.!>-    .10 


;air... 

Aud... 

8<«pt... 


$Q.i5-«)iin 

.Ifr-    .10 
.14-    .Ift 


Ott ' 

N0V....1 
D« I 

ATiraei^'^ 


ifi-  -IS 

.16-    .17 

«0.t73(( 


L 


LiETIN    OiT   THE   BUfiEAU    OF   LABOR, 

a  I,— WHOL!     ALE  PHlCKfl  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907-CDiiiiniira< 
FARM  PnODirCTS^rontimiCHl. 

II¥k»  per  biulvl,  In  Oikn£in»  on  Tii*»d»jr  «>l  ttch  mvtfi>.:  Quotailoirt  fumif^il  l»y  tJw  tH«r«lii>7  of  Iho 


iCbCith. 


fan. 


r«i). 


Mu-. 


Prbc. 


Kl-SK] 


•DM 

JO 

.84 
,8A 
.*> 
.17 

.  «!' 

.<J 
.<lt 


UctftUi. 


Apr. 


Um>> 


litnr. 


rtkw. 


% 


,4» 
.13 
.4ft 
,i|4 

•U,<7i-    .4H 

:£' 


I 


Uoittli. 


Joiy 

Srpt, 


•D.4JXII 


Chleaga  Boara  at  Tmda.] 


iu.».. 

Apf.... 

m-  viT^m.  m 

;ui7... 

•OMMn-BS 

Oct 

•71-    M 

.03 

,  (i»       TO 

,  w  -    , « 

.«-  M 

.03 

.*»-    .71 

,«-     .8? 

.84-    .M 

.OR 

.tK^-    .71 

.bA-     .87 

.73-    .71 

fIJr..... 

•a<»-  .70 ; 

}tnj.. 

.71-    ,74 

Auk... 

.7n-  .iKA 

Nor.... 

.78 

.0(v  .ne 

.»-    ,»l 

.7J-    ,73 

.78-     .WJ 

.  IM-    .  tlB  ' 

.HO-    .F9 

.75-  .n 

.:h-  .so 

^iHi-    ,mL 

■  M-    -fci  1 

.m 

,  7t>  -     .  7S 

W*r.... 

.M-      .!«'' 

J  linn .  ■ . 

.Jtft.    .K7  1 

ft'pt . . . 

.Ki  *  .mi 

ri«o 

.W-     .SO 

,.|W-     .7U  1 

.HE-     .MS  1 

J*i  -     .  »7 

TMJ-     .77 

-■OPi-     .(« 

.HO-  ,ta  i 

.W-    .004 

7ft  -    .70 

:^,.:«»j 

Avcrttjt, 

:S* 

KlTtW! 

KHBEPt  Knilve. 


IPrir:^  pTT  hun'in'd  poiimU,  In  Chlcftgo,  on  Tuos'lny  of  each  wwk;  quotiilinns  frnni  th<*  Dally  Intfr- 

Ownn.l 


Jnn 

,. 

))(>  $i;oo 

(KV-  .'i.  7.''. 

(X)-  \>.(M) 

a)-  ri.HTt 

(N)     .'■>.  HT, 

Vvh 

00-  f.OO 

2.-.-  (,.(« 

IV.-  11  tW  1 

2.-,-  li.(K) 

Mnr.... 

2.')-  Ii.  2-,  i 

li-)-  (i.  2.-) 

40-  r..  40 

40-  (l-.W 

i 

1 

Apr., 


Miiy 


June, 


U  40-$'"'.  .'»0   .  .hilv.- 
4.7.''.-  II.  s.^   ! 
.vno-  7.2.'i  i 
4.  .w-  r..  2.'.  1 1 
4.  .v)-  r..  i:>  ' 

4.  .W-  I..  2.'.    '   Aug.., 

4..W-  Ii.  10    1 

4,  7r.-  11.  2.'> 

4.  7.V  0.  r<o  \ 

3.  TV  7.  00  !    Sept . . , 

4.  M-  i>.  7r> 
4.  7.->-  (1.  2.'; 
4.  .50-  0.  2.'i 


No  quotatloa  for  weok. 


$4.2r,-^VK.1 

Oct ' 

$4.  S-l-H.  .W 

4  .'.0     11  IK) 

1 

4.  2.1-  .1.  90 

4.  .'<0-  f.  10 

1 

4.  IX>-  .1,  7.1 

4.  2.'.-  (i  00 

4,  00-  .1.  7.1 

4.(K).  V  :o 

2.  7.'>-  .1.  25 

4.  ,V)-  Ii  INI 

Nov...  J 

2  00-  .1.  M 

4.  2.>-  C.  00 

I..10-  .1.00 

4.  2.1-  .1  7'. 

!.7r>-  .1.  1,1 

4.  2.>-  .5.  r*) 

1.7.1-  r,  00 

4.  2."")-  11-  7.1 

p.  r 1 

2.  OO-  4.  PO 

4. 2.V-  r,.  Kr> 

2-  00-  4.  7.1 

4.  ii-  (1,  00 

2,00-  4.  <0 

4.  2.1-  5.  U1 

1.  7.1-  4  U) 
2..H1-  .'-..'O 

Avnrafjo.. 

( 

$4.  Wtti2 

WUOLESALE    PHICES,   1800  TO   1907. 


851 


Tabl£  I.-WHOI-ESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907-Contmucd. 

FABM  PRODUCTS— Concludea. 

SHERPi  Weatern. 

tnrfc*  pePbUDdiM  pooDila,  la  Cbloi^,  oo  Topvday  of  csrb  wook;  qnotatloni  from  ttw  DiHy  iBin^ 

OoMn.] 


HOBtlU 

PflH.          ' 

Uontb. 

PriM.         '  Month. 

1^. 

Moatli. 

Pflai. 

Jm 

HOO-l&iO  1 

Apr.... 

K«-«itM[' Jaly... 

S4  2S-45.SS 

Oet 

$42S-S.\M 

4.00- ».r4 

t7&-  C.85  N 

4.50-  (lOO 

4  it-  .vwi 

4IO-&80  1 

&00-  7.M 

4..VW  (III) 

4  no   .V  :.T 

400-  &73 

4.W-  0.16 

4  i"^  6.00 

4  W-  0.  73 

400-  &7i  1 

tW-  tllA  , 

4.  00-  S.  70 

a.7.v  i.zi 

FW» 

400-  &T5  ' 

May . . . 

4.5(Kii.I.\       AiiK... 

4.  ao-  (V  00  1 

Nov.... 

ioo-  .i.js 

425-  &:5  1 

i  ,-/i-  c.  ]n 

4  2.V  ROll 

l..v^  .5  no 

43&-  &7fl 

4   "  ■     ■ 

ia&-  &75 

I.7.V  'o.lS 

4.25-  COO 

4.  25-  5.  ri 

1.75-  5.00 

lUr.... 

400- aeo 

42s-au 

Jm»-. 

4Z=i-  ft7fi  1 
4  2&-  A.  «A 

D»v 

aOO-  4.90 
100-  4.  :.i 

4«.&« 

t  :■-  •.  .'. 

4i-»-  <V«0 

2.00-  4.40 

440-0.50 

i  2i-  i,  <  J 

Awrngn. 

1.75-  4.(0 
2.  .10-  5.-!0 

1 

i 

t 

ii.  ts^M 

'WHRATi  Resalar  frnidew,  flia*^. 

IFfloe  p*r  iHiitMl,  In  ChlOHgo,  on  Tue»lHy  nf  enrh  week:   quotatloiu  tiimlvhixt  Ity  Uie  Mcratarj-  of  Um 

Cblc«eo  Boara  of  Tnde.l 


/•a..... 

I&.n-lar2i' 

Apr.... 

•Ot-5-IO.S5 

'July... 

tO.M  -$1.M 

Oct 

l0.1Mi-«1.10 

-7U- 

.7lt 

.75 

-     -M 

.01 

-  1.02 

1.00-1.15 

.TT  - 

.7? 

.7fr 

-     .85 

.» 

-  i.Oi 

i.oa 

-  1.2(1 

.7* 

.77 

-     .» 

.» 

-  l.Ol 

.97 

-  I.IS 

.Tn- 

.74 

.7$ 

-     .(*i 

.le 

-  1.02 

.01 

-     .0.^ 

M) 

.731- 

.85 

Ila.v . . . 

.« 

-     .00 

AiW  ... 

.» 

-  1.01 

Sov 

.«! 

-     .05 

.7R- 

.m 

.01 

-  I  ni 

.82  -    .96  , 

.01 

-   .M 

.72 

- 

.H4 

.!K 

-  1.D4 

.M-    .f7| 

.92 

-    .94 

.74 

.844 

.«& 

-   !,0.S 

.00 

-  I.OB  ' 

.oa 

-    .94 

Mat..... 

.72 

_ 

.84 

JUM... 

.W 

-  1.02 

Sept... 

.01 

-  1.07  ' 

Dec 

.04 

\-    M 

.74 

. 

.ttfi 

.91 

-  i.nsi 

.W 

-  1.00 

.92 

-    .93 

.75 

. 

.W> 

.W 

-  i.tc 

.04 

-   I.  OH 

.W 

-     .96 

.n 

_ 

.M 

.90 

-  l.OJ 

.05 

-  1.00  , 

.07 

-    .9K 



A«r»««. 

.07-    .901 



10.0073 

FOOD,  ETC. 

BEIAKSt  Mrillnn,  cbolce. 

(Pllco  per  tymiiolt  to  Kew  York,  on  the  Antt  of  earti  nmiilli:   qiiotallons  tnnu  t\m  X«w  Ynrk  Joiinml 
of  Conunerre  and  Comnwrdal  nullctiti.] 


U«ath. 

PrIccL 

Month. 

Pricw. 

1 
Month. 

PrtfT.         ji  Monlli. 

Prk«. 

Mar 

11.  M 
1.90 

Apr.... 
Mar  . 
June . . . 

I1.4A-S1.471 
1.45 
1.S5 

'  Julv... 
Aiiff... 
Sept... 

ii 

91. 70      CH-t 

1.66    1   Xov 

»!.«)-  l.fiCl  ,  Dwc 

'  Av«ne«. 

t?.ao 

12.26-  2.274 
2.37^2-30 

11.7771 

DREADi  C'raekerN*  Bustoa*  butler*   In  boxca* 

I  Prios  per  pound.  In  Nev  Torit,  on  the  first  of  eiiob  nontb.J 


Jm 

nh .... 

M«r... 

•D.DO 
.W 
.09 

Apr.    . 
Mir... 

1  Juov... 

'      i 

iOwflo 

.00 

1 

Jiur... 

AOR... 

flepl... 

•O.0O 

.«> 

.09 

Oct 

1  KOT.... 

Dk 

'  ATervan. 

90.OT 
.09 

.09 

90.09 

DULLET1>"    or  TUE  BUBEAU   OP  LABOR. 
Tablb  I WUOLES.VLK  PRICES  OP  COXIMODITIES  IS  1907— ^VmUnoed, 

UHKADl    rraokrra.   •nrflt.    K,   n.    <  .,    In    Ixvkoh. 

[VAn  per  ponna,  In  Kaw  York,  nn  tb«  tint  irf  mA  ■tooth:  quotktloti*  truna  th*  U*n:hjixit**  RttvWw.) 


MnaOu 

VtkM. 

Month.           rilOii. 

Montk. 

l*iloa. 

1  Montk.  1        Ptk*. 

Jm 

Fob 

Mar 

"i|i£:: 

-g 

1  July... 

«xou'  Oct 

.on!    Nov.... 
.<^    I>^' 

"^3 

i 

Ama«L 

•B.CH» 

BI&BADi  l^iift  1  pomkd  nffer  baklnjr* 


(Prit:*  p0r  luitf.  In  Waahlogton.  D.  C.  nn  tlio  (Int  »f  cwcb  runnth      WHgb 
Trtoe  p«r  pouofl  (bc/ur«  li«klti|f),  Janiury  lo  ilflMmb«r, 

L  1«>lor«  baldiiK.  1A« 

taamu. 

JJW 

Frb 

Mar..... 

».04 
.04 

,  Apr.... 
M^y... 

SlXUm... 

•0.04 
.04 

.04 

July....!            m.r>i 

Aug....'                        .04 
Sept...'                     .04 

«»ct 

Nor 

I>oo 

«0.M 
.« 
.01 

Avorafn.' 

•ao< 

DRKADt  I«uj&f4  haiurtu«de. 


IPrl. 


and  ouc  or  iwo  In  Nfw  Jrracj  w(u'  'trllviT  brcu'l  In  ManlirtllaTiJ 


Jm 

r«u 

Mar..... 

SO.  04 
.(t4 
.04 

Jtxw... 

.04  1 
.04 

Jiuy... 

AiMT... 

S«»pr . . . 

^.w^rvt 

.(>4      Nov 

.tH      Dm 

1 

■^ 

.iveru0». 

taM 

BnBADi  IrfMif*  %'lemaa* 


irri 
I' 

II 


fuui  or  t»'u  Ja  Ncv  Jurwy  uliu  drilMT  Ln^J  lu  Uax)ljuli.iai.j 


Jan 

F.'tt 

li'»r 

10.04 
.04 
.04 

1 

1 

Apr.... 
May... 
Juno,.. 

1 

.04 
.04 

! 

I'.- 

in  04 

(*4 
04 

AvpnHp*.' 

iPM 

(Prlcff  p*rpouiii}.  Id CMn, IlL.nn  Moailay of  <«rh  wM*ir:  t|untatic>ni (tinilstM4  Ity  W.C.  WlUaoa, 

o(  Ihe  Elgiu  Dalrj'  Rcr<orl.] 


JftAa  »••! 


y»ii.  .. 


Mar. 


■rS   1 

Apr.,.. 

•0.80 

Ju*y. 

.» 

.» 

»i 

.» 

.a 

.S3 

1 

Mpy.... 

-a; 

.» 

Aoir. 

.n  ; 

.24 

.XI 

.it 

.11 

.JJ 

iUDO... 

.■nt 

.ii 

.« 

.» 

ta}«i 

Oct.... 

».» 

.a<4| 

*m 

.w  1 

39 

.;:* 

ar 

.■.M  1 

N'OT^.., 

:•» 

M 

77 

.■  1 

('« 

2? 

■'11 

*» 

:» 
?* 

T  .;.•. 

.1, 

::-J 

VTHOLBSALE   PBICBB,   1M>  TO   1«9T. 


WHOLESALE  IBICES  OF  COUHODirnS  IX  l«r-<*unliauea, 
POOD,  KTC.— CuoUBtiMt 

SW  poitt4,la  Smm  Yot^<m  Tii—tij  of  aarh  ««*k;  qUDtAlioa*  Iran  ll«  M*«  York  Jooxb*!  «I 

riiiiMiiii  ■■!  riiiiiiiMii  iiii  fr«tniiii  I 


p*». 


J? 

.V 

f 


».«- 


TCrvr  Tork   9t«te«  tuUm  mud  half  fnbk^  fa««>r> 


frrlra  p»r  poBnd.la  N*tr  rork.cm 

ToMilttT  of  neb  uraek:  qootatlons  Irom 

the  New  York  Jottm*!  of 

Commerra  bnd  CommejcM  Bulletin  ] 

Ju 

•B.S-»La9 

Apr... 

•a.»-«ei» 

i«.....     .*»-,ag| 

Oct 

•aL9i-iB.«t 

.S-     .2» 

.a  -  .M 

.ai-  .» 

.ifr-  .n 

.»-    .38 

:»!' 

«i 

.95-    .S 
.«7-    .» 

:SJ: 

3K 

r 

Kk . .  . 

.«7-    .» 

I«*y,.. 

.»-    .JflJ 

At«...                      .34 

Nov.... 

.34- 

344 

.»-    .» 

;JS::2 

.34 

37 

.«-    .« 

.24  1 

27 

.u-  .a 

.34 

.24 

77 

lUc..., 

.11-  .a 

Jttoa... 

avi... 

:§:  -n 

D«....'. 

.37- 

27 

S 

,»-  -as 

.» 

:St::£ 

.27- 

S 

.s-  .a 

.»-    .Sj 

.37  - 

3B 

.27  - 

■M 

nam 

CHEESB:   .\evr   Tork  StMlr*    (all   crv-Muit   larKC*  «-o!or«4l,   I>cnI    Bmidr». 
tFrice  perpouad.in  New  York.011  Tu(«4lB>  of  Mcta  WMk:  quoutlons  Irom  the  New  VorkJoumsl  ol 

Coouncfce  bdJ  CommaivUl  uulIeCin.l 


i«a. 


I&li 
.14 
1^ 

.14 

14 
.14 

14 
U 

U 

u 
I'd 


Apr. 


«•/, 


KXuf 


to.u- 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


{lij 


»0,l' 


tOLlUI 


rOFFREi    Rio  IKo.  T,  BtkvU  srfnde«. 

iirtte*  p»T  poand.  In  Mew  York,  nn  tbo  flrtt  ol  poch  month;  nnntetinn*  trnni  tbe  Nnr  York  Jmimal  M 
Cotnmcm  unci  Cniumciriiil  uullotln] 


SLOq- 


^^«7||  Apr.. 


Apr.. 


~l 


Ort M.0I4-C0.0C1 

Vnv....  .OK 

Dw .(»l 


Vi.wiA 


354 


BULLETIK   OF  THE  BtffiEAU  OF  LABOR. 


Table  1,—WnoLESALE  PRICES  OF  OOMMUDITIES  IX  1907— Continuod, 
FOOD,  ETC*--Continued. 


pt'rltv  per  (lOftftii,  la  N*w  Y»rli.  nn  TurmVh^  of  vAch  wi^^k;  mioliitlonii  frr>n.i  tliv  Nnw  Vorlt  JoitiiiitloC 


Mgntb. 

I*Tk<P. 

MonUi. 

•ft.  W -10119 
.184-     .19 

.  iw  -    .  »  ' 

.104-    .31 
.30  -    ,21 
Att\      .'JU 
,IJ(-     .19 
.  IS  '     ,19 
.  IH  '    ,19 
,17k-    .19 
A«-    .» 

.18-  ,ao 

Stcnth. 

Prto. 

Uantb. 

Prtw, 

Jw. 

.37-    .K 
.11-    .& 

.30-  .5i 

.3}U    .SI 
.29-    ,31 
.»-    .30 
.2R-    .33 
.^-    .» 
.30-    .^ 
.IV-    .113 

.IV-  .n 
.2(h  -a 

Apr.... 
Miy ... 

JUXK. 

July... 

AU«... 

AV  -   .ii 

.30  -    .S3 

.ai-  .2a  I 
.«-  .» 

.33-    ,3fi 
.sa  -   .38 

.53  -    ,38 
,74-     .30 
.M  -    .30 
.»  '    .30 

.2^  -    m ' 

.ai  ^    .33 

0«t 

Nov.... 
Dm-.... 

Avengo. 

»OLan-«).e 
.as-  .« 

.82-    .4t 
.M-    .« 
.38-    .«J 
.«8-    .SO 

.aa-  .Ao 

.as-  .so 

.43-    .60 

.3i-  ,« 

.27-    .34 

I0L2771 

lt*Eteo  per  qulmlal^  In  Botioti,.  on  1)10  &r»t  of  riich  mnnih;  quotBllcMit  from  the  aoiton  u^rtJ*!.) 


laoo 


Apr., 


tiOO 

Jiay... 

KW 

Aug... 

ikiJU 

,  S|.pt.„ 

1^00 

iT.^S-TflO 


Ann^. 


Ir.s^>f7.^i0 

7.25- 7,« 
r.35-  7.M 


tt-rsM 


PISHt   Merrlnvr   Hhore^   ronnil,  liirve. 

[Price  per  burn-I,  In  Boston,  on  the  flr.st  of  ouch  month;  (innlutions  from  the  IJoston  (ilobc] 


Jan. 

Feb. 
Mur. 


$0.00 

Apr 

G.(N) 

May... 

f..oo  . 

June . 

Si'>.00 
ti.OO 

coo 


Jnlv... 

AllR... 
8i'pt...i 


$*;.oo 


Oct ... . 
Nov.... 

Dec 

Avenige. 


Ki.  SO 
(1.  .Vl 

(■■.50 


to.  U^ 


Jnn 
Fch 
Mar 


Fi:jHt    Mackerelf  Halt,  Inrire  \o.  Hu. 

[Pria'  p<'r  barrel,  In  Boston,  on  tho  first  of  ouch  month.] 


1 
»17.(I0  1 

Apr.... 

Ifi-.W  ■ 

Muv... 

iii.oo 

Juno... 

112.00 

1  July... 

12.00 

!  Aug... 

12.50 

Sept... 

$12.50 
12.. 10 
13.00 

Oct 

Nov 

1>CC 

I  Average. 

$i4.n) 

14.50 
14.  so 


$13.91C7 


FISH)   Snlnion,   cniineil,   Colnnibin    River,    1-ponnil    tnllH. 

[Price  per  dnzcii  c^ms,  In  New  York,    on  the  first  of  each  month;  quotatlona  from  the  Ntw  York 

t'ommercial.] 


Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

$l.flO-$1.76  , 
l.tiO-  1.75 
1.00-  1.75 

! 

Apr — 
May... 
June... 

$i.f.n-$i.75 
1.00-  1.75 

1.C5 

July...! 
AUK... 
Bept... 

$1.G5 

C) 

Oct 

Nov  .... 
Dec 

Average. 

C) 

$1.6679 

o  No  quoUtioD  for  month. 


:-u::k^!iAi^:»^<<; 


^^^^^^^P                 WHOLESALE  PRICES,  1890  TO  ISQtl,                              856         1 

1      Tablb  I.— wnOLGSALE  PRICKS  OF  OOMUODITIKS  IN  lfi07— CbnUoiied.     ^J 

^l                                                  FOOD,  £TC.— OinUtiued.                                              ^| 

^^^^                                                                                                                                         ^1 

^^^^  IMT  tniDUm  pouato.  la  Nw  York.  «a  itoa  Am  ol  oitt  nomfe:  «w«>tl«m  tren  tMi  SCrr  YMtt^H 
^V                                           JoacMl  <rf  Cioamtm  —a  C liil  ■aMta.J                                  ^^^| 

VoMh. 

l*ite.         '  Voolk. 

Price.        1 

Uontb.  \        riim.        1  llMMfc. 

~  « 

JM 

'1  ■ 

B.3».C.30  1  At»r.... 
S.10.  3.2$  1  luy ... 

B.io«.ao    Jmy..J 

•>           o«i u.m      J 

reii 

?! 

Anff... 

V               Xmw -  "    ■  1         1 

3,<».3.ao  1  Joae... 

^- 

(4              0«e 1 

•"'"^M 

' 

K-sn0^^ 

^^                                                          Fxorat  Bye.                                                              1 

i             (Prittptf  b*mil.  In  Kffw  Ynrk.  ooUk^flMt  ofcAdi  muotr^                        rron  tteXcw  Yocfc  Jvosaaai         1 

^^L                                                            ueonnuirce  aaa  t-taamtnul  aL..^ua  i                                                             1 

^V    Jaa 

r                    \pr.... 

H    M> 

.^                   M.y... 

».«5-  4.35   ,  Aag. 

S^.r     ...               4.4»-Aa^^H 

3...     ...     jn. 

4  ^V  5  3S      Sept.. 

'i 

i        -  .-     u«« 

<wjfr-&i^^ 

-■« 

^H                                                            VLOrnt   M1ieBt»  «prl«K  »«tv»««.                                                                j 

^H    [rxiceparb«ncl,lnN«wYork.  on  Tundftvodwii  wwk,  oaoudoM  fKnttAMbjr  ttn  •uUaMm  «i^H 
^H                                                              ths  Xew  Vozk  I'roduot  Ealiuwt.}                                                     ^^H 

^B    JM..... 

|3.n-«4.SS 

Apr.... 

U9(yM.m 

Ja»y... 

H»^|»t  OK '        l&XM&n^J^ 

Xm-  4.35 

X90-  4.« 

&ao-&«j                   &.is-&.ai^H 

3.80'  13S 

X90-  «.« 

S^OD-  ^«    1 

&i»-«^g^H 

1W>-  CM 

&«0-  140 

IBS-  j.15  J 

&»-&^^H 

a6&-  4.40 

lOO-  IfiO 

lSS-&.tt   1 

&.«>-&«^H 

^^  Ab»... 

iLm-  4.  so 

lUy... 

116- 1  no 

Aug... 

!«»-&«     Not.... 

&»•  k-^^H 

lOS-  4  so 

l«^  &00 

17&~  &3& 

*^»-&^^| 

loo-  4ao 

175-  S.40 

173-S.2S'                     , 

&»-i.^^H 

40a.  4  45 

181V  SlIO 

1  TS-  A.  3&  1 

&io-&ii^H 

^^^^^^■r. .  .. 

a.U(i-  4.4n 

Jttue.-- 

IW-  5.40 

Sept... 

l«S-&40      I>rr                       &.lp-&^^^H 

&0O-  140 

1»-  5.40 

A.0O-&6OI'                        &io-&^^H 

XV>-  4-40  , 

17V  1.30 

AOO-^eO                                 B.l»-A.^^H 

1»-140 

17&-  &.» 

&.30-5.MI                             Sk»-&4^H 

K«k   ftfla^^H 





1 

^^^^^^^B 

JAvutfi. 

""^ 

^1                                                       Ff.orn<    WUmI,    wlmter    •lral|?b««.                                                  ^^ 

^P     (IMoe  MrbarM,  In  N«w  York,  on  ToMiUr  of  Mcb  ^reak:  qaoutions  fninlfltMil  br  (ta  sUtlaUdsa  «i^H 

tb*  New  York  l*Toduc»  Ekctujift.]                                                                  ' 

7 

!■•  iv  ^!  tt     Apr.... 

S130-«14S    ,  Jut}'... 

iao-a.4& 
a.»-3.4s  ! 

KIS-KSs'ort M.:0-M« 

:■:  1.-     ;  «  , 

1  15-   1  W  ' 

13>   ITS 

..  1  .     .  1'. 

4-  l.V     4    V. 

l&S.  100 

a.20-3.45  , 

14D-  1(0 

;i 

L3&-  3.50 

■ 

iw  in 

^M    Ml..,.. 

U.,    iljy... 

X  ao-  a.  6A     Aoir . . . 

Nov.... 

1»    IIB 

a.2u-  3.fl0  1 

.\:?   4.00 

,'    "     .  . " 

13&.  IW 

a.30-  3.50  il 

4  lO-  4.  40 

-L     <■       t 

1)&-  IW 

X  '.■IV-  :t  1'. 

4.  .11-    <  '*» 

J  ■.-.'-    •...;■■ 

1«>-  ITS 

^1  Mm.... 

:;.                  ''lOB... 

4                              .S«pi... 

J 

iw^-  i..iu  ,    Dec 

4.  Oa-  1  41) 

ISEK  ITS 
12S-   165 

li , 

i  • 

lOO-  140  ,, 

12&-  in 

3.^  d>.*£>   1 

lUU-  14U    1 

lao-  100 

1»    173 

AveniKe. 

13S-  ITS 

«Ly«7 

^H                                                                                 •NoqitoUtl<"                                                                                                  ^^M 

LBUS  OF  GU  ACKZAT   OF  X^ 


lABUt 


wnoUBAix  mem  or  rouvoDmEs  m  isor— c 


rrta^ 


^ 


nv». 


.«'  .mhAS' 


>«il  Bafti 


KLON 


.10 


taOMa 


I 


rRt  iTj    Apvle*^ 


trl«*4. 


Ii  IR  9(«w  Y«fK  (W  tti»  Iknrt  of  wti  month;  anntaiinni  frtnn  f  be  X««  TofI;  JAOcml 


b 


In  Wrw  T«rt.  on  Ch»  ftrrt  o#  e«eh  moutH:  rmataUonj  ftom  IV  Srw  Voft  Jo0nuJ 
irf  tSMBSMtn  mid  Ctanto*nliil  DuUi<Uft.l 


■ 

gi;: 

10.  VT 

•ao6»-  .or 

.o4-   .«! 

Ort 

D« 

*i*4^     .(IT 

1 

IftUTXlS 

KIIVITt  rninvfi,  California,  UOb  to  TOa,  In  JSn-ponnil  boxea. 

k,  on  th«  flrfft  of  each  month;  qaotatiom 
of  CmmnorM  and  Conuneirinl  Ballctin.] 


[Prlcpt  ppf  nnmid,  in  Now  York,  on  the  first  of  each  month;  qaotations  from  the  New  York  Journal 

IBt 


jHtl. 

Mur. 


.  (WW-     .  05! 


FKIlTi    RalalBH,   Caltfomla,    Lonilon   lay-er. 

on  tho  flr.st  of  each  month;  quotation: 
of  CoinnuMvo  and  Commercial  fiuUi'tin.] 


[I'ritv  per  In'x.  In  Xi>w  York,  on  tho  first  of  each  month;  quotntlona  from  the  New  York  Jounu 


.Ian. 
Miir. 


»1.  V.  JI,.V» 
l.X.-  1,4.-) 


Apr....! 
M«v... 

Jmu'... 

l.TiO-  l.(V> 

July.  .. 

Aug... 
Sept.... 

Sl.50-S1.rk5 
1.75-  l.iiS 
1.75-  1.85 

Oct ! 

1  Nov 

Dec 

$1.75-$1.85 
1.75-  1.S5 

1.7(>-  180 

Awrage- 

t 

11.0271 

a  No  quotation  for  month. 


^^^r                                 WHOLB&VLE  PRICES,   IS90  TO   IdOT.                                 357            1 

i          T±MiM  L— WHOLESAT.E  PRICES  OF  COMMOniTTES  IN  lOOT-C^inlinaed.         ^1 

^fe                                                               FHTOn.   TTTC nnntimiw.!                                                                     ^H 

^^^^   .                                                                    OUTOflK.                                                                                        ^^ 

^^^^^H^^i^M^H^^Mft  S'                    ^n  the  ftrst  of  each  month:  from  Jumarr  to  Anrll  th^  nrierfl       ^^M 

^^B«lh_>            T-HM 

Itoltt. 

Pitao. 

Moot^ 

PriOB. 

Keolb. 

TrUxL                     1 

J 

P^M. 

«2.n  '  A|ir„.. 

t2.Il 

Jdly... 

«L3^«13I  '   Oct 

02.38      ^J 

fWb 

3.11    1   Apf  ... 

a.as-  131  /  Not... J                      ^48     ^^ 

tr 

12-20-2.31    '  8^....          1.05-S!.4l   ■  Dee 

Z48     ^ 

1 

|'A««e.». 

tLOIDB     ^H 

^^^                                                          I^1R[>:    rrlnie.  «un«rmvl.                                                               ^^| 

^^^ftb  atraonaa.  In  Naw  Yevk.  on  TimsmIbv  of  «Ach  wwk:  anoutloru  himUbod  br  the  •taLUticlan  aj  tti«            1 

^^^P                                                   .S«v  lork  I'roduou  txchuecj                                                                         1 

■!.... 

KkOnO-CXOBQO 

Apr.... 

m.auf>-m.(»*& 

Jaly«..l|0.0880~l0.00ao||  Oct 

0010010^0.0040              J 

.OnO-    .OBM 

.0000-    .0912ft 

.0870-  .0015  n 

.0010-    .0055     ^^ 

^^^B 

0»-    .0K6 

.aso-  .ooto 

.067^    .QBOO 

.0»4».    .0180     ^H 

^^^P 

WIS-  .ton 

.0^5-    .OBIQ 

.moo-  .0060  • 

.oei(v-  .ootifi   ^^1 

^^^ 

tooo'  .loes 

.0880-    .(800 

.0090-    .0060, 

.WW-   .oou    ^^1 

["•■■ 

wa»-  .1080 

utio.  .loao 
flno-  .1010 
mn-  .un 

Itoy... 

.0006-    .0090 
.003V    .VOBft 
.0»«>-      OOU 
.0010-    .00« 

Aof.,.. 

.0005-    .0040 

.otoo-  .OMai 

.0805-    .0009  1 
.OBOfr-    .QUO 

Nov 

.0»4fr-    .0000     ^H 
.0075-     .0015     ^^M 

»}»-  .eiu 

OBK-   .0070 
OHR-    .0000 

ooBs-  .oan 

JOMI... 

.0015-  .ooa(» 

.0S7II-    .OKU 

.as7&-  .0000 

.OMV    .0090 

aepl.... 

.0000-    .0045 
.0000-    .0045 
.OmS-    .0046 
.0006-    .0010 

Dm 

.0645-    .DOTS     ^^1 
.OKJO-     .0000     ^^1 
.(B3D-     .»50     ^^H 

.0010-   .was   ^^H 
-OMO.    .0125    ^H 

I 

1 

S0.COZ0    ^^1 

^V                                                           HEL%L.i  Corn,   An«  wklCr. 

-        i,ftte»  par  bm^  of  101)  poan«S«,  In  Ne«-  York,  rai  tbe  first  ol  aacb  month;  quoUtloct*  troni  Uw  S»w  Vnrk 
^^m                                               JoarttAl  ol  I'ommarce  and  (.'.ommeroul  BuUeun.) 

k- 

«.30      Apr.... 

■  :ly... 

«l.M      Oct '        |1.B&-«1.«4               1 

ISO      Mny... 

Ol-L'                         H... 

tl.aS-  1-35  '    Nov....            1.S3-  l.M                  1 

m-\ 

1.30     Jun«... 

1,'^.        :                           I.t... 

l-«,    Dec 

|Avin0». 

1.3(}-  1.35                  1 

««r.          1 

^^P                                                         MKAlii  Corttt  •av  yellovr.                                                                      1 

Cartes  par  100  poimda.  in  N«ir  York,  on  llw  Ant  of  6Ub  montb:  annuDons  from  the  New  York  JuiinuU             1 
1 uf  Conunecoe  uid  Comiiarcial  BtLUeLOu)                                                                    1 

^1^ 

«1  D 

Apr.... 
S4iy„. 

■ 
01.30 

July... 

stssfiodk 1     ti.ss-n.eu         1 

r» 

$1.21-  1.27J 

Auff... 

Sl.SS-  1.35 

Not....;         l.JO-l.fiS               1 

B-... 

U3U 

Judo... 

l.X)-  1.U 

flepl... 

1.40 

Deo 

Avaraiie. 

1.30-  i.n           1 

It.  3^               1 

c^H' 

356  BCLLETIS    OF  THE   B1TRE.1L"    OP   LABO^. 

Tamuc  l.-\\Tlt>LEaiLE  PRICES  OF  CfiMMODITIES  DC  HKTr-CondBiMiL 
POOD,  KTC— O>ntmuod. 

tPrtw fgf  iilllfc Wmt  Y«fc,  on tba  flwt  Pf  tA mmXkj _i»>fcmw>  fcoiiUJiii  Vmm Teifc 

of  GOflDBMInS  mmI 


yAvstiu 

root. 

MfflttlL 

Pftae. 

Mantli. 

pplan.        j  Moflili. 

rrtB*. 

m= 

'•rg 

June.,. 

10.07 

Aug.., 
fcpt... 

"9 

•fcoiH**^ 

«aQMa 

[7ilftt  pmt  ]>0niKl,  (n  New  Y^rk,  cin  Uw  first  olcM'ti  nnwiti;  mKi<titlt<ni  ttvm  the  Xpw  York  Jmirml 


fe;; 


lo.ini;  ADC... 


^^»» 


Oct. 


A«*ri«a, 


« 


«k«7 


•0,0038 


per  pound.  In  Nrw  Vnrlt*  on  ttir  flnt  ol  cJkc'b^  month:  quotAticrDs  from  tlw  N«w  YorH  JoutkaI 


iaon<  Ajn-.. 


July  .-J  M-OT  !  oot. 

Alii  '    -'      HVliT^t-    .1?;  I    Krrr. 
ftppt...l  AW,i-     .(Hill     Dn. 


Aveca^ 


•n.oa|-«acrr 
.o4-  .w>i 


|».1<7Q3 


FHVlTi  I'rnneis  CaUfurnla,  00«  to  TO«,  In  SO-pound  lbexe«. 

[Price  per  pound,  in  Nt>w  York,  on  tbe  first  of  each  month;  quotations  from  the  New  York  Journal 
of  Conuncrce  and  Commercial  DoUetin.] 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Unr. 


la  054-10. 06  , 
.(tti-  .05}! 
.051-     .05JI 


Apr... 
Miiy.  . 
June.. 


sao5HO-o&i>  July-  - 

.0«-    .051,   Aug  ... 
.05(-    .00  i    Sept.... 


I 

•0.  06 -40. 061  Oct. 

.  Oti  -    .004  Nov. 

.0«i^     .00|  Dm. 


Average. 


50.  ooe-$o.  Oct 
.  (h;!-  .  o(i| 
.0(4-    otH 


$0.  Oo-JS 


FRUIT:   nalalBii,   California,   London  layer. 

[Price  per  box,  in  New  York,  on  the  first  of  each  month;  quotations  from  the  Kow  York  Jouniil 
of  Commerce  and  Commencial  Bulletin.] 


.Tan . 
Kel.. 
Itdir. 


1 
J1.45-SI.M 
I.3.V  1.45 
1.35-  1.45 

Apr.... 
May.... 
June... 

$I.5O-$l.G0 
1.50-1.65 
1.50-1.65 

July.  .. 
Aug... 
Sept.... 

fK.IO-Jl.fw 
1.75-  1.85 
1.75-  1.85 

Oct 1 

1  Nov 

Dec 

A\-erage. 

«1.75-$1.S5 
1.75-  1.K5 
1.70-  l.SO 

1 

$1.(3271 

o  N'o  quotation  for  month. 


J\Sfci 


WBOLSSAL£  PBICES^  ISVO  TO   1907. 


Txau  L— WHOUESALE  PRICES  OF  CO»IUDITIES  IN  IdOT-C-ootimiwl. 

FOOI>,  ETC.— Guntinued.  ■ 


Gi«rco8K. 

,  Id  Xfnr  Tock,  oa  Uw  ftrM  «tf  uicdi  numlb:  f nm  Janaa.17  to  Apsll  tlu»  prtara 

*MsvtoX>oouiiberforCiiilxlJ3g;nuotAtioiufraiiittio  New  VorkJr>urTuJ. 


i 
I 


P.  II 

111 


py|0n< 


I    I 


■oOttL 


n  11     Jnly. 

Ill    '   Aog. 


MontiL 


3.  as-  X  31    '  KoT. 
3.3)^  i.  41    ,   Doc. 


ATcnfa. 


rite. 


cn»i 


LAHOi    rrlm«»  eontrmrt. 

ta  }S«v  Yvrt:.  on  TomhUt  of  n«ch  w«itk;  ndniittinr^  rurttltbt^  by  thv  aOkUstlrUn  nt  tli« 
New  Vork  Trodurv  Eu-Uaii|(«>.] 


IIB 

»tMa.lMB 

Apr.... 

«l.d8Q(^«).0ft45| 

July.. . . 

$y.  i^M>-* 

odao  ,  Oct 

io.aoiif-io.aMo 

.OBOO- 

0B85  ' 

.«;u 

.W15   ' 

.wio-  .mu 

r4IV^      .MB)    1 

.mmh 

.C910 

.U87V 

.UU30   j 

.0M>-  .ooao 

.«Mft-    .MOO 

.987*- 

.0*10 

.0890- 

.«M   ' 

.0D1(V-    .0006 

.tflao.  .UBS^ 

.OBfiO- 

.0K» 

.aaao- 

.OMO, 

.QBa>-    .0015 

Ml 

K«r<.. 

.OWfr- 

.am 

Aaf.... 

.MB- 

.OMO 

Nov 

.aB«-    .GOOD 

.tOlO-    .1090 

.om- 

.ows 

.0000- 

.ai»«' 

.onfr-  .WI6 

.oaa»-  .laiQ 

.OMO- 

.O06& 

.aBB&- 

.(MO- 

.OSOfr-      COQO 

.«HD-     .UUB 

.oaio- 

.(MS 

.aDO&- 

.QOM 

.077&-    .OMO 

I^K. 

.OBSV-    .08K5 

iBBA 

.nis- 

.(loaD 

Bipt.... 

.WQQ- 

.0046! 

Dm 

.W4S-    .lK7fi 

.OM^-    .OBTO 

.«TO- 

.OffW 

OBO^* 

.0M» 

.OMD.    .0000 

.CMS-      OMO 

.ttTO- 

.0000 

.M»^ 

.OMS 

.0030-    .C880 

.ORS-    .ti«»| 

.ORAS- 

.loao 

,OB0fr- 

.OMO 

.niO-    .(SOB 

1 

Annice. 

.0000-  .om 

i 

" 

•0.0020 

URAl.t  rorn«   flno   white. 

(hlwpvli^eol  lOOpauudft,  Id  N«w  York,  on  Itw  finrt  ol  each  month;  quota t km»  irom  ihoN«w  York 
Jounial  of  Conuocnie  utd  Comnuroiftl  Builetln.] 


M.. 
Mk.. 


0.30 

i.ao 

1.30 


Jqiw. 


»1.3n  "  July. 

%l.i^  l.-'7l ,  Auk 

1.30-  1.35  '  Sept. 


tt.3S 

»L23-  1.35 

t.4Q 


Oct 

Nov 

Dee 


tt.As-n.ozi 

ISO-  L.&& 
1.30-  1.35 

ft. 305 


XE.^I.i  Corn,   flme   x^Uow. 


[TflWperiaOiKnin'U.  tn  N«r  York,  on  thrOrRlor  ^j^rh  in>->nth:  miAUtwinB  ItYitaKbe  New  Voiic  Jot: 
of  CouuKico  nii<S  <  uiiiiii&n.<iil  Builotln.] 


mn^^l 


Sfc: 


1  30 
1.30 


Jane.. 


91. .10 

»1.2V  l.TTJ 

i.3>-  La& 


July. 


$1.35 

3125-  1.3S 
1.40 


Oot. 
Kor 


OI.S&41.034 
1.53-  l.&S 
l.»-  1.3S 


Sl.3'J75 


\ 


JhLBTlJ^  or  THE  BUBKAU   OF  LABOB 


.A»L»  1.--WUL    ESALE  FRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IK  1907— Omtinuod, 

FOOD,  ETC\— Continued. 

MfCATi  niMCtin,  i»li«Pt  «lMr  ktf|#««  itmolcvdf  looa#* 

(mm  pKT  pdund.  in  Chla«e<^*  ^^  T^MoA%y  of  MCh  mik;  qaouUoM  b^m  iii«  D^iif  Tnd*  BaUctlftJ 


Montli. 

J*rt(jB. 

Itomth. 

l*Tto». 

Kontli. 

Pftoe. 

Month. 

rftee. 

Jfti) IQ 

SH 

^^ 

Apr. 

•O.tM 

-Ifi.OW 

JuJjf,,. 

noftMcaBi 

Oet,,„, 

•OU^-IOJWI 

m  • 

00 

'3 

.00 

W'^ 

s:  a 

oa 

.1© 

.CV 

-   .w 

.i»v  .m 

w-    .ou\ 

oo  - 

.10 

JI& 

.(» 

,u» 

-   >«H 

Ul 

-     AU 

r»b 

.ID 

M«y... 

,f» 

-   .(* 

Alls      . 

.m 

-   .« 

Nov.... 

01  -    -tH 

lOf- 

.Id 

.00 

.Id 

.w 

-     .08 

n« 

-     .{«l 

JM- 

.Id 

.c« 

.Od 

'   »Qa 

19 

.qM 

1^- 

U 

.4M 

.fftl 

-  .og 

CD-     ,t« 

Hiif 

to  - 

At 

Jun«.. . 

»(* 

mipt... 

*W 

^  .» 

D«o 

w  -    .a» 

U)  - 

.m 

.OQ 

.OB 

.08 

•   »« 

OB  -    .« 

II)  - 

.111 

.(Id 

.i» 

.Oft 

,« 

(»  -    .c& 

w| 

.m 

.(» 

-  -m 

• 

t-   SJ 

AYwnMff, 

at  -   .(« 

OB  -     .fK 

'         ' 

m.m* 

StE^ATi   aa«oa»  iiliort  rlh  «ldic>i  •inaWe«l,  tucHtv. 


If'riif  jo't  ]. 


Jan. 


■  I,  III  r 


li  wmki  quoUtlatu  from  ttu  l>«tly  Tritde  BulU>tJa.] 


M»y... 


Jiin*'., 


liiriQ 

Itl  IKi( 

J.ilv... 

.nt 

.  LXH,                    1 

.tu 

.DO 

1 

JW 

.OU 

.(W 

-W 

1 

,00 

■     .W 

Aug.,. 

.U» 

-     .4» 

.w 

-     .» 

.m 

-  .m 

TO 

no 

Sept.- 

.OU 

.00 

.IKI 

.1)0 

>(Ht 

-  .M 

•u.  ()iti-»a.ucii 


.004- 

.oof 

.0-J  - 
>0H  - 

.00  - 
,00t 

.OW  - 
.0(1  ■ 

.irojr- 
,fn 
.  (rtl- 


m 


Offt. 


Not, 


THv,. 


ArrrKfBB. 


|tl.Ul^-tD.(l|ll 

■  no  - 

,0* 

.00 

.00 

.00  ' 

.ffi^ 

JM- 

-CAK 

.09- 

.no 

,m  ' 

.OP 

.ffl  - 

.Oft 

.oe  ' 

.OH 

.«( - 

-Oi 

.iw  - 

.(S 

.on  - 

.OHt 

.0J|- 
.071- 

.CK 

.£» 

iu.ogi9 


MKATt  Beef,   frenh,  native  NidPM. 

[Price  iMTpoimtl  luNow  York,oiiTin»aday  ofiMich  wc't'k;  quotations  from  tlio  Nt'w  York  Pally  Tri;)unc.] 


Jan 


Fob 


JO.fV.i  JO.OO  ' 

Apr.  . . 

$0.07  -10.09  1 

July... 

tO.<Wi-$0.  10 

.07    -     .01) 

.07  -     .004' 

.00-     .10 

.07  -     .Olt 

.07i-     .OOj; 

.W         .  101 
.00   -     . 10* 

.irr  -    . 00  ' 

.071-     .OOJ' 

.(17  -     .Ott  1 

.1174-    .ooJ 

.OKI-     .10 

.07      .m , 

May... 

.07S-     .09  , 

Auk.  .. 

.m\-    .11 

.07  -     .ll'.ti 

.OS  -     .Wi 
.OS  -     .  OOJ 

.OXi       .  Ilij 

.07        .09 

.ONi-     .10, 
.OS          .10. 

.07  ~     .00 

,IW  -     .09i 

.07   -     .00 

JuDf... 

.OH  -     . OOi 

&>pt . . . 

.  (W   -     . 10 

.07  -     .00  , 

.  W  -     .10 

.(W  -       .  10' 

.07  -     .W  \ 

.OS  -     .10 
.  OK  -     .  10 

.OS-      .10 
.OS-     .10 

.<I7  -     .00 

Oct 


90.  osy  $0. 1 


Nov 


Doc. 


AvoriifP'. 


p}.  *VSA 


WHOLESAUE   PRICES,  1890  TO   1D07. 


359 


Tabi*  I.— wholesale  prices  of  COifMODITTES  IN  1907— iWtinned. 
FOOD,  El'C— Continued. 

MElATi    Beef,    maII,    exlrn    mt-ai*. 

prhv  vet  bATTel,  in  Ncv  York:  qiiAtatlons  fumUbcdbythc  ftittlsticlaaof  thr  Now 
York  Produae  KjcchanpL'.] 


KonllL 

rtkw. 

Month. 

Prior. 

Month. 

PriOL 

Month. 

Pita. 

Ha 

«.» 

Apr... 

W.75 

JiUt... 

ta7£ 

Oct 

SI0i2$ 

H-SCI 

9.75 

tlu76 

10.  2A 

0.25 

0.75 

9.75  , 

w.-:s 

9.36 

9.75 

9.75  1 

10.35 

*Mk 

g.as 

Mfty... 

9l7& 

Aug.,. 

0.76  , 

Nov.... 

ia2& 

9.SS 

».7d 

9.76, 

10  2S 

«.3S 

•.76 

9.76 

10.25 

V.3S 

9.75 

B.76! 

10.  u 

Judo... 

Bept... 

9.76  1 
B.75, 

Doc 

10.25 

Mw.... 

fiLTS 

«.?& 

10.25 

e.7fi 

9.75 

9.76  1 

10.75 

fliTfi 

9.75 

10.26 

to.  75 

ATS 

9.75 

1(L26  j 

10.76 

B.75 

9-75 

Avtnge. 

f 

10.8173 

NBATi  Beef*  aeSt,  fiami*,  weiit«ni* 

par  baml.  In  Now  York,  on  TuudMT  of  each  week:  qootjitloiu  fiimlabod  by  tb»  flt.itlsttcijui  of 
iha  N«w  York  Produce  ExchMige.] 


Hm..,.. 

VLtt-ia&oo 

Apr.... 

SM.  00-920.00 

July... . 

•3iao-«2o.oo 

Oct 

tttLOO 

3X80- 3& 00 

M.00-  Ml  00 

2400-  a&oo 

at.  00 

A50-  25^00 

34.00-20.00 

24  00-  20. 00 

'AQO 

AAA-  25.00 

24.00-  20.00 

3100-  26.00 

as.aD 

23.ai>-  2&ao 

3100-  20.00 

21 00-  2ft.  no 

20.00 

fMi 

23.5i>-  2&0I> 

Mat... 

34.00-  20.00 

AOg... 

3&00-  27.00 

Nov.... 

29.  00 

23.50-  25.00 

31 OU-  3&00 

2&00-  27.00 

2ft.  00 

2400-  a&no 

2100-20.00 

25.  SO-  27.tt» 

2(»tiO 

sioo-  2(kao 

2100-3ILOO 

26.00-  37.60 

29.00 

Ktf..... 

U00-2O1OO 

JUIM... 

3100-30.00 

Sept... 

2a.  60 

Dm 

27. 8Q 

M-O^  KkOO 

21  (JO-  30.00 

2B.S0 

27.  SO 

34.00-  20.00 

2100-  20.00 

V.6H 

135.00-  27. ID 

M.  00- 20100 

3100-30.00 

2B.W 

Atmbcr. 

2160-  ail  SO 
3160-  30.80 

OA.0&M 

MEATt  llamiit   ntuokrd,  looRr. 

[Phc*  per  pound  on  Tuesd«T  of  such  vwk;  qaot«tloa«  from  th«  Dally  Trad*  Uulktin.] 


Mar. 


ao. 

12t-IO.  134 
13-    .13 

Apr....       90 

131-00. 134 ' 
13  -    .13 

12!-    .13 
121-    .13 

13  -    .13 

13-     .13 

13-    .13 

U-    .13 

13  -    .13 

May.,. 

13-    .13 

13  -    .13 

13  -    .  M 

13-    .13 

M  -     .14    ' 

13  -    .13 

13  -     .  14    1 

13-    .13 

Jui»... 

n-   ,  H 

13-    .13 

13  -  .isr 

m-   .13 

H  -    .I8J 

ia(-  -lal 

13  -  .lafj 

Aug 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov 


Dw. 


AVftmgft. 


•ciaos 


37091— Ko.  75— OS- 


JtX-lTlJf    OF  THE   BUREAU   OF   LABOR. 


j.a  I,-\VUOLESALE  PRit:ES  OF  <X>MlIO0ITlEi^  IX  1»07— ConLwitwd, 
FOOD,  BTC.^<*oiitimiwi- 

MKAVt  M«t«««,  *■—»«. 

ito  par  pB—rt,  te  Hfv  T<iNk,  4a  TiMrt^ni<«aA  -wsifc;  t»ntatlMt  Imb  tte  Mnr  r«fk  I3«l|r 


aU. 

Pt^ 

^ 

MonUi. 

Pi^n. 

Vovtli. 

Prtofc 

|t>,l»4-» 

1(1 

•a(»*i}Ofc 

Jtur... 

•o.w^«x** 

Ort 

it»,OT  -lUOH 

.07  - 

10 

.a*-  -U 

.w  - 

uui 

.07^     ,0! 

.W  - 

w 

.t».   .Ill 

.07  - 

m 

.07  -     .00 

.0?^ 

m 

.ffjy^ 

m 

.0?  -    .Ofr 

.OT  - 

UG 

.m-  -u 

.or - 

m 

.or  -  .« 

.. 

.at  - 

w 

M*y... 

.UB-    .11^ 

Aug-.. 

.OT  - 

m 

Wot.... 

.07  -    .(« 

,i»t- 

ug 

*07^ 

m 

.or  -  .01 

•m- 

m 

.tKh    .u 

.w  - 

10 

.07  -    ,iO 

•tWr 

« 

.09-    .)3 

.w- 

,07  -    ,(* 

- 

*9' 

m 

JSM... 

Sifkt... 

.07- 

Dbd 

.07  ^    .OM 

:|: 

^ 

.on-  ,0B 

.07  - 

.m  - 

ttpl 

.07  -    ,QV 

.rtflj-   .tig 



Avamgv. 

IHBATi 


11,  iitekH,  old!   i*  A«w< 


Uarrci,  t&  N««r  VarJc,  oti  Tttwd^y  uf  nacJi  wwk;  quoUUoas  rtu-ciUliei]  by  tin 


ilT..th«11itiO 

Apr.., 

*17.JW-»13L35 

1  Joly... 

tlB-OO-DSuAD 

Oot 

•U.TE^17.a» 

17. 50-  l^  80 

17.5I>-  1».'^ 

Ifi  00-  1K.8& 

18- TB-  17  «l 

17-50-  W.fiO 

17.50-  IJJ  25 

18.00-  IS.  60 

iT.oiK  i:  74 

17. »-  IS.  60 

t7-«5-  IHIIQ 

16  00-  Ih.  50 

17  ay  1775 

J7.«k  li-BU 

17,  tt"  I.K.1W 

18.  (Kk  IK.  ,10 

Ifl  35-  17  aft 

fWU..... 

IM.  OEh  )W  76  ' 

luy.-. 

17,25-  lH.ai 

Ai«.., 

1H.a0-  18.  Ol 

Nov,.-, 

ia.ot)^  i7.«a 

18.50-  10.25 

17-76-  )8,SD 

IS.  00-  IR.SO 

Ifi  W-  ifi  7S 

]>i.«^  1<«  i** 

17.7*-  IB.  50 

17  7.V  IK. 25 

15  50-  IWtiO 

IKM-   Itt  J.'< 

17.7ft-  1^.50 

17.75-  lfi.25 

15  i^^   J^7S 

IUp....- 

IS-OO-  JS  76  I 

J  OOP... 

17. 76-  Jft.  «0 

BBpl... 

17. .W-  IK-W 

UK 

)5.KK  l^7A 

J>tU&-  18.  J6 

17.75-  IX  BO 

17.50-  IS  00 

l&TO-  15. 7S 

1"  rs-  IK- so 

17.50-  IH-ifi 

17  av  IK. 00 

11 7S^  liW 

17.fl&-iS.26 

17.75-  ]«.fiO 

17,  50-  IB.  00 

AVCV-Bgfi, 

HiO-  15  iU 
ItSO-  15.2S 

117.  *iM 

MIL.Kt  Fr«-«h, 


[AverugemAnttily  exchange  price  per  qaart;  not  prkn^at  shipping  Rtations  stibjiTt  to  a  freight 
Now  York  o(  20  cents  ptr  can  of  40  quarts;  quotations  Iroin  thi'  Milk  ReporttT.] 


rate  to 


Jan. 
Feb 
Mar 


$0.0375 

Apr.... 

.ai.TO 

May... 

.0325 

Juno... 

lo.oicr.    Juiv 

ffJK7       Auk 
,  0250      Sept 


tO.VCfCi  '•  Oct. 
.(KUW  '  Nov 
.Oa3»    '  DfC. 


10.0400 
.0400 
.0400 


.Average 


SO.OUS 


MOI.A9SES:  \e\v  Orl^nnM,  op«>n  ked 

•n  Ih*' first  of  )'iu'h  month:  qlK^tittl<>Il^ 
roinmc'ivo  tnul  CoiiuhotcIiU  Uiilli'tlu.] 


[I'rico  ptT  gallnii,  111  N«'\v  York,  <>n  Ih*-  first  of  du-h  month:  quotations  Iroiii  th**  Ni-w  York  Journwl  of 

;liU  Ui 


Jan $0.37-«0.«i 

Fob I  .37-    .4S 

Mar .37-    .38 


Apr 

May... 
June... 


$()..17-?0  3S      Julv... 


,3H       AuK...' 
IS    ,  Sept...' 


50.  3r~$0. 4S 
.  :i7-  .  4s 
.37-     .IS 


Ort..., 
Nov  . . 

IVv .... 


.\vrnip' 


$0.3T-$0.4R 

.37- 

.4K 

.34- 

.42 

10.4088 

WHOLBSAUE  PBlCBSt  1890  TO   1907. 


MI 


•I»w»»» 


A^'HOl-ESALE  PRICES  OF  CX)3imODmES  IS  IMT-CMlKiiiiMd. 
FOOD,  >7rC*— C^ioUnwd. 

aD'l  ('■i.>!uiii'9xUl  BuUrtin.] 


I 


:a|:^S 

•^    -OS 


Mamli. 


rue*. 


AST....        tOlOtt-tti 
MftT...  .Oi-    . 


Junp.. 


OS 


Am. 


Month. 


I'ho^ 


0«l 

Nov.... 
Drc 

AriTa^.l 


ia< 


(rnce 


SAJ'Ti    .^merloatit   m«4tiiai. 


vwk:  quote tiMu  fiimlifctd  bjr 
BoAnl  of  Trade.] 


Chicago 


IBLSO     Apr. 


itoy. 


so  ' 


as 
as 
as 

.• 

,85 


Joly. 


Sil*... 


«ass 

.73 

.73 

.n 
.n 

.«r 
.7a 

.71 
.75 

.n 

.73 
.73 
.71 


<W 

Doe 

ATorage. 


O 


SQ-Tgil 


SODAS 

[Price  (Mr  p«md.  la  Xev  V«rk.  on 

BIcArboBftic  of,  Amerlcnn.                                                 J 

the  nnt  of  omch  nnwUt;   qanuilons  tnm  tteOa^  Pftlut.  and 
Drug  Ucportcr.J 

g:::: 

laoiw  , 
.0130  1 
.0130  1 

1 

S:| 

•0.0130    Jc«T...r         •aoisol 

.0130       Au(r....t                    .0130 
.Ol.TO      S«Vt-..                       01 » 

or. 

Nor 

Dw 

Awaye. 

taoiao 

.0130 
.0130 

9o.mm 

STICESt  Xntnivipt,  lORa  to  ltO«. 

t^tttn  |wr  potin4.  on  ttie  first  ofcftcb  montii:  quotfttldn*  Crom  Uio  New  Vork  Jownti  oi 

CommorcUU  BoNHin.] 

• 

'.  Comnivrc*  and 

ft 


MlUI-30.  lit  * 
.  142-  U  ,  & 
.l«i-    .U  I    J 


Apr..., 
May... 

"tino    . 


la  15  -ta  i5i 

.l-tt-    .15 
.MJ-    -15 


July... 
Atig... 

Sept . . . 


ta  u  -40.  i:H' 
.\H-  .14  1 
.111-    .131 


Oct 

Nov 

Dec 

Averagv. 


lU.  Cl-tU.  13 


I0ii3«r' 


^H                                                         SPICESi  Prpvrr,  81n0a|Mire.                                                         ^^fl 

^H  (pTicvpcrpoond.inNow  York.on  the  Orit  of  CAch  month;  auoUtloni  tromiheKew  YorkJournaJof^^l 
^H                                                             Conunctrco  aud  Comnuirclal  QuUeliu.]                                                      ^^V 

^^^^^^^vn-*^  * 

■aiOHQ-UM 
.  10  -    .  lol 
.10^    .lo| 

Apr...  !     »,  I«h»  l«) 
May...        -1'>  "   -  »M 
June...         -091-     10 

Jnly...      |aoe]-«).(W) 

Aug OH-    .(101 

sopt...      ,o&|-  .o»; 

'    Oct 

1  Nov 

IXe 

Afttfatfe. 

wM 

m.a»i       1 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B 

Du  XETIN    OF   THE   BUREAU   OF   LABOR 


iAtiLK  I WHOLESALE  rUICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907— ConUiiued* 

FOOD,  ICTC— Continued. 
STARCH  I  Pvre  eorat  for  evllmtrr  purposes. 

tI*TlnpAf  poiXBtl,  tn  N>D«  York,  on  1l\«  llrH  ^A  W[if:h  month.  qiiotftionM  from  iha  UerfOuutfa''  SterisWi] 


Mcmtk. 

Prtc*, 

Uonib. 

Pri«. 

Mfmth. 

i^ 

Uontb* 

!•]*». 

JWJ 

FW) 

iOr 

-Oft 
.0« 

Apr., 

JUDft... 

-OB 

July... 

'  Oct 

Av<irHB«. 

KLoon 

SUGABt  lil»<   fiklr,  rcaaliiir. 


|.Prlw  par  pound,  In  New  York,  on  Thur^dn^  of  eufh  w«k,  loeludlng  Smjwrt  duly  of  144  <«tiLa  per 


3mu 

.0300 

Apr.,.. 

_  •  1  !■■.'' ' ' 

Ttily.   . 

Oct 

I0.OHS 

.IfiJ* 

.i\  ':'  '■ 

.<XM4 

mm 

.tewi 

ia» 

ftaii..,  . 

.oma 

M.y.,. 

Aug.... 

.0344  ' 
.0344 

,O.RH» 

Nov 

OSO 
0314 

Jun«... 

.0334 

Sept... 

,0342 
.0042 

D« 

Ibr..... 

.0301 

onai 

,0300 

,US!3 

.U34A 

:Sgi 

.mt 

.OM^ 

49V 

.osar) 

,034ft 

Ann«B. 

OWp 

t^tam 

SVGAni  fHI^  oentrlfngTMl. 

[Price  per  pound.  In  New  York,  on  Thuraduy  of  each  week,  including  import  duty  of  l.fiSJ  cents  per 
pound;  quotations  from  Willett  A-  Ciray'a  Woekty  iJtatiaticuT  Sugar  Trade  JourDuI.] 


Jan 

$0.0356 

Apr.... 

10.0301    1  July... 

|0.0;t83 

10.0365 

.035t) 

.0373A 

.03S3 

.0306 

.OJJO 

.037GJ 

.03H;t 

.0300 

.Oiiti 

1 

.0373 

.03114 

.0390 

.0348 
.0342 

1 
May... 

Aug... 

Nov 

.0390 

Feb 

.0370i 

.a-f.M 

.0390 

.0342 

.03H3 

.o;w4 

.0380 

.0338 

.0386 

.03W) 

' 

.0370 

.0342 

.0392 

.0380 

.0302i 

June... 

.0390 

.0384  , 

Sept .. . 

.0393 

.o;fl)2 

1  Dec 

Mar 

.03.51 

.03G2I 

.oa.'io 

.0373  1 

.OifAl 

' 

.0385 

.(Kt,'!! 

.o;t7i  ' 

.03!!;'. 

1 

.0385 

.0358 

.0387 J 

.03y:> 

.\verage. 

.0385 

to.  03754 

WHOLESALE  PRICES,  1890  TO  1907, 


S68 


Tabi^  I.— wholesale  prices  of  commodities  in  1907— Coutlnued. 

FOOD,  ETC.— Continued. 

srcARt  fSraanlMied,  la  l>Mrrel«. 

pound.  In  Sf.v  York,  on  ThursdAT  of  each  «v»lr,  infludln;  Import  duty  of  1. 96  osntji  p«r 
tuad,  quvUtions  tmn  \VUI«lt  &  OrAy's  Weekly  Stuttstli-ol  Sitfu  Trudu  Journal.] 


MonU. 

Prioe. 

jlloaUt. 

Price. 

Uonth. 

Prieo. 

Month. 

Prioe. 

J«tt..... 

.0480 
.CMOS 
.OICO 
.016$ 
.04M 
.0«6 
.0I» 
.0«B 

Apr.... 
June... 

mona 

.04CS 
.0465 
.OMO 

July... 
Aug... 
Sept... 

10.0485 
.04n 
.047S 
.0470 

Oct 

Nor.... 

Deo 

.Kveraee. 

li 

r«b..... 

.OW 
.0170 
.0«S 
.005 
.0485 
.Otis 
.04Ra 
,0«U 
.0« 

.0465 
.0405 
.04fi6 
.04S5 
.040 
.04a 

.w« 

.0465 
.04&5 

1 

lUr 

.0465 
.OtfS 

.OISS 

n 

10. 04061^ 

TALUO-W. 

IPrtce  ptT  pound,  In  Sew  Vork,  oa  Tnrmlav  ol  eai^h  week;  qiiot«tloni  AirnlslMHl  by  the  statlfttdtt 
Of  the  New  York  Produce  Exchange] 


Jw. 


r«b. 


Hot.... 


.Oft 

-s 

.on 

.00  ', 
.OS 

•2 

-.06 
.06 
.06 

.OG 


.\pr.. 


May. 


Juno. 


$0,001 

July... 

lO.Ot.l 

Oct 

•0.00^   .ml 

.n.ii 

.OTi) 

.0.>i 

.Ofi 

.{»A 

.Of,| 

.IM.t 

.06    '  .Vug... 

.(Hi        NOY.... 

.(H 

.iw 

.0«H 

.or» 

.(rj 

.00 

.06      Sept... 

.Oil     Dm 

.Ort 

.m 

.(M 

.on 

1 

.06 

.oa 

I 
1 

|at«»«.. 

vios 

M 
.Oft 


TGAi   FortuoaKf   flnr. 

[Prtcr  per  pound,  In  Senr  York,  on  thr  firrt  of  rarh  month:  quntatlon*  from  llu*  New  Vork  Journal  of 
Commprec  and  Couunentol  BuUetin.] 


|0.2»4o;24 

.n-  .34 

.23-    .34 


Junv. 


•0.33-40.34  I  July 
.22-  .34  AUR, 
.23-    .24      Sept 


90133-10.34    I  Oct 

.23-    .34   I  Nor.... 

.23-    .34   '  Dee 

Av«ns», 


«i33-ia: 

.33* 
.23- 


VBGBTABI.BS,   PRESHi   Onloaa. 

IPTfefi  per  lianrl.  lii  .S'rw  York,  on  Iho  Arst  of  foch  montb:  quotation*  from  the  New  York  JoanuU 
of  Cammenu  and  CKUBtnrKUl  BuUeLln.] 


l.CIO- 

4. 


KOI)      Oi-i. 

$3.00-3.25  ^    Hot 

2.00-2.50      Dec. 


A  verage. 


I 


OjEtln  of  the  bureau  of  labor. 


LB  ■-— WHOI     ^ALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  lW-<'onLmiw?d. 

Vl^GBTAnLGJS,  FHR^iHi   P^imtnt-M,  white-*  Vwil   i«  tMnrr- 

iTouxl  of  Trmde.} 


UtmUi. 

Prk*. 

ICcmth, 

l-ite*. 

'  MoilUl, 

Prtofc 

UoQtA. 

^fln. 

.»-  ,a 

.37-    .Mi 
.40-    .4« 
,<IV    .4» 
*4ft-    .46 

Apt.... 

.4(^    ..W 
,4S-    .ikl 

,^    .7a 

.«)-     .77j 
,ftT-    .iW 
,«(^-   .71) 

.65'     .IJO 
.»-    -SS 
.3th    .as 

Aug,.. 

1 

:! 

•J 

*) 

:; 

•> 

Oct 

D«r 

Ave»e». 

.4!*-    .M 

.frfi-    .1)0 
.Mh    .Sfl 

.4&-  .sa 

Mw.... 

.4i-    .47 
,^i'  .41 
,40-    ,4£ 
.40-    ,44 

,4fl-    .i6 

K.«J3 

[rrlwpcrgimon,  in  N«n' Vorkr  oo  l,hc>  first  of  nf-hmciith;  quotationii  tromttw  S^civtaiiCt*  R^vlpw.] 


iS:::: 


.inn 
.aroo 


Apt., 

JUD«. 


^: 


Oct.... 

Nov,... 
D*c 


Avenge. 


.IffiO 


WLITSJ 


CI.OTH8  AND  CLOTHING. 

DACiSt  S-bimhet,  Amonkpiur. 

(I'lice  per  bag  an  the  first  of  each  month.] 


Uontb. 

Trlve.          '  Month. 

rrice. 

Month. 

Price. 

Month. 

Price. 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar.... 

1 
taifH^  Apr.... 

.IH    ,  Mav... 
.18  .  June... 

■1 

July... 
Ang... 
Sept . . . 

.mi 

.21 

Uot 

,  Nov.... 
,   1>PC 

10. 194 

Average. 

$0.1938 

BLANKETS:  11-4,  S  i»onni1ii  1o  the  pair,  nil   >vuul. 

(.\,\-crftge  price  per  pound.] 


Year. 


Price. 


1W)7 


$1.00 


BLANKKTS:  11-1*  5  ponndM  to  tlio  pulr,  cotluii  warp,  all  wool  tilling. 

lAverago  price  per  pound.] 


1907 


SO.  HO 


BI'A?SKETS:    11-4,    A    ponndn    to    f1i«    pAlr*    cotton    ^rnrp,    cotton    nnd    'woel 

nillnR. 

[Average  prioe  per  pound.] 


1907. 


•  No  QUOtf 


WUOL£&AiiE  nUCBB,  ISM  TO  1S01 

Ta»l»  t— wholesale  PfUCE8  OF  COMMODITIES  IS  tMT— C< 
CJLOTUS  AXI>  CIjUTIUXO— Oostimied. 
BOOTS   AXD   SUOKSi  ■«■*»    br»iMUM,  «»Ut. 
IfUoB  p«  ^lOr  Ml  Mm  OM  fl<  «■ 


MMlKk. 

rsl«i.         '  MoatlL 

PdoK.         UMooUl 

Prioe. 

Month. 

PrtM. 

Jv 

7A 

£:•; 

"1 

iH»y.„ 

t? 

Baft.  ... 

ti.as 

12* 

11.1729 

B4M>TS  AXD  SllOUSt  Jli«a*a  n»UI  tutmim,  rwu»e*-b*m»4  «o|s   17-lnck,  «n«>.hn]ff 

iloablr   aolc 

JiTloe  per  doMoi  piun  an  Uu-  first  c»l  psdi  nHuilh  ] 


nLSD  <   A|K 

XLOi     llMy... 
».aj     June... 


».»     Aoc- 

M.SO      Sftpt. 


nL3D 

aL«D 


Dw. 


AmrBgo. 


%8 


ICO? 


BOUTS    AXD    SHOCSi    'BeM^    ^-1c-l    cnlf    aliwrii.    Blac-lic-r     lml.»    vlrl    i*nlf    <op, 

■lajtrie  dojcl 

[Price  per  pftir  on  tike  ftnt  of  4tteb  iiM)atJi.1 


r«6. 


SLW  ;  VTuy... 
2-90  w  June... 


KBt 

Jvty... 

IflD 

Aug... 

2.  SO 

Sept... 

2.30 
2.80 


Get 

Nov 

Dw 

Avnn^. 


ia.8i 
s-xr 


c» 


BOOTS  ATTD  »110E9t  Mra**  virl  kid  ■hor*,  Goodyemr  writ. 
[l*xtoi>  per  pair  OB  Steam  til  «iu!fa  aMfaii.] 


2.50 

3-; 

OdI 

JCor .... 
Dw 

Av«r*0B. 

SLSO 
2.W 

1 

<3.« 

BOOTS  Aini  SHOES!  ^BToiuen'fl  solid   vnilB  abova,  leather,  polish   or  polkji. 

(P<lcap«rp«iroa  tlicftfat«I«aota  mooUL] 


$1  ff^    Apr.. 

1  CCj     Miiy. 
i-ta^j  June. 


Jtfly... 

Ang... 
Sopt... 

tl.OD 
1.00 
1.00 


Oct. 
Nov 
Dec. 


n.n 


S?l 


BRO.4.DCL0THSI  First  ««mltt7-,  biRck,  S4-lncht   in«de  from    XXX  wool. 

|f  dw  par  yvd  oo  tiui  iknt  of  aftcb  moaUu] 


$R:-.:.: 

Xftr».. 

«.«   1  Airr.... 
2.W     ifiy... 

3.03      Juno... 

1 

tats 

S.tt 

£02 

July... 
Atw... 
Sept... 

xoa 

Oct 

Nov 

D«c 

AVWABB. 

COB 

2.ea 

2.03 

«2.03 

86G 


BULLEXm   OF  THE  BUBEAU   OF  LABOR. 


Taiile  I.— wholesale  PRICES  OF  OOMMODITTRS  IN  1907— Com fnuo^, 

CLOTIIIi  AXI>  CLOTIIINO-Onuuiuoil. 

CALICOi   Aaierl0iia   ■(nndarii    prlnta*  04   x  04,   7    ymrdm   (ti    Ihv   ptinatl. 

tPrlec  per  yftrd  on  tbo  Drat  of  eub  nnath.] 


^. 

Prin. 

Uonm. 

Prion. 

UODtll. 

Pria*. 

HoaUi, 

Prtov. 

i8-.:;:: 

Mar 

.OfiOS 
.0670 

June... 

«aoA70 

.0670 
.0670 

July... 
Aug.. . 

.or>i8 

.0003 

Oct 

Nov.... 
Dec 

«aooM 

.OMS 

.Oflift 

AvwugiP. 

.a«« 

lUr. 


CARPRTSt  Braii»elii»  lUframe,  Bfir4*t»w 

(Prion  per  yKrd  on  Uid  Orat  o(  evcb  aionUi-l 


•I.M80 
l.a4MI 
t.34tt 


JUM. 


CL94M 
1.34m 

1.3«0 


July, 
Ang. 
flcpt, 


tl.MSO  Oct 
1  94M)  F  Nov 
).34tD    1  I>M 


rARPBTSi   InsrAln*  S-|»ly»  l^owell 

IPrtoB  pirr  ymrd  on  Uw  Hnt  of  Mch  mooth.] 


lOftTOO 
.A7dO 
.&7W 


Apr.. 
U«y. 

JUDC. 


•aA700 
,6700 
.6700 


July. 
Aug. 
Bfpl, 


CARPBTSi   Wtlloa,  S.*rfAmc,  BI«elow« 

|f  rlcv  pv  y>nl  on  tlu  Ant  of  osoli  montb.] 


Jm 

&» 

niEHOo 

3.28Q0 
3.»H[» 

JODD... 

3.  MM 

July... 
Aiw.... 
tinpt... 

ftiano 
3.  awn 

3.38D0 

Oct 

Nov.... 
JHe 

Avangn. 

nMo 

IX  ^ 

COTTOX  FLAHXErSt   U|    rmrd*  (o  ibr  |toan*l. 

[PriM  per  yftnl  on  thi>  nm  of  fuch  moiiih.] 


ftil'^; 


Apr. 
Mky 


i»y. 
OPi    Junn. 


•auvf 

.10 
.10 

July... 

.iO( 


Oct.. 
Nov. 
Dm.. 


ATongp. 


•n.noi« 


C0TTO?(   FLATVIVELSi   It}  >iiriU  «o  Iht-  ponaC 

(Prton  p«r  yttnl  on  llm  Ant  of  <wch  month.  ) 


ttJ::::: 

Mftf 

1(1.0; 
.07 
.07 

Apr.. 
M.y... 

JUIIti... 

II 

Oct 

.v.v 

l>^ 

i 

Annm- 

•^ 

WHOLESALE  PEICES,  1890  TO   1907. 


367 


TAB1.B  I.— WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907— Continued. 
CliOTHS  AXn  CXOTIIIXG-Coniinucd. 

COTTOTI   THREAD*.   Q-cord^  Z<>0-rard   apttoU,  J.  A   P.  CoAfa. 

(Price  par  spool,  freight  p*M,  on  tlu>  Brak  of  oftch  moaih.] 


I 

I 


lloaU.1        PifeB. 

UonUL 

Price.        t 

Month. 

Prtof. 

Moaih. 

Prtw. 

/mo '            «.ttJTM 

Feb .0J7M 

Mat....             .am 

JttM... 

10.03734 
.Q37M 
.MAM 

1         :  :  : 

|a0450S 
.OU08 
.04208 

Oct 

Nov.... 
Dec 

Avenge. 

ill 

•a  Mists 

COTTOX   YARXSi  Cvrdvtf*  ivkltr*  iMnle-HipaB.  nortlirrn»  ronvn,  10/1. 
[Price  per  pound  on  ihv  flrsi  of  cuch  montb.J 


Jm 

Feb..... 
lUn... 

$0,21 
.33 

Apr. . . . 

Jnnn... 

la  32     Jnly... 
.22      Aug.. 
.23      Bept... 

il 

»Q.3S|    Oct 

.a|     Nov.  ... 
.33      Deo 

JATtni«a. 

io.2aM 

COTTOTf   TAItXS:  Carded,   white,    mole-Hpnn.   nortbern.   funm,   2S/1, 

[Price  per  pound  on  the  fint  of  each  month.] 


ru> 


1 

T 


•aas 


Apr.. 
Jone. 


10.35  I  July 
.35  '  Aug 
.M    Sept 


Xa74    Oc 
.274     Ni 


«a374    Oct. 

lov. 
Deo. 


Annge. 


10.3ft 
.34 
.3i 


•0.3571 


[Price  per  jkpX  on  the  flnt  of  each  month.) 


10.13*  Apr... 
.13|,  M*y.. 
.13     Jaoe.. 


13 

July... 

U 

Aug.... 

14 

Sept... 

il 


10.144  Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec-. 


Are  rage. 


XUI 


10.1381 


l>Rlt.LIX(SS:    Brown.   Pepprrrll. 

[Priw  per  yuril  on  the  tint  of  eoch  month. 


Jaa 

Mb 

lUr..... 

tao») 

1 

June...| 

II 
«LOM    July... 
.Oft(,   Ailg... 
.0»i    Sept... 

1 

10.06 
.08 
.06 

loot 

Nov.  ... 
,  Dec 

Avemce. 

"i 

to.  ocas 

DRIl^UITtGSt   :U>-larh,  Stnrk   A. 

[AvuTAfip  tDonthly  prk-o  per  yikT'\.] 


lur..... 

|a072B 

.mm 

.07M 

Apr.... 

May.. 

June... 

•Ol«7i<I 
.C*04 
.07*7 

July... 
Septi!! 

.0742 
.0»13 

i 

Oct 1 

Nov.  . 
Dec 

•0-0783 
.0791 
.0833 

Avere^.' 

1 

•0LO7S 

TUJETl^    OF    TRE   BUKIIAU    OT  LABOR, 

44SUE  1*— WHOIJESALE  BRICKS  OF  I'LiM'M'OmrtKS  IN  ISBJ 
CIjOTUB  JtNU  CIjOTIIIXI;  -ri«iiinaofl. 


"-fflfc. 

Pite. 

IConttL 

FflM. 

IConttk 

PtUft. 

MonA. 

riita. 

" 

ao.>«u 

£" 

JO.«U 

St: 

JCiflU 

Anrags. 

•0.4638 

fPilwi  >■!  .ydamiM  flMt^< 


jB^or 


Oko 

Arenge. 


4M7 


90;  0658 


■3 


»; 


■^ 


|n« 


INov. 


Avenge. 


KLoaeo 


IIORSB    BLAlVKlITTSt  -H  iic»Hiaa  «i»rh,  nil  ^vuol. 

[Avcrajfp  pricpper  pound.! 


Year. 


1007. 


IMce. 


10.75 


HOSIKKYi    Men*«  co(4o«  Umlt  teoMC,  tustutil^nn,  Cait<  J»lnck,  :£»   to   22   oancct 
lOO  ttc<«*dleii,  HlnKTlr  thread. 

[Priro  piT  (lozrn  pairs  in  Septcni>M'r.    TlcprcRcnts  Imlk  of  sains.] 


1907 


TO. 7350 


nOMKRYi    Meii*N  oulton  hnlf  boac,  HeaiiilcMH,  Htandnril  ^fonlHyt  ^4  meedlca. 

[Price  Iter  dozen  pairs  on  the  first  of  each  month.] 


Month. 

I  Tito. 

Month. 

Apr . . . 
Mliy... 
June... 

Price. 

flljl 

J 'rice. 

1  Month. 

Price. 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar.... 

$U.76 
.75 
.75 

M.  75 
.75 
.75 

$0.  7.-. 
.75 

Oct 

Nov 

Doc 

Average. 

10.  75 
.75 
.75 

•0.75 

WaOLBSALe  P&ICES,  1990  XO  MV. 

<r— «*HOL£SAXE  PRICES  OF  ODMIIODITIBS  IX  IMT-OmtiiMMd. 
CXOl'HS  JL2iD  CIXITHIN'G— <onUiiued. 


Tc     'Woatps'to 


■Hikr^    l::«TV«isa    c^ttwv     h*«r,    lilark    apllee^l    tat 


(Pitoetw 


fmiT9 


Om^sbovt  tks  ivar.] 


«LQai 


IflBBTt     Vr*«»eM*«    roltoB    ho»r.    «eaMlf-sB,    tmmt    blac^    SO    to    S8 


no; 


I.KA 


•  narae***  — Ir, 


pkc^v*  kUI««(  li*«Tyt  W*.  1. 


(frtnpar 


on  tfaalkBtol«ach  aonlk  in  Dw|:ener%l  market,  quoUliuiuifToni  the  Shoo  umI  I.«mthef 


MoqUl.           I»rW».        U^'^^J        '''*^        LmmiU. 

rtiem. 

Muuli.  1         Pri». 

i«a tLS7-«La 

Mb *J7-   .J» 

Jhr 27-   .J» 

Jaw... 

«LI7-«IL» 
.37-    .» 

.ae-  .» 

S:;: 

Dm 3fr-    -W 

|atm«c«-            MLsaa 

fir«l   «|tLallt7'. 


(riioe  pttr  p»ttiMl  oo  tb«  flnt  o{  tmA  nontb  in  t\t*  cqiM>nU  Bwrtwt;  quotationa  trora  tbe  5bo*  umI 

Jm ».SMOLxJ 

VMi .as-  -aiS 

lUr »-    .mG 

5S;.:; 

JllDt... 

.Jt-    .27 

.»-    -27 

1  July...         fD.»fB.T7 
!  A«..-,            .36-     .27 
,  8epl...             .»6-    .17 

1 

Oct 

I>ec 

Awnee- 

ID.  SMB.  37 
.2»-    .27 
.31-    .37 

1 

S.HM 

^ 


LEATBEBs   Sole.  auk.  »r«arrd  backm  henry,  ?<<».  I. 


[pTk»  pm  p«an4  on  ite  finik  o(  •aeh  manlh  in  ibe  «Mi«rftJ  mikrket;  quoUllonfl  trom  Uw  Sho«  and 

1                         1 
J«B i      lawia*!     Apr...,      SL27-|u.»    Jutr... 

Km .17-    ,.1^,  Jiitw...           .47-    .*5  1  9*^... 

•DLaM&sr 
.ss, 

.34 

o« 

Nov.... 
D« 

Avense. 

■I 

.37-     .« 

1                   1 

S0.38SI 

LBATHBRt   Wnv  c«lf,  SO  fo  40  poands  to  tUc  dosea,  B  irrftilc, 

fPrie*  paaqo&f*  toot  on  Ito  Ant  ol  each  month  tn  Uut  novai  market;  quotations  fmrn  tbe  Shoe  aad 

LMlter  lUpMMr  J 


Jan. 


TS 


Apr.... 
May... 

-ItUM... 


HL74"mae    ju1t...< 

.75-    .so  I    Ail|f...| 
.7»-    .«      Sept...! 


•aTS-aaaB  ■  Oct 


.75- 


Xov.... 

I  «>« 


.7>-    .80 


a0  7l«7 


370 


BULLETIN    OF   THE  BUBEAU   OF  LABOB. 


Tablb  1.— wholesale  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907— ConUnued. 
cr.OTII8  AN1>  CLOTH  IXCJOmiinuerf. 

M\I3N  NMOiS  TIIRICADi    lOa,  Barliour. 

[Price  p«f  pound  oa  the  first  ol  web  month.] 


Month. 

frtoe. 

Month. 

PrtoJ. 

Month. 

riico. 

Month. 

riiiM. 

J«n 

KPt. 

Mat 

10.  HXK) 
.WW 
.B»30 

Apr... 

Mm- 

Juuo... 

.ao30 

July... 
A<«... 
Sept... 

scaoo 

.W3Q 
.W30 

Oct 

Nov.... 
Dee 

ATeni«e. 

lanft 

«» 

Fell. 
M*r. 


I^INBIf  TIIHISADt  S-rord«  tOO-jrard  npuelsi  Ba.r1>onr. 

irrloe  per  doiten  apool*  on  tb«  Oint  of  f«oh  month-] 


laBsas 


Apr.. 
Jaue. 


latttafi 
.nuo 


July. 


•0.11300  I    Oct.., 

.uoo  I   Nor., 
.woo  I    Deo.. 


Arerecfl. 


to.  0300 
.WOO 

■  vno 


lauia 


OVCHCUATI.KUSi   Chlncbllln.  D-rwti«tl.  all  WMul. 

IPrioo  per  y»nl  malntftlned  geoonUly  throu^out  tho  year.    ItopreMOt*  tulk  of  ntle*.] 


Ymt. 


Frte*. 


1907. 


RM7I 


OVEnrOATINGSt    rhliic<hllln.  cuHon  wurp*  C.  C.  ffrade. 

[Price  per  ymri  on  the  flnt  of  each  month.] 


Month. 

Price. 

Month. 

Price. 

Moatb. 

Prkft. 

Moatii. 

Pifoe. 

J«o 

Feb 

Mdr 

:£1 

Apr 

Juno... 

.40 

Oct 

Nov.... 
Oao 

AT«n«q. 

.m 

«L«M 

OVICRCO.iTt.MCiSi   C«veH   vlo<ki,   ll«k<   wcljchi,  (i««pl«   soodM. 

IPrioe  pPT  y&rd  malntftined  throushoat  the  year] 


Price. 


iwn. 


txaua 


OVRRCOATl?IGSi   Kerecri  ulnndnrd.  2T  lo  3H 

I  Prim  piT  y»nl  on  the  Aret  uf  om*tt  month-] 


Mmtti. 

1 
Pilco.        1 

Month. 

l>rice. 

Month. 

Pace.         1  Month. 

Prion. 

Mat..... 

I.Q7J 

Apr..  . 
Jiuie... 

II   07^ 

,tnir  .. 

i.a;:    1 

•fcSl 

^^^^  / 

// 

\ 

\             iv^^^^**^- 

WHOLESALE  PBICES,  1890  TO   1907. 

Tablb  ■.—wholesale  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907 
CLOTHS  AXB  CLOTHIXG— ContinuwL 
PHINT   CLOTHS:   28-Inch,   04   hy   HI. 

(AnngB  weekly  pxloe  per  yuilj 


871 

^'oDtinued. 


■   Umth. 

Pfte 

Uontb. 

Price. 

'  ModUi. 

Priw. 

L.... 

10  0400 

Ap..... 

I0.04BB 

jmy... 

|O.OfiOO 

Oct 

•0.0080 

V" 

.O40O 

.0480 

.0900 

.oau 

P^ 

.0400 

.0400 

.0M» 

.006 

.(WR) 

.0410 

.0SI2i 

.066 

...... 

.0100 

lUy... 

.O4ao 

Au^... 

.oeis 
.oatA 

.Oa2« 

Nor.... 

.0SS5 

.005 

0.005 

■ 

.0«7*j 

.04m1 

:lii! 

<i.047A 
0.0476 

Ibr..... 

.M&o  1  JoDe... 

.M7A 

Btpt... 

.DBA 

Dh; 

a.  0450 

.a4.w 

.oir6 

.0826 

0.040) 

^_ 

.04» 

.04B74 
.04BtJ 

.OflU 

0.04871 

^b 

.0480 

.0526 

■.0426 

1 

.04ao 

.QfiOD 

Avenge. 

•0.O476U 

ft 


IHAWI.S1    standard,  all  vrool  (low  flrradc)*  78  by  144   Inch,  -Ui  lo  42  unnce. 

(Price  per  shawl  on  the  first  ofoech  month.] 


iaa 

Kb 

2.04  ' 
X04 

Apr.... 
Miy... 

JllDS... 

S9.04 
2.04 

2.04 

July... 

n.04 

2.04 

2.04 

!oct...., 

Nov.... 
Deo 

j  Average. 

«.0* 
2.04 
2.04 

k 

S^04 

SBBBTHVOSt   Bleached,  0-4,  Atlantic 

[Average  monthly  price  por  yard.] 


las. 

Mtf. 


10.3006 
.2310 
.2197 


Apr.. 

r»y. 

June. 


10.2(00  ' 

July... 

.12174  1 

Aug... 

.2381 

Sept... 

SBEETI.NCiSt    Bleached,  10-4,  Pepperell. 

1  Price  per  yertl  on  the  tint  of  each  month-] 


1 
•0.36 

Apr.... 

.» 

May... 

.38 

Jam... 

4 


»i  LXrETIS   or  tri£E   BX^UEAU   OF  LABOR. 


X  I,— waOLESALE  PRICES  Oh"  COMMODITIES  IK  1907— C^jaiixnwd. 
CUOTUB  AKD  CIX/THIXO— Ccmtuiaed, 


M. 

IfUg*. 

Sfmtli, 

Pfi». 

rriK, 

Ko&tJk 

rAK 

» 

.IffM 

xS~r. 

.0J8T 

mjsm 

*077B 

.0774 

1  Pw..... 

{Soft 
,U7M 

1 

AW«CB. 

•amn 

(frto  par  f  &M  on  Uw  flrti  ot  dolc^  month..! 


•  Ml 
.06| 


Ay*,. 


•Qv{;6: 


Oct, 

Nor. 


ATVfmgB. 


ID.«S 


STINGS  t  Browm,  4-4W 


■li  ■■■<<■ 


rauHls  to  tko  v<Mii 


Horse  brandf  3^, 


trim  par  TU«  «■  ttB  BMt  «f  MOh  moath  J 

::: 

.071 

June... 

I0.07f 
.071 

.071 

luly.... 

•0.06 
.08 

.06 

Oct 

Nov 

^ 

AveragB. 

.071 

to.  0777 

Jan. 
Mar. 


.SHKBTIXGSi   Brown,  4-4,  Pcpperell  R. 

(Price  per  yard  on  the  flrat  ofeacti  month.] 


10.071'  Julv.... 
.071  Auk....' 
.07i     Scpt...i 


10. 074  Oct . 
.07}  Nov 
.07J    Dec. 


Average. 


$0.07] 
.071 
.071 


10.0746 


SIIIRTI\GSi    Dleaeheil,   4-4,   Frnll    of   thr    l.ooi 

[Price  per  yard  on  the  GtbX  of  each  month.] 


Jan ' 

Felt i 

Mar 

10.  (»i 
.10 
.10 

Apr 

1  Mhv.... 
June... 

! 

$0.11      July....' 
.11      Aug.... 
.Hi    Sei)t...[ 

1         i 
1 

$0.11J 

1 

Oct 1 

Ni)v ! 

rtec 



Average. 

$0.12 
.12 
.12 

$0.1117 

SHlRTr.NGSi    Blenched,  4-1,  Hope. 

[l^rtcp  per  yard  on  the  first  oloiirh  month.] 


Jan. 
Mar. 


Apr 

May  ...j 
Juno... 


$0.  UHTiG 

,  July... 

.OKM 

Aug.... 

.0855 

Sept... 

i 
1 

$0.0974 
.0074 
.0974 


Oct. 
Nov 
Dec. 


Average. 


$0.0974 
.0974 
.0679 

$aoooB 


WHOLESALE  PEICES,  1890  TO  1907. 


873 


Table  1.— AVUOLESALE  PRICES  OV  CX)1010D1T1ES  IN  IMT— CoiUiiuwd. 
ClXims  AXD  CliOrniXG^CVmunued. 

|rYte«  pv  yard  on  tte  ftnt  «l  Hi 


I 


Maam. 


MoBtli.  }*rlec>. 


"a 


McfiU. 

Jmy. 


Frtoe. 


Month. 


Oct 

Km.... 
I>«e 


kv^ngt. 


iuiu 

.u 

•.10 


aaiocs 


[Piloe  per  ymrd  oa  tba  flvc  o(4 


"•g 


iune. 


IO.IM'1  7iil7 
.lef   Aim- 

.10||  Bopt 


trrtco  per  yard  on  the  Arrt  of  eac^  month.] 


Jen 

lUr..... 

■n.m    Apr.... 

:!3jlSii::: 

1 

id.  11 
.11 
.11 

July... 

.u 

Oct 

Nov,... 
Dw 

Anncv. 

"8 

Kktin 

SILKt   Rttvr,  Italima.  rl«m«lr«l. 

par  pooBkl,  In  New  Vork,  on  Uw  flrst  of  eaeh  tnnntb;  «|ttot«tlnitfi  tmm  Ihti  Anwrima 
BUk  JonniAl.] 


i  197»-  5.  2C0  I    M«r 


&MI»-  5:3965  i    June.. 


•&.a4M»-«&fl6SS 

|i-r.-. 

u 

r5.S«»"  &MW 

1  kWf.... 

6.701^-  £.»41D 

Sept.. 

& 

(W2&-C&.  ftue  I  oei . 


AMU  U  Nov.., 
&791V  A8410  n  Dec.... 


ATerags. 


»&.7t»lft-t& 
AMU-  A 
AWftI- A 


4 


u.S6ia 


SILKi    Rmvr.  JapKa.  fllal«r«ii.  IVo.   1. 

rum  e^  pdce  par  noond.  In  New  York,  on  tho  first  of  each  month:  quotatiOIU  tram  tlH>  Antei 

SlIkJoaraaL] 


rteuH 


I 


UiomA-a&itto  I  Aiir....iA«3ao-4Aan 

49De&-  AOMO  ,   May...'  ILSHS-  AOMO 
AlSDA- ASMO  |l  Jaw...    A 2380- A 3350 


Aug  ...  A  T5S0 

8epl...l  &2865-  A33«) 


Ort 

Nov.... 
D« 


.^\*enSB. 


KMOO-KWtt 

i  753»-  A  W15 
A219A-  AMM) 


•A  wot 


SCITIXGS:    ClAT  worated   dloKona],  12-unnce,  WaahlnKton  Mllla. 

IVrice  per  yard  on  the  tlrit  o(  oac^  month.] 


•I  ITOtl  Apr.. 
1  tTOD     Mar 

I. 1700  '    " 


Juni>. 


1.17D9  U  Aog. 
1. 1700  n  0opt. 


ti.rm 
Lino 

1.170(1 


oet.... 

Not..., 

Dk  . . . . 


Awnge. 


91.17D0 
M70P 

11700 


SI.  1700 


«NorolB*t 


374 


BUIX.ETIX    OF   THE   BUREAU    OF   LABOB. 


Table  I.— WH0LES.\LE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  190T    ConiinutHl. 

CriOTIlS  ATTD  Ci:x>TIIING-^ontmuea. 

Si;iTlNO!lt   Clay  worsted  dln«roiial»  SO-onnre.  Wik»liinir<«>a   miln. 

IPricc  per  yani  on  the  fint  of  each  mont-h-] 


Uoalh. 

Prtoiu 

Month. 

Prieo. 

Month. 

PrlcM. 

Month. 

Oct 

Nov.... 
I>« 

Averace. 

I'rtoe. 

Hn 

f*b 

Xm 

11.  4176 
1.4I7Q 
1.4176 

\pr.... 
MAy... 

1 
t1   4175 
I  3930 
1.3UU 

Jtllv    .. 
All«... 
8«pl . . . 

1.31>S() 

rwso 

•i.4(e& 

firiTINGSi  IniltKO  Mnr,  atl  wool,  54*anoh,    l4.oaace.  Mtd4ll««»z  acandiird* 

{Prtco  poryftnl  on  th«  Arst  of  each  month] 


Jan... 
rab... 
Mar... 


ft  7100 
1.7100 
1.7100 


Jiuw. 


11.7100 
1. 7100 
1.7100 


July. 


tl.7100 
L  71(10 
LTIOO 


(Hit. 
Nor 
D«o. 


ArDrace. 


11.7100 
1.7100 
1.71C0 


91.7100 


ffriTTWGSt    Indtiro  1>1ne,   kII   wool,  1ft-enni*e. 

IPrtoo  por  yanl  nuUiitiilmvl  gonrrally  throughout  the  yoar.    Ki^pivscntii  balk  of  Mlaa.] 


Year. 


PllM. 


1907. 


saiun 


MHITINGSi   !lrrir«'.  W«Hblnv(on  NIIIh  ftTOO. 

[I'rlcc  p«r  yard  on  the  Ont  t-f  each  tnontli.] 


Month. 

Prieo. 

Month. 

Pfloa. 

MoQih. 

Ftk». 

UoKth. 

Pifca. 

In..... 

rob 

Mat 

91.0979 

1  0576 
1.0576 

Apr.... 

Juno... 

91  MI76 

t  OftTS  ' 
1. 0125 

July... 

Aug.,. 
Sept... 

910135 
l.ns76 
1.0676 

'  Nov.... 
1  Dec 

1  Av«nig«. 

9i.osn 

1.0ff75 
1.0676 

•           1 

91.06a9 

TICKnraSi  Amoabc-iiK    A.  C.  .A. 

IPrloe  par  yard  on  tlie  Ortt  of  oaoh  jnoiith.J 


Jab. 
Fob 
Uar 


•0.13 


134 
.  IX 


Apr. 

May 

June. 


90.14  I  iirt. .. 
,14i  Nov.. 
.Ul     Doc... 


Aniiagv. 


•n  144 

lit 


90^1171 


Tnoi;HRItlM<^!<i  Vumvr    woralod,   31    <o   SS   o««««,   nil   w*iwt«4    W«t9   ftttd 
flillnir,  wool  and   worfiled  bn>*k. 

(Price  per  ^Hrtl  on  tht  ArM  of  ea^li  tuonlti  1 


ftS::: 


CI.  anas 

2.3(06 


Apr.... 
Mtjr,. 

June... 


Uran 

3.47(10 
t.475U 


July 
Knit 


e.<7to 

S  «7Jn 


Oct 

Nov ... . 

riflr 


ArrTasp, 


?  4750 


92.  HOB 


WHOLESALE  PRICES,  1800  TO  1007. 


375 


Tablk  I,-\\TI0LESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907— Continned. 
CliOTHS  AXT>  CTvOTHIXG— Continued. 


r.^DKRWCAR:   Shirt*   and    drnvrrn*.   v>l>ltc»  «ll   wool,   fall-faMhlonrd, 

iN-icauKC. 

[Pric«>  per  doxrji  gumenta  on  the  first  of  c«ch  month-] 


Montlu 

Piln. 

llontb. 

Prtce. 

MOBth. 

Prloo, 

1  Moot}!. 

Pete. 

Ua 

f*h 

lUr-.... 

«37.00 
77.00 
27.00 

,»-:•: 

977.00 
27  00 

27.00 

July... 
Atuf... 

S27  00 
37.00 

27.00 

Oet 

Nov.... 

D»c 

ATuase. 

27. 0» 

«27.00 

Cr^TDRR^ICARe   Shlrta   aad   drawers,   white,  merino,   falUfniibloned,  OO  per 
cent  wool.   lO  per  cent  cotton,  If-l-icntijrr. 

[Price  per  down  gana«nts  on  th«  first  ol  meh  laontli.] 


SIB.  00 

ia.w 
i&oo 


ilay.' 
June. 


SIH-UO 

July... 

IS.  00 

Aiig... 

IK.  00 

Sept... 

SIS-OO 

l&OO 
18.00 


Oct. 

Nov, 
Dec. 


AvrniCB. 


tut.  00 
UtOO 
U^OO 


SIB.  00 


WOMEN'S    DRESS    GOODSi    C»«hntere,    «ll    wool,    1<>-11    twill,    »K.|nch, 

Atlantic  MIIU  J. 

|mo«  per  yan]  on  the  Qrsi  ol  f«cti  nipnth.] 


Mb. 


msno 
.auo 

.3000 


Apr.. 
Miy. 

June. 


10.3080 


July. 

Aiig. 
Sept. 


$sm 


Oct. 

Nov 
Dee. 


Avrnigs. 


•eioao 


"WOMRK^S    DRe!!t*t    OOODSi    CoMfamere.    cotton    warp,    »-«wlll,    4*4,    Atlttntlo 

.nil la  F. 

IFriM  per  yard  on  the  flrst  of  each  month.] 


.2206 

Jane... 

ta2205 
.2205 
.22M 

July... 
Sept." 

•U.23M 
.22M 
.22M 

Ort 

Nov ... . 
Dre 

ATcnce. 

I0.23M 
.3364 

.mi 

10  2234 

iroMEN*8  DRESS  GOODSi  Cmahmere,  cotton  warp.  M-lnch,  H 

IPrlce  per  yard  on  tht-  first  of  each  fuonlh] 

nniltton. 

1MB 

fi&.:r.: 

•0.  IWO 
.1000 

A9m 

June... 

taiooo 

.1000 
.1000 

Jiuy... 

•aiMO 

IMD 

.two 

Oct 

Nov.... 
Dec 

ATCfBtfe. 

laiMD 

.1060 

.1006 

taiooo 

WOMBVS   DRKSSI  GOODS:    Dnnlnh  einfh,  cotton   warp   nnxi    %«orHted    Alllnv* 

:!2-lnc1i. 

[Prire  per  yari  on  the  flr«t  of  rauli  month.] 


Jut. 
Mat 


«Q.l2i  .\pr... 
.Ui  U«y... 
.m,  Jum... 


Jaly- 
Aug. 
Srpt. 


379»1~N(K  75— OS «7 


876 


BULLETIN    OF   THE   BUKE^VU   OF   L^BOR. 


Tahi.r  I,-\VH0LESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  ISOT-Coiitmued. 

Cl^OTIie  A:SJ>  CIX>THING— Concluded 

-WOMRN'S  ORBH.S  GOODSi    Franlclla  Mivklii««,  •-4. 

[Price  per  jr&rd  on  tfao  Oist  of  ooch  moniii.] 


Moath. 

Prtm. 

UODth. 

Prk». 

1  MoDtk. 

Prta».        J  VoBtt. 

met. 

"a 

Apr. .. 

"a 

Juljr... 

Aur... 
B«pt-.. 

-a 

Oct 

-i 

•a  oat 

'V^'OMKN*!*  DRKSS  (sooDSi    Poplar  elolh.  rolfoa  warv  aa4  womfMl  flntaib 

[rr1o«  per  jTArd  on  tbA  flnt  of  eftoh  month.] 


JftD 

Ibr... 


mtv 


«&  19  i'  JiUy. 
.M  I  Anc. 
.19      S«ltt. 


II 
fti  III     Oet,.., 


«&1» 


Avfttatft.; 


•a  tin* 


woni.i  Ohio,  flne  Here*  (."C  and  XX  vradv)*  »eonre4. 

fPrtO  Vr  ponnd.  In  the  cMtcm  mferk^M  rUalttroon:>.  DoMoo.  NVw  York,  aiKl  PhllidBlphliO.  on  tlw 

ftm  of  ciich  month,  j 


S-^i^ 

mnn  i 

.70U 
.7021 

i 

Jons... 

•017021 

.7031 
.7SM 

,  Auf... 
8*pt... 

•a  7394 
.T«7 
.TM7 

Oet 

IJW 

Av«r«r- 

•tXTISl 

WOOI«i    Oklo.  netllaiB   ■••««   fonr-fonrtH   amtf   t1lre«*«l8hfbii   srade)* 

vetkurctl. 

JPrlon  pnr  pouodt  In  Uw  uxtom  mu-keti  (Ualtiiuorp.  Bonton.  N>w  York,  and  PhlUtWlphUt.  on  lh« 

am  of  «ftch  mootii.] 


te; 

"SiS 

iS'x::: 

JmM... 

MM 

July,..| 

1 

.fiias 

Oct 

Nor.... 
D« 

"i 

w 

lastW 

WORaTBO  YAmHBi  9-40a,  AaatraU«Ji  flav. 
IPrko  pvr  poim'l  on  thi«  flni  ol  e«cb  mooUt.] 


Ju 

ir*b 

lUr.... 

1.90 

1 
1 

»1:S 

1.90 

1  jm>... 

AOff... 

turn 

LSD 

Cot 

1  a?".:: 

Anrnce. 

9Lm 

U.7M 

WOROTBD    VAnxs:  3-|n«,   XXXX    or   I  In    r«wlva1eal    la   qaalltr.    vrbllv,  ta 


[  i'ricw  imr  piiund  on  Uiw  ftr»l  ot  uavb  mouth.] 

iSS::::: 

Miir..— 

91.30 

i.ao 

1-90 

June,.. 

n.ao 
Lao 

July..,                 f. 

1 

I'X-        ... 

1^ 

t  3V 

VBOUSSILS  PBiC£S,   \JS90  TO  liM7. 


3T7 


L— WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907-<:«mian«a. 
FUEL.  A3€I>  UGmrXCi. 


[PriMp^r  pooDd.  tn  IVMr  Tork,  on  tfte  Ibal  of  mcA  soatii;  ^tntatloa* 

Erporur.] 


on,  TttnU  MuS  Drue 


MoDCk. 

Prtofc 

^  Month. 

Prks. 

—■ 

Prlw. 

MoQth. 

PrlM. 

Ho 

-a 

S;;; 

■a 

aJpt..: 

*Si  St:::: 

.ef7|I  Doc 

"3 

U     - 

m-mu 

COALt   ABtkraclle^  brokra. 

(ATnage  snoachtr  sdlli]^  prfoe  per  ton,  at  tide  water.  K«w  Tork  Harbor.] 


*hl"llj 

»4aM3 

Asnao 

42011 

|i6-::: 

Juaa... 

M3CWr  1,  /ulT... 
4.JlJli       Auff... 
4L\H!t      Sept... 

11 

43B4 
43000 

|K:::: 

Dn 

AwMe. 

•4  am 
4aMi 

4aMr 

[ 

U»tt 

COAl^i   Aathracit«v  cltratnac. 

(ATUBfe  moolhU^  ■elUng  priec  per  to*,  ai  tld«  vater.  Nuw  York  Harbor.] 


is-: 


UO60? 

4ftM0 


I  Juw. 


U4S(M 

July... 

4  5334 

Auir... 

4IMTlt 

S«pl... 

I4  740 
4  Ml? 

4Min 


Ott 

Not.... 
Drc... 

Avenge. 


t4Mn 

4M1« 

4MB0 


Ml 


lAfSfage  monthly  arlllng  price  per  ton,  at  tkhi  water.  New  Toxft  Harbor] 


«49Rt 

49600 


!,K: 


•4  400 

tsas 

40434 


July. 
Aug. 
Sept. 


4M44 

4MO0 


OH 

Nov.... 
Dec 


K«6M 

49470 
49S00 


Hsnx 


|A. 


iClkly  MUii]0  pfitm  pur  too,  tU  U4W  watery  N*»  York  Harbur.J 


Trh. 


AWN  '  IfSyl'! 
AflfiZl  I  Juas.., 


H4« 
4SBBI 
4M6fi 

1 

July... 
Aoff... 
8cpt... 

4Mn 

AMSB 


Oat 

MttT.... 

Dec 

Amtmg*. 


49009 

49egB 


COAXt    BltnialBOBa,    Cv*rse«    Crevk. 

i  fnea  par  too.  at  Um  miaek  on  ibaDroloioaetkiMOBth.] 


CI. SO  !'  .Vpr.. 

l.'iO      May.. 
LM)    ,  Juu«.. 


n.90 

l.W 
1.50 


July, 
AiiK. 
Sept. 


t.lfi 


OH 

Nov.... 
Dec 

Avacav*. 


SLTS 
l.W 
I.OO 


«t.»» 


BCIXETIK   OF  TUB   BUBEAU   OF  LABOB. 


Table  I,— WHOLESALK  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907— Tuntinue*!. 
FUKL  A2iD  tilGHTtNG— Continued 

COAt.t    BUnailnoaa,    Ceorse*    Crv«k. 

(PrtM  par  too,  (- o.  b.  N«w  York  Uiubor,  oatbuOrrtolMiib  numtb  ] 


Month. 

Prtw.        1 

IfontlL 

Pikio, 

Month. 

1 

Pilee. 

I"-*- 

rite. 

Jail 

F«b 

lUr-... 

«a3o 
a.ao  ' 

Apr... 

JUDC... 

$3.30 

3.30 

a.ao 

Julv... 
Sept.. . 

$3L30 

a2o 

Not 

l"- 

ft.4S 

3.20 

»3.Zm 

COALi    Bltnmlnoa**    Plttuburs    (Yo«||hlo8[hear>,    ininp. 

Il'rlce  per  liualwl  on  Tiie«Uv  of  «ich  week,  CInrinnall.  afloat:  ouatjitloii*  (timl*be(t  Vj  the  itipBrln- 
tandfnt  p(  tba  Cinolntutti  Cliamlivr  o(  Cvniin«rp«-J 


Jm 

m,m  <  Apr... 

l&Ot 

.OR 

.W 

'  July... 

I0.OS      Oct 

fM    ' 

•OiMl 

.ON 

'4 

.OM  ^1 

.08 

.06 

^aH 

.00  <| 

.08 

.OS 

^H 

Fib 

.Oft   ,  May... 

.Oft 

Aii4(.  .  . 

.OS 

No»..„ 

,JB 

.m 

.m 

.08 

_2i 

,m 

.» 

.00 

•iH 

.M 

.00, 

.09 

,23 

lUr.... 

.OS 
.08 
.08 
.08 

June... 

.Od' 

.Oh 

Bcpt... 

.OS 

m 

D« 

A«.». 

'oi 

•aon4 

COKBi   Conaellavlllcs    furance. 

(Contru't  prion  p«r  ion,  f.  o.  b,  uttbaovAim.oti  ttia  flret  ul  niuiti  month;  quotatlonirroiu  thv  Iron  A<».] 


Jan. 


13. 90-83.00 
8.28 


Jona. 


CZ.7S-42.H 

a.75-».fl8 

100- 2.  eft 


jnir- 


B.4O-nO0 
3.00-  3.M 
3.7&.  3.W 


Oct. 
Nov 
Deo. 


ATenffB. 


coo-oaoi 

ITS 

xoo 

CLfflUO 


MATC'HBSi    Pttrlor,   douic«tlc<. 

IPr*niniirKrDuof  t>oxsa  (auOM),lnNew  York,  on  ItwOrMtoftuich  month;  (iuot«llonifronitb«M«rt4wutt«* 

Bovtew.) 


te:::: 


81.  M 

1 
Apr. .. 

1.511 

May... 

1..V) 

June.. , 

$LV)' 

.Itilv... 

1.  :*i  1 

A,iK... 

l.M) 

8«pt,.. 

81.  M 
1.40 
J.flO 


Oct... 
Nov.. 
Dec... 


Anniflo. 


8t.»i 
I.  .VI 
I.  Ml 


tisaoa 


rKTROI.erMi    Cmde,    PmnHrlTunlK. 

[  ftXc*  par  barrel,  nt  th«  wrtli.  on  tho  flnt  of  eaeh  montb;  qnotAttona  tiatn  ttm  on  l^ty  DarrUk.] 


Jut. 
F«b. 


si.fii 

l.M 
1.01 


Jona., 


81.  re 
l.TH 
I.  TO 


July... 

Aug... 
Sapl... 


II  :^ 


l>fC...     , 

AvnrvK*. 


•l.n 

UTS 

81.  Tie 


WHOLESALE  PRICES,  1800  TO  1907. 


379 


Tablb  I,— WHOI.ES.VLE  PRICK*^  of  rOMllODlTlES  IN  1907— ^outinued. 

TtrBt»  A:Siy  LIGHTING— Concluded. 

nCTnoi'Ei'Mt   Rrllaetl,    In    Itnrrel*,  r-nwtfn   loin,    tnr   «spor<. 

per  (klkm.  New  York  loftdioe,  on  tb«  flnt  of  e*rh  month;  qiioMtion*  trma  the  00.  PaIhi. 

Prug  Kcport«r.] 


I 


Moath. 

Prlcflk 

Mootli. 

rrtee. 

Month. 

Prioa. 

1  Moath. 

Prtop. 

is.::: 

lUr..... 

•0.07M 
.077$ 
•  0775 

June... 

•0.0820 
.0K» 
.0830 

Ja!y... 
1  Ami... 

sntt... 

.QMS 
.0645 

Od 

i  Nov..., 
Dw 

JATV.C.. 

.0675 

10.0104 

PBTROLJBrai   RcS»ed.    ISO*    Are    leal,   nater    white,   la    hiirret«»    packajce* 

Inrlttdrd    tjoblilnv    I<»Iib^ 


[FiteB  per  sallon,  fa  Smr  York,  on 

Xbm  first  ofpsrh  monlli; 
Reparler.J 

quotAtton»  tram  tb«  Oil, 

[^Kftil.Knd  Drug 

J^ 

Pi5b 

Mar 

MIL  13 

Jum... 

•0.  IA4  :  Julv . . . 

,iaj|  Aug... 

! 

•o-moct 

.lal:  Nov.... 

.J3|jjI>«C 

jATmBe. 

•0.1U 

•0.1340 

itETAi:.8  .WD  IMPLEMENTS, 

Ar4;CRSi    Bxlr«,   J. Inch. 

[  Prf M  per  auger,  tn  New  York,  on  the  first  o(  each  month.] 


Moaih. 

Priw. 

Month. 

Price. 

Month. 

Prlee.        1 

Month. 

Prlcr. 

i£::::: 

Mar..... 

•0.3G 
.36 
.36 

Apr 

May... 
Jam... 

•0.36 
.30 
.36 

Julv... 
Aug... 
Sepl... 

1 
.30 

1 

Oct 

Nov..., 
D«j 

AvWBfS. 

-i 

mK9etn 

AXESi   31.   C.  O^   Yaakec. 

[  Tries  par  ax,  la  New  York,  on  the  fint  of  each  month.) 


Jan 

Nh 

Mar..... 

•0.ns 

Apr  . 
;uite... 

•O.rtH 

.06 

Jiilv... 
Aug... 
Bept... 

.«0 

Oct 

gs;.-.::: 

Avwagfl. 

•0.06 
.00 

S}.flDO 

D.iR     IRO^i    fleiit     rrfln«>d,    from    alore. 


lAverage  monthlr  prko  por  pounJ,  in  PtiiUdftlphla;  quotations  from  the  Bulletin  oS  the  Amertran 

Iron  und  titMl  Aamm-UIiud.] 

Jan 

.oaio 

Apr.  . 
May... 
June... 

•0.(S16 
.0316 
.0216 

Joly...'               •0.0016  ;i  Oct 1 

Aug...                    .0816      Nov.... 
Sept...                 .0216  ,  Deo 

•o.a!0o 
.oivo 

.011*0 

r 

Average. 

•tLtmi 

D.iR    IR05i  1    Common    to    be»t    reflnrd,    from    mill. 

|PitoBperpoun4,  on  theDnto(«itch  month,  Lo.  b.  Htisburg;  quotntionn  from  the  Iron  Age.] 


•a  OMO-Ca  01A5  Apr.... 
.OltO  May... 
.  OltiO      J  uiip .  - . 


•a 0180  '   July, 
.ouo     Auie. 

.017&-    .OMj      etfipt. 


•aO17O-KI,0173   '  Oct. 

.0170-    .0175      Nov 

.U17U       U«c. 


M«n«a. 


ID.0170 
.0170 
.0100 


380 


BCLLETU7   OF  TU£  fiUBEAU   OF  lABOH. 


Table  L— WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IS  1M7— ContmiMKl. 

METAUS  ANJ>  IMPLEMENTS— Coullnued. 

BAHD   WIRKs   Oalvnaiswi. 


Jan. 
r«b. 
Vat. 


Prtcoi 


t2.0O 

2.00 


IfontH. 


Apr... 

Juiw.. 


rikM. 

MonM. 

PriD». 

1  Month. 

Ifk». 

I3LQ0 

xm 
loa 

a;: 

$2.03 
2.W 

Oct 

Son..,. 

Dm 

12.  SB 

xm 

iiaMa 

nrTTfli   Kotts*  Jvint,  tsmmtf  S  ky  8  l»»h. 

{Prlo*  p«T  pair.  In  Svw  York,  on  tbe  Brst  of  aach  manth-J 


jm 

r»b 

Mm..... 

SOM 

.04 
.04  1 

Apr.... 
MM-... 
JUIM... 

•0..H 
.04 
.M 

Jtdy... 

AUH... 

HiM 

.04 

Oct 

Nov.... 

'^ 

AvMi«a. 

»D.04 
.04 

•ftM 

rHISBI.St   Ifixtra,  •o«k*l    flrairr,    l-lncli. 

[Pttoe  pMr  chlMl,  tn  N«w  Yark.  on  the  lint  of  Moh  montli.1 


8L4n 
.00 


Apr... 
May.. 

Juo*.. 


.«.! 

1 
Joly... 

.4flO 

Aug... 

.4M{ 

8«pt... 

Rk4a0 

.4A0 
.4A0 


Oct 

Nov 

Dec 

ATonct. 


9o.<aa 

..•(75 


IO.MB 


COPPERi    iKffot,  l«k«. 

IPxice  par  poond.  In  ffim  Yoik>  on  tte  Ant  of  aaoh  montli;  qooUtlon*  Ironi  thm  1  ron  Age.] 


ten 'in.sfiMas4aB 

Feb I    .21M-  .2fias 


June... 


.2M»-    .  31100 


Jaix...ia2sacv«.Mis     Oet 

Aug...      .two-    .3050   I  XOT.... 
Bept...  .msi'   I>ec 


I* 


.1400 


fPrfonpnr  pouml,  In  S*tv  Vnrk.  on  tbn  Hnt  of  each  month.] 


Ml.  2ns 


.30 

.3a 


Apr.... 
KTy... 

JUIU)... 


.32 


jmy.. 

Aug.. 
fiepl . . 


laau    oit 

.38   '  Nov,... 
.28   ,  Dec 


AvMafik 


•asm 


ll'rfco  p»r  poanti,  t.  o.  b.  Now  York,  on  ibe  flrat  of  aocb  inoDUkl 


Mar.  ..  ' 


«a: 


Jane... 


.ri 


Jaly... 
Aug... 
Sept... 


StVTZl,     fVpi 

"^  or , . . , 

!  '(M* 

|iA««nge. 


llcniIWi    ff«eel,   bronae    iilnicd. 

r^iiee  nar  nalr.  In  N«w  Yc<Tk.  on  itiff  tint  nd^nrli  montti  1 


»4.'i 

.m . . . 
I'l... 

iMi     ■ 

tll.V4a3 


^iwft 


WnOLBa&ALB   PBI 


TO   1W7. 


381 


Tabls  L— wholesale  PRICES  OF  CO&niODITIES  IX  1907— TcatiuBML 
(riSB»par  40MI1  on  tlie  fine  ofoMb  B«inli.] 


I 

I 
I 
I 


Month. 

Ptw. 

MonUi. 

Prtw. 

Month. 

riio^ 

1  Month. 

Prt». 

i«s 

ftt» 

mat..... 

ti.ei 

I.M 

'&, 

SI.  CO 
LM 

July... 

SI. 00 
LM 

Oct 

Nov 

Dm 

ATcncs. 

•an 

SILW7S 

iriiM  par 


RAMWKSi  M«r«Ol«  ICo.  ]|. 

r,  la  Kow  Tork.  on  the  flrrt  oC  mth  month.] 


lUi.. 


I  A. 


fiS 


«Ol«M 

1  July... 

.«B 

1  A«e... 

.flS 

a»pt... 

1 

Oet.. 
Not. 


(pKto  p«r  ponad,  la  Nav  York,  tkora  More,  on  the  ftnt  of  each  month:  quouUons  from  th«  Iran  A^o,] 


Jan. 


m.otao    Apr....lsaoaa>-«L(MBs 

HMi    Umj...\  .MO 

DStt-    .Ot40  ,    June...      .0575-    .OfiBO 


Jnly. 
Sept. 


•a  ocas 

■  OftU 

.osao 


Oct. 
Nov 
Dec. 


90.0108 


LBAD     PIPE. 

irnce  per  hondnd  pounds.  E.  o.  h.  Nov  York,  on  tba  flzst  of  euh  month.] 


Jen. 


rao    Apr..- 

7»  ,Mliy.. 

7.30  *  June.. 


7.ae 


Julv... 

Sei»t... 

Oct 

Nw.... 
Dec 

ATWefp. 

san      I 


LOCKSi   CoHemDM  Morllev. 

[Price  pti  lock,  tn  Now  York,  on  the  Qrat  of  eech  month.] 


Jen..... 

Feb 

K*r 

June... 

1 

taai 

.au 

Juty.... 

Au)f.... 

Srpt . . . 

ta»     Oel 

.»  ,  Nov 

.aoj  D« 

:S 

TKAILSi    Cvlf   9-peBnx»   fcnrv    nuA   comukon. 


tPrtee  mr  lOO-potinfl  kat.  t.  o.  h.  PlttshiitE.  on  lh«»  first  of  luirh  mnnlh;   ntmUtlons 
b«M  prl«ie  publlehred  la  the  Ijod  Ago.l 

computiwl  Irrnn 

1                         1' 

Sm OS     Apr..., 

feb Mey-.. 

■flc (one... 

UlS     July.... 

2  15       Aug.... 
TU   ,  Sept... 

1 

1 
t2.1& 

a.  3D  : 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 

Avemeo. 

IS.  10-  a  lA 
£  10-  X  U 

u 

auM 

382 


BULLETIN    OF    THE    BUBEAU    OF    LABOR. 


Table  I.-W740LEfiALE  PRICES  OF  TOMMODITIES  IN  Il)07-Conilnuer|. 

MKTAI^  ANn  IMl»I.KMEXT8-Continnfjd. 

%.llljSi   W^lrCf  H*|>run9'«  fence  antl   common. 

{Vxica  |)pr  luo-pound  keg.  f.  o.  b.  rituburg,  on  ihm  flnt  of  noh  mooUi:  quotAUooi  compuud  titm 
bmao  prices  publlibed  In  the  1  ron  Afn.) 


Honth. 

Prw. 

Uontb. 

I'rtoo. 

Uonth. 

Prkw. 

Month. 

rrk«. 

S;= 

•LIO 

a.  10 

£;;: 

93.10  i 
2.10 
3-10 

July.... 

tt.10 
XIO 

a  19 

Oet 

Nov 

Dm 

nu 

t2.ii<r 

PIG    IROBTi    ne«*Henier. 

lAvontgo  monthly  prlco  per  ton  In  I'lttvhiarg;  qiiotntlonii  from  tbn  BuUftlo  of  th«  Amerloan  Iron  and 

Sl«al  AiaocUUou.J 


M: 


05 


Apr... 
May... 


»a.T&fi   !  Jiiiy.... 
24. U5   <   AufE 


24.  AO 


Svpt . , . 


0S.M  I  Oet. 
SXO&  I  Kov. 
21»     Dee. 


Awngis. 


PIG    IRORi    Fwnndry    Xn.    1. 

[Av^mfo  monthly  print  per  ton  in  F'hllAdelphla:  qiiolatlont  trnm  the  Bullotlo  of  V»  Anutilaui  Utm 

kna  8t«ol  AiuKK'iialon.] 


Jan. 
Kob. 
Mar. 


137,  M 
37.37 
9A.87 


Juna. 


3&«0 
as.  75 


July. 


tsin    Oct. 

SSl »  i  Nov. 


21.10 


I>oe. 
ATvnvi. 


iaa«B» 


PKi    inONi    Ponntlry*    Wo.    2»    nurlhcrn. 

|l'rtui<  \ttit  Ion.  t.  o.  b.  IMlUburg,  on  the  ilnt  ol  oMh  nioutb:  ijuoutlnns  from  ibc  Iron  Age.] 


Jim. 
Fob. 

M>ir. 


«a&»«2&85      Apr... 

aflL36-3&S5      May.... 

34.  K6      Juno... 


OIL  10    Joir 

t34.6&-  3a.M   I  Aug. 

aa.40.  ati.Do  i  sepi. 


oa&M 

132.  «V-  33.40 


Oct 

Nov 

D«c I 

AvttmfQ. 


to.  00-  3Ul 
I&90-  1ft 

OSLWM 


PIfl    IRONt    Cimr    forar.    Maalhepn,    coke. 

ll*r1oepartoa«t.o.b.ClJielnnftU.  nnthu  first  of  •Mhmooth;  quoUtloa*  bom  the  Iron  A^a-l 


Jnn   . 
Har... 

IS3. 00-023.  fiO 
33.00.  23.  M 

1 

Apr... 
May  .. . 

1  .lune... 

1 

033  "'' 
21   . 

•21  : 

".ly... 
Mlg  ... 

■.■|.i.. 

'  K-t 

\rtV 

lt«? 

1  AvoragK. 

1 

sao.o8» 

PLAStKNi   nmitmy   K«.   A. 

(IMun  pitr  plafM,  In  N«t«  Vorfc.  on  tbfl  ftrvt  of  each  month.l 


l.fiS 


Apr. 
May. 

Jtuw. 


SI.S  I  July  .. 
\M  Auff ., 
I-U   '  S»pt.. 


II 


1  :vi 


l).v 


WHOLES.U£  PBICES,  1890  TO  1907. 


883 


Table  I.-WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  rOMMODITTES  IN  inOT-^uniinued. 
MKTALH  AND  IMPLEMENTH-^onuuuttl, 

aVlCKSILVER. 


p«r  ponnd,  In  New  York,  on  ttw  lint  of  cwch  nionth:  qnoutloa*  front  the  CHI,  INUnt.  um 

RwporttTj 


Vooth. 

.nc      ' 

UoQth. 

Pdoo. 

Month. 

Prioo. 

Month. 

FriOK. 

HAH.... 

":IJ| 

JtnM... 

.a 

Jttty... 
Au(... 

:l! 

Oct 

Nov 

Dm 

Avence. 

.61 

•a.6ias 

-4 


SAlV'i    rro««cnt,    Dlaiitan    V«.    2,    ft-fnot. 

IPxIm  p*rM«  to  fnuiU  jobb«r«.  f.  o.  t.  FhUuUolpbla,  on  the  tint  of  wdi  moath.] 


Jm 

Fteb 

Hat..... 

tt.w»  1 
i.aocM 
i.ooas 

i 

Apr.... 

Jano... 

.i.floas 

l.OOQS 

I'.OIOB 

Oct 

Nor-.... 
Dm 

AVATICB- 

ti.um 

SAWSt    nnnil.    DlMAtuii    Xo.    7.    Sfl-lnrh. 

[Priiw  per  down  to  tmhH  Jobberf,  t.  o.  b.  rblUddphift.  on  th«  firvt  of  eAcb  month.] 


I 


Jan. 
MAr. 


$12.  MOO  1 

.\pr 

13.ftf<00 

M.y  ... 

1:1.9500 

June... 

•i3.oaoo 

13.ft»0 
12.000 


Julv. 
Aug  . 
Sopt. 


12. 9600 
13.9900 


Oct.. 
Nov.. 
Dec.. 

Averaga.l 


113.0500 
13.0500 
13.0SD0 


913.0600 


SBOVEl.Si    AairM  Xu.  2«  cniil  iilrrl*  D  hnnille.  nqunre  pulntt  buck  >t(ra|*f  black. 

trnce  per  donn  on  the  first  o(  each  month.] 


Jao 

nb 

Mar..... 

f7.M  ; 

7.M 
7.S4 

iff,::: 

Juno... 

17.84 
7.S4 
7.M 

July... 

iSgc:: 

t7.84 
7.M 
7.84 

Oct 

Nov 

D« 

Avcrafe. 

17.84 

7.M 
7.84 

17.84 

[AvfragM  raanthly  prloi.  In  Sew  York;  quotallonB  [unU«hMl  by  tha  Dlructor  ol  tha  Mlnt.I 


Jan. 
Feb. 

Mar. 


la  60833 
.8007 

.enio 


Apr . . . 
May... 

Junti... 


.0GO4S 

.ii7«ao 


July.. 

AUK... 
Sept . . 


I0.0H78D 
.00415 
.Ija430 


Oct 

Nov . . . , 
D«.... 

Avorace. 


80.(tStlt 
.90403 
.5SZU 


ID.flSOTO 


!»UEI*TEHi   'Wontcrn. 

[Price  par  pound.  In  Xuw  York»  on  the  Drat  of  ouch  month;  quotAtion-i  from  the  Iron  Afo.) 


n 


Ja« 

laoflfts^  nr-'-     •   - 

.0700-      ' 

.  1- 

nanavwmao 

.O0U>-    .0!)tA 

Jalv... 
Aui... 
Sept... 

10.0835-80  0540 

.D6H0-    .0600 
.0880-    .08S6 

Oct 

Z\:::: 

AverMc:c. 

to  0840 

OASO 

80.04M>-  .0488 

80  0RI7 

884  BxnxETiif  OF  toe  bubeau  of  I-ABOB, 

Table  I.— WHOLESALE  miCES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1W7— ConUnuwI. 
MKTAI-8  AXO  rMPLT3rENTH^<'on»;nii...i 

f  Av«nM!n  monthly  t*Hc*  pvr  Um.  mt  rnUla  at  FRe«bar^  quoCalloDs  htna  tbi*  bitll«titt  ti  tW  AsnfrlmA] 

Iron  ftixl  Stwi  AMoclutloti.J 


atontk. 

Prtev. 

Uontli. 

Prtoe. 

Month. 

l*rtWr 

Momft. 

Mm. 

£*fc-.--i 

•as 

&::. 

MtiSB 

9.89 

J«ly... 
Auk... 

mm 
mn 

Ort 

I>M 

Avsrif*. 

nmm 

«.«. 

IATenif"nnin«hlr  prtf^r^*"".  nt  mni*!iiP«mir7lriinlii;  niintfttlnnBrrxHnth^BRiminot  t hf  a mrrlcAi|| 

Irou  ftud  Sleut  AsMictaUoa.) 


Mat. 


9mm 
mm  n  mty 

mm  H  June. 


ir. 


ML  00 

July.. 

mm 

Amc...i 

atou 

Sept... 

lOAOO 

mm 

38.00 


Ort 

Sow.... 

Deo 

AroracB. 


STGBIi  9UEKTSI   Blmek.  9(a.  27.  box  nnnvmlvd.  «■««  p«u  ffcrovdi  ««UI  r«tU. 

[I'licr  p«Y  pouiyl.  In  I'ituburg,  lui  Uie  timt  uf  nu'h  tnonlli;  qiiot«tti>aa  Iroiu  llw  Iran  A9*.| 


,0389  U  Mar. 
.0980  I  Juao, 


.(090 
.(OfiO 


JuUr- 


«aeeao 

■  OBSO 

.oaao 


Ol!l 

Not.... 
I>t« 

Avi<n«e< 


TtKa    Pis. 

[rhovpvrpmintl.  laK««r  YarkvOBUwOrBloCMohmaiiib;  ouvUUon*  IroM  Um  IrvNi  A|ii^( 


iS::::: 

Mw.... 

«0L41» 
.AfiO 

Apr... 

June... 

10  4000 

.cmfil 

fll 

ia4273-«)L«(tt 

Ort 

Sov.. 
Dvc 

*3 

Avira«e.j 

1 

mmii 

VCf  ri^TBSi    Dowviitte.  BrBwmerw  vokv.  14  hy  99  Uwli* 

[rrtmtpAriaDjHMHMlM,  In  K«w  York,  od  lb»fir«4  oleadi  mooth;  qm»UU«Mwrrom  ilw  I 


ran  A9».] 


1409  :  Apr.. 
4.09   I  liny. 

4011  j   Juno. 


UQD     Jtdf. 

too  I  Auk. 
4.00  ,1  Bvpi. 


4  OB 
CM 


OM 

SS';.:;; 


400 


[P>k«pertnHi«t,  In  N«w  York,  oo  Um  ftrat  «4  ««ch  inoAth.] 


MXM  i  Attr.... 


''iric.i 


ma 


loir...' 
Aw...< 

arpt...; 


-WHOLESALE  FRICES  OF  COStMODlTIES  IS  lOOT-CoBchidrf, 
XSTTAUS  AND  mPLKMEXTS— 4'oncluded. 

VlSlSSc    SotM  bov,  Sl^ynd. 

f Me»  9«r  Ttab  lit  3f«w  Yofk.  oo  tb»  Iteit  of  «adi  ntontb.] 


Month. 

PriOB. 

llontlu 

Pdco. 

Month. 

Prtco. 

MoDtb. 

Ptkn. 

ffcfc..-. 

,»;•■ 

&78 

July... 

15::; 

&.7A 

Oct 

D» 

Awnce. 

SS.7S 
A.  IS 

is^noo 

I 
I 


wnOD    BCRKVSi    l-lnch.    So.    lO,    llAt    keAd. 

[  Price  per  gnn,  la  Xev  Tork,  oo  the  Int  ol  «ach  month.] 


fe:::: 

lauifi   Apr.... 
.nif     May... 
.131*     Juno*. 

.Olf 

JBly... 

SIS:;: 

1218 

let 

^OT.... 

Om 

A»«r>. 

fOLlSlft 

.mo 

.1319 

i 

fai2tt 

ZlXCx  Skc*t,  arAlamry-  naBiber*  asiA  slxea,  pavIumI  In.  OOO-ponmd  «a»ka. 
iPcte  pt(  buiMUed  pounds,  I.  o.  b.  La  Salle,  UL.  oa  tlu  ftnt  oX  eoclL  oiailUlj 

7u 

fT.SP  "  Apr.... 
7.73      Miy... 
7.HB     Jim*... 

1 

7.91 
7.  SI 

/atr...                17. « 
Am...                    7.« 

8*^..  J                    7.U 

Oot 

Not.... 
©•• 

4.44 

ATvmgp. 

r  «S8 

IiTTffBKR  AXI>  BnLDIXG  MATEKIALS. 

BRlCKt    Common    domestic    bnlldlnir. 

[Prk*  per  thousaod,  ou  dock  ta  New  York,  from  tbo  flnt  to  the  lut  otoocb  uionth-] 


Mcnth.           rrico.          ,  Month. 

Prioe. 

1  Month. 

Prift-. 

Moath. 

Prioe. 

3m. 9iL»-m>m 

Mb....-          &CB-  C» 
Mm^....        ft.o».&;s 

iC..: 

June... 

7.  a^-  7.  TS 

2!f::: 

Sept... 

•a.3ML3a 

6.Qi-z.ai 

ft.7S-  &» 

ObI 

Nov.... 
Dee 

AveracD- 

IS.9MI.3B 

I.2S-3.75 

•o.i»a 

CARBO.^.ITE  OF  LBAD:   Amerienn,  In  oil. 


|;rrtc*  jmt  ponnd,  In  New  York,  on  iho  ftral  olowfa  montb; 

111' porter,  j 

quotations  from  the  OU,  F'lUnt,  mnd  Dntg 

£■■ 

marsA 
mm 

iK.:: 

1  Jum... 

«L07U     July... 
.aru    Aag... 

.0711      Sept... 

11 

II 

•a  0711 1 
.oni 

Ifff 

laoHi 

L 

•aoflvr 

w 


CWSnCTPTi  Portlaatf*  Aomestffe. 


fPric*  pvr  Nhnvl.  Id  Spw  Vork.  on  thv  Brst  of  a«£h  inoath;  t|nnt»ttonM  from  tti*  lT«*w  York  Jonml 
C-offlmi>rD<*  nn<1  ConunvRiiU  Oulk*tin.] 


Mac. 


M.M4t.7l>  '  Anr.. 
}.m~  1.711      Ibr- 


9t.M>-«L7D  Jtdy 
I  »-  t  7Q  I  Antr  ■ 
I.  to-  I  70      Sfpt. 


91  W^ 


1.70 

1.19 


On,. 
Niiv... 


F 1 


W  7U 
I   -  o 

I. 


386 


BCLLETIN    or   THE   BUREAU    OF   LABOR. 


Table  I.— WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  rOMMODlTIES  IN  1907— Continued. 

liirMBKU  AXD  BUILDING  3XATERLAJJ8— <>>niinueil. 

CBMEKTi    HoMenanlc. 

rrriL*  ;- 1  •  :>rni.  iii  Xow  York, 00  the  Ant  ol e«ch  montb;  qaouUoiui  from  ui<*  N^w  Vork  Joorui oC 
CoounaiM  *ad  OoousMeUI  BuUbUh.) 


MoiiUi. 

rriif.            Uunth. 

rrw. 

,  Muiith. 

Prtw^ 

Month. 

PftW. 

fer 

1 

.95 

'  July... 

Aug... 

1  Brpl... 

Out 

Nov 

Doc 

KvBngt. 

MLttM 

DOORSi  Wvatrrn   wvhilv  pinr,  3  fwC  K  Inrhr*  hr  H  fvrt   H  Inche**   t|   InrhM 
lhlrk»   &-|iAtirl»   \».    1.   (I.   li. 

tPrIn*  [wr  door,  in  Btiffjilo.  on  Ihn  flnt  of  Oftch  monili  ] 


Jan 

at:::; 

l.SO 

Leo 

Apr.... 
Jutw.. 

II   SQ 
l.WJ 

July... 
AiiK  ... 
Sfpt... 

91  80 

l.HU 
1.(0 

OOI 

Kov 

Ike 

1 
Avcnco. 

turn 

t.M 

SI.»I2 

HB1HI«OCKi  S  br  4  Inch*  IS  to   14  feel    loiur«  P«aa«xlTa»la  Mt*clc 

{Trice  per  U  frrt.  In  New  York,  on  cb«  first  of  cjieb  month;  quotations  from  the  Now  York  Lomfaer 

Tnule  Jounul.] 


Fob. 


moMttao 

22.00-  22.M 
22. a>-  2LW 


Apr., 
Juoe. 


133.  (0432. »  July 
33.(n-  ZZ.a)  '  .\ng 
32.00-  22.su   j  8i'pt. 


S22.00-C33.U 
2Z.[n-  23.8) 
22.0V'  22.W 


Oct. 
Not. 
Dee. 


Avenifti, 


t3S.0(MB.n 

33.00-  SIM 

22. 00*  an 


123. 2sn 


UniCi    Knatern*    oommon. 

■rlco  per  b*rrali  In  New  York,  ou  tho  Arst  of  (>«u?b  roonth;  oiiotatlous  trvm  ihu  Nvw  Yoik  Journal  ol 
ConuiMirLMi  ami  Comniorulal  Uull<*llu-J 


Jw. 
FMi. 
Mar. 


«L03 

i.oa 

1.02 


Apr.... 
Uky... 

Juno... 


11.03     Jaly.. 

•0:87-    .W  I    AOR.. 
.87-    .03   '  Sopt... 


•0.87-SaM 

.K7-  .n 

.87-    .V2 


Oct. 
Nov. 
Dm. 


Avorace. 


i0.fl740Lt3 

.sr- 


LIXBUBD  OILi  Raw.  citr*  ta  harrela. 

[Tilcti  {Mtr  giUIon.Ia  New  York,  on  the  (Irtt  of  aach month,  iiuotuLlon*  from  tlut  Oil,  P&luL.  and  Drag 

ItoporUir.J 


Jan. 
ftb. 
liar. 


mi : 

.41  I 

.41   I 


Apr.. 
May. 

JUIH*. 


July... 


10.  IB 
.IS 


■1.47 


Avaraipi. 


10  oo 


MAPl.VCi  tiara,   l-la<«li«  llrata  aa4  aveaadSf  •  laehra  and  an  wldr. 

|I*ri9o  per  U  fmt.ln  N«ni-  York.on  the  ftnt  of  oocli  niontli;  quotation*  Crom  tite  Now  Yodc  Lunttior 

Tnttlf  Joiirrial.l 


f3».oo-i»xa) 

vim-  33.0D 
».0O-  3».00 


fiS?:: 

Juno.. 


ixt.  at-|3J.  a) 

33  00*  3j.au 
K.tXy-  33.00 


jMty... 

.iiw... 
Bopt... 


fXi.txt-axi.w 

32.00-  33  0)   Ni 
33.00-33.00   IK)r. 


«^w  .^iO 


WHOLESAXJ3   PBICES,   1890  TO    1907.  887 

Tablb  I.— WnOLESAMi  PRICES  OF  rOMMOOITIE:?  IN  1907— Continued. 
I^UMUKK  AND  Itni..DIXO  MATKaiAl.8— <onluiued. 

OAKi    ^liltef    pin  In,     l-lncbt    O    Inrh^a     nntl     up     w  itir. 

rPzSot  p«r  H  ne«C.ln  New  York,  on  tho  Ant  ol  o*cb  inonih;  quoutloiu  from  tbe  N«w  York  Luml 

Tmdo  Joumal-l 


» 


MooiUu 

Prtw. 

Ucnth. 

PHee. 
5&00-fl&00 

fi&oo-eo.oo 

Honth. 

Pilo*. 

Month.  1 

Piloe, 

tso.oo-«sz.oo 

fi3.0»-  M.O0 
&4.0(^  M.00 

Apr.... 
June... 

Julr-.- 

Auir... 

t6&  00400.00 
fi&OO-  «7.00 
33.00-  50.00 

Oct... 
Nov.... 
Doc.  .. 

Arengi*. 

isxoo-cs&ao 
asoo-  &s.ao 

53.00-  5&.00 

»&3oa 

OAKt  'Wlllte*  «H«rteredt  rl^nr  mnd   icood   f^rromla*   1-Inch,  <l  Inrbes  nnd   up 
vrlde,  lu  to    l«l   fefl   IoBfir< 

(Price  per  M  (ert,  In  New  York,  on  tbe  first  of  oarh  month;  quotations  from  the  Sent  York  humber 

Trade  JournAl.] 


Jas. 


«78.aM83.00 
78.00-83.00 
moo- 82. 00 


Jane. 


t7&0&4e2.00 
TSLO(K  82.00 
78.00-  83.00 


Jtdy...'    fT&OMILOO 
Aiig.-.!      7iO(V-  82-00 

Sept... I     7&oa-Ki(n 


Oct. 

Nov. 
Doe. 


Aven^.j 


17a  00-982. 00 
78.00-  81.00 
78.00-  S.00 

•80.0000 


OX1DB    OF   EINCi    Ani«>rlp«n,    exfrn    flry. 

[PflM  per  pound  on  tbo  flrst  of  oacb  month;  quolutlooj  Irom  the  OU.  Point,  juid  Drug  Reporter.] 


Apr.. 
May. 

Juiiu. 


Jul  jr. 

Aug. 
Sept. 


lai 


Oct. 
Nov 
Doc. 


Artngi. 


n.osn 


PlVfSt   "Wliller   bonrdB,   Ka.   3    harn.    1    Ineh  liy    lO   Inclieii   wide,   roaeh. 

[Fdeo  par  M  lent,  In  New  York,  on  tbe  first  of  ea^-h  month:  quotationjifrom  tlie  New  York  Lumlier 

Trade  Juunial.] 


Jftn. 
Umt, 


SMLa-SST.OO 
86. so- 37.00 
96.S0-  37.00 


Apr.. 
June. 


S3n.a()-S37.D0 

July... 

37.50-  3&00 

Aue... 

17.50- 31100 

Sept... 

137.  50-8RS.  00 
37.50-  38.00 
37.50-  36.00 


Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 


Average. 


137.  ffMSH.  00 
37.50-  38.00 
37.50-  38. OO 


SZ7.4107 


l*l.%Gt   IVhIlc,   boarda,    wppera,    l-ltieh«   B   lacbea    nnd    np    -wide,    rotiich. 

tPrioP  per  M  fiwt,  in  New  York,  no  tho  first  of  rich  month;  quotations  from  tb«  New  York  Liimljer 

Trade  Journal.! 


ttlfiD40&50  I  Apr. 
(U.  50-  UA.  SU  I  May 
9&.SD'  V7.50      June... 


iBS.ao«7.a} 

V8.B0-9H.5U 
90.  90- 98.  SO 


Jidy...' 

A  UK... I 

Sept. .J 


IDC.  fi0-«BS.  50      Oct . 

g&50-w.5n    N«>v 

96l5O.08.5U      Dec. 


Avera^. 


97,50-  9V.50 
97.50- 90.80 


au7.aKa3 


PIIVBi  Vellovr*  Ioiik'  Ie«ff  boarda,  faeart-faee  aldlaarni  X-laek  amd  ll-lneh* 


[Prlns  per 


Bwt,  In  New  York,  on  the  first  of  efieh  montUi  qooiatlona  from  the  New  York  Lumber 
Tntdo  Journal.] 


Sa0.00-S31.QD  Apr.... 
aooo-  31.00  I  May... 
3000-  11.00      June... 


$an.  1X1-831.  no 

30.(10-  31.00 
».  00- 31.00 


JiUy... 

Se^*.'! 


830.00431.00  I  Oct. 
30.00-  3t.tiU  'I  Nov 
I0.0O-  3100  II  Dec. 


KM.W-SSt.m 

»ii.a^  XI- 00 
30. (A-  ii.oo 


r"~n 


fjl«  Sintii 


Igg. 


BUhLBliy    OF   THE   BUKEAU    OF  LABOB. 

AJU.B  t— ^^<H.E3ALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IK  I9«r-Cu«ini»d. 
L.UMBE:R  ANI>  BiriLl>INO  MATKR1AX1:»— rantiDOMi. 


If  oath. 

PdeiL 

Honili. 

ruM. 

1  Honch. 

PrtM. 

Honh. 

Vikm, 

Jaa 

Ml 

Iter.... 

•U.33 

.a 

.a 

|K::: 

Jum... 

•oia 

.s 

July... 

iSL" 

.a 

1 

Oct 

DM 

lazno 

Iw. 


P1>ATB  GL.ASSI   PollMh^d,   Klulnii,  mrea   5   tm    in   a^aarr   fr^l. 

[  I'ttott  per  square  foot,  L  o.  b.  Mev  Yorfe,  on  xim  Oivt  ot  MCb  month.] 


M  '  July. 

94  I    Aux.. 


Pfm..%ni    Vvlta^ir.  1-lnrh»  H  Invkea  ntiA  up  wide.  Urntm  nsri  Nepnnila,  panxk. 

trrlcv  pvr  II  ftat.  In  N«v  York,  on  the  flnrt  of  (•orti  tnnnih;  qiinlntiimB  tmm  th«  Nrw  York  Lumlwr 

TnMta  JouTMki 


Apr....     |Ba.QO^«B.dO     Jit 
|i^...      aim-  Mm     .^t 


Ui!y.. 


ST.  UK  OL  00 


Oel. 
Dae. 


ATWlfC. 


tST.  IRV|B2.n 
67.l»>  ««•' 
57.  a 


PTTTVt  Balk. 

(Prtra  per  poand*  la  Now  York,  on  Ot*  flcst  o(  mt^  montti;  qpouUon*  trora  tlu  QSL  FataW  urf 

Dnoy  Uaporttr.] 


VKSIKt    Coi 


ion    t9   K«i«il«    MfraiBed. 


[PriM  pet  bftnvU  In  N«'w  York,  on  tbo  ArMt  of  Mcb  innntii,  uiioUUon*  tmm  tbm  K«w  Yock  JouBil*{ 
romnn*rer  wntl  rumtnrtrlaJ  BnaBttn] 


M.3& 

4.«fr 


4.W      AiW. 
«.80  1    Svpt. 


ft4.-MV44.4& 

4.M 


Nov. 


$4.9D-«4.» 


H^tm 


IPflcv  |vr  H.  (.  ft.  h.  mtUih  «M  tl»  i«(  of  Mch  Rraitfk  ' 


M&r 

a.s' 

4.;'- 

1 

1 

M  M 

t  VI 

M.tf 

1 

WaOLESAl^  PR!C£S^  1800  TO  1907. 


389 


m  E^WHOLESAUi:  PRICES  OF  COMMODlTrcS  IN  IWZ-C^mmamA. 
Lt'HBKR  AND  BVULDLNC;  MATKRIAXS— CVmduded. 

liMmGL.BSi   anl   cea»r,  etoArs,  >■■<■■    widlb,    lU   lachea  Iobk. 

tAvMH^  awUUy  pdm  aA  III*  uUkB  !■  WwUBKtao^ 


I 


■«ath. 

PrtBfc 

^Voiitti. 

PTiae. 

Vootlt. 

PliW. 

HooUl 

rtfcc. 

Jui 

F«i. 

3.26 

a.tt 

a-. 

S3.0Q 
3.M 

Ort 

Da» 

'J 

' 

AWOMPD. 

■ 

fPrtov  fiT  If  Brwt.  ia  Ninr  Tbrk,  on  tiN*  first  of  eadi  mnnth:  qnotstSooa  tron  Uw  Krw  Vurk  laimbar  j 

Tbdc  JounuO-l 


Jm.. 


22.00-  a*.ao 


Jtnw. 


B2.«&^28.0a 

Julr-J 

22.a&-3&M 

AU«.„! 

22.00-38.09 

»e?t...l 

S».00-CM.«  Oct... 
23.00-  moo  I  Mov.. 
33.00- 38.00     Dao.. 


Awn«». 


ia».ou-«a.aa 
ao.oo-  2>.aa 
ao.oo-ax.oo 


TAR. 

fPriea  p0T  liam^,  in  ^ViluIl^gton.  N-  C.  ud  Ibr  first  ormdi  montb:  quotntionii  (rmn  thn  Npw  Yorfe 


Fitol^ 


3.JB 


^: 


KlOO 

?ao 

3.40 


Jnljr. 
Auk. 
Sept. 


».3» 

3.fiO 

3.30 


Oct. 

Nov 
Pae. 


a 


Annga, 


r:    9|»lrl4B   ofi   In   Aarklnc   Darrein. 


irrie»pcTt»Iloii.  InNciw  York,  on  tbu  Unrt  arnach  mnnth. 

(inntatlon!!  ham  (lu*  Now 
BuUkUii.J 

fork  Joumal  o( 

Er- 

OD.n  I  Apr-.- 
.75)    Jww... 

10.73 

1 

July... 
Aug... 
eairt... 

.30 

•0.50-  .m 

Oct 

Nov.... 
D» 

ATafaoa. 

.40 

SO.  1)940 

'VriKDOW    GI^ASSi    Amrricuu    atna:!*.    Arata.    XS-lArh.    brmekat    iU    by     S    to 

li>  hr    15   inehh 

(Frta  [vr  3i  kqitaxt*  feel,  in  Sew  York,  on  thi*  first  ol  Aach  mooih;  qtuitaUoDS  from  the  OU.  Faint,  aad 

I>raB  Bcportvr.] 


Ju. 


I 


tt-n  II  A] 


tS^d 


CL»Q  July.. 


Si  n 

X73 
3.73 


Oct.... 

No»... 
Dao.... 


Avaragi*. 


W.i3 1 


in^E^OYr    KLASBi    American,    nlnirlr,    llilrila.    2«V-lncb    brnrkel    (H    hy    8    lo 

l«   Uy    15   InrbK 

|Prt»|WJOM|tMr»hat.  to  New  York,  oo  thf*  find  nfrfKh  montb;  soataliima  ftw  tta Ofl.  PiUnt,  ami 

Drug  Rtf|>ort«r.] 


. ! 

Mar,.      , 

i2.ao» 

XSkfiO 
a  3»a0 

^. 

z3»ao 

239fi> 

1 

Si^^t... 

«La»io 

!d«.... 

1  ,..,.^..., 

»i;:4iO 

800 


BULLETIN    OP   THE   D0BEAU    OF   LABOU, 


Taulr  I.— wholesale  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907    r„nimnod. 
I>RUGS  ANI>  CHKMICAIJ8. 

ALCOHOLi  Orala. 

fPrtoo  per  gKlIon,  In  Nnw  York,  on  the  flnt  of  «U)h  month;  quotntlon*  from  thn  OU.  Paint,  and  Dnig 

Bf^ortcr] 


MdBClL 

Price.        [ 

Month. 

Price. 

Konth. 

Price. 

Month. 

Tneo, 

ftS::::: 

lUr.  ... 

13 

Apr.... 

Juno... 

•J  SI 

July... 
AUff... 
BeR... 

Sin 

2.fia 

Oot 

Nov.... 
Dec 

Average. 

!! 

13.010 

.^Ltf'OHOKt   Wood,    r«anecl,   OA  per   peat. 

IPrtoe  per  pUlon*  In  Nfw  York,  on  the  flnt  of  euh  month;  quotatlona  from  the  OU.  Pklnt.  and  Onig 

R«jp(prt«r.] 


M*r 

Apr.... 
June... 

'  July... 

•0.40 
.40 

Oct 

Nov.  ... 
I>flC 

Average. 

m.m 
.« 

.as 

•ami 

AI^UXi    Lnair. 

IPrlce  pu  pound,  In  New  Yorfc,  on  the  Bnl  of  pueb  raooth:  quouttou  from  the  OU,  I'aUit.  and  Drug 

He|»ort«r.] 


Jan.. 
Pub.. 


10.01:3 

'ap,..^. 

.OlT.'i 

Mny... 

.0176 

1  Junn... 

1 

10.0175  I  July 

.OlTS         AUB 

.0176      tifpt. 


laoiTs    Oct 

.0175       Nov.,.. 
.01*5    1   lire 


Avi»rage. 


.0178 
.0178 


10.017ft 


DHIM.ilTOKtCi    Crade,    neooada. 

(Priee  per  ton,  In  New  York,  on  the  Ont  of  each  month;  quotalion*  from  the  Oil.  Polol,  and  Drng 

Rt^porter.) 


122.  ao 

23.1*£« 


Apr.. 
ItUy  . 

June. 


&Q.12 

22: 
23. 


I2t  J 
t3i  A 
12\    & 


JtUy 

Aug. 

Sept. 


22  liji  Nov.  .. 


22.  in    Itcc . 


Avenge, 


«10.60 
W.SO 

10.110 


KU, 


<JLVCBItlVi    Rvflnedt  fhemlrnlly   tvHrc.  In  tinltc 

[Price  i>*^t  pfiimil,  In  Sew  York,  on  thu  flnt  iir<UM-|)  mnnih;  cpioUiUitikfmm  thedtl.  Palnl.  and  Pnig 

Keponer. ) 


10.  Ill 
.1'.* 
.1.1 


Apr. ., 

.hitin. 


•0.  m 
.Ml 


Or( 

Nnv  . . . 

\vmg§. 


Vi-\ 


fU.tM 


MlltlATir  AriDi  »!'. 

I  Prioe  per  pound,  In  .Vew  York,  on  the  ftrat  M  eacli  mAiith;  quotation*  (mm  tJto  oil,  Palitt.  odiI  Drug 

Jtopurlttr.l 


|n.0!fl5  I  Apr.. 
Mny., 


OIW 


JnlT. 


hiv. 
.0IU 


it).  01  SB 
.01«& 

.mm 

Villus 


WHOLESALE   PRICES,  1800  TO   1907. 


391 


Table  ■.— WHOLESALE  PRTCES  OF  COMlfODlTTES  IN  1907— Conlinued. 
DRUGi^  AXI>  CUKMICA  1^8— Concluded. 

OPirWi    5ttlarHl,    In    cnBeK. 

(Piiec  per  pouzkd*  In  New  York,  on  tbe  first  of  each  month;  qaoUtlotu  from  the  0(1.  Fftlnt,  mad  Drug 

Raportor.] 


I 
I 


Xontii. 

T^ 

Uonth. 

Prioo. 

Month. 

Prioo. 

Month. 

Prittj. 

JtB 

reb 

«a.tt 

a.fts 

S.4S 

1 
1 

June... 

KOO 

4.00 
S.W 

July... 

Aug... 

Bc^t... 

K7S 

7.00 
7.00 

Dot 

Not.... 
Dec 

•0.M 
6.35 
&fiO 

$4.»4M 

Qt'tXITfEt    American,    In    lOO-oonrc    llii«. 

(Price  perouDOP.  tn  Xew  York,  on  tbe  flrec  of  each  month;  quotfttlons  (mm  tbe  Oil,  Paint,  and  Drug 

Rsporler.] 


iS::::: 

Mm:.... 

•0.1* 
.32 
.21 

Apr.... 
May... 

1  June... 

•0.19 
.18 
.IS 

July... 

Aug . . . 
Sept... 

•0.10 
.10 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 

ATBnme. 

•a  10 

.10 
.10 

•ai77fi 

SILPHIRIC    ACIDi   «0% 


[Price  per  pound,  tn  New  York,  or 

the  flrst  of  each  month; 
Reporter.J 

qnotationa  from  the  OU.  Paint,  and  Drug 

te.:::: 

XoiL.... 

m.0100 

.0100 
.0100 

Apr... 
liy... 

June.. 

•0.0100 

.0100 
.0100 

July... 

•0.0100 
.0100 
.0100 

Oct 

Not  ... . 
D«? 

Averftge. 

•aotoi 

.0100 
.0100 

to.  0100 

irorsK  FURXisiiiXG  coons. 

EARTHB^WARKt    Hlntrit.   rream-rolorrti,    T-lnrh. 

[  Price  per  doran.  t.  o.  K  Trenton,  N.  J.,  en  tbe  llrst  of  each  month.] 


I 


Month. 

Prioe. 

Month. 

Price. 

Month. 

Prioa. 

Month. 

Price. 

Ian 

PW> 

Mat.... 

•0.4410 
.4410 
.4410 

is;.;: 

June... 

•0.4410 
.4410 
.4410 

July... 
Aug . . . 
Sept... 

•a  4410 
.4410 

.4410 

Oct 

Nov.... 
Dec 

•0.4410 
.4410 

.4410 

A^r^. 

•0.4410 

EARTneX^VARBi    Plntra,    white    arranlte,   T-lnch. 

(Price  per  dozen,  t.  o.  b.  Tnnton,  N.  J.,  on  the  tint  or  each  month.] 


Veb. 


•014580 
.4500 

.4580 


Jane... 


•a.4«» 

.4SS0 
.4AW 


Jtiir-.. 

Aug.... 
Sept.. 


•0.4SM 
.4SM 
.4586 


>  Get. 

Nov. 

I  Dec. 


101 4S» 
.4Mi 
.4580 


Average. 


•a  4580 


KARTRETWJI.RE1  Teacnp*  a«d  anacera,  nklte  «ranUe,  -crlili  bandle*. 

(Pricit  per  groat  icdojceneupa  iindtidozm  saui^rfl).  (.  o.  b.  Trenton,  N.  J.,  od  the  Artt  of  each  month.] 


iS:::;: 

Mat,.... 

Apr... 
May... 
June... 

n-asn 

3.3B80 

a.aaBO 

July.... 

tSLaftm  W  o«ic  .. 

SLamo 

313800 

3.3800 

U — 

•  '•      'O*** 

892 


BX7LLETIN   OP  THE  BUKEAU  OF  ULBOR, 


Table  I.— WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907— Conanued. 
HOU8K  FUKNISHIXG  OOOI>S— Contmued. 

FURNITUREt  Bedroom   aetSt   aak*   3  pieces*   hedatead,   barean*    and    iraah- 

■tand. 

[Price  per  aet,  in  New  York,  on  the  first  o<  each  month-] 


Month. 

Price. 

Month. 

Price. 

Month. 

Prioe. 

Month. 

Prioe. 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar..... 

S14.50 
14.50 
14.50 

June... 

«14.50 
14.  SO 
14.50 

1 

July... . 
Aug.... 

Sept... 

S14.50 
14.50 
14.50 

loct 

Not..... 
Dec 

Average. 

tl4.fiO 
14. » 
llfiO 

914.6000 

Ft'RXITURK:    Clialriif    bedroom,    maple,   caae   neat. 

[Price  per  dozen,  In  New  Tork,  on  the  first  of  each  month.] 


Jan. 
Feb 
Mar. 


S10.00 

Apr.... 

10.00 

May.... 

10.00 

June... 

I 

S10.00  !>  July. 

10.00  1 1  Aug.. 

10.00  i:  Sept. 


siaoo 

10.00 
10.00 


Oct. 
Not. 
Dec. 


Average. 


S10.00 
10.00 

laoo 


siaoooo 


FlTRMTL'REt   Cbaira,  Icltcben,  common  Mptnille. 

[Price  per  dosen,  In  New  York,  on  the  firat  of  each  month.] 


Jan 

Feb 

Mar..... 

$5.50 
6.50 
5.50 

Apr.... 
May.... 
June... 

1 

S5.50 
5.50 
6.00 

July.... 
Aug.... 
Sept... 

SC.00 
6.00 
C.00 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec 

Average. 

•&Q0 
6.09 
6.00 

S5.7017 

FlRTt'ITURBi   Table*,  kltcben,   SJ-foot. 

[Price  per  dozen,  In  New  York,  on  the  first  of  each  month.] 


• 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

$18.00 
18.00  ; 
18.00 

1 

Apr....' 
MSy.... 
June... 

$18.00 
18.00 
18.00 

July.... 
Aug.... 
Sept... 

$18.00  '    Oct 

18.00  1    Nov..... 
18.00  1  Dec 

Average. 

$18.00 
l&OO 
18.00 

$18.0000 

GLASSlVAREi    Kapptea,    4-lncb. 

[Price  per  dozen,  f.  o.  b.  (actorj-,  on  the  first  of  each  month.] 


Jan 

Feb 

Alar.... 

SO.  14 
.14 
.14 

Apr. .. 
May... 
June... 

.14 
■  .14 

July... 
Aug... 
Sept... 

$0.14 
.14 

.14 

ioct 

'  Nov.... 

I"« 

1  Average. 

$0.14 
.14 
.14 

90.1400 

OI.ASSWARf<:i    PllcherM.    one-bnlf    firallOB,    common. 

[Price  per  dozen,  f.  o.  b.  Tactory,  on  the  first  of  each  month.] 


Jan i 

Fob 

Mar.... 

$1.05 
1.05 
1.05 

Apr . . . 
May... 
June... 

SI.  05 
1.05 
1.05 

July... 
Aug.  .. 

Sept... 

$1.05 
1.05 
1.05 

Oct 

Nov.... 
Dec 

Average. 

n.05 
1.05 
1.06 

1 

91.0SOO 

WHOLESALE  rmCBSy  1890  TO  1901.  893 

I.— WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907-<:'oniinui»d. 
nOtSB  FlTRXISnrXG  G00I>8— concluded. 


GlAAS!(W.4flGi    Tuml>lern.    tnblr*    onrMhlril    pinl.    mmnioii. 

[Price  per  dosuu  Lab.  Uotory.  od  the  flist  oC  OAch  monUi.] 


1 


Ho&Ul. 

Pflee. 

Month. 

Fitoe. 

Uontli. 

Pitee. 

Month. 

pnocw       ^ 

J«B 

nb 

•X15 
.IS 

£;; 

.16 

.15 

July... 

sau 

Oct 

Nov.... 
Dee 

•au 

aaifioa 

TABLE  CTTLERYi  CArrem.   mtmgc  h«»d1e». 

{Price  par  psir  on  the  first  (*t  OMcb  mooth.] 


I 


90175  I   Apr... 


.7S 
.7* 


June.. 


I0i75 
.T» 
.74 


Joly... 

tept... 

.ss 

oei..... 

Nov.... 

^ 

A*«n«i. 

.as 

aan 

TAIII^E    CfTTt^RYt    Knivee    nad    fork*,    cocobolo    haadlo,    melal    l»ola4er«> 

[I'noe  per  groM  on  tb«  ftiat  ol  eeeh  nuintb.] 


m 

•&»     Apr... 
&»     May... 

tt.ao     June... 

•0.60  i   Inly... 
aw      AUK... 
6.00      Sept... 

il 

Oct 

Not.... 

Dee 

Average. 

'4 

•(L4833 

IPOODEV    'WARKt    Pall««    OBk-arralnr'd,    n-boop,    wtrr    ear. 

[Prim  per  doaen.tn  New  York,  on  the  Orel  orooeb  mantb:quotatioiurrom  tbeKeFchaiite'  Revleir.] 


fe.:::: 

M^r-... 

«L70 
1.TO 

Asp." 

June... 

July.,. 
Aug... 
BBPI... 

SI.  OS 
-2.10 
ilO 

Oct 

Nov 

SLV70B 

WOODB!V   WARE:  T«fc%  vak-ff rained.   S   la   nret. 

Iftto*  per  oeel  ef  2.1a  Ntv  Tork.oo  the  llm  ol«ecft  Bomh;  qooutlone  tram  the  Mprchun**  liovlmr.) 


r»u.... 

lUr.... 


SL«  I  Apr.. 
l.flD  <  Jane.. 


II.  ao     July. 
1.80  I    Aog. 
BcpC. 


I 


»l.65 
l.AS 
L65 

S^V:::: 

D«; 

Awi»»P. 

tl.C5 
1.G5 


XL  09 

2 


MiSCELLAyBOUS. 

COTTOS-SEED   MEAU 

fPnop  prf  tea  of  XCOd  pounds,  tn  Ser  York,  on  the  flnt  o(  each  month.] 


BULLETIN    OF   THE   BUREAU   OF   LABOR. 


Table  ■.— WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907— Ooniinuad. 

MISCELJ.u\KKOU8— Continued. 
eOTTON-SECn    Oll.i    Snaimer    yrllow,    prime. 

irnoe  per  gallon.  In  N«w  York,  oa  tbo  Atm  of  oMh  mootb;  quouuoiu  from  Uio  OU.  Painu  And  Dns 

Rffporwr.J 


Uonth. 

rrico. 

Month. 

PriOB. 

Uontti. 

Prtoo. 

MODth. 

PvlM. 

J« 

?»b 

lUr..... 

.48 

Apr.... 
May... 
June... 

"i 

July... 
A.ig... 
Sepi... 

.064 

1 

Oct 

Nov.... 
Dec 

lOLB 

Average. 

laM 

JVTBt    Raw,    M-donblp    <rl«iiirl«s    ahlpmenti    me^iaai    ffnul««> 

[Prtoe  pvr  poand.  In  Nt w  York,  on  ibo  first  ot  oaoli  monib.] 


is-.::::         "iSl 

Kar.....                     .05| 

is;-::: 

JUDB... 

*^:3 

1  JnlT... 
i  Auk-.. 

10.  <u  1 

Ori 

Nov.... 
Dm 

Average. 

•3 

«LOM 

MAt«Ti  'Weatera   n^itde. 

[rrtoa  par  Imibnl,  la  New  Yoft,  on  thfl  la«t  of  (vwh  month:  qooUllcni  from  the  Brewvra^  JouroaL] 


Jan... 
Mar.. 


«0.71.«S1 
.74-  .84 
.W-   1.00 


Apr. 
May. 

Junn. 


laootl  00  |l  Jaly. 
i.on-  i.ia  Aug. 
l.On-  MU     8npi. 


fl.OMI  OS  I  Oct. 
LOO-  1.06  I  Nor. 
1.12-  1.  U     Vn. 


AvaragB. 


|l.2}-gl.3r 

1.17- 1,  as 

1.17-  1.3i 


SLI 


rAPRRt   >lvwn.  wooit. 

[PriM  per  pound,  In  New  York,  on  tht^  flmt  of  rArh  month;  qiintatlons  from  the  New  York  JoonHl 
of  Coinmorco  luid  Comin«iolaJ  BuUPtln-l 


Jan. 
rab. 
lUr. 


Haons^aoaao 

0901^    .0X26 
0320 


fir- 

Juno... 


ia(fi45-«L030a  July... 
.a24A-  .03ftA  I  .\(JK-.- 
,0345-    .UWA  i  Si'pt... 


to  n245-tQ.  0206      OCI. . 
.iXi4&~     (onS      Nov. 


Avanga. 


.02«»-  .oan 


PAPBHi    WrnpplnMT.    m«nlln.    Sn,    1,    Jnte. 

{Pilre  iMtr  pound,  In  N'ew  York,  on  the  flritt  of  csrh  inQnth;  nuotntinna  front  the  Now  York  Joamal 
of  Oommeroe  and  Commercial  Bulletin.] 


Jan 

m. 

Mar..... 

10.08 
.08 
.00 

Apr... 
May... 

.   JUIM... 

90.06 
.06 
.06 

July,.. 

10.  OS 
.OA 
.US 

!  Oct 

Nov.... 
Deo 

Average. 

"i 

•anu 

PROOF    flPIRITS. 


par  gallon,  locludlog  tax,  In  I'mirta.  111.,  weekly  nuige;  qaotatlocw  (unilebad  by  tht  Jwntoiy 
of  the  Peoria  Board  of  Trade.l  * 


WHOLESALE   PHICES,   1890   TO    1007.  395 

TABtK  1.— WHOLESALE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  ItKir-A-omludoci. 

MISCKIil^VXEOrS— Conoludeii. 

ROPEi   Mantin*    i%-lncli    abiI    lancer. 

IPikA  pmr  poan43,  f.  a,  b.  N«w  Yoik  or  fictory.  on  tbe  Am  of  etch  month;  qnotationi  from  tb*  Iran  Affk-l 


Montli. 

ViktK. 

'uanth. 

Trie* 

Month. 

Prtop. 

Ifonth. 

Oct 

Kor.... 
Dw 

Annie*. 

PriML 

Jan 

aS::;:: 

«0.  WJ-IO.  13 
. 11  -     .  134 

Jane... 

la  i3-«o.  lu 
!]»-   !l3i 

July... 
Aug... 
Sepl... 

ia.is.4o.iu 

.11-    .IM 

.11  -  .m 
.ai-  .13 

iciao 

RrBBERt  Partt   talaad.  b«w. 


|Piio*  p«r  pound.  In  N»w  Vork.  no  Ihc  flr^t  of  wu>h  month;  oiintatinnH  from  the  N'ew  Yort  JounuU 
oC  ConuuercG  and  Caauucidal  uuUetlu.] 

Jn ti.is 

nb si.tft- 1.10  1 

Mar.....         1.18- 1.19  1 

Il.lfi 
lit 
1.0» 

July...       I1.0MIO&  '  Oct 

Ailg...                      1.064     Nov.... 
Sopl...                     J.OB      Dec 

Av«nfle. 

•aoi-   .93 
.78 

1 

SLOatt 

I 

I 


SOAPt   Caatllc,   mo«tI»d»  pare. 

(Prtoe  per  ponnd.  in  N»w  York,  on  th«  drat  of  e*ch  month;  quolationa  from  tbe  Oil.  Paint,  and  Dm^ 

Rrporter.] 


Mar. 


tuoeao    Apr.. 

.0600     May. 
.OOflO     Juno. 


IQlOMO 
.OHM 

.orao 


July. 

Aug. 
Svpt. 


IP.  0700 
.0700 
.0700 


Oct 

Nov.... 
Dec 

ATezacD. 


•a  0700 

.0700 
.0700 


lOLom 


KTARCHi    I.«aH4lrrt  Aaatln.  Klehola  A   Co.,  4n-paaad    boxen.   In   balk. 

[I'Ttcri  pprpoand.  In  No«-  York,  on  thr  flrsl  of  tuich  month;  qtioUttions  from  thn  Merrhanta'  Ktiviow.] 


Fib.... 

MAT.... 


sxoai 

.04 


Apr.. 
May. 
June. 


«L04 
.04 
.04 


July. 
Sept, 


.04 


Oct 

Nov.... 
Dm 

Avpnicv- 


KLIMl 
.04 


•ao«M 


TtlB.lCCOt   Pins,  riltnax. 
I  Piloa  per  pound.  In  New  York,  oa  tbe  Unt  of  iwcb  mouth;  quotations  from  Urn  Uurchuils'  Reviav.] 


J«a. 
Tith, 


•a<T  !  Apr. 
.  17  May  - 
.  47     J  unc . 


•0.47     July. 

.47       AU|t- 
.47       Sept. 


Ort 

Nov.... 
Deo I 

AmiBge. 


!«.« 


TOBACCO*   SBiolclnff,  srannlated*  Seal  of  North  Carollaa. 
fPflee  par  pound.  In  New  York,  on  tho  flrat  ofoach  mnnlh;  quoUtlooa  from  the  Marcbanti'  Rev1ew.| 


Jan 

Vkh 

Mar... 

•0  60 
.A 

Apr... 

uh... 

Junu... 

•(X40 
.« 
.00  1 

July . . . 

•a  00 

.flO 

.no 

Oct 

Nov.... 
Deo 

Avoractf. 

•una 

.40 

•QiOO 

896                          BULLETIN    OF    THE   BUREAU   OF   LABOR.                                      " 

^m  TAP1.K  ■■.-MONTHLY  ACTUAL  ANT)  RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES 

^m                     JN  1007  AND  UASE  PHUES  (AVEUAOt;  FOR  1BW-181K*). 

f           [For  cspUiiKtlnn  nnj  iliactiaaloa  At  thi«  Ublo,  tte-r  j^mg^n  yiTi  to  3%.     Fcir  h  mom  ilrtntli-l  tloArrlpttoa 
i                           ot  Iho  ttrticlts.  »e«  TftWc  I.    Aroi»Kv  lor  IW7  computnl  from  quoUtlotu  In  Tftble  I.] 

^^^^    Ifotdh. 

Fftrm  pfnduoU.                                                                    1 

Btkticy:  by       C-«ttlc;  ttMri. 
■unplo.        etum  to  e;ztm. 

C»ttto;«tMl«, 
good  to  eboifl». 

Com:  No.  3. 

Cotton:  nptand,  ^^H 
mkddUng.        ^^H 

FriM 
per 

ttek-      I'rfw 
tive     per  100 
prtoe.,     lbs. 

Utk 

p«rlOO 

ib.. 

lUlir 
UVO 

prtm. 

Pdet 

BaU- 
tlve 
priw. 

Price 
pound. 

PrtPO.      ^^ 

.aou 

.0M5 
.TOW 
.77W 
.7450 

.unu 
.Tnin 

1 

.    U4t-i 

.7009 

100  n 

110.7 
130.4 
ltA.2 

171.  H 
1A4.S 
146.9 
IM-A 

lOftO 

&(h(75 

0.01W 
&4AfiO 

&4oao 

«.10SO 

ft.  74m 
7.01m 

((.7400 
ft  7330 
A.2UU 
5.S375 
0.M43 

ion.0 

134.8 
134.4 
I-!     ■ 

1 

131.U 

m.i, 

VM.9 
UIV4 

117. 7 

ion.  7 

123.0 

»1.7S47 
5.7000 
n  !kt36 

f  -1.,, 

U.XS&D 
0.1000 

6.MKRi 
6.S313 
S.4000 
A. 1436 
6.9130 

100.0 
UA4 
WO 

lOI.     ■ 

130.6 
124.6 
12.1.3 
UIJ 
lOLft 
lZt.6 

lo.:t!«M 

4:U4 

6864 

.6163 

.61)^ 
.6880 
.MQfi 
.9280 

inn.o 

10K4 
114  2 

•    ■    M 

1 

ICI  *} 
14H  It 
148.0 
181.5 
163.9 
16&8 
138.8 

10  07783 

lOMO 
lliUS 

11  Ka 

.iiL'tn 

.12(116 

.  lATh'^iO 

.  viim 

.13088 
.11580 
.11026 
,11790 
.11879 

100  0     ^J 

i:u  9    ^^H 

142^0    ^H 

14:14    ^H 
154.9    ^H 

171,8   ^H 

]5a.9        1 

^Hv.t. 

^^^■.Am* 

^^^BDlm 

I^^^^^AV 

r    juit-,.".""-;.'.,!- 

Aui... !" 

1            Stmt , 

Ocl,.,,, 

Nov. ,, 

!>«• 

ATermCc.  1W7 

Uotitb. 

Ftaxwofl: 
No.L 

Hay:  timothy. 
No.1. 

BStloa:  greon. 
s&ltml.  piwk- 
er*.  hoiivy  na- 

tiTC  •tOOTB. 

UDg»:  bOBTj. 

nogs:  Uglit.                1 

rttett 

per 

boabuL 

tlvo 
prtoe. 

IMcc 
per  ton. 

ttve 

price. 

Price 

poand. 

•0.0607 
.1027 
.1030 
.1631 
.1441 
.1437 
.1488 
.1472 
.Mil 
.1411 

.i4ro 

.1364 
.1185 
.1456 

ti\« 
prtoo. 

(mrlOO 
Itw. 

Rela- 

price. 

Pifoo 
ppr  100 

UpU-            1 

UVO                  1 

price.             1 

AvcrsffclSOO-lSW.. 

I.  IMO 
1.  luUi 
t.  -.twi 

I.  l7lAt 

1.3175 
1.2U& 
1.1474 
t.lBW 

Mfxn 

i.iaoo 

1.0475 
l.UW 

ino.o 

103,8 
107.  3 
HW.a 
HM.7 
I05.fi 

njt.4 

112.6 
1U3.1 
lOfi.4 
107.8 
101.5 

«t0.43n4 

is.anm 
ift.afioo 

lO.IKlOO 
1(1.4000 
I7,G25u 

ao.uuoo 

18.4000 
IV.  0000 
17.0036 
Kt.AMO 

100.0 

148.6 
155.8 
I6».4 
157.3 
103.0 
1S1.7 
170.4 
18J.3 
1*3.0 
160.  ft 
14S.S 
140.0 
HSL4 

100.0 
173.0 
173.9 
103. 4 
163.8 
163.4 
168.8 
157.1 
IW.A 

iw.b 

156.9 
146.6 
130.6 
166.3 

I4.41S3 
&.  rvtf.i 

5.0818 
&.90» 

0.3^90 

fi.OOtlU 

4.i.5a> 

0.0796 

100. 0 
i.n   4 

136.0 

136.8 
141  3 
1 1.^.  5 
105.4 
137.8 

14. 4380 
0.5778 

u.snM 

0.70U 

n.on75 

^.4631 
U.IM0 
tLSQOO 
8.3088 
6.406S 
6.4478 
5.0fiM 
4.0680 
0.3188 

100.0  J 
148.8     ^^ 

158.1  ^^H 
161.7  ^^H 

150.8.  ^^H 
140.0    ^^1 

140.0    ^^ 

IBr^ — 

^^H^'Ams 

^■1^- 

^^^BSi^*' 

^^H,** 

^^Ba^5^ 

^^HJSEu" 

KSiiKiwr::::::: 

M.l      15  6000 
10O.1     10.ttS87 

H 

nopa:  N.  y.. 

Out»!    CJIth. 

Rye:  NcX 

OMta. 

flhivp:  iutlv«. 

I'rioo 
prr 

JtOUBU. 

|»rlco. 

rnco 
pi'f 

huabfl. 

■       1. 

tlTC 
prion,     1 

1 

-'     frloft 

|i.>f 
.     IDOlIm, 

prtcr.     ^^ 

^^jkv^raga,  IKNhUW.. 

•XlTTl 
.BOD 
.3200 

.WOO 

loao 

U4.2 

134.3 

MO 

aaum 

.  sr  • 

.4K1 

!«170 
,M» 
.4MA 
.4101 

TOO 

.oiw 

.«70fl 

loao 

110.0 
130.8 
177  4 

i 

X7.W 

un  0     $3.9Hl 
r  ■     -        I  «QSo 

A  inrto 
'  1    fl.  r.iflo 

.n.  1.175 
lAi.  I        5  IIM 

i;»4r     &aB38 

i:f7  a       5  ISiS 

]2&8^^l 

13:%  I  ^H 

leo  ^^M 

■37. «   ^H 
13014  ^H 
l?A4-^^ 

^H^ 

^^^B?S*"" 

^^^Hnr 

^^^BKmL 

in.  n  '    .7761)  1  iKi-S 

^Hs" — 

^^^HS||3 

IfKO        .Wtl^  !  lriii.7  1    ft-ISfO 

r?.-  ■■         ■■ i  -       -  -■-• 

i: 
I 

in/,  t              .  ,  U-.-^         H.-1  4            «.  (^Hi,- 

1         1       1 

^^^HiCa 

^^^HnSf  ' 

.1  1    ■*.  .■»vi.-j       »,M  a     ^^H 

^^^^K^  " 

^^vi^wr.iw:.... 

^                          < 

Um  TB 


IN  lar  A5P  BASE  PEICCS  lAl 


»« 

i^ 


898 

Tablk  II.— mo? 

IN    1!M)7  AN' 

BULLETIN    OF   THE   BUREAU   OF   IJ^BOR.                                       ^^B 

sTHLY  ACTUAL  AND  KELATIVK  PHICES  OF  COM^tOPTTTES          1 
l>  UASK  PRK'FS  (AVK!IA«;K  FOR  l.S90-iSnOK-*'niuiiinc.l.                   ■ 

[Avencs  for  1007  compuUid  from  qw>t»(lani  m  Table  I. 

1 

M 

Moath. 

Fond,  etck                                                                          f 

Ftsh:   nuick- 
on-l.  Hit, 
targr<  38 

FUh:  Balmoo, 
cuuukI. 

Fkmr:  hiick- 
whoat. 

Klour:  ryt^ 

Flour:  wb«at,             H 
•prlnjS  patcnta.              ■ 

I'rIcT 

per 

burnL 

Ileitis 
tlvo 
pnoa. 

IfKlO 
131.3 
IH1.8 
113.2 
M.0 
«4» 
«B.& 

aa& 

8Kfi 
02.0 
90.1 
100.0 
100.0 
96.A 

l>rtOB 

per 
laoun. 

prioa. 

loan 

113.7 
113.7 
1L3.7 
ll.t7 
113.7 
112.0 

iiio' 
iiiV 

rncn 

toK^ba. 

11.0438 
2.2500 
2  17S0 
XIOOO 
XIHO 

(a 

?• 

f« 

(• 

») 

3.0000 

8.2000 

tlel«- 

UVQ 

prlo*. 
loao 

115.3 
113.0 
108. 1 
110,7 

"l's4.'i 

104.7 

lOao 

13S.4 

rnoe 

imr 

liarrei 

tlv« 
pHdiL 

IM08 

R«U-            ■ 

ATorftge.  laoo-iwo.. 

Ju 

S14. 1»V. 
17.  CKITK) 

10,  raw 

10.0000 
12.0000 
12.0000 
12.5000 
12.3000 
IXMOi 
13.0000 
14.0000 
14.  HOOD 
14.fi000 
ILOIOT 

31.4731 
I.47M 
1.67S0 
1.0750 
I.K7A0 
I,ff7» 
1.0600 
(•> 

t.ouo 

im 

i.fli7» 

$3.3171 
3.9750 
3.9250 
3.9000 

.vaaOD 

3.9000 

5.0500 
5.0750 
i.V2^i 
4.8250 
5. I7S0 
5.3000 
ft.  3730 
4.0QSi 

100,0 

iio.e 

1188 
117.0 

llftl 

119  1 
IW  2 
i:a.o 

I4K..V 
145.5 
I5A.0 
1M.8 
101.0 
13S.7 

$4.3072 
4.0060 
4.2fi00 
4.1500 
4.1700 
4.8188 
5.0028 
5. 1330 
5.0313 
&.XW3 
&fi00O 
5^4438 
&4noo 

4.»7.W 

100.0  ^^1 

97.0    ^^M 

112.1  ^^H 
117.8    ^^H 

117.1    ^^H 

1».7    ^H 
1271     ^^M 
113.5            ■ 

Feb 

lUr. 

Apr 

MVy..,::: 

Jia» 

July 

Kov 

Xkm 

Avwngn.  1907 

Month. 

Flour-,  whest, 
winter 

Fruit:  apple*, 

evaporated, 

oboloe. 

'^iii^'ffii^' 

Fruit:  cnr- 
ranta,  tn 
banvla. 

Fruit:  pninea,            H 
Cntlfomia.               ■ 

Fftoc 

per 

UrM. 

RAlft. 
llTP 

price. 

Price 

per 

pound. 

Relft. 
live 
prloQ. 

Prtoa 

per 

pound. 

Rol*- 

prfou. 

Priea    |R«1»- 

ptf       1    tlTB 

pound.  )  pAoe. 

PtIob 
P*' 

pound. 

Rdn- 
Ut* 
prtOR. 

AwnMSQ.  imo-1800.. 
Jan 

S3.MB0 
3.3000 

li 

X.07W 
4.2700 
4.2000 
4.0S7S 
4.337ft 
4.1060 
4.&500 
4.AI(U 
3.0H77 

100.0 
M.0 
87.0 
M.A 
«.T 
1001.4 
111.2 
111.  ft 
IW.3 
110,2 
1I9.S 
U*.3 
1IT.3 
103.7 

$0.nS4T 
.0844 

.and 

.0700 
.0725 
.OTU 
.QHOO 
.083A 
.own 
.0075 
.0(M3 
.1000 
.«43 

100.0 
OK.O 
».« 
07.4 

m.o 

8&ft 
85.0 
H.B 
(W.4 
10IV.3 
115.1 
113.7 
118.1 
09.5 

10,0515 
.0878 

:!SS 

,0000 

.onoo 

.0000 

^\^ 
(**) 
«1 

«) 

,0700 
.0038 

IOOlQ 
131.1 

i2B.a 

123.0 
118.8 
1)A.fi 
llA.fi 

ii8.'»' 

123.0 

«k0978    ino.n 

.073A     103.3 
.07M     201.  tt 
,11744      lid.  4 
.(1711   ,    IM.O 
.OiKI       If^l   A 
.^n^iil^      183.  & 
.(I7IIU   1    IW.  7 

•fton4 

.0575 

.WM 

,n.VM 
.osti 

.QfiflO 

.aw5 
.Orvi3 
.0028 
.0083 
.0840 
.OnfiO 

.mif) 

.QKIS 

loao 

74.3 
72. 7 
71-8 
88.8 
84.8 
74^3 
79.2 
80.7 

aA7 

84.0 
M.0 
«nu 
78.8 

Fob 

M»f  ":;:;:::::::::- 

Apr 

SSy...::::. :::::::. 

Juna 

July 

AiS    .1""         "  . 

.0«H 
.0088 

.OWH 

.(r;ao 

IHS,  .S 
178.8 
183.5 
IK.1.5 
l.Sl.fi 
187.5 

a^  :: :: .    :. 

oS.     i: 

iS  :::::::;::::::: 

IVo. 

AvP»r*,IW7 

Month. 

FniJl:  rml«Uu. 

CftliromtN. 
I.x>n(lon  Uyrr. 

OlUCOM. 

L*nl:  prlinv 
oontnot. 

K9»l:  com. 
flnewliiu. 

"^i^\         1 

PrtM 
per 
box. 

Kctii- 

t^« 
prtco. 

rnco 

lOOIIi*. 

Rein- 

live 
price. 

I'rtce 

per 

|K>iintl. 

laonM 

,00711 

.irtjfl 

RalA- 

llvi' 
prtoi' 

100.(1 
140.2 
1&17 
144.2 

■  -.  '> 

1 

-  ? 

1  »u  . 

"■■  '  '■ 

R«U-              ■ 

prk«.            ■ 

AmncMBOD-tflm.. 

Jan 

9isa» 

I.SOOO 
1.4Q0O 

1.4000 

i.saoo 

l.S7» 
1,5710 
I.fi7fi0 

l.MOO 

1 
I 

loao 

100.0 

«a.s 

•S.S 

1013 
I0.\0 
Ul&O 
105  0 
\Jft.U 

H\.  4183 
2. 1100 
2. 1100 

2.  imi 

3.  11"" 
3.  ■-■ 

2.  -■■ 

100.0 
148.S 
148.8 
I4R  It 

•I.IMM 
1,3000 

1. 3000 

i.xno 
t.^wo 

I,3a2£ 

100  u 

124  0 

ia4  0 

124.  (» 
i:i4  0 

130.4 
I'.w  4 

81.0100 
1.3000 

i.:i)r«i 

1.3IXIU 
1.3000 
1.2)108 

i.a3co 

I.350O 
1.3000 

1   4000 

loao        1 

127.8    ^^M 

i2T.a  ^^H 

127  8  ^^M 

....  ♦     ^^^H 

VeU                 .      ... 

W«r 

*.[.'                

\t                       

1  ,^.  ^ 
AliK 
Oct 

Nov 

'—/■"' 

'^       '""  ^t 

Obp   .■■■■■.*■ 

Arcraga,  IfOT 

aNoqn 

otatloa  Sot  month.                                            J>Aveni«e  tor  180V1800.                       ^^^t 

^r       T.\BLEll.-yO? 

■              IN  1907  AN 

1 

WUOLSBALE  PRICES,  1899  TO  18Qf|.                             308^J 

^TULI  .U  ItAL  A.NU  Kt.UVll\Ll'KUbSOF  (OMMUUITUB        ■ 

D  BASE  PRICXS  vAVERACE  FOR  lsa6-i8WV— Cooimtw*!.                1 
lAT*nc«  tor  1907  coca;«t«<(l  froB  q^oUtleu  ta  nu»  t.]                                                1 

^H                  Mooth. 

Paod.«tt.                                                            j^f 

ISl 

taa^^oMliw 

Mlt.«xtn 

l^^ig 

Pricv      Ral*. 

rite 

poasiL 

aO-OASB 
.OMR 
.0091 
.0930 
.OBM 
.«9«4 
.<0X 
.0914 
.0919 
.0910 

'o» 
:oni 

.0919 

tirr 

Pritt 

pOQAiL 

uao 

105.  T 
104.0 
1019 
lO&O 
11L3 
119.9 

Phn 
bmL 

IMft- 

Pile* 

{^IW4w 

Jan ... 

aaosTs !  loao 

.OBKI  *  14&.3 

1 
loao   ao^om 

144.3  '      .ORIS 

9i09l« 

ft73D0 
«lT3Q0 
1L7300 
iL7900 
117300 
817300 

laoooD 

ML  3900 
ML  3800 

0.817a 

I 

.   2500 

L.  1 .  r>      jS.  0000 
m.6     1&.O00A 

100  0 
134.0 
138.1 
138. 2 
138.2 
13SL2 
138.2 
136.3 
165.1 
157.  S 
130.2 
16013 

14&.« 

Feb 

itn    IS13 

OBVr     14D.7 
out  !  1C2.4 
OOn  ,  144.0 

ooa    i<i> 

15L1 
144.8 
140  9 
1U9 
141.4 
139.3 
14a  1 
139.9 
139i9 
13&4 
133. « 
I4aj 

.oaofi 

.0600 
.003 
.0857 
.0019 

Mar     

Ape. 

„      bC..:.::::::::..: 

m.6 

1X1.0 
1017 
127.0 

U7.9 

3&oaoo 
a&oooD 

&O0Q0 
31 3800 

28.8000 
20.0000 

004000 

I^K    f.i* 

on 
9m 

im.9 

141.2 
Itt.f 

1S7.9 
X3ft.9 
141.3 

0980     UD.S 
0963     1319 
.OaOS     13014 
ONO  ,  UL9 
.0985    m.s 
.0670     112.0 
.0864     114.7 

Bil^-"-"-"-"-" 

^^^^^^SS 

f              Armmc*.  1907 

010519      i«i6        1 

H                  Uanth. 

nnokvd- 

IfMt :  mntton. 
dmMod. 

Umt:  pork, 

B&lt.  meo*,  old 

to  new. 

1  UoImm-  N«w           1 
unit:  tmab.      OrlMU.  open            J 

per        ilw 

poond'  I  pnoB. 

Prtaia 

par 

pouud. 

RcU- 

piios. 

Prioo 
p»r 

bAml. 

ReU- 

ttn 

prfce. 

PrioB  i  ItoU-     Pitoo 

par     '   tin        pu 
qiurt.  1  prios.  |  ipilluR. 

Rcte-          1 

Un            1 
Prl«.           1 

100.0            1 
134.0            1 

1149            ^ 
119.0 

no.o 

119.  U              1 

1X4.9              1 

134.9 

1S4-9 

134.9 

134-9 

134.9            J 

130.6  1 

139.7  1 

f               AT*ni«r.  UBO-UOO.. 

J»n 

^_      y«b 

^H      Mat      ,     .. 

SD-OBM     100.0 
.1113     1S8.4 

.1363      131 5 
.1344      1X.6 

.ixts    lan-o 

.  1373     199.  i 
.  1353     1S7.  5 
.1S«      137.0 
.lUD      137.2 
.1313     133.4 
.121M     131.6 
.1223      124.3 
.100  1   tOH.5 
.1303      133. 4 

0t>.a7M 

.osno 
.0ft£) 
.0006 
.0905 
.1038 
.0909 
.0810 
.OBB 

.ons 

.0830 

.ffGS 

ion.0 

111.1 

113-7 

laiLS 

IXLU 
137.7 
128lS 
107.4 
HI.  I 
109l4 

iiai 

109.4 

im.  1 

IU.«3S3 
lAOOOO 
18.7500 
lli.lS75 
17.7750 
18.0000 
1610025 
1A2500 
18.1360 
17.7500 
17  1500 
10.0813 
l&UfiO 
17.504 

100.0 
154.7 
161.2 
150.3 
IfilH 
1517 
15013 
15S.9 
I5&8 

lao 

147.4 
137.8 
130.0 
151.0 

•0.0055    loao 

.0375  1  147. 1 
.0830  '  137.3 
.0835     127.5 
.0K25     127.5 
.0BS7     113.5 
.0880      80.0 

.oasa    ioa.1 

.0809  '  121.2 
.0038     1S2.5 
.<M00     156.9 
.0400     lfi&9 
.0400  ,   196.0 
.0335  ,  131.  4 

00.3151 

.42&> 

.4250 

.  .r.i() 

-.17  oil 
.37CO 
.425(1 
.4251' 
.  43^ 
.42.'5tJ 
.<J.V) 
.4250 
.3800 

.«« 

^H       «« 

"   &:::::::::::::::: 

^^     KoT."!!"!"!!!*;'! 

^b      D«o. 

^H       Amsca,  1907 

^^^^       Hooita. 

Rice:  domo*- 
tlc^ellolM. 

S»Jt:  Amor- 
Ican. 

Sodn:  hUAT- 
hoiMtp  of. 
Amcrictta. 

8pic«t:B0t- 

SptOM:  p*pp«r.         J 

pound. 

price. 

per 

KpU- 
tivc 
price. 

J'rtc* 
pound. 

R<<lH- 

tlvc 
price. 

per 
pound. 

Relii- 
live 
prtco. 

Price 

pw 

pound. 

tin           I 
price.          1 

ATQ»«e.  18DO-1800.. 
^^         IfUP        

•a  0861 
.0403 
.0463 
.0I«3 
.MM 

.om 

.OSS 
.0823 
.0013 
.0513 
.0513 
.0000 
.0500 

lOOiO 
S2.6 
IAS 
S3.5 
816 
8Z5 
03.0 
MLO 
lOD.S 
10D.3 
100.3 
107. 0 
107.0 

.flOQO 

.8000 
.8000 
.8500 

IOOlO 
ULO 
113.5 
11X6 
130.7 

laom 

.019 
.0130 
.0130 
.0130 
.0130 
.0130 
.0130 
.0130 
.0130 
.MID 

loao 

RI.2 
62.3 
(0.2 
62.3 
(ZL3 
02.3 
ttZ.3 
(0.8 
02.3 
02.3 
SL2 
40.3 
022 

|a4SS2 
.1530 
.1475 
.1475 
.1513 
.1475 
.1475 
.1325 
.1375 
.1338 
.1388 
.1383 
.1313 

lOOO 

a&9 

34.1 
Ml 

a&o 

84.1 
HI 
307 
31.8 
31.0 
39.8 
39.3 
38.1 
328 

10  0740 
.1«K1 

looo 

141.9 

^H     r-r*- 

.IWkI        141  U            i 

^B     Hn - 

.I0[i;i 
.tuiu 

.1013 

.0044 

.am 

.0981 
.0063 
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.W88 
.0004 

141.0 
)41.tt 
135.3 
131.9 
13I(.0 

ni.o 

131.0 

laLo 

1317 

nH.0 

lAT 

^^1      hnt 

^B      ilST 

.8500  1  \20l7 

.8500  1  130.7 
.7000     107.11 
.71»     101.  y 
.  7300     mi  6 
.7450     106.8 

■     June 

F       juS :.::::::;    ; 

1       flS ....!" .::: 

^_   ??f 

■  gJ?.;::::  T.::::: 

,7W»  :   11X01       .0130 
.8300     lta4         .0130 
.7951      112.6        .0130 

^H      ATVrago.lQOT 

.  ft.W4 

W  2 

BULI^ETIK   OF  THE  BUB£AU   OF  tJlBOU. 

Tablk  n,— MON'niLY  ACTTTAL  AND  RELATIVE  FRICKB  Of  COMMOTUTIEB 
IN   1907  AND  CASE  PRKTiS  ^AVERAliE  FOR  JlW0-IW«iA-4\>filiiiu«d. 

(  A«-t4-iitrr  lor  iyo7  campututl  £rom  quoCsUnu  in  T«Mii  L] 


Fooil.tiU. 


Prtoo  '  Itoln- 
t\v  I  jmr  '  tive 
joloe.    pouiuL    lu-ico. 


glBIMl- 


Tallow. 


Trip*      R«U- 

pftr         Uvm 

pmitul.    price. 


loai 


(MM 


.QSOD 


4^ 


Vtomtr: 

Monft] 


Mfdi. 


aid  wvai  Dlli]g, 


BnotM  Kful 


•a^M 

liao 

.Hn 

'«!     • 

M' 

OKj 

,,,     .. 

mm 

UtA 

«ao 

141.6 

«■) 

ICt.A 

«» 

lit.  A 

aeo 

1«1.A 

iliai 

lii  / 

prim. 


VTIO 


a  So  <|iuittk|liin  ftirtnimft) 


WHOLESALE  PRICES,   1890   TO    1907. 


401 


Tablv  II.— MONTin.Y  AOTTTAL  AND  RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES 
IS  1907  AND  BASE  PRICES  ^AVERAGE  FOR  lHftO-l8»9)— <\ailinued. 

[Artttgetot  1907  mimiotwt  Irom  quotetkuu  In  T«bfe  L] 


Ctotbs  tuid  dothlng. 


Boot*  and 
abotv:  nien'a 

IptitbCkOlA. 


Prim  R(te- 
peri2  1  tl-ve 
p4lm.   ,  price. 


BooUaod 

rtioM:  men'a 

Blacfan-bA).. 
vM  ctM  top, 


Prim  ;  Rel»- 
per  '  tiTQ 
pkli.    .  prim. 


new 

mo 

31  MO 

l«tl 

a&floo 

Mil 

K«D 

UBLl 

2&jn 

a&MO 

a&MO 

UOlI 

aiMD 

MO.! 

a&«B 

IMLO 

M.«0 

usao 

M.MO 

Ui.0 

3&m 

u&o 

S&OD 

LSLD 

mM7 

uao 

SI  376 

taso 
Lino 

IMO 
IttO 
2^00 
S.4B0 
3.00 
LM» 
2.00 

^Jno 

2.aoo 
zaoD 


loao 
bioao 

bUM.0 
KURLO 

61Q8lO 
MCB.0 
»10BlO 
6UBL0 

»UB.O 
frlOBLO 


Boots  and 

■toooi:  men'! 

tM  Ud  ahoM, 

Ooodjrear  wait. 


Prim  I  Rea- 
per Uvo 
pair.    ,  prlcs- 


13.  JOB 
2.8000 
'J:5000 
ZfiUOD 
2.5000 
2.S00O 
XSQOO 
zsoon 
2.8000 
3.S000 
ZSODO 
3.6000 
3:6000 
2.1000 


lO&O 

100.7 

loar 

lUK? 
10&7 
10&7 
tM7 
UK.' 
10ft  7 
1Q&7 
10ft  7 
10ft  7 
10&7 
10ft  7 


Boot*  and      * 
<rnmt^ii'9 
■oUd  grain      , 
aboM. 


nroftdclotha: 
Oral  quail tr, 
t>lNCk,  M-lnch, 
XXX  wool. 


Prim  RrU-  I  rrioe  Rdft- 
per  I  th-K  I  per  |  tlv« 
pjUr.      priuti.     yard.    ,  pilot. 


$aK17A 

Loaao 

LOBiO 
LOBD 
LQOIO 
LOUD 
LOOOO 
l.OflOO 
LOOOO 
LOOOO 
LOOOO 
.97S0 

.97a) 
Loooa 


loao 

SLTWI 

m.i 

loaoo 

12&4 

Loaoo 

U&.4 

XflOOD 

13&4 

zoaoo 

U&l 

ZQQOO 

122.3 

2.0300 

122.3 

2.0900 

122.3 

^0300 

122.3 

10300 

122.3 

2.0300 

110.3 

xom 

no.  3 

zasK 

1211 

ftOOO 

loao 
114  « 


CaltoP:  AwmA- 

mn  aUndAid 
pTinta.  MxM. 


Relft- 
tiM 

price. 

10(1 .0 
1U6.I 
<«106.1 
''114. A 
X|14  6 

•nit  .6 

/114.<i 

il^Jl 

dial  J 

419.7 
(nS8.7 
131.7 
131.7 
4121  jO 


C«rp«ta:  Bru>- 

i»U.  Mniinit, 

BIsaknr. 


St.OOOCt 

i.'i4a> 

1.MM0 

i.2«(n 

l.M«0 
1.MIU 

1.2m) 

1.34fl> 
1.2480 
1.2480 

i.2tm 

1.2400 
1.2400 


100.0 

ia4.7 

124.7 
124.7 
134.; 
Ii4.7 
134.7 
134.7 
US  .7 
IJ4.7 
l>«.7 
134.7 
IJ4.7 
U4.7 


C«r|Mta:  In- 


10.4793 
.87tt 
.5700 
.C700 
.STGO 
.&7Q0 
JJ7W 
J^flO 
.6740 
.5700 
.S700 


.4700 


100.0 
121.2 
121 J 
121  J 
121 J 
131.3 
131.3 
131.3 
121.3 
131.3 
131.2 
121.2 
131.3 
131.3 


CMpvta:  WI1-      Cotton  lUii- 

toa.  5-fruDe,      nola:  7}  yards 

BlgBloir.  to  Urn  pound. 


Prion 


S1JMS2 
3J<aO 


3JB00 
3.3800 
2.8800 
3.3800 
SJBOO 
3J800 
3.3800 
2.380O 
3.3800 
2J800 


ReiM- 
tlvn 
price. 


100.0 
133.7 
128.7 
123.7 
133.7 
123.7 
133.7 
123.7 
123.7 
133.7 
123.7 
123.7 
123.7 
123.7 


Prtrti 

yard. 


Rela- 
tlv« 
prin. 


10.0700 


IQOA 

W.I 

IBJ 


.QOStt 

I38.fl 

,1000 

141.0 

.1000 

lU.il 

.1025 

145.2 

.1035 

146.2 

.UXB 

146.3 

.1005 

14S.2 

.1000 

141.0 

JOOO 

141.(1 

.oen 

m,9 

I 


Month. 


Avmngb,  laoo-taoB. 

Jan 

»*b 

Mar. 

fe:::::::::::: 

JUD» 

July 

A?         

Oot 

KOT ... 

Dec 

Awraice,  11107 


Cotton  OannAlf 

24  Tarda 

to  toe  pound. 


Price      Reta- 

per      I    live 

rkrd.   I  prln. 


iaoG7A    toao 

.0775  I  134.8 
.or::,     in.  k 


QM2S 


,oa2& 

0000 

,o«oo 


143.4 
143.  S 
143.5 
143.6 
13ft  1 
130  1 


OtO)     I3U.1 


Cotton  thread: 

f-wnl.SOO- 

yanl  spoota, 

3.&.  r.  CoaU. 


PriOB      Rea- 
per tlf» 
apool.(«'l    price. 


C«tton  yama: 

carded,  white. 

mal»>^iun. 

noithom. 

10^. 


Prion     Rela- 

I*er         111*0 

pound,    prloa. 


laosioos 

.087340 
.037240 
.03^140 
.03^40 
.037340 
.04IiUt« 
.0«»MU 
.0450W 
.O4A0M) 
.04M)H) 
.04M«O 
.04AOM> 
.041813 


loao 
isai 

120.  1 

13a  1 

130L1 

laoii 

14.^4 

lis.  4 

142.  4 
145.4 
IVk  4 
145.4 

liS.  4 

131  H 


taiooo 

.2300 

.2200 
.3150 
.2200 
.3300 
.2300 
.2360 
.33fiO 
.2300 
.2300 
.2000 
.3000 
SMM 


1000 

iaft8 
ia&8 

133-7 
13(V8 
130.8 
143.0 
140.1 
140.1 
143.0 
130.8 
134  4 
124.4 
137.1 


Cotton  yama: 

carded,  white, 

mute-apon, 

norUwra. 

1,32/1- 


Price 
pound' 


I0.180B 

.2300 
.3550 
.2UU 
.2»0 
.2S00 

.3efio 
.2750 
.3760 
.2700 
.3000 
.3400 
.2400 
.£^7] 


tlva 

priOD. 


loao 

127.0 

120.5 
130.5 
127.0 
127.0 
13iG 
139.7 
130.7 
137.1 
133.0 
121.0 
12L9 
130.0 


Prtoe 
yard. 


tai044 
.1373 
.1275 
.1300 
.1300 

.i:«)0 

.1400 
.1460 
.1475 
.  147.^ 
.1473 
.1425 
.1425 
.latil 


tJvo 

prloa. 

loao 

1211 
132.1 

124  6 
124.5 
124.5 
134.1 

)3ft» 
14L3 
141.3 
I4L3 
130.  5 
180.5 
132.3 


'  r  wi>U.  di>n^>lu  tMp, 

.till.'  prlrr^,  61V  pajp'S  337  uid  338;  amvBC  price  (or  1900. 13.773. 


402 


BULLETIN    OF   THE    BVBEAU    OF   LJLBOB. 


[ATerwfR  lor  Ifln?  rompiiiMl  from  quoUtlotu  In  Table  Z] 


H  4U 

H  Tablb  II.  -MOMTHLY  actual  AND  RELATIVE  PRirES  OF  COMMODITIES 
H  IN   1907  AND  BASE  PRKXS  ^AVERAUE  FOR  1890-1899)— *,ouunu©d. 

^B  An 


Uaatil. 


Jwi 

f«h. 


Ctoth*  ADd  ctothlnf . 


nmui 

KtMiu-h. 
A. 


Unrli 


FUmiMli:      I 

whl1<^,4-4,  Hal- I 
Unl  Viib«  No.  3. 1 


GlnfbAinA: 


GtngluLmi: 
LftDCMtrr. 


fAnl. 


1Q&0 

1U3 

1443 

1U3 

1U> 

I  1U3 

t  144  3 

I  1443 

144  3 

1U3 

144  3 

tU3 

1U3 

1U3 


1001 0 
1».0 
147.4 

140.0 
UVO 
l.Vl.  2  1 
IM  t 
IM.  3 
M.>  4  I 


UOil 


«a«7AR 

.4»ia 

.4013 
.4013 
.4AIS 

.4Ma 
.«ll 

.4013 

.4Rllf 


•OOSBI 
.onoo 
OQOO 
OQOO 

VtM 

onoo 

,071)11 
07.VJ 
07M 
0700 

.07rtl 
O70O 
0)68 


n«u. 

Vtiix 

Relft. 

tlve 

par 

Uv» 

pdc«. 

JATd. 

price. 

loao 

•aosTS 

loao 

iiifl 

.0050 

iia.4 

1131 

.Oft7& 

117.S 

112  0 

.067S 

117.11 

\\\i  A 

.(KJ75 

117  « 

112  ft 

.on76 

lira 

112  0 

.0675 

117.8 

131.  i 

.te75 

117.» 

1«1  7 

0575 

117  8 

140.7 

.0735 

13(L5 

131.  S 

.0735 

lan.s 

UI.3 

.0735 

13B.A 

131.1 

.0736 

13».5 

«.» 

.oan 

13a4 

Month. 


fllona  bbnkelii: 
•  pound*  flodh, 
I       ftO  WOOL 


Ar«raK8,  l«l»-lim.. 

Jm 

Peb 

Him- 

Apr 


iS^: 


Juw 

July 

AQg 

8«pt 

ikjl 

Nov 

I>ee 

Avom^.  1007, 


100.0 

IWO 

iai.» 

130.  V 
130.0 
130  9 

lao.* 

110.9 

ia»9 

110.0 

i3a» 

130.9 


cltcln  hall     ,  "^r>^-  ?rS  • 
ho«.««unl6«.^"^J«, 
bkit  bUclf.  30     °*S'Jz2iu?^' 
lo  22  ouooe.     I      "*  n~dlM, 


Prlo» 
p9r  13 

pHiTt.' 


Prim  IMa- 
par  13  Uv« 
piOrs.    prtM. 


Hodi^ry:  wom- 

uit'i  wiinlml 

Kfyptimn  cot- 

ton  noM.  hlfti 

apllOMl  nMi. 


.I<l>l.-I 

■■  .Vi  .1    1 

.QMO 

a&5 

.AMO 

>I8».5 

.mo 

48&S 

.IMO 

4n.6 

.flMO 

4flas 

.7160 

94$ 

.nso 

'94  8 

.7X90 

'M.B 

.Taw 

'948 

.7300 

/948 

80.784A 

.7.'>0() 
.7.VW 
.7A00 
.7flOO 
.7001) 
.7.V1II 
.7500 
.7600 

.■7aoo 

,7600 
.7600 
.7600 
.TMO 


tut  btaelcao 
toSSoiuns. 


rrloe 

pvr  12 
p*U». 


lUlA- 

prico. 


1036 


1",J.  s 

XVJII 

Mfti.  a 

# 

8330 

hfi  6 

# 

ROD 

lUO.A 

# 

030 

100.  B 

/ 

SttO 

W.5 
•Mis 

*8a« 


for  twtt-thr«Nil  iCfMHii.     TrtraHi  fnr  tWX  to  lUIlT  H-it  fur  RltiK  o-Thnuul  u-immIb. 
']f>tl%-ii  priM,  BM  p*e«a  32;  and  ;C28;  |irloe  of  •ingle-llirTaaguoda.  •0.0370  tc 


DllOB. 

prloe,  Which  raprMonti  th«  balk  ot 


durtnit  (hn  ywr. 


WHOLESALE  PRICES,  1890  TO   1907. 


403 


Tablk  If.— monthly  actual  and  relative  prunes  of  commodities 

IN  1907  AND  BASE  PRICES  (AVERAGE  FOR  189a-18I*9>— Continued. 
[Aroraga  for  1007  oomputad  from  qaotatioiu  Id  TttUa  I.] 


Montb. 


Jtme. 
July. 


Anngo,  1890-1809..  ^$0.3500  |  100.0 
Jut... 3800   M3I.I 

.aaoo>i3i.i 

.3800  MSt.l 
.3800  M31.1 
.3800  frm.l 
.3700  'M27.7 
.3700  'frl27.7 
.3700  hl27.7 
.3700  6 137. 7 
.3700    6127.7 

Nov 3700  ,6127.7 

Dee 3Gflo   '»n5.9 

Avengtt.lD07 3738   M21L0 


Cloths  and  doltalnff. 


Leather:  har- 

packer's  tiiUe«, 
heavy,  No.  1. 


Frico      Rela- 

per     I   tJvo 

pound,    price. 


Leather:  Role. 
bemlouk. 


Price 

potmd. 


f0.193B 
.2SS5 


.9080 
.9050 
.2680 
.2550 
.3U0 
.2080 

.auo 

.2f)50 
.3050 
.3544 


Rela- 
tive 
price. 


100.0 
1^4 
135.4 
105.4 
13«.7 
136.7 
130.7 
130.7 
130.7 
130.7 
130.7 
130.7 
130.7 
130.4 


I  Leather:  wox 
Leather:  sole,    C4klf,;iUio«)ll<9. 


oak. 


Pri« 
per 

pound. 


$0.3.153 
.4050 
.3850 
.3750 
.3750 
.3750 
.8750 
.3550 
.3800 
.3800 
.3050 
.3900 
.38SU 
.3831 


Rela- 
tive 

price. 


lo  the  ilosen, 


Lhien  shoe 

thrHiiii:  IOa, 

BartKxir. 


Price  Rela-  Price 
per  eq.  I  tire  |  per 
loot,      price.  I  pojnd. 


100.0 
130.4 
114.5 
111.5 
111.5 
U1.5 
111.5 
106.5 

m.o 

113.0 
117.5 
110.0 
114.5 
113.5 


10.5545 

.T2GD 
.7350 
.7760 
.7730 

.77M 
.7750 
.7750 
.7750 
.7750 
.7750 

.nso 

.7750 
.7067 


loao 
lias 
iia8 

U&4 
118.4 
UR.4 
I1K4 
MK.4 
11^4 

iia4 

118.4 
118.4 
118.4 
117.1 


•0.8748 


,8030 
.8090 

,8030 


.8030 
.8030 

.soao 

.8030 


Rela- 
tive 
price. 


100. 1 
1U3.1 
1U2.1 
IIB.I 
102.1 
103.1 
1UZ.1 
103.1 
102.1 
102.1 
102.1 
103.1 
ItC.l 
102.1 


B       Month. 

Llwn  thread: 
iWord,  200-yard 
■pools,  Barbour. 

OveiroBtlngi: 

chinchilla. 

B -rough,  all 

wool. 

Overroe  tinge: 

chlnchilU, 
cotton  warp, 
C.C.  grade. 

Overeoatlnga; 

covert  clotn, 

Ught  wplght. 

itaple. 

Overcoatlngt:! 

KM^«»y.  stend- 

ard.37toa8 

ouocie. 

' 

Prtoe 

per 

down 

cpoole. 

Reliu 
prioe. 

Pika 
yard. 

Rela- 
tive 
price. 

Pifoa 
yard. 

Rela^ 
tlve 

price. 

Price 
yard. 

RrJa- 
tlve 
price. 

Price 
yard. 

RcU- 

tiv» 

prtofcj 

Averafie,  1800-1800.. 
Jul           

ia8fia3 

.N35 
.8835 

.8835 
.8835 

.0100 

.9300 
.9900 
.9300 
.0300 

.9300 

.9300 
.0300 
.0145 

loao 

103.7 

ioa.7 
ioa.7 

103.7 
100.1 
1O0.1 
100.1 
ltlO.1 
100.1 
100.1 
100.1 
100.1 
107.3 

32. 1410 
2.5675 
2.5675 
3.5575 
3.5575 
3.5675 
2.5575 
2.5575 
2.5575 
2.5875 
2.  5575 
:.■.  5575 
2,5675 
2.5675 

100.0 
110.4 
11014 
110.4 
110.4 
110.4 

no.  4 

1 10.  4 
110.4 
110  4 
110.4 
11V.4 
lltl.4 
110.4 

S0.4as3 

.4000 
.4960 
.4050 
.4050 
.5000 
.4000 
.6060 
.4900 
.4800 

.sooo 

.4800 
.4000 
.4008 

100.0 
100.3 
101.4 
101.4 
101.4 
102.4 
1W.3 
103.4 
lOUS 
100l3 
103.4 
S8.3 
94.3 
100.5 

12.3280 
2.2S88 
2.3558 
2.2508 
3.3508 

r2a«8 

X3S0S 
2.3608 
2.3SS8 
3.2568 
3.2S88 
2.3688 
3.3908 
2.3508 

100.0 
W.0 
90.0 
00.9 
0A.9 
00.9 
00.9 
00.9 
00.9 
90.9 
90.0 
90. 0 
06.9 
00.0 

1 1.2473 
.   1.9250 
1.9750 
1.9760 
1.9750 
U97W 
t.9780 
1.97S0 
1. 9750 
1.9750 
1.9750 
1.9750 
1.07MI 
1.9708 

iiiao 

154.3 

nb.:::::::::::::::: 

168.4 

lUr 

168.4 

Anr 

158.4 

ySr.: 

158.  4 

Jaut ........ 

l.'W.4 

JfiW 

158.4 

AUK  :: :  ;  . 

158.4 

8^. ..: :i 

158.4 

oS^^.:::::::::;::::: 

158.4 

Not 

15K.4 

Dec 

158.4 

Awrage.  1907 

isao 

<■  Leather:  haraese,  oak,  country  mlddlee,  H  pouodi  and  up  (except  orenvelgfatft,  30  pound*  and  op), 
ft  Fur  tnetbotl  of  cniiiutitlug  relative  price,  see  pogee  337  ana  33b;  average  price  for  1900.  80.3713. 
0  Avcruge  ror  ISOT-IBW. 


404 


Buixsnx  or  the  nmzxv  or  x^abor. 


TxMUt  n,— MONTHLY  ACTTJAL  AND  RELATIVi:  PRICES  OP  C<ttQIOniTll 
IN  1867  AND  BASE  PRICES  (AVERAGE  FOR  1^90-1009)— Contiraed. 

lAvuracM  fur  190?  contputad  Irom  quuUtioa*  la  T»bl«  l.) 


^^^^                       WHOI-KSALE  FBICES,  ISOO  TO  1907.                              409 

Tabw  n.    MONTHLY  ACTUAL  AND  RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES^ 
IX  1907  AND  BASE  PRICES  (AVERAGE  FOR  1890-1899)— 4.^<.ntJiiued.        H 

[Avwafv  lor  1907  ooznpuud  Croca  quoUUow  la  T*ble  I.]                                    ^M 

Utmth. 

IffltftU  and  ImptemeDts. 

Kails:  wire. 
8-5iMinjr.  fence 
ftDll  oosunoB* 

PIClnm:  B«e- 

ma  Iron- 
foundry  No.  I. 

Pljr  Iron: 
roandry  No,  2. 

lijiron:  gray 

lorga,  south' 

am.  coke. 

PtIw 
pwioo 

lb.. 

ReU- 
prioe. 

t>j«      Rela- 

Prira 
porion. 

R«la. 
live 
prloQ. 

p««'^^,pri^ 

p^-^-  Hi 

■    Amac».18MV-lS0».- 
Jaa  ,.  .- 

I3.I61S 
IIQOO 
2.I00O 
XIOOO 
llOBO 
3.1000 
11000 
11000 
11000 
11300 
11800 
IIBOO 

iiaoo 

11107 

100.0 
07.1 

1117783 
318100 

100.0 
160.8 
168.7 
Ifl&A 

17a  9 

174.5 
177.8 
172.7 
168.0 
1088 
160.3 
147.7 
1413 
1U.8 

814.8042 
37.0000 
37.8700 
318700 

as.6floo 

36.0000 
36.7600 
310300 
318000 
31.1900 
30.4000 
19.4400 
18.9400 
218080 

100.0 
1888 
184,9 

iei.8 

179.4 
179,7 
1719 
1818 
ISLO 
1411 
13T.8 
131.3 
127.9 
101.4 

$U0&33     100.0 
36. 6O0O  ;  196.  L 
38. 6000  1  196. 1 
34  8800  1  19a  4 
38.1000  1  1913 
38.8600  1  1913 
3e.U0D     304.3 
38.8000     196.4 
319000     1811 
319000     1714 
31.2780     103.0 
30.1800      164  4 
19.1800      146.7 
3186SB     1810 

8U.0692 
213S00 

312800 
U6000 
21380O 

22.0000 
210000 
22.0000 
21.0000 
19.2600 
19.0U00 
I7.7S0O 
I6.SO0O 
3lXn78 

301  rS 

300.7 
108.4 
198.4 
1014 
1814 
171 C 
171.3 

im  I 

14S.8 
189.8 

I*b. 

Ite 

97.1 
97.1 
07.1 
07.1 
97.1 

or.  I 

97.1 
90,  A 
00.8 
00.8 
00.8 
97,9 

213300 
23.  MOO 

num 

34.0500 
31fi000 
23.1000 
33.0500 
33.8800 

10.0000 

318417 

Ibt. 

E.-....!!. 

f&::. 

jHlr..... 

jS....."I".-.«.. 

a3:...:!!!:"..!.. 

oE.i.":::..;!i:;* 

2(eT - -. 

Dm 

AvMmcr.  IflW 

I               Mooth. 

rUnei:  BUJey 

QoleksUvw. 

8a ws:  croii- 
cut.  Disston. 

Savs:  band. 
DUftoD  No.  7. 

ShoTPls:  Anwa 
No,  2. 

Pric* 

per 

piano 

Rotft- 
price. 

Price 
pound. 

riPiJi- 

tlve 
prioa. 

Price 
per 

RelA. 
tlve 
prioe. 

Price 
_,per 
down. 

Rd». 
Urn 
prioe. 

I>rtc«      Rclo.  fl 

per        tlTO  ^B 

docea.    prtw.  ^ 

■  Jab.... < .  • 

SLSZ» 
1.6300 

i.saoD 

I.UOO 
I.&300 

t.S30O 

i.aaoo 

I.UOO 
I.&30O 

i.s,ino 

l.XM 
1.3300 
1  &300 

100. 0 
Jt.'..7 
1W.7 

n^7 

U.V7 
118.7 

U.S.7 
U5.7 
US.7 
lih.7 
115.7 
115.7 
ll.n.7 
1U.7 

I0.&593 
.8400 

:ag 

.8300 
.6300 
.8900 

.5180 
.5180 
.6180 
.8400 
.8100 
.6100 
.8420 

loao 

00.8 
06.8 
•6.8 
M.A 
94.8 
94.8 
911 
Oil 
911 

oas 
too.  I 

100.1 
97.1 

SL6038 
LOOSO 
1.0036 

L00S8 

i.coan 

L0088 
LOQ(» 
1.CQ38 

Lom 

1.0088 
1.0036 
l.flQ>8 
1.0088 

1.U0S8 

IOOlD 
100.0 
100.0 
IQOlO 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

loao 

100.0 
100.0 

loao 
tno.o 

8117N00 
119600 
119500 

iittnoo 

119600 
119600 
119300 
119A00 
110600 
110500 
13  0500 
llDfiOO 

un.0 

101.3 
101.3 
101,3 
10L3 
101.3 
101.3 
101.8 
101. 3 
101.3 
101.3 
101.3 
101.3 
101.3 

87.8658 
7.840O 
7.8400 
7.840O 
7.8400 
7.8400 
7.840O 
7. 8400 
7,8400 
7.8W0 
7.8400 
7.840O 
7.  MOO 
7.8400 

loao 

99.7 
9B.7 
90.7 
90.7 
99.7 
917 
917 
917 
9«.7 
99.7 
90.7 
99.7 
09.7 

■  rth 

^^^Br*' 

flSr.:::::::::::::: 

a5 

g:;:::::::::::::: 

SS.":::::::"::":;! 

lOaO     13.0500 
100.0     119600 

ATangr.ltOT. 

Monih. 

SaiMm  bar, 
flue. 

Bpoltrr:  imat- 
em. 

Steel  blllBti.    1     BUdnUlii. 

1 

Steel  abeeu: 
blacJc.  No.  27. 

Trice 

p.ir 
ounoe. 

RelA- 
price. 

per 
pound. 

RolA- 
Uve 
price. 

PrlM     R«Ia- 
per        tlTo 
ton.      price. 

Price     Kela- 
per        tlve 
too.      prioo. 

Trice      Rela- 

per         tire 

pooiul.    price. 

A«Mttflt.UBD-im.. 
Jan..... 

Oa  74890 
.003S 

.Ofttfr 

.01110 

.oma 

.ooo« 
.era» 
.mrm 

.OMU 
.0M80 
.63111 
.AMU 
.M2U 
.WOT* 

loao 

02.0 
91T 

oao 

00.8 
01.8 
017 

eL4 

64.3 
70.3 
73.7 
8&1 

00.0483 
.0668 
.0713 

.ocas 

.0668 
.0063 
.OBSO 
.0638 

:S£ 

.0840 
.Q&BO 
.0«8 
.0617 

lOaO  |s21.8a03  1  lOOwO  !l3&0684 
H7.8     20.4000     l.ltk.  6     2M.Q00O 

loao 

107.4 
107.4 
107.4 
107.4 
107.4 
107.4 
107.4 
lt»7.4 
107.4 
Kf7,4 
107.4 
107.4 
107.4 

<iaQ2a4 

.0360 
.07.V> 
.0260 
.0260 
.0250 
.0250 

.mw 

.OZBO 
.fOM 

1 

S£:;;::::::::;:::: 

157.7     30.8000  ,  137.0 
IKLH     29.0000  '  1M.7 

28.urMI0 

38.0uno 
3s.onnn 

38.0000 

38.0000 
3&00UU 
36. 0000 
38.0000 
3100Q0 
38.0000 
38.0000 
28.000U 

iTr-v.-.-r.::::::: 

IS!.  3 
140.7 
1418 
141.3 
130.4 
1213 
119^6 
121.7 
1014 
136,8 

saivw 

30ianno 

20.6300 

aaoiQO 

3^4000 
».370O 
3&3Q00 
36  0000 
38  0000 
39.2fl» 

140.6 
14Q.B 
187.8 
13B.4 
130.0 
Uli 
131.0 

laai 

U0.1 

jaii...   .:    .: . 

jST...:.-. ".. 

S^::::::r:::::- 

oS!::        . . 

.02,10        111.6 

N^". , 

.0350 

111.6 

Dae.  . 

.02110 
.0360 

111.6 
111.  ft 

M  Awmtagn.WR 

^ .^^.^ ^^^^^p»   >    ^  v!^^^^^^.         ^^^^^^^B 

1             406                           BULLETIN    OF   THE    BUREAU    OF  LABOR. 

H     Tablb  II.-MONTHLY  actual  AND  RELATIVE  PRICES  OP  C-OMMODITIEfl 

■             IN   !W)7  AND  BASE  PRU.'ES  (AVERAGE  FOR  lS9O-lg»9)-ronima0d. 

^H                                           t  Atmuco  for  1907  oomputeU  from  QOoUtlona  In  Tabk  L] 

■ 

Clotlu  ftiHl  clothlns.                                                        1 

\\  rirm^n'm  <1  ran 

Women'e  draee 

Wotnen'adrMi 

\VniMAn  *  .tM«.i                                                           1 

^^^^^^^^^B 

'■I 

goode:  catti- 

food>:  c««li- 

1 

^^^^^^^Tloolh 

roare,  oottoo 

nera,  outtoa 

1 

lucii.  AUwiUc 
J. 

warp,  o-twlll. 
4-4,  AtlanUo  r. 

wHfp.  30-(iicb. 

'^ ■■(■  ■■'■'■ 

wor»t<-<l  liUinK, 
3a-inch. 

^         1 

Pfk» 

Rela- 

Tt\c» 

ReU- 

Prt« 

Rela- 

im™ 

fteta- 

Pfloa 

Ralft- 

^^^^^^p 

per 

tive 

per 

Un 

per 

tive 

per 

ttve 

per 

tlf« 

^^^ 

yard. 

print. 

yard. 

prloa. 

yard. 

pno6. 

yord. 

prtce. 

yard. 

pilM. 

H     Aronso.  ia)0-18D».. 

to  .2005 

lOO.O 

to. 1530 

100.0 

•to.ons 

100.0 

MO  .0000 

100 .0 

to  .5151 

inoo 

^      J*n 

.3039 

134.0 

.2305 

145.1 

.1060 

<U*7 .« 

.1250 

«n24.» 

.0000 

1.-^1 

■      Jjlb ^ 

.WD 

IM.O 

.23M 

145.1 

.lOOU 

"IJTJt 

.1230 

r4134.» 

.0000 

vyi  ] 

^^      M»». 

J030 

134.9 

.2305 

I4A  1 

.lono 

'•127.8 

.1250 

'124.9 

.0050 

IJU.l 

'              ADr 

.aoao 

..1030 

134.0 
134.9 

.-J305 

145.1 

1451 

.IDOO 

.lOflO 

fir  .8 
'127.8 

.1351) 
.12SJ 

4124 .11 
'124.9 

.oitao 
.nnao 

1211.1 
120  1 

Ky;:          : 

JOM 

JO90 

;»o 

JUO 

■SJ 

!JJ:S 

134.0 
134.0 

134.9 
134.9 

.23M 
.727A 

I4K  .1 
HM.3 

.IOt» 
IWIO 
.IWK) 

M2T.a 

'177.8 

.1250 
.1250 
.1250 

'124  9 
f'124.0 
'124.9 

.0050 
.0000 

.Mm 

130  1 

120.1 
12Q  1 
L30.1 
119  9 
U9.« 

July 

AiS  ." ; 

, ^ 

I'jlil    1-  |->7    H 

rfi  fj  a            i-rfi'rfi 

^  ™ 

■     Nov 

^m    ti^ 

jsao 

Jino 

184.0 
134.0 

'.m* 

it:  .» 

no  q 

^H     Avcnic«.  1W7 

^^^ 

Women" 

iroMiiln. 

cloth,  o 

werp 

wo  re  led 

SO-lo 

■  •Ireu 

>r>(>ler 

ullon 

ind 

aiUnjc. 

WoftI:   Ohio, 

end  XX 

ineda). 
eoourad. 

Wool:   Ohio. 

madltnn  near* 

a  and  1  leradB). 

eooured. 

Wonted  rami: 

2-4011.  Auatra- 

lliin  nn«. 

Woriled  ranM.'       1 
3-40e,  X.tXX. 
whlu.  In  tkelTim. 

rrloo 

ReU- 

Frloe 

Rela- 

Pr<ca 

K«la. 

l*Tlce 

liela- 

Prloa     Rela. 

pv 

tlv* 

per 

tive 

per 

tlve 

P»f 

live 

per         live 

yard. 

prtoa. 

pound. 

prlca. 

it)a.o 

prim. 

pound. 

prloa. 

pound.    pHcv. 

^V      Avaram,  |]!IOO-I9W.. 

10.07U 

loao 

to.v*3n 

ta45M 

i«ao 

t                         .-,  0 

tl.  0071       loa  0 

^H      i.« 

.1000 

/lOOLtt 

.7021 
.7021 

.roai 

.7021 

127.  1 
127.  I 
127.  1 
127,1 

.5270 
.5370 
.5135 
.5135 

115.5  7 

115.6  7 
1115                             7 
II2..1                               7 

1.  aOOO       12A  1 

1.  aooo     120. 1 

1,3000       t^  I 

^H       pak 

.  1000  JIOIL  B 

.1000  noae 
.1900  noo>« 

^H      u.. 

■  fiS^v::::::::::::::: 

L3000 

ITO  I 

.1000  noD.« 

.70-:! 

127  1 

^IS.*! 

1125                               7 

1.300O 

L29.1 

^^1        I'TtTI" 

.1000  7109.  fl 

.inai  /KB  fl 

l.'W  0 

.Ainfi 
.5IXS 

Ills                                   7 
112  5                               7 

t.3W0 

i.aoo 

127  1 
1X7.1 

■  ilS:::;:::::::::::: 

.mnii  /Hw,o 

.7U1 

K14  N 

.MM 

112..%  ,     1..-IU'-.      .,■;  7 

1.3800 

137.1 

^1      ttJp 

.  1000  1/109.  0 

.  iQon  /\m  i\ 

.1009  J\l0.l 

( 

.7447 
.7234 
.72M 

.T£M 
.7181 

134.  ft 
l.W  9 

i;i«.» 

129.9 

.5135 
.MAS 
.5155 
.5135 
.5158 

112.5         l.MMM       iJ7  7 

l.XOO 

Lis 

127.1 
12AI 
I29lI 
130! 
I3ft4 

■       r^¥ 

112.5 
112.5 
113.5 
llS.0 

1.  snno    127. 7 

1.  SHOO  ,  13.'^  7 
1. 3H»     135  7 
1.3007  1  137.3 

1 

^H      »).„ 

^H      rw. 

^H      AvoraicD,  1907 

^H          «  WomM'i  droM  goods:  cuhmere,  DOtton  wiirp,  TJAncU,  TInmUton.                                                                 1 

^H          cTmr                                                             »p«CM377                        r..|r4<  prior  rnrlDOn.  10.1911.                  i 

^H          4  For                                                                 -oDaswaT;                        mho  Drtoo  for  190n.  tO.iai?.                 I 

^^H          « W.ttr                                                              uurp,  :n-ltH<l-                                                                                  ■ 

^H         /  ror  luoUiou  ui  ixiui^uiuttf  fufaiUve  prkw,  aw  paipMi  a:.7  utu  4A,  wvenutu  prtcn  lor  19W,  lo.iwo.               I 

WHOLESALE   PRICES,  1890  TO   1001. 


407 


Table  H.— MONTHLY  ACTUAL  AND  RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES 
IN  1907  AND  BASE  PRICES  (AVERAGE  FOR  18W-I899>— Continued. 

t  ATonge  tor  1907  oompatod  from  qaot*tloiu  In  TiMb  t.] 


To«l  and  Ughtlnff. 


Month. 


^iS^™^**     ^*^-  •othni-     Co»I:  aolhn-     Co«I;  »nUirft- 


Prtoo 
pound. 


M.07S2 
.0*38 


.OIW 
.ORB 
.0738 
.0738 

.oras 

.0738 

.orao 

.OTflO 
.OXJO 
.0741 


R«lik^ 

Price 

Uve 

per 

price. 

toa. 

IOOlO 

t3.a(MB 

M.4 

43912 

944 

4.3030 

944 

4  3011 

944 

4.3007 

944 

4.3015 

944 

4.3040 

944 

43ny> 

944 

4.3aM 

94.4 

4.30no 

9&9 

4.3076 

99l9 

4.304» 

9&.9 

4.3047 

918 

4.3040 

ReU- 

tlre 

price. 


IOQlO 
134.9 
134.8 

134  S 
124.8 
124  8 
1J4  9 
124  9 
1348 

l:*49 
135.0 
1349 
134.9 
134.9 


Pric«  R«la- 
per  tlv« 
too.      prioo. 


S18BSS 

4.U&07 
4.0600 
49900 
4  4A04 
4  5334 

4.  twrs 

4  7442 

A.M\7 
4U4Q3 
4.9463 
4.  Wirt 
494fi0 
4.8304 


loao 
ir.7 

137.7 
1J7.7 

12a.  8 

13(1.1 
130.3 
132.0 
134.7 
137.4 
137.0 

ir.4 

137.6 
1341 


Price 
ton. 


price. 


S3. 5036 
4.9:^12 
4  050tl 
4.9A0O 
4.4A00 
45356 
4.M34 
47399 
4.M44 
4.^500 
4  9510 
4.9470 

4.9fiao 

4.8311 


loao 

137.8 
137.7 
137.7 
1319 
13A.0 
139i3 
131.9 
134.8 
137.7 
1.U8 
137.7 
137.7 
1M.2 


Coel:  bltimil- 

nouft,  Oforgcs 

Crvek  (bi 

mine). 


Coal:  Mtiiml- 
notts,  Cicorgrs 
Creole  (f-o-li. 
N.Y.lUrbor). 


Price 
per  ton. 


IQ.8RK7 
1.6000 
I.50QU 
l.SMD 
L5000 
1.5000 
L5000 

taooQ 

I.S0OO 
1.4S0O 

1.7500 
1.79)0 
L50D0 
1.5375 


(IVtf 

price. 


loao 

168.8 
108.8 
16R.R 
168.8 
Ifi&H 
10018 
ICKS 
108.8 
163.3 
tM.9 
tM.9 
108.8 
173.0 


Pri<o 


RoU- 


I  t3.7«29 

'     3.3000 

I     X30Q0 

;     3.3n» 

3.3000 

I     3.3000 

X3000 

I     3.3000 

X3000 

3.1000 

3.4filt) 

3.3000 

I     3.3375 


loao 

1I<L7 
Ui\.7 
lift.  7 
lift  7 
1K3.7 
Ufi.7 
1H\.7 
llft.7 
1148 
125.  t 
IZ&8 

lia.  7 

118.0 


Coal:  Mtiiral- 

noiif.    I'ltt*- 

t>uis(Vough- 

loghflof  1 . 

Pripo 

R.-U- 

Uvo 

per 

buiheJ. 

price. 

t0LO043 

100.0 

.0800 

124  4 

.WOO 

134.4 

.0800 

134  4 

.0800 

134  4 

.0300 

134  4 

.0900 

134  4 

.0800 

1244 

.0800 

134  4 

.0835 

13S.3 

.0850 

1313 

.oaoo 

i4ao 

.0000 

iiao 

.0S34 

138.1 

Cofec;  Connelli 
TiUo,  funucp. 


Prioo 
per  ton. 


Relik- 
tlve 
price. 


ti.om 

3.5500 

XS7S0 
3.3500 
3.6000 

Z8000 
X32fiO 

xeooo 

X0250 
3.7750 
3.^500 
3. 7500 
2.0000 
2.83S0 


lOQO 
3011.0 

3ias 

191.4 
104  9 
1M.9 
136.9 
147.3 
1&4  6 
1A.\4 
173.7 
161. 9 
117.8 
106.3 


Coal:  anthm- 
cllo,  ttovo. 


Price 
ppr 
ton. 


ReU- 
tive 
price. 


$3.7949 
4.9503 
4.9SD1 
4.9021 
4.4SD3 
4.S3S3 
4. 6455 
4.7434 
484S3 
4.9438 
4.9003 
4.9600 
4.9601 
4.a2]fi 


100  0 
19n.4 
180.4 
130L6 
117. « 

ims 

133.4 
12  V  0 
137.6 
taOL3 

iaoL4 

130L4 

m4 

137. 1 


* 


Mfttxshoa;  par- 
lor, domeatle. 


Price 

grouof 

(30011. 


$1.7563 
1.5000 
l.SOOO 
1.6000 

l.SOOO 
1.60OO 
l.SOOO 
1.5000 
1.5000 
l.SOOO 
1.5000 
1.5000 
1.5000 
1.500O 


Relft- 

tlVB 

price. 


Fuel  and  lighting. 


PetrolPum:  ro- 
Aned .  lor  ex- 
port. 


MeUla  and  lnipieffl«nta. 


I*etroIeum:  nv-    »...—„.  „,.« 

m«d.i.«i^nn>   '^"«J.7^'"* 

teat,  w.  w.  r"**^* 


Price     Rata-      Prioe    '  Rels- 

ptr     I   live        per     I    IK'e 

gftUco.    price,     euger.   i  piioa. 


100.0 

W.KW 

KO.t 

.3iM 

151.7 

.3:J» 

151.7 

.3000 

151.7 

.3000 

151.7 

.3600 

151.7 

,3000 

151.7 

.3000 

151.7 

.3000 

151.7 

.MOO 

l.M.  7 

,3000 

151.7 

.3000 

I&1  7 

.8000 

ISl.2 

.s^ 

100  0 
2_'3.  9 
223.9 
223.9 
223.9 
223.9 
223.9 
333.9 
223.9 
2219 
233.9 
223. 9 
223.9 
22919 


Axea:  M.  C.  O. 
Yankee. 


Price   ,  „„ 

p-«-  p?Ei. 


M.4O03 


,6800 


,flMO 
,ttsou 
,«B0O 
,0800 

eooo 


100.0 
144.  i 
144 1 
144.9 
14C« 
144i9 
144.1 
144.  B 
144.9 
144.9 
144.9 
144.0 
144.9 
1R« 


I 


Tabls  11.— KONTH1.T  ACTT^JkL  kSl>  WStStm  fUCBft  OT 
IX  1907  A>'D  BASS  nUCfiS  tAVKKA^A  FMl 


E 

Oct.. 


J    14 
14. 

4    >«■ 

14 
14 
14 
14 
14 


ur.4 

IX.  4 

ur.« 

IK4 

im4 

tS.4 
tSL4 

ur  4 

ir.4 

-    .V         :  « 

...  -4 

;    .'  :    4 

ii  .W      IS  4 


MHi  ,  M. 


■i.« 

1B« 

IK.4 

X^^B 

lAf 

1A.4 

&■■ 

JA« 

ML4 

!«.» 

aM.4 

&«■ 

lAI 

l«.4 

&■■ 

IA« 

■■~4 

44Hi 

am* 

Mi.4 

^^■i 

imt 

Mft.4 

%4Hi 

tm» 

ML  4 

&«■ 

U4.» 

U4.4 

t.flBi 

ta.« 

ta.« 

&fliP 

imt 

l«L4 

«.■■ 

UL« 

!«.< 

^7IC 

ULC 

1> 


UK 
2IM 


1 


•V        ZA 


MosU. 


AVMBC*.  >M»-Ue»..  tLI73 

Ju l.Ott 

ff^                         ....|  1.060 

Mftr                               ...  1.00) 

Apr.      l.on 

ifiur i-uo 

IS* lOflD 

iWf. ».«■> 

Aim I.OM 

fiSi i.ott 

ObT....- i.o« 

x»T i.oflo 

Dm l.off 

Antmsa,  1M7 l.OU 


1 
lOOLO 

•0. 1T7S  ' 

»4 

.uoo 

fllL4 

.UB» 

»4 

.USD 

914 

.un» 

aiL« 

.ua> 

f».4 

.UDD 

»4 

.lidD 

fliL4 

.UOD  i 

m4 

.laoD 

aii4 

.LflOO  1 

».4 

.UdD  j 

8».4 

.uooi 

».4 

.MOD 

mm    tm.9     tmm    tmi 

M»      IB.*       2  1^       IS.  9 

mm   «r«.   lmb     ia.y 


Ifaottl. 


Hootr  (nrnUh- 
Ing  goods. 


Wooden  wwt: 
tuba.  o«k- 
gnincd. 


Pr1c«      Ilctft- 

perncst     live 
o<  i.    I  pzlc«. 


».  1800-1»9..  St.  3471 
1.4A0O 
L.fftlU 
l.OOOO 

A^r I    i.«»o 

Ibf tOODD 

...     i.mnn 


COCtOO-«Md 


Coreow  twd 
oU.  wffiinMT 


PrtoepcT  ncU-      Price      RH*-      fw* 

ion   of      Utp         per         Um         pef 

2,000  lU.  pdCA.    pOloa.    prtc*.    pMad. 


iln> 


ion.  0     as.  3044 


«iii 


.«»  •£4  3 


COf^ 


l.tUUU      IIXH  ^  ^7U4:      1.XL 


tf'. 


9Jat^--  r»w,  gpftt.  /jt/nt^tfnn0 


■  414 

BULLETIN   OP   THE   BUREAU   OF  LABOB.                                           1 

H  TABtB  II.— MONTHLY  ACTUAL  AND  RELATIVE  PRICES  OP  COMMODITIES 

■            IN  1907  AND  BASE  PRICES  (AVERAGE  FOR  189a-1899>-Conduded. 

(Areraffe  for  1007  compoted  troro  quoUtlons  In  Tabbr  I.]                                                 1 

H^          UooUi. 

lllJooUuivouf.                                                               1 

Piipar:  n«ira. 

Pftp«r:  vrrmp- 
plog,  m*nllft. 

Proof  aptrita. 

^rtnoh. 

Rnbtxr:  Pan           1 
lalud.               1 

PriM     lUU- 

Prict      Rdft- 

'    Prlo* 

Rd*. 

Prica 

Rala-'     PHc« 

Riria- 

^^^^^^M 

Mr        tir* 

per         11 VB 

gaJlon. 

tlvo 

per 

tlvn   1      jmr 

Lixa 

^^^P 

pound.   prlM. 

pound.  ,  price. 

price. 

pound. 

price,    pound. 

prto. 

Avormgo,  1800-lMO.. 

•aaaot 

100.0 

80.0561  1  1000 

81.14B9 

100.0 

^8a0034 

lOaO     80.8007 

loao 

Jau.TT. 

.0338 
0213 
!0IH 

79.0 
71.2 
71.2 

.0600      00.4 
.0500      oa4 
.O&OO  .    00.4 

1.3900 
1.3900 
1.3900 

112.3 
113.3 
112.3 

.1275 
.1136 
.1336 

130.5 
141.9 
14L9 

1.1800 

i:lSS 

147.4 
148  0 
148.0 

V9h 

JEr::.:::::::.:.:;.. 

Adp. 

.oau 

.OMS 

85.9 
as.  3 

b&.3 

.0500       004 

1.3900 

1. 2025 

1   31UI> 

112.3 

112.4 

.1936 

.i:f25 
.i:tri 

,  I.;'-, 

141.9 
Hl.tt 
Ml  tl 

Ml    <l 

tiaoo 

M4D0 
1  0000 

L04H> 

1418 
143.4 
UA.1 

ua6 

Jik?...""""!!"" 

.0600 
■  OSOO 
.0500 

00.4 
004 
904 

Junv...... ..■• 

^jSV. --:.: 

^Hif-v 

.09» 

.oau 

.OMft 
.OM 

86.3 

8&.S 

saa 

68.0 
880 
83.3 

.0600 
.0600 
.0136 
.0606 
.0836 
.0108 

90.4 

ea4 

949 
949 
M9 

9L5 

1.3100 
I.S300 
1..-I45U 
l.-VWO 
1.3500 
1.3133 

I IX  9 
115.7 
117,0 
117.4 
117.4 
U4.3 

.1176 
.ISUO 

1.0060 
1.0800 
.9060 

l^AI      .9150 
135.  8        .  7800 
U(L1       tOB31 

laio 

138.8 
1243 
Ills 

m.4 

1318 

■rLiii  "      - 

^■SHr-"" 

^H  fr* 

^m  r^ 

^  A»»f»pi.  iwr. 

^H              Hontli 

Roup:  eostUe, 
moiUod.  pure. 

SUfch:  Uundry. 

Tob*eco:  plug. 

Tobuoo:  amoktag. 

graJinUle*!.  Baif 

of  N.  C. 

PrioB 

iUl*- 

Prtoa 

It«U^ 

Prtoa        R«l»> 

Pri« 

Ma. 

^^P 

par 

tln 

par 

Ura 

per           tin 

prr 

tlT« 

pound. 

pitoo. 

pound. 

prtoa. 

pound. 

priea. 

Aronge.  INO-Un.. 

icoaN 

100.0 

8aos48 

SO0.O 

1 

8asoa3 1    loao 

10.0080 

lOtkO 

jftu.T!: 

.0050 
.OOBD 
.CAIO 
.OBSU 

.noM 

114.2 
114.3 
114.3 
114.3 
114.3 

.0176 
.0«0 
.OttO 
.0401} 
.0400 

107.8 
114.9 
114.9 
MiO 
114.9 

.4700         llft.0 
.4700         118.0 
,4700  1       IIJLA 

.0000 
.8000 
.MOO 
.0000 
.0000 

117.9 
1 1"*  0 

F«b 

Mar..  .!;.!.".  ... 

.4700 

.<7(n 

ii8.a 

118.0 

^H     Mav 

^^^B      1  ittift 

.0600 

.0700 
.0700 

106.4 
138.0 
138.0 

.0400 
.0400 
.0400 

iito 

114.0 

lllii 

.4700 
.4700 
.4700 

118.6 
118.6 
118.0 

.OUDO 
.4000 

.8000 

117.9 

1  1  V    n 

^^■rSkrf* 

^Esr:::::::: ::::::: 

.0700 

128.0 

.0400 

114.9 

.4700 

118.11 

.0000 

117.9 

^^HoS 

.0700 

m.0 

.0836 

133.1 

.4700 

118.6 

.oqoo 

117.9 

^^^^■Wmb* 

.mo 

.0700 
.0071 

1210 
133.0 
U7.9 

.0426 
.0426 
.0404 

122.1 

132.1 
116.1 

.4700 
.4700 
.4700 

118.6 
118.A 
118.0 

.0000 

.oono 

.flOOO 

117  9 
117  9 
117.9 

^^HpflQ 

ATrrafe,  1907 

^K                                                                      •Hncb. 

WHOLESALE  PRICES,  1890  TO  IW. 


411 


*abm:  II.— monthly  ArTUAL  AND  RKLATIVK  PRICKS  OF  COMMODITIES 
IN  1007  AND  BASE  PRICES  uWERAGE  FOR  1890-1899)— Continuc<I. 

[AToroge  lor  1007  computed  Erom  qaoUtiona  lo  Tabic  I.] 


I^tfflber  um]  bnlMIng:  mat^rlalfl. 

Hooth. 

0»k:  white. 
pUilu. 

Oftk:  white, 

qtiartereO. 

Oxide  of  2inc. 

Vim:  white. 

ItoAnls.  No.  3 

b«m(N.Y. 

mftrkot). 

Ptoo:  white,  j 
(N.  Y.  nurEfltS 

1 

rriM 
perU 
feet. 

KelA- 

tlve 
prlw. 

Price 
petU 

tnt. 

RolA- 

tJv« 
price. 

PtIco 

prr 

pound. 

to  .0400 

.0638 
.0538 
.0638 
.0638 
.0638 
.0638 
.0638 
.0638 
.0538 
.0638 
.0638 
.0538 

Bclib- 
Uve 
price. 

rrioe 
porM 
>et. 

BeU- 
tive 

price. 

Price 

price. 

100.0 
<IW.O 

Average.  IM0-18W.. 

Jan 

Fob                 ... 

in7.4a» 

5L.O00O 
53.0000 
65.0000 
65.0000 

di.dooo 
57,5000 

57.fiOQO 
fiU.WMX) 

54,U100 

M.ovn 

64.0000 

54.0000 

55J2O(0 

100.0 

i3ti^ 

141.6 
140  .B 

i«e.i> 

153.(1 
153.0 
140.tk 
144  J 
144.3 
144.3 
144.3 
147. 5 

tSS.CTTl 

t-O.OOtX) 

w.oocn 

HO .0000 
W.OOOO 
80.0000 
80.0000 

W.OOOO 
HO .0000 

so.onoo 

HO  .0000 
W.OOOO 
Ml  .0000 
80.0000 

100.0 
149.0 
149.0 
149.0 
140.0 
149.0 
149.0 
140.0 
149.0 
149.0 
149.0 
149.0 
140.0 
149.0 

100.0 
134  Ji 
134.5 

1 

^17.1104 
34). 7500 
.V.  i.'/n 

100.0 
eI92.2 
<ll».2 
<11BJ 
<1IA!.3 
'197.4 
<:)97.4 

$ 

M6.5543 
94.60OO 
M.fiOOO 

Hat 

134.5  1  30.7506 
134.5  1  3(i.75O0 
134.5  *  .17.7500 
134.5     3:.7M0 
I34.fi     :t7.75(iO 
134.5  1  37.7,-00 
134  5  ;  37  7&M 

90.fi000    tf 199.0 

Anr 

9B  .fiOUO    <t  100  0 

MSy......::::::":: 

07.5000    (1201.1 

fim^        

07  .'/Htil     d'Xii  A 

July 

Aiur 

<1»7  4     Q7..M)IU    d  101.1 
'III?. 4     97  ."VllHO    fl'^Ol  .1 

80S  ..." 

rl*i7  4      o?   wai     d'?ni    1 

oS .::::::::::;::.: 

134.5  1  37.7500    '1«7.4     its  5000    dOtsA  I 

Nov 

134.5  ."C  7500 

134.6  37.7500 
134.5     37.4107 

••197.4     HS.-'iOOO 
'197  .4     9.S  .5000 
'195.7     97.0833 

■1303.1 

Doc 

''203.1 

Avenge.  1007 

It  300  .a 

PUitc  ela»: 
Pine:  >-elIow.  I  ^l^':i^ 


Bhingte*;  cy- 

pmi. 


Plate  r1u»: 
poUihed,  kIaz- 


ropUr. 


Putty. 


Rda- 
tlvo 
price. 


100.0 

S3.MI3 

395.2 

3.  MOO 

300.0 

3.8£O0 

S07.3 

4.3fiO0 

31&0 

4.3300 

333.4 

4.3U0 

333.4 

4.3SO0 

iai.3 

4.3aoo 

313.5 

C3flOO 

303.1 

4.320(1 

2W.4 

4.3MX» 

WI.7 

4.1000 

240,5 

4.1000 

304.0 

4.2350 

100.0 

13tt.5 
154.2 
154.3 
154.3 
154.3 
IM.  3 
154.2 
154.3 
154.2 
145.3 
145.3 
149.8 


Sbloglc*:  red 

cedar,  rmii- 

dom  width, 

Spmce. 

Tiir 

lO-inch. 

Prioe 
peril. 

ReU. 

Price 

Rd». 

Price 

tivc 

p*rM 

tlve 

iwr 

price. 

Toct. 

price. 

loao 

berni. 

^.7434 

100.0 

114.3480 

SI.  3048 

2.501)0 

jin.  r^ 

25.00l» 

174.2 

^.a-vm 

2.7^00 

/105.4 

25.00U0 

1T13 

2.30(W 

3.7500 

J19&4 

35.0000 

174.2 

2.3000 

2.9000 

/300.O 

36,0000 

174.2 

2.«0Q0 

3  0000 

ma  2 

33.0000 

174.3 

Z300O 

ZOOOO    il84.7 

25.0000 

174.3 

^4000 

3.0000    i213.2 

■i&.(MMHt 

1713 

ZfiOOO 

3.1000    /220.3 

25-0000 

174  2 

Z5000 

3.0000    i2l3.2 

2.VOO0O 

174.3 

2.3Q0O 

2.7flOO  'ilW.4 

■-'I.QOiXt 

14114 

13000 

'2.0000  no.  I 

21.0000 

wa4 

Z3000 

2.0000  JL4a.l 

21  OUUO 

140.4 

l.MOO 

XCOfiB   Ji9L5 

34.0000 

107.3 

X3293 

tlve 


loao 

105.1 
190.9 

19a  0 

333:4 
I0a9 

199.2 
2CJ7.5 
207.5 
1110. 9 
100.9 
ItNLO 
132.  ft 
193.3 


■     "'•.1. 133.26. 
1(1  iiJ&;  It  v«iH|{*>  yilLM  lor  1906. 188.25. 


.^7«mlS2ft;  ftvt!rnRf|'riM**»'t  Htflf\.  |0.22«7. 
'.'27  lliul  rJN ;  MTiTHcr-  prico  for  I  UOrv,  t0.33ll0. 


i]FOs'uuiUioUoIc«>u<i>uUu4i  FoUiivovricc,  ico^acuSZI  m&AftS'.  fcNWftgt  VtfiBfe  ^^^^  \.^ft»i,<iT>3fc< 


4U 


BUl-LETIN   OP  THE  BXTREAr  OF   LABOR. 


Table  II.— MONTHLY  ACTUAL  AND  RELATIVE  PKICES  OF  COMMODITIEa 
IN  1907  AND  BASE  PRICES  (AVERAGE  FOR  1890-1899)— Concluded. 

(AvtfKgB  for  1007  cODipatcd  from  quouUont  In  Tkble  I.] 


MlaccUuiMitt. 

Uontt. 

Paptr:  avws. 

JlSTilX.    ^^oatwpUltM. 

Rope:  nunOft, 

A4adi. 

Bobber:  Pam 
Island. 

m 

Price   1 
pound. 

n«i«- 

Uvc 

price. 

Priec 

pet 

pound. 

RfU-'    Price 
live         p*r 
pric«.    gallon. 

Rdap 

ilTi 
prlocL 

Price     RcUu     Prirt 

per     1   im        per 

pound,    price,    pound. 

RaU- 
price. 

Averat*.  IfiBO-lBM.. 

Jan 

laoow 

.0218 
.0313 
.0313 
.02U 

.oaM 

.02S5 
0056 

.oa&6 

.09tt 
.0M9 
.09U 
.(Btt 

mblo 

Tue 

71.3 
71.3 
85.  a 
U.3 
HS.3 
8&.3 
85.3 
8S.I 
88.A 
88.0 

8&a 

83.3 

•QlOSSS 

.QBOO 
.0600 
0600 
10600 
.0600 
.0600 
.0600 
.0100 
.OMO 
.0536 
.0633 
.0S3S 
.0600 

un.0 

«0.4 

00.4 

go.  4 
gn.4 

M).  4 
(»  4 
90  4 
90  4 
OO.  4 
M.V 
04  9 
B4.0 
U.6 

I1.14BB 

i.aooo 

LSUO 

1.3B0O 

I  2800 

1  .IIUO 
1  .1100 
1.3100 

l.XUO 

i..t4ao 

1..1500 
l.SfiOO 
1.3133 

loao  ■ 

112.3 
113.3 

113.3 
112.3 
113.4 
JI3.0 
113.0 
113.0 
115.7 
117.0 
117.4 
117.4 
114.3 

«aom«   100.0   mmm 

.1375      ISO.  6        1.1*"- 

.i.ia.'i    141. w     i.j- 

.133^      141  0        1    1 
.  I33A      141  0        I    1.^.^ 

l-rt 

t 

K;     : 

) 

im..    th 

w. 

,1125 
.1333 
.133ti 
.1313 

141.0        1. 14C)U 
141- »  ,     l.OWl 
1410,     ],04a(» 
141.0  1     1.08S0 
13&3        l.OUU 

142.4 

tw  t 

JwT 

13a  s 

Anc 

133.0 

Mvn 

13H.ft 

qA 

.  OlSO 
,      .7800 
...^      ...r.1  ,     1.0833 
!              1 

134  S 

KoT, 

114l| 

Awriiri'iwr'.::::: 

97.  < 
133.8 

Uonth 

Soap; < 
inottM 

I,  pun. 

St4rDh:  lAUndiy. 

Tobaoen:  pluf. 

Tobacco :  Emoklng, 

frunulAtcil,  Seal 

o(  N.  C. 

Prtoo 

pound. 

RoU- 

ptlM. 

rrtoe 

per 

pound. 

Ilpla- 

tlve 
prtoe. 

pw 
pound. 

(   Kitl». 
,  prtM. 

Prioa 

pound. 

Bela- 

Uto 
price. 

ATen««.l»Q0-18n.. 

.IM0D 

.Doao 

.0Q6U 
.0060 
.0600 

.moo 
.am 

.0700 
.(TOO 
.0700 
.0700 
.0071 

100.0 
114  3 
114.3 
114.3 
114.3 
114.3 
L0&4 
133.0 
133.0 
123.0 
133.0 
133.0 
133.0 

iaoi« 

.0J7« 
.0400 
.0400 
.MOU 
.04(X) 
.0400 
.0400 
.IHOI) 
.0400 
.0433 
.0433 

100.0 

107.8 
1)4.0 
114.9 
IU.ll 
1)4  M 
IM.U 
114V 
lllU 
114.  tf 
122.1 
122.1 

l:£t.i 

nil 

•0.aiM3 

.470C 
.470C 
.47U0 
.4701 
.4r(W 
.4701 

.4roc 

.4701] 
.470(] 
.47UC 
.471IL 
.470C 
.4700 

ino.o 

118.6 

1       U8.(l 

1       118.  ft 

1       M8.A 

UK  ft 

118  ft 

118.0 

118.  ft 

118.0 

!       118.0 

11K.0 

US.n 

|0.fD90 
.0)00 

.uoo 

.(0)0 
.(VWO 
.0000 
.6000 

.0000 
.0000 

^0000 

:r 

.(Mm 

117.9 

Iw 

117.9 

Mv 

n7.9 

TS 

117.9 

Suit 

117.9 

wSv 

117  9 

«jSv 

117  9 

^A«3- 

117. 9 

'fy- 

117  9 
117.9 

Bl0^ 

117.9 

Dee 

ti7.a 

AvtmiiEv.lOOT 

U 

7.0 

.0404 

118. 

0 

.6000 

U7.9 

•  H"^' 


wHOLEEuox  pucxss  m^vraK  41 S 

Tabls  lir— UOKTULY  REUATTYR  PRiCGS  OF  COtUOOmKS  IN  IMT^ 


[For  «xpluMlk)o  «Bd 
r«r  tt  aoc*  daiiyMi  *«artitt«a  4 

|rt»  for  tte  7VVWW  ta  Tttttta  M 


MoBdk 


JulT.. 
Oct.. 

1907.. 


unt 

171  8 
MUft 

ICLO 

in.* 


Ko.1. 


x*.x 


Oftto: 


Rtv 


npalH- 


no.!  :  U«.T  IIML4  Ui.«  U«.» 

Hff  i  '  lfeX4  114-1  14&.S  tM-t  , 

•1  •  ULT  , 

1  .71. ft  ua4  , 

lJ^    V  *"m    >  tv>   •  i4i^0  *M>  1    I 

IU.&  lC«j  1CL3  liXl  Ml.S  I 

lOLI  1M.«  I  !•■&  IXl  C  1«.S 

ioft.4  joui  **^  -  1^0  wi^;  I 

UI7.S  n?.^  as  ui.7 

ioi.&  IM.3  :4.i  i&a 

M.I  nXft  .«>  •>  .M.?  ML4  I 

Ut.1  M9.0I  Ui.«  :  l«7.4  141.4; 


10 : 
1-: 
l.> 

t3«.4 

ia.1 


lUS 
1M« 


ISLJ 
IMS 
14B.4 


i4R.«      in.* 

kSL4         MS.* 

ic.i      ia.» 
ia.4 

IB- 1 

I»« 

IM.* 
ICL« 

ms 


tM.4 

t4ft.t 
m.4 


ml 

1J4.1 

l»l 
v.  ft 

tf.ft 
a.t 

M.« 


Uvciteek. 

AT»f^ 

Cattto. 

Bd«s. 

AMfk. 

M*.  J 

Hooth. 

A^Ww 

tutrnM 

ffoodM 
obotea. 

^^ 

u^u 

A«w- 

llMtl*. 

w^ 

^^ 

^ 

Jhl.... 

m« 

ua4 

12*  « 

I«L4 

14B.8 

14*.  1 

13IL2 

12^3 

129L3 

in.  7 

128  0 

IMi.... 

IU4 

134.9 

I2i7 

L«L4 

138.1 

I3i.a 

I3S.4 

la&ft 

13]  0 

iaB.1 

1348 

Mat.... 

13L3 

12L0 

121.2 

ISL9 

UL7 

131. 3 

mo 

133L1 

137.6 

138.8 

1314 

^v.::: 

l»3 

133^3 

121. » 

uai 

13018 

130.3 

149l4 

K3.0 

14J.7 

138.3 

1118 

11&9 

im4 

117.7 

143.4 

14ft  0 

144.  T 

IiS.0 

137  5 

141. 3 

134.3 

139.8 

JUWL-. 

126.  A 

131.1 

129.0 

137.8 

14a  2 

uao 

143  3 

13&3 

141.9 

1316 

1M.S 

Jojr-  - 

131.9 

I.YX.B 

lSZ.d 

133.4 

140.  .t 

U&» 

«M 

139.4 

132.  S 

134.1 

l«Oift 

AGS.... 

U1.3 

I.TM  i 

131  0 

135.5 

144.I 

UBLf 

iM-r 

I2(L8 

131.8 

1313 

141. 0 

Be^... 

1^9 

13^S 

12i7 

U5.8 

144.0 

140.4 

ir.2 

199. 4 

133.8 

1313 

1418 

OoL- 

I9&4 

123.3 

134.8 

141.3 

143.9 

14&A 

mi 

laas 

1215 

130.6 

1414 

Mov  ... 

UT.7 

nil 

113.9 

113.3 

114.5 

114.0 

9L3 

l&9 

SB.  a 

1014 

138.8 

0«c^.... 

lQi.7 

ice.9 

10P.a 

1Q&4 

lOfi.3 

105.4 

01.0 

88.8 

88.8 

MLl 

138.3 

IM7»... 

mo 

i2ia 

iaa.9 

137.  S 

14a  e 

una 

UOlS 

131  ft 

U&8 

UB.7 

137.1 

Food. etc 


Hootb.i    Bttuts: 
'  medium, 
Cbolce. 


J8A.... 

Uu. . . . 
Apr.... 
Miy  ... 
Jam... 

jtar . . . 

Auf.... 
Sept.... 
Oct.... 

KCT.... 

D«e.... 
1W7.... 


80.8 
8B.8 
80.8 
87.4 
88.  S 

iia.tt 

101-8 
tt.R 
108.  A 
13T  7 
135.5 
137.0 
10B.4 


BrMd. 


Cadcttra. 


Bmiob.      BikU. 


188.7 
133.7 
133.7 
13S.7 

133.7 
133.7 
IW.7 
133.7 
133.7 
133.7 
113.7 
133.7 

im.7 


so.  A 
go.5 

00.3 
00.5 
flO.5 
0O.5 

90.5 
90.5 

go.  5 

90.5 
90.6 
90.6 
00.fi 


LmT. 


ATvniee.    loonwr.*  '^f^iJ'- 


Vteoiu 
(N.  Y. 

market). 


ATBTUfS. 


AvengQ. 


U3.1 
113.1 
112.1 
112.1 
112.1 
113.1 
112.1 
113-1 
112.1 
11X1 
112.1 
112.1 
112.1 


100.6 
100.0 
100.  c 
lOO.O 
100.6 
100.6 
100.6 
100.6 
100.6 
100.6 
100.6 
100.6 
100.6 


118.6 
UK.  6 

118  n 

lis.  6 

118.  a 

lU.H 

lis  0 

llR.fi 
118.6 
1 18. 6 
118.6 
118.6 
lUt.O 


113.6 

110.9 

113.Q 

110.9 

113  1 

110.9 

113  fl 

110.0 

113  0 

110.9 

lU.ti 

110.0 

113  0 

110.9 

U3  U 

110.9 

113.0 

110.9 

113  n 

no.  9 

113.0 

110.9 

113.6 

110.9 

113.  H 

110.9 

111.4 


111.4 
111.4 
111.4 
111.4 
111.4 
111.4 
111.4 
111.4 
111.4 
111.4 
111.4 
111.4 


41ft 


BULLKTIN   OF   THK  BUBEAU    OF   UABOB. 


Tablk  III.— monthly   UKLATIVE  PRICKS  OF  COMMODITIES   IN   1907— 

Continuetl. 

I Awron  prim  lor  ItOO-inV*-  lOO.O.    Rfwlim  prlcv  Cor  IWIT  i!ompaU>d  Irom  •▼vrmgs  pricr  (or  thw  fmr 

•howalnTntiUI.) 


rood.  Ho. 

BDttW. 

Efffs: 

TiA. 

Uoatb, 

^reftin- 
•ry. 

Dairy. 

Chftose; 
N   v.. 

Klo 

So.  7. 

MW- 

Cod, 

Ufl^ 

Mtrk- 

ord. 
ult, 

NoX. 

( 

vvim 

N«» 

Av»r- 

fiiU 

ranuy. 

<Iry. 

rliin. 

a«lmoo;  Av«r. 

N.  V. 

york 

•«»• 

Cfmou 

t>mt~ 

h*ak. 

•horn. 

oaoatd.    a^B. 

mai^ 

mnr-  i  Bute. 

by. 

Uii« 

rcnjod- 

tolj. 

k.t..  1 

Jui 

i4La 

110.3 

IM.9 

ms 

m9 

&CI 

161. 0 

143.3 

lAO 

139.8 

1117  I    1310 

r»b.... 

IAO.V 

14H.3 

1<7.« 

14&D 

148.8 

82.9 

149.7 

1413 

18A9 

1118 

1117  1    1811 

Mat.. 

Ml.  7 

140.3 

140.4 

142.8 

148.4 

A^a 

too.  4 

1413 

158.9 

111  3 

1117,    131  > 

AK;:; 

13&3 

137.4 

14X8 

13».8 

132  0 

A3.a 

9A3 

14.13 

isao 

84.9 

1117      13Lt 

10D.4 

112  0 

120.8 

lua 

137.8 

8L4 

97.8 

1412 

1619 

84.9 

1117      1319 

1W1  ft 

ltW.3 

m.a 

110.  0 

12a  4 

4U.6 

98.3 

laa 

1519 

815 

113.11 

131  r 

112  B 

1114 

IIU.A 

IIV3 

128.1 

4A1 

no.  :i 

14X3 

ISIW 

815 

•  112  0 

mr 

^■' 

114.7 

110.4 

1IM.0 

11411 

122  A 

40.  S 

131. ft 

M-'    1 

n  1  '.<  n 

88.'. 

112.0 

1319 

laB.a 

122.7 

iao.9 

127.7 

138. 4          4A1 

141)  8 

I 

92  0 

•  112.0 

1219 

Oct.... 

t^i 

137.6 

1S7.8 

1.UR 

lM.fl 

40.0 

170.1 

1 

UO.  I 

M  111  11 

131 « 

Not... 

121.0 

121.0  j     110.0 

124  0 

103.0 

48.7 

2IK4 

1...    . 

;..'  I 

102  0 

•  112  0 

1317 

Dw... 

1.10.4 

128.7  1     1».4 

iai.5 

1A8.ft 

44.8 

a>4.M 

1^  i 

lu  i 

109.8 

•  113  0 

139.1 

liW7 . .    . 

127.3 

130.3       133.0 

1 

t3&& 

m.      «,.. 

141.3 

138.0 

lecB 

«. 

till 

131] 

ri9 

1 

rroU. 

1 

WbMt. 

Ayplu. 

MAnCh. 

Dnck^ 

wheat. 

spring 
p«t«nU. 

Winter 
•trAlcbn 

AvtngB. 

Xnpo- 
r»t«4. 

cboloi. 

Bttit. 
d«M. 

Av»ni^ 

Jan.... 

1I&8 

ii».fl 

Oft.1 

fl&O 

mi 

IOCS 

919 

Utt 

111* 

r«b.... 

112.0 

Ilfl.S 

m.9 

sr.o 

99.0 

1011 

99l9 

1311 

iiE| 

lUr... 

|[«  1 

117.6 

itdA 

8A8 

«1.0 

1013 

97.4 

m.9 

IMft^ 

Am.... 
Ifty.. 

no.  7 

lUl.  1 

UT.O 

M7 

01. D 

102.6 

B19 

nil 

m^'i 

•  UO  7 

110.1 

1181 1 

10S.4 

107.8 

lit  9 

8&9 

iiii 

WLt^ 

June.... 

- 110.  7 

1&I.3 

117.8 

1U.3 

114.9 

129.0 

96.9 

nil 

!&| 

July.. 

•  110  7 

t&a.o 

119.fi 

111.0 

ILAO 

1217 

94.9 

•  nil 

Aoi... 

•  110.7 

14K.fi 

117.1 

108.3 

111,7 

1M.7 

97.4 

•  1U.I 

•  iiii 

w.i 

Sept.... 

•  110  7 

14&A 

121  fi 

na3 

llft.0 

1318 

ICHI 

Oct 

IM  4 

150.0 

lffl.« 

ll».ft 

134.7 

14&9 

nil 

•nci 

Nor... 

164.7 

ifias 

t3AT 

1UI.3 

tS.5 

i4ta 

1117 

•nil 

Dec... 

100,  tt 

KU.0 

IW.l 

lira 

133.3 

141.8 

uai 

1319 

UBT  B 

W07.... 

m.i 

1M.7 

111.5 

103.7 

108.8 

1311 

915 

1319 

U1.7 

9nau 

fllucow. 

Uf»l: 

pflmt 

coDtnec. 

K8ftl:com. 

Month. 

Cornntii 
IntwrroUi 

I'runM, 

' CdUrnrnla      ,\ „  ,   ;, 

'HI box-.   'i;;y^;*; 

1 

whttt. 

rino 

.^ 

Jmi 

toss 

74.3             100.0 

119.5 

1«.8 

140  2 

124  0 

127.9 

mff] 

FpI..... 

201  0 

72  7               «A  a 

118.7  1         148  8 

IM.T 

U4  0 

137.8 

m.U 

lUr. . . 

IM  4 

Tl.»i           m:i 

117  0  1         Iffi.*) 

144  2 

134  0 

177.9 

mil 

Apr... 
iUy-.  - 

1V4  0 

08,  0            103  -i 

113.:/ 1      ii&>i 

UK.:' 

134  0 

127.8 

u&.t* 

ISl.O 

U.6             106.  u 

110  T  I         lte.ll 

143  1 

130  4 

1313 

ma 

!&$ 

74.3            lOS  u 

113  n         r.'t  1 

•w   ■ 

13G  4 

130  3 

iai.r 

ilirif..>. 

n.i 

lOG  0 

lift  4  : 

13& ; 

132  H 

lanf 

jlSv.i.. 

m.t 

ao.7 

laoo 

119  (t  1                 1 

I 

124  0 

127.8 

ml 

mA«... 

\i%.h 

H.7 

130  n 

'21  0         ■<.,  : 

iii   , 

m  i-  '        137.7 

1M.I 

loSfcs.  .1. 

in.  6 

JtS 

lao  n 

I2\  t            Irt7  9 

142  4 

131  4  i        lU.  1 

M 

Kov^... 

10.5 

mn 

123  :.  ,         174  9 

m  1 

146  (1           151  4 

I 

iM.n 

«»0 

no  0 

130  «l         174.9 

127  r 

I2R  4            llD3 

m.4 

W7,ft 

T«.fl 

108.4 

119  2  1        IS9.  4 

140  : 

13U  .1           US  5 

1 

U1.1 

■  NonUnal  prioe;  mg  expUiutlan  on  p«g«  :i20. 


ft  Arc»«e  l»r  19W-I89^>U».0 


WHOLSSJkLS  PUCBB,  18M  TO  IHff. 
Tabu  m.—MONTHLY  BELATtVK  PBICBS  09  COIOfOOmES  Qi 


prtca 


xpluui 


P««« 


418 


BULLETIN    OF  THE  BUREAU   OF  LABOR. 


Tahle  III.— MONTULY  RELATIVE  PRICES   OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1W7— 

Continued. 


[AVAraC"  price  lor  IMO- 1899— 100.0. 


RcUtivp  prior  for  1907  computrd  from  hxcmgB  prioQ  for  tbe  jvur 
flhovrn  \a  Table  1  ] 


UoDih. 

Oothi 

and  ctothUig. 

Bifff: 
3  bu.. 

Blukata. 

Boou  and  abooa. 

11   4. 

nil 
wool. 

11-4. 
cotton 

11-1. 

cotton 

Ven'a 

Urai'i 
tplit 

IXJOtH. 

Iff 

U«n'a 
▼Iclkkl 

Worn- 

1 

AmoM- 

wool 

ff«l 

AW»T- 

bro- 
Roni. 
aplli. 

Rluchcr 

iml-.Ttcl 
roll  top. 

fiood- 
yvmr 
Wall. 

SSI 

Avnr- 

H^:::: 

Ilia 

110.0 

13a  « 

Ml.  A 

130  3 

131-4 

1(12.  t 

109,  n 

108.7 

125. 4 

137. 1 
137. 1 

133. 1 

11U.0 

13a  A 

141.  A 

130  3 

131  4 

Its  1 

109.0 

108.7 

12&4 

^^H'^tf, 

132^3 

110.0 

i3a6 

141.5 

180.3 

131.4 

103.1 

100.0 

108  7 

ISA.  4 

iir.» 

^■ah.... 

iau.« 

1II1.0 

130.  A 

141.  A 

130.3 

131.4 

182.1 

109.0 

108.7 

12&.4 

1X7. 3 

^■w*-.. 

•  199.  4 

110  0 

13a  A 

141.  A 

13a  3 

131  4 

ins.1 

100  41 

108  7 

t^^4 

13T.I 

HISb... 

130.4 

lU.O 

13a  A 

141.  A 

130  3 

131  4 

t(ta.i 

loe.o 

108.7 

123.3 

mr 

1».4 

110.0 
110.0 

13a  A 

141.  A 

isas 

133. » 

ifla.1 

109,0 

108.7 

123.3 

i»t 

^liS:* ' 

13U.4 

i.ta& 

141.fi 

13a  a 

133.  • 

IBi.O 

109.0 

108.7 

121.3 

Ul&« 

isat 

110.0 

130.  A 

141.  A 

i)a3 

laaa 

i».o 

109-0 

.108.7 

122.3 

13&1 

^^H'Aa4  .  . 

130.4 

110.0 

laaA 

141.  A 

i3a3 

1913 

130.0 

109  0 

108. 7 

123.3 

IS»1 

^^V*Kav 

lau  4 

110.0 

130.  A 

141.3 

iaa3 

133.8 

laao 

109.0 

1DB.7 

119.3 

133.4 

^m  Dm.... 

130.4 

110.0 

130.3 

14Lfi 

laas 

131.3 

182.B 

109.0 

108.7 

119.3 

1311 

^B  iwr.... 

138.  S 

119.0 

i3aA 

141.3 

uas 

133.7 

loao 

109.0 

108.7 

12S.1 

12&9 

Broad- 

C^rpetfl. 

Cotton  (Unneb. 

flrat  qual- 

Itr.tiUrk, 
ftWoch, 

NtAnttanl 

Month. 

Aitirri- 

BniHseU. 

Ingralo, 

Wilton, 

2|ranU 

HJtJ^- 

oui)  prtnlB. 

A>tninH<. 

3-plT. 

Mrmmty, 

AWTligr. 

to  Umi 

Avan^ft. 

XXX 

wool. 

&4XM. 

Dls^^w. 

Lowall. 

Dlfalow. 

pound. 

potind. 

■fcv.:: 

Ufl.0 

10A.1 

124.7 

121.2 

123.7 

121  ? 

IW.O 

1U8 

ns.* 

uao 

lO&l 

134.7 

121.2 

iaL7 

1X1  2 

132.  V 

134.  H 

m.% 

Mm.... 

118.0 

114.0 

124.7 

121.2 

13S.7 

123.2 

133.9 

1U8 

UB.i 

iffy- 

iiao 

114.0 

124.7 

131.2 

1217 

133.3 

133.9 

134  8 

118.0 

114.0 

124.7 

121.3 

123.7 

123  2 

141.  A 

138.1 

t4a« 
14a  i 

ioM... 

118.6 

114.0 

124.7 

131.3 

121. 7 

123.2 

141. A 

13a] 

iiao 

124.2 

124.7 

131.3 

123.7 

133  2 

14&3 

143.6 

IU4 

AnSi  1 

iia« 

124.  :> 

134.7 

121.2 

133. 7 

123.2 

14S.2 

1416 

.    IU4 

ihmt.-.. 

110.0 

in,  7 

124.7 

121.2 

133.7 

123.2 

14fi.2 

143.  A 

146.4 

Oct 

nil  a 

1H,7 

114  7 

131.3 

133.  T 

123.2 

14&.2 

143.  A 

164  6 

Kov.... 

118. « 

133,7 

124.7 

131.2 

123,7 

123  3 

141.0 

139  1 

140.6 

Vm.... 

116.6 

133.7 

124.7 

131.3 

125.7 

123.3 

141.0 

138.1 

14a  6 

1007 

116  6 

tsi.o 

134.7 

121.2 

133.7 

123.2 

139.9 

139.1 

ua6 

Cotton 
thread: 
fl-eord, 
SOCKyanl 

Coat*. 

C( 

itton  ya^ni 

. 

Pan!  mi: 
Amoa- 

kaaff. 

Brown. 
IN.P- 

nrflllnca. 

»i-lt»ob. 
BteriL  A. 

Avamfla. 

Month. 

Canl«d, 
white, 
mul»- 
apun. 

northftm. 

Carded. 
wblf«, 

muht- 

aptm. 

norQ)«fn. 

AvanigB. 

PUnnala: 

whlt«. 
4  4,  I1»1- 

Unl  V«la 
No.  a. 

OODOK.lO/l. 

('tines,  £1/1. 

klftM..... 

12a] 

136.8 

127,0 

131.9 

132.1 

144.3 

139.9 

Ull 

m-i 

rm.,.. 

130.1 

136.8 

129.  A 

133.3 

122.1 

144.2 

147.4 

I4B.S 

IA4 

tor.... 

laai 

1S3.7 

129,  A 

131.8 

124.  S 

144  2 

14«fl 

14A  4 

ia.4 

fiTr.::: 

uai 

iaa8 

127.0 

iat.9 

134.A 

144.3 

14Ik9 

<t4A.I 

'»tf 

Uai 

UW.8 

127.0 

Ul,9 

134.  A 

144.3 

1S8.3 

lfii.2 

m« 

Sum.... 

I4K.4 

143.0 

134.6 

13a  8 

134.1 

144,3 

I.M.  1 

147.7 

'^S 

July.... 

14&4 

14a  1 

iao.7 

143L9 

138.9 

144.2 

1A4.3 

141 3 

AUB.... 

I4&4 

1411 

tS9.7 

143.9 

141.3 

1412 

142.4 

143.3 

14A.4 

lao 

137,1 

140.  I 

141.1 

144.3 

1A&.0 

160.1 

14&4 

138.8 

1X1.0 

U4  4 

HI  3 

144  2 

1.V).  1 

147.  t 

KftT.... 

I4&4 

134.4 

121.9 

123.2 

lao  fi 

144.2 

lAl.S 

1460 

ttir 

llVaa** 

14Su4 

UH.4 

Itl.O 

123.1 

13a  A 

144.3 

la.t 

16L0 

044 

134,8 

W.i 

isao 

U39 

131 3 

144.3 

160.1 

147.2 

121.1 

1(0.7 

tttt 

!QS7 

ULt 

ioa.7 

XOLt 

lAT 

Uft.fl 

10i.t 

Ni.1 

tOB.1 

106.1 

UB.1 

1QB.# 

IQBil 

lOft.! 

109.1 

1(»-1 

UB.l 

105.  fi 

W.1 

100.$ 

Ui.S 

IOI.« 

107.1 

lOi.7 

OmDofttliiga. 

Print 
oloUw: 
394  noh. 

Shaw  In: 
BtJuiilBnl.aU 

voot  (Inw 
rnde) .  TJ  x 
1441wb,4i)to 

HOBth. 

rhi*Winu 

Cb  inch  Ills. 

Corart  doth. 

Mrwy 

B-n>i«b.  «U 

cottun  wirp, 

ligbt  wwigbU 

flUndund 

MxM. 

wooU 

C.C.  gnde. 

«Uple. 

Z7toSox.(/) 

42ouztc«. 

Jtn 

Ut.4 

100  3 

0&9 

164  3 

II7.T 

14a» 

lor.o 

|pt> 

119.4 

tOL  4 

9IV9 

t6&4 

119  0 

l«7  0 

107  0 

Slar 

119.4 

101.4 

9«.9 

tSlt.4 

119.0 

IMLA 

lor.o 

^::^ 

119.4 

lOt  4 

fiO.9 

t5a4 

IIU  0 

|j&6 

1(17. 

114l4 

\(tl  4 

0IL9 

ta&4 

nv.J( 

10L3 

IflV* 

119.4 

luas 

«Ik9 

IM.4 

lun 

ini9 

Ittt' 

itt:: 

119  « 

119.4 

1(0.4 

ini  3 

9&9 
9&9 

%: 

111)  & 

IIM   N 

irx.a 

llft.0 

3- 

SS^ 

119  4 

100  3 

9A.9 

1AK.4 

IK  K 

t9.0 

)S: 

?!P. : 

110  4 

wa.4 

96.9 

19(14 

1 10  A 

lAO 

i5» 

110  4 

OS.S 

90.9 

1M4 

IlM.:i 

ITT.  9 

MT 

SS:::: 

llVLl 

943 

9IL9 

1U4 

\\7  i 

1«&.9 

107. 

nor.... 

119  4 

Kn. 

9&9 

IMO 

Hb.7 

«;.« 

lOT.l 

ri-ioo.0. 


ilN  bulk  o|  ulM  durlotf  llw*  )rMr. 


WHOLESALE  PRICES,  1890   TO   1907. 


411 


1»i.m  tlI,-MONTHLY  RELATIVE   PRICES  OF  COMMOBITIES  IN  1907—" 

Continued. 


(Awmcv  -piim  tar  Uao-iwa-loo.o. 


RnUtlw  pTicB  for  1007  computed  froni  ftrnrage  prtev  for  ttie  yw 
4bowii  tnTabl«l.) 


CiDth*  and  rlotblQc.                                                                    1 

OlBCbAOU. 

Bora»- 
blim- 
IccU:  & 

pOUDdB 
CttCb. 

vooL 

Hu«lisr>. 

M-U. 

AXBO*- 

l»anrm*- 

M  cBi'«  cotton 

half  how, 

•BUnlMS, 

but  biwk. 
3D  to  23  OS. 

U«n's€Vitton 
btiSbom. 

MUnlSM, 

84nMdle«. 

omnbed 

KgyptUn 

cotton  bon. 

■VOIDflD  B 

cotton  hnsv, 
Munteai, 
fut  blaeh. 

30  to  as  oL 

3m 

!13  * 

ia4 

axo 

iao.0 

•  SS.3 

9&.A 

109.5 

*SL0 

M^i 

F»^ 

117.8 

lli.3 

1J0.« 

»as.s 

90. « 

109.5 

»8I.« 

•3.1 

Hitr 

H7.« 

1U.3 

iao.i» 

•n.3 

96.A 

109.5 

*81.6 

>3^i 

SSv:. 

117.  it 

115.3 

131X9 

n.5 

»&.e 

109.5 

84.S 

04.1 

i  (.-.  I. 

117.8 

lis.  3 

130.9 

<aa.5 

96.6 

100.5 

«M.3 

M.S 

112.6 

117.8 

115.2 

130.  U 

'«a.5 

flft.0 

109.5 

f84.3 

Oi.6 

im.. 

m.^ 

117.S 

124.fi 

130.9 

'8S.& 

9&.a 

100.5 

'M.3 

»«.S 

Mag.. 

14a; 

1I7.« 

12B.3 

130.» 

C8B.& 

9ft.fl 

100.6 

'64.2 

M.fi 

SmL..- 

140.; 

13»».5 

133.6 

130.9 

M.S 

•s.« 

100.5 

SO.  5 

07.4 

o«r... 

131.3 

13b.  5 

1J«.9 

130.9 

<M.8 

•&e 

109.5 

'89.5 

07.4 

Bo*...- 

J31  a 

136.4 

128.0 

130.9 

4M.8 

9S.a 

100.5 

dm.b 

07.4 

BW...- 

iJi  :i 

136.3 

12S.9 

130.9 

<«M.8 

V&.6 

1W.& 

4  80.5 

97.4 

L2S.5 

iau.4 

123.0 

130.9 

'»18 

tf.0 

100.5 

«89.& 

V7.4 

Lflftther. 

LlDon  tbnad 

War  calf. 

Sbo«, 

lOa.  Baiw 

bour. 

3-eoRl, 

■U,U. 

llarnrsi. 
oak. 

Sold. 

bemltick. 

8c4a.oak. 

30  to  40  tb*. 
to  the  dOMO. 

ATvragB. 

20Q-rard 
•pools. 

Aremc*. 

Bgnule. 

Barbour. 

i«B. 

131.1 

13&4 

130.4 

no.  A 

124.4 

IOC.  1 

103.7 

102.0 

FM> 

Ul.l 

U&.4 

114.5 

110.8 

123.0 

103.1 

:03  7 

102.0 

«tr.. 

13L1 

135.4 

111.5 

118.4 

124.1 

102.1 

108.7 

IQl.O 

^Tv- 

Ul.l 

136.7 

111.5 

118.4 

124.4 

102.1 

iai.7 

102.9 

131. 1 

I36l7 

111.5 

iia4 

124.4 

103.1 

100.1 

105.0 

Joi 

127.7 

130.7 

111.5 

118.4 

123.0 

IQC.  1 

109.1 

106.0 

Jrf5._ 

127.7 

13^7 

108. 5 

11«.4 

1^.8 

lOS.  1 

IW.  1 

105.0 

is- 

137. 7 

136.7 

113.0 

iia4 

124.0 

102.] 

109.1 

10&4 

127.7 

130.7 

113.0 

118.4 

124,0 

102.1 

109.1 

105.6 

ST. 

127.7 

130.7 

117-5 

UK.  4 

125. 1 

102.1 

IW.  I 

105.4 

Mo*.. 

W.7 

13U.7 

110.0 

118.4 

124.7 

102.1 

109.1 

105.4 

Dp-  . 

135.9 

130.7 

114.5 

118.4 

122  0 

102.1 

109.1 

lO&O 

ho; 

r 

u».o 

130.4 

]ia.« 

117.1 

124.0 

102.1 

107.3 

10L7 

I' 

OverooBtinga. 

1 

Print       au 

ha  Vis: 
nd&rd,  sU 

■hU. 

CliincfanU 

Chlncbnu, 

Covert  doth, 

Kcrjey. 

3fl 

lothi:        w 
l-lnch.       gn 
1x04.      144 

rMil  (low 

B-ro(ieh.  A 

Ll   coUonwarp. 

tight  weight. 

(tiandard 

Ai 

rerag«. 

^ 

VOOJ. 

C.C.  grade. 

itajOe. 

27to28os(0 

C 

tounca. 

Jfca 

110. 

4             ioa3 

KLO 

151 S 

117.7 

14aB 

lOT.O 

f*t> 

119. 

4                  101. 4 

90.9 

1&K4 

110.0 

147.0 

107(1 

lUr.... 

119 

4                   101. 4 

90.9 

158.4 

110.0 

158.0 

107  0 

110 

1                   101.4 

90.9 

158.4 

110  0 

15ft.  0 

107  0 

ItO. 

1                   102.4 

90.9 

15&4 

110.3 

161. 3 

icrr.o 

119. 

4             ioa3 

«V9 

15a4 

1IS.8 

170.9 

107  0 

jS^^^^ 

II'J 

4                   101.4 

0fl9 

!tJ 

119.5 

177.3 

107.0 

no 

4             loaa 

9S.9 

lias 

185.0 

107. 0 

IIU. 

4            loaa 

90.9 

].'Va4 

lias 

1SS.0 

lOT.O 

119 

4                   102.4 

0A.9 

l»i.4 

110.3 

185.0 

107.0 

110. 

4                   9a3 

W.9 

15&4 

naa 

177.0 

107.0 

Hit. 

4                    943 

9^9 

15fL4 

117.2 

155.  B 

107.0 

Iff.... 

1      '" 

4             loaA 

9&« 

15a  0 

i[a7 

107.4 

107.* 

a  Awrag**  (or  1WI-19O9-I0O.O. 
aSirptamlxtr.  IWM.  prk«. 

t.^prii.  yy'.  ]'fn^. 

43ept«t'i 

^aapt*' 

/Avwa*' 


h  rvpraMtiLa  tha  bulk  of  aatea  during  the  year. 


HP 

BCLLBIIS  OP  TBE  BVBB^C  W  LABOB.                                   ^H 

Tajilk 

llt-MUNTULV    KbLATJVk:   fHlCKi*  OK  COUMOZilTlKS  iN   liKW-    ^fl 

ro(Uina«d.                                                                    ■ 

[Av«n«i  pnw  forin»-un-iaD4.    KcUUT*frk««or  ua7«npal«d  lra««ranc>frl0»lor  UuiyMr     ^^| 

akowD  id  TaM*  L]                                                                            ^^g 

OociM  u4  clotlib«.                                                                   f 

*-^                                      1 

Browu. 

I 

Month. 

i 

lA-1 

•otta 

«.  T. 

At«r- 

4-4.  At- 
Unttr  A. 

4-4. 

loOlAfl 

Hbrm 

Awr^ 
ac». 

' 

Wud. 

^ 

Jan.... 

]».  A  1 

imo 

«1 

tits 

IS&S 

m.e 

m.7 

12T0 

130.3 

12&0     ^^1 

f«b.... 

UM.0  \ 

1JS.0 

86.:! 

I3L4 

1SS.4 

Ul.S 

120.8 

127  0 

iao.8 

s    ^^H 

Mar.... 

13B.0 

1«.0 

VK3 

Ulft 

ISA  7 

ULS 

lar^o 

131  » 

131.7 

m?    ^H 

fiS;:; 

1X7.0 

14i.O 

I0&  1 

13Lft 

ISA  2 

131.8 

U&8 

131  0 

in.  4 

i»«  ^H 

IMl 

t4«.A 

Ui5.t 

iai.A 

tSft.S 

1S1.8 

120.8 

131  a 

191.8 

130  4    ^^H 

JOM... 

u&a 

im.2 

IWil 

IBS  2 

ItLS 

131.8 

12(18 

1314   I 

134.  S 

133.  S     ^^H 

July... 

ltt.1 

im.2 

lOil 

UiLl 

1S7.4 

131.8 

in.  9 

1)M 

134.1 

1314     ^^M 

A«s.-  ■ 

in.  4 

130.3 

lOA  1 

Ull2 

1SB.» 

134.8 

LW.8 

l«i.7 

1JA.8 

UX6    ^^H 

a^... 

m.]i  1 

IS.  2 

lUfi.  1 

1311.2 

14010 

13&f< 

laao 

l«t  7 

13b  0 

133.0     ^^H 

OA.... 

1««.7 

100.2 

10&.1 

ULl 

141.0 

13A6 

130.8 

140  7 

130.1 

130.2     ^^H 

KOT.... 

l«l.8  1 

ias.2 

IO.VI 

1«2.0 

145.0 

13&S 

UO.S 

140  7 

1.17.2 

130.3     ^H 

Dw.... 

i«i:a      i».a 

lOA.  1 

141.  K 

141.  S 

1S&8 

m.7 

14l».7 

136.9 

138.1      ^H 

1907.... 

iM.a  .     ia.0 

ica4 

Lau.3 

IS&V 

U1.4 

127.1 

1U4 

133.7 

ia.a    ^^ 

Ucmth, 

Sblrtiiw*:  bliMehMl. 

«Ik:f«r.                           1 

4-<mat 

1 

iutt« 

XX' 

4-4,WU- 

11ju»»- 

vlUc^,  A  1. 

ATfTagr. 

aiTiam: 

AVVIPL       ^H 

laai 

m.s 

m.9 

lis.  4 

110.0 

mo 

Mfts 

WT.S 

2as.»  ^^H 

]sr.4 

IStuT 

IHl 

US  4 

I22.T 

13R.7 

133.7 

UIB 

u&s  ^^H 

ur.« 

1U.7 

1341 

11&4 

Ul.S 

130.4 

isfLa 

iaB.7 

lULO   ^^1 

ULl 

IS*.  7 

IMl 

11S.4 

nt.s 

133.1 

tSLS 

1S.4 

IMS    ^^H 

^^^HluTk». 

IJLl 

iai.7 

IHl 

Its.  4 

Ul.9 

133  1 

IS0.O 

UIL4 

13S.S  "^^H 

^^^Ht^P''^' 

ULi 

ltt.7 

IMl 

I1&4 

134.1 

m.1 

130.7 

1S1.8 

1S4I  ^^^H 

^^^HdUv.^.. 

ML* 

1M« 

161.  S 

HUT 

IS7.0 

143.  tl 

118.8 

1».8 

isal  I^H 

!«.• 

IftCA 

IMS 

I1M.7 

1X7.0 

1«  0 

U1.4 

1U.S 

ws   ^^B 

l«i» 

Uis 

ISl.S 

11*T 

137.0 

14&8 

U&7 

ltt.3 

lUi         V 

^^^■Aai. 

IMS 

IMS 

lAl.S 

liar 

W7.0 

148.3 

Uft.7 

m.1 

13B.S             ■ 

^K^S"' 

IM.t 

IMS 

ULS 

UN.T 

U7.0 

i«s.a 

tS2.0 

lULO 

12A8              ■ 

His 

l»8 

137.  • 

118.7 

isr.o 

130.8 

ll&l 

10S.0 

ins           ■ 

^^-JMIf.... 

lfiS.4 

143.7 

I4L0 

116.  B 

la.s 

117.4 

131- 1 

138.0 

lajts      ^^M 

^_^  MonUi. 

Mlliffk 

~m 

Indigo 
r.iiw.  *n 

Wtiul.  lo- 

ouno*. 

M?  S?, 

ATi»r- 

Tick-              ■ 

i^       1 

lou  HluZfi 

ion  MIU 

•.<        >«-~ 

1 

;x 

142.1 

lO 

ii            lapj 

l»S 

»4rjJ             1114 

iSJ 

Til  J 

H3.I 

14€ 

^            laoj 

13B.S 

m,h          118.1 

I        Mm.... 

tO.I             110 

J                 ISDJ 

vj&a 

140,5           ua.i 

i8|K.^^^^^I 

142.1  I            140 

J            tao^ 

ISO  J 

140.6 

I3S.7 

i»T  "^^ 

^Lm*3''' 

142.1 

1.-M 

a                 I2BJ 

iJt.t 

140.8 

J2I.T 

133.4 

i§i  J 

^KJuaff.., 

t«.l 

l.tfl 

.s            lao.s 

\X3 

1S4  8 

138.7 

132.4 

^Huljr . . . 

la.i 

isa 

•            i»j 

130  J 

134.8 

132.7 

133.4 

132.0     _^^l 

149.1 

l;t*i 

.tt                   I2D.S 

VXJt 

14IK8 

123.7 

133.4 

SSg.7    ^^H 

i«.] 

MS 

•                 UDJ 

120  J 

140,8 

1»3.7 

IS3  4 

116J    ^^1 

14S.I 

lu 

.«                 I»J 

i2B.a 

14DJ 

1M.7 

1X1  4 

I30.T     ^^H 

^^Eisr... 

149.1 

13S 

.«                 I2»jt 

UBJ              140  .S 

in.7 

U-(.4 

13(1  .r          ■ 

1I9J 

US 

•9                 I9»J 
S                 12S.3 

ia0.S             140.8 

lasj 

I.TI  4 

isii^r          ■ 

^^KF^  *< 

143.1 

IS» 

X302              ISSJ 

la^ 

133  L 

120.4              ■ 

^^H                      ■  A  vvnisp  for  l^Ofr-iao^^lOO-OL                            •  A  ««r«er  h<r  La»2-130»-IOD4L                           ^^B 

p 

WH0LK6ALK  PRICES,   1890  TO   1007. 

^ 

49^ 

1     Tjun.1  III. -MONTHLY  RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES   I^ 

1907-^ 

I 

Continued. 

1 

^1     r ATvaca  iMioe  lor  UMMaM— 1004).    R«lAtir«  pri<w  for  1007  poinDuti>d  Iron  ftTcnuee  crioe  for  ttu  rmr         1 

■ 

shown  la  Tablr  1.] 

1 

■      Uooth. 

Clotlu  and  dotblng. 

1 

m 

UoilrrwiMU'. 

WomeD's  drum  goodfl. 

Htdrti 

ud 

df»wvf», 

«tilt«. 

oUwool. 

etc 

Shirta 
Hnd 

CMb-       Ciuh- 
mere.        mere. 

mare. 

DanliOi 
dotb. 

Franlc- 

Poplar 
olotfa. 

m 

1 

dn  vfrrs.    .  „^, 
whita.  ,AJ"- 
nwrioo.     *«^ 

aU  wool  1  cotton 
10-11         warp. 

iwiU.S^'   9-1  wfU. 

rot  ton 

wnrp. 

cotton 
warp 
and 

Un 
rnck- 
logs. 

cotton 
warp 
and 

wool  and               Incb.At-'  «-4.At- 

llaiuil- 

fUHnir, 

G%. 

AUlDX. 

I 

ootua. 

laotfc  J.  jiAntioK. 

um. 

^\ 

■   ,«.... 

USwt 

100.0 

110.9 

1M.9         145.1 

127.8 

134.  D 

139.1 

109.0 

138.8 

rM>.... 

US.S 

10B.0 

110.9 

1M.9          146. 1 

137.8 

U4.0 

12B.1 

100.0 

138.4 

lUr.... 

IU.S 

ii>ii.o     iin.B 

IMO          145. 1 

127.8 

134.9 

139.1 

100.0 

138.8 

iK:;; 

1118 

100.0      110.0 

IM.9 

145.1 

137.8 

124.9 

139.1 

109.0 

138.8 

U&8 

100.0      110.0 

194.9 

115.1 

127.8 

134.9 

130.1 

100.0 

138.8 

JOM.. 

Ufi.8 

100.0    no.tt 

U4.9 

1483 

137.8 

134.9 

129.1 

109.0 

139. 1 

Jolx.- 

115.  K 

100.0      IIO.D 

194.9 

148.3 

127.8 

134.0 

139.1 

109.0 

129.1 

AOL... 

U5.S 

100. 0      110.9 

144.0 

148.3 

137.8 

134.9 

139.1 

109.0 

130.1 

11S.S 

100.0     110.0 

114.9 

148.3 

137.8 

134.9 

139.1 

100.0 

138.1 

Oel.... 

U3.8 

106.0    no.o 

194.0 

148. 3 

137.8 

134.9 

119.0 

109.0 

127.8 

NOT„    - 

ns.8 

10B.0  1  no.o 

114.9 

148-3 

ri7.8 

134.0 

119.9 

109.0 

127.0 

Dse.... 

11&« 

100.0    no.o 

134.9 

14B.3 

137.8 

134.9 

119.9 

115.4 

I3N.6 

g  --• 

llfi.8 

100.0    no.o 

Ui.9 

147.0 

127.8 

124.8  1 

136.8 

110.1 

138.0 

^V    KoaCh. 

Wool. 

Worsted  Tuna. 

clotbf  and 
clutbtiig. 

n».i«  n».        *^hio.  nMS- 

Xrtng^ 

^40ll.  AiM- 
traUan  Ona. 

xxxx. 

white,  111 

Anra^. 

akain*. 

JWL.... 

m.t 

115.  S 

131.3 

127. 7 

1».l 

188.4 

IIXS 

PW>.... 

117.1 

n&  s 

131.  Jf 

127.7 

120.1 

128  4 

13318 

lUr.... 

U7.I 

nz^i 

lIB.fl 

127.7 

130.1 

138  4 

124.8 

^,:-.;: 

m.i 

iia  & 

119.8 

127.7 

130.1 

im.  4 

125.  3 

m.i 

I12.S 

119.8 

137.7 

12B.  1 

12H  4 

13S.B 

JQM...- 

i3a» 

I12.S 

131  7 

137.7 

127.1 

127   4 

136.9 

Jqfr. .  . 

1V1.9 

112  J 

121.  T 

127.; 

127.1 

127  4 

138.0 

A1W.... 

194.9 

112  J 

m.T 

127.7 

127.1 

137.4 

1313 

8q)l.... 

U4.8 

112.3 

124-7 

127.7 

137.1 

137.4 

120.2 

Oet,.... 

isai» 

113.5 

131.7 

127.7 

130.1 

13»  4 

138.  R 

Nor.... 

1SL» 

113.  J 

121.7 

125.7 

139.1 

137.4 

139.3 

Dm..... 

i»» 

113.5 

131.7 

125.7 

139.1 

127.  4 

137.1 

--• 

m.t 

SI  3.0 

131.5 

137.3 

128.4 

127.9 

136.7 

1 

L 

Fuel  and  llcbtlng. 

.^ 

C^ndlM: 

CoaU                                                                       ^1 

Anthnicltf^. 

Bltum 

tnous. 

H 

»d*- 

■r 

rawk- 
tim. 

Ooomw 
CtiSk 

(at 
mtoe). 

•^ssr 

1 
Pitts- 

'4» 

r 

1<- 
otmc*. 

Bro- 
Inn. 

CIlMt- 

nut. 

ite. 

8ion. 

A^-rr- 
agB. 

a.  0.  b. 

New 
York 
!Ur- 

burg 

;  (YoUgb- 

1  togUfr. 

ATpr- 

ap*. 

■ 

bor). 

__■ 

P    !«..... 

•i.4 

U4.0 

137.7 

137.8 

110.4 

133.7 

168.  S 

116.7 

134.4 

118.8 

,a.P 

F«b.... 

M« 

114.11 

137.7 

137.7 

1».4 

133.7 

KH.K 

no  7 

134  4 

110.0 

134.4 

Mm.,.. 

M.4 

134.1 

137.7 

137.7 

180.5 

1S3.7 

106,8 

110.7 

124.4 

llB.fi 

134.4 

■   ^;-.:..: 

M.« 

124,8 

13.8 

123-8 

117. J 

133.4 

1U6.S 

116.7 

134.4 

»i.o 

138.5 

»4.4 

IW.« 

12ii  1        120.0 

119.3 

124.  1 

im.9 

III!  7 

134.4 

110.0 

130.4 

^H      JuiM^ — 

•4.1 

134.9 

ijn-.'t 

1J0.3 

t£1.4 

130.5 

imn 

110.7 

124.4 

118.8 

130.8 

■      Jul^.  . 

M4 

1349 

i.«  « 

m.9  \     185.0 

138  5 

16S.H 

116.7 

134.4 

136.6 

113.0 

■      Aoi... 

«l.4 

134. 1 

134.7 

U4.8  \    137.6       UD.5 

IM.8 

110.7 

134.4 

llft.O 

133.1 

■      S«pt.... 

M.4     ia4.« 

ir.4 

137.7  1     1**»  i     ^^^ 

103  3 

114,8 

138.3 

115.4 

113.8 

^        4lct 

«s.s  I  n<i  A 

137  rt 

137-8       130.4       133.7 

196.9 

135.8 

132.2 

151.6 

140.8. 

^1       Nor.... 

9ft  V        1219 

1ST   4 

137.7        130.4  ,     132.6 

100.9 

m.8 

140.Q 

154.2 

141.0 

■      Dn 

M.ft       134.  U 

U7.5 

137.7        iau.4        l3J.a 

108.8 

no  7 

140.0 

141.8 

1M.8       , 

■     IW7.... 

04.8  1     1»4.» 

134.1 

1343  j    127.1        tXI.I 

173.0 

118.0 

138.1  .    130.7 

V                   \ 

il 

422 


BULLSXIK    OF  THE   BUBEAU   Of  LABOB. 


Table  III.-MONTULY  RELATIVE    PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN    1907- 

Continued. 


[Avitrmg»prico  for  ltafr-lfiW'100.0.     Rrlstivo  prioo  Tor  1907 oomputcd  from  uvero^  prim  lor  tlw  jwu* 

Rhown  tn  Tabic  I.] 


Foul  and  llghUf«. 

Coke: 

CooneU*- 

vtUo, 
tnnuce. 

pallor, 

dom»BUo. 

PalroiBniii. 

Month. 

Crmto, 

Rofliud. 

Arc  nice. 

Annicfe, 
f  »»l  and 

For 

UO*fti« 

AVvttafB> 

UfhUnc. 

•xpoit. 

tocV  w.  w. 

Jan.... 

300.0 

flfiL4 

173.  e 

llfi.0 

140.1 

ltt9 

I4S.I 

135.9 

Feb.... 

21(1.  K 

8&4 

17X6 

119.4 

lfil.7 

ta&9 

1*1.3 

1.16.  A 

Miir.... 

101.4 

8&4 

ITOil 

110.4 

U1.7 

136.9 

ISO.  I 

t.-U.5 

liSV:;: 

1M.9 

BS.4 

195.6 

isa.9 

151.7 

lavio 

137.9 

133.  1 

1M.B 

K&4 

lft&6 

IKS 

151  7 

138  0 

157.9 

133.0 

Juiw.  . 

13&il 

KA.4 

I9fi.6 

13&3 

151.7 

130.0 

157.0 

UI.2 

Jaiy... 

147.8 

M.4 

195. 9 

laas 

ISI.7 

141.0 

150.3 

KU.V 

At«... 

IK  A 

8&4 

19&.ft 

130.  u 

151.7 

141.0 

130.3 

I«.t 

iea4 

R6.4 

19S.ft 

130,3 

151  7 

141.0 

150. 3 

i3&a 

0&.. 

1717 

M.4 

19S.tt 

iiaa 

151.7 

141.0 

159.2 

139.  9 

Nov . . . 

Ktl.p 

8&4 

19&.« 

134.  S 

151.7 

143.3 

i«a7 

I3U.9 

D»o.... 

117.6 

8&4 

19&.6 

tUB 

151.7 

143  3 

loar 

I.Tl-fi 

IB07.... 

UA.8 

6&4 

19a  & 

137.0 

i&i.a 

UBLl 

1M2 

131^0 

M«tAla  »nd  Lmplenienta 

Bar  Iron. 

Barb 

DutiderB'  tunlwan.          1 

Copper. 

Beat 

Com- 

Month. 

fnini 

iitore 
(1-bUA- 
(ialphU 

tnar- 

mon  to 

Iwat  i«- 

flnM 

(TUtB- 

huni 

nwr- 

win: 

Bolti: 

Door- 

Locka: 

Shaat. 

Avwr- 

van- 
ISBd. 

lOOM 

Joint, 

out, 

3z31n. 

knobs: 

■tMl. 

bronco 
Plat9d. 

com- 
mon 
mi>r- 
tla*. 

A^-cr- 

In- 

hot- 
mllMl 

ass. 

ban. 

kel). 

tot). 

Jan.... 

12&9 

137.3 

133.1 

1019 

190.0 

30&3 

3449 

21X3 

109.5 

174.9 

tT4.7 

m» 

Wk... 

131.7 

135.1 

133  4 

102.9 

U&« 

as&2 

344.8 

3122  aQS.0 

1^     -      ■--   ■         ""^7 

M*r... 

131.7 

l»fi.  1 

133.4 

ltU.9 

I2(ka 

'.115.2 

2ua 

212.2  laotLfl 

v.-                                        .   H 

iS^r- 

Ul.7 

135.1 

133.4 

ln3.9 

1311.  tt 

■JTA-i 

2*4.  S 

315  i   jin  fl 

!■■                                                 ■( 

131.7 

IM.1 

133.4 

102.9 

isaft 

205.2 

U44.' 

...  .  ..    ,.      . 

J  una... 

131  7 

1»3  It 

132  7 

lOil 

mo 

30&3 

244  - 

Juljr.-.- 

131.7 

r.-)  M 

i:<n  s 

104.1 

UO.ft 

206.3 

241 

Aii... 

131.7 

1.' 

^        KM.  I 

laao 

a(tf.2 

24*.  ^ 

_ .  _  _        _   i 

il.-    *            (   .                    -M..  1 

(tept... 

131.7 

' 

100.1 

120.0 

3rV5  2 

244  H 

,'i';    '      ■■,!■  '• 

itw  H     11,7  ;i       ii.i.o 

Oct,. 

125.  A 

!■ 

1011.1 

latLft 

an5.2 

344  s 

J\:  :    ..-,  i 

IM  i>      111   '1        IKl 

Nov.... 

119.5 

VJ,  «. 

i.'ii  r.  1     icm.  1 

laj 

3rA2 

244  ti 

■.■I.;  -•   iiv.  5 

uti.  h     iw.  ;i 

liEi.» 

Poc.. 

119. 5 

I'JI.  1) 

119  8     icm.i 

TTA'i 

244.x 

212  2    in.  5 

l»t  li     1 1:^.7 

ll.^A 

WOT.... 

m, 

131.3 

130.0       104.3       130.0 

205.2 

2US 

3112    172-2 

1 

ICK  3     ii;4. 1 

109.3 

pig- 

plpo. 

Nalla. 

Pig  Iron. 

Month. 

Cut.           Wire. 
ft-p«miy.  S-tmmy, 

and      1      and 

Aivr- 

n»r. 

F 

oundrr 
No.  1. 

Found  nr 
No.  3. 

Ot%f 
torn, 

kOIIUl' 

era, 

Atrr- 

oommoa.^  oommon. 

coke. 

Jan.... 

\U.i 

I4S.4 

117.  ft 

97.1 

W7.4 

100.  s 

1M.8 

19A1 

909.  T 

19a  3 

Fteb.... 

100.1 

140.4 

117.  B 

97.1 

107.4 

MB.  7 

1M.9 

190.1 

209.7 

IBB.  9 

MB.r... 

197.  & 

149.4 

117.(1 

97.1 

107.4 

lflO.0 

1&1.5 

100.4 

303.8 

iA5.e 

i&V.-: 

1Ct,6 

149.4 

117  ft 

97.1 

107.4 

170.9 

179.4 

193. 3 

209.7 

IMAL 

100.1 

140.4 

117.0 

97,1 

107  4 

174.6 

170.7 

104.2 

rai4 

lNfl.7 

Juura. 

161.7 

112.0 

117.  n 

97.1 

107.4 

177,9 

173,0 

204.3 

IM  4 

im.0 

July... 

137.  H 

ICO 

117.  n 

9>.  1 

107.4 

172.7 

lflP.5 

lMi.4 

IW.  4 

Utt.1 

Auff.. . 

135.3 

134.  S 

130.4 

97  1 

10(1.9 

WW  6 

153.0 

1K3.1 

1N0.4 

172.8 

Sept... 

13(L5 

134.5 

V£i.l 

90.5 

111.3 

1A&9 

143.1 

17\4 

173.0 

164.5 

oei.... 

123.  H 

127.0 

iao.4 

99.5 

110.0 

IDA  2 

137.8 

lOSO 

171.3 

159.0 

Nov... 

IJD.: 

137.0 

ltlL3 

9U.5 

107.0 

147.7 

181.3 

154.4 

1ML1 

1«A4 

Pw..,. 

111.5 

ll.\» 

tl«3 

IM  .1 

107  0 

143  3 

m.9 

14(V7 

l4Kti 

141.4 

1907...- 

144.9 

130. 3 

1        11*3 

97.9 

ion  I 

,«., 

i(n.4 

ifeo 

IML) 

174.9 

WHOLESALE   PRICES,   IMH)   TO    1007. 


423 


Table  III.— MONTHLY  RELATIVE   PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN    1907— 

(^Vmiinucd. 

lATenCtt  prfoe  Cor  ISMHlflM— lOIXa    Rnlfttlvo  prtcc  for  1007  compated  from  aviaaco  price  tor  tbo  rear 

ihown  in  T«bli>  I.} 


Steel 

[ 

Tbi  plates: 

Month. 

SSSJ: 

SDTen 

Spelter: 
VMt«ra. 

Steel 

bUlele. 

HtMl 

mils. 

•beeU: 

blAck,  No. 

27.  1 « . 

Tin:  pig.  1 

domMtte* 
Boiaonier, 
coke,  14x^ 

■ 

1 

)n.(*) 

Jv.... 

•A.5 

92.A 

147.  S 

1 311.  6 

107.4 

III.O 

227.9 

110.8 

»*..- 

«LA 

93.7 

\M7 

137  0 

107.4 

III  6 

231.5 

110.1 

lUr... 

9ILS 

9a9 

U3.8 

134.7 

107.  4 

III.O 

228.3 

119.  ft 

M.8 

tt.2 

1S1.2 

l«t..% 

107.4 

III.O 

217.9 

119.  S 

M.8 

SBlO 

14B.7 

140  8 

10*.  4 

111.6 

234.5 

USlI 

^^B  Janft.-. 

M.S 

9a5 

14S.9 

137.  ft 

107  4 

lU.A 

23^0 

119.8 

^^HAriV... 

S3L1 

9L8 

141. 2 

130  4 

107.4 

111.6 

233.0 

119.8 

^^B  JkOff 

flS.1 

9S.7 

129.4 

lau.c 

107.4 

lU.A 

211.3 

119.8 

^^■'■■M... 

Ml 

91.4 

m.s 

1»>  4 

107.4 

III.  A 

202.2 

119.8 

^^BOn^... 

g&6 

B41 

119.5 

1.11.0 

107  4 

111.6 

ISO.O 

119.8 

lOBLl 

»13 

131.7 

130  1 

107.4 

111.0 

100.7 

119.8 

lOHI 

la? 

102.4 

130.1 

107.4 

U1.6 

163.9 

119^8 

fr.t 

9a.i 

136. 5 

135.9 

107.4 

Utfl 

211.1 

1191.8 

II           Month- 

TdoU. 

Atwm: 
sxtni, 
t-tnefa. 

Axm: 
M.C.O.. 
Ytnlne. 

extra, 

•ocket 
&mier, 

l-iuch. 

rata:          Hun- 
s-Inch,        n»rs: 

mm         HftTUole 
bestiird.        Nu.  I|. 

PUnea: 
Bailey 
No.  5. 

8«wa. 

CroMcut, 

Di«»ton. 

Hanil, 
Dlflston 
No.  7. 

AvcragB, 

Ib.::: 

BI.9 

144.9 

2S7.6 

UB.4 

129.0 

115.7 

IOQlO 

101.3 

100.7 

20.9 

144.9 

xn.6 

118.4 

129.0 

116.7 

100.0 

101.  S 

100.7 

'          Mm.... 

331.9 

144.9 

3S7.0 

11N.4 

139.0 

115.7 

100.0 

101.  :i 

100.7 

333.9 

144.9 

237.6 

117.3 

129.0 

115.7 

100.0 

101.3 

100.7 

32X9 

144.0 

337.6 

117.3 

129.0 

115.7 

100.0 

101.. 1 

100.7 

^^H  JonA.. . 

an.9 

144.9 

317.0 

117.3 

139.0 

116.7 

lOQ.O 

101.3 

100.7 

^^H  Jalv 

2n.9 

144.0 

217.* 

117. 3 

130.0 

115.7 

100.0 

101.3 

100.7 

^^Bj2b 

fia.i> 

144.9 

237.6 

117.3 

129.0 

lt.V7 

100.0 

IUI.3 

100.7 

^^^^^Hi^ 

ni.9 

144.fi 

237.6 

IKkl 

129.0 

115  7 

100.0 

101.3 

100.7 

^^^^^^ET 

SS.9 

144.9 

237.6 

im.  1 

120. 0 

115.7 

1U0.U 

iOt.;i 

100.7 

^^^^^HF. 

ati.9 

144.9 

337.0 

114.0 

129.0 

116.7 

100.0 

ioi.;i 

100.7 

^^^■^&. 

9Ett.9 

144.9 

196.0 

114.0 

13M.0 

115.7 

100.  n 

1(11.3 

100.7 

Hjmt.... 

144.9 

334.3 

117.0 

139.0 

lis.  7 

100.0 

101.3 

100.  r 

^^   Moath. 

Tools. 

Wood 

screws: 

l-bich.No.lo, 

flatbed. 

KInc: 
■beet. 

Awraev, 

raetJil.i  nnd 
ImplemrnLft. 

ShoTcU: 
Amos  No.  ^ 

Trowels:  M.    VIms:  votld  ! 
C.  0..  brick.        \yax,  50-      ,    Arnngf. 
lO^neh.           pound.      i 

^■^jN»*-* 

99.7 

100.0 

147.4  '            115.7 

SO  .7 

142.9 

147.9 

99 .7 

100.0 

147. A              115.7 

NO  7 

145.5 

1401 

^^B'  ^ff 

99.7 

lOOO 

147.4 

115.7 

SO  .7 

147.2 

148-8 

H^.::: 

99.7 

100  0 

147.4 

115.7 

SO  .7 

14)4.9 

I4g.4 

D9.7 

icn.o 

147.4 

115.7 

SO. 7 

14fl9 

1484 

9»7 

Kiri.O 

147.4 

115.7 

HD7 

14«.V 

148.1 

^■'%" 

90.7 

im  u 

H7.4 

113.7 

W,7 

143.9 

140.9 

W.7 

KJOO 

147.4 

115.7 

».T 

144.11 

lfl.7 

^^H  pwn 

90.7 

1(J0.0 

147 .4 

115.7 

8D.7 

114.2 

140.8 

^^H23r^ 

99.7 

KM)  0 

147.4 

115  7 

m  7 

13U.9 

135.4 

^^H^Vbuv 

99.7 

100 .0 

147.4 

115,7 

80,7 

139.9 

133.1 

^^BtCL 

99.7 

100.0 

147.4 

115.; 

S0.7 

121  3 

139.8 

^■iwr.-.. 

99.7 

100.0 

147.4 

115.7 

80.7 

140.9 

143.4 

*  .\\Trn{rerurtbeperkHl,Ju]v,  1804.  to  December,  isoo— inna 
6  \vcrugo  for  l«BlCi»9:=t00.a 


37691— Xu.  75-  08- 


10 


424 


BUU-ETi:?    OF   THE    BUBEAU   OF  UABOR. 


Tabl*  UI.— MONTULY  RKLATIVE    PRU'ES  OF   C'OMMOTHTTKS  TK   IftOT— 

Continued . 

lAvfTo^'  [>rkv  lot  Iwu-UiVJ-  UIUU^    iit>l&llT«  pncv  for  lOu;  ccnunilm]  Iruu  avcjast:  urUc  lot  Utt  i CMr 

mown  in  Tabto  l.J 


LuMibor  ud  liulUai«  nwMrtala. 

lioath. 

""'*            uflead: 
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.. .._        JuaBTlCUl. 

CmaaaU 

POOTK 

Lbnc 

u^l 

domostlo.* 

ROMDdOli, 

Av«fMO. 

ploo.     '  oomnMO.  1 

oil:  x»W. 

Jan.... 

113.4 

127.4 

81.7 

107.1 

04.0 

100.0 

UX4 

£1 

V«b.... 

ll4.fl 

lift.* 

tt.T 

107.1 

M.0 

!<».« 

mo 

Mm-.... 

U4.S 

II&H 

817 

W7.1 

M.0 

10^.0 

m.4 

io3 

9t.i 

i33.a 

83.7 

1117.1 

04.0 

iM.e 

13X4 

■La 

106.8 

113.3 

«a.7 

107.1 

M.0 

108.0 

107.4 

M-i 

^:.; 

IM.« 

IXLS 

0X7 

M7.t 

»t.O 

IMO 

107.4 

OT.f 

IIA.0 

las 

M.7 

107.1 

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100. 0 

yn.i 

•X* 

Any 

110.(1 

12}.  3 

85.3 

107. 1 

00.3 

100.0 

107.4 

M.I 

0ni-<« 

uai 

U3.3 

ta.3 

107.1 

00.3 

100.0 

107.4 

•«.• 

Hi.... 

105. « 

tl4.7 

8ft.3 

107.1 

00.3 

173  3 

107.4 

lOXf 

jCvv'*... 

in.  4 

114.7 

n.o 

107.1 

M.4 

173.3 

Uff.4 

10X0 

Bm.... 

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114.7 

7T.6 

un.i 

0014 

1&1.1  i 

12X4 

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nor.... 

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laas 

0X4 

107.1 

MO 

107.0. 

IU.t 

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Lnrab*r. 

fe_. 

Hem. 

M«pl^ 

0*k:  wUto.            i                                     Plw. 

noth. 

t 

1              WMto*  bMfda. 

lotfc. 

hud. 

IvmL 

AWf- 

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bani. 

VV9^n. 

Avera^. 

Awnqtik 

«;:::: 

IMiO 

m.o     taa» 

i«ikO 

142  7 

103.3 

IMD 

108.0 

IBS.  3 

IMI 

IMO 

117,0      141 A 

I4»0 

I4.V  t 

102.3 

1MB 

IMO 

1M3 

Mil: 

gE 

MIO 

me      140.  t 

I4IlO 

US  0 

102.2 

IOOlO 

MHO 

IMS 

>^i 

Mun 

121  fl        141V  » 

1«0lO 

IViO 

102.2 

IMO 

108.0 

1M3 

ttXi 

MIO 

122  «       IM  S 

140LO 

lSti.7 

lf7.4 

aoLi 

IMS 

IM3 

UI7.i 

IHO 

122.  r.      in« 

14K0 

121.3 

107.4 

301.  1 

1M3 

188.3 

ur.i 

IMO 

132  ft        K'a  9 

1400 

l.M.  9 

107.4 

3DL1 

190i3 

IMS 

t«r.i 

4U| 

MO 

121 U        ]4tLlV 

14*0 

l«>.  S 

107.4 

301.1 

1M.3 

IMS 

107.1 

Bim.... 

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121ft        I4i» 

l4ftD 

I4IV7 

107.4 

IM.l 

IM3 

IMS 

HI7.i 

On..... 

IMD 

121 «        1413 

140  0 

141V  7 

107,4 

sni 

Ma3 

109.3 

m-i 

MLO 

122.0       141  a 

140.0 

I4n.  7 

107.4 

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9M3 

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MHO 

122- «        I4i  0 

140.  0 

14(17 

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1M3 

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I2L  7        147.  & 

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IMS 

iftr.il 

Lumbar. 

n«tP  pln-M-  p«H«lM<rt.  glKXlcg. 

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Mmth, 

Popfcir. 

Bpraes. 

AW.C* 

Oxldo 
olilBe. 

An  . 
6).. 

twl.       J       kvl.       1 

.^vwa^e. 

Fntty. 

2WI.... 

17a  6 

174.3 

146.0 

T948 

77.2 

oat 

70.7 

75.9 

38&.t 

Mb 

i7aa 

W4.a           !(]£.« 

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77.2 

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7M.7 

7.Vfl 

iMi 

Mlfr.... 

IM.* 

J74.2  :        injt.li 

1M5 

77.3 

efri 

78.7 

7RV 

^f^M 

t«l» 

174  3           lfA» 

IMS 

77.3 

ao.1 

7R.7 

76. » 

zyiM 

mut^,.. 

lOft.1 

174.2 

172.0 

KM  6 

77.2 

80.1 

78.7 

7S.9 

mlS 

Jhh,, 

IfO.! 

174.3 

17a  3 

IMQ 

77.3 

8Q.I 

7M.7 

7s.a 

»xj 

Jaiy.... 

ma 

174.2 

171X3 

IMS 

,77.3 

80  1 

78,7 

76. 9 

mt.m 

M»-- 

1».7 

174.3 

170.  & 

IMS 

77.3 

OOLl 

78.7 

76  » 

stxi 

M— 

xm.r 

174.3  >        lfl0.» 

IMS 

n.3 

80.1 

78.7 

75.  V 

oa...       ji».7 

14(1.4          IOT-1 

IMS 

77.3 

eat 

78.7 

7a.  B 

3M4i 

KoT.    .            1W.7 

I4fv  4           W7.1 

134  6 

77  2 

80  t 

78.7 

76.0 

301*1 

D«....          IW.T 

1 40.  4           107. 1 

IMS 

7X3 

Mil 

78.7 

76.11 

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107.  a          U8. 0 

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77.3 

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78.7 

76.0 

30i< 

Arn-sfe  for  1M»»IM8  ■  Iflli  X 


WI10LES.VLE   FRirrS,   IflJJO  TO   1907. 


495 


Tmbik  fU.— monthly  REL.\Tr\T-:   PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES  IN  1907- 

Continued, 


prk*  for  1990- 1! 


■100.0.    R«l>llvit  prlr«  for  IMTT  roiiiput«d  from  uTenge  prfra  for  %hm  fvmx 


UtolMr  AJkd  ImiB41i«  mHU?riiUs. 

Shingles. 

Turpaa- 

Window  fllu*:  Aavrlcaji, 

ArorajEV, 

Tae. 

tln«r 

gptitU 

0L 

tinu. 

TUr4a. 

%ntt  liiriM- 

Cyptm. 

Itad 

Av«n««L 

0x8to 
10  s  IS 

•  x8tO 
lOxlS 

Aront** 

Inf  mate- 
rUiU. 

inch. 

Inch. 

1^ 

m^ft 

i7r.« 

157. 1 

IM^l 

tta.i 

133.9 

1343 

nsii 

144  » 

^^^B- 

ms 

»6.4 

1M.Q 

Mas 

33L4 

lS.*0 

1343 

I38LI 

147.8 

H^^ 

tS42 

n6.4 

1748 

MOiO 

339.8 

134  3 

1341 

144  1 

IMl3 

aoiko 

laai 

3»4 

tm.i 

133.0 

rju.3 

1M.I 

130  S 

IU3 

3U.3 

U3L7 

mx» 

301.0 

133.0 

1%3 

I.TO.  I 

L*U4 

m^^— 

IM2 

184  7 

lift  6 

tW.3 

1M.4 

133.0 

L343 

130  1 

l«  8 

^^^C. 

l»43 

31.13 

IW.7 

307.6 

UOLS 

133.0 

(343 

13011 

110  3 

^^^P 

1943 

3J0..T 

IW.J 

SfT-i 

17V.  6 

124  4 

1M.3 

122.8 

1»0 

pHK? 

1M3 

313.2 

183.7 

IMift 

174  3 

130.4 

1Sl3 

va.9 

1*7  3 

sKaa> 

1043 

■6.4 

1748 

na» 

104  A 

13&4 

1IS.3 

12&8 

1440 

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t«.S 

MB.I 

1CL7 

Mm* 

1A1.S 

1344 

110.3 

1318 

lea 

"Vnu 

HkS 

KLI 

1«.7 

na.8 

144  6 

1244 

110.3 

t3l8 

U7.2 

mm.... 

l«LS 

»L5 

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m.^ 

188^8 

130.  a 

1343 

m.8 

1449 

BvoaSlk 

pTag9  and  ctatiulcais. 

Ateohul: 
fffaio. 

.Ueohol; 
wooU. 

crat. 

.ilinn: 
lump. 

Drim- 
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cruiW, 
wvnrKia. 

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UurlaUc 
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Opium : 

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11  nl.  Xn^ 
cuaa. 

eajk 

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pharte 

■614:00^. 

dnigi 

ana 

dMinieala. 

114  0 

41.0 

104.8 

108,7 

044 

130.8 

1B0.4 

77.2 

113  4 

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^^^^^KT 

LML* 

41.0 

104.8 

1049 

M.8 

13».8 

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80.4 

112.4 

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41.0 

104.8 

1040 

n.9 

128.8 

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112.4 

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41.0 

104.8 

10(1.0 

03.0 

130.8 

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77.3 

112.4 

1040 

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1840 

41.0 

104.  S 

1011.0 

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1(10.6 

73.2 

112.4 

104.8 

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1140 

41.0 

104.8 

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130.8 

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712 

113.4 

104.4 

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10.0 

41.0 

104.8 

1040 

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130.8 

201.3 

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1IZ4 

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104.8 

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101.  t 

130.8 

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040 

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mo 

41.0 

104  8 

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130.8 

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104.8 

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1441 

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1040 

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156.8 

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1044 

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100.6 

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151.4 

J217 

1417 

■  426 

BUIXETTN    OF   THE   BUREAU   OF  LABOR.                                             1 

H     Tablb  Itl.-MONTHLY  RELATIVE    PRICES   OF  COILMODITIES  IN  1907-        J 

^1 

Concluded.                                                                         1 

^H     [Aveniso  price  for  1MXK18W— 100.0.    Kelsllvo  prJn«  for  IW»;  roropnU-J  tmin  •Trtmgfl  prlir  lor  lh«  jroaf         | 

^^^^H 

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ncntM  rurntKhlng  goods.                                                                          I 

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106.3 

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1 . 

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1 

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104.  )t        105.  n 

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P  ,«.... 

lU.fi 

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3S7.1 

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113.4 

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319.3 

135.3                71  3 

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12&7 

153.8 

333.1 

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313.0 

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102.3 

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134.11 

156.7 

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184.8 

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nuuOU. 

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toundry. 

Smoking. 
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of  N.  r. 

Avonvi. 

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1»l6 

147.4 

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107.8 

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ii«.:i 

130.0         1 

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114.9 

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118.3 

123.  j^J 

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114.9 

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141  fi 

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141.  tt 

143.4 

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118.0  , 

117.9 

118  3 

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114.9 

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117.9 

118.3 

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141  tf 

130  S 

123  0 

114. 9 

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117. 9 

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I^^^H^^^H^ 

WHOUfl&ALE  PRICES,  1890   TO   1907.                                  427 

^L^TABtE  IV.— AVKRAGE    YEARLY    ACTUAL   AND    RELATIVE  PRICES  OF 

^■H    CdMMODlTIES,    1800   TO    1907,    AND   BASE    PRICES   (AVERAGE    FOR 

^^V     1890-1899). 

^H         [For  expUiutlon  And  discuMion  of  tbis  taliU*.  vcc  pdrc  A37.    For  a  mom  deUUed  deacripUon  of  Uia 
^m                                                                           uU£le«,  »M^mhtii  l.J                                                                          i 

Farm  produeU.                                                         '' 

B«rl«y:  by 

Cattle:  •Uwra.  |  Cattle:  eU»n,      Corn:  No.  2. 

Cotton:  Qpland, 

^^H 

aunple. 

choice  to  exl  ra.   good  to  ohotoe.           oath. 

middUng. 

A«>eni^ '  RrlA- 

Average 

Rela-  Awrage 

llTo    ipriwper' 
price.  [  100  lbs. 

Rela-  AntngM 

ReU- 

AwiagW   Rela- 

prioe  perl   tlve 

price  iwr    ttve 

pnc«_per 

100  ItM. 

tive    pnc*  i>er 

livo 

^1 

litwbfi.    price. 

priw.    bushel. 

price. 

pound. 

price.       * 

^m           Aserago,  1890-ISm. . 

«X4£M 

1000 

$&no3 

loao    H7347 

lOaO     $0.3804 

100.0 

$o.ona3 

100.0 

^m      ...« ^ 

.6002 

lU.fl 
134.5 

ii:v2 

4.8W7 
S.SSfil 

91.5  i     4.1375 
110.0       £.0070 
95.  7        4  4111)5 

87.  4         .  3Ufia 
107.7'       .5744 
M.  0         .4500 

1(J18 
)5L0 
ltK.3 

.ua» 

.08003 

.07(»0 

142.9       1 
1108 
99.0       1' 

^H           tt9l , 

^m      u» 

^H      iffn 

.«»5 

.6134 
.4300 

.3230 
.4348 
.4435 

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113.S 
M.8 
(t&.7 
71.3 

y&9 

97.6 

5.S^U 
5.1S91 
fi.484B 
4.3057 
&.235S 
5.V79 
8.9188 

103.  S        i.93H 
07.0       4.A245 

1011        4.0§44 
Stt.4       4  2712 
98.3       4.TTm 

101. 1        4.8840 

112.8      5.3851 

KG.  2         .39M 
t)5.  0  1       .  4X2lt 

104  3 
1117 
104.0 
fi7.8 
ai.9 
82.0 
87.8 

.08319 

.07002 

.07298 

.07913 

.07153. 

.00973 

.08678 

107.3 

gaa     i 

040 
100.0 
92.3 
719 
847 

^V      I'f 

^H       irrfMi 

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90.2 
100.8 
103.3 
1117 

.3055 
.3560 
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.3144 
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10A.3 
12V.  8 
139.4 
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&7827 
(11217 
7.4721 
fi.9678 

108.7  i     5  3038 
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140.4       (KiS^Z 
104.7  1     5t(M115 

1119 

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138.5 
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.3811 
.4900 
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.4008 

100.2 
130.0 

121.1 

.00009 
.08027 
.08032 
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121 » 
111.1 
1111 
144  7 

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107.0 
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112.0  1     i  1923 

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113,1 

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1^2.6 
131.7 
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1410 

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0.5442 

133L0 

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122.8 

.5280 

138.8 

.11870 

1510 

I  Iliilps:  Kre«n, 

Flauced :  Ko.  1 . 

Hay:  ttmoth/.  siUiod.pQokFrB, 
No.  1.            boavy  native 
ateora. 

Hoga:  hMxy. 

Hogi:  Ucbt. 

^^^B 

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RelA- 

Avrngv 

Relft-  ATemiv    Rcla- 

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Rela- 

Avemee'  R«U- 

prtoepei 

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price  per 

Vive    pncp  por    live 

pnof  per 

tive 

price  perl   tiva 

buvbot. 

price. 

tou. 

priDii.     pound,     pnoe. 

100  Ibi. 

price. 

IQUlbs. 

price 

^1         Annifr,  1M0-1AN.. 

n.iias 

100.0 

810.4304 

lOaO     IO.OB37 

100.0 

$14123 

loao 

K4305 

IOOlO 

^H           iMnrt  ^ 

i.awiT 

1060$ 
1.017B 
1.0B75 
l.^tSXl 
1.3HS 
.8119 
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i.ni& 

L15» 
1.(223 
1.(027 

B7.I 
91.4 
97.7 
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111.8 
7i.9 
78.1 
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104.0 
145.7 

ii&.B 

9.9U63 
12.2Sfil 
U,  S-'ITS 
11*107 
ID.  IIfs3 
ll..%44 
KlXJIJO 
&4433 
8.3317 
10.  074A 
11.5^7.1 
12  ffiM 

05.8 
117.8 

las 

1U7.4 
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79.9 
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.OKH 
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.0870 
.0749 
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.0611 
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.1151 
.1235 

99.8 

101.5 
92.8 
79.9 
68.4 
100.7 
86  8 
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122  8 
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3.9534 
44229 

51550 
d548b 
4  9719 

4  2781 
3.3579 

,t5W)6 

89.8 

loaa 

11(18 
148.4 
11Z7 
97.0 
78.1 

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43404 
5.0675 
8.5752 
49327 
42533 
15501 
17323 
17867 
4  0709 
11135 
19177 

88.8 
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14a  7 

111.8 
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810 
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1117 
1319 

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18053       Ml  2 

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40304 
5.0815 

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91.5 

115.3 
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110  9         .1104  ,  127.4 
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t.WS7 
1.0471 
1.  lOffi 
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1.1(07 
1.1808 

115.0 
94.1 
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107.0 
90.1 

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11  fH-Vl 
11.7108 

ii.:>^itfO 

12.W115 
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120  1)         .133N  1   143.  R 

8.9704 

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5.15S0 
52913 

&3351 

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158.0 
137.3 
11A.8 
119.9 
141.3 
137.8 

6.7353 
(L0541 
11481 
18313 
6.3274 
6.3163 

lfi2.4 
137.0 
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iaa4 

1411 
140,8 

^H                1(1M 

119.2 
112.5 
107.  9 
134  3 
102.4 

.11^9      124.8 
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.1430      162.8 
.1543      184. 7 
.1456     155.3 

^H                IBTIJ 

^H             lorkt 

^H            iw^v 

^H 

jETi:;  or  the  bubeaij  of  iaik>b. 


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BO   TO    1B07,    AKD    UAljE    PRICED    (AVERAGE    FOR 


iDttr. 


Pan?  pitHtuotB. 


Hop:  J3.Y. 
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cash. 


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WfiOLB&ALE   PRlC'E6y  1«W>  lO   1W7.                                  429  ^J 

Tat—    f%  -WFRAGE  YEUVRI.Y   ACTVAL  AKD    RELATIVE   PRICES  OF^^I 

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^V^ 

pclDB  ptf    Uv«    prk*  pRT    llv« 

prteper 

tlT6 

liv«* 

prtwprr,  Hvi' 

■ 

ilmtii 

pntm. 

qnfauL 

price. 

twrRl. 

prire. 

^k||p».  UM.IM 

lOLOQir 

lOOLO 

•0  1313 

loao 

laiora 

100.0 

ISifiMO 

100.0 

83.7703 

100.0 

10B.4 

107.2 

.1046 
.Z1«0 
.3107 

09lI 

iiao 

11Ql4 

&.S77I 

«.7aB 

101.7 
130.5 
13&.3 

3.5ia> 
4.7008 
X937fi 

98.3 
1940 

77.8 

^^^^^B* 

.IMl 

.lOU 

at::,;::::;::::::: 

.ion  !  100- '1 

i'—  I 

.3347 

114.& 

oa.6 

«.aaQS 

&,BGB8 

1143 
100.7 

S.812fi 

asBsa 

lOLO 
B0.9 

iS::::::z:::::::: 

.IMO 

107.4 

;S 

04,1 

KLO 

.imi 

tt3.» 

!l74t 

loao 

«*^7 

4.3063 

98.9 

7A4 

3.i3na 

3.afi43 

8L8 

m,9 

Hff 

ss 

80.1 
flELS 

on 

«IL4 
«.2 

.1719 
.lgl7 

92.0 

4.0000 
4.0007 

83.0 

3.oaM 
4.aaa 

•6.6 

111.4 

■MB 

m  . 

.im 

.Mil 

.  iia 

iaBL» 
ii4.a 

102.4 
I14.I 

.dlM 
.Mtt 

fil.« 

44.4 

.lft»4 
.IW7 

.3010 
.3400 

101.6 

ioa7 

IOR.T 
122.7 

Aia64 

Aaou 

AOOOO 

92.0 
•4.9 

107.2 
9L2 

5.0613 

SkOBa 

4.9792 
4.9US3 

133.3 
134.0 

iai.9 

13«.9 

SBl!. :.:.;:..;.:;:: 

Ml 

ML  

.1217 

.toi» 

132.3 
101.2 

.0660 

<L6 

.34U 
.MOO 

133v2 
18A0 

a.aMO 

7.2BI3 

10&.0 
13014 

&7203 

lAl-T 

5.4231  1     14A4 

■^IB 

.1213 

.uia 

I22.S 
lAO 

.mil 

03.4 

01.  s 

I3B.3 
IILX 

ilmm 

132.4 

la^3 

6.00110  ,     1Ml9 
0.34»  1     108.0 

Mi 

MV 

_  l«IA        IJIS 

00.1 

.tm 

141.3 

7.7360 

ias.0 

0.  UOO  j     10S.9 

..     -|.      . 

^H                                                                        aWelcliC  latere  bakloc. 

4  BO 


BUIXETIX    OF   THE   BUBEAU    OF   LABOR. 


Tadle   IV.— average    VEARLY   ACTUAL   AND   RELATIAT-   PRICES  OF 
COMMUDITIEy.     1890    TO    1907,    AND    BASE    PRICES    (AVERAGE    FOR 

l8W>-lHm);— iVmlinuet!. 


Yflnr. 


(irioe  pBf     tlvo     prim  |Nir 

bftrrul.  I  i'tio\  j  I2  cann.    ; 


FkKMl.ota. 


Flah :  niArkerol, 
Mlt.  l»rgo 

No.Sa. 


Fich;  aalmoD, 


FkmrtUook- 

wbMt. 


tkmriTy. 


Floar:  wImhiI, 
aprtag  (wMttu. 


114. 1300 
IS.3S00 
I&.313S 
13.(0)0 
UtlOOO 
tl.OUO 
LA.03M 
13.9167 

ixsan 

19.  MUM 
10.  SIM 
aTSOO 
17.  MTV 
14.9000 
13.0107 
14.7»17 
13.91«7 


lOOiO 

ia».2 

108.4 
V3.0 
09.0 
78.2 

110.0 

oas 

M.S 
B&7 
107. 0 
0(t.3 

7a  0 

07.3 
123.5 

iaz.n 

DS.S 
1017 
06.5 


«1.473l 
L«il7 
l.fiOOO 

i.48sa 
i.mt» 

I.42SO 
l.fi042 
I.6«I0 
1.3I7« 
1.3007 
l.wrj 
I  : 

1.1 .. 

i.fiauB 

i.72ao 

1.7043 
1.M33 
1.0070 


100,0 
111.4 

101.. "1 

ion.  7 
101.4 
M.7 
102.1 

mn 
ma 

til'.    H 


91.943S 
20214 

■i  t4ao 

I.7W1 
2.ai[79 
Z4SS7 

i.asDo 
i.4nso 
1  ssoi 


1  Hi.  0 
117.  I 

115.7        .    . 
114,3  I     i-XiiH 
113.2       ^&7t4 


tl    l._ 



r.    1- 

loao 

•3.3171 

loao 

94.3072 

104.0 

3.3IMA 

101  4 

&.  laso 

IW.  7 

4.J»3nH 

UH.1 

ALa(A3 

9S.\ 

4-0H17 

121  I 

4.34ni 

13i.0 

3.0«154 

WO 

ioora 

125.4 

3. 7813 

IQ.S 

3  5047 

fia.2 

3.1X13 

ft4.fi 

Xa434  1 

71.1 

3.  IMS 

«).tt 

s.;w7 

7fi.4 

2.80C3 

»CG 

4..'i013 

70.  B 

8  WIS 

•a  9 

C73« 

1  IH    1 

::  'J-jtm 

'fi  4 

a.7:«» 

XMZ3 
3  8104 

-i 

3  s.  A? 

U4.tf 

4 

1.11. 1 

.^ 

1 

134  7 

5  i:- 

no.0 

a.(iiiH 

11X.B 

4.2;ui  , 

>».« 

4.0021 

138.7 

«.lf7.V>  ' 

bVLfi 

1IS.& 


YMr. 


Flour  whrol, 

winter 

ttralgltu. 


tlOO ■  4.il.'ii4 


IffH 

IW.V 
1S90. 


'■■  I.' 

■  v. 

I 


1000. 
IBOK 
1003. 

tWf.{. 

|im4. 

IINNI. 

iuri7 


4.acoG 

4.I4&2 

x.ipce3 

3.  MO 

ISOtt 

a.4tt& 

8.r«o 

4.n«4 

4.  Mas 

3.*1H9 

xw:? 

100.0 
131.0 

127.0 
107.2 
AS.4 
71. R 
M.0 
04  1 
113.4 
U»7.8 
fW.0 
S7.I 

uo 

00.7 
VXi 

m.fi 

U&l 
04.0 
103.7 


Fruit:  MPlofl,  I 
evftporftuxt.    j 
enotov. 

Avvni|c«>|  Rol»- 
prtro  pir,  th-P 
pound.  !  prkv. 


ID.0R47 
.1130 
.1100 
.0088 

.or/? 

.IIMI 
.007* 
.0(33 
.OMfi 

.OiO^ 
.0015 
.OTOB 
.0021 
.001) 

.oooa 

.0600 

.0078 
.0M3 


100.0 
IHl 

13B.0 

81.  a 

10D.4 
12^.0 
80.0 
flQ.O 
06.6 

lavi 

102.0 

n.fi 

83,  T 
10H.7 
7J  I 
71.2 

82.  S 
ll.V.1 


Krult.ftpplM, 
•ud-<1cim]. 


10.0316 

.nnort 

.0423 

.a<MH 
.nut 

.0481 
.0012 
.0007 

.om 

.0010 
.0443 

.0410 
.0007 
.0432 
.0303 
.U34S 
.0&32 
.OtIW 


Fruit;  cnr- 
riuit».  la 
b»rn(l«. 


U*3 


KD.  0      10 

0a7iS 

lUfLO 

lu. 

1X4.  0 

IH7(( 

127.6 

im  V 

0430 

113.0 

«>  1 

0307 

7tt2 

Wttl 

CC70 

7ao 

122.  r. 

0173 

4(V1 

03.4 

[Q.'H 

07.7 

(10.0 

\<i?7 

H7  ■> 

fil.R 

77.3 

118.4 

-I 

SA.0 

■  ■,  _^ 

;ij  1) 

70.6 

'■'  M 

.'.'1   <» 

UN.4 

'I'M 

i:u.; 

83  0 

0470 

121V  W 

04  7 

048B 

13a  1 

07.6 

04M 

130.  T 

103.3 

Ortl4 

1*0.7 

123.  B 

0703 

187.5 

osnv 
tms 

Qftftl 

o«ii 
.o«u 

,0«M 

,0646 


Si 

7ao 


*ESALE  PRICES,  1890  TO   1907, 


481 


•ahik  nr.— average  yearly  actual  and  relative  prtces  of 

roMMOniTIES.    1890    TO    1907.    AND    BASE    PRICES    (AVERAGE    FOR 

H>yO-H<yy}— Conunut'ii . 


Food. etc 

Tmr. 

Frnlt:  dUaIiu, 
OtUnmla,  Loo- 
dun  lA)Yr. 

Olacow. 

Zj*rd:  prime 
ooiitntot. 

UMl:con]. 
Ona  whitfl. 

Uml:  corn, 
Ado  jTftllow. 

K 

\v^rng«    Rela- 

Av9nge  ReU- 

AvpfB^'  Rela- 

.\wrag©  ReU- 

Averagr  Rela- 

■ 

prle*  por    ilvo 

piiroper    Uv« 

prioo  iwr    tive 

prlce  per    tlve 

pricepcr    tlve 

P- 

lw)i.      prio©. 

IQUlbs. 

prtco. 

pound,    prloc. 

100  lbs.    prlo«. 

100  tba. 

price. 

Ar^ng^iaOO-l9».. 

9\.sam 

loao 

«|l.ttM 

100.0 

10  0064 

100  0 

91.0480     100.0 

81,0100 

1000 

tmo 

2.34104 

tmi 

1  4flB8 

157.8 

12a  1 

97  9 

.0033 

.oeno 

.0771 

loao 

117  9 

t.0613      lot  2 
I.  4740  :   140  6 

1.0900 
14579 
1   1008 

100  s 

S5: :   :"       . 

143  4 

im — 

un. 

1   191' I 

113  7 

114  3 

l.TOOO 

U3-3 

1  - — 

-~:  - 

.1030 

157.5 

1.1013 

lO&O 

1.0t(33 

lOA  6 

UM... 

i.»i4: 

7H.9 

1 

I 

.(J7r3 

I1SL2 

l.US* 

10ft,  7 

L0629 

104.5 

UBS 

1.4202 

9^2 

! 

J 

.  0ftS3 

99,8 

I  07UI 

102  2 

L0613 

104.4 

laifi...  . 

I  01 JS 

67.9 

I.  I  >v, 

si.  i 

.0409 

71." 

.M3g 

77.6 

.7864 

77.3 

iaa 

1  3»:g 

«.2 

1.3100 

8(L0 

.0441 

67.4 

.815b 

77.  B 

.7633 

7M 

UBS 

1.3WI7 

•27 

1.3(C1 

W.8 

.05ffl 

»4.4 

.8831 

84.1 

.94IS) 

83.2 

uw 

1  2KO 

&55 

1.35» 

g&o 

.06fi6 

ft&O 

.9364 

«L1 

.0273 

01.3 

]tp»... 

i.saoH 

iOl.3 

L«75 

101  tt 

.0090 

105  5 

1  0115 

06.5 

.0008 

U7.  4 

1901 . 

1  4417 

»<V.l 

LMS» 

llAO 

.0885 

13&3 

1.1979 

U4.2 

Lt87S 

ims 

ifloa 

1-0854 

U2.3 

2.178S 

isa.rt 

.1050 

1«1  9 

L5304 

140.4 

L5350 

150.0 

wn 

1   I4S8 

»;  3 

i.Haon 

129.7 

.OUTJ 

134.1 

1.2067 

133.7 

1.3783 

125  7 

igo« 

I  47i» 

W1.2 

1.7917 

12&3 

.0731 

111.6 

LSSBO 

127.8 

L3333 

131.1 

ins... 

I. 1675 

7ttl 

i.n<2 

12S.t 

.0745 

IU.9 

L3250 

U(14 

1.3250 

130.3 

I(0B 

i.Mmo 

ifkvti 

iO«7 
X2C08 

1«2  0 
lfi6L4 

.08S7 
.0B« 

13&G 
140  7 

1  3iW7 
1.3575 

120  8 
12a.fi 

I.2R25 
1.3575 

1213 

1907 

1.  G371      lOS.  4 

L33.S 

' 

Ymr. 

Ufl«t:baooi], 

«h«it  cloftr 

aides. 

Heat:  bACon, 
short  rib  sides. 

Heat:  beef. 

fnsti.  nstlve 
Bides. 

lfeat:bMr.flalt. 
extra  mMs. 

Uoftt:  beer,  salt 

hams,  western. 

AvengB 

R«lft. 

Avenco 

R«U- 

Avera«^'  ReU- 

ATermc« 

Rela- 

Avemfin 

R«la- 

^p 

price  per 

Uve 

prtcoper 

Uvc 

prtco  per    tire 

price  per 

tive  iprtc»  pes' 

»lve 

K^ ' 

poand. 

prtoe. 

pound. 

price. 

pound,    prioe. 

barrel. 

price. 

b&nel. 

price. 

BBMSiir^^^^^ 

10  0675 

1000 

saofuo 

lOCkO 

800771 

loao 

t&oioo 

loao 

818.0913 

lOOO 

H^f^^ 

.ma 

SDlS 

.oaw 

Wis 

.0088 

8a2 

A.05S0 

ai.H 

11  MOP 

804 

HP ' 

on» 

103.0 

.0081 

103L8 

.0819 

1003 

a30M 

1014 

1.15141 

818 

HP* 

.0787 

110.G 

.0704 

n&5 

.0703 

08L8 

0.7906 

818 

115577 

806 

TMO 

.1048 

156.3 

.1010 

1M.0 

.0818 

106  4 

a  was 

102.2 

17  8317 

9R0 

]8M... 

.0751 

11L3 

.0736 

113.2 

.0748 

97.0 

H-WCl 

101.  0  1    \V..lSi^ 

101  5 

uos 

.OfiSO 

90.3 

.0G33 

00.3 

.OTSa 

102.7 

&1274 

101.4 

17-  .1443 

95.9 

xm 

.0404 

73.3 

.0179 

73.0 

.OSM 

905 

7.  SIM' 

9.17 

15.  Ii327 

S&l 

mt... 

.OMl 

80.1 

.0522 

70^0 

.0709 

09.7 

7.  ti-M 

957 

2irt250 

125.1 

IS:: 

.QSDO 

88.3 

.0504 

oafi 

.0781 

101.3 

0  1.VS 

114  2 

zi.  4>ttn 

118.8 

.oas 

80.4 

.05U 

86.1 

.0835 

10&3 

9.2885 

115.9 

ti.7212 

125  0 

»oo... 

.0752 

111.4 

.0732 

111.0 

.0804 

1013 

0.7539 

121   7 

2UHW7 

1113 

asoi.  . 

.0*1 

1310 

.owo 

132.5 

.0787 

lOZl 

R3204 

ims 

»  3774 

112  0 

MOB.   . 

.ion 

I£ft0 

.I04ft 

150-5 

.0071 

125  9 

11.7885 

147  1 

21  3413 

iiao 

1«B 

.OUtt 

142.1 

.0038 

143.0 

.0784 

101.7 

9iOrt73 

U3.1 

21.  ill. "i 

117.3 

II04.  . 

.0775 

1148 

.0767 

115  4 

.061^ 

lOfLl 

».7«» 

109.4 

2iM4I 

123.6 

U06... 

.vm 

118  5 

.07ra 

110  4 

.0802 

1010 

10  0240 

125  0 

2l.90fi2 

121.0 

IWb 

.0M2 

IM.  ft 

.(V.m 

140.3 

.W) 

10L2 

a84a2 

110.3 

2L5KU 

I19t3 

W07 

.0954 

HI. J 

.01)19 

14a  1 

.Q8M 

U4.7 

0.8173 

1215 

a6.o«i'* 

1410 

■  Arctftgi!  lor  Ul93-ld&d. 


482 


BULLETIN   OF  TH£  BUBEAU   OF  lABOB. 


Tablb  IV.— average  yearly  ACTUAL  AND   RELATIVE   PRICES    OF 
COMMODITIES,    1890   TO    1907,    AND    BASE    PRICES    (AVERAGE    FOR 

1890-1899)— Continued. 


Food,  etc. 

Y«ar. 

Meat:  hams, 
•moked. 

Meat:  mutton, 
dreaaed. 

Meat:  pork, 
aait,  meas. 

HUk: 

reah. 

MoIaa8e8:N.O., 
open  kettle. 

ATBrage 
price  pu* 
pound. 

Rela- 
tive 
price. 

Average 
price  per 

Rela- 
tive 
price. 

Average 

price  per 

barret 

ReUr 
tive 
price. 

Average 

price  per 

quart. 

Rela- 
tive 
price. 

Average 
price  per 
gaUon. 

Rela- 
tive 
price. 

Arerage,  1890-1899.. 

1880 

18&1 

1892 

1803 

$0.0984 
.0996 
.0062 
.1076 
.1249 
.1019 
.0947 
.0043 
.0804 
.0807 
.0983 
.1025 
.1075 
.1211 
.1271 
,1072 
.1046 
.1235 
.1303 

100.0 
101.1 
90.8 
109.3 
126.9 
103.9 
96.2 
95.8 

oao 

82.0 
93.8 
104.2 
100.2 
123.1 
129.2 
108.9 
106.3 
125.5 
132.4 

10.0754 
.0033 
.0866 
.0914 
.0808 
.0605 
.0620 
.0625 
.0728 
.0730 
.0711 
.0727 
.0875 
.0738 
.0744 
.0778 
.08S0 
.0010 
.0875 

100.0 
123.7 
114.9 
121.2 
106.5 
80.2 
82.2 
82.9 
96.6 
96.0 
M.3 
96.4 
89.5 
97.9 
98.7 
103.2 
113.9 
120.7 
U6.0 

in.63:tf 

12.1502 
11.3029 
11.5252 
18.3380 
14.1262 
11.8255 
8.0300 
8.9087 
9.8678 
9.3462 
13.5072 
15.61GB 
17.9300 
16.6514 
14.0288 
14.4183 
17.5120 
17.5684 

100.0 
104.4 
97.2 
09.1 
157.6 
131.4 
101.7 
76.8 
76.6 
84.8 
80.3 
107.5 
134.2 
154.2 
143,1 
120.6 
123.9 

isas 

151.0 

10.0256 

.0363 
.0267 
.0066 
.0279 
.0263 
.0253 
,0234 
.0235 
.0239 
.0253 
.0274 
.QCie2 
.0288 
.0288 
.QZ75 
.0QS9 

.03(n 

.0335 

100.0 
103.1 
104.7 
105.1 
100.4 
103.1 
90.2 
01.8 
02. 2 
03.7 
00.2 
107.5 
102.7 
112.9 
112.9 
107.8 
113.3 
118.0 
131.4 

$0l3151 
.3542 
.2788 
.3188 
.3346 
.3092 
.MM 
.3246 
.2617 
.3063 
.3525 
.4775 
.3783 
.3638 
.3546 
.3306 
.3229 
.3400 
.4068 

100.0 
112.4 
S8.5 
101.3 
106.3 

19H 

06.1 

ISftu 

97.8 

1896 

103.0 

1897.   .  . 

83.1 

1808 

07.8 

1899 

111.0 

1900 

151.5 

1901...  . 

i2ai 

1902 

115.  S 

1903 

112.5 

1904 

107.8 

1906 

102.5 

1906 

107.9 

1907 

120.7 

Ricetdoi 
(^oi 

nestic, 
oe. 

Salt:  Am 

ericun.  Salt:  Ashton's. 

1 

Soda: 
booat 

bicar- 
eof, 

C&D. 

Spieee: 

met 

nut- 

[8. 

Year. 

Average 
piitieper 
pound. 

Rela- 
tive 

price. 

Average 

price  per 

barrel. 

Rela- 
tive 
price. 

Average  1  x>_,. 
bag.    iP"«- 

Average 
price  per 
pound. 

Rela- 
tive 
price. 

Avenge 
price  per 
pound. 

Rela- 
tive 
price. 

Avenipv,  1890-1899.. 
ISttil... 

10.0561 
.0605 
.0637 
.0,V» 
.0450 
.0326 
.0533 
.0519 
.0M2 

.oeoB 

.0607 
.0548 
.0548 
.0559 
.(ri66 
.0441 
.0417 
.0474 
.0534 

100.0 
107.8 
113.5 
101.4 
81.8 
93.8 
95.0 
92.5 
90.6 
108.4 

lo&a 

97.7 
97.7 
99.6 
100.9 
78.6 
74.3 
84.5 
95.2 

•0.7044 
.79(21 
.7865 
.7575 
.7019 
.7192 
.7019 
.6226 
.6613 
.6648 
.6365 
1.0010 
.8567 
.6360 
.6140 
.77W 
.7552 
.7144 
.7931 

loao 

112.5 
111.7 
107.5 
99.  C 
102.1 
99.6 
88.4 
93.9 
94.4 
9a4 
142.1 
121.6 

9a3 

87.2 
109.4 
107.2 
101.4 
112.6 

<2.2033  !  100.0 
2.4646  !  111.9 
2.3813     108.1 

S0.02GO 
.0275 
.0317 
.0218 
.0285 

.oees 

.0177 
.0152 
.0150 
.0129 
.0117 
.0123 
.0107 
.0106 
.(039 
.0130 
.0130 
.0130 
.0130 

100.0 
131.6 
151.7 
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iai.» 

lOL* 
9&7 
«7.3 

v.! 
UB.I 
IttLI 


»|>ooli,»«rt)oor.j  oow,  mB  ircK4. 


(HwraftUitipi:     OwncAtlncs: 


k»|>oi4B,Mn>oor.j  oow,  *■  ircKN.  ;  vo«i 

^rSy  a«la-'A^r»«B'  Rein-  AnmcB 
jjjrjl  !  «*»  prin  wr  tire  pfl(»  m 
^JjJ^    prUsf.  I    j-mrd.    I  prl«e.      yunl. 


vottOD  trup. 


OverroAllnff*: 
iHrt-VTt  rlotn, 
tlgtit  weiglit. 


price. 


MM.. 

vta.. 


S«4 
•SI4 


M4S 


lUXO 
KM.* 
ftl.3 

M.I 
VT.S 
tM.« 

«».» 

101.  ft 
lOlft 
lOLft 
101  • 
I01« 

im.a 
9M.i 
ioa.7 

103.7 
lOLT 
lU7.i 


fetoitr 

»X429S 
•  !.«• 

*XCM 

S  X9i 

i.«o» 

1.7«0 

1.7«» 

105H 
1«M 

aaoM 

IMS 

xnai 

X4<t3 


100.0  :  n 
n(L7  I  »x 
lift. 7  ,»x 

UIV7  *X 
111.7 

»4» 
84.9 

!«Il4 

va.7 

120.1 
106.1 
10A.I 
117.9 
111.7 
U7.S 


in* 
cais 

4aw 

aai 
•t0» 

ir7T4 
8774 
(1774 


W75 


ItalB-  AV 

ra«e    Ralk- 

1 
Avemut 

wpw    ttwm 

lirice  per 

100.0   «ak 

«■ 

im.o 

0:»0 

11X4 

BBl 

109.1 

X4I>lCi 

11X4 

MB 

10T.7 

X4UI4 

11X4 

109.1 

X4A14 

108.  S 

ingr 

lOB.O 

X4U« 

9xa 

«« 

9X9 

XC»4 

S7.7 

9xa 

xa0 

K7.7 

4IM 

m.i 

XUtt 

h7.7 

45» 

9X7 

ii7.7 

JMA 

QKS 

xiatt 

97.7 

4m 

9XU 

XM1& 

Uft.7 

4H9 

10n.u 

xvat 

97.7 

4«» 

fia« 

X3«a& 

97.7 

9X3 

xauft 

lux  I 

4« 

vxs 

XUM 

lOXl 

9XJ 

xuw 

UI.S 

430 

94.0 

X25n 

117.S 

490 

101.  f. 

X2SM 

11X4 

4D06 

100.5 

iSM* 

lOX* 
10X7 

10X7 

ua.7 
iax7 
iM.y 

«L» 
|(7.« 
«&• 

104.9 
Uil.  4 
97.3 
07.  S 
94t 
94.9 
»X» 
9X» 
94.9 


Ik.  vwtarv'  W«OT.^MTy,  y«k  I. 

»7iiii(lsa».    AwntKv  prfiv.  t^m.io.sss. 
Frta  ■tlliii»p4  bf 
UUoiu  dlKoatlnuMi. 


For  malhod  of  eoniyvklaff  >«I«Um 
(lata  iDT  Ittltf  y«ua» 


488                          BULLETIN   OF   THE   nUBEAU    OF  LABOR. 

B  Table  IV.— AVEUAGE  YEARLY  ACTUAL  AND   RELATIVE   PRICES    OF 

■        COMMODITIES.    1890   TO    1907,    AND    PASE    PRICES    (AVERAGE    FOR 

■         1 890- 1899 )— t.k*utiuu«d. 

i 

Cloths  &nd  clnlblng.                                                          ^^V 

Ov<<rco«tlDc«: 

Print  oIoUib: 
384Dob,  MiM. 

SbJtvU:  rtMMl- '      abeeUoKB: 
•rd.»nwooI.    1  WeMhod7lio-4. 

Sliovtlnn:               1 
ble*ch«l7l0^,          1 

^H 

anl,Z7(o28o>. 

72x144  ln.,l3-<w.;      AtbutUc. 

Pq>patBlI.               1 

AvsngB 

lloU- 

KYtmtge 

R«lA- 

ATST«fB 

Bc1a-:Avct««o 

EelA- 

Aiwr»«» 

Rclfr-_^J 

P^ 

Tnf" 

tlv« 
prta>. 

prin*iMr 

prioo. 

prtc« 

livn   priiwper 
prkv.     jTArd. 

Ure 
piioo. 

prim  per 

Arorur.  imo-ltUD.. 

iSl.S473 

lOO.Q 

n.09flu 

un.o 

•4.S787 

IQD.O     10.  ISM 

100.0 

80.1884 

100.0 

1800,7;. 

.0BA1 
.02748 

.Q3&H1 
.02486 

117.7 
lOS.A 
119.2 
IM.A 

90.  S 
UjO.V 
W».9 
87. fl 

4.9000 
4.9000 
4.0000 

4.9000 
4.901(0 
4.9000 

107. 0         .2241 
107.0         .ilVt 
lOT.O        .Iftyi. 
Ki7  0         .«IR3 
107. U          .1741 
KIT.H          .ITHI 

122.1 

11 1^.  4 
lftS.7 
1)1.8 
94.8 

oa.8 

92.0 

87.4 

.I'.M 

1  t.v    -» 

....  I 

V3.8 

]«i 



I8W. 

^^m        Iffflf 

^^H     liDK 

^^H  f  3*  ' 

4.08110      mi        .iTra 

^^^IhBl 

i.iffli 

04.9 

4.0970 

m.5          .1M4 

^^^^^^H^Hd 

l.MtJO 

i.srAo 

I.WOO 

i.aooo 

I.83U 
2.0417 
l.«7QS 

104.2 
lOO.tt 
1W.S 

I'jo.a 
i2o.a 

126.2 
1.12. » 
146.8 
163.7 
IM.O 

.09009 
.027tt 

•OtHMB 
.00819 
.03090 

.oaaiM 

.09X160 

72.6 

9A.3 

tiM.a 

09.3 
108.9 

117. S 

4.1300 
4.0HH1 
4.0000 
4.9000 
4.0000 

4.onno 

4.V0OO 

W.2          .1&27 

83.2 
80.4 
111  3 
100.9 
104.4 
115.7 
128,3 
110.2 
el31.5 
(134.3 

.l7-il 

.2^<3 

.3117 

,?"■' 

91.3 
107.3 

m.7 

113.4 
.,.   ^ 

»U4 
IfiJ.O 

^^^H^E' 

K).l 

Kir.o 

107.0 
107.0 
H)7.« 
ujr.n 

.1M1 

.1853 
.1917 

,23.V5 
■jmt 

^^V^4^n 

^H    tant 

^^H     «MW 

^^H     lAfU 

^^H.fSkA 

.081214:  110.0 
.03«O3»i  127.7 
.047M2   107.4 

^.3400  |o>il7.fi 

^^HHhC 

*3.45O0  1*128.5        '.JWi 

^^^^IHk* 

^^pl^' 

■ 

Btioatlnff*: 
liUmchwl.lft-4, 

Pbopttnn: 
brown.  4-4. 
AUuttloA. 

Bh-'i    1 

1 

brui^u,  4-4 

Uu.v....  ,-A.             i .-,,                    1 

^^^ 

WamsittUS.T. 

Indian  liwl. 

ivpptrnpll  U.   1    zJtArkA.  .\.            1 

Avrn^f'' 

..   . 

■  .    ,-  ,  - 

r , ' 

'    ,  ,-    ., 

1-  ■ 

..  .    .          .....^ 

^Hp 

prtoejv. 

yard. 

100.0 

. 

_    .■ 

Avoroev.  l«»(v-i«(W.. 

10. 3949 

•U.0M3 

1(10.0 

•0.0400 

100  () 

•O.OfiSI 

100.0     fO.OOS 

100.0 

^_     I8W.        ,     .     , 

.SIM 

.31(3 
.'JU44 
.MM 

lor.  n 

107 

w  -■ 

llW.k. 

liU'l 

!3L0 
118.1 
MM.  7 
11I.9 

.0725 
.11737 

.0079 

I15.S 

nn.i 

KM.  6 
U18.6 

.)..iil 

ll.t    ■>                    <h'M<)> 

t-l«   7 

^^  ivi , 

^V;B-< 

.271* 

oa.fi 

02.2 
99.9 

.UMu 
.0630 
.UM6 

W.3 
04.0 
trt.7 

.0W8 
.0586 
.0«2 

06.6 
93.6 
99.4 

.ofiau 

.(l.'iM 

V0.4 
UO.U 
IUl.3 

; 

' 

^^H  \tM 

^^H.j&L_. 

^^^^^^K 

99.2 

.0400 

8».ft 

.0588 

03  9 

.052£ 

06.3 

^^^^^^K_. 

.aoss 

90.2 

.0443 

80.1 

.0640 

80.3 

.0175 

80.2 

^^^b^hk-. 

.2061 

100.1 

.0466 

84.  S 

.0644 

Ne.9 

ii^ij 

"'.5 

.ij-... 

^■18i'::'"::::::":** 

.mi 

104.  S 

.<UA6 

100.4 

.WU3 

90-6 

t 

.oaus 

.WIS 

99.2 

.DM3 

Otf.O 

.0031 

100.8 

i 

.0494 

^H   «aiM 

.3BU 

.aosfi 
.an* 

.2700 
.3728 
.2080 

09  2 

103. U 
U4.1 
91.0 
93.7 

109.4 

.0549 
.0086 

.ir7U 

.onao 

.0720 
.0768 

99.8 
llft.O 

129.8 

nyo 

183. « 
138.9 

.otus 

.0081 
.0802 
.07« 
.0602 
.0836 

10H.8 
1*1 
12M 
128.1 

133.4 

.(KWH 
.0(>44 
.0085 
.0716 

liM.7 

131.4 
119.9 
134  a 
135.4 

d  it^j- 

m 

^H  ^'^ 

^■^  IQM 

"           igOO 

11107.... 

1  ^^H 

^ 

1 

^H       frH>''>ut.    .tnr.<t,.ni  <Lii  w.Yn|(lowirm<l«),73xi44itwh,«ita«Kotini«.    l^nT  mMlMMt  of  eonipiftinB  IMS-        1 

^H        (.                                        <    AUtttitlc.    f  1  r  nil  tliiiil  iif  rfimiitillnir  niliiTln  prlnn.  wt  pfir  r7  ■nil  tt           1 
'              'Bhi-v^iiiigx;  ixuwii.  4-4,  UiiMAchiiHottR  UIU".  FlylnE  llnrmc  brnn*],    For  meUiod  ot vompuUns  r1»4^^| 

wo  TO  iw:« 


'*n&iM  TT.— VVERIGE  YEARLY   ACTCAL   AND    REU\Tl\'E    PRICES    OP 
S.    !«•   TO    am,    AXD    DASE    PRICES    (AVERAGE    FOR 


nocks  «■<  ctoihii<e 


8MiUi«s: 


y»n 


UM 

BW 

t»i 

u» 

UK.... 

IW 

IflK 

vm 

Ka» 

I9M 

ntt 

S:;::; 


.OBA 

W^  I' 

OHI 

W.0 

•  2 

.«M« 

mk. 

.«n> 

nx4^    . 

M^B, 

.4W 

N&S 

.OMV 

-49H 

UOlS 

, 

.v;« 

tOOL- 

, 

.<W7 

lai 

.iU7 

1&X4 

<3S3t 


oru 


*)6:4 

Ofi&l 


US.  3 
111.4 
HS^S 
11X3 
•9.4 

«ai 

»s.4 

V)    I 

111.0 
I  107.3 
I  Iil7.1 

MS.} 

\  I1&« 
I  14EL7 


.«22 

.4^13 
.4KXI 
.0737 

.0W7 


.oni 

.0741 

.a<3» 
.ana 

.1006 


us.  I 

HI.  7 

ltt4 
MXO 
«L9 
W.3 

KT  I 
41  S 
44.1 
140.6 
101.  S 
101.9 
100.9 
IW.& 
101.  7 
110.9 
lil.O 


.04U 
.oens 

.07*4 
.9SSS 


.0*40 
.OW* 

OASO 

.(IMS 
«  0944 
•  tlfiS 


:  '  fl»« 

,  ;u>.i 

.HTll 

lia3 

.m 

100.3 

4973 

1QS.4 

.OHil 

lOt.O 

.0961) 

97.1 

.  I**- '  > 

lOVO 

■ 

9M 

ms 

93.9 
■17 

:Sg 

aft» 

•«n 

67  4 

,9m 

97.0 

.WN 

^    M.7 

U«LO 

.OM 

.lOU 

r** 

.1100  , 

104  « 

1019 
1«3L& 

tcu.1 

1 

1 

ifli  a 

43  8 

914 

lfl9.7 
97.3 
9A4 
10*.  0 
114.0 


■          Y«r. 

SDkr  nv, 
aiitmL 

Silk:  nv.  J«- 

pan,  OUluras. 

Snlltxigs:  ofar  {fttiltinc*:  vUy 

worsted,  dla^o-  worsted  ilU£o- 

njU.  13-ojL      1       imI.  lO-ut. 

Sallli««:  ln«tln 

\>U».  All  wool. 

MiddWw. 

^     1 

Siriaepv 

ptttfkd- 

RvU- 
prk«. 

Arentse 
pric*  wr 
poun.1. 

Il«U- 
tlv. 
price. 

Arprmg^f   Reta- 

priMuer  tlv* 

7*rd.     priott. 

Av«n«« 

pitCCMT 

yard. 

*»1.0008 

ReU- 

prk«. 

Awnkcv 

prtcvMt 

tlv* 

prlo». 

^BKuB»-»».. 

».33» 
CI9B& 

ft.  010 

4  0373 
3.0093 

n  MM 

lOOCO 
123.7 
9«.4 
10&3 
lis.  3 
86.9 
94.9 
B&.X 
8X.fi 
"11 
.'  1 
'.  0 

4 

i3M 

n     - 

i  ' 

4     J  ' 

4.  .'■;■•• 

3.7K5 
3L40S3 

X4HI7 
X0374 

4.40S5 

4.1000 

: .  ".  1 .  ,' 
-. .  .  1 

3.Mlt> 
3.0013 
4.  lAXt 
ft.  0003 

ii 

-, 

:     :    0 
s .  7 
94.3 
84.  a 
«k3 
90L5 

109.7 

lttl.7 
S7.4 
«5sl 

100.9 

oao 

9tt.,H 
I03LO 
13&.9 

Haasso   uxLo 

loao 

11.3319 

l.MTO 
l.M» 
1.44:0 
|.i«K4 
1.4nBT 
1.1«33 
i.un 

1  WKS 

I    INiV* 
1  ,M10 

1  <inn 

I.  7K« 

10a  0 

1  IK  9 

B 

1 L .-J 

lib.  9 

1 

UA.B 

tan. 

; 

114.0 

MM 

""Tm'n^i' 

.7337      89.1 
.799S      933 
.9146      111.) 
.0461      114  9 
I.OBig      1.11.4 
.9113  ,  110.4 
.9131      110  « 
.94sa  '  MA  ? 

,  '.r.     If 

I." 

I.vi    ■ 

I.ITW)  j  142.1 

■".'9444* 
.8819 

1.1175 
1  U931 
1  I7W 

1.4025 

•3.9 

87.1 

ttll 

'     !      t 

lU.Q 
ION.  A 

ItM 

.»3 

IIM 

UK 

UB« 

w: 

UM 

uw 

1900 

mi 

R7  1 
HLO 

ni  1 

NiO 

m  u 

UM 

00  3 

noi 

1994.  .     

1916 

1904 

IW  4 

IW,  1 
1 1:.  « 

1907 

130.3 

.     •WmUmjivnte.  A1. 
37691— No.  76—08 11 


4  ATOMfO  for  |8Bft-1899. 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BCBEAC   or  LAISUn. 

nr.— AVERAGE  YE4VRLY   ACTUAL  AND   RELATmi   PRICES    OF 
iMMODITIES.    1880    TO    1W7,    .^D    BASE    PRICES    (AVERAGE    FOR 

L8m)-lS!il»)— Continuca. 


Y«fer. 


price  pw 
ykftt. 


Av«n«v>.lW0-LS60.. 
IMNt 

V.Olfti 

tWl            

»i.(mft 

lan. 

ft^o•u 
3.a«tt 

laoi , ., 

i.7«rp 

i#fr 

1  rora 

inoft   ...  

im 

IHM 

|«Oft 

IMft 

MOT 

■   1 

Ywc 


Ctotht  anti  dolhlng. 


■U  wool,  lo-n. 


prkio. 


leoio 

100.3 

10a.  2 

100.3 
V2.M 

S.10 

-  0 
4 

.  i 

.■■;  a 

MS.  4 


i«L7fitt     WiO 


BoLUnc*: 
•an,  Wuhlae- 


TlcUaf*: 
Amoikiu 

aTSat 


TiooMdncr 


«-Uu 


.»UlO 


,6143 

0816 
.7WI 


,8100 


laat 

W.7 

«7.7 
107.7 

107.  e 


I 
r 

,  r.  ■ 
,  n^ 
,  i'« 
,  101 '.< 

.nffu>i 

.  Id"  I 

,  10 1:; 

U"l 

iji.i 
1.1  r  J 


m~i.O  •«t.MM{  IffLO 


ta:ii      MKi.o 


•:.o::U  '  iw^tv 


.■    ■.  .1 

.■■-..L. 

:£Liu 

ll'j  -J 

v.  ^•*.  1 

11  7.6 

&« 

'■'1  /. 

1 .  '.»•?•< 

i'ij.i 

«L« 

■►•t  II 

I    :iVit1 

.11.6 

Ad 

l.ll  1 

1'  I""/.'.'. 

-iMi    6 

a.n 

1  ■,  1  ,1 

.■  1  .■  u 

■1111.2 

21« 

I'. I.'.  I 

.'   .'.K'.l 

' ;  1 1 .  f. 

:n  4(1 

1 1'l  II 

■;  11. ;j 

.1,1.  1, 

'T  IK' 

1 

.'  **f* 

<:.-:.  3 

.•:.uu 

lt»4 
lOLI 

i{a« 

lUt 

ll&t 


.)i)*rti    "<«n«i  idnw 
V^  *      iiitTi'.  all  W««>1. 


Wntrir»||*»  .In- 


itc  1: . 


Xijuuiltwu. 


»tA.67 

M.tA 
17.  W 
17.  M 
UNA 
M  40 
14-40 
14.40 
14.  XA 
13.60 
IIM 

!l  V. 


!  UIQlO 
lim.li 
I  112.7 
I  111 7 
I  112.7 
U5.4 

W.5 

<n.i 

\     BS.7 

0&4 

'    'tS.4 

'.  4 

4 

1 


IQ.OCS0  ;  lort.o  ^  tn 


,CRil7  ,     V'3. 
,0W      OS. 

,nfiST  '     T3. 


Ililc 

luj.: 

}ttO 

101.  ft 

rtTftl 

117  4 

«  Avarw^  for  Ut92-lf«V, 

^  IU*numM  ilMirojDHl.     PHm  M«tlni«lAiJ  l>v  potkon  who  f()mt«liiMl  ilula  Ivr  lAtpr  Ti^n. 

■131  tu  .ri  nufiiM-.    Ir'or  Jivftrn^t'  prirtt  In  I'K)^  unil  u»athi>(l  i>r<'i.<ii)iiiilln)r  r>^liitl\('  i>rVr,  tw  pofrs  327  ad4 

ii  'xd,  etc.     FtTttVcrfcRo  f  'O'l  Mwlhixl '  '  ■  ■ 

h.    for  niribuU  iil  vnmpiulfif  i»1«Uv«  pflo*.  tm  pn4p^« 


3;: 

p.., 
32; 


WHOUESAI^   PRICES,   IH90   TO    l!»07. 


441 


.  \  vrn  yiir, 


YEARLY 
TO    1907, 


ACTUAL   AND   RKLATTVE   PRICES    OF 
AXD    BASE    PRICES    UAVERAGE    FOR 


Cloths  nnd  dotblng. 


Woiiien'idraM 
foods:  ciwb- 

umiv.  cottnn 

w«rp,  37-liich, 

UamiltoR. 


pricv  per    live 
*       prion. 


100.0 
lU.O 
111.0 

ine.tt 

lOf^l 
ItiOLT 
96.8 

«ao 
a&s 

88l8 
9S.0 

9».» 
108.7 
108.0 

101.3 

110.6 

121.4 

•121  tt 

«m.8 


WonMD' 

»(1IS3« 

gocNla:  FnuikUnj 

MckinrK  tM. 

Avw»B* 

aau- 

'^r 

«a.sia 

100. 0 

2BSB 

115.3 

-ars 

11«.9 

.11175 

119.9 

.CUSS 

117.6 

.  MB 

9A.8 

.MS 

»i3 

.4196 

».7 

.«Da 

8Z.3 

.4fia 

814 

MO 

.OBM 

11&3 

.sna 

104.  S 

.66U 

108.3 

.MM 

114.5 

.aasa 

1U.4 

.i17« 

ISl.O 

.caw 

133.3 

.mi 

tSlH 

Wool;  Ohio.        Wool:  Oblo. 

Qua  Ua»cfi  (K    |  medtiini  (kmcB 

•DclXXtcradci,   (J  und  ||ECra<l«), 

BCOUIWl.  Kouml. 


Worsted  ymma: 

2-40B,  A.tutm- 

UnD  Aim. 


Avan^  ReiAf  'Avwraf* 
price  pari  liv«  iprloo  p«r 
pound.  I  pTloa. ,  pound 


•0.8SM 
.7UA 
.6667 


.oin 

.flOSX 
.6SM 
.5113 
.6770 
.OMO 

.aeoa 
.7ai 

.7181 

.rifii 


loao 

120:6 
1211 

no.7 

102.0 
80.6 
08.3 

VI.  J 

se.7 

111.3 
11X8 
110.9 
08.7 
104. 4 
118.6 
124.3 
137.4 
120.9 
120.  U 


60.46U 
.0143 


.070 


ai6 


348 
&13& 
515fi 


B*ltt- 

Xvntmgo 

tlv» 

prlre  imr 

prtw. 

pound. 

100.0 

11.  DIM 

1M.I> 

L2203 

127.6 

i.:t3M 

115.0 

1.2175 

101.2 

LI342 

77.6 

.0393 

71.0 

.7426 

W.8 

.7260 

87.6 

.6517 

106.3 

LauH 

iu«.a 

I.IJWW 

ll«tO 

ujusa 

016 

L0404 

97.2 

1.12Z> 

102.1 

L1771 

I0<l.7 

Ll«76 

117.2 

L2S26 

112.3 

L2033 

113.0 

1.20(i7 

UelJi- 
tl\-e 
prioB. 


100.  d 

UD.4 
121.3 
110.6 
111.4 
91.3 
72.* 
TLJ 
83.6 

lots 

107.1 
11&3 
103:3 
110.3 
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UCft 
123.0 

127.3 


MOT. 


Cloth*,  tco. 


TwH  And  UgbUnr. 


Worsted  yiLma:  I 
3-«9,  XXX. 

wblw.tDskMns. 


»d»- 
6«. 
l4-oanoe. 


Awracsl  RoU- 
prtospvit  Uv« 
pound,  i  prioo. 


\v*»rftgp  IWa- 
price  per  Uv« 
pound,    price. 


81.0071 
1.2S0O 
1.3016 

I.  am 

.0186 

.7913 

.7980 

.8188 

LOMa 

1.0008 

1.10H 

l.QGBn 

ftl.l3tt 

*1.21S6 

•  1. 1717 

kl.2733 

fti.ae«2 


100. 0 
1211 
12&4 
1118 
107.6 
0L3 
73.1 
716 
81.3 
D9i7 
IIM.S 
118.6 

lull 

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ftiao.4 
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&12^4 
A  130.0 
»1».4 


•0:0783 

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.0800 


.otm 

.0880 
.07« 
.0613 
.0613 
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.1100 


.0706 

oni 


ATwmctlRol**  AwmeB    Belli-  .Werafe 
pr1»  p«r   tlv«    pTioaper    Uv9    price  pet 


UXLO 
tin.3 
1013 
101.3 
112.9 

iiao 

108.7 
10A7 
06.3 
78.4 
78.4 
135.4 
140.7 
140.7 
127.4 
115.1 
100.7 
W.0 
94.8 


Coal:  mathm- 
ittmt  brokao. 


Coal:  anUirm- 
dto,  cbaatcut. 


Coal:  antbra- 
olu,«gg. 


ton. 


$3.3600 

3.48* 
14tt3 

3.m6i 

3.5638 
3.4173 
3.38a 

3.2ni 

3.2866 
3.3101 

xisao 

3.2106 

3.5SDB 
3.7UM 

I      I,  ■ 


IISMO 


prioa.!     too. 


100.0 
t03.6 
110.3 
107.4 
105.  H 
101.  6 
07:5 
07.1 
06.4 
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08.1 
97.1 
106.5 
Lia4 
1?<1.3 
I 
I 
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S3. 2053 
3.3003 
a.  1798 
3sM48 
11678 
3.506 
2.9788 
3.5G61 
3.7388 
3.6006 
8.6468 
3.0166 
1.V7D 
14997 
18361 
IttOO 
IfBSO 
18601 
18304 


prioa. 


loao 

03.3 
Oft.7 
100.7 
115.0 
98.6 
82.0 
06.9 
103.0 
98.8 
101.4 
108.9 
120.4 
IJllI 
\M.2 
1312 
1311 
135.2 
1311 


ton. 


63.0(130 
4.ql4i 
3.-W* 
3.9603 
8.SKU 
3.3003 
XOM 
3.5400 
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3.att» 

3,3714 

3.5M3 

4.  ;wv7j 

1>CSI 
1KJ27 

182U 


100. 0 
100.0 

1014 
110.8 
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1«l8 
106  T 
10813 
08.8 
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112.9 
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1312 
1313 
13&3 
1343 


6D0t«gIUMd 


cotton  wmrp,  9A.lnrh.  Hnnillton. 
AmittB  pttea.  ia05,S).llW2. 
aaXX^X. 


For  mathod  of  compatlns  rvlHti^'e  prloe,  aes  pagoo 


H      442                  Bur.i.p.Tiy  of  tub  bureau  ov  laboii.                       ^H 

H       TAni.B   IV.— AVKKAGK    YKARLY    ACTUAI-  AND    KKLATIVK    PRICKS    OP      1 

■          COMMODITIKS.    18W    TO    IW7,    AND    KASE    PKIOES    (AVKKAOK    FOR      ■ 

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WnOLESALE    PRICES,  l»0  TO   1007.                                 443 

^     Ta"'^    fV,-  il-KRAGE   YKARI.V   ACTUAL   AND   UELATIVK   PRICES    OF 

^B 

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1  

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100.0 

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127.4 
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ATsrace  pnce.  iwj^.  Iu.i>ir2.                                                                                              1 

444 


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WHOLESALK   PRICKS,  1S90  TO   1007. 


447 


Table  IY.— AVERAGE  YEARLY  ACTUAL  AND  RELATUT.  PRICES  OK 
rOMMOniTlKS.  1890  TO  1907.  AND  BASE  PRICES  u^VERAGE  FOR 
lStiO-lS99)— Coniinued. 


Doora;  Pino. 


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448 


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of  cMiiipiiliii^'  r"Liti\''  itrici-.  s.-c  padres  :\J7  nrnl  ;f_'s.     Avinip'  prier  for  ]\K)i>,  ts:!,-':i. 

''  I'iin':  \vliit<'.  lM>jiril>.,  iipixTs,  1-iiich.  s  iiicln'-i  ninl  up  wi.li'.  n>ii^'h  f  N<'u  ^'nrk  rimrkrl>.  Tor  nu'th<^d 
crcompiitiiip  ri'ljitivr  prin-.  ^>'o  p;i^'cs  :vj7  iiiul  .'t2^.    Avniji''  prii-''  for  I'km".,  «sk.j,'.. 

fl'lut*'  ^Miiss:  piiliMlu'd,  plji/iii^',  jinji  .1  I"  .'>  sqiijin-  ff-l.  1  nr  iin'tho"!  of  coiiipntiiiK  n-l.itivi'  pric<*. 
?<■»•  j»,if;.-s  ;{27  nii'l  S2S.     .\\frn^i-  prtff  for  I'.Mi.'..  S(J.I!t7:.. 

»'  I'liit-'  Klu^^t  polishf'i,  pliizinp,  iin-a  '>Xo  jo  ximm'  fii't.  Fr-r  ni<'Iliii'l  of  cuii puling  n-lativo  prifo,  sco 
r;ip'"*  ;!-'7  ari'l  .{LN,    AviTiii^'-  pricr  for  lix'.'.,  Jii,::!!."!!!. 

f  Sliiiif;!.-;:  Mii'hijjiiii  wtiitf  pirn-.  Id  inrh<'s  Imifj,  XXX  X.  Tor  iT;.tlioil  nf  ciniipul  In^'  r.lnlivi'  price,  Si-c 
piipi",  ,127  niiil  ;t2s.    AvrniK'*  prio-  for  l'.«»I.  S;t.2«>2:i. 

/SlliIl^•ll's■,  r>il  (■(•iliir.cI'-'irH,  Dimlnin  wiillh.  Hi  Jth-Ih's  Inn^.  Tur  iiirtlm.]  .if  cuiiipiniii^'  rdfilivo  pric«', 
Bw  piigvs  327  uml  32h.   AvLTugu  price  fur  J'.'Oj.  $l.^i^:j. 


WHOLESALE   FBICCS,.^ 


449 


.— A^'T:^\nE  yearly  AcrriL  and  relative  prices  of 

IT  I  '   TO    1907,    AXD    BASE    PRICES   lAVERAC.E    FOR 


». 

baBbar  ULd  buUdli«  m*terlaU^ 

8pnB». 

Tw. 

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ffplrlKsoL 

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barrel. 

liVB 

price. 

cidiou. 

prlwT^ 

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COMMOniTI 
1BQ0-1&&S)— Oil 


HAGF 


YEART.y 

TO    1&07, 


AfTlAL    AXD    RELATIVE    PBICES  OF 
APfD    BASE    PRICES^   (AVERAGE    FOH 


Dnvit  *nd  cbomloajj. 

Voor. 

Gisroerta: 

EtiOued. 

HiulftUencltl:  20". 

lb  CUM. 

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prtMiwr 
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WHQI.KSAI.K   PRICES,  1890   TO   1907. 


451 


.IBtK     IV 

1890-1- 


_ivrptr,5   YEARLY   ACTfAL   AND   RELAXm:   PKKES   OF 
H»   TO    1907.    AND    BASE    PRICES   (AVERAGE    FOR 


1 

QmuB  mrnlahlng  goodi. 

ronlton 

bedioom 

:ebAln. 

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Furaliurt:  ch^n, 
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prfwper 

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86.185 
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8.817 
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4  0147 

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814.435 

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14.3S0 
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13  800 
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107.1 
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125.0 
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For  iiiethod  of  eomimtlng  rtlatlve  prii-e,  see  pages  3-'* 


WUOL.£a.\L£   PKICES,   1990  TO   1907. 


453 


IT.— AVERAGE   YEARLY  ACTUAX  AND   RELATIVE  PRICES  OP 
-      1890    TO    1907,    AMI    BASE    PRICES    (AVERAGE    FOR 

lulled. 


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LLETIN    OF    THE    BUREAU    OF   UtBOB, 

v.— YKARI      RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  TOMMODITIES,  1890  TO  1907. 
(fi»r«ipUiuitJoii  will  tllicuMtoD  Q/l  (hU  1«U)0,  »-e  iHtsMSST  tOUl    A^-cnig*  price  for  leSQ-UBQU^lOMlL] 


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37691— No.  75— OS 


I 


456 


BUIXETIX    OF   THE    BUREAU    OF    UiBOR. 


Tablb  V.-YEARLY  relative  PRICES  OF  COmiODlTIES,  18W  TO  1907 

Continued. 

[Ar«ff^(fl  ytkm  lot  UK^UM-IOOA) 


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07.8 

^^K    IQM 

ll&O 

1119 

VBLA 

910 

9t.B 

in&i 

11&S 

imi 

109  4 

B  "^•"* 

iaa.« 

ia&7 

113.5 

108.7 

108^8 

13?.  1 

99.5 

1319 

IIL7 

H      Ymr. 

rnMt. 

r. 

Olll- 

UM: 

prunn 

oooincl 

lfc^:(Mkm.             1 

Curiuou. 
InlMimU. 

la  bot«%      t^. 
1    lajwf. 

Atfn$t 

FltM 

white. 

rino 

Awnvu 

H    i« 

127.5 

ma 

157.3 

188.3 

9b.R 

101.3 

iua.8 

lO&Si 

^^V     UD) 

lUO 

l».3 

130.1 

119.0 

ion  9 

1«1.1t 

145-4 

i4ii 

^^H^^K 

79.3 

ias.« 

97.9 

99.8 

117  V 

118.7 

1113 

"«i 

^^^^^^S. . .. 

73.0 

134.: 

113.S 

108.5 

134.3 

1S7  & 

106.0 

tlMLS 

ioa.| 

^^^^^^E. .. 

4ILt 

tt&.( 

7tt.9 

KLU 

111.  4 

llK'i 

I1IIL7 

ll>l& 

10^ 

^^^^^BSS^ 

tl7  7 

iM.( 

95.3 

815 

109.3 

W.K 

101.3 

1014 

101. 

l»6.... 

BT.a 

7&I 

U7.9 

70.7 

81.7 

71  7 

77.5 

n.3 

77. 

iwr.... 

127.7 

70.1 

98.3 

81.7 

8A.0 

f.7.  4 

77.  S 

7^1 

7% 

UM... 

1M.7 

mj 

113.7 

un  0 

9LH 

94.4 

M.I 

88.3 

ML 

18W.... 

ii&9 

7a.« 

855 

loro 

96  0 

»A0 

01.  1 

91.3 

n. 

uoo.... 

103.0 

OT.  1 

101.3 

lOU.O 

1010 

t0&5 

9(V5 

97.4 

97. 

^     ttOi.... 

221.  B 

or.  J 

90.1 

109.  b 

119.0 

U5.3 

1113 

11«18 

114 

M  iflgt.... 

tSl.7 

71.; 

11X3 

1015 

189.  a 

Itll.U 

14(1.4 

15a  0 

14a 

H  SiOA...; 

19&9 

oil 

90,1 

88.3 

139.7 

1»11 

133.7 

135  7 

131 

180il 

S9.1 

98,3 

9ft.  0 

130.3 

111.8 

127.8 

181.1 

im 

■  i»:::: 

190.7 

».] 

79.1 

83.  tt 

12&  1 

113.9 

im« 

is; 

ISB. 

IKL7 

fa.1 

108.9 

117.  U 

lliU 

LH5.ll 

l'Ja8 

ta 

^    WOT.... 

IH7.8 

-«.« 

!(«« 

119  3 

1M).4 

146  7 

129.5 

in  5 

1^ 

■Avenflt  for  U03-1NO«100.0. 


WHOLBSAIX  FSICESy  1890  TO   UOT. 


457 


Tabui  T.— YEAKLY  RELATIVK  prices  of  commodities.  1890  TO  lft07— 

Contittiied. 


i^ 


rood.  etc. 

Uml. 

Y«ftr. 

Beef. 

Fork.                             1 

MottevL 
diMKd. 

Bwcm. 
ibvit 

kUIu. 

Baeon. 
ftfaortrib 

1 

Salt. 
men, 
oldts 

1^' 

Atwt- 

19S 

».S 

».8         80.4 

85.8 

w.s 

68.1 

101.1 

1M.4 

98.0 

12S.7 

•S.» 

im 

1M.> 

104.4 

M.8 

W.8 

188.0 

HS.8 

98.8 

97.2  ; 

101. 1 

U4.9 

M8.»^ 

i5t..-. 

W.g 

»4.4 

».S 

M.« 

116.8 

116  5 

108.3 

88.1  , 

110.4 

m.3 

m.«j 

IM.... 

1U.4 

108  S 

OR.  I 

109.1 

1».3 

1540 

128.9 

187.8 

148  fi 

108.8 

t2l.r 

ION 

V7.0 

JOl.O 

101.fi 

W.8 

III.S 

112.3 

1088 

131,4  i 

ItJ.I 

89.3 

i8a.» 

191 

tC!.7 

101.4 

•ft.* 

100.0 

98.3 

98.3 

96.3 

Mtt.T  1 

07.8 

83.2 

9«.« 

UM.... 

W.S 

M>.7 

».l 

Ml.  8 

73.3 

730 

95.8 

78.8  1 

79.7 

83.9 

84.t 

l»7.--. 

M7 

W7 

13».l 

lOd.8 

8D.1 

79.% 

V0.9 

78-8' 

81. 8 

98.8 

98.tt 

IflM 

101. 1 

114  3 

118.8 

in.4 

18.3 

98.1 

8l.« 

84.8 

88.4 

98.0 

«7.» 

lapv 

IW.1 

115.9 

128.0 

n<y.« 

•8.4 

flS.l 

93.8 

80  3 

88.4 

94.3 

98.7 

IWI.... 

104.  S 

«1.7 

114.2 

11J.4 

111.4 

111.8 

104.3 

107.8  , 

108.7 

98.4 

108.9 

im.... 

in.i 

110.8 

113. « 

IIO.S 

132.0 

133  5 

li«.3 

134.3 

127.8 

88.6 

U8.I 

IflBt. . . . 

LSS.f 

147.1 

1U.« 

110.  S 

lao.o 

138  5 

133.1 

IM-Sl 

149.0 

87.9 

136.8 

ran — 

I«1.7 

Its  1 

117.3 

110.7 

143.) 

lao 

129.  t 

lA.I 

139.4 

98.7 

131.S 

ItM. . . . 

IM-I 

|(».4 

129.8 

ua.o 

114.8 

U6.4 

108.9 

138.8 

114.9 

181.  S 

IW.T 

Utt 

104.0 

13$.  n        131.6 

iift.it 

119.6 

119. 4 

100.3 

133.9 

117.0 

113.9 

U0.6 

ISM. . . . 

101.  a 

110-3 

119. 3 

110-2 

130.8 

140.3 

125.5 

W0.5I 

L39.0 

iao.7 

133.9 

ttW-,.. 

114.7 

lZI.fi 

144.0 

137. 1 

141.3 

188.1 

133.4 

161.0  1 

141.3 

118.0 

133.8 

umti 

1Mb. 

Itofe-I      H.^ 

S«M. 

8od«: 
Nttu* 

tMHUU« 
CWB. 

SplM. 

Tmt. 

Oi«Hai, 

Mb. 
cboioB 

k- 

XmeH- 
can. 

Ash- 
ton'k. 

Aver- 

Nut- 

rwag*. 

pore.    1   '■'• 

surck; 

com. 

un 

loa.i 

113.4 

107.x 

112.5 

in.i 

112.3 

1X1.6 

140.2 

19.7 

150.0 

M.8 

uii  — 

VH7 

ffi.S 

113.5 

ni,T 

1081 

109.9 

151.7 

140,7 

116.1 

128.7 

Uft.S 

um^... 

xa&.i 

lOi.3 

101.4 

107.5 

ia7-« 

107.7 

104.3 

123.1 

9t.l 

iaT.8 

108.* 

UN 

im.4 

1U6.2 

ftl.jt 

w.o 

]U&.5 

102.8 

136.4 

108.1 

79.4 

99.8 

I08.i 

UM 

lOS.l 

(H.1 

sa.s 

lULl 

UH.8 

1U.9 

m.2 

9S.6 

flft.4 

88.7 

108.$ 

mi — 

w.s 

07.8 

M.O 

•8.6 

O1.0 

9C^ 

•4.7 

01.8 

68.4 

1      79.1 

101.1 

UM 

VI. e 

101.0 

8S.S 

tt.4 

«s.o 

«.7 

n.7 

88.1 

88.4 

7^0 

03.8 

\m,... 

•a.2 

19.1 

M.0 

n.D 

98.0 

98.5 

11.8 

77.8 

88.7 

a.2 

01.1 

UH.... 

fS.7 

07.8 

M6.4 

94.4 

93.0 

98.7 

81.7 

71.7 

118.8 

U.9 

01.9 

im,... 

«0.2 

111.0 

101. 3 

90.4 

08.0 

91.7 

88.0 

88.4 

148.1 

107.8 

91.1 

MM.... 

107.6 

151.5 

07.7 

l«2.t 

93.0 

117.C 

38.9 

00.1 

172.  < 

118.3 

9I.S 

im.... 

uo.; 

130.1 

07.7 

121.0 

99.0 

ll{|  .1 

51  3 

64.3 

173.1 

113.4 

86.8 

m 

UX.V 

11&-A 

W  *i 

90.3 

101.0 

«#5,7 

61. 7 

48.9 

167.1 

107.3 

8D.8 

Ml.... 

U2.9 

112.5 

100  9 

87. « 

102.0 

114.  to 

81.7 

08.8 

172.1 

119.4 

«Z.6 

NH.... 

107. « 

107.8 

;k.« 

100.4 

(«> 

Il«  4 

81.3 

«8.4 

184.1 

107.3 

06.8 

im.... 

IU.J 

102.5 

74.3 

107.2 

(•' 

107  2 

(B.3 

38.8 

lea.h 

101.2 

10U.7 

MM..-. 

U&.0 

107.0 

84.6 

101.4 

•\ 

101.4 

OB.  2 

48.0 

tsi.i 

06.0 

1(«.S 

1*07 

1J1.4 

U0.7 

W.3 

U3.0 

(•) 

IU.6 

68.2 

SZ.3 

H2.7 

1   «.. 

100.6 

■  Quotalloiu  dtwoDttnunl. 


458 


BULLETIN    OF   THE    BUBEAV   OF   UiBOR. 


Table  T.— YEARLY  REl^TIVE  PUICES  OF  COMMODITIES,  1890  TO  1B07— 

rontlnued. 


lAT«M8i>  prtov  for  tm^-im^tOO.^.} 


roDd.«te. 

Y« 

«"«"•        1 

It-: 

V<«aub)na,  tnA.       | 

A«r- 

f9*Ulr 

rvOn- 
Ing. 

oe'om- 
trtfu- 

Otmnu- 
Ut«d. 

A*w- 

r  allow. 

Foi^ 

OAloui. 

tOM, 

whltfc 

119.S 

AW- 

«5. 

0(0. 

WO 

....      148.0 

141.1 

lao.A 

138.  A 

106.7 

98.1 

ir.a 

123.6 

10&.4 

112  4 

Wl 

...      tot. 8 

tui.i 

W.7 

100.9 

lll.O 

».a 

131.3 

164.0 

ISK.I    1 

131. K 

115,7 

lan 

...       M.4 

84.7 

03.1 

87,4 

106.4 

108.0 

100.0 

01   1 

•l<i  f.  1 

111.1 

lUXO 

IMS 

...       04.3 

OA.l 

1(0  3 

07.3 

mi 

101.7 

93. 8 

1'  1 

101.6 

U0  3 

IM>4 

,..       Kl.3 

K3.ft 

W.O 

83.0 

110.  a 

08.0 

06.8 

1. 

1 

im.fi 

90U 

1fl»5 

...        86.2 

H4.I 

S7.9 

8a.  7 

90.8 

96.1 

91.A 

N     . 

BN.l 

04.4 

UM 

...        K),9 

93-7 

«S-9 

04  5 

78  9 

91,0 

67.3 

3D.  4 

t\.  4 

8M.0 

83-8 

um 

...       M.6 

03.1 

00. 1 

03.0 

78,3 

08.0 

ll&,ft 

06  7 

90  fi 

88.0 

87  7 

MM 

...      10U.3 

100. & 

106.3 

108.0 

81.8 

104.3 

110.3 

103  1 

Ml  S 

m.A 

94  4 

UW 

...    ns.4 

114  3 

104.3 

III. A 

104.1         KW.M 

04.8 

MO 

W.3 

04.7 

OH  3 

i» 

...      11U.3 

US  3 

113.8 

110.7 

111  6        1U40 

71   4 

74.0 

73  2 

01-3 

tU4  3 

...      lOS-ft 

104.4 

100.8 

104.0 

110. 1         100.4 

103.0 

U3.0 

108  0 

80. 6 

105.9 

iSS 

...     m.i 

01. ft 

04.3 

111.7 

144.0        100.3 

107.3 

110.4 

113.:) 

w.a 

111.3 

1008 

...       0&.0 

Off.l 

06.3 

00.4 

117.3  1       80.0 

104.9 

106.3 

lOSI 

88.U 

107.1 

UK»« 

...    uaA 

103.7 

101.0 

101 .0 

105.  A 

97,1 

104.0 

140.3 

135  6 

89.8 

107.3 

iMf 

...      10((.8 

110. 0 

111.3 

110.2 

103.2 

04,3 

06.  S 

80.7 

HI  0 

98  « 

10B.7 

1006 

...       fS-7 

OSS 

9A.6 

04.8 

119. 3 

S3,  a 

08.8 

109.7 

im  :i 

llfi-n 

112.0 

uor 

...       W.7 

07.0 

00.4 

07.0 

143.8 

81. 0 

103.0 

98.4 

1(10.7 

110.7 

117.8 

Cloths  and  olothbi<. 

Amo»- 

Dtiinket*. 

Boots  and  ifaOM. 

Y« 

11-4, 

■11 

wcwl. 

n-4, 

oorton 
warp. 

nil  wool 

11-4, 
cottnn 

wiirp, 

coiiou 

and 

wool 

Oiling. 

Arer- 

Hmii 

•pllt. 

Uen'a 

calllMU. 

OOIMI- 

ytiAT 
welt. 

Mm'o 
fplit 

Tlolkld 

ymr. 
wit. 

Wnm- 
»olia 

Atwt- 

WO 

...      113.9 

IQH.S 

jon  0 

108.5 

107.8 

10ft.  1 

101.0 

104  0        10R.7 

104.0 

114.1 

Wl 

...      III. 7 

lOtt.O 

lOfi.n 

\OH-i 

100.8 

100. 1 

101.0 

104  0        11W.7 

97.9 

inx.l 

Tm 

...      110.8 

107.1 

104,4 

101.  << 

104,3 

104.9 

101.0 

104  0        108,7 

04.8 

103,7 

iSi 

...      IW.8 

107.1 

104.4 

D9.I 

1UB.5 

IU3.3 

101.0 

100.0        108.7 

91.7 

100.9 

...       01.1 

101.3 

w.; 

00.7 

060         97.9 

101  0 

07. a       IW.7 

01.7 

«  4 

JMft 

...     ta.-i 

W»  3 

88.1 

04  3 

00  0 

00.3 

101  0 

01.7         07  8 

104  0 

m  7 

^Bi 

Ot.fl 

Ml  3 

01.4 

04.3 

91.7 

1U0.4 

101.0 

94  8         97  K 

104  0 

09.8 

Hm 

...        02  0 

M)  It 

|(».(l 

UB.l 

•  98.1 

00.0 

101.0 

97.0 

1     w.o 

104.0 

97.3 

■fHpi 

...        O&.ft 

in;  1 

110, 0 

00.1 

103  7 

93.3 

97.0 

100. tt 

,      ST.O 

104.0 

m.» 

%s 

...      103.4 

05.3 

lOU.O 

BO.l 

08.8 

04.8 

04.3 

104  0 

87.0 

104  0 

90  8 

...     .Il2.tt 

u»:.i 

132  3 

m.t 

117.7 

04.8 

94  1 

1)0.1          8T.0 

110  0 

90.4 

1901 

...     101  n 

101.3 

lOfi.n 

I13C 

ion.  4 

96.4 

98.  N 

113.4         87.0 

104.6 

99  3 

l«U 

...      Wi  i 

101  3 

It»,  0 

I13t 

108. 4 

94.1 

90.8 

1)1    1          ^  *^ 

;  10*6 

08  9 

tvos 

...      UH.2 

1)0.1 

114.2 

117.1 

114.1 

98.  S 

98.0 

113.1    !      (CT  0 

108.0 

100,3 

1904 

...    i:».4 

nil.  I 

ii«t.:i 

133.8 

117.4 

03.  ft 

WO 

11:1,7  1      87.3 

113.3 

101. 1 

lOOS 

...      lOO  tt 

1100 

130.4 

141.1 

130.0 

10).. -i 

lOll.O 

lai.  .=.       Oft.  & 

110-8 

107.4 

tson 

...      IVU.l 

122.0 

ISO.  ft 

141.1 

ui.a 

130. 8 

<•  im  0 

144. M        103,4 

130.3 

131.8 

iwir 

...      1.-U.5 

IIV.O 

liio.a 

14t.fi 

130.3 

128.7 

■  100. 0 

litU.O        108.7 

US.l 

135  0 

i 


•  Urn's  vie)  rnir  Bhoen.  RluelMr  boL,  tM  caU  top.  aiiiglo  »o]e. 
Ikrtco,  MB  patfM  337  and  SOt, 


Vox  nustboj  of  cotuputlntr  ri-liitiv« 


WHOLESALE  PRICES,  18&0  TO   1907. 


459 


Tadlk  T.— yearly  REUVTIVK  prices  of  commodities.  1890  TO  1907- 

iVintuiue<l. 

|Av»n«e  priee  for  1M0.1M»*]OOlOl) 


" 

dathM  and  doUttn^. 

BnMid- 

CsTpeU. 

OnMottlluuwb. 

doiaM: 

r<«r. 

"^ 

CaUco: 

Oocboco 

IlniMCls, 

Ingrain. 

wiiion. 

^  y*r«U 

Aiywdji 

pnoti. 

&-traDW, 

S-pIy 

5-(rain«i 

Annge. 

IOUM 

to  the 

ATvasft. 

Bignlov. 

LowsU. 

BlUslow. 

pound. 

pound. 

wSn. 

UM.... 

113. 7 

117.5 

103.1 

108. « 

1012 

105.3 

1219 

119.7 

iii.8 

SflU.... 

na,7 

104.0 

112.7 

11S.3 

10D.4 

112.8 

123.9 

119.7 

121. B 

MS.... 

111.7 

117.6 

lQt.1 

106.1 

1012 

1015 

118.7 

ns.0 

1I6.U 

lan.... 

ll».T 

113.0 

98.3 

111.1 

1012 

1015 

102.7 

100.0 

101.4 

UM.... 

91.3 

99.5 

93.3 

98.5 

1012 

96.7 

95. « 

96.7 

95.7 

las 

79.7 

04.0 

93.5 

88.4 

01.1 

91.0 

911 

01.3 

91.7 

IBM 

7W.7 

94.0 

93.5 

B5.9 

91.1 

90.2 

92.1 

96.7 

93.9 

WW.... 

W.] 

90.4 

95.9 

90.9 

93.8 

93.5 

81.4 

96.7 

88.0 

tm.... 

98.2 

81.4 

103. 1 

98.5 

99.0 

100.2 

81.4 

en.5 

81.0 

tan..,. 

98.2 

87.5 

1(]3. 1 

90.0 

9U.0 

U9.4 

87. 7 

S8.S 

88.0 

im.... 

108.0 

919 

1(13.1 

103.5 

101.  n 

102.7 

1015 

98.0 

101.  G 

XSOl.... 

110.9 

90.4 

103.1 

101.0 

101.  G 

101.9 

90.7 

ftKI.Q 

96.4 

lUQ 

110.3 

90.4 

103.  .'i 

101.9 

102.2 

102.5 

92.1 

100.0 

96.1 

Kwa.... 

110.3 

01. 1 

108.7 

108.1 

10K.U 

10K.6 

1011 

109.4 

100.8 

tvoi 

11».5 

96.7 

110.3 

109.1 

liar 

110.0 

135.4 

135.7 

13&.0 

IWS.... 

1U.2 

93.5 

115.1 

110.3 

115.0 

115.7 

121.0 

11B.4 

110.7 

1906.... 

11A.0 

99.5 

117.9 

116.2 

118.  U 

117.7 

130.7 

135.7 

138.3 

1907.... 

110.  • 

•  UR.O 

124.7 

121.2 

123.7 

123.2 

1M.9 

139.1 

130.5 

Totton 

C 

otton  7»ni 

.. 

Ortnin^. 

rtftonpla: 

white. 
4^.  Da*. 

Uid 

Vale 

r««r. 

C-corU. 
aoo-Tftrd 
•pooU, 

COftU. 

CardMl, 
white, 
muio 
»p«n. 

CftrdMl, 

mule- 

«piin. 

Avene». 

Denims: 
Amof- 

Brown, 
prrSi. 

ao-Uieh. 
SurkA. 

Average. 

northeru. 

noTttipni, 

No.  3. 

cones, 10/1 

coo*«,Z!/l. 

wn.... 

101.4 

111.3 

112.1 

111.7 

I1Z5 

110.4 

122.8 

121.1 

115.8 

UM.... 

100.7 

111. A 

114.0 

las 

109.  A 

UIO 

115.2 

1110 

llA-S 

ma... 

1«J,7 

117.2 

llfl.S 

117.0 

too.n 

101  7 

102.7 

102.2 

115.9 

IHB.... 

100.7 

1114 

lOK-A 

110.5 

112.5 

103.1 

108.1 

105.  ft 

109.  a 

UM.... 

100.7 

917 

91.3 

98. 0 

105.4 

97.7 

90.4 

97.1 

M.I 

UN.... 

100.7 

91.0 

912 

02.1 

M.Q 

02.5 

93.9 

93.3 

81.7 

urn.... 

ma 

98.2 

98.7 

93.0 

U-t 

ini.2 

100.3 

100.2 

8&4 

UB7.... 

98.4 

90.3 

9aB 

9n.A 

«L3 

91.8 

88.9 

90.4 

■LO 

UM.... 

9(1.4 

90.2 

91.0 

90.8 

S6.9 

88.7 

83.9 

86.8 

97.  S 

tm,... 

9«.4 

S7.« 

89.4 

Ri.  5 

Sfi.8 

89.2 

87.7 

8B.S 

9915 

wo... 

130.1 

n.'io 

115.9 

115.5 

1018 

lftS.9 

1010 

105.0 

108.7 

1901... 

130.1 

9H.A 

97.9 

96.3 

100.3 

1TO.3 

102LI 

10Z.3 

loaft 

1902.... 

laat 

95.(4 

fie.4 

•10 

100.6 

100.5 

100.5 

102  Q 

106.8 

Wtt.... 

130.1 

IK..  2 

109.5 

113.9 

108. 0 

UW.2 

111.5 

109.0 

1113 

nM... 

isai 

123.2 

115.7 

119.5 

llrt.fi 

127.1 

I3n.3 

120.7 

1I7.fl 

MOi.... 

130. 1 

107,8 

103.5 

105.7 

103.7 

12*.  0 

121.5 

133.8 

1IH.4 

I«tt. . . . 

130.1 

124.  ft 

117.0 

iao.8 

U8.I 

135  5 

142.0 

138.8 

122.4 

iflor.... 

134.8 

t 

tST.l 

13Q.A 

133.9 

133.3 

1413 

mi 

147.3 

133.1 

•  Odloo:  Amoilcan  ituid&rd  prlnU,  C4  x  54. 
•ad  338. 


Fo.'  method  of  cnmptUfng  rrUtive  prior,  soo  pagia  327 


BriXKTTN    OF  THB   BUEZAU   OF  IJIBOB, 


Table,  T. 


-YEARLY  RELATIVE  PRICES  OP  COMMODITIES,  1890  TO  1907 
Continued. 


■^ 

J^AnMHMMMHV^  iqua) 

t 

Oloib*  Midi  edotblng. 

GtaghuB«. 

nnm> 

blan- 

kntN:  A 

pound* 

lUI 
wool. 

noHerr- 

Atnrw- 

eutpr 

Avrr- 

.     ICC. 

Mra'icotlaa 
hatftooon. 
nwntew. 

fMtMadt, 

aoioaoft. 

Uen'i  cotton 
hftlthoMi, 
•esmtcfl», 
ft4ne«U«. 

WooKn'a    I 
oumtml      ' 

WOfBMl'* 

rott«ab(W». 

•r«nilnw. 

(m«tMaefc, 

aoioaos. 

\rft' 

117.3 
133.0 
1310 
lia4 

laas 

122.3 
132.3 
111.3 

119. 1 
122.1 
122.1 
114.0 

100.1 
104.7 
1110.1 
104.7 

133.  s 
133.1 
1118 
110.S 

mi 

laio 

IILS 

tn.o 

13LI 
II&8 
111  3 

mi 

i"!""ri"" 

1310 

117.4 

tte.7 

101 4 

ISM.... 

01. 0 

W.0 

m.6 

90.0 

102.0 

90.4 

1017 

106.  a 

lOlO 

IBM.... 

IV7.4 

tM.« 

S7.0 

BIS 

04.9 

80i3 

10t4 

9X1 

•18 

wm... 

MLft 

87.3 

fiK.0 

00.  »l 

87. 2 

N0l3 

tot  4 

84.3 

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1M7.... 

a2 

8A.3 

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BO.  ft 

83.1 

810 

loao 

81.8 

OLV 

IflBB.... 

sao 

M.2 

ta.\ 

W.& 

70.9 

fB.0 

97.3 

79.3 

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819 

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61.0 

87.1 

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01. V 

VJ.7 

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71. n 

914 

1011 

711 

81^9 

ma,... 

Bftl 

1(J».3 

00.3 

100.9 

70,0 

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78.9 

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IMI.... 

1   101.3 

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101. » 

117.  A 

W.  1 

90.0 

10L4 

88.8 

911 

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103.* 

07.0 

90.0 

122.3 

83. 1 

M.9 

97.3 

81.8 

aiki 

b  ^"" 

1     00.6 

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SCL4 

130.0 

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Ha.3 

940 

84.3 

87.  K 

Bnob.... 

?  106.0 

103.3 

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136.3 

85.3 

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1017 

SI.  8 

817 

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|m» 

13a  4 

123.0 

lJ0i9 

018 

9S.0 

109.6 

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67.4 

VMT. 

tan 

tkv. 

Ltoffl  thrOftd. 

V 

V  MX  emit. 

8bo«. 
boor. 

»«W<. 

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knk.           " 

aiB.umk, 

30 

t4>40|bt. 
ttwdoKvn, 

lOO^ttll 

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P 

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10.1 

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im.9 

tM.8 

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06.  rt 

OS.  6 

100.4 

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tt* 

UI.4 

flOwl 

101,7 

lav  9 

97.0 

101  0 

911 

910 

un!!.. 

01.7 

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90.0 

103  8 

9T.8 

^  »••■•■• 

ST.  8 

tt.4 

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93.3 

91.  A 

Ul».fl 

V.9 

Kim.... 

111  .*> 

U10.V 

101.; 

113-0 

108.0 

07.3 

99.9 

s^o 

■uw.... 

WO 

07,0 

K7.0 

08.3 

95.3 

07.3 

99.9 

Si 

■  nsT.... 

IW  0 

104.  R 

01.0 

W.I 

00.1 

97.3 

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ff^9 

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uma 

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1(0.3 

104  4 

07.3 

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191.0 

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lift.  3 

00  0 

lavo 

109.  :4 

07.3 

104.8 

lOLO 

■  MOV.... 

lin  H 

138.4 

107  .1 

ion.  8 

1U.2 

101.  A 

104.9 

108.1 

■  noi.... 

114  7 

127.(1 

ltt4.8 

IIA.O 

110  9 

101-9 

104.9 

1011 

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114,  V 

122.1 

113.(1 

iin.o 

112,7 

101.0 

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■  Ifttt.-. 

114.3 

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113  0 

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88.} 

87.8 

■  9m.... 

110.0 

llO.ft 

im.o 

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W».5 

07.2 

109.7 

loat 

■  WK.... 

lU.O 

ii«.i 

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100.5 

IIZ  1 

97  3 

101.7 

100.8 

W^  MM.... 

13K.1 

uoe 

113.9 

ino.s 

I3D.4 

103.1 

103.7 

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WW.... 

130.O 

ISO.  4 

113.0 

UM 

194.0 

USl 

107.3 

1M>7 

•  ATCtmee  tor  1803- 1899- 100 A 


Ta»«  v.— ykaely  relatiat:  pricks  or  ooMMonmES,  isw  to  i«7 


anr  ia»»^aw<  wtaj 


' 


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117.  T 

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107.7 

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105.7 
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iiatt 
iii.a 
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108.8 
118;8 
114.8 

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a?.: 

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89.8 

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184.3 

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188.8 

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139- » 

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88.0 

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94. 8 

mm' 

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88  4 

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88.  S 

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80.1 

88.3 

88.2 

88.8 

83.4 

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84.  S 

88.0 

91.  A 

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117.3 

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104.1 

1114 

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107.4 

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101.0 

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101.3 

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107.4 

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131.1 

118.8 

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k  Ql)«t;itl(ifi<l  •liamtltintMSd. 


4-1,   UUftlfcChUMllii 

« ar  and  XK. 
-1,  ^i,  AtUullc.     Fur 


Mlll!i.    Kl>  ttiff    ll<)rM«   hntixl.      Vnr   tiiftlto.)  itf  cinnpiUtrtK 
nivtho<l  of  coin  put  Inn  n'Utlvn  pi  Ico.  m«>  [luin^*  .l:/7  aitd  XA. 


463 


BiriXETIJT   OF  THE  BUREAU   OF   LABOB. 


Tahi.k  V. 


-YEARLY  RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES,  IMO  TO  J»a7— 
C-rjntinued. 


tnrlfNa-lllM«10a.0.] 


— — 

Clolbfl  Mi4  dotunf. 

8blrUi«i: 

blMCtWd. 

flllk:nw. 

4-4.  Froir 

of tbo     < 
Loom. 

MJIope. 

4-4.LoiU-^ 

dm*. 

4-4.  K<w 

York 
lUlU. 

MUA 

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TtalUD. 

dKMlCAl. 

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Awni(iL 

vn.... 

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ii£.a 

110.3 

lULft 

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1110 

1817 

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}»:::: 

loe.s 

1II,<V 

113.1 

110  3 

loiv  i 

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0&4 

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tai 

lU.O 

10^  -2 

111.7 

106.3 

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107.4 

10A.3 

107  7 

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lla.'J 

114.4 

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118.3 

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118  8 

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101.  0 

100  '2 

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101.0 

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107.  ,1 

101.  ;i 

87.4 

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100.1 

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94.7 

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130.0 
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•  WmiunirlUc.Al. 


k  AT«r«f»  for  1408-188^  100.0. 


A  vtn^  tor  iao»-tfla8.  loo.o. 


WHOLESALE  PRICES,  1800  TO  1907. 


46a 


Tablk  T,- 


YEARLY  RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES.  1890  TO  1907 
CoDtimiH. 


lAmacBpHw  lor  un-ia»- 

'»A) 

I 

CI»tlM  ud  dotbJnc 

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ton. 

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■»• 

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108.9 

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115.3 

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1117 

111.4 

108.1 

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108.9 

111.0 

119.9 

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111.4 

106.3 

138.2 

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108. 3 

108.8 

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112. 7 

m.4 

104.  • 

111.  8 

98.4 

106.7 

108.1        117  6 

107.8 

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96.4 

M.1 

100l9 

M.3 

88.7 

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108.7 

98.8 

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Bt: 

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92.6 

98.7 

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88.8 

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98.8 

M.3 

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aa.7 

92.» 

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n.7 

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88.4 

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83.2 

90.3 

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•  DanUti  doth,  cotton  warp  ami  QUlng,  23-liK:h.    For  inntliod  of  ountpuUog  rolatlva  phM.  tm  p«8«» 
337  and  338. 

*  TopUr  clotb,  cotton  warp  aad  AUliig,  36-Inch,    For  nuithml  of  ooniputUiK  reUUve  pHoa.  too  paiM 
227  and  328. 

<Caahniar«,ooLlnn  warp,  30-lDoh,  Hamilton.    For  n»tbod  of  ootnpiltlug  ralatlTO  prloa,«M  pagw  07 
•ad  as. 
8  D9«igiut«4  M  XX  XX. 


OP  THE   DUBEAU    OF  L.VBOK. 


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WHOLESALE   PRICES,  1890  TO   1007. 


465 


TAmtn  v.— YEARLY  RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES.  1880  TO  1907— 

i'onlintied. 


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BITLLETIH   OF  TH^   BUREAU  OF  LABOB.                              ^M 

Tablk 

V.-YEAULY  RELATIVE  PUICES  OP  COMMODITIES.  1890  TO  1907-fl 

Continued.                                                          ^^^ 

[ATcntce  price  (or  I8SI>-1M»-URM).]                                                  ^H 

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100. 0 

910 

•18 

MIM 

91-1 

97.1 

1117.  tt 

l(».7 

107.0 

910 

100.0 

IS.A 

91« 

1000 

134  4 

10Q.9 

137.0 

127.8 

1119 

107.0 

101 0 

88.0 

US 

■_       iwi 

10&7 

88.8 

131.4 

123-1 

117  2 

110.4 

100.0 

98.0 

98L) 

■        1902 

1U.9 

)oa.o 

143.4 

133.1 

117.3 

1113 

100  0 

91.0 

«1« 

■      igos 

143.7 

107.0 

147.8 

123.1 

139.0 

1117 

100.0 

9aQ 

AS 

^         1904.... 

149:3 

13X3 

168.  4 

12X0 

139.0 

HIT 

irio.0 

SlO 

913 

1905... 

190.7 

I3i7 

309.6 

121.0 

1310 

1117 

1010 

W.0 

91) 

1906...- 

221.8 

143.1 

221.1 

nil 

1310 

laia 

100. 0 

101.3 

wa? 

H          19U7 

a3.9 

144.9 

334.3 

117.0 

139.0 

HIT 

1010 

10L3 

1017 

H           bAt* 

ruB  (or  tho  ttfrind  Jahr.  ISM.  to  DwBsnbef.  t0gO-.lUO.a            <  Av«n««  tor  IHBO-lflW  - 100.0.  ^^ 

■            Aval 

ni^rorlMW>-lbw-<lou.u.                                                       <t  quoutlon*  dlMonUnuML      ^^1 

WHOLBSAI.E   PRICES,  1890  TO   11)07 


4«r 


T.^YEARLY  RELATIVK  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES,  1890  TO  HK)7--1 

Continued. 


IM7. 


Ar 

Brick: 

Carbonate 

Comenl. 

or  lead: 

Doon: 

domMUo. 

Amoiicun. 
In  oil. 

VOTtUltd, 

d4inu*atio.a 

R(wimdaJe. 

Averace. 

pine. 

r 

IIA.0 

iia« 

118.8 

lis.  8 

125.8 

102.0 
104.9 

I1Z7 
1110 

105.5 

10B.2 
109.3 

loao 

106.2 
100.3 
1Q0.0 

1114 
1114 
113.1 

89.9 
•&5 

gas 

•1.0 

1016 
WLl 

101  fi 
97.4 

96.1 

83.5 

t., 

9B.0 

:.... 

91.0 

M,ft 

100.2 

03.9 

97.1 

-(J.0 

'..., 

88« 

10.7 

SB.  5 

818 

91.7 

713 



10S.4 

911 

10O.1 

85.7 

93.9 

81 « 

1.... 

ica.2 

tt.4 

102.6 

100.  8 

101.  7 

1 18. 2 

014 

loi.a 

lOfi.l 

1110 

111.4 

H5.5 

.... 

108.7 

9B.8 

94.7 

1118 

101  8 

173.1 

1.... 

$6.S 

914 

97.7 

07.fi 

97.0 

1911 

1.... 

100.3 

100.0 

101.  fl 

ino.3 

101. 1) 

148.2 

1.... 

1^7 

10S.A 

73.3 

00.4 

81.8 

1510 

;.... 

146.7 

100.7 

71.  fi 

03  9 

82.7 

irvrs 

1 ... 

lfia.7 

119.0 

78.9 

107.1 

93.0 

163.5 

r.... 

ua7 

m.$ 

13.4 

107.1 

918 

167.6 

Ume: 
comjnon. 


117.5 
109.5 

m.5 

111.5 
101.8 
93.8 
83.8 

Ml! 
B0.0 
96.8 
83.0 
02.9 
90.7 
915 
90.0 
106.0 
113.7 

iia.9 


95.7 


•  Avera««  for  1886-1890- lOOU 


1     466 

BULLETIK    OF   THB   BTTBEAtJ  OF   LABOB. 

■ 

H      Ta»^e 

V.-YEAULY  RELATTVK  PRIOES  OF  COMMODITIES. 

1890  TO  1907-      1 

■ 

Continued. 

I 

[AT«ni|«  IMio*  for  tMO-lSO-UNM)] 

1        Yw, 

UtUXa  aad  ImplmneitU.                                                            | 

SitJ: 

BUnr: 
Iwr, 
Aim. 

Sp«lt»r; 

BtMil 

Stml 

Stol 

Tin: 

TUipUteiL                      f 

II.    r. 

'  Imprirt- 

1 

H 

wMUm. 

bin«ti. 

r*n». 

blAck, 

No.27.(«) 

vti- 

H 

14x^1  !■>) 

MI..1I  '/. 

H    '  lan. . . 

H        IMS.. 

■  UM... 

■  l»6... 

11X3 
100.0 

»&7 
01. « 

14(X« 

13^3 
ll<V« 
1014 
8S.6 
8^5 

123.6 
U2.4 
100.0 
00.7 
7B.6 
80.1 

141.8 
117. 7 

lOU.  K 
019 
77.0 
85.9 

131.9 
1118 
110.1 
107.0 
OS.l 
00.4 

ii&ft 
lias 
no.  9 

109.0 

SI 

1010 

tin.  4 

111  7 
117  1 
IO0l7 
»14 

1014 
1W.4 
115  7 
117  1 
t0L7 
K4 

1019 
108.9 

■^          l»0.... 

m.0 

910 

8K.7 

H7.5 

107.4 

98.0 

714 

100.9 

ta.9 

91.8 

IW  ... 

09.3 

81.1 

03.1 

70.1 

71.0 

87.1 

710 

08.3 

s^\ 

%• 

saas. . . . 

97.0 

78.0 

100.3 

71.1 

tff.  a 

818 

816 

Slfi 

87.3 

54 

I8»  ... 

107.3 

«L8 

130.1 

144.6 

107.0 

110  3 

148.3 

ltS.7 

(^» 

iSt 

WOO.... 

131.0 

RIO 

97.8 

llfl.4 

123.0 

t»1.8 

ita.1 

137.0 

4 

137.9 

WOI.... 

uaft 

79.7 

88.  fl 

112.1 

104.9 

140  0         143.0 

122.7 

i 

ua.T 

1902. ... 

11A5 

70.6 

107.7 

143.1 

107.4 

120.0          1413 

130.7 

i) 

uo.r 

1903.   .. 

113.4 

72.4 

123.8 

ia).7 

t07.4 

11A.1          153.4 

1UL4 

4 

1904.... 

106.5 

77.3 

118  9 

103  0 

1U7.4 

0.1  8  1      162.6 

106l6 

<) 

I90&  ... 

97.4 

8t& 

131.0 

111.0 

107.4 

DB.1 

170.3 

108.6 

4) 

lias 

IHM. . . . 

98.6 

«ao 

137.3 

137.5 

107.4 

10&8 

313.8 

lai 

^ 

nil 

IW7.... 

97.1 

88.1 

130.6 

13A9 

107.4 

lU.fl 

211.1 

U9.B 

*) 

119.8 

K            YMf. 

T«oli. 

Axm: 

ChtarU: 
•It™. 

FU«t;  8- 

Hunxnon: 

rianea: 

8AW0.                             1 

Aogira: 

1 

^^^^^ 

ftxtni, 

U  C  0.. 

•ookpt 

Ittflh  mill 

Mjiydolii 

Iltdlny 

UlNNton. 

lUnd. 

1 

m 

t-lncb. 

Yankee. 

llnnrr, 
l-lDdi. 

b««urd. 

No.  U. 

iMiuttnn 
So.  7. 

ATsnuca.      1 

1         IMO 

ma 

1X1.4 

uao 

ion.  7 

0(V9 

107.4 

100.0 

ia7 

■         1881 

118.  a 

1W.3 

110.9 

IIKO 

00.9 

107.4 

100.0 

9K.8 

9^ 

■       iBta 

1U1.2 

IWIA 

110.0 

108.3 

90.9 

m.4 

loao 

98.0 

w* 

■        uvs 

ui.i; 

100.6 

103.1 

101.0 

oao 

107.4 

100.0 

98,0 

Ks 

■        1M4..... 

06.9 

loao 

91.6 

07.8 

00.0 

1018 

lOlLO 

98.0 

19.1 

■        UW6 

n.1 

08.0 

OOiS 

0.'>.4 

07.0 

03.0 

lOILO 

9B.A 

tl 

■       mm 

a&T 

88.4 

917 

01.3 

I0A.2 

V3D 

im.0 

98.0 

^       iiwr 

tt.< 

83.9 

9as 

04.4 

10.\3 

08.0 

100.0 

98.0 

99.8     ' 

vm 

S:f 

70.9 

90.8 

UAlH 

loao 

03.0 

10Q.0 

98.6 

fltlS 

vm.... 

07.1 

107.8 

IIW.7 

107.0 

03.0 

100.0 

08.0 

99LS 

1900 

un 

102  9 

127.0 

127.8 

IIAB 

107.0 

mLo 

08,0 

99.S 

1901 

100.7 

1(8.8 

121.4 

123.1 

117  2 

110  4 

100  0 

98.0 

99.3 

190B..... 

tll.t 

103. 0 

142.fi 

123.1 

117.2 

1113 

100.0 

flB.O 

9B.S 

IQttS..... 

113.7 

107.  8 

147.8 

123.1 

13U.U 

11\7 

1011.0 

98.0 

•9.1 

1904..... 

140  3 

123.3 

138.4 

123.0 

12li)0 

1I&7 

100.0 

90  C 

W.I 

1906 

100.? 

184.7 

aoo.6 

131.0 

139.0 

ll&T 

100.0 

98^0 

90.8 

Jto.          1900... 

zn.H 

143.1 

221.1 

110.8 

120.0 

110.1 

loao 

101  3 

ioa7     1 

■         1907 

233.9 

1419 

xiin 

117  0 

139.0 

IliiT 

1011.0 

10L3 

'"J 

^H              Aval 

r«ge  for  tho  iwrtod  J  iily,  1804.  to  Dtoambar.  iaBB-l00.a           '  Avvrafv  far 

1890-18M- 

-loaOw^H 

^^^    kATOl 

mfs  lor  lavo-ltMi  -  iuu.  0.                                                       *  QuuuUooi 

diiooatuu 

WHOLESALE   PBICE8,   1890  TO   1907, 


467 


'able  v.— yearly  relative  PRICES  OF  COMI^IODITIES.  1890  TO  lft07- 

Tontinued. 


[ATenee  price  far  laa-ina^lMMLl 


h 

MctalB  and  ImplemanU. 

TonlM. 

T.r. 

Wood 

■cravB:  1- 

ineb.  No.  10, 

lUt  head. 

ZiDc: 
■twot. 

Avenge, 
mrUls  and 
imptamoDU. 

Sbo  velar 
Ames  No.  S. 

CO.brtck. 
lOHncb- 

VIbm:  MUd  ' 

box.  fiO-      1 
pound. 

Average. 

BMO.... 

IQO.  1 

100.0 

106.1 

107.  a 

130.5 

114.0 

119.3 

"I*"^ 

loai 

iin.0 

IQlLl 

lO&n 

132.5 

107.7 

111.7 

ttatt, , , 

lOOil 

100.0 

109.1 

104.  a 

139.1 

103.4 

100,0 

Sm*  " 

loai 

100.0 

107.0 

103  0 

139.1 

9iO 

lflO.7 

W.7 

100.0 

lOtO 

M.6 

103.2 

74.4 

00.T 

MM.... 

M.7 

100.0 

97.2 

9&3 

74.0 

B&l 

98.0 

ISM.... 

99  3 

100.0 

K.4 

94.7 

OB.  4 

B3.0 

18.7 

1897.... 

100.8 

100.0 

m.7 

96  0 

B&3 

0S.O 

80.0 

IMS.... 

100.  s 

100.0 

W.1 

919 

flO.8 

103.fi 

80.4 

100.4 

lUO.  II 

loa? 

101  3 

96.3 

131.9 

114.  T 

IMt 

11&9 

K10  n 

109.4 

111.8 

i3a& 

114.8 

iao.5 

^■■^^ 

1I&9 

too.o 

138.7 

IIO.O 

M  3 

104.7 

Ul.O 

^^^E. 

lift  ft 

100.0 

I3K5 

114. « 

es.0 

107.0 

U7.a 

^k: 

103  n 

100.0 

152.  7 

lift.  3 

7J.4 

113.3 

117.0 

97. 3 

IIXLO 

lOftl 

lis.  4 

az.e 

Ifl&O 

109.0 

^^^B^. 

9k9 

lOftD 

lOtt.1 

137. » 

«9.9 

13a.  A 

132.  S 

^^^K.. 

MlV 

100.0 

11&9 

134.4 

00. 9 

135lO 

lasii 

m.. 

■lT 

IOOlO 

147.4 

IISlT 

80.7 

I4as 

1A4 

r- 

Ltunher  and  tHitldlnp  matariaU. 

Y«ar. 

Bftefc: 

Carbonate 
of  tMUl: 

CeawnC. 

Doors: 

Ufw: 

Llaaeed 

t_. 

dooKatic. 

American. 

In  oil. 

rorUand, 
domeaUe.* 

RoaandAle. 

Average. 

pinu. 

eominon. 

oU:  raw. 

W- 

iiao 

110.0 

tia.s 

118.8 

13&B 

117.8 

13S.S 

w* 

103.0 

108.7 
104.9 

112.7 
lliO 

irtfi.ft 

100.3 
100.2 

loao 

ioe.3 

100.2 
tOO.0 

U4  4 
1144 
112.1 

100.6 
111.5 
111.5 

IIXI.8 

1899 

911  0 

xtn 

tii3.  3 

1884 

80.9 
9&6 

BO.  8 
91.0 

104.5 

90.1 

104  S 

97.4 

OOLl 
S3.5 

lot  8 
918 

UA.  0 

1886.... 

08.0 

ii&n 

1800.. .■ 

91.0 

890 

100.2 

93.9 

97.1 

7<L6 

83.3 

81.3 

1807.... 

88. 8 

02.7 

98.5 

84.8 

91.7 

74  3 

86  3 

73.3 

1800... 

103.4 

941 

100.1 

8i7 

82.9 

84  fi 

89.0 

80.5 

1809.... 

103.3 

88.4 

103.0 

100.8 

101.7 

118.2 

9&8 

941 

1900.... 

94.4 

100.3 

100. 1 

114.0 

11L.4 

145.5 

82.0 

138.7 

HOI... 

inn.  7 

99.  R 

94.7 

114.8 

1048 

1711 

9S  9 

140.0 

190.... 

9&8 

914 

97.7 

97.6 

97.0 

1041 

90.7 

130.8 

tftO.... 

100.3 

ioa.fi 

101.6 

100.3 

lOLO 

158.3 

045 

01.9 

I«H.... 

134.7 

1010 

73.2 

90.4 

8LS 

154  0 

90.0 

91.7 

IflOS. . . 

I4&7 

100.7 

71.  & 

93.9 

82.7 

1613 

100.9 

loai 

UQfi.... 

lfia.7 

U9.B 

7B.9 

107.1 

03.0 

1515 

1117 

ftO.3 

mt.... 

ua? 

12a  8 

8Z4 

107.1 

M.8 

107. 5 

1119 

96.7 

•  Averace  for  1895- 189»- 100.0. 


M    466 

BULLETIN   OF  THB   BUBKAC   OF  LABOR. 

^W 

I     Tabls 

V.-YEARLY  RELATIVE  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES. 

Contiiuied. 

[ATrrftfo  prlcB  for  IfiBO-lflBft-lOOa] 

IBMTO^^H 

I       Yw. 

lltlfllif  and  Ifirtrm^nti-                                                      ^^j 

Outck- 
dlwr. 

8Uv«r: 
lur, 

Am. 

SpMtar: 

irastBrn. 

Bteel 
btltoti. 

Steel 
ntlfl. 

StMl 

aheela; 

l)lMk, 

No.  27.(a) 

Tin: 
P(g. 

Tin  pUiM.              ^g 

tie.  nm. 

Import- 
'  M.  fiea- 
i*»r. 

AW> 

14«. 

.  -•'-(«) 

Ml... 
UM... 

■am.... 
law.... 

iaD.5 

1I3LS 
100  9 
93.3 

(ts.- 

91.8 
MIlO 

149^9 
1X1.3 
IKP 
1014 
t&h 
«8.d 
91.0 

133.8 
113.4 
103.9 
flO.7 
78.5 
80.1 
88.7 

141.5 

117.  T 
109  8 
919 
77.0 
8&9 
87.8 

121.0 
1118 
IIBlI 
107.9 
93.1 
•8.4 
W7.4 

iifca 

1M18 

mi 

lOtkO 
fiS.7 
7«l8 
73.4 

1616 

tltt.4 
I1A7 
117.1 
10A.7 
IM.4 
81V 

1048 
114  4 
lliT 

117.1        . 



1019 
10(1.9 
08.0 

MO.* 

U07.... 

9ia 

81.1 

ga.  1 

70.1 

71.0 

87.1   ;         710 

9t2 

8&  1 

■^1 

IM...- 

W.O 

78.9 

inn.  3 

71. 1 

«7  tf 

M.  8 

815 

88.8 

S7.3 

i^l 

UW.... 

ior.3 

80,8 

130.1 

144.0 

107  0 

119.  3 

14&2 

132.  T 

I'l 

iSH 

■too.... 

Wl.O 

82.9 

07.8 

116.  4 

133.0 

larl.ij 

1(0.7 

137.0 

«l 

187.J^ 

IffM  ... 

118.  A 

79,7 

89.6 

U2. 1 

1010 

14l».0 

142  8 

1517 

I! 

U3L7 

IM9.... 

ll&S 

70  0 

107.7 

143-1 

107.4 

130.9 

1413 

130.7 

uar 

IMS. . . . 

111.4 

7Z4 

123,5 

130.7 

107.4 

118  I 

t6S.4 

UA4 

<) 

1U4 

ItNM.... 

105.6 

77.3 

lis.  ft 

103.0 

107.4 

tti  8          1R3.  5 

lO.'LA 

<) 

mt 

IVDA  ... 

9T.4 

81  S 

1.11.0 

inn 

11W.4 

W.  1          170,  8 

108  5 

*) 

uaii 

inc.... 

g&ft 

80.0 

m.s 

137.5 

107.4 

lO&t)       3ia.8 

llLl 

*) 

titi^ 

1907.... 

f7.1 

>i.l 

ii&a 

18&9 

l«.4 

lit.  6      aiti 

119.8 

<! 

"4 

■        Yur. 

Tooli. 

i 

Aiieera: 

II.CC». 

ChltcU: 
extra, 

Fllca:  8- 
tnoh  mill 

Uanunern; 
M»ydalo 

PUnci: 
Bailey 
No.  & 

SAWS.                  ^y 

CroMttin, 
PUfflon. 

nand. 

^M 

1 

t4iiob. 

YanlMi 

flnivr. 
Hnott. 

iMUUrd. 

No.  U. 

DlwiUm 
No.  7. 

Awnc*. 

104.4 

IWO 

11*.! 

130.4 

110.9 

100.7 

9IV9 

107.4 

loao 

112.7 

IMI 

iia3 

US.; 

110.0 

1016 

9IV9 

107.4 

looo 

«a.8 

Mil 

]«» 

I1K.2 

iua.2 

110.9 

1U2.2 

911.9 

107.4 

10O.O 

88.8 

99.3 

1»W 

11I.9 

10tV.i 

1(U.  1 

101.8 

01^9 

107.4 

100.0 

98.8 

995 

1M4..... 

9&9 

loai 

91.5 

97.3 

9IL9 

101  S 

100.0 

98.8 

89.3 

IMK 

K2.9 

98.  ( 

90,  a 

0&4 

97.8 

ftS.9 

100,0 

98.8 

9B.S 

WWl 

»A7 

8S.4 

917 

91.3 

105.3 

«10 

irn.  V 

wu 

go  3 

UB7 

W.9 

83.f 

90.3 

914 

10A3 

M.0 

100.0 

98-8 

99.) 

1»» 

».« 

79.S 

90.8 

91V  a 

100  a 

93.0 

100.0 

98.6 

90. 5 

uw 

91.1 

97.1 

107.6 

109.7 

107.0 

•3.0 

100.0 

91.8 

99.3 

i«no 

134  4 

101.1 

1Z7.0 

137.8 

115.9 

107.0 

loao 

18.6 

983 

1901 

l(»i.T 

m.i 

131.4 

133.1 

117.2 

110.4 

100.0 

9S.6 

993 

1903 

U1.9 

103.  ( 

1418 

123,1 

117.2 

1112 

100.0 

«a.8 

90.5 

1906 

1U7 

107.  ( 

147.8 

123.1 

139.0 

11&7 

loao 

•US 

09.3       , 

I9M 

149.  S 

I2S.! 

1&K.4 

122.  U 

120. 0 

115.7 

too.  n 

98.8 

9a,^J 

19M 

190.7 

134.7 

309.5 

131.  fi 

129  0 

115.7 

100,0 

96.0 

S^l 

1906 

231.8 

143. 1 

331.1 

110  8 

130.0 

13018 

100.  U 

101.3 

lod^H 

H         Un 

2319 

144.9 

2313 

117.0 

1M.0 

115.7 

10U.U 

101.  .1 

u«^^ 

■         'ATtn 

■an  for  tbn  period  July,  \S04,  to  Dioenibcr,  1899  —  100.0.            *  Aronigi>ror 

1800-18W- 108,0.  ^^ 

■             »AV01 

■ttCBtor  lsu&-ian-lW.O.                                                           'l^uoUllaua 

dlMonUiLoad.      ^^H 

WHOLBSAI.E   PRICES,  UW  TO   lua7. 


4^7 


ILK  v.— YEARLY  RELATI\T.  PRICKS  OF  rOMMODTTlKS.  1890  TO  1W)7— 

WmiinueU. 


L 

lAvcnMBi] 

rieefo 

r 1800-1800- 

lOOiO 

1 

r 

Hotias  and  Impletoenu. 

Tools. 

i 

■ 

Wood 

fcrewi:  l- 

iDcb.  No.  10. 

tUtbCMl. 

Zinc: 
•boat. 

metAlmnd 
tmploDuiU. 

BOOTCW* 

Ames  No.  2. 

Trowvli:  H. 

CO^brtch. 
lOHueli. 

Vlaps:  soUd 
boi.  fio-        Avoni0s. 
pouud. 

loai 

100.0 

100.1 

107.3 

iao.s 

1110 

119.2 

mr 

loai 

loao 

ICAI 

lOfi.0 

ls^5 

107.7 

1IL7 

^Bb 

»..            loai 

loao 

100.1 

1015 

139.1 

103.4 

106.0 

....                !0O.  1 

lOOiO 

107.0 

ioa.0 

139.1 

910  1 

100.7 

^^^^B 

K..                   M.7 

100.0 

1010 

08.6 

103.2 

714 

90.7 

^Hm. 

M-T 

lOUtt 

V7.3 

96.9 

710 

8M 

OCO 

UM 

W.3 

ion  0 

•&4 

•6.7 

08.4 

93.0 

•17 

tm 

100.  H 

lon.n 

Ml7 

•6.0 

M.3 

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80.6 

uas 

loas 

100.0 

811 

93.9 

oas 

101 S 

86  4 

um. 

lue.  4 

irti  0 

loar 

101.3 

90.3 

131.0 

1117 

mo. 

1I5-S 

irti.  rt 

100.4 

111.9 

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1118 

130.5 

ss. 

115  9 

100  f) 

128.7 

110.0 

09.3 

1017 

111.9 

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100.  u 

131.5 

1116 

es.a 

107.9 

117.2 

102  0 

100.13 

133.7 

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73.4 

113.3 

117,6 

UM. 

w.s 

100. 1) 

109  L 

118.4 

CQ.6 

105.0 

100.  G 

UOfi. 

W.9 

100.0 

10ft.  1 

127  5 

00.9 

138,5 

VJ2  i 

1906. 

M.9 

100.0 

115.9 

1314 

eo.o 

135.0 

1U.2 

S»7. 

98.7 

un.0 

147.4 

11&7 

8D.7 

140k  9 

143.4 

1 

Lomterand  ballding  materUU. 

Cement. 

Doon: 

Urae: 

Urwrd 

b 

doraexto. 

AmertMn.     Po 
In  oil.       doi 

1 

2S?;|R<»«!ndAl« 

AT«ra0B. 

piM. 

common. 

o*l:  raw. 

ll&O 

imo 

11S.S                11A1 

13Sl8 

117.5 

13&8 

lOELft 

IIXT 

100^3 

106.3 

1114 

10>lS 

106. 8 

MB 

108.7 

1110 

10BL3 

100.3 

1114 

111.5 

9An 

VNf 

lOl* 

lO&ft 

IOOlO 

100.0 

113.1 

ui.a 

103.3 

WM 

N-9 

fiO.8 

1015 

101  S 

96. 1 

101  $ 

lis.  0 

UK 

Ul6 

9t.O 

SB.fl 

0(V1 

97.4 

83.5 

93.8 

iiao 

•to 

89.  Q 

100.3 

93.0 

97.1 

7(Lfl 

83.3 

81.3 

mn 

n.B 

W.7 

96.5 

81  K 

91.7 

T4.3 

86.2 

72.8 

100.4 

94.1 

100.1 

817 

93.0 

81  fl 

89l0 

66.6 

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wa.2 

m.4 

103.0 

100  8 

101  7 

118.3 

96.8 

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^^Mtt 

M.4 

10B.3 

lOB.l 

lUti 

111.4 

H5l5 

82.0 

138.7 

^Hfiin 

108.7 

00.8 

917 

1118 

1018 

173.1 

93.1 

14a  0 

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014 

97.  7 

97  6 

97.8 

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96.7 

13a6 

^HnSi 

1Q&3 

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101.0 

100.3 

101.0 

1.S.3 

911 

•1.9 

^H«M(U 

1M.7 

too.  A 

73.3 

90.4 

81.8 

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90.(1 

M.T 

^HiMM 

I«.7 

100.7 

71.5 

mo 

83.7 

163.2 

lflA.fi 

10011 

^H^Mfl 

188.7 

119.11 

78.9 

107.1 

93.0 

15S.I 

111.7 

89,3 

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ua7 

130.8 

83.4 

107.1 

918 

167.5 

113.9 

'               H.7 

•Anntce  for  18ft5-lS09- 100.0. 


JSns   or  TUB  BUfcfcAC  or   UUKHt. 


V,-YEj 


OELATIVE  PRICKS  OF  roMMODITIBS,  UiO  TO  IflOT- 
iVniuaucfl. 


lArmmtVi>»f9rum-tt»   tmt\ 


f    T  ,.-  J=-Sk 

l4iml«f  tfnl  IvttUdttit  bwlCflAlL 

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my  1 

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:((M.O 

WH0LE8ALE  PBICES,  1800  TO   1907. 


Tabuk  T. 


YEAULY  RELAXm:  PRU'ES  OF  COMMODITIES,  1S90  TO  1907- 
C'oulinued. 


(Awn^B*  pfflca  lor  1880-1889- 10aa| 


Lumbir  and  bulkUng  malertoU. 

ShinglM. 

Window  n^uK  ABBrtOftn, 

^i22S 

T«»r, 

"■■"■I" 

Md 

baildinc 
nuttft- 
rUU. 

Tw. 

Une: 

Firsts. 

Thirdi, 

CrpM. 

piwi. 

AnraCtt. 

■plrit*  of. 

lux  1j 
inch. 

6iS  to 
10  X  15 
inch. 

Avmi^ 

un.... 

1U.7 

lflB.« 

Me.  7 

139.4 

12X0 

103.6 

98.3 

Wk9 

111.8 

liM.... 

1     iu.a 

lot.  9 

111.1 

131.4 

1115 

102. 8 

97.  S 

100.1 

108.4 

un.... 

'        111.7 

104.4 

108.1 

107.9 

09.5 

U.7 

81,7 

00.1 

102.8 

!■■.... 

ios.a 

ua.8 

104.6 

89.8 

89.8 

10.4 

W.O 

«6w7 

101.9 

UM.... 

Bt.3 

10Q.3 

99.7 

90. « 

87. 7 

92.6 

89.8 

01.3 

96.3 

UM.... 

ll».» 

9ft.8 

M.4 

94.8 

S7.4 

74.3 

76.5 

75.4 

•4.1 

1      8g.a 

9S.5 

sa.6 

M.O 

83.1 

83.8 

88.0 

85.9 

93.4 

unl... 

1      n.3 

04.0 

89.0 

S7.fi 

87.5 

103.3 

107.9 

105.1 

90.4 

tat,... 

>          HLC 

M.9 

91.6 

01.1 

99.4 

123.9 

138.8 

135.0 

M.8 

U0» 

1         94.4 

9S.S 

99.4 

103.4 

137.0 

13:i.9 

131.9 

138.9 

10S.8 

ISOQ.... 

;       IMO 

ioa.9 

104.0 

USA 

142.7 

ir..6 

137.5 

136.5 

115.T 

UOI.... 

iaL.0 

111.9 

109.5 

106.4 

in. A 

IDI.9 

180.4 

186.3 

Ufl.7 

i«.... 

94.7 

123.0 

108.9 

U0.0 

141.8 

149.6 

141.0 

145.  S 

118.8 

im.... 

91.0 

itt.l 

l(«.l 

13U.4 

171  0 

122.7 

118.7 

130.7 

131.4 

tIM 

•a-i 

122.5 

107.4 

139  4 

I7I.3 

1»4.3 

128.0 

191. 1 

122.7 

llOfi 

i        se.c 

U9.9 

108.3 

14A.9 

187. 7 

13S.5 

117.5 

138.0 

137.7 

in.... 

1        114.9 

•  la.t 

U9.1 

192.  S 

108.9 

145.7 

124.0 

139.0 

14a  I 

W07.... 

1         149. S 

•  m.i 

170.7 

193.3 

189.8 

l^b 

123.3 

13T.0 

140.9 

Alcohol 

grain. 


Dnigs  and  oht-'UileaU. 


Alootaot: 
wood, 

nOiwd, 
95ppr 

CMlt. 


j  Brlm- 

I  Altm: '  slooe: 
'  hnap.  I  crude, 
I  seooDds. 

I  I 


.         *L, 

119L3 

IQDlO 

08.9 

131.6 

04.6 

•5.6 

ISflLO 

66.8 

»7.a 

13&4 

1013 

06.1 

7&S 

101.3 

104.0 

00.9 

0&8 

NB.7 

m\ 

sa2 

101.6 

73.9 

00l4 

100.8 

78.« 

oas 

107.6 

m,n 

toon 

105.5 

flXO 

1018 

109.7 

(V4.3 

1018 

107.4 

67.3 

1018 

105.9 

flSLO 

103.6 

108.6 

fil.A 

1018 

iw.a 

7D.8 

1018 

iiao 

7X4 

1018 

11X6 

41.8 

1018 

10X3 

isa.3 

116.7 

oai 

75.5 
88.8 
07.2 
110  7 
102.1 
103.3 
108. 3 
113.3 
107.9 
10&3 
102.8 
107. 1 
103.9 


rBflned 


r- '  Uurlatte 
add: 
30», 


11B.3 
100.9 
00.8 
90.3 
85.3 
011.1 
119.4 
03.5 
88.5 
05.0 
108.3 
107.5 
100:3 
M8.4 
00.8 
88.5 
00.7 
08.0 


100.0 
04.3 

116.3 
07.1 
816 
70.8 
73.1 

1(>1S 

j:;3.  1 

120.8 
120.8 
144.3 
lnl.5 
1518 
1SS.8 
153.8 
130.8 
130.8 


Opluni: 
natural, 

In 
cases. 


ni.o 

83:4 

7UN 

m.^ 

on.  8 

7S.0 
SR-ft 
99.3 
141. 6 
130.2 
1.15.6 
136.K 
130.0 
130.6 
116.5 
13&5 
135.0 
300.0 


Qulntaw: 

Aoicri- 

can. 


SuU 
phurlc 
acid: 


133.1 

MlO 

102.0 

91.0 

88.7 

106.7 

87.4 

95.5 

106.5 

82.0 

102.0 

78.7 

07.  S 

7K7 

713 

106.7 

87.3 

127.0 

ima 

1318 

135.2 

1318 

133.0 

140  4 

1017 

Itfvl 

102.6 

143.7 

04.8 

1U9 

as.4 

UO.S 

67.4 

113.4 

72.3 

113.4 

0  ShiDglM:  iwd  oodar,  raodonn  wldUi,  16  (Dcbos  long.    For  niathod  ol  computlne  relatlm  price 
pAg»«  3^17  aod  328. 


I 


470 


BUU-ETIN    OF  TUB   BVEEAtJ   OP  LABOR. 


Tablk  v.— yearly  relative  PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES,  1890  TO  1907— 

Continued. 

{ArmngB  prtoe  for  19D-W9-Uiao.] 


17 

Bouae  (ttrnlthln^  iroodB. 

KBtlbenwaiv.                        [ 

PurnltoiQ. 

^H     Ytftf. 

1 

1 

cre«ni- 
Mlond. 

PUtM, 

whtto 
pruilte. 

Tnai 
and 

can, 
grw 

Bupa 

Utl- 

whltv 
lit*. 

100.6 

Average,   ppj*.  wh. 

Chalw. 

DMirooiiii 

raapk. 

(rhalra, 
kitchen. 

TaMM. 

kitoben. 

AwiagB. 

i  ««..... 

tOH-O 

I0D.1 

1019 

113.7 

118.0 

100.8 

tfl».0 

11(1  I 

W    lan.... 

106,0 

I0A.9 

107.4 

108.0 

113.7 

113.0 

109.8 

103.9 

*     nai 

tS«2.... 

109.3 

103.7 

104.2 

108.4 

113.7 

110.8 

111.1 

100.9 

HW  A 

1103.... 

102.3 

103.7 

04  2 

103.4 

1012 

110.8 

111! 

103.9 

UJ7  5 

iSi.... 

lUl.ll 

lUI.V 

(ia.H 

101.9 

104.2 

96.9 

01.6 

9*.7 

»r.« 

H     I8U.... 

M.fl 

939 

94.4 

910 

94.) 

98.9 

VI.  6 

98.7 

9a. 

■    UM.... 

93.0 

89.1 

90.1 

90.4 

83.9 

98.9 

91.8 

08.« 

•1 

■    1M7.... 

92.0 

80.1 

90.1 

90.4 

83.9 

80.7 

91.8 

98l8 

9r> 

■    tflW.... 

too.  4 

I0D.8 

oko 

99.  T 

917 

n.7 

8A.0 

»&.tt 

m.' 

■    law.... 

101.7 

102.9 

99.2 

101.8 

05.7 

98.9 

106.7 

Uri.1 

ioa. 

■    1900.... 

ioe.fl 

108.1 

104.3 

100.3 

10(1, « 

120.1 

188  1 

1QR.I 

lan^ 

■  mi..' 

ll^B 

113.H 

00.7 

112  0 

ion.  A 

118.0 

1213 

lOKl 

lis. 

■  i5>.... 

112.  6 

IIS.  8 

0U.7 

nxo 

111.3 

n8.4 

138.5 

108.1 

118. 

■   mv.... 

I1&4 

111.4 

07.4 

ni.4 

I1A.S 

127.8 

130.7 

108.1 

m 

■    1«M.... 

113.8 

iia4 

10^4 

110.2 

110.1 

13Bil 

IK  7 

108.1 

un 

■   una.... 

lOA.A 

103.4 

OAfl 

100.0 

117.0 

13BL1 

124.3 

10R.1 

ii&i 

lOiLa 

103.4 

1IK8 

100.8 

123.8 

148.9 

IHO 

Ilia 

H    1807'.!'.: 

106.8 

1014 

98.8 

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187.4 

181. 1 

141.4 

1217 

1 

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Tfttttoeutlftr 

f. 

Woodraivan. 

Plteh- 

Tum- 

{  KAlvoa 

H       YMtf. 

Nap- 

t-gftJIon. 

com- 
mon. 

blrni. 
i-pliit. 
eota- 
moo. 

Avrr- 

tUtf 

baiidW* 

and 

forks, 

«ocobolo 

hflnilti 

ATor- 
aee. 

!•:■■■ 

123.8 

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AT«r- 
■pe. 

mr- J 

foodCq 

122. 6 

H  mo.... 

107.1 

108.4 

101.4 

10A.0 

100.0 

127.9 

1110 

122.8 

IILI 

107.1 

100.4 

112.  T 

10K.T 

100.0 

127.9 

uio 

111.8 

nA.3 

UlO 

iiofl 

urr.  1 

10(1.4 

107.0 

108.8 

100.0 

118.(1 

100.5 

103.9 

1(EL9 

108.9 

im 

^^1  Mttiiii 

107.  I 

I0A.4 

107.0 

10ft.  8 

118.H 

go.H 

IIH-H 

101.1 

97.1 

00.1 

^H    1IN..I. 

107.1 

100.4 

107.0 

100.  a 

100.0 

908 

98.4 

99  9 

95.8 

98.8 

Jul 

^^L-fli(*>-- 

107.1 

10K.4 

UM.2 

106.0 

100.0 

90.8 

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DTDUSTEIAL  HYGIENE. 


^^^^^  BY    UEOKOE    M.    KOBKR,    M.    D.  ^^^^^M 

^^  INTHODUITION.  ^ 

It  wo-s  shown  by  ohsorvatioii  long  ajjo  I  hat  corlAin  (KTUpatians  and 
tractrs  were  dau^erouH  to  health.  In  the  inloreHt  of  wa^e-oamers  ami 
tho  public  at  larjre  it  is  dearly  Jesirublo  U>  study  tlie  relation  of  a 
person's  trade  or  o<xaipation  to  hw  health  and  longevity,  the  source 
and  significaneo  of  tlte  dangers,  and  the  possibl<^  means  for  their 
prc)venti<«i  or  the  mitigation  of  tlieir  injurious  efforts. 

A  pioneer  study  wns  nmiK^  by  Proft^ssor  Kamazzini,  nf  Padua,  as 
early  as  1G70,  and  his  inono^rui>li  was  tratisluted  into  Kii<^|tMli  in  17(>5, 
and  nlsointo  French  in  1777. 

In  ISIO  the  Freneh  (lovernment  issued  a  decree  retnliiit^  tu  '*elal»- 
UsHcinents  dan^ereux^  insalubres  et  ineomtnodc^,**  and  in  ISIA  the 
Englisli  Parliament  institut<'d  a  commission  to  inquire  into  the  con- 
dition cif  factnries,  etc.  In  1822  Mr.  (.'.  Turner  Tliackrah.  of  Ixtctlt^, 
wrote  a  monoj^'raph  "On  the  effects  of  the  arts,  trades,  and  profeswioni*, 
and  of  civic  states  and  habits  of  livinj;  on  hrajtli  and  b>ii;:evity/ *  In 
183H  and  lS<j.5rhe  Engli.-^h  Parliament  again  appoint(*d  cikminissinners, 
and  in  1830  the  "Academic  des  sciences  morales  et  politiqueas''  of 
France,  and  sul>!sei|uent)y  Bavaria,  Prtissia,  and  tlie  German  Rmpifv 
dinM'ted  &imihir  invest i^rations.  As  arcsultof  i  [who  efforts  ami  numer- 
ous independent  investigations,  it  is  known  tJinl  the  charnclor  of  tbo 
oc<'U|>ntion  inlluencos  to  a  great  extent  not  only  the  average  ex|>eel- 
Btioii  of  life,  but  also  the  prevalence  of  certain  discftjMvs. 

It  i^  known,  fur  example,  that  bronchitis,  pneumonia,  and  tnlicrrai- 
losis  are  extremely  frequent  in  dusty  oc<upation.'*,  and  that  the 
sliarp  angular  ]>article^  of  iron  an<I  stono  du^^t  ftfc  more  liable  lo 
jtrodiicc  injuiy  of  the  respiratory  pftssagos  than  coal,  Hour,  i^ntn,  and 
other  kinds  of  dust.  It  is  also  known  that  workers  in  leatr 
ar.senic,  pliosphonis,  poisonous  tlyes,  e(c.,  suffer  from  ihcii 
effects,  and  that  other  occupations,  sucli  as  mining,  ruilroailing,  and 
those  which  necessitate  working  with  or  around  mo\nng  nmcJiinerr 
involve  apeciul  danger  t*>  life  anil  limb. 

In  1833,  1864,  1867,  and  1S7(),  England  enacted  the  ao-cttlled  "fac- 
tory laws.'*     France,  provided  a  child  labor  low  in  1S41  and  in  IS^m 
a  more  satisfactory  labor   code.     Germany  an*l   other  continent^ 
governments  enacted  suitable  legislation  between  1S59  and  ISSO. 

AccnnlingtoMissS.  S.  Whit telsey's  "Essay  on  .Nfn    -»  m  --i:    »  •  i    - 
Legislation,'*  child  labor  received  attention  in  M»i.'s> 
as  1836.     The  first  law  as  regard.s  safety  and  sanitation  was  enacted  ui 
that  State  in  1S77.  bince  which  lime  all  the  States  antl  Tcrritorieah^' 
enai't^il  some  form  of  labor  or  factor^*"  laws. 


^^^r                                              INDtJSTBTAL    HYGIENE.                                              473     ^M 

I      MORBIDITY  AND  MOUTALITY  OF  WAGE-EARNERS,         H 

The  statUtics  of  the  luorbidilv'  and  raortalilv  of  various  occupa^  ^| 

lions,  wliilo  fwr  from  saiisfu^^-torv,  and  subjoct  to  more  or  less  erro-  ^H 

Hneous    conclusions^  nevertheless    indicate    that    persons   habitually  ^| 

■engaged  in  Iiard  work  aro  more  frequently  subject  to  disease  ami  ^^ 

Bprest'nt  a  hijjher  mortality  than  persons  more  favorably  situateil,    ^i 

and  this  is  e^spwaally  true  of  fartorj*  employees,  because  their  work  ^H 

His  gonerallv  more  monotonous,  fatiguinj'.  and  performed  under  less  ^H 

and  badly  house^l.                                                                                              ^M 

H      Anumg  the  occupations  usuallv  classed  as  inimical  to  health  are     ^^ 

■Weathers,  b<:>okbinders,  brass  foimders,  compositors,   coppersmitlis, 

Belectrotypers,   stonecutters,  gas-works  employees,  white-leatl   work- 
■ers,  match  workers,  persons  employed  in  the  manufacture  i>f  explo- 

■hives.  firemen,  potters,  file  makers,  and  operatives  in  rubber  factories.    ^ 

■    The  follo\%'ing  table  from  the  reports  of  the  Twelfth  Census  shows  ^B 

■the  death  rattvs  per  1,000  employees  for  leadinjjc  causers  and  for  all   ^^ 

Beau-ses  in  certain  occupations  in  1000: 

BBATH  KATE  PEtt  l.OOO  EMPLOYEES  IN  CE&TAJN  OOClTPATIONS  IK  RKOlSTUATION             , 
m                                      STATES  IN  1000,  BY  rRINCIPAL  CAUSES  OF  UEATU.                                       ^H 

^^^B                 Occupation. 

D«Ath  rate  per  l,en.                                ^| 

Triber- 
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KCXLsnx  or  the  bubsjut  op  labob. 


N 


The  following  iM»  from  the  rrpoft  of  the  rpgutrmr-genenu  of 
England  and  Wales  ahovi  the  comparatiTe  mortalitj  of  occupations 
in  England  and  WaJi^,  1890-1992.  The  avenge  mortality  of  aO 
males  of  thf  population  between  25  and  66  jean  of  age  was  placed  at 
1,000.  Tike  mortality  of  occnpicd  males  was  U53  and  of  the  unoccu- 
pied 2^15. 


OUMPABATIV£  MOBTAltTT  Of  OOCCrATIOSS  IK  BMQULSV  AND  WALKS. 


TO 


OcmpMtkML 


St 


U»*BMM 


LdM 
I.* 

1.1 

i.-jm 


A  reasonable  explanation  for  the  excessive  mortality  in  some  of  the 

o(*«iipationM  will  br  fdiind  in  subsequent  pa^es;  tbo  bigb  rates  in 
brewers,  imikee|*orH,  and  hotel  servants  are  believed  to  be  due  to  the 
effects  of  alcohol. 

Accordintr  to  Kauchbern:('')  the  average  number  per  1,000  uumuIkts 
of  tlie  "Vienna  Sick  Benefit  St>cicly  '*  Inken  siek  during  a  [>eri(>d  of 
17  years  was  423  per  annum  distributed  as  follows: 


Oani|>iiCloiL 

Av*niss 

|M.-r  1.UQ0 

— 

IffM'lildlaf*' l»<lpf>rB 

m 

CI 
ITS 

4fil 
437 
ITS 

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StiovmmkQTB 

J 

r.i'                    vvviaiMliUjrlAboma. 

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SV 

nil                         

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(j,.^.  ..u^.  intf 

SM 

M                                          '  t'lf^M .-... 

aja 

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We, :     , .IS 

UiMkmmiUtm 

4a 

Tha  subject  of  industrial  dLsease-s  and  inda^trial  aceident.s  is  every- 
wliere  (t'isuinint^  n^ore  anJ  more  importance  and  our  knowledge  should 
be  btt^ed  upon  accurate  data.  In  En^lnnil>  where  reports  of  cortuin 
ocrupiilioiiH  nre  compulsory,  it  is  possible  to  secure,  for  example^  r<y 
liuhte  ilntib  Am  to  the  nuuiIxT  (ff  CAsos  of  Itunl  poisoning.  The  .same 
fttcilitieH  arc  alTorded  by  ihe  Htatistics  of  tlie  "(Serman  Industrial  In- 
surance IiujtitutCK/'  which  furnish  not  only  the  number  of  (lcu(4is 
from  variouH  causM*R,  but  also  the  number  of  cases  treated,  tt>gpther 
with  tlis  age  periiHj  and  tho  dtiralion  of  the  disease.    Similar  facts 


o  Die  sll|;-  Art>oIt0r-Kraiiko>n  und  Invaltdeacnsae  in  Wien.  ISHO. 


IJIDUSTBIAL  HXGIEKE. 


I 

■ 

I 


shouiti  bo  collected  in  this  country.  This  is  a]l  the  more  iniportAnt 
when  it  is  reraenihere<l  that  even  vi'ith  the  most  complete  statistics, 
it  is  extremely  dilHcult  to  determine  all  the  factors  whicli  influence 
ihe  health  and  longevity  of  operatives.  Great  differences  are  found 
in  the  conditions  under  wliich  the  work  is  performed,  some  of  wliirh 
are  entirely  avoidable,  wliiJe  others  are  not,  and  it  is  hardly  fair  to 
characterize  certain  trades  as  dangerous,  when  experience  lias  shown 
that  no  harm  results  when  proper  safeguards  have  been  taken.  In 
the  consideration  of  this  question  the  personal  element  of  the  work- 
men, their  habits,  mode  of  life,  food,  home  environments,  etc.,  can 
not  be  ignored.  There  are  a  number  of  occupations  in  which  the 
alcohol  habit  prt»vails  to  an  unusual  extent,  perhaps  because  of  t^e 
character  of  the  work,  perhaps  as  a  result  of  association,  and  it  woidd 
not  be  fair  to  attribute  the  ill  health  of  the  operatives  altogether  to 
the  character  of  the  employment.  Again,  many  persons  are  engaged 
in  occupations  for  which  they  are  not  physically  fitted,  while  others 
ruin  their  liealth  by  vice,  dissipation,  improper  food,  and  insanitary 
environment  at  home.  In  addition  to  all  this  there  are  factors,  such 
as  water  anti  soil  pollution,  for  which  neither  the  industry  nor  the 
individuals  are  primarily  to  blame.  Thus,  for  example,  the  general 
ametnia  of  the  agricultural  classes  in  Porto  Kico  was  attributed  a 
few  years  ago  to  their  occupation  and  starvation,  when  as  a  matter  of 
fact  it  was  caused  by  the  **hook-worm  disease."  Recent  investiga- 
tions conducted  by  Doctor  Stiles  appear  to  indicate  that  the  same 
disease  prevails  to  some  extent  among  tl\e  textile  operatives  in  the 
South.  All  tliis  indicates  the  need  of  a  thorough  study  of  the  condi- 
tions affecting  health  in  various  occupations,  not  ouly  to  iletermine 
the  relative  health  risks  and  the  causes  of  the  undue  prevalence  of 
certain  diseases  in  certain  occupations,  but  also  to  formulate  rules 
which  may  remove  the  causes  or  render  tlie  system  l>etter  fitted  to 
resist  tliem.  In  this,  as  in  all  preventive  efforts,  a  hearty  cooperation 
of  the  parties  interested  is  absolutely  essential  for  the  attainment  of 
the  highest  measure  of  success.  In  this  instance  the  responsibility 
rests  with  the  state,  the  employer,  and  employees;  each  have  certain 
duties  to  perfonn,  and  the  help  of  all  is  essential  for  the  mitigation  of 
iting  evils. 

INDOOR  OCCITPATIONS. 


In<ioor  employment,  broadly  speaking,  is  inimical  to  health,  wliile 
outdoor  work  in  a  pure  air  favors  health  and  longevit3\  Without 
underrating  the  influence  of  insanitary  dwellings,  improper  and  insuffi- 
cient food,  lack  of  recreation,  and  other  factors,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
one  of  the  cluef  dangers  of  indoor  life  is  exposure  to  vitiated  air.  The 
air  in  dwellings  and  workshops  is  never  so  pure  as  the  out^r  air, 
because  it  is  polluted  by  the  products  of  respiration,  cotabuf^^'-   -am 


476 


BULLETIN    OP   THE   BUREAU    OF  LABOR. 


decomposition,  and  the  presence  (if  iuiliviciuald  also  I«nd8  to  Yitia(« 
tlic  air  witii  dust,  ^eniis,  and  organic  matter  from  the  skin,  mouth, 
lungs,  and  soiled  clothirij^.  UnU'ss  pro|>er  provision  Ik  ma<it*  for  the 
dts|>ersioD  of  foul  air  and  ihv  introduction  uf  pure  air  there  is  much 
reason  for  assuming  that-  tliose  impurities  play  a  mure  or  leas  impor- 
tant r6leiu  wlittt  luislx^on  designated  as '*crow<l  poiaoning,"  clmrai'ter- 
izcd  in  the  suK'Ai*  form  by  symptonxs  of  oppression,  headA<-lie,  din^inettft, 
and  faintnesii,  wliile  the  clironic  en'ects  of  deficient  oxygenation  and 
purificHiiitn  of  the  l>lo<Mi  are  plainly  evinced  by  tlie  ]>allor,  los;*  t>f 
ap{>cLile,  ana.'mia,  and  gradual  los.s  of  physical  ai;d  incntaj  vigor.  All 
uf  thc«o  effects  are  intenHiiied  when  human  beings  are  obliged  to 
occupy  rooms  witli  an  air  supply  insunic-ieiit  for  th»^  proper  oxygi»n- 
ation  of  the  blood,  and  an  a  result  of  this  habitual  cKpoimro  to  viti- 
ated, air,  we  note  an  undue  prevalence  of  conauniption  in  crowded 
workHhops,  tlwollings,  prinons,  public  institutions,  tmd  formerly  n\M^  in 
milithry  barracks  and  battle  slips.  Ex'en  live  stock  shows  the  baneful 
effects  of  insutlicient  air  space,  for  tuberculosis  among  the  range  cattle 
of  the  farwesl.  which  arc  practically  without  shelter,  is  comparatively 
rare,  wliile  it  iitfects  fn>m  15  to  25  |>er  cent  of  dairy  herds,  wliirh  are 
housed,  but  without  sufficient  regard  to  light  and  air.  Improved  ven- 
lilation  and  increased  air  ?pare  has  everywhere  lessened  the  death 
rat^.  anil  it  in  chiellv  bv  just  such  me^stires  that  the  rate  from  con- 
sumption  has  lieen  reduceil  from  11.9  to  1.2  per  1,000  in  the  British 
armi<'s.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  an  abunilunce  of  purr  air  has  been  found 
the  most  im[>ortHnt  factor  in  the  treatment  of  tulM^mdosis,  because  it 
promotes  oxygenation  of  the  blood,  stimulates  the  appetite  and  nutri- 
tion, and  thereby  increases  the  genera]  re«L«»ting  ponfr  of  the  sj'ste.m. 


OCCUPATIONS 


IN\'OLVING    lOXPOvSUKE 

DUST. 


IX)    IKUITATING 


It  h«ij  long  been  kni>wu  tluit  the  inhalation  of  dust  jiredlspo.^cs  to 
diii«easGS  of  the  rospirat»»ry  paj^sages,  which  may  result  in  consump- 
tion. Tlie  particles  of  mineral  dust  prinhue  an  irritution  of  the 
mucous  membranes  of  the  nose,  throat,  respiratory  organs,  and  eyes, 
ami  the  hard,  sharp,  and  angul«r  j»urticles  of  iron  untl  stone  ilust  may 
cause  n<-tual  abrasi<uis.  According  to  Arnold (")  the  dust  whidi  isi 
iuhuled  lodges  on  the  mucous  membninesof  thoairjni^sagcs  and  vwsi- 
ciefl  of  the  lungs,  there  to  be  coughed  up,  although  some  of  the  ftneat^ 
parlicUvs  are  taken  up  by  the  e]>ithcliAl  cell^t  and  whil*^  oorpuscles  and 
carried  to  the  nearest  l^nnphatic  glands.  The  coarser  partidee,  such  as 
inm,  stone,  or  coal  <lust,  usually  lodge  upou  the  iiurface  to  Iki  coughed 
up  with  the  s<»^retionH.  If  not  cx|>ec(orated  tliey  will  cause  harm  by 
clogging  up  the  air  vesicles  and  interfere  wit^  respiration.     In  the 

ornter«ucbuTigf^0lir<r8tAultinhaIialon,QTr.,  Lriti«it5. 1885. 


iNDrer&XAL  HYGiKarK. 


47 


meantime  not  infrnfueuUy  aii  irritation  is  set  up,  causing  catarrhal 
conditions  of  the  mucous  membranes,  or  a  more  serious  chntnio  luflam- 
iiiati4Mi  of  the  respiralurr  or^&ns^  so  o<»iuinon  tLinong  persons  engap*ii 
in  (lusty  occupations.  The  chronic  intlammatorj  conditions  thus 
produced  favor  infection  with  the  ti]l>en'Je  hurillus.  At  all  events 
Hirt's  statistics  show  that  men  employed  in  occupations  that  |iro- 
duce  much  dusi  suffer  more  frequently  from  [meuuiouia  and  con- 
sumption than  those  not  exposed  to  dust  an<l  that  there  is  practically 
no  difference  in  frequency  of  diseases  i»f  the  digi'stive  system.  The 
relative  frequency  of  those  diseases  per  1 ,000  workmen  is  as  follows:(**) 


CAAKSOr  COXStamON,  PKaUUOKlA.  AND  DIGESTIVK  UISOKUEKS  rStt  XJOn  WOKK- 
KR8  IX  CERTAiK  OOCUFATIONS. 

q—  d  BiM  iif  tip— . 

■Bsr 

mooU. 

& 

WorfcfrthiiB«t*Ilfcdii»t..^ „ „ 

Wi^rfcm  ta  aamrral  4wi     ,,.                     .,... 

ttlO 

no 

IJIS 

U.I 

IT.« 

CO 
7.7 
%4 
4A 

17.8 

MLB 

Wertantnaanddiut » ^ 

W«rtw fn ftnltniil ^tnt , ,.. ., , 

aaa 

Woctef*  in  v«g*ttt^^<l<>*t>--*">*—— ••—■••—---—•••-•--— - ..... 

l&T 

Vr  iitea  1^  In  nnfifflictT  Vn^1>4 .... 

1ft.  0 

Perlen  in  his  "  Inau|^ral  Dissertation,"  Mimich,  ISST^C^  disruased 
the  njcords  of  the  Munich  Polyclinic,  where  65,756  persons  were 
treatx^d  l)etwoen  1.S65  and  1SS5,  inrluding  4,177  lul>en'ular  ])alieiils. 
Of  these,  1,425  patients  had  boon  engagetl  in  ormpatinns  whore 
they  were  exposed  to  dust,  viz: 

30  per  cent  were  by  reason  uf  aociii>alio]i  exposed  to  metallk*  ilviBt. 
26  per  cent  were  by  reaaon  of  occuptitiou  cxpoded  to  voi»oUMi>  da»t. 
]8pf>rcent  voro  by  reason  <if  ofx'uiuuitui  cxpci^Ml  loiiiinrnl  >lust. 
17  |>er  t-viil  wt-re  by  niuon  of  wctipaliuu  ua|>oih^I  to  luixiil  dust. 
8  per  cent  were  by  reoaon  of  occupation  exposed  toanimnldust. 

Acconlin^  to  the  reports  of  the  census  of  1900  the  consumption 
de«lh  rate  of  marble  and  stonecutters  in  the  l^niteil  StaU»s  is  newrly 
akx  tinies  that  of  bankers,  brokers,  and  otHoials  of  ctimpanies,  and 
the.  rat-e  in  fifty-one  other  employments  ranges  betwiH*n  tiM*su 
extremes. 

The  amount  of  dust  is  perhaps  less  important  than  the  character  o{ 
the  particles  which  compose  it.  Tlie  susceptibility  to  consumption 
aninrig  metal  workers  and  stonecutters  c^in  be  explained  only  by  tlio 
fact  that  the  luird,shaq>,  and  irrcfjular  jiarticles  of  this  kind  *)f  dust 
are  more  apt  to  produce  injury  of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  Yt'.i>[n- 
ratory  tract.  But  it  Ls  not  fair  to  assume  that  the  less  irritating  dust 
is  free  from  danger,  for  as  pointed  t)Ut  by  E.  Roth('')  oven  the  inhalation 

•  Otl4xl  by  Hamni;U>n,  PractiraJ  Hj-picnc,  1901,  p.  iUti. 

ft  Cito<l  }>y  Un\'liiianii.  Qaiidbiich  d.  Hygieoo.  IWK>.  p.  587. 

0  Kompendium  der  Gewerbokmnkheiton,  Berlin,  19D1,  \>.  .  i ' 


BUIXKTIN    OF   TUE   BUKKAU   OF  LABOtU 


I 


I 
I 


of  plaster  of  Paris  or  flour  dust  can  not  be  regarded  with  indifforenpo, 
espt'cially  when  sixrh  inlmlation  is  preventable. 

Alirens(")  found  the  amount  of  dust  for  each  ruhjr  irw^fi-r  f>f  air  in 
certain  industrial  e^lablishments  as  follows: 


lilUlgranu. 

HnnKihftir  wnrks 10 

8uwiriill 17 

Wudlen  fftctory 20 

Wixjlon  (actory  with  cxhaiwior 7 

Paper  Cactor>- 24 

I^lxirauiry 1.4 

According  to  Sehuler  andBurklianlt,  rite<l  by  Roth, (*)  the  morbidity 
among  1,000  workmen  engaged  in  dusty  occupations  is  as  follovrs: 


Klourmill 28 

Foumir>' '^^ 

rolifiluiigroomof  fouiidry .  71. 

FpU  aliuc  (actory 175 

Oiiu'ui  wurkfi L^-'l 


1 


PupiT  (utrtfjrj'  ciiipluyiM.'B 343 

M*H*lianira1  indtutriAl  tdiups 410 

WfXKl  lurtU'ni 427 

LaUjrcn*  in  tlio  rag  stutvitiom  of  a 

paper  fArtory .4.», 47*^ 


BookbLudtrra 98 

8ilk  wcnvitni 205 

Coiton  rtpinnitn 236 

Prinifre 250 

Cot  Ion  wcfl  vera 285 

TypL' foundt're  uiitl  typcB««llore 304 

According  toSonunerfeld,  cited  by  Roth,  (*)  the  mortahty  in  Berlin 
of  persons  en^^ftj^od  in  nondusty  ocwupations  is  2.30  per  1,000;  of  p.-^^r- 
Bons  enKaK*^*d  in  dusty  occupations  is  oA'2  per  1,000;  the  rnurtaUty  ol 
the  total  population  of  Berlin  at  the  same  agea  in  4.93  per  1,000. 

Of  1,000  deaths  in  Berlin  the  iuiiul>er  of  deaths  from  rt>nsum|>tion] 
in  occupations  without  development  <tf  dust  was  3K1 ;  in  occupationi 
with  ilevolopment  of  dust  it  wa.s  480;  in  the  total  population  of  thi 
city  at   the   same  ages  332.3  deaths   of   every  1,000  wore  due  U 
consumption. 

METALLIC  AND  MINERAL  DUST. 

It  will  be  readily  understood  that  in  the  cutlery  and  tool  industryj 
especially  in  the  ^^rindinjij  and  polishinjs  departnicnts,  more  or 
dust  is  evolved  no^unly  from  the  metallic  surfaces,  hut  also  frtun  th( 
numerous  grindstones  and  emery  and  corundum  wJieels.  This  dust 
pr*)ilaction  is  not  wholl^^  avuiilable,  even  when  the  wet  process  is 
employed.  Jt  is  known  that  the  inhalation  of  this  dust  tends  to  prt 
duce  diseases  of  the  lungs,  such  as  broncliitis,  peribronchitis,  an< 
fibroi<l  pneumonia,  but  tulx^rculosis,  also  spoken  of  by  the  workmri 
as  "t^rinilers*  asthma"  and  ''grinders'  rot,*'  leacU  the  hst. 

Moritz  and  R6j>ko(')  have  shown  that  72.5  per  cent  of  the  dea' 
umonjj  the  tnetal  grinders  of  Solingen  are  <lue  to  consumption, 
<()iopared  with  .'i.5.,5  per  cent  among  the  general  population. 


IKDUSTBIAL   HTGTEXK. 


I 


I 


Tlie  tleath  rotuma  for  12  yeare  of  the  city  of  Northampton,  Mi 
one  of  the  centers  of  the  cutlery  and  tool  imhistn-.  show  that  am 
*'grinilers/*  ''polishers/*  and  *'cutjere"  disease-;  of  the  lungs  were 
responsible  for  72.73  per  cent  of  the  mortality,  inclusive  of  54.5  pcr^ 
cent  of  deatlt^  from  tuberculosis.(*") 

Ilirt  gives  the  percentage  of  consumption  in  the  total  number 
sick  among  dilTerent  classes  of  workers  in  metal  as  follows:  NeedU 
polishers,  69.6  per  cent;  file  cutters,  who  are  also  exposed  to  inhali 
tion  of  leadr62.2  per  cent;  grinders,  40  percent;  nail  cutters,  12  ]>er 
cent.  ^ 

Greenliow(*)  over  50  years  ago  called  attention  to  the  excessivefl 
mortaUty  among  the  nee<lle  polishers  of  Sheffield.  Beyer(^)  found 
that  of  196  needle  polishers  at  Remscheid  only  24  were  over  40  years 
of  age.  The  reason  why  this  occupation  is  especially  dangerous  is 
because  the  "wet  process"  can  not  be  emi)loye<l  for  small  objects, 
whirli  moreover  have  to  be  brought  more  closely  to  the  eyes,  and  thus  _ 
the  chances  for  the  inhalation  of  this  metallic  dust  are  increased.        ■ 

The  danger  in  all  such  establishments  can  be  reiluced  to  a  minimum 
by  the  employment  of  re^spirators  ami  forced  ventilation  to  carry  the 
dust  away  from  the  operator.  The  Massachusetts  report ,  cited  above, 
states  that  even  when  employers  have  prf)vi(!ed  hoods,  connected 
with  a  system  of  exhaust  fans  or  blowers,  *'a  very  large  proportion  of 
grinders  recklessly  remove  the  hoods,  and  tlms  expose  themselves 
tmnecosaorily  to  this  especially  dangerous  form  of  <lust.  They  assert 
that  they  prefer  free<lom  of  movement,  with  dust,  to  the  protection 
offered  by  hoods." 

Stonec\itting  is  regarded  as  a  dangerous  occupation,  and  con- 
suxnptitin  is  quite  common  among  men  engage<l  in  the  industry'. 
Those  who  have  observed  the  various  operations  realize  that  in  s[»ite 
wet   processes  and  employment  in  the  open  air  the  workmen, 

►pecially  those  who  operate  (he  pneumatic  tools,  are  expose<l  to  a 
great  amount  of  tliis  irritating  form  of  dust.  Jj 

A  collective  investigation  published  in  1001,  and  citeil  by  Jloth(') 
shows  that  of  every  100  deaths  among  stonec\itters,  polishers,  and 
quarrymen  86  were  due  to  diseases  of  the  lungs,  inclusive  of  55  deaths 
from  consumption.  Of  2,013  stonecutters  examined  by  Sommerfeld, 
10.7  per  cent  were  afflicted  with  consumption,  17.08  per  cent  with 
other  diseases  of  the  lungs,  and  nearly  all  had  a  chronic  catarrh  of  the 
throat  or  larvnx. 


o  Hfport  of  thu  State  Board  of  Health  of  Maasochusctts  upon  tho  Sanitary  Condition 
o£  Fiict*>ne^.  Worki'hopfl.  etc.,  1907,  p.  87. 

ft  C'iti'd  by  .Saudere,  HanrJbucIi  dcr  fifffntl.  0*«HUndhtitH]>ni'(;n,  ISHS,  p.  lOfi. 
£ Kouipendiuiu  d«r  CeuerbekranklieileD,  Berlin.  IIKM,  ]>.  118. 


480 


Bi;i>LETIK    OF   TUE    &rit£AU    OF*  UAUUR. 


According;  U^  i\w  rppori  of  iho  RoatiI  of  Hrtnllh  of  MaawchuaettA, 

previously  riled, (")  of  lii'.i  dcathe  whirh  ore\irrp<l  \n  ill?*  rity  of  Quinry. 
il^fis.,  anu)tig  stoniH'Ulti'ns  during  a  jwriod  of  »t>uut  Hi  vears,  4  1 A  ^K>r. 
tt  were  duo  to  pulmonan'  consuiuplicm,  12  per  cent  to  olhcr  ditl 
oat^t*s  of  tlio  iun^^s,  12. S  ]»pr  cent  to  disGa^^s  of  the  heart.,  7  per  ceni 
to  violence,  and  26-8  per  rent  to  all  nthrr  ^au^»#^s. 

Millhtone  anil  olate  cutting  are  al»o  regardc^d  as  dan^roa<]  occiipaJ 
tions.  Porst»ns  enjrB^r<i  in  jrliiss  ruttin«;  and  polisliin^  art*  nut  onm 
ex|K>8ed  to  llir  inliitlAtion  of  a  sharp  and  irriiaiinr;  dust,  but  also  vm 
\e&t\  poitiooin^  from  i\\v  xiae  of  putty  powder,  whicli  contains  70  pa 
cent  of  IrHd  oxide.  In  ^huss  estalktishtiients  in  Massm-huHrtU,  whim 
all  the  cutting  and  ptilishing  is  done  by  the  wet  method,  no  du^t  tfl 
perceptible  and  the  employees  as  a  ela«9  appear  to  enjoy  goofl 
health. (^)  (rem  fini^u^rs  aLso  have  a  high  conMumption  and  sick  rai«] 
Workers  in  nnca  du^t  and  bronzing  |K>\vden3  ummI  in  the  uianufacturfl 
of  wall  j)apers,  fancy  Bouvenir  eardn,  moUiini^,  frames,  etc.,  are  pro! 
tns{M>siMl  to  diseases  of  tlie  respjrntiiry  pussogtis,  and  the  bronze  pom 
der  in  addition  is  hable  to  prmluce  hcailache,  \of&  of  appetite^  nau^^J 
Toniiting,  and  diarrhcn.  HH 

It  is  Huid  of  the  bron/jng  department  of  some  of  the  Hthograf^^^ 
^atabtislinu'iitvs  in  Maj^sncliiusettH  tliat  in  8pit4>  of  tlic  exhaust  voutilJ 
tion  the  air  is  lieavy  with  bnmae  dust  most  of  the  time.  "The  boyJ 
who  nm  the  five  bronzing  nmchines  wear  hanilkcrcliiefa  over  the  noaJ 
and  mouth.  Thry  look  jtalc  and  unhealthy,  and  all  show  the  rharaol 
teriKtic  groen  per.Hpiralion  due  to  contact  with  bronze.  The  greal 
majority  of  the  crnployoes  npprar  to  l)e  healthy. "(*)  I 

in  the  manufacture  of  macliincrA'  and  metal  supplies  some  of  lliq 
operations  involve  exposure  to  dunt,  fumes,  vapom,  or  extreme  heat. 
Jn  some  of  the  prtK'OK^'st  eniery  wheels  and  revolving  wire  brushes  ar^ 
UMAd^imd  uide.s8  the  wheels  aree<)uipf>ed  with  exhaust  ventilating  appli-) 
ances,  enormous  quantitiej^  of  Jine  sled  and  emerj'flust  are  given  %»iJ. 
In  a  Mas.saehus4M  tN  investigation  covering  24  establishmentN  the  air  oL 
some  of  the  rooms  wan  fitmul  exceedingly  dusty,  an<l  about  one-tenttl 
of  the  occupants  KKiktMl  pnJt^  and  sickly  and  comp>luin<Hl  of  the  irriio-*] 
tion  of  the  air  passages  by  the  dust.  The  number  of  employees  in 
thetfk^  exlablishments  ranges  l>etween  12,500  and  l.'jjOOO.  Some  of  tha 
(^sUiltlislunents  weiv  models  in  cliaracter  as  regards  light,  ventiiatioal 
and  general  sanitation.  **Tho  tumblers  and  emerA'  wheels  an?  pral 
vided  with  IumkIs  und  blowers  which  are  effective,  and  then'  is  pracUJ 
cally  no  <lust.     The  rooms  in  which  castings  are  dipped  are  proprrlj 

<i  lU'{xtt-t  [,i  tlio  Sl:ili<  lloar'l  ••(  llcaltlt  of  Mbhia<!}iiimiui  U(Mm  the  StuiitarTrrcmdltiM 

of  FarUirlect,  Wnrbtlu/fn.  Htc,  11M)7.  p.  79.  I 

ftlbici.,  p.  60.  I 


INDUSTRIAL    UVGIEKE. 

ventilaUnl  uml  all  fumes  are  effectively  romovetl.     All  of  the  machin- 
ery is  well  protected."  (*) 

One  brass  foundry-  was  report-ed  where  the  air  was  heavy  with 
fumps,  especially  in  winter,  no  mechanical  ventilation  being  instalknly 
andall  the  workmen  asscTtod  that  they  had  occasional  attacksof  'M)rass 
fountU^rs'  ag:ue."  The  foUowing  m&y  be  taken  ay  a  fair  statement  of 
the  hygienic  aspects  of  the  machinery  and  metal  industry.  '*  While 
tlie  nature  of  some  of  the  processes  is  such  as  to  warrant  classification 
of  tlusindustTJ'\^^th  the  dangerous  trades,  the  conditiojis  under  which 
the  work  IS  done  are  verA-  largely  resjK>nsible  for  the  injurious  effects 
on  the  health  of  the  employees,  and  these  conditions  are  to  a  consider- 
able extent  avoidable  or  at  least  susceptible  of  improvement.^' (") 

Thesamo  Massarhusetts  in vcstigatiim  covered  H  iron  and  steel  found- 
ries an<l  9  st4)ve  founilries.  In  one  establislLment,  the  department  ia 
which  the  castings  are  sand  blasted  was  found  very  objectionable,  as 
the  air  was  heavily  impregnated  with  flaying  sand,  wliich  "gets  into 
the  mouth,  nose,  and  eyes  ami  the  employees  suffer  considerably  from 
soreness  of  the  Iast-menti(me<l  organs."  In  another  establishment 
this  C(»ndition  is  very  much  ameliorated  by  a  large  flaring  hood  in  the 
■center  of  the  room  with  upwanl-suction  draft,  the  operatives  wearing 
hehnets  \^*ith  fine  wire  inserts  to  protert  the  eyes  and  cloths  under- 
neath the  helmets  to  protect  the  nose  and  mouth.  In  one  of  the  stove  ^J 
foundries,  the  dust  from  the  polisliing  and  buffing  process^  in  the  ^M 
absence  of  hoods  and  exhaustventilation/' is  so  thick  that  objects  a  few  ^} 
feet  distant  can  not  clearl3^  be  made  out.  Many  men  refuse  to  work  in 
this  establishment  in  the  hot  months  on  account  of  the  excessive  heat 
and  general  tliscomfort."  In  some  instances,  where  the  necessary 
protection  is  alTorde<l  by  the  employer,  the  men  habitually  remove 
the  hoods  and  Ixscome  covered  with  emery  and  iron  particles. (*) 

In  tlie  cnisliirig,  grinding,  and  sifting  process  incident  to  the  manu- 
facture of  euior}',  corundum,  and  sandpaper  more  or  less  fine  dust  is 
given  otr  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  niacliines  are  more  or  less  com- 
pletely inclosed.  The  emery  and  corundum  industry-  must  be  classed 
atnong  ihe  trades  intrinsically  dangerous  U)  health,  on  account  of  tho 
pecuHarly  irritating  character  of  dust;  ''but,  as  is  the  case  with  other 
dusty  occupations,  few  of  those  employed  can  be  induced  to  wear 
respirators."  (*') 

Coal   miners,   charcoal   n»en,   fu^men,   chinmey  sweeps,  etc.,  are 
exposed  to  constant  inhalation  of  coal  dust  and  soot,  and  though 
•t  to  chronic  bronchial  catarrh,  cousumptiou  is  not  especially 

^mmon  among  them. 


4 

n 


o  Report  of  ihe  State  Uoarfl  nf  Ileallh  of  Maw«chu«ettc  upuu  ibe  SaiiitAry  Condilion 
•f  FActories,  WarkAliujis,  etc..  1907,  pp.  Sl-85. 
»IU(l.,p.g5. 
^Ibid.,pp.  7&-78. 


-B-o-dUiHB 


482 


BULLKTIN    or   THE    BUHKAU    OF   LABOR. 


VEGETABLE  DUST. 

Millers  and  bakers  inhalo  flour  <lust,  an<l,  awording  to  Hirfc,  20.;^  per 
cent  of  all  tluMliHeaseH  afTectingiuillersarcpn(»unH>uitt,9.3[>or cent  bron- 
chial catarrh,  10.9  jkt  cent  consumption, and  1,9  jwr  cent-  en»phys«*ma 
(abnormal  collection  of  air  in  the  lungs).  The  tuberculosis  death 
rate, according  to  Schuler, among  millers  in  Switzerland  is3.75,ascoia-*'^ 
pared  ynih  2.05  per  1,000  in  the  general  pi»pulation.  Carpentcnii^H 
joiners,  cabinetmakers,  etc.,  arc  exposed  to  wood  dust,  iiiid  the  dust 
from  hard  wood  is  probably  more  injurious  than  that  from  s«»fter 
kinds.  Dr.  E.  J.  Nrisscr(")  refers  to  a  wtHMlfn-Uud  factory  at  Stra^t*- 
burg  which  in  1904  furnished  15  cas<»8  of  sickness  out  of  tlie  20  eni- 
pli»yees,  with  2S8<lays  loss  of  work,  10  cases  being  asfnlhiws — iliseasen 
of  the  eyes,  I ;  of  nose,  1 ;  throat,  2,  and  distnusosof  the  lungs,  6.  The 
Massjichusetts  Board  of  Health  found  that  in  the  agricultural  tool 
and  iniplenient  industn.'  a  hard  wood  called  "cocobolo,"  which  is 
used  for  tool  handles,  evolves  a  very  pungent  and  irritating  dust,  pro- 
ductive of  inflammation  of  the  eyes  and  skin.  Some  persons,  in  the 
course  of  a  week  or  two,  become  accustomed  to  its  effects,  while 
others  are  obliged  l«i  disc(»nttnue  work  in  the  department. (*) 

The  medical  inspector  of  Groat  Britain,  according  to  Neissor, 
reported  a  numl>er  of  toxic  symptoms  which  twcurrcd  among  persona 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  weaver  shuttles  made  from  vVfricati 
boxwood.  In\^stigation  revealed  the  presence  of  an  alkaloid  in  the 
wtuxl,  which  acted  as  a  lieart  depressant,  pnxlucing  a  slow  and  inter- 
mittent p(dse,  hea(hiclu\  drowsiness,  watering  uf  the  eyes  ami  nose, 
difficulty  in  breathing,  naust^a,  and  weakness. 

Laborers  in  grain  elevators  and  on  grain  t!\reshers  inhale  a  very  irri- 
tating dust,  which  nniy  cause  acute  anil  chronic  catarrh  of  the  mucous 
membranes.  Workers  in  tobacco  suffer  more  or  less  from  nasal,  con- 
junctivjil,  nnel  bronchial  catarrh  and  digestive  and  nervous  derange- 
ments, and  although  the  mucous  membranes  gradually  become 
accustomed  to  the  irritation  of  the  dust  and  fumes  the  occupation 
appears  to  be  dangerous,  as  tlie  consumption  rate  in  the  United  StatiMi 
ranks  next  to  that  of  marble  and  stone  cutters. 

It  is  said  that  femulo  workers  in  tobacco  are  more  liable  to  mis- 
cany-;  at  all  events  Doctor  Rosenfehi,  cited  by  Roth  (p.  166),  found 
this  to  ))e  tnie  in  Austria.  This  ex|M»rienc^3  is  not  confirmed  by  recent, 
observations  made  in  German  tol)acco  towns  like  Giesscn,  for  exam- 
ple (Neisser^  p.  125),  and  more  extended  investigations  are  called  for. 

n  Intcrnftiinnnle  t^homohi  Obcr  Oi^werbehygicno,  Berlin,  1007,  p.  115. 
ft  Ui'port  nf  iho  Siiito  Boartl  of  llfialih  of  MAflmchiifictU  «p«^n  ilip  .SdJilury  Condition 
of  IVtiiriw,  \Viirk«ho|M.  ©ic,  1W7,  p.  89.  J 


TNDUSTniAL    HVGIEN'E. 


488 


Some  authors  maintain  that  tubacco  Just  exerts  a  protective  influ- 
euce  against  infective  agents  and  instance  the  fact  that  <iuring  the 
cholera  epidemic  t>f  Hamburg  in  1802  there  were  only  S  cases  among 
the  5,000  resident  cigar  makers.  The  Massachusetts  rep()rt  previously 
cited,  iu  discuss'mg  the  cigar  and  cigarette  factories  in  Massachusetts, 
refers  (p.  49)  to  the  spitting  habit  and  the  objectionable  practice 
— ^  of  finisluug  cigars  with  the  aid  of  sahva.  This  practice  was  observed 
H  in  more  than  one-third  of  the  places  visited,  and  in  IS  factories  the 
practice  of  biting  off  the  end  of  the  filler  and  inner  wrappers  with 
the  teeth  was  also  observed.  The  report  reiterates  the  statement 
made  to  the  legislature  in  January'',  1005,  as  to  the  possibility  of  dis- 
seminating loatlisome  diseases  tlirough  this  practice.  Such  con- 
•  ditions  certainly  emphasize  the  necessity  for  the  use  of  cigar  holders, 
OperatiA'es  in  cotton  and  flax  textiles  are  perhaps  more  subject  to 
dust  inhalation  and  various  diseases  of  the  respiratory  and  digestive 
organs  than  are  those  in  woolen  mills.  The  phthisis  death  rate  in  1892 
in  Belfast (*■)  with  its  30,000  persons  engaged  in  the  linen  industry 
was  4.1  per  1,000  against  1.5  for  the  whole  of  England  and  Wales  and 
2.2  for  Ireland.  According  to  Schuler  and  Burkhardt  1,000  linen 
spinners  furnish  annually  221.6  cases  of  sickne-ss,  and  1,000  weavers 
202.7.  Female  operatives  suffer  even  more,  the  sick  rate  being 
249.5  and  334.4  for  the  respective  occupations. 

CASKS  OF  SICTCNBSS  PER  1,000  EMPLOYEES  AMONG  SPINKERS  AMD  WEAVERS. 


Dl«e*jc. 


DiaHuw  of  tb«  digvstlve  org»o> 

DtaakJM  of  (be  i«ipirAtory  ftrgiuii 

DiatXMof  the  motor  organs 

DImuw  of  ft  oonstituttonAl  chanctar 


1 
Bplnnon. 


n.7 

47.7 
29.0 
22.9 


Cuei  per 

\jo(£ 


U0.4 
S2.5 
21.2 
31.6 


Arlidge(*)  give3  a  table  sh<»wing  the  comparative  frequency  of  the 
most  important  diseases  in  the  case  of  739  weavers  and  of  676  per- 
sons following  the  several  other  branches  of  tlie  cotton  industrj'',  such 
as  winders,  spinners,  reelers,  curlers,  mill  hands,  giinders,  etc.,  and 
•who  for  convenience  sake  are  designated  by  him  as  machine-room 
workers.  The  figures  are  based  on  1,415  operatives  who  received 
treatment  as  "iti"  and  *'out"  patients  in  connection  with  the  Preston 
Hospital  during  a  period  of  six  years. 

■  G.  H.  Peirifl,  Journal  of  Sute  Medicine,  London,  Marrh,  1895,  p.  109. 
ftTlie  Hygiene.  Di»e«0CS,  and  Mortality  of  Occupations,  London,  1892,  p.  361. 


484 


BULLETIN    OF  THE    BUREAU   OF   LABOR. 


TER  CKNT  OF  TttXTILK  WORICr.BS  TREATED  IS  THE  rBKBTON  noflPITAL  DUaDCil 
A  PERIOD  OF  SIX  YEARS.  BY  DIBEABRfl. 


ViMmma. 


HFtinvtiltl 

\'urkH  i»n  voliu  and  uk«n , 

ichviiiiiutic  affwtlniu 

Iitrrlttc  (llanrrlpn  hikI  dlifiliiMfneaM 

Nnmllptt 

Ttitimt  w(Tfftlni»»... * 

Roiial  ill 

}|<wrt  at 
Dvl.lht.v 
Auusiula 


rsroMrtot 

tTwVwIMr 

■p«CtflN] 

diMk*r. 

»>7 

in  itn 

.'.J  .14 

)i  -/:* 

7  7iJ 

v  ;M 

-  ^i 

t   KM 

J  R7 

I    <H 

2  71 

7  E7 

3  « 

11 « 

71  m 

M  10 

"^ 
11  m 
!<  a 

2  At 

9« 

i« 

»  IT 
•I 


Tt  will  1)0  observed  thnt  both  tlio  Sm^A  and  BugiMi  KfnttKt i<  1 

an  un«liK'  prevalcnro  of  the  diseases  of  the  re8|HrBtoiry  and  ili 
oi^uRB.  It  has  been  suggestr^d  that  the  conKtraino<l  position  of 
w<*av*ers  is  to  a  largo  extont  responsiblo  for  the  iituIup  pn^vatitnce 
<»f  dyspopsiii  ani<»nK  the  Swbis  wcnvors,  but  otlkor  faeturh  like  im- 
propor  food,  indoor  lifOf  and  homo  ronditionM  should  be  coiutid«Tod. 
This  18  apparent  from  the  fwt  that  the  prixicnlttge  of  cssos  of  dy»- 
pe[)sitL  iiiiKin;^'  the  r^n^lish  weavers  in  smaller  than  among  the 
machine-room  workers.  The  coastitulional  disorders  like  antpmia, 
chlorosis,  neural^in,  and  debility  are  likewwe  duo  to  n  variety  of 
cause*,  chief  <»f  wliieh  are  vitiuted  air,  resulting  frou)  defective  ven- 
tilation of  the  workshops,  overwork,  insuflicient  or  impropc»r  fo<iil, 
and  insanitary  hr»inos. 

l^torine  deranfjeinents  and  displacements  may  very  profK-rly  bo 
fttlribuled  to  general  debility,  overwork,  and  long  standing  in  hot 
and  moist  workrooms,  and,  Hko  varicose  veins  and  ulcers  and  '*f1at 
foet,"  may  bo  expected  to  develop  in  other  oceupalions  invohing 
lon$;  6t anding.  (Sec  occupatiotis  involving  constraiued  ultittuke 
p-522,) 

Ttie  miduc  provalenco  <tf  puhn<mnr>'  diaeaaed  among  the  textile 
operators  can  be  accotmted  for  by  a  number  of  factorH,  such  a.s  the 
prcvsencc  of  ver}^  fine  cottun  or  flax  da*»t  or  "fly";  air  vitiated  by  the 
products  of  respiration  anil  combustion,  the  prcAiencc  of  infet^tious 
germs  fnnu  the  proiniscuoiis  expectoration  habit;  faulty  life  Mnd 
home  surrnimdings.  Of  those  the  presence  of  **fly'*  is  doubtless  a 
very  iuiportanl  j>rctiLspoaing  factor,  since  it  is  generally  admitUHl 
tliat  this  duflt  acts  as  an  irriianl  to  the  rej<piralon'  piutsajre*,  and 
sooner  or  later  prepares  the  way  for  the  invasion  of  tlie  germs  of 
tuberculosis,  pneumonia,  etc.  Coetsem  de^iicribos  the  so-called 
b^'s&inosis  or  "pnoumouio  cotonneuse/'  but  it  ia  by  no  moans  settled 


nSDUSTRIAL   HYGTEKE. 


485 


^K^Hetber  in  these  cases  wo  have  to  deal  witli  a  typic4il  occupation 

^Bdtsctase,  or  with  a  specific  infection,  in  which  the  inhalation  of  the 

rotton   dust   simply  operates  as  a   predisposing  causp.     It   Is  very 

prolmble.  however,  that  the  habitual  inhalation  of  this  duat  may 

pro<Iuce  disease  of  the  lun^  not  neoossarily  tul>ercular. 

^^     Arlidge  says:   '*Tf  inhaled  longer,  it  roaches  the  bronchi,  and  sets 

^■np  cough  with  white  muc*>us  expectoration.     The  cough  will  ho  for 

years  chiefly  a  morning  phenomenon  on  first  rising,  hut  it  is  also 

in<hiced  upon  leaving  the  warm  workroom.     Fine  fibers  of  cotton 

^_a.re   foiuid,  on   microscopical  examination,  in   tlie  sputum,  and  as 

^Blhcse  make  their  way  into  the  pulmonary  tissue,  they  set  up  morbid 

Action,  resulting  in  increasing  density  of  it  cm  the  one  hand,  and  of 

I  emphysematous  expansion  on  the  other.  These  morbid  clianges 
»re  accompanied  by  dyspnoea,  wasting,  and  debility,  but  rarely  with 
hemoptysis  [spitting  of  blood];  and  together  constitute  a  group  of 
Byniptonia  not  inappropriately  termed  'industrial  phthisis.'  More- 
over, intercurrent  diseases  of  the  lungs,  such  as  acute  bronchitis 
and  pneumonia,  often  arise  and  terminat<*  life;  and  true  tubercular 
phtliisis  is  no  uncommon  cause  of  death." (") 

The  chief  requirements  for  the  amelioration  of  existing  conditions 

in  the  textile  industry  are  efTicient  machines  for  the  prevention  and 

^removal  <»f  dust.     The  utmost  care  should  be  taken  to  provide  the 

^■most  perfect  methods  so  far  devised  for  the  removal  of  dust  and  for 

^^propcr  ventilation.     The  lighting  should  be  good,  both  for  ilay  and 

night  work,  giving  preference  to  electricity.     Tl\e  temperature  and 

humidity  of  the  rooms  should  be  regulated,  and  children  under  the 

tgo  of  14,  or  those  with  weak  chests,  shouUl  not  1^  employed  in  the 

otton  mills. 

In  the  textile  industry  in  Massachusetts  analysis  of  the  death 

*tams  "during  the  year  1005  from  the  three  principal  *mill  towns' 

lows  that  ftltiiough  tuberculosis  is  one  of  the  lemling  causes  of  death 

long  mill  operatives  the  general  death  rate  of  this  class  was  by  no 

'nu»ans  ahnonnaily  high,  being,  respectively,  7,  S,  and  10  per  1,000. 

ITul>crculosi3  caused,  respectively,  32,  23.57,  and  21  per  cent  of  the 
Seaths.     It  appears  also  that  the  general  death  rates  o{  the  cities 
Irhose  p^^pulations  include  the  highest  percentages  of  textile  oper- 
atives compare  not  unfavorably-  with  those  of  certain  other  cities 
whicli  are  engaged  in  other  kinds  of  manufacture  or  are  more  resi- 
Icntial  in  character,  in  spite  of  the  high  rate  of  infant  mt>rtality 
lich   appears  to  be  inseparably  connected  with  mill   populations 
'crywhere.'*(*) 

■The  Hy^cne,  Dtf>c>ftd««,  aad  Mortaiity  of  Occuptui^n^,  Londoo,  1802,  p.  300. 

h  Ucpuri  of  thu  SLUl'  nooni  of  UcalUi  uf  ^[lUiachtLaetU  upuu  lite  SaaiUr)'  Coutlilion 

Factcriov,  Warkshops,  vUr.,  JiN>7,  p.  16. 


486  BULLETIN    or  THE   BrREAU   OF  LABOR. 

A  source  of  danj^er  is  the  prosence  of  infectious  dust  from  dried 
Hputuni  in  the  air  of  different  mill  rooms  on  Recount  of  the  imliscritn- 
inato  habit  of  spitting.  The  nunilx»r  of  accidenU  in  textile  mills^  con- 
fiidcring  the  large  number  of  fast-running  machines,  is  not  large.  Dur- 
ing a  period  of  almost  fwc  years  at  the  Facilic  Mills,  with  about  6,200 
employees,  there  were  1,000  accidents,  claasiflod  as  follow8:(''} 

AeeitienU  to  rmptoyeta  o/Ou  Pacifir.  SiilU,  Ijawrerutf,  UtUM.,  AuguMi  W,  lOOf),  ro  Jul)f  tS^ 

1005, 

Killed  oulripiht I 

FaUiMy  injun^i *,,*^-.. 1 

SivioiiAly  injured  (broken  limhsjor  amptiutton  n^coflnkry)....^......  ft$ 

Slightly  injiiriKl *-..,.  910 

UuclaMified  (fluffered  aurvouB  Hhocks.  but  phyBically  UDinjurt'4)^...  2 


1.000 

The  underlying  cause  of  injury  is  given  as  follows: 

Oart'li'fw  manipulation 63JJ 

Uclibcrat*.*  carQlvt0U4,'8H  (taking  cliances  vl  boing  injurvd^  mich  as  clrauiing  ma- 

oliinory  whilr*  ninninf^,  rir.) 1<H 

Iiiatldilion  to  surround ini^'s. ..,,.                                      177 

Caroli<«8ne«a  of  fellow- workman - . .  51 

Unfonwen  liability (10 

Unclawilied 9 


I 


l.UOO 

In  three  mills  in  Massachusetts  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  twine, 
cordage,  and  gunny  cloth  from  jute  and  hemp  some  of  the  workrooms 
are  reported  to  bo  exceedingly  dusty  in  spite  of  mechaniral  ventila- 
tion anil  open  windows,  and  "many  of  the  operatives  wear  tliit^k  bunches 
of  fiber  over  mouth  and  nose  as  a  protection.  A  fairly  large  propor- 
tion of  the  operatives  show  the  effects  of  their  employment,  looking 
pale  and  sickly.''  la  the  ri»om  where  the  sisal  licnip  is  fed  into 
breakers  the  air  is  Ulled  with  dust.  In  one  of  the  ej^tabiishments 
the  employees  in  all  departments  look  well  and  strong,  although  in 
soTue  parts  tlie  air  contained  coursiderftblo  dust. 

In  five  Massachusetts  carpet  and  rug  factories,  employing  about 
6,000  persons,  about  10  per  cent  of  whom  are  between  the  ages  of  14 
and  10,  the  largest  of  these  factories  shows  some  departments  in 
which  poor  light,  excessive  heat,  moisture,  and  dust  constitute  objco 
tionalile  conditions.  In  one  rot»m  there  was  **so  much  fine  cotton 
dust  and  fiber  in  the  air  that  it  is  witli  dilliculty  one  can  see  across  it. 
This  dust  is  veiy  irritating  to  the  noso  and  throat."  In  one  of  the 
eslablishmcnts  the  children  are  described  as  very  small  and  ton  poorly 
dovelnjHMl  f(ir  tiielr  age  "to  bc-  allowe<l  to  work  10  hours  antl  liO  min- 
utes for  5  days  in  the  week."     In  another  factory  *' about  one-tenth 


o  Kvport  of  tUt*  Statp  Dourd  of  Health  of  NCuawicltuaelUupou  L)it>  Sanitary  CoDdiUuu 
irf  Furtt)rica,  Work«hopo.  etc.,  liM)7,  p.  39. 


M 


rtoom 


smalleist  facton'  ptuptoys  TiO 

good  lights  mlt^qiiato  vcntilnlion, 

«ad  the  employoos  appear  to  bo  in 


poorly  liphtod.inadoquaioly 

iy  the  Other  was  li^ht.  rlt^nn,  ai)<l  wv\] 

employcvl  api>oan'<l  ti»  1>p  in  jkmif 

felt-i'loth  factories  oxaininod  **th« 

in  fairly  li|;:hto(l  nnd.  npatt  from  cluNt^ 

In  earh   tluMv   wa-s   iuori>   t>r   Ii>*4<j 

K  in  tW  ptddng  and  caniiut?  roonu*;  but  tho  amounj 

of  Uiem  by  means  of  blower  fau4."(«{ 

AHDCAIi  DUST. 


Of  th^  sBTcssI  clamm  of  dust,  that  from  wool  in  roni«idorc<l  to 
f  k»  nrhAtn^  Uiab  flax  or  cotttm,  and  horn  in  bplu«ved  tn  bo  « 
nrr  initaliiig  ihmn  bonr.  Tho  contlitioas  found  in  somo  of  tliofl 
Maasachnsetts  as  rcpiids  lijrhl,  vi-ntihilion,  and 
are  reported  as  far  from  sati^faotory;  l)ut  in  tho 
ahscnre  of  mocfaAditr  statistics  it  is  dillloult  to  dotorinino  tho  degree 
of  danger  to  vhich  the  operalives  are  exposoil.  In  llu<  luxH  and  slioo 
mdtistrr  in  Masa»achu&etts,  where  there  in  more  or  lesM  animal  du^t 
rrulred,  some  effort  is  being  made  to  nMnovo  the  dunt  by  exhaust 
ftuea  altachtfd  lo  the  machinery.  Of  the  'M:\  factories  Rummari/edhy 
the  Maaaarhnsftts  Board  of  Health  Ueport  previfm>tiy  cited,  ''120 
tre  partiaUy,  and  a  fair  proportion  of  iliewe  are  wholly.  equip|>ed  with 
ihb  mean>  of  protection;  in  8S  of  thcHc  ll!(i  one  or  more  machines  aro 
not  BO  equipped;  and  in  •}!>  of  the  8S  there  are  rooms  in  which  the  air, 
apart  from  the  escaping  dust,  is  noticeably  bad.  Tho  number  of 
bines  with  means  for  elhcient  <»r  fairly  eflicient  ren»ovnl  of  dunt 
found  lo  be  1,G30;  the  number  either  inellicienlly  cquippeii  op 
(leToid  of  equipment  was  reported  as  2,761)>  •  ♦  ♦  While  in 
general  the  health  of  the  employees  appears  to  be  fair  to  (jond,  in 
85  factories  a  considerable  proportion  of  them  aro  noticeably  pale  and 
unhealthy  in  appearance. ''(^)  The  palo  and  poorly  notirinlioti  enhdi- 
tion  of  youthful  employees  \n  also  emphasized, 

The  dust  and  moisture  involved  in  the  polLshing  departments  of  tb» 
bom  and  celluloid  industry,  and  the  irritating  fumivt  kIvoii  ofT  Uy  *b 
"dip"  containing  glacial  acetic  acid,  are  sourcea  of  poN«ll>ltt  ln|»»ilM»H 
effects  to  the  emploj'ccs. 


<>  Ri'port  uf  the  Stati'  Buard  uf  Hoalth  of  MsnachuwlU  uptm  thn  f(ifc»ll«ry  t'tintlllltit 
of  Fkciuriefi,  WcrkAhnpn,  flc.  1007,  pp.  40-19. 

37691— No.  76-08 W 


4S8 


BULLETIN   OP  Tins   BUKEAU  OF  LABOR. 


lu  the  manufnclurc  ul  derby  and  felt  \\Ais,  apart  from  iUe  expoetire 
Uj  dust  from  the  fur  which  comes  to  the  factory  clipped  from  the  akin, 
there  is  also  a  certain  ilojrrcH^  of  <langer  fr<nn  lh«r  cyanide  of  mvrctinr 
witli  wliicli  tho  fur  is  treated.  In  two  fell-hat  factories  irLspected 
by  the  Massa<*hudotts  Board  of  Health,  ''the  employees  appear  to 
he  healthy.*'  **  In  somi*  of  the  estahli;i!inicnts  viMitpd  the  fiiine^  of 
wood  alcohol  in  the  drying  department  were  markedly  strong.  The 
workmen  stated  that  they  are  frequently  troubled  with  heada^^lieu, 
vertij^o,  smarting  and  bumint:  of  the  eyt^  an*!  itiipainnont  of  vision, 
and  that  few  can  remain  at  this  work  longer  thnii  three  or  four  months 
at  a  time."  This  could  readily  be  prevented  by  the  use  of  "dena- 
tured" alcohol.  The  '*pouncing"  proce-ss  ''coasi^tjj  in  smoothing  off 
the  rough  hairs  from  tiio  hat  rim  and  other  parts,  »ntl  L'ives  olf  a 
great  deal  of  very  fme  tlust."(*) 

In  the  brush-making  industry  hogs*  bristles  ami  vegetable  filwrs  are 
t2se<l.  In  seven  hnish  fa<-l<jries  in  Masi^achusetts  "the  general  con- 
ditions were  found  to  be  lieyond  criticism  and  the  health  of  the 
employees  api>eared  t**  be  fair  or  good/'C*) 

Ilirt  regarded  brush  making  as  u  dangerous  occupation,  as  nearly 
one-half  of  the  deaths  among  the  brush  makers  were  from  consump- 
tion, due  probably  to  the  inhalation  of  the  sharj)  fragments  of  bristli 

There  is  no  adequate  reliable  ilata  as  to  the  effect.s  <»f  animal  diwl 
given  of!  in  the  manufacture  of  woolen  gooils,  silk,  feather,  fur,  hair« 
horn,  bone,  shi»ll,  ivory,  etc.  It  is  reasnnable  to  assume,  however,  that 
the  dust  from  all  these  sources  is  culpable  of  selling  up  an  irritatiol 
and  iuHammatitm  of  the  respiratory  passages,  though  not  so  intensive 
OB  tiiat  caused  by  mineral  constituents  of  dust.  In  the  hair,  brush, 
Bn<l  wi>ol  industry  there  is  also  some  danger  from  disease  germs. 

OCCUPATIONS  INVOLVING  EXPOSURE  TO  INFECTIVE 
MATTEll  IN  DUST. 

RAO  AND  PAPEB,  WOOL  AND  HAIR  INDITSTRIBS. 

It  has  been  held  for  n  long  litue  that  germs  of  infectious  dis4>AM4 
like  smallpox,  anthrax,  scarlet  fever,  tubercuhisis,  typhus  an<l  typhoid 
fevers,  diphtheria,  measles,  and  cholera  may  cling  to  body  and  Wd 
clothes  and  prove  a  source  of  danger  to  those  coming  in  ton  tar! 
ragM  in  the  rag  business  and  paper  industry. ('^)     Tlie  ijan4jer,  ui. 
{lerhaps  ovorrateil,  is  aevertheleas  real  and  can  be  guarded  agaii 
only  by  a  thorough  disinfection  of  tlio  ra^  by  steam  under  pressui 
before  they  are  handled  at  the  paper  mills. 


A  R«>partot  ihfi  Rtaie  Board  of  HmlIUi  of  llaBMvhuM«tl*  itprm  the  Sonitiuy  Onndltian 
of  Knctoriuv,  WurbilioiM,  btr.,  1007.  p.  Iltf. 
t»TM.l..r. '2. 

<  Th«  8UlI(*uI  MaiiK'  n-qairai  rvidraut*  ut  micrmiinl  ^-urt-inatton  in  pMimiM  (employed 
'  >'  of  pupt'r  frum  forvigik  ««t  iluinedW.  n^ 


i 


> 


INDCSTBIAL  HYGIENE.  489 

'The  occupation  is  evidently  Ininik'^  to  health.  Of  4,S57  German 
operatiyes  roportod  by  UfTeluiann^  50  per  cent  are  annually  taken 
sick;  about  34  per  cent  of  those  enira«,'eil  in  the  handling  of  dry  rags 
sutfered  from  affections  nf  the  respiratory  passages,  and  only  21.9 
per  cent  of  those  otherwise  engaged  in  the  same  establishments,  all 
of  which  -Speaks  stmn^ly  for  the  necessity  of  proper  ventilation  and 
exhaust  flues  for  the  removal  of  dust. 

In  this  connection  it  is  proper  to  refer  to  tlie  dangers  of  the  so- 
called '' rag  sorters* "  and  **wooI  sorters'"  diseases,  wliich  arc  notlung 
more  or  less  than  anthrax  infection — a  disease  transniissible  from 
animals  to  man  by  means  of  wool,  hides,  hair,  and  horsehair.  Two 
hundred  antl  sixty-one  eases,  with  07  deaths,  were  reported,  acror«l- 
ing  to  Xeisser,  in  England  from  1S09-1904.  Of  these,  SS  occurretl 
among  those  engaged  in  the  wool  industry,  70  cases  among  persons 
efigage<l  in  curled  hair  and  brush  factories,  R6  in  persons  engaged 
in  tanneries  and  hide  trades,  ixnd  17  in  other  industrial  pursuits. 

About  59  cases  of  anthrax  infection  were  reported  in  different 
parts  of  Europ*>  during  the  year  1905.  Ravenal  reported  in  three 
IncAJities  in  Pennsylvania,  during  the  summer  of  1S07,  12  cases 
among  men  an<i  00  in  cattle,  which  were  traced  to  a  tannery  hand- 
ling hides  imported  from  China.  Xiehols  reported  26  cases  occur- 
ring in  persons  employed  in  a  curle<l-hair  factory  within  three  years. 

The  Fe<ieral  Government  recognizes  the  dangers  by  insisting  upon 
the  exelusion  of  rags,  wool,  and  hides  coming  from  <listricts  in  which 
there  is  a  prevalence  of  cholera,  anthrax,  and  t\^hus  fever  and  the 
proper  disinfection  of  such  imports  at  all  times.  While  anthrax  is  not 
a  very  rommon  disease  among  American  domestic  animals,  local  pus- 
tular infections  and  carbuncle  are  by  no  means  infrequent,  and  might 
well  bo  guarded  against,  as  in  some  of  the  European  coimtrie^s,  where 
recourse  is  had  to  disinfection  of  the  raw  material,  special  blower 
apparatus  for  the  removal  of  dust,  repeated  disinfection  of  (he 
premises,  and  prompt  treatment  of  all  slight  wounds  and  abrasions. 

The  material  from  which  paper  is  made  includes  rags,  burlap,  old 
paper.  an<l  wood  pulp.  The  rags  are  chiefly  imported  from  foreign 
countric-s,  arriving  in  a  baled  condition,  and  afterward  are  suh- 
jected  to  a  numl>er  of  processes  which  clean  and  disintegrate  them. 
The  ^'beuting,  nr  threshing,"  nnd  **rhopping"  processes  are  carried 
on  by  machines  and  are  attended  by  the  crscape  of  more  or  less 
dust.  The  quantity  naturally  varies  with  the  cleanliness  of  the 
stock.  In  the  obson-ations  of  about  SO  establishments,  the  Massa- 
chusetts Board  of  Flealth  fouml  that  with  the  usual  grade  of  stock, 
no  matter  what  kind  of  "duster"  or  '*thresher"  is  used,  a  consider- 
able amount  of  dust  is  also  evolved  in  the  ^'chopping"  process, 
and  in  spite  of  exhaust  fans  and  dust  pipes  some  dust  will  e^capt*. 
Tlu^  men  engaged  in  the  collection  and  baling  of  thi£  duat  ace  uauallY 


• 


^ — 


I 
I 


490 


BULLETIN    OF  TU£   BUB£AU    OF   LAUOlt. 


I 
I 


provided  with  respirators.    "  In  a  majority  of  tlio  mills  viait4>(l  a  por- 
tion of  tho  omployeos  arc  ex{>osod  to  un  oxccasivo  quantity  of  dirt, 
dust,  and  lint;  and  in  most  of  this  majority  tho  persons  so  exposed 
show  not  a  few  who  are  pale  and  sickly  in  npponranre."     A  compari- 
son of  tho  death  rates  from  tuberculosis,  pneumonia,  and  bninchitiai 
at  Holyoke,  the  center  of  this  industry  in  Ma&snrhusetts,  with  I  hose  1 
of  tho  State  at  hirg**,  showed  "that  the  llolyokc  rates  wore  imdefj 
rather  than  over  the  average." (*)  ^^| 

OCCUPATIONS    INVOLVING    EXPOSURE    TO    POISONOUS 

DUST.  , 

LEAD  DUST.  I 

All  occupations  in  wliich  leatl  is  employed  and  in  which  paruclos] 
of  lead  may  be  inlialed,  swallowed,  or  absorbed  by  the  skin  must 
be  regartled  as  dangerous  to  I'.yalth.  T^ead  poisoning  in  its  variuua. 
forms,  such  *is  tho  lead  habit,  characterized  by  loss  of  weight,  aniemiaJ 
sullow  skin,  a  blue  line  along  the  gums,  ofTensive  breath,  a  sweeilsh:] 
taste  and  diminished  salivary*  secretion,  lead  colic,  lead  paralynisJ 
wrist  drop,  painful  affections  of  the  lower  extremities,  and  oilud 
grave  nervous  diseases,  is  frequently  seen  in  ariiaans.  It  attackJ 
persons  employed  in  the  roasting  of  loail  ores,  in  ihe  manufacture  ofl 
wliite  and  red  led,  acetate  an<l  chromate  of  lead,  china  and  pottery  J 
artificial  flowers;  nlso  painters,  plumbers,  varnishcrs,  ly|ic  foundet9|| 
typesetters,  fde  cutters,  glass  and  gem  cutters,  electricians  (espo-l 
cially  those  efuployed  in  charging  storage  batteries),  j>ci-sons  cngagedl 
in  enameling,  dyeing,  printing,  working  in  rubber  goods,  weighted 
silk,  and  glazing  i»f  paper,  and  many  other  occupations  mvolving  ih^ 
employment  of  lead.  I 

Dt»ctor  Teleki,  of  Vienna,  in  lOOfi  reported  several  ctwes  of  lead 
poisoning  in  females  and  \'ouug  girls,  contracted  in  fringe  making,  the 
silk  having  been  weighted  by  a  solution  of  sugar  of  load. 

Of  \n)\)  employees  in  Prussian  htul  smelters  during  the  year  1005, 
177  sufferetl  from  lead  colic  or  lead  pais}',  hivolving  .'i,()56  days'  loss 
of  work;  and  of  4,789  engaged  in  zinc  smelters, 50  of  the  employees, 
with  2,217  days'  loss  of  work,  were  thus  affected. 

In  Europe  a  most  marked  reducti<m  in  the  morbidity  and  mortality^ 
has  taken  place  during  the  past  ten  years,  coincident  with  the  enfoi 
ment  of  preventive  measures.  The  number  of  cases  of  lead  poisooinj 
in  England,  where  report  is  compulsory,  has  been  reduced  from  1/271 
cases  in  1898  to  592  cases  in  1905,  While  most  of  the  cases  occi 
in  sugar-of-lead  works  and  p<dteries,  a  considerable  number  were 
reported  in  the  other  occupations  already  referred  to.  The  p«troent 
age  of  aevero  cases  in  men  was  23.9,  as  compared  with  13.9  in  femalt 

•  Report  6l  tho  SUl^i  Board  u(  IleaUlh  of  Masacfatiaetta  upon  the  Sanitary  i  ondilioa 
nf  Fartorioii,  Workflhopn.  etc.,  1007,  \y,  70. 


■ssamassam 


l^DUSTBIAL.  HYG1£N£. 


491 


ft 


to 


r 


perhaps  because  the  lattf^r  have  clean(^^  habits  and  possibly  also  stop 
work  more  promptly  upon  tlic  appearance  of  the  first  symptoms. 

In  ParLs  it  is  estimated  that  over  30,000  persons  are  en<;age(l  in 
occupations  invohdng  exposure  to  lead,  and  of  the  14.000  painters  and 
vamishers  employed  there  an  average  of  250  are  treated  annually  in 
the  iicispitjils  for  lead  poisoning. 

File  cutters  are  subjected  not  only  to  an  irritant  dust,  but  also  to 
lead  poisoning,  because  the  file  in  cutting  is  being  held  upon  a  leaden 
bed  "and  particles  of  lead  are  inhaled  with  the  dust  and  may  also  be 
absorbed  by  llie  fingers  in  handling  the  stiddy."  In  England  the 
mortality  figure  for  plumbism,  in  1890-1892,  was  no  less  than  75.(") 

The  greatest  danger  in  lead  works  is  from  inhnlation  of  the  lead  dust 
and  fumes;  hence  a  special  spra}'  apparatus  and  exhausters  have  been 
designed,  and  employees  have  been  taught  to  protect  their  hands  with 
gloves  and  the  mouth  an<l  nose  with  respirators. 

In  the  potter>'  industry,  where  the  danger  arises  from  the  glazes, 
the  flux  being  made  of  litharge,  clay,  and  Hint,  it  has  been  found  that 
the  danger  can  be  very  much  reduced  by  using  only  8  per  cent  of  car- 
bonate of  lead  in  the  fonn  of  a  "double-fritted  sihcate,"  instead  of  the 
older  method,  in  which  from  13  to  24  per  cent  of  lead  carbonate  w 
^^piployed. 

Smoking  should  be  forbidden  during  the  working  hours,  and  the 
work  should  be  done  in  a  special  suit,  frequently  washed.  The  hands, 
face,  and  nostrils  should  be  thoroughly  \vas]»ed  with  soap  and  water 
upon  cessation  of  work,  and  the  mouth  and  throat  rinsed  with  a  watery 
solution  of  tartrate  of  ammonia  before  eating  and  drinkhig.  The 
same  rules  are  applicable  to  painters,  w^ho  would  likewise  find  it  of 
l>enefit  to  soften  old  paints  with  an  alkali  (weak  lye)  before  scraping 
and  to  keep  the  handles  of  tools  clean  from  deposits. 


THE   LEAD   1NDU8TBV    IN    MASSACHUSETTS. 


The  report  of  the  Massachusetts  Board  of  Health  gives  a  very 
complete  account  of  the  conditions  wliich  obtain  in  the  manufacture  of 
lead  compounds  in  the  several  factories  visited.  **The  men  who  attend 
the  grinding  machines  arc  of  a  very  different  class  from  those  who 
empty  the  stacks,  and,  since  they  are  not  exposed  to  lead  dust,  they  do 
t  suffer  from  lead  poisoning  and  are  comparatively  healthy.  Those 
0  empty  the  stacks  do  not  remain  long  at  work.  It  is  said  that  this 
is  due  in  part  to  the  disagreeable  nature  of  the  work,  in  part  to  the 
fact  that  they  are  largely  roving  characters  who  do  not  care  to  work 
more  than  a  few  days  occasionally,  and  in  part  to  the  fact  that  they 
acquire  lead  i)oisoning  and  are  obliged  to  quit.  Even  those  of  g< 
intention  rarelv  work  more  than  a  month." 


492 


BULLETIN    OP  TUB   BUBKAU    OF  I*.1B0U. 


I 


One  eslabiishmeni  is  referred  to  where  whito  lead  is  nmdo  hy  llie 
"wet  pruccJ^H,"  with  no  evohition  of  dust,  and  there  is  no  historr  of 
leii  '  iilag.     In  a  **r©d-lea<l"  factory,  aho,  the  f^enend  proc<<ts&  is. 

con  .1,  *vs]>ecially  the  ahsence  of  appreciahlo  amounts  of  dust,' 

and  the  intelligence  of  the  workmen,  who  are  inindfui  of  tlie  dangens 
and  wl»o,  with  un  oxporionco  of  G  to  25  years,  appear  mcU  an«l  stroni;. 
In  one  of  the  lead-oxide  works  more  or  U*^  dust  escapes  inlo  tlie  air 
during  the  transfer  U)  the  mill  and  packing  it  into  barrels.  The  men 
wear  respirators,  and  each  man  washe.s  carefully  and  chn  II  \ua 

clothe-s  l>efon*  li'tivin»5  the  t'sLal)lihhnieiit.     In  uuotlier  oi  ueni 

''all  of  the  40  employee.s  appeared!  to  be  in  good  healthy  and  the  c4>q- 
dilioiw  everywhere  wore  found  to  be  commendable.'* 

In  the  loiid  pipe  and  plumbers'  stipplit^  factories  tlu>  lead  fumes l 
are  carried  awa^'  by  hood.s  and  exhaust  pipes,  and  in  no  instance  was^ 
it  possible  to  trare  a  case  of  lead  poisoning  U^  faulty  methods.     All 
of  the  em[)loyeoy  observed  the  necessary'  precautionn  and  appeared 
to  be  in  good  health.     In  the  manufacture  of  sohler  the  aamc  precau- 
tions are   emjiloyed,  and   altliough   in    the  establishment  described 
raU.  rats,  and  dogs  appear  to  succumb  lo  lead  poisoning  only  one  eaae] 
tif  lead  poiKoning  ot^curred  among  the  employees  in  lid  years. 

In   the  pottery  inihistiy  it   is  sai<l   that  lead   poisoning  ia   ubuosi 
unknt»wn  in  the  six  establishments  visited;  only  two  cases  occurri^d ' 
a  few  years  ago  in  girls  who  applied  the  glaze.    A  possible  explanation 
for  this  gratifying  contrast  lo  conditions  observed  in  French   and„ 
English  potteries  may  be  foun<l  in  the  fatt  *timt  the  persons  engaged' 
in  this  LJidustr}'  appear  to  be  of  good  intelligence,  and  understand 
thoroughly  the  imporiance  of  care  and  strict  personal  cleanliness,  and 
that  the  employers  proA^de  ample  means  for  its  maintenance."  (*) 

\Vin>  and  wiren-lotli  making  as  carried  tm  in  some  of  the  plants^ 
visited  in  Massachusetts  a])pears  to  bo  attended,  in  the  opinion  of 
Doctor  Hanson, (')  by  "avoidahli^  dangerous  conditi<ms,"  "After 
llic  wire  is  liardcned  by  being  nin  into  trade  oil,  it  is  jiassed  llu-ough 
kettles  <»f  molten  lea4l  in.side  the  temjK'ring  furnaces,  and  is  then  fin- 
ished and  wound  for  shipment.  From  tlic  ten»[)ering  furnaces  dense 
blue  fumes  arise,  and  envelop  the  men  whose  work  it  is  to  feed  and 
tend  theni,  Occasitmal  cases  of  lead  poisoning  occur  in  this  depart- 
ment. In  one  establishment,  one  of  the  employees  of  5  years'  ex|)en- 
ence  shows  the  characteristii*  blue  line  of  lead  poisoning  on  the  guiua; 
and  anotlicr,  of  14  years'  experience,  in  the  same  ro<mi,  has  n  ^■'  *-'",'■ 
of  'i^-Nst-drop'  and  other  evidence  of  chronic  poisoning.  i 

"  Il«lM}rt  of  UiM  SUitA  BnarH  ni  Hcaltii  of  Uaiwar buMiitu  iipon  the  Hanitaiy  Ct>nditicdn 
nf  Kuctnrir*,  WorV  y7-lol. 

(►■Til*'  ift.vt  ..I  ,.."  iJoisLou  MoUiciU  Joumai,  No.  M,  April  4^ 

1W7,  Wm.  C.  Uaii«>a.  i 


iiuH*haiucal  rcntflAikm  is  most  necessmrv  iu  this  work,  but  ii 


ri>t. 


\ 

I 


I 


aivravs  provided.  "(•) 

r*         •     '  c\Sdcnllr  refcrrinir  to  tlie  sftmr  f«rton*,  Hnl<» 

_V--  L  I  u.  -^  ,  .  yees  in  t\u.->  roiini  worked  11  luiurs  a  dftv  luid  K«d 
izR^pilar  hours  for  eating:.  There  were  no  rules  ooooenunir  the  dutus 
ol  the  flmplojperB  or  liiose  of  the  penons  emptoved  in  onW  lo  avoid 
this  serious  dui|:rr.  On  the  cootntfT,  the  hoods  and  blow^ers  am 
lap  ventilators  for  ihe  lead  and  other  fumes  were  fc»und  U>  be  di 
tinrtly  inefficient,  and  over  one  lar^  funiaoe  there  was  no  prol 
of  anj*  -tort,  the  apfJianeufi  ha\-ing  been  brokea  years  before  and 
renewed,  so  thai  all  the  fumes  mingled  at  onoe  with  the  air  of  iha 
room." 

iu  making  stdn^  fttmma  fogmemia  like  ehromate  of  lead^anc  oxide, 
iron  oxide,  and  Prussian  blue  are  u^ed,  and  in  the  two  establishnionts 
violAd  the  men  appeared  to  be  eareteaa  in  ihe  matter  of  handhng  tha 
pigments.  In  the  manufacture  of  paats,  colors ,  and 
much  of  the  work  is  done  outdoors  by  men  who  have  worked  from 
to  20  years ;  "  the  man  m-)io  makes  tfaa  lead  colors  has  worked  1 7 
without  sicknessi.  The  last  cAses  of  poBonxng  at  this  establtshi 
occurred  16  years  ago.  when  a  number  of  inexperienced  mm  were 
poisoned  with  Paris  green."  Iu  a  Cdlor  and  iut>rd&iit  farlon  whei 
aniline  colors,  logwood,  starch,  sodiiuu  dichromatr,  etc.,  arc  us 
*  *  about  one  in  five  of  the  empKiyees  is  noticeably  pale  and  salhiw/'  at 
inflamed  eyes  werp  not  uncommon.     The  latter  condition  U  ascril 

^to  the  sodium  dichromatc.     In  iho  manufacture  of  **whiting"  aboi 
half  of  the  58  men  employed  in  three  establishments  visited  *'look< 
to  be  in  poor  oondition/*C) 
as 


PBINTEHS,  TTPE  FOTTinJEKS,  AMT>  TTPESETTEBS, 


The  mortality  of  jirinters  in  England  is  liiph,  being  1 .096  per  10,< 
as  against  053  for  all  o<*cupied  males^  and  602  for  agriculturista.C 
According  to  Schuler,  of  1,000  Swiss  Iyf>e9ettcrs  and  founders,  304,1 
arc  annually  taken  sick,  and  of  printers  250.     Diseases  of  the  digesi 
ive  organs  predominate  (78  per  1,000).     Diseases  of  iIh«  n^^piratoi 
passages  come  next  (75  per  1,000).     Sommcrfohl  states  that  amoi 
3S  occupation.^  tabulated  by  him  the  printers  occupy  the  fifth  n 
in  the  number  of  ileattis  from  tuberculosis.     ^Ubrecht  rcj)orts  thi 
the  statistics  ot  the  Berlin  Sick  Benefit  Insurance  Company  C(»verii 
a  period  of  33  years  show  that  4S.13  ]>er  cent  of  the  deaths  araoi 
printers  are  caused  b}*  consiunption.e) 

'  R<>port  rtf  ihe  8tat«  Board  of  Itt^klih  nf  kfinae*hiM»tlB  Ufwn  the  Rduittary  Cfrndltt 

'»rU»rir»,  WnrksiwpA.  etc.,  1907,  p.  ftl, 

\hk\..  i>|..  lOfi.  107. 
'  PangtT'Ue  Tradre.  Oliver,  p.  151. 
^  Hoxh,  Kuuiptiodium  Jer  Gt>wm-l>i>kniulLbt*iitfii,  lk^rli1l,  v-  ^' 


.2i^ 


494 


BULLETIN    OP   THE   BUBEAtJ   OF  LABOB. 


(This  may  be  due  in  part  to  the  fact  that  many  weaklmgs  engage  in 
this  occupntinn,  l»ut  tho  work  itself  is  often  perromie*!  in  most  iinffi- 
Torahle  environment^j  and  in  an  impure  i\nd  dusty  atmosphere,  which 
has  been  found  to  contain  traces  of  lead,  arsenic,  and  antimony. 

I  Special  attention  should  be  paid  to  proper  ventilation,  and  particu- 
larly to  the  collection  and  reniiival  of  dust  fn»in  the  t}']>e  eajses.  One 
gram  of  this  dust  has  been  found  to  contain  67.7  mg.  of  lead,  186.8 
mg.  of  antimony,  and  traces  of  arsenic.  (")      Stnisser  has  fiu^jrested 

»&  tj'pe  case  with  perforated  tin  bottom  which  is  placed  within  another 
case,  so  as  to  facilitate  the  collection  and  proper  disfH)fiition  (»f  this 
injurious  form  of  dust. 

A  recent  study  of  the  "Health  of  prinl^-rs/'  by  Goorj^e  A.  Stevens, 

■  in  the  Twenty-fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statis- 
B  ties  iff  New  York,  biiseij  on  the  records  of  the  Inteniatinnal  Typo* 
Hgrapliical  Union  and  the  Loudon  (Enj^Iand)  Society  df  Compositors, 
HfthowH  clearly  the  very  high  death  rate  from   tuberculosis  among 

printers. 

The  following  table  gives  for  the  years  1901  to  1905  the  annual 

■  death  rates  per  1,000  from  the  leading  causes  and  from  all  causes 
among  compositors  in  certain  localities: 

tANM'AI,  DEATU  RATE  PER  I.OOU  FROM  FniNCII'AL  CAUSES  AND  AM.  CATSRS  AUONd 
coMFOsrrona  in  certain  localities,  for  the  five  vbaks.  iooi  to  iwa. 

[From  Tventr-Courth  Anmul  fivport  oi  the  Runuiu  of  Lnhor  Bt»tlsti«  nt  N«rw  York,  lOOA.} 

DoaUi  r«to  pti  1.000. 


locality. 


K«w  Vnrk  City 

OtlMir    Now    Yurk 

fiUle 

Total     New     York 

Stat* 

Chti'iijjn,  \n _... 

I'tiilrKloliitila,  Pa  .... 
All     nitur      rnlt«d 

8lul<« 

Tout  I'liittr^  Stal«*. 
Loadoii,  Kuglautl  ... 


I 


Tuber- 

CUlOBtf 

of Iun<> 
and  other 
ruplra- 
tory  or- 
gaiu. 


3.09 
3.M 

a.  48 

3.6Q 

a.  as 

9L40 


Pneu- 
monia. 


3.43 

.97 

1!.03 
1.57 
.70 

1.07 
l.M 
.fl7 


LctU. 


Lftl 

1.40 

l.W 
l.M 
3.30 

l.» 
1.44 
LIO 


:  ^■«aa«w  ni-«-«..    nisflaaM 

w«niio.  ^IT^ST  *»'  'llR^l 

"'?">'  hurt 

a>-*t«nL  "■"*« 


.70 

t.» 

.W  I 
.70 

.J 


1.37 
L07 

1.4& 

1.44 
1.30 


1.07 


Ivp  •y»- 


OwW 
.07 


.48 


Atrl- 

(laoU 

and  ID- 


.82 
.79 


All 


tt.l4| 
I4.M 

lau 

U.tt 

ts.ii, 

tt.t> 


A  secomi  table  gives  for  the  same  period  the  per  cent  of  deatlis 
duo  to  tubercu!<»sis  in  the  selected  localilioH  for  compositors  and  for 
nil  pei-sons  20  years  of  age  or  over.  It  will  be  seen  that  in  all  thoj 
localities  the  percentage  of  deaths  i\\\r  to  tiiberciilosiH  is  verj-  much 
hi^rlier  for  c.ompo.sitors  than  for  all  i>orson3  20  years  of  age  or 
over  hi  the  same  community.  For  New  York  State  ontsido  of  New- 
York  City  and  for  London.  England,  the  percentage  for  com i>o.si tors 
s  more  than  duiihlc  tlwit  for  llu'  nitpiiliUinn  ?(i  \i'nr-<  nf  dc*'  <^r  over 
a  whole. 


.Irciiiv^fgr  Uj;gij^n<\MuiRicfa  and  "Sjm 


IKDUSTRIAL   HYGIENE. 


495 


PER  CENT  or  DEATHS  FROM  TUBERCULOSIfl  OF  THE  LUN08  AND  OTHES  RESPIRA- 
TORY ORC.ANS  OF  PERSONS  20  YEARS  OF  AGE  OR  OVER  AND  OF  COMPOSITORS, 
ly  CERTAIN  LOCALITIES,  1901  TO  1W5. 


(From  Ui^  Tw«nt7-fourth  AonuiU  Report  of  tbc  Bureau  of  Labor  SUtlslic«  of  New  York,  p. 

eixT.) 

Per  cmt  of  dnatlii 

n- 

LocAUty. 

1901. 

1908. 

1908. 

1904. 

1905. 

Ftve 
y«in. 

ALL  riUOHS  30  YRASS  Of  AOB  OB  OVKB. 
JiriF  York  City 

17.7 
U.4 
U5 
U9 
10.3 

uo 

20. 2 
U9 
20.9 
4S.S 

ai.i 

82.3 

aa.0 

17.7 
10.9 
14.2 
UO 
l&fi 
U.9 

17.0 
32.1 

i:S 

soo 

39.9 
27.8 
20.2 

17.0 

lao 

14  0 

u& 

ISK 

U2 

lS-2 
10.  S 
17.1 

V, 

240 
22^2 
20.4 

10.  A 

lan 

13.0 
10.0 
ICR 
UO 

90.6 
2\  4 
2&6 
7.7 
13^3 
ftLO 
34  4 
3H.2 

17.4 
10.0 
13.9 
17.0 
l&O 
13.0 

21.1 

111.0 
20.1 
33.3 
35.  7 
29.2 
27.2 
29.1 

17.4 

Oltu-r  New  York  StHte 

lAg 

Tot*l  N>*w  York  StaCo 

14.0 

Ifc4 

HgJAdi-inhlt.  P«   , ,,.. 

1ft.  1 

JillJftli.'KufrliinTt 

lift 
214 

IRS^R^ntr , 

Olhrr  New  York  Stalo 

22.S 

•4'«lkl  New  York  Stat*..,......,...,......,,.- 

22.8 

219 

^^H^l  |i.K  1 . 

29u6 

27.7 

9«Ul  rnltod  SUIM 

26.4 

Xondon,  Eojtland , 

Mxa 

r 

■» 


Mr.  Stevens,  in  commenting  on  the  high  death  rate  from  tubercu- 
Josis  among  compositors,  says:  "Scarcely  any  other  occupation  fur- 
nishes so  large  a  quota  of  victims  from  consumption.  The  domestic 
life  of  printers  is  parallel  to  that  of  other  artisans  in  equal  Unancial 
circumstances.  As  wages  go  in  these  days,  they  are  fairly  compen- 
d  for  their  labor,  thus  enabling  them  to  have  homes  as  healthful 
may  be  procured  by  the  best  paid  workmen  in  any  community. 

either  can  it  be  said  that  compositors  are  ill-nourished  and  therefore 
tfndereil  more  susceptible  to  the  insidious  action  of  tubercle  bacilli. 
The  determining  cause  of  their  susceptibihty  to  the  harmful  pmcess 
of  the  'great  white  plague'  lies  in  a  different  direction — to  the  neglect 
of  sanitarj'  precaution.s  in  far  too  many  composing  rooms." 

With   proper  attention  to  sanitarj'  conditions  in  the  composing 

oni3  the  death  rate  from  consumption  could  undoubtedly  be  very 
Tnnti^rially  roduced.  The  excellent  results  that  have  come  from 
unproved  sanitation  in  workrooms  api>ear  from  the  mortality  statis- 

C8  for  1905  of  the  National  Organization  of  Printers  in  Germany. 

"The  average  membersliip  of  the  union  in  that  year  was  44,236,  of 

rhom  283,  or  0.40  per  1,000,  died  fron\  all  causes,  while  134  of  the 

tal  were  affected  with  diseases  of  the  respiratory  system,  from 

hich  the  death  rate  was  3.03, (")  tuberculosis  not  being  separated  in 
the  tabular  presentation. 'X*) 

*  Tho  oorn«|x»ndmg  ilcftth  rates  among  cnmpositnrs  in  N<?w  York  City  was  7.17; 
ilhcr  .\<'w  Y(»rk  fitato,  4.04;  total  Nfw  York  Stat'^.  6.3^;  Chirago,  4.11;  Philadelphia, 
.(M;  UiUl  Uniicd  Statos,  5.02,  and  London.  Kngland,  5.50. 

Twciity-fourtli  Annual  Report  of  (ho  Bureau  of  lAbor  Statiotics  of  New  York, 
p.  cxxxvii. 


Binx^TTS  or  THK  WTBRAtT  07  t.Annnt- 


Thf  rcgnUtions  of  tho  Federal  (^-ouncil  of  the  Urmtan  Empire, 

wliioh  control  nanilary  comlilions  in  Gennaii   |  ! 

into  i'iTcct  July  31,  1897),  will  inWicat^^  tho  uieiit 

death  rates  hare  bocu  brought  about.     The  regulations  are  given 

in  full. 

1.  In  mDtiis  in  whii'lt  |x>rflo>n9  are  cnaployeO  In  M'ttlng  up  type  or  numufftcttmi  d 
trpp  or  ^tmrotypo  j»lal«i  thr  follijwing  pmvtsiatw  Apply: 

].  T\\»*  tliHir  of  wi^rlcmotiir*  miint  nnt  bo  ftunk  <i«<yper  Oiftn  half  a  mcUr  l 

'll^w  tiio  ground.     Kx^X'pliQiiH  iu»y  only  l>e  granted  by  l\w  high<T  mli^ 
auttiutiiy  whorv*  hyeUmi^'  conditions  arc  nrrurpd  hy  a  dry  area  and  ample  uttuiu  ul 
lighting  und  vtnitil[\tirt|;  ihi*  rouitia. 

*'.\ltirHaIiulhm1y  |io  u^i^tlaa  workrot^nu*  if  the  rtHjf  ift  undcnlonn  with  Intiinnd  plMti.7. 

'"i    In  workrtMinw  h\  whirli  thf  niivnulartun?  of  type  or  Btt-rt'otyp**  jilairt*  is  <-amcd 
en  the  niimlior  u(  ponoiu  must  uot  i*xctH}d  mivh  us  wauKI  uUow  at  Iraxt  15  cubic  mrt 
ol  air  ppiire  f&29.*  i  rubi<'  foci)  ttt  each.     In  tho  room*  in  whirh  prnH»nft  are  eiuployi 
only  in  uihi*r  pn>ceM*ee  tlii-ro  inu^t  be  at  least  12  aibtc  iiH*ti?ra  o|  air  rparo  (423.79  ct] 
fa«(i  to  Ciich  (K>m>n. 
'*'^  **ln  canw  o(  e^ceptloiiHl  lesupomr>'  pitveuie  the  higher  admin iMtraUve  au 
tnny.  nn  tho  upptiiiitton  of  the  employer,  permit  a  largiT  number  in  the  workn 
ir  Ht  the  iniml  lUI  drty»  in  (ht^  yortr.  but  not  inon*  than  will  ullttw  10  niblc  meters  t 
cv  (353.10  cubit'  fuct)  fur  oath  per«uQ. 

"3.  Tho  nxini«  miifit  be  nt  loa.**t  2.(i()  meter*  (8.52$  foot)  in  height  whore  a  uiinlittaui 

cubic  ukPten  aro  alluwed  h>r  each  penon,  in  other  caaM  at  IcoM  3  meten  (^M  hct) 
in  heiicht. 

"The  moinnmirft1>oproviilH  with  wiiulowa  whirh  are  Mrfficlent  in  number  and  Mia 
to  let  in  ample  light  for  every  part  of  the  work.    The  winduws  must  bo  ■>  oonstni 
that  they  will  open  »ud  admit  of  i-<ompl«tc  renewal  of  uir  in  H-tirkrvxiina. 

"WorknMmif)  with  ul  inii^t  havn  nn  average  height  equal  tn  the  nncAM 

xucnl.t  given  in  ihrt  hr^i  ,    ,  nf  thin  mv^ion. 

"4.  Tlie  n»omfl  mui»t  l>i>  liini  with  a  rlowsfitting  impnrrtoQB  floor,  whirh  can  hr 
rlrarvd  of  dunt  by  moixt  mptiirxi^.  WtKxteii  n<tfMis  rauet  be  amoolhly  planed,  and 
boaelp  (iltd  ti  prevent  i>eni'tralirin  of  mointnre. 

**AU  woJIk  and  r<Mling;»  munt.  if  tluiy  arc*  iwl  of  a  iimw>Ui,  washable  surface  or  pain 
in  oil.  b*'  litihvwa^lied  uui*o  at  leavl  a  yoar.    If  the  wallt)  aud  ceilings  are  of  a  mzu 
wusliable  surface  or  paintptj  in  oil.  they  must  Ixr  >4'a£ihed  at  Icaat  onrr  a  year,  and  t 
oil  paint  muM.  if  varnished,  be  removed  once  in  ten  yeara,  »!ul  if  not  vamifh 

ire  in  livo  yean. 
The  rnmpt«rttoni*  nheWw  Mid  MafKlj*  fnr  trp^  U>Tfe  muirt  be  eithar  ckieely 
Itmnd  the  room  on  the  floor  mj  tl<  ■  \  timlcmeath,  or  Im  fitivd  witSi 

leng  l«g>  ">  Ibnt  (hir  jltxir  cun  bo  '  >      .  ■  undernratU. 

*'5.  ThK*  workrtHim?>  miiitt  be  olctimHl  nnd  thoroughly  (klreil  once  at  \v<ie{  a  day,  and 
during  iho  working  houm  means  must  be  taken  »  ■  ^••<-io^'  r-onntant  vtaitilatimi. 

"II.  The  ntoltinj;  veswl  fnr  t\*p<»  or  i^erooij-pc  -i  be  covered  with  a  Hood 

provided  witli  exhaurt  ventilatlun  ur  c^unmay  wiui  r^njni^mt  diuft  lo  dmw  tKc 
Vp  Ibe  onttT  air. 

"Type  founding  and  nielliug  may  cmly  be  r'an4ed  on  In  munui  Miiarato  fram  etitor 
girocemce. 

••7.  Tlie  rcionw  : 
l>e  thocxmR.    . 

ibed  over  with  n  damp  clmlh  •♦  i-t. 

•6.  The  typo  ttoxa  niuM  be  r-Ji....^  .      . ...  ;...  ^  _..  4.,..^...  !  ^y^if*  j- ..fi- 

\^M  nc-<x«au)\  but  not  \rm  tliiui  twice  at  Itaat  in  thf*  y^mr. 


IKiyr^TRtAl.   HTOrSKK. 


497 


iIhU  oaAy  be  iIibHhI  out  -vith  s  bellovs  in  thm  open  air,  and  xhm  irark 
iIhJI  ik4  \to  tloci*  t>y  ypur^  pMVMu. 

*'9.  1a.  every  vtirkroam  £:}nUooiit  iUed  vUh  water,  and  one  at  Imai,  lor  ever/  fivo 
pOTBOVkfl,  miM(  be  proWdcd.    Wflrk«r»  are  lorbiddoT)  u>  npit  upon  the  floor. 

'*  10.  ScifBrient  wvkiTis:  applianrar  vich  ecep,  oM  at  }fAM  ^^w  toml  a  «ec>l:  for  et»Hl 
wvricer,  nraK  be  proridnl  in  or  ae  nmr  ae  pcenblv  Ui  the  wnrkmocoa  for  wiwiHwihea, 

One  wmkk  bead  fawao  auiBt  be  pmvidvJ  for  every  five  wmkera,  with  an  aia|dn 
Mpply  M  w»t4«r.    The  wash  basin  aiter  ita  oae  by  each  penon  mnai  be  eoipcM. 

"Tbe  emptoyer  niu^  make  strict  proviaon  for  the  uce  «if  tbe  wasliin;  appliances 
I'by  verfcera  bffow*  evwy  ro«a!.  and  before  Ica\'in^  thrir  work. 

11.  (lulheFt  pill  itff  during  vnrktn;;  hours  mu^t  Hth^^r  he  kept  (Kttmde  the  mrit- 
Bi  er  bmv  up  in  wiurliDbes  with  ckeeiy  fitting  dortrs  or  mrtains,  whirh  am  po  shut 
«r  dnvn  %«  u*  prevent  peneciM-ion  u(  duit. 

*'  12.  Artiiirial  itwwi  cI  U^Miitg  which  lend  to  leiee  Uiu  tempcnUuze  of  the  nioma 
lUat  bt  40  at7a.Dg«M  or  pr<>viiit>i1  with  counterarting  B)«A«ur<«,  that  the  h^t  o(  the 
shall  nut  be  unduly  rai^cMl. 
It?.  The  enipU>\-w  raupl  draw  up  niles  l»in«1inj;  on  the  workcf*.  whirh  will  injure 
the  fall  obfiervan<-e  id  the  p^>vi&iun0  in  eectittna  S.  9,  10,  and  11.  In  an  Mtaldbhment 
-wliero  aa  a  rule  twenty  people  are  enployed  theea  rules  efaaU  be  insarted  in  tbe  gen- 
€nd  taciiiry  n^uJatiooe.  in  accordance  with  section  134a  of  the  Induatnal  Code. 

n.  In  ever>'  workroom  a  notice  must  be  potrtetJ,  fligne<l  l>y  ihe  hx-nl  police  author- 
ity, atiwling  to  the  correctnean  of  thp  statement?  omcerning  (ft^  the  length,  hoight, 
•nd  breadth  t4  toome.  {b)  the  air  (*pare  in  cubic  meanun',  ir)  and  ilie  number  ntf 
permitted  in  each  room. 
'A  copy  of  rulea  1  to  13  must  be  affixed  where  it  can  be  oaaily  read  by  all  )>er8un« 
affecKHl." 

ni.  Provider  for  the  method  of  permitting  the  exceptions  named  above  in  aei'tions 
2 and  S.  ant!  makes  ita  tfinditiim  of  rwlurlion  in  cubic  air  «pocr  for  each  penon 
«mployeil  *»  type  foumler  or  coropowt^n*.  that  there  t«hall  l»e  aile<|uate  mechanical  veo- 
ior  regulating  temperature  and  carrying  off  prndacta  of  combustion  from 


^HEALTH  OF  EMPLOYEES  FN'  TITE  G0\T:RNMENT  PRUNING 
OFFICE,  WASHTNGTON.C) 

Owing  to  improved  hygienic  conditions  in  modem  printing  offices, 
tjpt»  foundries,  and  stereotype  anil  electn>tyj>e  foundries,  lead  poison- 
u^  now  exists  to  a  very  limited  extent  among  workers  in  such 
Miabti^hments. 

In  tbe  Government  Printing;  Otiice  at  Washington ,  where  upwards 
of  4,500  emjiluyees  are  gathered  in  one  huihlin^,  oxcellenl  hvfrienic 
conditions  prcviiil.  Every  ten  niiuutes  the  air  h\  eiich  ruoin  is  changed 
by  a  very  simple  <levice,  consisting  of  air  sbaft-s  leading  from  the 
basement  In  tlii^  roof.whii'h  (ire  pierred  near  tlie  <*eihug  in  eaih  rmim 
with  suitable  opening?i.     A  revolving  fun  placed  just  l>elow  the  ro«tt 

flTliits  sectitm  relating  to  the  "Ilcalth  of  employees  in  the  Govommcnt  Priiiilng 
Offico"  wn»  piTpnrcfi  by  Wm    .1.  Nfanrine,  Jf.  D.,  Chief  r-f  thi*  ftnrutary  nixii^inn  in 
i»vemtn4'ul  Printing  Otflct*.  und  in  n  rr|>rrHlurliiin  of  an  nrlicle  9ul>mJ1te<l  in 
Utton  by  him  fur  a  pn'ne  uffertMl  by  the  Intrrnationul  UaUir  t^ffire,  Uasel, 
^rkind.    Tlieaniclft  wiw  purcbiu»ed  tir  publication  l^y  lb*'  ^^-^  mh  nrfount  of 


JDtrtt: 


K^ k. 


BULLETIN    OF   THE    BITREAt;   O?   LABOR. 


that  a  constant  supply  of  fro^b 


available 


croalCii  a  suction, 
at  alt  times. 

The  dt'ctrolypo  and  sU*reotype  foiimlrics  arc  placod  on  tUo  topmost 
floor,  the  modem,  nipiilly  moving  elevators  making  tids  jjraclicahle. 
fiofar  as  the  employees  arc  concerned.  At  that  height  fnmi  the  ground 
current.^  of  air  are  constantly  in  motion,  witli  a  consequently  greater 
difTusiun  of  the  gaso5  than  would  jircvail  on  floors  nearer  the  ground. 
In  the  largt*  newspaper  buildings  of  the  various  cities  in  the  Unite<] 
States  the  same  ide4&  is  being  rarricd  out,  the^e  rooms  being  placed  as 
high  in  the  air  as  possible. 

In  the  type  founding  anti  stereotyping  trades  employees  whtjse 
duties  call  them  to  work  over  the  fumes  of  the  melting-pots  are  most 
expoM'd  to  the  injurious  influences  of  lead,  althtjugh  th^  large  amount 
of  alloy  pre^sent  tends  to  lesi^ni  the  danger. 

*'  Finishers"  of  the  j>latw*,  who  handle  only  the  smooth,  hard,  bright 
slabs  of  the  alloyed  metal,  run  the  leiust  risk  of  lead  poisoning,  because 
the  slabs  are  free  from  all  oxides  and  there  is  little  or  no  dust,  the 
snudl  particles  wluch  rub  oil  the  platen  on  the  haiuls  of  the  workmen 
being  in  the  metallic  state  and  perfectly  dry.  In  contradistinction 
to  this  is  the  case  of  the  painter.  Here  the  lead,  being  in  the  form  of 
a  carbonate  (white  lead)  and  being  mixed  with  such  an  excellent 
absorbing  material  as  oil,  the  danger  of  lead  poisoning  is  greatly 
increiisetl. 

In  type  foundries  practically  the  same  conditions  exist  as  in  electnv 
type  foundries,  tlu>so  who  work  in  the  vicinity  of  the  melting-pots 
being  liable  to  be  art'ected  by  the  toxic  vapors  which  arise  therefrom. 
This  is  j>urtieuhtrly  the  c»ise  where  the  lead  is  impure  and  contains 
volatile  substances  which,  combining  with  the  lead  fiunes,  might 
possibly  itdd  to  the  toxic  influences  of  the  lead.  Hence,  in  "fluxing** 
the  metal,  when  wax  is  employed  as  the  agent,  as  little  a&  possible 
shotild  be  used. 

Feitmles  are,  as  a  rule,  employed  in  this  country  to  sort,  finish,  and 
puck  the  type.  Here,  as  with  the  "finishers"  in  the  ele<*trofyiH> 
foundries,  the  metal  is  bright  and  free  from  oxides,  besides  being 
Inrgely  idloyevl;  hence  the  ehnnce  of  absorption  with  toxic  result.^  is 
greatly  lessened.  Dtx^tor  Osier  has  pointi^l  out. that  the  ralio  c>f 
woraca  ftusceptible  to  Iea*i  poisoning  is  small  as  compared  with  men. 
Why  they  are  thus  imnume  is  hard  to  say;  but,  so  far  founding 

isecincerneti,  prtdtnMy  the  ahove  statement  Indicati'^  !        -:-:.-c. 

With  the  compositor  the  chances  of  absorption  of  IcMid  from  the  type 

nietid  b}  the  skin  is  probably  r\il.     Only  asm:.'  ' ''i    i  •  "  ! n- : 

of  the  fingers  (the  apex  of  the  thumb  and  foi:  :._.^- :  ... .  . nu^l.L .::  i  i:i- 
iact  with  lhcmet«ll>4)th  in  "distributing**  and  in"«Qttinp,'*  and  tlicepi- 
nis  lit  ' '  vts  is  in 


derni 
Thus,   the 


rur  LH  pi 


INDUSTRIAL   UYGIEKR. 


I 
I 

I 


I 


I 


•when  the  type  is  coveret!  with  the  hyilrate  which  is  formed  hy  the 
long-oontiiiued  Rction  of  air  and  water.  It  is  well  known  that  sub- 
ces  are  absorbed  but  slightly,  if  at  all.  through  tlic  skin  thnt  is  in  a 

ickened  condition,  and  since  the  small  atoms  which  hccoino  sopa- 
rateil  from  the  metal  type  in  one  way  and  another  are  in  a  metallic 
form  the  chanres  of  absorption  are  even  more  ivmote. 

The  danger  to  the  compositor,  as  with  the  melting-pot  tender,  would 
seem  to  lie  in  inhalation.  With  the  former  the  introduction  into  the 
system  would  be  by  dust,  and  with  the  latter  in  the  form  of  f^as. 

Wlien  foreign  bodies  are  taken  into  the  system  in  a  state  of  fine  sub- 
(L'-vision,  the  favorite  seat  will  be  found,  as  a  rule,  in  the  bronclii  and 
the  lungs.  The  pn>cess,  so  far  as  compositors  are  concerned,  might  be 
terme^l  "plumbiosis."  The  dust  wldch  is  not  carried  directly  into  the 
mlveoli  of  the  lungs  by  the  air  breathed  finds  lodgment  on  tlie  mem- 
brane of  tlie  bn^nclii  and  their  ramifications.  That  considerable  dust 
is  carrie<l  down  tlie  esophagus  into  the  stomach  and  from  there  tiwei)t 
out  into  the  intestines  is  not  to  be  doubted.  Miglit  not  these  lino  par- 
ticles cause  the  *' colic"  or  active  peristalsis  by  the  stimulation  of  the 
circular  and  longitudinal  muscular  fibers  in  a  mechanical  way  on  the 
muscles  themselves  or  in  a  chemic  way  by  a  stimulation  of  the  nerves 
contndling  tlie.se  fibers?  This  "colic"  ia  one  of  the  firet  symptoma 
complaineil  of  by  the  patient. 

That  the  white  blood  coqiuscles  play  an  import-ant  part  in  rarntinj^ 
tliis  finely  dividetl  substance  through«»ut  the  ImhIv  is  nlno  pn>bnhl4'.  iho 
mode  of  action  being  to  inclose  the  line  particles  and  try  lo  diiwolvo 
them.  and.  failing  in  that,  t<i  transport  them  to  dijttaiit  \Htinim  in  th« 
body  anil  to  the  various  orgaius.  In  that  condition  known  an  anthra- 
cosis,  or  coal-miner's  consumpuon.  ilie  hmg  Is  found  to  Im*  ruvcrc**! 
with  black  dust.  Tbe  same  con<iitiona  are  found  in  ihom  ftUlTf<riti^ 
froi;     '  Jon.thrabHcnr-     '       *         'luiprtnictlutplK- 

mei.  -lor.     The  t"i  own  mm  litlio^i*. 

In  the  knife  and  saw  idiar]>ener'c^  trade  tb«)  duat  la  in  Out  furw  of  niM*! 
and    '  :uwqaeot  disemae  ia  k»nrD  M  Mderunip.     Ii4  *t^U  ''•mi  t)i# 

llnr  is  lodgment  ia  tJie  kuipL 

The  lungs  become  so  pigBmUed  aftn-  loB^p 4«|>u»ui'«»  Co  lliMMt  ffPihiii^ 
-  '  Thealvroliao  namgfmtmi  mU  AalutAt  mmimi)  -  -  *  ^      -  i*Hlr 
tunmatton  xhaH  (he  sahitMMas  <wi  «|f«  ii>A'  '  M 

unhygienic  surroundk^  mnd  bed  renfiielimi^  m^lfla  Mif  ■»« 

nuuij  ooatpottUkCv  Se  eecii  year  feoM  i$/lMmittidn.    <^'.» 
tuberrle  bftdB  find  a  '««f**»»l  mv\mUMV0mt  4m  «4i1i4  Ui  W 
woiit.     To  tiie  Above  con*'  \iUt\,  ^f 

influence  of  liiciesadilMiAf,  Lui;r  I  

of  tlitf  lettd  «n  tlie  air«elU.    h* 
does  not  eoem  to  iniiibit  (iM^prowtii  uf  tb«  6**  oi* 


tuber 


BTTrXKTTN   OV  TBI!   nrttUTt  OF  T-ABOT" 


I 


The  lymph  iiotlcs  v<*rv  likely  pl»y  uii  iin|>i>rtaut  part  in  rarryir^r  tho 

lrH<l  lUnnij^'h  tho  Hody  to  produco  plunihUrn.     Whon  lyinpli  tioiUw 
lK*coni(*  lotKhsi  with  forfif^n  matoiial  uf  any  nature  they  are  apt  lo 
hroak  <li>wn  an  J  the  circulation  carries  iho  substami^  to  variou^i  parial 
of  thp  hoily.     This  would  m<4*in  to  rxphiin  the  |)fti»ulinr  foltir  of  tbosM 
sufForin;^'  frutn  phnuhism,  anil  it  miglit  explain  why  the  kidnoy?*  heroiuM 
so  irritutcHj  arul  why  ulhununisfound  in  the  urine.    Certain  tiAHUea  aeem] 
to  have  au  aiHnity  for  the  lead  thus  carried  and  it  is  dcpoHitci]  in  them. 
Tlio  hlue  lino  on  the  f^tnis,  which  is  jiatixt^noiuonir  of  lead  poiMinuig, 
loay  be  the  reault  of  thi«.     It  may  bo  that  sulphur,  wliich  hassuclia 
ntnkn^afTHiity  forlead  and  whirh  might  be  taken  into  the  mouth  in  arti- 
cles of  food  and  ilriuk, causes  this  pigmentation.     It  isstrar;^^'  that  IHm 
blue  line  due8  not  make  it«  apt>eai'ance  on  any  other  part  t>f  the  bodyJ 
Certain  it  is  that  potassium  suJphiiio  when  added  to  a  bath  w  illhrin^^ouu 
this  pi«cmeiit  over  the  entire  bo»ly,  whirh  ix»maius  lintil  the  leml  in  tha] 
skin  is  either  eliminated  or  the  afUnity  in  satinftod. 

Lend  poifi<inin^  in  the  chronic  form,  as  already  ^luu-ii,  i^>  vrry  rarfti 
among  ty|>e  founders,  electrotyjiers,  stere**)typers,  and  in  the  priiitJ 
mg  traded  in  thia  country.  It  may  present  itaelf  in  the  reguiad 
type  or  the  RvrnptoniH  may  be  hiildem  The  chararteristir  syinplonifl 
are  the  blue  line  iui  ttie  gums,  and  the  wrist  drop,  due  t<»  the  paralysis^ 
of  the  extensors  of  the  forearms.  In  some  cases  it  firat  makes  ltd 
appearance  in  aniemia  and  in  a  loss  of  strength.  Amesthesia  may  appoan 
in  Hpot^  <in  diflVrent  parts  of  the  body,  the  s]K)ts  var>-ing  in  size  fronu 
tliat  of  a  half  dtdlar  to  that  of  the  hand.  They  may  appear  on  thd 
arms,  legs,  or  on  the  back.  In  some  cases  theso8ym[)toms  are  entirely! 
absent.  Albumin  may  appear  in  tlie  urine.  Dortor  Osier  described 
oasei)  tliat  havecomeunderhiscare  where  the  s^'mptomsreHcmbled  goulj 
and  rheumatism.  Thejoints  would  sweJl  and  Invome  very  red  and  tcJiJ 
der,  the  patient  sntfering  all  the  while  intenne  pain.  Doctor  Wood! 
mentions  casiis  where  the  symptoms  resenddetl  acute  polionkVelituM 
In  other  cases  there  was  simply  a  failure  nf  health,  nnn^mia,  nerroufl 
phenomena,  etc.,  the  patienl  having  ill-^leflned,  sharp,  shooting  painaJ 
The  pain  from  the  colic  seems  to  radiate  from  the  umbilicus  in  ail 
instances,  ArlerioscleroMs  lias  been  noticed,  with  atrophy  i»f  thJ 
kiiJneys  anil  hy[MM*trophy  of  the  heail,  the  enlargement  of  the  luttiu 
organ  pn>babty  l>eij\g  due  to  it43  redouhleil  etfc>rt  to  loivc  the  blood 
through  the  various  contracte^t  distal  organs.  This  contract  i-"  ■'•■in 
be  due,  in  a  nictixure,  to  the  astringent  action  of  the  lead  ^ 

noticed  upon  all  tissues  when  lead  is  applied  In  its  various  forma.     ■ 

The  treatment  in  these  ca«es  may  be  dividinl  into  the  prcveiitirl 
anil  curative,  the  former  relating,  of  coui»c,  oiUy  to  the  trades  mcoJ 
tioned  in  this  article.  Among  the  measures*  which  might  In*  taken  id 
the  prevention  of  pluiubi?m  in  the  printing,  tyjie  founding,  and  rlectnJ 
typing  and  st-ereotyping  trailes  wiiulil  be,  lirst  of  all,  the  KicatioiiJ 


IXPrSTEIAl^  BTOIEKC 


■ft  demoted  to  liie  zneltio^  of  type  lotiml  shoold  lie  akU9m$»d 
higii  as  pofiBibl^y  on  the  to|»im>$t  floor  of 
bgs  ."^^bovWl  be  at  least  10  foet  from  the  floor.  Wmdovs  ehouM  be 
placed  on  bolii  sides  of  I  lie  iYKHn««o  tbat  a  current  of  air  may  be  in 
cxtBstani  motion  ami  a  fresh  aapplj  ahrays  on  band.  In  winter  or 
bad  weather  a  very  simple  way  to  obtain  fraafa  air  <ymmflt>  in  placing  a 
board  3  or  4  inches  high  lengtharsa  andcr  tbe  knror  window  sash. 
Hub  will  enable  the  fresb  air  to  ente-r  between  ibe  lower  and  up 
sashes  without  rau&:m^  a  direct  draft  on  the  wackmen.  The 
should  bo  covered  Mith  iron  hoods  thai  will  oowr  tfe  aatin  top 
tbe  melting-pot  proper.  The  hoods  cfconid  aK  as  near  iht  metal  as 
poaable,!!)  such  a  wav  that  tbey  will  not 
tiosi  of  the  Udles  or  liippefs.  Hoods  witk 
fume  chambers  do  not  ansa^n  It  has  baen  feond  llal  lo  be  of  any 
senrice  or  benefit,  the  pipe  leading  from  the  hood  or  tans  rhamhrr 
ahoiild  be  ne^*ly  as  lai^  as  the  f***"*^— •  kself  and  rfrmH  lead  to  a 
smoke  chimne\'  or  into  the  outside  air.  Tbe  heat  generstad  afamdd 
draft  enough  to  carry  .the  fwaeaaC  in  tiwi  ««f .  It  migfaC  be 
by  placing  a  revolving.  UmJai  -fSBtilatflr  in  tW  pipe  Iram  tb« 
outside  to  be  operated  by  the  wind.  Thr  whnle  thing  nii^t  be  made 
cheaply  of  galvanized  iron.  Vaaoai  laee  ma^s  kaTa  been  sng- 
but  none  ^eeirn  to  be  practical,  asd  after  a  mask  is  worn  for 
some  time  it  really  becomes  a  greaterdan^er  than  it  it  had  not  been 
used,  owing  (u  tbe  lack  of  riesidinam  frttna  inil  —A  enhstewiai  in 
the  nose  are  useless,  because  the  woriunan  wfll  iinai  baaatka  tkfoui^ 
his  mouth. 

The  pergonal  ^r^•a^nl^tM  ^n  tU»  pt.*'  .f  t).*  v.  trrV  ri.ufi  rl.HiI-l  U*  a 
chan^  of  imdercloihin^  aiicr  u«*rp.,  r.  Jrnii.  v;  l^ti  t  unit  inufsi  a 
week  in  hot  water  witk  plenty  of  soap,  and  at  the  aaiut*  tiiue  liw*  vi 
oroiis  application  of  a  flesh  broak  to  tbe  sldn.  Tbt*  obj^Mrt  h**n' 
twofold — to  keep  fht  pores  foee  and  to  remore  any  partirh*«t  that  ma 
haTo  lodged  ihere,  and  hence  Wasen  the  danger  of  abiH»rptiofi,  while 
at  the  same  time  helping  ihe  pom  to  eliminate  that  which  haa  beau 
abaovbed.  The  bowels  should  be  kept  open  by  the  use  of  such  simple 
Uxatires  as  sweet  oil,  castor  oil,  calomel  and  soda,  etc.  An  eleciro* 
tyy  mess  for  .    . 

n*»  -idiy  in  I'  i 

that  it  was  his  custom  t^i  take  a  t4*aspoouful  of  6W«H>t  oil  every  uthi«r 
day  ami  that  he  liad  never  sufTered  from  any  ill  effc^^tx  f*f  plumbum. 

So  far  as  ootnpo8iu>r6  are  concerned  the  prpventive  treatment  judt 
describrd  would  apply  to  them.     The  princijkal  danger  h^re  is  the 

.^sof  type  tiii 
by  the  abrasion  of  the  pieces  against  each  otticr  mh  iii*d 

ort.sei  iliis,  "cases  '  should  be  blown  ■    *  ^  '  r^}  ' 

n'cek;  if  possible,  in  ihc  o^er 


^ 


502  Bt7IX,ETTK   OF  THE  BUREAU    OF  LABOR.  ^^^^ 

boxes,  instead  of  being  flat  and  square  <-omGred  and  covered  with 
paper,  should  be  slightly  concave  at  the  bottom,  wth  the  cornere 
rounded,  somcwiiat  like  a  cash  till^  the  idea  being  to  keep  the  dust 
from  lodging  in  the  comers,  where nt  is  dillicult  to  remove  even  with 
a  bellows.  In  cases  constructed  in  this  manner  the  dust  is,  by  its 
own  weight,  constantly  working  its  way  toward  the  center  of  each 
box,  where  it  can  easily  be  removed. 

A  practical  method  of  removing  the  caked  dust  is  in  voguo  in  the 
Government  Printing  OfEco  at  Wasliington.  The  type  forms  after 
leaving  the  electrot^'pe  foundr}'  are  placed  on  a  rais<Ml  rack  which 
drains  into  a  shallow  tank  some  6  inches  in  depth,  a  pipe  connecting 
this  with  a  sewer.  The  forms  are  placed  in  a  hori/onttil  position — ■ 
that  is  to  say,  the  side  of  the  chose  rests  on  the  rack.  Steam  under 
pressure  is  conducted  by  a  rubber  hose  and  tlie  face  of  the  type  is 
thorouglily  '*blowni/'  as  is  the  reverse  of  the  form.  Later,  when  the 
forms  are  unlocked,  the  pages  are  tied  up  and  placed  in  the  '* boiling 
cUamber."  This  chamber  consists  of  a  zinc-lined  box  about  6  feet  in 
length,  4  feet  wide,  and  4  feet  high,  a  trapdoor  at  the  top  being  the 
onl}'  itpening.  In  the  bottom  is  placed  a  coil  of  steam  pipe  which 
covers  the  entire  floor  of  the  box,  one  end  of  the  pipe  being  left  open. 
The  pages  of  type  are  placed  on  shallow  perforated  trays  somewhat 
like  a  "galley,"  each  tray  fitting  in  a  copper  rack,  consisting  simply  of 
two  loops  of  copper,  somewhat  like  an  inverted  U,  with  pins  attached 
on  which  the  trays  set.  Each  rack  holds  eight  pages,  or  a  "signature," 
on  eight  trays.  After  the  box  is  tilled,  steam  is  turned  on  and  the 
type  is  thoroughly  boiled  for  an  hour  or  more.  The  pages  are  lifted 
in  and  out  by  means  oi  hooks.  This  method  not  only  removes  the 
graphite,  but  disintegrates  the  type  and  "loosens"  it,  permitting  easy 
distribution.  It  also  leaves  the  type  very  clean  and  aseptic,  lejssen- 
ing  the  chances  of  infection  by  the  absence  of  germs.  The  method  of 
Jetting  cold  water  run  on  the  forms  and  thus  cleansing  I  hem  is  not  so 
thorough,  because  the  graphite  "cakes'*  and  clings  to  the  typo  and  the 
dust  is  thrown  into  t!ie  compositor's  case  with  the  iyjio,  making  the 
cases  very  du.sty  and  dirty.  Each  compositor  .should  supply  himself 
with  a  small  brush,  suitable  for  the  hands,  to  be  used  each  time  he 
washes. 

In  acute  cases  of  lead  poisoning  the  treatment  consists  in  the  admin- 
istration of  alkaline  carbonates,  soup,  soluble  sulphates,  sodium 
chloride,  etc.,  wa^shing  out  the  stomach  with  large  drafts  of  water, 
etc.  Alum  has  been  given,  and  at  one  time  was  consiihred  almost 
aspcciiic.  Sweet  oil  and  castor  oil  will  be  found  useful.  Milk  should 
be  taken  in  large  (pjantities.  The  idea  is  first  to  combat  the  symp- 
toms an<l  then  elimiuate  the  lead.  Opium  can  bo  given  for  pain. 
Warm  sulphureted  baths  are  very  beneficial.  They  can  bo  made  by 
'ssoh'iit^  4  cnmccs  ol  potussium  sulphide  in  30  gallons  of  water  in  a 


tta 


jigm 


INDUSTRIAL  HYGIENE. 


603 


^rooHen  tub.  Thoso  baths  discolor  the  skin,  from  the  formation  of 
lead  sulpliide,  and  should  be  repeated  every  few  days  until  this  elfect 
ceases.  During  each  bath  the  patient  should  be  well  washed  with 
a>ap  and  water  t^>  remove  discoloration. 

A  melting  pot  is  attached  to  each  of  the  various  kinds  of  typesetting 
machines,  and  where  many  machines  are  in  use,  unless  there  is  plenty 
of  pure  air  constantly  entering  the  room  and  perfect  ventilation  pro- 
vided, the  fumes  from  each  pot  should  be  conducted  by  pipes  to  a 
chamber  in  which  there  is  a  vacuum,  so  that  the  fumes  may  be 
instantly  removed  and  carried  out  into  the  atmosphere.  The  virtue 
of  the  machine,  so  far  as  health  i.s  concerned,  lies  in  the  fact  of  the 
absence  of  dust,  with  the  additional  advantage  that  the  operator  does 
nut  lay  liimself  open  to  exposure  in  handling  the  metal  to  so  great  a 
degree  as  in  the  case  of  the  hand  compositor. 

There  are  other  alloys  that  would  take  the  place  of  lead  in  type 
metal,  but  owing  to  the  excessive  cost  and  high  fusing  point  their  use 
is  not  practical. 

From  a  sanitary  point  of  view  the  collection,  cleaning,  and  disinfec- 
tion of  the  spittoons  in  the  Government  Printing  OfHc-e  is  a  matter  uf 
considerable  importance.  This  will  be  readily  understood  when  it  is 
remembered  that  there  are  over  4,500  persons  engaged  during  the  24 
hours,  all  working  in  eight-hour  shifts,  and  that  no  fewer  than  1,200 
cuspidors  must  be  cleaned  at  the  end  of  each  shift. 

The  method  now  being  installed  imder  Doctor  Manning's  direction 
eflPects  this  without  direct  digital  contact,  It  consists  in  a  central 
sterihzing  chamber  situated  in  the  basement  of  the  Printing  Oflice, 
with  a  cement  floor,  graded  toward  the  center  and  made  up  of  two 
inclines  and  one  shallow  gutter,  i.  e.,  concavity  or  semilunar  groove, 
in  the  cement  floor  under  each  of  six  movable  iron  longitudinal  racks 
extending  lengthwise  of  the  room.  These  racks  consist  simply  of  1-inch 
anglo-iron  strips  |-inch  in  thickness,  arranged  in  tiers,  13  inches  apart, 
from  which  hang  siLspendcd  at  intervals  of  9  inches  steel-wire  spring 
clutches,  secured  by  a  nut  and  bolt  through  the  eye  of  the  clutch  and 
bolted  iirndy  to  the  underside  of  the  angle  iron.  All  edges,  angles, 
comers,  and  returns  of  the  floor  are  well  rounded  and  each  of  the  fom* 
walls  has  a  12-inch  * 'sanitary  base"  in  order  that  all  parts  of  then)om 
muy  be  self  cleansing  and  draining.  The  walls  of  the  sterihzing 
chamber  are  composed  of  wliite,  glazed,  vitrified  brick. 

The  wire  clutch  is  shaped  somewhat  like  on  inverted  letter  U,  and 
grasps  the  cuspidor  arounil  the  constricted  portion  or  neck  when  the 
latter  is  presscil  against  the  orifice  or  bell-shaped  opening  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  spring.  This  spring  permits  both  expansion  and  contrac- 
tion around  the  neck  of  the  cusprdor,  and  has  a  sullicicnt  grasp  to 
hold  the  cuspidor  iirmly  in  place  while  it  is  subjected  to  iatcnvoA.  w^^ 

37(i91— No.  ?b~4)8 J6 


T-      liili       I   rii"iiiiiT 


BULLETIN   OF  THE  BUBBAU  OF  LABOB. 


exterual  wafihing  with  ft  stream  of  hot  water  from  a  hose.  After 
thorough  cleansing,  the  cuspidors  are  subje<:ted  to  the  action  of  su|M*r- 
heated  st'eam,  by  which  all  forms  of  vegetable  and  organic  life  ara 
Idiled,  even  the  most  resistant  spore-bearing  disease  genns. 

The  cuspidors  arc  collocted  in  the  workrooms  bv  a  mechanical 
device  or  holder  ho  ileniguod  as  to  clutch  ami  '*ncst"  at  one  time  five 
of  the  soiled  cmipidors,  one  above  the  other,  and  are  carried  directly, 
by  means  of  the  holder,  to  sjiecially  designed  wowlen,  zinc-lined  box 
trucks  with  detachable  sides.  Each  truck  is  capable  of  holding  175 
cuHpidors  for  transmission  to  the  sterilizing  chamber.  Ah  five  soil 
cuspidors  are  taken  to  the  truck  they  are  replaced  by  five  sterilized 
cuspidors  picked  up  and  distributed  by  the  same  mechanism,  all  at 
which  is  accomplished  by  the  operator  by  the  use  of  one  hand  only 

After  the  trucks  are  filled  they  are  transmitted  from  the  resj)ectiy( 
floors  to  the  basement  on  a  freight  elevator  and  wheeled  directly  in 
the  sterilizing  chamber.  Here  one  of  the  sides  of  the  box  truck 
removed,  and  the  operator,  by  the  use  of  another  specially  designed 
forceps,  reaches  out  and  grasps  the  Up  of  a  cuspidor,  lifts  it  free,  and 
with  a  pronation  or  twist  of  the  wrist  empties  the  vessel.  At  the  same 
time,  with  an  upward  movement,  still  grasping  the  forceps,  he  brings 
the  constricted  part  of  the  cuspidor  against  the  bottom  of  the  wira 
clutch,  which  receives  and  holds  it  in  the  manner  already  describe 

\Vl\en  the  racks  Imve  been  thus  fdled  the  o]>erat«r  facets  the  front  o 
the  racks  or  mouths  of  the  cuspidors  and  directs  a  stream  of  boihng 
hot  water  into  and  against  the  cuspidors.  The  same  method  is  pur- 
sued from  the  rear  of  each  respective  rack,  and  thus  a  large  number  ol 
cuspidors  are  quickly  cleaned  in  a  thorougli  ami  absohittOy  siuiitan 
manner.  I 

\b  soon  as  this  operation  has  been  completed  the  floor  is  thoroughljfl 
flushed  with  hot  water  and  all  foreign  mattpr  is  carried  into  the  sowofl 
by  means  of  two  centrally  located  waste  outlets  protected  by  a  backi 
pressure  valve. 

The  door  of  the  steriUzing  chamber  is  built  on  the  order  of  a  bulk- 
head door  of  a  steamer;  it  is  closed  witli  a  swivel  "  keeper"  and  ifl 
steam  tight.  1 

For  economic  reasons  an  exliaust  steam  pipe  is  tapped  and  a  branclfi 
carried  into  the  top  of  the  steriUzing  chamber.  This  pipe  has  a 
number  of  aportun^s  on  the  underside  and  quickly  fills  the  room  witli 
steam,  coming  from  above  downward. 

The  steriUzation  is  continued  for  one  hour  at  a  temperature  ol 
about  100°  (itmtigrado.  At  the  expiration  of  this  period  the  —  l.-f! 
turned  off  and  the  uirshaft  loading  tti  tlio  roof  opened  for  the  »  fi 

steam  and  to  aid  condensation,  thus  quickly  ridding  the  room  of  aa 
vapor.    The  door  of  the  chamber  id  tlieu  opotiod>  and  the  opemlon 


^ 


INDUSTRIAL.   UVOIENB. 


506 


&ft«r  the  cuspidors  have  cooled,  plucks  them  fn»in  the  mck  witli  his 
hautis  hjhI  pi-occe<U  to  place  layer  afler  layer  in  (rucks  until  the  latter 
are  full. 

Wlien  a  layer  is  lalil  in  a  truck,  he  p<uirs  in  a  solution  niado  up  of 
bichloride  of  mercury,  7.3  grains;  citric  acid,  7.7  grains,  to  etich  liter 
B(].06  quart)  of  water,  colored  with  fucliKine  to  diirprrntiaie  the  eolu- 
tiou.  This  gives  a  strength,  approximately,  of  1  part  of  the  chemicals 
to  2,000  parts  of  water,  sufEcient  to  destn^y  whatever  infccti(»u8  gerras 
may  find  their  way  into  the  cuspidors  through  expectoration  or 
otherwise. 

The  bichloride  is  used  for  its  germicidal  power,  wliile  the  citric  acid 
is  added  to  retard  the  coagulation  of  the  albumin  in  the  saliva  and 
expectoration  and  thus  render  the  action  of  the  bicWoride  of  mercury 
more  potent. 

The  entire  cost  of  the  chemical  disinfeet.auts  named  amounts  to  less 
than  $12  per  annum. 

The  cuspidoi's  are  specially  designed  to  permit  of  easy  cleaning  and 
self-draining.    Angles  which  would  interfere  with  the  cleaning  process 
have  been  avoided^  and  the  stream  of  water  will  readily  reach  all  the 
internal  surfaces.     The  constriction  or  neck  is  sufficiently  wide  to 
permit  the  stream  of  the  hose  to  enter  with  full  force.     A  certain 
amount  of  constriction  at  the  neck  seemed  desirable  to  hide  the  con- 
tents of  cuspidor  when  in  use.    They  were  designed,  however,  with  the 
special  object  of  easy  cleaning  and  without  direct  digital  contact, 
because  it  would  seem  almost  inhuman  to  ask  a  cleaner  to  place  his 
hand,  containing  even  a  sjM>nge,  in  the  oniinarj'  stock  cuspidor  and 
wash  the  interior  in  a  thorough  and  sanitary  manner.     AH  of  this 
ai^pulsive  work  has  been  avoided,  so  that  by  the  now  n\ethod   the 
Boperator  does  not  touch  the  cuspidor  with  his  hands  until  he  plucks  the 
washed  and  sterilized  vessel  from  the  rack  ami  places  it  in  the  truck. 
Hard  vitrified  cliina  ware  has  been  used  to  construct  the  cuspidors, 
as  this  is  the  only  material  that  will  witlistand  the  corrosive  action  of 
bichloride  of  mercury  and  at  the  same  time  present  a  smooth  surface 
^^or  sanitar\'  cleansing. 

^M  Approximately  about  3,800  barrels  of  sawdust  have  been  used  each 
^Krear  for  spitboxes  in  the  Government  Printing  Oflice,  at  a  cost  of 
^nbout  SiOO  per  month.  WMe,  of  course,  this  item  will  be  saved, 
^together  with  the  cost  of  handling  and  carting  away  the  foul  and 
polluted  sawdust,  the  main  object  has  been  to  reduce  to  a  minimum  the 
danger  of  infection  tlu-ough  tuberculous  sputa  among  the  employees.  (") 

^    ■>  Ail  tlie  mech&njcftl  devices  meniiunod  atx>ve  were  designed  by  Doctor  MAnning. 


H       60(3                            BrLhKTIN    (IK  TlIK   BUREAU   OF   lABOB.                       ^^^1 

^M          Tlif*  liihle  folloA^nng  nhows  iJit^  number  of  riuMV,  both  sui^ical  lUid 
^M      ine<lical,  receiving  IreftUnenl  ttt  the  emergency  room  of  the  (^Jovprn- 
H      mont  Printing  OfFico  <luring  the  peno<)  of  26  niontlis  from  Januaiy  1, 
■      1906,  to  Februar>'  29,  1908: 

^m        NUMBER   OF   CA8RS    URCKIVINa    TREATUfiNT    AT    TJlK    OOVKRNVKNT    TRINTINU 
^M                  OFFICE  KMERGENrY  ROOM  FROM  JANUARY  1.  IW.  TO  FEBRUARY  ».  IMIL 

^^^^V            nunoinr  uf  oiue. 

Ywrtm. 

Yurl1«7. 

Janutto  iuid  FftH          1 
nmry.  IflW               j 

Non-     Re- 
b«roC  mnied 
CUM.   work. 

Simt 

b€iiii& 

Num- 
ber of 
cum. 

R«- 

■tniwd 
work. 

0«rnt 

Nam- 
b«rol 

work. 

fcoS^l 

^H                                         flUBQlCAL. 

^H         PoliKimid  wniiniU: 

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4 
5 
2 

1 

a 

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1 

3 

6 

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3 

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3 

a 

7 

t 
1 

J 

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^B          i^nu« 

^H          Riiht&ir- 

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a 

a 

— Tj 

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1 

I 

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a 
a 

2 
3 

1 

3 

1 

a 

3 

1 

j^^H 

^H        Bprain* 

1 
s 

8 

a 

1 

1 

3 
S 
1 
1 

1 

r 

4 

4 

3 
7 

1 

aa 
1 

3 

a 

a 

4 
3 
4 
I 

1 
18 

U 

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1 

ft 

a 

a 
a' 

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^^H                Ittrhl  rrrilit      

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4* 

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14 
8 

. 

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7 

1 

u 

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a 

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^^B                Ktght  fnn-Hnn 

^H        Bum.  llrm  d(>Knm: 

^H               U'ft  hand  

^H             Rlirttt  hitni       

1 
4 
1 
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3 

::::::: 

::::::: 

1 

2 

a 

3 

t.-«|4. 

^^B 

...... 

i 

a 



^^^B                IVfft't  i'*"l 

•*••■■. 

** 

^^H           I  ..7»  f^.f^.oMfl         11  , 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

''1 

^^V                     'i« 

^^H               FoP'hMMl,  •mUpi  Aod  SM*' ••••••• 

^^1 

*  ■ 

' 

^^B        Burn.  iM«(>iiil  ili'gmi: 

^B              IWth'md 

^H            Klgtat  faftnd 

^^V              iflKhl  iirin 

t 

3 

1 

1 
a 

1 

3 
4 

a 
1 

a 

4 
3 

1 

^^^^1 

'  ' 

"^l^^^l 

^V          r  -"t  fi-t* 

.JJ^^^B 

^H        Uiim.  third  dMm»: 

^H                !  "TT  hcmi     ,.ii,,,,, . 

1 

•■••••• 

I 

^m                    ind«: 

^H                                   >rtii 

^^^^                L''R  [•.■■A — . 11. ■■••*>•■■■<•...■•- 

1 

a 

1 
s 

I 

3 
1 
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9 

a 

a 

' 

J 

.  j^^^^i 

a 
a 

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a 
a 

1 



'  i' 

a 

1 

::::S 

^^^L              tHrht  hntirt 

^^^^^^m    U'-'ip 

" 

1 

1 

1 

^^^■■^    I.owVriip 

^^^^B    1     • 

3 

a 

lA 
M 
S 

1 

B 
3 
U 
U 

8 

...... 

1 

1 

*  ■ 

1 

t* 

1 

1 
la 

13 
8 
3 
4 
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5 

10 

u 

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a 

4 

1 

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1 
a 

4 

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2 
3 

i 

4 
1 
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8 

B 

^^^^B    u>n  u-K    

4 

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3 

^^B             IvTlt  •UoiUdrr 

^^L^^     Uyfl  4iltH>w,  rlxht  hnnd.  left  InkM. 

^^^^B    ^^^^ 

^^^^H   FonOiMd 

^^^B^P  firnlp                                       — 

X 

i 

a 

J 

1 
1 

J 

4 
3 

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a 

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4 

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^H           Lcntiuiid..iIII^lI.'."i 

INDUSTRIAL   HYGIBKE. 


607 


tMBER   OF   CASES   RECBXVIXO    TREATMENT   AT   THE    OOVERNUBNT    PRISTINO 
•FICK  EIIKROKyCY  ROOM  FROM  JANUARY  1.  IHK,  TO  FEBRUARY  39.  WOS-Confd. 


1   _..„ 

Ye*r  IflM, 

Ye»rl9OT. 

JantuuT  and  Feb- 
ruary. ICOK. 

Num- 
ber of 
CMe*. 

Re- 
nimed 
wodc. 

Sent 

Nam- 
berof 
cuea. 

nrnwl 
work. 

Seat 
hnnut 

Num- 
ber oX 
oMoe. 

Rfl- 
■uiued 

Seat 

hoOMk 

™                 siTBdicAX.— oooduded. 

L«o»n1«d  wounds— Coodufled. 
^H             Rivht  haml           

14 

4 
1 
7 

4 
1 

r 

4 

18 

a 

3 
4 

s 

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a 

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1 

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^M            Rlstit  (iHt 

** 

^1           Rfihl  frrnarm 

^M          Itminrrmm 

^H          ExtanuU  oanthua  eye 

1 
1 

1 

' 

^^iSvoval  foralffn  body: 

^^^^V      B<xl(«*.M      wnA^      flK»»^    k.«l4 

a 

a 

^           SulDCAniwood.Inimvoleotfbot. 
FnctimM: 

UftpBtaUa 

1 

1 

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^           Lower    third    ikdiua  (CoUm'sJ 
■              r!|rtil  hini 

X 

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i" 

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" 

1 
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■ 

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•              -J                T 

^H      Rum, furiif*,  iPit wyif  •■■ 

Il„;...* 

^B     Fnr'iirn  hrrflT  tn  Iatttii        i.    i.   . 

::::::;::::::: 

» 

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^1     Ptonukiiw  pniftonlng'..... ,,.... 

i: 

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■    TMfir'nl  ry^irBl|r*t 

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Ot/ti                        



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■ 

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4 

a 

a" 



*  Not  iDduo  I  tig  3  iNiraotta  «bo  dropped  dMWl  Crotu  twiLri  tfttuu«  iu  V<WI . 


508 


BtOJ^RTlN   OP   THE  BUBEAU   OF  LABdK. 


KUUBER    OP    CA£ES    RECEIVING   TREATMENT  AT   TCE    OOVERKMSNT   PBINTIN'O 
OFriCB  BUKROEKCY  ROOM  FROM  JANUARY  t.  igOB.  TO  PBBRUAUY  »,  lflQ»-CoDc4*d. 


Yoftr  1900.                   Ymt  UOT. 

Jftmarr  Mid  P»b- 

GluinwberofoftML 

Ntiro- 
bcrol 
OUM. 

Ro- 
wotlt. 

honie. 

Nuni- 
Xm^t  ot 

CMMM. 

amufil 
work. 

M  Bpic  AL— conclndQd. 

S 
1 
> 

T 

i 

i" 

7 

i" 

& 

S 

1 

Sr&Qvlua.. ......,.....,,, ...,.».,... 

i 

d* 

1 

dafltmlgU ■ 

4 
1 

4 
1 



BunltkB                        ................ 

EpUrpLiC  Qt ....•••..• 

1 

1 

1 

..  . 

1 

Vnofftftln  itlttifiKMlA. ........t .k..... 

S 

a 

1 

1 

Toul .-.. 

S7I 

no 

as 

«216 

in 

S 

0»          ffi 

14 

I 

I 


a  Not  IneltMUnc  8  penoiu  who  dropped  dMd  from  hem  tellan  In  WJT. 

The  above  table  shows  558  surgical  and  593  medical  caaefl,  a  total 
of  1,151  cases  receiving  treatment.  There  were  4,656  employees  in 
tho  building. 

ARSENICAL  DUST. 

Arsenic  ia  used  in  the  manufacture  of  green  pigments  such  as  use- 
nito  of  copper  (Schwle'Hgr(*en)  and  aceto-arseiiite  of  copper(Schwoic- 
furt  or  Paris  green).  Thoso  plgnients  are  ust^d  in  connection  with 
wall  paper,  box,  and  card  factories,  the  cretonne  industry,  and  arti- 
ficial flowers,  pos.sibly  also  in  other  occupations.  Wliit^?  arsenic  is 
also  used  in  the  manufacture  of  shot,  preservation  of  furs,  and  in  taxi- 
dermy, and  for  many  other  purposes. 

In  the  manufacture  of  arsenate  of  lead  in  Massachusetts  no  objec- 
tionable features  were  observed.  ('■)  Koference  has  already  been  made 
on  page  493  to  canes  of  poisoning  with  Pariis  green. 

One  of  the  factory  inspectors  of  East  London  reported  Inst  3'ear  a 
nunilM'rof  rasi^H  of  arstMiical  poisoning  in  persons  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  a  powder  used  in  a  *'dip"  for  scabbj'  sheep.  The  powder 
contained  arst*nir  in  hir^e  amounts  and  was  packed  in  a  dry  state  lu 
paper  boxes.  Arsenical  dust  may  be  inhaled,  but  more  frequently 
absfirption  takes  place  through  the  skin,  and  causes  a  train  of  symp- 
toms, characterized  by  derangements  of  the  stomach,  sore  mouth,  dr}' 
tongiie,  thirst,  and  a  burning  sensation  in  the  throat.  In  the  majority 
of  instances  the  symptoms  become  chronic,  lasting  for  months  and 
yetvrs,  and  terminating  in  a  general  breakdown  of  the  system,  pre- 
ceded by  skin  eruptions,  obstinate  ulcers,  and  inilaimnation  of  the 
peripheral  nerves. 

In  the  prevention  of  injurifUisefTects,  special  att-    '  imI 

lo  wet  processes;  so,  for  exauiple,  the  dusting  of  |_i  the 

of  tbt»  StaU-  Board  of  Uoalth  of  MawMcliuaulta  upuu  the  &uiiUu7  CoadUfam 
''jickiries,  W'arkshupa,  etc.,  1907,  p.  104. 


INDUSTRIAL    HYGIENE,  509 

manufacture  of  artificial  loavos  ai^d  Howera  from  a  dredjring  box  is 
wholly  unjustifiablo.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  use  of  arsenical  pig- 
ments should  he  dispensed  with  by  the  substitution  of  coal-tar  colors. 
The  hands  should  always  he  protected  with  rubber  gloves  and  the  air 
passages  witb  respirators,  and  strict  cleanliness  of  the  skin  and  cloth- 
ing should  be  observed. 

OCCUPATIONS  IN\^OL\TNG  EXPOSURE  TO  IRRITATING  OR 
POISONOUS  GASES  OR  VAPORS. 

A  large  number  of  occupations  involve  the  inhalation  of  irritating 
and  even  poisonous  gases  and  fumes.  The  danger  may  be  very  much 
reduced  by  proper  factory  sanitation,  such  as  (1)  condensation;  (2) 
absorption  by  water  or  chemicals;  (3)  destructive  distillation  by  heat 
in  a  closed  vessel;  (4)  combustion  of  gases  that  can  be  biuiied;  (5) 
forced  ventilation  and  the  discharge  of  gases  into  the  air  at  a  great 
height.  In  addition  to  these  precautions  much  attention  must  be  paid 
on  the  part  of  the  operatives  themselves  to  personal  hygiene  and  the 
use  of  respirators.  Many  of  the  employees  in  so-called  dangerous 
trades  do  not  always  avail  themselves  of  the  safeguards  offered  and 
are  opposed  to  the  use  of  respirators.  Mention  is  first  made  of  the 
less  injurious  but  nevertheless  irritating  gases  and  fumes,  like  sulphur 
dioxide,  hydrochloric  acid  aud  nitrous  fumes,  ammonia,  and  clilorino, 
which  in  small  amounts  cause  more  or  less  irritation  of  the  air  passages 
and  a  tickling  cough,  while  in  a  more  concentrated  form  they  are 
productive  of  acute  and  chronic  catarrhs  and  constitutional  symptoms, 

SXnLFHTm  DIOXIDE. 

This  gas  is  believed  to  be  a  blood  poison,  on  account  of  its  affinity 
for  oxygen.  It  is  evolved  in  smelting  works,  match  factories,  and  in 
the  manufacture  of  siilphuric  acid.  It  is  also  used  as  a  bleaching 
agent  for  cotton  goods  and  straw  hats  and  in  the  preparation  of  hops 
and  dried  fruit.  The  employees,  if  not  primarily  in  good  health,  are 
said  to  suffer  from  respiratory  and  digestive  disorders,  heartburn,  and 
pain  in  the  stomach,  and  are  frequently  sallow  and  ansemic.  A 
gradual  tolerance  may  be  established,  and  the  danger  is  very  shght  if 
free  ventilation  is  provided.  When  evolved  in  the  open  air,  and  hence 
largely  diluted,  it  does  not  produce  any  injurious  effects,  except  in 
verj*  susceptible  persons;  indeed  the  people  around  Vesuvius  told 
Doctor  De  Chaumont  that  the  sulphur  fumes  are  good  for  their  health. 

The  Massachusetts  Board  of  Health  found  that  in  the  straw-hat  fac- 
tories visited  in  Massachusetts  **  the  employees  are  exposed  to  the  sul- 
phur fumes  only  when  the  doors  are  opened  for  the  removal  of  the 
stock,  but  they  do  not  enter  until  the  fumes  have  escaped  or  have  been 
driven  out."  The  men  do  not  wear  respirators  in  this  or  the  other 
procests  of  bleaching,  which  is  done  by  invmersiou  ol  \.W  %\«5cSt.' 


.aak -JSL 


610 


0n<:.KTiN  or  tuk  Brniuv  ov  ij^dob. 


chrinira)  water  bath.  *'The  men  who  were  interviewed  state  that 
neither  process  cau8e«i  anytliing  more  than  a  totnporary  irritation  of 
tho  throiit,  and  that  inauy  of  them  have  worked  in  this  department 
for  many  years."  (**) 

HTDHOCHLOBIC  ACID. 

IIy<iro(',hlorir--acid  vapors  are  nv(»Iv<^<l  fn»ni  alkali  works  and  in  th< 
pi<;kling  process  of  galvanizing  works  or  utherwise,  and,  upurt  froi 
bein^  destructive  to  vegetation  around  the  immediate  vicinity,  ai 
also  very  irritating,  and  even  in  small  volumes  may  produc4.f  inflam- 
mation of  the  eyes  and  4»f  tin*  rcMptratory  piusHages.  In  a  more  con- 
centrated form  they  have  pnxluccd  caustic  ciFectH  on  the  tips  and 
edgos  of  the  tongue^  ulcerations  of  the  na^al  wall  and  tliroat,  brouclual 
catarrl^  pneumonia,  didicult  breathing,  and  stupor.  I^ehniannC^) 
considei*B  the  extreme  limit  to  which  these  vapors  may  be  contained 
in  the  air  as  1/10  of  volume  per  l,(MJO.  lVttenkofl'er,(*)  on  the 
other  hand,  states  that  as  mucli  as  1  part  per  1,000  can  be  lM)me 
by  those  accustomed  to  it.  Th**  Wi»rkmen  in  galvanizing  works 
are  also  subjecU^d  to  fumes  arising  from  the  sal  anmioniae  thrown 
upon  the  molten  zinc.  These  funioi*  are  to  .^ome  more  insupportabl* 
than  the  acid  fumes.  Persons  with  bronchial  troubles  are  often 
obliged  to  discontinue  the  work.  In  an  investigation  of  thre^  galva- 
nizing establishments  in  Boston,  the  Massachusetts  Board  of  Jfealth 
found  that  in  two  the  ventilation  was  cdicion!  and  the  fumes  are 
rapidly  carried  off.  "The  workmen  in  all  three,  about  tiO  in  all, 
appeared  to  enjoy  good  liealtb,  and  assorted  that,  beyond  .sneezing 
and  coughing  at  timej4,  they  suffered  no  inconvenience  or  discomfort." 


8U1.PHT7BIO  AND  NITRIO  A0ID8. 

The  fumes  of  sulphuric  and  lutric  acids  probably  produce  similar 
eiTects.  Kulenberg  (')  believes,  however,  that  the  fumes  of  sul- 
phuric acid  produce  no  special  bad  ofTectii,  because  they  sink  ver>' 
readily  and  have  a  great  aiFmity  for  the  water  in  the  air^  so  that  they 
reach  the  system  in  a  highly  diluted  fi>rrn.  He  also  points  out  thi 
the  nitrous  fumes  generated  by  contact  of  nitric  acid  with  metda' 
are  more  injurious,  in  that  they  proiluce  a  special  pTOdisposition  to 
bronchitis,  while  pneumonia  and  diiseiises  of  the  eye  have  also  been 
attributed  to  thcjse  gases. 


0  Import  of  tli«  State  Board  of  Health  o(  HAMncfauaetta  upon  th«  Sanitjiry  Oooditloa 
tit  FiiL'rijrios,  WurkslujpH,  eir.,  BfiAlon,  1907,  p.  IH. 
>  Lclunjinn:  ArcJiiv.  fOrllj'gipne,  vol.6. 
'Ch«d  l;y  Harrinifton,  Practical  IlyKioiie,  IDOI,  p.  566, 
IlMuiburli  (Icr  (rowttrbuhy^viif*.  Itertin  ,187<t,  p.  143. 


H     Ac3ConiiBS  to  ife  MMinachwiwUte  Baud  of  HnUtli  the  corrosive «tidb 

^mn  made  in  sticfa  •  wmv  thml  pnc<k«%  ao  lium»  vWtemN-  ««nipi\ 

the  work  bang  jprlnwd  front  bcpontag  to  0mL     In  ^m»  of  the  Imqi^t 

I  chemical  fttctems  m  MMaach— atla,  vben  300  mttt  an  xiaplin^J,  it 
is  said  tLat  the  wriEnea^are  expovdrvnrBttb  to  poiMHKMiB  or  irrv 
tatiog  fumes  and  dost  or  roatact  with  p«>«AMMMfts  or  irritatil^f  aub^ 
■tanceB.     At  certain  points  in  the  buildin;  arii)  fumes  in  coosidefabie 

■strength  are  coostanthr  present,  bot  «t  these  poinu  tbne  is  |Soed 
OYerfaead  Tentflalion.  and  the  woriunen  are  rarefr  obti^eii  to  «ppn»«rh 
very  near."  (•) 

Anmng  (he  pfXMlacts  of  the  aboT^nientione«i  factory  may  he 
meatkMMd  hydrochloric,  suJphuric,  nitric,  and  luretic  acids,  am- 
monia, sodium  sulphite,  soiliuni  sulphate,  alum,  pota^^um  cyan- 
ide, ferrous  sulphate,  and  other  iron  and  so<lium  sall^;  abo  variouit 
salts  of  tin,  an^enic,  antimony,  zinc,  copper,  etc. 


p. 


AlCMONIA. 


Ammonia  rarely  causes  any  serious  disturbance,  exeapi  a  teniptw 
rary  irntalion  of  tlie  respiratory  tracts  unless  present  in  very  larRe 

volumes.  The  amount  which  may  bo  i>rescnt,  acctmiinj;  to  LcluiiHnn, 
should  not  exceed  0.5  per  1,000.  A  larj;i»  volume  ha;*  hotMi  known  to 
cause  inflammation  of  the  eves  and  bnmchial  catarrh,  wliile  8till 
greater  concentrations,  which  fortunately  are  rare,  may  pnxluoo  dif- 
ficult hi-eatliing  and  emphysema. 

OHIX>RIirB  GAS. 

ClUorine  gas  is  generally  present  in  the  manufacture  of  chlorlnatiMl 
lime,  glazed  bricks,  and  in  bleachinj^  operations,  and  is  very  apt  to 
produce,  when  present  in  the  proportion  of  1  to  5  partjs  in  100,000  of 
air,  a  cachectic  condition,  asthma, ,br«>nchitiM,  caries  of  iho  l*H.»th,  and 
acne  or  pimplej^  upon  the  face,  while  in  a  more  concentrated  form — 
40  to  fiO  parts  iu  100,000 — it  produ<es  a  violent  cough  ami  extreme 
difficulty  in  brent  lung. 

Hirt  dcscrihes  these  attacks  as  follows:  "  In  apite  of  the  aid  of  tlie 
auxillaiy  respiratoiy  muscles  the  entrance  of  the  air  to  the  luri^n  ta 
insufiicient,  and  the  staring  eyes,  the  Uvid  lips,  and  the  cold, clammy 
perspiration   plainly  show   the  mortal   agony   of  the  patient.     The 

a  Report  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  M««achu*«tt«  uptm  tkuiiitu^  (oUtliUuiit 
|Of  Factcriee^  Wotlahopa,  etc.,  i907,  p.  103. 


512 


BrLLETlN   OP   THE   BrRRAU  OF  LABDR. 


I 


pulse  is  small  and  temj^erature  decreased.  T^iese  phenomena  disap- 
pear upon  removal  to  the  fresh  air,  and  a  few  hours  later  the  work- 
man is  found  envelo[>e<i  iu  cldorine  and  hydmchloric  acid  vapors  in 
his  accu8t*jnie<l  place  in  the  factory.  The  attacks  seem  to  be  but 
rarely  fatal,  unless  the  volume  exceeds  60  parts  per  100,000." 

BZiEACHINO  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

The  Massachusetts  Board  of  Health,  in  its  summary  of  five  hleach- 
erieSf  with  about  1,200  employees,  speaks  approvingly  of  the  general 
arrangements  for  ventilation  and  says:  "The  odors  of  bleaching 
powders,  although  observable  in  each  of  the  rooms  where  that  sub- 
stance is  employed,  were  in  no  case  so  strong  a^  to  be  disagreeable 
or  to  cause  discomfort."  In  one  of  the  establishments  the  persons 
exposed  to  the  lint  dust  which  escapes  during  unbahng  and  stitehing 
ether  of  the  cotton  cloth  all  looked  pale  and  sickly.  (*•) 

lODINB  ANV  BBOMIKE  VAPORS. 

odine  and  bromine  vapors  may  produce  toxic  symptoms.     The 
fumes  of  iodine  are  liable  to  cause  catarrhal  conditions  of  the  nose, 
eyes,  and  air  passages,  and  frequent  headaches,  while  clironio  iotUnc 
poisoning  produces  a  cachectic  condition,  wasting  of  the  testicles,  ^y 
and  loss  of  sexual  power.     Persons  engaged  in  the  manufacture  <^(^| 
bromine  are  said  to  suffer  quite  frequently  with  a  form  i>f  bronchial  ^^ 
ostluna,  dizziness,  and  general  weakness,  while  concentrated  vapors 
have  been  known  tt>  produce  spasm  of  the  glottis  and  suff*>catioii. 

Bromine  preparations  are  used  to  a  considerable  extent  La  photog- 
raphy.    SchulerC*)  describes  three  cases,  one  of  which  proved  fatally 
in  men  who  prepared  ''brommetyl"  from  wood  alcohol  and  sul' 
phuric  acid.     In  all  of  these  three  cases  there  were  pronounced  symp- 
toms of  nausea,  spasms,  and    trembling  of  the  extremities  and  di-- 
minished  bodily  temperature.  J 

TITBFEKTINB.  ^H 

Turpentine  vapors  in  excess  may  produce  gastric  atul  pulmoDaryj 
catarrh,  slow  and  painful  micturition  and  blood}'  urine,  headache, 
roaring  in  the  ears,  and  other  nervous  symptoms.  Schuler  observed 
among  the  workers  in  calico  printing  marked  emaciation,  loss  of  appe-^ 
tite,  rapid  pulse,  and  more  or  less  headache,  which  lie  attribuk'<l  (aj 
the  turpentine  vapurs.  Small  quantities  of  the  vapor  produce  no  un-J 
pleasant  symptoms.  The  odor  of  violets  in  the  urine  is  one  of  ibij 
remarkable  cfTccts.  The  use  t»f  impure  turj)eutine  for  cleaning  pur^ 
poses  has  been  known  to  produce  obstiimte  eczema  of  the  hands.      | 

t    a  Bcport  of  the  State  Bcmrd  of  Hodlh  of  MMMtrhnMttU  npom  Sanitaiy  OoaditioMj 
[of  rwtijriM,  WoflrkiOiope,  etc.,  1907.  pp.  108,  100.  J 

^^i>euUicho  Viortelj.  f.  Af!.  GnKundhuitpflcge,  Bd.SV,  v-^^l^-  .^J 


INDUSTRIAL   HYGIENE.  613 

PETBOLEUIC. 

Concentrated  vapors  of  coal  oil  are  said  to  produce  loss  of  sensation, 
and  the  workmen  in  refineries  occasionally  show  sjonptoms  like  thoae 
observed  in  drunken  persons,  fall  into  a  profound  sleep,  or  sufifer  from 
loss  of  luemor}',  dizziness,  headache,  and  chronic  bruncliial  catarrha. 
Pustular,  furunculdPj  and  eczematous  affections  of  the  hands  are  also 
[^uite  common  in  persons  handling  this  and  paraffin  oil.  The  latter  is 
also  true  of  persons  handling  creosote  and  tar,  unless  protected  by  im- 
permeable gloves.  The  dangers  from  explosions  in  the  petroleum 
industry  must  also  be  guarded  against. 


I 


BENZINE  VAPOBS. 


I 


Dr.  Neisser.  in  1907,  reports  an  instance  where  three  laborers  in  a 
carpet-cleaning  establishment  in  wliich  large  quantities  of  benzine  had 
been  used  were  found  unconscious  upon  the  floor  and  hud  to  be 
restored  by  oxygen  inhalation.  The  toxic  symptoms  are  similar  to 
those  produced  by  concentrated  petroleum  vapors,  and  the  danger 
from  explosions  and  fire  are  of  course  even  greater. 

CABBON  MONOXIDE. 


Carbon  monoxide,  or  coal  gas,  when  present  in  sufficient  amount 
paralyzes,  so  to  spcak^  the  red  corpuscles  by  depriving  them  of  their 
oxygen  and,  b^'  combining  with  the  hiemoglobin,  results  in  defi- 
ciency of  oxygen  in  the  blood  and  serious  toxic  symptoms,  which 
may  end  in  death  by  producing  a  rapid  parenchymatous  degenera- 
tion of  the  liver,  spleen,  and  heart.  This  gas  is  often  present  in  gas 
and  smelting  works  and  around  coke  or  charcoal  fumace^s;  0.4  per 
cent  by  volume  in  the  air  will  produce  toxic  symptoms,  and  more 
than  1  per  cent  is  rapidly  fatal  to  animal  life.  The  workmen  some- 
times, tliough  not  so  often  as  is  supposed,  suffer  from  the  chronic 
form  of  poisoning,  such  as  headache,  dizziaess,  slow  jmlae,  antemia, 
cneral  debility,  and  diseases  of  the  respiratory  and  digestive  organs. 
The  acute  symptoms  of  coal-gas  poisoning  are  increased  respiration 
and  pulse,  violent  headache,  dizziness,  and  roaring  in  the  ears. 
These  are  soon  followed  by  symptoms  of  depression,  nausea  and 
vomiting,  numbness,  drowsiness,  muscular  relaxation,  paralysis, 
sighing  respirutioHj  slowness  of  the  pulse  and  feeble  heart  action, 
dilation  of  the  pupils,  diminished  bodily  temp>erature,  and,  if  con- 
tinued, convulsions,  stertorous  breathing,  and  death  by  suffocation. 
If  death  does  not  occur,  the  patient  is  apt  to  suffer  for  some  time 
from  headache,  physical  and  mental  tlepression,  paralysis  of  speech 
^imd  of  the  sphincters,  convidsive  twitrhing,  anci  general  muscular 
^Weakness,  wliile  pleurisy  and  pneumonia  are  also  frequent. 


514 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BTTRKAV    OF   LABOR. 


OABBONIC-AOZD  OA8. 

The  rhronic  elFect  of  car]>onic-aoid  gas  has  already  boen  alluded 
to.  Well  sinkers  and  inincra  an;  occasioiiully  suffocaUMl  owin^  to 
tho  presence  of  a  larj^o  volume  of  tliis  gas  ev^dvcd  from  tlio  soiJ  and 
wliich  ha8  cullcctod  ia  tlc«^p  shafts.  It  is  one  of  the  ronKlituent^  of  the 
''choke  damp"  in  the  mines  and  also  present  in  cellars.  It  is  also  a 
product  of  fermentative  processes,  and  the  anaMuic  and  debilitate4^^| 
conditions  of  miners,  vintners,  distillers,  hrcwers,  and  yeast  makers  ib^ 
believed  to  be  partly  due  to  an  excess  of  carbonic  acid,  which 
diminishes  tho  amount  of  oxygen  in  the  air.  The  acut^  synijil-nms 
are  loss  of  consciousness  an<l  locomotion,  generally  preceded  by 
difficulty  in  breathing,  heeulache,  depression,  drowsiness  or  mental 
excitement,  and  soatctimes  convulsions.  Prompt  removal  of  the 
patient  into  fresh  air  will  lead  to  rapid  recover^'. 

OAHBON  DIB17I.FHIDE. 

Carbon  diau]phi<le  is  used  in  certain  processes  in  the  manufacturfi 
of  vulcanized  India  rubber  and  also  in  the  extraction  of  fats,  and 
may  produce  in  those  constantly  exposed  to  it  heatlatdie,  dizyiness, 
Impaired  vision,  pabis  in  the  limbs,  formication,  siwplessness,  ncrvoiw 
depression,  loss  of  appetite,  etc.  Sometimes,  a*'coriUng  to  Delpi^ch^ 
and  Hirt,  there  is  cough,  febrile  attacks,  deafness,  diflicult  breathing, 
loss  of  memory,  paralysis  of  the  legs  and  lower  part  of  the  body,  luid 
loss  of  sexual  power,  which  has  ])ccn  preceded  by  increased  seaual 
appetite  and  mental  exaltation. 

NAPHTHA. 

Naphtha  is  used  in  the  same  industries,  and  it  is  not  improbable 
that  the  symptoms  are  produced  by  the  combined  influence  of  the 
two  fume^s.  At  all  events,  there  are  a  mindior  of  authcnticate<l  cases 
of  acute  naphtha  poisoning  characterized  by  dyspnoea,  dizziness,  and 
mental  confusion,  with  v(»miting,  palpitation  of  the  hearty  and  hemor- 
rhages in  the  fatal  cases.  Necropsies  reveal  evidence  of  fatty  degen- 
eration of  tho  heart,  liver,  kidneys,  and  other  parts.  Tho  cloanera 
of  woolen  goods,  etc.,  with  niiplulia  not  infretpiently  suffer  from  dizzi-i 
ne.ss,nausea,vomiting,  heada<'.he, sleeplessness,  hyst^tria,  and  symptoma 
reseiuliling  alcoliolic  intoxicatiou.     (Sec  also  fMige  515.)  I 

NITROBSNZOL.  | 

Nitrobenzol,  which  is  used  in  making  aniline  and  in  tho  manu- 
facture of  robunte  and  other  explosivesi  produces  hoatlache,  d^'sjK 
naa,  drowsine^ss,  dizziness,  nausea  and  vomiting,  great  deprewun, 
^d  stupor,  aitil  often  causes  death. 


INDUSTRIAL   HYGIENE. 


615 


I 


The  majority  of  workers  in  ilinitro  coiiipoun(Ls  in  Great  Britain  (*) 
are  anannir  and  suffer  from  difficulty  in  breatliinjj  and  general  weak- 
ness. They  are  suliject  to  a  biweekly  medical  inspection  and  are 
enjoined  (1)  not  to  touch  the.se  compounds  with  bare  hand.s;  (2)  to 
keep  the  feet  in  good  condition,  (a)  by  bathing,  (5)  by  shoes  in  good 
repair;  (3)  to  avoid  alcoholic  beverages,  and  (4)  to  thoroughly  wu»h 
their  hands  before  eating  and  to  change  their  clothing  upon  quitting 
work. 

DTEINO  AND  CLEANSINO. 

Among  the  chemical  substances  e]ii])l<>vod  are  naphtha,  gasoline, 
wood  alcohol,  ammonia,  various  acids,  bleacliing  agents,  iron,  copper, 
and  other  salts,  aniline  dyes  and  other  dyestuffs. 

The  Massachusetts  Board  of  Health  reported  of  one  lar^e  cstab-l 
lishment  inve-stigated: 

'*In  the  naphtha-cleansing  department,     *     *     *     [in  spite  of  me- 
chanical ventilation],  there  is  a  strong  odor  of  naphtha,  and  all  of  the 
men  here  employed  are  pale  and  some  of  them  very  markedly  sick  look- 
ing.    In  the  room  in  which  the  naphtha-cleansed  goods  arc  dried,  at  ai 
temperature  of  about  120^  F.,  the   naphtha  fimics  are  very  strong. 
Although  the  men  who  bring  in  the  goods  remain  but  a  few  minutes, 
some  have  occasionally  been  temporarily'  overcome  by  the  fumes  and ' 
have  shown  the  characteristic  excitement  and  hysterical  symptoms  of 
naphtha  into?dcation.     At  the  time  of  visit,  the  man  who  does  most  of 
this  work  had  been  engaged  thereat  for  three  months  and  had  ejcpe-j 
rienced  no  ill  effects." (^) 


I 


RTTBBEB  INDUSTRY, 

Fourteen  rubber  factories  with  about  9,000  employees,  also,  were 
investigated  by  the  board.  It  appears  that  naphtha  has  to  a 
great  extent  replaced  the  more  dangerous  carbon  disulphide  as  a 
vulcanizing  agent,  and  in  11  of  tl»e  factt>ries  visite<l  the  odor  of 
naphtha  was  noted  asonly slight.  "In  two  factories  it  wasstated  that 
a  few  girls,  new  to  the  work,  show  the  effects  of  naphtha  and  suffer 
from  headache  and  sometimes  nausea  and  vomiting,  but  that  such 
girls  do  not  long  continue  at  the  work.  Naphtha  fumes  sometimes 
bring  about  a  condition  which  much  resembles  alcoholic  intoxication, 
and  wliich  occurs  most  oJten  in  the  room  where  rubber  is  spread  upon 
clotli.  New  men  are  especially  susceptible,  but  even  old  hands  have 
sometimes  to  leave  their  work  at  times  for  a  breath  of  fresh  air." 
In  six  factories  lithan!:e  is  handled,  but  there  could  be  obtained 
no  history  of  any  case  of  lead  poisoning.     It  was  stated  that  cases 

a{'ited  by  Nciaeer,  1907,  p.  79. 

fi  Report  of  the  StAte  Board  m  EcAlth  of  Maasat^husetta  upon  tlie  SoniLoiy  Condi* 
tiuu  of  Kactorice.  Wurkdhups,  etc.,  ldU7,  p.  110. 


» 


OlO  BITI*LETIN   OF  THE   BTTBEAU   OF   LABOR,  I 

occur  in  two  of  the  factories,  but  not  often.  All  of  the  oetabli^hnieiiu, 
with  one  exception,  were  found  to  be  well  lighted  and  adequately 
ventilated.  («) 

PATENT-LEATHER  INBTJ8TBY. 

The  fumes  of  naphtha,  amyl  acretate,  and  wood  alcohol  wliich  are 
given  off  in  the  manufacture  of  patent  leather  are  dangerous.  While 
no  exact  data  are  available,  it  is  adniitt^'d  by  those  in  iiulhority  that 
many  employees  can  not  do  the  work  an  account  of  iJiability  to  with- 
stand their  influences. 

ANILINE  VAPOB. 

^Inilino  vafKir  is  dangerous  to  health  when  present  in  the  air  to  the 
extent  of  0.1  per  cent.  liirt  thus  describes  an  acute  form  of  poisonini; 
from  aniline  vapor,  which  usually  results  fatally:  "The  workman 
falls  suddenly  to  the  ground,  the  skin  is  cold  and  pale,  the  face  is 
cyanotic  (bluish  discoloration  of  the  skin),  the  breath  has  the  odor  of 
aniline,  the  respiration  is  slowed,  and  the  pulse  increased.  The  sensa- 
tion diminished  fron)  the  beginning  of  the  attm-k^  gradually  ontirelv 
disappears,  and  death  follows  in  a  state  of  profound  stupor." 

The  milder  forms  are  characteri/^d  hy  laryngeal  irritation,  loss  of 
appetite,  headache,  giddiness,  and  weakness,  with  a  rapid,  small,  and 
irregular  pulse,  and  diminished  sensibility  of  tiie  skin.  In  some 
instances  short  convulsions  have  occurod.  Prompt  fresh-air  treat- 
ment is  absolutely  essential . 

The  chronic  form  of  aniline  poisoning  may  affect  thecentral  nervous 
system  and  cause  lassitude,  headache,  roaring  in  the  ears,  motor  t»r 
sensory  disturbance,  or  it  may  produce  digestive  dcrnngemontji  such 
as  eructations,  nausea,  and  vomiting,  or  it  may  affect  the  skin  by 
causing  eczematous  or  pustular  eruptions  and  even  well-f]Htue<i 
ulcers.  Doctor  Neisser  (1907)  reports  a  number  of  such  canes 
anihne  factories  and  in  dyeing  works. 

The  medical  inspector  of  Clayton,  England,  has  presented  a  very 
interesting  report(^)  on  the  eflfects  of  aniline  oil  in  black  aniline  tlyeing 
works,  and  also  the  elTects  upon  the  skin  of  chronuc  acid  and  tha 
bichromates  of  potassium  an<l  sodium  in  these  establishments.  He 
visited  20  establi.^hnionts  and  examined  200  enipl<»yct»s,  many  i»f  whom 
suffered  from  anicmJa,  headache,  digestive  derangements,  hearlbura, 
dizziness,  palpitation  of  the  heart,  loss  of  will  power,  and  excessive 
mucous  sKH-'Totiuns,  nil  <»f  wliich  were  attril>uted  to  the  toxic  effects  of 
aniline,  lie  re^'ommends  as  safeguards:  (1)  Mirhanical,  suclional 
Tentilation  (a)  at  tlie  ma<dunea  where  the  cloth  is  being  dyed,  (h)  at 


o  Report  of  tho  State  Botird  ut  Health  i>l  MiuiBacbuMtitf  upua  Iho  Saoitary  Caodi- 
on  r.f  FanK»ri*v<.  v      •    ■      ,     ofc,  IiH)7,  p.  113. 

iibcr  Ooworbchygione,  Borlin,  1907,  p-  75. 


lion 

^IziteniulHinal 


IXDUSTBIAL  OTQISXK. 


517 


the  machines  where  the  cloth  passes  through  the  bichromate  solution, 
and  (c)  at  such  points  where  there  is  danger  from  the  chromate  dust; 
(2)  protective  clothing,  and  the  frequent  clc&nsmg  of  the  eame, 
provision  of  lockers,  and  dressing   rooms   for  street  clothing; 
special  lunch  rooms;  (4)  suitable  wash  rooms. (*) 

WOOD  ALCOHOU 


ist; 

1 


Vapors  from  varnishes  have  been  known  to  produce  blindness,  due 
to  inflammation  of  the  nerves  behind  the  eyeball,  and  partial  atrophy 
the  optic  nerve.  Similar  effect5  follow  the  internal  use  of  wimmI 
;ohol,  and  even  fatal  cases  have  been  reported  in  consequence  of 
its  substitution  for  the  pure  alcohols.  Doctor  Netaser  (1907) 
reports  a  large  number  of  eczematous  afTeotions  of  the  hands,  arms, 
and  face  in  furniture  polishers  ("polishers  itch"),  which  may  possibly 
be  caused  by  some  of  the  Impure  alcohols. 


CHBOMS  PIGMXNTS. 


SiDlY 

■ 


In  the  manufacturing  and  handling  of  chrome  pigments,  as  in 
tanneries  and  various  leather  industries,  a  dust  or  vapor  is  evolved 
which  causes  inflammation  of  the  eyes  and  even  ulceration  of  the 
nasal  septimi  and  elsewhere. 


OTTTNTNB. 


Quite  a  lar^  percentage  of  the  persons  employed  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  quinine  suffer  from  a  dry  form  nf  eczema  of  the  hands  and  fac 
which  is  claimed  to  be  directly  due  to  emanations  from  the  boilin 
solution,  since  the  disease  disappears  if  the  work  is  given  up. 

In  the  so-called  ^'polishers  itch"  and  in  the  effects  produced  by 
chrome  and  quinine  the  use  of  nibber  gloves  and  the  anointment  of 
the  skin  with  some  clean  oil  or  grease  have  been  found  most  usefid. 

MANOANSSE.  I 

According  to  Doctor  Neisser  (1907)  a  small  percentage  of  tlie 
workers  in  manganese  mills  and  in  the  manufacture  of  dry  pigments 
are  affected  with  headache,  dizziness,  loss  of  appetite,  constipation, 
looeeuing  of  the  teeth,  muscular  pains,  and  ^reneral  debility. 


I 

c- 

1 


BRASS  FOUNBE&S. 


1 


The  workers  in  brass  foundries  inhale  a  metallic  dust  or  vapor  of 
zinc  or  copper,  or  perhaps  of  both,  which  has  given  rise  to  a  train  of 
symptoms  described  as  *' brass  founders'  ague."     The  illness  atta<'klfl 
about  75  per  cent  of  those  who  are  new  to  the  work,  or  who  resutneV 
work  after  an  absence  of  a  month  or  even  a  fortniglit.     There  are 

^  JatemikUoaAki  Vbenicht  fiber  Qewwhehyg^WM,  Bv 


518 


BULLET!  K   OF   THE   BITRKAU   OF  lABOB. 


mori'  or  k'**s  severe  j>ains  in  the  bnx^k,  uml  general  Ifusitiide,  w 
eom[>eis  the  patient  to  seek  his  bed.  Usually  after  he  has  taken  to 
his  he*l  chillineHs  coraes  on,  inereaain^  to  a  deeidod  rigor  and  lasting 
15  minutes  or  lon^r.  In  tlie  course  of  an  hour  or  less  the  pulse 
beats  from  100  to  120  per  minute,  aeeompanied  by  a  tormenting 
corresponding  liea<Iache,  and  soreness  in  the  chest.  After 
lapse  of  a  few  hours  fre*  perspiration  indicates  the  disappearance 
of  the  fever  and  the  patient  falls  into  a  deep  sleep,  from  whi<di  he 
awakens  vaih  perhaps  only  a  slight  hf-atiarhe  and  laAsitude.  In 
England  tlie  men  who  suffer  tliis  way  drink  freely  of  milk  antl  pri>- 
niote  vomiting — perhaps  the  best  trejitment  for  copper  or  zinc 
poisoning.  A  chronic  form  "f  zinc  or  copper  poisoning,  characterize*! 
by  oversensibility,  formication,,and  burning  of  the  bkin  of  the  lower 
extremities,  tactile  and  mottir  disturbance,  anmmia,  cough,  headaeher 
neuralgia,  iligestive  tlisturbance,  and  progrejssive  enuuiatioD,  is  said 
to  occur  among  men  who  have  worke<l  for  a  number  of  years  in  brass 
foundrie-a.  At  present  it  is  not  possible  to  say  whether  the  symptotDS 
of  briKSH  founders'  ague  are  duo  to  thn  copper,  zinc,  or  arsenic,  or  to 
a  combination  of  all  three.  S«imo  authors  believe  it  to  b*^  a  speciiio, 
infection. 

ARSEKICAX  FTTHES. 


Arsenical  fumes  are  frequently  given  off  in  smelting  pi^^^>»»»| 
especially  copper  works,  and,  like  timse  of  arseniurt^UMJ  hydrogent 
may  give  rise  to  jaundice,  headache,  nausiMi,  stifTness  of  tho  joints, 
general  annnnia, diHf'4»mfort,  an<i  malnutrition.  Wlion  inhaled  in  con- 
centrated ft^rm  the  fumes  ])roduce  symptoms  of  nausea,  vomiting, 
languor,  drowsiness,  rapid  pulse,  frequent  micturition,  and  bloody 
urine.  In  serious  cases  the  pulse  becomes  small  and  threa<ly,  the  Mjx 
cold  and  clammy,  an<i  death  ensues  with  evident  bigna  of  cardiao, 
paralysis. 

HSBOTTRT. 

The  most  important  of  the  poisonous  vapors  m  comieclion  with 
dangerous  tra<lcs  arc  mercury  and  phosphorus.  Witrkcrs  in  mercury 
suffer  greatly  from  the  effects  of  mercurial  poisoning,  such  as  Baling 
tion,  tremor,  and  nervous  symptoms,  and  many  fall  nrtimM  to  puU 
monary  tuberculoi^is.  Miscarriages  among  the  female  employees  aro 
very  common.  These  effects,  according  to  Kenk,^*)  are  due  to 
inhalation  of  mercurial  vapors  in  badly  ventilated  w.  '  '  is,  while 
Wollner  attributes  them  to  tlie  inhalation  and  «w,.  of  fine 

mercurial  dust.     Of  7,'2'J]  mirror  makers  ut  Furth  during  the  ye 
1S83  no  fewer  tlian  2,457,  or  S-l  jicTcent,  were  taken  sick,  and  of  th 
60  per  cent  suffered  from   mercurial   poisoning.     Tliis  danger  hafl 
een  practically  eliminated  in  the  mirror  indusLr>',  but  it  is  atill 


ino^™ 
ear^H 


INDl'STKIAL    HYGTEXE. 


519 


the 


ifai 


I 

I 


I 


I 


p  of  felt,  thormoineters,  barometers, 
anil  l)ronzing.     In  Europe  persistent  eflorta 


pronounced 
dry  elerlnc  haitorieii 
are  being  maJe  to  reduce  the  danger  in  these  industries  to  a  mimi- 
nium,  and  some  of  the  felt  establishments  no  longer  use  the  prelimi- 
nary treatment  of  the  hair  with  mercuric  nitrate.  T!io  64  cases 
reported  in  Great  Britain  in  1906  from  May,  1899,  to  December  31, 
1905,  anti  cited  by  Neisser,  occurred  as  follows:  Manufacturers  of 
electric  meters,  17;  thermometers,  etc.,  16;  felt  and  fur  industry,  13; 
gilding,  7;    chemical  works,  7;    powder  works,  3;  Uthography,  1. 

As  preventive  measures  may  be  mentioned  the  following:  (1) 
Cliange  of  chithing  before  and  aft«r  work;  (2)  weekly  wasliing  of  the 
working  clothes;  (3)  systematic  and  frequent  washing  of  the  hands, 
weekly  sulphur  baths  or  frequent  general  batlis,  and  at  the  close  of 
work  gargling  with  a  solution  of  permanganate  of  potassium;  (4) 
limit  of  work  to  eight  hours  per  day  and  thorough  ventilation  of  the 
rooms — open  doors  antl  windows;  (5)  frequent  cleaning  of  floors 
with  d&mp  sawdust  and  sprinkling  with  a  solution  of  ammonia 


4 

i 


PHOSPHOHTTS. 


In  the  manufacture  of  phosphorus  matches  white  and  red  pho»--' 
phorus  have  been  used.  The  danger  consists  in  the  inhalation  of 
the  fumes  when  the  white  substance  is  use<l,  while  the  red  or 
amorphous  phosphorus  is  neither  poisonous  nor  easily  inflammable. 
The  gas  smells  like  garlic.  The  toxic  symptoms  in  the  acut«  form 
are  difficult  breathing  and  a  feeling  of  intense  anxiety.  The  fimies 
are  given  off  only  when  the  air  contains  moisture.  The  milder  effects 
of  phosphorus  consist  of  gastric  and  bronchial  catarrlis,  aniemia,  and 
mahiutiition,  followed  occasionally  by  a  painful  innamiuation  of  the 
bones  of  the  lower  or  upper  jaws,  due  to  the  local  action  of  the  phos- 
phorus, and  often  beginning  in  carious  teeth  or  in  the  alveolar  prtKjeas 
of  missing  teeth.  The  disease  may  develop  during  the  first  months, 
but  generally  not  imtil  four  or  five  years  after  the  beginning  of  the 
employment,  and  carious  teeth,  mth  toothache,  are  among  the  first 
ff}rmptoms,  followed  by  swelling  of  the  glands  of  the  neck,  alveolar 
abscesses,  and  necrosis  of  the  jaws.  Formeriy  from  11  to  12  per  cent 
of  the  emph»yeos  sutTereil.  Since  the  use  of  red  or  amorphous  phos- 
phorus the  danger  has  been  greatly  reduced.  Only  about  2  per  cent 
of  the  operatives  are  now  attacked. 

Doctor  Neisser  reports  that  during  the  year  1906  several  cases  of 
phosphorus  necrosis  occurred  in  German  match  factories,  in  which 
the  use  of  wtiit*  phosphorus  was  promptly  stopped. 

The  medical  inspectors  of  Great  Britain,  from  October  1,  1900,  to 
October  1 ,  1905,  reported  only  1 1  cases  of  phosphorus  necrosis,  tho 
reduclitm  being  attribute<i  to  improved  factory  sanitation. 
STtidi—No,  75— m — 16 


I 


620 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUREAU   OF   LABOR, 


The  medical  inspector  of  Belgium  (quoted  by  Dtx;tor  Neisser,  pago 
71)  repoits  that  during  the  last  sLx  years  only  one  case  of  necrosia 
occurred,  and  tlio  morbidity  of  the  employees  in  match  factories  Uaa 
also  decreased  coincident  with  factory  sanitation,  as  shown  by  the 
following  figures: 

EUI'LOTKES  EXAMINED   AND   CASES   OF   SICKNESS  AND   DEATH  IK  HATCH   FACV 
TOBIES  OF  BELOrcU,  IBOS  TO  IW6. 


1903. 

1904. 

IMS. 

Niiinbflr  of  (•niplovccs  rxAnUiiPd.  .........■.■.«_>«..>■.>..■.■■.....■..... 

1,144 

7,061 
757 
887 
401 

1.1S2 

8,M1 

1,065 

127 

133 

1.226 

Niimbor  of  monthly  *'xiini)iiatiotif ...........4,..,....«....^.... . 

9,006 

Numhnr  of  fti>i>(irv-nll>"  healthy  employMt.. , 

l.OAl 

NuintM^r  of  sick  nrnploycoe •,........ « 

NumtHT  of  di'uths . 

ItlA 

A  Not  reported. 


The  use  of  respirators,  thorough  ventilation,  the  disengagement  of 
turpentine  vapors  to  promote  rapid  drying,  and  strict  cleanliness, 
such  as  ablution  of  the  hands,  change  of  clothing,  and  gargling  with 
weak  alkaline  solutions  before  eating  and  drinking,  are  still  in  order 
as  preventive  measures. 


BEET-SUGAB,  HTDTTST&Y. 

In  the  beet-sugar  industry,  especially  when  the  diffusion  method  is 
employed,  an  explosive  mixture  containing  probably  carbureted 
hj'tlrogen  has  proved  a  source  of  danger  to  the  operatives,  and  tho 
waste  waters  are  believed  to  be  also  a  menace  to  public  health. 

OCCUPATIONS  INVOLVING  EXPOSURE  TO  EXTREMES 
OF  TIE.VT,  SUDDEN  CHANGES,  AND  ABNOR\LVL  ATMOS- 
PHERIC PRESSURE. 

Exposure  to  extremes  of  heat  and  sudden  changes  is  injurious  and 
prethsposes  to  n  number  of  diseases.  Stokers,  cooks,  bakers,  black- 
smiths,  firemen,  etc.,  are  very  apt  to  suffer  from  heat  exhaustion  and 
thermic  fever  (sunstruke).  The  duration  of  life  is  low,  auti  rheuma- 
tisni,  eczema,  catarrhal  affections,  pneumonia,  and  diseases  of  the 
heart  are  (juite  common.  Sailors,  farmers,  motornien,  conductors, 
teamsters,  coachmen,  and  many  others  ai^e  often  exposed  to  sudden 
cliangea  in  the  weather,  and  suffer  frequently  from  rheumatism, 
catarrhal  affe<'tions,  pneumonia,  and  Bright's  disease. 

Tlie  effects  of  both  heat  and  cold  are  intensified  by  extreme 
humidity  in  tho  atmosphere,  and  special  precautions  are  nt^essaiy 
u[K}n  hot  and  sultry  days  and  in  c<dd,  raw  weather.  Occupationa 
involving  exposure  to  dampneBS,  aspeciully  when  j>i>rf<»rme<l  indoors, 
are  injurious^  because  a  cold,  damp  air  abstracts  an  undue  amount  of 


INDUSTBIAL    HYGIENE, 


aaimal  heat  from  the  body,  lowers  the  power  of  resistaucOf  and  pre- 
disposes to  catarrhal  and  rheumatic  viiseases.     It  is  a  well-known 
[fact    that    damp   houses   favor   the   development   of   consumption. 
(See  pages  543,  550.) 

CAISSON  DISEASE. 

The  effects  of  compressed  air  on  workmen  in  tunnels^  caissons,  deep 
mineSf  and  diving  bells  were  formerly  attributed  solely  to  increased 
atmospheric  pressure,  in  consequence  of  which  it  was  believed  that 
the  blood  received  not  only  an  excess  of  oxygen,  but  by  reason  of  the 
abnormal  pressure  was  driven  from  the  surface  to  the  internal  organs, 
causing  congestion,  especially  of  the  central  nervous  system.  It  is 
now  held  that,  while  increased  atmospheric  pressure  is  capable  of  pro- 
ducing characteristic  effects  upon  the  circulation,  such  as  pallor  of  the 
skin,  ringing  in  the  oars,  bulging  and  possibly  rupture  of  the  ear 
drumsj  the  most  serious  symptoms  are  produced  when  the  pressure  is 
too  rapidly  increased  or  removed  by  a  faulty  method  of  "locking  in" 
and  "locking  out." 

A  commission  of  Belgian  medical  experts  examined  166  caisson 
workers  before  and  after  their  work,  the  shift  lasting  from  8  to  12 
hours,  and  found  (1)  that  the  blood-making  function,  as  shown  by  the 
hwmoglobin  contents,  was  actually  increased  during  their  work;  (2) 
that  so  long  as  the  pressure  does  not  increase  beyoml  3  atmospheres 
(46  pounds)  the  men  feel  perfectly  well  and  perfonn  their  labor  with 
more  ease  and  even  less  fatigue  than  under  normal  atmospheric  pres- 
sure; (3)  that  men  of  temperate  habits,  with  a  sound  heart,  lungs, 
and  nervous  system,  suffer  no  injurious  effects,  and  none.others  should 
be  employed;  (4)  the  real  injury  is  done  by  a  sudden  removal  of  atmos- 
pheric pressure  in  a  hasty  "locking-out"  process,  for  which  the  work- 
men are  often  to  blame. 

The  general  rule  in  "locking  out"  should  be  to  allow  at  least  one 
minute  for  each  6  pounds  of  pressure  within  the  chamber. 

The  symptoms  of  sa*called  caisson  disease  are  rarely  observed 
until  the  prtssure  equals  20  pounds,  and  usually  do  not  appear  for 
some  minutes  or  hours  after  emerging.  In  addition  to  the  symptoms 
already  mentioned,  there  may  bo  hemorrhage  from  the  nose,  mouth, 
and  ears;  headache,  dizziness,  rapid  pulse,  sweating,  severe  pain  in 
the  back,  extremities,  or  region  of  the  stomach,  and  vomiting.  Par- 
tial deafness  and  symptoms  of  motor  paralysis,  mui*e  or  less  general, 
Ifcut  most  frequently  confined  to  the  lower  extremities,  are  frequently 
observed.  Cases  with  pronounce<l  head  and  spinal  symptoms 
usually  prt>ve  fatal.  The  mikler  teases,  as  a  rule,  recover  sooner  or 
later,  although  the  muscular  pains  and  paralytic  symptoms  may  per- 
sist' weeks  or  even  longer. 


522 


BULLETIN    OF   THE   BUBEAU   OF   LABOB. 


I 


OCCUPATIONS  INVOLVING  CONSTRAINED  ATTITUDES. 

Tlio  ofTootfl  of  n  c<)nstraine<i  position,  combine<l  with  a  sedenUi 
life,  Hrti  ver}*  iiijiirioiiH.     Tlii.s  Ih  espwially  seen  in  weiivrrs,  shii 
nmkci-8,  engnivers,  wAtdnnukcrs,  tailors,  litluigrupliors,  <^tc.,  all  i>f 
\vhnm  arc  obligefl   to  nsHuino  a  more  or  less  constniinofl   attitudi 
which  int4*rfprps  with  a  proper  distribution  of  the  blood  supply  and  h 
liable  to  be  followed  by  inteniul  <'<»ngestions.     But  ix^rhaps  the  greal-j 
cut  harm  nviults  from  deficient  movement  of  the  chest  and  consequent] 
interference  witli  nonna)  respiration.     Aa  a  matt^jr  of  fact,  many  o( 
these  artisans  sufTer  from  ]>htlnsiH,  constipation,  dyspepsia^  and  hern* 
orrhoidH;  and  all  have  a  low  average  duration  of  life. 

Among  the  apprentices  of  bakers,  deformities  such  aa  "flat  foot*' 
and  "knof:k-kneo"  and  varicose  veins  of  the  lower  extremity  are  fre* 
queutiy  seen,  as  the  result  of  being  on  their  feet  too  long.     Varicose, 
veins  and  ulcers  are  i\u\U^  common  among  motormcn  and  conductors,! 
while   bakers,   cabinetmakers,   and    others  are   also   veiy   liable   t< 
ilcvelop  abnormal  cuixature  of  the  spine. 

OCX:UPATIONS  INVOLVING  OVEKEXKKCISE  OF  PARTS  01 

TIFK  BODY. 

Among  the  diseaseB  due  to  the  excessive  use  of  certain  muscles  ma^ 
be  mcnt.ion(*(l  the  affection  <iiI1imI  *'writt»r'a  cramp,"  which  is  a  con- 
vulsive affection  of  the  iingers.  Simitar  fatigue  neurooca,  character- 
izvid  by  localizt^d  ]>aralysi8  and  twitching,  are  observed  ia  copyistSi 
typewriters^  telegraph  uperatora,  pianists,  violinistfl,  engrave 
ueamstrc^sses,  cigar  makei*s,  etc. 

Pulmonary  emphysema  ia  quite  common  among  performers  uu 
wind  instruments.  Boiler  makers*  deafness  and  mill  operatives*  deaf- 
ncAs  may  uls«i  be  mentioned.  Tltc  former  is  believeci  to  he  <Iup 
constant  exposure  to  an  atmosphere  in  a  state  of  violent  vibi 
tion,  wliile  the  latter  affection  is  charncterize*!  by  an  inability  to  hearl 
distinctly  except  during  a  noise.  I'ubUc  speakers  and  singers  an 
^t  to  suffer  from  chronic  alfections  of  the  throat  and  paralysis 
the  vocal  cords,  ami  wulchnuikers,  engravers,  and  s<»Hnistresses,  as' 
well  »LS  all  others  who  utM»  their  eyes  upon  minute  ol>ject«,  are  liable 
to  suffer  from  nearsightedness  and  other  visual  defects. 

Tobacco  t4»Mters  frequently  sulfer  from  nervous  symptoms  and  sei 
visual  defects,  ntid  tea  tasters  soou  become  tlie  \ictims  of  rnua 
tremblings  and  other  nervous  symptoms,   tlie  result  of  a  chri 
"thein  intoxication." 


OCCUPATIOiNS 


INA'OLVING   KXPOSURE 
KTC. 


TO   MACinNERY 


Life  insurance  and  accJdeBt  statisticji  plainly  indicate  the  dangc 
Ions  which  involve  cuuUkCl  w\\k  \AauVa\u^.    TVusa  wuai 


IXDCSTBIAL   HYGIEKB. 


698 


I 


the  rosull  of  imlivKlual  can*li':;sn«'ss  or  tlu*  lu'^lij^Mirc  of  othoiN. 
Not  iufrequcnily  accideiUs  air  tho  result  of  boiler  ox|>K»ciioiis,  cirt-ular 
sawsj  belting,  and  flying  fragments^  aiitl  atv  due  tu  a  lack  of  proper 
safety  devices.  -Vs  might  he  cxpecte*!,  nmny  of  the  Kccidents  hofidl 
children  and  inexperienced  persons  and  take  plaee  at  night  or  in 
batily  lighted  establislunenU.  According  to  Rubner,(*)  of  100  acci- 
dents, 41  befell  children  under  15  years  of  age^  36.4  befell  persons  be- 
tween 15  and  25  years  of  age,  13-1  befell  persons  between  25  and  40 
years  of  age,  and  9.5  befell  persons  between  4U  anil  60  ^-ears  of  age. 
The  upper  extremities  were  involved  in  87  per  cent  of  t!ie  cases,  the 
lower  extremities  in  7.5  per  cent,  and  the  head  and  trunk  in  5.5  per 
cent.  During  the  year  1890  there  were  in  English  factories  ^'301  fatal 
and  19,321  nonfatal  accidents,  all  attributable  to  ma^'hinery  moved 
b3"  mechanical  power.  "(*) 

According  to  Swiss  statistics  the  number  of  accidents  per  1>000 
workingmen  in  various  occupations  wen*  as  follows :(«)  Cotton  spin- 
ners, 22.2;  millers,  2S.0;  paper  manufacturers,  31.1;  carpenters,  35.2 ; 
locksmiths,  46.9;  brewers,  66.7;  masons,  80.5;  blacksmiths,  93.1; 
metalworkers,  102.1;  molders,  132.2. 

Many  of  the  acci<lenta  to  metal  workers,  masons,  minejs,  weavers, 
etc.,  befall  the  eye.  and  Magnus  attributes  8.5  per  cent  of  all  cases  of 
blindness  to  accidents. 

Of  48,262  accidents  among  British  miners  from  1884  to  1898,  not 
less  than  2,506,  or  5.19  per  cent,  affected  the  eye.C) 

COAL  \nNING. 

The  mining  of  coal  is,  even  under  the  best  conditions,  one  of  the 
most  dangerous  industries.  A  report  of  the  Unitetl  States  Geological 
Survey (')  shows  the  number  of  men  killed  for  each  1,000  employed 
in  the  United  States  an<l  in  the  four  leading  European  countries,  the 
figures  being  averages  for  five  years: 


I 


AVERAGE   NUMBER 

OF  UES    KILLKD   FOR  EACH   1.000  MEN  EUPLOYKD.  BY  COUN. 
TRIES.  FOR  FIVE-YEAR  PKR10D8. 

Country. 

Pariod. 

Number. 

Doited  BUtw 

leoa  to  IV» 

1900  to  1904 
190310  1900 
1903  to  1000 

1901  to  1906 

3. 3D 

Hrosslo 

3.0ft 

Or»yii  ndlKln  .......«.*........»............................,.........<.......... 

1.38 

U«l£lirin      i.„ 

1.00 

FTUXn 

.01 

«IiChibnrh  der  Hygione,  flth  Edit.  Leipzig  and  Wien,  1899-1900,  p.  701. 
b  Dangerous  Trudes.  Oliver,  p.  203. 
rBerppy'a  Prinriploiof  H>-giene,  1904,  p.  27H. 
''DanparoxiB  Tnidwj,  Oliver,  p.  77C. 

♦Coftl-Mine  Actidenta:  Their  Onuses  nmi  rrcvrnlioD.     .\  Prulimiiuiry  Stiiliifticft] 
ru     Uuiled  fitatew  (ieologicid  Survey,  1907. 


^•■- 


524 


BUIXETIN   OF  THB  BUBKAH   OF  LABOR. 


The  foUowi^  tabic  from  tde  same  report  shows  the  auntbi^r  r>r 
deaths  from  aocitlout  for  every  million  tons  of  coal  mined: 

MTMDBn  OF  Ur.S  KILLED  IN  COAL  MINKS  PER  MILLION  TONS  07  C(>AI.  rK<  : 
BY  COCNTBIEfl.  IMS  TO  !«». 


T«u. 


UnltM]       On«t 
Btetctt.     BrtUltt. 


*4?D 
4.41 
164 

4» 


t9 

&4B 


it 

iB 


■  AwaffB.  ISMtolBIHL  ftNolnportod. 

The  fatal  and  nonfatal  aocidcnts' in  the  coal  mines  of  the  United 
States  in  1906  for  which  causes  were  reported  were  as  follows: 

NUMBER   OF   TERSONS   KILLKH   OR    INJURED  BY  COAL-MINE  ACCIDENTS  IN  TH7. 
UNITED  STATES.  BY  CAUSES.  IMO. 


I 


Aocldrau  dw  w- 

liUoml. 

Ou  uid  rinat  Mplf^Rloni, i.,,  ,1,4.,.^, L.....*L..L...^...i.ii  ^ 

I.on 

Sir 

Pnwrtnf  Mploftloh* 

ni 

Palla  of  roof  and  cruO ,.^ ,,„„ ^ ^... 

OCiKfCftUBCW                                                      ........... ..................... ...It    .....*...    . 

An  exIiHUstive  analysis  of  mining  accidpntw  in  the  Gernmn  Empire 
will  be  found  in  the  Statistik  der  Klnappschafts-Bcrufsgonossen- 
schaft  ftir  das  Deutache  Reich,  Berlin,  1897.  The  total  number  ofl 
persons  insured  for  one  j'ear  during  the  period  covered  (October  I, 
1885,  to  December  31,  1894)  by  the  work  wa^  3,r)2.S,I75;  the  toUl 
number  of  accidento  of  all  kinds  notified  was  278,371,  distributed  as 
follows: 

TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  ACCIDENTS  OF  ALL  KINDS  RErORTED  IN  THE  GERMAN  KB- 
PIRE.  OCTOBER  1.  ISU.  TO  DECEMBER  8t.  lifU4 


FaUI  ftculdunts 

A«culeul«i;Aiutljag  totibl  permaueatdfMkblUiy.,. 
AacldaaU  CAUKlaf  nartliJ  perniAnent  dlaftlituty. 
'   c»iulag  Uraporarr  dlMbllUy 


Mlnnr  mcolilflnt  i 

Toul.,.. 


NnmlMr. 


7,ni 
i.47r 

14.aS7 
».1M 


Mfi.QBQ 


273,871 


p«noiu 
pJoyid- 


X74 

OLOi 


Tcai 


The  causes  of  tlie  fatal  and  serious  aoctdente  as  calculated  per 
employees  are  given  a^  follows: 

FnlU  of  rock,  cuol,  faUiu){  bodiiw,  olr 

TmuflpQit,  hj4ul«ee,  winOiti^v  iLHullng,  etc.. 
r-.  fltopM,  or  oUior  hoighU 


I 

I 

■ 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 


INDUSTRIAL.   HYGIENE.  ^^^"  696 

Kxplcwdonfl 78 

M;&clunery  in  motion,  motore,  etc 61 

Molten  metal,  hot  and  coiTDsive  fluidR,  poinonouB  gasee  12 

M-iscellacGou^ .74 

Total 8.74 

"Mr.  Heniy  Louis,  in  commenting  upon  these  statistics  in  Oliver's 
Dangerous  Trades,  pa^e  516,  says,  ''41.6  per  cent,  or  two-llfth.s,  of  all 
the  accidents  could  liave  been  avoided  by  proper  care  and  intelligent 
thought  on  the  part  of  all  concerned,  and,  in  the  second  place,  fully 
one-third  of  the  accidents  can  be  ascribed  to  the  faults  of  the  victima 
themselves." 

According  tx>  the  Revue  Scientifique  for  1875  (*»)  there  had  been 
during  50  years  503  mine  explosions  in  Europe,  with  a  loss  of  over 
5,000  lives. 

The  number  of  men  killed  in  the  coal  mines  of  the  United  States  is 
appalling,  amoimting  to  22,840  during  the  17  years  ending  with  1906, 
In  1006  the  total  number  killed  was  2,061  and  the  number  injured 
was  4,800. 

In  the  intro<luction  to  the  preliminary  statistical  report  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  already  cited,  Mr.  Joseph  A.  Holmes 
says:  "Tlie  figures  given  in  this  report  indicate  that  during  the  year 
1906  nearly  7,000  men  were  killed  or  injured  in  the  coal  mines  of  this 
country,  and  that  the  number  of  thes<!  accidents  caused  directly  or 
indirectly  by  mine  explosions  has  been  steadily  increasing.  *  *  * 
The  increase  both  in  the  number  and  in  the  seriousness  of  mine  explo- 
sions in  the  United  States  during  past  3''ears  may  be  expected  to  con- 
tinue unless,  tlirough  investigations  made  in  the  United  States  such 
as  have  proved  effective  in  other  coal-producing  countries,  information 
can  be  obtained  and  published  concerning  the  explosives  used,  ihe 
conditions  under  wliich  they  may  be  used  safely  in  the  presence  of 
coal  dust  or  gas,  and  the  general  conditions  which  make  for  health 
and  safety  in  coal-mining  operations."  (*•) 

According  to  Enijlish  data,  cited  by  Frederick  L.  Hoffman  (Quarterly 
Publications  of  the  .Ajuerican  Statistical  Association,  December,  1902, 
page  178,  note),  '*for  the  period  1890-1892,  at  ages  45-54,  the  general 
death  rate  of  all  miners  was  19.6  per  1,000,  and  of  quarrj'men  25.3  per 
1,000.  For  coal  miners  alone  the  death  rate  at  tliis  age  period  was 
19.4;  for  copper  miners,  24.3;  for  tin  miners,  33.2,  and  for  lead 
miners,  23.9  per  1.000 — iniUcations  of  quite  considerable  differences 
in  the  mortality  and  specific  disease  hability  of  men  engaged  in  the 
mining  of  coal  and  the  different  metals." 

Wliile  tuberculosis  is  comparati  vel}'  rare  among  coal  miners,  anthra- 
cosis  (a  lung  disease  produced  by  coal  dust — "black  lung"),  miner's 
asthma,  which  is  really  a  chronic  bronchitis  with  emphysema,  and 
simple  chronic  bronchitis  are  common  affections.     These  difieases  are 


626 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU    OK    LABOB. 


luff^ely  influenced  by  tlefective  ventilation,  for  ()i>*enhow  \i&s  t 
tluil  among  the  operatives  of  wnll-vpntilat('<I  niineN  there  is  no  vwc* 
of  piihuonan'  (liseaaes.  (") 

Apart  from  largo  quantities  of  «lnst,  tlie  air  of  mines  contains  pntrr- 
fiwtive  ^ases  from  decomposing  oxcrementitious  matter  and  prodiicu 
of  combustion,  especially  carbonic-arid  ^tut,  which  ia  also  one  of  the 
constitnents  of  the  "choke  dainp."  In  addition  to  all  this,  the  "fire; 
damp"  (an  explosive  mixture  of  carbun^ted  hydrogen  with  atin«i 
pheric  air  in  the  proportion  of  6  to  10  volumes  per  100)  and  the  exce* 
ive  temperature,  real  hard  work,  constrained  attitude,  and  careli 
use  of  explosives  a«id  ver>'  preatly  to  the  danger  of  miners. 

Much  can  be  done  to  prevent  acci<ient8  by  the  introduction  of 
lioisting  cages,  proper  engineering,  the  use  of  suitable  explosives,  and 
adequate  inspection  laws,  wliile  Davy's  safety  lamps,  incandoj^cent 
electric  light.s,  and  copious  ventilation  will  serve  t<i  prevent  exploftions 
of  fire  damp  ant^l  aid  in  the  puciiication  of  the  air. 

RAILWAY  SERVICE, 


n 


Employees  of  the  railway  service,  owing  to  a  life  full  of  hardship.s, 
exposures,  and  responsibilities,  together  with  inx*gtdar  hal>il.s,  not 
only  suffer  from  accidents,  but  also  experience  more  or  leas  sicknesw, 
fspecially  from  rheumatic  aifcctions,  diseases  of  the  digestive  and 
respiratory  organs,  and  injuries  and  disturbances  of  the  nervous 
aystem.  Forty-eight  per  cent  of  the  German  railway  ejnployee.s  in 
1886  were  taken  sick,  as  follows:  Rheumatism,  8.18  per  cent;  diges- 
tive diseases,  11.12  per  cent;  respirator^'  disea:scs,  8.53  per  cent; 
nervous  diseases,  2.73  per  cent.  The  train  hands  suffered  most,  and 
tlie  ofiice  employees,  of  course,  the  least.  The  percentage  of  the  dif* 
ferent  chisseji  of  sick  employees  was  as  follows: 

FAR   CE29T   OF   UERUAN   RAILWAY   BMFL0YBB8    TAKEN   SICK.    188&    AND    MM.  AY 

OCCUHATIOHi. 


Oowpailon. 


vm. 


Tr«J[i  arnuignm 

Train  1t)iiiil>,  •<iiultit»tr«,  uimdutilom.  limknoMCt.  tfn. 

(J..r,  1,  ,. 


Ottkn*  niiiplDyi 


UM. 


He<iinger  (*)  has  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  only  8  per  cent  of 
the  German  locomotive  engineers  have  normal  hearing,  while  67  per 
cant  of  the  engineers  and  30  per  cent  of  the  firemen  have  very  di*ici 


ircl  aiid  luunh  rrport  of  thn  mMlical  officer  of  the  P^ivy  CrMincfl, 
■  1. 
tachtL  dee  Verelaad.  £iiicnbAkiuvuc««ltuius!nL,'£l, v**^- 


IMtVmVUL   HVIHIUVIL 


M7 


tiTP  bp«rinp;  14.5  per  cfst\  of  tb^  trmrk  WAlkcrs  $L\i^^  hmd  drf(vli\Tp 
heftrin^.  Tho  ptrccniu^  m  *I1  tticr^aMd  m-iih  the  lenpth  »t  xht* 
f^rrire.  The  most  romimYn  afTf<-tio«  wfts  calJin^  «»f  lh<»  int^nnftl 
and  middle  ear,  probablv  due  lo  ahntpt  chmngif^  m  t<^mprniture 


I 
I 


ILAILWAT  Ai 


4 


The  reports  of  xhe  Interstate  CoauMfve  CV>miiusaion  indicate  a 
4'4in>tant  inrrp«so  in  the  number  of  injiiries  from  railway  arridrjtts. 
The  number  of  eiiiployee^  killed  hy  acrideats  arisii^  from  the  n>ove- 
ment  of  trains,  looomotiTcs,  or  cars,  as  distinct  from  those  of  other 
causes,  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1906,  was  3,709,  of  whom  2,310 
were  Irainmen.  and  the  number  injuied  was  42,1>6*J,  of  whom  34,989 
were  trainmen.  "Tike  number  t>f  fatalities  to  trainmen  in  this  cla.ss 
of  accidents  is  nearly  equally  distrihute<)  among  collisions,  faUin;; 
from  trains,  locomotives-,  or  cars,  and  beini»  struck  by  trains,  locouio- 
tivcfi,  or  cars.  When  all  classes  of  employees  are  taken  into  account 
the  last-named  cause  is  responsible  for  the  greatest  number  of 
fatalities" 

*'Of  the  fatahties  to  passengers,  collisions  account  for  more  than 
anv  other  single  catise,  although  the  number  due  to  jumping  on  or 
off  trains,  locomotives,  or  cars  i*  nearly  as  great.  In  iho  matter  of 
injuries,  however,  collisions  are  far  ahead,  being  responsible  for  more  ^| 
than  35  per  cent  t»f  the  total  injuries  to  pa^tsengers.  Taking  l>*>th  ^\ 
passengers  and  employees  into  accotmt.  it  is  seen  that  rollUions  are 
responsible  for  a  much  higher  number  of  deaths  and  iniuries  than 
any  other  one  class  of  accident^*'  i*') 

RAILWAV  ACCIDENTS  FOB  THE  YIAKS  Utt  TO  WM. 


|FTO«n  Iba  NlnHenth  Annoal 

Heport  of  tte  Int«TCt«ta  OoouDum  Co 

inmUiinn 

oottett 

Mtatt«dC 

K*Uw«yi  In  tba  UalMd  St&tM.  p«CB  100.) 

1 

YMTWidlaxJuai 

ImpSoyvM. 

TaMmatfu*. 

Othvr  p«r«Dtks. 

Md. 

ID-* 

OM. 

Ifljorad. 

KIIM. 

IjUnml. 

KUM. 

Injurad. 

OM, 

tsjiuwd* 

IBB 

3.070 

ao,i« 
ao.a» 

S15 

no 

2.m: 

8,  Ml 

4,1» 

two 

UW                        

SS 

im-                 

2.4a 

xtw 

M 

%4$B 

i.a» 

4.«M 

«,!» 

W1 

3.  MO 

».i« 

%fn 

4.074 

SIS 

T.OOO 

S:& 

IWJ 

2,5M 

28.  aw 

SK 

t,m 

4,»T 

7.147 

UfeU 

2.737 

M.720 

290 

1,2» 

4,80 

5.435 

7,  MS 

40.M 

1»4 

1.S3 

33,433 

3M 

t.084 

4.100 

&.433 

0.44T 

<I.«N» 

UM 

i.sn 

25>dOC 

170 

2,37.1 

4.125 

&.cn 

«,IM 

».t«l 

IW 

i.aei 

»,V9 

ISl 

7.«n 

4,«)r; 

&.MS 

4.44B 

»1.<H7 

WOT . 

1.068 

37.«S7 

223 

3.7M 

4.333 

O.W0 

*.4IT 

>«.ni 

ItH^                       

I.WB 

11,751 

2H 

3,»*5 

4,  MO 

«,i;« 

NS2 

40,  wd 

MO 

J,  no 

M,«21 

2» 

»,K? 

4,074 

0,'i» 

7.1M 

44,cao 

lfiDt> 

a.SSD 

99.  «a 

240 

«,1« 

B.OCA 

a.M> 

7.8U 

ao.u) 

1901                          

-'.rt7& 

41.  IC* 

aa 

«,«» 

1.700 

8.4U 

M.UO 

urc 

•2,9m 

xt.su 

M.'l 

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KV4 

7.4A5 

fi.Mt 

(U.fKd 

i»fti 

9.eoe 

W.4S1 

»M 

«.» 

«.87» 

7.  Ml 

t),Mll 

Ta.\M 

tfKM 

3.033 

67.087 

Ml 

0,U1 

6. 973 

7.077 

U1.0*« 

M.IU 

iBor> 

n,m 

oo.eoa 

S37 

10,4£7 

XSD6 

J*.  Tin 

o.Tcn 

r^r-..oia 

mc 

i.vs 

Ta.7ni 

&50 

W,7M 

^s^o 

10.341 

w,m» 

v:  7» 

4 
I 


■Kinete^nlh  Annual  Report  of  tho  Intonotnte  CVsnunvnv  Oommbttidn 
tiaofJUUwm^'ain  th<*  Vaiied  SttHet,  p.  112. 


BUIXETIW   OF  THE    BUBEAU   OP  LABOR. 

In  1899  the  English  Govcrnracnt  appointed  a  coniinisftion 
posed  of  memliers  of  the  House  of  lionls  and  Commons,  reprosenl 
lives  of  the  railway  romponit^,  rHiIway  pniployees,  exp^Tts,  and  CitnO 
eromeut  oilicials,  with  a  view  of  detennining  whether  the  accideni 
to  railway  employees  were  so  numerous  as  to  constitute  it  a  dangeniij 
trade.     The  following  table  indicates  that  the  employment  of  shunt«rB? 
(switchmen)  is  far  more  dangerous  than  any  other  occupation  sav« 
seamen,  and  tliat  the  average  work  on  railways  is  almost  as  dangerous 
mining.  (")  ^ 

tB    OF    EMPLOVEEB   K3LLRD   AND    INJURED    FROM  ALL   CAUSES    PER   ijm 
EUPLOVKIi  IN  VARIOUS  OCCUPATIONS  IN  OKEAT  BRITAIN.  IMft. 


tadnftry. 


Nambvr 


lUdwsy  MTTMita  tn  grnonl,  «zdndUie  oontrioton'  mm.  deskti  uid  iSMbftidot. 

OcmmJh  (Tuardi  ftnd  brftkeitiPD 

Pi<rmanrnt>-way  nwD  or  plat«lft7«n 

Stiiint.'r^.  .  ,    ._ 

M"'  liwftyit 

Sen  ;it  Bnn'lCPf . 

C<t>ii  iiTprminilt 

{■<wil  mill.  1 1  (.-i.t  I, 
Mi'tNltUiTOusn^  < 


IB  tAvtrf  »(< 


r<ittad), 


Fa. 
F(i. 
Kit. 
Fin 


II U  (mak?. 
.'.'») 


I.M 

rm 

1.00 

AQB 
1. 1& 

,1.311 

i.r 

.02 

t.M 

.43 

.10 


1. 10 
.00 


Komb« 
iBjnftd. 


9LQ 

Jit 

t'olraow, 
rnknova 

I'nknowft 

t. 

a. 
u. 

lA 

ID. 
17. 


I 

I 


ACCIDEKTS  AND  INJT7RIE8. 

The  total  numl>cr  of  deaths  reported  during  the  census  year  ol 
1900  was  57,513,  of  which  43,414  were  males  and  14,099  were  female«J 
and  the  proportion  of  deaths  from  these  causes  in  1,000  deaths  fron 
all  known  causoa  was  57.6.     In  1890  the  corresponding  proi)ortioaj 
was  53.7.     In  the  registration  area  the  rate  was  90  per  100,0(K)  ol 
popidation.     In  1890  the  death  rate  was  91.9,     The  rate  in  the  citJ 
was  somewhat  higher  than  in  rural  districts,  and  the  rate  for  malt 
was  about  three  times  as  high  (125.4)  as  it  was  among  females  f42.2)i 
Tlus  is  due  simply  to  the  more  sheltered  position  of  females  ani 
because  males  aJone  are  generall}^  engaged  in  the  more  dangeroi 
operations. 

Tiio  following  table  shows  for  the  registration  area  and  its  sul 
divisions  the  death  rates  from  accidents  and  injuries  per  100,01 
population,  in  each  of  three  age  groups. 


o  Dangerous  Trades,  Otivw.  p.  109. 


DKAfH  RATES  rKiutAoctoazmxstDuuc 
op  TBues  Aoc  asMm  vss 

fT'JiMa  tlimrt  ^  Vital  I 


.-.    •^ 


Ctttat.  t4UJ  Is  rasSKrattiB 
lUlw. 

FvmalBB 


From  this  table  we  le«m  thAt  the  highest  death  retes  from  aoci 
dents  were  for  persons  43  rears  or  over,  and  the  lovresi  (or  c 
dren  under  the  age  of  15,  which  indicates  that  emploviuMit  IQ  fttotorifis^' 
mines,  and  work^hopis  influenoeB  to  a  great  extent  the  number  of 
accitients  and  injuries  The  T%Us  for  femak«  are  the  lowwi  in  all 
three  age  groups,  for  reasons  alreadj  aasigDed.  FomalM,  eTcn  ia 
childhood,  occupy  a  more  favorable  position  than  mal^  on  account 
of  the  more  reckle^ss  dispii^ition  of  boys,  whci^e  rates  ara 
increased  by  deaths  ^m  drowning,  falls,  bums,  ^nsliot  vounda^  ete^ 

An  attempt  to  determine  the  number  of  porw>ns  injurtnl  (>er  1,(HMI 
employed  in  the  factories  was  made  in  the  StAtc  of  Now*  Yi^  duri 
1899.  The  data  are  based  upon  three  months'  obs^orvatioits  m  * 
selected  list  of  factories,  and  are  not  regarded  by  tho  oommi>eiiimt^ 
of  labor  and  chief  factor3*  inspector  of  the  State  as  alwolutely  aocurato, 

KDUBEROFrERSONSIN'JVREDPEBl.OOOEMPLOYKniNNKVV  VOUK  FACTUM:.*  h.  i-h, 


Clothlng,  mllllzwiT,  UuwSwtnB,  «lv. 

LpAltii-r.  nibln>r,  prarl,  etc. 

Textile _ 

Printing  BOd  AiUpd  ir&de* 

Yoodi  tob*oco,  ftod  Uquon.. 

8COBBMH9  HftT  nroducU 

Won-* 

Bill  ry 

He-'.  -ry.  ujd  appftrmtua. 

Piil^ii.  iiiiiai*-B 

Pulp,  paper,  and  cardboard 

Clivtiucala,  oUa,  and  •xplCMlTO* 


OCCUPATIONS  INVOL^^NG  TITK  IXnATATlUN  OK  OUtJA 
GASES  AiNI)  VAPOKS. 

Whether  tho  elUuvia  from  sewers,  stahlea,  stork  yttnlM.Hluuvrlitiilnif 
nad  psckiag  houses;  glue,  candle,  and  »oap  twiloTWA-,  V\v^*^ 


BULLETIN    OP  THE   BUREAU   OF   LABOB. 

tanneries,  fortili:&cr-work8,  etc.j  arc  injurious  to  healtii  rcnmiiu 
open  qu4%tion.     Many  authorH  insbt  that  the  olfactory  organs  ere 
alone  (tfTomled,  mu\  point  to  the  mortality  stnlistir^,  wlii<*l»  intliinl< 
that  the  average  ago  of  such  employees  is  quite;  high-     Others  lutl< 
that  weaklings  rarely  engage  in  such  occupations,  and   that  thf 
eflluviA,  consisting,  as  they  do,  of  ammonia  and  sulphuretted  gas 
are  fully  as  injurious  as  the  inhalation  of  sjower  air,  whicli,  ju*igii 
from  experiment's  with  animals,  wouKl  appear  to  increase  the  suficeptii 
bility  to  infectious  diseases  b}'  diminishing  the  power  of  n*sislanr< 
Stift   nuiintHins    that  hydrogen   and    anirnuniuni  sulphidets,   chicflj 
derived  from  decomposition  of  animal  matt<T  an*!  usualh'  pne^ent 
privy  vaults,  rewspools,  and  Hewers,  arc  blood  poisons  when  prchrnl 
to  the  extent  of  about   1/4,()(M)  volumes   j>er  Iiimdrcd.     The  siann 
author  believes  that  the  inhalation  of  sulphureted  hydrogen  afTecti 
directly  the  terminal  filaments  of  the  pneumogastir  nerve,  and  throuj 
these  sets  up  an  imtati(»n  of  the  ri»spirator>'  and  cardiac  centers — i 
fact,  of  the  entire  medulla  oblongata — and  if  continued  snfficicntli 
long  induces  paralysis  of  this  function. 

In  sower  rtir  the  danger  is  intensified  by  the  coccesa  of  carbonic-aci< 
gafi  and  deficiency  of  oxygen,  and  special  precaution  should  be  taki 
to  exlinust  the  foul  air  before  sewer  employees  or  scavengers 
allowed  to  descend. 

The  general  effects  of  the  foul  odors  upon  those  unaccustomed  to 
work  in  the  so-called  ''offensive  trades"  are  nausea,  vomiting,  hea<U 
ache,  loss  of  appetite,  diarrhea,  a  general  «lrj>r(^sston,  and  weakness 
It  Is  true  the  workmen  become  gradually  accustomed  to  these  emanftl 
tions  without  any  ap|>arent  injury,  but  even  this  iloes  not  justify  thJ 
assumption  that  the  otlors  arc  not  harmful.  1 

Every  community  provides  for  the  collecti<m  and  (hsposal  of  desJ 
animals,  which  is  usually  <lone  by  contract,  and  the  animals  are  taked 
to  some  point  beyond  the  iovm.  linuts,  flayed,  and  worke<l  up,  so  as  tJ 
Utilise  the  skin,  hair,  bones,  fats,  horns,  etc.  There  is,  however,  A 
certain  clement  of  danger  from  the  traasmission  of  infectious  diM 
eases  like  anthrax,  glanders,  and  tuberculosis,  and  hence  all  .suc]| 
work  should  be  dune  undcu*  strict  sanitary  controL  I 

EMPLOYMENT  OF  WOMEN  AND  cmLDREN.       H 

In  th(«  face  of  the  inuny  adverse  circuiustancc^  imdcr  which  |^^| 
is  often  performed,  it  is  but  natural  that  the  immature  emplojeeo^H 
females  should  aufTer  most.  The  former  not  infrequently  inherit  I 
weak  ctinstilution,  or  acquire  it  by  insanitar}'  homos  and  •*  '^  ifl 
food,  and  a  number  of  tliem  are  obliged  to  t'liter  upon  iw.*tive  v*  j 

before  their  bodies  are  sutliciently  developed.  Quite  apart  from  thl 
fact  that  child  labor  is  a  menare  to  cdiicntion,  morals,  and  ^r  '  13 
]&enship,   the  effects  of  premature  aiuf  invoiunlnry  labor  m[  m 

hejihh  and  physical  welfare  of  lite  c\\\W  we  cxUis^vA-s  OwriNxvwwr.>J 


IUDU8TBIAL   HYGIENE. 


531 


Quotelct.  in  his  Physique  Socialc,  as  early  as  1869  demonstrated  that 
the  muscles  of  the  average  ehild  attain  only  at  the  age  of  13  or  14  a 
certain  amount  of  strength  anil  capacity  for  work.  Up  to  this  time 
the  muscular  (ibers  contain  a  larger  percentage  of  water,  and  in  con- 
sequence are  very  tender  ami  immature.  DemetjefT,  cited  by  Rub- 
ner,  (")  determined  the  Ufting  power  of  the  arms  and  trunk  at  different 
ages  of  the  working  classes  to  be  as  follows: 


LlFTl.NU     I'OWEK    OK    THE    ARMS    AND    TRUNK    OF    THE    WORKINO    CLASSES    AT 

DIFFERENT  AOEB. 

Age. 

Foondji 

Afe. 

Poonda 

bj,««. 

itma  1 

222.7 
800.6 

30  to3A  yean 

33017 

35  to  *)y«ani, ..,.,,,,.,.,,.,. ..,„,,„,,. 

3tftl7 

I8v«*n 

40  to  SO  Tears 

aa&s 

KiD3B7Mirs.: 

MtoW  ymra . , .                  , , . . 

»&.« 

These  figures  clearlj'  indicate  that  the  average  bo}'  at  the  age  of 
14  possesses  about  one-half  the  muscular  strength  of  an  average 
adult  between  35  and  40  years  of  age. 

Ab  a  consequence  of  imperfect  muscular  development,  it  is  not 
surprising  that  a  large  percentage  of  young  persons  engaged  in  work- 
shops, factories,  or  even  at  the  writing  desk  or  merchant's  counter, 
develop  lateral  curvature  of  the  spLne  and  other  muscular  deform- 
ities, not  to  mention  general  weakness  and  predisposition  to  rickets 
or  tuberculosis  and  other  pulmonary  diseases.  All  of  the  bad  effecte 
are  naturally  intensified  by  insanitary  environment,  especially  when 
tlie  occupations  are  attended  by  the  inhalation  of  dust,  injurious 
gases,  and  impure  air.  The  report  of  the  commission  on  child  lahorj 
1833-1834,  appointed  by  the  English  Parliament,  contains  many 
interesting  facts;  but  in  spite  of  legislative  efforts  Dr.  Charles  W. 
Roberts  (*')  has  occasion  to  refer  to  the  prevalence  of  '*flat  feet/' 
"knock-knee,"  and  the  premature  aged  condition  of  youthful 
employees. 

Doctor  Roberts  says:  "In  general  conformation  of  body  the  fac- 
>iy  children  do  not  compare  favorably  with  the  agricultural.  In  the 
"manufacturing  towns  the  children  are  short  of  stature,  have  tliick 
lunbs  and  large  feet  and  hands,  and  are  muscular  and  in  tolerable 
condition  as  to  fat.  They  produce  the  impression  on  the  mind  of 
having  bodies  too  old  for  their  heads  (and  ages).  'Flat  foot/  with 
a  general  disposition  to  'knock-knee/  is  very  common  among  the 
factory  children,  while  both  are  rare  among  the  agricultural,  among 
whom  there  is  a  disposition  to  the  o]>i>osite  state,  of  bowleg.*' 

Doctor  Roberts  (*^)  examined  19,846  English  boys  and  men.  Of 
the**©,  5,915  belonged  to  the  nonlaboring  classes,  school  boys,  naval 


"Lehrbuch  d.  Hygioiie,  Leipzig  iind  Wien,  190(S,  p.  709. 

^liondon  Laucet.  1875,  p.  274. 

e  Cited  by  John  Spiu-go,  Bitter  Cry  of  the  Chihircu,  19Q<^,^.^. 


532 


BULLETIN  OP  TUB   BUBEAV  OF   LABOR. 


and  miiitary  C4ifieta,  medical  and  imiversiiy  studenU;  13,931 

to  the  artisan  class.    The  difference  in  height,  weight,  and  chest 

moHfltiremenL  from  13  to  16  years  of  ago  was  as  follows: 

niFFKHENCE  IN  HKIQUT,  WEIGHT,  AND  CnEST  KBABUREICBNT  OF  ig.fi4A  RNOL14I7 
BOVa  Am>  MEN  XT  SPECIVIBO  AGES. 


aaw. 

Atia 

At  14 

At  U 

At  lA 

NonlftltOrtQK....... 

Attl»an .....«..«4*.«...                            

0A.M 

«tu 

•7.» 

» 

PIffBiwoce 

in 

AU 

%m 

i« 

Avenn  wetcbt  In  pounds: 

noo 

78LW 

«Bl31 

84  «1 

naa 

«&7B 

ISAM 

ArlfMH , 

IQATO 

PlflfUlO^ 

lao 

U«> 

ixa 

n  64 

Avenc*  chMt  girth  In  tncbM: 

Noalftbortoc 

ArtiMQ    ,........■ 

26.34 

XL  7a 
sr.ftt 

%a 

nilbranm 

1 

a.  17 

a.x7 

Aa 

All 

I 


Cliild  labor  differs  in  decree  as  well  as  in  kind.     The  ordinary  mt** 
sengcr  or  newsboy  may  n<»t  sacrifice  his  health,  but  his  morals  and 
education  must  inevitably  suffer.     And  so  we  see  different  gradatioi 
until  some  of  the  most  injurious  forms  of  child  labor  are  encountered 

Women,  on  account  of  their  imperfectly  developed  muscular  syi 
tem  and  more  delicate  physique,  are  unfitted  for  hard  work;  n< 
should  they  be  obliged  to  work  steadily  in  a  sedentary  poHitiri 
especially  at  the  sewing  machine  or  other  occupations  involvinjr  tl 
use  of  the  lower  extremities.  Special  protection  slioidd  be  exUnull^ 
to  them  during  the  child-bearing  period.  It  is  a  matter  of  consti 
observation  that  women  who  have  to  deny  themselves  proper  rest  aiu 
care  during  the  last  six  weeks  of  pregnancy  and  the  first  sLx  wee] 
T  confinement  are  very  liable  to  suffer  from  hrmurrhages  am 
chronic  uterine  diseases,  while  miscarriages  and  premature  birtlis  ai 
not  infrequent  results  of  overwork,  llecent  statistics  collected  bj 
Doctor  Neisser  (1907)  indicate  that  such  ftcci<lenta  an»  frpcjuenl 
among  farmers'  wives  and  women  employed  in  the  jewelry  imlusl 
where  the  motor  power  is  supplied  by  the  feet. 

INFANT  MOBTALXTT  IN  RELATION  TO  THE  OCCUPATION  OF  W02IBN.f 


The  subject  of  infant  mortality  has  received  careful  attention*  e»; 
pecially  in  England.     The  investigations  made  by  Sir  John  Simo: 
and  his  colleagues  intr*  the  sanitary  condilion  of  England  betw 
1S59  and  1866  showed  "that  in  pro{ji^rti«>n  as  adult  women  were  tak- 
ing part  in  factory  labor  or  in  agriculture  the  mortality  of  their  infants 
"     *  i^d/*     Among  other  causes,  Sinum  attributec^ 

ity  of  infanta  under  1  year,  which  in  some  regi 


i 


INDUSTEtAl,   HYGIENE. 


588 


►: 


districts  was  from  two  and  a  quarter  to  nearly  three  times  as  high 
as  in  sUndard  districts,  "to  occupational  differences  among  inhabit- 
ants: there  being  certain  large  towns  where  women  are  greatly  engaged 
in  branches  of  industry  away  from  home,  where,  consequently,  these 
houses  are  ill-kept,  where  the  children  are  little  looked  after,  and 
where  infants  who  should  be  at  the  breast  are  improperly  fed  or 
starved,  or  have  their  cries  of  hunger  and  distress  quieted  by  those 
various  fatal  opiates  which  are  in  such  request  at  the  centers  of 
our  manufacturing  industry."  (°) 

Fifty  years  have  elapsed  ^nce  Simon  declared  "infants  perish  under 
the  neglect  and  mismanagement  which  their  mothers'  occupation 
implies."  The  subject  has  since  been  studied  by  the  medical  officers 
of  the  home  office,  the  local  government  board,  and  1,800  local  health 
boards  in  England.  Doctor  Newman  has  carefully  surveyed  the  facts 
concerning  the  number  of  females  employed  in  gainful  occupations, 
and  the  percentage  of  married  women  so  employed,  as  well  as  the 
infant-mortality  rate  in  towns  having  a  low  percentage  of  women 
raployed  in  gainful  occupations,  as  compared  with  textile  towns, 
where  the  percentage  of  female  employees  is  high.  He  has  given 
careful  consideration  to  the  character  and  coniUtion  of  the  work,  the 
length  of  working  hours,  employment  before  and  after  childbirth, 
and  the  sanitation  of  workshops.  He  dwells  very  justly  upon  the 
evil  effects  of  the  added  strains  of  factory  life,  such  as  piecework, 
hard  ph3rsicai  labor,  injurious  trade  processes,  fatigue,  etc. 

Doctor  Newman  tells  how  in  some  trades,  like  brickmaking,  tin- 
plate  works,  iron  hollow  ware,  certain  hardware  trades,  jam  and 
6a\ice  factories,  and  mat  works,  women  are  not  infrequently  em- 
ployed in  carrying  or  lifting  weights  which  can  not  fail  to  be  injunous 
to  some.  He  emphasizes  the  various  dangers  to  which  the  female 
employees  are  exposed,  and  summarizes  the  direct  injuries  as  follows: 

(a)  Accidents  from  maclunery,  materials,  and  other  external  agents; 

(b)  injury  or  poisoning  from  toxic  substances,  or  injury  from  excessive 
dust,  fumes,  vapor,  or  extremes  of  temperature  (he  refers  also  to 
antlu'ax  infections  in  horsehair  factories,  tetanus  in  jute  works,  lung 
diseases  in  dusty  trades,  and  abortion  in  lead  works)  j  (c)  injury 
through  fatigue  and  strain,  long  hours,  insufficient  periods  of  rest 
for  food;  (d)  injury  derived  from  defective  sanitary  conditions,  such 
as  bad  ventilation,  dampness,  insufficienoy  or  unsuitabihty  of  sani- 
tary- conveniences;  and  («)  too  short  a  period  of  rest  at  the  time  of 

bildbirth.  (») 

He  declares  that  the  official  reports  of  factory  inspectors  and  of 

ical  officers  of  health  reveal  ample  evidences  of  these  injuries, 

and  adds:  "VVliere  the  conditions  resulting  in  these  evils,  coupled 

o  Papon  Kolatlag  to  the  Sanitary  State  of  the  Peuple  of  England.  1858. 
frjulaxie  Mortality,  George  Newman,  M.  D  ,  ^Qiv  'YcnV'^^^t  - 


5H4 


BtTLLKTIN    OF  THR   BUREAU    OF   LABOR. 


I 


with  the  absence  of  the  mother  from  houic,  ure  present,  the?  iufajA" 
mortality  is  liigh;  where  thoy  are  not  present  it  is  usually  low."  He 
doBcribcs  the  general  effects  of  the  fjict-*»ry  systfiin  «t  Dundee,  where 
24,870  women  and  girls  are  employe<l  in  the  jute  and  hemp  faciorii 
and  3,000  women  are  employed  in  other  textile  works.  One-qiiai 
of  the  women,  or  about  6,000|  are  married,  and  about  16  per  cent 
nil  the  girls  in  Dundee  between  the  a^^res  of  10  and  14  ftre  eiupl 
in  these  trades. 

The  infant  mortality  rate  for  Dimdee  **is  exceptionally  Idgh, 
for  the<lwennial  iK^riml   18»»:5-1002  was  176  per  1,000  birtlis," 
1904  there  were  788  infant  deaths,  129  of  which  occiirred  within  tl 
first  week,  and  all  liut  four  of  these  were  medically  certified  as  due 
"  prematuritv  and  immaturity/'     Nearly  one-half  of  the  total  nui 
ber  occurre<l  in  the  first  three  months  of  life.     Inquiry  was  made 
into  the  social  eonditinns  of  the  home  life  of  364  of  these  infi 
<leftths  an<l  it  wa.s  learn*Mi  that  "the  occupations,  or  former  occu] 
tions,  of  the  mothers  were  as  follows:  84  weavers,  warpers,  or  windci 
105  spinners,  piec^rs,  or  shifters;  88  preparers;  12  8aoknia<'  ' 
sack  sewers;  27  miscellaneous;   20  unoccupied,  and  25  c*- 
which  there  was  no  return  obtainable.     Of  the  cases  inquired  m\ 
13.2  per  cent  of  these  mothers  worked  at  the  factory  to  within 
wo<»k  of  childbirth.     Fifteen  women  worked  to  \\nthin  a  few  houre  i 
childbirth." 

Doctor  Newman's  final  conclusion  on  the  subject  of  infant  mort 
in  relation  to  the  occupation  of  women  is  as  follows:  ('■) 

"No  doubt  the  factory  plays  a  part,  but  the  home  plays  a  vastly 
greater  part,  in  the  causation  of  infant  mortality  in  the  towns  where 
women  are  employed  at  the  mills.     There  are  two  inlluences  at  work- 
first,  the  direct  injm-y  to  the  physique  and  character  of  the  indi- 
vidual cause<l  by  much  of  the  factory  employment  of  women;  and, 
secondly,  the  indirect  and  reflex  injury  to  the  home  and  social  life  of 
the  worker.     We  can  not  afford  to  forget  either  of  those  point^i  in 
ottcmpting  to  estimate  the  operations  of  the  factory  in  infant  mor- 
tality.    It   is  because  thoy   have  not  been   sulficiently  correla(4Hl 
together  tlial  fallacy  has  arisen  in  the  past.    But  oven  yet  we  hmvd 
not  finished.      'Infantile  mortality  in  Lancashire,'  MTitos  an  cxpM 
rience<l  nuMlical  officer  of  hcahh  for  a  town  in  that  county  with  bM 
infant  mortality  in  11)04  of  222,  'is,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  as  much ■ 
financial  as  a  hygienic  queMion,'     Why  do  married  women  work  fl 
the   inillf^?  is   the  quo^stioii   tliis  medical   officer  has  reached.     IB 
answer  is  that  'a  weaver^s  wages  will  not  allow  of  the  wife's  rtmainij 
al  home,  considering  the  hi;,'h  rents  and  rates,  and  so  Iwth  go — wliifl 
is  the  rule — and  a  hand-to-mouth  exit^tt^nc^e  residti*  evtMi  for  theifl 
ftdve«,  lot  alone  the  little  onoB,  who  are  left  in  the  intervals  to  tfl 


o  IiiTttut  Morudiiy ,  KsmDOu,  VV*  ^'^  * ^*^^* 


imJUaXEIAL   HYGIENE. 


535 


mercies  of  the  nurse,  who,  as  a  rule^  takes  in  the  babies  to  eke  out  her 
own  husband's  wages.  Much  good  may  be  done  by  hygienic  tiiition, 
but  I  am  certflin  that  The  root  of  t!u»  whole  mBtt<?r  with  u±)  is,  as  I  have 
said,  comparutively  low  wages  and  higli  rents  and  rates.*  " 

In  the  discussion  of  infant  mortality  it  would  be  unfair  not  to 
emphasi/.e  other  facts,  sucli  as  impure  and  dirty  milk  and  one-room 
tenements.  Of  54,047  infantile  deaths  whicii  were  investigated  both 
in  the  Old  and  the  New  World  as  to  the  cliaracter  of  feeding,  it  was 
found  that  SO  per  cent  had  been  artificially  fed.  Neumann,  in  inves- 
ligatiug  2,711  JTifanlile  deaths  in  Berlin,  ftumd  that  1,702  occurrefl  in 
one-room  apartments,  754  in  two-room  apartments,  122  in  three-rtwm 
[&pfirt]nents,  and  43  in  apartments  of  four  rooms  and  over.C) 


^^SPKCIAI.  MEASURES  FOR  THE  PREVENTION  OF  TUBER- 
^  Cl'LOSIS  AMONG  WAGE-EARNERS. 


There  is  abimdant  statistical  evidence  to  show  that  indtistrial 
orkers  pay  a  very  heavy  tribute  to  tJie  so-called  *'wluto  plague;" 
|Bor  is  this  surprising  when  the  many  unfavorable  factors  to  which 
the  workers  are  subjected  are  considered,  such  as  crowded  and  in- 
sanitun'  workshops,  delicient  light,  overwork,  long  hours  in  a  bad 
air,  dampness,  e^posure  to  extremes  of  lieat  and  cohl,  sudden  changes 
in  temperature,  and  the  inhalation  of  irritating  dust,  vapors,  etc. 
All  of  those  factors  are  calculated  to  lower  the  power  of  resistance  an*! 
favor  the  8prpa<l  tif  the  diseiise,  especially  when  stnne  of  the  workmen 
are  already  afflictetl  and  are  careless  in  expectorating. 

Still  it  Wduld  be  manifestly  unfair  not  to  consider  the  influence 
of  home  environment,  such  as  unclean  and  crowded  or  otherwise 
insanitary  dwellings,  insuflicient  or  improper  fiMnl,  and  last,  hut  not 
least,  the  bad  effects  of  the  abuse  of  alcohol.  It  has  been  shown  that 
alcohol  not  only  affects  the  digestive  and  nervous  functions,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  the  general  nutrition  of  the  botly  is  marke<lly 
reduced,  but  tlie  habit  of  visiting  and  remaining  in  saloons  for  hmirs, 
sometimes  till  midnight,  deprives  tfie  indindual  of  proper  rest  ami  also 
exposes  him  to  the  poisonous  fumes  of  tobacco,  coal  and  carbonic- 
acid  gases,  and  other  Ihjurious  agents.  The  preventive  measures  are 
partly  the  duty  of  the  &tate,  which  should  regulate  the  air  space  and 
ventilation  of  the  workshops  and  dwclUngs  and  improve  the  working 
conditions  by  forced  ventilation  and  **w'et  procejsses,"  in  order  to 
diminish  dust  production  and  exposure  to  imtating  gases.  On  the 
other  lumd,  it  is  clearly  the  duty  of  the  workmen  and  the  community 
at  large  to  improve  social  and  housing  conditions.  In  view  of 
the  undue  prevalence  of  consumption  among  file  cutters,  metal 


r>eut«  he  Mwl.  Wucheiw*  hrifl,  Leipzig,  lfl<l4,  p.  1723, 
3VIS01— No.  76— Oa 17 


586 


BCrtXXmf  07  THX  VUVSAYT  XfT  tABOK, 


pitKlen,  fttonfeutt^m,  and  eoiUm,  Aax,  tknd  tobaceo  oper&lnrfii, 
penionA  predisposed  to  thb  di^^f^lMWl  should  be  catiUoa«d  agaioM 
engnging  in  MUch  ocoupAtiotn.  Simple  printed  instniclioas  should  W 
given  Afl  to  the  part  expectoration  plays  in  iho  spreail  of  coo 
tion.  C\fe»pido»  in  sufficient  number  and  properly  difiinfeoied  diiouiu 
be  provided,  preferably  one  for  e«oh  workiuau,  and  proimaojmi 
expactoration  should  be  forbidden. 


MEASURES  FOR  THE  PROTECTION  OF  WAGE-KAUNERS. 

One  of  ihv  iin|x>rtant  predisposing  eauaee  to  iliiteaite  in  overwork  or 

fufitjui*,  Ix'oaus**  thf«  accumulation  •■"  ''l<)ody{roa 

jiiiiM'.iiliir  wi'nr  uml  Imr,  togothirr  v      .      :         .  iiseneigyi 

c<rmhinr<  to  render  the  tiystem  more  susceptible  to  «iidease.     ExoesaiTD 
work  in  iniiiiiral  U>  lu^alth,  and  lon^  hours  and  hard  work  ar»  calt 
lated  to  diininiHh  the  gonorul   power  of   resistance,  and    thus  bi 
almut  physical  deterioration.     Hence  the  necessity  of  laws  regulal 
tli»»  liours  of  hihor  and  i\u*  enforcement  of  a  day  of  rest  as  euntei 
]ilHlcd  by  tht>  Sunday  laws. 

From  the  standpoint  of  the  physician  no  child  under  tho  ago  of 
should  hv  jtenuitted  Ut  work  in  factories  and  wage-faming  occuj 
lions,     C!hildrcJi  over  14  yrars  of  ag(*  should  1m'  pcrinitLcd  to  rn 
in  such  occupations  only  upon  the  presentation  of  a  medical  cei 
cafe  showing  that  thoy  are  free  frt»m  physical  defects,  and  shoi 
not  hi-  obliged  to  work  longer  than  six  hours  witli  a  two-hour  intoi 
of  rest  after  the  first  tliree  hours,  so  that  Ihe3'  may  be  able  to  enjj 
thi»ir    noonday    uhmU.     Under    no    circumstances    should    they 
pcrniitt<-'d   to  jtcrfonn  night  work  or  eni^age  in  the  so-called   di 
gerous  occupations.     The  same  may  bo  said  of  in4lividuals  betwt 
I  he  agcH  of  16  and   18  years,  wluj,  however,  may  he  ponnit(«d 
work  eight  hours  a  day,  with  prnper  intervals  for  nn-alM  antl  ro.st. 

Wonuin,  from  a  moral  standpoint  alone,  sliouUl  not  bo  permitted 
to  Work   in   factories  or  shops  after  sundown.     The  laws  of 
ooinitries  pii\Mtnhe  for  fenuiles  one  hour  for  nooning,  if  the\ 
their  own  households,  and  their  exclusion  from  factories  six  wei*ks 
before  and  after  confinement,  while  in  othf*r  cxsuntrii's  hard  labor  f( 
women  i^  strictly  forbidden. 

SANITATION    OF   WORKSHOPS   AND  QUARTERS    FOR 

E\fPIXJYEES. 

Many  writers  contend  that  the  protection  of  wjige-earners  shoi 
ext^ntd  tit  the  work  and  workshaj)s,  and,  !  '  :   ..^ 

hi>Ubed  by  the  employer,  also  to  the  living  .     .,    ;    '     "*• 

A  sanitary  workHliop  demands  sufTietcnt  air  spaco  for  eaidi  inma) 


INDUSTRIAL   HYGIENE. 


537 


•  ue<*essity  for  abundant  ventilation  is  apparent  when  it  is  rocalled 
that  men  at  work  give  out  more  caAonic-acid  gas  than  individuals 
St  rest,  and  th^t  in  the  majority  of  occupations  the  air  is  further 
vitiated  by  the  pivstince  of  dust  and  gases. 
I  The  question  of  illiunination  is  not  only  important  for  the  pre- 

vention of  defective  vision  and  accidents,  but  when  recourse  is  had 
r      to  artiiicial  illumination  the  additional  vitiation  of  the  air  must  be 
^■considered.     Such  matters,  which,  after  all,  are  lai^ely  questions  of 
"public  health,  should  not  be  left  t<^  the  individual  employer,  but  the 
principles  of  industrial  hygiene  wliich  ought  to  be  adopted  should  be 
embodied  in  suitable  laws  and  enforced  by  competent  inspectors. 
Among  the  most  dangerous  forms  of  workshups  is  one  class  which 
most  State  laws  entirely  ignoi-e.     For  example,  under  the  law  of  the 

Etate  of  New  York  relating  to  manufacturing  in  tenement  houses,  33 
istinct  industries  may  be  carried  on  in  the  living  rooms  of  the 
orkers,   because   they   involve   hand   work  or  simple   macliiner}'. 
There  are  over  23,000  licensed  "home  factories"  in  the  city  of  New 
York  alone.     Dr.  ^Vnnie  S.  Daniel,  who  made  a  special  investigation 
of  manufacturing  in  tenements,  says  that  "every  garment  worn  by 
^ki  woman  is  found  being  manufactured  in  tenement  rooms " ;  ( ")  and 
^■that  the  same  is  irue  of  clothing  worn  by  infants  and  young  chil- 
^Mren.     In  addition  to  wearing  apparel  for  men,  women,  and  cliildren, 
including  adornments  of  wonian*s  dress,  the  flowers  and  feathers  for 
her  hats,  the  hats  themselves,  and  neckwearof  every  description.  Doctor 
.      Daniel  found  that  paper  boxes,  cigara,  pocketbooks,  jewelry,  clocks, 
Hmalches,  wigs,  fur  gannents,  paper  bags,  etc.,  were  being  made  and 
^Bhat  the  articles  were  frequently  handled  and  stored  in  infected  rooms. 
^BA-ceording  to  Doctor  Daniel,  among  the  150  families  tabulated  by  her, 
^H6  continued  at  work  during  the  entire  course  of  the  contagious  disease 
^'for  which  she  attended  the  family,  and  the  question  naturally  arises, 
I      How  many  germs  of  tuberculosis,  measles,  scarlet  fever,  diphtheria,  and 
^kther  infectious  diseases  may  be  sewed  in  the  garments  made  in  the 
^Kenement  *'sweat  shops?*'    And  last,  but  not  least,   the   greatest 
^■danger  falls  upon  the  workers — it  means,  physically,  the  loss  of  health; 
^Knorally,  the  loss  of  home,  because  home  life  is  impossible  in  a  tene^ 
^^[lent  workroom. 

Apart  from  the  occupations  referred  to,  numerous  bakeries;  candy, 

^e-civam,   and    milk   shops;  butcher  shops  anil   sausage   factories; 

lottling  estabUshments;  tailor,  cobbler,  and  other  repair  shops  are 

ted  on  in  basements  under  the  most  Insanitai*}'  surroundings  aa 

regards  workrooms  and  sleeping  quarters. 


■ 


688 


BUIXKHN   OF  TUB   BUREAU   OF  LABOR. 


CUBIC  AIR  SPACK  AND  AMOUNT  OF  FRESH  AIR  PER  HOUR, 

V 

Reference  has  been  innde  Ui   the  baneful  eiTects  of  vitiAt4?cl  air, 

which  ari^  of  counw*  intensified  when  the  oauipatJon  is  att<aiU6d 
with  Lh(>  production  of  duht  and  initatin^  fuine-b  or  gado-^c  It  is 
known  that  carbonic  acid  is  not  itself  a  toxic  agent,  but  an  pjcc«sb  of 
this  jitts  in  the  air  of  rooms  leads  to  u  <lcficirncy  of  oxygen,  and  h\m>  to 
defective  elimination  of  carbonic  acid  from  the  system,  which  can  not 
bo  excret<ul  whenever  the  pressure  of  carbonic  acid  in  the  airexc^Mit* 
thnt  of  the  carbonic  ivcid  in  the  blood.     Tn  f>rder  that  the  n 

impurities  may  not  exceed  certain  HmiUH  (f>  volume^s  of  carl  ^ 

per  10,000),  it  has  been  found  that  an  average  adult  requires  3.000 
cubic  feet  i»f  fresh  air  per  hour,  and  this  amoimt  should  be  auf' 

without  discomfort  to  the  occupant«i.     t^xperienoe  has  shouii  ; 

the  air  of  a  room  can  not  be  changed  oftener  than  tliree  tiniAS  in  oda 
hour  in  winter  without  causing  a  di-sa^reealde  ilraft;  heuc**  ^ 
«x;<:upant  should  have  a  cubic  air  space  of  1,000  feet.  This  i 
itleat  Btan<lanl,  and  dection  100  of  the  factory  laws  of  Now  York  of 
!iK)l  (as  amended  by  chapter  120,  Acts  of  1006).  relating  to  certain 
manufrtctiircei  in  teJicmentB,  provide*  "that  the  wholv  number  uf 
persona  therein  uhall  not  exceed  one  to  each  1 ,000  cubic  feet  of  ttir 
Mpace.*'  Such  an  idea!  standard,  however,  is  not  always  attainable 
in  workshops,  and  it  is  believed  tiuit^or  praclicnl  piiqH)sc.s  un  hit 
space  fi*oni  400  t«  500  feet  per  capita  will  stiffioe. 

New  York,  Indiana.  MHryland,  Michigan,  New  Jer*sey,  (Jliio.  J^nn- 
ijylvanin,  and  VVi^iconhin  appear  to  be  the  only  State's  wliich  imik*^ 
definite  provision  aa  to  air  space  in  factories  and  workshops.  Tn  fivo 
of  the  States  the  air  space  must  not  be  lens  than  250  cubic  feet  for 
each  employee  between  the  houii*  of  6  a.  m.  anil  H  p.  ni.,  and,  urdess 
by  written  consent  of  the  factory  inspector,  not  less  than  400  cubic 
feet  f(»rcnch  employee  between  the  bourn  of  6  p.  m.  and  i)  a.  ni.,  pn>- 
vide<l  such  roiim  is  hghted  by  electricity,  etc.  Ttiia  ia  a  step  in  the 
right  direction^  but  it  would  be  oxtrejnoly  desirable  to  place  tho 
mininmm  amoujst  of  cubic  air  space  at  400  feet  for  day  work  and  SOO 
feel  for  night  work,  unless  cl*H)tricity  is  used,  in  which  cas(^  a  uniform 
8tandard  of  400  feet  might  be  prescribed.  At  all  events  the  question 
of  »ufhei»»ncy  ought  not  to  be  left  to  the  <liw'n^ti<in  of  the  fat'tory 
inspector.  Either  the  cubic  *iir  space  should  bo  specified  or  tlia 
carbonic  acid  limited  to  12  volumes  per  10,000. 

VliNTlLATION. 


Ventilation,  which  means  the  removal  and  dispi^rsion  of  bad  air 
and  the  introduction  of  freeh  air,  is  accomplished  either  by  natural 

or  artiflciid  means.     Natural  vciitihitioii   '  ■    ■  ■  ,^ 

6ach  occupant  ban  1 ,000  feet  of  cubic  air  s] 


11! 


ISDUSTBIAL    HYGIENE. 


539 


I 

I 


building  are  porous  or  contain  numerous  crevices  near  the  doors  mid 
TfcintloMs,  when  the  (iitrerenco  between  the  indoor  and  outdoor  tem- 
perature is  considerahle,  and  wlien  the  >Wnds  strik  ^  the  walls  directly 
or  pass  with  groat  vel(K"ity  over  clumney  flues  or  other  o|>enings. 
But  as  the  direction  and  force  of  the  winds  can  not  be  controlled 
and  if  the  other  factors  referred  to  are  absent ,  other  means  should  bo 
provided.  For  tlus  purpose  open  wondows,  doors,  and  revolving  fans 
ans^'er  welj  in  summer.  The  objection  to  this  metliod  are  the  cold 
drafts  in  winter.  In  rooms  heated  with  direct  radiation  the  fresJi  air 
should  therefore  be  admitted  above  the  heads  of  the  occupants,  either 
'by  fresh-air  register  inlets  in  the  walls  or  by  the  insertion  of  louvered 
€*•  swinging  windows,  an  upward  direction  being  thus  given  to  the  air, 
so  that  it  may  impinge  tm  the  ceiling,  mix  with  and  be  wanned  by  the 
heated  air  in  this  situation,  fall  gently  into  all  parts  of  the  room,  and 
he  gradually  removed  by  means  of  foul-air  outlets,  aide<l  by  exhaust 
fans,  .Vnother  simple  plan  13  to  bore  slanting  holes  in  the  bottom 
rail  of  the  window  sash,  or  to  insert  a  piece  of  hoard  4  inches  wide 
across  the  win<l(»w  sill. 

Artificial  ventilation  may  be  secured  by  providing  (1)  suitable 
irUets  and  outlets,  (2)  by  extraction  by  heat,  or  the  creation  of  a 
decided  difTcrence  between  the  inner  and  outer  temperature,  and 
(3)  by  propulsion  and  aspiration.  Space  will  not  p«»rmit  to  enter 
intc»  details  except  to  say  that,  besides  the  contrivances  already  men- 
tione*!.  any  of  the  ordinary  registers  in  which  the  air  passes  through 
the  walls  by  mean?  »>f  a  perforated  iron  plate  and  is  then  direrte<l 
upward  by  a  valved  plate  wifli  side  checks  w  ill  prove  iif  service.  One 
clas^  of  ventilators  consists  of  two  cylinders,  one  inside   the   other 

d  of  different  lengtlis;  the  longer  tid»e,  prttjecting  above  and  Ik-Iow, 

to  conduct  the  impure  air,  while  the  outer  cylinder,  having  a 

r  sectional  area,  serves  as  an  inlet.     The  outlet  is  protected  on 

the  lop  with  a  cowl,  and  both  tubes  can  be  regulated  by  valves. 

Tliey  are  especially  useful  in  the  ventilation  of  one-stor}-  buildings^ 

or  the  upper  story  of  any  building.     If  gas  is  u.^d  as  an  illuminant, 

I  the  burners  may  be  placed  immediateh'  under  the  extracting  tub<». 
As  the  warm  air  escapes  through  the  inner  tube  a  corre.sp<»nding  vid- 
ume  is  admitted  through  the  interspace  between  the  two  cylinders. 
Another  class  consists  of  openings  through  the  ceiling  and  ro»>f 
with  louvered  sides  and  ends,  protected  with  a  small  roof,  the 
o|)ening  of  the  air  shaft  in  the  ceiling  usually  being  prtjvided  with 
s^jitable  registers.  The  fresh  air  is  admitted  by  the  means  alrearly 
referred  to,  or  by  registers  placed  beliind  radiators.  If  tfie  building 
is  heated  by  stoves,  the  fresh  air  may  V>e  admitted  by  inlets  running 
underneath  the  floor  between  the  joists  and  discharging  through  a 
Hcvgister  near  the  stove. 


540 


BtmLETIN    OP 


iV  OP  lABOE, 


Extraction  of  foul  air  by  heat  is  usually  accornpli.she<l  by  pl( 
a  separate  flue  next  to  the  rliiiiinpy  flue;  tlie  latt-er,  if  in  use 
firing  purposes,  creates  an  upward  current.     If  thin  is  not  sufficu 
it  inny  bo  promoted  hy  gas  jets  or  a  steam  coil  placed  in  the  flue. 

Tlio  propulsion  and  aspiration  syst^ni  is  esiK'cinll;       '  '  ''f 

large  buildings  and  fa<'lorii»s,  and  ronbibta  of  lut'chu  <  .h 

which  the  fresh  air  is  forced  into  and  distributed  throughout  the  huiW- 
ing  i>y  the  use  of  fans  or  air  propellers,  the  foul  c»r  obj<  -  '  *  ' 
being  removed  by  so-called  exhaust  fans.  A  number  t.l 
made  statutory  provisions  for  the  ventilation  of  workshops,  and 
quite  a  number,  inchiding  California,  Connecticut,  Tllinoisj  Indiana, 
Iowa,  Maryland,  Mahharliusetts,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennftylvania,  Miclii- 
,  Miimesota,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  Now  York,  South   Dakota, 

ashington,  and  Wisconsin,  require  mechanical  devices  for  the  r^ 
moval  of  injurious  dust  or  gases.     Of  these  Slates  several  la^'  do 
specific  rules  concerning  the  construction  of  workbenches  and  hood! 
Tlie  latter  empty  into  air  shafts  connected  with  exha\ist  faiw,  an( 
thus  extract  all  dust  and  fumes  without  material  injur}'  to  the  o| 
eratives  from  drafts.     The  provisions  apjdy  especially  to  operations 
whirh  emery  wheels  or  belts  or  other  buflhig  processt^s  are  emplojTi 
The  laws  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  Acts  of  1899,  funiwh  a  good 
pie  of  regulations  of  this  <-haracter: 


ACTS  OF  1890. 

Act  No.  202, — FocioHn  and  worMopa—Blowfra/or  rmny  wheeU^  rlc 

Rectios  I.  All  pcrsoHB,  mmnanicn  or  Vf*r\  ■ 

■hop,  whora  wliffnlM  or  omory  ImtU)  uf  itny  (1< 

loft»tier  covoroU,  foil,  uinva«  pafwr,  (.uIujh  .<r  vMn-.i'-    .r  r»Mi-  inih<i  -.r  i 
tftiivry  or  roriincluui,  ur  cotLou,  whoolft  um.'d  ne  buff-<.  A\\»\\  prnvido  tho  suni- 

(IP    l>lii\ii-r>.      ..r    -Miriiil'ir    m  m  >'ir  1 1  •  i  ^       ivlnot     •■r.li'TK.I     )ii       |h>'    •   •  >r  r  .  n  i  i  .~i  i  kut    .  .r     I      ' 

boo  ■,      ■    ,     I      .      ;       ■  ■  .  ■    ■       ■  ■        _  ^ 

to  I  af  r^'  uwu^v  Ihu  iiii»i.  urintii^  Jpfitt,  ur  Lhrnvrii  ulT  liy  Kudi  wlufln.  ur  Oflt^*.  wliilo 

opfnilion,  flfrt»ctly  tu  llio  ouUl^lo  o(  tho  buiMinir  or  to  hdiuo  utiier  rotfptMtle  pU 

«()  '  iv<«  aiul  roiilinc  hitch  dual,  and  i!  '  .ill  >m  pincod  in  t< 

W"  liin  thrrc  In^^nlllM^flo^thiaart^i  wit.  In  tluMiiiv 

ilii;  I"  lie  'iirurliori**  iili'l  tcjti      '       -  '^  .        .    .      . , 

primliii^  itiurhtiit't  uiv)!)  win  i)] 

t»tfi'»!'»  ■'-'•>•)  lUu  n)u<htii]ii±)  u.  ,;..- , *  1...1  .;,.    „.     ..^11  n< 

a[>i  I  ornery  whouU  umd  iii  aawinUts  or  plaaing  milla  ur  i>th«r  woodworki 

St.c.  ii.  11  chilli  l>e  Ihe  duty  of  nny  person,  rompnny  or  ■ 
mich  fftr*tAf^  or  workshop  to  proviO^  of  /uirmtniri  nurU  nppl, 
nf\  i      i'tvasy  to  r  I 


pr 

or  t  .\7 .  II'  111  1 
Ihe  diift  or  i- 

P'i 


IIowh:    Kii> 


IX  int'hoa  or  \c*v  in  'liiimotiT  Hi  dl  ho  provii 
Willi  ii  Lbroc-Ui*  ii  rtiK'luHi  pipit,    whiH'l!*  sfx  inrho^  t<i  t 

with  ionr-inrh  MiiriJoo  pipi>;   who«»tx  (mm  twpnty-fntir  lU 

diarijotor  with  u  Gvc-iuch  fuctiou  pipr:  uud  all  y/\wt  • 
utatod  ttbove  shall  h^  providc<l  each  with  %  KiictioD  p  ;  inag 


TNDrSTRlAI^   HYGTENE. 


541 


diameter.  The  suction  pipe  from  each  wh^eI,  eo  ftpecified,  mu«t  be  full  elxed  U>  thft 
nuuD  trunk  auction  pipo.  and  ihe  eaid  main  ftu<-tiou  pipe  to  which  smaller  pipet*  are 
attached  i^hall,  in  iXa  uianiciur  uud  capiicity,  Im  ci^uul  to  ihe  combined  area  of  mi^ 
mnallcr  pipe*  attached  to  tlie  sam**;  aud  the  ditrharjic  pipe  (rom  the  exhaiii5T  fan,  con- 
nected with  euch  suction  pipe  or  pipes,  shall  be  ae  largo  or  larjjer  than  the  eurlicin  pipe. 
Skc.  4.  It  tihall  be  the  duty  v\  any  pi*rBou,  company  or  c*)rporaLion  upenttin^  any 
Buch  factory  or  workshop,  to  provide  the  nm-fwuiTy  fans  or  blowers  to  bo  c-onnected 
witii  Rich  pipe  or  pipce.  ae  above  pel  forth,  which  shall  be  run  at  such  a  rate  of  speed 
SK  will  produce  a  velocity  of  air  in  euch  suction  or  di^'har^  pipes  of  at  leaitt  niue 
thoui^nd  feet  per  miniit«  or  an  equivalent  suction  or  preswuro  of  air  eoiiat  to  raiding  a 
column  of  water  not  Ics?  than  five  inches  high  in  a  U-shaped  tube.  -\ll  branch  pipes 
mtist  enter  iht?  main  trunk  pipe  at  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees  or  less.  The  main 
suction,  or  trunk  pip«».  whall  ne  below  the  fKilijshinp  or  bufling  wheels  and  as  lUu^  to 
the  same  a-s  posi^ible  and  to  be  either  upon  the  floor  or  beneath  the  flo»ir  on  which  iho 
uiachinrs  are  placed  to  whirh  nuch  wheels  are  attached.  All  bends,  turns  or  elbowa 
in  such  pii>ert  m».<  l»e  made  with  easy  amooth  surfaces  having  a  radium  in  the  throat 
of  not  U*88  than  two  diametejw  of  the  pipe  on  which  they  lu-e  connected. 
I  Sec.  5.  It  ehall  be  the  duty  of  any  factf»r>'  iurtpedor,  sheriff,  constable  or  pmeecul- 
[inj;  attorney  of  any  county  in  this  Slate,  in  which  any  anrh  factory  or  workshop  ia 
fiituatefl.  upon  rereivinjr  notice  in  writing,  eipned  by  any  person  or  persom*.  havini( 
•  knowledge  of  s\irh  fact:*,  that  such  factory  or  workshop,  is  n<ii  pr<»vided  with  fiicll 
fBppliiinres  as  herein  prrtvided  for,  to  vi.sit  any  Buch  factory  or  worki^hop  and  inspect 
the  asime  and  f<»r  such  purpose  they  are  hereby  authorized  to  enter  any  factoiy  or  wtirk- 
lop  in  this  State  durmj?  workini:  hours,  and  upon  aMertainiiiK  the  faciJt  tluit  the  pro- 
IprietoiN  or  managt^rB  of  .inch  factnrv  or  work.->nopp  have  failed  to  comply  with  tho 
■provisions  of  this  act.  to  make  complaint  of  the  same  in  writing  befon?  a  ju'mice  of  the 
1  peace,  or  police  mairiMrate  having  jurisdiction,  who  elmll  thereupon  issue  his  warrant 
Ldirected  to  the  owner,  manner  or  director  in  such  fariorj*  or  work:*hop  who  nhall  bo 
; thereupon  proceeded  again^it  for  the  violutiou  of  thw  act  ae  hereinafter  n>enlioned, 
•And  it  19  made  the  duty  of  the  prosecuting  attorney  to  prosecute  all  caecs  under  this  act. 

TEMPERATURE. 


I 
I 


It  is  4  well-kno^Mi  fact  that  the  welfare  and  capacity  for  work  of 
individuals  are  to  a  ^reat  extent  influenced  hj  the  surrounding  tem- 
perature. Reference  has  been  made  (p.  520)  to  occupations  involv- 
ing exposure  to  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  dampness,  and  sudden 
changes.  The  human  organism  possesses  the  faculty  of  maintaining 
a  uniform  t-emporature;  i.  e.,  it  so  rcgtilates  and  harmonizes  the  pro- 
duction and  the  loss  of  animal  heat  that  the  normal  temperature  of  the 
blood,  08.2  Fahrenheit,  is  not  materially  afi'ecUul,  and  in  this  tho  skin 
doubtless  plays  the  most  important  rdle.  Wlienever  cold  acts  upon 
the  skin  the  irritation  is  primarily  exerted  upon  the  nerves,  whirh 
transmit  it  to  the  centra!  organs  of  the  nervous  system  (the  heat- 
regidating  center),  and  from  there  it  is  reflected  to  the  nerves  of  the 
cutanoous  vessels  and  muscular  fibers,  which  promptly  contract,  "and 
in  consetpience  of  a  diminished  blood  supply  there  is  less  loss  of  heat. 
If,  on  the  other  hand,  heat  instead  of  cold  plays  upon  the  skin,  we 
have  dilatation  iiustead  of  contraction  of  the  vessels,  with  an  increased 
mirfftr<'  blood  supply  and  corresponding  loss  of  heat  by  radiation  and 
conduction.  At  the  same  time  the  perspiratory  glands  are  stimulated 
to  greater  activity,  more  sweat  is  excreted  and  evaporated,  and  still 
more  heat  is  dissipated.  One  of  the  bad  cfTerts  of  prohise  perspiration 
is  that  the  blood  is  deprived  of  some  itf  its  constituents.  The  blotid  ia 
taken  away  too  long  from  the  internal  organs;  the  proper  distribution 


^-•liiii-t  ■- 


542  BVhLVnV  OP  THB  BmS&tT  OF  lABOV.  ^H 

of  the  blood  supply  w  int<»rfprc<J  with,  and  in  ron.sequenr»»  tho  ton*  anm 
nutrition  of  the  stomach,  hmjrs,  heart,  and  other  int<»rn«l  organs  m 
lowcrt'il.  There  is  loss  of  app«*tiUi  aiid  indit^i'^tion  cnsnt^;  the  rwl] 
corpiisideji  are  ilerreasod ;  lanj^uor  and  i^cucral  out'n'alion  is  pxpen-l 
©need,  and  i)w  system  in  ronswpipnre  in  rencU^nid  mon*  siiM*4*ptihM 
to  (liM^ase.  1 

While  the  htunan  orj^anisni  <»ri(l<»«vor?<  lo  adapt  its«df  to  f^xtrotiM^oM 
ln*at  and  oohl,  the  faculty  of  the  Uody  to  maintain  the  e(|ULlibriuin  i$\ 
bj-  no  moans  nnlimit<!<l,  ami  the  heat-rcgnhitin«^  renter  is  liablo  Ui  fail; 
or  become  ]>arHlyyAHl  if  imposed  upon  too  long  or  too  frequently  J 
This  is  t>Mpe<iaily  the  case  during  8\iddon  (changes  of  t4^mperHture.  Uj 
i>*  the  abruptness  which  offends  the  peripheral  ucrven,  and  the  greater] 
the  abruptness  the  more  intensive  will  be  the  irritation  which  i.s  trnn** 
niitted  l>y  reflex  iM.*tion  U»  other  parta  of  the  body,  usually  the  weakostj 
partJ«;  it  may  result  in  driving  the  blood  to  inti^rnal  organic,  causing] 
congestions  and  other  mischief  Tlien  again  a  cohl  draft  playing  otu 
the  check  may  cause  neuralgia,  ]>aralysis,  sore  throat,  4}ronchiti8,  orj 
pneumonia^  showing  thai  cold  applied  locally  may  excite  disease  Inj 
the  neighborhood  of  its  ajiplication  or  in  ilistant  organs,  and  finally] 
it  may  produce  dis^nise  by  ciiecking  the  secretions  of  the  skin.  j 

The  moHt  agreeable  tenj}>erature  for  average  healthy  adcdts  properly! 
clothed  and  j»crforming  li^ht  work  is  between  65  and  70  degrees  Fah-I 
renheit,  and  every  effort  shouhl  be  maiic  to  avoid  extremes  of  heat  audi 
cold.  Much  may  be  done  to  reduce  the  tempt>raturo  of  workshops  byj 
fiirced  ventilation  and  a  supply  of  cool,  fresh  air.  The  wimluwf] 
should  be  kept  open  during  the  summer  nights,  so  that  the  rooms  mayj 
bo  thoroughly  flushed  with  fresh  and  cool  air.  j 

HUMIDITY  OF  THE  AIR.  1 

The  atmosphere  always  contains  a  certain  amount  of  wat-er  in  thfl] 
state  of  vapor,  which  variea  from  TJO  {>er  c.4>nt  to  complete  saturatiauJ 
or,  acconling  to  temperature,  from  1  to  12  grains  in  a  cubic  foot  of  liirA 
The  degree  of  atmospheric  luunidity  is  of  special  hygienic  importanceJ 
as  it  influences  to  a  great  extent  the  cutaneous  and  pulmonary  exbaJ 
lation  of  viipor,  and  in  consequence  also  affects  the  animal  temperaJ 
tiu*e.  The  average  daily  amount  of  water  eliminated  by  the  skin  141 
2i  poundSf  and  about  10  ounces  by  the  lungs.  It  is  evident  that  wheal 
the  air  is  damp  evaporation  i.H  lessened,  because  <lamp  air  p 

little  ilrying  power,  and  the  water  from  thewkiuaud  luiigisiti  wii      - 

culty  evaporated.  The  evaporation  of  perspiration,  by  which  mucU 
heat  is  rendered  latent,  in  one  of  the  chief  sources  of  ctMiIing  of  tliin 
body.  Con.s^Mjucndy  when  the  air  is  hot  and  moist  the  humidityl 
tends  to  increaBo  the  effects  of  the  heat,  tlie  blood  is  witli  dlflicultyi 
kept  at  its  proper  temperature,  and  all  the  disagreeable  olfoctA  of  a 


UJDUSTttI.U-   HYGIENE. 


543 


I  high  temperature  are  intensiHed.  This  condition  may  be  so  aggra- 
^■rated  that  the  temperature  of  the  body  exceeds  the  normal  degree 
^■nd  causes  the  so-cnlled  heat  stroke  or  heat  exhaustion,  uhich  occurs 
^^Ppecially  on  hot,  sultr}*  days. 

^V  A  damp,  cold,  or  chilly  air  also  produces  mischief,  because  it  ab- 
^^tracts  an  undue  amount  of  animal  heat,  lowers  the  general  vitality 
of  tiie  system,  and  favors  the  development  of  disea&e^i  of  the  respira- 
tory passages  and  of  neuralgic  and  rheumatic  aflfections,  and  aggra- 
vates the  severity  of  siuh  attacks.  We  may  conclude,  therefore, 
that  excessive  humidity  tends  to  intensify  the  efTetts  of  both  heat 
and  cold.  On  the  other  hand,  excessive  dryness  of  the  air  is  also 
hannf\d:  it  increases  evaj)orntion,  the  skin  hecon\es  dry  and  chftpped, 
and  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth,  eyes,  and  respiratory  pas- 
lages  are  irritated,  causing  so-called  catarrhal  conditions.  For  all 
these  reasons  an  average  relative  humidity  between  Co  and  75  percent 
las  been  found  luost  healthful,  ami  elTorts  should  be  marh'  to  maintain 
Lich  a  standard  wlienever  practicable.  Apart  from  methods  calcu- 
lated to  accomplish  these  results,  reliable  thermomelei-s  and  hyj^rom- 
^et^rs  are  required  to  sec\ire  efficient  control.  IiLst<»ad  of  making  a 
'ueral  provision  for  sufficient  heat,  moisture,  etc.,  State  legislators 
•^•ould  do  well  to  prescribe  a  standard,  at  least  in  industries  where 
such  a  standar<l  is  practicable  and  can  be  reasonably*enforced. 


LIGHTINtJ. 

The  natural  light  in  workshops  should  be  sufficient  so  that  the 
>yes  need  not  to  be  strained  even  on  cloudy  days.  When  the  light 
defective  the  objects  have  to  l>e  brought  too  near.  The  eyes  in 
jonsequence  converge,  and  the  muscular  strain  thus  induced  causes  a 
;raduHl  elongation  of  the  anterior-posterior  axis  of  ih.'  eyeball,  and 
learsightedness  results.  In  addition,  it  is  believed  by  specialist*  that 
to  UO  per  cent  of  the  headaclies  are  casused  by  e3''e  strain.  It  has 
leen  found  by  Putzeys{")  tliat  the  natural  lighting  in  temperate 
tliuiales  will  usually  come  up  to  hygienic  requirements  when  the 
•ea  of  windows,  exclusive  of  sash  frames,  equals  one-sLxth  of  the 
floor  space.  In  order  that  the  light  ma}'  penetrate  tlie  deeper  por- 
ions  of  the  room,  the  windows  should  reach  almost  to  the  ceiling 
id  the  glass  should  be  either  pure  white,  nbbed  or  prismatic,  and 
clean.  Wisconsin  is  apparently  the  only  State  whicli  has  under- 
:en  to  legislate  specifically  upon  this  point,  as  section  3  of  chapter 
'9,  Acts  of  1 890,  provides:  ''Every  window  shall  have  not  less  than 
square  feet  in  superficial  area,  and  the  entire  area  of  window  sui"- 
shall  not  be  less  than  12  percent  of  the  floor  space  of  such  room." 

•  Cit«d  by  Munaiin,  Mflitarj*  Hygiene,  1901,  p.  621. 


■14  &ULL£TrK  OF  THE  BTJBEAr  OF  LABOB.  ^^M 

The  diiiiculty  of  securing  a  sufficient  amount  of  daylight  in  build- 
ing lof.nk'd  on  narrow  Ntrt»t'ts  siiiToundcd  l>y  tall  biiil'^'  '  ■-  Invn 
partly  overcome  by  glass  building  blocks,  8  by  (i  by  -.  «,  with 

nil  uir  chamber  in  the  center,  used  instead  of  brick  or  stone,  in  con- 
nection with  Hleel-frame  construction,  but  more  particularly  by  the 
introduction  of  prismatic  glaKs,  which  refracts  and  dillusej^  th<^  litrht 

ARTIFICIAL  LIGHT. 

No  matter  how  obtained,  artificial  light  diiTere  from  daylight  in 
this,  that  it  does  not  furnish  a  pure  white  light,  the  prevailing  rays 
being  rod,  yellow,  or  violet.  Whatever  difference  of  opinif»n  there 
may  l^  as  to  the  color  best  suited  to  our  eyes,  wc  know-  that  our 
vision  is  most  perfect  under  the  influence  of  a  white  light,  and  this 
ought  to  be  a  good  crit«»rion.  One  of  the  disadvantages  of  &\] 
p<jwer  iiluniiuantti  ib  that  the  light  is  never  ho  bright  as  daj. 
involving,  therefore,  ch»ser  application  of  the  eyes  and  consequent 
strain  of  the  muscles  of  the  eyeball.  These  remarks  are  hardly  ap- 
plicable to  the  ele(^tric  arc  light  and  the  Welsl)ach  gas-burner,  lh«t 
rays  of  which,  like  the  direct  solar  raysi  may  indeed  be  so  glaring  as 
to  cause  undue  imtation  of  the  retina. 

Another  harmful  elfect  of  artificial  illumination  is  the  unsteady  or 
flickering  charac4^r,  especially  seen  in  the  electric  arc  light,  and  which 
on  account  of  the  abrupt  changes  is  likel}'  to  irritate  the  retina. 
Another  disadvantage  is  that  the  uniinary  illumiimnts,  except  the 
electric  light,  tend  Uy  vitiate  the  air  by  the  products  of  combustion, 
and  also  affect  the  temperature  and  humidity  of  the  air  by  The  heat 
evnlved. 

The  requirements  of  a  hygienic  light  are  that  it  should  he  aa  n«itr 
as  possible  the  color  of  the  sunlight,  sufficiently  ample  but  not  too 
glaring;  it  should  be  ateo^ly,  and  instead  of  tletenorating  the  air  It 
ahouttl  as  far  as  practicable  be  utilized  to  pnunote  ventilation;  nor 
should  the  heat  evolveil  bo  sufticiently  intense  to  be  a  source  (f   '• 
tuirnfort  to  the  inmate's  in  warm  weatlu'r.     The  mast  conmiou    . 
ods  of  lighting  now  employed  arc  the  electric  incandescent  lamps, 
arc    lights,  meiTur}'-vapor  lights   and    electric   bulbs,  gasli^iht,  and 
keroHcne  lamps.     Of  these,  the  electric  lights,  especially  the  men-ury- 
vapor  lights,  are  superior  to  gas  or  4»ther  illuniinants  becati^e  there  is 
little  or  no  danger  from  fire,  tbcre  arc  no  products  of  combu'    - 
henre  no  pollution  <if  the  air,  nor  are  the  t^^mperature  and  huii 
vf  the  room  affected  to  any  perceptible  extent.     These  advantage 
over  gas  or  kerosene  are  of  special  importance  to  tlie  inmat»\^  of  the 
buildings  where  the  question  of  fre^h  air  and  temperature  plays  an 
important   rAle;  hence  many  ind\isirial  plants  find   it  profitable  to 
install  the  very  best  type  of  electric  lighting,  and  thereby  •-■■  -  '■'  ^ 
and  money  by  the  prevention  of  sickness  and  accidents  a): 


TNDUSTBlAli  HYGIENE. 


545 


PRE\TENTION  OF  ACCIDENTS. 


iplojees.     Next  to  the  electric  light,  gas,  especially  in  connection 

a  Welsbaoh  or  Sienien's  burner,  or  the  acetylene  gas,  offers  the 

best  choice.     In  the  absence  of  cither  electric  or  gas  lights  kero- 

'ue  with  a  high  flashing  point  should  be  preferred  over  other  illunii- 

tanta.     In  all  such  instances  suitable  outlets  for  the  products  of 

combustion  should  be  provided. 

White,  clean  ceilings  and  walls  will  be  of  great  service  not  only  in 
»Iving  the  question  of  Hght,  but  also  in  general  sanitation,  and    a 
number  of  States,  notably  Indiana,  Kentucla*,  Missouri,  New  Jersey, 
and  New  York,  require  the  wallt;  to  be  hmewashed  or  painted. 

The  sufficiency  of  artificial  Hghting  may  be  approximately  deter- 
mined by  observation,  and  quit«  accurately  by  the  employment  of 
Bunsen's  method  and  his  photometer.  In  this  countr}'  and  England, 
according  to  Munsou,  ''the  unit  adopted  for  the  measurement  and 
tmparison  of  lights  is  a  No.  6  sperm  can<Ile  burning  8  grams  per 
lour  and  giving  out  a  light  known  as  *1  candlepower/ "  Such  a 
candle  contains  on  analysis  carbon,  SO  per  cent;  hydrogen,  13  percent; 
■p^cygen,  6  per  cent,  and  in  combustion  yields  equal  volumes  of  car- 
^^onic  acid  and  water^'  vapor  to  the  air,  namely,  0.41  cubic  foot. 

^^    Twenty-one  States  have  taken  steps  to  reduce  accidents  to  a  mini- 
mum.    For  this  purpose  they  have  enacted  laws  concerning  employ- 
rs'  liability  if  they  fail  to  provide  safety  devices  for  the  movable 
and  dangerous  parts  of  machinery.     Apart  from  proper  screening, 
belting,  etc.,  the  use  of  respirators,  wire  masks,  and  goggles  are 
absolutely  essential  for  the  prevention  of  accidents  or  injuries  in 
many  employments.     At  least  29  Stales  require  some  form  of  protec- 
tion in  case  of  fire,  by  means  of  fire  escapes  and  doors  swinging  out- 
ardly,  while  a  respectable  number  also  insist  upon  inspection  and 
istration  of  steam  boilers. 

A  careful  inspection  of  steam  boilers  and  examination  of  engineers 

have  materially  lessened  the  dangers  from  boiler  explosions,  so  that 

in  England  there  is  only  about  1  explosion  In  6,200  registered  boilers. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  employeeii  who  come  in  contact  with 

moving  machinery'  should  provide  themselves  with  suitable  clothing, 

fitted  and  arranged  as  to  reduce  the  dangers  to  a  minimum.  There 

an  endless  variety  of  suitable  patterns  in  the  market,  of  which  the 

ug-fitting  duck  union  suits  properly  buttone<i  and  adjusted  are 

e  best.     Asbestos  clothing  has  been  recommended  for  firemen  and 

rnace  operators;  but  as  it  is  rather  heavy,  hght  leather  suits  or 

prons  are  preferable,  while  even  ordinary*  clotliing  may  be  rendered 

ically  Doninflammable  by  chemical  treatment. 


ft 


^^tion 
^krar 

^egi 


vr  liif^  -III 


546 


BULLETIN    OF   TUB    BUBKAU   OF   UvBOB. 


MIS('K!J^NE()US  SANITARY  PRO\TSIONS. 

\  number  of  Staios  liuvc  cnaclcd  Uw»  conwrning  pcnerttl  eU'imli- 
noss  of  fHctorioa  tuitl  workahopa.  Most  of  the  factory  laws  make 
provisions  for  the  norcssHry  sHnilan'  mnvrnicncos,  »*urh  itM  privies, 
wni<'r-<ilosi*ts,  »u»(l  urinals,  and  \vhi>rp  men  and  women  ari*  emplovH 
doparat^"  drosHUig  rooms  and  wator-closcts  arc  calltMi  for.  Some  of 
th<*  Stntt's,  like  \Vi.M*(insin,  for  example,  sporifv  "  that  wJien  the  ntim- 
hrr  em]>I(>yed  is  more  than  25  of  ciehrr  wx  thtn^  Hliall  hv  provi*lcd  an 
additional  water-clobet  for  auch  hex  up  to  the  number  of  50  penHin:^, 
and  above  that  number  In  the  same  ratio." 

A  larjje  nundxT  uf  States  make  \va8h  rooms,  dresain;;  rooms,  and 
is  for  femak'  employees  obji^utor}-,  and  not  u  few  insist  upon 
M*parat<>  provisions  for  the  liexea.  The  importance  (»f  per^  ■  ' 
doanlineas  has  been  pointed  out-  In  certain  occupations  the  vva  ri  ,_^ 
of  the  hands  before  eating  is  important,  and  in  occupations  involving 
exposure  to  poisonous  dust  nr  UKcnts  the  enij)loymenl  of  a  ^eiipral 
bath  should  Ijo  emouraged  by  insisting  upon  llie  introductinn  «>{ 
MU  it  able  shower  bat  hit- 

A  few  States,  notably  Massachusetts  and  iUiode  Island,  n 
visions  fur  ''fresh  dritikiiig  water, of  gocid  quality."     Tlu^fori 
aUo  regulat«*s  the  spitting  habit  by  inainting  upon  suitable  Npittoonii. 
These  and  other  questions,  like  clothes  lockers  and  lunch  n>'  <! 

the  time  alh>wed  for  the  no<mdny  mealH,  which  if*  already  i   ;  *! 

in  a  number  of  8tato»,  should  receive  universal  attention.  Much 
industrial  legislation  has  been  enacted  by  Slate  legislatures  dtu'ing 
the  paj^t  ten  years.  Conunendahle  progrei*.**  ha.s  U'eu  nmde  in  llic 
provisfion  of  ventilation,  heating,  lighting,  removal  of  dxwt,  and  gtn- 
oral  satutation  of  workshop.s.  The  ntn^d  for  additional  improvci 
ii»  nhown  by  the  Mastiachusottj*  Board  of  Health's  survey  of  the  * 
in  that  State,  which  ha^  generally  been  in  the  lead  in  factory  lawu. 

The  Report  of  the  State  Roard  of  Ileftlth,  on  page  4,  read.»t: 

•'  In  uiHuy  (industries]  the  conditions  were  found  to  be  satLsffiotory. 
In  the  emery  and  corundum,  sandpaper  and  certain  other  industric* 
more  attention  should  be  given  to  keeping  the  liust  away  from  the 
mouth  and  nostrils  of  the  workmen.  In  the  rag  dusting,  sorilng  and 
<;utting  rooms  of  some  paper  mills  verj*  objectionable  amounts  of 
diuit  were  found,  with  some  pale  and  sickly  appearing  ov  ~  ' 
but  there  are  mills  using  the  samo  kind  of  stock  wliore  the  dii 
away  from  the  employees  in  a  satisfactory  manner,  aiui  much 
iniprovomcnt  is  practicable  in  the  former  class." 

The  same  remarks  are  applicable  to  the  textile  industries,  and  tlie 
hope  is  expn^ssed  that  the  imsatisfactory  conditions  found  in  the 
-■-■'•       '   rstjihlishments  will    he  raised    to  thos*?  which  are  now 
'od. 


INDUSTRIAL   HYGIENE, 


647 


"Reference  has  already  been  made  in  these  pages  to  the  conditions 
fduiiil  in  machine  sh4»ps,  the  cuth^ry  and  UnA  indiuitr)-,  cigar,  niMirr, 
boot  and  shoe,  and  other  industries  examined.  In  tlie  boot  and 
shoe  inilustr)'^  comment  is  made  upon  "four  contHtions  wlucli  can  ho 
and  ought  to  be  remedied.  These  arc:  poor  ventilation,  inadequate 
removal  of  dust  from  machtnt^s;  the  ct)nditions  of  water-tdoscts;  and 
spit  upon  the  floors.  In  the  majority  of  factories  visited  the  ven- 
tilation was  found  to  be  poor,  and  in  many  of  them  distinctly  bad. 
Of  the  rooms  not  especially  dusty,  102  were  badly  ventilated  and  26 
were  overcrowded.  *  *  *  Of  84  of  the  many  dusty  rooms 
reported,  40  were  also  overcntwded,  35  were  dark,  21  were  over-' 
heated,  and  18  were  overcrowded,  dark,  and  ovcrlieated. 

*'In  more  than  one-third  of  the  factories  visited  the  conditions  of 
water-closets  were  not  comnaendable;  most  of  them  were  dark  and 
dirty  to  very  dirty.  In  oO  estabUshments  no  spitting  was  noticed, 
in  173  there  was  some,  in  llo  considerable,  and  in  35  much. 

**ln  some  establishments  lunch  rooms  are  provided,  where  employ- 
ees may  eat  the  luncheon  tlu'v  have  brought  or  may  buy  one;  in 
much  the  larger  nundjcr  the  employees  eat  m  the  workrooms.  *  *  ♦ 
In  85  factories,  or  23  per  cent  of  those  visited,  a  considerable  propor- 
tion of  the  employees  are  noticeably  pale  and  unhealthy." (") 

In  discussing  the  followhig  provisions  in  the  Massachusetts  laws, 
"All  factories  shall  be  kept  clean,"  the  State  board  of  health  very 
properly  points  out  that  **what  is  clean  in  an  ax-grimling  fjiriory 
would  not  be  clean  in  a  silk  mill;  but  the  law  makes  no  distinction, 
and  the  judgment  of  the  oflBcer  can  not  be  receive<l  as  law."  The 
board  considers  it  imptissible  to  specify  in  any  law  a  standard  of 
oleanliiiess  appticuble  to  hU  industries,  and  advises  *'that  the  ofIi<er 
should  be  authorized  to  hold  all  factories  in  any  industry  up  to  the 
stamianl  of  cleanliness  which  he  finds  maintained  in  the  factories  in 
the  sajne  industry  and  using  the  same  grade  of  stock  which  are  the 
cleanest."  The  same  nietho<l  is  recommended  for  the  enforcement 
of  8tiiiitlards  in  other  directions,  subject  to  an  appeal  to  the  State 
board  of  health. (*•) 

U)[x;iNn  HOUSES  and  sleeping  quarters. 


It  not  infrequently  happens  that  largo  industrial  plants  and  con- 
tractors j>ro\'ide  board  and  lodging  for  their  unmarried  employees. 
Again,  in  a  number  of  the  smaller  industries  the  employees  not  infre- 
quently board  with  the  family  and  are  obliged  to  sleep  in  objectionable 
rooms.     All  such  prtivisiona  should  come  up  to  a  reasonable  standard 


«Il«porl  of  ilie  State  Board  ol  Health  uf  Mawachuseitft  upon  the  Saoitary  CondJlion 
of  Fttctorii!«,  Wiirkekojie  etc.,  1907,  p.  6. 
^Ibjd..  pp.  7,  8. 


BUIXETIW  OF  THE  BITREAIT  OF  LABOR. 


I 


as  regards  salubrity,  air  space,  light,  lioal,  and  ventilation,  and  sef^- 
raicprnvisiotisBli(iul<i  he  requiri^tl  f<jr  males  and  ffiniales  and  ;  *  ' 
employee's.  I^itdging  housi»«  should  conio  up  to  u  cortniu  ni 
and  wiish  and  hath  rooms  and  auitablo  toilet  facilities  should  be  pro- 
vided. Special  attention  sliould  he  paid  to  general  ch-nuT*  thin 
and  wiiliout.  ((uarters  for  working  parties,  and  tu  the  eli  aud 
preparation  of  food.  I 

PEKiLVNKNT    EXPOSITIONS    DEVOTED    TO    INDUSTRIAL 
AND  SWIAL  BETTERMENT  OF  WAGE-EARN-ERS. 

It  will  require  time  and  patience  to  bring  emploj'ers  and  workerata 
a  full  rimlization  of  the  dangers  incitlent  to  the  various  occupations  an<fl 
to  a  thorough  appreciutitin  i>f  the  methods  which  liavo  been  profiosedj 
in  the  way  of  factory*  sanitation,  safety  devices,  etc.  Good  re^ult^ 
abroad  have  been  accomplished  hy  a  y>ermanent  exposition  devoted  tj 
B(Krial  and  industrial  betterment  for  wa^ie-eamers.  Such  aji  expoedJ 
tion  was  provide<l  for  by  the  German  Government  a  few  years  agoJ 
and  a  similar  effort  is  now  being  made  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Thd 
German  exposition  occupies  a  building  specially  erected  for  t  ho  purposj 
at  Charlottenburg,  a  suburb  of  Berlin,  and  here  every  safety  applianra 
which  inventive  genius  has  devised  can  be  seen  in  practical  opcrationJ 
The  different  labor  unions  appear  to  profit  immensely  by  the  special  le<J 
turcM  and  demonstrations  which  are  given  on  Sundays  or,  upon  request! 
at  any  convenient  time,  by  men  formerly  employed  in  '*dan[:eroui| 
occupations."  Apart  from  safety  devices  ft>r  mai-hinrry  and  aj>pUJ 
anc43S  for  removal  of  dust  and  injurious  gases,  all  improved  niethotlfl 
calculated  to  diminish  danger,  as,  for  example,  in  the  manufacture  ofl 
white  lead,  etc.,  are  illustrated  by  models  and  deen'riptivo  text,  printe<n 
leallets  being  distributetl  free  of  charge.  Mere,  too,  may  ho  seen  thfl 
be«t  and  most  recent  types  of  respirators,  wire  masks,  goggles,  illumi4 
nating  applian(res,  and  safety  working  suits.  Inventors  and  designena 
esteem  it  a  great  honor  to  have  their  products  admitted  for  cxpositioni 
Only  meritorious  objects  are  displayed,  and  they  are  replaced  by  ihi 
newer  and  more  satisfactory  types.  One  of  the  most  interesting  colJ 
lections  consists  of  a  series  of  bottles  eontaining  differt^nt  varieties  t« 
dust,  a  series  of  pliotograpbs  showing  the  microscopical  character  ofl 
this  dust,  and,  last  but  not  least,  anatomical  specimens  an(i  microJ 
acopical  slides  showing  the  etTects  of  (hist  upon  the  air  passages  an<l 
lungs  of  the  human  subject.  Models,  plans,  and  photograplis  of  teneJ 
menta  and  model.home^  for  wago-eaniers,  exterior  and  interior  decoral 
tions,  literature  and  charts  conccniing  industrial  betterjueiit,  ail  fijid  M 
prominent  place  in  the  exhibit.  The  ilisplay  of  food  stuffs,  their  nutri3 
tive  and  economic  value,  together  with  instructive  leallets,  form  parfl 
of  this  interesting  exposition,  A  popular  paniphlot  seen  ut  theexposiJ 
tiou  i^2^U|U|mber,  \\}07,  was  compiled  by  Professor  Kalle  and  DuutgJ 


INDUSTRIAL    UYGIENK. 


549 


I 


Schellenberg,  entitled  "How  to  keep  well  and  capacitated  for  work," 
which  is  sold  bj  the  Society  for  Popular  Education,  at  2  J  cents  a  copy, 
over  470,000  having  so  far  been  sold. 


EVIL    EFFECTS    OF 


INSANITARY 

CROWDING. 


HOUSES    AND    OVER- 


■ 


The  primary  object  of  habitations  is  to  secure  protection  from  the 
mfluencc  of  heat,  cold,  rain,  sunshine,  and  storms,  and  thus  promote 
the  health  and  happiness  and  indirectly  also  the  morals  and  culture 
of  the  human  race. 

The  influence  of  sanitary  houses  can  not  be  overestimated.  Doctor 
Villorm^,  in  an  investigation  in  France  from  1S21  to  1S27;  found  that 
among  the  inhabitants  of  arrondLssements  containing  7  per  cent  of 
badly  constructetl  dwellings  1  person  out  of  eveiy  72  died,  of  inhabit- 
ants of  arrondissements  containing  22  |>er  cent  of  badly  constructed 
dwellings  1  oni  of  65  tlied,  while  of  the  inhabitants  of  arrondissements 
containing  38  |>er  cent  of  badly  constructed  dwelluigs  1  out  of  every 
15  died. 

With  the  present  rapid-transit  facilities  in  nearly  every  city  indi- 
vidual homes  should  be  possible  to  most  workers,  and  when  this  is 
impracticable  broad  streets  and  deep  3'ards  should  be  insisted  upon. 
No  more  than  68  per  cent  of  the  lot  should  be  covered  by  the  house, 
and  the  height  of  the  building  should  not  exceed  the  width  of  the 
street.  The  baneful  effects  of  tenement  houses  should  be  avoided,  as 
infectious  diseases  are  more  liable  to  spreail  in  consequence  of  aerial 
infection  and  the  more  intimate  contact  of  the  occupants. 

Apart  from  the  structural  defects,  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  death 
rate  is  largely  detemiined  by  the  ntmiber  of  occupants  to  a  room. 
Russell  has  shown  that  in  Aberdeen,  where  the  average  number  of 
persons  to  cacli  room  was  only  1.51  the  mortality  was  21.7  per  1 ,000, 
and  in  Glasgow,  where^he  nujnl>er  of  occupants  amounted  to  2.05  for 
each  room  the  mortality  rt»ached  2.S.6  i>er  1,000. 

According  to  Kordsi  the  mortality  from  infectious  diseases  at 
Buda[)est  is  otdy  20  when  the  ninnber  of  occupants  to  each  rwmi  does 
not  exceed  2,  but  is  29  per  1,000  with  3  to  5  i>ccupants,  32  per  1,000 
with  6  to  10  wcupants,  and  79  i>er  1,000  when  there  are  more  than  10 
■occupants  to  each  apartment. 

Tlie  death  rate  at  Berlin  in  1885  among  the  73,000  one-room 
tenants  was  163.5  per  1,000,  against  5.4  per  1,000  among  398,000 
residents  f»ccupying  four  or  more  room  apartments.  The  analysis  of 
2,71 1  infantile  deaths  in  Berlin  during  1903  investigated  by  Neumann 
has  been  presented. 

Insanitary  dwellings  are  to  be  foxmd  everywhere,  and  particularly 

older  cities  erected  at  a  time  when  the  principles  of  sanitation  were 
comparatively   unknown.     One   of   the   most   important   municipal 


I 


550 


OULLETIN    OF  THE   BVBKAU  OP  LABOB. 


problems  is  to  corroct  existing  evils  by  the  eimrtment  and  eafortv- 
inoiit  of  suitable  laws.     It  ri'<iuinvs,  liowovor,  a  strong;  public  senti-^ 
iiient  to  brint;  about  a  coinploto  ami  satiafa<:toTy  refonnatioxi,  as  evi 
deticeil  by  the  housint;  inovoinent  elsewhere,  for  in  »piU»  of  the  excel 
lenl  U'neiuent-hou.sf*  laws  in  New  York,  acconling  to  llonior  Folks, 
370,000  dark  rooms  rt'porttul   in  <^xis(4'tK'e  l>y   the   (t-ixMuent-bour 
depart tnent  in  1003,  aome  20,000  only  have  l^eon  opened  to  the  lijrhi 
iluring  tho  piixt  thrtM*  ntu\  (nic-lialf  years.     Tbtr  pmbiliitioii  H^uinxl 
thi*  use  of  collar  an<l  ba-si'mont  rnoiim  pttrlly  tiutlerpjounil  ran  n<»t  h 
enforced  owing  to  the  lack  of  a  sufTirient  numl>er  of  ins|>eeton«.  (*) 

HOUSE  DISEASES. 

It  has  lonjj  been  known  that  rickets,  ?*rrofnIa,  an<l  chronic  f*»rm8 
tuberctilosis  arc  far  more  pn^valcnt  in  ilark,  <laiuf».  and  irtsaiiita 
hoUiM^s.  Tb(M'hil(lren  aiv  uiuenuc  and  as  puny  as  plants  reanvl  witho 
the  stimulating  elTect^^  of  sunlight.  Add  t^)  thii*  the  fact  that  <lttni 
ncfts  ubwlrattj^  an  undue  aiiiount  of  animal  heat,  K»wers  the  power  \ 
rcsistaiu'c,  uud  favorij  the  tlevclnpmeni  nf  catarrhal  condition*',  whic 
ronder  the  s^'stom  more  vulnerable  to  tub(*rculosis,  anit  we  have 
n«asonali|e  exp1anatii>n  why  these  diseas<*R  ]>r<^vail  espe<'iany  in  bft-"* 
jucutb  or  housc:^  lH»i(tw  jjradc  and  othenvise  unfit  for  human  habit 
fion.  Tlie  death  rate  is  often  double  or  treble  thai  of  other  local 
ties,  and  while  there  are  doubtl(v<«  other  factnrs  which  detcniiine  th 
frightful  mortalily  tbe  most  f»nffiit  are  inHuflicieut  sunli^hi  nml 
defective  ventilation.  Diphtheria,  cerebro-spinal  mcninjdti^f 
and  chninic  rheumatism,  an<l  bronchial  affections  are  also  nto 
fro<(uent  in  imsanilary  dwellings. 

That  the  same  is  true  of  infantile  diarrhea  is  doubtless  due  t(»  t 
fact  that  the  construction  of  the  huildinpji  docs  not  pndt'ct  fr* 
the  boat  of  8ummer,  and  the  euervatinj;  cfFect*  of  heat  uud  tl 
more  speedy  decomposition  of  food  (especia^v  of  m1lk)  in  such  a 
atmosphere  condjine  to  carry  on  the  shui^hlcr  of  the  innocents. 

The  history  tjf  improved  dwellinga  revenlH  everywhere  a  leasenc 
death  rate,  and  the  experience  of  the  Washin^rton  Sanitary  Iniprov 
meut  (V)mpany  is  e()unlly  i^ratifyinp.  During  the  year  entlinj 
Docei»d>er  .31,  n*0(i,  the  upartnitMit^  were  i»ccupie<l  by  77v^  ailul 
and  3S(t  children^  total  1,158;  the  birtlts  during  the  year  numbere 
39,  ami  there  were  only  \(\  deaths,  10  adults  and  d  infants* ;  a  deal 
rate  of  i;i.S  per  1,0(M),  whicli,  with  all  tlue  idlowance  for  the  avera; 
ftlje  of  the  occupants,  shows  a  remarkably  low  mortjdity  when  c^ji 
pared  with  the  ixenerni  tieath  rate  atiion)^  the  white  population  < 
the  city  of  16.0  per  1,000. 

Tlu»  regeneration  of  the  housing  eunilicionH  for  tlie  letwt  resonrcefi 
people  is  the  great  sanitary*  and  social  problem  of  the  tweuii 
century. 


'«  UutfiUKM, 


u\^  \yt\ . 


INDUSTBIAL   HYQIEJJE. 


551 


Take  away  the  hovels  and  filthy  places,  let  sunshine  ami  pure  air 
circulate  through  their  hoiiics,  ami  teach  them  habits  of  cleanliness 

d  responsibility,  and  the  first  step  toward  the  elevation  of  the 
degraded  and  the  education  of  the  ignorant  will  be  taken,  not  only 
in  the  warfare  against  tuberculosis  and  other  diseases  engendered 

ky  insanitary  surroundings,  but  also  in  the  battle  for  higher  moral 
and  social  standards. 


I     cir 
I     ii 

ft 


W1L4T  THE  EMPLOYEE  MAY  DO  TO  CONTRIBUTE  TO  HIS 
I  OWN  WELFARE. 

^B  Sufficient  has  been  said  iji  the  preceding  pages  to  indicate  the 
^dangers  to  which  the  workers  are  exposed  in  many  industrial  pursuits, 
and  the  methods  proposed  to  alleviate  the  effects  Imve  also  be^n 
pointed  out.  Wage-earners  must  show  a  willingness  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  various  '* safety  devices"  and  not  underrate  their  im(>or- 
tance  in  the  prot^sction  of  life  and  limb.  While  it  is  criminal  for 
employers  not  to  provide  suitable  protection,  it  is  equally  culpable  on 
the  part  of  the  oj>eratives  to  disregard  all  such  preventive  measures. 
So,  for  example,  it  is  not  a  pleasing  reflection  to  be  told  by  Doctor 

■Harrington,  profeasor  of  hygiene  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  in 
Ij^eaking  of  respirators,   that,   "aside  from  the  discomfort  caused, 
the   operatives   have   another,   a  senseless,   objection   to   their  use, 
women  complaining  that  they  are  made  to  look  ridiculous,  and  men 
being  moved  to  <liscard  them  by  the  gibes  of  their  more  reckless 
fellows."     The  writer  recently  visited  Frankford  Arsenal  and  found 
men  working  in  high  explosives  without  rubF>er  gloves  and  respirators, 
although  provided  by  the  Government  with  these  articles.    Doctor 
Hf  arrand,  serretarj'  of  the  National  ^Vssociation  for  the  Study  and  Pre- 
^■^ention  of  Tuberculosis,  also  spoke  of  the  great  diihculties  he  and 
^fcthers  have  encountered  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  induce  tlie 
operatives  to  give  safety  devices  a  fair  trial. 


APPENDIX.— REGtTLATION  OF  DANGEROUS  TRADES  IN  ENGLAND. 


'  iliicton,  ^tc..  whlcb  npnly  lo  all  iiitiniitftcCDTiDg 
I  (1*)1»  coutnlns  a  oiiapbT  o(  Special  Pruvl- 


uiaOM  I  >s  aiu)  iinti>'»ltliv  in>li.>!  .>  rrprinlfMl  bflow,  tn^i-ihvr  wttK  tbe  Bpeclkl 

RniM  aua  ju.;Kuiauonfl  UouimI  by  iha  govemnttni  ('ineiAli  lo  accoitUooe  with  the  ^ruit  of  auttaontr 
■  J 

FACTORY  AND  WORKSHOP  ACT.  1901. 
Part  IV.— DASOBRors  axd  Vxheai-tht  Ivui'stries. 

(11  Spfcial  provinoiis. 

SionoK  73.  (1^  KvcrymedicalpnctitionvraUondingonorcallcHlintovisitapfttient 

'      ^     '    '.'  *    '         "  y-  :ii  lea<I.  pbcephoruji.  arsenical  or  mercurial  poiBon- 

li  lory  ur  workshctp,  ahall  {uul(t«  Llu^  iiulict' required 

...  ..~ly  tiM"'  -■  *  '  '■   ''"  <\iui  inspector  of  factorica  at 


a  nuiicc  aiaiii:_ 
'in  which,  in  ti 


I   fall  iKKatal  Qildres)  of  the 
Lju  uicdical  praclitiuuer,  ihe 


552 


BUU.KTIN   OF  THE  BUBEAU   OF  LABOB* 


patirtit  i*  "iiffmnij.  ami  shftll  Vk»  onfitlH  in  rcwpfrt  f^  pvrry  notirct  »r«t  in  pafMBjl 
of  f  ■  I  '■' i'»id  an  p*rt  of  Um*  «»«)f«afl 

^ji    II    ;in\     iiiiiin.ii    imn  imnniT,    w  mn    (in  m  ri -i  i    |i  .      -      .       -..   i    ..  '  '?■ 

^Ifl  forth wiih  loN^Tid  tin*  mink:,  heHtmll  \»'  Imnlf  t<>u  i  cgl 

(Ml  WrtUrn  ntilio-  uf  i-vt-ry  (.'aac  ol  Ica^l.  ^.l  i.-t.i...r,  r*i;^3 

in^.  or  Hiithrax.  ocnirriiiK  in  a  (ttrtory  or  '  l^H 

injinfrtor  and  to  tht*  ecrlifyine  RUfVi'uii  (or  <  c^^H 

wiin  riv|XH.'t  t€>  acciili'titji  Hlmll  upply  to  ikuy  budi  ukae  in  like  uiiuuiur  00  tu  aiiyi^H 
uceidctit  us  is  mt-iUiunoti  in  tli«<M'  pn>vi«oiifl,  ^ 

(•I)  The*  9CVTvi&ry  of  stale  iiiuy.  by  Hpoi-ini  urdijr,  apply  th<?  }"  -  *jt  tltu  ■■ 

lion  X*>  any  othf r  tliet^aae  occtirriuK  iu  a  ia<'t<iry  or  workjuinp.  and  !  tiiu  ivctia| 

aud  lljH  pnAisiotw  n*f«'rToti  tt(  ihfnnn  shall  apply  -  '  ■':?Iy  J 

^Kc.  74.  If  in  a  (artory  or  wurknltxp  whfp'  L'liu.iti||;,  ur  |x;liBhiii^  <*^m 

whi'fl,  or  any  pr\:«c<'*i»  is  nurioU  un  by  which  dun., -  h'as,  vup<ir,  ur  ntu,-r  ini(.t||B 

ity,  IB  gti'ncnilrd  anti  inhulod  l>y  lht>  workers  to  an  injiirtiMLH  oxtifni.  it  aj  iM 

inoperlor  that  purh  inhal&tiun  n»uld  Im-  to  a  grwt  rxtrnt  prt'Vi*nt«HJ  *•>'  i  J 

fan  or  other  mei'Liaiuc^l  nii'ans,  the  inoiiector  may  diroct  lliat  a  fan  or  •  ^401 

mf>and  of  a  propt-r  conHinirtinn  for  preventing  such  inltalalion  he  pi  "^^^1 

rt'aaonable  time,  and  if  the  N«nie  ir*  not  provide<l.  luainlaintd  and  iircd,  llxe  fanS^ 
or  workshop  sluiU  l>e  dei'mwl  not  t*)  he  kept  in  cuiifonuily  with  this  ai-t. 

Skc.  75.  (1)  In  every  faruiry  or  workshop  where  Ica<i,  arff'  '  ":y  ot^ierpoiiionuqk 
Mulxitaneo  ie  used,  Builable  wju«hing  convi-ni<^'n''ep  must  h«  ■  .r  iht*  \uv  of  tjfl 

pcfMonrt  einployt*d  in  any  df-partnient  where  such  miltHtant- «...  1  ■ 

(2)  In  any  factory  or  workshop  where  Unid,  arpenio,  or  other  i-  1  .i,  .]  ,1  uue«fl 
BO  uyed  as  to  givorii^e  l4)<lut^l  or  fume«i,a  pernon  »>hall  not  bo  »ll< '^'  <i  '•>  i;<l.'  a  mtm 
or  to  remain  during  the  limefl  allowed  to  him  for  mealn.  in  any  room  iu  whit  h  any  Hurii 
■nb^tance  ia  u»ed,  and  enitable  provision  slmll  be  made  for  enabling  the  jyemiiM 
emplnyed  iu  euch  r\iums  to  lake  their  mealM  eluewhnro  in  the  fa<tory  t>r  workshop.     ~ 

(3)  A  factAiry  or  wurkwhop  in  whieh  ibep-  in  a  eohtravonliou  ol  thin  ewftion 
be  deemed  not  to  be  kept  in  <*onformity  with  thia  aet. 

8kc.  70.  (I)  A  woman,  yoting  per*>n  ft  ehibl  muat  not  be  employed  In  any  p 
of  a  factory  in  which  woi-wpinning  i»  earrit>d  un,  utdfw*  (-nflW  iiiu  im  fwi<  .in-  .  uniloy^ 
and  continued  for  protecting  the  wnrk<ry  from  bein^»  attrl 


uai'd  for  preventing  the  ".w^ipe  of  Btt-am  into  ihu  nmn 

no  kept  in  com 
8kc.  77.  (1 ;  Iu  the  part  of  a  factory  »ir  workuhop  in  which  there  is  carrieU  ou— 


(2)  A  foetory  in  which  there  is  a  coutravetitiun  of  tliiti  i>ei:Uuu  Aball  be 
to  bo  kept  in  conformitv  with  this  act. 


(a)  the  proce«B  of  jiilvering  of  mirrnrw  by  the  mcrcuriul  proceae;  or 
(ft)  th*'  proccHB  of  making  white  lead, 
a  young  pentou  or  child  muHt  not  Iw  <'mploye<b 

(2)  In  Uie  j^art  of  a  factory  in  which  the  proceflH  of  meltinf  or  annivJing  glai 
ried  on  a  female,  young  person,  or  a  child  must  not  be  employed. 

(3)  In  a  factory  or  work^thop  in  which  there  itt  carried  on — 
ia)  the  making  or  hni.Mhing  of  hrirka  or  liti«  aul  buiug  omaraontal  tiloe;  or 
{b)  the  making  or  finit^hing  of  mlt, 

a  girl  under  the  age  of  ttixiei-n  yeart*  mu»l  not  be  employed. 

M)  In  the  part  of  a  fat  tory  or  workshop  in  which  there  in  carrit>d  on — 

(n\  any  dry  ^Tiiiding  in  the  metal  Iradu;  or 

{In  (ia<  dipping  «'f  Uirifer  matcbi'tt, 
u  child  muHt  not  Ii-  ■  mi-l-'ycd. 

(5;  Notice  of  »  M  contained  in  tills  B^ctioD  must  b#  affixed  in  the  faci 

©r  worktthop  to  ^\  I'  jli'i*. 

Skc.  78.  (l»  A  wuinAu.  young  perBon  or  child  must  not  be  allowed  to  tuke  a  m«i 
or  txi  lonmin  during;  tJie  time  aUow4>d  for  meals  ij  the  followirig  f;icii>ri(!K  or  Wurkitho 


or  parts  of  t 

u)  in  tie 

y..  .,,  ti,, 

■(' 

pToci-pa  or  li.i 

{d)  in  th< 
dipnen)  drymji^'  ruum,  <  1 

U'   If  a  woiuan.  vom 

th,   ---         "   -     '  •% 

tl 


Iiich  the  nuitenalii  are  mixnd;  luutj 
■    made,  in  any  part  iu  which 
md, 

'<    in   ■Alii'h  atl^'   inamifactunl 
■  •[ 
l.oU 

:l)V)winI  til  takiT  a  ra*^  or  to  ramaio  dttril 

i.iry  -ir  H"rkhlio|i  f.i   ,      '  '*         ,'     ,        ,-^ 
rauQ,  or  duld  idiiUl  ' 


INDUSTRIAL   HTQTKNE. 


558 


ice  of  the  proliibitioa  oC  IhU  ffcctiun  shall  be  affixifd  in  every  foolury  or 
rorkshop  to  which  it  appUee. 
(4)  Wu^ro  it  appears  to  tho  Bocrctary  of  state  that  by  n-aMtii  of  iIk*  Daturo  ol  the 
CM:ew  JQ  any  claac  oi  factorit**  ur  wurk*liopfi  or  parts  thcrouf  not  nauied  in  ihin  m'ctitm 
le  taking  of  meaU  therein  ia  spc-irially  injurioufi  to  ht-alth,  he  luay,  if  he  thinks  fit, 
'  special  order,  extend  the  prohibition  in  this  section  to  the  cuub  of  (aetoriea  or 
»rkshope  or  paru  theroof. 
(5j  If  the  prohibition  in  this  section  is  proved  to  the  saiislaction  of  the  sorretary 
of  state  to  be  no  longer  nece«fiary  for  tho  protection  of  the  health  of  women,  youiiji;  imt- 
sons.  and  children,  lu  any  clut«  of  factonev  or  workshopM  or  i>arU  thereof  to  wliicii  it 
ha&  been  so  extended,  h^'  may,  by  special  <<rder,  rt*rina  the  order  of  oxu^nsion,  with- 
out prejudice  to  the  subeequunl  making  of  uuolber  order. 

(ii)  Rtgulalitrnt  fcfr  dangerous  iT<ide$. 

Sbc.  79.  Where  the  secretary  of  state  is  satisfi(*d  that  any  manufacture,  machinery, 
t,  proceae,  or  description  of  manual  labor,  UBcd  in  factx^ricH  or  worknhopH,  in  dan- 
>us  or  injurious  to  health  or  dangerous  tu  Itfe  or  limb,  either  generally  or  in  tho 
of  women,  chiUiren,  or  any  other  class  of  persona,  he  may  certify  that  manufac- 
.%  machinery,  plant,  process,  or  description  of  manual  labor,  to  bf;  dangerous;  and 
ipon  the  secretary  of  state  may,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  make  such 
ions  as  appear  to  him  to  be  reasonably  practicable,  and  to  meet  the  necessity 
case. 
Sec.  80.  (1)  Before  the  secretary  of  state  makes  any  regulations  under  this  act,  he 
shall  publish,  in  such  manner  a«  he  may  think  best  adapteil  for  informing  persona 
7©cted,  notice  of  tho  proposal  to  make  tho  regulations,  and  of  the  platro  where  cupica 
the  draft  regulations  may  V>e  obtained,  and  of  the  tuue  (which  shall  be  not  less  titan 
■enty-one  days)  within  which  any  objection  nia^^le  with  respect  to  the  draft  regula- 
>nfl  bv  or  on  behalf  of  penons  affected  must  be  sent  to  the  secretary  of  state. 
V2|  Lveiy  objection  must  be  in  writing  and  state — 
(a)  the  draft  regulations  or  portions  of  draft  regulations  objected  to; 
^6)  the  specific  grounds  of  oDJeclion;  and 
[c)  the  omissions,  additions,  or  modifications  asked  for. 

(3)  The  secretary  of  state  shall  consider  any  objection  mode  by  or  on  behalf  of  any 
sraons appearing  to  him  to  be  affected  which  is  sent  to  him  within  the  requirtxl  time, 
id  he  may,  if  he  thinks  fit.  amend  the  draft  regulations,  and  shall  then  cause  the 

amended  draft  to  be  dealt  with  in  like  manner  as  an  original  draft. 

(4)  Where  the  secretary  of  state  does  not  amend  or  withdraw  any  draft  reflations 
Xo  which  any  objection  has  been  made,  then  (unlew  the  objection  either  is  withdrawn 

appnare  to  him  to  bo  frivolous)  he  shall,  before  making  the  regiUatiotis.  direct  an 

3 airy  to  be  held  in  the  manner  hereinafter  provided. 
xc.  81.  fl)  The  secretary  of  stale  may  apptjint  a  competent  person  to  hold  an 
iquiry  witn  rcjgarti  to  any  draft  reg^ilations,  and  U)  report  u>  him  tnereon. 
i2>  The  inquiry  ehall  beheld  in  public,  and  the  rhief  inspector  and  any  objector  and 
ly  other  person  who,  in  the  opinion  of  the  per»»in  hohiing  the  inquiry,  is  arf^M'te*!  by 
le  ilraft  regulations,  may  appear  at  the  inquiry  cither  in  person  or  by  couiuiol,  aolii- 
or  agent. 
The  witnesses  on  the  inquiry  may,  if  the  person  holding  it  thinks  fit,  be  oxain- 
on  oath. 
(4)  Subject  as  aforesaid,  the  inquiry  and  all  proceedings  preliminary  and  incidental 
ieret<>  shall  bo  conducted  in  accordance  with  rules  made  by  the  secretary  of  stato. 
The  foe  to  be  paifl  to  the  person  holding  the  inquiry  shall  bo  such  as  tho  secretary 
kte  may  direct,  and  shall  be  deemed  to  be  part  of  the  expenses  of  tlie  secretary 
in  the  execution  of  this  act. 
.82.  (1)  The  re^latitins  made  under  the  foregoing  provisions  of  this  act  may 
to  all  tlie  faeiunex  and  workshops  in  wliich  the  nianufiictiire,  machincr>',  plant, 
or  de-«rrii»iir.!i  .-f  tn.iuiil  l/ili,,r    rortified  to  be  .liu,rMr,.MH  i-  11-^,1  iwhethor 
at  tin*  H  are  made  or  .  1)  or  to 

JCified  «.l  !  rkahop.     They  n     _;  ■   exeinp- 

flny  sper.itietl  tlam  «>r  fauhJtioti  or  workshops  either  a [jmjluuly  ur  t<til>ject  to 
mditionij. 

(2)  The  regulations  may  apply  to  tenement  faeloriesi  and  tenement  workshops, 
td  tn  pnch  cose  may  impose  duties  on  occupiers  who  do  not  employ  any  poraon,  ana 


led 


of 


i 


564 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUBKAU    OF  LABOR. 


(3)  No  penoQ  ahaU  be  precluded  by  any  agreemem  from  doing,  or  bo  liable  uxukv 
Muy  agreement  to  «ny  ponuliy  or  iorfpituro  fnr  doin^,  mi<*h  mvis  aa  may  be  nnrf— i]i 
in  order  ku  cuuiply  with  Ihe  provitsiuiui  ul  any  rygulutiun  miidc  under  thu  Md. 

tSer.  K3.  Kegulationii  made  under  tbe  foregoing  pruviaiona  of  this  art  msy,  «iDOt^ 
otluT  t.hing»-  - 

(u)  prtrlubii  the  eiuploytuent  of,  or  modify  or  limit  the  period  of  employmeot  cf»  all 
pen*onj(  or  uny  daw  of  jieraotw  in  uny  nuuiufiicture,  niAohinery,  plaat,  proCMi.  v 
deHcription  of  manual  labor  ccrtilicd  to  t»c  dangerouH,  and 

{b)  pntbibit,  limit,  or  control  the  uho  of  any  material  or  procov;  and 

(r)  mtviify  nr  extend  any  npetiul  rvgulntinnn  for  any  clasa  of  fsctoriefl  or  workabopi 
conUincil  in  tbifi  act. 

&KC.  M.  Rv^ulalionii  made  under  the  furoguing  prnviniona  of  Uiia  act  shall  he  laid 
UM  wion  At*  p^vwihlo  l*efore  IkjiIi  Uiiuaer*  of  PnrlianH'nt,  and  if  either  Hoitao  within  ihtt 
next  forty  (layf>  after  the  regiilationa  have  hoen  laid  lH^f<rre  that  Houm*.  rmolvf  (iut 
all  or  any  nf  the  rcgulatiom*  ought  Ut  \h*  aimulled,  the  rt*guliili'  "  "       t.tia 

of  the  rertilulion,  be  of  m>  I'ffwt.  witlumt  prcjudire  U>  the  vali  ;i« 

in  the  moantimo  thereunder,  or  to  the  making  of  any  now  n^..,.i, itr 

moiv  of  a  »et  of  reculationa  are  annulled,  tbe  secretary  of  8tate  may.  if  he  thinks  fit, 
withdraw  the  whole  net. 

l^EC.  B5.  ( I)  If  any  occupier,  owner,  or  manager,  who  is  Uiiind  to  oViMtrvo  any  regu- 
lati4in  under  this  act,  acts  in  o^ntra  vent  ion  of  or  failn  U.t  comply  with  thr  rrn^loliun, 
he  Khali  lie  liable  for  each  offenac  to  n  line  not  exceeding  U*n  [>oiindf>J$i  ~  in 

the  nitfo  of  a  continuing  ofTense,  to  a  lino  not  exceeding  two  pounds  [YD  ,  ry 

day  diirinp  which  the  offense  contmufw  after  conviction  thert^for. 

(li)  If  liny  |M!n!«(in  4)lher  than  an  (K'tnipirr.  owner,  trr  mana^r.  whf>  in  htmnd  t^nhaerv* 
any  rc^ululion  under  ihif  art,  acts  in  ctintmvvntion  of,  or  faile  U*  comply  with.  th« 
regulation,  he  shall  I>e  liuMe  for  each  offence  to  a  hue  not  exceeding  two  tKJuiuli 
($0  731,  and  the  tM-^-upiur  of  the  factory  or  wurkshop  phalt  also  l>e  lialdi- 1.»  »  mi-  not 
<x<tHKling  ton  jMMjndrt  | $48.07 |,unlew  ^e  provi«  that  he  has  taV-  its 

iut;iiis  hy  pul'li.'^hing.und  to  the  best  of  hi»  power  enfon'ing,  the  t  ,  re- 

vent  ihocontniventiun  or  noncompliance. 

^Kc.  H6.  (i)  Notice  of  anv  rcguluttuno  having  been  made  under  the  foregoing  pro- 
viwionH  of  thi«  act,  and  of  tne  plam  where  cttpies  of  th(?m  can  Ix)  purchased,  shall  bo 
puhlbthcKl  in  the  Ixmdon,  KilinhtirKh.  and  Dublin  darx'ttt's. 

(li)  Printed  wjpips  of  »ll  reunlatintuH  fur  the  time  Im'uji'  m  lont-  nndt^r  ilu-  -n**  iti  uny 
factory  or  workshop  Mhall  he  kept  iMwled  up  in  Icj^ibl.  .a 

in  the  factory  or  workshop  where  they  mav  be  conv-  in- 

iloyed.     In  a  factorv  or  wurkah<ip  in  Wales  or  Moimioittbalm«  Um  ragulatiuua  shall 


PI 

iw  iHipted  up  in  the  SV'eUh  langnago  a1«n. 

(5)  A  printed  copy  of  all  such  rrr-  ^ 
person  utloi  ted  thereby  on  his  or  her 


hall  be  given  by  the  occupier  to  any 
}\>  fails  to  couiply  with  any  proviaioQ 


{A)  If  till'  (icciipiMr  of  any  fact/>rv 
of  this  isert  ion  a^  vo  oosling  up  or  giving  copies,  he  shall  bo  liable  to  a  tino  not  excseding 
ten  jjuund8l?IM.«7]. 
{6)  Every  p*'rHon  who  pulU  down,  injures,  or  defaces  any  regulationa  ]xi»ted  up  In 

jKMte<l 
g  nve  pounds 


\o;  i!-vory  p*'rHon  wno  puiir*  aown,  injures,  or  ueiaces  any  reguiationa  ixi»t«a  un  in 
pursuance  of  thin  act,  or  iinv  notice  jKMte<l  iip  in  nurvuan(*o  of  tlie  rtsgulationa,  sltall 
be  liable  to  a  lint^  not  exceiitling  five  pounds  [F-^-Hdl. 

<0)  Regulations  for  the  time  being  tn  force  under  tuiH  act  nhall  be  judicially  tiotii:ed. 


SPECIAL  RULES  AND  REGULATIONS. 


Wlute  load  factoricfl. 

Hod  and  oninge  lead  works. 

Yellow  hitd  w<irks. 

lA»ud  -ni.'liiiiLr  work*^. 

Frt'  .'  vi'Uow  ohromate  of  lead. 

Eftti  trid  chinu  wf>rVK 

Rleclric  accuiiuilntor  fn'  : 

Inin-p!ttt<»  oniiinr'liiic:  V" 

Titn:; 

Pu. 

Unu..-  ..i..i  [ M.  ....  .  .,^,M-  . 

Chemical  works. 

Blchnuiiate  or  «Tu<i[iiiit*"'  'if  inpr:i.u«iiiii 

Kxplortivp  Wfir  ! 

Vnlranixed  in  ; 


iirHonic,  or  antimony). 

iirsenic). 

,i-\  ip.v.'  shops. 
r  sndiuin  wnrkii. 
ulphUlenf  corbnn). 


Lucifer  match  fiLcltiriva  umu^  wLiUi  ui  yellow  ^^hosyUonao. 


INDUBTHIAL   HYGIBNB. 


555 


Fell  hat  factoricfl  (rppiitations). 

Haudliii?  of  dn.'  *^^  <lrynlUMl  hides  aiid  ekins  impitrted  from  Asia. 

Wool  anu  hair  sorting  (regulations). 

Flax  and  low  spinning  and  weaving  frcgtilAtioiu). 

File  cutting  by  hand  (regulations). 

Bottling  of  aemtwl  water. 

Spinning  by  eelf-ucting  muies  (rcgulalions). 

Loading  goods  on  docko  and  wharves  (reguUtions). 

TJae  of  wctory  engines  and  ra.re  (regtilations). 


ii 


Whits  Lkao  Factories. 
(Form  M7— Petmiary,  IBQOi) 


tr 


these  rules  "  person  employed  in  a  lead  proc-ees' '  means  a  person  who  in  employed 
in  any  work  or  process  involving  exposure  to  white  lead,  or  to  lead  or  lend  romponnds 
used  in  its  manufa<^ture.  or  who  is  admitted  to  any  room  or  part  of  the  factor>*  where 
such  process  is  ca.rried  on. 

Any  approval  given  by  the  chief  inspector  of  factories  in  pursuance  of  rules  2,  4,  6j  9, 
12  flhall  be  given  in  writing,  and  may  at  any  time  be  revoked  by  notice  in  writing 
ed  by  him. 

Dutia  of  oc€upifr9. 

1.  On  and  after  July  let,  1899,  no  part  of  a  white  lead  factory  shall  be  constructedt 

cturally  altered,  or  newly  used,  for  any  process  in  which  white  lead  is  manufac- 

oT  pre|)arcd  for  sale,  tinlciw  the  plans  rmvo  proviouflly  been  submitted  to  and 

red  in  writing  by  the  chi«?f  inspe(^t«r  of  factfiricH. 

(a)  Ever>'  stack  shall  be  provided  with  a  slandpipe  and  movable  hose,  and  an 

equate  Fupply  of  water  distributed  by  a  hose. 

(6)  Ever>'  white  bed  shall,  on  the  removal  of  the  covering  boards,  be  effectually 
damped  by  the  meana  mentioned  above. 

Where  it  is  eJiown  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  chief  inspei'tor  of  factories  that  there  is 
o  available  public  water  service  in  the  district,  it  shall  be  a  sufficient  <x»mpUance 
"With  this  rule  if  each  white  bed  is,  on  the  removal  of  the  covering  bt)ards,  offecttially 
damped  by  mean.s  of  n  watering  can. 

3.  Where  white  lead  is  made  b^  the  chamber  process,  the  chamber  shall  be  kept 
moist  while  the  process  is  in  operation,  and  the  corrosions  shall  be  effectually  moistened 
before  the  chuinoer  is  emptied. 

4.  fa)  Corrosions  sliall  not  be  carried  except  in  travs  of  impervious  material. 

{b)  No  person  shall  be  allowed  to  carry  on  his  head  or  shoulder  a  tray  of  corrosioos 
which  has  been  allowed  to  rest  directly  upon  the  corroBions,  or  upon  any  siu^ice  whezo 
there  is  white  lead. 

(f)  All  corrr)6ions  before  being  put  into  the  rollers  or  waahbecks,  shall  be  effectually 
'damped,  either  by  dipping  the  tr^y  containing  them  in  a  trough  of  water  or  by  some 
lother  method  approv*xl  by  the  chief  iii.-'peitor  of  factories. 

5.  The  flooring  round  the  rollers  eholl  either  be  of  smooth  cement  or  be  covered 
'ith  sheet  lead,  and  shall  be  kept  couslantly  moist. 

6.  On  and  after  January  1st,  1901,  except  as  hereinafter  provided — 

ifl  I  Every  stove  shall  have  a  window,  or  windows,  with  a  total  area  of  not  less  than 
sou:aire  feet,  made  to  open,  and  so  placed  as  to  admit  of  effectual  through  ventilation. 
(0)  In  no  stove  shall  nowls  be  placed  on  a  rack  which  is  more  tlian  10  feet  £rom  the 
loor. 
(c)  Elach  bowl  i^hall  rest  upon  the  rack  and  not  upon  another  bowl. 
\4i  No  stovp  shiiU  be  entert>d  for  the  purpose  of  nmwing  until  the  temperattu^  at  n 
pighl  of  5  feel  from  the  (liK>r  has  fallen  either  to  70°  F.,  or  to  a  point  not  more  than  10° 
'.  above  the  lempemttire  of  the  air  outside. 

(«)  In  drawing  any  etovo  or  part  of  a  stove  there  shall  not  be  more  than  one  stage  or 
|planding  j)lace  aliove  the  level  of  the  floor. 

Provided  that  if  the  chief  inspe*  tor  approve*  of  any  other  means  of  ventilating  a 
'.  ing  of  effectual  through  vontilauon.  such  means  may  be  adopted. 
i;;  paragraph  tii)  of  thir^  rule;  und  t[  he  approves  of  any  other  method 
.  ..!..;_  .....1  drawing  tJie  stov(!«.  as  et¥ectuully  preventing  white  lead  from  falling 
[upon  any  worker,  such  method  may  be  followed,  notwithstanding  paragraphs  (6) 
md  {r)  o(  this  rule. 

7.  No  person  sludl  be  employed  in  drawing  Dutch  stoves  on  more  than  two  days  in 
wvek. 

No  dry  while  lead  sb«ll  be  dep<j»<ite*l  in  any  place  that  \s  v  •WKn 

t «  rover  or  wiih  a  fun  eflfef  luoJJy  removing  the  aual  troni  xiiiB  v 


■^_    ar. 


550 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  BUBKAU  OF  LABOR. 


I 


0.  On  and  afi«r  Jauuftry  Ist,  1900,  the  packing  oi  dry  whit«  lead  ahftU  bo  dmin  -i 
under  tonditioiifl  wbidi  ei*»iiirp  llie  i*fTwltial  rvmovaJ  of  dual,  tfil!M»r  by  ♦- 
or  by  other  PlBrient  tncun^  upprovfd  in  furli  riwe  by  llm  chief  inapcoUir  oi 

Tfiip  nile  shail  not  apply  where  the  (wirkihg  iaeffertcd  by  niPt^luinirAl  menus  iitui 
cloaed  in. 

10.  The  floor  of  any  plare  wheru  packitiK  of  dry  wlule  load  i«  carried  on  ah&U  bo 
ciMuvut,  or  of  eione  aet  m  rcment. 

11.  No  woman  shall  ht*  oinployHI  ur  allowed  in  Ihe  while  bode,  rullerv,  wa«hb«.*cb, 
or  Bto%'es.  or  in  anv  place  wherv  dry  white  lend  ia  paicked,  or  in  uihor  work  c>xposii| 
her  to  white  Ictid  aust- 

12.  (a)  A  duly  qimliliorl  nuMJi^'fll  practitioner  (in  theM>  nileA  rt*(pm«d  u*  tus  tM 
"appointed  eurxeon")  shall  l>e  upjMjintod  by  the  wrupirr  for  oarh  fartury,  «ud 
appointment  to  pe  subjeit  to  iht:  upprovnl  of  tho  chi<-f  fl 

(h)  No  person  ahall  be  enipluyiMl  in  a  load  procc«B  lAn  a  wook  withnoM 

certilicate  of  lilnefls  graiitviJ  jiftt.'r  cxaniiimtion  by  th»-  -'"''h>u.  I 

{c\   Kvcry  pei»on  eiuplovod  in  a  lead  procetw  «lmll  t  «  a  wot'k  by  tlfl 

apjHMnted   surgeon,  who  shall  have  ptiwer  to  order  ^  i  ,  ;  nmploympnt  ■ 

any  place  or  procejw.  ■ 

(di  No  person  after  nnrh  suHpenaion  ataU  be  employed  In  m  lead  proc-MM  wIIIiim 
tho  written  aan<'tion  of  the  appoinled  nureeon.  fl 

Ir)  \  regiflter  in  u  form  approved  by  the  chief  inapector  of  factoriee  ahftll  be  1ce|l 
and  fthull  contain  a  list  of  all  per^vnfl  employed  in  lead  procemeit      '*''  p^uxi^l 

miryeon  will  nuicr  in  the  re^i^ler  thn  Onti'.iand  roHultsof  lurt  exuininati'  -  ix^fwfl 

em)>toyptI,  and  partiLulars  of  any  directions  ^iven  by  hini.  Thon^;^:^  .  -....iJ  l->o  pid 
diit-iMl  ul  any  time  when  reniiired  by  H.  M.  LnRpeetors  of  factorien  orr  by  the  cvrtlfyid 
muveuu  or  by  the  apt>oiti(iKl  vun^HJii.  ^^^H 

1^.  I'pon  any  person  t'niptoyed  in  a  load  procmH  complaining  of  bein^  unird^|H 
occupier  shall,  with  tho  Icaat  pofvuble  delay,  give  an  order  ujHin  a  duly  ^i^^^| 
modirul  pnulitioner,  ^^^H 

M.  The  oi'i'upier  fthuU  provide  and  maintAin  miffirient  and  fluitabln  re«pinitod| 
ovorulU.  and  head-covoringH,  and  fthall  vaxim  thnin  to  ho  woni  a«dirprtiHi  in  rtde2V. 

At  llie  end  of  every  d»y'(!i  work  (licy  r<imll  bo  collecltHl  and  kepi  in  proper  custody 
in  n  RUilitble  pla<-o  net  a|MUl  for  the  piirpow. 

They  «hrtll  be  ihomughly  whhImhi  or  n:*iiow»Hl  ovory  wi»ek;  and  iImjmo  whirh  halH 
been  uned  in  iho  Ktoven,  and  all  reHpiruturti,  Hlmlt  be  wuehcd  or  renewt*d  daily.  M 

ib.  Tho  ocrtipior  nhull  provide  und  maiiiUiin  ii  dining-room  and  a  cloAKroom  H 
which  workera  can  deponil  clothing  put  off  (luring  working  hitiirs.  ■ 

16.  No  perHon  employed  in  a  lend  prtH-«<M8  Hltall  be  allowed  (o  prepure  ur  partaked 
any  food  or  dnnk  rx'Tpt  in  the  dinincrooni  or  kitchen.  ^ 

17.  A  Fiippiv  of  a  Nuttable  ftihilary  drink,  to  be  approved  by  tho  appoint«d  surgeor 
ithiill  bo  kepi  lor  ihv  um.«  ctf  llie  wnrken*. 

*1S.  Thti  o<  •  i[>irr  liiill  provide^  und  nmintain  a  lavatory*  for  tlie  tiw  xf  thi>  woAMjb 
withivoap,  [>  .uid  al  least,  one  Uvalory  basin  for  over v  five  p'  l"^^^! 

Each  niji'h  I  .'  Ue  lilted  with  u  Wku«to  pipe      Thert' nhull  bo  u  <  <  ^^^^| 

hoi  und  coKJ  wuUr  laid  on,  except  wherii  then*  in  no  nvtiilublo  puhb<  ' ^^^H 

whithciiA'thnprovisiiMiof  hotnod  cold  water  ahall  bcnuch  at)  shall  Bai>  "^C^^l 

in  charg*'  of  rhc  ilii^lricl.  ^^™ 

Tho  Ittvaior)'  r^hall  be  thoroughly  clc«ned  and  suppliiHl  with  cloui  towcln  after  crvi^H 
meal .  V 

f'  Thcrr  Hhall,  iit  lulililion,  bo  meaiiH  of  waHhtug  in  cluni'  pro.ximily  to  Lhu  wurki*T9fl 
^HM:h  department,  ii  recjuired  by  notice  iu  wriliug  from  the  innprcuir  in  charge  of  Ufl 
district.  fl 

There  shall  bo  (ftcilities.  to  iho  eaiisfaction  of  the  Ifuipvctor  in  charge  of  lite  dielriM 
for  till'  workem  to  wa^h  out  iheir  mouths.  ■ 

19.  Dtfurr  each  nu'al.  niid  hofon'  Lhr  I'Jid  of  tlio  day'n  work,  at  lout  ten  mililUmfl 
addition  to  the  r«  ^  workur  for  waaliiog.         ■ 

A  notice  lo  llti  ur.  H 

""'''' .tK.  .>■..!  'tri^ng  rnoma^l 

A*  '  und  toW(9l»,  a^l 

A  I'Uih  r<  inployed  in  U'ad  |i^| 

cev?*'*    ?iihI  ^M 

■V  11.  M.  EnHpedon  w 

in. I  Witi' r-ri..-ri  -  r4n;iii   i--    •(•'unt'd  dally.  ^ 

•  m  FihiLll  be  cleaned  daily,  iULL*r  bfjng  tUumogli^l 


IKDUSTBIAL   UYGIENB. 


I 


^^^^^B  Duiia  qf  pcnons  t!mplcyei.  ^^1 

^IK  No  penon  ahmU  strip  %  whiU)  bod  or  empty  a  cliMnh4>r  without  proviouil/ 
'Effectually  damping  oa  duvet ed  in  Rulce  2  and  3. 

24.  No  person  fthall  cam-  conxwons.  or  put  thrm  into  lh«  mllrni  or  wnahhnrka. 
othenriae  than  an  permittoa  by  Rule  A. 

25.  No  person  shall  iwt  or  draw  a  stove  othf-nriw  than  w  permitliHl  l>y  RuUw  C  and  7. 
2ti.  No  person  shall  deposit  or  pack  dry  white  Irod  olhrrwise  than  w  permittrti  by 

Rulra  8  and  ». 

27.  Every  person  employed  in  a  lead  prtK-ww  tiliall  pnwnt  liuiipelf  u(  Ihe  uppoiiUed 
times  for  picamlnation  by  tno  appointed  Furgit»n.  ikn  pt\»viilpd  in  Uul»»  12. 

28.  No  person,  after  suspenidon  by  the  appointtxl  Hiirgfxm,  nhall  work  in  a  lead 
pro<.'ess  without  his  written  sanetinn. 

29.  Every  pervton  engiu^pd  in  [tttripping]  white  bed«,  eni|jt)-inff  rhnmborv,  rtillcn, 
'ibeckB  or  grinding,  ratting  or  drawing  stoves,  packiof^,  point  mixini;.  liandUiiff  dry 
ltel(«d,  or  in  any  work  mvoU'ing  exp<»sur»^  to  white-leud  diiMl.  nhall.  wlnlo  mo 

0«nipi«Hl,  wear  an  overall  nnit  and  hoad  covering. 

Ever>'  peraon  engaged  in  Htripping  while  IkmIs.  ur  in  rmplyinf?  rhanibem,  nr  in 
drawing  atoves,  or  in  packing,  nhall  in  a<i<lition  war  a  r«fpimt»r  whilr  n>  (KTUptitd. 

30.  Every  pomon  engaged  in  any  place  or  pnxTfw  nainrd  in  Rule  29  Hlmll,  before 
partaking  of  meal»  or  b:*aving  the  preiniiwe,  de|>tNfit  Llie  ovcrallfi.  hrwl  cuvcirinfC".  aiifl 
respirators  in  the  place  apix>int4^1  by  the  occupier  for  the  porpoMC.  and  shall  tluin>ugli1y 
waah  face  and  handn  in  tne  lavatory. 

31.  Every  person  employed  in  a  U'od  pn»ci»ss  shall  take  a  Imlh  at  tlie  factory  at  li'«st 
once  a  week,  and  wash  m  the  Uvatorx'  In-fiiro  bathing;  havinj^  done  ho,  hn  nhatl  at  onro 
■iga  bis  name  in  the  bath  register,  with  the  dale. 

32.  No  person  eiu])lnyed  in  a  lead  pnK-4'»>  shall  suinke  or  iik*^  tobwco  in  any  form,  or 
pAltake  01  food  or  drink,  elsewhere  than  in  thr-  dining;  room  or  kitchen. 

33.  Xo  person  shall  in  any  way  intorfere,  without  the  knowU-dgr  an<l  rofutirrcnco 
of  the  occupier  or  manager,  with  the  means  and  appliiuicr««  pMvi<lrMl  for  thti  reimival 
of  dust. 

34.  The  foreman  shall  report  to  the  manager,  and  the  manager  shall  report  to  Lho 
occupier,  any  instance  coming  under  hin  notice  of  a  worker  negIfM-tinf(  to  obMTvn  Ibefm 
rules. 

»35.  No  peraon  ahall  obtain  employment  under  an  aaaumixl  name  or  undur  any  (alae 
pretense. 
AftTHtTR  WRmajtooB, 
'Vim/  Intptctor  of  FaciontM. 
M.  W.  KiMi-fcr, 
Ch\eofBtT  Majttty't  Principal SecrtiarUt  qf  StaU. 
iBT  JUNB.  1S90. 

Note, — These  nilee  must  be  kept  posted  up  in  conspicuoiw  placi*  in  iho  factory  %o 
which  they  apply,  wheje  they  may  i>e  conveniently  n-a/l  by  ihi-  p*Twijn«  'Mnployed, 
Any  person  who  ia  bound  to  observe  theec*  rulrv  and  fails  to  do  so,  or  wXm  in  contra- 
vention of  them,  19  liable  to  a  penalty:  and  in  surli  raAr^  thr-  rtr<iipi<^r  alw*  iji  ItaVd*^  !<»  a 
j>enalty  iinlen  be  pfDves  that  nc  has  taken  all  reaaonable  m>*ans  by  pobllaliin^,  anil  to 
tbe  bcMt  of  his  power,  eofbrring  the  nilea«  to  prsrreiU  th*^  (VfUtnivL-ntion  or  ivjixxjid- 
pliaiic«.    (Factory  and  WocMwrp  Act.  1901,  eectioiia  86  and  S«.) 

Red  axd  OutaroB  Lbau  Wobkb. 

(Patm  an— f«Br«irr.  UM-) 

l/uUtM  qf  tmeupvra. 

rfiril  Bin  BTInWtTirfhiTirfMMninnf.  nuiCnrtlwd.  rrrfnffBnrr  Itai.  tobcdivte*wn* 
oa  lo  tbe  Aoor  «f  ib»&clov7<w«atUwp>at  iluD  aciaiice  tlMi  It  be  iliOTel«d»  Mit  B^^ 

tiMt  ar»  r«4  rw  onagv  iMd  ^mU  b«  pBcltsd  in  Om  ngmt  tf  taotm 
m  artaaOT  canicMl  on. 

M  ar  iwifiaa  load  ifaaQ  be  packed  fai  caAtM  or  ntbir 

- B  hood  fwmmled  with  a  Can.  or  dtaQ 

m  iiilw.ttif  dfiA. 

I  riBB— IbiIibi  lor  att  pe   cibb  onplimd  ka  thB 
'tdw^iamd  wiaii  Uad.  aad  krvfltatfaB.  vitb  a  ptv^  MffpiT  of  M 


HBCelllBr 


558 


BUIXBTIK  OF  THE   BUB£AU  OT  LABOB. 


V  They  shall  arrange  for  a  moiithlv  vtnil  by  a  medical  man  who  ehall  examine , 

worker  individuall)'.  aiid  who  shall  outer  the  roflult  of  each  examination  in  a  rvtpsler 
book  to  be*  nrnviilotl  hy  lh«<  itaitl  nrrnniorK. 

fTbcy  nhall  provide  a  aufficienl  supply  of  approved  sanitary  drink  for  tho  workers, 
r 
roll 


Duties  of  p^TBont  employeii. 

In  cases  whew*  the  cooperation  of  th»*  wi»rVi?rB  h*  rwjuiri'd  for  > ..  ^ 

going  nde«,  aiul  where  Hiich  cix)peratioii  in  nut  given,  thf  worker 
m  aceordaoce  with  the  Factory  and  Workshop  Art,  1891,  acrii'...    •    »m<<.4  ...u- 
(oHowh: 

"  U  any  pemon  who  irt  Vtuimd  to  obfler>-e  any  epecial  rtilm  ralablieheit  for  any  fo-cl^ 
or  worktthop  undtT  thii«  ad,  acts  in  contravention  of,  or  faila  to  comply  with,  iuiy  m 
special  rule,  he  nhall  be  liable  on  summary  ron\'ictioa  to  a  fine  not  exceed 

fpoundB  [19.73]/' 
Ybllow  Lkad. 
wa 
p« 


I 


(Form  sns-rehruarj.  ISOi.) 
Z>utie$  of  occupiers. 


They  shall  provide  wacihinp  conveniences,  with  a  sufficient  supply  of  hot  and 
water,  nuap.  nuilbnisihefl.  and  towelo. 

They  shall  pnivide  reflpiratora  and  ovorall  suits  for  the  perwins  employed  In  all  dl 
procwees. 

Thoy  shall  provide  fanH  or  other  tmilablc  means  of  vcntilalum  wherever  dust 
generiilci^i    in   the  pmresB  of  ni&niifa<'lurc. 

They  shall  provide  a  sufficient  supply  of  oi^som  aalts  and  of  an  approved  sanit 
drink. 

Ditties  of  persons  employed. 


In  eafice  where  the  cooperation  of  the  workemU  required  for  carrying  nutth^  foi 
rulctf  and  where  puch  ixMiperatiou  in  n(»t  Ki^'^'i**  *^ic  workern  mIiuII  he  held 
accordance  witli  the  Factory  and  WorksJiop  Act,  1891,  section  W,  wliich  nin><  a*  fo 

"  If  any  lM'n*on  wlm  is  Itound  ti»  ohtterve  lUiy  Hpeciul  ruhv*  <*»4tul>1iHhed  for  any  finioi 
or  workwiop  under  Ihitt  act.  actp  in  contravention  of.  urfuile  In  comply  with,  any  t«i» 
Rperiul  rule,  he  fihall  tw  liable  on  eummary  conviction  to  a  tine  not  exceeding  ti 
pounds  [$lt,7:il." 

Hecpirutora:  A  good  respirator  is  a  cambric  ba^^  with  or  without  a  ttiin  flexible  wins 
ma<ie  to  tit  over  the  nose. 

Sanit&r>-  drink  fluegestod:  Rulphate  of  magnfma,  2  ou.;  water,  ]  gallon:  esMnce  ol 
lomon,  sufficient  to  flavor. 

LkAU   SUKLTtNO   WoitKR. 


(Forro  aA4— January,  lOM.) 
Duties  <^  ofnifTHT*. 

Thny  ii0|n|l^b|Rn|Mjf|M^*^  overall  mm  for  the  use  of  all  penKins  employed 
cieaninglHnpW»«HWK|Ww  to  see  that  the  sunieum  iisod- 

Tliey  ahaTT  arrange  that  no  penwm  be  alluwi«<l  in  i  work  mon 

at  a  time  in  u  llue.     I'A  rest  of  luilf  an  hour  before  [  ^vill  l>e  dc( 

Tlicy  chilli  provide  sufficient  bit  f'       ■     :  tnTxlaii'M  .  •• 

inK  I  hi*  flucK.  iind  every  nnc  nn  em;  -i  take  u  Im 

They  sliall  provide  wa*^bing  ct.ui   .  ,  with  us  ,  ; 

water,  soap,  nailbrusbc«  and  towels. 


'  '     Imiii 
lent. 
ill)  I'leul 
Aorks. 
'.   iiiul  <-(iN 


Dutie*  of  persons  employed. 


In  cases  where 
ing  rulori,  aud  wh 

ac     ■ ' 


•f  tlie  worl 
ion  ts  nni 


he  shall  Ihj  liable  on  muumory  convictioQ  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  V 

(1  •• 


INDUBTEIAL   HYGIENE. 


659 


4        6rBC3ALRl7LEflrORFACTOIURfi  ORWORCSHOPfl  IN  WfOCH  YbIXOW  OhROMATE  OF  LBAD 

^^     IS  Used,  or  in  Which  Goods  DYBDwrmir  Undergo  ths  Procbmsss  opBindunq 
^B     OR  Noddling,  Windlnq,  Rxkung,  Wkaving  or  Any  Other  Trxatmkst. 

PvRtei 


(Form  TTO-FebrntTT.  iWi.) 
Dutia  of  occupiers. 


Thi^  shall  pro\'i(le  wft.'ihing  ronvenienrea^  with  &  iiuflirieni  mipply  of  Kot  ftnd  CoM 
VRter,  soap,  nuilbruiidiee,  and  luwel^. 

They  shaU  provide  reapiratoi^  and  overall  euita  for  tiie  peraons  etuploye<i  in  all  dry 
proceflBGa. 

lliey  shall  provide  fans  or  other  suitable  lueaua  uf  ventilation  wherever  dust  is  gener- 
ated in  the  process  of  munufactiire. 

They  thaW  provide  a  sufficient  supply  of  epsom  salts  and  of  the  sanitary  drink 
iiuentioned  below  or  some  other  approved  by  H.  M.  inspector  of  faclorie«i. 

Reepirators:  A  f^ood  respirator  b  a  oajubric  bag  wiln  or  without  a  thin  flexible  wire 
made  to  fit  over  the  none. 

Sanitary  drink :  Sulphate  of  ma^^nesiai  2  ozs. ;  water,  1  gallon ;  ets^nce  uf  lemon,  suifi- 
^cient  to  flavor. 

JhttUs  of  periHjnt  employed. 

Every  peraon  to  whom  is  sitpnlie<l  a  respirator  or  overall  suit  shall  wear  the  mMO0 
[when  at  tne  special  work  for  whicli  such  are  provided. 

Every  person  shall  carefully  clean  and  wash  hands  and  face  before  meals  and  before 
leav-inj^  ine  works. 

No  ^xxl  Kliall  be  eaten  in  any  part  of  the  works  in  which  yellow  chrumate  of  lead  ia 
used  in  the  manufacture. 

L  ARTHLR   WlIITELEfiGE, 

i  if.  if.  Chirf  Ivifpdiyr  of  Furlohcs. 

Under  aectitin  it.  Fariorv  Acl^  1891,  any  ]>erson  who  is  bound  to  olMwrve  any  special 
rules  is  liable  to  |>enaUies  for  nouo>mpliance  with  such  special  rules, 

.mbndro  Special  Rules  pur  the  MANurAcruRB  and  Decoration  or  Earthen- 
ware AND  China. 

MtaliUitted,  ftltcr  arbitration*  by  the  awards  ol  tho  umpin*.  LK>rd  James  ol  BonslDrd,  dated  30th 
of  l>eoeiDber.  1901.  and  2Sth  of  Nov«<mb>?r.  1V03. 

(Form  V23— October.  IWIA.) 

Duties  of  oeeupiert. 
Deleted. 

After  the  latdayof  Februar>',  IWVl,  no  gUxe  chftll  be  used  which  yields  to  a  dilute 

ion  of  hydrochloric  acid  more  than  live  per  cent  of  its  drj"  weight  of  a  soluble  lead 

calculated  i\x  lead  monoxide  when  deteniiine<l  in  the  manner  described 

tvvmf"  ■  quantity  of  dried  material  is  to  be  continuously  shaken  for  one  hour,  at 
romroon  tem])erature,  with  1,000  times  its  weight  of  an  aqueous  solution  of  hydro- 
loric  acid  LHJiitaiiiing  0.25  per  cent  of  HCl.  This  solution  ia  thereafter  to  be  allowed 
id  fur  one  hour  and  to  bo  inisee*!  through  a  filter.  Tho  lead  talt  contained  in 
iquot  iKJrtion  of  the  clear  liltrafe  is  then  to  be  precipitate*!  as  lead  sulphide  and 
led  AS  load  sulphate. 
If  any  occupier  slmll  cive  notice  in  writing  to  the  inspector  for  the  district  that  he 
desires  to  uw  glaze  which  doe.«i  not  inform  to  the  above-mentioned  conditions,  and  to 
adopt  in  hia  factorj-^  the  ^liemc  of  compensation  prescribed  in  Schedule  B  and  shall 
wSCix  and  keep  the  same  ailiACHi  in  lii?  factory,  the  alwve  provisions  shall  not  apply  to 
^his  fftctorj-  but  inf*lertd  thereof  the  fnllowiuK  pro\'ij*innp  .'*hall  apply- 

"  persons  employed  in  any  proce.**?  inrluileti  in  S<'hedulc  A  other  than  china  scour- 

jdutU  be  examiiit'i]  before  tlie  commencement  of  their  employment  or  at  the  firrt 

luent  ^i.-il  t»f  the  certifying  surgeon,  and  once  in  each  calendar  monili  by  the 

..,iL  ,,f  t',..  .ti-.-rirJ. 

t  any  lime  order  by  signed  certificate  tlie  stiFpension  of 

ly  -  lont  in  any  pnKow  includotl  in  Scheilule  A  other  than 

tiDu  HiiMiriii^,  if  i-iirh  ti'f  li  \  iuj-     ■■  J.    !■  i-  I  :     j  iiiuu  that  KUt'h  j)enKni  bi.'  continuous 

in  !e:*'l  'vill  incur  fiwi'i  li.m-.  :  n  m  ;>  .  .  i  .  .  Mof  )>lumbisraj  and  no  person  after 

1 1  shall  be  allowed  to  work  in  niiy  prorew  mcliided  m  Schedule  A  other 

ring  without  n  oertiticate  of  fitiioas  iTomt.\\ccen\iYvwtwxi^;«ft>'^«^'^^'^. 


-"^  - 


560 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUBEAU   OF   LABOB. 


Any  workman  who,  by  reason  of  bis  emplovment  being  intensiiUtot  or  CKauiU,Qr  d 
bin  being  in  roguUr  employment  for  more  tliati  one  omplnyor.  ie  UDahlo  to  prcc«nt 
hiiiwelf  regiilarlv  furoxaminatitin  by  the  c<»rtiJyingflurgeou.  may  procure  himneu  at  bii 
own  expense  to  t>e  examiutHl  unco  a  mouth  by  a  cerlijy  ins  Huii;oi»n,  and  pucb  examina- 
tion fihall  be  a  nufliriciu  oomplianiHi  with  thifl  rule.  Tin*  roiilt  ol  miob  vxaminHtifm 
shall  be  entered  by  the  fortifying  purceon  in  a  book  to  bo  kopi  in  tiio  poewosttion  of  the 
workman.  He  ahall  profiiwo  and  pnow  tlie  «iid  book  to  a  fuctory  in»portor  or  (o 
anv  employer  on  demand.  andhoHball  notmakeany  entry  nr  oniHiirv  tberein. 

If  the  occunier  of  anv  factoiy  to  which  ihiB  rule  apnliort  iuils  dulv  lo  oh&crvc  Uj 
condition*  of  tue  «aid  eicneme,  or  if  any  such  factory  Hhall  by  roiunon  of  tnt*  rtrrMirrpn'^^ 
caacflof  lead  poisoning  appear  to  the  Aocretanr  of  PtAtc  to  he  in  an  iin  •« 

dition,  he  may,  after  an  inquirv,  at  which  toe  occupier  aball  have  :i  cm 

being  heard,  prohibit  the  use  of  lead  for  such  time  and  »ubject  to  sum  (   .tioiti"ns  a? 
he  may  prescribe. 

All  persona  employed  in  the  procwwss  included  in  Schedule  A  other  llian  c-hma 
floouring  Hhall  prosent  thoinsol  ve«  at  the  appointed  time  for  examination  by  the  certify* 
iug  HUfxt^n.  an  provided  in  thiti  nde. 

In  additir>u  to  the  exannnalion»  at  tbe  apjxjinted  timed,  any  pt*tK>n  Ki  emplovvd 
may  at  any  time  preaonthimnelf  to  thorertifyingmirKeon  ftirexamimilion,  and  tthtill  be 
examined  on  |myiug  the  preechbed  fee. 

All  pewons  aball  obey  any  directions  given  by  the  certifying  witi^eon. 

No  poraon  after  tiuspension  by  the  certifying  mirgeun  Bhall  work  in    .  sn 

includwi  in  Schwiule  A  other  than  china  wouring  without  a  cortilicate  oi  id 

the  certifying  Kurgeon  entered  in  the  register.     Any  operative  who  fail-  **  "  'tJ 

able  rause  to  attend  any  monthly  examinfttinn  flhall  pnMiire  bin  n 

cxi>eii»e,  to  be  examined  within  14  dayHthen.»after(>y  the  c*ertifying  Fii'  .11 

himselfpay  the  prescribed  fee. 

A  rogiBter,  in  the  ff>rm  which  haa  been  preecriU*d  by  the  cieoretary  of  atal**  for  m^t  in 
««rtheuware  and  china  works,  shall  ho  kept,  and  in  it  the  certifying  flurgeoii  '  r 
the  dates  and  results  of  his  vi^^its,  the  numl»er  of  persims  examinea.  and  p  f 

any  directions  given  bv  him.     Th if*  register  Hhall  contain  u  list  of  all  p--^  i 

in  the  proceBBeH  inducted  in  8ctie<iule  A,  ur  in  emotyint;  china  bis<-ui  1) 

be  produced  at  any  time  when  required  by  llio  AIa]c«ty'ti  iatfpector  i^ .  \jy 

the  certifying  mirgeon. 

3.  The  occupier  shall  allow  any  of  Hia  Majesty's  in^pociore  uf  factories  tot*ke  atony 
timesuftirient  samples  for  analysis  of  any  material  in  um>  or  mixed  for  luie. 

Prnvide<l  that  the  occupier  may  at  the  time  when  the  sample  is  taken,  and  OD  pro- 
viding the  noeessar)'  appliances,  require  the  inspector  to  take,  seal,  and  deliver  to 
him  a  duplicate  sample. 

Hut  no  anulytiral  roeult  shall  be  discloawl  or  published  in  any  way  except  auch  m 
Bbali  1m_*  necessary  lo  eHijiblif^h  a  breach  of  these  rules. 

4.  No  woman,  young  person,  or  child  shall  be  employed  in  the  mixing  of  unfntled 
load  c'ompoundH  in  the  pn*pamtion  or  munufactuny  of  frits,  glazes,  or  colors, 

5.  No  perHon  under  15  yean*  of  age  shall  l>e  employed  in  any  pnxHV«  included  in 
Schedule  A,  or  in  emptying  china  biscuit  ware. 

Thimble-picking,  or  threading-up.  or  looking-over  biscuit  ware  sbnll  not  l»e  nwried 
on  except  in  a  pUce  8ufliciently  *  from  any  pnut  ■  '    1  ^         ':>  1         \, 

G.  All  women  and  young  per^-  '-d  in  any  pro*  •  A 

shall  be  examined  once  in  each  lamuuu  uiimth  by  the  ceiui>  mv  r^uiLi  .u  hi  im-  iii» 
trict. 

The  certifying  surgeon  nmy  order  by  miyntnl  certificate  in  the  reirisler  the  suttpeusion 
of  anv  rtiieh  women  or  young  perwoni*  fn>m  emplovanont  in  any  p^M'crts  included  in 
8cbe<lule  A,  and  no  perxon  after  ^ui'hsuHponiiiiou  shall  l)eallowi»d  Ui  work  in  any  pri»cew 
included  in  Schetlule  A  without  a  certlJicate  of  tituew  from  Uie  (rertifylnt;  siirgeou 
entofpd  in  the  register. 


7..  A  ' 
UMe  in  ' 

sh-"  ' 

tf-        ■ 

nle  A.  or  in 
rwjuire*!  b\ 

8.  'II 
all  wnr 


11  Uie  form  which  Uah  b«ien  prescribe*!  bv  Ue 
re  and  china  works,  shall  be  kept,  and  ni  il 

.1...1  ;,p.)  r"--ii!l--  -'■  '■'-   ■■■-  ■•      ''■  ■  ' '■  ■  ■■■ 


MIltillLl  Hi 

1  in  tlie 


any  tinw  wh«o 


ULiti 


f  i4itijt    iiirw  If  II     »  >ii  ' 


work  in  any  procoaft  includctd  in  tho  vrheflule,  nrin 
without  weanDg  suitable  overalla  and  head  covorix^ 


INDUSTRIAL    HYGIENE.  561 .] 

proviHod  that  nothing;  in  this  rule  flhall  render  tt  obligatoyy  oa  any  penon  engsiged  in 
amwinir  d*»^t  ovcil^  m  wear  ovenillfl and  heud  coverings. 

All  uvenUU,  huad  covering?,  and  rvtipinil  orv,  wlicn  not  in  use  ur  l>eiDg  waahed  or 
npldrMl,  dudi  be  kept  by  the  ocmpier  in  proper  cust^Kiy.  They  shall  te  waahed  or 
renewed  at  least  once  a  we<*k,  and  !>uttablc  arrangprnents  anall  be  made  by  the  occupier 
for  cairying  out  tbeae  requiremeota, 

A  fluitable  pUi-c,  other  than  that  provided  for  the  keeping  of  overalls,  head  coverings, 
and  roApiratorB,  in  which  all  the  al>ove  workers  can  acpoeit  clothing  put  off  during 
working  hourv,  Hball  be  urovided  b^  tlie  (.H:c-upier. 

Each  respirator  shall  near  the  distinguiAhing  mark  of  the  worker  to  whom  tt  b  sup- 
plied. 

9.  No  penon  ahall  be  allowed  to  keap,  or  prepare,  or  partake  of  any  food,  or  drink, 
or  tobacco,  or  to  remain  during  meal  times  in  a  place  in  which  is  carried  on  any  process 
included  in  Schedule  A. 

The  occupier  nhall  make  suitable  provision  to  the  reasonable  satiafactioD  of  the 
inspector  in  charee  of  the  district  for  the  accommodation  during  meat  times  of  persons 
employed  in  men  places  ur  proceascs,  with  a  right  of  appeal  to  the  chief  in^pecior  of 
fmrtories.  Such  accommodation  shall  not  be  provided  m  any  room  or  rooms  in  whtf'h 
any  priK-eee  included  in  Schedule  A  is  carriea  on,  and  no  washing  conveniences  men- 
tiontAi  hereafter  in  Rule  13  ahall  be  maintained  in  any  room  or  rooms  provided  for  such 
accommodation. 

Sultftble  pro^'ision  shall  be  made  for  the  deposit  of  food  brouglht  by  the  workers. 

10.  Thf?  pHM^eeees  of  the  towiug  of  earthenware,  china  scouring,  ground  laying,  varo 
cleaning  after  the  dipper,  color  uu!*tinf:,  whether  on*glase  or  under-c:laze,  color  blow* 
ing,  whether  oiv-glazc  or  under-glaze,  glaze  blowing,  or  tr&nsfcr  making,  shall  not  be 
earned  on  without  the  ui*e  of  exhaust  fans,  or  other  efhcient  meams  for  the  effeclu^ 
removal  of  durtt,  to  be  approved  in  each  particular  case  by  the  secretar}'  of  state,  and 
under  such  conditions  as  he  may  from  time  to  time  prescribe. 

In  the  process  of  ware  cleaning  aftor  tlio  di  iifM-r,  sufficient  arraugemeata  shall  l>e  made 
for  any  giaxe  scraped  off  which  is  not  reiuovecl  by  the  fan,  or  the  other  eflficient  means, 
to  fall  into  water. 

In  the  procens  of  ware  cleaning  of  earthenware  after  tlie  dipper,  damp  spongee  or 
other  damp  material  rfhall  be  provided  in  addition  to  the  knife  or  other  Instrument,  and 
ahall  be  used  wherever  practicable. 

Flat-knocking  uud  lm>d-flnit-sifting  shall  be  carried  on  only  in  incloeed  receptacles, 
which  ahall  be  cunnet  tod  with  an  efficient  fan  or  other  efficient  draught  unless  so  con- 
trived as  to  prevent  effiHiually  theeecapoof  injuritjusdust. 

In  all  proc«(«e«<  the  i.H'rupier  Khull,  as  fur  as  prarticuhle.  adopt  ethcient  measures  for 
the  removal  of  dust  und  for  the  prevention  of  any  injurious  effects  arising  therefrom. 

11.  No  perwjn  tihall  be  employed  in  the  mixing  of  unfrittwl  Umd  comiMuiTuip,  in  the 
pn^parutiou  or  mauufaclure  of  frit«.  glazes  or  colors  containing  lead  wiliiout  wearing  a 
suitable  and  effiriem  respirator  provided  and  maintained  by  the  employer;  unless  Uie 
mixing  in  jjerformed  in  a  closed  uuu^hiue  or  the  materials  are  in  sucn  a  condition  that 
no  dust  is  pro*Iuced. 

1  Each  respirator  shall  bear  the  distinguishing  mark  of  the  worker  to  whom  it  is  sop- 
pi  ieil. 

12.  All  drv'ing  stoves  as  well  as  all  workshops  and  all  parts  of  factories  shall  beelTec- 
tually  ventilate>d  to  the  rea^ionablc  satisfaction  of  the  inspector  in  charge  of  the  district. 

13.  The  occupier  ehall  provide  and  continually  maintain  sufficient  and  miitablo 
washing  convemencoe  for  all  persons  employed  in  the  processes  included  in  Schedule 
\,  as  nrar  aa  practicable  to  the  plarcs  in  which  such  p*'rw.n8  are  employed. 

The  washing  conveniences  buuII  comprise  soap,  nailbrtu^lu*s  and    towels,  and  at 
Icwfft  one  WHi«h-hfliid  basin  for  evi-ry  live  persons  employed  u^  alK>vp,  with  a  constant 
[supply  itt  water  laid  on,  with  onv  tap  at  lea-sl  for  every  two  basins,  and  conveniences 
[lor  t n  ■  '— ^-  -  *1i  nd  running  off  the  waste  wator  on  thesjwt  down  a  waste  pipe. 

I     Til  -A  each  wnsiiing  basin,  or  convt'ttieuce,  u  space  for  standing 

[loom  '..  li«i  in  any  direction  tliaii  ?1  inrhes. 

14.  The  occupier  eiiali  tM*e  that  the  flocjiv  jw  and  of  such  stoves  as  art* 
I  cntvnxl  by  the  work  p4'«kple  ore  sprinkled  and  -  v .  that  all  dust,  scraps,  ashes. 
{luid  dirt.  »ire  removiti  daily,  and  that  the  m&nj^eb,  wurkbenchw,  and  etatn  learling 

to  workshopH  HP*'  ^bim^itd  wf'<-kly 

\\1  ^  '  (he  district,  by  notice  in  writing, 

iny  -hall  l>e  clranrtHl  in  micli   miumcr 

k)  I     III     -U'    il     ll"I  !«_'•' 

A  id  8t4ivi*,  luid  i-very  place  in  which  any  proot>i» 

clu.    .  .     11.  thoutcupier  shall  cause  the  sufficient  ckuumng 

fluua  to  be  done  at  a  tinw  when  uu  other  work  is  bving  camt^d  on  ux  «u.di.  ttyMs^ 


662 


BULLETIN   OP  THK   BUBKAU   OF  LABOR. 


I 


and  in  tho  c«m  of  pi>Urra'  shops,  stoves,  dipping  houses,  and  majolica  painting  roum*, 
by  ftn  R'iult  mule 

Pnividvd  thut  in  the  case  of  ruuins  iti  which  (ground  layin|^  or  vlast  plucios  ia  ixnird 
on,  or  in  china  dippore'  do'ii?  «x»m,  the  rlransinp  prpsmbiHi  by  ihi«  nun  may  Vx» 
done  bcforv  wurk  <xminn'mtw  lor  th*'  day,  but  in  no  caw--  r<hall  any  work  hv  iHrri*-*! 
on  iti  tho  rot.ni  within  one  hour  after  auv  surh  rliumdnf^  in*  aforty«i(j  liia*  cmwed. 

15.  Th**  occupitT  shall  cauKW' tho  boams  uwnI  in  the  dipping  houw,  dinocra'  dr>iiiu 
room,  or  gloat  plmin^^  Hh<»p  Ut  Imi  clfani»«»d  rvr-ry  woi'k,  and  ehall  not  tulow  thi-ui  U) 
be  UM*<I  in  any  other  driHirtmrnl.  i'Xt'i>i>l  ailvr  U'iul'  rb'anwMi. 

Whfn  BO  n«*iuiped  by  th<'  iimw-clor  in  chuiyo  of  the  diwtnLt,  bv  notir«  in  writing, 
any  mch  iKwrun  shall  (h*  waidiea  at  such  tiux'f)  iu>  luuy  b<*  dirooUn  in  euch  notice. 

Dutia  of  prrtona  nnpioypd. 

16.  All  women  and  young  peraonti  employitd  in  the  proovssus  included  in  Schvdulfi 
A  shall  prtwnt  thomsrlvcs  at  the  appoinu*d  time  for  uxamiiution  by  tho  cntifying 
suTgoon  as  pn»viiJ"'<l  in  Kuli'  0  an  amendod. 

No  person  after  Ptmpennion  by  tht*  certifyinfj  surgtvin  tihall  work  in  any  pnnx-wi 
inrludtMl  in  th»  whc<lule  without  a  L'i'rtiti<mtc  of  fitn(«s  fn>m  tJio  rcrtifying  surcfon 
entered  in  U»e  ntrister. 

17.  Ever^'  pmton  enipltiywl  in  any  pror<«*  inclnd<*<l  in  Scht<dule  A,  or  in  empt>iiig 
china  butcuit  wan',  tdiall,  when  at  work,  wear  a  miitable  ovemll  and  head  novorinj;. 
and  alw  a  n'flpirut*»r  when  (•"»  n-mjin'd  by  Rule  1 1  tiAamended.  which  ^hall  n<'t  b*.*  wTim 
outbid)'  the  fartorv  of  workfihop.  and  whi<h  sludl  not  lit*  reinuvixi  therefrom  except 
for  the  [nirp«mo  of'^beinj;  wjishe*!  or  rejMiinxi.  Such  ovcmll  and  hrad  covering  flhuU 
h<i  in  pn)}M»r  repair  and  duly  WA»»h«l. 

The  hair  nuist  be  nm  arrun^^ed  iw  to  he  fully  pnit»»cCed  from  dunt  by  the  b^iwi  orjvering. 

'V\\v  overalls,  head  coveringo.  and  rcfipitaUira  when  not  t>eing  worn,  and  cloihinf 
put  oft  duriu};  working  hourv.  t«hall  bo  dcponitMl  in  tho  rtwjK'clivc  pla('ti«  pmvidw 
oy  the  occupier  for  muh  purprw**-**  under  Rule  H  lu*  ainende<t. 

IK.  No  penwm  nhall  remain  <lnring  meal  timra  in  any  place  in  which  is  oirriiHl  un 
any  pmce«H  include*!  in  tSehe»lule  A,  or  intnKluce,  keep,  pn'part*.  or  partak**  of  any 
food  or  drink  or  t^dwro  therein  at  uny  I  ime. 

10.  No  pereon  hIiuII  in  uny  wuy  inlerftn*.  without  the  knowletlge  and  eoncturenri' 
of  tho  occupier  ov  manuger,  with  tin*  nieauK  and  appliant'ivi  pnjvided  by  Uie  em 
pkiyt?rB  for  the  ventilation  nf  the  worknliopti  and  flt4ive»,  and  for  tne  remftval  of  durt. 

20.  Nn  pemtn  included  in  any  pnK'etw  include<l  in  Sehedule  A  nhall   leave  i] 
workt)  or  partake  of  meals  without  prvvioualy  and  carefully  cleaning  and  washing  his 
or  her  hands. 

No  ncDDon  emplovcil  nball  reiuovu  or  daraago  tho  washing  basins  or  convi<nieDC<« 
pntvidisl  under  Hufe  III. 

iKHi  Tbi<  perT«>n»  iip[h>intc4l  by  the  occupiers  shall  cloanse  tlte  utwrral  parts  of  lh« 
frtcinrj*  regtilurly  tw  prefcrilKMl  in  Kulo  14. 

Kvery  wurker  phall  tnt  itmduct  hio  or  her  work  as  to  a%*oid,  as  far  as  practimb] 
umking  or  f^oilb-riiiK  dunt.  dirt,  or  rcftise,  or  caiwing  iLccumulalion  of  such. 

'1\.  The  bounlH  us4*d  in  tbie  dipping  houiM.*.  dippeni*  drying  nxtni,  or  g]i)Vl  p 
shop  hhall  not  be  uainl  in  auy  other  departuieat,  except  after  living  cleauscd.  usairpctv 
in  Hide  15. 


ihu!iiMH 


KxKMmoN  voH  f*KucBB«K«  LN  Whicti  No  Lkap  OR  Otiibr  PoiaoKons  Matbriai. 

U  Tfaao. 

22.  If  tho  neeupinr  of  u  factory  U>  which  thrno  rulM  apply  gives  with  reference  to 

any  pn>e»'«w  i  •        '   *     '         '      -*       -■         '  ,  ■     -   '  ;       ■:,  it. 

Uo  lead  or 

X'ctor  umy  .tj.|-., .».    i,,  « .i.  .■.*.■■'  i  ■■■ 
HI,  17,  (»nil  'jl.  or  any  of  them  in 
BU«pende<J  u«  retjiirtlf  the  prtMewt  nani>  ^  1  •! 

thereof  the  folIoauiK'  rule  sliall  take  •  .No  leu<j  or  lead  compound  or  otilVC 

poi?*onou?<  m:it"riiil  ?iiail  be  u*»d  in  aii\  ;  .  •»  immcd. 

'  -  of  ihitt  rub'  matorialti  thai  uinUfcin  no  mom  t]ian  1  pfV  contof  Inut 

t>\\  I   ut  free  fniu)  lead. 

i\(hTi:  --  I  .  "■  ;    '       '  ■      "       .:■■*;'.'  ■'.  '  '  ,    :'       ^ .    "      V 

to  which  til- 


power  cidmrcing  Vhit  nUva,  Ui  ^iv««ttV  lta>»  <-i.>pXt».NwtAAuu  vk  w* 


INDUSTRIAL   HYGIENE. 


563 


^^^^^^^^  SCHEDULE  A. 

■  Dipping  nr  othi:r  prurcn*  cAiri^Hl  on  in  the  dipping  houae, 

m  Pointing  iu  majolim  or  other  glazo, 
P  Drying  after  dipping, 

■  Ware  clt-aninj^  alter  iho  application  of  gla»e  by  <iipping  or  other  procen, 
W  China  scouring. 

■  Glotit  pluciiig, 
ft  Gnnind  laving, 

I  |;"1""  ^^"^'^'"P  lwh4?thi.ron.glaxe  or  umler-glaw, 

■  (olor  blowing/  *  *        ' 

■  I.ithiigraphii  transfi^r  nuiking, 
r   Making  or  mixing  of  fhitt.  ghiKee,  or  colore  containing  lead. 

Any  other  procetia  in  which  niaterials  containing  l^d  are  used  or  handled  in  the 
dry  rtTate,  or  la  the  form  ni  Hpray.  or  in  sunpension  in  liquid  other  than  oil  or  siniilar 
medium. 

SCHEDULE  B. 

NoncB  TO  Workmen  Euploykd  in  Process  Named  in  Schedvle  A,  Other  Than 

China  Scoujuno. 

CoTuHlioiia  of  cam pnisatutn . 

1.  Where  a  workman  is  suspended  from  working  by  a  certifying  mii!gooD  of  the 
iii»trirt  on  the  ground  lliat  he  is  of  opim<m  that  tfuch  pereon  by  coniinuiM  work  in 
U'ad  will  incur  special  danger  fnim  the  e£fectt<  of  plumbiHUi.  and  the  certifying  Hurgeon 
fihall  ct'rtify  that  in  his  opiniun  he  is  auffuring  from  plumbism  arising  out  of  bin 
employment,  he  Hhall.  subJHri  as  Ueninafter  mention^,  be  entitled  to  compensni- 
tion  from  liia  employi'r  aa  hfruiiiafter  providf-d. 

(a)  Jf  any  workmnn  who  has  been  pu^pcnded  as  aforesaid  dies  witliin  nine  calendar 
months  iwm  the  date  nf  such  ciTtiticait*  of  su-'^penflion,  by  reason  of  plumbiam  nm- 
tmcted  before  Kiid  date,  there  ^hall  l)e  paid  to  such  of  his  dependants  aa  are  wholly 
dependent  up<'n  his  earnings  at  the  time  of  hia  death  nr  upon  the  weekly  compenaa- 
liori  jiayablo  under  this  whenie,  a  fuui  equal  to  the  amount  he  has  earned  during  a 
nerifja  of  three  yeura  next  j)recGding  the  date  *>(  the  said  certificate,  such  sum  not  to 
be  rai.re  than  .£:J0«>  |$I.45!».»'J]  m.r  Was  tlian  £150  f$72'.>.9S|  for  an  adult  male,  XHW 
IM8«.itr>J  for  an  a<hilt  female,  and  £75  [$364.99]  for  u  young  person. 

(6)  If  the  workman  does  not  leave  any  dependants  wholly  dependent  as  aforesiud, 
[but  leaves  any  dependants  in  part  dependent  as  aforesaid,  a  reasonable  part  oC  (hat 

(r)  If  he  leaves  nn  dependants,  the  reasonable  expenses  of  his  medical  attendance 
and  burial,  nut  exceeding  ten  pounda  [^8.1i7J. 

2.  With  respfMt  to  such  jtuyments  the  foIl< rwing  pm\i!nnnB fihall  applv — 
(al  All  »\itiis  p'did  to  tlie  workmen  as  ctimjienvutiuu  iiiince  the  date  of  tlie  said  ver- 

lificalc  shall  be  deducted  from  llie  3uni3  payable  tf>  the  dependants. 

(h }  The  payment  slmll.  in  case  <>i  dc»th .  be  nmde  U)  the  legal  personal  representative 
of  the  workman,  or.  if  he  ItJuH  no  legal  persi»nal  representative,  to  or  for  tlie  beuelit  of 
his  dciK-ndiiniH,  or.  if  he  hMves  no  UL-penilantH.  to  the  i>er?«>n  Ui  whom  the  expenses  are 
due;  and  if  made  to  thelogul  personal  representative  shall  he  paid  by  him  to  or  for  the 
benefit  of  Uie  dependants  or  otlier  penrjri  entitled  thereto. 

(ri  Any  que.ftMn  as  to  who  is  a  4let>endaiit,  or  as  to  the  amount  payable  to  each 
deneutlaut.  tihall  in  default  uf  agreement  be  settled  by  urbxtration  aa  nereinaftcr  pro- 
viued  in  clau.*iie  9. 

L  id)  The  mini  idhdtod  ua  compen»alion  to  a  dependant  may  be  invested  or  otherwise 
Implied  for  the  benetit  of  the  peraon  entitled  thereto,  aa  agreed,  or  as  ordered  by  Lho 
wbilratfir. 

(f)  Any  Bum  whicli  ia  a^«>ed  or  is  onlered  by  the  arbiiratflf  to  be  inveeted  may  Yte 
invested  in  whole  ur  in  part  ift  the  p<H-t>ffice  savings  bank. 

3.  Where  a  workman  liiLy  been  yiKHjM'iidMd  and  certified  aa  proWded  in  C^rmdition  I, 
and  while  hf  i*»  totiUly  --r  jmriially  prrvi-nled  from  ejiming  a  living  by  reaMon  of  «ijch 

LjB)>  lied  to  a  weekly  payment  not  exceeding  iilty  percent  of  his 

Ift'  ihe  time  uf  ffucn  suspension,  such  paynaent  not  to  exceed 

Xi    V  iiv  U»   taken  nvor  niioh  iwriod.   t,  '  !'        r      '.»> 

monVl  -';uil)le  having  regard  toall  iherit  =^»s 

4.  Ill  r  ••—    -. .   ..i>  p.ivments.  regard  sViaU  V' \vAii\  V-  ...^     .-..-  v-ww 

the  KaouDt  oi  the  avenge  weekly  earnings  of  the  worksnaiu  aX  1ii<i  V\vnfe  cA."fe\a»a*tt^«»^ 


564 


BULLETIN   OF   THE    BUBEAU   OF   LABOR. 


J< 


I 


an<l  Uio  avengie  uuount.  il  any,  which  it  isestlnifttpd  that  hi*  wiM  h(^  able  to  earn  after- 
variJs  in  aiiy  ofcupatioti  or  employment,  and  to  any  paJ^n^r  t  -n  wajfni^  w  In  ) 

ho  may  havo  rwcived  frnm  thn  omplnyer  in  rc^p^ct  ..f  thr  ,.  arul  i«*  ul:  i  ,. 

circuiuHUiiKCflof  the  f"***!*,  tndu«Iin|f  hiH  Hfti^  aiul  >  m  mi  ujt;, 

&.  If  it  aliult  ap(x.'ur  tlial  Kny  worKtuan  liiui  ^xt  !i.-ti>)H<y(Ki  the  epAcial  ruh 

or  thp  dimrtionscivifn  for  hifl  pmli><^tion  by  b'    '  '   '  *'    ' '    *      »  :  '■  - 

ha«  iiumIhi  t»i]  tu hist  HnH|>t*nKi<>ri,  nr  \vm  iu»I  j 

(.•ertifyinR  HurKfon,  or  haa  failed  to  jfive  full  J    .  !     ^:        ^^  , .  „  ,..    ...,., 

r^mditiun  <i,  liis  conduct  may  be  tnkcn  into  conndorution  in  a»6Ming  the  amount 
the  weekly  paymyrita. 

6.  llHhail  \w  the  duty  of  vverv  workman  at  all  tixnee  tu  nibm it  to  n\- 
tion  when  roqiiirod  ana  Id  give  full  information  to  the  certifying  fluri;;- 
to  the  l»09t  lif  liiaiKfwer  in  the  obtaining  of  all  facta  nec^aaary  toenaMu  Ui-pbync»l 
condition  u>  In*  aw  ortaine<l. 

7.  Any  weekly  nay nienl  may  1m)  reviewed  :'♦  •*"  -— ■•■'-f  ,~i«i«!— ,  • , i,,.  ^...  ..i. 
the  workman,  ntui  nn  surh  rovh>w  rriay  Im*  <■ 
the  maxitiiuin  alnivo  pri>vJd<*d,  and  llie  aiji'M  ,    ; 
niont.  be  eettled  by  arbitration. 

H.  Any  workman  receiving  weekly  payment*  under  thia  scheme  shall  aubmit 
mU  if  req\iire<l  for  examination  by  a  duly  qualified  medical  practitioner  pro%-idcKi  ar 
fnd  by  the  employer. 

lithe  workman  refuaes  to  submit  himself  to  auch  examination  or  in  any  way  obatmc 
tha nine,  bin  riglu  to  such  weekly  payinenta  slmU  be  JinniK*nded  until  such  examii 
tloft  hsB  taken  place. 

9.  If  any  dispute  shall  arise  as  to  any  certificate  of  the  certifying  minteon  or  a«  to 
■mount  of  compensation  |>a}'nble  as  hnrein  provtdeil,  or  ollicrniHc  in  n  1  iU<ui  to 
pnjvisions,  the  same  thall  be  dei'ided  by  an  arbitrator  to  be  appointed  )  li 
and  workman,  or  in  default  (ff  agreement  by  th»' mil  retaryof  state.     Tli-  it 
aliall  have  all  the  powers  of  an  arbitrator  under  the  Arbitraiiua  Act,  hjiJ  hi«  de< 
atiatl  be  linal. 

The  fee  of  the  arbitrator  shall  be  tixed  by  the  secreitMry  of  state,  and  aball  bo  paid  ti" 
the  arbitrator  nliall  direct. 

10.  No  comjKMisalion  shall  be  pa^TiM'*  '('"It  dii^-n  r.rn-iaj.ina  iir.!..^  ^..f.Vf.  ,.f  ..i^, 
in  writififir  is  tuudc  witltin  six  w<»elc8  of  t : 
dealli.  provided  ihiit  t!ie  want  tifniich  11 
the  arbumtor  there  was  reasonable  excusii  tor  the  w»nt  of  jt. 

A  rlnira  fur  compensation  by  any  wnrkman  whose  employment  is  intermittent. 
eaauul.  or  who  is  regularly  employed  by  more  than  one  emph)yer,  shall  only  anj 
■oainsl  the  employurs  fur  whom  he  has  worked  in  a  jirorcm  irirludiMJ  in  Schird 
Within  one  ntonlh  prior  to  his  suspension.     The  said  ompluycrs  atiull  bear  tlie  c 
sation  atnon^  Uiem  in  such  proportion  us  in  default  of  u^^reemont  shall  l>e  di 
by  an  urbiUutur  as  herein  provided. 

11.  "  Kmployer"  includes  an  occupier,  a  corporation,  and  the  legal  n'prrtsentatJ' 
of  adcc-easod  employer.  "Workman"  includes  every  person,  male  or  female,  whelhi 
his  aprtM-ment  1h»  one  of  service  or  anprenticealiip  or  otherwise,  and  is  cxprane<l 
implied,  omlly,  or  in  writing,  and  uiull  include  the  piirwinal  represenlatives  o' 
doceiUN*d  workman.  **  Dependants"  has  the  same  meaning  as  in  the  VV'orkmoD'a  Ci, 
puusation  Act.  1807. 

The  terms  CMntained  in  this  notice  aliall  be  deemed  to  be  part  uf  the  cuntrmrt  of 
ployment  of  all  workmen  in  the  al>ove-narood  procoasea. 

GLKCTTRIC  AcCUHULATORa. 


Wlirreas  the  manufarture  of  elociric  acctimulniors  hn 
nocltoT)  7M  r.f  the  Kflcfnfv  and  WV.rtHhop  Ar(.  I'M)) .  i».  i 

r    I    ■         i  ■    ■  .         '        "     '■■■  .■■        ;.     '       ,      . 


rifled  tn  puniiftac* 


casting,  load  bumlnjar,  or 


BiguvU  by  hiiu. 


IhUitM  q^  ocntpifT. 


|.  Kvflfv  rrM^m  In  whkh  '^aMfnp.  pa^hur  ur  lend  bunnnr  is  cnniwi  »in  ahall  eonti 


lA. 


IKDUSTRIAL  HYOIENK.  56Q 

I 

Th««8  niKiiiis  aD<i  that  io  which  the  pUt«9  are  formed,  shall  be  capable  of  thonmgh 
ventilation.     They  tthftll  he  provided  with  windows  marie  to  open. 

2.  Kurh  oi  the  folluwing  procemes  shall  be  carried  on  in  mich  numner  and  under 
•uc^  conditions  a^  to  aecure  effectual  sepaniti<m  from  one  another  and  from  any  other 
proceas: — 

I        (a )  Manipulation  of  dry  compounds  of  lead; 
(£>)  Pasting; 
U)  Fonuatinn.  and  lead  burning  neceaaahly  canied  on  therewith; 
(<f)  Molting  ilown  of  old  platen. 
FroWded  that  manipuUtion  of  dry  compounds  of  lead  carried  ou  ••  in  Reflation 
6  (6 1  need  not  be  oepikmlcd  fr«)m  pasting. 

3.  The  tl(Mir»  oi  the  rv<>uit^  iu  which  manipulaiiou  of  dry  compounds  of  lead  or  pasting 
is  carried  ou  shall  be  of  cemeot  or  similar  uuporviotis  material,  and  shall  l>c  kept  cou* 
ttantly  moist  while  work  ia  l>eine  done. 

tThe  Qtxirs  uf  these  rooms  shall  oe  washed  with  a  hose  t>ipe  daily. 
4.   Every  iiieltiiig  pot  shall  be  covered  with  a  hood  ana  snait  bo  arranged  as  to  remove 
the  fumes  and  hoi  air  from  the  workrooms. 

Lead  ashes  and  old  plates  shall  be  kept  in  receptacles  specially  provided  for  the 
purpose. 

5.  Manipulation  of  dry  compounds  of  lead  in  the  mixing  of  the  paste  or  other  pnxs 
«SBea,  shall  not  be  done  except  {a  i  in  any  apparatus  so  dosed,  or  so  arranged  with  an 
exhaust  draft,  as  to  prevent  the  escape  of  dust  into  the  worknxim :  or,  (ft)  at  a  bench  pro- 
vided with  (1)  efficient  exhaust  draft  and  air  guide  so  arranged  as  to  draw  the  oust 
away  from  the  worker,  and  (2)  a  grating  on  which  each  receptacle  of  the  compound  of  ^| 
lead  in  use  at  the  time  shall  stand.  lH 

■         6.  The  benches  at  which  pasting  is  done  shall  be  covered  with  sheet  lead  or  other 
B    impervious  material,  and  shall  have  raised  edges. 

H        7.   Xo  woman,  youn^  po.rs«ju,  or  child  shall  he  employed  in  the  manipulation  of  dry 
I    compounds  of  lead  or  in  uastiug. 

m  8.  (o)  A  duly  qualitiecf  medical  pmctitioner  {in  these  regulations  referred  to  as  the 
"appointed  surgeon")  who  mav  be  the  certifying  surg^n,  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
occupier,  such  appointment  unless  held  by  the  certifying  surgeon  to  bo  subject  to  the 

(approval  of  the  chief  inspector  of  factories. 
<6)  Every  person  oniploye*!  in  a  lend  process  shall  be  examined  once  a  month  by  the 
appointed  surgeon,  who  snail  have  power  to  suspend  from  employment  in  any  lead 
process. 

(c)  No  person  after  such  suspension  shall  be  employed  in  a  lead  process  without 
written  sanction  entered  iu  lite  health  register  by  the  appointed  surge^ui.  It  shall  l>e 
sufficient  compliance  with  tliis  regulfltion  for  a  written  re-rtificalc  lo  be  given  by  the 
appointed  surgeon  and  attaobcd  to  the  health  register,  such  certiiicate  to  bo  replaced 
by  a  proper  entry  in  the  health  register  at  the  appointed  surgeon's  next  visit. 

(d)  A  neolth  register  in  a  form  approved  by  tiie  chief  inspector  of  factories  shall  be 
kept,  and  shall  contain  a  list  of  all  porsons  employed  in  lend  processes.  The  appointed 
surgeon  will  enter  in  ilie  health  register  the  dates  and  results  of  his  examinations  of  the 
persons  employed  and  particulars  of  any  directions  given  by  him.  Tie  shall  on  a  pre- 
scribed form  furnish  to  the  chief  inspector  of  factories  ou  the  tirst  day  of  January  in  each 
year  a  list  of  the  persons  suspended  by  him  during  the  jjrevious  year,  the  cause  and 
duration  of  such  suspension,  and  the  number  of  examinations  made. 

The  health  register  shall  be  produced  at  any  time  when  required  by  H.  M.  inspoctOfB 
of  factories  or  by  the  certifying  surgeou  or  by  the  appoiuted  surReou. 

9.  Overalls  afiaJl  be  provided  for  all  persons  employed  in  manipulating  dry  com- 
pounds oi  lead  or  in  pabtini^. 

The  overalls  shall  Ijc  wuf<be<l  or  renewed  once  every  week.  ^^ 

10.  The  occupier  »hall  pn:ivide  and  maintain —  ^H 
(a)  A  cloaknitimin  which  workenscaudepomt  clothing  put  off  during  working  hours. ^V 

Separate  and  .suitable  arrangements  shall  be  made  for  the  storage  of  the  overalls  required 
in  Kegulatino  \K 

ib)  A  dining  room  xuiless  the  factory  is  clowd  during  meal  hours.  ^M 

1.  No  persrm  Hhall  hp  ftllnwed  to  introduce,  keep,  pmpnre,  or  partake  of  any  food,  ^M 
dri"'  I  in  which  u  load  prrw .  "don.     Suitable  provision 

sli:ij  i  of  f(x>d  brfpught  by  -. 

■  ''   ('1  any  saiiitan.- -j....!^  |.<..vided  by  the  occupier  an 


I 
1 


.iihl   riijiiiilnin  for  tho  iii^?  of  the  portons  rriinlnvi 
and  at  least  om 
.■fovided  witha  \^ 
.  L^i  M  tiough  iiLteti  Willi  u  waete  pipe.     There siuill  Ue 
Jd  water  laid  ou  to  eaeUboe^ti. 


1 


566 


BULLETIN    or   THE   BUBBAU 


Or,  in  the  place  of  harine  the  ornipior  phall  provide 
or  mmUax  smooth  iin]>erviou(<  nuit«rial.  in  )i:>:x]  r**|Mur. 
every  five  per(»an«*»iiiploye<l,  fitted  with  wuntr  pijxaB, 
cieot  supply  of  warm  water  (xfUHtanUy  avuilaMc 

The  lavalury  shall  1>«  kept  thorouj^hly  rleuuened  aod 
licieut  quantity  of  cleun  towels  oucc  every  dav. 

13.  Uefore  each  meal  and  before  the  end  of  the  dav'if 
addition  to  tho  rcfnilar  meal  timoe,  shall  t^e  allowed  (< 
huA  l>een  employed  in  tho  manipulation  of  dry  rutni 

provided  that  if  the  Uxvutory  aeeommo<]ation  flpeoi 
exceitdt^  that  re<|iiinjd  liy  Re^nluliun  12,  the  time  alloi 
reduced,  and  that  if  there  be  one  buaiu  or  two  feel  of 
rvgulatioii  fthall  not  apply. 

14.  Sutlii'ient  bath  actximniodation  shall  l>e  provided 
manipulation  of  dry  rompounds  of  lead  or  in  {wffting, 
and  a  sufficient  mipply  oi  soap  and  towels. 

Thi«  rule  diall  not  apply  if  in  conmdemtion  of  the  «_ 
tjculsu'  caoe.  the  chief  imipector  of  factories  appr<ive«  tlie 
conveniently  near,  under  the  (.-onditioiu  (if  nr--     ■■   ■■  M' 

15.  The  floors  and  bf  orheH  of  each  workn>'i 
time  when  no  other  work  is  being  carried  on  in  -. 


Dutiet  of  p^rtotu  ^mpIoyftLJ 

16.  All  pemons  employed  in  lead  proceflBOi  shall  preeeili 
times  for  examination  by  the  appointed  mirjreon  w  provi< 

No  ])ereon  after  nuspension  shall  work  in  a  lead  procew* 
which  ele«iric  ttcrunuilalore  are  manufHcturtHl,  withoat 
the  health  regiPter  by  the  appointtMl  surgeon. 

17.  Kverv  peraon  employed  in  the  maninulation  of 
|HU4ting  nliall  wear  llie  r>ve.mllM  providwl  nn(Ier  KiyuluLif 
iK'inp  worn,  and  clothing;  put  off  during  working  hoi 
places)  prr^vided  under  KoRulatioa  10. 

18.  No  penwm  tthall  introduce,  kwp,  preptire,  or  ^ 
than  any  sanitiiry  drink  provided  by  the  occunier  and 
nufveon)",  or  tolmcco  in  any  room  in  which  a  lead  j>rtH'ert 

19.  No  person  employed  in  a  lead  proccM  f-IiiiII  leuvej 
meals  without  prcviou.»fy  and  carefully  cleanintr  and 

20.  Kvery  i»en«on  employwl  in  the  manipulation  of 
piutinr  shall  lake  a  batn  at  leaM  onct^  a  wo«k. 

21.  No  person  Hhall  in  any  way  intorfen',  without  tho 
<ir  manager,  with  the  ntKiufi  andfappliio  led  f< 
fumw.  and  for  the  carrving  out  of  tliewt-                    i  . 

These  regulations  shail  como  into  force  uu  ilic  Ut  day 

One  of  II iM  MajrttpU 
HoMB  Office,  Whitehali,  Stti  Novrmbrr,  /.m<. 

Works  or  Pabts  of  Works,  in  Wkutii  I.kasi,  Amcwi 
TiiK  Enamkung  or  TnoN  Puai 

(Korm  3&1— January.  1900.) 
Dutxtt  (^occupifTg. 

3.  They  shall  provide  washing  convi'niences  with  a  ml 

irater.  soap,  nnilbruuhe*!.  and  IowcIh.  and  taV'  ;••.-« 

Waah  fa(!e  and  liuudh<  bi-forc  meals  and  befirre  ' 

2.      'Vh.(\    r;lnll    t.nivi.l.-   -iiitiiKl.-   r,   -. ,  in,  t.  ,r:.      ■ 

worl 


:i 


11'  rettM'Vtil  t»I 
'i  wjtii  funs  V 

r  pan  •:i  v,h 
'»(  appmvr 


I  a  k •    11. 


INDUSTRIAL    HVOIENE. 


567 


Th^y  phall  nrrang^  for  a  medioil  in5prrtinii  of  all  persons  <>mployed,  at  lea**!  unco 
a  mnnlh. 

Thoy  Bha\\  mm?  that  no  female  b  employed  wiUiout  previous  rxatninatioii  uud  a 
cpriirtcflto  of  fitnowi  from  tho  mfdira!  ftttonnant  of  tlip  works. 

Tlrn^'  fhall  f.'**  that  no  p*?rHHiwlu'  hue  l>»?en  ahwni  from  wfirk  tJiroiiKli  illnoRs  sliaJl 
be  reeinj»Ir>yed  v.ithout  a  medical  ri'rtili<at»?  to  the  effect  that  h<r  or  slie  lias  rt'rfjvered. 

rt.    Upon  anv  person  employed  in  the  workn  complaining  <>f  bring  unwell,  the  fK-ru- 

Jtier  shall,  witli  Uie  Kust  |>tw«ible  delay,  and  at  his  own  expense,  ^ivo  an  order  npon  a 
luctor  fur  profee^ioual  allrridanee  and  medicine.  It  ib  to  be  undenitcM>d  that  tbifi  rul« 
will  not  apply  tn  p«Tsonp  fiitTei'ing  frvim  complnints  which  have  not  bt^en  c<iuirael*d 
,in  the  procefk*  of  manufacture. 

7.  They  cihall  providt.'  a  place  or  pluces  free  from  dust  and  damp  iu  wliich  the 
operalivcfl  ran  hnne  up  the  clothci'  in  which  tJiey  do  not  work. 

(It  i.s  recommended  thai  they  t-hall  provitJr  for  each  female  before  tile  day'a  work 
begins  Bumc  light  refredhmeut.  such  as  a  half  pint  uf  milk  and  a  biscuit.) 

Dutifn  of  persona  rmployeil, 

8.  Kverj'  person  to  whom  is  euppliod  a  rQflpirator  or  overall  and  head  covering  fthaU 
w^ar  the  jsanie  when  at  the  work  for  which  9uch  are  provided. 

t).  Every  p*rs<*n  nlmll  carefully  clean  and  wash  nandd  and  face  beforo  meals  and 
before  leaviiii;  ilif  workw. 

10.  No  food  shall  be  t-al'-n  by  any  person  in  any  part  of  the  works  excppt  in  the 
apartment  specially  provided  for  the  purpose. 

U.  No  jK^fBun  may  sovk  employment  uuder  am  ateumed  name  or  under  any  ^wt 
pretense. 

Kespiratora:  A  good  respirator  ia  a  cambric  bag  with  or  without  a  thin  fli^xible  wire 
made*  Uj  (it  over  the  nose. 

Sanitary  drink  Fugpefted:  Sulphate  of  magnesia.  2  ox.;  water,  1  gallon;  essence  of 
lemon,  eufticient  t*i  flavor. 

AkTHUR   WitrrKLEOOB, 

IT.  M.  Chief  Innpeclor  of  FacUmea. 

XoTE.— Thr-pe  rule.^  muPt  be  kept  pnplod  up  in  conspicuous  plaoos  in  the  factory  to 
which  tliey  oi>ply,  where  tliey  may  be  conveniently  rf-ail  by  the  pernons  emplf»yed. 
Any  perW'U  wiiti  i!«  hound  to  oliwrve  th*-!^*  ruleji  and  fails  u»  dn  ft«i  or  acLs  in  con- 
travention of  tip  m  is  liahle  to  a  penalty;  and  in  mich  case  tlif  "Kcupier  also  it*  liable 
to  ft  penalty  tinlew  he  jjrov^."*  that  he  has  taken  all  reasonable  mewis  by  publii^hiug, 
and  to  the  Dcstof  his  power,  enforcing  the  rulos^to  prevent  tho  contravention  or  ooo- 
compliancG. 


WoRxa  IN  WmcH  Lead  or  Arsbkic  is  Uavn  rv  the  Tinkino  and  Enaheunq  or 
Metal  Hollow  Wark  and  Cooking  UreNsae. 

<Form385-Uarcb,  1000.) 
DxUua  i^  occupim. 

They  shall  provide  washing  ronvpniencos  with  a  sufficient  supply  of  hot  and  cold 
watt*.  **«p.  nailbni-thoH.  and  toweln.  and  tjike  nieasurefl  to  secure  that  every  worker 
wash  fiicc  nnd  hand-  lnfore  niealt*  und  before  Ir-avin^  the  work?. 

Tliev  shall  «•<»  that  no  IckkI  in  e^iteu  in  any  room  where  the  proceaft  of  tinning  or 
nnameiing  is  carried  on. 

Dittif»  of  persona  tniplttyrfl. 

Every  worker  shall  wash  face  and  hands  Iwfore  meals  and  beforo  leaving  tlie  work*. 
No  worker  aliall  eat  food  in  any  room  where  the  pr(X'«>ss  of  tinning  or  enameling  \a 
carried  on. 

ARTfirii  Whiteikcok. 
U.  M.  Chuf  InJtpcctor  of  Fiictorita. 

\oTE.— These  rules  must  be  kept  posted  up  in  conspicuous  places  in  the  factory  to 
which  they  apply,  whore  they  may  do  conveniently  riaid  by  iJie  persons  employed. 
Any  persiio  wiiu  Is  In>iipd  t^^  observe  these  nilcti  jind  failj*  to  do  wo  or  acte>  in  contra- 
vention of  them,  ia  liuhlo  to  u  penalty;  and  in  such  case  the  ixrcupier  alno  in  liable  to 
a  penalty  unless  he  prove*  that  ho  lut*  taken  all  rea."«»nable  m^nns  by  publi.diinsc-  and 
ihr  \}'i^l  of  hin  puwtr,  cnf.ifcing  the  rules,  W^  prevrnt  the  contravontiou  or  nou- 
kpliauce. 

S7601— No.  76—08 19 


570 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  BUBEAU   OF   LABOR. 


12.  In  caecs  wh<*ro  tbo  cooperation  of  the  workers  is  rrqtiircd  for  ranrviftif  out  ihn 
forccoing  rules,  anfJ  where  Bueh  coopenifion  is  not  given,  the  workeni  uKall  he  hMd 
liable  in  oocxirdaiire  with  Ihe  Furtory  unci  WorkHhop  Ael.  IftftI  MM'tinn  0.  whirh  niiw 
ae  follows:  "If  any  prrwm  wh(»  is  iMnmil  to  iphwrve  :!  '  '    '     '  i.f 

any  laetorj'  or  wnrkphitp  umler  llii*  Atl,  'ir\s  in  cuti  ';.* 

with,  any  dtirh  »p<*eial  rule,  ho  Hhull  be  liable  on  suiinnixi  >  i...ii«i< 
fxc^fding  two  pounds  [$y.73]." 

AUTHUK    Willi  ; 

U.  U.  Chuf  Iruptitor  of  Factcria, 
AKENPEn  RpEaAi.  KuLKB  POR  CnEMiCAi.  AS'oRKH  IS  Which  ih  Carrird  nx 

MANrVACTUKK    UF    HU'UKUMATE    OH   rUROUATl:    ur   PtrTASIllUM    OU    2$Ot>fUll. 


(Fonn  300— Janiury.  lOM.) 

In  these  nxles  "penions  employetl  in  a  rlironio  proce«s"  means  a  person 
oniployeit  in  any  work  involvnig  contact  with  chrr)iUAto  or  hirhmmate  of  po4a«tiBB 
or  wxliuin,  ur  involving  cxpo«nre  Ut  dust  or  finncw  uridine  fn*m  thv  m»nitfactitf« 
thereof. 

Any  approval  given  by  the  chief  inspector  in  pureuanco  of  Rule  10  ftliall  bi?  pvcn 
in  writing,  and  may  a(  any  timo  Iw  revoked  by  noti(-o  ii)  wriliog  nif^od  by  htni. 


DutitM  of  fKXMpi€T$, 

1.  No  uncovered  |iot,  pan,  or  other  atructuro  cont4iining  liquid  of  a  danj 
Charurter  fthutl  bv  so  itinfitnicted  us  to  Ix*  lc«s  ituin  3  feet  in  liei^dit  nUtve  tU«  a^jutl 
gr)uruJ  or  plutfonn. 

ThiB  ndc  Blinll  not  apply  to  any  not,  nan,  or  othor  eirucliirc  constructed  b<i(orr 
Jumiary  1,  18UH,  or  in  which  a  heignt  oi  3  feet  is  in»pmctiniblo  by  roajon  of  llie 
natun*  of  tlie  work  U*  be  mrried  on,  provided  in  eithtT  c»«s  that  tho  «tnirtuT«  u 
jiecurely  fi?nccd. 

2.  There  hIiaII  bo  a  clear  spiM-e  round  all  pot«.  pans,  or  other  utruiturea  ctmialning 
liquid  of  a  duhgeruuif  cluimctet,  ex<.x*pt  where  any  junciiun  exiAt4,  in  which  cvo  a 
barri<fr  ehall  be  so  placc<i  a»  to  prevent  vuEsa^e. 

3.  Nn  unfeiioed  plank  or  pn^way  sIihII  Im»  placod  acroflB  any  pot.  pan,  or  ai}m 
('ture  (^mlaiiiiui;  lioutd  of  u  danKerouft  character.  jl 


Plruc 


'I.  The  li^hlin^  of  all  dangeroui*  pTaccfi  tihalt  bo  niado  thoroughly  efTicienf 
5.  Tlio  grindin);,  separating,  und  ndxthg  of  tho  raw  materials  (inclu<Ii 
in»nf4toiH'.   linio.  and  WKliuni  and   polawitnn  carbonate)  shall  not   i>e  <i< 
dtuch  appliance>4  \\»  wilt  prevent,  i\a  lar  as  po»ibIe,  tho  entnxnco  of  ditat  into 


tins, 


.In 


Ualelien."  when  withdrawn  (rnni  the  fumacee*.  ehall  either  b 
ketives  or  vats  while  slill  warm,  or  be  allowed  Ui  cool  in  Uirrows,  or  ■ 

7.   KviipnprttinR  vessi'ls  rthall  be  covennl  in,  and  ahall  b*»  ppjvide^I 
shnftfl  to  carry  the  gtf^tun  into  the  outnide  air 

H.  rucking  ur  cruHliing  of  bichrotnuto  of  potaMinm  or  ar>ilium  shall  Out  bo  dono 
ex<'ppt  under  cc.nditionj*  which  w«*ure  cither  the  entire  ab«)encc  of  duflt  or  it«  oCfectual 
removal  by  nteuiis  of  a  fan. 

l>.   No  child  or  you?i(;  oerpon  eludl  Ix*  emphiy^xJ  in  a  chrome  pn'ciw. 

10.  The  occupier  ehall.  Hubject  to  tho  appmvrtl  of  the  ilkiel  iiiMiertor.  ap|KHril  ^ 
duly  quidilied  iniMiir.d  prurtitiuner  (in  tlu*«'  rub»s  rcftTTe*!  l^)  ii-  the  appointrd  -ur 
g<Mn).  who  sliuil  cxaniine  all  pcnoms  emph»yed  in  chrome  pn»ce.sae*»  at  1- 
ovcry  month,  and  Mlinll  nn<lcruikc  any  nnn^flsary  nicdic;d  tresitmcnt  of  .: 
Imrte«i  irt  iitnM'«|uence  of  such  employment,  iind  »hull.  after  the  .TOth  day  of  Apnl, 
IIMXI,  h;ive  power  to  Hu.«pend  any  such  ]ierson  from  work  in  any  pl.ic*^  or  prt»cc«. 


{h)  No  I 
witliout  tht 

(r>  A  rejii.  u  ■. 
contain  a  liHt  of . 
tiluill  enter  in  ll 
employctl  and  par! 


HijM|M'UHion  *ihiill   be  eniployo*!  in  any  chroiuvi  pn>cflai 
n  <if  ihe  appointed  KUrj.'con. 
■'    'M  w  form  approved  by  ''■"  .};..■"  i...j.>*.--(,.r    .,».,i   A.>.\} 
yv^d  in  ;iny  cbn:»me  i 
Uilefl  and  resultn  of  i  > 

liiiT*  oi  any  trt*utment  pre^crilMMi  by  him.  1 
be  prtMbtrfvl  \\{  imy  time  when  requircil  by  II.  M.  iiwiwctorn  of  Lj 
apnoiii      '  11. 

II    '  (anpMved  by  tho  appointod  mivcion)  for  troaiiniz  slight 

and  ub  11.-  .-oioi  he  kept  at  hand  and  w  placed  In  cTuirge  of  a  rtwponelblfr'pcfiKiD. 


TSPt^sniAt.  nn 


12.  The  ocmpi«rdiftU  pio\'ifle inflkMst  amI  mifeibN*  r^\rr%I!  niitu  ft^rtlve  m^^  r^  ^11 

pcnonfl  enga^poi  in  the  proccapM  c4  frindittf  tbc  rav  '■.  lUtil  nit*  1 

suitable  ovenUl  siiiut  ur  ciUier  ftd<>qua(«  aeftae  <4  pr\>'.  ,<t^iv<sl  i»  u 

for  the  use  cl  all  penoiu  engapM  in  Uic  (T>'»tAl  tloiHLniumil 


the  appointed  mi)^n 
or  in  paclcinfl;. 


^    .  .  ,   I     V. 


ttle  pUc<*  tvl 
Ovemll^  and  rt^j' 


*  -'»  N>  provid<H<  for  ilio  u(*»  **(  nUi 
..   trti  *nd  krpl  »n  pmiwr  <*uiitiKl 


I 


'   ughly  wMhed  (ir  Pnnevetl  ffvwy  wm^. 
IS.  The  occupier  riiall  provide  4Uid  Uiniutain  a  ch<Ak.nvMU  iti  which  vorkoni  ctA* 
nil  cktthmg  put  off  during  working  honri* 

14.  The  occupier  ehall  i»ni\ide  and  i  i  -  *  .•  tif  Ihn  pcrwiT 
empIoye«l  in  chDino  priMc^fJc?;  with  -  tnd  a  rrniHt 
supply  of  hot  aud  mid  wafer  Itiid  ontn  «-.!<  <■  i>i.-iu  i  m  >•  -n.tn  i'<  m  leaftt  ntic  lavan 
tory  l«afiii\  fi>r  even,-  live  persmiH  employed  in  the  crj-jjUi!  depiirtnieiU  and  in  packing. 
Each  ?iich  hoain  shall  He  iitttxi  with  a  wiutte  pipe,  or  f^hall  Ih>  phuvM  in  a  trtmgh  htt<>(| 
with  a  wfl5te  pipe. 

15.  The  occupier  9hit11  provide  am!  maintain  niDicient  biitlia  anfl  dmving  ronnui 
for  all  (>en*in?  employed  in  chnmie  proce«*e5,  with  hot  and  culd  wiirer  laid  on.  and 
a  suflictent  pupply  of  eoap  and  towel?;  and  shall  cause  each  porAin  omployed  in  thft 
crvBial  department  and  in  pueking  to  lake  a  luitli  once  a  week  at  the  hirtury. 

A  Italh  regi.fler  J^hall  l>e  kept  omtaining  ;i  Iif<t  .if  all  por*>n.'<  employiHl  in  the  rrjiiijil 
dejMirtnient  and  in  packing,  ;ind  an  entry  mC  the  date  when  e^ich  nerihtn  lakoH  a  lialh. 

Tbe  l^th  register  sliall  l>e  prrMluced  at  any  time  when  re^juired  by  U.  M.  in»pect«ira 
of  facioriea. 

16.  The  flours,  stairs,  and  landings.  t*liall  be  cleaned  daily. 

Dutirs  of  prrsoni  employed, 

17.  Noponvtn  fIuUI  deposit  a  "Ijalch"  when  withdrawn  from  the  fumnre  upon  thu 
floor  nor  transfer  it  t»>  the  keave«  or  vat.**  otlierwtK-  than  afl  prrwTihiMl  in  Htde  0. 

H.  No  per»»u  shall  pack  or  crush  biolmimiue  of  pdUuftiiuiu  or  (mdiuni  <i(lu»rwi»i> 
than  as  pre9cril)cd  in  Rule  8. 

19.  i«)  Every  person  employed  in  a  chmnie  procew  Mmll  prewnf-  hinifielf  at  tlio 
appointed  times  fur  examination  by  the  app«-iinteti  survreuu  a*  pn^vided  in  Uule  10. 

[h)  After  the  30th  day  of  April,  1900.  no  perw»n  sn^)ciidwl  hy  the  opiKtintfyl  tnu> 
gieon  ehall  work  in  a  chrome  pnicess  without  his  written  Ninciinn. 

2<l.   Kven,-  person  engaged  in  the  procc«*e*  of  mnding  the  rnw  tnaioHalfi  aluUl  wimr 
on  uverall  suit,  and  everj'  person  engaged  in  the  rr>"^lBl  departinnnl  or  tn  fmckin); 
eludl  wear  an  overall  auil  or  other  ade<iuaic  mentis  of  p^^trM-Mou  approvi^l  liy  Ujci 
[iinr(^ !    ■■-_--  -i. 

Lployed  in  packing  or  crushing  bichromate  of  audium  or  potaMium 


(-:ir  :i   r«-in 


ratftr  while  au  occupt<*d 
I  in  tlie  proreastn  ti; 
-.dl=^  nTi'l  re^intnrr 


'J.    Iu*\  IIJV   'I'Jt 


I  "hall  t)c/.)re  l*H»vinj{ 

iko  A 

-  liiM  rM«tir« 


pEDSirAirr.  1900. 


LMfJ  Itupfrtor  of  yttftoriB$, 

M.  W   HiuttT. 
One  of  tUr  ifa}iwt^'$  Pnnripai  Htmntrut  ftf  ffttit*. 


^ 


XoTK.— Theae  rdlt*  miM  h«  kffX  vmrd  op  ia  ronspirottoi  plar«i 
Itch  tbey  *Ppty.  vhov  ihaj  mmy  \m  euBirvftUn(l)r  raid  Inr  th*  pc 
»y  penoo  wno  u  Vmnd  to  otaw*  cImw  mica  and  iatti  to  do  as  ur  » 


which 
Any  penoo 
Cian  uf  then, 
ptfualtv  valfw  he 
tothr  Mtolbis 
pltaiic«. 


la  tlMt  fart/iry  M^ 


arte  Hi  • 
alffi  b  i ', 


oiMlay^auum  <ii 


BULLETIN   Of  T«K  UVHEAU  W  UiBOE. 
MANrFAcTt'ttK  UK  Kx>*ti>*ivKH  IM  wLuru  Di-Sitilo-Ubniole  u  Vmiuk 


(irwman— 


r.  igti.) 


>ii)H>hL-U  lu  all  w  ikrmm  nliuiM  w|i«f« 
>   tiikiMi  I 'ft  <*r  wvU  bruiJivil  Iwfora  lUfAli  uinl 

'      ■    '^ r..k. 

itieti.  nr  wu(»l«it  tuAtprikl 
:  ..,  ,  1.1  (o  thfwn  workf-cv  liahU 


I.  No  jioreon  m  be  otn[^1nyc<l  without  u  metlicnl  tvrtinoiUtf,  BtaUnff  ibiki  U«  ur  ab*  Si 
tbysirully  Hi  fm  mkU  rmiiluymciit. 

'2.  All  •  <  nf  the  workr<ra  ut  ihoir  work  Ui  Iw*  .  Jil 

n> y  tt  (XTti  'III.  N\hn  nluill  huvu  power  lo  nnW^r  '  'ikl 

[Ciittnjjp  i"f  wuil.  ;\ir  uiiv  pcmni  showing  hyiii|)l<jiinii  o(  huHl-jih;;  iruiu  tin-  (HiLaiu,  nr  if 

ihvT  a  fhir  trial  ho  i.s  wf  upininn  that  nny  ]M*n»ui  in  Ity  r«inMituti*in  utittt,  ho  Miall  •lirort 

Uml  Btlrh  pffBoii  mIiwH  rvaw)  lu  )*  <-iit|>hiyf*ft. 

II.  A  i^upply  <<f  irt't-U  lutlk.  tuid  <<)'  ;uiy  *\ni\g  ihut  thu  mcHiirul  uflit'vr  inuy  roQsiclw 
lesirT'i'l"    v),.|l  I-.  l.'t.:  whrrc  the  u,  il.r-  in  Uij» ii(iiiiiiiu  iiwy  r^qniro  il. 

4.  II  ill  tin.'  w 

6.    I  I'iril  rcpur.i  ■  ii*-*  (or  nic-n  mt-l  \\uirii*n.  wilh  asood  n|>> 

>ly  (rt  U<il  Wiiivr«  nmp,  luiilbntHhcjt,  iUiil  Iumi"!*,  aii  ^^  Rkin  haii  vutap  ID 

lutitrt  with  (li-nitn»-lK«iiy"l",  »h»»  pnrt  xhull  lit*  iin,  .od, 

(I.   Ovt-rutl  ffuitn  uml  hi  i.tl 

li-nitri>'l>cHy.{)lr  ia  ummI. 

[Wrnr   '  -  ■'  • 

7. 

to  ip' 
dwi 

8.  WUi'K.'  ili-uur\>'lrt>uyj*li>  has  to  Iki  hamU(*ti.  thp  hojitU  hIiiUI  iiliru.)ii  !»•  prtrtM*t«d 
'from  clirrcl  i-(iii1a<-i  v^tlh  it,  «Mth(:'r  hy  thn  ufv  *ti  iiulia-nihlu'r  j^hivvfl  ikppt  nvrlecUy 
cleiin,  I'H^HM-iiilly  m  the  inner  Mtlei,  or  by  urhiiH  4»l  nig»  which  nhttll  l>o  <fo*tftiyed 
inuiK'fliiitWy  iidcr  nw. 

i».  \Vhi'rn\li-Mitri»-l»rn7.tOr  it»  hr>k*u  hy  hftiul.  tUo  iitstrumoul  ii»e<l  rimll  l>e»  wockIcd 
hiir,  ppuiU',  *<t  iiM.1  with  ,\  \\nin\\v  hiit>:  oixiUKh  to  prt'vunt  iho  worker's  face  from  cumiug 
into  conU'l  with  iho  luuUTiul. 

H).  In  all  r»Mim«  or  »h^i«l#  in  which  iho  pri>r**«a,  oitlior  nf  piirifyiuK  irrindiiiK,  mixing 
tttut<'ni|i«<  nf  which  •ti-nilro<Ufn/.4*l«;  formv  a  jiAfl,  in  carried  oii.  elhcl4*nt.  "t  i>wIk."  vftw 
tilitiinv;  f^haits,  uml  lucrliunicul  ventilating  uinn  ehall  l>r  providoij  to  viurry  off  lh«  dlM 
or  JuJiieM  Keiivmtcd. 

II.    I)r>iiij(  -I             '    n  1)6  ttfTicicntly  vcnlilaltNl,  iind.  win  r^jwi 

Ami  (IniWH  111                         Anil  u  fror  curroni  m'  air  «lniU  (»  nil* 

prior  tn  fht—    ■  ■  M  <ir»*w  oitlicr  a  I ■  '' '•    ' 

I'J.    In  iirinrl^cN,  the  '  lul. 

iMttnuiul'i  ,  iI.iuhI  whrrf  iiii  i,.--. 

«n»  iii'l  tiM'il.  liiure  MiuJl  he  elh«'k'ut  much 
thiit  iht<>'tictii)nRluiU<lnnv  iliL'hiniL'Aurui 
vl  Uio  workcra, 

VA.  A  nvinirr,  in  a  priftt-riliod  tarm.  «lmll  h*  k»frt.  and  it  Mhidl  l»o  the  duty  of  m 
f'    ;         ■■  '  !  '■       ',.'■-. I  '  '  •  ',      >  --  111-  ucnt  tlftiU 

>  .t\0    lt4>VQ 
■  ■*     <■     il"i.     -li'      1.  (t^'ii    !■■•     .-1.1.    I.     rcMj.'i>--L-i  *  i*ln  O            1  »■*■    ,-ii»ii;.-./li    i'-'    eiilc-r    lU    tilin 

p^iHior  ilie  liuiiv  uf  his  vitiita.  tim  reitulu  ol  hucU  vUit^.  uud  uny  roi|iMrcin4rtit  uiftrle  by 


14.  The  "dipping"  nniiua  to  b«  efficieutly  veutUuU*d 


AuTiitm  WurrKUcociK 


11.  M.  ChUf  JntpftUof  qf  FoiUomt, 


iic  convr 


y,._..       .„  .... 

flnr 

ny   ,  ■     ''••■■ 

'cni  i 

(MM,. 

|ti>  iIlo  hi-ai  iti  hi*  powwr,  vuiurviug  Uio  ruii 
dUm'tf. 


.  '       ■  ^   .rv  to 

.Hi, 

■  ■  ■  .ink- 

'  .    ,_  ■  ^  ->rid, 

>,  Iv  prvwui  Uw  cuutravoutivn  ur  nuucuoi* 


nci>csisui. 


BO  ow^ 


o<  urorl:; 

<^  T^  BMcMaerintI  be  ccnweed  •vcrMkd  t^  fciaii  ■  diawn  >yay  fawn  tWwctcn 
hy  zDOiia  <>f  •  tSoirvwml  iiitiiin  Ira  wranMBiawl  is  ccuHtaLia  cAmnrv. 

^'  D*MM«  ^*tt  *^  ^  4mm  «»rcv«  Ui  beam  ■»  «Ba|ed  tbal  a  aBrtioo  ba  (4aU 
da V  Um  hiaww  assy  to«  ika  anhiii 

6.  Xo  Imxl  flkail  Le  aUmavd  U>  br  eal«a  ia  aBj*  fooea  ia  vhk4b  faoa^feade  «l  eai^OB 
tt  aa«d. 

ft.  A  fluitaU*  place  inrawi^ili^W  provided. 

7.  All  pooMa  Miplond  ia  lana*  ia  »liack  hwOphiile  oi  rartioiB  it  wd  iMl  be 
ftTwauiail  aare  a  ■■att  hf  dia  cartiiyiaK  —Hnn  kr  iIm  tlwrrict,  who  tfaall.  altar 
IBqf  1^  U96,  hava  aoaar  la  aaAer  tempmmj  ar  total  MMaMaa  f noi  vaik. 

S.  KnpenDaflkaB  be  — alnywij  ia  aay  laaw  ia  w^irfa  binUptuda  nl  carbaais  oeed 
ceaoarjr  to  tbe  <Miactii«aal  ibacaiUUiag  flnyaan  pvea  «•  abow. 


9.  A  ragieicr  ia  ibe  fucm  wbkb  baa  beea  picvrilwl  \iy  iba  flecflManr  nl  «at«  lor  aM 


iaiodia-ffubbcf-mafccAaU  bakepc.and  iait  ibe  certiryia^  uuimoii  wift  fttxer  tbe  daH« 

^an4  rnuli  i4  hi»  \-isiu.  aitb  ibe  mimher  oi  perft>b?  eixmiama.  aad  partknibr*  of  aay 

s  eiTca  b)'  hiak.    This  imiiiia  aball  caafiua  a  liei  o4  all  pcnooa  maployad  la  ■ 

la  vbkb  ktiiulpbiJ^  nf  tMbiii%  it  ufcA.  aod  flbatt  ba  pcodticvd  aft  aay  tina  wboa 

by  H,  M.  \ntptriur  of  jylariiw  or  by  the  cenliyiag  aaiyaaa. 

/?-— JKiAwa  ^  ftrwmm  tmftkjmi. 

10-^  Xo  pcnoo  jfaall  mi^r  the  dn'ici;^  room  io  tbc  nniiimn'  roune  o(  wnric.  or  perfcrm 
ittppBag*  carifa  ia  bnxa*  pamdea  with  a  aictii»a  Crb  nftrrying  tbo  fum^  avar  baas 

i  1.  No  {wca^a  cikalt  ta-Vt  any  {ockI  Id  any  r\^>uoi  in  -n-hich  hi>  ,  :  «eii. 

12,  AlfeerMay  1,  ISas.  iw  pcoDa  oball.  ronlmrj  tr>  ilie  «!>'■  >  itlg 
aaiBVD.  givaB  m  panaaara  <v  Ruin  7.  vf*rfc  in  any  mom  in  which  UiMilpliiUv^of  iurtMtn 
aaoaad- 

13.  AU  pMaaBB  eaiplcryed  in  ttwtus  ia  whirh  tiifulphi'lc   if  rftrUtii  is  u^^f  4>al1  pfia- 

iH  in 


inr  pMU^lir  caaaaiaatina  by  th^  crniiviiH;  mmsm,  tv  i*mvit 
RolaT 


14.  Il  diall  be  Uw  datv  nl  all  paua  empluve<i  ii*  rppnrt  immrdiAtrly  to  thr  ont- 


oa  ioaaaMa  aay  deBpri  a-hirh  tiwy  owy  tiut-nver  in  ilio  WTirkint;  «i  thr  fnii  >>r  in 
iay  appliBBCT  nttuiiail  by  ib««»  raletL ' 

Aantra  WatrtLihitiK, 
//.   U.  Chiff  HwpfftM  of  Ftirtorift, 

KoTK.— ^Tbaaa  nilaa  aia  wnpiirp''  ■     '  -     — -'  —  '  -     —  ■  '  '--  tha 

{acteay  tm  aiatAup  to  wbkb  thr}  tiy 

tb«   p»f?r*i«   ■i.-iirit..y«J.      Any   i"-T-  ,1,1., 

to  a  paaj'  ■cratrfing  i 

aiwpa.  i'  (?a»pb>y***i 

.  <.***  <4  n  '  rjrkebup  Att,  1»»1,  KH.tM»u  W, 

^^Woriii..,   ..  ......  ......  ;^) 


BULLETIN    OF  THE    BUREAU   OP   LABOR, 


LuciFRB  Matoi  Factoiukh  in  Which  Wrtmc  cm  YRt4.ow  rnoeruonrs  u  Uaed. 

(Form  2M~iuiiwry,  1904.) 

^Ja  these  rules  "phonphnmus  pntrow"  xuoann  iiiixinc.  dinping.  dryinjr.  Ixixing,  and 
■y  otherwork  or  pror<?iw  in  whirh  white  or  yi'lU'w  ph<*<phnnin  inuflpd;  and  "prrBin 
"flfiiplnyw!  in  a  ph(«»ph*ir>»H  pn»rew"  means  any  p*>r8(m  wlio  is  omployod  in  any  rt-un 
or  pfirt,  tif  the  fartory  wIk-ix*  8ii*'h  u  ppn cwm  i»  currKHj  t»n. 

"  Duiil.'leilip])cd  malrhea"  iiintns  wood  i*|iIinU*,  both  end*  of  which  liavr  b«en  dipped 
in  the  i|;nitiii^  rdnipiK^ilion. 

''  C'crtifviiig  t^ttrgL'uii "  uiuan»  u  purgeun  appoiiit«cl  under  thv  Factory  and  Workaliop 
Act*. 

Any  Buprovu]  <ir  declainn  givon  by  ih«  chief  iiisp«tcu«r  oi  lAettmem  In  ntumuuicoot 
th(w  ruirf  shall  he  K>ven  in  writing,  and  uiay  a(  any  lime  bv  rwuked  oy  noticv  in 
wriun^  fli^neti  by  him. 

Kuh*H  ii  la).  5  (b),  l\,  8,  and  10,  eo  far  us  ihoy  affen.  tJie  cniployuiont  of  adult  workcn, 
eholl  nol  cumo  inlu  forro  until  the  \^t  dnv  of  Octolx^r,  1900. 


Dutirs  ^  rmplcryrrt. 

1.  No  part  oi  a  liirifer  nmtch  faciury  «haU  ho  orjn^lntciotl,  MmctuniJly  oltoml.  rr 
nowly  iiBt'd,  U*t  the  furrymg  on  ai  any  pbcmphoituisr  pnnostj,  unlem  the  plana  havf  nr^ 
viouiSy  l>een  Hul)mlii<>d  in  dnplir'sito  to  the  rhief  inftpoctor  of  fartorica.  and  uri' 
shall  have  uppn'vei.!  tbe  phiiiH  in  wTi(iri|k|;.  or  ttliull  nol  within  mx  weekH  fn>m  lii 
inifwion  of  the  plans  have  exprt'Mfpd  lii9dim|ipM\-ai  in  wriliogof  tl)eMttinn. 

'2    Kvtiry  room  in  whirh  mixinir,  dipping,  drying,  or  Inixing  \^^  rarrierl  on  aliall  b« 
effiiienlly  ventdfttwl  hy  nicants  of  puniri*'nt  ojUMtinKf*  *'J  tb*'  ouler   i  '     '      i  ■ 

ine:inH  of  fan».  iinlc^w  the  ii.He  of  fan.-*  is  diNpenwo"!  with  by  onbT  in  wr  i 

inspet'tor.  MuiU  coiuain  ut  Iwist  Mtl)  rnbic  foi't  of  air  Hpam  fur  i-.- '-  >  i 


therein:  and  in  ruLnputJTu;  thin  uir  Fi)a(i<  no  height  ulmve  H  f 

Agt^tom 
Bmooth  and  inipervinUH  floor 


account:  etludl  Ix*  eflicientlv  lightinf;  nhall  have  a  HiiKNjfb  anil 
fl<H>r  laid  with  Hagt^tont^  or  bard 


hrirks  in  good  repair  sltall  be  deem««l  to  ciin»i)tutira 


3   (o)  Tbo  prort^w'9 of  mixing,  dipping,  and  drving  dball  Oaioh  hedono  if  •■• 

and  diminrt  n»oni.     The  proreMw  of   iKixirt^  doufilo-d(|»i»o<|  matrtic^  or  i 
thoroughly  dry  pliati  alrti  l>e  <lone  in  n  i   .,  .       ,  ^     ^u      Thee*-  h 

nol  I'oniinunii-iiti*  witli  any  «»thrr  pan  ihall  he  :  I 

nmre  intcrvenins:  nor  ishull  they  eotuii...> ■.  k ^  „....,;..  r.  except  b,  .. 

doorwayfl  witl)  rloerly  fitting  dix/ra,  whidi  doura  alialt  be  kept  aliut  except  wbt-i 
p<!Kon   in  pitji^inu  through. 

{L)  Mixing  Hbtul  not  Ih*  dolio  cxropl  in  an  upparalua  M)  chwixl,  or  8o  un 
ventilated  by  miniu?  uf  a  fan.  att  m  prevent  tbe  entranee  of  funie^  into  tb- 
mixing  rrmni. 

(<■)  I>ip[iingftha1t  not  liedonoexooptona#labprnvidn<l  vrithancrffiricntpxhauflt  fan, 
iind  with  iiu  air  iidet  between  the  dipper  and  the<tlab.  or  witli  u  h(XMl,  Buomtnged  aetu 
dmw  tb*'  fumef  away  from  the  dipper,  and  to  prevent  them  from  entering  the  rtir  ""if  the 
dipping  TiHtm. 

(f/)  MiUrbeH  tbiit  httx-e  iH'en  dippetl  and  can  nol  at  oni-p  lie  removal  to  the  drying 
mom  t<ha)l  imnxvliately  lie  plured  undera  hoo<l  pn»vtd<Nl  with  un  eflirient  exhaust  fan, 
HO  iirrangnl  ha  to  prevent  ihn  fumefl  from  onlering  tbo  air  of  ilie  rmim. 

(e)  Matches  aliall  not  be  taken  lo  u  boxing  ri.<ont  not  arrungoij  in  cxnaplianeo  with 
fluiwertionf/jof  lb  in  rule  until  they  are  ilHirotigh!y  dry.  and  ntatilicti  ahaU  not  lie  tiikoa 
Xa  A  boxing  r«H)m  thai  in  bo  amtnged  until  they  arc  (mo<l  bo  ftu*  as  they  ran  be  lioforo 
cutting  down  and  iHixing. 

(/i  <  utting  down  of  rirmbleHlippefl  niiitrhes  ;ind  lH)xing  of  malrht^tt  not  thnn 
drytsbftU  uoi  lio  done  except  at  benrheectr  tables  provided  with  aii  ofhcirtit  rxhau- ;  .^u. 
eoarrani^ed  w  hidr.iw  (befum««away  (r«Q)  the  worker  and  prevent  tbeui  frvui  «uteiitig 
the  air  of  l!ie  Ixixmi;  n'riin. 

l*rovided  tluil  il  i:; rule chnll  not  prevent  tlr- 

arrangemnnl  for  :i  anv  of  the  HiMtvo.nu'O' 

apnrovod  by  rbe  .in.i  .  '.  ..t  hiinu  tjiKir,  :iri.l  il  u  t>c  u-h-J 

Kuniort  to  till.' rtindiiii  I'loval. 


•I,    \ 
Rlanih 

pUriHMK'. 


nSTDCSTBLVL   UYGIRNE. 


573 


SjJhCAsavnti  OP  Ixi.rv  Hu'Uber  by  Means  op  BiaiapmDB  or  Carbov. 

rrnRu  374— OrtotMr.  IWA.) 
/. — Duti€a  of  tmplo^m. 

1.  No  child  ftr  yr.uii«  |v»non  Mmll  be  employed  in  any  pfx>m  in  which  lyiailphide  of 
curtion  18  used. 

2.  After  MttV  1,  18!*8,  ri  hail  l>e  empl«y*Hl  lor  mon*  than  five  hour?  in  »nv 
-dAy  in  a  r'ir.>m  in  w1iii  h  >  il  rarU'it  irt  u^fd,  )it<r  tor  MiDfH  thttn  two  and  a  han 

at  .1    ^  ''  '       '       '  an  Imtir 

In  ^  I-:  of  Ifi.siilpbitle  tii  cttrlM^ei — 

Tlu:  . — -,.i  ^    ; 1..^ .,...,,;..;..;  oi  cwIhiij -shan  he  «khV«edin(?  an<l  cov» 

md  over: 

(6)  Tho  cluth  (•hall  becouveyed  to  and  fr»in  the  dning  chamber  by  meaiw  fA  an 
auhunatii'  in;hi^hin«»: 

(r)  No  I'er^iH  Bhall  he  allowed  to  enter  the  dryintir  chiunl^r  in  the  urdinary  roune 
'-of  work; 

id)  The  machine  shall  Ive  covereil  over  ami  the  fiinie«  drawn  away  fTcun  the  workem 

by  n  ~ '      '  ' - '  '   *m  maintainpi.1  in  consUni  etlicienry. 

A.  •  tfpt  lu  Uixe*  «>  arranged  that  a  Miction  bo  shall 

dm*    -^   .-;-_..  ..-.; -.   ikew. 

5.  No  trxxj  aiiall  ite  iiU<iweil  to  be  eaten  in  any  nam  in  which  bisulphide  of  rarbon 
uused. 

6.  A  HI  I  -fthftll  ^Jepn»vidpd. 

7.  AU  J  nxtn)?>  in  w]»irh  bipidphrde  f>f  rarhfVn  in  used  fthall  be 
examine*!  ■•lui-  n  mvtiUi  t-y  ihe  i-r  :.  t.  vhn  ^hall.  after 
May  1.  l.*W.  bftve  )iow*t  in  onl«>r  t.  .m  »-i»rk. 

8.  No  r  ■  '  'I'll  ,,  (»(  c-arbtm  in  tiacd 
ccmimrs 

f».    \  f> _  .--.;.,  i:.rv  1,1  ■if.iif  fi.r  nae 

iu  ii  ill  i>c  kept,  and  in  it  i  itt*»i 

anil  I  .\ith  the  number  of  j-  ,  i        .  any 

dirv^-Livii;^  »;tkcri  b^  liiin.  TUi»  re^Htfr  hh-oli  conUiin  ;i  hM  <ii  all  ^>t:rb><iif«  <-iu}>I«>ye<t  in 
nxims  in  which  ItUulpbidc  u{  curUin  is  ui^ed.  and  shBll  l»e  pn>ducLM|  at  any  time  when 
required  by  H.  M.  inspectur  ul  uu:torics  or  by  the  certiJ>ing  nugeun. 


10 

dip, 
the  • 


II, — Ihtfict  of  /MTVfFfw  cmpfoyttl, 

'"' nn  shall  enter  the  drv'inc  room  in  the  ordinarj-  rcwrseof  wort,  ori>PT#nrm 
•  •■  in  b<»xe»  ph>vide(]  Viih  a  wicliwn  fan  carrying  the  hiuie^  away  from 


U.  No  peri«'>n  sbull  take  any  IihkI  in  any  rttom  in  which  bisulphide*  *>i  rarlM>n  if*  uwd. 

12.  Ailer  Mav  I,  Ikmm,  no  'iMfTsum  Bhall.  conirvkry  to  ihe  direciion  nf  ihr  rertifj-ing 
Piin;«(»n,  given  in  puisuunci*  of  [tule7.  wc4*k  in  any  mom  in  wbirh  bimilphidenf  r&rlion 
ia  userl. 

y.i.  Ad  porrtinr-  oiMpIi'Ved  in  hKiuis  in  wliith  I'imdpliidc  *>i  carbon  is  ntff^\  shall  pre- 
eent  tbeuLselvc^a  ftir  poriudic  exuminalinn  bv  the  crrtifviri|;  stirgeon,  tu*  prnvideii  in 
Rule  7. 

II.  It  f>liidl  Ik?  (lie  dutv  o|  alt  fifrMrnn  iMiiployH  to  r*fpi>rr  linmtHliatoty  to  (lie  em- 
ployer or  furcman  any  delect  which  ihey  umy  diwovor  in  the  working  oi  the  fan  or  in 
kny  appliance  reiinired  by  theae  rules. 

Airnnni  W0rntr.BooB, 
n.  M.  ilvirf  fngptftar  of  Faetonnt. 


None.— Th. 
fai'torv  or  w<'i 


.    jti  lv»  pi^ffvl  iTp   in  r<;v\ 
i*l«ply,  wlier**  thvy  may  ' 


'      ■-  in  Ihe 

read  by 

I    I!*  lialilrr 

i'd  work- 

TP  liable 

'  'nkshnp  Act,  i&»l,  auctiim  U, 


\  BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUBEAU   OF  L-iBOR. 

LudPBR  Match  FAcroaiEs  is  Which  Whitb  or  YstLow  pBoavRORrs  u  Uskd. 

^Forni  3S4-Juuary.  )«)4.} 

In  thoBfi  rules  '^plioephorouF  pn)ce88*'  inean«  mixinp.  dipping,  dr>'ing,  boxing. 
any  other  work  or  pnM:e88  in  which  while  oryeUuwr  pnoffpnurua  is  used,  uml  "per»jii 
cmployprl  in  a  phtinphonius  ))n>cf>»"  meana  any  j>pniun  whu  is  employett  in  any  ruom 
or  pari  nf  the  faciory  where  eiich  u  pnicess  is  earned  on. 

'•  Double  dipped  uiuldiea"  iu«ans  wuud  splinU,  both  ends  of  which  have  hwn  «1ipp«d 
in  the  i^iiting  (•«iini)<jrtition. 

"  C'cnif  ving  mii;gcon  "  meaiiB  a  surgeon  appointed  under  the  raeiory  and  Workehnp 
Act*. 

Any  approval  or  derision  given  by  the  chief  inapector  of  factories  in  pursuance  of 
thoso'nifeji  sliall  l>e  given  in  writing,  and  may  at  any  time  be  re\'uked  t>Y  mdica  in 
writiuK  eiyiKil  by  hiiu. 

Rules  &(n),  5  (b).  fi.  8.  and  19.  em  fur  as  ihey  affect  the  mopluyment  of  aUult  worken, 
shall  not  come  into  force  until  the  Ist  <iuv  of  October.  1900. 


Dniiet  o/ employers. 

1.  No  p;»rl  of  a  lucifer  matrh  factory  shall  l>e  ronstnirterl,  stnirtnTally  nltcred.  or 
newly  U8e(].  fur  the  carrying  on  of  any  phosphoroufi  prtnew.  iiuleK^  I  he  phum  have  pre- 
vioiuily  been  eubinitled  in  duplicate  to  the  chief  infipector  of  fatlorie*.  and  unlew  he] 
fllii«li  have  appn>vcd  the  phuis  in  writing,  or  shall  not  wifhin  nix  weeks  from  the  mib- 
miBBion  of  tlie  plans  have  expres4se<|  his  (lisHppnnal  in  writing  of  the  rmae, 

2.  Every  r<K>m  in  which  mixing,  dippinp.  drjinie.  or  Ixixing  is  carried  on  shall  Iw 
^ffieiently  vrntilated  by  means  of  Mifnrient  openings  to  the  outer  air,  and  ft!.-*o  b 
inctuis  of  finuf.  unless  the  use  of  fans  is  (linpunsml  with  by  order  in  wrilini;  of  tito  <  lih 
inspectar;  shall  contain  at  Ieft*<l  400  cubic  feet  of  air  space  for  each  per*)n  cmploved 
therein;  and  in  comnming  thi.^  .lir  space  no  height  alxtve  14  toot  nhall  be  taken  fnfo 
account;  shall  1k»  ellicientiv  lichled:  shall  have  u  flnnxith  and  inipcrvinuB  fliMif.  A 
fl(M.ir  laid  with  flai^stones  nr  \iaia  bricks  in  good  repair  shall  be  deemed  to  constitute  ■ 
Bmottth  nnd  iinper%ioiis  floor. 

3.  (a)  The  processes  of  raixinp,  diopinK.  and  drying  sliall  each  l»e  dune  in  .  . 
and  distinct  riKjm.     The  pnjcess  of   lK>xiu)f  doubIe-dippe<I  nialclios  or  nt.                 ' 
thoniiijihly  ilry  shall  ala>  l>e  done  in  a  «?panue  and  distinct  nxmi.     Thee»c  r                 1 
not  ominuMiicjte  with  any  oilier  piirl  of  the  factory  unleHs  thiTc  Mhall  be  »                    i 
spare  intcr\eriint;  "or  J'hall  they  ctjuununicate  with  one  another,  except  b\  .,,. .....    -i 

tlix>rwj»y3  with  diwinl y  tilting  dfifirs.  which  doors  shall  be  kepi  shut  except- when  annie 
puNou   i»  pa»*ine  through. 

(b)  Mixing;  fihiJl  not  lie  done  except  in  an  apparatus  so  cIommI.  or  so  amuij^e<l,  and 
ventilated  by  means  of  a  fan,  as  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  fumes  into  the  air  of  the 
mixing  rtwtm. 

(r>  Dipping  shall  not  l>e  done  except  on  a  slab  provided  wiUi  an  ofHcient  exhaust  ftui, 
and  witli  an  air  inlet  bctw*ccn  the  dipper  and  the  slab,  or  with  a  hoixi.  so  arranged  aa  to 
dr^w  (lie  fumes  away  fritm  the  dipper,  und  to  prevent  them  from  entering  the  air  of  the 
dipping  riKtui. 

(«)  Matches  that  have  been  dippe<l  and  can  not  at  once  bf  remove<J  to  the  drying 
room  slmll  immediately  l>e  pla<ed  under  a  hiMnd  provided  with  nn  efTicienl  exhaust  "fan, 
BO  arnmge*!  as  tr»  prevent  the  fumes  from  entering  the  air  (tf  the  rrHim. 


Bul>t«'ctiitnr/lof  ihisnile  \intd  tlieyarethoroughlydrv.  und  matches  shuJl  hot  Ik?  taken.' 
Ut  a  hoxing  r(HUu  ilmt  is  *>  jirrangcil  until  llioy  are  tfritHl  so  far  a.s  they  can  bo  beforal 


(r)  Mutchoe  shall  not  be  taken  to  a  b(»xing  room  noL  arranged  in  compliance  with 

lb 

I  s 
cutting  down  and  boxing. 

(/)  Tutting  down  of  double-dippe*!  matrhcfl  and  boxing  of  mntche*"  not  thoroughly 
dry  shall  not  l>e  done  except  at  benches  urlabloeprovide*!  with  an  oflicient  exhauplfan, 
soarrangt-il  oh  todniw  the  fume«away  from  Ihe  worker  and  pfevem  Ihcm  from  entering 
the  air  of  the  boxini:  n-nm 


Pn.'vidtni  tliat  tlt- 
arrangeincnl  for  ( 
approved  b\  !' 
cuojei'l  111  th< 

rir. 
uf  I  i 

'I.  Vfmt'iHrontainin;.' 
Btanily  c(tvercd,  und  cl< 
purpose. 


ndei^hnll 
:inv  of  1 1 


-  nr  ui  Jiny  ti" 
■-t*i}H  if  111. 
■   ruDHl  laLmr,  and  if  ii 
val. 


ii  wlion  I 
damp  Ua: 


INDUSTRLVL    HYGIENE. 


575 


l>y  resu 


5.  (o)  For  l}ie  purposes  of  these  rules  the  octrupter  ahull  fippuhit,  cmbjoct  to  the 
anprovol  of  the  cui^f  inspector,  a  duly  qualified  una  registered  dentist,  herein  termed 
the  ap|Mjinted  dentist. 

It  eluill  bo  the  duly  of  the  appointiKl  deiiti»t  to  HUflpend  fwin  omployment  in  any 
'lorous  process  any  person  whom  heltnds  to  incur  danger  nf  phtisphorous  necrosis 

y  reasitn  of  aefcotivo  condilinnn  of  tee-lh  or  exposure  <»i  thp  jaw. 

(6)  No  person  aliull  hf  newly  eniplnye*!  in  a  dippin||f  ttjoia  lor  more  than  twenty- 
eight  days,  whether  Hiich  dftyn'ore  consecutive  or  not,  without  beinjf  examined  hy  the 
appoiuic*!  (kmii:?!. 

{c)  Kvery  person  employe*]  in  a  phosphorous  procew.  except  persons  employed  only 
:ifl  Iwxer.f  of  wax  vcpUis  or  other  tnuroughly  dr)'  matches,  anall  be  examined  by  the 
appointee!  dentist  at  least  once  in  every  th'ree  months. 

{il)  Any  per¥uin  employed  in  the  factory  complaining  of  tiNithache,  or  a  pain  or 
swelling  of  the  jaw.  pliall  at  once  Ik*  exaniine«l  by  the  appointed  dentin. 

{/,)  Wiien  the  app<Mnted  dentist  luus  retiwm  to  believe  that  any  perston  employed  in 
the  ifactnrj'  is  sufferinjr  from  infljmm:itiim  or  necrosis  of  the  jaw,  or  ia  in  such  a  sliile  of 
health  a^  to  incur  ilanj^or  of  jilioMphontus  necroairt.ho  shall  at  oncodirect  tlic  attention 
of  the  cert  if  yini;  f  urgw  »u  iin<l  tKcu  pier  to  the  case.  Thereupon  mch  person  eliall  at  once 
l»e  exiiminoii  by  ll^e  certifying  surgeon. 

6.  No  i)erHon  fihall  1m?  erapIoytMi  in  a  phowphoDUt^  process  after  fluspension  bv  the 
appuinteU  dentiel;  or  after  the  extraction  uf  a  tootU;  or  after  any  operation  involving 
exp^wurc  of  tlie  jaw  1>one;  orafterintlanunation  or  nocnwiis  of  the  jaw;  oraflerexumi- 
natum  by  the  appointed  demist  in  pursuance  of  Uulo  5  (ff);  or  after  rcfcreme  to  the 
certifying  purgeon  in  pursuance  of  Rule  5  (*-),  unless  a  certificate  of  fitnesi  has  l»een 
tjivcn,  after  exiiniinaiinn.  by  ni^ned  entry  in  the  health  register,  by  the  app**intod 
<lentit«t  or  by  tlio  crrlifying  burgcu  in  case^  referred  to  hiui  under  Knie  b  in. 

7.  A  health  register,  in  :i  form  approvefl  by  the  chief  iri«pectur  of  factories,  shall 
be  kept  by  the  occupier,  and  shall  contain  a  complete  lial  of  all  pers*m.-*  employed  in 
each  phofphorourt  procci*,  epecifying  with  regard  to  uach  such  pertjon  the  lull  imtue, 
ftddre**".  u?"  wht'o  lifNf  cinployotl,  an"!  ilate  of  lirst  ouipUiyment. 

Ti  !i  will  enter  in  the  health  re^ii*ler  tlie  dates  and  reeidts  of  hia 

ox. II  employed  in  photiphoiotm  proveft^*s,  aiul  particularu  ol  any 

dtf''  'M  M\  nun. 

'I  red  <lentie-t  will  enter  in  the  health  register  llie  dales  and  rwiUla  of  his 

cxj.. K .  ....  of  the  tcetli  of  per»>n9  employed  in  phosphorous  processes,  and  particulara 

of  any  directiona  given  by  him,  and  a  noWs'of  any  case  roferrea  by  him  to  the  cortifjiag 

B11IV(H}n. 

The  health  register  ehnll  he  produced  at  any  time  when  required  by  H.  IL  inHpectora 
of  hfcctorie^,  or  by  the  certifying  purpcon,  nr  by  the  appointee!  dentlbt. 

8.  Kxcepi  persons  whose  namob  ;';  '  heaUh  regialer  mentioned  in  Rule  7,  and 
in  reppe*t  of  whom  certificates  of  II  have  been  gnmied.  n«»  peratm  shidJ  bo 
newly  employed  in  anyphasphnrun.-  j^ii-  -  :^-  lor  more  than  liSdays,  whether  mich  dava 
are  (oiim'cuiive  or  not,  without  a  cerlilicate  of  tunes*',  granted  after  examinatiLm  by  itio 
certifying  Hurg^eon.  by  si^ed  entry  in  the  health  register. 

ThiH  nde  c^hall  not  apply  to  persona  employed  only  as  boxers  of  w&x  veetos  or  other 
thorouuhly  dry  matches. 

y.  Tlie  occupier  shall  provide  and  maintain  sulBcienl  and  suitable  overalla  for  all 
personaem ployed  in  phosphon^us  pripcesBoe,  except  for  per9on8em])loyed  unlv  aa  boxers 
r>f  V  -  or  other  thonjugldy  dry  matchca,  and  sIulU  cuum;  them  to  be  worn  as 

dir  Hle2(». 

.\  •   "  '  '■•  ■'  ■•■'^  work  they  shall  lie  collected  and  kept  in  proper  coalody 

in  ;•  lor  tlie  purpose. 

1  i.  _  rfaahco  every  week,  and  suitflble  arrangements  for  this 

puriHwe  nball  be  made  by  the  occupier. 

10.  The  ocrupier  slioll  provide  and  maintain — 

(a)  A  dining  room,  and 

{h)  A  cloiik  room  in  which  workers  can  deposit  clothing  put  off  during  working  hours. 

11-  No  porsitn  shall  be  allowed  to  prepare  or  pArtake  ofany  food  or  dnnk  in  any  room 
in  which  a  phoHphoroua  pnKCSs  ia  earned  on,  nor  to  bring  any  fotxl  or  drink  into  such 
room. 

12  The  occupier  ehftU  provide  and  maintain  for  the  use  of  the  workers  a  lavator>*, 
with  soap,  nailbruehcri.  towels,  and  at  least  one  lavatorj"  ba^in  for  every  five  persona 
employed  in  any  plM;Bphon)U8  pnKesu, 

Eacfi  such  bu^in  &ha\i  be  fitted  with  a  waste  pipe,  or  the  basins  shall  be  placed  on  a 
trough  fitted  with  a  woatepipc.  There  shall  be  nconstAnl  supply  of  hot  ana  cold  water 
Uid  on  to  each  basin. 


Bl'LI-ETIX   0»  THB  BVBB\U   OF  LABOB. 

Or,  ill  the  pkco  oS basins,  the  ocriipier  hUaII  provide  nnrl  niAinuun  enamel  or  ^a1«-&o- 
ixfni  iron  troughs,  in  gotid  repuir.  ol  a  total  Ungth  u^  2  t«H  for  every  G\'k  persona 
fmplny*^!.  fitted  witli  Wiiste  pipes  and  without  pltifs's.  with  a  sulhcient  supply  of  n'Msci 
VTtttcr  ronsianily  available. 

The  Iavaior>'  shall  I>c  Icept  thomughly  cloan^eil,  and  fhsM  Uo  supplied  with  a  mtffi- 
lionl  quantity  of  i-loan  towels  twice  in  earh  day. 

There  tOiall.  in  uddition.  be  ini-ans  of  wa.-^hiiig  in  cloee  proximity  to  tho  wnrkors  in 
Rny  dri>artjuen(,  ii  so  required  in  writinjf  by  thn  incrv.  i.,r  \u  .K  .i.n.  of  ri>.-  .li^tn, » 

13.  The  ocriipier  shall  provide  fur  the  use  ot  - 
process  nn  aniiiHjptir  niouib  wiiah  approved  by 
supply  of  i^'lassca  or  fup». 

M.  The  HiKtr  of  ertrlj  umm  in  which  a  p1u>sphotou8  proewis  is  carried  on  limll  bo  cictarc*! 
oi  woBte  ut  leuKt-  onre  ii  diiv.  and  wuehrd  ut  lett«t  once  a  week. 

\b.  A  printed  cony  oi  t)teHe  nile^  shall  be  given  to  earh  persozi  oti  ettteruig  tipoo 
{itnploymeut  iu  a  phiK^phuniua  prutc^. 

I*iiHfji  of  prrtonH  nnplnyrti. 

16.  No  perp->n  cJiall  work  in  a  mixinp.  dippin(f.  drying,  w  boxing  rooin  uudrr  otbw 
ronditionM  than  those  preserilw^d  in  Kule  .3. 

17.  No  person  t«halt  allow  a  vessel  containing  phofiph(m>im  paste  Xm)  rvvimit)  uncov<rrrd 
icxc^pt  when  actually  'u\  nw». 

18.  .\ll  |>ersont)  employed  in  a  phoBphnrwus  proeefB  shall  present;  thetiiKdvea  at  the 
ftppoinfrd  limea  for  examination  by  tlio  eeriifying  sur^on  und  appointed  dentist*  10 
prov  jt'lf'd  in  Rule.**  5.  ti  and  k. 

\\).  liverj^  person  cnipi"^'"' '" -^  V^"-'"''"""--^""'"''^-'-  ■"•'  -"iv,.r.r,.r  .>«,,,  l.^^.>t,../ f,^  gp 
«\velliiit;  "f  the  jaw:  or  h  i  her 

operation  involvinpr  exp'  ,  .  '   'hull 

Tiot  resume  enipto>iuent  in  u  plmpphoniuuprtK-esa  wilbout  a ctMtLticatfi  ui  tilnees  £rcttii 
the  appointed  dentift.  'm  pnwided  in  Rule  ft. 

No  person,  after  suspension  by  the  appoint.  <■  .if  aflpr  referon^^  to  the  eorli- 

Tying  eurgeon.  shall  rnpunie  eniploynicni  inn  i  -sprcK^ees without  a  cortitirato 

of  nines',  a.**  provided  in  Rule  0. 

2^),  Kvery  j>erson  eniploved  in  a  pluwphorous  pnxeae  for  wlioni  tins  wrupicr  is 
.  requirwl  by  Rule  9 1--'  ^-''^•^^  '-f-  ..^i  »-.lh  -^i'  >"  "-r-.r  wt.r)..  .r  -^'.^ri.-  ii>^.  ,.v...-iM^  a..  -.r,.v..»«,-^ 

21.  Ev«fypen*4jn 

or  leaving  the  pron  i  ;  .  *  .  . 

Tor  the  pnrpo«v.  and  t<huil  tlK^niughly  wueh  in  llie  luvutor^'. 

No  perwm  shall  pre|wre  nr  fmrtake  of  fnixl  or  drink  in  any  romn  in  vhirh  a  pho»> 
phonius  proceas  is  carried  on.  or  brinir  any  food  or  drink  into  - 

23.  No  p*»rson  chail  in  any  way  interfere,  vrilhoui  the  kn-^  !  i-oncurrenre 

*of  t!  •  r  or  manager,  with  the  means  and  appliances  jio  »\  m'-««  nit  the  removal 

Ofd'  lea. 

21.  .  .^,..;  u  and  forewomen  »1ulU  r^oorl  to  the  tuanagL-T any  iustanee  coming  uudef 
their  notiee  ol  a  worker  neglecting  to  ob«er>-e  iheee  rules. 

AuTfTi  n  ^Vll^^^.lio«ll, 

ChitJ  twfpirctor  of  fhrtorifw. 

Apeu.,  IWO. 

Note. — These  rules  muFt  bo  kept  pouted  up  in  eonflpiruou^  place*)  in  the  faciiey  to 

Tt'liif'li    iln'T    iriiilv     ulii'ic    ihi'v   tiinv    }\f  fi  in\  (M  ii»»n  fl  V    n*;iil    l»v    tfii.    itHr^dnti  t'tii  t>1(i  y*^. 

.  i-n- 
lo  a 

iptuiuLt)  uidc-a?  he  proNe-i  iliai  he  tiue  l.uU»*ii  uJl  I.  to 

to  beat  ol  hid  power,  enforcing  tho  nil#s  to  j  .  ,0). 

FutT  Hats. 


Wli/^reDfi  tlie  mfltinfarrnTo  rtf  W(  bat*  wifb  thn  did  f^f  inflainmabl**  aftbrwnt  bft«  bwtJ 

',■."■     '     '  .     **  ,'■,*"■■  ■  '"''i     ■ .)  l>»« 

:ho 

i-.o-  ■  in 

fhi. 

I.  .ib\9 

>b  I  the  invpoctor 

tr*r  I  ■  ,  I 


INDVSTRIAl-    HYOIEKE. 


577 


2.  The  number  0^  wet  ^iriT-prwiffd  hat  l>fvlio«  aUo-w«d  to  be  in  a  prootiiw  room  at 

•I  one  !ml  for  oach  15  nibic  fw-l  of  air 

IV  kiuti  t*zceea  a  pruporliou  of  one  Imi  (or  eucU 


ooo  tinio  rihiilt  not  e^' 
and  in  noaU^vo.  wi 

&!'    ''     '  rsnlMlT  III  )iin 


tl'H  III--    I     (     ,1' 


(M:i 


• ,  ,r„.  .i 


.......  ...  >...  ii  ctuch  room  or  stove  in  cubic  feel  and  the 

'•>  ibettin  »t  4Jiy  oite  time  uluUl  be  kept  coa* 

Spirit -priHiUil  lials  »liuU  be  (i{n;iiv(I  out  !iin)j;Iv  und  expowd  for  one  hour  l>eiore 
4ne  plAoed  in  iho  M<n'i>.  This  requirement  shall  not  opplv  in  the  case  of  a  stm-e 
'lien  contains  no  lire  or  itrtilv'itil  li(^)t  capi»l>le  of  iKniimff  influmniable  viip^ir  and 
'  '  i»  no  con»tnirte«i  aiid  iimingeil  us.  in  the  opinion  uf  the  inspector  lor  the  dietrirt, 
I  ppp©i»nt  no  ri(«k  o(  such  ignition  fn-^  ...  — .  i  - .  ,,j,  ligjjt. 
■f.  The  above  rul**a.  in  ho  far  a^  thr  uves.ehall  not  apply  to  the  proo- 

riDg  hat  bodn*;*  whoTO  tiie  .-i^.. .    . iixhI  in  a  <:Ii>«h1  oven  or  chuinbor 

hflsfeand  .siiii:kbU>api»anilUM  loriho  rondensalion  of  th4>iitlvont. 
To  pervou  cfball  Mnokv  in  iiny  rouiu  or  pUii}  in  whicli  inHaniinuble  mlveut  is 
'  to  the  iur. 
reguUiions  shall  come  into  force  on  the  Isi  day  of  October,  lftU2. 

A,    AKEHK-tKu  «LA8. 

(}nf  of  Ui»  Majesty'*  Pnnripai  Strrrrlnrifa  of  SlaU. 
flrsciAL  Rc^C9  roK  tub  Havou.su  or  Dra*  Astf  1>itysAi.TED  Hides  and  Sksks 

IxrORTRD    FROM    t'illN.V    OR    PltOM    THK    \Ve**T    CuAST    OF    InI'IA. 

(Porm  4ttV— Fiibrtiary,  1«W.» 

Duties  of  oentpUr. 

1.  Proper  pro%'iMon  to  the  reoponahle  satifffarrinn  of  the  infrpertor  in  chan?e  of  tlie 
liptrirl  Phal!  he  niiule  for  the  keeping  of  the  worknienV  fn«M|  arnl  rlothinp  ouiMdo  any 
»m  "^  ^^'*''  "'  which  anv  )»f  the  above-described  hiJea  or  skinharp  unpacked,  fiortetf, 
■kv.  .{. 

!.   r    .  t  f»iiffiHent  appliances forwaflhinff,  coniprisirig soap,  baaiiw,  with  water 

id  on.  nailhruphe?  and  towel.'*,  shall  be  pro\'ined  and  maintained  for  the  upe  of  the 
ten.  to  the  reasonahle  satisfaction  of  the  inspector  in  chanfO  of  the  district. 
Btirj^ing  pla.-^ter.  and  other  requisite;*  fur  treating?  scratchew  and  alight  woiind^ 
'be  Kept  at  hand,  available  fur  the  use  of  the  persons  enjployed. 
A  copy  of  the  appended  notee  ahall  be  kept  aoixed  with  the  nilcs. 


Uuliai  of  ptrsQixfi  fttxpiayrA. 

5.  Xo  workman  shall  keep  any  food,  or  any  artJclos  of  clotUins  other  tlian  Xhow.  he 
wearing,  in  any  room  or  shed  m  which  any'of  tJie  alH)ve-depcrined  hi<lea  or  skins  are 
indle«l- 

He  shall  not  take  any  food  in  any  such  room  or  shed. 

fi.  Ev^n,-  workman  liaving  aoy  open  cut  or  eeratch  or  raw  surface,  howei-er  trifling, 
[  '  '■  e.  head,  neck,  arm,  or  nuiid  ^htdl  iniine<liiiielv  report  the  fuel  to  the  fure- 
Iiall  not  work  on  the  prrmiwH  until  the  wnnml  is  neakNl  or  it»  completely 
ivcivu  i"\  a  proper  dieauDg  after  being  thurLUighly  washed. 

ArTHI^H   WmTELEGGE, 

< 'Au/  Intpfctor  of  Factfrin- 
Chas.  T.  RrrcKiE. 


Auouar,  1901, 


OjW  o/ 77"    irn>/j[^/V*  PfiTiriLHil  Srri  fnrirs  if'i^tiiU. 


■■■:'■]  10 

■'{. 
Ml     -.%  J II 1    1  '  ;1— 

of  ihcin.  i^  i  '  lo 

laltv  unln^-*  h-    ,        -         -        -      -      -    -   _  J  iig 

tlifiueetof  hia  power,  eniomng  the  rulea,to  prevent  iheconimventumornou- 

im-e. 

■    -a 

tanaung  oi  ume^  vi  uouuaL-  wmca  nnvt  (iioa  oi  tne  oiw^a^e.     int  grrui?  oi  uia 


mk 


578 


BULLETIN   OP   TIIK   BUBEAU   OP  tABOB. 


du«iMut<«  (anihnix  Fpnrco)  arc  found  in  the  duKt  %i\i\  in  t.ho  fml>FtHnre  nt  thfi  Md*,  ud 


— " —  — *  •"-""•itioMm 

illCFilAil* 

licueo  in  tuiidliiii^  i<*roign  dry  hiJ*:*  ihb  Aitu\« 
Wet  ftftltnii  hidw  arc  fr»v  from  du«t,  imd  \am 


ne 

:<»2  cilllt 

Infec- 

%« iwi  iiLLDti  or  nail 


i;l-.%  ^ 


may  mnnin  H»!ivi>  for  yr^ir-      T 
(aki'n  I<»  prrvont  infnrtod 
liiil.-  .LiiiL'cr  in  handling  ' 
I'  Mu.  Cliiiia,  uitil 

ill  "iiiiiion.  and  ini' 

ifiU'ii  t«hipp<^d  to  Uhti.-iU  pt^rU. 
_  lloB  ftliould  ^K*  rarrfnlly  ohncrved. 
rink  iH  inrumMi  in  liuf  "         '■■■mi. 

Tl)0  dijwoM'  if  <*>tii  1  to  man  nnni«'lime«  bv  broathing  or  ffw«I1rm-inK  llrp 

dn«t  fn)iii  an  inforl*-*!  ...■■■  ■   "■"■'^'  •■!■.>■.■  i.-....ii»-  i.v  ti-f  t... ;.....  i...i..w..,  ,„, 

p<iint  whorv  llwi'  wkin  is  hr  i 

ur  cvtn  rhiip^wd  haudp.      t  .  ,  ,  i  i  i  . 

htnly.  tli<»  hand,  arm,  f:irr,  and  most  in-qurnily  oi  all  on  lli*»  nwk— 
inft'clod  hide  ruhhingitpunnt  itio  tmroHkin.  or  (oduut  frum  nuch  tt  hi 
raw  mirfui'i'.     Put  a  ruw  curfaco  covorod  hy  clntliinK  u*  not  !■ 
hMlginj;  niH)n  the  rloth*'^  may  mmner  or  later  wnrk  it*  way  to  tli. 
lion  may  Hl.-^r  ho  hixxiglii  ahout  by  rubbing  or  Bcmtrhin^  »  |miiii>i«. 
r.irrviii«  the  unllirax  jmipon. 

The  fifHl  pymptom  of  anthrax  is  nmiallv"  =?">11  iiMV»'n'"'  :vr..lltV 
Imil,  often  tiuitr  i>ainlc>^,  %vhich  pxlondpii 
and  purnmndrd  by  oiiu'i  "pimph'^."     Ti> 
tho  nyHtt'm  an<l  will  ciixiti}  rink  to  lifo.  whitii  mn  b»-  u\ 
cfTc't'livr  me«li('al  troatmcnt  in  thooarly  sLa^o  while  tiio  p 
])iitiph'.     Ilenrit  ii  in  of  (he  ntnioHl  inipurtanc«  that  adoclur&huulduf  wtc<:  bccuiuuU»d 
11  th'T''  is  iiiiv  eiifi»ifir)n  of  itdcctiun. 

NoTKa. — ^uitttbletivpruIU. protecting  tli     -  r    '      -  '     -:  "         -  '*      -      '  ji,. 

infi.  aiiii  malcrijilly  to  (ho  -«fi»Iy  of  Iho  v  a, 

whorv  pnictinibh'.  if  dun^nixiit  hides  aiv   i'.^ ., .......  uB 

j-eK-satiiin  of  work.     Similarly  fur  tho  prot'.Hiinn  ol  thn  hands,  giuxxif*  aliuuld  be  pr> 
viilcvl  and  wora  whoro  Iho  character  of  the  uurk  jjcrmitii. 

Wool.  AKD  Haw  Soutino. 

\Miereaji  tho  proocfleca  of  porting,  willying.  wafhinc,  and  rombinc  and  ra^liM 
wo«d,  goal-hair,  and  camel-hair  und  pn)m«-«"  in'-idfuial  UiorPto  hn^-'  *-■'  "  .•'*.!, ..J 
ill  piir«tiuiii.-c  of  Miction  79  of  llio  Karlory    ■  !iop  Act.  I'JOl,  ■ 

I  herx?l>y  in  pureuanco  of  iho  powi-m  Ccn  ;i  mo  bv  thai  m  t 

in^'  rognlutioTiH.  and  dirr>ct   that  thry  shall  uppl>    tJ>  all  larlorio^  und    '  in 

whirl)  tho  said  prorcfiM>»  arc  rarricci  on,  and  in  which  llii;  mu1t>rial8  n  :.e 

achodnles  an*  nflod. 

II  }*hal!  Ik«  the  duty  of  tho  occupior  to  r«»mply  wiilt  IU*gn1aiiona  1  to  16,  It  rIiaII 
ho  tho  duty  of  all  jiorwonfl  omployod  to  comply  with  Mci;uhilinnB  17  to  23. 

'rin'«'  ri'KulalionM  uliall  coiiio  into  fonv  ou  the  \->l  of  January,  HKW,  €XCOpt  (hit 
KoguhiliuUd  2  uiid  b  shall  iiol  couio  into  force  until  ihc  Ul  uf  April,  iSKW. 


Df/nition, 

For  tlio  imrpoflo  of  Regulations  2,  3.  and  18,  ofjorunc'  of  wool  or  liair  moann  the  opeo- 
infi,'  of  the  f1ecHi>,  iiK-ln<liii)j:  the  untying  or  rutting  oif  tJie  kiiot«,  or,  it  l\w  niutofial  i« 
HOT,  in  tho  deoi^,  Uio  opening  out  for  hioking  over  or  clHiwing  purpoeea. 

Dutif4  </  ocnipicru, 

1.  No  bale  of  wool  or  hair  of  the  kindfi  named  in  iho  echodulcK  F!inll  b*-  rii»rii(>d  (ur 
the  pnriKw.*  of  buing  sorted  or  manu/aclurcd.  except  by  men  skilled  m  judiring  Uiif 
con(ittion  ni  iIm^  -■>  if^'riul. 

No  balr  liuir  of  the  kinds  named  in  8chcduIo  A  duUl  bo  oponod  except 

after  ihurt.i:  ■  ]  mi;  in  water. 

2.  No  wiMij  III  huir  of  tlio  kindH  named  in  S  n) 
ufi^r  H(o«(piiij5  u\  water,  or  (6j  over  an  efiicicn.  t- 
1>  I  ,  in  a  nx>m  eot  apart  for  the  purpOi»e,  m  v^ha^h  uo  uUiur  ^^utk  liuui  u|rt;uing 
1                 'ti. 

1  Ml  --  f  '1  ■    -r  - :'  '-  -  :  ;rr  p^n'on  ttliull  lip  docmod  to  lie  efflrient 

unUv- 
I'J'  '  .  vJ.tiii.r  ui-rvM^ns  Iw  not  lei*  than  II 

i.K!  not  Ion  than  X'J  aqu«n 


INDUSTBIAJL   HYGTENE. 


I 


I 


(6)  At  no  point  of  the  acroen  within  18  inchefi  from  the  renter  ethall  ihe  velocity 
tlie  oxhauf^t  urait  he  ]em  thnn  100  linear  feet  per  minute. 

3.  All  damagiKl  wool  or  Imir  or  fallon  flwr*-*  or  skin  wtiol  or  hair,  if  (d  the  kin 
DAmt^l  in  thosoht»<lulrH.  fihiill,  when  opc'ncd  hodftuiped  with  a  clisinfootant  and  waah 
wiihoul  iH'itip  willowtfl. 

4.  No  wiw>l  ur  hair  of  thr  kind^  namfnl  in  whcHulne  B  or  C  shall  he  9f»rt(f<I  pxrcpft 
over  an  cOiriont  sorting  iKtanI,  with  mtThanical  exJiaiist  draft,  and  in  a  rrn.m  nrt  apart 
f<ir  the  purpoK*'.  in  winrh  no  work  i^  curri*^  on  niUfr  than  waning  and  tin*  parking  of 
the  wool  or  hair  ft-trlod  therpin. 

No  wf»ol  or  hair  of  the  kinds  numhored  (1)  and  (2)  in  Schedule  A  rfiall  he  ao 
except  in  tho  dump  matp  and  after  lu-ing  m'asluxl. 

Xodainagi'd  w«m»I  or  hair  of  tht^  kinds  namwl  in  the  echetlulii;  shall  hr  wrled  oxce 
after  ht*ing  waslu'd. 

For  iho  purpose  of  this  rof?idation,  no  sortinjr  iKiard  slmll  be  deemed  to  l»e  oliicie 
unless  it  compliis  with  the  fullowing  conditions: 

The  ft^rting  hoanl  phall  ooinpriw.'  a  ecreen  of  opt»n  win*wnrk,  and  beneath  it  at 
part5  a  clear  spare  not  U'?w  than  3  inrhfs  in  depth.  lU-Iow  the  renter  of  the  )*rr< 
there  ehall  hv  a  ftinnnl,  mcapuring  not  leiw  thait  10  inches  arnt^i  t\\<'  top.  It-aditij^  (o  * 
extraction  s>haft.  and  tJie  arranpi*ments  sliall  be  eurh  that  all  <1ubi  falhn^  thnjuph  Ihfl^ 
screen  an'l  n-.d  rarricd  away  by  the  i-xtiaust  can  Ije  swept  dircKtly  into  the  funnel. 
'n>e  draft  ehall  be  niaintainf*il  in  conHtant  efficiency  whilst  the  porters  are  at  work, 
and  shall  be  purli  thai  not  less  than  75  cubic  f^ct  of  air  ptr  minute  arv  drawn  by  the 
fan  fn<m  b.-nealh  ^'arh  sr-rtinp  Iwrnrd. 

5.  No  wool  or  hair  of  the  kin<itf  namc<i  in  tlie  Bchodules  nhall  be  willowed  except 
an  eni<-i(>nt  willowing  machine,  in  a  n>om  set  apart  for  the  purpose,  in  which  no  work 
other  than  willowing  i"  carried  on. 

For  (he  purpose  of  thi-*  n^ifulation,  no  willowing  machine  shall  ho.  deemed  to  bo 
<*ffit-i*'nltinlestt  it  is  T)r<i\  ided  with  mechaniial  exhau**!  <lr«fl  f«tarranfftd  um  |u  draw 
the  dust  away  from  tne  workmen  and  prevent  it  fn*m  rnterin^  the  airt't  the  room. 

ti.  Xo  bale  of  wtxil  or  hair  shall  be  stored  in  a  wirtinp  nnun;  nor  any  wix»l  or  hair 
•xcepl  in  a  frpa'-e  effectually  »« rei*ned  ofT  fnuu  the  porting  OMtm. 

No  wool  or  hair  phall  be  stored  in  a  wilhiwing  riKim. 

7.  In  caeh  porting  room,  and  exclupivc  of  anv  portion  wreened  off,  there  pholl  bo 
aIlowe<l  an  air  space  of  at  leaat  1,000  cubic  feel  for  each  person  i*rapli>ved  then-iii. 

8.  In  each  r.wim  in  which  flrirting-,  willowinj?,  or  rombinf;  i-*  earned  on,  f*uitable 
inlets  from  the  open  air.  or  olhor  suitable  source,  shall  be  prnideil  and  arranged  in 
Buch  away  that  no  jieraon  employed  shall  be  ('xiKiwd  to  a  direct  draft  fmni  any  air 
inlet  or  to  any  draft  at  a  lemperaiurt^  of  lerw  than  50**  F. 

The  terapt-faturv  of  the  nM>m  shall  not.  during  working  houn^.  fall  below  50*  F. 

9.  Al!  bagx  in  which  wool  or  hair  of  the  kinds  named  in  the  whedules  has  been 
imiMiricd  pliull  be  pickul  clean,  and  not  brushed. 

10.  All  pieces  of  fikin,  scab,  and  clippings  or  slioarin^  ehall  be  removed  daily  from 
the  porting  room,  and  shall  bo  disinfected  or  dwtrvyetl. 

11.  Tlie  dust  carricil  by  the  exliauHt  draft  from  upenine  Brreens,  sorting  boards, 
willowing  or  other  dust  extracting  machin<»  and  shafiP  phall  be  dischargiHl  into  prop- 
erly cunptructed  receptacle?>,  and  Dot  into  the  open  air. 

Knch  ex  tnuling  shaft  and  the  ptpace  beneath  tne  sorting  boanls  and  opening  sereens 
flhall  be  cbaned  out  at  Ktiat  once  in  cverv  week. 

The  duj«i  colleoied  a.-^  above,  tog*:ther  wilh  Ihe  flwe4*pinp9  fntm  the  opening,  stirting, 
and  willowinir  rooms,  ehall  be  removwl  at  least  twice  a  week  an<l  bunie«l. 

The  ocrupi^T  tehall  pnivide  and  maintain  suitable  overalls  and  r«*ppirator9,  to  bo 
worn  by  the  persons  engaged  in  collecting  and  n»moving  the  dust. 

Such  overalls  shall  not  be  taken  out  of  the  worka  or  warehouse,  either  for  wa«hijig, 
repain,  or  anv  other  purpoae,  unlees  they  have  been  steeped  overnight  in  boil' 
water  or  a  disinfectant. 

12.  The  fltMir  of  every  nxvm  in  which  opening,  porting,  or  willowing  is  carried 
shall  be  thoroughlv  sprinkled  daily  with  a  disinfectaui  solution  after  work  haa  ri*ase 
for  the  day,  and  i^fiall  be  swept  iinmi"^liately  nfler  sprinkling 

13.  The  walb  and  ceilings  of  ever\'  rLM>m  in  which  tipening.  sorting,  or  willowin, 
is  earrietl  on  ehall   be  limewashed  at  least  once  a  year,  and  cleansed  at  U^at  on 
within  every  six  months,  to  date  from  the  time  when  they  were  last  cleansed. 

14.  The  foll<)wing  re<|uin'ment8  shall  apply  to  every  room  in  which  unwashtHl  w 
or  hair  of  the  kindw  nuuied  in  the  sche<lules  after  being  opened  for  sorting,  manufact 
ing,  or  waj»hini:  piirpn/*ej«i  u*  han)lle<|  or  Ptnn-A; 

{a\  Sutfici<MiT  and  sutlr\blc  wa^hinp  : --     i  ..;  -  ^i  .;|]  ly^^  providinl  ,,■■■:•     -h 

ruoiits  and  iuxiiniuiiie<l  j^r  the  us<-  oi  all  ,  <  stlcbfOOiUa*    1 


>ll   oonipri.-H-'   f*-<ap.  u.a.       

impli>yetl  0^  above,  each  baeiii  boixi^ 
supply'i^l  wttJvi"  laid  uu. 


on' 


580 


nnxBTiK  or  THK  DUBKAr  oy  LiBOn. 


(6)  SuUkMi-  pUrm  phttll  U>  prrtvirtitl  uttl«i<li'  thv  ntrtttitf  in  ^'li*  *>lupln3n»d 

(f)    No   ;  ««L 

SuitaM'  tUn 
,fmptovotl  ill  f*uvU  fiNifiic^. 


wmtl  or  h 

15.   K<*»|iii' II*'-  "  ' 
Ki.  Tbo  omipitr 

for  tJu»  pnrpciw^  of  < 

jirviuimit. 


Kita  Ml  whkh  ftftf 


Uutitt  i^  prr$tm$  mipfajfed. 


17.  No  b«Io  uf  vnril  or  hair  of  ihi«  klntb  tuuiumI  in  ib«  iKboduUtf  Hluiil  b«  of>ftr 
'oibora'iHi*  than  a»  )>friiiitusl  l)y  paivcrftpli  I  <•(  HofruUtlfm  1,  aud  no  !>;-!  -   'I  orl 

hair  ii(  t!u>  kiiitls  iiouK'd  in  SL'bi*rrule  A  umll  Ih'  op<'-ni'«J  cxn-pt  aCliT  U^r 
ill  wairr. 

If  iHi  opi<niiiir  u  l>ui«'  atiy  iluuukK("l  wihiI  or  liair  i>f  ib<>  kiuiU  iiain  I  iji 

in  diiiruvrrcd.  thi*  pi'fv^m  upcuiutf  l)u*  l»il**  uliiUl  inuuiHliulcIy  ri'p"  .  ly  ta; 

lliti  forcnun. 

IB.  Xo  WiHil  4ir  hair  of  Oiv  LinilH  niuntKl  in  S(*btf<liil(*  R  ahatt  bip  i>p«Dod  (iilufwiiii* 
tlmn  a»  pfniiilUHl  \>v  IU'Kiilalic<n  2. 

19.  No  wiM)l  iir  huir  uf  ihn  kinilx  naiuf^i  in  tbo  lu^bntulMB  nhaU  bo  »ofU'i\  nihonrfi* 
IbAU  Ofi  (MTiiiiiti-il  by  Kt-KiiUiiou  4. 

20.  No  wnol  or  liiiir  *>i  tin*  kiiufs  nauimt  in  thn  ftrhuilulcsii  ilioJt  bp  vinnrwrfl  vxcvpt 
asprrmitt-'il  t.v  Kitriihitiin  ,*. 

21.  F.v  ill  a  ^H>ln  in  wbir)i  iitiwanhfit  v/tuA  i>r  huir  of  the  ki 
Xiiunotl  in  1  l  urhun'llif!  sliall  obwrvc  ihr  foIlnwiTi'-n  iTniri'in'^uUt 

(a)  Hi' dbiUl  Uibwlt  LiL>  Uau'I*  b4-i'(ii  ■  ..^  \»i  imn] ,  ar  h'u  <  «. 

(fri  T!i<  aIiiiTI  n<il  •b'lxu'ii  in  un\  .  uny  ariiib'  oi  if  dtuing 

w«irl  i 

I!  r  HMJUbbi  ovornlU  whUr  at  work,  an^l  :*haU  rt-ranvr  thi-m  ht-fiifv  pwtafc* 

ing.M  .--u'l-i  i-aviiif  ■'■   •■■■■'triww. 

(r)  If  ho  liuti  uny  ^  K>rc%  bo  Hiiall  ropori  tbr^  fiu^t  At  ntico  to  tbi*  furrman.  Mid] 

•Imll  imt  Work  iu**iii 

No  pvriMju  iMupIoyoil  in  unv  fucli  room  **T  in  any  rLMUu  in  wbirb  wt:>ol  or  bairof  ilir 
kiniN  imuird  in  f  lo*  -rb'-luU-  w  "iiluT  runU-il  <<r  itorttl  ttball  pn  part'  or  pariakf  of  any' 
loo«i  thorrin.f^  toiKi  ihtn-iii.  i 

22.  Pt*rMiTiK  eoltt'rtiiig  or  rt'uiovUiif  Umtt  vbiJI  W(*ar  Uio  uvctall*  ••  nai] 
ijuiffil  liv  '■                Mil. 

Such  •  11  not  lio  eaki'D  out  of  ilu>  workji  nr  wnn-hiiUM'  r>itb«ir  (or  uaAbinftL 

fcpait?.  •  '  '  r  iinr|>ot*>\  uuIhw  liu<y  haw  bti'D  cti't'pi'*]  ovvrnigbt  iu  boilu^ 

VftUT  or  .1  'til. 

33.  If  :>:  >•  any  oihiT  applianco  fnr  iho  farrving  nul-  itf  ibvao  rcigulatioM*.  taj 

out  of  nr(b<r.  uny  workman  biiHiiuing  awaro  of  Uit*  drfrct  almll  imuuHiiately  ri 
Ihi-  fact  tu  Lht'  lort'iuun. 

U.  J    < 
Vnt  </  II\»  Mo(jfMhf*$  Principal  ■'^ 
Home  Urnvic.   WhiUhail,  Jilh  Ti^t^mh^,  1906* 

SchrditU  A. 

iWcMil  or  hair  rciiiiircd  to  be  uli'^pftl  in  ihr.  hub-  bofon*  hcUnt  i*\ivni'A 
.  Van  mohair. 

2.  Pornian  lo*'k». 

3.  Pi'mian  or  Mi-taUiuI  PiimiAn  tiaclmtin^  KaraUl  aoil  UagihiU    U  not  Mibp-cti-U' 
10  prw'fw  of  -(jrUng  or  wiUowing. 


(\'  Odl  or  Muir  ri^|tiirt*>1  t> ■  br*  upr  rt<-<I  .-iifur  ^ift >  r  *■;<■■  111 tiir  -ir  f\  ■ 

Alo.„  .. 

Eoftt  Indian  nubmcrr. 

r. 

r-  '  "^  '  ■ -'buIinjE  Kwttitt  ami  |!»M*i 

iriH  > 


.iT.i.nl 


i...l 


IKDL-saKlAL  irroiBNTi. 


581 


Sdtedttlr  C. 
(AVuol  or  bair  not  nf^ding  to  \w  npcinod  civc?r  oin  npeniiig  6ct(*od  but  n^qutmd  U»  hB 


tV..    I 


:  I  Iir-ftO  rf-trtilatinrid  aro  dirocloci  ie  ihttt  of  noltirax — 

.itLtnuilA.  whirh  luay  !)»■  r<invi'y«Mi  fr*im  lln'^in  to  man 

'-i  fiMin  iiniuials  wliiih  hifc\o  «iu*d  *\l  ihi*  difttkne.     'HiP 

•    (ouiicl  iu  tlio  tjuot  BMa<  hiiii2:  to  Lho  wrntl, 

i«f  tho  pi(T«*8  n{  Mkin.  ami  ui.iy  r**rmkiii  artiv* 

■ii\   11 11. 1    \ti-'r;ni;i  iiulhnix  ir"  t  ■  ntly  tluTf  is  little 

'U  in '111  thf  ^iit'cp  lit'  ill*  M-  t  v  '  'ill  China,  Pi'ivui, 

I.I   n.,i;,  -     1  ,,l  in  iiiiiny  "il"  '  ..MiUi.  il..'  .li-.i-.-  j^ 

whirli  h<  1  luiIh  r«  in  ") 

Ili'nrr,  in  L;a  ilrj-  wi  nr, 

iixUy  iibwrvi'tl.     l»r*yi."^y  wtM-ila  ajo  t  ly 

»k  i^  MKiirr*"!  in  tuiullLng^  thvin.     'I  i  ia 

'   HwalUiwin^  tin*  du^-t  Uom  iht-se 

.   in  *«>ino  {Miini  wIut*'  thi*  ^kin  \it 

on  the  un<i>V'  UimIv.  tin-  liui'  - 1*, 

-^..    ;.;..  -  .  -.1.  on  ihf  Ut'rk,  uv..-„„     .:.:   .  .     .!ii4'rtt'd  wool  Tu' ;■ ,  .:^.-.iwt 

in,  tir  tn  duff  Iniui  mi*  h  wool  jilitrhiing  «>n  ilic  raw  ^^^lrf.1^l■.  Itiil  u  mw 
od  by  C'lf'thiiii:  Is  ni-»t  iroi-  from  risk,  for  lln»  dust  li>d^in^''  upon  ibo  dothod 
r  laTttr  w  y  to  the  skin  UTiiarU.     tid»'(  tum  nidy  lUjio  Iih  bi'i)U|{ht 

"    ii({i.»r  ^  -  .1  piiupU'  with  hiind  nr  mill  i-urryinif  llm  uiitUnvx  |)4ii>5>n 


latal  dts< 


\i*jr^.      Ill 
ffcr  in  brtndlin 

I.    M. 


ll.HjVf  r*-x>>laiii>iv>  r^iitftdil  lit'  \» 
iram  dufi  and  th'-f  mt"  litib* 

iimaiunic-al«'Ll  to  ni ' 

fiKil"  iif  hair,  nnd  s-t 

•r     ■    '        •  ■'■  '.'  ii  -')  . 


nail^trurh.  un-i  ic  ';n.  nt  w 
nrrk,  uml  ht-tid,  witl  h 
lii>t.  (iyn';'-  ■  ■     ''  nithr.ix  it.  ii.-ij.w.,  ..    .,...,,  . 
-uften  qth  wlii<h  t-xlctid^.  :i(»l  in 

r  iirul  tiir:'  .     .  "IIht  "pmipl' .-.  "     Tlw  i 

.-tr-m,  and  wnll  crtu^o  risk  of  life,  wliich 
ivu  mi'dit-al  ipfttuitnt  in  tin*  early  nt^j^- 
\tiui\i\*^-     ileno**.  il  is  id  Uil*^  uttn«>tti  iiuportuucc  tlut  a  ductur  ebould  be  al  wkx 
if  tliorc  is  any  «•  ut-puion  o£  iuivcUvu. 


y.  t^ptcially 

.ix. 

min  i««  u%<Jidfd  only  by  prompt 
whilf  ilip  p<>i!M«n  i»  Ntill  continfcl 


Fux  AND  Tow  Si*QeNi>o  \Ki>  Wkavino. 

XN'hf'Poa^  th<'  pTt>rr«i's  ni  npinninp  and  waving  flax  and  t/)W  ami  \\w  pron-wNs 
iciilvtituL  ihcrt'io  havo  b«'fu  cfrtilji'd  in  purfiiaini'  "f  tH.Ttiim  79  uf  ilio  Fuctorj'  and 
'urkj-lmp  Art,  UHH,  to  be  dnnt;?rmitt: 

I  biTf  hy  in  pnrniianm  «if  th**  powr*r9  mnfrrrrd  cm  mo  hy  that  art  mako  thn  foUnwitig 

'     '        '■"  y  ,«Ii;dl  ;i|     '      *       '?  fflrtr»rtt'«  ill  wtu<'h  ihi'  pn-ewwos 

[  to  all  \v  ■•  wliich  ih»'  prtK-oww*  of  nnighiug, 

...  .  --r  '  ■"  -•■■■    .  .* ■n. 

■n  Ih*'  l^t  day  i>f  F<*bruftiv.  I!t07, 

in  whir-h  roiiij'hin^  or  tianddiacklin^  i*  nnw 

and  in  whirb  thrn;  in  rnspiM-tivcIy  ('ii  no  system  ot  loral  mvr-hanical 

ntilaiiuu.  ur  i(»t  no  artitiriai  uu-an*  ol  rt-gulating  tho  tinnporatur*',  lU'Uiila- 

3,  respect  ively.  sJiaU  not  come  into  totcv  until  thy  1st  day  of  Febmarj'.  liKW. 


In  thra*-  rcfrulatinmt — 


/>r^nifiVin,t, 


Lean 
It    ! 


irt -; 


•  kling,  oardfn^,  and  preparing^ 

■      ■    ■  l«'W. 

■■  ni  Uit'  t/irupKT  lo  o!irii-rve  i*ttrt  I  ni  th<'!ir  n'lnilationff. 
tii  ;ill  pwrsona  i-mployi?*!  to  til)flfr\'c  Part  U  lit  tiji?»<T  mgulatinns. 


Pa  rt  I .     IhU  ic«  of  o<tu  pient. 


!lj''  pmpnrtimi 


tbf  arT«n(j«n"Dtp  - 

n-  i-I  ill  tK.-'  ;i(r  -'f  f  I 


Oiurv  than  b  wJumea  pvr  lO.iHM)  vnUitiict!  oi  air. 


,.        M^"     '^      ■^^*-     V    A<^V^^1 


BrLLETTN  OY  TITB  BnUUTT  OT  UkBOB. 


2.  In  vw-TV  rrioni  in  whirl)  rnngbin^,  njnin?,  or  limul-lLackling  ip  carTicd  on,  amj  i| 
ever)'  ri»om  in  wliirh  in»<'liiii>'-)ti^'k)ifig,  curtliiiK,  or  pM  i.iiriuv  U  «utri..I  •■n  i^^^ji 
whirh  <lu(tl  iri  gf'ncrati'il  nnil  intmU'd  to  An  extent  lik-  ' 

of  ihc  wnrkcra,  oftirirnl  rxhAiiel  and  inirt  v<'nlilRtion  ii 

the  (lut^t  in  ilnkwn  awAy  Inuii  tho  workcni  at,  or  a«  nrar  »»  nuMiaaUy  |x4#iU«*  to, 


point  nt  whirh  it  ir*  grnrralwl. 

I'or  ihn  ]nir|>oft<*s  of  thiH  rr^ilntion  t 
hut'kliii^,   rtm^liiiif;,  or  totrtiiii;  kIia!!   im 


thr  fxhun  '  in  th<*  r^ 

i.t    lir    t!i  ■  I-  tciil     if    I 

oticninp  ut  xlw  Imrk  of  thr  hiu-kliiif^  pint*  nn'tt^ut-  .^  .-   .^ -i  in'*li'Ti  a*  i- .-  *^ 

clirrrrion,  or  hw  n  fwriional  an-a  of  U-as  than  50  wiiiurn  inrhr?.  it  if  the  ]in<^ar 
of  tliv  ilniUght  pawing  llirfiii^h  it  ir<  I*t*  lh»\n  4(K>  fo.  |  pi-r  nnmU"  at  any  [tft'iui 
n  »r<tiottiil  ttr«'tt  of  60  H<|uan'  in«hi*H. 

3.   In  every  nx)in  in  which  hand-hackling,  ruughiag,  wntiiiff,    ni!i''bmr  harklh 
itirdinir,  or  p'rt•|l«ri!^r  in  I'arriod  on.  an  ariumlo  thrrnmnn*1tT  inliall   ' 
and  ihi*  aming<<iii(>nti!i  "hnll  \h*  nurh  (hat  ihr  li-niprruiur**  vi  thi'  rrMiin 
limo  during,'  workinji:  houm  when*  hand-huckling.  roughing,  nr  nm' 
t*Hrrivd  itti,  full  Im-Ihw  M>  dr^r-ni.iir  whr-r*-  mating,  mpiin^j,  or  prvp;i; 

Ik^Iow  r>.j  dcjj^n '«•»';  uiitl  (hut  in>  priMiin  fnipliiyi-d  ^''     i'  i,.  ..-.  ,.,.„  t|  (n  u  .i 

~  >v  air  inlet,  or  (*•  any  driifl  u1  ii  («*niiM*Tuturf  nf  <»«». 

Fr<ivid«-d  that  it  Hhall  Im>  a  Miftx  ifnt  runipUaD'  ..ulati'ii  if  (1i 

M,p|>arnlut4  Ih*  put  into  np4>ruli(in  at  tli**  (*<ininirni-ftui>ni  ui  wnrk,  and  if  (1 
ti'iuprruturo  Im-  niutntaini'd  after  the  expiration  of  am*  hour  Irxua  ll»r  nmn 
of  i^ork. 

i.  In  every  room  in  which  wot-Hpinning  ia  ci^tied  on,  or  in  whirh  ftrtiliruO  humtdi 
of  air  \«  prothicrd  in  aid  of  maniifartiirt',  u  ert  rif  fftaiidardiKcd  »<  '        '    '       •     "     ' 
iiioitoitrK  nlmll  )u*  k<'pt  allisid  in  tin-  ri'nltr  .if  tlic  ^-i|n  or  in  • 
may  bo  dirvrle*!  hy  llio  in^piflur  of  thy  ditttnil  hy  uotii'i-  in  v..,;,.^    ^...i  .-*.-,, 
niaiiitainiMl  in  t't>rr4>rt  working  order. 

Karh  of  the ahove  iherniom)  trn«  nhall  br  nad  ln-lwrr'n  )Oand  11  a.  m.  on  t  ;>  rv  A 
that  any  pcrwrn  ja  employed  in  the  room,  and  iigain  between  3  and  <1  {*.  i 
day  (hat  any  pen^m  is  employed  in  the  nKnu  uSur  1  p.  ni..  and  twh  naidi 
at  onec  enlere*!  nii  the  prt^erified  ff>rni. 

The  fiinn  nhall  be  hung  \i]t  near  tliL*  thormomrtcn  lo  whlrh  it  ivlAtn,  mnd  »haJ1 
fnrwarcU'd.  didy  IdU'd  in.  at  tlie  end  i  f     ^       ^      !.ir  numth  lo  lh<'  !     .  '   M 

diftriel.     Provided  that  thin  part  of  tin  |  w*\  upply  toot. 

the  diffiTonr**  of  reading  between  th. •idb  tin  ruiom<  ( 

than  4  de^^rei^fi.  if  noiire  of  jnteniion  |(*  vurk  on  (hut.  t^yHtem  Ium  b' 
j)re«Tibetf  form  to  the int^peitor  for  the  dintru  t,  and  a  eupy  ol  (he  noii<  ■ 
in  th<-  rwjin  tii  whieh  it  appliei*. 

5.  The  humidity  of  (lie  utuioephoro  of  Any  nxim  lo  which  Kcguluttun  4  ifc], 
slialt  not  at  any  time  Ix*  ttueh  thai  the  differeniv  bi'twcim  tho  reading*  uf  lh<*  w^t' 
dr>'  bulb  tliernuimi'iei?!  i»  U't-s  than  2  dt^ec*. 

(i.  No  water  fthall  be  uaed  for  pn«lii(  ing  hunuditv  of  i* 
(rnuf^li!*.  whirh  i»  liable  to  faU(*e  injmy  (u  the  healdi  of  I' 
yield  eHluvia;  and  for  iho  putpofio  of  (hic<  retzutaiinn  an^    u... 
wid  fcMilulion  of  peruiiin^riiiuiti'  of  [)ou\Kh  in  hnir  htiurw  ni  <>**  < 
KTHin  of  oxygen  per  gallon  of  wat^-r,  phull  be  deonuHl  to  Ik-  liabb 
lieabh  of  (he  peruoih  eiiiii|«>ytHl, 

7.  Kflideni  means  .^liall  be  adopted  toprt'Vonl  thv  eM*ft|K' uf  »t«am  Irum  wcL-epinui 
Iroughs. 

H    Tho  pin(«  UKcd  for  the  introduction  cd  et«am  into  any  room  in  which  the  itaa} 
uture  exreede  70  degreit).  or  for  healing  the  water  in  any  wet  r-i 
Br»  far  n»  they  are  within  the  room  and  not  rnvered  by  water,  \>' 
and  \it<  limitnl  in  length  a^  i8  roawmably  praotieable,  and  rthall  b. 
with  non<-i>ndueting  iimlerial. 

n.  Kfhrient  sohwi  Kuardi^  Hhall  be  provido(3  ojid  maintained 
frninf*  of  21  ind)  jdlcTi  and  <tver,  and  on  all  other  wet-Apinniii:' 
pHHif  okirt^,  and  bibr?  of  ttuitable  material,  are  provided  by  the  >■■ 
(he  Workers. 

rn)vifled  that  if  tlio  ehtef  inopofHor  ia  satiafled  with  n-card  li*  prcmEsoi  In  urns 


nil    ill  I     H  I  |-,-;r»UiIlil 


"»    I      -- 

and  Aij{\  \» 

10    The  ti- 
drainod  no  an  ti*  pruVHUi  rvlvutiua  ur  accumuiatiuu  ol  water. 


nfOCSTRlAL   HYGIENE, 


588 


jt     "71-ct^  aV-.n  K.1  nn>vir1c<I  for  all  porsomi  prnployofl  in  any  room  in  which  wc*t- 

or  in  which  artiticial  huiaidity  uf  air  is  imKlucrd  in  aid  of 

Jid  omvoniont  an  omniodiititin  in  which  to  ki^i'p  thi*  clotlung 

j:  work,  and  in  ihc  f&^<^  of  a  huilding  fM»ri»«il  afUT  30th  June|^ 

rrnre  botwet-n  tli»?  nnMlingii  of  the  wet  and  dn'  bulb  thcnnom 

It-se  than  4  dt'greos.  such  accximmodalion  shall  be  pRividtt.!  ii 

itilatc<l  and  krpt  at  a  :>nitahlo  tcmpcratun;  and  situated  in  or  near  thi 

qun^tinn. 

Suitable  and  officient  respirators  ?ha11  be  provided  for  the  usr  of  the  pei 

yyed  in  mafchiuc-hackling,  preparing,  and  carding. 

Part  TT. — Duti/Jt  o/pmorut  employtd. 

13.  All  persong  employed  on  wet-spinning  frames  wfthnnt  efficient  splash  guarda 
filuUl  wear  the  skirts  and  nilw  provided  bv  the  occupier  in  pursuance  of  Regulation  9. 

14.  No  pt'fs>n  shall  in  any  way  interfere,  without  the  ct»ncurrenct'  of  the  tufupier 
or  mana^^.  with  the  mean^  and  Appliances  provided  for  ventilation,  or  for  the  rejnoval 
of  dust,  or  for  ihc  other  puq)i)?ctf  ui  those  regulations. 

il.  J.  GLAl>i?TOKE, 

Om  of  IJiM  M<ij<sttf'$  Prinripal  Stcrttan<s  of  State. 
HoUB  OmcK,  Whitehall,  £6ih  Febnittry,  1906. 

Fu.E  rvmNO  BY  IIam). 

Whercaa  the  proccpp  of  file  cutting  by  hand  lias  been  certified  in  pursuance  uf  ecction 
79  of  the  Fart*»ry  and  Workshop  Act,  11K)1.  to  be  dangen-us; 

I  hereby,  in  pursuanrr  of  the  ixjwers  conferrtMi  <tr\  me  by  that  act,  make  the  following 
regulations,  and  direct  that  they  shall  anply  t«  all  factories  and  worknhope  (including 
teiKemont  factorir*  and  tenement  wurk^^no^w)  or  partd  thereof  in  which  the  jirucesa  of 
file  cutting  by  hand  is  corrirtl  on:  Providixl  that  the  chief  in*pecliir  of  facti.ries  may 
by  c\7rtilii"ate  in  writing  exempt  from  all  or  any  nf  th<t*e  r«?gulations  anj-  factory  or 
wiirkshnp  in  which  he  ip  pattHrnxl  that  the  betle  uwhI  ore  of  such  comiKwiimn  as  not  to 
cntAil  dunpiT  to  the  hcattb  of  thi*  person.-f  employed. 

1.  T!ie  number  of  stocks  in  any  rotwai  shall  nol  be  more  than  one  stock  tor  evf'r\*  350 
cubic  feet  of  air  stpaee  in  the  room;  and  in  ciib  ululing  air  space  for  the  pur[Hi«i>  ol  ihia 
reeulalion  any  epace  more  than  10  feel  aVwvt-  the  flwjr  of  the  oxim  shall  not  be  n-ckoned. 

2.  After  the  Ut  day  of  Januarv.  HKVl.  the  distance  between  the  stocks  measured 
frotu  the  center  of  one  stLtek  to  tn«3  center  of  the  next  t»hall  nol  Im*  lew  than  2  fwt  6 
incht.9,  and  after  the  1st  day  of  January,  1905,  tho  said  distance  ahall  not  be  Ictn  than  3 
feet. 

3.  Even'  room  shall  have  a  eub^tantial  floor,  the  wh<de  of  which  sliall  be  ooverod 
with  a  wjv^hiiblc  mat.  rial,  aavp  that  it  shall  be  optional  to  leave  a  space  not  exceding  0 
inch**  in  width  round  the  baw?  of  each  (Jtock . 

The  floor  of  every  room  i»hall  l>e  kept  in  gmnl  rcnttir. 

4.  Efficient  inlet  and  outlet  veniihui.re  shall  bo  provided  in  pvery  room.  The 
inlet  ventilators  shall  be  so  arranged  and  placed  as  not  tu  cause  a  direct  uraf  t  of  inoom- 
itkgair  to  fall  on  the  workmen  eaiploy^^I  ut  tho  stocks. 

Tlie  venlilatorB  Hl\all  l>e  kept  in  go<xI  repair  and  in  worUin)?  order. 

5.  No  iHTHcjn  ahull  intiTlere  with  ur  impetlt'  the  working  td  the  ventilators. 

6.  Sumcient  and  tmitablo  washing  conveniences  ?h;dl  be  provided  and  mnintainod 
for  the  n?o  uf  the  lile  cutters.  The  washing  r»»nveniences  .shall  be  under  ('«>v«  r  und 
fthtil^  1.  .1111  rwi'  :n  li-i-r  ,  ,ti.-  (iii-jl  IniFin  fur  ev(.'ry  ten  or  low  yt*K'krf.  Every  bii-in  '■li  til 
b*-  _:ing  owr  a  drain  or  into  Rime  receptacle  t'f 

all  y  (ilecuiifr  using  the  ba^in.     Waterahalll'  » 

tfvery  bj*t*Ln  eiiUer  Idjiu  the  main  t-r  from  a  tank  oih  capacity  of  not  li-sp  than  1  i  gitllmi 
to  everv  wi>rker  supplied  from  such  tank.     A  supply  of  cleun  water  ehall  be  kept 
the  ftai<]  tank  whib'  work  if  going  on  at  lea^t  Buflicioni  to  enable  every  worker  auppli< 
fpjm  ?uch  lank  lo  wofih 

7.  The  wrtll!>;ind  ceiling  of  ever>- room,  except  !"uchpart«a*arepaint«i  or  vamiah* 
or  made  kA  ela/cd  brick,  pliall  bf  hmewiUHluHl  once  in  evcrv  six  mnuthfl  ending  th< 
30th   if  Inn.    in, I  ..in  ..  in  pvery  Hx  months  ending  the  31«t  of  liccember. 

rirt^  of  the  walla  and  celling  as  are  not  Umcwaalied  and  tli 
once  u  week. 
I'Tv  Ml  vv-rU-linp  ia  situated  in  a  dwellin  -•  w^rk  of  file  euttii 


i 


y.  Hilu-ia 
shall  not  bt>  i 

EinoaU. 


unied  oil  i:i  any  n.Nim  which  ia  uaed  at)  u 
iVa  r^— OS 20 


Uce  i»r  for  cooking 


584 


BITLLKTXS    OF  THE    BUREAU   OF    LABOR, 


10.  Every  Hie  cutter  shall  wbon  At  work  vrar  a  lon^  aprnn  roachiBC  Imtn  tb«i 

11.  A  copy  I  if  tlirw  f 

Wurluslii.p  Art.  lSH)|.aha:.         .>  ,  i      :  .  .,.     ,   ..:  ^ 

pUrn. 

12.  It  rtiftU  Iw  iho  duly  of  thn  rrcrtipinr  tn  mrn-  out  RisgulntlnnB  1 ,  9.  S.  i,  ft.  7.  im 
II;  »xcopt  lliftt.  in  any  nnmi  '  ;.' nr  tvuoin' 
to  luorv  limn  ono  (MtupitT,  il  ihoowTioi 
iioni*,  oxropt  tUo  Uwl  rUuso  ol  lWgul;\U"n  's,  w  liu  U  ahull  In*  cumt-'i  out  uy  uic  i"  r 
pit'fw. 

It  fh.ill  l>r  the  duty  »>f  Iho  otrupk'r  ur  'H'cupii'r*  U)  corrv  nut  Ref^ubtjrio  8. 
It  «liall  t'C  tho  ihity  of  the  (KTUpicr  or  occupicra  and  tti  o\ery  imrknimix  to  obafTvn 
Hpxi^hitiuiw  5.  'J.  BTid  10. 
TlutMi  rrifn^latioutf  »\ul\\  cijmv  luto  furf*  uu  Uie  Ivt  day  vA  Scpli-' 

A.  Aki.i  ijUi, 

Onf  oj  llis  MajfMy'i  /Vi'runpo/  Sttrttimtt  rfStaif. 
HoMH  Okpiok.  H^it^Adi/,  liHh  June,  t90S, 

Srmaxt  RrLKii  k»r  tub  Bottuno  or  Aztinrmv  Watku. 

(pormara— Ai/a^i.( 

VuiicM  ofoccupicn* 

1    Thov  flhull  prfivido  nil  Ivittlrw  with  faro  (fuftrd*.  niftpks,  nr  \  ■ 
Thny  pfndl  pn^vidf  all  wifvn*.  •ighlt'n*.  and  lubtdore  wiih  (ao<«  giv.- 
fif  wire  guu/r.  i»r  K'K^Ihb. 

2.  Thov  flhull  pmvidn  all  hoWlorw  with  fnll-l«»nrth  irrvuntlptJt  for  both  arms. 
Thi*y  wliall  ijrriviih*  all  vr\rr 

prfilnriing  iit  Ira.Tt  half  of  th" 

3.  Thi'v  flhuU  viiww  all  mti' 
(onfv<l,  ill*  t'l  prt'Vffit  lun  (lu 
icagmont  of  a  buTvUug  bfitilo  I:  i.   .:.:^  ...._. 


DutUs  of  pn$<»}*  emplif^*i(. 

4.  An  botUeni  aluUI,  whilo  at  worV.  wear  far©  Kunnls.  manV*  rrr  v^its  nf  ^n^  ^ti70.J 

All  wirt'pt,  Biij-hlcn*.  and  labflor*  shall,  whilp  at  worl  ks, 

veils  nf  wirn  »f«ii«.o.  nr  i^nfirUw,  rxct-pl  lahclcn*  wlicii  lab  :i«Sft, 

6.   All  '     f   ■         '     "       '    ■  '  ..n  In.th  nnii-.  i  A^! 

wiron.  f-i  uork.  wear  ur:  ■  \tP' 

tecting  kiL  i>  Li  i  ii..tii  •<!  iiiv   |iMiii<  .Mi-i  >M<    'i-piict*  l>c.-tw(*on  iIk   ikhu;'  kh-i  !'.•:■  liiigei 
oxiTpt  laholrni  when  lalx^ling  iKittlus  standing  in  c-atfo«. 

ARTiirn  Wnmmnnt, 
//.  a.  Chief  Inspfclor «/  Fati4jrit9* 

AuousT,  1897. 


Tht'iv  rules  arc  rcnuirod  t'^  ho  |K*ted  up  in  ctmspirunuB  pla«v$  in  iIm  fartnry 

I'tlf*  In  pi?iuii(i«M  ic 


worV 

COlJil 

live  J 
thorr 


coni]>lif'i'*(*  {  Knrtf.rv  and  \V'f>rVflh*»p  \<-i    l*»*H,«r. 

Ti     .  ,,.■.,-■' 

all. 
uiliiliiy  I'.r  lu''  ;l.^■ulai  wfjinii)/  '>i  uii  ni  n  -^i.t  wuii  nit    \> 


•  r.--'i\  «'iiHiiMV<Mi. 


^T-rwivci  IIT  RKi.r-AtTiM^  Mi't. 


\V1 


nTfiirt  (•(■ 


:iii'rv  II- 


T.riiir  ms  i  .1 


'"\tU<»facUiri«J, 
(inn  TR  c4  tho 


ri  rliJTp^  nl  a  mplU 


I 


I 


^^^^  INDU&TUIAL   UYU1ENE.  585, 

2.  8ave  bs  hereinafter  i.n.vul.<l  it  ejioll  he  the  duly  oi  the  ocrupier  o{  a  fftriory  to 
oljeor\e  Part  I  of  thoHt-  :  -  pro\itif^]  that  it  ahall  he  the  duty  tii  the  owner 
rwhcihor  or  duI  ho  id  oii<  rupiemj  ui  a  tenement  fat-tiirv  Ut  nlwene  Pari  I  uf 
these  n.*gul3ti(>a£.  except  m>  I^r  uei  reUlvs  to  such  partii  of  the  mwoioery  an  are  «(ippiie>d 
l»y  the  occupier. 

It  sh&lJ  lie  the  duty  yd  the  per^ms  employed  to  obeer>*e  Part  11  of  theee  re^lationB, 
but  it  eliall  Ijc  tlie  duty  if  tlie  octupitr.  Um  llio  purjHJse  nf  eniorcixig  their  oitfenanee, 
to  keep  a  copy  of  the  r^ulatiurut  in  legible  (Jiorat  ters  dJlixeii  in  eA*ery  mule  iwiu,  in 
a  coDfipicuoua  jweition  wnerc  they  may  be  conveniently  read. 

Part  I. — Duiiatofoceupiert.  j 

3.  Aft^"  Januan*  1st,  IWG,  the  foUrminfr  purls  of  e^'^^y  self-acting  mule  Bhall  bo 
eecurely  fenced  ab  far  as  is  reasonably  pmrticable.  unlen  it  can  l»e  shown  that  by  Llieif 
poaition  or  eonstrurtiou  they  are  equally  safe  to  every  pereun  empkiye<l  aa  they  would 
oe  if  j»«»curely  fenced. 

(a)  Hack  ihaSt  t^rrolls  and  carrier  pulleys  and  draw  band  pulleys.  i 

0)  rrunt  and  buck  carrioye  wheels.  J 

*r)  KallerHTtiipB.  ^^J 

[^  Quadrant  piniona.  ^^M 

'€)  Ituck  uf  headotocks,  including  rim  pulle>-9  and  taking-in  soiulla.  ^^M 
U'uu  bund  tightening  pulleva,  other  tWn  plate  wheel*,  coDDeoted  with  a  seTf- 
uiule  erected  after  January  i»t,  190G. 

PAnT  II.— i>irfie»  o/penons  employed. 

It  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  minder  of  every  aelf-aciing  ntule  to  take  all  reasonable ' 
lo  ensure: 

•^«)  Tlmt  no  child  cleans  any  part  or  under  any  part  thereof  whilst  the  mule  i«  in 
ion  by  the  aid  of  niorhani(al  power. 
(6)  That  no  wrtiuan.  youn^  peraon.  or  child  worka  lietween  the  fixed  and  travereing 
paita  thereof  whilst  tlie  mule  is  in  motion  by  the  aid  of  mociuinical  power. 

it)  That  no  person  is  in  the  space  between  the  lixed  and  tinveniing  parts  thereul 
amees  the  mule  is  stopped  '>n  the  outward  run. 

5.  Nn  ^If-acting  mule  shall  be  started  or  restarted  except  by  the  minder  or  at  hia 
expreifi  order,  ncH-  until  be  haa  aaoertoined  that  no  peraou  id  in  the  ^pace  beiwM^n  the 
fixed  and  traversing  parts  thereof. 

A.  AKEas-Dot'tit*As. 
Oni  cff  i/w  Uajeaty's  PrinHpal  SecrtUtri^}i  of  Sl^i^. 

HoXB  OmcB.  WhUfhail,  I7th  October,  190S, 

LoA-DUG  Goods  os  Docks  asd  WaaHTxa.  ^^M 

XSTjert^aa  the  prorrases  of  loading,  unloading,  movinj^.  and  handling  gooda  in,  on, 
or  at  any  dock,  wharf,  or  nuay,  and  the  processes  of  loadii^Ti  unloading,  and  cualing 
any  ship  in  any  dock,  harwr,  or  canal  have  been  rerlifiod  in  pursuance  of  aocCtoni 
79  of  ihe  KucUjry  and  Worlc^hop  Act.  1901,  lo  be  dangerous: 

I  *    '  '  ; '»w'TS  (.■onft-nt'd  on  me  by  that  act,  make  the  fol- 

oui  >n  nf  |MTfli:,ns  cmploved  in  thf*  pnxi'SSf*  or  in  any 

of  lii.  ».    ^..■.  ....   .  t   ...i.  i.i   >   ^..Ul  apply  to  all  docts.  whar\'es,  qtui)'s.  and  ships 

|tf[>re«ud . 

(.».*  nirulationrt  aliall  come  into  force  on  the  Ist  of  January.  1905,  except  that 
so  mu(  h  of  lU>>?ii!^iiuns  ti  and  S  as  require  structural  alterations  shall  eomo  into  forca< 
on  the  1st  ..f  Jiioimrv,  liXW.  i 

Nothing  in  Paris  II  lo  VI.  inclusive,  of  iIh'Sc  n'Rulations shall  apply  to  the  unloadins ] 
of  fish  iroDi  a  vt-asf  J  ^mploy(^d  in  the  caU^hint;  of  iksh. 

T'  plate  may  bv  onltr  ii     .  .|'i  fn.m  all  or  anv  of  the  rcffu- 

lAi'  Umt*  ttuJ  subjf;!  lo  -  ■*  he  may  pri-8<rilM'  any  du(^, 

whj-  '  "-'■"•  .  -  '.  k;..i.  ,,  „  ,  ,,  ^.j^h  ('xt-mplion  shall  have  been 

ma'  i^•^  and  tochnical  iuatmctiun  lor  lit'huid 

.:  '■-».  . 

DefiniiiMU.  ^J 

Dn  tKeee  reftilations-  ^^^ 

Ptocenes     mearw  the  proopsst-G  abovo  mention«d;  or  any  of  thnm  ^^M 

Per^n  employed"  mcuna  a  person  employed  in  the  ai)ove  n  ^^H 


686 


BrXLKTIN   OP  THE   BVBEAU  OF  UiBOB. 


"ShuUnv  riLUal"  inolu<)c«  on^of  tbn  ftillowitig  pArts  cf  a  rAruJ*  can«]iz<'d  rii 
nontidftl  Tivnr.  or  inlaml  navtgaLton: 

(a^  Any  purl  liuvini:  th)  rncuits  of  Am.<flB  U*  tiilal  wmtert  rxdfpt  lhn>u^h  m  lock 
ext't-t'tliii^Miini'ty  fffl  in  It-nglh; 

(ft)  Any  part  not  in  fn  ijiimi  upt*  fnr  ih^'  pmr**^^^;  and 

(e)  Any  part  nt  whirl*  iIil'  dopih  of  wntor  witliiii  (ihren  f«-(.t  i-f  ilii»  <  Jft.  i!i] 
irai 


ordUuirUy  exceed  five  hot. 


OutitS, 


li  shall  ho  thn  duty  of  t!i'^  »v^»ii  Kni-.!»>'»  *i' ?'■  <    '  t^ »,...,-.  i.,,,r.f 

of  a  dock,  wharf.  <ir  qi'iay  l'^ 

if  any  oihur  prrwin  Juut  th>*  ■  ^ 

whari,  or  ipuy,  nmt  has  the  gcni'nU  manngcuunt  and  rontitd  t-i 

ill  fitJiMct  of  ihut  purl  fliiull  dt'vitiv"*  upon  ihat  ulher  pfre<Mi;  i. 

Uittt  tliiFi  part  nf  th<  av  ni^uhitiunft  ahiJl  nut  apply  Ut  any  aJiallow  r^j^. 

It  shall  he  the  <liiLy  of  thr  owner,  nia^UT,  o/ofTirrr  in  rhargi^  of  a  ahip  to  coinpl 
with  Part  H  of  th<8«  PK'uIaiionH. 

it  ehall  1)''  th<.'  >\u\y  of  tho  owner  of  Huu'him*ry  or  plant  ti«»d  in  thr  pitn- 
in  tho  ras**  of  machinrry  or  plant  rarrird  nn  bniird  <i  ehip  not  U'iriE  a  snip 
in  thr  l^nili'd  Kin^'doni  it  himll  ii\m  1k«  lliv  duly  uf  ibu  iiuutCur  uf  such  tthip.  to  cumplj 
witli  Furl  111  of  ihi'^'  nxulatiuiu*. 

It  phall  he  tlir  diityof  rvcry  prrfion  who  by  hinift'lf.  bii»  ajji-nt*,  or  workmon  curni 
on  the  prtn  PHI'S,  and  of  all  ui;t'nt«.  wurkmru,  and  ptntoim  iinployt'd  by  him  lii 
procfwcB.  to  ruiuply  with  I'art  IV  of  tbrw  rrf^ulations. 

Ii  (thull  ho  tho  du'i  V  of  all  [K-minH,  whrihcr  owncm,  oocupiori,  cr  porsonn  ciap]oy< 
loocimpl^'  with  I'art  V  tif  lhi-8t«  rt'jr»dutionH, 

Part  N  I  of  ihtrtc  rijL,niluliuna  ehall  be  c<:implicd  with  by  tbv  poratjna  on  whom 
duty  is  placed  in  thai  part. 

rxux  I. 


1.  The  folldwinp  part*  of  ovory  dnok.  wharf,  of  quay  Khali,  w  far  aa  in  pmrtirftW) 
httvinj^'  ngiird  lo  thi*  Inillii-  and  working,  br  stM'urfly  ffiircd  a»  iJiat  the  iifiKbt 
the  f(  iK-i*  shjdl  bo  in  no  pluri^-  ]c»9  ihun  1w<>  f«^ot  six  inr-hrs,  and  the  frnt'ing  shall 
nrniniiiint'd  in  ^iK^d  rondiuon  toady  for  uko. 

(a)  All  breaks.  <luiigi*ruus  earners,  and  olUrr  dang^^ivus  parts  ot  rdgrs  uf  a  di 
wharf,  or  quay. 
{b)  Holh  pidcs  of  fluoh  footwftvs  ov'  -..n^.  and  dock  in»lo«  as  an* 

fL'n(*rat  U8<>  by  persons  mnployetf.  and  •   <ntjunee  at  each  en<l  of  sm 

(otwftv  for  a  eutTuirnt  diBtarue  ni»t  ex-  >  <  .hhl:  nv  \;irds. 

2.  Provision  f*>r  the  reecuo  fn.im  drowninji;  of  prrsons  tniploypd  aball  bo  nuidt 
nwintnitied,  and  ehull  include; 

(o)  A  siiimly  of  lif>' tvivint;  appliftn<*eH,  ki-pr  in  roadinc.s*  on  the  wharf  or  qui] 
which  shalf  be  reasonublv  adequate  having  rej.iird  Uj  all  the  fircunmtunces. 

(h)  Mean?  at  or  near  the  (•iirfm-e  nt  the  water  at  reudiiuable  iiiLrrvals,  for  enahlin 
u  pcr»»n  immersed  V>  siipfKirt  hinuielf  or  carap*-  fn»tn  tho  water,  whieh  shall  Iw  rcji 
fionublv  iidi'ttuutc  linvini;  rcK*.ird  t't  alt  the  circunistancca. 

3.  All  place?  in  which  persmis  ciupUiyed  are  emplciynd  at  niuht.  and  any 
0118  parts  iif  the  r"»ruhir  n'tatl  or  way  ovi-r  a  dock,  wharf  ■"      '    ■  -'nty  the  appro 
tu  any  Huch  place  fronj  the  le/an  »t  iii(.''hway.  »hall  Ih'  <  1. 

Providctl  tlmt  iIh'  tuwini?  path  of  u  mnol  or  cunalj..^ ....'.I  i  "'  I"-  ■l"«'mii 

to  bo  "aa  approach,"  for  the  purpoao  of  ibis  K'gtiJaiion. 


PAftT  It, 


4.  If  ix  sliip  ifi  lyinu  at  a  wharf  or  quay  for  tbo  pur|tefl«<  of  loailing  or  unlo 
coallnc  tht-n-  fth;tM  h.-  niMim'*  nf  iirrfW  T-.r  the 


as  they  have  i 
{a\  When- 

wi^:. 
f(. . 

tMIi 


use  of  pi  r'-r^n'*  <'nipl'y'''l  iit  «i]rh 
or  fmm    '  11 

i<abli"  a  )iv- 
■<ir:<-\,  un-l  I'll'  '''.I  iJip'iujhitul  on  cacli  .'■i.i'    (••  u  .h 
.  means  of  upp«ir  and  lower  rails,  taut  ropis  nr  ih; 

■'  a  (M-rure  hidth-r  of  udequale  h^ni^h 

'  othing  in  this  regulation  ithall  bo  held  lo  apply  to  v%rip}  m-a^tv* 

9,  if  oth«r  proper  motUM  uf  accoa  la  provided  in  couormity  wliii  ibi 


INDUSTRIAI.  HYGIENE, 

pptvidwl  ihat  rs  rt-punls  any  Killing  vessel  nnt  exceeding  250  tons  net  rc^rt 
tonnpgt*  and  any  etram  vrRS*  1  not  exfp*'din^  150  lorn  gn:'W<  Kpiffftrod  lonni.u'*'  tliL 
r^nilation  shall  not  apply  if  and  while  the  ronditions  art*  envh  that  it  in  pofttsiMr  wil 
out  undui'  ritik  to  paAS  to  and  fmrn  th(>  ship  without  the  aid  ot  any  spfrial  uppliancno, 

5.  If  .1  ship  18  alonp^id*^  uny  other  fthip,  vesw  1,  or  boat,  and  poraons  omployf<|  havA^ 
to  naas  fn>m  one  to  the  oiher.  safe  means  of  arecsB  shall  be  provided  for  ihcir  ubc, 
unicM  the  conditions  oro  mirh  that  it  i«  po^^Mble  to  pass  from  one  to  the  other  without 
undui*  risk  without  the  aid  of  any  Bpecial  appliance, 

Tf  one  of  smh  ships,  veas* le,  or  l^iata  ib  a  sailing  Iwirge.  flat,  keel,  lighter  or  olhi 
similar  vrs*  1  of  relatively  low  fioe  lK.>ard  the  m<*ana  of  accessa  shall  be  provided 
the  5hip  whirh  ha.*  the  highor  frte  Niard. 

6.  If  the  depth  fnmi  the  Uip  of  tho  n»aminj!8  tn  the  lx)tlora  of  the  bold  exeeeda 
six  feet  there  shall  be  maintained  «nif  means  r»f  uccffw  by  ladder  or  ffteps  fn>ni  (h 
derk  t*i  the  Ivld  in  which  work  ia  briii^  rorried  on,  with  weure  hand-hold  and  fool 
hold  eontinued  to  the  top  of  the  (iiainingB. 

In  parlieular  mieh  aeceas  shall  not  hv  deemed  to  be  safe: 

(fl)  X'nicaa  the  ladders  between  the  lower  derVfl  are  in  the  aame  line  aa  the  ladd 
from  (he  mnin  derk,  if  the  eunie  10  pniclieable  having  regard  to  the  |x»tiition  of  that] 
lowtT  hatehwity  or  hut'hwuys. 

{h)  Vnh»3  liir  ran?)  is  s^owc^l  suflirienlly  fiar  from  the  ladder  to  leave  at  each  mug 
of  the  ladder  mittiri'^nt  ivKim  fop  a  man's  feel. 

(e)  If  there  is  not  niom  to  pass  l»etween  a  winch  and  the  coamings  at  tljo  place  where 
the  ladder  leaves  the  derk. 

id)  If  (he  ladder  is  re<»'«sed  under  the  deck  more  than  is  reasonably  ner.\-flB»ry  to 
keep  thn  ladder  clear  nf  the  hatchway. 

7.  When  the  proe4»seeH  are  being  carric*!  on  between  one  hour  after  minset  and  one 
hour  bofore  Fun^i:^!  {a)  the  plar«'s  in  the  hold  and  on  the  deeka  where  Wf<rk  ib  being 
carrie^i  on,  and  (b)  the  means  of  acceiw  provide<i  in  pursuance  of  Regulations  4  and  6, 
riuill  bf  effieienlly  liphtod.  due  regard  being  had  to  the  safely  of  the  phip  and  cargo, 
of  all  persons' euipidved  and  of  the  na\  ipitiun  of  (tther  vessels  and  tu  the  iluly  apuroved 
by-lawfl  or  regulations  of  any  authority  having  power  by  statute  to  make  by-laws  or 
regulations  pubjert  to  Bppro\*nl  by  wime  other  authority. 

A.  All  iron  fore  and  aft  lK?ania  and  thwart  ship  beams  iise^i  for  hatchway  covering 
shall  liave  suitable  gear  for  lilting  them  on  and  off  without  it  Iwing  necessary  for  any 
pcp5on  to  go  upon  them  to  adjust  such  gc^ar. 


eta 

] 


PART   III. 


coniH 
nedJM 


9.  All  machinery  and  chains  and  other  pear  used  in  hoisting  or  lowering  in 
nection  with  the  processes  shall  have  been  tested .  and  shall  be  pcriodi<Tilly  examl 
All  exich  rlmina  shall  Iw  effectually  softened  by  annealing  or  firing  when  necesaar^^ 
ami  all  half-inch  or  smaller  chains  in  general  use  ahall  be  so  annealed  or  fired  once  in 
cvcrA*  six  months. 

If  the  chains  are  ]>art  of  the  outfit  carried  by  a  seagoing  ship  if  shall  be  a  sufHcicnt 
compliance  with  this  regulation  as  rejninls  suffcning  by  annealing  or  firing  of  half- 
inch  or  sinnller  chains,  tiiat  nu  such  cbuins  shall  be  used  unltAe  they  have  been  so 
snnealed  or  fire^l  within  six  months  prec^ling. 

As  regards  chains,  the  eafe-lcoda  indicated  by  the  test,  the  date  of  last  anne&Ii 
and  any  other  i>:trticular«  ftrcscrilied  by  the  eecrelar)'  of  state,  shall  be  entered  in 
repjster  which  .'•hall  l>e  kepi  on  the  premises,  unless  some  other  place  has  been  approv 
in  writing  I'V  the  <"hief  inspector. 

10.  Aifmoton*,  cog-wlieela.  chain  and  friction-gearing,  shafting  and  live  elect 
(^r-r"  "  '■  '-  .-^    (  Ml  the  pro^-essoB  shall  funle«s  it  can  be  shown  that  by  their  positit 
ai  ihey  are  equally  aife  to  even.'  perfwin  employed  as  they  would  be 
fff                            I'o  li^curelv  (ence<l  so  far  as  is  pnut it-able  without  iuifreding  the 
working  of  the  ship  and  wilnnut  infringing  any  re(|uiremenl  of  tl\e  l)oar<l  of  trade. 

11.  The  lover  controlling  the  link  moriMn  revpr^iug  gear  of  a  cn\no  or  winch  used 
llie^ir'x-t'W'Sslmll  1k»  provided  with  a  i>ring  or  other  hx-kiiigarrani^i'ment. 

12.  FiVery  shon*  crane  uswl  in  ibo  ^m  dl  have  the  safe-load  plainl 
upon  it.  and  if  s"  -  ,  1  -  -  ,^l  ^^^  h^wered,  either  e 
attached  to  it  an  .                                                                    .dl  liave  marked  upon  it  a  tab] 

.A'"' '■■■  ^■'-  -   ■'■  •>••'  '■■'■ 

lira!  power  and 
.         ■    ■  '■  u  ith  Rife  means 
of  Bccoes. 

t'l ,  Adequate  measures  shall  l>c  taken  to  prevent  exhaust  et<^m  from  aiiy  crane  or 
»  >ring  any  part  of  the  decks,  gangways,  stAgoa,  whftrf,  oc  <\.<4a^,  mhex^  *i 

jtioyeil. 


BUU^KTIN   or  THK  BVHRAr  OF  I^BOR. 


rhtn  IV, 


w'  M*cure<l  wiin  th«  writWn  poriaiMiioii  of  Ui» 


U4  h  uihIj' 

tip  nrv  pi  'i  i*  qi 

it  shftll  bo  ttt  IrojiI  ihpDft 
'  ^  ■irp>,  pl&nt  aod  applixnrnr j 


15.  Ko  fuBchiuory  or  K«iir  used  in  tho  pmc 

IwjTind  the  emf'-  '■'  '     "■■-  i  ■ 

owner  by  |i1h 

ia  a  comiKt(i?ut  |H*nKm  wtiuUy  in  ■< 
10.  A  l»oy  under  1»»  shuU  not  b* 
lilt  tu  li  dri\(*r.  ur  ttistuuid  U^  • 
Wbnrr  in  L'oiiiiorluni  with  i' 
'6thorlb. 
(a-l  A 

i! 
fei'i  ■■ 
in  110C. 

18.  No  dork-atAg«  or  c«|ii>«tige  jih*ll  be  used  in  Utn  proremoi  unlmi  ii  is  vubatjin 
tinlly  Hiid  linulv  confltnicUMl,  and  iwlei{UAt«ly  KupiKfrtwi.  ftnd,  wbvro  nnre^My, 
M»i-uroly  fjuttonwi. 

Xo  truck  t^lmJl  be  uaed  for  uiir^'inf;  cni}^  between  tship  und  abore  an  h  KlBge  ao  A^ep 
oil  to  br  uii.-4;ifo. 

Atiy  fltdp?  wl'i'lt  »-  «.llt.r«.rv  rIiuII  Im»  umde  mie  by  lli*<  "-"  "'  "--'t-l  ■•!■  -.il*. 

10.  Wliorc  '  ^iiM  our  linU-hwuy.  if  tb*- 

Mrvnn  (cet  m\  >  [■•  n  im^jiAuri'd  iron\  lb*'  ti>[»  ui 

tho  hold  i}4  Tiot  ill  ti>f  iiihl  (1h<  rtxiiniit^'M  Kn>  k'Mt  thttii  i-^  •->ti  iti  bci^ht 

hIuiII  'Mih^r  ^u*  U*nrf^\  t*^  ?i  b#'t'/lit  *vf  (hrt***  f»M*t.  or  I***  *«■. 

Ti  [iir^l-Luinv  .,>r  vlb<Mr  tcmporwy 

Inti 

AiiM  I  u  Mill II  iiM'  I'-  Ml  .^  '  n-iiyp  nmy  be  the  br^  th« 

cimiiu-''  '  .iU(»\v  willnml  nuiLn  u. 

Hkti')<  1' <n  iimI  U' uM'd  ill  1    ...  I  ■  .f..M«i->i  iti  fl,.' ,  ..iifctnjo- 

liou  oft)'  "*.  nr  ftrruny  ollirr|Juri"im'  whi  lagB. 

20.    N'  '    itwded  by  a  full  or  nliiig  at  itn      i  ,  .1 

UudiUK  I'latlfufiu  hiu4  l»een  pUced  ftcruw  tnc  luitcbwuy  mI  liml  dm-k. 


'hT^I 


r\nT  V. 

1. ...;....) 


21-  No  prn»on  shall,  unlow:-  '■' 
trith  any  ft'nrin^',  ettng^^ 
rka,  Ht:iL'if .  .T  uilit  r  iliiiiL"' 
'»2    Tl 
Alui  for  I  i 

for  rr-jminiiK  i^i')  ^'itciu^'.     Il'  rriuw\otl  it  .ihull  itv 
ptTuxl  by  ih*  jM^mynn  cngiigcd  in  the  work  that  n 


-  inli 


ri  i  *li}dl  not  b*.*  rvn^ 

I'lr  <'[irrYiiHT '^n  Ihr-  v. 


TAUT  ri. 


23.  No  om|*li>y<'r  of  por^tna  in  the  pronwiw*  uliull  ullow  iimrbincry  or 


by  »uoh  porwoni*  m  thn  prof<*»('H  that  1  " 
!M.  If  lh(<  irrrSffTui  whi»»r*d(ily  it 

thi'n  it  "liall  nb"  b"  tin*  'bi»v  f>f  V 

within  (Iti*  *1> 


d. 


I»l»l 


not  ( 


tli  r.Ul   Til  cf  jlM'WT\>lfllll 


i.iit  rti^iil  r<>gulsi 


r  .Mill  ;niy  -ii ii'T  <  ruMi'-uK*  iir  nif^Btcr  rctm 
by  tho  pfTfon  in  rhiiri^o  lhori»o/  on  the  nppli 


A.  AitKiiM-l> 
Onf  of  Ili$  Xfajftt^**  PrinrifMxl  ficcnt  i 


FArroRT  EKQixm  axo  Cark. 


INDUSTRIAL    HYGIENE. 


5S9 


r 

I 


I 


(pTcvcmtion  of  arculent«)  Art.  lS*iO,  Hw  be^n  rertified  in  pursuance  of  the  »ui  sortion 
to  >>e  dazmoroiid*. 

I  hervb\  xu  i>urjuant*e  of  the  uoweis  coafcrred  upon  ine  by  Uuit  act  make  the  foUaw- 
ine  regiil  '   lirert  that  liicy  flhall  >{.>(>ly  u>  all  phiroa  iK'fore  montionod. 

ITifso  ■  .-^  shall  come  into  ion*o  on   tfa**   Isi  flay  of  January,  1007,  exrept 

Rf^ilalioiia  1,  '~,  jLiid  22,  whirh  ^haii  amio  into  fon^  on  the  Ittt  day  uf  Januarv,  1908. 

Subject  to  tJie  ejtetnptiona  below,  it  dliall  be  tlie  duty  ol  ( i)  ihe  ocrupier  ol  any  fac- 
tory or  workshop  and  any  place  to  wliifh  any  of  tlic  prnviflions  of  tne  Factory  and 
\Vorktiho(>  Act.  11K)1,  art'  applied,  and  in)  the  occupiK*r  of  anv  line  of  raib  or  aiflinga 
u»e«l  in  connection  with  a  factory*  or  workshop,  or  with  any  place  to  which  any  of  iM 
provi^iona  of  liio  Kaciory  and  \\'ork«hofp  Act.  1901.  are  applied,  u.)  comply  with  Part  I 
of  thcae  reflations. 

And  it  shall  Ite  the  duty  of  every  person  who  by  him^lf,  hia  n^nta  or  workmen, 
CftrrieB  on  any  of  the  opcjutions  to  which  these  regulations  apply,  and  of  all  agents, 
workmen  and  persons  employed  to  comply  with  Fart  1 1  of  theve  regulatiuns. 

And  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  pprson  who  by  himt^elf,  hid  a^nta,  or  workinon, 
carries  on  any  of  llio  opcrationa  to  which  thcae  rcguiaticMis  apply,  to  comply  with  Part 
III  of  Lhe«e  rctrulation:?. 

In  theee  repilalioiiH: 

Line  of  mils  means  a  line  of  raiU  or  aidini^  for  the  use  of  locomotives  or  wagooB. 
except  such  lines  su*  arc  used  exclusively  for  la)  ajziintry  rmne  or  traveling  cnuie,  or  <i^) 
any  charging  machine  or  other  apparatus  or  vchirte  used  exriuaively  in  or  about  any 
actual  procew  of  nuuiufaclure. 

Wagon  includes  any  wheeled  vehicle  or  mm-seU-movine  crune  on  a  line  of  raila. 

Locomotive  incJudea  any  wheeled  mot«->r  on  a  tine  of  raila  used  for  the  movement  ol 
wagona  and  any  seli-niovinc  crane. 

Oaotry  meanA  an  elevated  ^tnicture  ol  wood,  inaaonry,  or  metal,  exceeding  0  fee4  in 
height  and  u»o<l  for  loadine  or  nnUio^ling,  which  carries  a  line  of  raila,  whereon  wngona 
are  worked  by  merhuniful  j>ower. 

Nothing  iu  tlic^e  reflations  sluUl  apply  to: 

I  a)  A  line  of  rails  of  1pm  than  '.i  feet  gance.  and  locomotive*  and  wagona  twed  thereon. 
6)  A  line  of  rails  not  worked  by  mecbanicul  power, 
cjf  A  line  of  raila  inside  a  railway  eooda  warehouse. 
a)  A  line  of  mils  forminppart  uf  a  minf  within  themeaningof  the  Coal  Mines  Re^- 
latioDAct.  1SK7.  or  of  a  quarry  within  iV.'  ■  )f  tlio  Quarrion  Act,  18fl4.  not  l»eing 

a  lina  of  rails  within  or  used  j*olely  in  •  with  any  fa<"tory  or  workshop  not 

incMental  to  the  maintcnajice  or  workii;^  :  .  ..<  ,;.:ne  or  quarr>'  or  to  the  carrying  on  ol 
the  businen  thereof. 

{€)  IHt  banka  of  mine-i  to  which  the  Metailiferous  Miues  Regulation  Act.  1S72, 
appliei»,  and  prii'ato  linr^  of  rails  used  in  conne<'tion  therewith. 

y^  Linep  of  rails  used  in  conne^'tion  with  factoric«  or  workahopt,  ho  &ir  aa  they  are 
lor>'  or  workt*liop  prpmiiaes.  and  u»o«J  for  running  purposes  only, 
not  movetl  by  mtM-hanical  i»ower. 


out- 

( 


ips  witliin  the  meaning  of  the  Explofti'v««  Act,  1875. 


iu  cuimcctioii  witli  docfcj^.  wharves  and  quays  not 
forminE:  part  of  a  factory*  or  workslwp  as  defined  in  section  149  of  Uio  Factorv  and 
Workshop  Act,  IIMM. 

(k)  Wagon  or  locoinot  i  '^^  or  repairing  shops,  and  nil  lines  and  sidings  used 

in  connection  with  such  !i  tshopHare  in  theoccu|>fltionof  a  railway  company 

wiUlin  the  manning  of  the  ra^ulution  of  Itailways  Act,  1M71. 

i,l)  Depoi«<  or  c-ar-r*he<ls  Ix'in^'  \tiins  of  tramway  or  light  railway  umlertukincs  author- 

'  by  rorliameoi,  and  used  for  the  storage,  rleaaing,  inspection  or  repair  of  tmmway 

or  light  railway  care. 


PART  r. 


r«i>'ll:)1    U  I  rir-4    |  ti    miili    :i    1  ii  lJII 


< 


t,.l 


and  be  »- 


..>  w  tource  of  danger  to  persons 

::  ^r^rki^Ir  them  are  clear 
•  nt  lines,  or  in 
I  >  as  poflsible  to 


and  tiotois  »}\a\\  be  poriodically  examined  and  kept  in  elTicieu 


mm 


[<rl  t-imI  kept  in  prt>per  repair.     U  jtluill 

r,u-bl,n  k    (It    :inv    fi'rminril    f...i!lt      iiliil    :it 


„^^ 


51*0 


niLX-KTIN    OP  THE  BVRKAC  OF  t-ABOR. 


cveo'  p&rt  where  porKons  cmployDd  havo  to  work  or  paM  on  foot  thoro  HhAtl  bo  a  mi 

footiviiy.  und  if  eut-h  f-^wtway  inprovido'  '    ■  '  '         '  '■        '       1  Un 

^nUy  the  euuu*  filiull  ki  lar  na  U  nmaou  <  affie 

,j„,|  ,.' -ri.  ...  '   (...-.,..,. I,  I..M.  ...i  ■.!  ^.1-1 „., tMni», 

Toit  ^  III  uHlvty  belwocu  Uit*  tencc  andil 

b.  CuupliiiK  (Miliw  tir  utlirr  r<uiuil>Ic  niu«-luAnic3il  Appliancvfl  nhull  l*e  providml  wbert 
Tpquirwl  for  t)i«  purpose  of  Kofilntiou  11. 

0.  Proper  ttrmigH  und  t^  'im  ruiiutrod  Dhall  be  provuiod  for  tho  U0o  of  p<Mvan|^ 

in  t;liiirp>  of  tue  itiuventi  >b. 

7.  Wncro  during  Uie  in  m'"'i   i  vtwecn  one  '  '"-      -     ■        f        ,    '      ■'  ^  >Aan 

Bunrisi',  or  iti  f*>HKy  weatlicr,  whunlinK  or  any  .  pw- 

t»on«  iMiipIoyud  aru  friMpii'iitly  tiurii'd  on,  t'H..  ..  ; ..i...^.    .i.-.-     >    j -  .  ithwr 

by  lund  luniiM  ur  fUliomiry  lit^hia  us  Lhv  mho  may  require  at  all  points  whcrn  utcmaary 
for  iht'  wiicty  of  ((nth  iktboiw. 

15.  Th«.*  niCK'hHrtimn  ai  a  raitHUirt  workr^d  hy  pfiworanrl  tin*d  for  Lh<  tinn 

of  wa^oiiffonu  line*  of  ruiUtihult  in}  iii;iifiluiiie<l  in  efliciviit  conditiu;  ihf 

a  trctulto  Bui'li  treadle  idiall  bo  toiled  daily  bdurc  uac. 


rAMT   II. 


-fa  li 


T.flX.  iI'S 


li'JUt 

;.  or 
.  -I  or 
iiicd 
■n*u£ 


'  «• .' 'a< 

of  Udtcd 


9.  When  nintrriab  nrr  pU<'cd  williin  :t  i**- 
art'  expoJHHl  to  risk  of  injury  fi-oni  Irutlir  1 
lUciu  und  llio  lint.',  Huch  nijtvrial  tihull,  u.- 

not  to  ondan^or  buch  |H*rsoiu.  und  ihoro  ttUuU  be  udoqu^kU!  ruckdoiitt  ul  iuU'i  \^U  of 
inori^  than  *J0  yunis  whi'M«  tho  nialorijils  oxi-oo*!  thui  hoi^h. 

>10.  No  person  nbaW  crow  u  lino  of  miU  by  •  <  puMiOfC  undvmoiith  a  train  or 

wuffoniit  thereon  where  there  may  be  u  risk  of  <  ,  tmrtle. 

ll,  JxK~oiii<>t.iv*'S  or   wft^oriH  jthiill   whert'\''t    m    i-   M',4Monaldy   j-  :   r- 
Plructural  idlcuUions  be  eoupled  or  uneou|-ilud  ofdy  by  uiennM  - 
oilier  auilable  uieclmnicul  uppliuncc   ex.  i  i.i  \\!..  r»-  iIm-  '..nMriH  t 
wnffona  iii  tfueh  that  roupline  or  uii< 
without  any  part  of  ft  inun'nlMjdy  !" 
one  loeoinolivo  or  wiigon  und  another. 

12.  iSiiriijp)  and  HOot(he«  hUhW  be  u»e«l  im  und  when  th<»y  aro  ref^niro'l, 

13.  \\  u}con»  Hh;dl  nol  Ik*  ntoved  or  N- ollowed  lo  lie  rni- 
of  a  prop  or  i>ole,  or  by  nieann  of  towing  l»y  a  rope  or  < 
or  wuicon  tnovinu  on  an  adiarent  line  of  nuU  wlieii  otiur  »■ .. 
can  bo  udop(4^1;  provideif  ihut  Uiin  Mhull  not  upplv  to  the  i 
tainini;^  hot  niatomil  on  a  line  of  raibi  in  friint  of  antl  adjiuvni        .      .  nace. 

in  no  (<aMo  »lmll  pni^M  bo  umihI  for  IhA  ubuvo  p\ir\ttm}  uulun  uoade  of  Irou,  fftool,  or 
8tron>;  limber.  IkkiihmI  with  inm,  to  prevent  ^plittitiLr 

H.  Wherca  loeomolive  pUHbes  more  than  "I  'i-k'ifinjnr  >    •oby^ 

bo  enuiird  to  pen*nnH  employed,  a  man  shall,  ^\  •■  and  rt<;i  icll- 

cable,  ftroiiinpiiny  or  pr^'cooo  the  fnmt  \vagi:)ri  or  ntiH-r  i-iiif-Riir  m*  .iii-r!;.i|i  in-  taken  W 
itbviulo  Hurli  rtKk. 

IY)vide<i  thut  Ibis  re(rtihition  aball  n^'t  apply  to  thi?  ftdhiwioji 

la]  My  Bhuntin^'. 

(6)  Movemenl  of  wagouii  uaed  for  vonweytuice  of  mnlton  or  liot  material  or  other  dan 
{fcnitw  snbsttanre. 

16.  No  perwiii  Miall  be  tipon  the  buffer  of  a  loeomottve  or  wagon  in  m^Hnti  titiltMn 
there  ia  u  Hi^-ure  luuidhold  und  ti\ia\l  not  ntitnd  UKTc^m  luilem  there  iBal- 
pku-e;  ncr  Hbatl  any  porwiu  rido  on  u  liH'omoiivo  or  wu^^^jn  by  m<%kn8  of  ^ 
or  olhor  like  uppUanre. 

IG.  No  locomotive  or  wiigon  mluiU  \w  movc<l  on  a  line  of  raila  until  waratutf  luu  Uwtx 
pivon  by  the  persfm  in  charge  to  peretina  employed  whiwc  acAfety  u»  likely  t.iije  pndan* 
gerod. 

Pr>\  id(  it  t^.lt  ih\A  rtvtiluiiwusbull  not  apply  to  a  avif-iaoviug  ctaQ»  within  u  build 
or  t.  Mthar  vohJolo  m>  King  as  it  i»  uaod  in  or  about  Miy 

pru. 

17.  \M  ■ 
bluill  be  1 


1  "■,  '  r  III  i";^yy  »  'vi  tiir.  inii<  -•<  i  n..' 
^imctimblu,  li*  di«tingniflhed  by  a  :tui 


•vxjmoUvOi 


^;iK 


INDUSTRIAL   HYGIEKr, 


591 


I 


IR.  The  driver  in  chaige  of  a  Iix'omotivc,  or  a  man  preceding  it  on  fxtt,  shall  give  an 
efficient  s^'iind  signal  aa  a  wamiiif?  on  ]\pprc»ac!tinj?  any  k-vel  rri.«;«in>f  v\or  a  line  of  raila 
leetilarly  used  by  persons  employfd.  or  any  curve  where  sight  is  intercepted,  or  any 
other  point  of  danger  to  perwms  umpIoye<l. 

19.  A  danger  signal  snail  be  exhibiU'd  at  or  near  the  end^i  of  any  waeon  or  train  of 
wmgoas  undergoing  rejiuir  wliorever  persons  employed  are  liable  to  be  encuugered  by  an 
BppfXMchi^  lo(X)mutivt'  or  wugou. 

20.  (a)  The  space  tmme«jiately  an^und  such  a  capstan  as  mentioned  in  Ilegrilation  8 
■hall  be  kept  clear  of  all  obstniction. 

(6)  Such  capstAU  shall  not  be  set  in  motion  until  sifrnaU  liave  been  exchange 
between  the  maw  in  charge  of  the  capstan  ami  the  m^n  working  the  mpe  or  cluin 
attached  to  it. 

(c)  No  person  under  IS  yeara  of  age  shall  w'ork  such  capHtan. 

21.  No  peraon  under  the  age  of  18  shall  be  employed  as  a  locomotive  driver,  and  do 
pcnou  under  the  ago  of  16  aluul  be  employed  as  \i  shunter. 


P\UT    III. 


22.  .\ll  glass  lubes  or  water  gauges  on  locomotives  or  stationary  boilers  u»ed  for  the 
movement  of  wagons  sliaU  be  adequately  protected  by  a  covering  or  guard. 

H.  J.  Glapstonb, 
One  of  Bis  Majftty't  Principal  Stcretarxts  of  StaU. 
HoMB  OryicK,  WliUehallf  ;f4th  August,  1906, 


lECEHT  REPORTS  OF  STATE  BURRATT8  OF  LABOB  8TATI8' 

ILLINOIS, 

Thirietnth   liiennial  Report  of  ih^  Bureau  of  Jjihor  StaH»iits  of 
SUitr  of  UhnoiH.      M>04.     Dnvi<i  R(»ss,  Sn-rvtar}'  iif  Boun!  of  Coi 
iniMHioiK^TH  of  Labor,     riii.  605  pp. 

This  re(K>ri  couaistH  of  two  partes,  &=}  follo^-s:  Part  I»  nianufactureK 
of  IlliiiuiM,  133  pages;  Pari  II,  working  time,  eamii^fti,  and  grii<>nil 
ronditions  of  cool  minors^  527  pagps. 

MANUh'ACTX'RK8. — This  part  presents  the  data  collected  and  coi 
plied  hy  the  United  States  census  of  manufactures  of  Illinois, 
in    1005,     Tlie  statistics  prcscnti'<!  are  iiminly  for  the  year  ending 
D«*enibor  31,    11)04.     CVtinparisons  are  abo  made  with  the  I'nil 
Sta1e.s  census  of  manufactures  for  ll>00. 

The  following  tahio  pri^ents.  for  the  State,  conjparuii\e  siati 
for  the  yeurs  I'JOt  and  1 000: 

•TATISTICS  OV  HANVrACTUHKB,  IW  COUPARKlt  WITH  M«. 


luans. 

\«A. 

laoo. 

Ifierfi«M«. 

Kiiml*r  of  Mt«1iII«hnuinU 

CA|»ltftI  liivi'nl*?-! 

Niim>>cr<il  ■■Inrlnf  (>nirla|».cl«rfcs,  elO......... 

lion 

|O7S,H4,70O 

14.974 
1782,820,  ni 

«i,aa4 

S4D,A4B,94S 

&f7 

U.M7 

t»,oio.«s 

a. 

Total  pnlil  III  RiilAiiffj 

A 

Si                                                                    

au,0!)i 

4.(MG 

275.0011 
0,043 

90.  (W 
U.CT 

14} 

1                                                                .  - 

-    VLO 

1.1                                                      i       .    .    ....    . 

•  l».4 

TftUI...                  

S7V,4a5 

3n,«Ti 

4A.Mft 

~^| 

Ani' 

'>vnt..,,, ......... 

IB.  MB,  MO 

|J«,714.2I7 
11,  ^<<^,  07! 

I41l.*»i«70 
4»,  170 

JQ.I 

'                       1       ,         ..r  over.. 

«lk| 

riill'Iri'fi  Hintrr  )••  vtuir*  of  UB.at..      ,.«   . 

•  C.I 

Total 

W».4».4(* 

■    ■                         tni.t» 

MiM'olUii.                        ^. *.-«•« 

C-oat  o(  iiiii  1                    1 .  .,..• ,. 

UTS.  1M.M7 
11,410,342.199 

•OKI.*. 

«S8II.479.811 

V 

ViUnpof  pro  111  ■(  •.,  iitrhidlnffcuatwo  wnrkiuu 
rnn^lrltitf ., 

]fi.1 

«  nccrcft»i». 


With  the  ejcception  of  the  figures  ivlatirg  to  the  o.mploynient 
chililren  under  Ifl  yeiirs  of  age,  all  of  the  items  presented  in  1 1     *   ' 
show  large  inrreiwes  in  IPOi  as  compared  with  1000.     This  . 
in  tho  number  of  children  employed  (50.3  per  cent)  shows  that  tht 
emph>yuient  of  chiM  lahor,  especially  in  the  larger  manufaoturioj 
induHtrioii.  i.s  l»eing  rnpirlly  lesseni^d. 

In    Chicago   in    1004    there   wore   Mjri9    cstahli.shmonls    ■ 
in   manufacturing  industriis,  ropresrniing  an  invested  capMHi 


*■! 


EEPOUTS    OK    STATK    BURKAllS    OK    LABOB — IIXtNOIS. 


593 


I 


I 


♦G37J-I3,474.  There  were  oiuployed  by  these  establishments  40,276 
salaried  <ttiicialt>,  clerks,  etc.,  to  whom  were  paid  .salaries  aggrogating'j 
^5,601,201,  and  241,9S4  wage-eaniers,  to  whom  were  paid  wagoa 
aggregating  $136,4G4.69(i.  MiscethiiKl^niB  ex{>ense6i  amounted  (o 
f96.2{»8.0Sl.  The  cost  of  materials  used  was  $589,913,993,  and  the 
Talue  of  proiiucts  wa.s  $957,880,217. 

In  the  six  leading  manufacturing  industries  of  the  city  (electrical 
inachinery,  apparatus,  and  supplies,  foundry'  and  machine  shop 
products,  furniture,  iron  and  st^^el,  printing  and  publishing,  and 
slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  wholo^^ale)  1,SS4  etitablishment^i  were 
engaged,  reprei>entiug  an  invested  capital  of  $221,803,149.  There 
vere  employed  by  these  establi=ihment.s  17,775  salaried  oflicitils,  cJerks, 
etc.,  to  whom  were  paid  salaries  aggregating  $19,SG9,755,  and  82,266 
wage-earners,  to  whom  were  paid  wages  aggregating  $49,lSfi,445. 
ilisrellaneous  expenses  amounted  to  $35,514,610.  The  cost  of 
inat3rials  used  was  $31S,S15,S53,  and  the  value  of  ]>roducts  waa 
S454.977,196. 

Working  Time,  Eauxings,  and  General  C-onditions  of  Coal 
Mixers, — This  investigation,  for  the  calendar  year  1903,  embraces 
21  of  tlie  coal-producing  counties  of  the  State,  the  mines  canvassed 
being  located  at  or  contiguous  to  58  cities  and  towns.  Schedules 
wer*  obtained  from  10,426  workmen,  of  whom  S.S18  were  miners  of 
coal  and  1,60S  other  employees.  The  total  workmen  represented  37 
separate  occupations,  the  1,60S  other  than  miners  proper  represent-^ 
ing  36  occupations.     The  data  are  presented  in  16  tables.  ^M 

Summarizing  the  returns  it  was  found  that  the  average  yearly 
earnings  of  the  10,426  coal-mine  employees  was  $541,  while  for  the 
miners  projier  it  was  $527.  The  following  statement  shows  for  six 
wage  grou])s  the  percentage  of  all  employees  and  the  percentage  of 
miners  proper  wliose  yearly  eaniings  fall  within  each  specified  group: 


I 


PBR  CEKT   or  COAUMIN'E    EMPLOYKES  wnot;R    VK  i\RLV  KARMNOS  P\I. 
CEBTAIX  SrKCIFIKD  WAGE  GUOVFfi. 


WITHIN 


NnmboT. 

Vtt  «nt  Bumlne  yefcriy— 

Knipioym*. 

Under 

t&UU. 

IfiOOor 
undM 
•800. 

•eOO  or      tTOO  or 
iBiAar       ODdar 
1700.          9000. 

«»0or 
11,000. 

tx,(xxiot 

ov«r. 

Alioocupatsom...... 

•mmn      ..          ., 

ID.4M 

s.sia 

¥kSO 

33.73 
3434 

l&.8fi            ftCB 

11 »             &04 

IL34 
S.11 

UTS 

LSI 

From  tlu!  above  it  is  si^en  that  67.05  per  cent  of  the  employees,  all' 
occupntioiLs  considered,  cam  un<Ier  §600  per  annum,  while  for  minera> 
alone  70,74  per  cent  earn  un<ler  SOUO  per  annum. 

Of  the  total  employees,  10,363  reported  as  to  nativity,  5,825,  or, 
5<i.21  per  cent,  i>f  the  nutnber  beii^  native  bom  and  4,538,  or  43.79 
per  c^ent,  being  foreign  bom.     Of  the  foreign  born,  44.86  |H*r  c«tif 
|Wwip  Austrians,  ItaUaus,  Poles,  and  llusalans,  ^0.^^  \w;t  tfe\iN.^Av^ 


^amtsSi^ 


BCl-LETIN  OF  TUB   BXTHEAV  OF  UiBOIK. 


French,  Ge^rmau,  Irish,  Scotch,  Swedo,  and  Welsh,  and  the  n-maiuiofl 
4.84  per  cx»nt  were  other  foreiRii  born.     Of  the  8,775  miners  wifl 

reported  as  to  rmtivity,  54. 4S  per  cent  wen*  native  born  und  45.52  pfl 
cent  foreign  boni,  and  vtf  tff«»  1,5SS  idlier  employees  who  reportiB 
fts  to  nativity  65.74  per  cent  were  native  bom  and  34.26  p^-r  eeM 
foreij^i  born.  I 

Hi'hitive  to  stability  of  employment,  it  was  found  that  of  tfl 
8,818  miners  765,  or  8.68  per  cent,  had  been  employetl  leas  than  J 
years,  6,476,  or  73.44  per  cent,  had  been  rmplnyed  fn»m  5  to  S 
years,  and  1,577,  or  I7.NS  j>er  rent,  had  been  employed  from  25  to  ■ 
years  or  over;  and  that  of  the  1,608  other  employees  28(),  or  17.^ 
per  cent,  had  bwn'employefl  less  than  5  years,  1,116,  or  69.40  pfl 
cent,  had  been  emphtycd  from  5  to  24  years,  and  212,  or  13.1!>  per  vrnm 
had  been  employed  from  25  to  50  years  or  over.  I 

There  were  24  employees  (13  tniner.s  and  1 1  others)  whose  a^'s  vves 
reported  as  16  years  or  under,  0,461  employees  (7,1>S8  miners  ojM 
1,473  others)  whose  ages  were  reportetl  as  over  16  years  but  tindex  Sfl 
and  941  employees  (817  miners  and  124  others)  whoso  ages  wch 
reported  as  50  years  or  over.  ■ 

Returns  were  received  from  7,035  mine  employees  (6,023  minefl 
ami  1,012  others)  who  owned  and  rented  homes,  this  being  67.48  pfl 
cent  of  the  total  emidoyees  considered.  There  wore  3,128  emp]oy<>4| 
who  o^xned  homes  of  an  average  value  of  $1,016.60  each.  Of  tills 
number  2,672  were  miners  who  owned  homes  of  an  avera*?e  value  qk 
$996.27  each,  and  4.'JG  other  emp!o3aH*8  who  owned  hornes  of  tm 
averaj<o  value  of  $1,132.15  each.  There  were  3,007  employees  wfl 
rented  homes  at  an  average  yearly  rental  of  S82.27  each.  (9 
this  nuirii»er  3,351  were  miners  who  rented  homes  at  an  avfraj 
yearly  rental  of  $81.72  each,  and  556  other  employees  who  rent^ 
homes  at  an  average  yearly  rental  of  $85.60  each.  Homes  to  tfl 
nund>cr  of  097  were  rented  from  the  mining  companies,  ami  to  tH 
number  of  2,910  from  individuals.  In  connection  with  the  homM 
owned  and  rented  are  sliown  the  materials  (brick  or  wtuxl)  of  whi^ 
the  buildings  are  constructed,  the  condition  of  homes  and  neighbofl 
hood  surrouniliugs,  iin<l  the  health  of  workmen  and  of  fiimilies.  U 

Of  the  10,126  cottl-mine  employees,  7,025  were  married,  3,382  wofl 
single,  and  U)  were  widowed.  Of  the  8,818  who  were  miners,  6|O0(| 
were  married,  2,793  were  single,  and  19  were  widowcti;  and  of  the  1 ,608 
other  empktyees,  1,019  were  married  and  589  were  single.  There  werb 
3,811  workmen  who  reported  as  to  their  cliihlren  attending  hcIiooH 
and  the  ^uuinbtT  of  ehildren  so  reported  as  attending  or  havinfl 
attended  school  was  7,817—7,107  in  public,  90  in  private,  and  530  a| 
parochial  schooLs.  There  were  889  other  eluldren  of  other  ih^ 
miners  who  were  reported  at  wbrk  -735  at  work  about  the  mln^l 
1  tr>  at  *»iht'V  employmci'<    I  'i  »•  *Tf  I^Mirning  trodus.  S 


t 


REPORTS    OF    STATE    BURKAU8    OF    LABOR — MISSOURI.         595 

MISSOURI. 

kentiMCventJi  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Lahor  Statistics  and 
Inspection  of  the  Staie  of  Missouri- ^  for  ike  year  ending  ytovemher  5, 
1906,     William  Anderson,  Commissioner.     476  pp. 

The  following  aro  the  snbjecU  presented  in  this  report:  Surplus 

protiucts  of  counties,   75   pages;  Government  land   in  Missouri,  5 

ages;  statistics  of  inanufticturos,  218  pages;  public  utiHly  plants, 

8   pag^;  labor  organizations,  95  pages;  free  employment  ofRces, 

S  pages;  chronology  of  Missouri  bureau  of  labor,   10  pages;  labor 

ws,  34  pages. 

SiTiPLLS  Products. — Under  this  head  are  given  for  each  of  the  114 
unties  of  the  State  the  surplus  products  shipped  in  1904,  together 
with  the  values  of  tiio  same,  which  aggregated  $240,486,463. 

Statistics    ok    \!  amkacti'kes.  — Sunimari  zed    re  turns    covering 

,336  establishments  in  64  industrial  groups  show  for  1904  a  total 

ested  capital  of  $185,515,244,  a  total  value  of  materials  used  of 

1,702,438,  and  a  total  value  of  products  of  $348,344,052.     During 

e  year  there  were  employed  116,964  males  and  28,958  females,  and 

ere  was  paid  out  in  wages  a  total  of  $65,724,234.     The  greatest 

umber  of  children  under  16  years  of  age  euiplo^'ed  at  any  one  time 

during  the  year  was  6,373 — '1,391  males  and  1,982  females. 

The  following  table  shows  for  1904,  for  each  of  the  22  industries  in 
the  State,  which  paid  out  in  wages  during  the  year  a  total  exceetling 
$1,000,000^   number  of  establishments,   capital   invested,   value  of 
roducts,  amount  paitl  in  wages,  and  nuralier  of  employees  by  sex: 

8TATIST1C8  OF  21  ICANUFACTUUINO  INDUSTRIES,  1904. 


■ 


r                     Indiutry. 

1 

BsUb- 

UBb- 

mefitB. 

C«piUl 

Invoflted. 

V«lQeor 

products. 

Wa«« 

paid. 

Employee!. 

Male. 

FonuUe. 

lurtfw 

34B 

US 

in 

4 
105 
112 

te 

AS 

3oa 

14ft 
73 
22 
10 
41 
47 
l>i 
80 

713 
in 
17 

©,990.413 

4,»3o.aoi 

0,943.800 
3.1»,*10 

4,0Ba.u.' 
1,A1«,1U7 
S,718,ug 
fl,77S.305 

2.K71,.'fc£l 

a.  711.011 

4fi.7tQ.»lO 
S.7U.flH7 

a.&M.7eA 

a,S».7T& 
fl.4M.A07 

9.356.^41 
3»t64.M7 

3i.32i.an.i 

4.003,318 
fi.  4U5.  Z:1 

4,iim,ijao 

7.0W,5t''4 

2».9BT.OC« 
II.345.S52 

1 .  (»V).  hiM 
W,37AS75 

ae.Di7,v7o 

4.758,047 
U.M7,344 
9.011.375 

4,u57,yaB 

7,296,Q2S 
l,i44.  146 

'  '■'■  r.v. 

■■,6 

H.4 

..,.«..J42 

l.2nM.32T 

1,  im.  U47 

1. 310,  aw 

4.:K)U,g70 
l.W4,ftW 
1.207.  C36 
I.U25.723 
4,^«^1,12S 
I,&44.7V7 

l.filS.CJO 
fi.iii»,178 

1 .  fKr;.  ,V« 

2.  lib.  474 

a.7» 

7.r.33 
5.726 
1,770 
3.  £44 

a.flm 

3,111 
3.801 
1.181 

3,(V48 
H,UA 

a.  WW 
a.  Ma 
i.auu 

6,1«6 

4,71*1 

a,<iH4 

7,t^' 

J  7-? 

l,3»5 
4,313 

BaarUvid  shoes 

pick  And  tin? 

17 

IWndy  AndcofifrciltiDeiy..... 

3,uoe 

Bftrriagsa  and  wncon*..' _ 

lis 

Dftr  worki ~ *•..«.......... 

Kj/Quw  <iihI  ti>1r»r(*ir 

2S 

1.070 

8,110 

^^^Hm^  AhamlrMtl* 

888 

^^^■pltla 

43 

^^^^Eka  AnH  ■na#*hlni.  ahnpa 

an 

188 

^^^BT^ 

36 

^^^H|fn<1  MMnnnr 

7 

^^K«  «..ii 

434 

^^^■if  >-—..■ 

AS 

^^^Krtrtrv 

114 

^^Kp-iii. 

33 

^^Hfemnd  binding:...,..,, •,-,,,^^^, 

^^^B^n^  MtitM* 

13 

BUIXETIX  OF  THE  BUBKAU  OF  LABOB. 


Tlie  roport  contains  nddilional  labWis,  w]iich  »hovr  for  tlu*  v 

industries  llir  iuinil>i*r  antl  wages  t»f  sulnrir-d  employers,  by  tseXj  nnil 
cliuwifwd  weekly  oaniin;c»  of  nduU  nml'**,  ftdult  fotnalo^,  i«id  chili 
under  16  yenrs  «f  age;  and  by  occupations  for  skilknl  labor  in  each 
indu.-^try  the  number  of  malcv;  M\d  feinnloH  employwl,  wivkly  wa^s 
paid,  hmn-s  of  labor  per  day  and  per  week,  and  wa^e  cbanj^e*!  d 
1904. 

Prntir  TTTn-mr  Pi-ants. — This  presentation  shows,  for 

phone  companies,  81  electric  lif^ht  and  i>ower  plants,  40  wu: 

and  20  ^s  planta,  capital  invested,  receipts  and  expenditures,  nu 
her  of  employees,  wages  paid,  rt<*.  In  1004  the  t-*4ephoiie  rompanir* 
paiil  $0r)3,5:?0  in  wages  to  911  male  ami  994  female  eiupJoyeeSf  tli 
electric  light  and  power  plants  f '244, 4()6  in  wagos  to  429  male  and! 
female  em]>loyoes.  tlie  waterworks  S2, 143. 158  in  wh^ca  to  !  1 

and  i;i  female  employees,  and  the  gas  plants  S**79.^r»fi  in  i 

3,319  male  and  45  female  employees. 

T-ABOK  OuiiWiZATioNs.  This  jiarl  of  the  report  pn^sents  stnttMif 
for  1904  relative  to  the  (»U4  labor  organixations  of  the  State.  Tn 
membership  of  the  organizations  was  79,ft30  males  and  2,403  femalq 
a  total  of  82.033,  or  a  decrease  over  1903  of  lfi,069.  Of  the  toti 
adult  wa;;e-earners  employed  in  the  various  trades  repn«pnte<l,  80.8 
per  cent  were  organised.  The  average  number  of  hours  cunstitQtiif 
u  (Inv's  wi>rk  in  1004  wius  9.21,  as  cimi])ftred  with  9.33  in  1903,  wlj 
the  average  minimum  wage  per  hour  in  1904  was  2S.09  cents,  as  cod 
pared  witli  28.39  cents  in  1903.  During  1904  the  average  number  d 
ilays  employed  waa  25S.  On  out-of-wc^rk,  sick  und  accident,  deal! 
and  strike  iK^nefits  the  organizntions  expended  $319,243.  Qut-d 
work  benefits  wore  paid  by  40  organizations,  sick  and  accident  beni 
litw  by  114,  death  benelits  by  334.  and  strike  beuelits  by  362.  Tfi 
average  amount  per  week  paid  for  sick  and  acciiieut  benefits  wl 
94.72  and  for  strike  benefits  $5.51.  Tha  average  amount  of  e$A 
death  benefit  paid  was  $110.1 1.  There  were  J 19  strikes  and  h'tcJcoUl 
during  Liie  yenr,  of  which  G3  were  sellled  sati.sfaelorily  to  the  nninl 
involved.  The  number  of  persons  involved  was  S,9S8,  and  tfl 
amount  exiKMided  bv  tlu^  organi/atiouN  in  suppurt  nf  the  tttrikea  wM 
$110,S37.  Wages  aggregating  S250,10l  were  lost  to  membci 
through  strikes  during  the  year.  Increa.sc  of  wages  during  Ibo  ym 
was  reported  by  40  organizations,  reduction  of  hour-  uf  labor  by  S| 
AjtpeaU  fiH-  arbitration  wort'  niado  in  60  inslnjico:,  resulting  in  the  fl 
disputes  being  setUed  by  that  method.  The  unions  reported  1,47 
ftr.   *         :    ;        M       -    *    '  r,t»l,  j 

;roni  the  free  employznel 
oflices,  located  in  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City,  and  St.  Josc|>h,  for  the  yeJ 

f'u  ■  "  '  .  r  30,   1905,  show   13,948  applies*  ■  \im 

n.  '  Kud  1.S76  by  femalosL  14,20i  nj,,  .-■ 


REPORTS  OF  STATE  BUREAUS  OF  LABOR lt^880^RI. 


I 


I 


I 


(10,586  for  male  help  and  3,61S  far  female  help),  ami  that  8,400  posi- 
tions were  fiiled  (7.322  by  males  and  1,078  by  females). 

Labor  La  wr.— This  coBMila  at  a  cocnpnation  of  the  variouis  laws  of 
the  Stale  relating  to  labtir. 

NEW  YORK. 

nnnal  Report  af  tlu  Deparhnent  nf  fjahoTy  for  the  t^tfJvf  months 
Septrmbt^  3rl,  ].90fj.     Transniitteii  lo  the  legislature  January 
2,  1907.     P.  Te<:iimseh  Shermnn^  cunimissioner.     Part  I,  2S0  pp.; 
Part  II,  275  pp.;  Part  III,  4S7  pp.;  Part  IV,  S94  pp. 

Part  I  consists  of  the  annual  report  of  the  commissioner  of  labor 
relatiTe  to  the  operation  of  the  department  of  labor,  with  recom- 
mendations on  la?x»r  questions;  preliminary  reports  of  the  bureiui  of 
factory  inspection,  the  bureau  of  medLAtion  and  arbitration,  and  the 
final  report  of  the  frpe  empluyracnt  bureau  in  New  York  City;  legis- 
lation and  dect>ions  of  r4j(«rts  on  questions  affectint;  tl>e  interest  of 
irorking  people,  and  labor  Inws  in  force  in  the  State  October  1,  1906; 
Part  II,  Twenty-tirst  annual  report  of  the  bureau  of  fartorv  in.spec- 
tion;  Part  III,  Twentietli  aunual  report  of  the  bureau  of  mediation 
urn]  urbiUuLion;  Pait  IV,  Twenty-fourth  aimuaJ  report  of  the  bureau 
of  labor  statistics. 

Pr£E  Pl'Bi.ic  EiiPi.ovMEXT  Bureau. — During  the  seven  luontlis 
from  October  I,  1905,  to  April  30,  1906,  at  which  time  the  bureau  was 
ahtilisluMl,  fhpre  were  2.790  upplicanls  (1,440  males  and  1,350  females) 
for  positions,  and  2,25o  applications  (571  for  males  and  1,684  for 
ftanales)  for  help.  The  number  of  situations  filled  was  1,677,  of 
which  433  were  fille<l  by  males  and  1,244  by  females. 

Twenty-fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statiatictty  for  the 
year  eikdukg  September  SO,  1906, 

This  part  embraces  the  following  subjects:  economic  conditions  of 
labor,  40  pages;  trade  unions  in  1906,  20  pages;  sanitary  conditions 
in  the  printing  trade,  84  pages;  ap{>endi:ces  containing  statistical 
tables,  830  pages;  regulations  in  use  in  England  for  dangerous  or 
unhealthfid  industries,  50  pages;  copies  of  forms  used,  S  pages. 

TuE  State  uv  Kmpix>ymbnt. — ^This  chapter  presents  a  continuous 
record,  showing  the  number  nnd  percentage  of  memWrs  of  labor 
UQTons  imemployed  in  1906,  causes  of  and  durutKm  of  tflleness  as 
reported  by  the  oiliccrs  i)f  unions  representing  approximatelr  on*- 
ioiirtli  the  n>em}>er.'^hip  of  trade  unions  in  the  State,  and  comparative 
jrtatistics  fi>r  pre^rding^  years.  The  smallest  number  of  unioas 
rc|>orting  for  any  month  in  1906  was  191^  and  the  largest  numbipr  was 
195,  and  thf  work  j>eople  embraced  by  these  monthly  reports  varied 
from  SI, 539  Ut  94,571.  Fr<^m  tlie  relurnn  it  ap^H^ars  llo't  '^*" 
J  ewphyatcnt  wns  more  favorable  in  1906  thtm  Va  (AvVev 


I 


iSmt 


jum 


598 


BX7LLETIN   OF  THE   BrBEAU   OF   t^BOB. 


1904,  or  1005.  Tlic  pcrcentngc  of  unemployment  for  those  reporting 
for  the  five  y^nrs  being  as  follows:  1902,  14.8;  11)03,  17.5;  1904,  16.9; 
IDOo,  11.2,  and  IDOfi,  9.3.  With  the  oxc^^ption  of  tlio  ni(<t-ais,  macl 
<>ry.  nnd  bltipbuililing  tra<le»  unti  tho  printin^^  iind  htnUing:  trtidex, 
avontgii  pcrcontugc  of  unemployment  wus  lowtr  in  1900  than  in 
of  thf*  four  |)rcceding  years. 

The  following;  tnble  shows  the  number  and  percentage  of  unioi 
idle  at  the  end  of  March  and  September,  1905  and  1906,  by  cauac«: 

NltUtlKll  AKD  VVM  TKNT  OF  MKMHKItfi  OF  L\nnU   rN10N»  IVX.K  AT  THB  K3?D 
UA.UCU  AXD  SErTElCUKU.  IMS  AND  l«0,  BY  CATHES. 


1   - 

Bnd  off  Mtfdi, 
]«U6. 

Sod  of  Scuian- 
tier.IOto. 

£»d  of  lUnh, 

im. 

Ptutof  S 

i 

Numbof 
IdW. 

I'M 

omt. 

as.  4 

2.4 

».t 
».» 

i.4 

1.4 

Numbtir 
KU6. 

I'M 
MBl. 

Nuinbor      Pm 
Utle.        omt. 

Nttmber' 

ioio. 

|,f,0»r   r.f  wnrlr     

|.„                              !aL 

»,75B 

1.U3 

1A,Q06 

4,814 

S043 

7M 

2M 

n.CBS 
OU 

8.577 
438 

«3 

4.0 
U.0 
14.0 

3.4 
.* 

1A.TI0 
i.ain 

JO.Offl 
4.TH 
9.00S 

bsa 

DO 

44.9 

a.  7 

28.7 

U.fl 

9.1 

Ufi 

.1 

U.MS 
7fil 

«,1I7 

j 

1- , 

9 

« 

tr                           

fl 

Ui.1.--..  :.  :.      -  .I«..| 

X 

ToUl.. 

A4.0t4 

100. 0 

18,430 

100.0 

87,M7 

100.0 

St.STI-'      llfl 

Wages  and  Karkinos. — Returns  received  from  trade  unions 

the  year  1906  ahow  that  an  average  weekly  incroofie  of  $1.91  in  wa 
was  obtained  by  77,790  males,  and  that  5Si:.i  females  obtained 
averaj^o  weekly  inereaiio  of  Sl.ll,  wliile  ^97  moles  Bullered  an  avw 
weekly  decrea.M?  of  $1.90  in  wages. 

The  following  table  shows  the  average  earnings  for  the  first 
third  rjuart^irs  and  for  nix  months,  as  reported  by  trade  unions  in  19( 
Nuunrn  and  avkragr  rarninos  op  okoanized  workino  propi.e  reportii 

FOIt  THE  nttST  AND  THIRD  Ql'ABTERS  OV  IfiOO,  BY  SKX  AND  GROUPS  OF  IND1 

TRIKS. 


1 

lUiO*. 

reamlei.                   ^^ 

Numbj^wport-j      x»or«ip.  •anilnsn. 

porUnR.      1      *'^" 

»CQOftn 

j„„^H 

Xodnttry  group. 

^^^1 

1 

rim 

quar- 
t»r. 

1 

'i 
trr.            H?r. 

V'       six 
„;. '  jiuanllii' 

t 

UT.        lur.        UT.         ur- 

1            '              1 

1  J^l 

|)>l!l.iit..-  .^..^o  "-'-'i-- 

I 

1 

1 

T 

&i 

1'." 
\\ 

1 

)«1  » 

U7 

'iao 

...... 

(1,134 

iiJ7 

,.* 

17&^H 

34.731 

«.7M 

312.  M 
251.  M 

^ '- 

3V 

«.13 
MM 

43.  U7 
104.  M 

ttL^H 

-M.1 

ia.47« 

ItHlV) 

am.  43  '  403,  43 

u 

as 

07.01 

9&IU 

mm     J 

i.,„ 

,.l        11    «>r' 

It.  I      (■            Kh:     I  t          itat    If. 

Til 
T.. 

ji 

I 
Bt.*l, 

I7*J 

in 

■ 

MtH^lliintMjur* 

^H 

ToUl, 


"^^  v'  """  v' 


BEP0BT8   OF  STATE    BUREAUS    OF   LABOB — NEW  YORK, 


599 


Trend  of  Waoes. — Under  this  title  the  value  of  wages  relative  to 

leir  purchasing  power  is  <liscus3ed.     A  table  is  presented  for  the  year 

17  and  the  years  1902  to  1906,  showing  the  average  daily  wj^es  of 

Jo  unioni^sts  in  the  several  occupations.     The  average  yearly  eam- 

based  on  the  average  daily  earnings  in  connection  with  tho 

average  da3's  of  work  per  year,  were  $581  in  1897,  and  in  1906,  $853, 

increase  of  47  i>er  cent. 

Horns  of  Labor. — Of  over  1,000,000  operatives  employed  in  fac- 

l^loriee  visited  during  the  year,  53.6  per  cent  were  working  less  than  58 

^ftours  per  week.     In  1901  the  percentage  of  such  employees  working 

^■ess  than  58  hours  per  week  was  38.     Returns  from  workingmen*s 

^w^sociations  show  that  during  (he  year  1906,  18,941  working  people 

^piad  their  hours  of  labor  reduced.     The  number  of  persons  so  benefited 

in  1906  was  greater  than  for  1904  or  1905,  but  less  than  in  the  years 

1901  to  1903.     No  cases  of  increased  hours  wore  reported  in  1906. 

The  numl)er  affected  by  increased  Iiours  of  labor  for  each  of  the  five 

K receding  years  was  319  in  1901,  5,234  in  1902,  342  in  1903,  66  in  1904, 
nd  722  in  1905. 

The  following  table  shows,  by  industries,  the  reductions  in  hours  of 
labor  per  week  and  the  number  of  organized  workers  affected: 

IDtrcTIOXS  IN  WEEKLY  HOURS  OP  LABOR  OP  UEMnERS  OF  I.J^B0R  0R0\KIZA- 
TIONS  AND  MEMBKRS  AFFECTED,  AS  RETORTED  BY  LABOR  UNIONS  FOR  THE  YEAtt 
ENDINO  SEPTEMBER  30,  ]«Ofi. 


Industry. 


toft  fltoiM  worUng,  etc 

tion 

and  tffxtne« 

nuc^inery,  anJ  shipbuilding. 

binding.  f»tc,    . 

tVIt!i;  ttn-l  fiimituw 


uu  tnde. 
iicn 


ToUl. 


MrmbpM 

aflected. 


3^857 

ttsa 

00 
1.301 
4,flB3 

sn 

3.400 
71 

Ltni 


ToUl 
hours. 


n.87t 

11,238 

aoo 

4.886 
27, IBS 

747 
14,  TBS 

308 
DO.IftS 
I7,38S 


19,  »U        184.  AH 


Av«r«Re 

bouni  per 

we»k. 


4.0 

as 

S.0 
4.1 
5.0 
2.0 

6.2 

S.0 

17.0 

0.1 


OuS 


UembOTS 

obtAlDiOft 

Uietlcht- 
hour  dfty. 


UMT 


» 


i,vn 


10^101 


Trade  Uxtoxs. — On  September  30,  1906,  there  were  in  the  Stat« 
^2,420  tirganizations,  having  a  membership  of  398.494.     This  is  an 
icrease  for  the  year  of  18  unions  and  15,25S  members. 
37691— No.  75-08 21 


BVLLETUr  (ff  THB  BVJmkV  OF  I^ABOB. 


The  folKiu'lng  tablo  nhows  the  nvimlM*r  nf  anioiiM,  unri  the  nunil 
of  members,,  by  aex,  in  each  yo«r  froui  1S94  to  1900: 

NirufiKIl  or  TttADB  TVIONS  AKD  MKHKBRSntr.  BY  9MX,  UM  TO  IMS. 


T>»lft. 


nt  unlnns. 


MciBtvflilUp. 


July  I.  1«H 

July  l.tMfi 

Qcfobitr  XI ,  MM. . . 
Baptantiar  30,  UB7. 

«.•!  i'4», 

Sfl  !'"». 

^,  i'«a. 

>1 


«7 

Pier 
i.ooe 

1,0*7 
l.fOB 

i.an 

2.230 
7.SH 


lUlM. 

rnuiM.  1 

I«,1l» 

7.i 

IWM» 

W,!^    , 

(•I 

(•1 

10.090 

».7iM  ' 

U^W 

T.v»* 

S'*** 

»."- 

XB^MI 

11, 

»1.«3 

t«. 

ahsu 

15,     ■ 

»0,Mft 

14.. 

xm,M» 

13, Ki. 

«I».071 

vj,m* 

M.UB 

11,(03 

■•  Sot  «eii*K^7  tvportMt. 

Of  thf  2,420  unions,  with  n  lotnl  membership  of  308,494  on  Se| 
teniber  30,  !00(>,  07S  unions,  having  a  memborahip  of  2rJ0,l»<)S,  wei 
locuted  in  New  York  (I'ity.  There  were   I 'J  unioits  with  a  nicml 
ship  of  3,103  eomposeil  entirely  of  women,  and  in  the  unions  compo* 
of  both  innloH  and  females  there  were  H.UTJ  ffinnle  iinionisis.  nuiki 
n  total  of  1 1.0J5  female  meuibcrH  itf  trade  unions,  of  wiu*m  ('i.210  wei 
in  the  riothinjr  nnd  textile  industries,  2,420  h\  ih^  ti*bACColmlu?tti 
and  1.341  in  the  printing  and  binding;  industries. 

The  following  tublo  j^ivc*  liie   meniberjihip  of  Irudc  unions, 
iudiwtricM,  on  July  1  for  the  years  1S04  and  1H05,  Ortober  31.  lH9t 
ond  September  30,  for  the  yean*  from  1897  to  190^: 

KtVBKIt8BlP  or  TKAPK  fXIOXA.  BY  INDrSTHIPS,  i*t»i  TO  IIRM. 


laaiiitnr. 

UM. 

UOft. 

IMO. 

IMK. 

IM 

ML 

llaUiUiiM,  ■ti^vti*  WT>rkli(|[,  i>lo 

0».l31 

n.im 

W.T71 
ll.OM 

SyTM 

S:S£ 

1         ; 
1    ■■  1 . 

OS,  on 

M,«l 

7.sn 

4,477 
I.HOO 

I.  or.* 

1     '■ . 

»,000 

11,  ^.t) 

13,»4S 

tt.:M 

7,1A3 

7.300 

3.0? 

OTO 

A3. 3(13 

XiAr: 

\\i  .   < 

' 

»,9H 

..i 

•I.4AK 

at4i» 

J 

tMothl-iL'  .in.i  r'rui,  * 

Uri                                      :    I  •htlllrilUOltU..... 
Tr,.                                        

I'l, 

Ti.i                                      

K.>.                               r. 

Tl.'                       irii' 

W", 

MlKcIlunrmit. ... 

'i'ot«l 

REPORTS  OF  STATE  BUKKAUS  OF  LABOH W»W  YORK.   601 

ICCUBKU&Hir  OF  TRADK  UNION'S.  BY  INDUSTRIES,  ISM  TO  lMG-Coneli]<iwl. 


DatldlnXi  Moiw  WDTking.  vtc 

nolhlnR  ami  torUlrn _ 

UcUlIs,  mftetilaery.  aii4  liUirtiuUcUiiB 

Tnuiaporbilioo 

Frintlnic,  binding,  ele ^.... 

Tobacoo 

F«ed  And  Hquort 

ThMtCTt  and  music , 

Wood  wortttiip  aiMl  fiimlitnv.. 

RertaunitLt!  ami  rv-u.tl  trade 

PabUr  employ  oient ^ 

•tatiocuifT  enRtoeniMi 

TqUI 


1000. 


79,  ;w 

2«.7fi3 
«.l»3 
33,979 
I7.14& 
U,3I9 
«,M7 
ft.  AM 

BtOsr 

5,«S 


tfOl. 


M,7U 

41, M3 
2&,Uft 

V7,9» 

l«,MI 
10, 310 
«,7» 
11,688 
«,]13 
6.aM 
0,M9 
7,5i5 

7,m 


1904. 


11(1  S»7 

3R.nm 

36.071 

72.2S7 

13,  aM 
ift,aM 

U014 
12,771 
12. 7M 
9. 538 
13,703 
12,270 


190S. 


1st,  COS 
34,40S 
34.  IM 

03,871 

as.iM 

i3,m 

1X«03 

1X334 
11.179 
10,307 
9.M4 
12.037 
10.000 


243.JK1X7V.141      W.IOl     306, J«S  I  301.6711  ,  383,330 


lOOt. 


I 


k 


The  number  and  membership  of  trade  unions  in  New  York 
and  for  lh«*  .State,  exclusive  of  New  York  City,  for  the  j'ears  ending 
September  30,  1898  to  1906.  nre  shoi^-n  in  the  following  table: 

KCUHKK  AXn  URMDKRSIIIP  OF  TRADK  CXIONS  IN  NEW  YOUK  CITY  AND  OTH 
LOC^LITIKS  IX  TUE  HTATE,  YEARS  EXDfNO  Sl'PTEHUEU  ;iO,  I.SU8  Tt>  IMW. 


TeAF  pnding  S«vtcanberSO 


Nmnbtr  o(  nnkuu  In— 


New 
City. 


MO 

4n 
o« 
&u 
on 

wo 

•67 
V7i 


Membonhlp  of  trdonv 


Otker 
loc«ltUe«. 


•47 

043 

1.13S 

1.350 

i.mn 

1.O30 
1.834 
l.73i 
I.74> 


Th* 
sut«. 


Tort 
City. 


l.ORT 

1,330 
1.03A 
1,971 
2.3!9 
3.dfQ 
?.304 
2,403 
S.43U 


OthfT 
locftlHIca. 


1ZS.420 
141.  («7 
IMAM 
174.  «£! 
108.  «IS 
3*4.112  1 
2S4. 710 
aSl.Z77 
300,008 


4&.fl» 
r.7,333 
W).K77 

1(12,  no 

U1 ,04fl 

l.'il.SITi 
l».WT 
131.030 
1XM.0C 


171,007 

aoo.oao 

E4B,»1 
5»,l4l 
39.101 

300,  JW 

301,  OM 

3S3.3aO 


Hkalth  of  Prixtkrs. — This  section  is  a  stutly  of  sanitary  con- 
ditions in  the  printing  trade,  but  since  it  had  been  incorporated  in 
the  article  on  industrial  hy;riene  it  is  not  necessary'  to  ^ive  it  ok- 
tendt'd  notice  here.  FoIloMing  a  discussion  of  the  effect  of  occa* 
pations  in  general  upon  the  health  of  the  employed  are  pven  sti 
tistics  compiled  by  the  Unired  Stales  Bureau  of  the  Census,  whicl 
show  tliat  the  hi;j:hest  niortalily  among  wage-eamers  results  froi 
consumption.  The  average  death  rate  from  this  cause  in 
mechanical  and  manufacturing  trades  in  1000  wa*i  2.62.  In  the 
printing  trades  alone  the  death  rate  from  consumption  was  4  35, 
this  rate  bein;^  exceeded  only  in  tha  marble  and  stone  cutting  tratles 
and  in  cipir  nmkin?.  It  is  also  shown  that  of  the  pcrt;ons  eniploycfl 
in  the  printing  trades  who  dietl  during  ihe  census  year  from  all 
but  S5.I  per  cent  hail  attaineil  the  a;^  of  45  years,  14.1 
pw  c«nt  t*f  the  deaths*  having  occurred  imder  the  age  of  25. 


4 


I 


I 


^B  BtxLETm  OF  *nrB  mnExv  ot  umoti.  ^H 

Visits  were  iiindo  to  ten  establishments  in  New  York  City,  incIuM 
ing  sonio  of  tlie  larjjest,  ami  from  the  roconls  of  tbo  employees*! 
mutual  iK'nrfit  sooirliea  datn  wcn^  secured  which,  taken  in  con-i 
ncction  with  the  conditions  dcBcribcd,  boar  out  the  theoiy  tbafl 
the  sickncKs  and  mortality  among  compositors  is  due  in  a  gread 
degree  to  the  sanitary  conditions  of  Ihoir  workrooms.  Rittabli^^tli-j 
ment  A  is  describoti  as  l>cing  very  unclean  and  insanitary.  I>uring| 
the  five  years  1001  to  1005,  S  deatlis  (ur  fi.l  per  cent  of  the  em-j 
j>loyoes  Mick)  occurred  among  the  moniixThhip  of  it^  mutual  benefid 
orginixation,  4  of  Uiese  l>eing  duo  to  tuborculosw.  Tlio  number  nfl 
ca*ea  of  sickness  was  14.9  per  cent  of  the  average  mcmbenfhipJ 
Contrnsled  with  this  is  ostublishment  B,  which  was  nottnl  as  being! 
clean  an<l  well  ventilated.  In  this  establishmont  ll\c  number  oq 
cases  of  sickness  was  but  0.7  per  cent  of  the  average  inembcrHhip] 
and  tlic  number  of  deatlis  but  -1.3  per  c^nt  of  the  numlwT  .sick.  J 

PENNSYLVANIA.  | 

Avnunl  He  port  ofihr  Recrttary  of  Internal  AffairH  oftTtf  CtmtmonwecUh] 
qf  Fennsyhsinia.  Vol.  xxxiv,  1906.  Part  III,  Industrial  Statid-j 
tics.     John  L.  Hockey,  Chief  of  Bureau,     pp.  287.  I 

This  report,  for  1006,  embraces  data  gathered  from  3,0.57  estab*j 
lishnicnts  (►f  the  State  engaged  in  manufacturing  and  mining  indu&-| 
trios,  giving  a  rectird  of  the  capital  invested,  value  of  pri>duct^,  aver-j 
age  value  of  product  per  employee,  days  in  operation^  number  of  work-J 
ing  people  (men,  women,  and  minors),  aggregate  WBgcs  paitl,  average i 
yearly  earnings,  average  daily  wage.s,  etc,  I)jila  relative  to  strikeai 
and  lockouts  are  reported  f(»r  }>ituminous  coal  mining  and  for  thoj 
coke,  irt>n  and  steel,  tin  i>Iate,  and  a  few  minor  industrie,s.  The  iufor-1 
mation  gives  for  the  varii>us  disputes  cause  of  dispute,  number  of  por-j 
uons  involved,  days  lost,  method  of  settlement,  and  result.  Data  are  i 
further  presented  for  the  difl*en*nt  industries  showing  the  number  ofi 
eiitablishments  making  returns  and  giving  statistics  pertaining  to] 
number  of  employees  owning  their  homes,  average  rent  paid  byj 
those  renting,  working  hours  per  week,  nationality  of  employees,  acclJ 
dent^^  causes  of  time  lost,  and  trade  conditions.  I 

The  3,Ofi7  establibhments  considered  in  tlus  investigation  bndi 
invested  in  plants  and  working  capital  a  total  i»f  $032,842,4.').'?,  and  thJ 
market  value  of  production  for  the  year  aggregated  $l,<i;i0,l(i.S,y36j 
The  various  industries  were  in  operation  during  the  yc&r  an  avera^.  ofl 
287  days  and  employed  a  total  i)f  754,086  wage-earners  (647,67Clj 
men,  75,208  women,  and  32,108  minors),  to  whom  were  paid  in  wages 
the  sum  of  $371,701,476  to  the  men,  $23,184,131  to  the  women,  an^ 
$6,0.55,675  to  the  minors.  The  average  yearly-  earnings  of  all  wagc-l 
earners  was  $5:i5.05  (of  the  men  $.573.01,  of  the  women  $312.2a,  Attd 


REPOBTS  OF  STATE  BUKEAC8  OF  LABOB — PENNSYLVANIA.  603 

[of  the  minors  $216.63).     The  average  daily  wage  of  ull  employees 
as  SI. 86.     For  each  employee  the  average  vahie  of  product  for  the 
amounted  to  $2,159.20. 

ON,  Steel,  and  Tin-Plate  Puoduction. — The  following  sum- 
mary statements  show  the  more  important  items  for  the  year  1906 
^xeliiting  to   the  production  of  pig  iron,  steely  rolled  iron  and  Btcel, 
ind  tin  plate: 


KG    lUi»S. 

apital  inveelcd , $132, 255, 799 

'CrrisB  tuna  of  production 11,  244,  292 

Ki-aliml  \-alHC $187,909,541 

'alue  of  [ismc  matorial $92,507,500 

f A vfragi'  days  in  op«:!rat ion ^ 335 

T«  ►ta!  lui  lilt  male  Hmiiloyce* 18,  (il2 

A^rvgtttr  wag^-j)  paid  adull  male  employees $12, 05G,  135 

Average  yearly  c&mings  of  adult  male  employeefl: $G47.76 

L  Average  daily  wages  of  adult  nuklo  employees $1.93 

Cost  nf  UU»r  per  Ion $1.07 

Tonnige  per  man  per  day 1.8 


STEEL. 

Gmm  Uins  of  production: 

Be89«*mer 4, 8-11. 926 

Opcn-hcarth-arid  prorras 1,091.  115 

Open-hearth,  basic  proceaB -. 6, 385, 732 

Crucible  and  other  processes 93.  634 


ToUl 12.412.407 


ROLLED    IRON    AND    STEEL. 


Capital  invested $345,563,126 


Cr««  tons^  of  production: 

Murk  and  scrap  bar 

Slabs,  blooms,  billets,  tin-plate  and  sheet  bare,  etc 3, 


KaiU 

lrt>n  and  steel  structural  shapes. 

Cut  nails  and  spikes 

Plateaand  sheets  i")- 

Other  rolled  products 


123,467 
022,950 
300,112 
CTtl.  279 
29.  S^ 
043.499 
605,951 


Toul. 


13. 402, 098 


Value  of  product  Taut  including  t-he  bloek-plate  works) $473,883,481 

Total  <'nipUtye«*g  (not  including  (hiwe  in  blark-plale  wnrks) 128,200 

Adult  mole  employtH'i*  (not  including  tlK^^e  in  black-pUU*  works') 126,739 

P«id  all  4mpl..yeea $82.  fi23.  830 

paid  adult  male  employees $82.210, 7fi2 

Avorago  days  in  operation 302 

fA  verage  yearly  earnings  of  all  einployeef $(PM.  45 

A'crago  yearly  earnings  of  adult  male  employees $648.66 

o  Including  345,180  Ums  of  black  plate  and  other  flhecis  made  by  the  black-plate 
irks. 


B1 


I 


A vfra^jf  dully  wngt*  «t  all  «npWc*-fl. 

Avb^ragt'  daily  viiguB  of  adult  male  i>iiip|rryr< 

Avt!ni|:i*  \'»lue  p<i»  ton 

Cotri  of  Uibor  pur  loo 


Tta  t*tAT«  (»i-Arr-rt.\re  wmtKft 


Oapitml  Invccitcd  (10  planU) 98.301. 

Pouiuli"!  of  produrtion  of  Mark  plate  fliTin«-<l,  not  nnnro.»nd  hmr) 68<40Si, 

V»lu(*  of  prnd uflitui  »if  Ijlark  plain $SX  TSf, 


SS,798.ft5l 
yfi.  1»0.  286 

9i:.ffrs, 

mi. 


I? 


«i 


PouiitU  of  prodacUun  of  nlieots  und  plaicr  odtcr  thati  blm-k- 
Valuf  of  pniihirtion  of  ahoctj^  nnd  pInlt-«  (ttficr  llian  MarV 

T"Ia1  i-ijiplnyow 

Adidl  inaU'  omploywB 

Asprt'V**^*'  ^HTt"*  |>*»d  nil  employe* 

Afigrrg&tr  wngrfl  paid  adiUt  iual«  employees 

AviTHgv  <iay«  in  r»pmition..., 

Avtango  yt-arly  oanuiigB  i4  all  tmploy***. 

Avorag<?  yearly  {•aniingn  of  adntt  male  employrrj 

Avnagr  daily  wa^cwof  ftU  rmpl(ty#»(»» 

Avm^o  daily  vagei  of  udult  molt?  iMupkiyt^o 

Ttx  TLMHt  {ptrrma  wnitiui). 

Capital  inv(«twl  M  planln) 

Poundi*  of  pnidtirlinn  nf  tin  and  firnc  plor** 

ValuL>  of  proi]  urt 

Tola]  iunployi»<« 

Mule  I'luplnyoeB .r. 

JkMp^i^  wa^w  paid  all  rinptoyiH*0 «.»•«... 

rjii^nfatc  wuf;iH  paid  iuhIo  fMiiploy^K^......^..... :  !•' '    'Sd 

AvMBge  days  In  oporotion A, ...,,...  ^^M 

Areftfe  y«arty  i<arniiigi^  of  all  cmployeca ,.., ^^^^^1 

Avcrago  yearly  (•orniiigH  of  malt?  i-inplnycea. «.. ^^^^1 

Avora^pp  daily  wag^of  nil  omployoo* ^^ 

Avcrogr  daily  wu((mi  of  male  itinploytM'^  i\.'4i 

Krtums  from  r>\  pi[;-iron  conipHnii'is  shuwiul  that  (»72  wft^p-<^amf'« 
owned  their  honies,  llmt  the  averaj'e  annual  rental  for  tluwr  pHjitifl 
rent  was  $78,  thai  Ihe  avcrago  hours  thr  furnuc.i«  were  in  blast  wei« 
124  |KT  week,  and  that  of  the  10,001  persons  for  whom  uatittnalitjl 
was  roi>or!e(l  .'j,2fi0  were  Americans.  Durintj  the  year  lliere  were  id 
fatal  and  108  nonfatal  accidents  in  tlie  intlimtry.  Returns  from  I3I 
iron  and  steel  oompaiiies  showe<l  tliat  5,'}\0  wagc-oarnerH  ownea 
their  homes,  that  the  averages  annual  rental  for  those  paying  reap 
was  S135,  that  the  average  Lours  of  work  per  week  were  69»  and 
that  of  the  r)0,01S  employees  for  whom  nHtioualily   was   i  1 

2H,0r>0  were  Americans.     In  the  industry  duriu;;  the  year  tip  •?' 

58  fst^ii  and  2,609  nonfatal  acdd^its.     Uetuma  from  11  companios 
in  the  (in-]>late  industry  nhowed  ihnf  42  v  '     "     r, 

homes,   that  the  averajje  annual  ri*ntal  for  i    .      -  ^ 

$200,  that  the  avcru^o  houra  of  work  per  Wfdc  were  51,  and  that  <m 
til  '-inploT^m  for  whom  natktnalitr  was  reported  1,315  worfl 

Ar  I 


REPORTS   OF   STATE    BtTRSACS    OF  LABOR PKXSSrLVANIA.    605 

Statistics  of  Coal  Mixing. — The  fallowing  statement  presents  a 
summftT^'  of  the  operations  of  the  autliracite  and  of  the  hituniinoiis 
coal  mines  in  the  State  durino:  1906,  tlie  coke  workers  not  being 
includod: 

AXTTinAClTK  AXD  BITrVINOt'S  COAL-MINK  OPfiRATlOKS.  IBM. 


Ttasts. 


I 


Nimb«rof  mlDataaiirAiiga.... 

Mtn«n 

Jiwido  vorkmei » 

DuUddB  worlmwD 

AQnffiM)  vagM  paid  to  mln<*ni 

AC3T«8SCA  wi^M p^d  toiiwidc  workmen... 
AKniRBO  va^M  paid  to  outttdn  workmen.. 

Av8ni0>da7#  in  opcnttlon 

A«*lmflk  yvuly  ea.niings  fall  «mplo]rHiM).... 
AtvmgB  TBuriy  earnlngii  (mlnrrs  only) ..... 

A vuics  OAOir  WAfW  (BUnoploren} 

ATsn^psdaOT  w«ffw  (mtDenonly^ 

KuKitMr  nf  tnrm  Tntm-il  >in<t  marlntild.  ..■«.. 

Mi  '  )KMrrJc«ra. 

Mf  inlm* 

At'  ;  .^        .  .     :iiT  per  jfwir 

A.Vmtm4f»  lOB*  mtoutt  iMf  mtav'r  prr  timj 


Anthiaciu 

RtfinflffMHlB      1 

roiU. 

GO«|. 

2M 

1,39|L 

M.ICB 

111,^ 

70,867 

22.S3I 

4II.SM 

i5,sai 

S24,«l3.:i33 

IS7,13K,9ft| 

|31,.SI8.4.VS 

(15,341,171 

t20,W2.233 

S»,72»,Gd» 

a>7 

2CB 

S40411 

»M&.U( 

•Ml.  1.1 

nmrn 

t2  3» 

13.(3 

C  10 

t2tf 

&3.2ai.G(B 

lS,'.'«i..'%)t 

Iiz4.aa7,«n 

afi.**.-     'M 

(*) 

r$I5».JlJ     114 

^78 

1 , ;  1m 

&UZ 

a  Tofoe  on  board  can  of  5,7M.4D8  tons.         *  Xoi  nrportfd.         «  VaIiw  ai  mlDu  of  t33.«i.VZI  lima. 


In  addition  to  the  above  coal-mining  operations  there  were  33 
plautti,  emplo>'ing  1,796  persons,  engaged  in  wasliing  antliracite  coal 
from  culm  banks  at  the  mines.  The  plants  washed  3,744,194  tons 
of  coal,  which  had  a  market  value  of  $2,020,076.  Wages  were  j)aiil 
aggregating  S723,4S4,  or  an  average  yearly  earning  per  employee  of 
$102.83.  Also  there  were  46  plants  engaged  in  dredging  coal  from 
the  Susquehanna  and  Schuylkill  rivers.  giWng  an  average  employ- 
ment of  110  days  to  194  men,  to  whom  wages  amounting  to  $44,642 
were  paid.  There  were  86,373  tons  of  c*>al  raised,  having  a  maricet 
vjiiue  of  $>16,327. 

Of  the  1 ,239  bituminous  coal  mines  there  were  354  from  whic 
coal  was  coked.     During  the  year  there  were  40,576  coke  ovens 
s<»rvice,  pnMJucing  30,865, -481   tons  «»f  coke,  of  a  value  at  plant 
$4S,070,714.     There  were  12,330  coke  workers,  to  whom  were  paid 
wages?  amounting  to  $6,9;^,013y  or  an  average  yearly  wage  of  $562.60. 

Kctarns  from  124  anthracite  coal  companies  showed  that  4,700 
wage-earners  owned  their  homes,  that  the  average  annual  rental  for 
those  paying  rent  wtis  $73,  that  the  average  hours  of  work  per  week 
were  5.'^,  and  that  of  tlie  01,057  empli»yeea  for  whom  uatlonaUty 
was  reported  26,905  were  AmericHDs.  There  were  reporte*!  for  the 
industry  541  fatal  and  1,723  nonfatal  accidents.  R<>tiu*ns  from  4 
bii  ;^  coal  r-  ■  '■■;   (that  Ji>  not   coke  coal)   showed   tha 

G, '  t>-earuej  -  c    their  houics,    that   tlie   average   auuu 

rDnial  for  those  paying  rout  was  $63,  and  tliat  of  the  67^74  6 
ployees  for  whom  imti«inality  was  i  !  20,039 

Kcturus  fnmi  66  bituminous  coal  »•■  ^  (that  *  I 


■4 


^ 


^OQ  BULLETI!!  OF  THIS  BmEAtT  OF  laBOB^  ^H 

thai  2,356  wag<?-caniors  oaatiocI  their  homos.  Ihat  the  average  annua] 
ronlal  f"r  thnsi^  pa>^iig  rent  was  $73,  that  the  average  hours  of 
work  por  week  were  54,  and  that  of  (lie  34,132  rinployccs  for  whom 
nationality  was  reported  5,664  were  ^Vniericans.  During  tlie  year 
for  the  bituminous  eoal  industry  thi*rc  wen^  reported  303  fatal  and 
700  nonfatal  accident?. 

Textile  Iniuhtries.— Returns  made  in  11*06  by  668  estabiij^h-j 
ments  ei^^a^ed  in  the  textile  industries  in  Philadelplua  flhowod  am 
invest<'(I  capital  of  S73,3G2,loS,  anti  for  the  year  a  prmluet  of  ihm 
market  value  of  $128,058,603.  The  establishments  were  in  opera- 
tion during  the  jear  an  average  of  292  days,  employing  66,377J 
wage-earners  (28,041  men,  32,783  women,  and  5,553  children),  tol 
whom  were  paid  wages  amounting  to  $20,363,S63  ($16,346,080  to] 
the  men,  $11,001,033  to  the  women,  and  $1,116,750  to  Che  cluldrcn)J 
The  average  yearly  earnings  per  employee  in  the  industry  wttm 
.38— the  uveragi^  for  (he  nu»ri  being  S582.03,  for  the  womoid 
»3.02,  and  for  ihc  children  $201.11;  the  average  daily  wages  pen 
iploycc  wen*  $1.52 — tlie  average  for  the  men  being  $2.00,  for  the 
women  $1.24,  and  for  the  diildren  $0.60.  The  ayerago  value  on 
product  per  employee  was  $1,929.26.  J 

MROINIA.  ^ 

TcTith.  Anniwl  Report  of  the  Ihircau  of  Labor  and  Inihutrial  StalisticA 
for  the  Siatf.  of  Virg^lnia.  1907.  James  B.  Dohcrty,  Couuuis-J 
sioner.     332  pp.  ] 

The  svd)jccLs  presented  in  this  report  arc  industrial  statistics,  22ra 
pages;  child  labor,  91  pageS;  and  labor  organizations,  6  pages.  I 

iNni'STiUAL  Statistics. — A  scries  of  tables  is  given  for  41  indu»-] 
tries,  showing  for  each  industry  for  1006  the  number  of  establi.sh-l 
ments  reporting  for  tbo  year,  the  value  of  j>roduct,  capital  invcstedJ 
amount  paid  for  wages,  rent,  taxes,  and  insurance,  number  of  wage-" 
earners  by  sex  and  occupation  with  average  daily  pay,  number  and  | 
average  montbl}*  pay  of  persons  employed  on  salarv*.  number  of  hours 
of  work  per  (hiy  and  days  in  o]>eration  for  each  cstablishtnent,  wagoi 
changes,  und  also  totals  and  averages  for  each  industry.  For  eachi 
industry  comparis4)ns  with  1005  am  presented.  Statistics  are  al.sol 
given  of  coal  mining,  of  the  operati»uis  of  7  gas  works,  of  avcrogoJ 
daily  wages  of  employees  of  -10  stcaju  antl  22  electric  railways,  and 
of  ftccidents  on  steiini  und  electric  n)ads.  1 

The  following  table  shows  for  1905  and  1006,  for  each  of  the  211 
industries  in  the  State  which  reported  an  output  in  11K)6  exccedinJ 
$1 ,000,000,  the  number  of  establishments  reporting,  capital  invcstedJ 
value  of  pi'iMl>!<'f    Mnd  aggregate  wages  paid:  1 


REPORTS   OF  STATE    BUREAUS    OF    LABOR — VIRGINIA.        6 

CAPITAL  mVESTED,  VALUE  OF  PRODUCT,  AND  WAGES  1*AID  IN  21 INDUSTHIES,  1W5 

AND  1900. 


lodastry. 


"hoej. 


and 


\.  fiiP 

CArriAtfeis    wagoru. 

buMpna. 

Ctgan,  cigiLnlt««,  and  cbiv 

root* 

ColUtn  mills 

ir  liiil  im  t  mllU 

'  worka.. 


EaUb- 
UahnMnta, 


190&  IMA. 


«iUirta 

ulp  mills 

ving,  and 

ndlne 

doon,  ami  bllnda.... 


Ik  mills 

6tarc«.  hcAda,  aod  coopee^ 


;o  facxativk. 

oni  hflps 

WoodcDware,  ha  « beta, 
boxf^J,  and  ahooks 


CaplUl  UiTMtAd. 


1W6. 


ff5Rfl.oao 

2.419.337 
("J 


35        693,063 


aoe 

107| 

4fl 

» 

u 

11 

u 

U 

u 

11 

9 

9 

Bl 

80 

33 

34 

333 

333 

4 

4 

N 

93 

2S 

33 

an 

S 

0. 

4 

m 

34 

B67,2S6 
7.3B3.6S0 
Z400.3tt 
10, 7».  477 

src.oni 

1.334.784 

230.677 

3,908.306 

1.317.  OM 

«Q8,«36 

(•) 

73(1,811 

711.722 
2,fl7».901 
3,313.3Ha 

908.305 

l,flm,7«> 


UOft, 


Value  of  product. 


Wagea  paid. 


190S. 


1OO0L 


$417,000 

2,  Wt7, 344 

990.  S30 

1,306.915 
H.2il.:{:>u 

12. 129.  »*4 

I.24».ll3 

317.341 

3,174,23r 

1,304.347 
88(».t)70 
(«) 
760.923 

890,374 

3,  451,1  (W 

2,  .V.l ,  fil  1 
I.  WD.  220 

I,S45,47(i 


81,830,277  81,899.574     83ft3,301 
1.54t^,  &.W     1 ,  S22.  IM       1G8, 798 


1,347,S(« 

1,804. 8DB 

5,527.000 
171*2.511 
K.803,ni 
lfi.7l4, 12fi 

1.210. 7IS 

3.3t(>,S(K 


1, 403, 414 
1,805,300 


270,  GS2 


7.445.3r  1.032.21 

A.H&i.Mt*  1*74.  tV« 

o.;.H)i,ti4  -251  jm 

Ifl.SW.nAr.  S,M4  .VlH 

2,aVl,27.V  4-W,f'n(l 

l.STB.oUtll  377.  I»t 

1,322,517  1711.155 

3.35G..V).si  430,223 


1.R34.020 
1.311. («» 
«,f»72.90a 
3,09.VBIVI 

1.121,025 
r>.  334,  423 

7.22ii,2tf*. 
1.82S.81'. 

n,  388.251 


2. 1U2.H31 

1.923,fiC81 


641.187 
3?».B84 


in.SlS.BSa  3,0S7.«I7 
l.V13,0W      210,308 


1.088. 41»; 

(V  :w,(>*-4 
10.  in/jtri 
2.  lT».22r>l 


334.253 

3**;,  \^-2 

77-4.  ]7i> 
222.  WO 


4,200.108        727.15: 


1008^ 


1303,978 
108,073 

(«) 

S10,«S3 

l,265.84& 

i.fyl.fiR7 

.304.529 

.V4U2.90S 

AX. an 

221.407 
448.040 

8Bfi.3» 

S38.fi>S 

2,301.781 

182,919 

278,611 

44.1. 4S0 

1,059.3(8 

475,180 

807,844 


^m  "  Not  n-'portod. 

™       In  1006  thorc  were  229  general  contracting  finns  in  the  Iniilding 

trades,  which  reported  the  vahie  of  the  work  constriicted  (hiring^  the 
K  year  as  amounting  to  $7,852,000,  and  108  firms  of  plumbers,  gas 
■  fitters,  and  tinners,  which  reported  the  value  of  work  done  during 

the  year  as  amounting  to  $1,525,410. 
H      The  statistics  for  the  7  gas  works  show  o*-nership   (private  or 
"  municipal),  capacity,  private  and  municipal  consumption,  price  to 

consumers,  etc.,  and  number  and  daily  wages  of  employees. 

The  reports  on  steam  and  on  electric  railways  operating  in  the 
_  State  show  for  lOOG  the  average  daily  wages  paid  by  each  road  in 
^  each  occupation  and  the  average  daily  wages  paid  by  all  roads.     The 

following  is  a  summary  of  the  data  presented : 


AVEUAOK  DAILY  WAQEB  OF  STEAM  AND  UP  ELECTUIC  RAILWAY  KlUFLOyBEa.  1908, 
AND  INCREASE  IN  WAG^;S  OVER  190S. 

Steam  railroad  employma. 

Avarftfti* 
daUy 

wa«ea. 

Incn^aae 
over 
1905. 

Electric  railwmy  emplojnnfl. 

Averogr 
d&ily 
wagea. 

iDcraaM 
over 
1905. 

OoQcral  ofUcQ  clerks , . . , , ..... 

noo. 

Ln 

1.M 
4.89 
3.  SO 

8.18 
1,TO 
XT2 
2.13 
1.74 
1.72 
l.U 

1.34 

X.00 

1.46 
L4ft 

8a  08 

.OS 
.03 
.02 
.08 
.04 
.06 
.06 
.17 
.00 

.m 

.03 
.18 
.« 

.08 

Oenoral  omce  ctedn 

81.54 
LAB 
I.Sft 
LSI 
L96 
I.S4 
1.21 
t.35 
L3S 

iS 

1.44 
3.81 
104 
1.S8 

•  tai3 

Station  aeienta 

Coaduotora  ..  .............. 

.as 

Other  at  lUinn  ni«o.  ..,.i 

Drivcra 

.IT 

Motormra ^........i.. 

Starters 

.17 

^nSoMm 

.18 

^^BCltn.. 

WatchmpD -,,. 

.11 

^^Bf**"*"  *"«♦« 

Switchmen .,.. 

a.SS 

Road  men .,,..,.,.... 

.86 

^^Vt*'"* 

Iloatlcra ^ 

Llnenicn 

.13 

^^^^  aknpmnH 

.80 

^^HkM    «n  «*>*•*>* 

Engiiucra 

a. 03 

^^Hj^  **r.Mlr*r.^n 

PlremrB 

.04 

^HDhiurii.     Uk^uibu,    ft  u  d 

KlectriclaiiB - 

.84 

Ua£hin)fit«  and  naehaniM. . . 
other employeoN  ............ 

.88 

^^■Apb  operators  aod  dla- 

.08 

mrlll 

OtlH^r  (inploywa 

■  I>«07vaje. 


^^--^'^ 


VT)io 


608  BULLETI2T  OF  THE  BTJBBATT  OF  LABOB. 

On  the  steam  railroads  in  Virginia  during  1906  there  resulted  from 

the  movement  of  trains  the  accidental  kilUng  of  81  employees,  15 
passengers,  and  119  others,  and  the  injury  of  774  employees,  151 
passengers,  and  212  others;  from  causes  other  than  the  movement  of 
trains  there  resulted  the  accidental  killing  of  3  employees  and  1 
other  person,  and  the  injury  of  917  employees  and  4  passengers. 

In  1906  from  42  mines  employing  5,131  persons  there  were  pro- 
duced 4,254,879  tons  of  coal,  valued  at  $4,183,991,  the  mines  being 
in  operation  an  average  of  250  days  during  the  year.  In  31  mines 
working  4,294  men  the  hours  of  labor  were  10  per  day,  in  5  mines 
working  727  men  the  hours  of  labor  were  9  per  day,  and  in  the 
remaining  6  mines  (small  ones)  the  hours  of  labor  were  8  per  day^. 

Child  IjAbor. — Under  this  caption  is  presented  the  report  of  the 
special  agent  of  the  State  labor  bureau  on  inspection  of  factories  and 
investigations  touching  child  labor,  and  a  compilation  of  the  laws  of 
the  various  States  relating  to  the  employment  of  cliildren. 

Labor  Orgamzatioxs. — This  section  of  the  report  consists  of 
returns  from  the  various  labor  organizations  of  the  State,  together 
with  recommendations  as  to  legislation  and  comments  on  existing 
conditions.  In  29  trades,  unions  reported  an  increase  of  wages  dur- 
ing the  year,  and  a  decrease  in  working  hours  in  10  of  the  trades. 
The  number  of  members  unemployed  during  the  year  amounted  to 
scarcely  1  per  cent. 


I 


RECBNT  POREIGN  STATISTICAL  PUBLICATIOKS. 

CANADA. 

Itepart  of  the  Department  of  Labor  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  for  tJu 
year  ended  Jwu  30,  1906.     127  pp. 

The  first  of  the  fourteen  sections  wliirh  coinj>ris('  tliis  report  consists 
of  a  p;encral  review  of  the  material  published  during  the  year  in  the 
Tarioufl  issues  of  the  Labor  Gazette,  a  monthly  devoted  to  indus- 
tri«l  and  labor  conditions  throughout  Canada  and  printed  in  botli 
Engjlish  and  French. 

From  a  statement  relative  to  the  labor-organization  movement 
in  Canada,  it  appears  that  in  1903  there  were  276  unions  formed 
and  54  dissc»Ived,  in  1904  there  were  152  unions  formed  and  104 
dissolved,  and  in  100,5  tlurp  were  103  unions  formed  and  101  dis- 
solved. In  1905  in  the  several  provinces  of  the  Dominion  there  w«ra 
220  employers'  associations. 

The  s^tion  of  the  report  devoted  to  conciliation  and  arbitration 
shtuvs  that  (he  interventicm  of  the  depurfmetit  of  labor,  under  the 
Conciliation  Act  of  1000,  was  requested  in  the  settlement  of  labor 
distjmtes  involving  974  working  people  on  5  occasions  during  the  year 
1005-(>,  and  that  since  the  passage  of  the  act  in  July,  1900,  inter- 
vention has  been  reqttt^ted  on  39  occasions. 

During  the  year  the  '* fair-wages"  officers  of  the  department  pre- 
pared fair-wages  schedules  for  insertion  in  147  separate  contracts, 
which  were  awarded,  or  were  about  to  be  awarded,  during  the  3'ear. 
Of  this  number,  41  M*ere  in  connection  with  public  buildings  or  works 
being  executed  under  contract  for  the  department  of  public  works, 
95  in  connection  with  contracts  or  subsidy  agreements  entered  into 
with  the  department  of  railways  and  canals,  S  for  contracts  awarded 
by  the  department  of  marine  and  fisheries,  and  3  for  insertion  in 
contracts  awarded  b}-  the  commissioners  of  the  Transcontinental  Kail- 
Vl^*  In  every  case  the  rates  of  wages  tixed  in  the  fair-wages  sched- 
uler were  based  upon  what  were  considered  fair  rates  in  the  localities 
in  which  the  work  was  to  bo  undertaken.  Since  the  establishment 
of  the  department  of  labor,  in  1900,  the  fair- wages  ofTicei's  have  pre- 
pared some  7^5  fair-wages  schedules  for  public  contract  work. 

The  Annual  Rrjnirt  of  the  Department  of  Labor  for  the  year 
ended  June  30,  1905,  made  the  following  statement  in  regard  to  the 
"Railway  Lebor  Disputes  Act.  which  was  jms&ed  on  July  12,  1903: 

It  was  believed  that  the  measure,  providing,  as  it  did,  the  ma- 
chinery wherebv  a  public  in<piiry  might  be  made  under  oath  as  to  the 
ettusea^  tuiderlying  any  dilference  between  a  railway  company  wid 

fi09 


BnXETIN  or  THE  BTTRBJir  Of  UiBOR. 


any  of  its  employees,  with  a  view  to  bringin*::  about  an  adjustmpnt 
<if  thc8o  dilTorenccs,  the  mere  existenre  of  the  ineoiiure  woultj  of 
itself  he  a  means  uf  averting  strikes  unci  luckouta  on  the  ruihvaya 
of  tlie  Dominion.  That  the  exi)ectttlion  uf  rarliament  in  lliis 
regard  Ims  been  thus  fur  reaH/^*(i  is  wrll  evidenced  fn)tii  the  fa^-t 
that  siuee  the  pnssing  of  tlie  act  (now  two  years  ago)  there  has  nitt 
been  a  single  strike  ou  any  of  the  railroacia  of  llie  Doniinioii  of  -^Mrh 
a  nutnre  as  to  seriouhly  affect  transportation. 

The  present  re]>ort  states  that  the  experience  of  the  jjnsi  yrar 
(1905-fi)  has  only  helped  to  confirm  the  \new  expressed  in  the 
above  statement  as  ix}  the  prohal)Ie  effect  of  the  passing  of  the  Rail- 
way Labor  Dii^putcs  Act,  and  that  the  assertion  still  remains  true 
that  since  the  passing  of  the  act  there  has  n4)t  been  a  single  striko 
on  any  of  the  railroads  of  the  Doniinion  of  such  a  nature  as  to  seri- 
ously affect  transportation.  During  the  year  1904-5  there  wa.s  occa- 
sion to  Hpply  tlie  provisions  of  the  net  to  a  ihreatened  strike  of 
telegraphers  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  and  in  that  caso  the  act 
proved  cffoctivo  «s  a  means  of  prev<'iiting  the  threatened  strike. 

In  the  construction  of  the  Grand  Tiiuik  Pacific  Kail  way,  lui 
industrial  undertaking  in  wliieh  the  goverumcnt  of  Canada  is  con- 
cerned, it  became  essential  in  the  interests  of  labor  that  mlequalfi 
provision  should  bo  iuade  in  the  acts  of  Parliament  applicable  to  this 
particular  imdertaking,  for  the  prot<*ction  of  tlie  thousands  of  work- 
men likely  to  bo  emj)loyed  for  six  or  seven  years  in  Cimnection  with 
the  work.  As  a  consequence  measures  wore  enacted  which  require 
that  in  the  contracts  awarded  in  connection  with  the  construction 
of  this  work  provision  shall  be  made  for  the  payment  of  fair  wages  to 
the  workmen  (such  wages  as  are  paid  for  similar  labor  in  the  district 
in  which  the  work  is  being  performed);  that  there  shall  he  jiroper 
medical  and  Hanilarj*  supen'Lsion  of  constnurtion  camps;  that  the 
sole  or  improper  use  of  intoxicating  liquors  about  the  work  shall  ha 
forbidden;  that  there  shall  be  prompt  and  fidl  payment  of  all  wage 
claims,  etc.,  and  that  the  contractors  shall,  as  far  as  possible,  ilso  only 
materials,  supplies,  etc.,  manufactured  or  produced  Jn  Canada. 

During  the  fiscal  year  I905-C  thero  were  130  labor  dis[)Utes  in 
Cana<la,  which  involved  13,303  working  pei)j)le  directly  and  .5,150 
working  people  indirectly.  The  loss  of  time  amounted  approxi- 
mately to  343,800  working  days.  The  disputes  alTeded  501  establish- 
ments directly  and  3(>  indirectly.  The  principal  causes  of  dwputfti 
WCTO  dcn)ands  for  increase  in  wages  and  against  the  emplo3inent  of 
particular  persons.  Of  tlie  110  disputes  which  were  teriTiinrdcd 
during  the  fiscal  year,  55  were  settled  by  negotiations  betweeji  the 
l>arties  concerned,  27  by  the  employment  of  other  work  people  in 
the  places  of  the  strikers,  10  by  the  roumption  of  work  '  '  ( 
negotiations,  5  by  cimcijiation,  and  the  remiiinder  by  other  f 
There  were  48  striki*it  wlilch  rc«ult<^d  in  favor  of  the  oniployers,  37  ia 
favor  of  the  employees    "■         .•  compromised,  2  were  v^M'tly  micona- 


FOEKIGN    STATISTICAL    PUBLICATIONS— CANADA.  (311 

ful  for  the  strikers^  and  the  re.sult-s  of  the  remaining  strikes  were 
indefinite  or  unknown.  During  the  years  1901  to  1905  there  were  577 
trade  disputes  in  Canada— 104  in  1901,  123  in  1*502,  160  in  1903, 
103  in  1904,  and  S7  in  1905.  Out  of  the  total  disputes  during  tho 
hperiLkl,  the  caases  of  238  of  them  related  to  wages  and  hoxirs  of  labor; 
2S3  disputes  were  settled  by  negotiations  lietwecn  the  parties  con- 
cerned, and  54  by  conciliation  or  arbitration;  194  disputes  resulted  in 
favor  of  employers,  175  in  favor  of  employees,  and  143  were  settled 

tby  compromise. 
There  were  in  Canada  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1900, 
1»071  fatal  and  2J5S  nonfatal  industrial  accidents.  Of  fatal  acci- 
dents the  greatest  number  (219)  was  in  the  railway  service,  and  of 
nonfatal  accidents  the  great<»ftt  number  (549)  was  in  i\w  metal 
trades.  Mining  had  100  fatal  and  151  nonfatal  accidents,  while  in 
lumbering  there  were  103  fatal  and  1K6  nonfatal  accidents. 

Accounts  arc  given  in  two  sections  of  the  report  of  the  action  of 
the  dc]>artment  of  labor  in  reference  to  false  representations  to  induce 

tor  deter  immigration  to  the  Dominion  and  of  tlie  administration  of 
the  alien  labor  laws. 


I 


Jlepori  of  the  Royal  Conimisttion  on  a  Dispute  Respfcting  Hours  of  Em- 
plotffnent  httwetm  fJie  BtU  Telephone  Compantj  of  Caiuiday  Ltd,,  afid 
Operators  at  Toronto,  Ontario.  1907.  (Issued  by  the  Department 
of  Labor,)     x,  102  pp. 


This  volume  compriaes  the  report  of  a  commission  appointed  on 
February  2,  1907,  to  make  inquiry  into  a  dispute  between  the  Bell 
Telephone  Company  of  Canada  and  the  operators  employed  in  its 
offices  at  Toronto,  with  respect  to  wages  and  hours  of  employment 
and  all  uiattei's  affecting  the  merits  of  the  said  dispute  and  the  right 
settlement  thereof. 

The  commission  in  its  inquiry  into  the  causes^  nature,  and  incidents 
of  the  strike  examined  70  witnesses,  and  from  the  evidence  obtained 
and  from  documents  and  correspomlcnce  submitted  were  made  fidly 

■acquainted  with  the  material  facts  and  circumstances  relevant  to  the 
controversy  under  consideration. 

The  cause  of  the  strike  of  the  operators,  which  commenced  on  Jan- 
uary 31,  1907,  was  the  decision  of  the  teleplione  company,  reached 
during  tho  month  of  January,  to  enforce  a  new  schedule  of  wages  and 
hours  whereby  the  liours  of  work  were  t^  be  increased  from  5  to  8  per 

E'    r,  and  the  manner  in  which  tlus  decision  was  made  known  to  those 
om  it  concerned. 
It  a  meeting  of  tho  strikers,  numbering  over  400,  held  on  the  eren- 
of  Februaiy  1,  a  resolution  was  passed  in  wbich  the  operators 
uested  the  minister  of  labor  "to  cause  a  public  inquiiy  to  be  made 
ier  oath  into  all  matters  in  dispute  between  them  and  tho  said 


company,  H^rtH,*tn^r  that  in  ra^o  &aid  inquiry  in  onli^red,  ti>  r^tuni  lo 

i-AiP  i'oinpany'8  employ  in  onliT  U>  prevent  inci<inv«u^nc*  to  the  public 

flui<i  a  ^<fnrral  diMiir^'anization  of  businrtisi^  mid  iu  he  hound  by  tiM 

finding  of  said  board  in  nil  matters  between  ihc^rinelveii  and  ilie  ^d 

conipany." 

7'hc  intention  of  the  Govenunent  to  luve  inquiry  m»de  into  (he 
^it'vunri^s  of  tiie  operators^  and  thi^  uppointaient  of  tho  (N>nAii)ia0iofi 
Jiavinx  been  unnouncod,  the  o|>eratorA,  in  acoonlancc  with  the  terms 
m  the  resohition  they  had  passoil,  prcstnted  themselves  fur  rw^mploy- 
ment  at  the  oHieeij  of  the  company  on  tlui  morning  of  Februarr  4. 
A  largo  number  wen*  iuuncdiately  takei)  on,  and  »l'*«  <inke,  to  all 
intfntd  and  pur{>oe4es,  was  at  an  end. 

The  lin*»  of  the  roinmi?wN>n'ci  inquiry  embra<*eil  ihr  iriuiintrtttinn 
of  work  und  eost  of  living,  duration  and  inlPDflity  of  work,  iiietiiods 
of  work  and  elements  of  ner\'ous  strain,  opiniona  of  leading  phy- 
sicians, etc. 

BcfoiT  the  strike  Lite  oi>€niii>i'5  were  kepi  continuously  at  work  at 
high  presAure  live  liours  per  day.  On  January  24  a  notice  wan  pncted 
in  each  of  the  srverul  exchanges  tlint  from  and  after  Fehni4iry  I  the 
operators  would  be  expected  to  work  ei*;;hl  hours  each  ilay,  although 
at  A  Btif^ht  inrreaM*  in  salary*,  but  there  waM  no  assurauco  ^ven  that 
there  Wduld  he  any  le?i3enin^  of  the  pressure  under  which  0  M 

W  obhj;ed  to  work  ilurinK  the  hour>»  of  employmenl.     A;:  •• 

proposed  change  the  operators  struck. 

In  lli(*  nrran^em<*n1  as  Jimd)y  mriie  lo  bcftirc  the  cidnirvLssiiin,  the 
t4»tal  numl>er  of  working  hoiin*  wan  (bcod  at  7,  spread  over  a  j>eriiMi 
of  9  hoursj  divided  as  follows:  2  hour»  work,  \  hour  n-liof,  \\  faoure 
w<irk,  !  hour  interuu'ssion.  2  hours  work,  \  hour  rtdief,  and  1}  bourn 
wt»rk;  autl^  further,  tlw*  work  would  \n^  at  such  a  pn*ssure  as  would 
be  moderate  and  not  too  groat  a  tax  upon  the  strength  of  the  operators. 

The  cdininissiiin  also  recoiiwuenih^d  the  strict  prohiliilion  of  ■ 
time,  the  granting  of  a  weekly  half  holiday  as  in  <tther  occupm 
the  prohibition  of  7  daye*  contluuoua  work  (after  workiijg  6  da\ii, 
before  entering  upon  a  fiubsetjuent  day's  work,  there  bhouhl  lx»  a 
birak  of  at  least  ii-l  Iuhitk),  the  proliiliiuon  of  young  women  from 
entering  this  clasB  of  employment  until  they  have  coinpleteil  their 
eighti'cntli  year,  the  examination  of  ojierntors  as  to  their  liealth 
(espt^cialiy  as  to  their  nervous  system,  thniiit,  hmgs,  si^hl,  hearing, 
and  tendriicj  toward  lulK*rculotsiis)|  before  In-ing  aiicepted  by  the 
co?npany,  and  the  adnj^tion  of  variou-  <s  nnd  de^ioe*  for  the 

additional  couxfort  und  heulth  of  the  *■, 
In  concluMon  the  commiaaion  says: 

In  ' 

opera 

liar:m>nJou?i  t  liriwccti  like  coi 


KOREION    STATISTICAL    FUBLrCATION8 CANADA. 


613 


pcaed  of  representatives  of  the  officials  of  the  company  and  ita  opera- 
tors, to  wiiich  boani   questions  conceniiiip  arranj^inent  of  houra>| 
reliefs,  overtime,  ilisciphne.  and  the  like  inij^ht  be  referred  at  stateaj 
inler\"AU,  an  appeal  to  be  had  to  the  head  oilieers  of  the  company 
where  mutters  in  dispute  might  fail  of  successful  settlement  before 
the  boani. 

GERMANY. 

Jiti9fb^rhtr  uber  Nordam^ka  trstattti  von  Kontmissarcn  <hjg  Kdnig-\ 
lich  Preujisischm  MhtiMrrii  fur  Handel  und  Gewerbc.  I OOG.  I 
40U  pp.  '  j 

Tills  volume  is  an  account  of  the  results  of  an  investigation  ma<lel 
in  the  vear  1004  l>y  a  commi^si&ion  sent  out  by  the  Prussian  miiiistryj 
of  commerce  and  industry  to  study  the  conditions  of  trade  and  lech-i 
Bical  education  in  the  United  States.     Tlie  particular  occasion  of 
tlie  undertaking  at  the  time  chosen  was  the  opportunity  afforded 
of  proscaiting  such  an  investigation  in  connection  with  the  exliibits 
made  at    the  international  exposition  of  that  year,   at  St.  Louis,^i 
though  the  studv  was  not  confined  to  those  exJiibits. 

The  vohime  consists  of  a  series  of  reports  by  vario^is  members 
of  the  commission  coverin*;^  different  jihases  of  the  question.     The 
first  part  is  taken  up  by  a  somewhat  general  diseussion  of  (n)  tlie. 
intermediate  schools  in  their  relation  to  commerce  and  industryd 
(?f)  the  public  schools  and  the  training;  r>f  teachers;    (r)  the  training 
of  industrial   workers.     Then   follow  accounts  tif   the  observations, 
mode  with  reference  to  education  in  industrial  art  and  drafting,  aaj 
this  was  sbowTi  in  the  patterns  and  pn>durts  exliibited  at  St.  Louis,] 
the  cimstruction  of  machinery  and  the  working  of  metals,  shipbuild- 
ing, the  textile  industries,  and  ceramics,  and  an  appendix  containingfi 
a  pi»neral  discussion  of  a  variety  of  economic  and  industrial  questions. 
An  article  on  the  production  of  small  tools  and  machinery  of  iron 
and  steel  is  ilhistrated  by  15  full-pap;r  plates. 

GREAT  RRITAIN.  | 

Accidrfits  thai  have  Ocnirrfd  on  the  Railways  of  the  Vnittd  Kifi^domA 
durlficf  (he  ymr  1005.  Report  to  the  Secretary  to  the  Board  on 
Triide.     Ts'pp.  | 

Tliis  Tolume  presents  a  ^neral  report  on  the  accidents  that  havej 
occurred  in  the  wurkinj^  of  tlie  railways  of  the  United  Kin^iom  diir-J 
ing  the  year  1905.  The  accidents  an»  ^ouped  under  three  main 
heads,  as  fidlows:  (I )  Train  accidents,  as  collisions,  derailments,  etc.; 
(2)  accidents  raoaed  by  the  movement  of  trains  and  railway  vehicles^ 
pjcchisive  of  train  nccidents,  and  (3)  accidenLs  on  railway  prnmisesj 
Hot  due  to  train  ac<*idt?nts  or  to  the  movement  of  trains  and  railwavi 
rehicl^s.  They  mre  furtlier  aubdividcxl  in  each  of  the  thrrc  <;nmp«l 
according  as  thcr  relate  io  passengers,  employees,  and  other  Qer^uoa^ 


Mk 


^gj^ 


fjivh 


Tho  foilowinj^  tablp  sumiuarizes  the  returus,  shovring  hj  cla^us  of  acd- 
dent  the  number  of  awidents,  faUl  and  nonfatal,  rfh'-^'!' 
class  of  pi'rsons: 

axTLWAY  ACCIDENTS  DUIitKO  IMS.  BY  CLASS  OP  ACC1DKKT. 


Pa— i^r» 

E»|ili>7«M. 

OtlMfpenMl 

CUnotorclibsit. 

KUkxt 

iamd. 

' 

1. 

KiUrd. 

Ttmln  ttnchSaiiU  (u  colUstoa*.  iV>mItniflBU.  Pie.) 

AflcldfDt*  muand  hy  ih*>  «"•■ '  •-'■is  und 

ntlway  vi*titrln«,  ^'iclu**^  >                                 

Aoeldvnu  on  mllwuy  pmm  i                                m  *cci- 

clMiU  or  to  Ut  uovaiiiviti  w^  i.^.u.  .^.a  {«Uwfty 

TTllkllPt , 

a 

tOB 

3W 
7«l 

e 

as 

113 

1 

m 

1 

m 

From  tlie  above  it  will  be  seen  that  durinjc  tho  yt-^ar  1.01>9  prrsims 
(148  passengers,  390  employees,  and  552  otherB)  were  killed  and 
6,450  persons  (2,368  passenj^ors,  3,800  cmployoos,  and  291  others) 
wpn^  Liijured  by  accidents  due  to  the  running  of  Iraiiia  or  the  move- 
ment of  railway  vehicles.  The  figures  for  tho  pn^vious  year  (19*)4) 
were  1,073  persons  kilted  ami  G,SHl)  injured,  while  the  average  for 
the  previous  nine  years  was  1,149  persons  killed  and  6,051  injured. 

The  39  passenger  fatalities  in  trnin  aceident-s  during  1905  were 
largely  diie  to  two  disasters,  in  one  of  wliich  21  passengers  wore  killed 
and  in  the  !»ther  10.  For  the  year  (exchi.sive  of  holders  i>f  seaMJti 
tickets)  there  was  1  passenger  killed  in  each  30,744,156  carried  and 
1  injured  in  each  3,027,834  carriiHl.  In  1904  (exclusive  of  holders  <tf 
fleas(»n  tickold)  there  wiis  1  passenger  killed  in  each  199,75S,0O0  car- 
ried and  1  injunnl  in  each  2,244,472  carried.  The  number  of  passen- 
gers and  other  persons  (exclusive  of  railway  employees)  killed  in 
train  accidents  in  1005  was  40,  as  coniparcd  with  an  averiige  of  23  for 
the  i)rcvious  thirty-one  years,  wliile  the  number  injured  in  1005  was 
404,  as  compared  with  an  average  of  730  for  the  previous  thirty-onc 
years. 

Of  railway  employees  (engineers,  firemen,  guards,  and  brakemen)  in 
train  accidents  in  1905,  there  was  1  killed  in  each  11,201  employed 
and  1  iiijured  in  each  755  employed.  In  the  thirty-one  years  prt^ 
vious  to  1905  the  yearly  average  of  railway  omployooa  killed  was  14 
and  tho  .yearly  average  injured  136. 

The  uuinbcr  ttf  ptwseugers  killed  in  1905  in  accidents  canned 
witit  the  movement  of  trains  and  railway  vehi<'les  (exclusive  of  tn 
accideiils)  was  100  and  the  number  injured  1,072.     In  the  25  yei 
previous  to  1905  the  yearly  average  of  passengers  killed  was  106,  at 
in  the  9  years  pre^nous  to   1005   the  yearly  average  t>f  pafcsengr 
injured  was  1,589.     Excluding  season  tickets,  taking  the  number 
journeys  into  account,  it  was  found  that  in  1005  there  wns  1  pi 
Bcngor  killed  in  every   11,000,202  journeys  and  1   injured  in  v^ 
608,023  jonrv"*--    as  compared   with    1    kiiltHl  in  every  S,S94 


FORKIGN    STATISTICAL    rUBLICATIONS GBKAT    BRITAIN.     616 


"04,057  journeys, 


Journovs,  and  1  injured  in  <»vc 

the  previous  periods  of  25  and  9  years. 

Not  including  contractors'  employees,  in  tliis  second  class  of  rail- 
way accidents  in  1905  there  were  3S1  railway  employees  killed  and 
3,661  injured.  The  yearly  average  of  railway  employees  killed  in  the 
prenous  25  years  was  460,  and  the  yearly  average  injured  in  the  pn>- 
vious  9  years  was  3,964.  The  acridcntis  to  persons  other  than  pas- 
Isengers  and  railway  employees  who  were  killed  or  injured  in  1905 
■were  incurred,  with  few  exceptions,  either  deliberately  or  through 
carele^ness. 

Accidents  on  railway  premises  not  due  to  train  accidents  or  to  the 
movement  of  trains  and  railway  vehicles  resulted  in  the  death  of  18 
passengers,  38  employee's,  and  25  other  persons,  and  injury  to  782 
passengers,  10,535  employees,  and  460  other  persons.  These  acci- 
demts,  with  few  e^xceptions,  were  not  attributable  to  railway  operation 
and  should  not  properly  be  classed  as  railway*  accidents. 

During  1905,  through  coming  in  contact  with  electric  **live"  rails, 

fc     there  were  14  accidents  to  railway  employees  (1   fatal  and  13  non- 

Hfatal)  and  6  to  trespassers  (1  fatal  and  5  nonfatal). 

"  The  total  length  of  the  railways  of  the  United  Kingdom  at  the  eml 
of  1905  was  22,847  miles;  the  total  track  mileage  (single  track)  was 
38,431  without  sidings  and  52,322  with  sidings. 

Illustrations  of  Methods  of  Dust  Extraction  in  Factories  and  Worh- 
shops.  Report  to  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Honte  Depart- 
ment.    1906.     93  pp. 

In  the  United  Kingdom  during  the  last  decade  great  improvements 
hftTO  been  made,  either  by  voluntary  effort  or  by  statutory'  obligation, 
in  the  hygienic  conditions  of  many  industrial  occupations,  more  par* 
ticularly  in  troiles  in  wliich  injurious  dust  or  fumes  are  generated. 

The  present  report,  by  the  chief  inspector  of  factories,  consists  of  58 

>]ates  of  sketches  and  plans  with  descriptive  text,  collecte<l  from 

ivarious  sources,  showing  methods  of  extracting  dust  in   different 

[pnKresses  in  flax,  hemp,  jute,  and  tow  manufactures,  wool-sorting  and 

l-combing  works,  metal  grinding  and   polisliing,  bronzing,  etc.; 

various  systems  for  humidifying  workrooms. 

Annwj]  Report  of  the  Chiff  Inspector  of  Factorirs  and  W<yrkshops^for 
the  Y'mr  1906,  Report  to  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home 
Department,     xvii,  379  pp. 

At  the  end  of  1906  there  were  upon  the  registers  of  the  factory 

ment    106,337   factories,   6,940  laimdries    (with   and   without 

),  and  141,912  workshops  (other  than  men's  workshops),  or  a 

of  255,1S<>  establishments,  an  increase  over  1005  of  3,377  estab- 

U.     The  works  under  inai>ection  during  1906  tlid  not  iimludo 

'"— Ab.  76—08 22 


616 


BULLETIN    OH   THE    BCREAU    OK   LiiBaR. 


clocks^  warehouses,  buklilingSr  etc,  or  (in  gonerd)  ilomeslic  work- 
shops. The  number  of  persons  emfdoyeil  in  factories  was  (approxi- 
iimlHy)    4,1.S0.(KM),    in    wc»rks]io)>s    (exeluiling    men's    workshops) 

700,000,  and  in  laundrit^,  100.000. 

For  purposes  of  insp*Htii)a  tho  I'mtecl  Kingilom  is  diviiled  into  five 
inspection  <Iiatricts,  each  under*  sijpenntenr 
8ouih»»m  division,   nutllaiMl  iliviston,  nnriii' 

western  division,  and  the  Scotland  and  Ireland  dirisfon.  The  report 
of  enrh  supervising  inspector  comprises  for  his  district  un  ar<  :  f 
the  organization  of  the  working  staff  and  the  scf>pe  of  the  ( 

inspection;  complaints  from  offictals,  operatives,  and  others  respect- 
ing sanitation,  safety  measures,  hours  of  labor,  illegal  emplorment^ 
et4*.;  industrial  developments  and  state  of  traiie  in  the  district;- 
sanitary  conditions  and  improvement-s;  industrial  accidents;  sa/etj 
devices,  their  efficiency  and  defects,  etc.;  industrial  ])•  '  '  :: 
(antlu*ax,  arsenic,  mercury,  and  lead  poisoning,  etc.);  dn 
trades;  employment  and  hours  of  labor,  especially  relating  to  children 
and  women;  to  liolidays,  overtime,  half  time,  night  work,  anil  me^ 
tiutes;  tlie  employment  of  cliildren  us  half-timers  and  of  those  nciC' 
exempt  from  school;  action  of  the  local  sanitary  authorities  in  con- 
nection with  the  factory  department;  administration  of  the  law 
relating  Ui  parliruliirs  for  j)ie('<'\vork;  operation  of  the  truck  acts; 
prosecutions  for  violations  of  the  factory  laws;  inquest  notices*  etc. 
In  addition,  there  are  reports  from  the  superintending  iasi>ector  for 
dangerous  trades,  the  principal  lady  in-spoctor,  the  inspector  of  tc^xtile 
particulars,  the  electrical  inspector,  and  the  medical  inspector. 
Tables  presenting  in  detail  and  in  summary  form  statistics  pertaining 
to  the  various  featurps  of  factor)'  and  workshiip  empl'\vr*i(*nt  accom- 
pany the  inspection  reports. 

The  I'stablishmcnts  addt»d  to  the  registers  of  the  liiciory-  ocpaxt- 
ment  iluring  19015  numbered  27,144  (417  textile  and  7,405  ntmtextile' 
fnct^iries,  372  laundries  with  power  iuid  513  without  power,  and  18,437 
workshops,  other  than  men's  workshops).  whDe  thoste  of  the  different 
classes  removecl  from  the  registers  numbered  23^767,  resulting  in  a 
net  gain  in  the  establishments  added  of  1.3  per  cent. 

The  number  of  [)crsons  (children,  young  persons,  ami  adults)  em- 
ployed in  textile  factories  during  1904,  toother  i»*ith  cumparaiiv 
total  tiguros  fur  1901,  are  given  in  the  following  table: 

PEKSONS  EMPLOYED  IN  TEXTILE  FACTORIES  IS  IVM  JVXD  IN  1«I. 


CI—  ot  aiajltty<Wi 


ittii|i*i(|i."r 


XmnlMr  anptefvd. 


Mmkm.     \  rmUw 


If  loo  ../  wkntn 


—  I       JitUl-i.       I    r  wail 

1 ) 


49 

2V,U 


rovnox  aTATi?TTCAi. 


lt  BSETAnr.    61 T 


Of  the  UiUl  l4k3M«5  pmiBi  cMf^yvd  ift  t9M  in  lS»  lextik 

ttaries  ol  U>e  Uaiftcd  ¥i^ti«.  S2M»i  w»  tfapl»T««l  in  Kngtaad 

Waks,  133,035  in  Smlla^,  aimI  7IU93  ia  IivkiKi;  o(  ike  told 

1,029^53  cmploTMl  m  1901  ca  Ihr  texuW  ff»cU<rMS«  S21,267  w«rt 

en3pl>i)3reJ  in  Kti^«J  mad  W*ke^  137>iS  in  Scx>i1aikI.  and  7(1,138  in 

Irelaml. 

In  the  uble  MioHing,  the  oomber  of  persons  (chiUlwn.  young  pcr^ 

s*u-^         '  ^(hilt«)  «upiii>jfd  in  taxtHe  fndOTM  in  1904  is  shown  by 

kiii  .tile  mnnufncUiwd.' 

rsMao\»  KxruorzA  tx  TKxm^  rAcroKiBS  ix  dm.  bv  kixd  or  tbxtiui  ■.un;- 


CottMt .    . 


U 


l^HI 


m^ 


iM      ■a.Hi 


Ciiitatf 


uart 


»,i 


U7.a» 


The  table  following  shows  the  number  of  children  and  yous^  p«l^ 
sons  cxaaiined  duriag  190ri  for  rertiiicatcs  of  iltiu*&i  (of  etnploynctti 
in  factories,  together  wiiL  the  number  of  ihtw*  who  were  c«rtifiisl  bi 
the  exainining  surgeons  and  the  number  of  those  who  were  re]«cl 
The  children  and  yoimg  persons  are  grouped  iu  ihrtfw  cb 
dren  under  14  years  of  age  int<»uded  Ut  be  cmpU»yed  half  liuw,  yoi 
per&tins  between  tlie  ages  of  13  and  14  ye«xs  intended  tu  bo  caipUryi 
full  tijne,  and  3'ouii*;  persons  between  14  and  16  yeara  ol  «£«  Ui 
employed  full  time. 

MKDtCXL  BXAMIMATIONS  OF  CBlMMIftX  aJ»  TVCIM  nUUOMl 


Total 

CM^t 

..      .  . 

Cl*as  n(  p(  r'»-.n-. 

MalM. 

riMtt^' 

CfalUnMi  ti»dw  U  .  -      ». 

m,t79 

Young  pvraana  Hm^wmo  13  mmS  If. . . 
Motat^  punMU  brtwMU  U  ai>4 1*. ... 

Total  h»  Viitad  Klncd«» 

mjm 

-•- 

i 

During  the  year  there  w«rreal*o  lftl,4'i7 

certifjing  surgeons  to  alia* 

of  litnesfl.     Thia  power  w»r»  .■*.-*.  .-=--. 

inatances. 


\  BULLETIN   OF   THE    BUREAU   OF   LABCm. 

During  1906  there  were  111,004  industrial  acculeuts  reported,  70,208 
being  reported  to  inspectors  only,  and  35,606  to  certifying  surgeons. 
Those  reportetl  to  inspectors  only  were  nonfatal  in  reault  and  of  a 
minor  clmracter.  In  the  table  following  the  accidents  reported  to 
certifying  surgeons  are  shown  by  degree  of  injury  (fatal  and  nonfatal) 
and  by  sex  and  age: 

A0CIDK.VT3  REPORTED  TO  CERTIFYINfl  HI mJKONK.  l^Hhi. 


Bex  U'l  Ajiv  of  persona  tnjuriMl. 

FaUl 

In 

i    ' 

112 

'■  It  La. 

Incrraisp  , 

Totftl 
tuxd- 
dents. 

Inonan 
oTcr 
1«1& 

tfalM 

1,006 
18 

4,196 

s.as» 

402 

31.47* 
4,217 

3,101 

T^nialoB , 

ToUl 

1.110 

53 

34.560 

3.«l  ) 

Si.  (4X1 

3»MI 

Ailiilta  (over  18) i. 

ItOll 

104 
1 

«7 
•  3 

27.313 

7.UG 

t&l 

3.2711 : 

341 

31 

2S.04 

7.Kn 
la 

S.SM 

Yoiinij;  r**rsrtns  flS  to  18) 

ChiUliwJ  (U  10  14) 

m 

Ill  the  textile  industries  there  were  5,172  accidents  (68  fatal  and 
5,104  nonfatal),  in  the  nontextile  industries  27,730  accidents  (731 
fatal  and  26,009  nonfatal),  and  in  other  lines  of  industry  (docks, 
warehouses,  building  construction,  etc.)  2,794  accidents  (317  fatal 
and  2,477  nonfatal).  In  the  textile  industries  the  greatest  number  of 
accidents  w^as  in  cotton  spinning  and  weaving,  with  37  fotal  and 
2,958  nonfatal  acciilcntti,  folhiwed  by  wool,  worsted,  and  shoddy,  with 
15  fatal  and  1.202  nonfatal  accidents;  in  the  nontextile  intlustries  tho 
greatest  number  of  accidents  wa.s  in  shipliuildiiig,  machines  and 
machinery,  and  the  metal  trades,  Avith  424  fatal  and  16,920  nonfatal 
accidents. 

The  c«ses  of  industrial  poisoning  reported  in  1906  numbered  708, 
of  which  .55  resulted  fatally.  Of  the  total,  678  were  cases  alTecting 
adults  (of  which  52  were  fatal)  and  30  were  cases  airccling  young 
persons  and  children  (of  which  3  were  fatal).  There  were  6.S2  casea  of 
lead  poisoning  (of  which  33  were  fatal),  4  cases  of  mercury  poisoning, 
5  cases  of  arsenic  poisoning,  and  67  cases  of  anthrax  (of  which  22 
were  fatal). 

The  report  of  the  superintending  inspector  for  dangerous  trades 
shows  that  during  1906  there  were  in  the  United  Kingdom,  whero 
particular  «langors  arise  and  s|>ecinl  precautions  are  ne<?essarT.  15,406 
inilustrial  e.stablishniontM(HH>ratiiig  uu<lpr  special  rules  and  regulations. 

Generally,  the  employment  of  cliildren  as  half-timers  is  becomin;; 
less  fre<|uent,  though  in  certain  towns  the  Tuunbers  Imve  increjwed, 
chiefly  owing  to  the  raising  of  the  0?*'  jW  wliir  1i  fnll.timr  fMM|>l»iVTnpnt 
is  allowed  by  the  local  authorities. 


te^ 


FOREION   STATISTICAL   PUBLICATIONS — GREAT    BRITAIN.       619 

Saftguarda for  the  Prrvention  of  AecidfnU  in  thr  Manvfacture  of  Cottoiu 
Report  to  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home  Departraent.  1906. 
22  pp.  and  2S  plates. 

The  present  report  on  the  prevention  of  accidents  in  the  spinning 
and  weaving  of  cotton  is  based  upon  the  requirements  of  ihe  Fac- 
tory Act  of  IDOl,  and  upon  the  results  disclosed  by  the  statistics  of 
accidents  which  have  been  compiled  annually  since  the  publication 
of  a  similar  report  in  1S99.  The  report  is  made  by  the  superintend- 
ing inspector  of  factories  for  the  northwestern  division,  which  em- 
braces over  SO  per  cent  of  the  cotton  industry  throughout  the  Uni 
Kingdom. 

There  are  set  fortli  in  the  rep«irt  the  rcgidations  of  the  Factor^'  Act 
of  1901  pertaining  to  the  fencing  of  dangerous  machinery',  to  steam 
boilers,  to  self-acting  machines,  to  cleaning  machinery  in  motion,  to 
fire  escapes  and  doors,  to  dangerous  wajt's,  etc.;  also  general  recom- 
mendations arc  ad<led  as  to  the  safeguarding  of  machinery'  ancl  to 
hoists  and  doors.  Descriptions  of  the  machines  used  in  the  various 
processes  of  spinning  and  weaving  cotton  are  given,  together  with 
4lescriptions  of  the  re<iuisite  guanls  that  should  be  provided  for  their 
safe  operation.  Accompanying  the  text  are  2S  plates  showing  guards 
for  machinery  which,  in  almost  every  instance,  are  now  in  actual  use 
in  cotton  manufacture. 

In  the  northwestern  division  during  the  years  1900  to  1905  there 
were  13,633  cotton-machinery  accidents— 2,389  in  1900,  2,442  in 
1901,  2,394  in  1902,  2,09S  in  1903,  1,960  in  1904.  and  2,350  in  1905. 
The  machines  in  connection  with  the  operatitin  of  which  the  greatest 
nimiber  of  accitlents  occurred  were  carding  engines  (with  1,334  acci- 
dents), speed  frames  (with  1,588  accidents),  self-acting  mules  (with 
4,1S3  accidents),  and  looms  (with  2,818  accidents). 


in        I 


NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 

Tenth  Annual  Rtpori  of  (he  Department  of  Labor  and  Industry,  for 
die  year  ended  December  31, 1906,     iv,  50  pp. 

This  annual  return,  made  to  the  minister  of  public  instruction 
ajid  labor  and  industry,  consists  of  a  report  on  tlie  working  of  tho 
F'actories  and  Shops  Act,  Early  Closing  Acts,  Shearers*  Accom- 
mo<lation  Act,  etc.,  during  the  year  1906.  ^M 

For  purposes  of  inspection  of  factories  and  shops  the  State  V^ 
divided  into  four  districts — the  Metropolitan,  Newcastle,  Broken 
Tiill,  and  Hartley.  At  the  close  of  1006  there  were  on  the  rcgisteii^^H 
of  the  department  3,419  factories  in  the  four  districts,  employing  VR 
total  of  Clr32l  working  people  (42,179  males  and  10,142  females).  < 
The  factories  are  grouped  under  19  industritd  cl:>-  <•>,  >liowing  for  j 
each    class    number   of    working    people*    einphr  '    of 

(steam,  gus,  or  eiectricity^  used,  etc. 


I    powe^j 


630 


BULI^ETIN   OF  THE   BrBEA.U   OF  LABOB. 


The  table  following  ahowB  by  sex  aad  age  pericnls  the  number  of 
working  people  cmpioyeil  in  the  registered  factories  of  each  ilisirict 
during  1906,  together  with  the  number  of  factories  located  in  each 
district: 

XUVBEK  OF  WORKING   TEOPLS  EMPLOYED  IN  RKGISTEBED  FACTORIES  DrRlNO 
IWft.  BY  BEX  AND  AGE  FEllIODS. 


laapeeiloii  dtatilot. 

Robu- 

lortet. 

Employtm 

Emidairm 

IK  to  18  yMn 

el  Ben. 

over  MrMn 

UtUtu 

P6- 

KalM. 

W9- 

IDftlM. 

UOea. 

DAlM. 

M(5troi>olliKn 

2,7UU 

3,017        I.Wl 

2SA           236 

«             20 

4, 040 

3.TO4 

30.143 

en 

SI,7V1 

Ncwca»tlp 

c»        atn     a.ugo 

42             44          «a 
84            11      1,480 

a,04S 

Broken  UiU 

Honloy 

I.Ctt 

TotKJ.. 

3.«B 

2,37»       3  IIK 

4,sn 

4,  IB  '  3S.21I 

B.SSS 

Al  SI 

In  the  table  below  is  shown  the  number  of  rrgLsterr<l  fartories  in 
the  four  districts  and  the  number  of  working  people  (males  and 
females)  employed  in  the  factories  for  the  period  1901  to  1906: 

NrrUBER   OF  REGISTERED   FACTORIES  AND  WORKJNG    FEOPLB  EUPLO^'YD   FOR 

TOE  FKRIOD  t«01  TO  IQOO. 


Y«tr. 

R«ta- 

tered 
tuciotim. 

WorUnc  pvopl*  nnplo^rM. 

lUIVI. 

FmoaIm. 

TotoL 

itm 

2.SM 

a,4i» 

U.tRi 

19  Ml 

4B,4i» 

iws „ „ 

lau 

mm 

low 

u.mo 

iwe 

^n.t>^            i..>ihJ   i          ALIBI 

1906^ „ , _ 

42,17P 

j%m 

•Mn 

During  190&  there  were  issued  to  children  (persons  under  the 
age  of  14  years)  2,775  certificates  of  fitness  and  permits  to  work  in 
factories  (2,033  to  males  un<l  742  to  females);  s|>ecial  j)ermits, 
granting  exemption  from  attending  day  school  in  order  to  work  in 
factories,  were  issued  to  315  children  (232  to  males  and  S3  to  females). 

The  number  of  accidents  in  factories  reported  for  the  year  was 
276,  of  which  but  1  was  fatal.  While  the  necessity  for  the  strictest 
6uper\'ision  over  the  fencing  and  guarding  of  machinery  still  exists, 
the  majority  of  factory  jinipriotors  nrf  rea^onabN'  '^  '^ 'mplying 
with  orders  in  this  respect. 

From  the  rejiorts  of  the  inspeetors  under  the  Karlv  (losing  Acts 
it  is  bcheved  that  a  largo  majority  of  shopkeepers  now  willingly 
comply  with  the  provisions  of  the  arts;  but  some  trtnible  is  still  ex- 
perienced with  the  second-hand  dealers  and  shopkeepers  who  carry 
the  stock  in  trade  uf  both  a  schedule  and  a  nonschedule  shop. 

Tlio  rt'quiremcntjj  of  the  Shearers'  Accommodation  Act  have. 
at  !  ■■-.  been  complied  with  by  ttntionow  nerx  and  n 

i_  :     manner,  and,  although  some  compljiints  hu\  :i 

thore  is  no  doubt  that   the  accommodation  throughfmt 


^^^ 


i 


FOREIGN'   STATISTICAL    PUBLICATIONS — NEW    80UTH    WALES.    621 


the  State  is  in  a  imich  u\oro  satisfactory  condition  tlian  at  any  lime 
since  the  act  came  into  operation.  Durinjir  the  3'ear  105  new  huts 
wen*  erc'clpil  and  additions  and  improv*>nicnls  made  to  many  others 
that  did  not  in  all  respootn  fulfill  the  requirements. 

During  1906  there  were  42  prosecutions  for  brt»achfts  of  the  Fac- 
tories and  Shops  Act,  resulting  in  31  convictions,  8  cases  hein^  with- 
drawn and  3  casein  being  dismissed.  Under  (he  Early  Closing  Actti 
there  were  265  prosecutions,  resulting  in  217  convictions,  29  cases 
being  withdrawn  and  10  cases  being  dismissed. 


WESTERN  AUSTRAI.IA. 


I 


Report  of  the  Royal  Cnmmission  on  the  VentHaiion  and  tSaniUitian  of 
MittfJS,     Department  of  Mines,    1905.     500  pp. 

This  inquiry^  made  by  a  royal  committsion  in  1904-5,  the  report  of 
i«rluch  was  submitted  to  the  governor  of  Western  Australia  on  Feb- 
ruary 25,  1005.  relates  lit  the  conditions  of  the  ventilation  and  sani- 
tation of  the  mines  of  Western  Australia,  the  effects  of  the  said  con- 
ditions on  the  health  of  the  persons  employed  in  the  mines,  and  the 
measures  which  shouhl  be  taken,  when  necessary,  to  bring  about 
improremejit  thereof. 

There  were  172  sittings  of  the  commission,  and  visits  were  made 
to  (he  principal  niininjj  centers  of  the  State,  which  were  easily  access- 
ible. Evidence  was  taken  from  192  witnesses,  which  included 
mining  enjjineers,  niamigers,  and  inspectors;  under  managers,  sliift- 
»osses,  and  mininj^  contractors;  miners;  metallurgists  nnd  repre- 
'fcentAtives  of  e^tpltisivcs  companies;  ofTuiaLs  of  miners'  anrl  workers' 
associations,  etc.     The  examination  ranged  over  a  wide  field  of  varied 

lining  ex|)enenre  in  the  endeavor  to  collect  all  possible  infonnation 

lat  would  be  of  service  to  the  commission.  Every  phase  of  the  sub- 
ject of  ventilation  and  sanitation  was  practically  and  exhaustively 
^considered,  to*,'ether  with  the  related  subjects  of  dust  in  mines  and 
fnills,  giuses  due  to  expUt«ives,  fumes  from  the  cyanide  process  and 
other  dangerous  fumes,  health  of  miners,  etc. 

The  conclusiiin  of  the  report  of  the  commission  on  the  measures  to 
be  taken  for  improving  the  ventilation  and  sanitation  of  mines 
resulted  in  suggested  legislation  providing  that  The  Klines  Regulation 
Act.  1S95,  should  be  amended  so  ns  to  include  provisions  ft)r  earning 
into  effect  the  recommendations  made  by  the  commission.  Fur- 
ther,  the  commission  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  sanitary  regula- 
tions suf^gested  should  apply  to  coal  as  well  as  to  metalliferous  mines, 
and  that  they  sh<»u[d  be  made  under  The  Coal  Mines  FtegulnfioTi  Art, 
1902,  as  well  as  under  The  Mines  Regulation  Act,  1895. 

The  siiggested  legislation  relates  to  (I)  ventilation  uf  mines,  (2) 
prevention,  uf  dust,  (3)  use  of  exph>sives,  (4)  connections  bctwi'cn 
levels  and  adjoining  mines,  and  (5)  sanitary  conditions. 


DECISIONS  OF  COTJETS  AFFECTOrO  LABOH. 


I 


I 

I 
I 


(Excopl  in  auTs  of  6pc<  ial  interest,  tho  deciaiona  here  prw<:»nte<l  *fp  rcstricied  loj 
Uioae  renderixt  l>y  thr>  Fcdcml  courtfl  luid  Uic  higher  court?  oi  iht*  Status  aiid  Tem-j 
toricB.  Only  uiaiorial  ptmions  of  such  decisions  are  repn>durcd.  introductory  and] 
<»xplimntory  nmttiT  heinfj  ^'iven  in  iho  words  of  the  editor.  Deoiwons  under  utatut^l 
law  aw  indexed  undrr  tlie  proper  h«udiiij,'s  in  the  cumulative  index.  p>i^  067  et  «eq  )l 

I  DECISIONS  I^DER  STATITTE  lAW.  ' 

Boycotts— Combinations  in  Kestraint  or  Intehstate  Com- 
MBBCE — Antitrust  Law — Loewe  v.  Lawlor,  United  States  Supreni4 
Court,  SS  Supreme  Churt  Rf  porter,  page  SOI .—Ij^vilor  and  his  tuwori- 
ates  were  members  of  a  local  branch  of  the  United  Matters  of  North 
America,  which  organization  had  undertaken  tu  procure  the  union* 
izinj?  of  lht»  factory  of  the  complainants.  The  complaint  filed  ia 
pven  in  full  in  the  mar{;in  of  the  report  of  the  opinion;  but  since  tlio 
essential  parts  arc  summarized  or  reproduced  in  the  opinion  itself,  no ^ 
preliminary  staleiiient  thereof  is  necessary.  | 

The  coijc  was  brought  in  the  United  States  circuit  court  for  thn 
district  of  Connecticut,  in  which  it  was  held  that  tlie  facts  did  nod 
briiif?  the  case  within  the  provisions  of  the  antitrust  act.  and  it  waa" 
dismissed  on  demurrer  to  tlie  complaint.  (148  Fed.  Kep.,  924.  See] 
Bulletin  No.  70,  p.  710.  See  also  142  Fed.  Rep,,  216;  130  Fed.  Rep.,| 
633.)  An  injunction  was  secured  by  Loewe  against  the  California 
State  Federation  of  Labor.  (139  Fed.  Hep.,  71.  See  Bulletin  No.  61, 
p.  I0C7.)  Appeal  was  taken  to  the  circuit  court  of  appeals  for  the 
8ecc»nd  circuit,  which  certified  to  the  Supremo  Court  the  question  ad 
to  the  applicability  of  the  act  in  question.  Afterward,  by  mutuad 
Agreement,  the  entire  case  was  irunsferred  to  tho  Supreme  CourtJ 
which  held  that  the  case  fell  within  the  provisions  of  the  antitrust^ 
act,  being  a  combination  in  restraint  of  trade^  and  remanded  the  eosej 
for  a  new  trial.  The  opinion  of  the  court  was  deJivered  by  Chief  JuaJ 
tice  Fuller,  and  is  in  the  main  as  follows:  1 

The  questir)n  is  whether  upon  the  facts  therein  averred  [i.  e.,  im 
the  complaint]  and  admitted  by  the  demurrer  this  aition  can  b« 
maintained  under  tho  antitrust  act. 

The  first,  socontl  and  seventh  sections  of  that  act  are  as  follows: 
1.  "Every  contract,  combination  in  the  fonn  of  tnjsl  or  otherwise. 
or  conspiracy,  in  rcHtruint  of  trade  or  cofuinerce  arnon^  the  several 
States,  or  with  foreijrn nations,  is  hereby  deolariHl  to  bo  illegal.  Every 
i>erson  who  »hall  mak(^  any  such  coul  ract  or  enpti^e  in  any  such  ci»r:»H 
bination  or  conspiracy,  shall  bo  deemed  pultv  of  a  raisdempAiiorJ 

and,  on  conviction  thereof,  shall  be  ptinished  bv  ^""  "  "*  ''*^ 'ling 

five  thousan<l  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  not  arf 

or  by  both  said  punisnmentji,  in  tlie  <liscretlon  ul  lin*  *  oiiri.  1 

822  J 


DKCIglONS    OF    CUUUT8    AFFECl'lNG    LABOR. 


623 


2.  ''Every  porson  who  shall  luonopolixo,  or  attempt  to  monopoliz<>, 

►r  comI)iiip  or  conspire  witli  any  other  porson  or  persons,  to  monopolize 

iT\y  part  of  the  trade  or  commerce  among  tlie  several  States  or  with 

foi*ei*^  nations,  shall  l)e  deemoti  ^cuihy  of  a  misdemeanor,  and,  on 

conwtion   thereof,   shall   be   punished   by  fme   not   exceeding  five 

^thousanil  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceetlinft  one  year,  or  by 

^H>alh  said  punialunents,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

^v     7.  "Any  person  who  shall  be  injured  in  his  business  or  property 

Hby  any  otlier  mTsim  or  corporation  by  reason  of  anything:;  forbidden 

or  declared  to  be  unlawful  by  this  ac(.  may  sue  therefor  in  any  circiut 

court  of  the  L'nited  States  in  the  district  in  wldch  the  defendant 

(resides  or  is  fouiul.  without  respect  to  the  amount  in  controversy, 
and  sliall  recover  threefold  the  daina<:;e3  by  him  sustained,  and  the 
costs  of  suit,  inclutiinj;  a  reasonable  attorney's  fee." 
^In  our  opinion,  the  combination  <lescribed  in  the  declaration  is  a 
cumbiuation  *'in  restraint  of  trade  or  commerce  amon^  the  several 
Slates,"  in  the  sense  in  which  those  words  are  used  in  the  act,  and 
the  action  can  he  maintained  accordingly,    j 

•  And  that  conclusion  rests  on  many  judjrments  of  this  court,  to  the 
effect  that  the  act  prohibits  any  combination  whatever  to  secure 
action  which  ess<*ntial]y  obstructs  the  free  flow  of  commerce  between 
the  States,  or  restricts,  in  that  regard,  the  liberty  of  a  trader  to  engage 
in  business. 

The  combination  charged  falls  within  the  class  of  restraints  of 
trade  aimed  at  compelling  third  parties  an<l  strangers  involuntarily 

Pnot  to  engage  in  the  course  of  trade  except  on  conditions  that  the 
combination  imposes;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  (to  quote  from 
the  well-known  work  oi  Chief  Justice  Erie  on  Trade  Unions!  "at 
common  law  every  person  has  individually,  and  the  public  also  has 

I  collectively,  a  right  to  require  that  the  course  of  trade  siiould  bo 
kept  free  from  unreastmabje  obstruction."  But  the  objection  here 
is  to  the  jurisdictif)n,  because,  even  conceding  that  the  declaration 
states  a  case  good  at  common  law,  it  is  contended  that  it  iloes  not 
state  one  within  the  statute.  Thus,  it  is  said,  that  the  restraint 
alleged  would  operate  to  entirely  <lestroy  defendants'  business  and 
thereby  include  intrastate  trade  as  well;  that  physical  obstruction 
is  not  alleged  as  contemplated;  and  that  defendants  arc  not  them- 
selves engaged  in  interstate  tratle. 

We  thmk  none  of  these  objections  are  tenable,  and  that  they  are 
disposed  of  by  previous  decisions  of  this  court. 

•  United  Slates  v.  Trans-Missmiri  Freight  Association,  16H  U.  S. 
290;  United  Slates  r.  Joint  Traffic  Association,  171  U.  S.  505;  and 
Northern  Securities  Companv  v.  United  States,  193  U.  S.  107,  hold 
in  effect  that  the  antitrust  law  has  a  l»roader  application  than  the 
prohibition  of  restraints  of  trade  unlawful  at  common  law.  Thus 
|jn  the  Trans-Missiiuri  case  it  was  said  that,  "assuming  that  agree- 
ticnts  of  Ihia  nature  arc  ntjt  void  at  common  law,  and  that  the  various 
!cases  cited  by  tli»»  h-arned  courts  below  show  it,  the  answer  to  tho 
statement  of  tlieir  validity  is  to  be  found  in  tho  terms  of  the  statute 
under  con^iideration;"  ami  in  the  Northern  Securities  coso  that  "the 
lact  decliircs  ille'^nl  every  contract,  combination  or  c(»nspiracy  in 
whatever  foan,  of  whatever  nature,  and  whoever  may  be  the  parties 
to  it,  which  directly  or  nf*cessari!y  uncrad'Si  ia  restndnt  nF  lru(h»  or 
Icouuiierce  among  the  several  States. 


624 


BULLETIN    OF  THE  BUBBAU    OF  UiUOB. 


Wc  do  not  pause  to  cominent  on  cuai's  mirh  as  United  Statn  v. 
Knijrhl.  156  U.  S.  1;  Hopkins  r.  Tnilotl  Stales,  171  V,  S.  57S;  ftnd 
Aiitlorson  r.  Ignited  Siatrs,  Id.  f>04;  in  which  tho  iindispute<i  fao4* 
Bhuwod  that  the  purpotso  of  the  agreement  was  not  t^o  obstruct  or 
re^itraiu  iutt»rytut<*  t'oinniercx*.  Thts  objiH't  aiid.  inteution  of  the  com- 
birmlion  iletorniiiif'd  its  legality. 

liiSwiftr.  railed  SlHtos,  lllC  I  .  S.  305,  a  bill  was  bro-     '  a 

number  of  con>oraLi'iU-S.  lirma   and   individuals  of  di 
alK'^int;  tiu»t  th*'v  wore  eni:a*^ed  in  inlc-i-state  coui-  r- 

thaso,  snlo,  Iransjxuintion  and  delivi'r\-.  un<l  subft^-i  Uc 

point  of  delivery,  of  meats;  and  that  they  combined  U)  ndrum  from 
bidding  Sf^ainst  each  other  iu  tlui  purchase  of  cattle:  to  maintain  i 
uniform  piice  at  whieli  the  moat  hhould  he  sold;  anil  to  maintain 
uniform  chnrjjes  in  delivering  meals  tluis  sold  iturou^h  tho  channels 
of  hUei'state  trade  to  tlio  various  dealers  and  consumers  in  other  States. 
And  that  thus  they  artiliciHlly  res^trainod  eommenv  in  fi<    '  ^l4 

from  tlie  purchase  ami  shipment  of  live  wtork  frun»  the  ph.  lo 

final  distnhution  of  tho  meats  to  the  consumers  in  the  mArk«»4tf»  ol  Um 
countiT. 

Mr.  Justice  Holmes,  speaking  for  the  court,  said: 

*'C*)mn\erce  am(»njj  the  States  is  not  a  te<'nnical  legal  ci>twf'.v»flrin. 
but  a  practical  one.  drawn  from  the  course  of  business.     Vi  li* 

are  sent  for  sale  from  a  place  in  one  State  with  llie  expecli*w  .n  'iiul 
they  will  end  their  transit  after  purrliase  iu  another,  and  v>\\en  in 
effeit  they  do  so,  with  only  the  interruption  necessary  to  find  a  par- 
chnser  ut  the  stock  yar)l:<.  and  w  hen  I  his  is  a  Iy|)ic4il.  constantly  rciur- 
rin<j  ciiurse,  the  current  thus  existin^^  is  a  current  of  commerce  ajnoi 
the  States,  and  tho  pun-hase  of  the  cattle  Is  a  part  and  ineideikt  of  sue! 
commerce. 

«  ♦  *  »  ♦  4:  « 

"  The  general  objection  is  urppd  that  tho  bill  does  not  get  forth 

BufFicient  definite  or  specific  facts.  This  objection  is  serious,  but  it 
seems  to  us  inherent  in  the  nature  of  the  case.  The  s<d»enje  alleged 
18  80  vast  that  it  pres<*nts  a  new  problem  in  pleatiin^?.  If.  as  we  uiust 
lissume,  the  scheme  is  entertained,  it  is,  of  course,  conlrarv  lo  the  very 
words  of  tho  statute.  Its  size  makes  the  violation  of  tlie  law  moir 
conspicuous,  and  yet  the  sanu^  thiut;  makes  it  iu»pi>ssiblc  to  fasten  the 
principal  fact  to  a  certain  time  antrplaee.  The  elements,  too.  areto 
numerous  and  shifting,  even  the  constituent  parts  alleged  ure  and 
from  their  nature  nmst  be  so  extensive  in  tintc  and  space,  that  some- 
thing of  the  same  impossibility  applies  to  them. 

«  «  •  «  «  •  « 

'*  The  scheme  as  a  whole  seems  to  us  to  be  w  ilhin  reach  of  the  law. 
The  coastitucnt  elements,  as  wc  have  stated  them,  are  enoui^h  to  cive 
to  the  H4*hciue  a  body  and,  for  all  that  we  can  say,  to  aceouipli^^h  it. 
Moreover,  whatever  we  may  think  of  them  separately,  when  we  take 
theut  up  as  distinct  charjjes,  they  are  allej^'cd  sufficiently  as  elementu 
of  a  scheme.     It  i  *ed  tluit  thejsevoral  m  "i1 

and  thnt  intent  cn  .»o  difTerence.     Butt!,  iT 

as  parts  of  a  .sin;^lc  plun.     The  plan  may  nuikc  the  pari  ■  i." 

And  the  same  pruiciple  was  expressed  in  Aikcns  r.  W  a.  lt*5 

V.  S.  194  lUullctm  No.  57,  p.  678J,  involving  a  statute  of  Wiseonjui 


DECIS-lONii   or    COURTS    AFFECTING    LABOR. 


635 


prohibiting  GombinAtions  '^for  the  purpose  of  willfully  or  maJicioiisly 
ioj<uriii^  another  in  hLs  reputation,  titule,  bu^iincsn  or  profensiun  by 
mny  raeaiL^  r."  in  wliich  Mr.  Justti-e  Ilohnrs  said: 

The  st.i  i  ■ .  irpct»?<l  oijainst  a  scri**s  of  acts,  and  acts  of  spverid, 

Ihc*  »rUof  (HHuLiiiitii^,  with  iuLent  to  du  othor  aets.  'The  very  plot  is 
an  act;  in  itself.'  MiilcAliy  »\  Tlie  Qiioon,  U  K.  3  11.  l>.  3i:>0.  317. 
But  An  fl<-l,  wl\Lih  in  Itself  is  merely  a  voluntary  miwcular  contraction, 
derives  all  its  rhara<.'U'r  from  the  rons«Hjui*ni'os  wlirch  will  follow  It 
uader  the  cireum»tam-(*8  in  which  it  wa&  d^.mr.  When  the  acta  con- 
riM^  of  making  a  combination  <*aloulnted  to  cause  tornporal  damaj^p, 
mSb  pow^r  to  punitih  such  arts,  wlirn  iUmm^  nialiciously,  run  not  ho 
<«Ipni4»-d  '  they  are  to  he  followtni  anil  worked  out  by  conduct 

whicli  i  iv'c  Itcfn  lawfid  if  not  j)r*H:'«MltMl  liy  the  acts.     No  con- 

duct has  j»ucU  an  rtl>solule  privilege  ari  to  jualify  all  possi'  :i\es 

of  which  it.  may  be  a  part.     The  most  innocent  and  con-  'ally 

pn>tccte<i  of  acts  or  omissions  niav  be  made  a  step  in  a  criminal  plot, 
ami  if  it  is  a  step  in  a  plot  neither  it.s  innocence  nor  the  C'onstitution  is 
Bwllicient  to  prevent  the  punishment  of  the  plot  bv  law.  " 

In  Addyston  Pipe  and  Steel  Company  r.  Umteil  States,  1 75  U.  S, 
211,  the  ]'>etition  a]le<7(>d  that  tlie  defemlants  were  practicnlly  the 
only  mannfarinrers  of  east  iron  within  thirty-six  States  and  Territo- 
lies,  that  they  had  enteretl  into  a  combination  by  which  they  agreed 
n^jf  to  compete  with  each  other  in  the  sale  of  pii>e,  and  the  territory 
throutrh  wluch  the  constituent  companies  cottld  make  sales  was 
ftHotted  l>otween  them.  This  court  held  that  the  ot^reement  which, 
prior  to  any  aet  of  transportation,  limited  tlic  prices  at  wliich  the 
pipe  could  Ih*  sold  after  transportation,  wacs  within  the  law.  Mr. 
thistice  Peckham.  deliverinjj  the  opinion,  saiil:  "iVnd  when  Comcress 
has  enacted  a  statute  snch  as  the  one  in  question,  any  agreement  or 
€1)11''  >  which  dinxtly  operates  not  atone  upon  the  manufacture 

b«i  '■*'  «nle.  transportation  and  deUvery  of  an  article  of  inter- 

|[tete  r  .  bv  preventing  or  rcBtricting  its  sale,  etc.,  tliereby 

Hkulali  iiiti'  commerce." 

In  Montaj^e  &  C'ompany  v.  I>owTy,  193  U.  S.  38,  which  was  an 
action  brought,  by  a  private  citizen  under  section  7  a^aJrust  a  combi- 
nation enti:aire4i  in  the  manufacture  of  tiles,  defendants  \rpre  whole- 
sale dealers  m  tiles  in  CaHfomia  and  ct>mbined  with  manufai-turers  in 
other  States  to  restrain  the  interstate  tralfic  in  tiles  by  refusing  to 
sell  any  tiles  to  any  wht)lesBle  dealer  in  Cahfoniia  who  was  not  a  mem- 
ber of  the  a;4-*iH'iation  except  at  a  pridiiljitive  rale.  The  case  was  a 
couiniercial  Iwn'cntt  h^v"  ■■\  <|eaiers  in  California  ns  wnnld  not 

or  couhl  not  obtain  inr  p  in  the  association.     The  restraint 

did  not  consist  in  a  jjhvsicjil  oivstniction  of  interstate  conimerce,  hut 
in  the  fact  that  the  nhiintilV  and  other  in<le[»endent  dealers  c^iuld  not 
pnrchiLse  tlu'ir  tiles  rmm  manufacturers  in  other  States  hecaiise  such 
ntftr-"''"  "Mvr?  ha<l  combined  to  tM)ycott  them.  This  court  held  that 
thi  lion  to  tlve  purchase  of  tiles,  a  fact  antecedent  to  physical 

trhi)MH'ri..iion.  was  within  the  prohibition  (»f  the  act.  Mr.  Jiistico 
Feckham,  spenUin^  for  the  court,  said,  conceminir  the  asn'eement. 
'that  it  "  re-*<trair»ed  tnnle.  f<ir  it   ■  <\  Ihe  market  for  the  sale  of 

in  California  from  the  m;i  rers  s\nd  dealers   therein  in 

States,  so  tliat  they  could  ouU   he  sold  to  the  members  ol  tho 
ttioUj  and  it  enhuuced  prices  to  the  n»>nmeuibcv," 


""^^"^ 


^^ 


626 


BCliLETlN   OF  THE   BUItEAL'    OF   LA.BOE. 


The  averments  here  iiro  that  there  wft-sHnexistin;;  inl^TstiMi*  tmfFic 
between  phiintiffs  and  citlxens-of  other  Stato.s.  nnti  lliat  for  .  t 

purpose  of  (Icslroyinj^  sucli  itUerstaie   traiiir  tlcfiMwljint^s   /  i,ii 

not  niiTely  to  prevent  plaintiiTi*  from  manufacturing  urticies  thon 
ami  there  nileniUHl  for  transp(»rtBtiou  hevond  the  State,  l)Ut  alio  U) 
prevent  tlie  vendees  from  ^^HeIling  the  hat.s  which  (hev  had  imported 
from  Conneetit'Ut,  or  from  further  nerjoilatin^  with  plaintifTs  lor  the 
purchase  and  inlerlransporlation  of  such  Uni:*  from  Connecticut  to 
the  vari*>us  nlHces  of  destination.  So  that,  ahhou^h  some  of  the 
means  whereny  the  interstate  trallic  was  lt>  bt*  dcstroyeii  were  art» 
within  a  State,  and  some  of  them  won*  in  thenisclves  as  a  nnrt  of  thrir 
obvious  pur|iose  and  effect  beyond  the  scope  of  Federal  nuthnrily, 
still,  as  we  have  seen,  the  acts  must  be  consitiered  as  a  whole,  ant!  the 
plan  is  open  to  comlemnation,  notwithstandinfi  a  nejjriigible  ainount 
of  intrastate  business  mij^ht  be  affecteti  in  carrying  it  out.  (If  llio 
purpoHes  of  the  combinautni  were,  as  alleged,  to  prevent  auA  inti?r- 
state  trans]>ortation  at  all,  the  fact  that  the  means  o|H'rttt<Ml  at  one 
end  befdre  physical  transp<»riati<jn  commenced  and  at  Uie  other  end 
after  the  phvMral  transportation  ended  was  irnmateriftl.^ 
/  Nor  can  (he  net  in  que.stton  be  held  inapplicable  becauBC  defend- 
^  ants  were  not  themselves  engaged  in  intefstute  <-oinmerreJ  Tlje  act 
made  no  distinction  between  classes.*  It  provided  (hut  "4*very  "  con- 
tractf  combination  or  coosuiraey  in  restraint  of  trade  was  illegal. 
The  records  of  Congress  show  that  several  efTort^  were  mad«?  to 
exempt,  by  legislation,  urganixations  of  fanners  and  laborers  from  tho 
operation  of  the  act  ami  that  all  these  tflTorta  failed,  so  that  the  act 
renuvined  a?*  we  have  it  before  us. 

In  an  early  case,  I'nited  States  v.  Workingmen's  AnmlgamHtetl 
Council,  54  pVd.  Rep.  '11)4,  the  Cnitetl  States  iiled  a  bill  under  llio 
SliennanAct  in  the  circuit  court  for  the  eastern  district  ol"  Louisiana, 
averrinu  the  existence  of  *'a  gigantic  ami  wiilcs|>read  combination 
of  the  inend)ers  of  n  niultitu<le  of  w|)aralo  organizations  for  the  pur- 
pose of  restraining  the  commerce  amoni;  the  several  States  and  witli 
foreign  countries,"  ami  it  was  eonti^nded  that  the  statute  did  not 
refer  t-^.*  eond)inations  of  laborers.  But  the  court,  grantiiig  the 
injunction,  said: 

"I  think  the  Congressional  debates  show  that  the  statut^o  had  its 
origin  in  the  evils  of  massed  capital;  but,  when  the  Con;."  lo 

to  foruudKting  tho  prohi)>ition,  which  is  the  yardstick  for  i-  iig 

the  complainant's  right  to  the  itiiunction,  it  expressed  it  m  these 
wortls:  'Kvery  contract  i»r  comhmiition  in  the  form  .of  trust,  or 
otherwise  in  r<',straiiU  <»f  trade  or  commerce  among  the  several  Stales 
or  with  foreign  nations, is  hereby  declared  tube  illegal.*  The  subject 
had  so  broadene<l  in  tlie  minds  of  the  legislat^irs  tltat  the  source  of  the 
evil  was  not  regarded  us  material,  and  the  evil  in  its  entirety  ia  tlealt 
with.  They  made  t!tn  interdiction  include  eoiiibinations  ttf  ln>H)r. 
an  well  as  of  capital;  in  fact,  all  ciunbinations  in  i- 

mcrce.  without  reference  to  tlie  chararter  of  the  pt  i  d 

into  them.     It  i.s  true  this  statute  luus  not  been  much  (  d 

by  judges,  l>ut,  iw  it  seenm  t<i  me.  its  meaning,  tis  far  as  relti:  uo 

sort  of  cotnbinatiouH  to  which  it  is  to  apply,  Is  manifest,  and  that  it 
includes  comhinatious  wluch  are  composed  of  laborers  acting  in  tha 
ijiteriist  of  laborers." 


DECISIONS    OF    COURTS    AFFECTING    LABOR, 


627 


It  is  tlio  successful  efTort  of  the  combination  of  the  defendants  to 
intimidate*  and  overawe  others  who  M-ere  at  work  in  conducting  or 
^Carn-ini^  on  tlie  (M>innierce  of  the  country,  in  which  the  court  finds 
iheir  error  and  their  violation  of  the  statute.     One  of  the  intonde<l 
^ult.s  of  their  combined  action  was  the  forced  staf^ation  of  all  the 
rommerce  which  flowed  through  New  Orleans,     This  inl^^nt  and  cora- 
(ined  action  are  none  the  less  unlawful  because  they  included  in  their 
icm>e  the  paralysis  of  all  other  business  witliin  the  city  as  well.'* 
The  case  was  affirmed  on  appeal  bv  the  circuit  court  of  appeals  for 

I  the  fifth  circuit.  (57  Fed.  Rep.  S.5.)' 
Subsequently  came  the  litigation  over  the  Pullman  strike  and  the 
decisions  In  rc/Dcbs,  64  Fed.  Rep.  724,  745,  755;  15S  U.  8.  564.  The 
bill  in  that  case  was  filed  by  the  United  States  against  the  officers  of 
the  American  Railway  Union,  which  alleged  that  a  labor  dispute 
existed  between  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company  anil  its  employees: 
that  thereafter  the  four  officers  of  the  railway  union  comfeined 
together  and  with  others  to  compel  an  adjustment  of  such  dispute  by 
creating  a  boycott  against  the  cars  of  the  car  company;  that  to  make 

|6uch  boycott'efTective  they  had  already  prevented  certain  of  the  rail- 
roads running  out  of  Chicago  from  operating  their  trains;  that  they 
iasserted  that  they  could  and  would  tie  up,  paralyze  and  break  down 
■ny  ami  every  railroad  which  di<l  not  accede  to  their  <lemands,  and 
that  the  purpose  and  intention  of  the  combination  was  "to  securo 
unto  themselves  the  entire  control  of  the  interstate,  industrial  and 
commercial  business  in  which  the  i>opulation  of  the  city  of  Cliicago 
and  of  other  commimities  along  the  luies  of  road  of  said  railways  are 
^■engaged  with  each  other,  and  to  restrain  any  and  all  other  persons 
^■from  any  independent  control  or  management  of  such  int<?rstatfl. 
industrial  or  commercial  enteq>rises,  save  according  to  the  will  ana 
with  the  consent  of  the  defendants." 

The  circuit  court  proceeded  principallv  upon  the  Shennan  anti- 
trust law,  and  granted  an  injunction.  In  tliis  court  the  case  was 
rested  upon  the  broader  ground  that  the  Federal  Government  had 
full  j>ower  over  interstate  commerce  and  over  the  transmission  of  the 
mails,  and  in  the  exercise  of  those  powers  couhl  renujve  eviTything 
put  upt)n  highways,  natural  or  artificial,  to  obstruct  the  passage  of 
interstate  commerce,  or  the  carrying  of  the  mails.  But  in  reference 
the  antitnist  act  the  court  express! v  stated: 

"  Wc  enter  into  no  examination  of  tfie  act  of  July  li,  1S90,  c.  647,  26 
>tat.  209,  upon  which  the  circuit  court  relied  mainly  to  sustain  its 
iurisdiction.     It  must  not  be  understood  from  this  that  we  dissent 
u..'om  the  conclusions  of  that  court  in  reference  to  the  scoj>e  of  the  act. 
[btil  simply  that  we  prefer  to  rest  our  judgment  on  tlic  broader  ground 
rhich  has  been  diseusscti  in  this  opinion,  believing  it  of  itn|)ortunco 
:hat  the  principles  underlying  it  shuuld  be  fully  stated  and  aftirmed," 
And  in  I  he  opinion  Mr.  Justice  Brewer,  among  other  things,  said; 
'*  It  is  cm-ious  to  note  the  fact  that  hi  a  large  proportion  of  the  cases 
rrspect  to  interstate  commerce  brought  to  tiiis  court  the  question 
pre«ented  was  of  the  vali<lity  of  Stat<^  legislation  in  its  Iwarings  upon 
interstate  commerce,  and  the  uniform  course  of  decision  has  been  to 
dechvre  that  it  is  not  within  the  conij)etency  of  a  Stflto  to  ]e>ri-;lale  in 
luch  ft  Muinner  as  to  obstruct  interstate  c  \  with 

\Xh  recogni/.c<l  powers  of  sovereignty,  is  i     ,  inter- 

Ate  commerce,  can  it  bo  that  any  mere  vol«i  ^1 


62S 


BVLLETUt   OF  THE  BUREAU   OF  LABOft. 


UkilivuluaU  witliin  the  linuU  of  thai  Stat«  hAA  A  power  which  ihe 

StrttO  ii-Si'lf  (ICM'S  imH    p.  -        * 

The  qut'tJtiim  ttii=iu.  ;,  luul  iii  tho  litrbt  of  the  autboriiici*  Ibe 

only  iiu^uiry  Ls  us  to  llu*  ^niiicioncy  <  '  *if  f«ct.     We 

luivr  t:ivou  IIk'  (iiM:Itt.rati*in  in  full  in  tli-  apponr*;  ih«^r«- 

froiu  that  it  Ls  chnr^rd  Uml  ilcfeiKlHUUs  fi*nni*d  n  r>  un  to 

diroclly  rest-rain  pluintitls'  traile;  that  tlie  tra<lc  to  bo  u   i  J  wm 

intorstaie;  that  rertaiu  lucanH  to  attain  such  roeitralnt  wt^re  c<m- 
U'ived  to  be  used  and  employed  to  that  end:  that  tbofje  nw  ■■  -  rre 
8«  usrd  ftn*i  empli»yed  hv  (h»fpudants,  and  that  thereby  \h>  ^1 

plaintills'  properly  :uui  bii^ines^. 

At  lh»»  risk  of  twlioii^nop^ii,  \\&  repeat  thai  tbf»  rofnplainf  »vi"rrt»tl 
thai  pliiinlilTr*  werr  nianufurtun'i^s  of  hat.s  in  ^ '  ji, 

havuij^  a  fjulwrv  there,  and  were  then  and  th<  i  •  r- 

staio  traiio  in  some  twenty  Statt\H  other  than  the  i- 

cut;  that  (hev  weio  piaclieally  diiiHudcrnt  upon  mj>  ,-uU 

to  consume  tlio  product  of  their  factorj,  only  a  ^<  iij<e  of 

ir  entire  tnitput  being  consumed  in  tno  State  of  (  <Mi.iri  «>.  Mi ,  that 
tho  time  the  une<;ed  combination  was  fonned  they  wore  in  lh« 
)ii  *"    .   .;     fai'lurin^  a  larire  number  of  liata  f        '  ..f 

I  .  .ruts  iheii  aetuaUy  uokU'  with  con  <• 

tiaic  dtiihrs  in  MutjNs  i»ther  thiui  Connertieut.  uml  lUuI  il  *  li 

from  i:aiTyiut»  on  the  wtirk  i)f  nianufaetui'ing  the,Me  hatt*  ll>  _  Id 

be  utuible  to  it)U)pIelc  llirir  rnpHi^emcnty. 

That  difemlants  were  niemlx'rs  of  a  vast  eombination  caJleii  th« 
UuiUul  ilatti^rs  of  North  America,  comprising  ulwiut  y.oon  nic'HiU!re 
and  including  a  large  nund)er  of  subordinate  uaion.s,  and  ('"'  '^ry 
were  combined  with  s<.>me  1.400,(HHt  others  intA>  anntlirr  ::  >\i 

known  as  the  ^ViUeriean  Federation  of   l^}H>r,  of  whi^h   i  :•* 

membt*rs,   whose  members   resided   in  all   the   places  iu   (I  1 

States    where    the   wholesale   dealers    in    huts   iind    their    ■  rs 

residinl  ami  did  business;  tliat  defendants  were  '*engH^i*d  .n~ 

bined  scheme  and  elFort  tn  force  all  numufuclurers  of  fur  bats  in  the 
United  States,  including  the  piainiiirs,  against  their  will  ami  tlMt^ir 
picviv)uy  policy  of  laiTyinf^  on  their  busJuoM,  to  organize  their  work- 
turn  iu  the  departments  of  making  and  llnisliiujtt,  in  each  of  tlieir  fac- 
tories, into  an  orpiuiiuitiou,  to  be  pail  and  parrel  of  the  said  couh 
binution  kiiown  as  llie  United  Hatters  of  North  -Vineriea,  or  as  the 
defendants  and  their  confederates  term  it.  to  uniimize  their  sliops, 
with  the  inLerit  therel>y  to  eoiitrol  tlv  f  lul)»ir  in  ami 

llie  operation  of  said  fiu'lories,  and  In  -    f..  the  direc- 

tion and  control  of  pcisoiks  other  tloui  the  owners  of  ;  ,  in  a 

manner  extremely  onerous  and  distasteful  to  sueh  o\'  .  md  to 
carry  out  sut^h  scheme,  etfortand  purpotte,  l»y  re^'^trainin^  ami  tlcNtroy- 
injj  the  LnterstaU?  trade  and  eommerce  of  such  man"' '•  •'"■ -^  by 
means  of  Lntimidatioa  of  and  threats  niatle  toeoieh  maii<  id 

their  customers  iu  the  several  S-  '  ■>[  bovcottiii;;  [nrm,  \i\riv 
produet  and  their  eustoniers,  usi»  ►r  all  the  powerful  nieana 

at  th»'ir  eoMUuand  as  aforesaid,  ui  ,      *       "         ^,* 

and    loss   of   buslf»«»*^^    resullint^    i  is 

siiould  V: 


That  I. 
of  ei|^!ity-two  mamifuclurer*  of  this  couu 


th 


»ut 


tiou  tif  fur  hats  seventy  Ir "' 
demand  that  the  shop  .^1 


c<md\K'U>d  u\  «LCc»tAwftcft.  fu  far 


DCCIBIOKS    or    COPBT8    AFFBCTINa    LABOB. 

conditions  of  employment  were  concerned,  with  live  will  of  the 
American  Fwleratiim  of  LHi«)r;  that  the  U>c-ji1  union  demanded  of 
plaintiffs  that  they  should  unionize  their  shop  under  peril  of  boing 
Doycott«d  by  tlds  combination,  which  demand  defondaiits  declinea 
to  comply  with;  that  thp-reuiyon  the  iVmerican  Federation  of  Labor 
acting  thruuf^  its  otiicial  organ  and  through  its  organizers,  decl 
a  boycott. 

The  complaint  then  thus  continued: 

**20.  On  or  about  July  25.  UH)2,  the  defendants.  indivi<iually  and 
collectively,  and  as  memlHTs  of  sai*i  combinations  and  associulionsL 
luid  with  otlier  persons  whose  names  are  unknown  to  the  plaintiffs^ 
associated  with  them,  in  pursuance  of  tJie  ^>ueral  scheme  and  purpose 
aforesaid,  to  force  all  manufacturers  of  fur  hats,  tvnd  particularly  the 
plaintiffs,  to  so  unionize  their  factories,  wantonly,  wrongfuUy,  mali- 
ciously, unlai*"fidly  and  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  the  'act  of 
Coit^ss.  approved  July  2,  IS^O,'  and  entitled  *Asi  act  to  protect 
trade  and  coninicn*e  a^inst  unla^^^fid  restraints  and  monopoHos/ 
and  with  intent  to  injure  the  property  and  business  of  the  pluintitTa 
by  means  of  tt<ts  done  which  are  forbidden  and  declared  to  be  unlaw- 
fid,bvsaid  act  of  Ci)ng:ress,  eiitennl  into  a  combination  and  conspirac^y 
to  restrain  the  plaintiffs  and  their  customers  in  States  other  than 
Connecticut  in  carrying  on  said  trade  and  commerce  amonfr  the 
several  States  and  to  wholly  prevent  them  from  enpa^n^  in  and 
carrying  on  said  trade  and  commerce  between  them  and  to  prevent  the 
plain  tiffs  from  selhng  their  hats  to  wholesale  dealers  and  purchasers 
m  i^aid  States  other  than  Connecticut,  and  to  prevent  said  aealers  and 
customers  in  sai<l  other  States  fnmi  buyincc  tlie  sanie,  and  to  prevent 
the  plaintilfs  from  obtainin^r  orders  for  tlieir  hats  from  such  customers, 
and  filling  the  same,  and  shipping  said  liats  to  said  customers  in  saia 
States  as  afore.said^  and  thereby  injure  the  plaintiffs  in  their  property 
and  business  and  to  render  unsalal)le  the  product  and  output  of  theur 
said  factory,  so  the  subject  of  interstate  commerce,  in  whosoever*s 
hands  the  same  mi^ht  be  or  come,  through  said  interstate  trade  and 
commerce,  and  to  employ  as  means  to  carry  out  said  combination  and 
conspiracy  and  the  purposes  thereof,  and  accomplisli  the  same,  the 
following  measures  and  acts,  viz: 

**To  cause,  by  means  of  threat.s  and  coerwon,  and  without  warning 
or  information  to  the  plaintiffs,  the  concerte4^!  and  simultaneous 
witinlrawal  of  all  the  makers  and  finishers  of  hats  then  working  for 
them,  who  were  not  members  of  their  said  combination,  Tlie  United 
Hatters  of  North  America,  as  well  as  those  who  were  such  members, 
and  thereby  cripple  the  operation  of  the  plaintiffs'  factory,  and  pre- 
vent the  plaintiffs  from  filUng  a  large  number  of  orders  then  on  hand, 
fnmi  such  wholesale  dealers  in  States  other  than  Connecticut,  which 
they  had  cni^ain^d  to  llll  ami  were  then  in  the  act  of  filling,  as  was  well 
known  to  l!ic  defendants:  in  connection  therewith  to  declare  a  boycott 
n.st  all  hal^s  made  f*»r  sale  and  sohl  and  delivered,  or  to  be  so  sold 

dehvered,  by  the  plaintiffs  to  said  wholesale  dealers  in  States  other 
than  Connecticut,  and  to  actively  boycott  the  same  and  the  business 
of  those  who  shouhl  deal  in  them,  ami  thereby  prevent  the  sale  of  the 
same  by  those  in  whose  hands  tliey  might  ho  or  come  througli  said 
interstate  Iratle  in  said  several  Stat«'s;  to  pTocun*  and  cause  others  of 
said  combinations  imited  with  them  in  sawl  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  in  like  manner  to  declare  a  boycott  iip  *  'vply 

hoj'cott  the  same  and  the  busi«  '      ch"\s-r  A»  \ 


frt)n 
M  thev 
^^  kno' 

HKd 


4 


680  BULLETIN    OP   THE   BUREAl'    OF   U^BOB.  ' 

buy  or  soil  them,  ami  of  those  who  should  purchase  them  from  such 
wholesale  ileiilers;  to  intimidat-o  such  whfllesalo  dealers  from  pur- 
chasing or  dealini;  in  the  hats  of  the  plaintiffs  by  informing  them  that 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor  had  declareifa  boycott  against  the 
pnxhict  of  (he  plaintiffs  and  against  any  dealer  who  should  han<llc  it, 
and  that  the  same  was  to  be  actively  pressed  atrainst  them,  and  by 
distributing  circulars  containing  notices  that  such  <Icalcrs  and  their-] 
citstomers  were  to  be  boycotted;  to  threaten  with  a  boycott  those' 
customers  who  should  buy  any  goods  whatever,  even  though  imi(tn 
made,  of  such  boycotted  dealers,  and  at  the  same  time  to  notify  such 
wholesale  dealers  that  they  were  at  hberty  to  deal  in  the  hats  of  any 
other  nonunion  manufacturer  of  similar  quahty  to  those  made  by  the 
piaintifTs,  but  must  not  deal  in  the  hnts  made  by  the  plaintiffs  under 
threats   of  such   boycotting;  to  falsely  represent   to   said   wholesale 
dealers  and  their  customers,  that  the  plaintilTs  had  discriminatedj 
against  the  tmion  men  in  their  employ,  hat.1  thrown  thcni  out  of  em-< 
ployment  because  they  refused  to  give  up  their  imion  cards  and^ 
teach  boys,  who  were  intended  to  take  their  places  after  seven  months' 
instruction,  and  had  driven  their  employees  to  extreme  measures  *by 
their  persistent,  unfair  and  un-American  pidicy  of  antagonizing  union 
labor,  forcing  wages  to  a  starvation  scale,  anti  given  boys  and  cheap, 
imskilled  foreign  labor  preference  over  experienced  and  capable  unioa'j 
workmen,'  in  order  to  intimitlate  said  dealers  from  purcliasing  said 
hats  by  reason  of  the  prejudice  thereby  created  against  the  plaintiffs 
and  the  hats  made  by  them  anunig  tliosc  who  might  othenvise  pur- 
chase them;   to  use  tne  said  union  label  of  said  The  United  Tfatters 
of  North  America  as  an  instrument  to  aid  them  in  carri-ing  out  said 
conspii*ac3    ami   conibiuatimi   against   the   plninlilTs'   and    their  cus- 
tomers' intertra<ie  aforesaid,  and  in  connection  with  the  boycotting 
above  nu'ntit)neil,  for  the  j)urpose  of  describing  and  identifying  the 
hats  of  the  plaintiffs  and  singling  them  out  to  be  so  boycotted;    to 
employ  a  largo  number  of  agents  to  visit  said  wholesale  dealers  and 
their  customers,  at  their  several  places  of  business,  and  threaten  them 
with  loss  of  business  if  they  should  buy  or  handle  the  hats  of  the  plain- 
tiffs, and  thereby  prevent  them  from  buying  said  hats,  and  in  connec- 
tion therewith  to  cause  said  dealers  to  be  waited  upon  bj-  conuniltcc»i 
representing  large  cfuubinations  of  j>ersons  in  their  several  lt>calitiea^ 
to  make  similar  threats  to  them;  t<^  use  the  ilaily  press  in  tlio  I(»caliliea 
where  such  wholesale  dealers  reside,  and  (|i»  bijsmess,  to  aniu>unce  and 
advertise  the  said  boycotts  against  the  hats  of  the  plaintiffs  antl  said 
wholesale  dealers,  and  thereby  make  the  same  more  efre<:tiv*^  and 
oppressive,  and  to  use  the  columns  of  their  said  paper,  'Hie  Journal  of 
the  Uniteil  IlMlters  of  North  America,  for  that  piir|M)se,  and  to  d^ 
scril>e  the  acts  of  their  said  agents  m  prosecuting  the  same." 

An<i  then  followed  the  averiiients  triat  the  defendants  pr  *    i 

to  carry   out   their  condiination   to  restrain   mid   <lesirny   in 
trade  and  comm'Tce  between  plaintilfs  and  their  customers  in  utherj 
States  by  emplt»ying  the  identical  means  citntrivc<l  for  that  (mrpose; 
and  that  by  reason  of  those  acts  plaintifl's  were  damaged  in  their 
business  and  property  in  some  $80,000. 

We  think  a  ca^^  nithin  titc  statute  was  set  up  and  that  the  demurrer 
should  liave  been  ovcmded. 

•ludgmcnt  reversed  and  cause  remanded  with  a  din*ctiou  tu  proceed 
ttcconUugiy. 


DECISIONS    Of   COURTS    AFlf-ICCTING    LABOR. 


661 


HoiTRs  OF  IjABou  op  Fem.m.r  Employkks— Foi.ick  Power — Con- 
sTiTiTioxALiTY  OF  Statite — Mulhr  V.  State,  United  Staien  Supreme 
Court,  28  Suitrcmc  Court  Reporter,  p(ige  324. — Ciirt  MuHor  was  the 
owner  of  a  laun*Ir}'  in  the  city  of  Portlantl,  Orcg,.  ^"^1  was  convicted  in 
tlie  cirruiL  court  of  Mviltnornali  County  of  a  violation  of  an  act  of  tho 
Oregon  legi^*latl!re  (paj^e  148.  Acts  of  1003),  which  limits  to  ten  per  day 
tho  number  of  hours  of  einployment  of  females  "employed  in  any 
mechanical  establishment,  or  factory,  or  laundr}'/*  The  cose  was 
appealed  to  tlie  supreme  court  of  Oregon  on  the  ground  of  the  uncon-r 
stitutionality  of  the  act.  The  act  was  upheld  and  judfrmcnt  aflirmed. 
(See  Bulletin  No.  67,  p.  877.)  MuIIer  then  apiM-aled  to  the  Supremo 
Court  of  the  United  Slates,  which  gave  its  opinion  upholding  tho 
validity  of  the  law  on  grounils  which  appear  in  the  following  extracts 
from  the  opinion  of  tho  court  as  deliverctl  by  Justice  Brewer: 

The  single  ijuestion  is  the  constitutionality  of  the  statute  under 
which  the  defendant  was  convicted  so  far  as  it  affects  tho  work  of  a 
female  in  a  laundry.  That  it  does  not  conflict  with  any  provisions 
of  the  State  conjililuiion  is  settled  by  the  decisitm  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  State. 

It  is  the  law  uf  Oregon  that  women,  whether  niarrieil  or  single, 
have  e([ual  contractual  and  personal  rights  wiih  men.  As  said  by 
Chief  Justice  Wolverlon,  iii  Pirst  National  Bank  r.  Iw<M)nard,  .'iO  Ore. 
390,  396,  after  a  review  of  the  various  statutes  of  the  Slate  upon  tlif» 
subject: 

"We  may  therefore  say  with  perfect  confidence  that,  with  thesi 
three  sections  upon  the  statute  book,  the  wife  can  deal,  not  only  wiif 
her  separate  properly,  accpiin'd  from  whatever  source,  in  the  stil 
manner  as  her  husband  can  with  property  belonging  to  him,  boi' 
that  slie  may  make  ctxUracts  ami  incur  liabilities,  and  the  sanw  may 
bo  enforced  against  her,  the  same  as  if  she  werea  femmesolc.  Thero 
is  now  no  residuum  of  civil  disability  resting  iipon  her  whicli  is  not 
recognized  as  existing  against  the  husband.  The  current  runs  stead- 
ilv  and  strongly  in  the  direction  of  the  emancipation  of  the  wife,  and 
tfio  policy,  as  disclosed  by  all  recent  legislation  upon  the  subject  in 
this  State, is  to  place  her  upon  the  same  footing  as  if  shewereafemme 
sole,  not  only  with  resjject  to  lu»r  separate  properly,  but  as  it  atTecta 
her  right  to  make  binding  contracts;  and  the  most  natural  corollary 
to  the  situation  is  that  the  remedies  for  the  enforcement  of  liabilities 
incurred  are  made  coextensive  and  coequal  with  such  enlarge*!  ron<li- 
tions.*' 

It  thus  appears  that,  putting  t4>  one  side  the  elective  franchise,  in  tho 
matter  of  personal  and  contractual  rights  they  stand  on  tlie  same  plane 
as  the  otlier  sex.  Their  rights  in  these  respects  can  no  more  be  in- 
fringed than  the  e<iual  rights  of  tlieir  brothers.  We  hold  in  Loclmer 
V.  New  York,  108  I'.  S.  46,  that  a  law  providing  that  no  laborer  shall 
be  reouircil  or  permitted  to  work  in  bakeries  more  than  sixty  hours  in 
a  weetc  or  ten  hours  in  a  day  was  not  as  to  itien  a  legitimate  exercise  of 
the  police  power  of  the  State,  but  an  unreasonable,  unnccessan.'  and 
arbitrary  interference  with  the  right  and  liberty  (»f  the  individual  to 
contract  in  relation  to  his  labor,  nm!  ns  surh  was  i?i  roiiflict  with,  and 

37801— No.  7>-08 23 


rieuds^ 


BULUETrN    OF  THE   BURKAir   OF   LABOR. 


void  under,  the  FeJenil  Coiiotiiuiion.  Thai  iltsusion  is  iavok^<l  by 
pluintifl  in  error  as  docisive  of  the  <)uc*^liun  before  us.  But  this 
assumes  ihat  the  dilTerenc**  betw  een  sexes  docs  not  justify  a  diCTcxent 
rule  respoctinj;  a  restriction  of  the  hours  of  labor. 

While  there  have  V>een  but  few  decisions  bearing  directly  upon  the 
c^uestiou,  the  fnllowine"  sustain  the  couslitutjoimlitv  of  such  lej^i**!*- 
tiou:  CouuHouwcalth  v.  Hiiiuiitou  ^H^.  Co.,  125  ^Jajss.  3S3;  Wen- 
tiam  1',  Stale,  05  Nebr.  ;si»4,  400,  400;  Slalo  v.  Buchanan,  29  Wasii, 
602;  CoiniiionweuUii  r.  Bcatly.  1.5  Pa.  Sup.  Ct.  5,  17;  a^nst  theui 
is  the  case  of  Kitcliie  >\  Pet^ple,  15.5  111.  98. 

The  lofrislation  antl  opinions  referrefl  to  in  the  margin  mny  not  \ye, 
tochnically  s|>eaking,  authorities,  an<l  in  ihcni  is  little  or  no  discusaion 
of  the  constitutional  question  presented  to  us  for  determination. 
yet  they  are  sig^iificant  of  a  widtvspread  beUef  that  woman's  pliysiual 
structure,  and  the  functions  she  performs  in  consequence  thereof, 
justify    S|>c<*ial    lej^i-slnlion    restrictnitr   *>r   <l'  the   r<K   '  - 

undcrwhu'h  she  should  be  jx^rmitted  to  t*>il.    i  lionalqi: 

it  is  true,  are  not  si*1  tied  l»y  eA'en  a  c^uimmisus  i»t  jiitvseiit  public  opinion, 
for  it  is  the  peculiar  value  of  a  written  constitution  that  it  places  in 
unchan.t^injj;  form  hmitatiitns  upon  legislative  action,  and  thus  gives 
a  permanence  and  stability  to  popular  pivemment  wlxich  otherwise 
would  be  lacking.  At  the  same  time,  when  a  question  of  fact  is 
debateii  and  debatable,  and  the  extent  tii  which  a  special  constitu- 
tional limitation  ^«ies  is  atroctetl  by  the  truth  in  respect  to  that  fact, 
a  widespreatl  huiI  hjn^-conliuuetl  belief  concerning  it  is  worlliy  ui 
consideration.  We  take  judicial  cognizunce  of  ail  matters  of  general 
knowledge. 

It  is  undouble<lly  true,  as  more  than  onco  dechu-ed  by  this  court, 
that  the  general  right  tt»  ci>ntract  in  relation  txj  one's  bujdneas  is  port 
of  the  lil>rrt\*  of  the  individual,  prole<;ted  by  the  f(turl.eeuth  amend- 
ment to  the  Federal  Constitution;  yet  it  is  equally  well  settled  that 
this  liberty  is  not  nbdcduie  and  extending  to  an  e^mtracts.  and  thai  a 
State  may,  without  conllicting  with  the  provisions  of  the  fourteenth 
amendment,  restrict  iJi  many  respects  the  individual's  power  of 
contruct.  Without  st<q>ping  t4>  di.sruss  at  length  the  extent  to  which 
a  Slate  may  act  in  this  re.spe*^t,  we  refer  to  the  following  ciisea  in 
which  the  (luestiou  has  been  eonsitlereil:  Allgever  r,  Louisiana,  165 
U.  S.  57S;  ilolder  r.  Hardy,  IStf  U.  S.  360:  Locliner  v.  N^w  York, 
supra. 

That  woman  s  physical  structure  and  the  performance  of  maternal 
functions  place  her  at  a  disadvantage  in  the  struggle  for  subsistence 
is  obvinus.  This  is  especially  true  when  the  burdens  of  motherh*H»d 
are  upon  her.  Even  wnen  they  are  n<>l.  by  abundant  testiniony  of  iho 
me^lical  frniemity  r«>ntimiance  fitr  a  long  tiuie  on  lier  feet  at  work, 
repealing  Uiis  from  diiy  to  day,  ten<ls  in  injurious  - 
boily,  Hiui  Hs  healthy  mothers  are  essential  to  vigors 
phy^ical  well-being  «'f  wtiuiun  bin-ouies  «n  <ibjec^t  of  un  rest 

anti  care  in  order  to  preserve  the  strength  and  vigiir  ol  t! 

Still  again,  history  discloses  the  fact  that  woman  haa  always  been 
dependent  upon  man.     He  established  his  control  at  the  oui^t  by 
supenor  physical  strength,  and  this  ctuitrol  in  various  forms,  witli 
din-- ■  '  ■"  '   ■■  *    -  -•-     V,      rontinned   1o   the  present.      * 
tl)  III ,  shr*  has  been  looked  u|>on  i 

afiUeoUm^  rspcciui  care  that  her  rights  may  be  presented.     i!.ducaU4Ji 


DSOisioHs  or  corBat^^^Bcnxo  LJunm.  CIHB 

was  long  (Ipnied  h^r.  siid  wKulo  now  tKr  doors  ni  tlu^  }«rhtH»|  r\>oin  ai-o 

even  v-itli  that  ami  the  ctiiisr<|urut  incrraso  <*f  (Apacitv  fnr  husiuVmi 
affairs  it  is  still  true  ihal  in  ih*>  strugjrio  f^ir  suKsistnicr  slir  is  n«»t  nii 
equal  competitor  with  her  hrothrr.  Thouj^li  liniitntions  upon  per- 
sonal an»^  contractual  riphtiS  may  >>o  ivmnvod  h\  Jp^MsIntiiHi,  thoro  im 
that  in  her  ilisposition  and  habits  nf  hfv  which  uill  o|H'rnto  H^rninftt  a 
full  assertion  of  those  righlj>.  She  will  &lill  Ix*  whoro  houic  li^p^lntion 
to  protect  her  seeiBS  necessary  tt>  st^cun*  u  real  equalily  of  ri^ht. 
Doubtless  there  are  indivitlual  exci*p(ioiis.  and  there  are  many  re.Hp<^ota 
in  wldch  she  has  an  advauta^  over  him;  but  h>okin;r  at  it" from  the 
viewpuiiit  of  the  etTort  to  maintain  an  indepemlent  position  in  life*, 
she  is  not  up<^a  an  equality.  DitTen'niiated  by  these  itiatters  from  Iho 
other  sex,  she  is  properly  placed  in  a  class  bv  herself,  and  1.  '  '  "•a 
designed  for  her  protection  may  be  sustained,  even  when  li!.  l.i- 

tion  IS  not  necessary  for  men  and  could  not  be  sustaint*d.  li  is  iijiptw- 
siblc  to  dose  tme's  eves  to  the  fact  that  she  still  looks  to  her  brother 
and  depends  upon  fiim.  Kven  tlu)U(:h  all  restrictions  on  politicaj, 
personiil  and  contractual  rights Avore  taken  away,  aiul  she  stootl.so  far 
as  statutes  are  concerned,  upon  an  absolutely  equal  plane  with  him, 
it  would  still  bo  true  that  she  is  so  constitutetl  that  she  will  rest  up<in 
and  look  to  him  for  protection;  that  her  physical  structure  and  a  I 
proper  discharge  of  her  maternal  functions—  havin^^  in  view  not 
merely  her  ow^n  health,  but  the  well-being  of  the  race — justify  lepsla- 
tion  to  protect  lier  from  the  >rreed  as  well  as  the  passion  of  man,  Tlie 
Uniitations  which  lliis  statute  places  upon  her  contractual  powera, 
upon  her  right  to  a«:ree  with  her  eninloyer  as  to  the  time  she  shuU 
labor  are  not  imposed  solely  for  her  henefit.  but  also  lar;,'e]y  tor  the 
beneht  of  all.  Many  words  can  not  make  tliis  plainer.  The  two  sexes 
differ  in  structure  of  btxlv,  in  the  functions  to  be  performetl  by  ea^^i. 
in  the  amount  of  physical  strength,  in  the  capacity  for  long-<'oiitinuea 
labor^  particularly  when  done  standing,  tne  influence  of  vifrorous 
liealth  upon  the  future  well-beintj  of  the  race,  the  self-reliance  wlijch 
enables  one  to  assert  full  riirlits.  and  in  the  capacity  to  maintain  tho 
strugfjie  for  sid)sistencp.  Tiiis  dilTerence  iustiues  a  dilTerence  in  legis- 
lation and  upiiolds  that  wliich  is  ilcsigncu  to  compensate  for  some  of 
the  buniens  which  rest  upon  her. 

We  have  not  rcferre*!  in  this  discussion  to  the  denial  of  the  olecti%'o 
franchise  in  the  State  of  Oregon,  for  while  (hat  mav  disclose  a  lack  of 
politicai  e<juality  in  all  things  with  her  brother,  that  is  not  of  itself 
decisive.  The  reason  runs  deeper,  an»i  rest^  in  the  inherent  difl'erence 
between  the  two  sexes,  and  in  tne  diiferent  functions  in  life  which  they 
perform. 

Fnr  these  reasons,  and  without  questioning  in  any  respect  the  de^ 
■  in  liochnerr.  New  York,  we  are  of  the  opiiii(»n  lliat  it  can  not  bo 
i_::ed  that  the  act  iji  <|Uestion  is  in  conllici  with  the  Fedend  Con- 
stitution, so  far  as  it  respects  the  work  of  a  feuiale  in  a  laundry,  and 
the  judgment  of  the  supremo  court  of  Oregon  is  affirmed. 


L\BOB  Organizatioxs — Rtotrr  to  Oroaxizk — AvnTRtTn*  T^aw — 
Co:iiSTrrmos .KVtrr  -  WaifrS'Pim^  Oil  Company  v,  SM^t  Court  of 
Oh'ii  Appftih  of  rrjKM,  WG  SmUhtpeMem  lifpori^,  "  ^  — Tho 


■i^^A 


J 


634 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUREAU   OF  LABOR. 


I 


company  nanicil  was  convicted  of  a  violation  of  tlio  antitrust  law  of 
Toxas  Bnd  appealed,  the  appeal  resulting  in  an  affirmance  of  tlio  judg- 
ment of  the  lower  court.  The  only  point  of  interest  iu  tliis  case  is 
a  contention  of  the  company  as  to  the  cfTect  on  the  antitrust  law  of 
B  subso<|iient  law  legalizing  tlio  formation  (»f  lalM)r  unions.  This  para- 
^aph  of  the  opinion  of  the  court  relating  to  this  subject  is  roproducwl: 

4.  It  is  contended  on  behalf  of  appellant  that  the  antitrust  act  of 
May  25, 1800,  was  rendered  unconstitutional  by  the  passage  of  another 
statute  at  the  same  session  of  the  legislature,  entitled  *'An  act  to 
protect  workingnien  in  the  right  of  organization  and  the  purposes 
thereof,"  m)nroved  May  27,  ISDO  (Laws  1899,  p.  202,  c.  153),  wherein 
it  was  provided  that  from  and  after  its  passage  it  should  bo  lawful  for 
any  and  all  persons  engaged  in  any  kind  of  work  or  labor,  manual  or 
mental,  or  noth,  to  associate  themselves  together  and  form  trade 
unions  and  other  organizations  for  the  purpose  of  prntectin|rtheraselves 
in  their  personal  work,  personal  labor,  and  personal  service  in  their 
respective  pursuits  antl  employments.  By  the  third  section  it  is  de- 
clared that  that  act  shall  not  apply  to  combinations  of  associations 
of  capital,  or  capital  and  persons  natural  or  artificial  formed  for  the 
purpos*^  of  limiting  the  producti(ui  or  consuniptifui  of  labor's  products, 
or  for  any  other  purpose  in  restraint  t)f  trade,  and  that  nothing 
therein  contained  sliall  be  held  tti  interfere  with  the  terms  and  con- 
ditions of  private  contracts  with  regard  to  the  time  of  service  or  other 
stipulations  between  employers  and  employees,  and  "that  nothing 
herein  contained  shall  bo  construed  to  repeal,  affect  or  diminisli  the 
force  and  effect  of  any  statute  now  existing  on  the  subject  of  trusts, 
conspiracies  agninst  trade,  pools  an<l  monopolies."  In  \'icw  of  these 
limitations  placed  upon  that  act,  we  are  of  the  ophiion  that  it  was 
not  the  intention  of  the  let^islaturo  to  authorize  anything  to  be  done 
that  was  prohibited  bv  tne  act  of  May  25,  1S09.  Hence  we  hold 
that  this  statute  ingrafts  no  exemptions  upon  the  .antitrust  st^tuto 
referred  to. 


Protection  of  Employees  as  Members  of  Labor  Okqaxiza- 
TION8 — CoxsTrriTioxALiTT  ov  STATUTE — Adnxt  V.  UniUd  State*, 
United  iStnits  Supreme  Cmirf,28  Swpreme  Court  Rf porter,  iiage  217. — 
This  case  was  before  tlie  Supreme  Court  on  appeal  from  the  district 
court  of  the  United  Stales  for  the  eastern  district  of  Kentucky. 
William  Adair  was  held  to  have  violatetl  the  provision  of  the  Federal 
arbitration  act  of  June  1,  1898  (chap.  370,  30  Stat.  42S;  U.  S.  Comp. 
Stats.  1901,  p.  3205),  frecpiently  spoken  of  as  the  Erdman  act,  which 
^makes  it  unlawful  to  discharge  an  employee  on  account  of  member- 
ship in  a  labor  organi/.ation.  (152  Fed.  Kep.  737.  See  Bulletin  No. 
f72,  p.  613.) 

The  appeal  was  based  on  the  contention  that  the  act  was  uncon- 
stitutional in  this  particuhir,  as  unwarrantably  restraining  the  free- 
ttlom  of  contract.  Tliis  view  was  appnivcd  by  the  court,  with  two 
dissenting  opinions  filed  and  one  judge  taking  no  part  in  the  pro- 


DECISIONS    OF    COURTS    AFKECTINO    LABOR. 


63 


I 
I 
I 
I 


I 


ceedings.     Qn  account  of  the  generftl  interest  in  the  question,  l>oth 

the  opinion  of  the  court,  as  delivered  by  Mr.  Justice  Harlan,  and  the 

dissenting  opinions,  will  be  presented  practically  in  full. 

>[r.  Justice  Harlan  said: 

This  case  involves  the  constitutionality  of  certain  provisions  of  the 
act  of  Con;^ess  of  June  1st,  ISOS,  30  Stat.  424,  c.  370,  concerning  ci 
riers  engajred  in  interstate  commerce  and  their  employees. 

Bv  the  first  section  of  the  act  it  is  provided;  "That  the  provisioj 
of  this  act  shall  apply  to  any  common  carrier  or  carriers  and  their 
officers,  agents,  and  employees,  except  masters  of  vessels  ami  seamen, 
as  define*!  in  section  4612,  Revised  btatutes  of  the  United  States,  en- 
ga^d  in  the  transportation  of  passengers  or  property  wholly  by  rail- 
road, or  partly  by  railroad  and  partly  by  water,  for  a  continuous  ca 
riagc  or  shipment,  from  one  State  or  Territory  of  the  United  State 
or  the  District  of  Columbia,  to  any  other  State  or  Territory  of  the 
Unitoil  States,  or  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  from  any  place  in  the 
United  States  to  an  adjacent  foreign  country,  or  from  any  place  in 
the  United  States  through  a  foreign  country  to  anv  other  place  ia 
the  United  States.'*     *     * 

The  10th  section,  upon  wliich  the  present  prosecution  is  based,  is  in- 
these  words: 

"That  any  employer  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act  and  any 
oflicer,  agent,  or  receiver  of  such  employer,  who  shall  retjuire  any  em- 
ployee, or  any  person  seeking  euiphnnnent,  as  a  condition  of  such 
employment,  to  enter  into  an  agreement,  either  \\Titten  or  verbal, 
not  to  become  or  remain  a  mend)er  of  any  labor  corporation,  asso- 
ciation, or  organization;  ur  sliall  threaten  any  employee  with  loss 
of  employment,  or  sball  unjustly  liiscriminatc  against  any  employee 
because  of  Iii^  membership  in  such  a  labor  corporation,  associatio 
or  organization;*'     ♦     *     * 

It  may  be  observed  in  passing  that  while  that  section  makes  it  a 
crime  against  the  United  Slates  to  unjustly  discriminate  against  an 
employee  of  an  interstate  carrier  becaiise  of  his  being  a  mend>er  of  a 
labor  organizatioUj  it  does  not  make  it  a  crime  to  unjustly  discrimi- 
nate against  an  employee  of  the  carrier  because  of  his  not  being  a 
member  of  such  an  organization. 

The  present  in<lictment  was  in  the  district  court  of  the  United  States 
for  the  eastern  district  of  Kentucky  against  the  defendant  Adair. 

The  specific  charge  in  that  [first]  count  was  "that  said  William 
Adair,  agent  and  employee  of  said  conmion  carrier  and  enii)lover  as 
aforesaid,  in  the  district  aforesaid,  on  and  before  the  15tli  day  of 
October  1906,  did  unlawfully  and  unjustly  discriminate  against 
said  O.  B.  Coppage,  employee  as  aforesaid,  oy  then  and  there  dis- 
diarging  said  (>.  li.  ('oppage  from  such  employment  of  said  common 
carrier  an<l  emplover,  because  of  his  menibers^hip  in  said  labor  organi- 
zation, and  thereby  chd  mijustly  discriminate  against  an  employee 
of  a  common  carrier  and  employer  engaged  in  interstate  commerce 
because  of  liis  membership  in  a  labor  organizati(m,  contrary  to  the 
forms  of  the  statute  in  such  cases  made  and  provided,  ancf  against 
the  neace  ami  ilignity  of  the  Unit^ul  Stales.'' 

The  accuse<l  Adair  lieniurn'd  lo  the  indictment  as  insufficient  in 
law,  but  the  demurrer  was  overruled, 
tiesj  in  an  elaborate  opinion. 


^ 


li 


636 


BtOXETIK   OF  THE  BTTBE^IT  OP  LABOE. 


I 


act  of  Con^jrrss  t*i  be  confititutianal.  Tho  dcfcndaint  pleft^W  ndl 
guilty,  and  uftcr  trial  n  vertlirt  w»w  roturneil  of  guilty  »»n  :' 

count  Biui  a  judgment  rendered  tliut  he  oay  to  llw>  Umi*Mi  gg 

finf*  of  $]()().  We  Khali,  therefore,  say  notuing  as  to  the  second  couid 
of  the  Lndictincnl.  V 

It  thii8  appears  that  the  criminal  ntTenso  charged  in  the  count  cm 
the  indictment  upon  wliiili  tlie  defen<laut  was  convicte<l  was,  in  suhS 
stance  and  effect,  tliat  hein^  an  ajfcnt  of  u  railroad  company  engtg^ 
ill  iiit.4*rstate  commerce  and  sul>ject  to  the  pruvi^jiontj  of  the  A^HI 
act  of  June  Kst  iS\)H  he  dischartced  one  (V)pf>age  from  its  afl^^f 
because  of  his  memhcrnhip  in  a  laoor  organisation — no  uUier  grotmd 
for  puch  discharge  being  alleged.  J 

May  Congress  make  it  a  criminal  tilfcnse  against  the  Unitafl 
Stalcw — aii  by  the  J 0th  section  of  the  act  of  1S'*>S  it  does — for  an  aged 
or  4»nicer  of  an  interstate  carrier,  having  full  authority  in  the  premised 
fn>iu  the  carrier,  to  discharge  an  employee  from  servico  sLiuply  bii 
cause  of  his  nienibersliip  in  a  lahor  organization)  I 

This  (luestion  in  mimittctily  <ine  of  importani'c,  and  has  i>M|| 
oxnnuni'd  with  care  and  deliberation.  And  the  court  had  reached  II 
concluwittn  which,  in  itH  jutlginent,  is  consislcnt  with  both  the  wordfl 
and  spirit  of  Uio  Constitution  and  in  sustained  as  well  by  sound  rens^inJ 

TIk*  first  iiuiuiry  is  whether  the  pnri  of  the  lOlh  .m-ction  of  tlie  act  afl 
189S  up«m  which  the  first  count  of  the  indictment  wh>  huv. .!  i.^  n^puM 
nant  to  the  fifth  amendment  of  the  Constitution  dec!  t  no  perJ 

son  shall  be  deprived  of  liberty  or  prit|>ertv  without  dii<  ]'.  ■» » .^sNof  lawj 
in  our  opinion  that  ncction,  in  the  particular  mentioned,  i»  an  invasion 
of  t  he  peiNonul  liherty,  as  well  as  of  the  ripiit  of  properl  v,  guaranf4»C'd  bw 
that  amendment.  Such  liberty  and  right  embraces  the  riffht  to  makd 
contracts  for  the  purchiuse  of  the  labor  of  others  and  crjuftVly  the  righM 
to  make  coutnicls  for  the  side  of  one's  own  labor;  cuch  right,  hoM 
ever,  being  subject  to  the  fumhuuental  conditiiMi  that  no  contracu 
whaU'ver  its  subject-matter,  can  be  sustained  which  the  law,  upon 
rea>M»nable  grounds,  forl)id8  as  inconsistent  with  the  public  inten<«ti 
or  as  hurtful  to  the  public  order  or  as  detrimental  to  the  common  goodi 
Thia  court  has  said  that  *'in  every  welUjinleiXHl  society,  charged  witi 
the  duty  of  cons<*rving  the  safety  of  it~s  uu'n>l>ei's,  the  riirht^  of  till 
bidividunl  in  respect  of  his  liberty  may,  at  times,  under  the  pressuel 
of  great  dangeiN.  I)e  subjected  to  sucli  restraint,  to  be  enforcedMH 
reiuHonuble  rcj»ulati*in.s,  as  the  safety  of  the  s;(»nerrtl  public  ^^H 
denmnd,"  (Jacobson  v.  Massachusetts,  107  l'.  ^.11.  20,  and  authoiM 
ties  there  cited. )  Without  stopping  to  consider  what  would  have  bccd 
the  rights  of  the  railroad  (roinpnuv  under  the  fifth  amendment,  ha^ 
It  hecn  indiclcti  un<icr  the  act  of  Ooiigress,  it  is  suflicient  in  lhi*<  ca-s? 
to  Nay  that  En  agent  of  the  railroad  company  and  as  such  responsible 
\9      I  *^'**"'*"*='^  '^f  tin*  busini»ss  of  one  t»f  its  dcf  'ia 

"Kendant  Adair's  right— and  that  right  inhered  yj 

•i»u  W'tti!  al«o  a  ri^ht  of  pn>pertv— to  -  "^t^M 

°J»«J«1,  mt  |„n.r  n'*  hr  did  nothing  that   .  tlH| 

ji^  '  f  public    intiTCKts.      It   wftH   the  I    tHI 

^^  ^  ,  ,  '     ■•■  the  tcnii'  ii!«>ii  uliicli  llic  scrvif  CtfH 

^  Iji^  I'UMl.and  It  w»is  :  '^H 

puit  .J  ,\^t^   jMiin's  civil  ngiiL^  inac  uu  ue  icli  ai  aucrt^^ 


•h 


IS 


DKomioiird  OP  OO0BT3  ArFEomro  labor. 


637 


refuse  business  relations  with  any  person  whomsoever,  whether  the 
rofucial  r^tb  upon  reason,  or  is  the  rrbnit  of  whim,  caprice,  prejudice 
or  niHUce.  With  his  reasons  neither  tlie  puhlic  nor  third  persons 
havi^  nny  h'^ul  etineern.  It  is  abu  his  ri^ht  lo  huve  husiness  relations 
with  luiyone  with  whom  he  can  make  contracts,  and  if  ho  is  wrong- 
fully ih^|>rivetl  of  this  rijjht  V)y  (»thers,  iu>  i>i  enlitled  to  redIY^«." 

111  Lochner  v.  New  York,  198  U.  S.  45,  53,  56  [Bulletin  No.  59,  p. 
340],  which  involved  the  validity  of  a  8tate  enactment  prescribing 
certain  inaAimuiii  hours  for  labor  hi  bakeries,  and  wliicli  made  it  a 
niif^denieanor  for  an  employer  to  require  or  permit  an  employee  in 
such  an  establisluuent  to  work  in  excess  of  a  g^iven  number  of  hours 
each  day,  the  court  said:  *'The  ceneral  right  to  make  a  contract  in 
relation  to  Jiis  business  is  part  of  the  liberty  of  tlie  individual  protected 
by  the  fourteenth  amendment  of  the  Federal  Constitution.  AU- 
gcyer  r.  J»uisiana,  165  U.  8.  578.  Under  that  pnjvision  m»  State 
caji  deprive  any  person  of  hfe,  liberty  or  property  vithout  due 
process  of  law.  Tlie  ri^ht  to  purcliase  or  to  sell  labor  is  part  of  the 
lilwrty  j)rot«cted  uy  this  amendment,  unless  there  are  circumstancea 
whicJi  exclude  the  right.  There  arp,  however,  certain  powers,  exist- 
ing in  tlie  sovereignty  of  each  State  in  tlio  l^nion,  somcM'hat  vaguely 
tenned  pidic©  ptiwers,  the  exact  description  and  Uuutation  of  which 
have  not  Iwen  attemptetl  by  the  courts.  Those  powers,  broadly 
stated  and  without,  at  present,  nny  attempt  at  a  more  sf^ecific  limi- 
tation, relate  to  the  safety,  heiilth,  morals  and  general  welfare  of  the 
public.  Both  projHTty  and  liberty  are  held  on  such  reasonable  condi- 
tions as  may  l»e  imp^r-^d  by  the  govenung  ]>ower  of  the  State  in  the 
exercise  of  those  powers,  and  WTtli  sueh  conditions  the  fourteenth 
Aiuendment  was  not  desiglwd  to  interfere.  Mugler  r.  Kansas,  123 
U.  S.  023;  In  re  Kemnder,  136  U.  S.  436;  Crowley  r.  Christensen, 
137  U.  S.S6;  In  re  C^mversc,  137  U.  S.  624.*'  *  *  *  "In  everjr 
case  that  comes  l»efore  tins  court,  therefore,  where  legislation  of  this 
character  is  concerned  and  where  the  protection  of  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution is  sought,  the  <|uestioa  necessarily  arises:  Is  this  a  fair,  rea- 
sonable aiL<l  apj>r(>priate  exen  ise  of  the  |H)Uce  po>\er  of  the  Stale,  i>r 
is  it  ai\  unreasonable,  unneccssaiy  and  arbitrary  interference  with  the 
right  (»f  the  individual  Ut  liis  pei"si>nal  liberty  or  to  enter  into  those 
c<»nlrrtcts  in  ndation  to  labc»r  which  may  seem  to  him  appropriate  or 
necessary  for  the  support  of  himself  and  his  family?  Oi  course  the 
Ub<:'rty  of  conti^act  ivlating  tt>  labor  includes  b4)th  parties  to  it.  Tlio 
one  has  as  umeh  right  to  purchase  as  the  other  to  sell  lal>or."  Al- 
though there  was  a  difference  of  opinion  in  that  case  anion:  ■*  "  "in- 
bers  of  tlie  rourt  as  t<»  certain  profxisilions,  tliere  was  no  di  'ut 

as  to  til-  '!  propotition  that  there  is  a  liberty  of  eontruiL  wlaeh 

can  not  i.sonably  interf^'refl  with  ]>y  legislation.     The  minority 

vere    of    tipinion    that    the    I  referred    to  in    (he    New   York 

statuU!  was  b<ueh  as  to  re<pur<  ^  iinn,  and  that  as  tlte  statute  was 
Dot  shown  piniiily  and  palpably  to  have  iiofxised  an  ujireasonablo 
restraint  up«»n  i'rcedom  of  contract,  it  should  be  regarded  by  the  courts 
as  a  valid  exercise  of  the  State's  power  to  care  for  the  healtfi  and  safety 
of  it*  people. 

\Mule.  as  alreaily  suggested,  the  rights  of  liberty  ami  property  guar- 
ant  (I    '  '  '■  I   '  'lit  tliie  process  of 

law,  .iiion  goo<l  or  the 


638 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BTTREAU   OF   LABOB. 


general  welfare  may  require,  it  is  not  within  the  functions  of  «jovem- 
ent — at  least  in  the  absence  of  contract  between  the  parties — to 
ompel  any  person  in  the  course  of  his  business  and  against  his  will  to 
cept  or  retain  the  personal  services  of  another,  or  to  compel  any 
rson,  against  liis  will^  to  perform  personal  services  for  another.     The 
ghl  of  a  person  to  sell  his  labor  upon  sucli  terms  as  he  dooms  proper 
,  in  its  essence,  the  same  as  the  ri^ht  of  the  pun-liaser  of  iubor  to  pro- 
ribe.  the  conditions  upon  which  lie  will  accept  such  labor  from  the 
^rson  offering  to  soil  it.     So  the  right  of  the  employee  to  quit  the 
rvice  of  the  emplo^^cr,  for  whatever  reason,  is  the  same  as  the  right 
of  the  eitiployer,  tor  whatever  reason,  to  dispense  with  the  Bcrvices  of 
cli  employee.     It  was  the  legal  right  of  the  defendant  A<hiir — how- 
vcr  unwise  such  a  course  might  have  been — to  discharge  Coppage 
cause  of  Ids  being  a  member  of  a  labor  organization,  as  it  was  tl\o 
gal  right  of  Coppage,  if  he  saw  fit  to  do  so — however  unwise  such  a 
ourse  on  his  part  might  liave  been — to  quit  the  service  in  wliich  he 
'as  engagoii,  because  (he  defendant  employed  some  jwrsons  who  were 
ot  members  of  a  labor  orgnui/.ation.     In  all  bxich  particulars  the 
mployer  ai»d  the  employee  have  o(]uality  of  right,  and  any  legislation 
that  disturbs  that  e((UHlity  is  an  arbitrary  intenorpnco  with  the  liberty 
of  contract  which  no  govenunent  can  legally  justify  in  a  free  lanrl. 
*     *     *     Of  course,  if  the  parties  by  contract  fix  the  period  of  servico, 
and  prescribe  the  conditions  upon  wliich  the  contract  may  he  termi- 
nated, such  contract  would  control  the  rights  of  the  ]>arties  as  between 
themi^olves,    and   for   any   violation   of   those   provisions   the   party 
MTougod  would  have  his  appropriate  civil  action.     And  it  may  be — 
but  upon  (i»at  point  we  express  no  opinion — that  in  tlip  case  of  a  labor 
contract  between  an  emjunyer  engaged  in  interstate  commerce  and 
"  s  employee.  Congress  could  make  it  a  crime  for  either  party  without 
ifliciont  or  just  excuse  or  notice  to  disrejjard  the  terms  of  such  con- 
act  or  to  refuse  to  perform  it.     In  the  absence,  however,  of  a  valid 
contract  between  the  parties  controlling  their  conduct  toward  each 
other  and  fbdng  a  period  <»f  service,  it  can  not  be,  we  repeat,  that  an 
cinjiloyer  is  under  any  legal  obligation,  against  his  will,  to  rctsin  an 
employee  in  his  personal  service  any  more  than  an  employee  can  be 
ompelled,  against  his  will,  to  remain  in  the  personal  service  of  an- 
ther.    So  far  as  this  record  discloses  the  facta  the  defen<lant,  who 
emed  to  have  authority  in  the  premises,  <Iid  not  ain'oe  to  keep  Cop- 
age  in  service  for  any  particular  time,  nor  did  Coppnge  agree   to 
emain  in  such  service  a  moment  longer  than  he  chose.     The  latter 
as  at  liberty  to  quit  the  service  without  aKsigning  any  i-eason  for  his 
aving.     And  the  defendant  was  at  liberty,  m  his  discretion,  to  dis- 
charge Coppago  from  service  without  giving  anv  reason  for  so  doing. 
As  the  relutions  and  the  conduct  of  the  parties  toward  eaeh  other 
•was  not  controlie*!  by  any  contract  other  than  a  generiil  op  ■  nt 

on  one  side  to  accept  the  services  of  I  lie  employee  and  a  gn,  .<<»- 

jnent  on  the  oilier  side  to  remier  services  to  the  employer — no  term 
"  eing  fixed  for  the  con(inunnce  of  the  employmrnt--('on^res3  could 
not,  consistently  with  the  fifth  amendment,  make  it  a  cnme  against 
ilhe  United  StatoH  to  diwharge  the  employee  because  of  his  being  a 
lember  of  a  labor  organization. 

But  it  is  Hviggeste<l  that  the  authority  to  make  it  a  crime  for  an 

or  olTicer  of  an  interstute  c;irrier,  hnving  authority  in  the  prera- 

rom  his  principal,  to  discharge  an  employee  from  m?ivice  to 


DECISIONS    OF    COURTS    AFFKCTING    LABOK. 


C39 


sikIi  carrier,  simply  because  of  his  membership  in  a  labor  orpuiiza- 
tion,  can  be  rcfciTod  to  the  j»o\ver  of  Congress  to  regulate  interstate 
commerce,  witliout  re^jartl  to  any  question  of  j>ersonal  liberty  or  ri^ht 
of  property  arising  under  the  fifth  anioncinient.  Tliis  suggestion  can 
have  no  bearing  in  the  present  discussion  imless  the  statute,  in  tho 
partirular  ju^t  stated,  is  within  the  meaning;  f»f  the  Constitution  a 
regulation  of  roinmerce  among  the  States,  If  it  be  not,  then  dearly 
tJie  Government  can  not  invoke  the  commerce  clause  of  the  Constitu- 
tion as  sustaining  the  indictment  against  Adair. 

Ijet  ua  inquire  what  is  commerce,  the  power  to  regulate  which  is 
given  to  (\>t»gress? 

This  questiiin  has  been  frequently  propounded  in  this  court,  and  the 
answer  has  been — un<l  no  more  speciiic  answer  couhl  well  have  been 
given — that  commerce  among  the  several  States  comprehends  tratfic, 
intercourse,  trade,  navigation,  communication,  tlie  transit  of  persons 
and  th<*  transmissioFi  of  messages  bv  telegraph — indeed,  every  species 
of  commercial  intercourse  among  tl»e  S4n'era!  Slates,  but  not  to  that 
commerce  "completely  internal,  wliirh  is  rarrie*!  on  between  man  and 
man,  in  a  State,  or  between  different  parts  of  the  same  State,  and 
which  does  not  extend  to  or  affect  other  States."  The  power  to  ren;u- 
late  interstate  commerce  is  the  power  to  prescribe  rules  by  which 
such  commerce  must  be  governed.  Of  course,  tus  lias  been  often  said, 
Congress  Juis  a  la!'j:e  discretion  in  the  selection  or  choice  of  the  means 
to  be  einpKtycd  in  the  regulation  of  interstate  commerce,  and  such  dis- 
cretion is  not  to  be  interferetl  with  except  where  that  which  is  done  is 
in  plain  vicdation  of  the  Constitution.  Northern  Securities  Co.  i;. 
Uiuted  States,  193  U.  S,  197,  and  authorities  there  cited.  In  this 
connection  wc  may  refer  to  Johnson  r.  Railroad,  196  U.S.  1  [see  Bulle- 
tin No.  56,  p.  30.'i),  relied  on  in  argument,  which  case  arose  under  the 
act  of  Congress  of  Afarch  2,  Ksy3.  27  Stat.  531,  c.  196.  That  act 
required  carriers  engaged  in  interstate  commerce  to  equip  their  cars 
used  in  such  commerce  with  automatic  couplers  and  continuous 
brakes,  and  their  locomotives  with  <lriving-whccl  brakes.  But  the 
act  upon  lU  face  showeti  that  its  object  was  t^)  promote  the  safety  of 
employees  an<l  travelers  upon  railroads;  and  this  court  sustainetl  its 
valulity  upon  the  gnmnd  tnat  it  manifestly  had  reference  to  interstate 
commerce  and  was  culculatc<l  t<i  siibsi^rvo  the  interests  of  such  com- 
merce by  afTording  protection  to  employees  and  traveler.  It  was 
held  that  there  was  a  substantial  connection  between  the  object 
sought  to  })e  attained  ])V  the  act  and  the  means  provicled  to  accdin- 
plish  that  object.  So,  In  regard  to  Howard  v.  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road, etc.,  decideil  at  the  present  term.  No,  216.  See  Btdlctin  No, 
74,  p.  210.]  In  that  case  tho  coiu't  sustained  the  authority  of  Congress, 
untlcr  its  power  to  regtilate  interstate  commerce,  to  prescribe  the  rule 
of  lia!)i!ity,  *ls  l^^tween  int>erstate  carriers  and  its  emjdovees  in  such 
interstate  commerce,  in  cases  of  personal  injuries  receive*!  by  employ- 
ees wldlc  actually  engaged  in  such  connucrce.  The  decision  on  this 
point  was  placcJ  on  the  ground  that  a  rule  of  that  character  would 
nave  direct  reference  to  tlie  conduct  of  interstate  conmierce,  and 
would,  therefore,  be  within  the  coiu])etenc3'"  of  Congress  to  establish 
fi»r  c*>!n!nerce  imiong  the  States,  but  not  as  to  commerce  completely 
ii  Mnnifcstly,  any  rule  pri^scrilx'd  for  tho  c<induct<>f 

ill  I  -  0,  in  urder  to  be  within  the  competency  of  Congress 


uudvr  iu  pow«r  to  rt^^iUlo  c»ommeroe  among  tli«  Btat«c»,  must  hkrt 

some  real  or  sii]>6t  'ti  to  or  connet^iion  v    "     '      •  omtiierrc 

rc«c"*''*^*''     ^^^  u<  h^fk\  or  Jo<ri#*ul  <■*.  Ls  Lbett 

betw«H'n  ttU  ^nplovi-c'e  iiienil<erHhip  in  a  I;  '  '\  ami  th* 

c*rrviug  OH  *»f  int<.T!<tttt<»  ronimercof     Such  i  •  r  or^jutj- 

jiation  can  not  Uave,  in  iUflf  and  in  the  eye  of  the  law,  anv  brnnnst 

upon  the  conuncrce  with  %iiir.h   the  employee  is  connect*-'   '•>     >'r^ 

IiU>or  and  Bon'icca.     L«}>or  ittMK>eialioDs,  we  asBumc,  are  ory  r 

tJio  ^rcnrnil  i)urpoM*  of  improving  i>r  ]>etterinp  iho  cou<lif  i 

etrvinp  the  jnter**st.s  of  its  inemhrrs»is  wiif^i^-eurnprs — mi  • 

h*^  1 1  mute    an*l    to    he    ronimrinleii    rather    thiin    ronU' 

Rureiy  thosH*  juteoi'intions  »:»  Uhur  or^uni/iitionit  hnve  i 

\i'ilh  InterstHte  conuneree  as  such.     ()no  wlio  ev. 

&n  int<'i*s(nl^  currier  will,  it  must  ho  a88uiiie(l,  i 

duty,  whether  lie  Uo  a  nieniher  or  not  a  ineinher  of  a  laimr  ' 

lion.     HiA  iitneas  for  the  position  in  vkhit*h  he  laWrs  hikI  t>'-  > 

in  tlie  tlischarjce  of  his  ilulie.^  can  not  iu  law  or  f«ouud  ren 

any  degree  upon  his  beinjj  fir  not  being  a  raeniher  of  a  lal»i»r 

lion.     It  can  not  he  assumed  that  his  litneft;*^  h<  asHured,  or  hi 

jjenee  increaActl.  hv  such  meml»crKhip,  or  thai   he  is  lees  fit  of 

uihpent  hecaus**  of  li'iH  n»i!  hein^  a  niciiiherof  ."^nch  an  or^:&nmkUon. 

is  I  he  employee  asu  man  and  not  a  fa  labor  of^iiizalK 

who  labors  in  liie  ser>'ice  at  an  int*-;  Will  it  be  sitiii  ih 

the  provisi<}n  in  qui*»tion  hud  il8  origin  in  the  uppnOieni^ion.  on 

part  of  C\»ngre*w,  that  if  it  did  not  show  more  ci»nsidoraUon  for  loci 

bers  of  labor  orpmii/ationii  tlian  for  \\ ap^^-earners  who  were  not  mei 

bcrs  of  such  on^unizuiions,  or  if  it  did  not  in.s<»rt  in  th<^  statute. 

such  provi:^ii>n  as  tlie  one  here  in  que>«tion,  incnilK?rs  of  labor  oi 

tiouH  would,  i  I  itr  violent  mea*iureii,  internipt  • 

freedom  ufco:!  iiiionp  llic  States?     We  will  n<»t  i 

RUch  conjivtun^^  n«»i'  itinke  iheui,  in  wh(»le  ur  in  part,  the  buMs  ol  nur 

4irciNi(jn.     We  could  not  do  mo  con.'<islenlly  witli  the  respect  due  to  u. 

coordinate  defiartment  of  the  (ioveminent.     Wo  cnulil  not  ilo  so  ^ 

out  imjiiitin^  to  (.'i>ncreKH  tlie  purfjuso  Ut  accord  to  one  rl-^-  .  '  %, 

mniers  i»rivilef;eHwitrdield  from  another  class  of  w;ij;e-eai 

it  may  i>e,  in  ijie  .same  kintl  of  labor  and  serving'  the  siunr  n-.i 

Nor  will  we  assume,  in  our  consHderation  of  tliis  cii.»»e,  that  mejnl 

ImI.  .     ,       ■     ,■  -:■;..,.,■: 

I"  ,,    .  , 


'   toj] 

1  rk*i 

lIlC    ptil  , 

4 

:  i:.    Villi 

,  t 

■  ••  -111 

. ... -. ....  '     '  1  •  i'. 

Hi'.  -Tfl 
1 

1  lU  111'  liie  bI 

I .  and  of  del' 

i.s  no  sudi  ccjtuirction  between 
I*  In  a  lahor  or^ani/^tii>u  as  t^>  un 

rjNt  the  United  vState«  for  an  a^ent  of 
i  ^'c  an  employee  because  of  such  inemlii'i  -i 
•^r  exists  in  Coiiffress  it  i^  diilicult  Ui  p 

*  >iihlte   Tr- 

l'»v  ir»   (■ 


it  ion  of  the 

,1.1  to  which  wc ^  - 

a  regulation  of  inteniiaLc 


X*. 


We 


DECIS10N9    OF   COURTS    AI-^FECTTNO    LABOR. 


641 


jcarcHy  repent  wlmt  this  court  Uha  more  thau  (jnr«  saul,  that  tlto 
bower  to  regulate*  interstate  conunerce,  great  and  paramount  as  tliat 
^OWM"  1!^,  ran  ni>t  he  t'xorto*!  in  violatidn  of  any  funtiunientui  right 
secured  by  other  provisions  of  llic  Constitution,  (Gibbons  v,  Ogden, 
9  T\lxeat.  1,  196;  J-ottcry  Vnse,  188  U.  S.  321,  3o3.) 

It  results,  on  tiic  whole  ca^se,  that  the  provision  of  the  statute  untler 
which  the  defendant  was  convit  ted  must  be  held  to  be  repugn;iut  to 
the  fifth  amendment  anil  as  not  embraced  }»y  nor  within  the  power 
of  Con^-ss  to  regulate  interstate  commerce,  but  under  the  ^ise  of 
n^ulatin^  int(*rstate  commerce  and  as  applied  to  this  case  it  arbi- 
trarily sanctions  an  ill^^pal  invasion  of  the  personal  liberty  as  well  as 
the  r^rht  of  property  of  Uie  defemlant  Adair. 

Wo  add  that  since  the  part  of  the  act  of  1898  upon  which  the  first 
count  of  the  indictment  is  based,  and  upon  which  alone  the  defendant 
was  convictetl,  Ls  severable  from  its  otht^r  parts,  and  as  what  has  been 
said  is  sufticient  to  disr»ose  of  the  present  case,  we  are  not  called  upon 
to  consider  otiier  lUiu  independent  jjrovisions  of  the  act,  ttuch,  for 
iiiistuuce,  as  the  provisions  rdatinj;  t^*  arbitration.  Tliis  decision  is 
tlicrefore  n'stricted  to  the  question  of  the  vaUdity  of  the  particular 
pn>viaion  in  the  act  of  Congress  makin^^  it  a  crime  against  tne  United 
States  for  an  agent  or  ofliccr  of  an  interstate  carrier  to  discliar«:e  an 
emphjyee  from  its  service  because  of  his  bein^  a  member  of  a  Tabor 
orjjauization. 

fhe  judgment  must  be  reversed,  with  directions  to  set  aside  the 
venlict  and  judgment  of  conviction,  sustain  the  demurrer  to  the  indict- 
incut,  and  dismiss  the  ease. 

Mr,  Justice  McKenna  dissenting,  said: 

The  opinion  of  the  court  procceils  upon  somcwlml  narrow  lines  and 
either  omits  or  does  not  give  adequate  prominence  to  the  considera- 
tions which.  1  tiiink,  are  determinative  of  the  questions  in  the  case. 
Tlic  princiole  up*iu  which  the  o|»iniou  is  grounded  Ls,  as  I  understand 
it,  that  a  labor  organization  Iuls  no  le^al  or  logical  connection  wiUi 
hi'  *  r  commerce,  auil  that  the  fitness  of  an  en»ph»vee  lias  no 
<!■  *'<*  nr  rpJutiori  with  his  mcml>ershipin  such  organixution.     It 

i  "   '1  that  to  n\strain  his  dLsi-har^^o  merely  on  account  of 

SI  is  an  iiiviiiion  of  the  liberty  of  the  carrier  guaran- 

teed In  tiu-  (ifth  amendment  of  the  ('onstitulion  of  the  United  States. 
Tlie  conclusion  is  irresistible  if  the  propositions  from  which  it  is 
dciluced  may  be  \'iewcd  as  abstractly  as  the  opinion  views  them. 
Mav  they  be  so  viewed? 

A  summary  of  the  act  is  ne«ces3ary  to  understand  section  10. 
Detach  tlmt  section  from  the  other  provisions  of  the  act  and  it  might 
be  oj>en  to  cumhmmatiiin. 

The  lir-  ■  '  ■'  '     *  -nates  the  carriers  to  whom  it  sh*dl 

apply,    'j  it  tlie  duty  of  the  chairman  of  the 

IniiTstat'  inr»  tin<l  the  Comiiiissioner  of  Labt»r,  in 

case  of  a  <i  .-rs  and  tlieij' employees  which  UireateiLS 

to  interrupt  the  business  of  tiie  carriers,  U>  put  themselves  in  com- 
ii>iiii;,M.i;,>ii  with  Uie  parties  Ut  tlie  controversy  and  use  elforts  to 
*'  >n  And  conciliation."    If  the  elTorts  fail,  then  section  3  pro- 

vi'iiN  i->i  ihe  appotntmeut  of  a  board  of  arbitration — one  to  be  named 
by  the  carrier,  one  by  the  labor  ort^anixation  to  which  the  employeea 
belong,  and  Uie  two  thus  chowen  sinall  select  a  third. 


BITLLETTN   OF  THE   BUREAU   OP  LABOR. 


I 


There  is  iv  provision  that  if  the  employees  belong  to  different 
organiztitioas  they  shnll  concur  in  tlio  selection  of  trie  arbitrator. 
The  board  is  to  give  licarings;  power  is  vostetl  in  the  boanl  to  summon 
witnesses,  and  provision  is  made  for  filing  the  award  in  the  clerk's 
olTice  of  the  circuit  court  of  the  United  States  for  tiie  district  where  the 
controversy  arose.  Other  sections  complete  the  scheme  of  arbitration 
thus  outlinctl,  aU4l  make,  as  far  as  possible,  the  pn»ceedinjj8  of  the 
arbitrators  judicial,  and  pending  them  put  restrictions  on  the  parliciJ 
and  damages  for  violation  of  the  restric(ions. 

Even  from  tliis  meager  outline  may  be  perceived  the  justification 
and  force  of  section  10.  It  prohibjls  discrimination  by  a  carrier 
engaged  in  interstate  commerce,  in  the  employment  under  the  circum- 
stances hereafter  mentioned  or  the  discnarge  from  emplovment  of 
members  of  labor  organizations  "because  of  such  meniLerahip." 
This  the  opinion  condemns.  The  actions  prohibitetl,  it  is  assert<*d, 
are  part  of  the  liberty  of  a  currier  protected  by  the  Constitution  of, 
the  United  States  from  Lmitation  or  regulation.  I  may  ohser%*e  that* 
the  declaration  is  clear  and  unembarnuss<*d  by  any  materiui  benefit  to 
the  carrier  from  its  exercise.  It  may  be  exercised  witli  rcascm  or 
without  reason,  though  the  business  of  the  earner  is  of  public  concern. 
This,  then,  is  the  contention,  and  I  bring  its  elements  uito  bold  relief 
to  submit  against  them  what  I  deem  to  be  stronger  considerations, 
base<i  on  the  statute  and  sustained  by  authority. 

I  take  for  granted  that  the  expressions  of  the  opinion  of  the  court. 
which  seems  to  indicate  that  the  provisions  of  section  10  are  illegal, 
because  their  violation  is  made  criniijial,  are  used  onlv  for  descrintion' 
and  incidental  emphasis,  and  not  as  the  essentiaf  ground  ol   the 
objections  to  llioso  ])rovisions. 

1  may  assume  at  the  outset  that  the  liberty  guaranteed  by  the  fifth 
amendment  is  not  a  Uberty  free  from  all  reslrnint~s  ar\d  Imiitations- 
and  this  must  be  so  or  government  could  not  be  beneficially  exerciwol 
in  many  cases.     Therefore  in  judging  of  any  legislation  which  imposeaj 
restraints  or  limitations  the  mouiry  must  be,  w*hat  is  their  purpose.' 
and  is  the  purpose  within  one  or  the  powers  of  government?     Apply 
ing  this  principle  imniediately  to  the  present  casi^  without  beatingi 
about  in  the  abstract,  the  inquiiy  must  be  whether  section  10  of  the 
act  of  Congress  has  relation  to  the  purpose  which  induced  the  act  and 
which  it  was  enacted  to  accomplish,  ami  whether  su<'h  purpose  is  in 
aid   of  interalato  commerce  and  not  a   mere  restriction  upon  the 
Lberty  of  carriers  to  employ  whom  the}-  please,  or  to  have  ousinejis 
relations  with  whom  they  please.     In  the  inquiry  there  is  necessarily 
involved  a  detinition  of  mterstato  commerce  and  of  what  ia  a  regula- 
tion of  it.     As  to  the  first,  I  may  concur  with  tlie  opinion;  as  to  tho 
second,  an  immediate  and  guidmg  light  is  afTi»rdcd  by  the  case  of 
Howard  r.  Illinois  It.  K.,  recently  decitled.     In  that  case  there  was 
w»anhing  SiTiitin}''  of  the  powers  of  Congress,  and  it  was  held  to  b< 
competent  to  establish  a  new  nde  of  liability  of  the  carrier  to  hi 
empluyees — in  a  uord,  com|>etent  to  rec;ijlate  the  relations  of  nmstef' 
ana  servant,  a  relation  apparently  remote  from  commerce,  and  one 
wliich  waa  earnestly  urj^ed  by  the  railroad  to  bo  remote  from  com- 
merce.    To  the  contention  the  court  said:  "But  we  may  not  t<»«l  iho 
power  of  Congress  to  regulate  commerce  solely  by  abstractly  r>  -     '  -- 
mg  the  broad  subject  to  M'hich  a  regtilation  relat<\s,  im\sp(  f 

whether  the  regulaiion  in  question  is  ouo  of  int<.»r5tat<5  commerce,     un 


DECISIONS    OF    COURTS    AFFECTING    LABOR. 


643 


h 


the  contrary,  the  test  of  power  isi  not  merely  tlic  matter  regelated,  hut 
whether  the  rejjulation  is  directly  one  of  interstate  commerce  or  is 
emhraced  witliin  the  ^rant  conferred  on  Conorress  to  use  all  lawful 
means  necessary  and  appropriate  to  the  execution  of  that  power  to 
rep^ulate  commerce.*^  In  other  words,  that  the  power  is  not  confined 
to  a  re^ulatictn  of  the  mere  movement  of  poods  or  persons. 

And  there  are  other  examples  in  our  derisions — examples,  too,  of 
liberty  of  contract  and  liberty  of  forming  business  relations  (made 
conspicuous  as  grounds  of  decision  in  the  present  case) — wliich  were 
compelled  to  ^ive  wav  to  the  j>ower  of  Congress.  (Northern  Securi- 
ties Company  ('.  Unileil  States,  193  U.  S.  200.)  In  that  case  exactly 
the  same  dcffnilions  were  made  as  made  here  and  the  snme  contentions 
were  pressed  as  are  pressed  here.  The  Northern  Securities  Com- 
pany WAS  not  ft  roilroad  company.  Its  corporate  powers  were 
limited  to  buyintr,  sellinfr  and  holdinfj  stock,  bonds  and  other  securities, 
and,  it  was  contended,  that  as  such  business  w^as  not  commerce  at 
all  it  ci>uld  not  be  within  the  power  t>f  Con<rress  to  reg:idate.  The 
contention  was  not  j'-ielded  to,  though  it  ha<l  the  support  of  mem- 
bers of  this  court.  Assertim;  the  application  of  the  antitrust  act 
of  1890  to  such  business  and  the  power  of  Congress  to  regulate  it, 
the  court  said  "thnt  a  siunid  construction  of  the  Constitution  allows 
to  Congress  a  Inrge  discretion  *with  resi)ect  to  the  means  by  which 
the  powers  it  [the  commerce  clause)  confers  are  to  bo  carried  int^iexe- 
eutif»n,  wliich  enables  that  body  to  perform  the  hi^h  <luties  assigned 
to  it,  in  the  manner  most  benehcial  to  the  people.' ''  It  was  in  recog- 
nition of  this  principle  that  it  was  declared  in  United  States  v.  Joint 
TraHic  Association,  171  U.S.  571:  '*The  prohibition  of  such  con- 
tracts [contracts  fixing  rates}  may  in  the  judgu\ent  of  Congress  bo 
one  of  the  reasonable  necessities  of  proper  regulation  of  commerce, 
and  Congress  is  the  judge  of  such  necessity  and  propriety,  unless,  in 
case  of  a  possible  gross  perversion  of  the  principle,  ifie  courts  might 
be  applicfl  to  for  relief.  The  contentions  of  the  parties  in  the  case 
invdkeil  the  declaration.  There  as  here  an  opp*)sition  was  asserted 
between  the  liberty  of  the  railroads  to  contract  with  one  another 
and  the  |K)wer  of  Congress  to  regidale  commerce.  That  ptiwer  was 
prono»mct'd  paramount,  and  it  was  not  j>erceived,  as  it  seems  to  be 
perceived  now,  that  it  was  subordinate  and  controlled  by  the  pro- 
visions of  the  fifth  amendment.  Nor  was  the  relation  of  the  power 
of  Congress  to  that  amendment  overlooke<l.  It  was  commented 
upon  and  reconciled.  And  there  is  nothing  whatever  in  Gibbons  v. 
(>gden,  9  Wheat.  1,  or  in  lottery  Case,  1H8  U.  8.  3..M,  which  is  to  the 
contrary, 

From  these  considerations  we  may  pass  to  an  inspection  of  the 
statute  (»f  wliit'h  section  10  is  a  part.,  and  inquire  as  to  its  pui-pose. 
an<l  if  the  means  which  it  employs  has  relation  to  that  purpose  and 
to  interstate  <'ommerce.  The  provisions  of  the  act  are  explicit  and 
present  a  well  coordinated  plan  for  the  settlement  of  disputes  be- 
tween carriers  an<l  their  employees,  by  bringing  the  disputes  to  arbi- 
tration an<l  accommodation,  and  thereby  pn^vent  strikes  and  the 
public  disorder  an<i  derangement  of  business  that  may  be  consefpient 
upon  them.  I  submit  no  worthier  pur[>(»se  can  enirage  legislative 
attention  or  be  tlie  f>bject  of  legislative  action,  and, it  might  be  urged, 
to  attain  which  the  Congressional  judgment  of  means  should  not  bo 
brought  under  a  rigid  Umitatiou  oud  condemned,  if  it  contribute  in 


BLT-LETIN   OF  THE   ftUKBAU   OF  LABOB. 


Wky  decree  to  the  end,  as  a  "gri>ss  perv^eraion  of  the  principle"  of 
regiilutioii,  the  condition  whirli,  it  wo^  suitl  in  United  States  t;.  Joint 
TralFtc  Association,  sunra,  mi^ht  justify  an  appeal  to  the  courts. 

We  ai*e  toM  that  la!oor  associutiuna  are  to  l>e  conmieuJeii.  May 
not  then  Coufrr*?^  recopiize  their  »*xisU>u<^^;  yos,  aud  roc-oj^tiiz*^  flieTr 
power  as  conililions  to  he  counted  with  in  framing  Itii  U'jjislation  ? 
Of  what  use  would  it  bo  to  utteiupt  to  bring  botlic?i  of  men  tt>  a-^rce- 
mcnt  and  compronuae  of  controversies  if  you  p\it  out  of  virw  tl\e 
influences  wlucJi  move  iheni  or  the  fellowship  which  bimi-  —\ 

maylw  controls  and  inii>els  ihein,  whether  righLfuIly  or  wr-    .  , 

to  make  the  cauiM»  of  one  the  cause  tff  all*     And  thiis]»racticiil  witi- 
doui  Conjiress  obsen'etl — ohservoti,  1  loay  say,  not  in  specujaiion  or 
uncertain   previsicm  of  evils,  but  in  expt^ieuee  of  evils— an  expervd 
ence  wliich  approached  to  the  dimensions  of  a  national  calamity  J 
The  facts  (»f  history  sliould  not  be  overlookeii  nor  lite  course  of  le.^iM 
lation.     The  act  iuvolvetl  in  the  present  case  was  preceded  by  ona 
enacted  in  1SS8  of  similar  purport.     (25  Slat.  oOl.)     That  act  ^lid 
not  rwo^ii?ie  labor  associations,  or  tlistin^^uish  lietween  the  members 
of  such  aas*>ciations  and  the  other  employees  of  carriers.     It  failed 
in  its  purpost%  whether  from  defect  in  its  pn»visi<nis  or  otlicr  cause 
we  may  only  conjecture.     At  any  rate,  it  did  not  avert  the  strike  at 
Chicago  in  1894.     Jnvt^tig^ation  followed,  and,  au  a  result  of  it,  the  act 
of  18y8wa8  finally  passeu.     Presumably  its  provisions  and  remeAlv;v 
were  addressetl  to  the  mischief  which  the  act  of  1888  failed  to  rea<» 
ur  avert.     It  was  the  jud^rment  of  Con^rss  that  the  ^cdieme  of  arbM 
tration  mi^ht  be  helped  by  en^aj^njir  in  it  the  labor  aBsociationaJ 
Those  associations  unified  laxlies  of  employees  in  every  deiwirtnunm 
of  the  curriers,  and  this  unity  could  \>e  an  obstacle  or  an  aid  to  arbHJ 
tration.     It  was  attempte<:l  to  be  made  an  aid,  but   \utyv  eouKI  it  be 
made  an  aid  if,  peiiilinjr  the  elForta  of  "mediation  and  cttnciliation' 
of  the  dispute^  as  provide<l  in  section  2  of  the  ai't,  other  provisions 
of  the  act  may  be  arbitrarily  ilisre^arded,  wluch  are  of  comrem  to  liia 
membeni  in  the  dim)utel    llow  can  it  be  an  aid,  how  can  controvenJes 

rliich  niav  seriously  interrujU  or  threaten  to  interrupt  the  business  of 
lers  (I  paraphrase  tli*^  words  of  th»^  statute*),  *»•  avert<*d  <»r  com- 
posed if  the  carrier  can  hrinj^r  on  the  conflict  or  prevent  its  ;■  '  '«, 
settlement  l^y  the  excrcis**  of  mere  wlam  ami  caprice?     1  >  j' 
whim  or  caprice,  for  this  is  the  liberty  which  is  attempted  to  W-  vin- 
dicated as  the  const itutioual  rijrht  of  the  earners.     ^Vntl  it  mav  Iw^ 
exercised  in  mere  ivhim  and  caprice.     If  ability,  the  qiuilittes  u( nG^ 
cient  anil  faithful  workmanship  can  be  fomid  outaide  of  labor  as»iiri»l 
tions,  surely  they  may  be  founil  inside  of  them.     Liberty  is  an  attracJ 
tive  theme,  but  the  hl>erty  which  is  exercised  m  Bheitr  unti|*athy  does 
not  plead  strongly  for  r*MoL:nition. 

Tiiere  is  no  Question  here  of  (he  ri^'lit  of  a  carrier  to  '         '  '    -i . 

ser*'if«*  *•  iinion  *  :ind  "nonunion"  men.     If  iWn*  w**re. 
Ml'i  exist.      In  such  a   i' 

'■  *'uiuon"  and  no  di  *\\ 

riency  of  an  employcn;  would  be  its  impul 
I  need  not  stop  U^  conjwrture  wheth'r  >         ...    ;.i  i         .     ...dj 

;mtt  such  rifht.     It  m  certain  tltat  Con 
pr   ■  ■  •   ■   iif  tlu*  act  under  iMinaideration.     J 
a.'' 
ai' 


-  not  done  »o  liy 
lex,  spirit  and  purpii 


dy  il»^  otiier  way.    It  imp<i»H^,  however,  a  rc^traiut,  wliia 
ail  DC  noticed      The  carririB  may  not  roquiro  an  applicant  f^ 


DECISIONS    OF    COURTS    AKFEOTXXO     LABOR. 


I 


iplojment  or  an  emplore**  xo  ajrree  not  to  Uectmio  or  remain  a 
luenibcr  of  a  labor  oi^aiilzalion.  But  lliis  does  not  constrain  the 
eniployment  of  aiiA'botly,  he  he  what  he  may. 

But  it  is  i^tiiil  it  can  not  he  sup^Kiscd  that  lalKtr  organixniions  will. 
**by  illegal  or  violent  measures,  intomipt  or  impair  the  froetJom  of 
commerce/'  and  to  so  t^upj^ose  wouhi  he  disrosiKK-t  t*>  a  coordinate 
branch  of  the  Govemmeat  and  to  impute  lt>  it  a  piirpc»se  "to  acconl 

one  class  of  WHgc-enmers  privileges  withhehi  from  another  cIhss  of 

lers  engaged  y  it  may  be,  in  the  same  kind  of  labor  and 

the  same  employer."     Neither  the  suppoi^tion  or  the  dis- 

pect  is  nece-ssarj*,  and,  it  may  be  urged,  they  are  no  more  invidious 
tlian  to  impute  to  Congress  a  careless  or  deliberate  or  purposeless 
violation  of  the  constitutionrti  rights  of  the  carriers,  BesitW,  llie 
legislation  is  to  be  accounted  for.  It  by  its  letter  makes  a  diH'crence 
bet\\een  members  of  labor  organizations  and  other  emplovoes  of 
carriers.  If  it  tVu\  not,  it  would  not  be  here  for  review.  What  did 
Congress  moan?  Had  it  no  purpose?  Was  it  moved  by  no  cause? 
Was  it^  legislation  mere  uantoimess  and  an  aimless  meddhn^  witli 
the  commerce  of  the  country?  These  questions  may  find  tlioir 
answers  in  In  re  Debs,  158  U.  S.  504. 

I  have  said  that  it  is  not  nece^isar}'  to  suppose  that  labor  organiza- 
tions \**ill  violate  the  law,  and  it  is  not.  Their  power  may  be  eifect- 
ively  exercised  without  violence  or  illegahty,  and  it  can  n<it  be  dis- 
pp*ii>eot  to  Congress  to  let  a  committor  of  the  Senato  speak  for  it  and 
tell  ihe  reas4.»n  and  purjx>ses  of  its  legLslalion.  Tlie  C*immittee  on 
Education  in  its  report  said  of  the  bill;  **The  measure  under  con- 
sideration may  properly  be  called  a  voluntaiy  arbitration  bill,  liaving 
for  its  object  the  settlement  of  disputes  between  capital  and  labor,  as 
far  as  the  interstate  transp«-trtatii»n  companies  are  concerned.  Tho 
necessity  for  the  bill  arises  fiom  the  calamitous  results  in  the  way  uf 
ill-consitlered  strikes  arising  from  the  tvranny  of  capital  or  the 
unjust  demands  of  labor  organizations,  whereby  tlie  business  of  iho 
country  is  hroujjht  to  a  standstill  and  thousands  of  emplo^-ees,  with 
their  helpless  ^^ives  and  children,  are  confronted  ^\Tth  stan^atinn." 
And,  concluding  the  rept^rt,  s-aUi:  '^It  is  our  4>pinion  that  tliis  bill, 
should  it  become  a  law,  would  reduce  to  a  minimum  labor  strikes 
which  alTect  intexatate  commerce,  and  we  therefore  recommend  ita 
passage." 

With  the  report  was  submitted  a  letter  from  the  secretary  of  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Commissi<»n,  wluch  expresse^l  the  judgment  of 
that  bodv,  fonncd,  I  may  presume,  from  ex}>erience  of  the  factors  in 
the  probU-m.  The  letter  said:  **With  the  corporalioius  as  employers 
on  one  sitle  and  the  organizations  of  railway  employees  as  the  otlier, 
there  will  be  a  measure  of  equality  of  power  and  force  which  will 
surely  bring  about  the  essential  requisites  of  friendly  relation,  re- 

rt,  consideration,  and  forbearance.*'  And  ajiain:  '*It  has  been 
^■n  before  th«  labor  commission  of  England  that  where  the  asst>- 
ciations  are  strong  enouj^h  to  command  the  resf)ect  of  their  employers 
tiic  relations  between  employer  and  employee  seem  most  amicable. 
Frkf  there  the  employers  have  learned  tlie  pnu-tical  convenience  of 
treating  with  ono  thoroughly  representative  body  instead  of  with 
isoliit«'<l    ff-M  oT   workmen;   and   the  labor  associations  havo 

learned  tin-  ins  of  their  powers." 


n 


i 

'I 

4 


4 

i 


BUI^LRTIN   OF   THE   BUREAU    OF  LA30B. 


It  ia  urged  by  defendant  in  error  that  "there  is  a  marked  distinc- 
tion between  a  power  to  regulate  comnieire  and  a  power  to  regulate 
the  alTairs  of  an  individual  or  corporation  engaged  in  such  commerce/' 
and  how  can  it  bo,  it  is  a^ked,  a  regidalion  of  commerce  to  prevent  a 
carrier  from  selectinjj;  his  employees  or  constraining  him  to  keep  in  hia 
service  those  whose  loyally  to  him  is  ''seriously  impaired,  if  not 
destroyed,  by  their  prior  allegiance  to  their  labor  unions?"  Tlml  the 
power  of  rej^idation  extends  to  the  persons  engajjed  in  interstate 
commerce  is  settled  by  decision.  (Howard  r.  Illinois  CVT>trnl  H.  R., 
supra,  and  the  ca«es  cited  in  Mr.  Justice  Moody's  dissenting  opinion.) 
The  otlier  pn)posilion  points  to  no  evil  or  hazard  of  evil.  Section 
10  docs  not  constrain  toe  employment  of  incompc^tent  workmen  and 
gives  no  encouragement  or  protection  to  the  uisloyalty  of  an  em- 

Eloyee  or  to  deficiency  in  his  work  or  duty.    If  guilty  of  either  he  may 
e   instantly  discharged  without  incurring  any  penalty  under  the 
statute, 

Counsel  also  makes  a  great  deal  tif  the  difference  between  direct 
and  indirect  effect  upon  mterstate  conmierce,  and  assert  that  section 
10  is  an  indirect  regulation  at  best  and  not  within  the  power  of  Con- 
gress to  enact.  Many  (-a^es  are  cited,  winch,  it  is  insisted,  sustain 
the  contention.  I  can  not  take  time  to  review  the  cases.  I  have 
already  alluded  to  the  contention,  and  it  is  enough  to  say  that  it 
gives  too  much  isolation  to  section  10.  The  section  is  part  of  the 
means  to  eecure  and  make  effective  the  scheme  of  arbitration  set 
fortli  in  the  statute.  The  ctmtention,  besides,  is  conipletely  aivswered 
by  llowartl  r.  Illinois  Central  R.  R.,  supra.  Jn  thatcase,  as  wo  have 
seen,  the  power  of  C*tn^ress  was  exercised  to  establish  a  nde  of  lia- 
bility of  a  carrier  to  Ins  employees  for  personal  injuries  received  in 
his  service.  It  is  manifest  that  the  kintl  or  extent  of  such  liability 
ia  neither  trafRc  nor  intercourse,  the  transit  of  persons  or  tlie  carr%'ing 
of  things.  Indeed  such  liability  may  have  wioer  application  than  to 
carriers.  It  may  exLst  in  a  factor^';  it  may  exist  on  a  farm,  and  in 
both  places,  or  in  commerce— its  direct  influence  might  be  hard  to 
find  or  describe.  And  yet  this  court  di»l  not  hesitate  to  pronounce 
it  to  be  %Nithin  the  power  of  Congress  to  establi.sh.  "The  primary 
object/'  it  was  said  in  Johnson  v.  Railn>ad,  196  I^.  ft.  1.  of  the  .safety- 
appliance  act,  *'was  to  promote  the  public  welfare  by  securing  the 
safety  of  employees  and  travelers."  The  rule  of  Hubility  for  injuries 
is  even  more  round  about  in  its  influence  on  commerce  ami  a^  much 
so  as  the  prohibition  of  section  10.  To  contend  otherwise  seems  to 
me  to  he  an  oversight  of  the  proporti<m  of  tilings.  A  provision  of 
law  which  will  prevent  or  tend  to  prevent  the  stoppage  of  every 
wheel  in  every  car  of  an  entire  railroad  system  certiiinly  ]u\^  fis  direcfc 
influence  on  interstate  commerce  as  the  way  in  which  one  car  may  be 
coupled  to  another,  or  the  rule  of  liability  for  pei-si>nal  injuries  to  an 
employee.  It  also  seems  to  me  to  be  an  oversight  of  tl»e  proporfinna 
of  things  to  contend  that  in  onler  t*)  encotirage  a  ptdicy  of  arbitration 
l)etween  carriers  and  their  employees  wliich  may  prevent  a  disastrous 
interniption  of  commerce,  the  derangement  of  business,  and  even 
greater  evils  to  the  public  welfare,  Congress  can  not  restrain  the 
dlsciturge  of  an  employee,  and  yet  can,  to  enforce  a  policy  of  unre* 
strained  competition  between  railroads,  prohibit  reixfionable  agree- 
nientri  between  them  as  to  the  rates  iitercliauflise  shall  V»e  curried. 
id  mark  the  caatrost  of  what  la  prohibited.     lu  the  ouc  case  tiio 


DECISIONS    OF    COURTS    AKFKCTING    LABOR.  647 

restraint,  it  may  be,  of  a  wliim — certainly  of  nothing  that  affects  tlio 
ability  of  an  employee  to  perform  his  duties;  nothing,  therefore, 
wlxich  is  of  any  material  interest  to  the  carrier;  in  the  other  case  a 
restraint  of  a  c^ref^llly  cunsiilerod  jH>licy  whi<'li  hatl  aa  its  nuttivo 
great  material  interests  and  benefits  to  the  railroads,  and,  in  the 
opinion  t»f  many,  to  the  public.  May  such  action  bo  re.strictc<l, 
must  it  give  away  to  the  public  welfare,  wliilo  the  other,  moved,  it 
may  be.  bj''  prejudice  ana  antagonism,  is  intrenclied  impregnably 
in  the  fifth  amendment  of  the  Con^ititution  against  Regulation  in  the 
^^  public  interest. 

^p  I  would  not  be  misunderstood.  I  grant  that  there  are  rights  wliich 
^^  can  have  j\o  material  measure.  There  are  rights  which,  when  exer- 
cised in  a  private  business,  may  not  be  disturbed  or  liiiiitctl.  With 
them  we  are  not  concerned.  We  are  deaUnw  with  rights  exercised 
in  a  quasi  public  business  and  therefore  subject  to  control  in  tlio 
intorejst  of  the  pubhc. 

1  tliink  the  judgment  should  be  afl&rmed. 

I  Mr.  Justice  Holmes,  dissenting,  said: 
I  also  think  that  the  statute  is  constitutional,  and  but  for  tho  deci- 
sion of  my  brethren  I  should  have  felt  nretty  dear  about  it. 
As  we  all  know^  there  are  -*ipecial  laoor  unions  of  men  engaged  in 
the  service  of  carriers.  These  unions  exercise  a  direct  inlluence  upon 
the  employment  of  labor  in  that  business,  upon  the  terms  of  such  em- 
ployment ami  upon  the  business  itself.  Their  very  existence  is 
directed  specifically  to  the  business,  and  their  connet'timi  with  it  is  at 

■  least  as  intimate  and  important  ha  that  of  safety  couplers,  and,  I 
should  think,  as  the  Uabihty  of  master  to  s<^rvant,  matters  which,  it 
is  a<lmitted.  Congress  might  regulate,  so  far  as  they  concern  com- 

*mercG  among  the  States.  I  suppose  that  it  hanlly  would  be  denied 
that  some  of  the  relations  of  railroads  witli  unions  of  railroa*l  em- 
ployees are  closely  eni)Ugh  connected  with  commerce  to  justify  legis- 
lation bv  Congress.  If  so,  legislation  to  prevent  the  exclusion  of  such 
unions  from  employment  is  sufficiently  near. 

The  ground  on  w^hich  this  particular  law  is  held  bail  is  not  so  much 

I  that  it  deals  with  matters  remote  from  commerce  among  tho  States,  as 
that  it  interferes  with  the  paramount  individual  rights  secured  by  the 
fifth  ametidment.     The  section  is.  in  substance,  a  very  Iimite»l  inter- 
ference wiih  freedom  of  contract,  no  more.     It  <loeii  not  n»(iuire  the 
carriers  to  employ  an^'one.     It  does  not  forbid   them  to  refuse  to 
^—employ  anyone,  for  any  reasmi   they  deem  good,  even   when*   tho 
^■notion  of  a  choice  of  persons  is  a  fiction  and  wholesale  employment 
^■is  necessary  upon  general  principles  that  it  might  be  proper  to  con- 
^1  tro).     The  section  simply  prohibitjs  the  more  powerful  party  to  exact 
^■certain  umlortakings,  or  to  threaten  diHuiissnl  or  xinjustly  discrimi- 
^■nate  on  certain  grounds  again.st  tlmse  already  employetl.     I  hardly 
can  suppose  that  the  grounds  on  which  a  contract  lawfully  may  >)e 
made  t<>  en<l  are  le.ss  open  to  regulation  than  t»!hrr  terms.     So  1  turn 
to  the  general  question  whether  the  empln>Tneni  can  l>e  regidatetl  at 
all.     I  confess  that  I  think  that  the  right  to  make  contracts  at  will 
lat  has  been  derived  from  the  word  liberty  iu  the  amendments  has 
>een  stn^tched  to  il.s  extreme  by  the  decisions;  but  they  agree  that 
imetimes  the  right  may  be  restrained.     Where  there  is,  or  generally 
is  Ix^lit'ved  to  be.  nn  important  ground  of  public  policy  for  reMraint 

3rf3»i   -  .Vi  I.  TA—OS 2-1 


^ 


BULXJ-:TIN    of   the   BCB£4U  -of  tABOB. 

tlie  Constitution  Jofs  not  forbid  it,  whclJitT  Uiu  court  a^i^ws  or  di&- 
apit^es  with  th«  jH)licy  piirsaiotl.  It  can  not  hf  duuLt^il  tliat  to  pre- 
vent strikes,  and,  so  far  as  possible,  to  fostfT  its  scheme  of  nrhitratJonj 
lui^ht.  bt»  d<»<*uied  by  Congress  an  ini|xirtaiit  )H)int  of  ]>oli<'V.  and  I 
tUink  it  impossible  to  say  that  Con^ss  juight  not  rp^souMlily  ihlnk 
that  tlie  pro'vision  m  fjueslinn  would  help  a  ^ood  d<W  to  cnrry  ii-a 
policy  aliinj;.  But  suppose  llu^  only  ett'isrt  peally  wt-re  to  tend  to 
Dring  about  the  complete?  iini<»niziii;:;  of  such  rniin»a4l  laboiv^rs  «3 
(^ingress  can  d«»al  witu,  I  thiuk  that  object  alone  wtmUi  juM 
art.  I  (|uitc  agree  that  the  f|Uestion  what  and  \io\k  much  g<.^' 
uuion.H  d*»,  is  one  on  wliich  iuUdli^ent  |>coplo  may  ditler — I  lliink  ihat 
laboriuji  men  sometimes  attribute  to  Uiem  advautapvs  as  many 
aUriF>nte  to  cond>iuRtions  of  capital  disadvant-a^s,  that  rc«liv  are 
ihie  to  economic  conditions  of  a  far  wider  and  deewr  kind — but  I 
coukl  not  pr<jn(»nnce  it  unwarranted  if  Confess  &hi*tjld  decide  that  to 
foster  a  stron;^  union  was  f»)r  the  l»est  interest,  not  only  of  the  raeu,  but 
of  the  nuiroails  and  the  country  at  larj^. 

DECISIONS  UNT>ER  COliOfON  TAW. 


Emploter     Asn    Empuotke — Relation — SmnExr     Kir^imax — 
FiAt-DtxEXT    Represent ATiox« — ErrRcr   ox   Lubiutt — XMfM 

ond  11V*f cm  Uaihvfiy  Co-mjmny  r.  Fiovdiwnnfs  Aflfviu^ftfmlor.  Snprrtne 
Court  ojApj>eaU  of  Virginia,  ^9  South ta^ttrn  U*p*>vtrTy  }*ngc  10[*1.  -In 
this  case  action  was  brought  to  recover  for  the  death  of  one  Bondu- 
rnnt.  wiio  was  accidentally  kilW  while  actinjr  as  a  student  fjrenian  *ni 
an  engine  of  the  Norfolk  and  Western  Railway  Company.  The  eri- 
<ktnce  disclosed  the  fact  that  Bondtirnnt  had  pracliceil  fraud  in  ord^r 
secure  hl.s  position,  representing  that  he  was  more  than  21  years  of 
if  a  rule  t»f  the  cxunpan}'  prohibiting;  the  enjpJoyment  of  luinurs  in 
euch  position  without  the  consent  of  the  parent  or  guardian.  Tbs 
case  was  tried  in  the  circuit  court  of  Aniher*t  rounty. 
judgment  hyr  tlie  jjlaintiff.  The  trial  proceeded  upon  the 
thai  the  relation  of  master  and  ser\'ant  actually  existed, 
tion  was  denied  by  the  railroad  cnnipiUiV)  "-ud  on  appeal 
c<»urt  ndeii  tliat  tLe  relation  of  niM.'^tcr  and  sei-vant  ditl  ii 
th«t  no  damages  wt»iv  recoverable  in  Uie  circiimstAnees, 
cipal  features  of  ihe  opinion  of  the  court,  which  wos  delivered  by 
Judge  Keith,  are  repntduced: 

A  student  fireman  may,  or  may  not,  bo  an  employee 

\s  or  not  in  a  p.- 

In  W^M^i^^fT  r 
v\i\   '  ioj-,  it  \\ki<,  hi'ld  I 

frci  int  at  \\\s  own  t^ 

tlel'i'iidant.  lor  (he  purjiotie  of  gaiiiit; 

pelrf^nt  to  hvi  ftjs  a  retnilar  brakcmaii,  ; 

<lefendant's  onlers,  and  was  recjuired  to  perform 
of  brakenian  b-h  Mere  allotted  Ui  him,  was  a  fellou-.-  i 
hrnkeiuen,  although  he  was*  receiving  no  pecuuiarj-  r 


-ftve 

.^■iiori 
This  poai- 

and 
The  prtti- 


Wiether  he 

:^  Par.  439, 
«>n 
^  of 

,       !    to 

marv  duties 


^ 


N 


^^^P  DECISIONS   OF   OOUBTS   AFFBOTlNa   LABOK.  649 

-Sti.  In  Burstow  r.  01*1  Colony  R.  Co.,  143  Mass.  535,  10  X.  E.  255,  it 
pipM  held  that  if  a  Mrson  undertake  voluntarily  t^  perform  service  for 
a  Corporation,  ano  the  ajreut  of  such  ciirp»>ration  assents  to  his  per- 
foruimoj  such  service,  he  stands  in  the  relation  of  a  servant  of  the  cor- 
poration while  90  enframed,  whicJi  is  the  proposition  in  this  case  for 
which  we  presume  it  was  cite<i  hy  the  defendant  ineiTor,  and  as  to  the 
correctness  of  which  there  ran  be  no  doubt. 

In  }tlillsap's  Aihn'r  r.  Jjouisville,  etc.,  Ry,  Co.,  69  Miss.  423,  13 
South.  006,  it  was  held  that  one  who  hy  pennission  of  a  railway  com- 
pany acts  as  fireman  of  its  locomotive  is  a  senant  of  the  company, 
thoujrh  he  ads  without  c<xnipensation  merely  to  learn  the  busmess. 
He  was  also  held  to  be  a  fellow-servant  of  the  train  ilispatcher,  whose 
negliji:cncei  caused  the  injury,  and  therefore  a  recovery  was  tlenie<l. 

But  in  none  of  these  cat^es  wa*^  there  miHrepresentation  as  to  age  or  a 
rule  jirohibitin^  the  empKiyment  of  infants. 

In  all  of  these  cases  Uiere  is  an  absence  of  two  circumstajicea  upon 
wluch  plaintiff  in  error  rests  its  case:  First,  that  tlie  railroad  com- 
pany pmhibit<»d  the  empiovment  of  an  infant;  and,  second,  that  tlie 
oeceased,  by  misrepre^^ntrnj;  his  ajro,  obtained  permission  to  ride 
uj>on  the  enpine  where  ho  was  injured. 

Cases  of  negligence  have  become  so  numerous  that  it  is  impossible 
to  discuss  all  tiiat  bear  upon  t}ic  subject,  and  therefore  it  becomes 
neoeasary  to  select  those  which  are  most  pertinent. 

In  the'^case  of  Fitzmaurice  v.  N.  Y.,  N.  11.  &  II.  R.  Co.,  192  Mass. 
159,  78  N.  E.  41S,  6  L.  R.  A.  (.\.  S.)  Il-i6,  the  facts  were  as  follows: 
The  plnintitf,  wlale  riding  ufHrn  a  train  of  the  defendant,  was  injured 
by  a  collision,  and  no  question  was  made  that  she  would  have  l»eea 
ejililled  to  a  venlict  in  her  favor  if  she  had  been  a  passenger.  She 
was  a  minor,  and  was  ridin^r  upon  a  three-months  season  ticket 
which  \\*is  t^ood  <»nly  for  students  under  IS  years  of  a^e.  She  had 
obtained  this  ticket  by  preaentine  to  the  defendant's  ticket  agent  a 
oertiiicate,  puqnirting  to  he  sitrneil  by  her  father,  that  she  was  under 
IS  vears  of  atje  and  was  a  pupil  in  the  Hollander  Art  School^  Boston, 
and  apxt'<^ii^  that  she  wi>uld  not  use  the  ticket  otherwise  than  in 
i;oin;;  to  and  from  scho^^l,  and  also  presenting  a  certificate,  purportiji^ 
to  be  signed  by  "J.  F,  Miner,  rrincipal,  Hollander  Art  School. 
Bovlnton  Stre**t^  Boston,  Mass.,"  that  slio  Wiis  a  pupil  in  his  school 
unci  as  he  fully  beheved  intended  to  remain  so  for  the  next  three 
months.  She  }\-ns  at  this  lime  over  IS  years  of  age,  as  she  testified, 
lived  in  Marlboro,  and  was  employe<l  in  Hollander's  dry  gt>odfl  store 
in  Boston.  Tlie  regular  price  for  a  season  ticket  was  $,'J'2.  The 
reduced  rate  for  students  under  18  years  of  age,  at  which  the  plaintiT 
procured  it,  was  $16.  She  had  been  ritling  up<ui  this  ticket  nearly 
eivmry  day,  exc<«pt  Sunday,  for  over  a  mouth,  and  tiie  coupons  had 
been  receiver!  by  tlio  conductor.  Uj>on  the  face  of  the  ticicet  were 
tlic  wtifds:  '*Good  <»iily  for  a  person  imder  IS  years  of  age."  The 
jur\'  having  foimd  the  amount  of  the  plaint ilT's  damages,  if  she  was 
eutitled  to  I'e^'over,  the  ju<lge  onleretl  a  verdict  for  the  defendant. 
Upon  this  state  of  facts,  the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts  held: 
The  defendant  had  the  right  to  establish  a  reducx?d  i'ate  for 
students  under  a  fixtnl  age,  ♦  ♦  *  The  plainliiT  knew  that  she 
did  not  come  within  the  class  to  which  this  offer  of  a  reduced  rato 
was  made,  and  obtained  her  ticket  by  presenting  certilicatos  of  facta 


BCU-ETIN  OF  THE   BUREAU   OF   LABOR. 


which  she  knew  io  he  false.  She  thus  obtained  by  false  representa- 
tions a  ticket  to  wliich  she  knew  that  she  was  not  entitled.  Whatever 
rights  she  had  to  bo  regarded  as  a  passenfjer  on  the  defendant's  train 
she  had  acquire<l  solely  by  the  fraud  wliich  she  hail  practiced  upon 
the  defendant.  She  had  no  ri^ht  to  profit  by  her  fraud.  She  had 
no  right  to  rely  upon  the  consent  of  the  railway  company  t4^  her 
entering  its  tram  as  a  passenger,  when  she  had  obtained  that  consent 
merely  by  gross  misrepresentations.  Accordint^ly  she  was  not  law- 
fully upon  the  defendant's  train.  She  was  in  no  better  position 
than  that  of  a  mere  trespasser.  This  principle  has  been  aifirmed 
in  other  jurisdictions.  Thus  it  has  been  hold  that  a  person  traveliiuj 
over  a  railroad  on  a  free  pass  or  a  mileage  ticket  which  had  been 
issued  to  another  name  and  was  not  transferable  was  barred  by  Ids 
fraudulent  con<iuct  from  recovering  for  a  jjersonal  injury,  unless  it  was 
due  to  negligence  so  gross  as  to  show  a  wdlful  injury.  If  tlie  plaintifT 
had  fraudulently  evaded  tlie  payment  *>f  any  fare,  sfie  certainly  would 
not  have  become  a  passeiiger,  and  the  defendant's  utmost  duty  to  her 
while  she  was  upon  its  train  would  have  been  to  abstain  from  doin<:  her 
any  willful  or  reckless  injuri\  But  such  a  case  can  not  be  distinguished 
in  principle  from  the  case  at  bar,  in  which  the  plaintiff  obtaineil  her 
ticket  at  a  rethiced  price  by  successfully  practicing  a  fraud.  The  only 
relalicm  which  existed  lietween  the  plaintiir  and  defendant  was  in- 
duced by  her  fraud;  and  she  can  not  be  allowed  to  set  up  that  relation 
against  the  defeiulant  as  a  basis  of  recovery. 

This  case  is  annotated  in  6  L.  R.  A.  (N.  S.)  IHfi,  and  a  number 
of  cases  not  cited  in  the  opinion  are  mentioned  iu  the  note;  and  it 
seems  to  us  to  be  not  only  good  law,  but  good  morals,  as  well.  It  bo 
compl(»ti'ly  covers  tlie  case  under  cousideralion,  and  is  so  well  sup- 
ported by  the  reasoning  of  the  court  and  the  authorities  cited,  that 
we  are  cdiitcnt  to  rest  upon  it. 

Defendant  in  error  relies  also  upon  tlie  argument  that  there  waa 
no  relation  between  the  misrepresentation  of  Bondurant  as  to  his 
age  and  the  accident  by  which  li^  was  lujured. 

It  is  true  that  his  being  an  infant  in  no  way  contributed  to  tho 
accident.  It  is  equally  true  that  in  Fitzmaurice  t».  Railroad,  supra, 
the  fact  that  phiintilV  was  over  18  years  of  age  in  no  wise  contributed 
to  the  accident.  Doulitlcss  the  accident  would  have  taken  place, 
whether  Bondurant  had  beeu  upon  the  engine  or  not;  but,  if  he 
hail  not  been  upon  the  enpine,  he  would  not  have  been  iiijuretl  by 
the  collisi(»n.  The  oontrolliiig  cjueslion  in  tliis  case,  howevi»r,  is: 
In  what  relation  did  the  intestate  of  tho  defendant  in  error  stand  to 
the  railroml  company  at  the  time  of  the  injury,  and  what  duty  did 
the  railroad  company  owe  to  him  I  It  is  as  true  of  him  as  it  was  of 
Miss  Fitzmaurice  that  the  only  relation  which  existed  between  liim 
and  tin  '  1  coinpHny  was  induced  by  fraud.  But  for  his  fraud 
and  ni  itatioii,  he  could  never  have  been  up*tn  the  engine. 

lie  was,  Uunl<»re,  a  trespasser,  or  at  most  a  bare  licensee,  to. whom 
the  railroad  company  st^»od  in  no  contractual  relation  and  owed  no 
other  duly  than  not  to  injure  liim  recklessly,  wantonly,  or  willfully- 


LAWS  OF  VAEIOUS  STATES  RELAXIKQ  TO  LABOR.  ENACXEB  SIKCE 

JANTJARY  1.   1904. 

JTbo  Tentti  SpecUl  Report  of  this  BureAU  contain*  all  lnws  of  the  \-*riotu  St«te«  and  Territort«j  aiuJ 
of  the  Untied  Suua  relAUns  to  Ubor.  lu  force  Jiiaimr)'  l.  HM.  LMt«r  ouutunmu  nie  rvjinKlucwd  In 
■uocw^Tv tMiau  of  tiiQ  biiUfllin.  tMo^onlng  wiLb  BiiJl<^lln  Nu.  57,  thalsatieof  U«n;h,  lUOA.  AcuoiuliitlvM 
Endttx  Ot  UwMi  Uter  (ttiitcLmentD  U  tu  Iw  [ouml  dq  p«^  1^7  cC  acq.  of  this  issuo.] 

MA  S  S  ACHUSETTS. 


ACTS  OF  1907. 

Chapter  1G4. — Provisions  for  accidcntt  in/actoHf*. 
[Sw  BuUeUo  So.  73.  p.  S73.] 

CaATTKR  267. — 2Ioitr»  o/  labor  of  wovicn  and  children — Night  work. 
[See  UuUecln  No.  n.  p.  7U.] 

Chapter  269. — Hours  of  labor  tf  tmployets  on  public  tcorki. 

Sectton  1.  Section  one  of  rluptor  five  hun«ired  and  dOA'enteen  of  the  acts  of  the 
ntnotoen  hundred  and  aix  is  hereby  amended    *    *    *    so  as  to  read  a*  follows: 

StM.tion  1  tad  amended  }iy  chanti-r  670,  Acta  of  VJ07).  Eight  hours  shAll  coitntituto  A 
day's  work  tor  all  laUjrers,  workmen  and  mechanit-s  now  or  hereafter  employe<l  hy 
or  on  1>ebali  uf  the  ^-'oinmonweuUh,  or  of  any  county  tlierein,  or  of  any  city  ur  town 
which  hiuj  acceplc'd  the  provirfinna  of  mjctioii  twenty  of  cliaptt^r  one  hundre»i  and  six 
of  the  Uevised  Laws.  No  luljorer.  workman  or  mechanic  so  omployeil  shall  be 
lequcdled  or  required  to  work  more  ihun  eight  hours  in  anv  one  calendar  day  or  more 
than  forty-eight  bourn  in  uuy  one  week  except  in  ca»es  ofexLruonliiuiry  einerKenoy. 
Only  a  c^sc  of  diuv^er  to  properly,  to  life,  to  public  aufety  or  to  public  beallh  sIiuU  bo 
coneiderod  a  cus^*  uf  f.\trat>rdinary  emergency  witliin  the  meaning  of  this  section. 
Kugineers  sluill  Ik>  con.sidered  uiecliuiiicK  witliiu  the  meanini^  of  thi:i  act.  But  in 
caaeB  where  a  weekly  half  holiday  is  given  the  hours  of  lalw>r  iipon  the  other  working 
days  of  ilie  week  mav  be  in4'reuj*d  sulfiiiently  to  make  a  u>iai  oi  forty-fight  hours  for 
tlie  week's  work,  llircat  of  bc«i  of  empl'j>'ment  or  ihreiU  to  ol^trucl  or  prevent  the 
obt^iining  of  employment,  or  threat  lo  refrain  from  employing  in  the  future  ahull  bo 
considered  requiring,  within  the  meaning  of  this  section.  This  section  shall  not 
apply  to  persons  employed  in  anv  State,  county  or  munii-ipal  institution,  on  the  farm, 
or  in  tlie  care  of  the  ground.-^,  in  the  stable,  in  t&e  domeatic  or  kitchen  and  dining-room 
service,  or  in  storerooms  und  olhcus. 

Sec.  2.  Section  two  of  fuid  cbupter  live  hundred  and  seventeen  is  heivby  amended 

•  *     *     so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

Section  ll.  Every  contract,  excluding  contnwrt*  for  the  purcha&e  of  nuiteriul  or 
supplies,  to  whi»  h  the  Cuumioiiwealth,  or  ot  i»ny  county  therein,  or  oi  any  city  or 
town  whicli  ha>  :i(cepte<l  the  provisions  of  i?eciion  twenty  of  chapter  one  hundred  and 
six  of  the  Kevi^e<l  Lhws.  is  a  party  which  may  involve  the  otnployment  of  lahorem, 
workmen  or  ine<lutnics  shall  contain  astipulation  that  no  lalwrer,  wofkmanor  mechanic 
workint;  witliin  this  Common weAlth  in  the  employ  of  the  contractor.  sul>contracior  ur 
other  |K*rson  doinL*  or  ctmtructin^  to  do  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  work  contempUiled  by 
the  contract  slialilie  fcque^ted  or  reqniwd  to  work  mure  than  eiirht  hours  in  any  ono 
calendar  day  and  everj-  such  conlmct  which  does  not  contain  this  stipulation  shall  bo 
uuUantl  void. 

&KC.  3.  ^e^.tion  four  of  isnid  chapter  five  hundred  and  seventeen  is  herel>y  amended 

•  •    *    9o  mi  to  read  as  fiiUows: 

Section  4.  Any  pMi^»u  *>i  » i  ntiactor  or  subcontractor,  or  any  agent  or  person  acting 
on  l»e1iaU  of  any  controctnr  or  5ul«ontractor,  or  any  agent  or  official  of  the  i'ommon- 
wealth  or  of  any  c-ounty.  t  iiy  or  town  who  vioUites  any  provision  of  this  act  shall  he 
»ul>jpct  lo  a  penalty  oi  liiiy  •ilolUrs  for  each  olfeus©. 

Approved  April  3,  11IU7. 
651  I 


BULLETIN  OF  THE   BUREAU   OP  LABOR. 

Ohaiter  373. — Examination,  etc.,  of  utatlonary  mffintera  and  fremm. 

Section  1.  Section  novpnty-eight  of  chapter  one  hundre<l  anil  two  of  the  Il«vi»«<! 
iwB  IB  hereby  oiaended    *    *    *    so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

Srclmn  TS.  r»u  |M>rBon  shall  have  charge  of  ur  opt^rnte  a  Hteam  briih-r  nr  encine  in  this 
[Ciiiiii»nn\v«ilih.  <-xrcpt  h(>il<>n«  and  en^nnfs  Uf^on  lonimoiiv*"  fi.<.i..i  rtiul  vi'hich*!*, 
boilers  and  eugini'S  in  |jrivaie  n-tidencea,  bvilers  in  apartmvr  i  Ic?*  ihan  livv 

fluU,   hoih'rs  and  (-'ni^irifH  un«]i'r  the  jiirlAdU'tiim'of  the  Ui    .  iM.ih-rs  unii 

jtHKini-**  u^i'd  fur  ajjrrmiliunil  pur|w>*jpfl  exrliirtiv^Iy,  Kiilers  an^i  •  auim-t  of  h-w  than 
mt^K  hurr*epowf'r.  und  KiihTH  up»'d  for  hf^tinc  puiT^w^  <'x<"lMoiv>4>'  whU-h  Jir^:  pr<»- 
vulird  wilij  a  il<  1  l>y  tlw  clii    '         '  !  i" 

cairi*^!  to  ftfi-'  i-- pquoro  ii 

jprovidi'tl.     Til n'  ■  "t  u-  i  ..f  a  -t' '  ..,1..  i  ,1 -.,,./-  -m  .ii-iri-- 

,alMnr'  fxri'plt.'d,  t<\ni}\  nui  opt.-ralu  ■  la  stouni  IioiUt  or  rn^iiK*  far 

[»  period  of  more  than  one  week,  unl         '     r         !  ,  ;    uigt-  cf  and  operating  it  is  duly 
ici'iised. 
^^K^.■.  '2.  Section  cightv-two  of  said  chapter  one  buadred  and  two,  as  amendod.  •  ♦  • 
>l3  hereby  ftirdter  amended  by  striking  out  said  section  and  inserting  in  pUce  thereof 
thi*  t'oUnwin^: 

Heclion  82.  IjiccnBos  tJiall  be  ^fianlt'd  .>  '  -  .         '  '    '  ^  :int 

and  r^IiuU  Ix'  dLslribuitd  in  thi-  foUuwin/  to 

have  rhai^u  of  and  o|n'nUrany  i>tvaui  pUu.         ■■    • ..-i;.-  -i i    iH-r- 

»L<-*a  l>otl«T  or  lMjiI«_*r*,  »nd  U*  liavt-  rharpo  of  and  cptTftl''  ■  "ii'-  "f  wbirh  MiaU 

exceed  on(!  hundred  und  iifty  hcirsejxiwfT.  ortooj>fmi'  -  itlunt  undrr  the 

encinrer  iudiierK  harm- *>(  the  plant      Third  ehL^i*,  to  have  (.hii:  porat<ab«"iJer 

or  hoiU'rH  nol  fxeei'dinit:  in  thp  ag^egate  une  hundred  and  i  ;  fwer.  and  an 

engine  not  uxeeoding  lifly  hursepnwer,  or  U)  opt'mte  a  second  tla.^-  plant  und<*r  the 
ennofHt  in  dinTt  charcre  of  the  plant.  Fourth  class,  to  havx*  charce  oi  and  nptTatn 
T  '  '  '  and  Niilcrfl.     Firemen'?  livN-n«^:— 1*  "■■'  rli»^.  ^f^ 

!  ::'y  bmk*r  *>r  boiirrn.      Kijvt  <  Ut5.s,  to  !  -'•  of  and 

t.^..  ,,.,.    1.. ....  ■  ..,   *....->-  u  hr-n:*  '  *■'■  V  **iirp  carried  iki»:-M  nol  «  a-  .  >''  ^-rtw 

pound?*  to  ihi'  fquare  inrh.  or  !»*  <  ]  ti  i>re.«.flire  boib'Ts  under  i  -  or 

zin^iiian  in  diT<*rt  rhur^  !hen'*»f.     >■  -  ^,  in  dperat^  any  IkjiI't  i/r  mii^t 

thtr  eninn».'»T  <jr  (ireman  in  din«**l  iliBrgi'  there'»f.  Any  p<T>nn  boldinc  a  IjtpI  ilaw  or 
pfrond  elfc*s  firr*inan's  lirense  at  the  time  »»f  the  poaw^re  nf  this  art  nl^iaJl  T'^f^iv*^  n  liT* 


!iftn"5lie(»n«' under  this  net,     A  per^m  n<»lding  an  extra  firpf  il. 
lu-ense  may  onerftte  a  thir«l  oIav**  idiinl  under  the  enirineer  in 
<i:irit.     A  p^-rnMM  n  '  '"  'mmt  i^  or  liremauV  li<  «  ' 

(tpeml"  :i  ;  )  plant  *yr  type  of  i 


h 
he 


rharpe  (pI  or  ti 

hi.M-  ■"■  '■ "■'••  ~  "f  t»  •'■•  f.i.-,"*,ri,   1 

»S  It.  .        .,    ^ 

WOf  I !  "•  pratiu*d  a  liix-iiMe  im  Mieli  Hrt-\n-t'  aiid  un  ipiln-r.     Nu  ■  iie<J 

riiaii  1  lugivi^unj'  p^^rson  charge  irf a  plant  over  rim»  hurulnd  :i  n*- 

powcr. 

Stc,  3.  Sedioa  ©tghtv-foor  of  said  chaptw  one  himdTe«J  and  tiro  is  hnvby  amvtid<^ 

by  fltrikinjj;  out  the  ^     !*       ■      .        i  ;        ■        ;;      •     -  ,.    -    -f ,.  -  .  .i  ,.   -  -, 

Sectirm  *V4.   A  pe;  iwing  or 

of  ^\' 

par; 

uTie 

rtf  h 


iiier.     Til 
•   Hiirittp 


ing 


Sr-t^i.. 


^a«i; 


.if 

h«n 


r'=' 


'Xeluitively,  atid  buUrn  o£  le«0  tluin  vi^Lit  hunepui 


LA  ROB    LAWS — MAaSACRUSETTS — ACTS    OF    1907. 


653 


lceCT>  a  daily  record  of  the  boiler,  its  condition  when  under  sleani  nnd  all  TPpiiirH 
nuJc  and  work  duno  on  it.  uim>u  Uffms  to  \>e  oltt«iiiff«l  ujmiti  upp)icuti<m  fr"in  the 
boUor  inmociion  d(»partinent.     Theee  rerr^rda  shall  ho  kepi  on  HIo  and  ahull  be  «ccce- 
libde  at  all  timea  to  tho  uembere  of  the  boiler  inspection  depiutinent. 
Approved  May  4,  1907. 

CBArrea  405.— /jwpertwm  qf  ttetnn  boiUrg. 

[Sm  Bollffttn  Na  7S.  pp.  an-STtt.] 

CflAmR  Kf7. — SnaptHion  offaeiorut  md  a^ortMhopjt — JntpMCnri  aflundlk. 

SrmoM  1.  The  State  Inwrd  of  honlth  shall,  rb  (won  af>  may  l>e  After  the  t)«i«(t^of 
thii<  urt,  divide  the  roinmoiiwealth  into  not  urnre  than  fifteen  di«trirL«,  lo  he  knowti 
as  hc-alth  disirictti.  in  such  iiianuer  aa  it  way  deem  uecociaary  or  proper  fur  Oknyiti^* 
oul  tho  purptMies  of  lUis  act. 

Skc.  2.  AH^r  the  di\nsion  aforcfvud  haa  lieen  made,  the  governor,  with  thp  advice 
and  consent  uf  the  amncil.  Hhall  appoint  in  each  health  district  one  practical  and 
discreet  person,  Icamod  in  the  science  of  medicine  and  hycicnc.lo  he  8lateinBf»ector 
of  health  in  that  di.-irict  Everj'  nominalion  for  piirh  oflice  phall  b-:*  made  at  leaM 
seven  daya  prior  lo  the  apiH)iiitm'eul.  Tlio  Kiid  ^taie  ImspL-xlun)  uf  health  slioll  hold 
their  offices  for  a  jK>riod  of  live  j'eara  from  the  liuje  of  their  respective  uppoiulments, 
but  shall  he  liable  to  removal  from  office  by  the  goveniDr  and  counril  :it  any  time. 

Sec.  3.  Kverv  Stale  inspector  of  health  •  •  *  shall  inform  hiniseU  concerning 
the  health  of  ail  minors  employed  in  factories  within  hie  district,  and,  whenever  he 
Saay  deem  it  advifiahle  or  necoswary,  he  Miall  call  the  ill  health  or  physical  unfit- 
aeas  of  any  minor  lo  Uie  utteutiuu  oi  his  or  her  parents  or  employers  and  of  the  State 
board  of  heutth. 

Sf-c.  .'S.  The  State  inspectors  of  health  ehall,  under  tlic  dire<'tionof  the  Stale  l»oard 
of  health  and  in  place  of  the  inerteclion  department  of  the  district  police,  enforce  the 
proviaiona  of  section  forty-one  ol  chapter  one  hundroil  and  four  of  the  lleviaed  Laws 
60  far  a^  «jid  fvction  provides  that  fnctiirics  shall  1)C  well  veniilatcd  and  kc]>l  clean, 
sections  fortv-oue,  forty-four  and  foriy-eeveu  to  sixly-one,  inclusive,  of  chapter  one 
hundred  and  six  of  the  Ucvitieil  Laws,  chapter  three  hundred  and  twenty-two  of  the 
acl«  of  the  year  nineteen  hundred  itnd  two.  chajiter  four  huiuirfHl  and  «evcntv-fiv«  of 
the  acts  of  the  year  uinelcM.'n  hundred  and  three,  chapter  two  hundred  and  thirty- 
eifht  of  the  acta  of  the  rear  nineteen  hundred  aud  live,  and  chapter  two  hundred  and 
fifty  of  tho  acta  of  the  yrar  ninel'Cen  humlred  aud  ax;  and  the  powen^  and  duties 
hewtofure  conferred  and  impoeetl  u\Km  the  membera  of  aaid  iiuspectiuu  de{Hinment 
of  the  district  police  by  sectiun  ei|>ht  of  ciiapt«r  one  huudnKl  aud  ei);ht  of  tlie  Itevi^ed 
Lawa  in  reepocl  to  tJie  foregoing  aH-tiona  and  a4''t«,  and  in  respect  to  all  acu  in  amend- 
ment thereof  or  in  addition  iliereto.  and  ia  nvpect  Uj  any  t>tner  lawt>,  utv  herchy  cou- 
fexred  and  impooed  upon  said  State  insfierton  of  health  or^uch  other  olhcera  aa  the 
State  board  of  health  may  from  time  to  time  appoint:  f'rot'idedf  koteeirr.  That  neither 
nid  board  of  health  nor  any  ini;pector  thereof  fIuiII  have  authority  to  require  binic- 
tural  alterations  to  l>e  made  in  buildings,  but  shall  report  the  necessity  therefor  lo  the 
inspection  ilt  partmcnt  of  tJio  district  police.  Wlierevcr  in  Kiid  provisiouM  of  law  tho 
woTOA  " in«|XTlor ■'  or  *  inapectora  of  factories  and  public  huildinii^H."  "inispection 
donartment  of  the  district  police,  "  "inspector"  or  " intqioctocs  of  the  district  [jolice," 
"diatrict  ]»lice."  "factory  insi»ector"  or  ''inapei'tors. "  and  "memlx'r"  or  "membore 
of  the  district  00111*0  "  occur,  tliuy  •>hall  be  takei^  to  mtyaoi  SlaUs  inspector  or  imfoei-ton! 
of  hftfUth.  Wuerever  the  word**  "chicif  of  tlio  district  police"  occur,  ibey  sliall  be 
taken  to  moan  the  State  lioard  of  health. 

!Skc.  0.  The  (rovernor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council,  ahaJl  establish 
j],,%.  .1  .r,.  a.i  .....i  <i  ,1.. :--'..  ■'.. r*. if  health,  havifiR  recall  ineachd».<rict  toth<'nxtent 
01  i;int«.  the  (•hararirr  of  tile  hnflinesa  there  mrricd  on, 

aii'i  '      .     "  1^  reijuireii  for  tlto  projwr  disdiarge  of  the  dulie;!. 

The  salariea  thus  eaialiLiuhetS  shall  be  ptdA  from  the  treasury  tii  the  Commonwealth 
tuontldv. 

Sue.  /.  Tl  ■  "oded  out  of  the  treaffur^'  of  the  rommonw«dlh  annually, 

for  tho  purv  '  tliiji  a**!,  for  salaries,  a  sum  not  oxcecdint;  iwcnty-tive 

Ih'  '    '  iini:  live  thousand  dollars. 

.  this  Ml  the  State  board  of 

Approved  Juno  10^  1907. 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU   OF   IJiBOR, 


Chaptek  b77.—  Wteify  Htty  o/rett, 

• 
Section  1.  Except,  in  ca0e«  of  cmexgency  or  except  at  the  request  of  the  employee, 

[t  sluvll  not  be  lawful  for  any  person,  partnerahip,  association  or  cortKiration  lo  require 

m  emplnycfi  ongngwl  in  any  ct)mmorriiil  oocu[>ation.  or  in  ihc  wurk  fif  any  iuflustriid 

irocess,  or  in  the  work  of  iransiwrtation  or  tfMM'.iM"i'"i(in,  to  do  on  the  Lord's  tl»y 

le  U0Ua1  work  of  lii^  oooipntiun,  unless  such  '  ^  allowed  during  the  six  diiya 

text  ensuing  twonty-four  or.nsooutive  hours  \v  inr. 

Sec.  2.  This  act  s^l  not  bcconstrue<i  as  autliuriziug  any  work  on  the  Lord's  day  not 

iw  authorised  by  law;  nor  aa  applying  to  farm  or  personal  8cr\'ice.  to  dnijJKi'^ta,  lo 

*imen,  to  euperintonMcnia  or  luanagcni,  to  janitors,  or  tu  persona  engaged  in  the 

inaportBtinn,  ai!e  or  delivery  of  milk.  foo«I  or  newspapers. 

Sbc.  3.  Whor\er  violates  the  provisions  of  tliis  act  shall  be  puJiiAlie«l  Ky  a  fine  of  not 
lore  than  fifty  dollars  for  each  offcupc. 
Appwved  June  28.  VMM. 

MICHIOAN. 

ACTS  OF  1807. 

Acr  No.  124. — Guarth  to  fr*  placfd  on  com  httkcn. 

|Soi>  Dullfttii  No,  73.  p.  882.] 

Act  No.  140.— /Vr*i  acapn  on/arioria, 

(Sw  HiiHetln  No.  73.  pp.  STS.  STV.] 

Act  No.  152. — IronfotindntM — IruiptPiion,  etc 

ISw  lliitlntin  No.  73.  pp.  8K2,  810.] 

Act  No.  109. —  Factoriet  and  ttorkshop$ — Inspect  tnn,  rlc. 

\Sve  UuUpUm  No.  Ti,  pp.  ?-2.  »7l>^1  J 

Act  No.  234. — Hailntaist—Sufity  applianeta. 

SEmov  1.  ll  Rhall  hereafter  he  unlawful  Ut  any  common  rarriMr  owninj^  nr  oprr- 

inK  any  jymion  of  a  railnitiil  whoUv  t>r  partly  in  this  Sfatc  to  ht\u]  .,r  t.-rmir  t.i  Ki» 

mh?d  or  uwd  on  itf  line  within  thii«  ^taleany  cor  uw?d  in  moving  '  i.f«tj 

rilh  couplcrH  coupling  autoiufltji-ally  by  impact,  and  which  ran  I"  th- 

l  th<'  nccfweity  of  nit:*n  coing  between  the  i*ndfi  of  ih<*  care:  Prori*inl,  Tlmi  nwihing 

this  a<t  contained  ehall  applv  tn  trainw  ccjmpofcfd  of  four-wheebd  '-nrv  --r  to  traia* 

tmposw'*!  vi  ('ight-whct-U-d  t^taiidard  logf^n?  cars  whi*re  th**  ht-ighl  •  ■'"  ^  frr.tu  t'*p 

rail  lo  center  »»f  cnuplinc  doci?  not  cxcecil  twcnty-fivc  inches,  or  i  vt*  uncd 

hauling  i^urh  traiiia  whvn  pu'-h  cars  or  locomotiv*'**  a/e  exolu.*i><  i;.   u>id  for  the 

inaporlutiun  of  K>g!«. 

Hec.  2,  Any  Huch  common  carrier  hr.nliufT  ,.r  r..  rniitiine  to  be  hoMb-.l  -r  ncr  ,1  ..n  iia 

inc  any  cor  in  viulaiirin  of  the  i)ro\  i  I  be  liabh*  imt 

lor*'  than  one  hundn^  dollars  for  •  vi<>lation.  i  in 

artinii  of  aRHiim[»Mt  brought  in  the  uante  of  the  p^M^ple  of  this  Srate,  and  it  tJiuU  be 

the  duty  of  the  prLWi-uliii);  attorney  of  the  proper  coumy  to  bring  any  Mich  acliun  tA 

the  r<xpKitt  of  the  commij*.Hioner  of  railroads. 

Sec.  :r  Act  nundtor  one  hundre<l  forty-peven  of  the  public  aetj  of  eightpen  hundred 
liphty-five  Iwcs.  o->\\,  hb]2,  i\  L.)  and  ail  other  act^  or  part«  >*t  aei?  enntmveuing any 
»f  ihf  proviKioiw  of  thi.i  art  are  hereby  ri'iH'alod. 
Approvcnl  June  27,  1907. 


ArT  No.  2*'i2.—  \fattrfM  (uctQr%f9— Uoir  pichimt 


■hu 


{Be*  AuUMin  No.  73»  p.  sas.J 

ArT  Ko«  28L— fV«  public  empiojfmad  offiort. 

5^Rmn^•   1     Frv^e  eniploj-mrnt  buroiui»  am  hor<^by  audi 
III  ijii.-  S(..i.     Ir.i>  iiic  .t  ["'I'ldiili-.n  of  (iiirl  V  'b'.ii-iiiiit  ..r  • 


mm 

I'lO 

loy. 


LABOK   LAW3 — MICHIOAJT ACTS   OF   1907. 


655 


Sec.  2.  The  otrarnistionor  o(  labor  ehall  organize.  cEUbli.'^h  and  contml  the  frc6 
employment  hiirr-ans  authoriMd  by  aection  one  of  this  act:  ProtitUfi,  That  not  more 
than  five  mrh  btiniiuft  shall  be  ofttabliphed,  an<\  that  nn  two  thrrooF  shall  be  located 
within  a  radius  of  twimty-jivc  mik's.  No  c.rmncn^ulioo  or  feo  Hball  be  charged  or 
rpceiv»'d,  directly  or  indirwtly,  from  ponsons  applying  for  emplojTiiont  or  help  through 
anvBUch  biu^-au.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  commiewioneronaDortouflealldiligpnrfl 
in  WH'uring  the  t^Hiptration  of  cniplnypra  of  labor  with  the  purpose  and  objorlti  of  said 
employment  buri-aiw.  Tn  thin  end  it  shall  be  competent  for  said  comniiasioner  to 
advcTtiiK'  in  the  columns  of  newspapers  or  to  use  other  mediums,  for  such  .situatidns  oa 
he  has  ttp])licants  to  fill .  an<l  for  such  help  a^  may  be  called  for  by  emplttvers.  Hi*  may 
also  advirtise  in  a  genend  way  ffir  the  otKiperaiion  of  large  contractors  and  emphiyers,  in 
»uch  trade  journaU  or  5p«rial  publicationB  ua  reach  euch  emplovera.  wheiher  nuch  trade 
journals  are  publii*hcd  within  the  Slate  of  Michigan  or  not.  and  may  pur?<uepuch  other 
raetbi>^lsaj».  in  his  judgnienl.  will  V»e5t  tt-nd  to  accftmplieh  the  purpoeeof  this  act:  /*ro- 
xided further.  That  one  such  burt-au,  afi  above  provideil  for,  shall  oe  established  at  the 
city  of  Kalamaz<Ki.  and  oneal  the  city  of  Sagiuaw. 

Sec.  3.  When  the  commiseioner  of  labor  shall  establish  a  free  emplojTnent  bureau 
under  the  provisions  of  ibis  act,  rhe  Ikhir)  of  State  auditors  shall  pntvide  a  ^^uitahle 
office  for  the  game,  with  necpsaan.'  funuttire.  and  all  printing,  binding,  blanks,  station- 
ery and  supplier  -^hal!  be  dnnc  and  fumi^htn]  undT  any  contract  which  the  State  now 
ha^.  or  shall  hen^tir  have,  f<»r  similar  work  with  ttny  party  or  partii-s,  and  the  expense 
thereof  ^hall  be,  in  the  di»cn'(ion  of  the  l>i>ard  of  State  audilore,  audited  and  paid  for  in 
the  same  nmnner  as  other  State  prinirng  and  supplies  are  pai<l  for. 

Se*'.  4.  Said  commissioner  of  labor  is  authorised  to  apptiint  ptich  asniRtAnt-*  as  may  be 
neresean*'.  All  such  a^istant«  sliall  be  under  the  contnil  and  direction  of  the  commis- 
rinner  of  labcrr.  and  shall  receive  such  compen**ation  as  he  shall  determine.  All  com- 
p«*nsatitm  for  perviccfl  and  expenses  pm\nded  for  in  this  act  fiball  be  paid  by  the  Stale 
treapurt-r  ujxm  the  warrant  of  the  auditor  general,  in  the  same  luanner  ua  other  balaries 
and  expenses  are  paiil. 

Sec.  5.  The  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  deemed  nee- 
bv  iheo.mimisifionerof  labor,  i*«  hereby  appropriate*:!  annually  Tt  the  tiscal  year 
ling  June  thirty,  nineteen  hundred  eight,  ana  for  each  liscal  year  tW^reafter,  out  of 
which  shall  1k>  paid  all  salaries,  advertising  and  contingent  expenses  authorized  by  sec- 
tions two  and  four  of  this  act. 

Sec.  (i.  The  auditor  general  is  hereby  directed  to  add  to  and  incorpi.rate  in  the  Stat^ 
tax  for  the  year  nineteen  humlreil  jM-ven,  the  nnm  of  five  ihoiixand  dollant,  and  fur  each, 
fiscal  year  thereafter  the  gum  of  five  thousand  dollars,  which,  when  etillected,  shall  bo 
credilc'l  to  the  general  fund  lo  reimbursr  the  same  for  the  money  hen«by  ayipropriated. 

SEr.  7.  Act  number  thirty-seven  <»f  the  public  arts  of  nineteen  hundrMl  five,  enti- 
IUhI  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  establishing  and  maintaining  of  free  employment 
bureaus."  appnived  Marc-h  thirty,  niueleeu  hundred  live,  is  hereby  repealed. 

Approved  June  27,  1907. 

Act  No.  313. — Bwrcau  of  lAhor. 

Section  1.  Sections  two  and  four  of  act  numl»er  one  hundred  fifty-six  of  the  pabUOi] 
acts  of  eighteen  hundred  eighty-three,     *    *    •    are  hereby  amended  to  Mftd 
fnlIow'f<: 

Section  2,  The  duties  of  such  bureau  shall  Ijc  to  collert  in  the  manner  herein  pro- 
-v-irir-  !  ■  -^  -♦  •jTrtenialiy.e,  print  and  present  to  the  po\'emor,  *  *  •  statistical 
det  .'to  all  departments  of  labor  in  this  State,  iucludinj:  thepenalinsl.tuliona 

the:.  ,  ,  !  ii  ularly  concerning  the  hours  of  lab<ir,  the  number  of  lalwrers  atid  me- 
chanic.^  empioywl.  with  the  nativity,  age  and  sex  of  mich  laborers  and  mechanics, 
whether  nuirried  or  single,  the  daily  wages  earned  and  savings  therefrom,  the  uuiiil»er 
and  character  of  accidents,  the  sanitary  conditions  of  establishments  or  instituttona 
where  laltor  is  employed,  the  subjects  of  strikes,  cooperation,  labor  dilficultica,  organ- 
ized laUir.  their  effectf*  on  labor  and  capitsd,  with  such  other  matter  relating  lo  the 
industrial,  *><  ial.  oiluriitional  and  sanitan,-  conditions  of  the  lalwring  classes  and  to 
the  prrvductive  industries  of  the  State,  including  the  namee  of  ftrma,  companies  or 
rorpomlion3  where  locat€?d.  capital  invented  in  grounds,  buildings  and  machinery, 
the  kinda  of  g"vi<Is  prixluced,  or  manufactured,  tlie  time  operated  each  year,  the 
amount  paid  annually  for  material'^,  rent,  taxefi.  and  insurance,  the  number  of  em- 
ployoc-:,  mnle  and  female,  the  numlwr  engaged  in  clerical  work  and  manual  laltor, 
ni''  i'Stion  of  tlie  number  of  each  sex  engaged  in  each  oceujwilion  and  Iho 

»\t  wages  paid  each.     The  commissioner  of  lalxir  is  authnrised  to  appoint 

^Hicui  a^'eiiLd  to  repreeeut  the  bureau,  with  authority  to  viait  UrmH  and  e«t«bliahmeDts 


656  BUtliETZN  OF   THE  BUBEAU   OF  I.ABOB. 

sad  to  collect  such  statistics,  and  perlorm  such  other  dutiee  as  mav  l)e  iieqeired,  with 
Uke  power  as  if  coBlerred  on  said  commiasioxker:  Pro^itM,  That  tLe  cotnmiaaoueir  ol 
laj^  nor  any  one  connected  with  his  office,  dudl  not  public,  make  public^  nor  give 
to  any  individual  or  to  the  public  the  separate  individual  st«iietics  obtained  von 
any  manufacturiag  establtshment,  but  all  fiuch  statistics  must  be  publidied  in  con- 
nection with  other  similar  statistics  and  givien  to  the  puldic  ia  aggregates  and  averages. 

Se<:^oa4.  The  compensation  of  such  commissioner  ahail  be  two  thoiuaad  dollars  per 
annum,  and  that  of  his  deputy  fifteen  hundiied  doUais  per  annum,  which  compenaa- 
tion,  toigether  with  all  necesssj-y  expenseef  including  the  employment  aad  the  payiog 
of  the  expenses,  of  such  assistants  as  are  ^o vided  tor  in  section  one  of  th  ia  act,  also  the 
expenses  provided  in  section  three  of  this  act  shall  be  audited  and  paid  in  the  same 
ntanner  as  the  salaries  and  expenses  of  other  State  officers:  Prot^iaed,  The  amount 
thereof,  exciusive  of  the  compensation  allowed  to  said  eoouniasioner  and  his  deputy, 
shall  not,  in  any  one  year,  exceed  the  aum  of  ten  thousand  dollars:  And  provided 
further,  That  in  addition  to  the  above  allowance  for  expenses  said  bureau  shall  be 
authorized  to  have  printed  not  to  exceed  foor  thousand  cc^ies  ci  its  annual  reports 
{or  the  use  of  the  bureau,  ior  general  distribution,  and  all  printings  binding,  blanlca 
or  nu^  work,  and  all  supplies  ^all  be  done  or  furnished  under  any  contract  which 
the  S^tc  now  has  tn*  shall  ha\'e  for  similar  work  with  any  party  or  pvties,  and  the 
expense  Uiereof  shall  be  audited  and  paid  in  the  same  manner  aa  other  State  printing. 

Approved  June  28, 1907. 


^^^P                      RULLKTIN    or   THE    BUBKAU    07    LABOR. 

^V              Cumulalivt  indcr  of  labor  lavn  and  dedmons  rtlaCing  thrrto — Contic 

I 

U4»d 

^M 

BhUMUu     1 

BoUetts.             1 

No. 

rs 

70 
57 

p*«^ 

Ko. 

i^m-         1 

^B  rbllUrvn  Mud  womra,  hours  of  U- 

^H       (tor 

ATI 
7tt* 

7tL 
VW,470 

as7 

oeo 

300 

ft41,«<2 
I1W-20S 
207.208 

n7B 

234 

im,M4 

3S&-U7 

231.236 

217.21M 

Trt) 

7M 

M4,tk4ft 

7(15-707 

2ar, 

772 

331 

as; 

237 
64fl,liaO 

2«3 
MM,  MM 
J(7»-37t( 
>AM.2(iO 

1         a;a 

{       HVr-'JiVi 

:^%  240 

Aift27l 

2M> 

tL<V7-4VAH 

2(I0-2«J2 

1141.642 

2Ui> 

307, 20S 

201   _'1l 

■■-1 

Child  rt«n,  uniplnyinrnl  of,  In  \»kt^ 
rt>uiu«: 
('oanM'ttcul    

R2 
03 

03 

ta 
ta 
<a 

en 

«N 

73 
06 

<a 
ta 

82 

03 
B 

s 

ca 

n 

Id 

n 
n 

fU 

.>-T 
..J 

n 

73 

•  72 
til 
T3 
72 

n2 

a 

70 

02 

tij 
til' 
uj 
fit) 
B2 

rj 
..1 

r,H 
li.J 

in 

■ 

Ml  ^^ 
3W           1 

za  ^^ 

211            J 

aao        1 

A41,M1             I 

<t7l  ^H 

241    ^1 
}U             1 
2»             1 

aos.2D«        1 

»n,:sr        J 

•  <:«  ^H 
-i4  ^H 

64J             1 
EU           J 

'.^  ^H 

.■■X  ^H 

^'<«  -^H 
'>-7  ^H 

-^'•'..77  ^H 

Uroff  itt 

^H                                      

MiivrNtI 

^m  i*h(i  1              ,« of !"(««' ium- 

^    ChUiii'K.niifii'^maoter,  igtsllniJl 
for. 

W 

UXnho 

TH 

llarylAikd. 

S'i*w  HjitnpitfilrB , .... 

Soulli  bukoU 

Vcrmonl     

^H            ArkHnMK 

^fe          CnUrrtnilii 

73 

Chilli  rcn,  croployiDeot  of,  to  per- 
liiin  <toctifMitluni.  furblddcn: 
I'liliftirnlii ...- 

^^^^_  I'ni'f— •-                                 !■"«• 

('Htirnnitti  iD). 

^^^^^^Bdfrrlt  iTA  rr          ■  i     i 

73 

Idaho 

luwa 

^^^^HBhKHgU 

Mnliif 

ChlMn-n,  i<nipiA)nn«Til  oi,  in  robuui: 
lUinoiti 

^^BgjBOte(O) 

liiiliand , 

UtPMMirl 

MoiiUtMi 

i)ri'(»/."                 .,u«. 

70 
70 

n 

^^^^^V  .«•  .»i.^ 

^^^^^■r«i  .1.  «  . 

^^^HSi«i« 

IVn                       

^^^^^Ha-  ^,i...i 

70 

li 

164 
Wi 

ns 
7J 
IQ 

.'F 
I'l 
1  "_• 

74 
(.•2 
71 

'A 

7J 

72 
73 

m 

m 

I'iU                                     11) ,, 

^^^^^^^^^BBMBQMvUa  ■  .  ■ .  - 

\\i  r..     .  ,;,.   .,.,     .     

ChiUlnMi.  (>iiip)ny:nffnt  of,  Id  fftrV9t 

MuKKiii'huartls 

^^^^^^^^^^^^v^« 

^^^^^nilnnnri 

^^^^■^Honiiinu.       .          

^V           New  Jenry 

^M           No.-UiCarolltM  (It) 

^H           Orrffon 

^^L^^^  rmriii)lviinlii 

^^^^^EfrtmayU  iinlii 
^^^^KVIliMlr                   

^^^^r\   ..r 

Srw  Y»Tk .       , 

^hlldnn,  hlrm«  out,  m  mifiport 
pofi-nt*  111  idli'licft* 

AUtMima .-                    

<ii.'or|t(a 

Iwoulilana 

Vnrth  r«niHntt. 

ChlMrnn,  hvun  ol  Uliorol; 

.M«lkAm« 

Arkaii*n« 

C'rtUrnnii.. 

ppldwnn- 
Klorw*.. 
l<Uho.. 

ItuUnnn 

Iciwn 

KmliKky 

]tlllkNMlJlUIH>(lB 

N»W   llBnipatllK 

Srw  Jrntty . , 

■  r 
I  Lii'.  ■:  - 

^^P                                   ilh 

^^1                                  111 

^H          AUlNiaiik 

^B           Artxona 

^^^^   CfillMnilti                            

^^^K  (                    .  . 

^^^^H  1'                  

^^^^BJioUtlii 

^^^^^^b^Mtflll  HMM  1  . 

^^^^^^^^KRhi*  * ' 

^B         NVwYork. 

^M          Ohlu 

CUMULATIVK    U«£>EX    OIT   LABOR   LAVTS.  659 

Cum\UoHve  indrx  of  tabor  lou:$  onrf  dfcinont  rthUini/  tkfreto — TontiDUnd. 


^M     600                      BULLSnX   OF  TBT    BTBEAn    OF   I.AB01L                             ^H 

^H                 Cumuiative  iiuifi  0/ 2n6ar  Jauw  and denitimut  nhiin^  lA«rve»— Cimrinttod.            ^^H 

I 

lull.  II 

BaltotlB.  '^^H 

'no 

rn«e. 

^H      KxwintttUra  of  wftfu  trwD  mm- 
^^H          llnii,  etc.: 

138.  ft«) 

Tn 

7"t 

;(.■<". 
su 

«»,«01 

IM 

«U,BI7 

nt 

MMA& 

»3t 

Att 

lOM.  I0l>3 

Ml : 

VU.33:>  < 
WS-4S7 

flM.sns 

JlU.i 

10:.  1 

.;"  1 

Bonn  of  Utwr  on  MbUe  wnrto;  * 

rall/ornU 

.!  »..   1 

^^H             Aln*"i'"'*  fT^T 

T2 

lUiriLll.    . 

lu  1      «b-ilJt         H 

^^^H 

^1      ^«i         I 

1.1 

AS 

It? 

71 
« 

r 

AS 
M 

u 

1               UoMMChUPfflt* 

I7U  1               7tl          ■ 

^^^^^^^^Hiit - 

Ji?                   I™           ■ 

Wonlttii* ,„.,  . 

1 

70 

' 

n 

;i 

w 

64 

74 
US 

04 

till 

•id 

too 

Mi 

CO 
IM 

40. «» 

m 

SOI 

r  1 

^H       K  i<                     HMfwetlau  ut   (Be* 

Nvw  Yortc , 

roftoniM....         . 

rnllwd  BtclM  tti\ 

Intnilcnitliin.  nvtratton.  fUK.  otf: 

VdJt-Ml  8IAIM 

TTnmlrni!l..|,.    <Sf*nUo  X\]mKtt^ 

'1  tin  »trwl  rmll- 

^^  -1;  s    . 

1  Jn'limtrlnl  V^ncv.  FonodttCUui  tar 

thi«  rrMn.nrI..ri  r.f. 
I,..  . 
ailjlin 

1  '.          ■     1    . 

lnjnii«"»    ciiu*ljn[    pj 'nth,  rt^ht    of 
iiirtloti  for 

Alnhiitiw  (11* 

MU-ourl 

Kevttdfl 

South  ('»rnttiM  1 1) 

Vi. 

^^V                    " 

^H                               

P                 cU.,oI.    K-^rr  Exmiilnntlon.elc. 

1                 of.) 

^^        Fniiitiinti..ii  f.ir  llir  rrcunotJuu  al 

^H       1>                       iplnynifnl    oOlmi. 

■     "I'U.: 

^H      U"                     'iintnittioB.«e.'.'ol.' 

^^^H                                                                        I  loll      Kic    1 

^H      ir                                          unit 

^H                                    '") 

^^1         lluu 

^H               CitlU..riiiH 

^^B      Hiiurs  rtf  lalior  of  eti^liTjON  lu 

^^H         bAkerlfM; 

^^H           New  JcrMjr ., 

^^ 

liikwrtii 

NeVrt'lil 

"-^: 

1. 

1n«|»r,                      .fie*: 

Al                        

<■,  ■ 

^H           Kew  York  (0) 

^^H       llnnm  of  Inlmr   of  «n>pluT«M  bi 

1         III. 

7a          a-y^  ^^^ 

1.             :::::!:::: 

Ku                               

k-                                        .. 

^^K     11  '                   ^  or  f>mpio7«e«  m 

I.                 ...:::::: 

w-<                                 

^^H             <  nmni.io k... 

K     {a^:;;;;::;;::::::::-::: 

157 

^^^^^^^LM'*TTt  r  *i" 

■» 

^^^^^^^^K^OalK.^..     iTti 

^>w  Vol* 

}    \  '.*p-^.a^^K 

^^^^"  -^'• 

1*ininRr|v«a|A.,.,,, 

''^      tS^SI^^^H 

^^H     !]•»                      of  ouplo^Mi  (m  , 

no 

'■*    A^^^H 

llhodf«I«i««l 

WiMhlnitlon.. . 

V.  .      .  ■■■.til ,., 

i .    ; '   >  I'M.  <if  vtMtii  hmltm- 

^^^1                  Tab*.                                     ^     1  ^ 

1'  1 
1    1 

1 

's 

9:S^H 

^^^^^W^Cb  tl*>« 

sfl^^H 

^^H                          

.  1 
tt) 

■ 

"J 

1 

■ 

J 

CUMULATIVE    INDEX    OF    LABOR    LAWS. 
(SmtiftlltiM  iotUx  </  labor  lowt  and  detinom  rciaiinff  lAcreto— Cantiniied. 


BuUsUn. 


»o 


LUhllltjr  of  c-mplo>'prs  (or  injorlos 
to  employ  w»—CDiicluiied. 


Imta  (D>. 


Kuiui. 


lUnca*  (D) 

Krhtiifky  (D> 

M*A«uPb>'i«otta. . .. 
Minn<*aoU  (Dl.... 
Mtwflrippl  (D)... 

Uluoun , 

Montftffin.......... 

New  Yorfc..,..,,, 


Nf«w  York  CD) , 


North  CaiaMna  CD). 
Ohio 


Olilo(D) {« 

FUUppliM  Iitaad*. 
boiitfa  CAroHn*  (D) 

Tenncfiare  (D) 

Tcxju... 


T«)uu  (V) , 


Vlcglnlit  (DV 


Wftchlngtoa  (Di... 

WlHconMn  [Dj 

I'nltod  Siftto* 


r  ottPd  States  (D) . 


UtMUtf  ot  rallnwl  oonip«tUM  io 
workmen  not  onployw*: 

FennsylTftnia  (I)> 

LlevDM  tux.  e»em]>ttoo  ot  mvohut* 

LmiI  liana 

Uqoor,  «■)«  gl,  to  mnptor^vs: 

mwiai 


>>w  Iliumpiibli*. 
Vermont . 


Locomotive  boiler*.  Isfpcictloii «(: 
New  York 


LdRtruF  lioniiM.  aiUlor*': 

t  ...    .  ^.-t„ 

It  ttrtlcW'^  marking: 


MiirnMV  .  "V..  rtatutica  oL  to  be 
proeiiPed: 

Calirorala , 

Married  wontro,  'vimlngft.ol: 

New  Mexlro. 

MMkiwics.  «*»mptJ0D  or.  from 
inAanfA('tati?rB'  taxM: 

f'tittipi'inn  liianda 

Mine  rr^ul.^ticm* 

ATtronn , 

AtX^xitia 


niinoin. 


llDDOIfl  (O). 


PlflB. 


1001-lOM 

1082 

t»,n4 

«tt,453 

loi^-iois 


7ni 

i46-440 
IQOU,  1(101 

IK5 
<7L 

1069- uei 

371-^73 

MO.fifiO 

717 

IN 


080^ 

M6-87$ 

KM 

40,4JU 

sM-m 

1000,  um 


an 


an  .ana 

IQB-^IO 


MO 

tm~m 

TI7-7» 


<to,eit 


Toa 

au.Bss 

add 

fiW.OM 
7U 

007 

TI» 

330 


3tt 

loTti-ima 


3I«-316 
444-44n 


■663                        KULLETIN    OF   THK    BtTREAV    OF    LABOR.                         ^^^H 

^1              Cumulativt  indrx  of  labor  lauv  and  deamont  ulating  ihnrto — Oontiouvd.               ^^M 

B 

No. 

B 

Ull««SIL        ^M 

1 

91ft.«tf  ^H 

710  ^M 
TO           ' 

7U  ^1 

nT,7u  ^H 

'«    1 

"    i 

470  ^H 

701 
ION 

330 

717  ^J 

374.3n^| 
)0«4^| 

M4^H 

^H         Indl'inn 

74 

{" 

70 
«4 
6.1 
Al 
72 
4Ji 
ft) 

/AS 

*S 

ff7 
72 
«1 
71 

«1 

{^ 

03 
?.• 
09 

«n 

lU 
57 

f'^T 

1:0 
.> 
71 

«0 

42 

.91 
(17 

l»44M 

377 

KW-IOKZ 

7fi|-70a 
(K»~W7 

low 

6*7 

4«.470 
37U 

nu 

at? 

;(ift.3iH 

X34.43T 

1030,1091 

3ft4 

913.913 

OOB-AIO 

1096 

38M91 

lOPB 

>Kt9.700 

aw.ui 

I04£ 

676 

t. 

m.4' 
714.:! 

.11 
911. vu 

it---.  •■ 

»^- 
00&,«8tt 

.';t  ■ 

■<.t..rl 

« 

00 
01 

70 

n 

04 
70 
60 

S7 
M 

01 

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71 

IS 

01 

57 
01 

tti 

00 
OD 

74 

7S 
74 

n 

1 

flu 

■ 

^m         Initlnna  fill 

r                              vfwvoiiiuvat 
Columbia 

^B          KiintAA    ■■■■■■■ 

H.         K'nidirhy.     ,,.,. ,   .1. 

^L  fe™*i*y  ^^^ 

Mus^^.i-riui'tU 

MnllllUm,.                ,. , 

\rw  Vork ,......* 

^H          |ff.^n^ 

^^"       MoniMiM.             ....■■■■.....•. 

Ncvurtii      .    .>................ 

Oh»»                  .  , ..••■... 

Nrw  York 

Sotjlli  Curolliu *...... 

1  rrot.cti.  '  ■  ' 

Ohio. 

Ohio  (Ot ,* ,.., 

l'cn>i*y|vAnM  (D)  

1'"'  *                .  ...:...,rqnp1n5W(*lii: 
i                        -iv  It  dono  Withio 

Arknn!ia9 

VuHic  Horku,  InJuilCM  ol  cnplojr- 
MW  nn : 

t'hiliptilnci  lnUnt]« .  

rulilli-  work*.  lalHiron: 

Nt'W  YorV _, 

Piihllc  workn.  pfHwcta-ooldniniii 

t„.  ,,,,.....<..!,  for: 

TcmuciMTu  (D) 

If'                  

V,                  ,.,     ^.„.... 

V                    , (D> 

V                      

\\                       

<                         uUviiia  111  tnloM; 

i..  , ■   nilnc.  < 

MI(M>».  "le  ,  huum  of  liil»<»r  of  tm- 
nluyo'i  In.    (>'f«-  tlrMir)n>f  lnlH>r.) 
MuMw.    ■-ic,    lotokkttUon    In    or 
*lKt(it : 

W>utlUll8 

1  0 

NcwnImiv   tnw,    {Srr  nilMmti.em* 

plciymcnt  nl,  in  ntrrt't  tm<tM.) 
rayiMcnt  of  wufff>4  due  dlBCbArvetl 

ArkiinHiui  (D)     

r                        r^mniion  of  wmgn 
on: 

r»ynuni  vt  « <ig«0  In aortp: 

Indlnnn 

r<                       vturlnutton  of  hb- 

Mtwniirl  (D) 

XovaJti              ................. 

'""'"'tVHty'ofV 

i ■     ■',■' -lor: 

I        IndtRnM                       , 

NVw  Mi.xk'o .i 

New  York   .....•.>...•..*•.•.■ 

Soirth  ('arolina 

Teiiit 

^^'imhliirtun 

ra>in*mt    of    wa^oi,    itiodw   utd 
tiUKMi  of: 

Indlarm  (D' . 

Unnliirul. . 

M 

\. 

rcormirr 

Viilltxl  SUtM  (t» 

\  lUllRMnI  tmiiu.  niilUdMit  orair  r^ 

.ttilr».l  .-... 

.      ij {Sf*  Ao- 

1  ■).  ixmatructlon  ofeAboOM 

It                    ;'!.ii>f  brldpu.wlnifh 

I ..      .... 

Idaho.... 

lOWft 

K'lt'i  . 
\'rr...,.    , 

U                                           'ft  «iO* 
1      ,                                         of  U. 

1  <.tlll(pral«- 

r                              .   .„ 

riti.i                      nation.  sUl.  of. 

Pni                                  AVrWugw 

rnni..  ,.,     , .'■v^     TiiMIc 

|it1lllinie.  1 
,  }*nit*vtliMi  of  ««m|iloyi<*ta  iia  mfit»- 
l-pm  uf  Uhor  nrii»wJtttlOn«: 

KiiriAn»rn) 

Xew  York  (Dl.      .  ... 

1  till  ml  i»eiilr(ift»I.  ............ 

j'BTt'^ii"!.  Mf  ..n.nif.p..i<««  votvrv: 
i-r..i                               .  on  liiillii- 

''imli'i-lnill 
llJinn).. 

70 

■ 

77tt,7?3 

i   ■  :, 

ODMULATIVK    INDKX    OP    LABOR    LAWS. 
Oumuiatiiff-  iiuUx  o/lnhcrr  latim  arul  derisions  rfltuing  thereto — Concluded. 


lUllroftds.  uJety  api^&ocu  on— 
Concluded. 


Ohio 

Tssfts 

Vermont . , 

WlBconiln 


United  dUMi  (D) 


I 


RAllroftdi,  ebelMr*  for  workmen 
on: 
ArkatisAa 

KAQBAi 

RKUroftiln,  structun*  vmmr  Iniclui 

of: 

Ohio 

RAtM  of  WAoes  of  emfrfoTaiw  of 
pnlilli-  prlTiungafTlce. 

KuiisbA 

Uatiw  of  vra«re«  of  employees  oo 
pubUo  woru: 

Flutvnlt 

New  York 

Kltfht  of  «cUon  for  IrxJtirtM.    (S(f 

luxuries  J 
Safot/  appliance*.     (Sre   Fire  e»- 
c&pes  on  fulorloB;  Uiurds  on 
thrwhltig   nuohlnu,   etc.:    lu- 
NpwtloD  uf  (aotorlea;  Kallroods, 
•uety  ApplUnoae  on.) 
S&loouft,  emplovinanl  of  chlldreu 
and  women  in.    (9tt  ChlJdroD 
And  women,  etc.) 
Scrip.     tSre  Vmyment  oi  ws^m..) 
Stamen: 

Philippine  IsUnda 


t'llltlMl   SlAtM. 


It*  tor  fomalo  employens: 

Kviitut  fc\ ,., 


la 

(Una  air: 


Sleauii" 
Izupoer 
BteAiii 


OeorglA  (D)... 

HawaU 

Idaho 

Ifitllitnfc 

Maine  CD) 

If  aiaach  iiattt  t 


BuUetln. 


Mo 


j» 

3M 

70 

7n-779 

05 

Ma 

«) 

715 

fl7 

W7.918 

AO 

2a^90» 

M 

35CKM1 

71 

SS^'MU 

6A 

BH 

74 

280 

fiO 

380.381 

ftl 

1083 

74 

361 

M 

80& 

t  Ion  of.    <Sff 

.  ^.iiiiin.i  1 1'  III, 


liquet*    III    Lltuuivi Ui! 


•<,  hoon  of  labor  of 
'!!.     (S«e    Ituun   uf 


StTf-i-t    r.)l 
Ifl'h.r,  .■•■ 

BtTori  r.ii)w'iy5,  proiwtlOD  of  «n- 
ployeei  on.    (Set  Protection  of 
tonployeM.) 
Suite  for  WHKea: 

CaUlonUft 

GeorglA 

New  Yurk 

lay  lKl»or; 
Cnmteoticut 


Pa«e. 


aH3M 

TJtt 

«7,a« 

TBI 
764 
707 

as7 

862 

TUB 


230 
DOfl 

1063 

457 

343.744 

333.  Xi4 

&42 

•jr,7 

221 
7tl 
654 


Sunday  Iftbor— Conduilud. 

Rhode  Island  (U) 

VlTKluie , 

SweAtlng  systeni: 

M*ryl»nrl  (t)) 

llaasBchusotta... 

New  Jerspy. 

Nfw  York 

Pennnylvimiii 

Telegfrapti  «{wrnlon,iitc.,  ratlnmd, 
hour*  of  Irthor  of: 

UmieU  btfttea 

Telegraph  polen,  aUe,  height,  etc., 
of: 

Wyonilng 

Tenant  fectorles.    {Sie  Inapectlan 

of  fat'torlea.) 
Tfiue  for  itiewM  to  be  allowed  ein- 
plnyrea  : 

Louldlane 

PenuiyI  vanin 

Time  to  voUi  tu  be  ^awed  em- 
ployeea: 

Arkanaas /....,.. 

MaflMachuBetta. ...........  ^.... 

Ohlo...> , 

Trude-ruurka  of  trade  unions: 

Arkiiiises 

Cullfomla , 

Coimectlcut , 

Coiinwtlcut  (D> ..  — . 

Nfil-rrtflka 

New  Jersey , 

New  Jomry  (D).., 

New  York , 

Tcnncflsoe 

VaocinHtinn  ofentployeoa  on  puhUe 
wt>rk»: 

Virginia 

Wages  aa  preferred  cUlma; 

Iowa , 

Now  Uedoo 

United  BUtaa 

Wages,  assignment  o(.    (5m  As- 
signment.) 
Wages,  crimbinHtlons  to  Ax: 

Loulslan* 

Wages,  exemption  of.    iStt  Ex- 

empltoQ,  etc.) 
WagM   of   eniptoyees    on    public 
works,  rotentlon  of: 

CallfomU , 

Wugva,    psyinent  of.    (Am    Pay 

meiit,  etc.} 
Wages,  rates  of.    (See  Rates  of 

wages.) 
WogM.  refusing  to  pay: 

Montana 

Wages,  aiilts  for.    iStf  Salts  lor 

wages.) 
Welehiiig  ooal  at  mines: 

Arksiwaa 

Woman  and  child  labor,  Inrostlga- 
tion  of; 

United  SUtei 

Women  and  child  p«n.    (See  Chil- 
dren and  woman.) 
Women,  employment  of: 

Ml<:lij™n 

Women,  houTB  of  labor  oi: 

Oregon  (D) 

Women,  nl^tworkby: 

New  York 

Naw  York(D» 


BiOletln. 


No.     Fags. 


73 


7in.7i7 
1(1 

1015, 101 
7I&-71 
4&S-4ai' 
368 


4D1,4U2 
10D6 


7(M 
;t57 


11H4 

710 


3M.  :{.Vi 
330 
lOBl.U 


717 

Z« 
lOM 
337 


n5 

351 

71 

m 

63 

m 

in 

an-sTR 

631 -MB 

w 

73 

4(» 
011-613 

37691— No.  75—08 26 


THE  CANABIAN  INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  INVESTIGATION  ACT 

OF  1907. 

B7  VICTOn  8.  CLARK,  PH.  D. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Tlio  Industrial  Disputes  Investigation  Act  of  CanHila  became  a  law 
March  'i'2,  1007.  following  several  prior  acts — the  last  a  consolidation, 
made  only  a  year  before,  of  previous  statutes — for  the  voluntary  con- 
ciliation, investigation,  and  arbitration  of  labor  difficulties.  The  im- 
mediate occasion  of  the  now  law  was  n  strike  of  groat  local  interest 
and  public  importance  in  the  coal  mines  of  southern  Alberta,  which 
the  previous  autumn  had  threatened  to  leave  the  prairie  Provinces 
without  n  winter's  supply  of  fuel.  Conseiiuently  the  dominant  mo- 
tive of  the  act  was  to  prevent  strikes  that  seriously  and  directly  affect 
the  general  welfare.  The  method  of  the  law  in  such  disputes  is  to 
prohibit  a  cessation  of  industry,  under  adequate  penalties,  until  tlie 
public  is  officially  informed  of  the  grounds  of  the  controversy. 

The  act  differs  from  the  compulsory  arbitration  laws  of  Austral- 
asia in  that  strike>:  and  lockouts  are  not  prohibite<l  after  an  investi- 
gation of  their  causes  has  Ikvu  made.  The  power  of  well-informed 
public  opinion  is  then  relied  upon  to  prevent  or  shorten  such  disturb- 
ances. Another  important  difference  is  that  the  provisions  of  the 
Canadian  law  extend  only  to  public  utilities — such  as  steam  and  elec- 
tric railways,  power  and  lighting  plants,  and  similar  industries — and 
to  mines.  Coal  mines  may  |>erhaps  be  considered  as  public  utilities, 
but  the  extension  to  metal  mines  is  a  departure  from  the  leading  the- 
ory of  the  law. 

Therefore  rhe  act  is  the  logical  first  step  toward  goveminent  inter- 
vention in  lalwn*  disputes,  if  a  policy  of  intervention  is  to  l»e  adopted. 
It  recosnizes  the  risht  of  the  public  lo  couVaumows  ■ae.tx \^^  vb.  SsAxa- 


1 


«fo-\ 


658 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BVREAr  OF  LABOR. 


Irii's  rstal)iislun1  primarily  for  the  gi'iKTiil  ronvcniencc,  like  its  right 
to  continuous  inilitnry  nnd  p<:>l!co  protection,  and  at  the  same  timo 
it  prosorvcs  the  right  of  workingmon  and  employers  to  terininalo 
their  conlrtKis.  It  is  not,  like  the  coiii|)ulsory  laws  of  Austiula.siau 
countries,  an  attempt  to  regulate  in  detail  the  administration  of  pri- 
vate business  or  to  control  the  or^anixatiim  of  labor.  Yet  in  requir- 
ing a  pul>Iic  investigation  i>f  certain  disputes  before  permitting  a 
strike,  the  law  goes  beyond  previous  legislation,  which  be*^iue  etfec- 
tive  only  at  the  option  of  the  iMirties,  and  ilierefore  did  noi  constitute 
true  intervention. 

The  law  provider  for  boards  of  conciliation  and  investigation,  ap* 
jM^inted  for  each  dispute.  Each  board  consists  of  three  nicuil>er9,  one 
s«l«icted  by  tlie  workers,  another  by  tlie  employers,  aixd  the  tiiird  by 
thatie  two  uieuibors,  or,  wlieu  ihey  disagree,  by  tlie  goveruiueut. 

'         THE  LWV  AS  AN  AID  TO  STRIKE  PREVEXTIOV 

As  the  law  is  intended  to  prevent,  not  to  prohibit,  striken  und 
lockouts,  and  applies  to  only  a  limited  number  of  industries,  striken 
have  not  ceased  entirely  in  Canada^  and  occur  occasionally  even  in 
the  industries  subject  to  the  act.  Four  strikes — two  in  coal  niiti«», 
(»ne  upon  a  railway,  and  one  among  dock  hdxirers — were  begim  ao 
soon  after  the  act  went  into  force  that  the  workers  could  fairly  plead 
ignorance  of  its  provisions.  In  all  these  cases  they  resumed  work 
after  the  h»w  was  explained.  One  lockout  in  a  western  coal  mine 
occurred  under  siitiilur  circumstances.  The  Montreal  longshoremen 
went  on  a  strike  in  disregard  nf  (he  act,  and  the  coal  Dilners  at  Spring- 
bill  struck  after  iin  award  Lad  been  gi\en.  No  strikers  have  been 
kconvictod  under  tlie  penal  provLsions  of  the  law ;  but  two  union  offi- 
cers have  bi»en  fuu'd  for  inciting  strikes,  and  one  employer  has  been 
,  finetl  for  instituting  a  lockout. 

From  March  22,  1907.  when  the  act  went  into  effect,  to  Ja?\uiiry 
1.%  1908,  thirty  disputes  l>e(*ame  subject  to  investigation,  though  some 
were  settled  before  a  bi»ard  was  »piM>iiilvd  or  held  hearings.  Ono 
board  has  been  applied  for  ami  rendered  its  decision  since  the  latter 
date.    Five  strikes*  begun  in  ignorance  or  di-  "     "    '      ■  tw,  a»*d 

one  Wkout,  were  ended  pending  w  after  ii-        ^,  ■  igh  not 

in  all  cases  directly  by  a  board.  Out  of  the  remaining  twenty-Rve 
disputes  but  two  restilted  in  a  strike. (")  Friends  of  the  act  elnim 
further  tliat  some  di^iputes  that  otherwise  might  have  re^^ulleil  In  tk 
[strike  have  \h*ct\  settled  without  a  board,  becatise  the  parties  did  not 
want  a  puljlic  investigation. 


1 


«  /?;  >  <l   In  the 

tj-^  tJi^wou  acceineil  liie  bourdV  decin^vu. 


V-ftec  Av\«ia^V  V«  \%V.> 


CJklfMiVtS   rKDUSTRlAL  DltiPUTEB  ACT. 


859 


It  >*peBi.s,  tJieiefiire,  a  fair  coucluHimi  tlwit  tlie  act  lias  prevenU^I 
strike.*;,  toojO!  of  wUich  nii^ht  have  been  serious.     0|>inion  ditfers  as 
what  dispiiteH  wnuhl   liave  sn  resiilteil   without   Uie  ^fwii   olfires 
the  boards^  and  there  i.^  no  w»y  of  deciiUn^  this  point.    Aa  inter- 
offictr  of  a  railway  miion.  oppuHed   to  the   law,   writes: 
"There  is  not  one  single  instance  duringr  tlie  piwt  thirty-five  yttnrs, 
in  this  country,  much  less  Hinee  the  euartment  of  the  Railway  I^bor 
Act,  1J*0&   (which   provided   for   voluntary  conciliation K 
tbi  the  public  bus  been  inctnivenifiiced  to  any  appreciable  ex- 
tantv  on  account  of  disiputes  between  railway  comi>uuie!3  and  their 
cmploywsy  that -would  justify  the  application  of  the  Iiwbistnal  Di.v 

Iputes  Act.  11*07,  to  tliem."    Neverthelens*  in  the  Quae  of  tl  lian 

Pacific  Itailwjiy  tfle^*aplK»i*a,  last  siimiuer.  a  vt;ry  serious  i.  .^.  was 
threatened,  so  that  tJie  prospective  interference  with  tratKc  was  a 
matter  of  much  public  cotuitti.  lu  the  sprinj?  of  1^08  a  trouble- 
sonic  coal  mhic  dispute  in  Nova  Scotia,  involving  neai'ly  <even  thon- 
aand  men^  which  many  l>elievcd  would  result  in  n  disastrous  t^trike, 
was  spttJptl  nmicnhly.     In  both  these  CU8B  a  settlement  might  have 

»befn  MiuitMl  Ii;'.d  n<»  law  been  in  fovce.  But  taking;  the  twenty-six 
di  i  reii  after  the  provijsions  of  the  act  were  genei^lly 

kuowu — aiid  tia.>  im-bidcs  the  Muiitrcal  dockrr*'  strike — the  law  of 

^ averages  leads  to  the  belief  that  more  strike-^  would  have  followed 
had  tJiey  been  left  to  the  usual  methods  of  setniniiiii. 
act 


I 


INFLUENCE  OK  THE  ACT  OX  COXDITlON^i  OF 
EMPLOYitENT. 


Some  things  are  worse  than  strSces,  and  if  it  were  certain  that 
act  had  affectetl  adversely  conditions  of  employment  for  the  25,000 
men  said  to  be  working  under  board  agreements  or  had  prevented 
normal  improvement  in  those  conditions,  then,  in  spite  of  the  strikes 
prevented,  it  might  be  well  to  repeal  the  law.  At  the  outset  it  should 
be  noted  that  tlie  Canadian  act  was  put  in  force  Just  before  an  indus- 
trial depression,  on  the  verpe  of  a  period  of  unemployment  and  falling 
wages.  Therefore  in  its  natal  year  it  was  put  to  a  severer  test  than 
have  l>een  the  Australasian  laws  in  the  twelve  3''ears  of  their  operation. 
In  some  cases  wages  liave  been  lowered,  and  in  others  expected  in- 
creases hflve  been  denied.  But  most  of  the  agi-eements  made  under 
the  auapices  of  the  boards  have  eitlier  increased  wages  or  shortened 
hours  of  woric,  and  some  of  them  have  done  lK)th.  Such  results  go 
further  by  implication  than  appears  on  the  surface  and  show  a  flexible 
treatment  of  wage  relations  that  has  not  been  possible  wliere  compul- 
sorj'  arbitration  is  in  force. 

Relalrvely  less  succciis  has  nttended  the  mediafion  of  the  Ijourds  in 
miuijig  disputes  than  in  railway  negoliatious.    Possibly  the  adjust- 


uLlSBSIIL^Si^ 


660 


BULLEXm   OF  THE   BtntKAD   UP   LABOR. 


meat  of  piecework  rales  and  the  regulation  of  other  conditions  pecul- 
iar to  mines  is  more  difficult  for  outside  authorities  than  is  the 
adjustment  of  salarit^s  ami  \va<(es  on  railways.  iSome  hoard  derisions 
have  been  entirely  disregarded  by  mining  companies  without  bring- 
ing on  a  strike.  In  more  instances  the  decision  of  the  board  has  be-en 
used  as  a  basis  for  a  settlement  by  direct  negotiation  between  em- 
ployers and  employees.  Indeed,  settlements  by  parties  not  involved 
in  the  original  dispute  have  sometimes  be«n  based  on  board  decisions 
in  neighboring  mines.  In  comparatively  few  cases  has  a  board's 
decision  been  accepte<l  without  modification  by  the  parties  interested. 
Instead  of  indicating  a  weakness  of  the  act,  however,  this  apparent 
laxness  may  be  a  source  of  strength,  for  in  most  such  cases  it  is  fair  to 
assume  that  the  board's  decision  was  in  some  respect  defective,  as 
might  be  expected  unless  it  were  made  by  experi&  To  enforce  such 
a  decision  by  law  would  luirden  both  employees  and  the  industiy 
itself  with  uneconomic  regulations. 

But  the  negative  result  in  case  of  mining  disputes  is  more  apparent 
than  real.  Tlie  recommendations  of  the  boards  have  favored  the  de- 
mands of  the  men  in  most  instances,  and  where  the  final  settlement 
did  not  coincide  with  the  recommendation,  the  latter  has  usually  in- 
fluenced the  terms  conceded.  Merely  by  preventing  strikes  the  act 
hns  in  a  sense  Ix'ttei'ed  the  condition  of  mine  workers.  More  decisive 
have  been  the  cases  where  an  agreement  diivctly  impro\*ing  coikditions 
of  employment  hns  been  s^'cured  through  a  board.  A  district  presi- 
dent of  the  United  Mine  Workers  writes:  '*  This  result  (the  satis- 
factory settlement  of  three  coal-mine  dispute^  is  due  to  the  l>oards  of 
conciliation  and  invastigation  appointed  under  the  Industrial  Dis- 
putes Act  of  1007.  Agreements  were  signed  by  the  respective  parties 
*  *  *,  These  agreements  give  the  workmen  improved  conditions  of 
employment  and  inoi-oases  of  wages  varying  from  5  to  174  per  cent. 
I  am  convinced  that  the  operation  of  tlie  act,  coupled  with  tlie  tact  of 
[the  chairman  of  the  board]  averted  a  serious  strike,''  These  agree- 
ments were  made  just  after  the  financial  panic  of  1907.  The  most, 
important  case  in  numl)ers  affected  that  has  been  heard  tinder  the 
law  was  the  application  of  the  coal  miners  of  Cape  Breton — son^e 
TjOOO  in  all — for  an  increase  of  wages  in  the  spring  of  1008.  The 
representative  of  the  miners  upon  the  board  thus  comments  on  its 
decision:  "The  award  amounts  tea  substantial  victory  for  the  men, 
and  this,  too,  in  tlie  face  of  a  demoralized  coal  trade  in  the  Knsic 
States  and  the  consequent  wealniess  of  the  coal  trade  in  Montroal^' 
where  during  the  past  two  months  etForts  have  been  made  by  Ameri- 
can coal  interests  to  place  orders  in  conii)etition  '  '  '  -  "  <« 
Breton.  Tlio  award  adds  about  $70,000  to  the  ^  s 
year.  The  amount  iti  baaed  upon  Inst  year's  business,  and  will  bo 
mostly  distributed  a/nong  the  clase^  of  Vonv«!&1  \yix\d  bkbor^  who  were 


CAXJi>UN    INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES   ACT. 


I 


I 


the  greatest  nvr^X  of  «n  increase,'*  In  thia  c*»  Ihe  miners  pi^ 
aenteil  tin*  board  uiih  a  vtite  of  thanks  at  the  ronolusion  of  lh«^ 
settlement. 

The  disposition  of  the  Ixwrtls  to  favor  the  workei*s  \vhon»vcr  |>»xs. 
sible  is  thus  described  by  a  large  mining  employer  in  British  C 
lumlfiii :  "From  the  lx»jrinning  |of  the  Iniard  pnKt'eilin^l  il  wiidl 
apparent  that  if  a  question  involved  a  closi»  division,  and  their  wiiaj 
approximately  an  equal  amount  in  favor  of  each  side,  the  compani 
would  stand  altsolutely  nt>  chance.  Our  own  nrhitnitor  put  tlic  cano 
very  frnnldy  in  telling  me  that  the  best  we  could  ex[Hvl  was  a  reeoni- 
mendation  in  favor  of  the  wage;?  we  had  been  coni[H*Ueil  to  ctmcodo^ 
the  union  in  May,  whidi  were  except ionully  hijrh.  He  intinuited 
that  there  was  no  diance  of  an  arbitration  Intard's  nromniending  a 
reduction  in  wages  we  had  ourseIvt»s  conceded,  regardless  uf  whether 
or  not  contlitions  had  changed.  Had  not  the  Ihnte  branch  of  the 
Western  Federation  accepted  the  ."lO  tvuts  n  day  redtu'tion  jirovidinl 
for  in  their  contract,  had  not  the  Uossland  and  Trail  branches  volun- 
tarily retiirne*]  to  their  old  wngi»s,  and  liad  not  the  HoiiiMlHry  niiiieM 
completely  closevl  down,  the  arbitrntiuu  board  would  unqiu"»tu»nably 
have  recommended  the  continuance  of  tlie  prewnt  abnormally  high 
wage  scale.  The  facts  of  the  dediiu*  in  nu^tnls.  (lie  iinniicial  dcpMM- 
sion,  and  that  a  big  nuijority  of  the  mines  cf>tdd  not  make  a  dollar  at 
those  wages,  would  not  have  influenced  their  deci.siou."  'lldi*  18  lui  in* 
stance  whero  n  temporary  reduction  of  wages,  based  on  n  sliding  ^'cale 
adjusted  to  the  price  of  metals,  was  rectMnniendeil.  imd  the  decision 
of  the  l)oard  w*as  undoubtedly  due  U>  the  precedent  given  by  reduc- 
tions voluntarily  accepted  by  miners  at  othi-r  filaces. 

In  railway  disputes  most  l>oard  re<Hunmendalions  have  granted  to 
the  workers  an  increase  of  wages  or  other  i«ul><<tantial  advanlngisic 
TTie  number  of  employw»s  rec<»iving  higlier  wages  tlirongh  Mich  de* 
cisions  is  3,*V>0.  Shorter  houi"s,  without  an  in<rea^iT  of  wage«,  *^*'*! 
granted  1^15  carmen.  Upon  atiother  s>-steni  800  carmen,  who  pra- 
sented  their  case  in  the  midst  of  tlie  seas^m  of  nr  '  »  follow- 

ing the  hnancial  cri^^is.  faileil  to  obtain  ln.*tter  wu;:  .  r  Immip^I 

though  they  prevented  reductioRA  and  aeciirefl  nome  improrpmeni  m\ 
general  con<litioDs.     A  jurisdictional  dispute  Ix'twren  ihp  rnginrm 
and  tiren»eii  upoD  the  Canadian  Northern  system  wa^  »^tle«l  without! 
ce.    Clearly,  therefare.  the  board  dectidoiia  io  railway  dt^ptttca 
m^  '  the  4v»ndition  of  worker*.    ^Fhether  still  Ijetter  con- 

di<  ^       iiare  been  obtained  by  private  i»egotaatiun<«  in  a  inatlei 

of  argtmient  that  an  outaider  can  not  pretend  to  dedde.    But  focir  of 
tliv  '         r»>  applied  for  by  empkiycea,  who  made  aMarit  that  a 

stri  nr«t«Mtl:  and  a   r>n9tiMe  improincmefrt  cf  itmdHkmm 

(hrongh  a  strike  moal  br  <i  '  '>>        ;   ke  Io  all 

pariica  ooftocvfted,  itocliiding  ti^c.  ^■j.ut.tii 


vtrLunrsr  of  thb  BTBicAr  or  ULBtm, 


Outside  of  miii^  and  rail'wiiys  ih^  act  ha»  Uwii  tippUed  fts  jet  in  feeo^ 
fttw  case*  to  jns;.ify  crMU'lui^ons  aa  to  ita  e#ect  on  coaditioas  of  employ- 
meut  in  i>tliei'  industries. 

In  nmkiu^  their  n»tMmLincD(lAttons  boards  havn  luach.  more  Wvuy 
khan  does  an  arbhnuion  conrt.  In  the  fir^C  place,  one  nfsx^tamesA  is 
not  neofss;irilT  a  prt'fX'dent  for  its  successors.  It  liaa  nt>f  the  same 
force  ita  a  court  awiirfl,  uml  therefore  cacli  party  isilet**  insistent  up^m 
establishing  iu  it  imuint:ihle  principles  to  jEroTem  the  fijiure  rvlAtiooB' 
of  emph»yers  and  employees  in  the  industry.  K'ht  ini^tannf,  the  unions^ 
ill  Ciimulu  have  not.  iu^^i^^tt■d  in  all  cases  up<jn  a  standard  wa^pe.     They 

'  hftve  alloweil  that  un<lw  rcrrtain  cin-urnhtanc^M  a  company  should  be 
refjuircd  to  pny  vrhut  it  was  able,  and  that  wheii*  two  c(.»flU(>Hnirs  were 
opcmtiufr  uii<lcr  conditions  >if»  dillVient  tliat  ihc  i>rotilr*  of  otw  were- 

HjVger  than  the  profits  of  the  other  ttte  wa^re^  paid  for  the  same  »4»rrtro 
by  one  nii^ht  be  higher  than  tha"^  paiii  by  llu?  other.  Moretwer  tlwrf 
have  acceded  to  a  Ilc^tible  adjustment  of  wa^?-  iu  neij^chborinii  fowaa 

np  districts  based  on  tlie  supply  of  labor  m«  well  as  the  cont  of  living 

'  fexpenws  are  lower  at  Stnitford  than  at  near-by  Torouta  but  railway 
maehinijits  are  allowed  a  hi^Iier  wage  ut  the  foruier  place,  becaii?*e  the 

Mjlraetioug  of  the  larger  city  njake^  men  prefer  to  work  there,     Tlie 

^lOLipd  sliop  has  not  lieen  urjred  as  it  ban  been  in  N'ew  Zealand  ami 
AiLstraliji,  because  tJxe  utiiiMirf  assume  an  res|Mrti.sibiUly  under  the  act, 
antl  tlierefore  have  no  claim  in  ecpiity  from  tJiose  adn^inisterir^;  it. 
So  lon^  at;  employers  do  not.  dincrimiuate  uptinst  union  men  after  a 
tsettlemcnt  has  been  made,  ihis  isHiic?'  may  be  dormant.     Hut  it  threat- 

Hp0  trouble  even  uiitler  the  pre.s^'ut  law,  if  unionists  are  victimti  of 
reprisal^  for  conductiji;r  canc-s  before  the  boards.  Finally,  the  l>oards 
hove  l>een  uWe  lo  a\^oid  taking  up  niiilti*i*s  tlwt  relate  to  the  ttdmiui>i- 
tration  of  a  bu^«ine^j»  rather  than  lo  ctnidrlious  of  employment.  They 
have  secured  the  coiiAent  of  anions  tii  waiving  a  claim  tlmt  promotions 
hi  a  certain  or'cuptiiiou  nhouhl  l)e  exclusively  by  seniority.  In  a  woi-ti, 
the  Ixmnls  have  been  able  to  keep  <lown  to  fundamental  issues  and  lo 

r-lBftke  the  coat  (it  the  individual  weaivr.  ho  tu  ^^|M!uk.  much  iHrtter  tliaa 

H^ve  the  arbiti^ation  courts  of  Anstca]a.sia..  i 

Tbia  is  in  nuuiy  wayw  an  advauta^.  Wlien  well  es(ul>lislu*d  as 
a  rule  of  action^  it  lc>^Heud  the  nunUjer  of  complaints  bruu^ht  up 
for  oflicial  cognizance,  lly  coniinin|e  aitent'uui  lo  ntaterial  is?4u«s, 
minor  cauMe.s  of  irritati<m  between  emph^y^^s  and  employees* — often 
nion*  diilitnilt  lo  ivmove  tluut  more  imi>ortiint  dilTeivjiceai — iire  partly 
avoided.  Tlua  elan6e.s  the  ^ilUAtion  for  the  puldie.  Wagen  and 
hourj!(  of  Work,  and  yunitarv'  cruiditiiins  »d  em|  arc  ihiu^i 

I  that  every  man  can  !ind«rHtan<l,  upon  whirh  he  •  •.'  .  r.  lii  an  iuidUi-J 
gjnil  opinion,  und  in  wliicli  he  i>  likely  to  take  a  real  intftradt.  Tkvi 
moral  siipp<trl  of  the  public  for  I  be  ri^hl  Hi<le  in  a  lulx 

\jNoiv  asfiuvd  wLc'iJ  issiut^  arts  iM)t  Iw  wiin>licatcd 


CANADIAN    INDUSTRIAL   PrSPUTRS   ACT. 

fact  cnu  iitit   be  ovi^rlooked  tliut  minor  |;nev]Luce.s  »i*e  I>ehiiul 

of  tlie  l>itten»st  iiiiinio8itU»s  between  employee  and  workmen. 

*hei*e  an*  li^le^  wlieu  (liey  have  t<j  bt*  foiisideretl.  nnd  it  is  well  that 

law  Lr  fle.xible  cnotigii  to  i>eruiit  of  this  beiiijr  done. 

►w  far  tlw?  act  Ims  :iirm'tH<i  tlie  coiiditU>n  of  workers,  hy  vvmlvr- 

inif  their  oven'duy   intercourse   with   employers   more   amio:ible   oi* 

■the  revei-se,  nuist  be  left  to  itulividiiul  (tpiiiiou.  Muuy  worklngnien 
Bay  that  a  better  feeling  pi'evails  now  than  formerly.  Some  labor 
Jpa<lprs  asf^^rt  that  petty  jrrievanres  jire  n<*cuinnlutinj^,  and  that  lesB 
true  friendliness  prevails  than  bef<»re  the  act  went  into  force.  Prob- 
[y  condiliona  vary  in  different  ctmes  in  this  rea[}ect.  But  the  ma- 
terial t*on<lition  of  the  workei's  subject  to  the  act,  as  indicated  by 
rages  oud  hours  of  labor,  hat»  clearly  improved  dui'ing  it^  operation. 

INFLUENCE  OF  THE  ACT  UPON  INDUSTRY. 


The  act  has  been  in  force  but  little  over  a  year^  and  therefore  its 
;inJ1uence  upon  industry  is  as  yet  difficult  to  determine.     Nor  will 

this  iulluence  ever  lx»  susceptible  of  staltbtical  statement.  The  saving 
[to  tiidnstry  by  tke  prevenli<m  of  a  single  railway  or  coal  strike  might 

reacJi  milLioiu^  of  dollars  in  Canada,  and  po.ssibly  almost  as  much  in 

the  I'aited  States — so  closely  ir^  the  business  welfai*e  of  the  two  coun- 
ttries  related.     Ardent  supporters  .of  the  law  can  figure  up  several 

millions  saved  l)y  the  act  the  past  year,  tluough  tlie  avoidance  of  two 

k threatened  railway  strikes — and.  if  we  can  l»e  sure-  the  strikes  would 
luLve  occurred  without  the  act,  the  estimate  is  well  grounded.     But.  as 
we  can  not  know  what  nji^ht  have  happened   uuiler  ihose  circmn- 
stanceSf  &]>eculations  of  thi.s  sort  are  more  alluring  tlian  valuable. 
But  another  aspect  of  tlie  inHuence  of  the  law  upon  industry  is 
better  worth  study.     Have  agrcenientB  made  under  the  law  h:uui>ered 
the  administration  of  bll^in^^w,  unduly  increased  costs  either  for  th^ 
[producer  or  tlus  consumer,  or  tiirown  new  burdens  on  any  section  of 
the  people  for  the  benefit  of  another  section?     These  questions  are 
jVery  important  in  caw*  of  contiudsory  aibiiration.     They  ai-e  cliielly 
interesting  for  their  ahscncc  in  connection  witli  tlie  Canadian  Utw. 
Tluit  they  are  almo.^t  entindy  absent  is  postdbly  the  iiujst  importjint 
^SHUgle  thing  tiiat  can  be  ^aid  alK)ut  that  law.     It  will  l>e  a  great  gain 
tif  Canada  succi^ds  permanently  in  regidating  conditions  of  employ- 
Rciently  to  prevent  serious  strikes,  without  interfering  with 
of  pixidnction  and  exchange  so  as  to  disarrange  the  fjtnc- 
EUonHof  the  business  (trganLsm.     As  the  act  ^ands  at  present,  this  end 
■la  attained  by  li'  "  i        '  :*    "      '        to  a  few  indnstrica, 

and  by  limiting  ?'►  *  f-w  essential 

^matters.    The  huti^r  Ibaitation  Gomrit  fr>  .vAwvvvwv-^xv- 

ion  moiK  tlmu  from  slAlutory  prtivuuuiUi  vr^\«iA  v^- 


n 


664 


BULLETIN   OF  THE  BCREAU   OF   LABOR. 


being  public  onlei-s,  «re  private  coiitnicls  made  iimlcr  public  aus- 
pices. Consequently  the  good  judgment  of  all  parties  is  fulJ}'  con- 
sulted, and  tlie  boiirils  can  not  radically  interfere  Mith  l>usine.ss  con- 
ditions. So  far  the  act  seems  not  to  have  affected  industry  otherwise 
than  by  seonring  grenter  continuity  of  oi>era(ion.  No  employer  coni- 
|)!ained  that  tb*^  law  hampered  his  business;  and  it  is  not  reported 
to  have  influenced  prices. 

ADMrXISTHATIOX  AND  IXTERPRETATTOX  OF  THE  ACT. 


Administration  covers  two  mnttors,  general  administration  by  the 
minister  of  labor  nn<l  pro<'edure  by  the  boards.  The-  two  intportant 
functions  of  general  administration  are  lo  di»cide  what  disputes  shall 
be  investigated — that  is,  the  extensive  jurisdiction  of  the  act^ — and  to 
select  members  of  boards  where  the  disputants  fail  lo  do  so  or  to 
agree  ti])on  a  chairman.  As  subsequent  procedure  and  the  success  of 
an  investigation  depend  on  the  personnel  of  each  board,  the  latter 
is  ibe  most  important  single  net  of  administration,  Tlie  appoint- 
ments made  by  the  government  have  in  some  cases  been  criticised, 
not  on  the  ground  of  tlie  bias  of  the  whole  board,  but  in  regard  to 
tlie  propriety  of  some  single  member's  serving.  The  main  obje<'tion 
ha.s  been  to  the  appointment  of  general  officers  of  labor  organizations 
as  representatives  by  the  workeis.  These  appointments  have  b«H»n 
accepte<l  by  (he  government — and  are  r*)nsidered  expedient  by  some 
well-informed  employers — on  the  groumi  that  these  men  are  often  ex- 
|>erienced  negotiators,  who  can  make  a  settlement  that  will  carry 
weight  with  the  workers  better  than  any  other  pei*son.  Attorneys  for 
labor  organizations  and  for  emi)loying  corporations  have  served  as 
board  members  for  their  respective  clients,  usually  with  success.  All 
such  appointmeitts  are  thought  improper  by  those  who  regard  the 
boards  as  judicial  tribunals.  But  it  has  not  lieeu  the  policy  of  the 
government  or  the  wish  of  the  disputants,  as  indicated  by  their  ap- 
pointees, to  secure  an  absolutely'  nonpartisan  board,  but  rather  a 
board  familiar  with  conditions  and  having  the  confidence  of  the 
parties  represented.  However,  if  two  members  of  a  board  are 
nothing  more  than  jiarlisans  of  their  irsjxN'tive  sides  they  morally 
simply  till  a  place  at  the  table,  for  their  presence  couiributeii  little 
or  nothing  to  the  settlement  of  the  dispute.  In  practice  the  chairman 
is  forced  in  such  cases  to  negotiate  for  nmtiial  concessions,  over  their 
heads,  with  the  principals  whom  they  represent.  Therefore  for  either 
wde  to  select  a  mei'e  tool  as  its  rcpresentmlive  is  really  to  weal<en  its 
case,  for  it  (bus  deprives  itself  of  a  s^'mpathetic  arbitrator  to  secure 
an  advocate,  who  is  usually  unauthorized  to  nndce  the  concessionfl 
that  go  with  every  sett lunient,i and  whose  final  report  on  the  inveftli- 
UioOf  if  '  ^cuiciit  is  uiade.  bs  di«scoui\v«d  \)>y  \\V6  \)v*£^uaied  yar- 


CANADIAN    INDUSTRIAL   DISPrXES  ACT. 


665 


tiality.  The  dininiieu  of  tiu*  boanls,  whcLlu'i*  ufrreotl  upon  by  the 
other  two  ineinlwi's  or  selected  by  the  government,  have  in  nearly 
every  case  been  above  suspicicm  as  tn  bias,  inul  in  all  cases  men  of  in- 
teginiy.  W!ien  any  bias  is  suspei:ted  a  board  is  nearly  sure  to  result 
in  failure.  The  system  of  having  temporary  boards  instead  of  a 
[Hirmanonl  board  or  court,  as  in  New  Zealand  and  Australia,  jjosst^sses 
the  great  advantu're  that  unsuitjdile  men  are  dropped  after  one 
experienc-e,  but  has  the  weakness  that  entirely  unfitted  men  may  be 
selected  or  appointed  in  any  new  ilispute.  Tlie  tendency  is  to  select 
the  same  board  members  repeatedly,  so  lliat  several  boards  have  been 
identical  in  different  disputes,  and  one  chairman — a  professor  of  eco- 
nomi<*s — lias  served  acceptably  on  eleven  of  the  twenty-eight  boards 
that  have  been  established. 

The  prtx'e<lure  adopted  by  the  boards  dcjicnds  on  their  interpreta- 
tion of  the  act.  Two  opposite  lines  of  interpretation  have  developed, 
one  looking  toward  comi)ulsory  arbitration  and  emphasizing  the 
police  features  of  the  law,  and  the  other  putting  a  purely  conciliatory 
construction  on  that  measure.  Boards  adopting  the  Hrst  interpreta- 
tion have  laid  more  stress  upon  a  judicial  in<piisition  into  tiie  causes 
of  a  dispute  than  upon  bringing  the  parties  to  an  amicable  settlement. 
They  have  relied  upon  public  opinion  and  penalties  to  force  the 
parlies  into  an  agreement.  This  method  has  failed,  and  if  generally 
ado])ted  would  logically  lea<i  to  increasing  tlie  powers  of  tlie  boards — 
in  order  \o  get  some  results — and  idtinuitely  to  compidsory  arbitra- 
tion. Fortunately  most  Ixmrd-s  have  recogiMze<l  that  the  spirit  and 
intent  of  the  law  is  conciliation,  and  that  this  can  l)est  be  secured  by 
informal  procedure,  leaving  |)enalty  features  of  tlie  law  in  the  back- 
ground, anil  depending  on  mutual  understanding  and  good  will  even 
more  than  upon  public  opinion  for  a  settlement. 

Tltimaiely  procedure  usually  flepends  upon  the  chairman  of  the 
board,  borne  of  the  least  successful  chairmen  hsive  been  judges, 
though  jtidge.s  ami  lawyeiN  are  in  other  cases  the  first  to  grasp  the 
distincton  l>etwcen  conciliatory  and  judicial  prmvedings.  A  judge 
who  organises  a  board  after  the  fashion  of  a  court,  si*ts  it  up  on  a 
dais,  takes  leistimony  according  to  legal  rules  of  evidence,  enforces 
legid  technicalities,  and  checks  uj)  hLs  witnesses  by  stenograjdiic  |jro- 
ceedings — so  far  us  Canadian  experience  g(H?< — leaves  the  ])arties  at 
the  end  of  their  negotiations  farther  apart  than  at  the  l>eginning.  and 
crystallizes  tentative  issues*  into  insolvable  dif?i<Mdties.  The  most  siic- 
cessfid  chairmen  have  been  those  wlu>  (conducted  their  ju'oceedings 
in  the  most  informal  manner,  the  members  of  the  board  and  the 
representatives  presenting  the  ca^e  for  the  two  sides  sitting  around 
a  trtl)Ie,  interviewing  witnrx-r^  rather  than  examining  them,  and 
lulking  each  other  into  uu  ugrcenxeut.    The  juobt  un()ortaut.  <3it&- 


Btn-LETIX  OP  TffK   BrHRAr   OF   LABOB. 


piit<>s  conHiiWrod  under  the  ut  lieive  lieeii  j^^ltknl  wiibodit  a  st«iio- 
^IXupliit'  rpjwrt  of  the  meetings  and  vvithoiit  taking  fonnal  testimony. 

Success,  then,  tlepenrls  «hnos(  entirely  upon  pptK"e(hire.  An  ex- 
perienced bonrd  chiiirniun  in  C'tiniuhi  Hiiid:  **  Tlie  most  importniit 
work  is  often  done  ontside  of  re^nlar  »essi(ms  of  tlie  lioard.  We  tnlfr 
lo  the  ditTe!vnl  parties  indivithinlly  mid  ^t  to  u  nintini!  understand- 
ing thnt  wiir.  We  never  allow  the  disputanlis  to  k»ave  important'' 
matters  to  the  board.  We  insist  thnt  they  tlieniselves  ^«1J  n^^rec  on 
main  point-.  Interpivliitiun  cnn  l^e  left  to  the  luntrd.  which  can  be 
peoonvenofi  to  <'lear  up  poinr-r  preTioit<5ly  considered  nnd  settled, 
bnt  rinder  sneh  circnmstaura^  a  bonrd  shonH  not  take  up  n«w  points. 
Board*^  oupht  not  to  admit  matters  of  administrMtion  purely.  It 
is  well  to  have  a  preliminary  discussion  l>efore  brin<rin«*  the  panics 
together,  and  after  the  hearing' we  usually  vrind  up  the  pror«edin|rs 
without  hrinpin«r  them  together  apnin  for  that  purpose.  DnriTiif 
ndjournments  the  cluiirman  may  find  it  of  advantage  to  alter  th(t 
form  of  the  proposals  submitti^d  by  the  opposing  parties  witliont 
modifying  their  snbscanre.  We  iind  th:it  ir  is  better  to  let  each  man 
talk  himself  out  with  as  little  inlerrnption  iifi  possible,  for  he  is  more 
rrady  to  consider  prnj>osah  after  he  has  aiivd  his  grievonecs  and 
llnished  stating  his  own  case.  Wiere  differences  arise  as  lo  (piestion* 
uf  fact,  little  or  nothing  is  gained  by  s^eanng  A\ilnesses.  It  tlien 
beromes  a  contest  between  the  two  parties  eiirh  lo  pnn-e  itself  rigfit, 
nnd  neitlier  will  m')dify  its  stiitements.  But  discrepancies  in  in- 
formal testiniony  can  gi*nerally  Ih'  traced  to  a  niisiinderstandingT  atul 
when  that  is  made  clear  the  parties  agree.''  I 

An  eminent  lawyer,  formerly  a  justice  of  the  Dominion  supreme 
conrt,  who  has  served  on  several  boards  and  who  is  personally  fa- 
miliar with  legal  procedure  in  both  the  Tnited  Htates  and  England, 
said :  '*  Tlie  great  difTicnlty  you  would  have  in  operating  ^ich  a  law 
in  the  United  States  is  tlie  tendency  of  your  legislator,  comls,  and 
lawyers  to  sncriflec  everything  to  formnlity.  I  ftar  this  spirit  would 
iiffert  even  nonlegal  tribunals  like  onr  concilijilion  boards.  Yoli 
would  allow  objections  lo  evidence  and  such  technical  frivolities  It* 
defeat  sribstuntial  justice.  Your  big  labor  lenders  understand  the 
matter  nuich  l»etter.  and  I  can  see  the  force  (»f  their  objection  to  stat- 
Mtxtry  aH>itrari<in  in  tla»  States.  Fornudities,  ditrerence^j  a.s  to  ad* 
mrttinif  eviilence.  etc. — often  in  niattei-!^  of  detail  an<l  on  ndnor  point-H 
involving  no  general  prineipic— btved  a  lot  of  ill  feeling  nnd  prevent 
conrjliation/' 

Tlifi-efon?  tlie  goremmenl  in  a]i]>oinling  bf»ards.  and  the  most  snc- 
cessful  boards  in  conducting  pnM'<Hnlings,  have  interpreted  tlu*  act 
as  u  statute  for  conciliation  by  informal  niethtxls.  looking  toward  a 
rduntao'  agreeuieiit  bclwecn  the  [mrtics  as  ii6  ubjuct 


cA^TADiAsr  rsrummja.  vmpxrres  act. 
OPERATION  OV  TllK  L.VW  12J  PAKTICULAR  CA8£S* 


I 


Opportunity  wns  nffonW  the  writer  of  uttendinj;  conciliation  pro- 
edings  before  two  boanls.  In  one  vsise  the  proceeding  involved 
the  claims  of  au  international  railway  union  against)  the  Orand 
Trunk  Railway  for  advaiu-es  in  wages,  «veilinie.  and  minor  chan^prH 
in  cuiuUtioua  of  employment.  The  aessiou  c»ccupied  one  tlay  and  was 
-entirely  informal.  The  more  impoi*tanl  ibsut^is  cispecially  those  relat- 
ing to  wajTPH,  were  last  cou-idered.  After  live  hours'  dist'ussion  only 
twu  matters  renniinetl,  inchidin^  the  wage  (|ue.sti<>u,  tliat  luid  not  been 
comprotniited.  Thereupon  the  board  rose,  aiul  the  niembei's  laboiHHl 
individually  with  the  parties  on  the  two  &ides»  who  had  retired  to 
different  riH)ms  on  the  ri.siiifr  of  the  board,  finally  induriug  them  to 
accept  an  agreeu^ut  relating  t(»  the  points  that  remained  in  dispute. 
The  more  important  railway  <»elflements  have  not  been  conrhuled 
so  easily:  but  the  prix^ednre  ha^  been  practically  the  same.  In  these 
ailway  ra.-*es  the  representalives  of  the  two  sides  have  iwually  been 
men  of  inlluenre,  commanding  the  cfjntidence  of  the  parties  who 
»ele*'ted  iheui,  but  ind«*pentlent  enough  In  propose  and  urge  <.H»m- 
pronu^iCH  upon  their  own  |>eople. 

he  second  Ixmrd  hearing  attended  was  at  O hire  Ray,  Cape  Breton, 
involved  a  .sett lenient    of  lalair    mmditioMH    among    7,tXK)    eoal 
ninerA.    Tbe  proceedings  lasted  over  a  week  and  weiT  attended  by 
many  miners.    One  day  wa.**  taken  by  the  Umrd  to  visit  <vrtain  of 
the  principid  mines,  agreeil  ujMm  by  the  dii-putant.s,  under  the  guid- 
ance of  repi'e«?ntatives  of  birth  sides.    The  case  for  the  mining  com- 
panies  wa^  pre^^-nted  by  the  general  manager  and  the  mine  nnperin- 
tendents  and  thai  for  the  men  by  a  comniitlt^  headed  by  llie  general 
secretary  of  the  Provincial  Workers*  Asj^K'iation,  the  .ntrongeat  single 
labor    r>rgani7,atic>n    in    eastern    Cnnada    if    not    in    the    Dtuniniotu 
SevHTrtl  daVH  wrre  eniphiyed  in  iu'aring  te>timoti3%  all  of  \^hi^•h  wati 
informal.     The  spirit  of  the  inquiry'  was  la  get  at  the  facts,  not  to 
isprove    or    prove    any    man's   statements.     Both    parties    learned 
things  relating  to  the  rcmditionj^  in  ll»e  mines  that  they  did  not  knt>w 
fi/re.     A  .settlement,  said  to  be  MatLsfaclory  to  both  parties,  and 
rcpected  to  remain   in   force  for  a   cr»n.sideral>le  period,  was  finally 
gre<^d  upon.     So  far  as  appeared  lo  au  ouiaide  obs**rvi'r,  the  effect. 
of  the  proceedings  was  to  promote  goo«l  feeling  lietween  the  parties 
s  well  aH  to  bring  them  to  a  Uisiness  understanding. 
Failure  in  n^gnrci  to  a  negotiation  ia  rehiti\e:  for  tlumgh  a  aet- 
tlemetit  may  not  have  been  readietU  iind  a  strike  may  even  occur  aft«r 
board  has  refjorted.  that  report  may  afford  a  basis  for  a  future  sflt- 
einrrii,     Two  of  tlie  mo8t  n<>table  failures  in  this  relativ*«  cien^e  ar© 
tlie   Montreal   harbor  strike  and   the   Springhill   coal  The 

board  m  the  MuuttH^al  cusc  was  iuslilutcd  after  a  striiiv.-  •'nullv 


4 


,M^& 


668 


BULLETIN   OF  THE  BUREAU   OF  LABOR. 


hikKt  way.  The  lon^^r-shorcinen  have  worked  for  a  number  of  yiMirs 
under  an  ngreement  which  couJd  \je  terminated  at  a  certain  date  each 
year  by  either  pnrty.  Differences  nrose  early  in  1007.  when  the 
men  demanded  increased  pay  for  the  new  season.  As  Montreal  is  a 
closed  port  during  the  winter,  stevedoring  is  a  seasonal  occnpati<jn. 
The  ShippinfT  Federation  declined  to  consider  the  proposals  of  the 
men.  nnd  withont  formal  action  by  the  union  the  Jatter  ceased  work. 
What  is  sometimes  calle^l  n  "  runaway ''  strike  occurretl,  for  which 
the  nnion  disclaims  responsibility.  The  employers  j>etitioned  for  a 
board  under  the  new  law,  and  this  was  gi-anted;  but  before  members 
were  appointed  the  Shipping  Federation,  which  was  getting  the  upper 
Inind  of  tlie  strike,  with<lrew  its  application.  Later  the  nnion,  seeing 
that  it  was  losing  ground,  asked  for  a  board,  and  this  request  was 
granted.  Employei-s  criticise  this  action  of  the  government,  saying 
that  tliey  had  won  their  battle  with  the  men.  and  the  board  afforded 
the  latter  an  opportunity  to  fight  over  the  same  issue  with  new  pro- 
cedure, The  new  l>oard,  of  which  the  Arclibishop  of  Montreal  was 
chainnan,  gave  a  decision  which  the  men  refused  to  accept,  but  which 
wat^  substantially  put  in  force  by  the  Shipping  Federation.  This 
decision  gave  the  men  an  increase  of  wages  abotit  as  great  as  they  had 
asked  for  in  the  U^ginning — and  higher  than  had  been  voluntarily 
conceded  by  employers  In-fore  the  board  reiwrled.  In  a  word,  a  strike 
in  fact — whether  technically  a  strike  or  not — was  begun  without  ap- 
j>ealing  to  the  act;  the  men  went  to  work,  after  some  eoncessions  by 
the  employers,  without  the  union's  declaring  the  strike  off  and  Ix'fore 
a  board  was  appointed;  nnd  after  a  lM)ard  decision  was  obtained  it 
was  put  into  effect  l)y  employers  without  lK»ing  accepted  by  the  union. 
Apparently  the  existenee  of  the  a<'t  had  no  iniltienee  upon  the  n»en  in 
regard  to  striking,  and  the  employers  claim  that  it  had  no  influence  in 
making  the  men  i^etuni  to  work.  But  the  board  did  afford  a  means  of 
making  public  conditions  of  employment  on  ti»e  wharves,  and  pro- 
posed a  settlement  which  is,  in  it«  main  features,  in  actual  operation. 
The  S[)ringhill  cool  dispute  occurre^l  in  a  group  of  coal  mines  at 
Springhiil.  Nova  Scotia.  I'hese  mines  have  been  worke<l  many  years 
and  constitute  the  only  important  industry  in  a  thriving  town  of 
.some  C.OOO  people.  Afo?t  of  the  miners  are  Canadians  or  Hrltish^  and 
are  home  owners  and  intelligiMit  men.  They  Ixdnug  to  the  Provin- 
cial Workers'  Association,  a  strong  local  organization  not  associate*] 
with  otluT  labor  unions.  Many  strikes  have  occurr<»d  in  tlicse  mini**, 
though  none  has  Ikhmi  atten<leil  with  lawlessness.  About  the  time  the 
act  of  1007  went  into  effect  the  men  struck  to  enforce  the  closed  shop, 
being  nn<ler  the  lmpn?ssion  that  the  new  law  diil  not  apply  to  Nova 
Scotia:  hut  lhr*y  miou  returned  to  work  and  wen*  not  prosecuted  for 
Violatijig  the  uct. 


J 


CAKADIAN  INDCSTBIAl.  DISPUTES  ACT. 


669 


Soon  new  diffiouliirs  iirost*  in  coniioction  with  payment  for  pillar 
work  and  other  mining  operations.  The  company  applied  fr»r  a 
board.  Unfortunately  the  chairnmn,  a  justice  of  the  provincial 
j-uprenie  court,  organized  the  board  as  he  might  a  court,  enforced 
rather  strict  legal  procedure,  and  made  the  men  thinic  that  they  wens 
at  the  mercy  of  legal  technicalities  and  would  lie  denied  sul^stantial 
justice  because  they  weiv  not  lawyers.  Conse<iuently  they  only 
awaited  the  decision  of  the  board,  which  was  in  their  favor  as  to 
minor  points  but  against  them  on  the  main  issne,  to  strike.  The  strike 
lasted  three  months,  when  the  men  returned  to  work  on  the  company's 
fcrniH.  Afeanwhile  new  diireronces  arose,  and  while  the  strike  was 
on  two  new  boards  held  hearings^  one  of  which  reviewed  a  point 
decided  by  the  previous  VM>ard.  Tlie  company  for  this  reason  refused 
to  take  part  in  the  proceedings.  The  technical  objection  was  al.-o 
raised  that  the  board  had  no  authority,  as  the  men  who  applied  for 
it  were  on  a  strike,  and  therefore  not  employees  of  the  company. 
Locnl  politics  were  involved  with  the  constitution  and  proce(bn'e  of 
the  later  boards.  A  fourth  board  has  recently  been  applied  for  i)y 
men  working  for  the  same  emph)yers.  So  far  as  any  real  settloinent 
of  the  lalxtr  difliculties  at  Springhill  is  concerned,  the  act  has  been 
inoperative.  The  a|>pointment  of  a  number  of  boards  in  quick  suc- 
cession deprived  the  recommendations  of  any  one  board  of  nionil 
Wright.  It  did  not  appear  that  tlie  boanl  decisions  had  any  infhienco 
on  public  opinion.    Few  i)eople  knew  what  these  decisions  had  be^n. 

Agains-t  tlu*  two  failures  or  partial  failures  must  be  placed  the 
far  larger  nimiber  of  successes,  where  settlements — though  not  in 
every  ease  quite  satisfactory  to  nil  parties — have  been  accepted.  It 
should  be  remembered,  too,  that  the  law  has  been  in  operation  only 
a  year;  that  it  has  been  worked,  in  many  cases,  by  men  inexprri- 
enced  in  arbitrating  industrial  disputes,  and  that  neither  employers 
nor  unions  have  fully  understootl  the  law  or  their  rights  and  respou- 
sibililios  under  it.  Unless  very  bitter  controversies  between  cupitnl 
und  labor  arise  the  comuig  year,  more  diflicnit  to  settle  than  those 
of  ih**  itumetliate  past,  it  is  probable  that  the  act  will  have  relatively 
greater  success  in  the  future. 

Employers  and  eniployces  both  show  a  disposition  to  appeal  to 
the  act,  though  three-foiirths  of  the  applications  are  from  Avorkmen. 
There  is  little  evidence  that  the  law  has,  like  those  of  New  Zealand 
and  Anstralia,  fostered  disputes  by  nuiking  litigation  easy.  In  Um)7 
the  nmnl»er  of  disputes  in  transportation  industries  was  14,  or  the 
same  niunber  as  the  previous  year,  when  no  law  was  in  force;  dilli- 
cultietf  invoh-ing  longshoremen  increased  from  I  to  H,  but  they  have 
uvera^d  uhoul  t^  a  year  siiKc  lOfK);  mining  disputes  nural>ered  14, 
as  compared  witli  13  the  preceding  year.  A^  VW  "wwvXwwj.*  v\  ^Xvt 
board  will  not  /n»  ficee/ited  by  either  parV^  "vi  \V  cww^v^^f?^  ^>»^*^  ^^ 
■         'i622i>—DiJU,  70— OS 2 


)  BULLETIN   OF  THE  BUREAU  OF   L.\BOK. 

nuisonable^  the   iii.sii<*H  Lnnight   u(>   ft»r  Noltlfineiit  iiti*   (i.-^iiullv    fnir 
subjects  of  controvei'sy. 

The  most  valuable  feature  of  ihc  uct  is  ihat  il  **>tiil'li.^l)e-'  n  re^iil.iirj 
form  of  procedure  for  briujifiii^  die  parties  togetlier  before  a  strike 
or  lockout  is  declured.  Cases  are  very  rfti'e  where  either  purly  wishes 
to  ix^bort  to  these  extreme  meiisurt^  before  eonciliatory  negotiiitioiiA, 
but  hick  of  initiative  or  inulual  tJistni>it  often  preveiilb  the  Uller' 
from  being  undertaken  unle>»i»  tliey  are  made  necesnary  and  odiciaL 
The  punitive  features  of  the  aet — for  pimishiiig  men  or  ei- 
engaging  in  strikes  and  lockouts — are  probably  relatively  !• 
portant  tlinn  they  appear  tu  the  ca.sual  obser\"er.  They  may  be  u  good 
thing  to  have  in  the  background,  but  it  is  no  criticism  of  the  act 
that  they  are  not  always  enforced.  Tlie  reiKtrts  of  tlie  board  will 
doiibtle&s  have  some  weight  with  ])iiblic  opiniuu  where  a  conciliatory 
settlement  fails;  but  (heir  influence  on  popular  sentiment  in  possibly 
ovei-eijlimaled  by  legislators  and  industrial  tJieorists.  Granted  that 
such  H  report  may  have  weight  in  case  of  a  thi*catened  strike  exciting 
givat  public  interest,  most  cases  where  (he  act  has  been  applie<l  in 
Canada  have  not  commanded  that  intei'esl,  and  compiiraUvcly  few 
people  even  knew  that  a  report  had  been  given.  In  minor  dii^putes 
and  those  involving  technical  issues,  such  as  the  regulations  to 
govern  railway  telegraj)hei*s  and  train  dispatcliei's,  the  average  per- 
son can  not  form  an  intelligent  opinion  of  the  justice  of  a  reporL 
Finally,  where  very  important  matters  are  u(  stake  and  the  parties 
are  i-eally  wrought  up  over  the  questions  in  dispute,  a  board  decision 
it  in  not  likely  to  be  unanimous.  Tlie  main  reliance  of  the  act  mu^t 
be  the  greater  chance  of  securing  a  voluntary  settleniunt  under  its 
provision^.  Hut  even  wheix*  an  agreemeiil  fails,  the  influence  of  tU« 
board's  report  will  be  good.  It  is  not  a  complete  remedy — ^it  will 
not  always  intluee  workmen  to  refrain  from  an  unjust  strike  i>r  force 
employei-ji  to  grant  just  concessiouja — but  il  will  ui  most  cases  pai'c 
the  way  to  a  right  settlement. 

ATllTUDE  OF  EMPLOl'ERS  TO\VARD  THE  ACT. 


The  attitude  of  both  employers  and  workei*s  toward  the  act  muJt*t 
bo  discounted  somewhat  on  account  of  political  bias.  On  parly 
groun<ls  many  conservatives  di*5parage.  if  (bey  4|(»  not  op|w)s«%  the  law. 
Among  the  lil)era]s  there  is  some  iindiscriminating  praiw  of  the  act, 
and  occa>ionally  a  tendency  to  uiiniinize  it»  defects  and  attribute  even 
hi'f  111  to  party  motives.    These  conditions  arc  not  m  ' 

or*  'd  in  public  diwcuvsion,  btit  are  obvious  to  a  > 

A  very  fBir-minde»d  labor  leader  writes  in  A})rih  1908:  "  My  |>er80iuil 
■     ''    T  after  til'     '-         '       ■  i?>  rh-nr  of  priliiirs.  whirli 
Ou-  \^>\  ,ill  Im'  given  creilii   for    i 


CAKADIAK    INDUSTRIAL  DISPITTKS  ACT. 


671 


W 


rate  discussion  make  it  more  diiHcult  to  get  a  true  opinion  of  the 
working  of  llu>  law  from  cither  side. 

However^  nil  employers  jigiv**  (o  the  "  principle''  of  the  act.  They 
sometimes  feel  a^^'ieved  by  the  way  it  has  httrn  aiLiuinisterwL  In 
tiiis  respect  they  lake  precisely  the  position  assuiued  hy  most  em- 
ployei'b  in  Xew  Zealand  an*I  Australia  willi  regard  lo  compulsoiy 
ai'bitration,  and  use  ahno-st  tlie  same  phraiies  in  discussion.  Tho 
secretary  of  tJie  larger  association  of  employers  in  the  Dominion  said 
in  a  recent  address:  "  Generally  s]>eakii4r.  the  verdict  of  employers,  ^o 
far  as  I  have  been  able  to  gatiier.  i.s  favorable  lo  tho  act.  There  are, 
of  coui*se,  some  exceptions,  but  the  oonsenKUs  of  opinion,  even  where 
e\Tn"thing  did  not  go  the  way  the  employer  wantetl  it,  seems  to  Iw 
Uut  the  act  on  the  whole  is  a  good  thing."  Xo  employer  was  foimd 
who  was  not  favorable  to  the  law.  as  better  than  no  legislation,  so  far 

it  applied  to  railways.  Most  employers  say  they  prefer  to  have  iIkj 
in  foixe  in  their  own  business,  liiough  tliere  Hj*e  exeeptions  to  tids. 
All  employers  interviewed  who  have  had  aetual  experience  with  tlio 
act  in  the  industry  tliey  are  connected  with  favor  it.s  general  policy, 
if  not  all  ith  details. <*>) 

Soine  employers — including  the  largest  in  Canada — are  outright 
partisans  of  c'oukpulM*ry  arbitration,  and  would  ameitd  the  present 
act  to  make  the  awards  of  the  boards  blinding  on  both  parties.  A 
prominent  railway  manager  said:  ^*  I  favor  the  present  act  Itecause 
I  think  it  is  belter  than  no  law.  But  I  would  rather  see  compulsory 
arbitration,  so  both  sides  would  have  to  obey  the  awards,'^  This 
attitude  ntay  he  due  to  conditions  peculiar  lo  Canada  as  compared 
with  the  United  States.  For  instance,  a  great  railway  system  or 
milling  c«nii>any  operating  in  sparsely  .**ettletl  coimtry  is  often  at 
the  mercy  of  its  men  in  case  of  a  atrike.  In  the  New  West  public 
gympathy  Ls  almost  <-ertain  to  lx»  with  the  employees  against  a  great 
corporation.  K:^|>erieuee  with  these  conditioas  makes  managex-s  fa- 
vorable to  any  method  of  solving  lalwr  disputes  tliat  will  throw  the 
preponderant  inllueni^e  in  settling  tlieiii  farther  eastward,  lo  moro 
('onser\'ative  centers.  Evcii  in  Nova  Scotia,  where  •.onUitions  are 
quite  different,  some  coal-mine  employei-s  want  coinjjulsory  awards. 
But  (his  is  probably  due  to  tlie  local  example  of  a  imion  striking 
inst  a  board  decision.  Other  amendments  suggested  by  employ- 
and  their  representatives  are  mentione*!  el^where. 


•» Tills  sLuuIil  be  luiHlifled  by  tlie  foUowlng  stateiiionl  in  a  letter  recoUed  after 
tills  r*MMtrt  waf  wTltteii.  from  a  pmiiiiiieiit  mine  manaper  In  British  Colnml'iu: 
•*  It  is  mj'  (iiilnloH  Thn!  mefnl  minr  oiM^ratorF  nnd  snicltcr  iimna?frs  wonld  U«v<» 
|irrf*fm*i!  that  th*  T.i*niif»ix  Act  l>fl<1  nm  |»epn  p«w»p<i.  as  thpy  fool  fas  Is  ni»t  to 
be  Uie  cnso  lu  siicli  t\ct»t  tlmt  tite  rutujiutiy  will  und  can  be  \t%tLl\y  aud  tuonilly 
iKiiiud  Us  Its'  leruiH.  ivlilk*  tlicTe  1»  not  u  ta^voi  denl  uf  likeUlifH>d  ttiut  the  uultatc 
will  l»c  !ii»uTiil  «ir  thai  lh»'  p-ivfrnuicnt  win  eiifoi'ce  fines  antl  pun!  '  ■  ■^■■'  ^riK»n 
the  latHTliii?  nipu  r>r  the  uulons." 


BULLETIN   OK  THK  BUBKAV  Of   LABOR. 


ATTITrDK  OI-'  LABOU  TOWAUI>  TIIK  ACT. 

Only  or^nniy-tnl  liihor  lins  lK»en  in  n  position  to  (?xpre-*5S  an  opinion 
rpgBniing  the  act.  Tiiero  nro  Hvc  cliief  bodlen  of  working  people  run- 
cerneil  ilirwtly  or  indiiiH-ily  in  its  provisions.  Tin*  nrganizi'd  Kkillcil 
tra^lo.K  of  eastern  Canaila  ui*o  not  direflly  nffectoil  by  tlie  liiw,  ex<-e|rt, 
in  so  fur  us  thry  uro  oiiiployt'tl  in  couiuvtioii  with  rnilway**  and  other 

blic  utilities.     Many  union  otlWrs  huve  liille  informurion  of  ilir 


» 


pmctit'al  working  of  ilu?  art  and  no  intelligent  opinion  as  to  it*?  efft 

4\n\y  of  llic  subji 


Hut  til 


ho  ll 


on  hu>or  lnlen.^*l!s.  uiit  those  >vho  nav«»  luatU*  a  wtiitiy  ot  iiic  m 
are  favorable  to  the  law.  This  is  especially  true  of  union  offic«*rs  in 
ifontreal  and  Toronto  and  of  the  lending  lftlM>r  ivpresoiitotives  ii 
the  Dominion  I'arlianicut.  One  of  the  latter  writes:  "  1  nni  slrongl] 
in  favor  of  tiie  principle  of  the  net.  I  nni  not,  however,  wedded  to 
all  its  provisions.  Rut  the  art  has  not  l>een  long  enoiigh  in  nclual 
operation  to  enable  me  to  suggest  other  aniuuduK'nts  than  those  pro- 
posed nt  the  Winnijieg  convention  of  the  Doniinion  Trades  and 
Labor  (^ongress.  My  iinpiVMsion  is  that  the  sentiment  in  favor  of 
the  bill  is  gradtjally  spreading  as  the  a<lvarihiges  <»f  the  art  to  work- 
men become  more  ajipareut."  Simihir  opinions  might  be  rej^eated 
froui  a  wore  or  nuire  (»ther  prouunent  labor  lpa<1ers,  but  the  above 
is  fairly  ivpresentative  of  the  sentiment  gi»nei*ally  foiuul  among  ihe 
organisced  skilled  trades  in  Ontario,  Quebec,  and  the  maritime  Prov* 
i  rices. 

The  loading  organizations  of  railway  employees  oppo8e<l  the  law 
nt  the  lime  of  its  jiassage,  and  still  regard  it  with  cohl  favor.  Caim- 
dinn  officers  of  the  international  unionH  of  locomotive  engineers, 
lircmen,  lek'gra pliers,  autj  of  the  condurtoi*s  and  carmen,  U>th  in  in- 
terviews and  cnnvHpondcnt'c  expressed  their  displeasure  at  tw^ing 
nnide  ftubjc<'t  to  the  hiw.  Amor»g  the  ratd{  and  file  of  the  rnend>ers, 
to  judge  from  a  limited  number  of  interviews,  this  flcntimeiit  in  not 
BO  unanimous.  The  sj^eeific  objections  aiv  mostly  to  iHuialixing 
Bfrikes  begun  before  an  investigation,  and  they  are  more  fully  ex- 
plained in  the  connnents  to  sectituis  50  t<»  01  nf  the  act  which  follow. 
However*  eight  railway  disputes,  involving  aorae  of  the  most  impor- 
tant unions,  have  been  settled  by  iMjiml^  eoristituted  luider  the  art. 
In  fact,  the  practical  value  of  the  law  seems  to  have  been  ntore  clearly 
shown  in  railway  diiHcullies  than  in  any  other  kbid  of  labor  dis- 
turbances. 

The  I*rovincial  AVorkers'  Association  of  Nova  Scotia,  which  hna 
been  mentioned  in  connection  with  certain  coaJ-mine  disputed^  w  ft 
con)po«ite  union,  comjK^siMl  chiefly  of  men  working  al>out  coal  *niinc^ 
and  purely  local,  though  its  lodges  extend  tlin)Ughout  the  Province^ 
The  iirgaiii/.ation  is  criticised  by  regidar  trade  unionists  Ik'ciiU!«;  of 
its  comiwsite  chax^cter,  in  thu  $ame  waj  tlmt  tlio  principle  of  oi^aai- 


CANADIAN    INDUSTBIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


678 


zation  of  the  Kniglits  of  LnlM)r  is  opposed  by  tho  strictly  trade  soci- 
eties that  form  the  American  Federution  of  Lal)or.  The  Provincial 
AVorkers'  Association  is  protected  hy  a  provincial  act  allowing  its 
Iodp:es  to  incorporate  by  a  simple  formality,  its  representatives  are 
usually  heard  by  the  Province  ministry  with  regard  to  local  labor 
legislation,  and  it  wields  a  large  influence  in  politics.  This  society 
adopted  a  resolution,  soon  after  the  pnssage  of  the  Industrial  Dis- 
putes Act,  in  op]X)sition  to  that  measure.  When  the  hill  was  before 
the  I>ominion  Parliament  a  clause  was  inserted,  but  afterwards 
stricken  out»  providing  that  where  n  Province  already  had  iin  act  for 
the  investigation  and  conciliation  <if  disputes  the  federal  act  should 
not  apply.  This  probably  had  reference  to  such  an  act  in  N'»)va 
Scotia,  passed  partly  through  the  influence  of  the  Pixjvincial  Work- 
ens'  Association.  The  sponsors  of  the  local  act  and  otiier  labnr 
leadere  opposed  to  the  party  in  power  at  Ottawa  are  reported  to  have 
been  responsible  for  the  rcstdution.  Lal>i»r  leudei's  iu  Xova  Scotia, 
some  of  them  prominent  members  of  this  organization,  admit  that 
other  than  puivly  trade  union  or  labor  motives  influenced  the  con- 
vention. However,  the  Provincial  Workei's'  Association  has  regu- 
larly apjjealed  to  the  federal  law  in  dispute.s  with  employers,  and 
of  some  twenty  or  twenty-five  members  of  the  organization  inter- 
viewed none  opposed  the  act  in  private  conversation,  and  many — in- 
chhling  some  of  the  officers — expresse<l  themselves  as  in  its  favor. 
An  intelligent  coal  miner,  a  member  of  this  order,  who  has  seen  the 
law  work  under  conditions  not  altogether  in  its  favor,  writes:  '*  The 
more  I  learn  alM)ut  the  Camidian  act  the  mort*  I  like  it.  Strikes  are 
foolish  things  and  come  f  nmi  men's  tmreasonableness  and  impatience. 
The  State  is  the  guardian  of  its  jK*opIe.  and  does  wisely  every  time 
it  enacts  a  law  that  will  jnake  it  impt»ssihle  for  one  class  of  people 
to  act  in  any  way  which  nuist  of  necessity  mean  suffering  and  loss 
to  other  people  who  are  not  to  bhime."'  A  leading  official  of  the 
Pi-oN-incial  Workers'  Association  wi-ites:  '*  I  believe  it  [the  act]  is 
destined  to  become  popular  in  Canada."  These  statements  are  rep- 
resentative of  nearly  all  made  Ity  labor  men  in  the  maritime  Prov- 
inces, where  the  Provincial  Workers'  Association  is  far  the  most  im- 
portant organization. 

In  the  western  mining  fields  there  are  two  not  altogether  sympa- 
thetic associations  of  workers  occupying  the  same  relative  po.siti4>n 
as  in  the  Unite<l  States — the  United  Aline  Workei's  and  the  Western 
federation  of  Mineii?.  The  former  society  was  not  especially 
friendly  to  the  law  at  the  time  it  was  pnssed,  but  its  leaders  in  Canada 
nro  n*iw  said  to  be  in  favor  of  its  provisions.  The  members  are  em- 
ployed mostly  in  the  iVlberta  and  British  Columbia  coal  mines,  whei'e 
a  numbiT  of  s<ftilemonts — mostly  satisfactory  to  the  union — have 
been  made  under  the  act.    The  district  prcbident  has  been  active  in 


BCLLCTtX   or  THK  UUltKAC   OF   LABUIU 


U 


ttdiniui^eritig  the  lav,  hnving  aerved  on  most  of  tho  boftrda  in^tbo 
wc«lorn  colli  fi^I(ls,  niul  ftMritiiitt's  many  !*iiro*^sfnl  jit'ttl^tnontc?  to  its 
iatlui'iic-r.  lUii  local  oflirei^  sniJ  ihut  tlie  bcnliineut  iu  niiioji  intrE^tings 
bttuwiMj  (hnl  (lie  iiicit  would  pti'ft'i*  not  Ut  hiive  (ho  Hct.  An  rif6«vr 
whoM?  Kh'uI  wus  opjxispd  lo  lhi»  Ihw,  espruMbing  his  private  opinion^ 
sHid:  ''  S|>«*ukiii^  as  «i  fHir-iiuiidtHl  inuii  I  imi  not  »fruic!  ni  the  litw 
ill  any  way.  1  Lliiiik  il  cnu  bf  wtirked  hy  liotb  hides  ah  u  fair  law. 
Wln-h  un  im't'sti^linn  is  ina*!**  iu*thiiijv  can  be  kt*pl  buck  by  either 
aide.  m>  you  have  sure  ground  lo  go  ahead  lul.  Many  tUin^  crop  up 
of  very  sinull  imiMjrtanro  ihtt(  h-ad  in  liiue  lo  w.'rioUh  trouble;  but  if 
tliey  aiv  fairly  investijfuted  thi?y  can  Ih»  nettled  before  they  eait'^e 
Irouhlc/'  Anion^  the  United  Mine  Workens  llien,  opinion  is  divid<*d, 
the  rank  and  file  I'atlier  op[Mihing  (he  law  and  the  uflkei'a  iu  9onie 
cascii  favoring  it. 

The  Western  Federation  of  Miners  has  had  e.\(>erience  with  tlie 
oct^  which  hns  been  a[)plied  to  ntclul  miners  in  norti)ci*n  Ontario  and 
iu  the  western  Province.*).  At  Cobalt,  Ontario.  oflK^ern  of  tins  vu'^ani- 
zation  hu\u  la*en  heavily  lined  for  advi.sin;;  a  strike,  in  violation  of 
the  pmvi.Hionb  of  the  law«  befoi*e  an  inve^tipitiou.  At  the  union 
hejidipiarter»  in  C-obalt,  whi'ii  t.l»e  camp  wan  vinited  in  March.  1908, 
the  miner;)  w^ere  violently  hu2>tile  to  (lie  law.  claiming  that  employer.* 
evaded  all  ils  provisions — Hhultin;^  ilown  mines  f(U'  a  day  (n  avoid 
teiJwucal  lockouts  in  order  to  enfon^e  lower  whedides,  najr^^in;?  the 
men  hy  encroaching  on  their  righi^s  and  privilepv^  little  by  little,  ami 
by  otlwr  a;r|?iti>*-*^ioiiH — while  the  men  themM*l\e-.s  Were  held  strictly 
accountable  for  violnlionK  A  few  eunservativG  old  miners  with 
families  and  aome  pro|XMty,  who  were  perhaps  emerging  from  the 
wage-earniiijj  clasy,  ihonght  well  of  the  law:  but  Inbor  sentiment 
Heemcd  to  U*  overwlwlmingly  hot»tile. 

J II  Krilisli  Columbia  the  Western  Foderutioii  in  ofGciaJly  on  rec(»rd 
as  oppo««tl  to  tlie  law,  atid  meml)erH  of  the  orguni/4tti<^)  interviewed 
left  no  dmibt  as  fo  their  synipatliy  with  (his  attitude.  At  the  difHrict 
4.H>iiveJition  at  (troejiwooti,  repi\»*atling  pra<li<-aliy  all  the  members  of 
llie  or^ni/ation  subject  lo  tije  aei  in  we«li*m  Canada  anil  all  (lie 
metal  mineral  in  British  Colund>ia«  hehl  U.>t  January,  a  tx*>«olution 
wns  linanimtuisly  passed  calling  for  the  re]>eal  of  the  law.  At  • 
conveiilion  of  tlw  iMardn  of  trade  of  Hrili^ih  C\ilumbia.  recently  lield 
at  Kiissland.  repres^iJlalive.s  of  (iie  Western  Feilomlion  re'fuMxl  lo 
fiu^jeest  amendments  to  the  law,  nn  the  grouml  that  it  nhotild  be 
wholly  r(*|>ealed.  (/(mswinenlly  the  alraoKt  undivided  Aentiment  of 
thih  orj^^ani^iilion  is  t)])poM'd  lo  the  act. 

'I'he  mo^  inlhiential  labor  body  in  Oat*-''*  ^-  •'^"  f ^uM'nton  Trader 
iLiid  l^Uir  CougiY*»,  oomp(^»s<*d  of  rrpi  the  fcder- 


Mtwl  trBcU>i  and  United  Mine  \\ 
.it.  I'.Hlvrotioii  of  Miutu»|  Ihc  1 


West- 
Liou,  ur 


CAX-U)TAN   INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


676 


the  larger  railway  unions.  The  congross  k  probably  the  best  ex- 
ponent of  lalxir  sentinivnt  througWout  the  I>iminion,  and  carries  most 
wcijErbt  with  jmlitinil  parties.  Its  pi-c.sident  is  ii  member  of  PaHia- 
nieiit.  The  followiiiy:  re[x>rt  by  tlic  executive  officers  wtis  acveptc*! 
bv  the  coiigre-ss ; 

"  Thp  TrafK'5.  Disputo  Investi^tion  Act,  1!H»7."  Votir  exenUive. 
ufter  cai*eful  oousidei-atiou,  pive  ils  liuarty  endorsjition  to  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  bill.  Organized  labiir  tloes  n(>t  want  to  strike  to  eniorc'« 
ils  demands  if  the  ronsidoralion  of  them  can  be  attained  without  re- 
course to  thitt  remedy.  Tlie  strike  has  been  our  last  resort,  urn]  as  the 
bill  oontiniied  our  right  to  strike,  but  ai^snred  a  fair  hearinjr  of  the 
demands  of  the  workers,  there  was  nothini*  to  do  but  to  ^ivi*  iniv  sup- 
]M)rt  to  it.  Xor  i.s  or^iiized  Ial>or  idind  to  the  fact  that  in  every 
great  industrial  struggK*  the  ijublic  have  a  large  interest  as  well  in 
the  ivsnit  as  in  the  means  adt)pted  to  reach  that  result.  Tlie  lea^t 
the  public  an*  entitled  to  is  a  knowledge  f»f  the  merits  of  the  dispute. 
This  Icnowledge  will  l>e  given  to  them  under  the  pro**eilurp  outliiuHl 
in  the  bilj.  Your  executive  believe  it  will  !>e  a  happy  day  when  eveiT 
labor  <lispute  can  Im*  settletl  by  the  partie:^  meetuig  logt»ther  in  the 
presence  of  an  impailini  tiibunal  to  discuss  their  JitTerences.     Our 

freat  difficulty  in  the  past  has  been  that  we  could  not  get  a  hearing, 
he  act  lias  ixen  tested  already  in  the  ca>:e  of  the  >fachirists  nnd 
the  (Jrand  Trunk  Railway  Company,  nnd  no  Ijetter  trilmte  could  l»o 
paid  to  it  than  tiie  settlement  urrivetl  at  in  that  east*,  which  was  re- 
ported to  your  executive  ut  the  time  of  writing  this  i*eport  as  being 
satisfactory  to  both  parties.  The  arbitration  lasted  three  days,  thus 
meeting  the  objections  of  those  who.  not  uniuilurnlly,  thought  that 
the  de^y  possible  under  the  bill  might  be  loo  great  to  make  ild  pro- 
visions of  any  avail. 

The  congress  indorsed  the  act  by  a  vote  of  81  to  10.  The  wonls  of 
the  resolution  are  as  follows: 

Whereas  organized  labor  has  from  time  to  time  expresMnI  its 
disapproval  ot  strikes  except  as  a  In.st  resort  in  indnstrini  disputes; 
nnd  whereas  particularly  in  disputes  conne<:'ted  with  public  utilities 
the  public  have  rights  that  must  \m  res|>eeled  and  considered:  and 
wlitLMvns  the  Lemieux  bill  is  designed  to  avoid  strikes  and  lockouts 
in  comiection  with  imlustrial  disputes  in  certain  utilities  until  such 
time  as  tlie  merits  of  the  <li>pule  are  puljlicly  investigated:  and 
whereas  organized  labor  idvvay.s  <'ourts  investigation  of  its  grievances 
by  reason  of  the  justice  of  its  claims  and  its  desire  to  be  fair:  Re- 
foh'tii^  That  this  Tradci;  and  Labor  Congress  of  Catiudu  lieivby  ex- 
press its  njtproval  of  the  prin4>ii)li>  of  the  Ixunieux  bill  ns  U-in^  in  cou- 
souanee  with  the  oft-oxpressed  attitude  of  organized  labor  in  favor 
of  investigation  and  conciliation. 

In  the  debater  preceding  tl\e  indor-^ment  of  tliia  resolution  tlie 
eastern  -delegates  as  n  rule  supported  the  law,  while  those  from  the 
west  in  many  cases  opposed  it.  Some  socialist  members  based  their 
opposition  on  tlie  ground  that  il  bolstered  up  a  \  icious  ca|ntali^;tio 
organization  of  industry.  But  the  trgumenbJ  that  canned  most 
force  in  opposition  to  the  law  were  thoese  presented  by  regular  trade- 


KMii te 


^ 


67fi 


BIMAETTS  OF  Tire  BVTlEAtJ  OF  LABOH. 


»lu»ionists  who  feared  the  U'lnjwniry  prohibit iou  of  f^trikee  mu;hfrl 
wonken  the  unions  by  depriving 'them  of  n  weapon  tlmt  is  mast.] 
eiTe*'livi»  whon  used  siuldonly. 

It  noodrf  til  Im»  nc»t»M|  thul  the  principal  opposition  to  the  not  has 
BtnanifcstcHl  itself  anionjf  the  unions  to  wliich  it  most  directly  applied. 
The  nioinf>prs  of  (lie  ruilwjiy  orders  nnd  the  mine  workers  nre  inter 
v>^U'<\  i\\  first  hiiiid,  while  l!»e  iMeniliers  of  ilie  federuieil  traders  have 
only  the  p?nernl  interest  in  the  law  that  eomcs  from  *;ynipathy  with 
their  fellow  workei-s.  The  latter  are  not  usually  eniploy**d  in  nitne^ 
or  upon  puhlii"  utilities,  liut  the  Trudes  and  Lahor  Cou^'e,ss  showed 
that  its  npproxiii  of  the  net  was  sineen*  hy  votin^*^ — 59  to  ti — ^ia  favor 

■  c»f  an  amendment  for  hrin^rinj?  all  trades  under  its  o|ipration. 
In  summiri;r  np  the  difl'ereni  attitudes  adopted  toward  the  act  by 
different  bodie.s  of  lulM)r,  it  .seem.s  fair  to  i^enmrk  that  sentiment  in  its, 
favor  is  probably  stronjrer  »imon^  the  rank  and  file  of  the  workei** 
than  arnoii^  the  lenders.     Siirh  easual  information  as  one  ran  pick  up 

Httirough  tnlkinjr  with  the  men  indicates  this.  In  one  list  of  inter- 
\  iews,  iiK'hulin;?  miners  niid  railwiiy  men,  every  one  of  the  work- 
men— thirteen  in  nnml»er — was  favorable  to  the  law.     An  inte]li<;ent 

B  member  of  one  of  the  larger  railway  orders  said :  "*  The  better  claiis  of 
men  in  our  orpinization  are  favorable  to  the  law,  Sotne  men,  wliow 
opinion  I  wouldtft  take  on  anythiufr.  are  again^  it.     Middle-n{je<J 

■  and  married  men.  who  have  responsibilities!  welcome  the  law.'" 

Tlie  hiwtility  of  the  Western  Federation  nniy  W  ihie  partly  to  the 
faet  that  the  law  has  bi'en  applied  during  a  |H*ricHl  of  unu-sual  de- 

■  prcssiou  in  metals,  when  mines  have  had  to  make  reductions  or  cease 
Working.  Theivfoiv  the  act  may  be  held  ivsjionsibU*  for  conditions 
with  which  it  1ms  had  nothing  lo  do.     KxcepI  in  this  organization 

Bthe  evidence  indicates  that  the  attitude  of  workerH  lHH*omt*s  more 
friendly  to  the  act  with  longi*r  exi>cricncc.  But  it  would  l)e  impossi- 
ble  to  fsny  dellnilely  whether  or  not  n  )>o|)nlar  ^ote  of  the  working 

>ople  of  Canada,  especially  of  those  directly  alfected  by  the  ] 

uuld  jndoi'se  the  act  at  the  pivsent  time. 

ATTITTDK  OF  THF  IMBLU;  TOWARD  TIIR  ACT. 


Xo  great  labor  disturbances  have  recently  f>ccnrre<l  in  Paniida  to 
rotiHo  public  opinion  on  the  subject  of  .settling  iridii»4trial  di»put«9, 
nd  therefore  many  i>eoplc  take  a  pa.'^sivo  altitude  with  ivgard  lo  lh«» 

[u*4'seni  law.  Tlicy  have  very  inaccurate  iilean  of  its  purpose  and 
irovisions.    Tn  eastern  Canada  confidence  in  the  ctRcncy  of  llic  act 

iiH,s  been  somewhnt  shaken  by  the  failure  to  prevent  tlic  Monln-ftl 
IfK^keis^  strike  in  IlHlT.     Many  men  w^em  to  think  that  sur*h  a  law 

ihotdd  be  enforced — and  can  be  enforced — like  any  peuitl  statute,  aud 


CANADIAN    INDUSTKIAL  DISPUTES  ACT, 


677 


I 


at  tlic  government  ought  to  pntceed  the  same  way  against  a  thou- 
sand strikers  as  against  a  single  pickpocket.  Even  those  that  recog- 
nize this  to  be  impracticable,  fail  to  see  tliul  it  wouhl  not  l»o  eqititahle. 
But  there  is  lui  intelligent  opposition  to  the  law,  and  such  sentiment 
ns  is  tangible  enough  to  report  is  in  its  favor.  Tliere  appears  to  l>o 
little  doubt  that  if  a  serious  labor  disturbance,  inconveniencing  the 
general  public,  like  a  great  railway  or  cotil  strike,  sltould  occur,  the 
law  would  be  seized  upon  by  the  people  as  an  important  thing,  and 
the}'  would  vigorously  support  it.  If  it  proved  inadequate  to  deal 
uith  the  particular  case  in  hand  there  would  probably  l>e  a  strong 
popular  demand  to  increase  its  stringency.  The  labor  organizations 
opposing  the  act  possibly  undei-estiniate  the  strength  of  this  senti- 
ment. It  seems  ver}'  unlikely  that  the  Disputes  Act  can  be  repealed. 
That  would  generally  l>e  regarded  as  a  step  backward.  If  the  iaw^ 
disappears  it  will  be  because  of  neglect  or  unwise  ndministratioQ,  not 
because  it  is  opposed  by  workingnien  or  employers. 

Public  men  and  the  press  are  educating  the  people  with  regard  to 
the  law.  and  presenting  the  e«]uity  of  its  provisions  to  their  hearers 
and  readers.  Their  argimient  is  well  presented  in  the  following  quo- 
tation from  the  AVinnii>eg  Telegram  of  September  19,  ltX)T:  "The 
doctrine  of  the  public's  intei-est  in  labor  disputes  is  one  that  has  come 
to  stay,  and  the  attempt  to  express  it  in  legislation  is  one  nuide  along 
right  lines.  Every  man  who  directs  lal)or  or  who  laboi-s  owes  a  duty 
to  the  State,  not  only  outside  his  labor  as  a  citizen,  but  in  his  labor 

a  unit  in  an  industrial  whole.  In  every  country  this  principle  is 
ming  better  recognized.  In  all  likelihood  there  will  be  a  great 
1  of  more  or  less  experimental  legislation  before  the  publics  rights 
are  crystallized  in  their  final  form.  Btit  lliis  will  be  done  eventually, 
to  the  great  benefit  of  the  piiblic.  In*  protecting  it  from  many  useless 
and  foolish  wars  betweeii  ergployers  and  employed."  This  quotation 
expresses  the  attitude  of  the  average  man*  who  knows  an\*thing  of  the 
law,  toward  its  j^rovisions,  as  accurately  as  any  single  statement  met 
with  in  Canada.  Most  of  those  who  are  practically  familiar  with 
labor  matters,  though  not  employers  or  wage-earners  approve  the 
method  of.  the  act  as  well  as  its  general  object.  The  following  memo- 
randum of  an  iiiterview  with  one  of  the  latter  class  is  also  representa- 
tive: •*  Till-  law  goes  about  the  matter  in  the  right  way,  AVorkingmen 
and  employers  usually  discuss  wages  and  such  subjecld  in  meetings 
composed  of  men  of  their  own  class  exclusively,  and  so  wholly  from 
one  point  of  view.  But  at  board  sessions  they  hear  the  other  side, 
and  this  is  educative.  Procee<lings  are  carried  on  in  a  free  and  easy 
style;  facts  come  imt  in  an  f)rderh'  manner  without  any  gi'eat  show  of 
feeling;  all  this  has  a  good  social  elTect.^ 


678 


BtTLLETTX  OP  TUE  BCBEJLV   OT  L.VBOB, 


CXJNCLITSIOX 


So  fur  m  cixu  bo  jiidgcti  from  tho  cxpcricncv  of  a  single  year,  tb« 
Intlit}>trial  l)ispuU's  Act  ha^  acooinplished  thu  iimiii  |>ur|»or<*  ftjf  which 
it  was  cnuolcMl,  thr  jin^vtiTUiuii  of  ^trikc^  ami  li>ckout*i  in  public  KTvioe 
irMluj^triefi,     Appan'ntJy,  it  hii.s  uut  ulTeiHc<l  udvrrM'ly  the  oontlition 
of  workifipuon  or  of  imlu^^trif^  where  it  has  been  appHed.     It  h 
niiu-h  nunc  upplitabli'  to  .Vuiorirukn  coiulitiotp;  (han  coiripulsorr  urbi- 
trntioTi  luw.s  like  thoiso  of  Now  Zealand  uiul  Australia,  LMvauae  it^^ 
Ht^ttlriiionts  are  bn.stMl  on  tla*  agn*t*iiicnt  of  the  pnrtic>^  and  do  nut 
prexribe  an  artilicial  wagt*.  often  ilLy  adjus'KKl  to  economic  coitdi- 
tion^.     Kniplovvr.H  and  the  |^*nrral  public  in  Ciinuda,  with  n  very  few 
excfplions,  favor  tlie  law.     Th*»  working  iieople  arc  dindod,  many  of 
the  btronjriT  orgniiixuru^ns  din-ctly  HiltTiod  by  the  act  lK?inp  apiin«t 
it.     This  oppdbiiion  ih  based  on  two  gronnd-^t  the  general  liUtnul 
with  wlik'h   workingmen   n*gard   government  intervention  in  labor 
niatt»*rs,  and  a  f»^«^!ing  that  ihi*y  can  impri>ve  tJifir  condition  ln"^^ 
through  negotiations  backed  by  sudden  .strikes  than  by  negotiattiqi.1 
bucked   by  defended  striken,  for  which  the  employer  nmy  jm^pan- 
hini.-^clf  in  advance.     The  distrust  of  government  intervention  ;-. ^ 
from  a  feeling  that  the  intervening  authority  Usually  has  a  cl«>-    ... 
against  lal>or.     A  workingman  said:  "The  chuinnan  (of  a  concilii- 
tion  board)   is  the  whole  tiling.     Unles-i  he  has  l>ecn  a  workingman 
he  will  not  nnder^iand  workingmen  or  have  any  insight   into  their 
condition  and  andiilions.     Therefore  the  burden  of  proof  that  Ids 
conditions  shouhl  Im*  iniproved  or  kept  up  to  present  standard  always 
rehts  with  the  workingman.     lie  has  to  nuiko  things  abstdutcly,  coq- 
*'lnringly  clejir  to  the  mind  of  a  chainnnn  who  naturally  »ec«  tJiinga 
from  the  oilier  side,  in  order  to  get  a  just  decision,  evwi  where  the 
cluiirmait  tries  to  be  impartial.*'     However,  experience   with   Ihesi* 
Iaw*H  in  Australasia  and  Canada  does  not  sliow  tlint  thi^  fear  is  well 
foiuuie<l.     Though   chairnten  may  not   ftee   poinU   from  cxadly  the 
;me  f>oHition  as  the  workingman,  ihcy  often  have  social  wmpt>'V'<«' 
lid  th«uie>.  Iliat  di.'ipos**  tbem  to  give  him,  as  prfiwumably  tho  w- 
pnrty,  the  benefit  of  pveiy  df»nbl.  and  tlie  residt  jterhaps  works  out 
the  same  at*  if  ihey  .*<hw  things  from  his  point  of  view,     l*a*<ibly 
workoFH  do  (sacrifice  Bomething  of  influence  in  giving  up  sudden 
htrike-s  but  they  gain  in  other  way*i,  esj^ecinlly  in  liaving  a  ) 
Iternntive  to  a  strike  tluin  iHjfore.     And  as  part  of  the  general  pulii. 
icy  l>rolit  by  the  wiving  of  itidustriai  waste  thnajgh  8trik«iu 
liui   the  npplifiUion  of  the  net  to  indu«rtricji  should  pr-  ' 
litiilf.il  _,it  leahl  for  some  time  to  come — ^to  strictly  public  m.  . .      -u- 
^  deiincr]  by  the  Canadian  statute.    Le^5  strain  wuold  be 
the  act  now  did  it  not  apply  lo  metal  mining. 


CAKADIAX    lyorSTHI-U.  DISPUTES  ACT, 


679 


III  the  I'liited  SUtcs  c^m^lituthHijil  restritrtions  uxnild  prevent  a 
Federal  law  of  such  wkk  ii|>p)k&lii>n  as  that  of  Canada.     The  idiui  of 

c'oiijpulttory  pijlilic  inveMi^alion,  umJ  even  of  prohibiiing  strikt-s  until 
such  nu  invest i*riH ion  hits  Uh^h  <'<»mpleU'd.  is  nut  new  in  this  rountry. 
Fourteen  years  ago  tiie  Unitod  SinU'b  Strike  C'onmiLssion,  appointed  to 
inve--^li'r»te  tlie  C1iirn«r»>  strike,  rrotmiiiioiulefl  n  pennaneiit  strike  com- 
mission, lo  deal  willi  tlisjxUos  allreUnir  intersiate  nMunien-e,  with 
poweiis  not  unlike  those  jrrnntcd  the  bonrds  of  investigation  and  con- 
riJiation  in  Canndn.  Strikes  pending  inve,slig-ation  were  lo  1k»  prj- 
hibiled  and  the  inoor}xjration  of  nuioii-s  proWde^l  for,  (ikonirh  n<it 
made  rt»nipulsory.     These  rec^inuneudations  took  the  following  form: 

That  there  l»e  a  i>eminnrnt  United  State<»  strike  enmniission  of 
three  men»<>ers.  witli  duties  and  poweis  of  investigation  and  reeom- 
niendatioii  »s  to  disputes  lK*tween  railroads  and  tlieir  einployet^  mai- 
ihir  to  tliose  vested  in  tiie  Inter^A^Ue  Couinierce  Comiuissroii  as  lo 
rates,  etc.  f 

(a)  Thnt,  as  in  the  inlei'stnte  mmmerce  act,  power  l>e  given  to  the 
United  States  courts  to  comiK'l  railn»*d^  to  o1h\v  the  deeisions  of  llm 
eomniission.  after  sununarv  neiiring  unattende^i  hy  lediniculities,  and 
that  no  tielays  in  obeying  the  deeisitms  of  the  eoiuniis?.ioa  l»e  allowed 
pending  apjjenls. 

(fj)  That,  whenever  the  paities  to  a  controversy  in  a  matter  within 
the  juris<Iiotion  of  the  commission  are  one  or  more  railrfjnd-!  up«m  ono 
side  iind  one  or  ni<>re  luilionul  tnule  uni<ni>^.  ineoriKirated  under  chap- 
t<fr  ifGl  of  the  Utiitod  States  Statutes  of  lsS.>-HtK  or  under  State 
statutes.  ui)on  tlie  <»ther,  each  side  shall  have  the  right  to  select  a  rejire- 
sentative,  who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Piv-sideut  to  serve  as  a 
teni]>orarv  mend>er  of  tlie  commission  in  hearing,  adjusting,  and  de- 
terinining  that  parlirular  eontroveisy. 

{f)   That.  <hiiiiig  tJie  pendency  of  a  proceeding  In^fore  the  com- 
mission inaugurated  by  natiiHinl  trade  unions,  or  bv  an  incorporation 
<if  employees,  it  sliall  uui  be  Inwful  for  the  railroitn^  to  liischarge  eni- 
pl(»yecs  belo?»ging  thereto  except  fi»r  iuefiiciency,  vi<duiioii  of  law,  or 
neglect  of  (hjly:  nor  for  such  un[«*ns  or  tneor|K)ration  durin<;  such 
jKMidency  tf»  order,  unite  in,  aid,  or  abet  strikes  or  l>oyei)tti  upiin«>4  ilie 
railro«ds  iv»uiplained  of;  nor.  for  a  perittd  of  six  montli&  nfter  a  dc- 
^cision.  for  such  ruilronds  to  di-*charge  any  sucJi  employees  in  whose 
^places  othei-s  shall  la*  employed,  except  for  tlic  causes  afon*said;  nor 
■lor  any  surh  em|>lovef>i,  during  a  like  ]>eriod.  to  quit  the  service  with- 
out giving  tliirty  <layK''  written  noti<*e  (»f  intention  to  do  so,  nor  for 
[«ny  such  union  or  incorporation  to  oi'der.  counsel,  or  advise  otherwise. 

Hut  usually  such  legislation  le-  passed  ttnly  when  the  memory  of  a 

[great  and   recent  industrial  conflict  bus  profoundly  stirrtvl   public 

^^ipinion.     The  Australasian  K-gishition  followed  somewhat  tardily  iho 

nuiriame  strike  of  lsf>0.     The  CaanrTian  act  wa<*  pas^?e<l  shortly  after 

ihe  Lethbridge  coal  strike.     After  such  a  law  is  once  on  the  statute 

iks,  however*  it  usually  remains,  and  in  Xew  2^'a1and,  Australia, 

ind  Canada  it  has  cn*atod  n  new  public  attitude  toward  industrial 

■  imputes.     This  attitude  bs  the  re&idt  of  the  idea-  readily  grrts|>e<l 

md  gi'Denilly  «cce|4ed  when  ouc«  elearly  pre=*euted — that  the  publio 


lai 


680 


BULLETIN  OP  THE  BUREAU  OV   LABOR. 


Itiive  nil  interest  in  mniiy  iii<lu8trial  conflicts  quite  n.s  immediate  aiuI 
iuiportiuit  iu  its  way  ns  (hat  of  ttu*  conflicting  parties.  If  the  Amen- 
Clin  [H'ople  Imvo  this  truth  vividly  hroufrHl  to  llioir  attention  tiy  s 
frrent  strike,  the  ho|K»fiil  example  of  tlie  Canadian  act  seems  likelr. 
so  far  as  present  experience  shown,  to  jirove  n  f^iidin^  stir  in  their 
difticiihies. 

rOMMKNTS  OX  THE  ACT. 

The  phrnH?olopy  of  (lie  Tanndinn  law  i^  hase<l  larp:ely  upon  timt 
of  the  New  Zeahind  Conciliation  and  Ari>itralion  Act  of  li>0O;  bnt  thf 
vctnlin^  nnist  in  rach  instance  Im-  intiTprcti'd  in  accordnneo  willi  ils 
different  ])nrposc.  S(»n»e  paragraphs  have  l)een  borrowe*!  fn)ni  the 
previous  conciliation  laws  of  Canada.  The  net  diSors  from  the  Aito 
triilasian  statutes  in  ffun*  im[>ortant  ways: 

(1)  ll  applies  to  a  limited  iinnilKT  of  indnstrics, 

(2)  It  does  not  provide  for  the  incor|x»ration  of  unionf^ 

(3)  Ti  i-eqiiires  tlic  ap]»ointnu»nl  of  u  new  board  for  each  dispute 
instead  of  a  pcrnian<*ii(  tribunal, 

(4)  It  doew  not  conletnplaie  compulsory  nwardn. 

The  liniitiiticwis  of  the  Canadian  act  may  l»^  *-'een  bv  compari-^on 
•»f  the  dcfiniliuns  of  the  nRne  iniiHirtiuit  teiin--.  Tin*  full4)\viiii?  U 
from  the  Canadian  act: 

1.  1*hi>  act  may  lx»  cited  un  The  Indn^itria)  l)iwputes  Invetitigation 
Act.  11)07. 

eitHUJUINAKY. 


I 


/ntt'r/n*rtirttott, 

2.  In  this  act.  unless  the  context  otherwise*  rwpiirofi — 

(a)  ''  Minister  *'  means  the  minisier  of  laUir: 

(A)  *•  ni'part!n*'tU  "  nu-nns  tlie  <!cparitnenl  ttf  hd)or; 

(r)  "  Knijtloyer"  means  any  |)ei*son,  company  i»r  cor]>orHtion  ein- 
ployini;?  ten  or  hiorc  pcr>ons  ami  owninp^  or  o|KT«linj;  any  mining 
nroportv,  ftgencv  of  transportation  or  eommnnicntion,  or  nnlilio  smtv- 
ii'e  utility,  indndinir.  except  ns  hereinafter  provideti,  ruiiways. 
wliether  oiwradtl  hy  steatn,  electricity  or  other  motive  power,  wteiun- 
Hhips  teU'^'Hph  and  lele|)h(me  lines,  gaH,  electric  lipht.  water  and 
power  works; 

The  corresp(»nding  proviKions  of  (he  AasLrulasian  arts  arc  as  fol- 
|uw8: 

2.  '"Employer"  includes  i>or^*ons,  finn^.  cttmiiiiiMt's.  nrul  rtuiiKia-, 
tions  employing  one  (»r  more  workers 

"  IndiWry '*  moans  any  businew*,  trnde,  nmnnfflctuiv, 

c;dliri;;.  or  cnii)Iovtnen(  in  which  worker^  are  employod. 
land  act.  liMKi;  \Vestrm  Anstrwi::!!.  -mI.  IWJ.) 

2,  "Industry"  mcnns  bitsir  !f.  niannfncture^ 

;,|i;,..r   .'■■  ^-v"^-'' "'   'M  wluv  II  |..i,-^*iis  (if   ■'•'»■■•*  ^'■•':  " 


undertakirip, 
( New  Zea- 

uni 


CANADIAN    INDUSTRIAL   DISPUTES  ACT. 


681 


for  hire  or  reward,  ami  includes  the  management  and  working  of  Ihe 
government  railways  and  tramways,  the  Sydney  hnrlxtr  trust*  (he 
metropolitan  board  of  water  supply  and  sewerage,  and  the  Hunter 
River  and  district  lx)aril  of  water  supi)Iy  and  sewerage,  htit  does  not 
include  employment  in  domestic  service,  (New  South  Wales  act, 
1901.) 

4.  '*  Industry''  means  business,  trade,  manufacture,  undertaking, 
calling,  service,  or  employment,  on  land  or  water,  in  which  pei-sons 
are  employed  for  pay,  hire,  advantage,  or  reward,  excepting  only  per- 
sons engaged  in  domestic  service.     (Commonwealth  bill.  UKM.) 

The  quotations  following  show  the  more  extensive  jurisdiction 
(over  industries)  provided  by  the  Australasian  acts: 

"  Emjdoying  ten  or  m<ire  |>ers<>ns."  The  niiniuium  number  of  aj)- 
plicants  thai  may  be  chartered  as  an  industrial  union,  and  thus  come 
within  tl»e  scope  of  the  law,  is  seven  in  New  Zealand  and  fifteen  in 
Western  Australia.     Tliis  clause  should  be  read  with  section  21. 

**  Mining  property  *'  to  "  jxjwer  works.*'  The  governing  principle 
of  the  act  is  revealed  in  this  clause,  taken  in  connection  with  the  pro- 
visions for  publicity  in  sections  i>7  and  28.  It  is  intended  to  make 
the  investigation  of  a  tlireatcned  dispute  compuLsoi*y  only  in  indus- 
li'ies  the  cessation  of  which  wc»ukl  cause  public  inconvenience  and 
damage  to  third  parlies  greater  than  the  prosiH»ctive  advantage  to 
either  party  to  the  <lispute.  The  advisability  of  bringing  all  mining 
under  tl»e  law  has  l)een  questioned.  Coal  mining  is  so  necessaiy  to 
the  welfare  of  the  j^eople  and  the  continuance  of  other  industries  as 
to  justify  extreme  measures  to  prevent  a  stoppage  of  production. 
But  met^il  mining  l>elongs  to  a  dilTerent  category.  A  cessation  of 
output  does  !Hit  at  once  deprive  the  people  of  n  necessary  article  of 
consumption.  The  violence  sometimes  attending  strikes  in  metal 
mines  is  a  secondary  feature,  for -which  there  are  other  legal  remedies. 
Tlie  application  of  thi^  clause  to  silver  ntines  was  disputed  until 
confirmed  by  the  following  court  judgment:  ''Parliament  has  seen 
fit,  doubtless  f<»r  good  reasons,  some  of  which  readily  occur  to  one, 
to  include  silver  and  other  mines  in  the  same  categoiy  in  this  act,  and 
they  can  nt)t  Ix*  separated  in  interpi'eting  it.*'  (McGee  in  Rex  v, 
Mc(iuii*e.)  The  chairman  of  a  l>oard  that  had  dealt  with  this  indus- 
try said:  '*  Silver  mines  are  not  truly  public  utilities,  and  from  that 
stand|x>int  it  was  hardly  advisable  to  extend  the  act  to  them."  A 
western  justice,  who  had  served  a.s  chairman  in  lM>th  industries,  said: 
**A  settlement  in  n  metal  mine  is  very  much  more  difficidt  than  a  settle- 
ment in  a  coal  mine.  Coal  has  a  fixed  value  compared  with  metals, 
so  it  is  easier  to  draw  up  a  fair  w^age  scale  based  on  selling  price. 
Practically  it  is  nmch  harder  to  arrive  at  a  good  decision  in  metal 
mines.'* 


■ 


BtnXETIX  OF  THE  BtTBUC  <1?"' 


4 


A  proposed  nin(*iitlincot  to  ihis  section,  adapted  by  ihr  Tmdr*  nml 
fjMlior  C<^ugrp^'^,  to  rxtcml  tin*  <>|H.»r!itton  of  the  law  to  all  industries 
lias  airi'jidy  Uvn  iiiviitioiiiMl. 

The  einployoos  criibnuH'd  within  lh»*  Cinmdirui  act  aro  dt^finod  in  Ihe 
ftiUiiwing  |»ani|fniph; 

|f/)  *"  Knijilo^'Of  *'  niwm*;  Jiny  jwrson  fiuploy*-*!  hv  an  eiuplnyur  to 
dn  any  >«kill«Hl  or  tiuskillfd  nmnnal  or  oWrical  Work  ^or  hiix*  or  rvwarH 
ill  any  indii*itn"  In  >vhif'li  this  act  npplics; 

On  th^'  oth<T  lmnd»  the  Xew  Zenhiiwl  art,  HK)1,  nays: 

S.  **  Worker"  means  any  m>rsiin  of  iiiiv  ajje,  of  eithor  sex,  oinnloyrd 
by  iinv  tiiiploviT  to  do  any  slcilleil  or  unskilled  manual  or  rlwml  work 
for  lure  or  reward. 

The  disjwitcs  to  which  the  Canadian  act  applies  nn&  drfini»*1  «i 

follows: 

(c )  "  Dispute  "  or  ''  industrial  dispute  *'  mean^i  any  di-pu**^  f^t*  <1*'f- 
frrmrT  belween  an  eniidojyH»r  and  one  or  more  of  hi*^  • 
to  n»iitt«»rs  nr  ihinpi  utiiH'tinp  or  relatinii  to  work  donr  im   h*  im-  m. 
by  him  or  tlitrnuor  as  to  the  privih^^*>.  j't^hts  tind  (hitie->  df  euifdov 
or  eniniuyees  (not  involving  anv  such  \iohition  thereof  a?*  <'*>' 
an  inuiciabh'  (illVn-ie);   hihI,  AYUhout  liiriiti]i«r  the  general  i 
the  above  deliiiitioii,  iiuhide^s  nil   nintlers  rehitini:  to  (1)    (l 
allnwnnee  oi*  other  n*uitinerntion  of  (Mnpb>ye*'s,  m*  the  pritv  p  '<> 

he  paid  in  resi>i»rt  of  pinployment ;  r-»  the  !uMir«  of  einpbrjTnrnt,  sex^ 
a^',  c|uuhtif]itiori  or  >4tHtu>  of  cinployeeM,  and  the  mode,  Irnii*-  •""* 
conditions  of  einphtyinent ;  (3)  the  employment  nf  chihlrcn  or 
peison  or  p4*i*Non.s  or  ehis.s  of  persons,  or  the  dismisnat  of  or  ivhi-sis 
to  emph)y  nny  purtlruhu*  person  or  |>ersonH  or  ehis&  of  jxTsons;  (4-1 
rlninis  oti  the  nait  of  an  emphiyer  or  nny  4'inployee  as  to  whi'"  1, 

jf  9v.  nn<h'r  wimt  eirt'iimstnriri's»  pirfereMi*e  nf  nniploynient  >v 

shiHiM  nf>t  Ik»  ;rivei»  to  one  class  over  armther  of  jiersons  U-inp-  or  n<u 
beiuK  memU'i's  of  lulnir  or  fitlier  or«riini/.atifins.  British  Hubjects  or 
aliens;    (o)  nniterials  ^^upptied  and  aueifed  to  U'  Imd.  un(it  or  iinMni* 
abh\  or  diinin^e  ulle;red  to  have  been  (lone  to  work;    (0)  any  estal^_ 
lished  enstorn  or  tisn^e,  either  generally*  or  in  the  piirticidiir*dislrtd^^| 
nffeitod;   (7)  tl»e  intcr|>relatioti  of  an  njrrcemetit  or  a  clrtu«e  tliereofj^ 

The  character  of  the  <|uestionfl  which  may  come  l»efore  tlir  New 
Zealand  boards  are.  defined  in  the  folhiwing  sirlion  from  the  act  ^f 
1900: 

li.  **  liuhistriid  matters''  nieiuis  uU  matters  affeetintr  or  f^T-tii-.r  f.» 
work  done  or  to  l>e  done  by  workers,  or  the  ])rivile^s,  rii  i 

dntie-^  of  emphiyers  or  workers  in  any  itidnstry,  not  iti^olv 
lions  wliic-h  MCI*  nr  may  be  i\w  subjwt  of  finn-eedinp'-  for  an  r 
ulb-nsi':  niid.  wiilioiit  bmitiiitr  «he  ^:eiM*i*nl  nalnre  of  the  above  dctiiii- 
tion,  int'hid****  all  matters  relating  to  - 

("■)   Tin  jillovviuwe^,  or  i»'minier:ition  <if  wmkerH  i  ] 

in  any  irrl  r  the  prices  paid  or  to  be  j>aid  therein  in  i*   ,  r 

such  entjdoyment; 

ih)  l  lie  hours  of  eniphjymcnt»  sox.  a^,  c|Mulification,  or  nUkXu^  *»L 
workers,  and  the  mode,  teriwH,  and  conditions  of  i*iui)loyiuenl ;  ■ 


CAITADIAN   rNDTTSTHIAI.  DIBPUTEB  ACT. 


683 


• 
I 


(c)  Tlie  employment  of  children  or  younj:  persons,  or  of  any  nprson 
or  peiiions  or  clas,s  of  persons,  in  any  imhistry,  or  the  dismissal  of  or 
refusMJ  to  employ  any  particular  person  or  persons  or  class  of  persons 
therein; 

(r/)  The  claim  of  menil>ors  of  an  industrial  tuiion  of  employers  to 
preference  of  serv-ce  from  unemployed  members  of  an  industrial 
union  of  workers; 

(i)  The  claim  of  memhers  of  industrial  unions  of  workers  to  be 
employed  in  preFetence  to  uonmeml>ers; 

(/)  Any  estahlished  custom  or  usajre  of  any  iiuluslry,  either  gener- 
ally or  in  the  particular  district  atfected. 

Tlie  above  clause  determines  the  intensive  jurisdiction  (supervision 
within  eadi  indtistry)  exorcised  by  the  boards.  AVestern  Australia 
adopted  the  words  of  the  New  Zealand  act,  omitting  the  important 
subclause  (e).  New  South  Wales  has  approximately  the  same  pro- 
visions. 

Under  tlie  Canadian  act  "(4)  claims  on  the  part  of  an  employer*' 
to  "or  aliens"  empowers  the  boards  to  investigate  claims  for  the 
closed  shop  and  make  riHX)mmendations  I'egardinp  them.  The  chair- 
man haviuy:  widest  exjwrience  with  the  act  stated  that  the  question 
had  seldom  come  up,  and  that  he  had  never  admitted  it  for  considera- 
tion. Lalx>r  men  seem  not  to  have  pre.s-sed  this  claim,  except  in  a  few 
cases,  either  Ijccause  they  thouglit  pidjlic  sentiment  would  not  support 
them,  or  because  they  relied  on  other  measures  to  secure  their  end. 

(G)  Any  established  custom  or  usage;  either  generally  or  in  the 
particular  district  atTected/"  Canadian  bonnls  have  usually  refuse*! 
to  take  up  questions  relating  to  the  detailed  conduct  of  a  business; 
but  have  recommended  general  principles  to  giiide  cmployei*s  where 
the  welfare  of  workers  miglit  l>e  affected.  Some  claims  of  railway 
employees  have  lieen  dismissed,  as  coming  more  pi*operly  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  railway  commission.     A  Iward  chainnun  said: 

t"  The  teuilency  is  to  broaden  issues  t»eforo  public  boards  where  it  \a 
to  narrow  them  in  private  negotiations.    We  try  to  confine  ourselves 
to  vital  matters.     We  make  the  settlement  as  mudi  like  a  private 
conti*act  as  possible/' 
I  , Lockouts  and  strikes  are  defined  by  the  Canadian  act  as  follows: 
(/)  **  IiO<^kont ''  (wiihout  limiting  the  nature  of  its  meaning)  means 
a  closing  of  a  place  of  employment,  or  a  suspension  of  work,  or  a  iv- 
IusrI  by  nn  employer  to  continue  to  employ  any  iumii>er  of  his  em- 
f)loyiM?si  in  conse<pience  of  a  dispute,  done  with  a  view  to  com|>eHiag 
lis  employee-s,  (tr  to  aid  «n<»lhcr  employer  in  compelling  lus  em- 
[ployees,  to  accent  terms  of  cmplovn^ent, 

I  (y)  "  Strike  "  or  **  to  go  on  strike  ■•*  (without  limiting  the  nature  of 
its  uienning)  means  the  cessation  of  work  by  a  body  of  employee.^ 
locting  in  etmibinntion,  or  a  concertinl  refusnl  or  n  re^^sal  tinder  a 
[coumjou  uuderbtaxidiug  of  any  iiuiuber  ui  employees  to  coutiaue  to 


684 


BCLLETtX  OF  THK  BrBBAt   CUP   LABliB. 


vrc^rk  for  Hn  employer,  in  roti^*qu«Qce  of  ■  diKpuIr,  done  ha  a  iiimn»; 

iff  n>hi|)(*lliuj?  their  otnplorer.  nr  tfi    '  '      '  ploveeM  in  compellix^ 

their  employer,  to  acct'pl  Utiiis  of  ' 

The  (kfinitions  of  the  New  South  WaJe.s  act,  1901,  arc  in  tlii?  fol- 

lowinf?  words: 

'2.  "  IxH'koiit  "  means  the  rlovin/j  of  a  place  of  employment  or  t] 
siiHjwn.'^ion  of  work  hy  nn  einplovtr  doiii*  with  a  view  to  ronipel  h 
eiiiployet**)  or  to  «id  nnolher  employer  in  compelling  his  pn>ph)y< 
lo  rn^vpl  M  term  nr  lenii>i  (if  eiiiphiviiimt. 

"  Strike  "  shall  rnonn  (!»e  res>-ation  of  work  by  a  If 
iM'tiiii;  in  (Mtiithinution  dom*  us  n  n)t*nii>«-  of  enforcini:    ■ 
demands  mudu  by  tiieni  or  other  eniployeeb  on  eoipioyens. 

The   C'onimonuTHlth   Hrbitration   bill    follows  witli   minor   v 
ehari^e-s  the  detinition.s  of  ti»e  Ne>v  South  Walrs  act     The  laws 
New  Zealand  and  Wejitem  Australia  ilo  not  define  strike  and  lockou 

The  chmse  "»  sii.s[H*n:<ion  of  work*'  of  the  ('niia'linn  net  Is  m< 
ficd  by  the  following  clause  in  section  jC:  "  Notltin;;  in  this  act  shi 
prohibit  the  £iis|>enaion  or  discontinuance  of  any  industry     *     * 
for  any  cause  not  constituting  a  hKkout.''     In   Western     V 
a  court  has  held  that  when  an  employer  dihchar^es  nil  his  ei..,  .,..., 
with  the  intention  of  enpijfing  un  entirely  new  forc4»  ihbs  does  not 
constitute  a  Iixkoiit.  ■ 

The  Canadiau  act  continues:  I 

(h)  "Board"  means  a  board  of  concilintton  and  rnvestieati<fl 
established  under  the  |iri>\isions  of  tliis  tui  :  m 

(4)  ''Application*'  niean^^  an  application  for  the  appoiotiueiit  fl 
a  board  imder  the  provisions  of  this  a(*t:  I 

{)}  '' Ke^ifitrar '  means  the  registrar  uf  boards  of  roncilintitfl 
aufl  investi^iititni  under  this  act :  ■ 

(/')  "  Pro-'«cribe<l  "  means  prescribe*!  by  this  act.  or  by  any  rulfl 
or  n^giilatiouH  ninde  thereunder;  fl 

(/)  ''Trade  union"  or  "union  "  means  any  orpani/.au<»n  of  enfl 
ploytt'-s  foniieil  for  the  purporje  of  reguhuing  rchiiujos  bvlwvM 
employers  and  employees.  ^^H 

.  1  tfmui  hf  ration,  ^^H 

3.  The  minister  of  labor  hIiuII  have  the  general  ailminLstraticfl 
of  tide  act.  ■ 

4.  The  govenior  in  roimril  shall  appoint  a  registrar  of  boards  iM 
conriliiitioii  iind  ti  ton.  who  .sluill  have  tlie  powers  and  pcfl 
form  the  duties  |m               t.  ■ 

(ii)  The  itiTiir  of  r*'gislnir  may  be  held  either  si^paratoly  or  ifl 
conjunction  with  any  other  othce  in  the  public  service,  an*'  '"  *l^ 
hilter  cane  the  registrar  may,  if  the  govenior  in  council  t;  m 

be  appointed,  not   by  naine.  but   by  reference  to  snch  oi\  '3 

wlii'ieupou  the  iKT»»on  who  for  the  time  N'tng  holds  huch  c| 

jMrrfuiTUfi  its  duUcs,  aliall  by  virtue  thereof  be  the  regi^rar. 


CANADIAN    INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


The  coiTCbponding  sections  of  the  New  Zealand  act,  1900,  read  as 
follows : 

3.  Tlie  minister  for  labor  shall  have  the  general  administration  of 
this  act. 

4.  The  ivpistrar  shall  Ije  the  ixTsori  who  for  the  time  being  luMa 
tlie  office  of  secretary  for  labor,  or  such  other  pei'son  as  the  governor 
from  time  to  time  appoints  (o  be  registrar. 

boauds  ok  conciliation  and  investigation, 

Refetfiur^'  nf  fJisputvB  to  hoarda  of  conciliation  and  ini^estlgatifm, 

5.  Whei-ever  any  dispute  exists  between  nn  employer  and  anj  of 
his  emplojoes,  and  the  parties  thereto  are  iinabU*  to  adjust  it.  eftlier 
of  the  parties  to  the  dispute  nuiy  make  application  to  the  minister 
for  the  appointment  of  a  board  of  conciliation  and  investigation,  to 
which  board  the  dispute  xmxy  be  referred  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act;  Provided^  howt'n:i\  That,  in  the  case  of  a  dispute  U^twcen  a  rail- 
way company  and  its  employees,  such  disniite  mav  be  ivforiwl.  for 
the  purpose  of  conciliation  and  investigation,  under  the  provisions 
conwrning  railway  disputes  in  the  Conciliation  and  Labor  Act. 

'*  AMierever  any  dispute  exists/*  Some  employers  suggest  that 
Avhen  a  board  has  been  appointed  to  consider  a  dispute,  the  same 
board  should  consider  all  subsequent  disputes  between  the  same  par- 
ties for  a  fixed  perio<I.  This  would  allow  speedier  liearings;  and 
later  disputes  are  sometimes  the  outgrowth  of  previous  settlements, 
with  which  such  a  lK)ard  would  already  lie  familiar.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  occurrence  of  a  second  dispute  soon  after  the  adjournment 
of  a  lK)ard  may  indicate  that  the  l>oard  wa«  poorly  qualified  for  its 
task  or  had  encountered  the  pi'ejudice  of  one  of  the  parlies,  either  of 
which  would  l»e  fatal  to  conciliation.  At  present  the  disputants  and 
the  government  are  left  free  to  reappoint  the  old  board  or  to  name 
a  new  one,  as  the  exigencies  of  tlie  case  seem  to  require. 

"Conciliation  and  Lal>or  Act.''  This  law  provides  no  penalty  for 
strikes  and  hK^kouts  |)eudii)g  investigation;  but  its  aj^plicatiou  in  tJiis 
section  is  nuMlified  by  a  clause  in  section  5G,  which  practically  obvi- 
ates this  diiference  betwcH»n  the  two  laws.  With  a  single  excejUion 
all  railway  disputes  have  lx*en  l»ron<rht  under  the  Industrial  Disputes 
Act. 

Ministei*  to  appoint  hoards  on  application^ 

6.  Whenever,  uiuler  this  act,  an  application  is  made  in  due  form 
for  the  iient  of  a  board  of  conciliation  and  investigation,  and 
such  aj'j  11  lioes  not  relate  to  a  ilispute  which  is  the  subject  of  a 
lefrreuK^v  under  the  provisions  concerning  railwav  disputes  in  the 
Conciliation  and  Labor  Act,  the  minister.  who><*  dwsion  for  such  nur- 
]K)sc  shall  be  tinul,  shall,  within  tlfteen  days  from  the  date  at  wiiich 


1 


686 


BULLEmr  OP  THE  BUREAU  OF  IJIBOR. 


the  application  Is  received,  establish  such  board  under  his  hand  and 
seal  of  uHlee,  if  satisfied  that  the  provi.sions  of  this  net  apply.  i 

"Within  fifteen  days  from  thr  date.^    A  chiftf  advantage  of  the 

Ciuuidiun  Jaw  over  Uiobo  of  Australia  is  that  it  provide.'^  for  a  speedy 
hear'ui^.  Ou  account  of  the  congestion  of  business  before  tlie  coui 
in  the  latter  countries,  delays  of  a  year  iiometiuied  occur  in  gettiu|;' 
a%vard3. 

Memhern  of  hoard, 

7.  Every  l)oard  shall  consist  of  Uiree  niendjens,  who  shall  he  ap- 
pointed hv  tiie  minister. 

(i*)  Of  the  ihiiH?  nienibei's  of  the  hoard  one  sliall  he  appointed  on 
the  ivc'oninu-ndatluii  of  thi*  ouiployor  and  oik^  on  the  rcooitinipudntion 
of  tbe  employees  (ibe  parties  to  the  dispute),  and  the  third  on  the 
recomniendatjon  of  tlie  members  so  chosen,  i 

Tbe  coiTesponding  section  of  the  KeT\-  Zealand  act,  1900,  prorides: 

J55,  The  bonrd  of  ench  ii»diistrial  district  shall  consist  of  ^iich  nn- 
oqnal  nnmi>er  of  persons  as  the  governor  determines,  being  not  mcro 
than  five,  of  ivhoin — 

(1)  One  (bein^  the  chairman)  shall  be  elected  by  the  otl^er  mem- 
bers in  manner  hereinafter  provided;  and 

(2)  Tii*'  other  nieniU^rs  shjill.  in  manner  hereinafter  provided,  bo 
elected  by  the  respective  industrial  unions  of  einploycrs  and  of 
vorkiTs  in  the  industrial  district,  such  unions  voting  heparately  and 
electing  an  equal  number  of  such  members. 

'*  Three  memlHTs."  Employers  have  Ruggesied  that  the  l»oards  have 
five  njctuUn's,  in  order  thnt  nonunion  n^en  may  have  a  repre:sentati\"o 
tvheu  they  are  nmnerous,  But  the  presence  of  union  and  nonunion 
nien  on  the  same  board  might  |ireven(  conciliation,  and  certainly  would 
make  the  law  unpopulnr  with  Inhor  intercjsts  whose  cooperation  is  essen- 
tial to  its  success,  .  Some  workingmen,  however,  favor  Xhv  largiy 
l>ortrd  ou  the  ground  that  repii»sentaUves  familiar  with  dilTerent  dis- 
tricts could  be  appointed  mcmbci'ij. 

Proredure  for  appointment  of  membtTs  of  board. 


8.  For  thff  purposes  of  apnointment  of  tJie  nieml)erB  of  the  board, 
the  following  provisions  shal]  ajiply: 

(1)   Each  party  to  the  dispnte  may,  at  the  time  of  making 
tion  or  within  five  days  after  being  requested  so  to  do  bv  the 
reconin)»Mi<l  the  name  of  one  nei-sou  who  is  willing  and  k 
as  a  inember  of  tlie  botird,  and  the  mini.ster  shall  jippoinl 
a  moirdw-r  of  the  honni. 

{2)    If  eilher  of  the  parties  fails  or  neglects  to  flnlv  make  ntiv  nv- 
ommendation  within  tlie  s^aid  jfCTiod,  or  su<'ii 

minister,  on  cause  sliown,  grants  'he  ihmm^nv    „ 

>as  p(>fc^ihh%  anpoint  a  lit  perHon  l«»  be  of  (he  t 

lember  ^hall  ne  deetucil  to  be  uppoiiui-u  on  ihis  recouiiu'.Mi 
ic  aaid  party, 


applica- 
miiiister^j 
at  t 
on 


;!w^ 


Mil  II>)1     OI 


CAKADIAN    INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


087 


» 


(8)  The  memlxn's  cboeon  ou  the  recommendation  of  the  parlies 
may,  witliLn  Jive  days  nfter  tlieir  uppoiutment,  recomniend  Uie  name 
of  one  person  vrho  is  willing  and  ready  to  act  as  a  third  nicJiiWr  of 
the  hoard,  and  the  minister  sliall  a])poiiit  such  person  a  member  of  the 
board. 

(4)  If  the  meml>ors  ohoHen  on  Ihe  rerommendation  of  the  paTtie« 
fail  or  neglect  to  duly  make  any  recommendati»»n  within  tlie  said 
period,  or  such  extension  tliereof  as  tlie  ministi^r,  tai  cause  shown, 
^nintN  the  minister  shall,  us  soon  thereafter  an  jiossible.  apj>oint  a  fit 

f)e!"son  to  in?  a  third  member  of  the  board,  an<l  stioh  member  shall 
►e  d*fmed  to  1m'  appr>inted  on  the  recommendation  of  the  two  other 
members  of  tbe  l)onrd. 

(fii)   The  third  meml)er  >»hall  hp  the  ehainuaii  of  the  board. 

'he  provisions  of  the  New  Zealand  net.  liKH).  read  as  fr^llnws: 

^0.  (1)  As  soon  as  prncticahle  after  the  election  of  the  njeinbers  of 
board,  otlier  than  the  chainnan.  the  cJerk  sluill  appoint  a  time 
and  plaee  for  i\n*  elected  members  to  meet  for  the  purpose  of  electinff 
a  (.'hairmaa,  ami  shall  *rive  to  eadi  such  memlx^r  at  loast  three,  day^ 
written  notice  of  the  time  and  place  so  appointed, 

(2)  At  such  meeting  the  members  shall,  t>y  a  majority  of  the  votes 
of  the  nii'mlHTs  prvseiit,  elect  scime  impai-tial  pers(»n  wlio  is  wiHinpr  to 
act.  nol  UMn<r  one  of  their  number,  to  t>e  chairman  of  the  board. 

4.5.  In  any  case  where  the  i-egistrar  it  satifified  that  for  any  ivason 
the  proper  elet!tin»r  authority  has  failed  or  neglected  to  duly  elect  a 
chairman  or  other  member  r>f  the  l>oard,  or  that  his  election  is  void, 
the  governor  may  by  notice  in  the  Gazette  appoint  a  fit  persim  to  be 
such  chairman  or  other  member,  and.  for  the  purix^ses  of  this  act, 
ever^-  cbairnuin  or  otlier  member  so  appointed  shall  be  dt'enjed  to  l>e 
elected,  and  shall  bold  office  for  the  unexpired  ivyidue  of  the  ortlinury 
term  of  office. 

^  The  minister  shall  ♦  •  »  appoint  a  fit  person  to  Ijc  ti»ird 
member  of  tbe  board.''  This  is  a  eonlroversial  clause  of  the  aet, 
Sonie  fear  that  a  designing  ministry  will  use  this  power  for  jMjHtical 
purposes.  In  case  of  an  imi>ortant  dispute  just  before  election,  involv- 
tfig  several  thousand  iniTiers  or  railwa}'  employees,  empbiyers  claim 
that  ajiy  elective  officer  is  Ukely  to  make  appointments  for  the  pur- 
of  winnin*r  votes.  Nt»  specitir  charge  that  the  atrt-  hail  l»een  my 
was  made,  except  that  in  one  instance  k'cal  jwditics  wei*e  thought 
have  intlneuced  the  ap|)ointmeut  of  a  board.  In  eastern  Canada 
this  obje<*tion  was  usually  presented  by  employers  and  in  western 
Caiuida  by  rinployees.  In  one  im]K>rtan(  di-symte  a  CH]>tain  of  in- 
dustry went  down  to  Ottawa  and  returned  claiming  that  he  had  got 
his  vuui  n»ade  cluiirniaii.  If  so,  he  mad**  a  mistake  in  his  selection, 
for  the  deeision  t>f  tlie  boui^l  went  against  him.  But  had  tills  boast 
ounie  Ui  the  cars  of  the  workei-s  it  might  have  imperiled  the  success 
of  the  I  uins  as  weJl  as  have  left  much  bitterness  and  distrust 

of  tlu'  1  nvards.     As  a  rule,  however,  tlie  employers  ai'e  the 

mmpi4:iou£i  ones.    A  verr  fair-minded  chairnmn  said:  *"  Employers 
are  moi'c  RU9q>ieiou9<  than  workmen  of  goverxuttent  appointee.s  becniisc 


DrXLETIX  OF  THE  BTHEAr  OP  XABOTl- 


tin*  Inttor  have  moit*  votes.     The  opp»>siti»m  party,  trlwii  il  coitie%  Insiri 

power,  will  !>«>  iikhv  Hki^Iy  to  unike  Imd  Mppoitiiruonis  thai!  tlie  pr»->- 
t'lil  party,  bt-caiise  it  will  not  fve\  the  same  resjHiusiibiruy  f<»r  tlic 
success  of  the  act,  %Someliines  vue  jwirly  n»fiises  to  afsree  with  thd 
other  on  n  thirtl  naMnl»i*r  of  (Iir  hoard  in  onhr  to  justify  its  r<*fti*al] 
to  atvept  ihi^  st'tthMii»*nt  iivomtnenilod.  In  otlier  rases  one  jiiirty  wilL 
refuso  to  agrret*  Iwrau**  it  thinks  the  povernnient  will  appoint  tliel 
nuiu  it  wants  as  chairman,  and  the  hitter's  decision  will  have  moral 
mora!  wi'iglit  if  he  is  nt>t  n^comniendcd  hy  that  jmrty."  An  em- 
ploycr  experienced  with  the  act  said  :  **  Under  our  .system  of  govrro- 
ment  it  is  impos'-ihU*  to  ndiiiiniAter  the  law  fiiirly.  Politics  will  nnm 
in  and  spoil  it/'  A  Western  Federation  men»ber  in  British  Cohnnbi* 
objected:  *' The  l>oard  is  nearly  always  made  np  of  a  man  appointed | 
hy  the  jirtjveninient  and  a  man  from  eacli  siile.  The  «if>\«'rnn*»'nl*4' 
man  always  nides  with  the  raj)italists,  so  it  ii*  two  to  i»no  a^raiiusl  thoi 
workin^nian."  liut  a  western  socialist  scouted  the  idea  that  politics 
would  serioohly  iiilfrfiTc  with  fair  board  apptiintments. 

A  su^gpsti(»n  that  the  chief  jll^ti(*e  of  the  Dominion  suprrmo  court,] 
or  of  the  provincial  supreme  courts,  ap|^H>inl  the  chairman  when  iIk> 
parties  failed  to  do  si»,  was  received  with  diffprent  favor  by  difTerenti 
jiersous.  One  premier  said  the  chief  jiiblice  woiiht  not  l«?  ifSpooMM* 
enough  to  public  opinion.  I^^ading  lawyers  present  at  the  tinieJ 
favored  such  a  metho<l,  clalniinj?  that  a  justiiv  would  select  impurtial 
an<I  practical  men,  as  1m»  W(»uhl  in  bn^incvs  arhit rat  ions.  Ir»  the  we.-^t, 
the  pro|>osHl  was  not  well  received  even  by  lawyers.  A  lea<ling  solic-( 
ilor  in  Hrilish  r<)bind>irt  said:  *•  Mo>i  judge-^  U'in^  rearetl  nn<l  e<hi* 
cated  in  an  atmosphere  far  removed  from  laUir,  their  minds  don't 
take  in  a  situation  from  it  hilwr  jKiiut  of  view  at  all.  Hoard  ap|K>inl-j 
ments  sluadil  he  made,  when  necessary,  by  men  who  have  giveal 
Ihoti^dit  to  hiUir  questions.  Apj><>iniments  by  a  jtid^»  or  chief  justice^ 
would  be  an  incentive  for  the  mew  to  strike-"  An  Irish  justice,  who 
had  served  a«  a  hoanl  chairman,  remnrked,  with  n  twinkle  in  bis  eye;' 
"  It  woidil  put  the  thief  ju?>tice  in  an  uwkMrml  pasition  to  liuve  taj 
appoiut  these  boiirds.  Why  not  leave  It  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canter-J 
buryi*'  A  labor  oflicial  favored  malcinj?  boards  |>ermunont  and! 
elective.  I 

Kmi>loyers  sometinies  have  difficulty  in  ^[ftting  a  ipinlified  ifprin] 
sentativo  on  the  Ixiards.  One  manager  writes:  *•  We  bad  great  difB-] 
culty  in  getting  anyone  to  repi*escnt  us  on  tlint  bonr<l.  It  S4*<*iiu*d  avi 
if  a  mining  man  of  fair  business  experience  woidd  have  l)eeu  the  h^MM 
"We  asked  several,  but,  while  they  did  not  flatly  refuse,  t'et  it  waJ 
evident  that  they  greatly  preforn^l  not  to  act,  jirobubly  on  iiccounti 
of  the  prejudiiH*  it  might  excite  on  the  part  of  their  employees  !dionhd 
(boy  give  a  decision  favoring  the  ci^nipany.    We  then  t   '    *  .1 


CANADIAN    INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


689 


mluing,  no  employer  of  labor,  no  merchant,  iloctor.  or  anyoni*  vol 
iuvUhI  with  politics  or  with  polilinil  aspirations  woiild  ever  care 
act  for  a  companv  npon  an  arbitration  biiard  involving  wages.'^ 

Xofifi/^atton  to  he  ffiren  partUf  of  nicmbers  of  board, 

D.  As  soon  as  possible  after  the  full  board  has  l)een  appointed  by 
the  minister,  the  regiMrar  shall  notify  the  pnrlies  of  the  uumeii  of 
the  members  of  the  K^ard  and  the  chairman  thereof,  and  s^lch  noti^H 
ficjition  shall  l>e  final  and  conclusive  for  all  purposes.  ^M 

The  Xew  Zealand  act  of  1900.  as  amended  by  the  act  of  1901,  says: 

40.   (1)   As  soon  as  practicable  after  the  election  of  the  chairman. 

the  clerk  shall  transmit  to  the  registrar  a  lis-t  of  the  names  of  the 

respective  persons  elected  as  members  and  as  cliainnan  of  the  hoard, 

and  notice  of  the  names  of  the  members  and  chairman  of  the  board 

Sahull  Iv  inserted  in  the  Gazette  by  the  registrar. 

(2)  Such  notice  shall  \*e  final  and  coin-hisive  for  all  piirjx>.ses.  and 
the  date  of  gazetting  of  such  notice  shall  he  deemed  to  ne  the  date  of 
the  election  of  the  board. 

TVrtA  of  ofirr. 

10,  Every  roend»er  of  a  board  shall  bold  office  from  the  time  of  his' 
appointment  until  the  report  of  the  h«>ard  is  «;igned  and  transmitted 
to  the  mmL;ter. 

''  Until  the  report  of  the  l^oard  i-  >i<rned  an<l  transmitted." 
lioard  ceases  to  exi^t  when  the  investigation  for  which  it  was 
pointed  is  ooncJoded.  In  Anstralia  and  Xew  Zealand  the  aT4>itration 
boards  and  courts  are  appointed  for  fised  terms,  and  consider  all 
disputes  coming  up  during  that  period.  Public  opinion  in  Canada 
is  not  agreed  as  to  which  method  is  the  better.  Hie  determining 
considerations  caoidDg  Parliament  to  make  the  Ujards  temporary 
are  thus  summarised  by  a  federal  official:  ^  It  would  have  been  im- 
possible for  a  single  (pennanent)  board  to  deal  with  all  the  differ- 
ences that  bare  been  referred  under  the  art.  srattenNj  as  they  have 
been  over  the  roairtr>-  fn»m  N'i»v»  Scotia  to  llritish  roluuibia."  But 
thi^i  objection  wunld  apply  to  a  nnmber  of  permanent  Ixwrds  in- 
stead of  one.  A  Hiairman  who  has  had  experience  <»n  eleven  hoards 
said :  *^  I  don^  think  pennaiMnt  boards  would  he  as  mirrcasfid  a?? 
those  we  hare.  Undr*r  ihe  prewfit  arrangen»ent  the  gorenunent  can 
try  out  men.  ■  •**  •  finda  tfanae  beat  adapted  fur  its  wr»rk.  At  Ibe 
same  time  th-  tamt  can  drop  a  man  whenever  his  UHefnlnw 

is  over.     A  sin^ie  bad  deti^oa  may  prcjodke  ooe  nde  permanent 

against  a  chairman.     If  the  Ixwrds  were  perr- '      1 

cisions  would  Itave  the  additiooa!  impnri8nf<»  • 

indicating  the  pmuiti»^i  t»-iidMiry  of  rman'v  uund.     rw»  rj 

^!  '  M  be^n  its  owe  f**Iin^  at  * 


I 

tted 


ij^ 


&aL 


BVLLEmW  (IF  THF.  TirREAt^  OF  IJVBtm. 


iho  htrndn"    (cuplieniisni   for  "fix")    of  Ihr  members,     A   loftdingj 
pulrlic  nuin  thougrtu  ]>olUirs  would  ]to  Ti>oi*e  likriy  to  afFort  app«nxit-j 
iiientson  permoiiciii  t>ounl&  ns  tbe  portions;  wuulil  tlmi  l«f>  Lnipoil&iit 
(■iiongli  lo  Ik*  soliriled  by  ]*olitiral  workoi's.    Tlu*  attorney  of  n  woslorn 
inineiV  or^^anizntion  op|>«mf»l  ])ernianent  fxiards  l>ecauae  it  *vould  be 
hard  to  pet  rid  of  }md  np]>oii»i<«<»«. 

HirtVfvtT,  the  WDiglit  lii  opinion — ^nninerically — was  in  favor  of 
pernmnoiit  Wirds,  or  ut  Ictist  of  u  pcnuaiK^tit  chninimii.  A  niilway 
iiitiiui^iM',  fatiiilinr  witli  the  hiw.  thougltt  a  jHTinaiieiit  chnirmaii  with 
temporary  appointees  by  each  party  for  every  new  dispntcj  would  I 
wnnbine  tlie  udvautap5e  of  special  knowledge  of  the  ease  in  hand  witli 
broad  experience  and  u  peruiancmt  policy  in  administering  the  art. 
Some  favor  pernuiiieJit  bourd>i  us  likeJy  to  jireveul  ilelu3%  which] 
sometimes  attend  the  Kp{)ointuveut  of  new  lK)«rdH,  while  others  oppose  : 
them  a8  likely  to  cause  dMays  v  hen  two  or  niore  di»qiirtes  oecnr  «(  thvt 
name  time.  AnKtrnlMsiaii  rxjHTJmt'e  indicBleSithHt  on  account  of  the 
huneliin^  np  of  huHine^^s  liefoi*e  any  8y.stem  of  i>ernianent  b!)ards,  ihpy 
would  at  limes  protract  rather  than  expedite  proceedinpv.  A  mining 
maunder  preferred  permanent  iKmi'dis,  though  he  foivsaw  the  |>os.si- 
bility  of  delays  and  of  hick  of  tfchiiical  knowledge  on  tlie  part  of  the 
niendM'i's.  Ihit  he  ttiouglit  that  permanent  appointees  would  ho 
selectwl  with  greater  cm*e  and  regard  fi»r  public  opinion  than  aj>- 
poiutivs  for  n  single  dis]uite,  A  representative  of  n  railway  union, 
who  had  conducted  pix>reodings  In^fore  a  Uiard,  favored  a  ]M'nn«nent 
ehairnian  for  ench  industry.  Hueh  as  coat  mining  ami  metal  miningf 
and  two  cliairmen  for  railways — oim>  fur  the  ojH>ratiiig  and  one  for 
the  maiutenatu^  depurtnu'ut.  The  secretary  of  a  western  miners' 
union  favored  j)ermanejit  Iwards  seh^cted  h}'  workingmeu  and  em- 
ployers, on  I  be  grouml  that  ihey  could  becon*e  familiar  witli  eondi' 
(ion^  thiH>ugh(>ut  an  eutiro  district  and  bo  give  better  awards  tlmu  « 
lumrtl  that  bud  studied  only  a  local  situatiou.  A  iliulrict  pi-esident 
of  the  rnilrvl  Mine  Workers  writes:  "1  think  permanent  boards 
sliouid  Ik»  ap}KMn(cd,  c*j»eciuny  for  the  ooal  trjidtu  as  owing  to  the 
U>chnic4il  nature  of  the  ma^H  c»f  evidesiee  nubuiitted  it  is  absolutely 
Jjeoe:<hUry  in  order  t<»  render  a  fair  decision  that  the  chairman  should 
acquaint  himself  with  the  meaning  of  the  ternis  UhwI  in  ctml  mining. 
This  can  not  !)«  done  to  advantage  under  the  present  method  ol 
appcdnting  boards.  I  feel  certain  that  if  a  ]»ertnunent  IxMU'd  waa 
appointed  In  tlie  cohI  trade,  the  niembern  would  noon  Iwoome  com- 
petent to  deal  with  any  dispute  brought  Ivfore  iL  TUr  moral  in- 
(bieiKf  of  such  a  Ixiard  would  be  great,  and  in  time  it  would  >>e 
looked  up  to  by  botli  j>artie»s,"     The  wdieilor  of  a  r  '•  ''^''    r 


who  had  served  on  a  htmnl  .said:  **  I  an)  inclined  to  i 
Ixiards,  because  we  want  to  g»*t  as  far  away  frtuu  loi^i  j 

tible.     Diitiiue^  reatjous  intlucncc  |wopIc  moi-e  or  Itoo  m  ^jiVii^g 


ttH 


CANADIAN    rKDUSTBIAL   DISPtTTES  ACT. 


691 


drci.sii>ns  nffectliig  their  own  loftility,  Al  any  rate  wp  should  have  a 
periiuLiicut  chiuriuan^  leaviiig  each  side  to  select  its  representative  as 
al  pi*escnl.  It  i:>  iitit  n  hm]  tliinof  if  ihivsy  (no  niPiuU^rs  are  more  or 
less  parlLsans  of  their  sides^  if  they  are  familiar  with  conditions;  for 
then  a  goml  dt*ul  of  bu^inci^  cjin  be  threshed  otit  hi  i\xe  private  confer- 
ences of  llie  board  uioniljors.'^  The  president  of  two  btwirds,  himself 
a  judge,  ufied  similar  urgiimeut:^,  based  on  his  own  experience:  '"I 
should  like  to  see  ]>ermanent  boards,  like  our  railway  commission. 
Thoy  would  become  sufficiently  familiar  with  conditions  in  the  in- 
dustry they  represented.  There  should  ix^  n  board  for  each  iudustry, 
in  each  section  of  the  couuLrv;  but  it  would  be  better  to  liave  it  com- 
posed  of  men  from  outside  tlie  distrii-t,  wi  that  they  wouhl  Iiave  no 
local  ties  to  influence  them  or  to  make  either  side  think  they  were 
influenced.  But  tliere  is  an  advantage  in  having  tlie  representatives 
of  each  side  partisan**  for  they  enable* the  bourd  to  get  at  the  real 
ground  of  the  dispute  more  quickly. ''  An  employer  of  bcveral  thou- 
sand men,  some  of  whom  are  working  under  an  agreement  based  on  a 
board  decision,  writes:  *' I  lielieve  a  i>ermanent  arbitration  board  or 
a  permanent  chairman  would  be  prefernble.  Could  not  an  iiibitration 
commission  l>e  established  something  on  the  same  lines  as  the  railway 
commission?  •  •  •  j  really  think  it  wiudd  Ik*  l>elter  that  one 
arbitrator  representing  each  side  shotdd  He  either  a  solicitor  or  officer 
of  the  nnion  and  the  company,  or  adniitte<3h'  prejudiced.  If  the 
alM)ve  plan  were  adopietl  I  wotdd  advise  that  the  third  man  should 
invariably  be  chosen  from  outride  the  district,  preferably  in  eastern 
Canada  (the  writers  interests  are  in  the  west),  in  order  that  neither 
he,  his  family,  nor  his  business  shoulil  in  nny  way  suffer  from  either 
side.  If.  *  *  *  there  were  many  i-ase**  likely  to  come  np.  you 
might  have  several  such  orbitrators,  in  the  same  way  that  ycm  hnve 
reral  district  jutlges.**  Thro\igliont  western  Canada  similar  opinion 
i^ms  to  pi-evail.  The  following  \ery  reasonable  view  of  ibis  ques- 
tion was  given  by  a  gentleman  who  bad  watched  the  o]>emtion  of  the 
act  carefidlv  and  had  served  ujion  an  ini]iortanl  board:  "1  think  we 
shall  con»e  to  |>ermanent  Inwards  eventually,  but  that  temi>oi*ar}-  boards 
are  l>ctter  until  we  hnve  had  more  experience  with  the  act.  It  was 
wise  to  have  temf>onirv  Ixmrds  to  break  the  groimd.  fHtimately  there 
shoidd  Ik?  Ixmrds  eilher  for  different  districts  or  for  different  indns- 
tricftf  or  for  both.  After  growth  and  exi>eri<'nce  we  may  rome  to 
ciMnpulsorA'  arbitration.  I  fancy  public  opinion  will  drift  rtMind 
thiit  way,  an  it  did  in  case  of  the  railway  c<»rami8sion.  That  now 
regidates  the  relation  of  railways  to  our  cities  and  to  private  pntnms 


In  giMi 

J  , 


and  it  has  practically  ended  the  old  squabbles, 
relating  (o  railway  privilege^:,  bcrviites^  i\ud\ 


ituxaul^ 


692 


BULLETIN   OP  TUB  BUREAU  OF  LABOR. 


I 

I 


A  prnrliciil  einbarrnssiiicnt  results  from  the  fuel  llmt  Ui*  troaK- 
ziiitta[  of  its  report  U»rniinHtes  the  <'xistonci»  of  h  bonnl.  Oftpn  nfter 
a  seUlcincnt  !ms  liepn  iniiilt*  und  the  hoard  has  dissolved  diflieulties 
lU'ise  over  tlie  upplinitioii  of  tlie  sc'ltlenieiit  to  |»artiruhir  onf%e^. 
Thuy,  in  ctise  of  tl»e  Graml  Trunk  inaehinisls,  severnl  rather  acuta 
inisuiidoi'stHndinffs  rnme  up  as  soon  iis  the  <'oni])any  U-jran  to  put 
the  tiow  njrrf|.nK'nt  iiilo  fiure.  As  a  prnetinil  sohitioii  of  (lie  di/hctfllr, 
the  l>onrd  was  reconvenerl  and  gave  an  interpretation  of  the  pnrtieu- 
lar  points  in  question,  'I'hr  statute  S4»rn»s  to  nmke  no  provisioti  for 
<Muer^»ncies  of  tills  kind.  It  is  understood  that  a  hoard  that  has 
been  assenibh^d  (o  interpret  its  own  seftlenient  nets  t>v  the  consent 
of  the  parties,  and  is  not  authorized  liy  law  or  regulations  to  take 
up  any  new  poini  not  brought  before  the  board  nnti  aeted  upon  at 
its  previous  sittinpi. 

Mfmbcm  not  to  have  pentniart/  inttrest. 

11.  Xo  jirrson  sliall  act  as  a  nu'nd>er  of  n  boaril  who  has  any  <lirect 
pecuniai-j'  interest  in  the  issue  of  a  dispute  i-efcrretl  to  such  I»oaMl. 

"  Dircct  pecuniary  interest."  No  AuBtrahisian  net  makes  tliLs 
hpecific  provision,  but  it  is  nsstinied  that  l>oun1  iind  court  members 
will  lx>  ;5ovinned  l)y  judicial  prcci'diuits  in  easen  in  which  they  Inive 
an  interest.  In  Western  Au:stralia  a  plumber  refusinl  to  sit  on  the 
iirbilration  court  while  a  case  coinvrniu^''  phunhin^  was  l)ein;j  heard. 

In  Canada  the  words  have  l>ecn  variously  int*'rproted  in  public 
diBcussion:  hut  ttie  goveruiuent  has  n(»t  construed  them  too  pruiii.Nhly. 
It  has  couHrmed  the  appointntent  by  the  miners  of  their  district  ]>r^i- 
tlent  as  memln'r  of  a  number  of  boards.  An  tMuinenl  hnvi'er.  holding 
retainers  from  large  corporations,  has  served  acceptably  on  fM.*voral 
boards  by  which  the  interests  of  thosi*  oorpnrations  wert*  directly 
aiTected.  Other  similar  uppointments  have  l)een  made.  Tlw^se  ore 
criticised  on  principle,  though  no  complaint  is  made  that  unfair 
decisions  luive  resulted.  A  railway  nuinager  in  criticising  the  selec- 
tion «tf  su<li  nieml)ei's  said:  "After  the  labor  peiijjle  hatl  appointed  one 
of  their  Mnhu'iwl  officers,  I  chose  a  tniin  to  repre^Mit  ns  who  I  knew 
would  ilo  what  I  tohl  him  to.  I  had  to  do  that  to  l)e  even.  But  the 
investipitors  otiglit  to  Im^  economic  experts,  like  your  census  and  cor- 
poration exiM'Hsat  AVashinglon,  and  not  partisan  ivpres^^ntnti vest  who 
M>rve  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  the  act.  Kmployers  usually  select  n  big 
man  tx^  their  representative,  who  is  not  no  subservient  to  his  constitu- 
ents as  ai'e  the  Inbor  representatives,  who  have  no  independence. 
They  can't  Ik?  independent  when  they  de|>eml  on  the  unions  for  their 
diiily  bread."  A  western  mine  manager  said:  ^  I  have  no  use  for  our 
lM)anls  out  here,  lM»<rause  rhey  have  not  lM*en  projMM'ly  crrnKtitntcd. 
The  decision^i  areirt  fair,  und  couldn't  be  with  \uiiou  offin't^  reprr- 


I 


CATSADVKS   ISDCSTBIAL  DIBFUTES  ACT. 


693 


f^nting  the  miners.  AVould  you  appoint  John  Mitchell  to  such  a 
bortwl  in  the  United  States,  if  you  hud  to  organize  a  new  coal  strike 
conunis-^ion  ^  I  wouhl  not  allow  either  pai'ty  to  have  any  stiy  at  all 
iu  ap[Htintuieiits.  The  idea  of  tlie  act  is  that  public  opinion  sliall 
settle  strikes;  bo  our  l>oards  are  worthless,  because  they  do  not  com- 
mand public  confiilcncc.  Thoy  never  hsive  more  than  one  unbiased 
jnend)or.  Besides;  we  would  not  di.-clo^e  business  ijiattei*s  or  show 
our  books  to  isucli  boards  as  have  been  ap]>ointed  liitherto,  with  labor 
union  oflicers  on  tlieni;  an<l  rro  liow  can  a  board  gel  at  facts  mj  a:i  to 
coiunuind  public  a)ntidence  for  it»  decisions^  *'  In  the  connueiits  on 
the  pn^-eding  Miction  of  the  act  quotations  from  lettei*s  anil  interviews 
ni*e  given  showing  that  other  employers  think  the  repivsentative 
nu-nilHT-'  of  the  l)oar<ls  should  Im>  partisuns.  This  difference  of 
opinion  comes  from  a  diffei*ent  interpretation  of  the  act.  Those  who 
see  an  nnalogA-  (x'tween  the  boards  antl  law  courts  naturally  criticise 
such  appointments.  And  if  public  o{>inion  is  really  to  be  the  (inal 
arbiter  of  most  settlements  obtained  thmugh  boards,  this  view  may 
K*  correct.  Hut  if  the  l)oards  are  not  quat^i  courts,  but  negotiating 
biMlie: — public  facsimile.^  of  the  lx)ards  that  conduct  private  negotia- 
tions l>etween  large  associations  of  employers  and  the  great  labor 
organizations  of  ihe  United  States  and  England — the  policy  of  i)ar- 
tisan  appointments  is  well  justified.  And  it  is  this  secoml  conception 
(»f  the  act  that  has  guided  the  most  successful  boards  and  won  popu- 
larity for  the  law  where  formerly  tliere  was  distrust. 

Some  of  the  current  dis<:u.ssion  of  tliis  section  of  the  law  is  based  on 
n  careless  reatling.  A  Canadian  authority  i-ecently  i-emarked  in  a 
j>ul>Iir  addri'ss:  "The  <'lause  forbiddin^^  anyone  who  is  directly  nr 
indirectly  interested  in  either  side  to  a  ilispute  from  serving  on  the 
l>oard  of  inveslipition  is  more  frequently  honored  in  the  bre^ich  than 
in  the  observance.*^  The  clause  disqualifies  fnmi  serviujj  only  those 
who  have  "  dire<'t  |>e(iini»iy  interest" — words  that  admit  of  very 
strict  construction. 

How  vacancy  to  he  filed, 

1*2,  Every  vacancy  in  the  membership  of  a  b«)ard  shall  Im»  supplied 
in  the  same  manner  a^^  in  the  case  oi  the  original  appointment  of 
every  person  apjaiinted. 

The  New  Zealand  act.  IJtOO.  reads^  as  follows: 

43.  (1)  Every  casual  \acaucy  shall  l»e  filled  by  the  same  electing 
authority,  and,  as  far  as  practicable*  in  the  same  manner  and  subject 
to  the  same  provisions,  as  in  the  case  of  the  vacating  member, 

Ofith  of  o^e  arul  ji^rrrrff. 

13.  Before  t^ntcrlne^  iii>an  tb»i  Mfffrv-ic^  of  the  functions  of  tlieir 
ifrfRce  the  r  >  'he  chairman,  shall  make 

c>*th  or  "**'  "MN'  that  lliev  will  faith- 


694 


Bl'LLETIN    OV  THE  BUBKAU  OF 


except  in  the  diHchargr  of  their  dutiej^,  they  will  not  disclose  to  tare 

perbuii  any  (»f  Iho  rviih'iue  or  other  iiiiUtcr  urought  Uefoiv  \Uv  Itumi. 

TJie  New  Zealand  uct  of  IIXH),  as  amended  by  the  act  of  lyoi.  says: 

53.  *  *  *  (11)  Hefoi'c  entering  ti|>"»  the  exercise  nf  the  ftinr- 
lioiis  of  iUvir  oftim*  the  lucmbcrs  of  the  hunrd.  incluthii^'  the  ohtiiriimn^ 
hhjilJ  inixkv  (uilli  HI'  idUriimUon  befmi*  h  jiid/fo  nf  thr  siipri'mv  ruur! 
tliui  tliey  will  faitlifiilly  iind  inipnrtially  porfi)nii  tht*  dutiej>  of  their 
oflicr,  mill  nlso  llial  except  In  i\n*  diM-luir^i'  of  tlu'ir  duties  lliry  will 
not  diw'lose  to  uny  persrin  any  evidence  or  other  matter  bron^ht  be- 
foH'  llie  board.  In  ihe  abst^uiv^  «»f  n  jtulp'  of  t1»e  8it|>reme  rntirf,  the 
<»atli  or  ullinnatit^rti  nniy  lx«  tuketi  btfore  a  stipendiary'  miipri!^i*ate  <»r 
audi  olhor  pei*siou  us  the  governor  fx-oui  tiitie  lo  tiuie  uulhorm'to  in 
Ihut  bchtilf. 

Clencal  and  other  a*»uttanfT. 

14.  Tlie   depnrtnient    may    provide   the    board    wilh   h 
.si^Mio^rapher  or  swch  other  iJeri<3il  ttMsiNlaue**  jw  to  the  luii^i  .- 
pears  uecessar)'  for  the  etllcient  cunylng  out  of  the  provisiotin  uf 
thi.s  net. 

I*Rt»CEnUBE   KOH   IlEKKRENCE   OF  IUHPt'TK*  TO   UOAIIIM. 

Manner  in  which  appJtratlnn  for  appointment  of  hoard  to  be  f/indr. 

15.  For  the  purpose  of  determining  the  manner  iji  which,  and  the 

persons  by  whom,  an  tippli(*alion  for  tlir  nppoititiueut  of  a  Uiard  is 
to  hv  muije^  the  follnwin^  provisions  shall  applj^': 

(1)  The  npplinihnii  sjialj  In*  made  in  writmjj  in  the  pi*escril»«l 
f(jrm,  and  sliall  be  in  substance  a  request  to  the  njinister  ti»  M[ipoint 
a  biiaid  {<*  whicli  \\w  existinjr  dispute  Uiay  be  ix'ferred  under  the 
j)rovisions  i»f  (his  act. 

(2)  I'hi'  apidira(ion  .shall  be  acvonipauie<l  by — 

{(t)  A  Htatenjent  hotting  forth  (1)  the  parties  to  the  iliAputc;  (2) 
the  nalnre  and  canse  of  Ihi'  dispiili>,  incbidin;;  any  (*luints  or  d»^mtids 
made  by  i-ither  party  upon  tin*  other,  to  which  exeeptJou  i.s  taketi; 
('^)  lui  npprnxiiiiiite  estiiriate  of  the  ninid>4'r  nf  |M*rs4jris  nffertofl  nr 
likely  (o  be  aibvtcd  by  the  <lispute:  (1)  the  eifin'U  luadc  by  the  par- 
ties themsclvtvs  lo  adjust  llie  di.sj)iite;  and  — 

{fi)  A  stahitory  dechiration  s(»ttin»j  forth  that,  failincr  an  adjust- 
ment of  (lie  dirpiite  or  a  reference  theretif  by  the  minister  to  h  htiiird 
of  coneilialion  and  i n vest i;;at ion  under  the  act,  U*  the  bes4  of  the 
knowled^*  and  Lndief  of  the  ilei*larant,  a  liKkout  or  strike,  an  Ube 
case  may  be,  will  be  declared,  and  thai  the  ni*cessary  uutliwrity  Ua 
declare  such  lockout  or  strike  has  been  obtained. 

m  (*'J)  The  api>licallfm  may  mention  the  mune  of  a  pi-pMin  who  is 
piliinft  and  reaily  and  desiri*s  to  act  a<i  a  mtndier  of  the  btmrd  repre- 
i=ienlin^  the  |uirty  or  parties  mnkin^!  the  uppliealiou. 

"  Tlie  neee«wary  nuthorily  to  ded,  '   h>eUont  or  *t  lieen 

obtained."'     The  objtMt  of  this  chiH  •  prevent  a[ij  ,-  for 

Uwrds  without  well-grounded  jfriovanocw.     Speculative  appUeiiliouK 

furjtv      ■'  "    '  --  r.'        '    ''       •      "      *]m 

in  Ah  I  lid 


CAiTADULN    I3IDU6TEIAL  DISPlTTEfi  ACT. 


695 


jipl>]y  for  awards  uji  llic  guiiihilag  chance  of  getting  something, 
kiiowmg  they  are  n(»t  likely  to  Icise  any  existing  privileges,  and  so 
rx]H»nsivp  and  irritating  litigation  is  encourngecL  It  i^  doiihtful 
if  10  per  cent  of  tl>e  cases  broii^rt  before  ronipulsoi^''  arbitration 
courts  would  cause  striki"^  if  loft  unsettled.  But  this  clau&e  in  tlie 
CSiimdian  act  is  niucli  criticised.  A.  leading  member  f»f  a  large  labor 
org»anLsuitioii  said:  ^*  Here  is  a  gi*eat  fault  of  the  law.  In  our  organ- 
ization  there  is  no  power  to  declare  a  strike  unless  a  vote  of  all  the 
me.ail»ers  has  l)ee.n  taken.  To  make  application  for  a  board  we 
have  to  declare  that  a  strike  will  result  if  the  applicalion  is  not 
considered.  Now.  that  forces  us  to  authorize  a  strike  in  I'eguhir  form, 
and  to  place  a  power  and  responsibility  in  the  hamls  of  <»ur  execu- 
tives we  would  not  otherwise  give  tJiem.  It  niakefe  it  easier  t-^  strike 
if  negotiations  don't  come  out  as  we  want  theni.'^  An  officer  of  the 
Bmtherhood  of  Ix>com»itive  Engineers,  an  order  opposed  to  the  law, 
made  tins  criticism:  "^A-s  the  act  stands  now  it  requires  us  to  take  a 
general  vote  to  declaim  a  strike  before  we  can  come  into  confereuoe 
with  our  employers.  That  is  a  big  expense  of  time,  lab«jr,  and  nifuiey. 
The  vote  stirs  the  men  np  and  causes  uneasiness  and  an  unaettlenl 
feeling  tluiJughout  the  membership  and  generally  along  the  road. 
It  makes  small  things  look  big,  and  after  taking  the  stand  that  they 
wUl  strike  over  a  grievau(!<» — perhaps  one  that  might  be  c-ompix)- 
mised — the  men  are  more  likely  to  hold  out  ftir  the  settlement  Uiey 
have  fixed  on  befdi-ehand."  A  large  employer  writes:  '•  Tlie  oHicers  of 
'the  union  should  not  necessarily  have  to  secure  Rulh(»rity  from  the 
union  to  order  a  strike  in  order  to  comply  with  the  affidavit  provided 
for  in  tlu»  act.  If  tike  la.w  be  strictly  carrietj  out  (I  do  not  think  it  has), 
a  labor  lea<ier  might  in*  compelled  to  work  tlie  miicm  up  to  the  point 
of  a  strike  liefore  he  could  secure  the  arbitration,  and  tlus  agitation 
is  n'»t  gfHul  for  either  side.'*  Theiv  is  not  the  same  need  for  such  a 
clause  that  there  would  be  if  the  awards  were  (H>mptd.sctry.  So  long 
as  the  applicanlii  know  that  the  othej'  side  is  bound  to  accept  no  settle- 
uieut  to  >vhjch  it  itsvJf  does  not  vobiutarriy  consent,  they  are  not  so 
likely  tn  niiikf  inuiginary  or  trifling  grievances  tlie  occasion  of  a 
dispute. 

Sitfiuftiin  ^  to  npplicatiim. 


Id  The  u]>p]i(uitinii  and  the  (Jeclai:ati«in  aectnupanyiug  it — 
(1)  If  made  by  an  employer,  an  iu(!orporat(Kl  company  or  corpo- 
ration, shall  1m'  signed  Ity  some  one  of  its  duly  authorized  managers 
or  otbiT  principal  executive  fifiirers; 

('IM    If  mnde  by  an  employe!*  other  than  an  incor])orated  company 

inn.  »^haU  itv  MgneJ  bv  the  i-nipioycr  hiniM'lf  in  case  he  is 

1  ■'   •'■^  ;...-. I     ..r  t)„4  pjijij,,..--  -.,-  !!iejuber¥  in  case  of  a 


696  Bn.LETnff  of  the  BrRHAr  op  labor.  ^ 

(3)  If  made  by  iinploy«»cfi  members  of  a  trade  union,  shall  he 
sign<*d  by  two  of  ils  omcers  duly  aiiThonz4^iI  by  a  majority  vole  of 
(he  lueiiilM^rs  of  the  union,  or  t>y  a  vote  taken  by  ballot  of  the  uieiuber», 
of  tlie.  union  pivsont  at  a  meoiing  called  on  not  less  than  throe  (hiy:n 
noliee  for  the  puq>ose  of  discussing  the  question;  I 

The  Xew  Zealand  act,  li)(K),  reads  as  follows:  " 

98.  *  *  *  n  )  In  the  case  of  an  industrial  union,  by  resolution 
passed  at  a  special  meeting  of  the  luiion  and  confirmed  by  .subsequent 
Imllol  of  the  ineniU'rs.  n  uiajorily  «tf  the  voles  recorded  luring-  in 
favor  thereof:  the  result  of  such  ballot  to  be  recorded  on  the  minutes; 

"  Memljers  of  a  trade  union/*  This  is  the  extent  to  which  unions 
are  recognized  by  the  act.  Some  employers  would  have  them  re- 
quired to  iucorpijrnte,  as  in  New  Zealand  and  Australia,  so  tliey 
inight*bc  responsible  parties  to  the  contracts  made  bt»fore  the  boards. 
But  the  h)gical  conseqiien<t»  of  making  only  incorpornteil  unions  tt- 
sponsible  for  the  working  of  the  law  is  to  grant  preference  of  em- 
ployment to  members  of  such  uniouK,  as  has  Ireen  done  in  Australasia. 
Though  it  has  not  been  the  usual  policy  of  the  boards  to  favor  the 
closed  shop,  the  tendency  of  tlie  law  i*;  to  promote  the  organization 
of  labor.  The  chairman  of  eleven  boards  said:  *' The  law  is  pi-elty 
much  a  dead  letter  for  any  but  organized  labor.  It  did  not  work 
in  the  Montreal  dockers*  strike  largely  because  there  was  no  re- 
sponsible organization.  The  union  was  w»  poorly'  organized  that  it 
did  not  control  its  men.  There  was  no  one  who  couhl  sign  an  agi'ec- 
!uent  that  the  men  would  ivcoguize.  The  work  had  to  lie  done  by 
mass  meetings.  Vou  can't  work  any  act  under  those  conditions."  A 
labor  member  of  Parliament  writes:  **The  hiAV  aniounts  to  practical 
Recognition  of  trade  organizatiims.'"  Other  <s<irkingmen  based  their 
approval  of  the  act  partly  on  the  ground  that  it  strengthened  tlia, 
unions. 

*'  By  u  majority  vote  of  the  members  of  the  union,  or  by  a  vote 
taken  by  ballot,  etc.'"  This  does  not  provide  so  ftdly  for  obiaiumg 
the  vote  of  all  meml>ers  prior  to  an  application  as  does  the  [>ara- 
gruph  of  liie  New  Zealand  net  jiist  quoted.  Eitln^r  nf  two  iuetlio<ls 
may  be  adopted  in  Canathi^  lx>th  of  which  arc  required— one  confirm- 
ing the  other — in  New  Zealand.  Nevertheless  the  secretary  of  a  large 
emjiloyers'  anscK'iation  eongnitidates  himself  that:  '"Under  the 
Canadian  act  it  liecomes  a  matter  of  <-<msideral>le  diJliculty  for  agita- 
tors in  the  union  to  obtain  a  snap  verdict  to  htrike,  particularly  if  the 
objecl  is  to  call  for  an  investigation  under  the  art.  *  •  *  St>  far 
as  the  men  nri'  r*irtrt'riii'd.  flip  net  U  wtA]  tulinliitt'd  to  po^f  )->•*>))  1i!»-(y 
ttctiom^' 

(4)  If  nuKlo  by  tiui-l  ute  t»r  all  af  whom  are  not  ui'  f' 


Jf  ;  ity  voir  i;dir!i  by  liailiit  ni  the  rmjilovees  present  at  a  med 

otl  not   less  thnu  thiiM*  dav^'  luilin*   for  fhi*  |tiii'tHisi-  of  ili; 

the  'i' 


CANADUX    INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


697 


I 


Some  or  all  of  whom  are  not  moml>ers  of  u  trade  union.''  This 
ivould  allow  an  application  to  be  made  against  the  will  of  the  uniou 
men  eniployed.  as,  for  inslaiire,  to  prevent  discrimination  in  wages  in 
favor  of  unionists.  But  yudi  an  emergeney  is  hardly  conceivable  in 
actual  labor  negotiations.  It  would  allow  a  minority  of  discontented 
bolters  from  a  union  to  brin^  nn  application.  This  possibility  is 
alluded  to  in  the  judgment  of  Justice  McGee,  in  Rex  /•.  McGuire,  the 
fiiNt  important  law  cji.se  involving  the  net:  "  If  the  employees  inter- 
ested crtn  not  jwrsuade  a  majority,  iK-rhnps  not  interested  though  ob- 
stinate, to  make  an  application,  what  are  they  to  do?  Are  they  to 
be  deprived  of  a  refeivnce  and  yet  compelled  to  work  on  indefinitely 
on  tern»y  unsatisfactory  to  them,  from  which  there  is  no  pr<1mise  of 
reliefs  ♦  ♦  *  Such  a  case  may  l>e  unprovided  for.  and  if  it 
should  ariH^  a  solution  would  doubtless  be  found  outside  of  legal  con- 
Btructiou.  Discontinuance  of  work  is  not  necessarily  a  strike,  and 
niemlx^rship  in  a  union  need  not  continue." 

"Authorized  by  a  nwjority  vote  taken  by  ballot  of  the  employees 
present."  One  chairnuin  suggests  that  this  chiuse  might  be  used  by 
a  very  few  employees  to  create  a  dispute,  and  that  it  should  1)0 
amendetl  to  require  the  mini.ster  of  lalior  to  satisfy  himself  that  suffi- 
cient cause  for  a  board  existed  befoi*e  autliorizing  its  appointment. 


AppUvatlon  to  he  transmitird  by  nguta^d  Utter, 

17.  Every  application  for  the  appointment  of  a  board  shall  be 
transmittet!  by  post  by  ivgistered  letter  addressed  to  the  registrar 
of  Uturds  i)f  conciliation  and  investigation,  department  of  lal)or, 
Ottawa,  and  the  date  of  the  receipt  of  such  registei*ed  letter  at  the 
department  yhall  be  regarded  as  the  date  of  the  retvipt  of  such 
application. 

Party  mukhig  application  to  f transmit  copy  to  other  party  to  dispute, 

18.  In  every  nise  where  an  application  is  made  for  the  a|>i>oint- 
ment  of  a  l)oard  the  ])arty  making  application  shall,  at  the  time  of 
transmiltiug  it  to  the  re^strar.  also  transmit  by  registered  letter 
to  the  other  party  to  the  dispute,  or  by  |>ersoual  delivery,  a  copy  of 
the  application  and  of  the  accompanying  statement  and  declaration. 


:Stattmc$it  in  reply  to  be  made  and  sent  to  registrar  and  to  party 

making  appHrafton. 

10.  Upon  receipt  by  either  ]>arty  to  a  dispute  of  a  copy  of  the 
applicatuui  for  the  np|>ointiuenl  of  a  boanl  such  party  shall,  without 
delay,  prrpaiv  n  statement  in  reply  to  the  appiicati<ui  and  transmit 
it  bv  registered  letter,  or  by  persiinal  delivery,  to  the  txjgistrar  and 
to  tiie  party  making  tlie  applicatiou. 


698 


To  irhom  covimuh  nf  appFteafHms  anS 

20.  Copies  of  Mi>|>licA(sons  or  sUtements  in  reply  thereto,  to  bt 
tmnstnitted  to  i\w  oHhm-  piirtr  uoder  any  of  the  preeediug  walaiNia 

wluu'r  (lie  other  parly  ih — 

(1)  An  eiiipkiyfr.  nn  iucoriMiniled  oonipiuiy  or  ctir(»rinitinii,  «hjifl 
bo  svui  to  tiie  niaxiup.^r  or  other  piincipal  executive  officer  of  tim 
coinpanv  or  <*orporutioii;  1 

(*2)  An  (MU[»loycr  other  thiiii  nn  inrorpomtcd  compnny  or  corporaJ 
tioru  shall  Iw  s*»nt  to  the  iimployer  himself  or  to  the  enjployer  in  tM 
Qume  of  the  hiisiiiess  or  fmn  us  eoitiiiiritily  known  ;  J 

(3)  C'omposed  of  employees,  nJem^er^  of  n  trade  ituioti^  Hliall  bfl 
w.Mit  lo  U't'  president  hjkI  .seeivliiry  of  MJeh  union;  1 

(4)  ronip<»sed  of  eni]>l<»yeesi  sonic  or  all  of  whom  arc  not  metn*' 
fjers  of  n  trade  onion — 

(a)  >Miere  wmie  of  t)»e  einploy««e>;  are  nirnil^CfH  of  u  trnd**  iinicm|. 
eliall  he  »»eut  to  the  pt*e.hidenl  iind  Hctcrptary  of  the  tinifin  as  repre«4ent4 
in^  the  employees  In-longing  to  the  union;  hLso  I 

(/j)  Where  e»ome  of  llie  euiployecs  iire  not  members  of  a  tradfl 
union  and  theiv  are  no  |»erso^^<  itutliori/ed  lo  repn*s(*nt  surh  emil 
phiyers,  >h]ill  l>e  si-nl  lo  t*Mi  of  their  nntnU'r:  I 

(r)    Where,  under  j>:Mu^raph   (4)  of  M-etmn   H>,  two  i  i»1 

tKH*n  Huthorized  lo  imike  an  ]i[if>lie]ition,  shall  l»t^  mmlI    i  cm 

pt^rsouii.  ^^1 

FUNCTIONS,  ^oA^i■:Its,  .\Nn  nKHKoriiK  of  noAitnt^.  ^^B 

^1^  Irn^f  ten  nnpJoyven  to  he  tiffrrttd  hj/  dhputr,  ^ 

21.  Any  dispute  iimy  be  referred  lo  «  l»o«rd  by  appJimtion  in  thai 
beJiulf  nuidt'  iii  ihie  form  by  uny  |JiUly  ibeielo:  /\-oi'iJtuJ^  TUm  nm 
di.spute  shall  U*  the  snl'ject  of  reference  lo  u  board  under  thih  act  im 
any  case  iu  which  tJie  emplovet«  nti'eeted  by  tlie  dispute  «re  fewefl 
Ihoji  10.  1 

"  Are  fewer  than  ten."  Clause  {c)  of  section  2  limits  the  nppiiciiJ 
tton  iif  the  uct  to  employers  having  at  lea^  10  persons  in  tlieir  senn 
ice.  Tliis  sectioii  limits  the  Jipplientinn  to  di>^pntes  involving/  nt  leftjl 
10  persons,  irrespective  of  iIr'  number  of  emphnee.s.  The  m«>axiiufl 
of  the  latt4M'  clause  hus  l>oen  qiu>»uiouo4j.  At  S]>rin4rhin  the  vonn 
puny  cluiuied  the  board  lacked  jurisdiction  )  only  C  lutni  wen 

direcilj*  rtlTe<ied  by  a  mH!l<'r  in  dispute.     Th  r  of  1nlK>r  rulv^ll 

"If  the  number  of  employees  direcdy  or  indirertly  affected  by  m  ft« 
pule  \s  lo  or  more,  the  di??j>nle  mny  be  referred  lo  u  iMtnrd,  tliou^n 
Uje  iKi-sons  to  whom  it  may  directJy  refer  jire  fewer  in  ntind>er  thud 
10.  If  the  failure  to  elfe<*t  ii  settlement  in  regard  to  n  matter  affcdfl 
in^  direcdy  tndy  0  men  is  likel\   i  li  in  10  or  in        '  H 

imniediulely  or  Hnlisei|iiently  ali  v  refor-eiwo  i  ,      ^a 

would,  tn  my  opinion,  come  very  priij)erly  within  tlie  provisirinfl  dM 
the  act."    This  inlerpre(atii>n  haw  '  i      -    i       ,  •'    r  '3 

board  was  a|i[ioiitted  lo  con^iiler  lln  .J 

bwrelHry  of  a  street  railway  uniiiu,  when  that  action  threatened  W 
Msult  in  a  xtrike  bv  the  men.  ■ 


CAKA0tA^    tKDUBTRIAL  &ISPUTE6  ACT. 


699 


I 


Method  of  rcfnring  dUputcn  to  board. 

22.  Upon  the  appointment  of  the  board  the  re^strnr  shnll  forward 
to  the  chairninn  a  copy  of  the  ap|»lifation  for  the  Hp{>oinlmem  of 
Buc'h  board,  and  of  its  acconipauyiji^  alatenieiU  and  deolfli*ation,  and 
of  I  be  statement  in  reply,  and  the  board  shall  forthwith  proceed  to 
deal  with  the  matters  referred  to  in  these  documents. 

DuHrft  of  board, 

23.  In  ever)'  case  where  a  dispute  is  duly  referred  to  a  board  it 
Bliall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  to  endeavor  ti»  bring  about  n  sottk- 
meut  of  the  dispute,  and  to  this  end  the  board  sliali,  in  huch  iiiannt^r 
»s  it  thinks  fit,  expeditiotisly  and  carefully  inquire  into  the  dispute 
and  all  iuattei"s  affecting  the  merits  thereof  and  the  rijijht  settlement 
thereof.  In  the  course  of  such  inqniry  the  board  may  make  all  such 
suggestions  and  do  all  such  things  as  it  deems  right  and  proper  for 
inducing  the  parties  to  come  to  a  fair  and  amicable  yetllernent  of  the 
dispute,  and  may  adjourn  the  procee<lings  for  any  period  tlie  board 
thinks  reasonable  to  allow  the  parties  to  agi^e  ujM>n  terms  of  settle- 
ment. 

The  New  Zealand  act,  1900,  says: 

r>3.  (1)  The  board  shall,  in  snrh  manner  as  it  thinks  fit,  care- 
fully and  expeditiously  inquire  into  the  dispute?,  and  all  matters 
affecting  the  merits  thereof  and  the  right  settlement  thereof. 

(3)  In  the  course  of  such  inquiiy  the  board  may  make  all  such 
[Buggcstions  and  do  all  such  things  as  it  dei*nis  right  and  pnjpcr  for 
'inmiring  the  parties  to  come  to  a  fair  and  ainicalue  settlement  of  the 
dispute,  and  may  adjourn  the  proceedings  for  any  period  the  Ijoard 

Itiulvs  reasonable,  to  allow  the  parties  lo  agree  upon  srime  t^-rms  of 

sttlement. 

Expetlitiously."  A  federal  official  largely  occupied  in  adminis- 
ug  the  act  writes:  '"  Ex|>erience  has  shown  thai  a  month  is  a  fair 
erage  allowance  of  time  for  the  entire  disposition  of  a  case,  from 
le  date  at  which  the  application  for  the  establi'^hnient  of  a  Iwnrd  is 
ceiveU  in  the  dcpartuient  of  labor  to  the  receipt  by  the  mini?!-1er  of 
boi-  of  the  fuidingsof  tlus  board.^  Some  cases  have  taken  eonsider- 
ibly  lontp^r  than  this,  to  the  dissatisfaction  of  workers:  but  olhors 
ix'v  l>eeu  dis|»osed  of  in  much  Ics!?  time.  A  sqjecdy  hearing  is 
sential  to  the  permanent  success  of  such  a  law, 
"  Till'  Ixiard  niay  make  all  such  snggipKtions  and  do  nil  snch  things, 
Miuiy  of  the  persons  interviewed  lliought  that  this  should  Iw 
mandatory.  An  official  experienced  in  lab<^r  matters  said :  "  The  act 
iou!d  l>e  amended  to  require  the  memb«»rs  of  tlip  lH>ard  to  make  indi- 
Junl  affidavits  that  every  menus  of  conciliation  had  been  exliausted 
lore  authorizing  them  to  jiroceed  to  arbitration,^'  As  this  pnbjcct 
s  Ih-vu  rff»*rred  to  provion>ty,  it  may  l>e  kfr  with  a  single  quotation 
m  an  aiidri'^^  by  a  repivsentative  of  emplnver^r  "It  is  significant 
mi  the  one  or  I  wo  somewhat  glaring  •"»  urc  the  word  '  fail- 


I 


700 


Btn-LEme  or  the  bcreai^  of  labi)b. 


lire '  has  had  to  be  written  acicn^  the  uct  in  Caiinda  arc  explained 
bv  the  fact  that  the  InKinls  of  imvMigation  *'h>thiHj  themselves  wi 
too  much  fornmlity,  conducted  thcii'  luvcbtiguturnh  at>  they  would] 
a  (XHirt  of  law.  called  on  either  side  in  turn  for  a  stiitenient  of  I 
cas!e»  ^ivincr  tho  oIIkt  side  an  oj>portni»ity  to  reply,  look  all  the  el 
denee  under  oath  and  in  the  presiuice  of  a  court  stcnograplier^  ai 
then  Hcid  the  disputants  away  until  they  coidd  "lift  out  the  evideiJ 
1heuih<dv(»s  and  arrive  at  what  they  called  an  awartl.  Such  n  coiiij 
nughl  Im'  all  rij^ht  when'  the  disputants  ui*e  not  i-e^juired  to  meet  a^fafl 
but  whei*e  they  must  continue  relations  ns  employer  and  employee,  ii 
ordy  (*otirs(\  it  whmus  to  ini\  i^  lo  find  sonw  neutral  ground  upon  whil 
both  can  ^tujid,  u  ground  which  will  ^K'nuit  of  liaruumious  workill 
i*elation.s  and  be  mutually  satisfactory  to  both  parties/^  I 

Memoranthtm  of  nettl^nwnt  to  hf  forwarded  (o  minister,        I 

24.  If  a  settlement  of  Uie  dispute  is  arrived  nt  by  tho  partJj 
dufin*;  the  roiirsi*  of  ils  ri*feren('i»  (o  tlu-  board,  a  Tuemnraiuhim  *tf  tH 
fi4»tthMiient  shall  be  drawn  up  by  the  hoani  and  siifticd  by  tho  )>artiq 
and  shall,  if  the  parties  so  agi'ee,  be  biudin^  as  if  made  a  ro<'onnnei 
dation  by  the  boni*d  under  section  O'J  f»f  this  a<*t,  and  a  copy  lhr!i»d 
with  a  report  upon  the  pmcredings  shall  bo  forwarded  to  til 
juinister.  | 

The  corresponding  section  of  the  Xew  Zeidaud  act,  1900,  says:     I 

53.  ♦    •    •     (5)  If  a  Bettlenient  of  the  4lisi>ute  is  arrive*!  al  a 

the  partitas  it  shnll  be  set  forlli  in  an  iniiusli'ial  a,:rreement,  whicu 
shiill  he  duly  exiTutciJ  hy  all  the  parties  or  (heir  attoriirys  (but  not  ll 
their  repriVKontatives),  aud  a  duplicate  original  wherro?  shall  bo  tild 
in  th<*  oflit'c  of  the  clerk  within  such  lime  as  is  named  by  the  UouH 
in  that  iK-half. 

Board  to  moke  report  of  failure  of  nettlrnit.nt  wtth  re<*ommendatmm 

2^,  If  a  settlement  of  the  dispute  is  not  arrived  nt  during  tlfl 

course  of  its  iffeivnce  lo  the  board,  the  board  shall  make  a  ful 
n*|tcirt  thereon  to  the  uiinister,  which  re[>ort  shall  set  forth  tla 
viiriouH  proceodin^rs  and  steps  taken  by  the  board  for  the  purpoii 
of  fully  an«l  oiirefully  ascertaining  all  the  facts  nnil  circumslancq 
ai»d  shall  also  set  forth  such  farts  aud  circunustance«,  ntid  its  Rnj 
iuf,^  tJM'n'frouK  in(^bidin<r  the  cause  of  the  dispute  and  the  bonnu 
recommendation  for  the  seUlcuietit  of  the  dispute  according  to  id 
merits  and  subsLaatiul  juBtice  of  the  case.  1 

''According  to  the  merits  and  substantial  jiistice  of  the  cnsel 
However,  a  board  UMually  strikes  n  balance  l>otween  expediency  itJ 
ab&oluti^  justice  iu  vis  rc]»orts.  An  officer  of  a  railway  tuiion  writJ 
that  instead  of  **  invcMi^ting  the  merits  of  the  contention^*  of  tU 
parties '*  th«s  board  **  reports  on  the  basis  of  what  in  Ma  opinicl 
wfiuld    prevent    a    strike    or   lockout/'     A    railway    \\v-  Mm 

"The  1muu*iI\  <li'ci-.ioti  i>  iit'iivcd  ut  bv  v|dittiii«i  the  di.^.v-.j.      I 


CANADUN   INDUSTRIAL,  DISPUTES  ACT. 


01 


not  the  riglit  thing,  the  ubsohitely  just  tiling  that  is  aimed  at,  but 
hat  company  and  men  will  accept."    But  this  is  the  nature  of  every 
irnrain.    As  pointed  out  before,  the  purpose  of  the  boards  is  to  eon- 
lude  a  conti'act,  not  to  give  judgment. 

Funn  in  whivh  reco/n?nen  fiat  Ion  shall  be  made. 

26.  The  board's  recomnicn<lation  shall  deal  with  each  item  of  the 

lispute  and  shall  ^tate  in  plain  terms,  and  avoidin*?  as  far  b.s  possi- 

de  all  technicalities,  what  in  the  board's  opinion  ought  or  ought  not 

be  done  by  the  i*e^pective  parties  concerne^l.    Wherever  it  appears 

to  the  board  expedient  so  to  do,  its  ro<'onimendatinn  shall  also  state 

thi*  peri<xl  during  which  the  proposed  settlement  should  continue  in 

force,  and  the  date  from  whicn  it  should  commence. 

_     The  New  Zealand  act,  1900,  says: 

H|    53.  *     *     *     (8)  The   board's    recommendation   shall   deal   with 

^■Bach  item  of  the  dispute,  and  shall  state  in  jdain  terms,  avoiding  as 

^Kfar  as  possible  all  technicalities,  what,  in  the  board's  opinion,  should 

^■pr  should  not  be  done  by  the  i-espective  parties  concerned. 

^^     (9)   The  board's  recommendation  shall  also  state  the  period  during 

whicii  the  proiiosetl  siHlk'merit  should  contiiuie  iti  force,  l>eing  in  no 

case  less  than  six  months  nor  more  than  three  yeai-s.  and  also  the  date 

from  wliich  it  should  commence,  being  not  sooner  than  one  mouth  nor 

later  than  three  montlis  after  the  date  of  the  i-econunendation. 

"  Shall  also  state  the  period.*'  As  the  agreements  signed  through 
the  intervention  of  the  boards  are  voluntary  contracts,  the  time  they 
sliall  continue  in  force  is  a  matter  for  a*ljuatment  between  the  parties^ 
An  important  railway  settlement,  made  shortly  after  the  financial 
crisis,  is  to  continue  oidy  six  months. 
H  *'  The  date  from  which  it  should  commence."  Some  labor  men 
^■■think  settlements  should  be  uniforndy  in  force  from  the  date  an 
application  is  made.  A  represt^ntative  of  the  western  coal  miners 
lys:  "  I  think  that  in  all  cases  where  a  decision  is  given  by  the  boainl 
any  matter  under  dispute,  the  decision  should  date  back  to  the  date 
if  the  application  made  by  cither  party.  This  would  create  in  the 
ninds  of  the  employees  especially,  a  feeling  that  they  would  be 
rcated  fair.  Owing  to  the  great  distances  in  our  west  a  considerable 
iiuo  elapses  befoi-e  decisions  can  be  given.'*  However,  such  a  provi- 
ioa  might  be  contrary  to  the  interests  of  the  workers  during  a  period 
(f  falling  wages. 

*vport  tiHfl  iTcominf'ndathm  to  hi"  mftdff  to  the  minister  tn  icntinf/, 

•27.  The  l>oanrs  report  and  I'ccommendation  shall  be  made  to  the 

minister  in  writing,  and  slmll  be  signed  by  such  of  the  members  as 

incur  therein,  and  siudl  \ye  transmitted  by  the  chainnan  by  regis- 

Ted  letter  to  the  registrar  :is  soon  as  practicable  aft^r  the  reference 

of  the  dispute  to  the  board;  and  in  the  same  manner  a  minority  re- 

O'  be  made  by  any  disseu!»"<»  «r  of  the  board. 


^ 

m 


m 


BULLBTTN  OF  THE  BUBEAT7  OF  LABOR. 


The  New  Zealand  act,  1000,  reads  aa  follows: 

53.  •    •    •     (10)  Tlif  boanKs  report  or  rocomnenilntion  sJinTl 
in  writing  under  the  hand  of  tho  chairman^  and  shall  be  dcliverwi 
liiin  t»)  tlie  clerk  within  iwt)  months  after  Uie  day  on  winch  the 
plication  f*>r  llie  reforeneo  was  tiled,  or  within  snch  extended  pcrit 
not  exceeding  one  additional  months  as  the  board  thinks  fit, 

^4T.  In  all  niatlers  coining  l»efore  the  board  the  diH-ision  of  tlie  boai 
shall  bp  determined  by  a  majority  of  the  votes  of  the  menibera  pi 
ent,  exclusive  of  the  chairman,  except  in  the  case  of  an  wpialiiy  of 
|Bch  votes,  in  which  ca.se  the  chairman  sliall  have  a  eastiiig  vote. 
B**A  minority  rei>ort  may  be  made.''  Wliere  there  xa  a  differeni 
of  opinion  a.s  to  matters  of  fact  a  minority  re{H>rt  greatly  wcakr 
the  inlluence  of  the  boanl's  findings  with  the  public.  For  in-Htan« 
in  llu*  Hamilton  slreel  niilwiiy  ilispule,  wbere  the  chief  issue  was 
■  dismLssal  of  the  secretary  of  the  union  by  the  company,  the  IkmhI 
was  divith'd,  (wn  menil^ers  finiling  (hut  (he  man  vrns  disinis5«i<l  ffir  \io-j 
_  lating  the  rules  of  the  company,  aiul  the  other  tliat  he  wju*  innoeenfl 
of  thtwe  charges,  atid  therefore  inferentially  dismissed  for  his  activitjl 
in  behalf  of  the  utiion.  When  the  parties  can  not  bo  brought  to  lui 
agreement  by  the  board  it  is  usually  much  harder  for  tlie  botird  ilselJ 
to  unite  in  a  single  reconimen<hiiion.  In  stich  cases  where  matteri 
of  general  principle  are  involvetl,  the  pro<'edeiii  l»oroines  more  iinJ 
portnnt  than  in  nn  agivement  bvtwwn  the  parties,  the  effect  of  whicM 
is  only  temporary.  An  experienced  chairman  remarke<l  that  wheil 
»  board  wa*^  not  unanimous  it  wa«  l>etler  to  have  (hive  reports  tns(i>4iJ 
of  two,  for  then  the  chairnuiTrs  n*port  hud  more  inHuencc  with  b^fl 
partiewS.  ^^M 

Friinf;  and  dtJfh'ibufititt.  o/  n/unt.  ^^M 

28.  Upon  receipt  of  the  hoard's  ivport  tho  niini?'lcr  shall  forthwiB 
cause  tho  re|)ort  to  be  filed  in  (he  oftieo  nf  the  regisitrar  nnd  n  copn 
then'of  to  bo  si'ut  free  of  eliiuge  to  (hf  nurties  to  the  dispute,  and  n 
th#«  !'e|>ivwn(a(ive  of  any  newspaper  jmblished  in  Cnnada  who  nppliJ 
tlieretor,  and  the  minister  nuiy  distrd>ute  copies  of  the  n»port,  and  <fl 
any  minority  report,  in  such  manner  uh  to  him  sivms  moht  d(?^ir.-lble  fl 
n  means  of  securing  a  eompliiince  with  the  board's  riMMimmeiidatioll 
The  registrar  shall,  upon  nnplination,  supply  certified  copies  for  I 
pru-scriix'd  fee,  (o  per>*ond  oilier  than  thojie  mentioned  in  this  section 

The  New  Zealand  act,  1900,  reads  an  follows:  ] 

r4.  upon  receipt  of  the  I'oard's  report  or  ■  ^4H 

.Khali  (without  fee)  file,  the  same,  ana  allow  i  *'.^| 

Hccc^;-;  (hfroto  hn'  (he  i>tirpor:4>  of  c^iusidering  die  "^huk*  atul  t^^H 
eopi4*s  (lienMff,  and  sli:i!f.  upon  ap|tlii'!itinti.  MiDpIv  eiititicd  eopi^^H 
a  prescribed  fee  ^H 

The  Canndinti  C'oiinlinluMi  and  LalMip  Ai;l^  lUOi'i,  says:  ^^t 

*2\.  The  minister  shall  forthwith  ai\ii<e  the  rejh^rt  to  la?  filed  in  IM 
(»ni<'e  of  (he  department  of  labor,  and  a  copy  thejeof  to  be  flciit  free  M 


CANADIAN   INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


I 


dwrge  to  ench  pHViy  to  the  difTcrcncp,  and  to  any  municipnl  corpora- 
tion as  aforosflul.  and  to  the  i*opresi»nt»tivi'  of  any  n('W.spuj>*'r  pub-j 
HsIkhI  in  Canada  who  mny  unnly  tlicrofor. 

(2)   Any  other  pei-json  slmll  uc  entitled  tu  a  copy  on  payment  of  th 
actual  cost  thereoi. 

Publication  of  report. 

20.  For  tho  information  of  Pnrlinni(»nt  and  tho  pnblic,  th<»  report 
and  rocommondntion  of  tho  hoard,  and  any  minority  rojwrt,  slmll, 
without  dehiy.  Ix*  published  in  the  I^lxir  (lazette.  and  be  inchided  in 
the  annual  report  of  tho  department  of  labor  to  the  governor-generaL 

The  Canadian  Conciliation  and  Labor  iVct,  19(X'»,  says: 

22.  For  tho  information  of  Parliament  and  the  public  the  rcfwrfc 
shall  without  delay  be  published  in  the  Labor  Gazette,  and  be  in- 
elnded  in  the  annual  report  of  the  said  d^^partment  to  the  governor- 
general. 

".V  copy  *  •  •  to  Ix?  sent  free  of  cluirge  to  *  *  *  the  repiw 
aentative  of  any  newspaper  ^'  and  '^  shall,  without  delay,  be  published 
in  the  Liil>or  Gazette.'*  By  these  pronsions  for  publicity  it  is  sought 
to  influence  public  opinion  in  favor  of  a  just  settlement  of  the  dispute. 
That  well-informed  public  opinion  is  of  some  importance  in  securing 
this  result  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  no  unanimous  b<»ard  decision 
has  been  followed  by  a  strike  or  lockout;  and  in  only  one  case  was 
tliere  a  strike  even  when  tl»e  board  divided.  A  I'epresentative  of  th 
Western  Ftnleration,  s^peaking  of  u  decision  he  did  not  approve,  said: 
"The  board's  rej>ort  went  against  the  miners;  but  it  was  madness 
strike,  because  both  the  public  and  the  government  would  have  hee 
agaifii^t  the  men  after  the  recommendations  of  the  board  had 
made." 


I 


Potrc7'9  of  board  to  tfurnrnau  witncmev^  compel  tc^Htimony^  ete. 

30.  For  the  purpose  of  Ur  inquiry  the  board  shall  have  all  the 
powers  of  sunimoniup  before  it,  and  enforcing  the  attendance  of  wit- 
nesses, of  administenttg  oaths,  and  of  requiring  witnesses  to  give  evi- 
<Ience  on  oath  or  on  solenni  affirmation  (if  they  are  persons  entitled 
to  ftffinn  in  civil  nuitlei's)  and  to  province  such  book*^,  papers  or  other^ 
documents  or  things  as  the  lx»ard  deems  requisite  to  the  full  inves-J 
ligation  of  the  matters  into  which  it  is  inquiring,  as  is  vested  in  anyf 
court  of  record  in  civil  case.^. 

(*2)   Any  memU'r  of  the  l>oard  may  administer  nn  onth,  and  the 
board  may  accept,  admit  and  call  for  such  evidence  a^  in  equity  and 
■onscience  it  tliinks  fit,  whether  strictlv  IcEral  evidence  or  not. 


go 


The  Xew  Zealand  act.  U»00,  is  as  fo1lo\>^ 


58.  *     •     •     <2)   For   the    p 
{tlinll   have  all   the  pnwois  nf 
oaths,  ami^Mdling  hearing 


iviug  evidcucv 


I  iiifif 


BrLLETlN   OP  TUE  BUREAU  OF   LABOR. 

ordtT.  Avliicli  ai*e  by  this  act  confi»rro<l  on  llip  court,  >aro  find  cxtvpt 
the  profhidion  of  Imoks. 

77.  *  *  *  (10)  The  court  nmy  lurept,  admiU  and  call  for  snrh 
evidence  as  in  equity  and  ^ood  rcm>^'iencf?  it  Ihinks  tit,  whetlwr 
strictly  Ii'pd  evidence  or  not. 

The  Canadian  Conciliation  and  l^djor  Act,  lOOC,  reads  ns  follow;^: 

23.  For  the  purpose  of  such  inqniry,  the  lioard  shall  have  nil  th<j 
power  of  sunmicMini^  U^forc  it  any  witnesses,  and  of  re(|uirin^  therii 
to  ^ive  evidence  <ir)  uath,  or  on  solemn  uffirtniition,  if  lliey  arc  pci-^orii 
cntillcij  to  nltirni  in  civil  matters,  and  produce  such  (Incunients  an(L 
thin^^  ab  the  Ixiard  tlc«'ni>  rc<|nisite  to  the  full  invt'stijiation  of  iha 
nnilleiT*  into  wiiich  it  is  inquirinfi:.  and  shall  have  the  >ame  power* 
to  enforce  the  attendance  of  witnt.*ss(>s,  and  to  compel  theiu  to  j^vd' 
evidence  as  is  vested  in  any  court  of  record  in  civil  cases;  but  no  such 
witness  shall  he  conipellfd  to  answer  a!iy  question,  by  liis  answer  loj 
which  he  might  render  himself  liable  to  a  criminal  prosecution,  1 

**  The  board  shall  have  all  the  powers."  A  chairman  who  had 
served  on  eleven  boards  in  sonie  of  the  most  ini|>oHiint  disputes  ren 
ferred  under  the  a<'t  luis  never  had  occiisinn  lo  ust»  iiny  jKiwer  con-i 
fenced  in  this  section.  For  conciliatory  proceedings  they  are  seldoni 
necessary.  This  nnd  the  subsecjuent  sections  should  be  understnon 
a?*  proviilin^r  reserve  nieasniv.s  for  extreme  cas*»s  nml  not  us  sugj^estJ 
ing  or  repnilating  oi-dinary  board  pi'oewhire.  | 

In  New  Zeidand  only  the  arbitration  court  can  require  the  pro| 
du<*t ion  of  bo(>k<?.  J 

Fonn  of  «tmimouM»  I 

31.  The  summons  shall  lie  in  llie  prescribed  form,  and  may  rcquird 
any  person  to  prwluce  before  the  l»oard  any  books  pajiers  or  othen 
dornmcnts  or^thinjjs  in  his  pos-scssion  or  under  liis  control  in  an}*  waw 
relating  to  the  proceedinjrs.  1 

The  New  Zealaitd  act,  IIKX)^  reads  as  folhiws:  ■ 

77.  *  *  •  {^)  The  sunmions  shall  be  in  the  prescriU^d  form, 
and  may  irquire  such  i>erson  to  produce  l)efon»  the  <'ourt  any  lMx>krty 
papers,  or  4»lber  drMMUnenls  in  his  possession,  i)r  uiidrr  his  control,  in 
any  way  relating  to  the  proceedings. 

Ouf'Hmrnfit  not  to  he  madi*  public.  ^^M 

3:2,  All  books,  papers  and  ndicr  documents  <ir  things  proihiceifl 
iH'forc  the  botird.  whether  voluntarily  or  in  pursuance  to  sumiuoniiJ 
nuiy  Ih»  ins|>ecte<i  bv  the  board,  and  i\\s4}  by  such  [larties  as  the  boani 
allows:  but  the  information  obthined  therefrom  shall  not,  except  ill 
s<»  far  as  the  bonrd  ilccrus  it  cxpc<licnt,  Ix'  nunle  pui'lic,  wnd  su<*h  paiifl 
of  tin-  biKiks.  piiprr:^  oi'  iithcr  dcM:umcn(s  ns  in  tlic  opinion  of  tJia 
board  do  not  relate  to  the  nnittcr  at  issue  nuiy  be  s*'aled  up.  1 

The  New  Zealand  act,  1000,  reads  as  follows:  I 

77.  *     •     *      tt)    All    books,    pupcrii,   ami    til  her   documents    pro- 
■uUced   l;*'fi»re  the  court,   wlu'lht-r   nrdduccil    \  tiliinhifiK'   i»r    ftni^mmt- 


I 


I 


I 


CANADIAN    INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT.  705 

to  summons,  may  be  insi>e(»te(l  by  the  coni1  ami  nls^o.by  such  of  tlie 
pni'ties  as  the  court  allows:  but  the  informiition  ol>t:uno'I  therefrom 
shBll  not  ite  made  publie,  nud  sueh  parts  of  the  dfx'unients  ns,  in  the 
ophiiou  of  the  court,  do  not  relate  to  the  matter  at  issue  maybe 
sealed  up. 

The  New  South  "Wales  act,  1901,  reads  as  follows: 

^6.  •  *  *  M.  *  *  •  No  party  to  an  industrial  dispute  shall 
be  re<|uire<l  to  pro<bK*e  his  books  except  b}^  oixler  of  tlic  president 
fof  the  arbitration  court  |,  and  *  «  *  such  books  when  pi'otluced 
shall  not,  except  by  the  consent  of  the  party  produciuff  them,  be 
inspe«te*l  liy  any<me  except  the  president  or  ujembers  or  the  court, 
who  sIuiU  not  divulge  the  contents  tliereof  under  penally  of  dismissal 
from  office; 

The  Canadian  Conciliation  and  Labor  Act,  11)0(3,  i*eads  as  follows: 

20.  All  bo(iks,  papers,  and  other  documents,  protluced  before  the 
l)oard.  whetluT  voluntarily  or  in  pursuance  to  suninuins.  may  be  in- 
spected by  the  boanl,  and  also  by  su**b  of  the  parties  as  the  board 
allows*  but  the  information  olitaiiied  therefntm  shall  not  l">e  made 
public,  and  such  parts  of  the  liooks,  papers,  and  documents  as,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  board,  do  not  relate  to  the  matter  at  issue,  may  be 
seaknl  up. 

"  Books  •  ♦  ♦  niay  be  ins|>ected  by  the  board."  Employers 
and  employees  naturally  regard  this  power  from  different  points  of 
view.  A  mine  unuuiger  said  he  would  pay  fines  rather  than  produce 
his  books  sliowing  contracts  with  different  buyers.  Other  managers 
said  they  would  undergo  a  fine  rather  than  pro<luce  books  l>efore  a 
board  containing  lalnir  officials.  This  feeling  is  es^>ecially  evident  in 
the  west,  where  socialism  is  strong  and  general  sentiment  is  decidedly 
in  favor  of  asserting  the  public's  right  to  natural  resources.  The 
temlency  there  might  l^  for  a  l>oard,  with  the  support  of  public  opin- 
ion, to  scale  down  the  profiti^  of  mine  exploitation  to  a  very  low 
On  the  other  hand,  employees  want  the  penalties  for  not 
producing  lxM>k8,  provided  in  section  36,  increased. 

PfTVtitH  muy  I/e  coinpen^d  to  be  witnesses* 

33,  Anv  party  to  the  proeeedinps  shall  be  rompeteut  and  may  be 
comf)elleil  to  give  evidence  as  a  wilnessv 

The  Xew  Zealand  act,  1000,  says: 

77.  *  *  *  (11)  Anv  j)arty  to  the  prot-eedings  shall  be  com- 
petent and  may  be  coinpelle<l  to  give  evidence  as  a  witness. 

AUowance  to  irtfnesMes. 

M.  Every  i)erson  who  is  <;ummoned  and  duly  atten<ls  as  a  witness 
shall  Ix'  entitled  tn  an  allowance  for  cxim-um^s  acc<»rding  to  the  scale 
for  the  tinii'  i>eing  in  fnree  with  r'e.s|M'i"t  to  witness**^  *  '  ''  suits  in 
the  sui>erior  courta  in  the  Provi"*^  •«liotx»  ihc  'Con- 

ducted. 


^ 


^  ion,  t( 
f  figure. 


BCLLETIN  OF  TICK   UlTSEAV    OT 


Tho  N>w  Zftiiland  act.  1000,  says:  ■ 

77-  •  *  *  (o )  Every  person  who  is  suniiiiouod  nod  duly 
atli'inls  u.s  u  wituK^s  .shall  In?  cntitleil  to  an  aHowauiv  for  s 

n<*cording  to  iho  ticiih*  for  ihr  time  l)i*in^  in   fnrcc  with   i  i«j 

wilnt'ssL's  in  civii  suits  under  *' Tho  Magistrates*  Courts  Act,  iit;/^." 

"  According  to  the  sen Ic  *  *  *  in  force  •  •  •  in  tlie 
Provinw."  Tn  Xova  Scotia  where  wilueiaftt  fees  are  \'eiy  low,  work- 
men complain  of  hwspH  incurred  in  attending  hoard  hearings.  Ghi- 
eruily  tlie  men  Imve  some  nietho<l  of  accounting  hy  which  the  union 
makes  goc»d  this  loss,  but  then  the  expense  ftdls  njx>n  tlie  whole  hrnit 
of  nienibers.  Tn  »  hirge  nnning  dispute  probably  not  le>&  llian  fifty 
days'  work  would  Ik?  lost  in  the  aggregat<'  hy  the  workmen, 

Wifni'fiHi'if  in  ruUway  iliMpHtea  to  he  entitUd  to  free  tratntportatlon. 

35.  Where  a  reference  has  l>een  made  to  the  board  of  a  dispute 
between  a  railway  (.(niipany  and  its  eniployees,  any  witaess  sum- 
m<mt*d  hy  the  Ujard  In  eonneelion  with  the  dispute  shall  he  entitled 
to  free  tran.'^jwrtation  over  any  railway  en  route  when  pro«?reding 
to  the  place  of  mi^eting  of  the  !>oard  and  thereafter  retumiuff  to  his 
home,  and  the  lioar<l  shall  furnish  to  kucIi  witness  u  pro^n'r  oerliiJcat« 
evidencing  his  right  to  such  free  transportation. 

The  Canadian  Conciliation  and  Labor  Act,  lOOG,  says; 

24.  *  *  *  (2)  Any  witness  mimmoned  by  tlie  board  iihall  l>e 
entitled  (o  free  tninsporla(i(m  over  any  railway  en  route  when  i>ro- 
ceeding  to  the  ])lace  of  uu'eting  of  the  Ixmnl,  atnl  theieaftcr  returning 
to  his  hfuue.  and  the  Iwiard  slmll  furni'^h  to  sucli  witness  a  proper 
ceiliticate  evidencing  liis  right  to  such  fix'e  transportation. 

PrnoJtij  far  fntUutj  to  oht'y  ttuinmiina, 

SO.  If  any  person  who  has  be^-n  duly  sorrefl  with  such  summons 
nnd  to  whom  at  the  same  time  payment  or  tender  has  lieen  u\\u\v  of 
his  reasonnhle  traveling  exiMnises  according  to  th«*  aforesaid  ;  ! 
fails  to  duly  attenti  or  to  duly  nroduce  any  h<»nk.  paner  or  othei 
unienl  or  thinp  as  required  hy  his  suuunons,  he  sliall  he  guilty  ol  an 
otTen.M>  and  liiilde  to  a  ja-nalty  not  exeeetling  $ltX),  unJe^s  he  hliows  that 
there  was  good  and  sufficient  cause  for  such  failure. 

The  Xcw  Zealand  act»  IIHK),  says: 

77.  *     *     *     (0)    If  any  person  who  has  Ix'cn  duly  stTved  with 
ftueh  sununon-s,  and  to  whom  at  the  same  time  payment  or  tender  has 
horn  made  of  his  reasomdde  travrling  cx|H»n^*es  according  t(»  the  nf***" 
Hiiid  scale,  fails  to  duly  attend  or  to  duly  produce  any  Utok,  pa[M  [ 
doiuunent  as  required  by  his  mii  '       "rumitti  an  olfensr,  ani  i-* 

liable  to  a  penalty  not  »*xeeedin  _  |,  or  to  imprirt>nment  U>v 

any  tei'ni  not  '  ><•>  nuiiitiu  unle^^  ho  k^howti  that  tliero  wah 

good  and  suflu  "i*  sueh  failure. 

Contrmpi  of  ih^  hoard. 
37»  lit  in  anv  r>rc»cf-4*diufr(s  Imfort*  Ihr  iHiard,  dtiv  person  willfulh    i 


CAXADTAN   INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


707 


othor  manner  of  any  willful  contempt  in  the  face  of  the  board,  any 
officer  of  the  board  or  any  ronsiable  may  take  the  person  offending 
into  custody  and  remove  hitu  fi-om  the  precincts  of  the  Iward,  to  be 
detninrd  in  rustodv  until  the  rising  of  the  Ixiai'd,  and  the  person  so 
offending  shall  lie  lialde  to  a  [HMiiilty  not  exceeding  $100. 

The  New  Zealand  act,  11)00,  says: 

103.  If  in  any  proceedings  Ix^fore  the  board  or  court  any  person 
willfully  insults  any  niemlHr  of  the  board  or  court  or  the  clerk,  or 
willfully  interrupts  the  proceedings,  or  without  good  cau.se  refuses  to 
give  evulence,  or  is  ffuifty  in  any  other  manner  of  any  willful  con- 
tempt in  the  face  of  the  board  or  court,  it  shall  1m^  lawful  for  any 
officer  of  the  lioard  or  court,  or  nn^'  member  of  the  police  force,  to 
take  the  pei-son  offending  into  custody  and  remove  jiiui  from  the  pre- 
cinets  of  the  lx)ard  or  court,  to  be  detained  in  custody  until  the  rising 
of  the  board  or  court*  and  the  person  so  offending  shall  be  liable  to  a 
penalty  not  exceeding  £10  [$48.07], 

The  Canadian  Conciliation  and  Labor  Act,  190C,  says: 

32.  If,  in  any  procee<lings  l^fore  the  lx)nrd,  any  person  willfully 
insults  any  member  of  the  board,  or  willfully  interrupts  the  proceed- 
ings, or  without  good  cause  refusivs  to  give  evidence,  or  is  guilty  in 
any  other  manner  of  any  uidawful  eontempt  in  the  face  of  the  board, 
ii  shall  be  lawful  for  any  memlwr  of  the  oojird  or  eonstahle  to  take 
the  jxn^son  olfending  into  custody  and  remove  him  from  the  precincts 
of  the  boarfl.  and  retain  him  in  enstmly  until  the  rising  of  the  board. 

It  has  been  suggested,  after  a  year's  experience  with  the  act,  that 
these  sections  regulating  teslimony  and  procedure  might  be  greatly 
simplified  and  combined  in  a  single  section.  They  are  not  so  impor- 
tant as  in  a  compulsory  law. 


Viete  by  dlrertion  of  hoard — Potrer  to  inttsrroyate^  cjaamination  of 

farforifs,  t'tr, 

38.  The  Itoard.  or  anv  member  thereof,  and.  on  being  authorized 
in  writing  by  the  board,  any  other  jierson,  may.  withoiit  any  other 
warrant  liinn  this  act,  at  any  time,  enter  any  building,  mine,  mine 
workings,  ship,  vessel,  factory,  workshop,  phice  or  j^remises  of  any 
kin<l,  wherein,  or  in  respet*t  of  which,  any  industry  is  carried  on  or 
any  work  is  lieinf;  or  lias  been  dtuie  or  eomuieneed,  or  any  nuttter  <tr 
thing  is  takiuLr  pf«re  or  has  taken  pince.  which  has  been  made  the  sub- 
ject of  rt  reference  to  the  board,  and  inspect  and  view  any  woik,  mn- 
terial,  marhinery,  appliance  or  article  therein,  and  interrogate  any 
persons  in  or  upon  any  such  building,  mine,  mine  workings,  ship,  ves- 
sel, factory,  workshop,  pinee  or  premises  as  aforesaid,  in  respect  of  or 
in  relation  to  any  matter  or  tinng  hereinbefore  mentioned,  and  »ny 
person  who  hinder>  (»r  ol>s1ructs  the  board  or  any  such  person  au- 
thori/ed  as  aforesaid,  in  the  exereise  of  anv  power  e«>ufrrrcd  by  this 
sw'lion,  shall  be  guilty  of  an  offeuije  and  be  liable  to  a  penalty  not 
exceeding  $100. 

The  New  Zeahmd  art.  i:KM),  saj^s; 

108.  Any  board  and  the  eoi'-^'JHAf^fm^  autlionzed  ^ 
the  board  or  court,  any  m*  'ii''  "^  ''**ut 

an/  oBcer  of  such  bo'  ovWt  ^ 


' 


710 


BVUJmW  OF  THE  BnUUtT  OF 


Member*  of  hoard  to  he  firituh  itvb}e^t: 

42.  Persona  otluT  than  Britl-ih  subjects  shall  not  be  nllowc*!  to  act 
as  members  uf  u  l»oanl. 

'^Otlicr  than  lirkihh  subjei'ts,"  This  provision,  ^j^enenil  in  the 
AuHtrAla<«inn  nets,  hns  l>een  rriticisi'd  as  innpplicnbic  lo  Canndu  by 
l>olh  iMiipIuvors  and  I'mploywh.  An  i'XfMTit'ncefl  lx)ftrd  rba; 
nnid:  "  It  wnnUl  bo  bettor  if  the  law  wore  silent  as  to  tWr  c'M'v/.* 
of  buiini  members  They  are  not  jndieial  oifirerj*  exercij«in^  nui' 
over  an  imluMry  or  a  body  of  mon,  like  hh  urbitrnliitu  court,  bm 
nrpiliatoi-s  to  bring  about  an  a^reenauU  that  depontls  for  iUh  font 
upon  the  consent  and  support  of  the  parties  who  make  il.  For  this 
l)iirposo  it  is  often  better  to  bnvc  outside  arbitrators.  Ksp^NMnlly  in 
railway  disputes,  where  a^rreemeut.N  may  utFeet  men  working  on  both 
Hides  the  inlcrnatinnni  boun<h»ry,  most  of  tliem  citixens  of  another 
c<mMlry,  it  is  a  narrow  re(]iiirenient  that  the  parties  appointed]  lo 
bring  about  that  u^rreement  shall  be  IJritisli  subjectjiw"  Workinjnnen 
oppose  the  provision,  and  the  Trades  and  Lnlior  Cnn^^resBtf  at  it.s  last 
annual  meetin;jr,  a^kotl  that  the  hci'tion  be  rciH*nled.  An  cmimTit 
C*anadian  lawyer,  formerly  a  justice  of  Ihe  Dominion  supreme  court, 
who  speakn  from  experience  an  a  board  member  under  the  act  ami 
in  previou.-i  arbiti-alions,  saiil  in  ii  publislied  interview:  *■*  A  (piestion 
wortii  couhiderin^  is  that  the  members  of  boards  l)e  confined  to  liril 
ish  MihjeetM.  In  caw  of  the  selection  of  a  third  member  il  mijyhl  Iw 
desirable  to  pti  outsiile.  A  reason  for  thin  wo\d<l  be  to  p*»t  away  from 
local  atmospheie.  It  is  sometimes  dilKciiIt»  also,  to  pet  thn»c  ^ood 
men  lhorou;xhly  familiar  with  the  Hubject  un<ler  dispute  who  are  not 
in  some  way  conne<*ted  with  tlie  matter."  Of  eourse  such  snijir* 
liuve  force  only  so  \in\\f  as  tlie  boards  are  temporary.  In  C\..i...i.i 
there  is  a  nentiment  flnionj;  employers  lioKtile  to  the  interference  of 
AmericjiM  bdior  oHirinls  in  Cnmidinu  disputes,  and  (\inadian  sections 
of  inlernaticumi  unions  are  denounce<l  as  forei^i  or^td/ations.        ^ 

Prtienre  of  particA.  H 

43.  If.  without  poml  cau.ie  shown,  any  [Nirty  to  proceedinga  tief^| 
the  board  fails  to  attenrl  or  t<i  be  rcpivse'nU'd,  the  Ix^ard  may  proc^| 
as  if  he  hail  duly  atteutled  or  had  been  represented.  H 

"  Kails  to  attend  or  lo  be  reprei*ented."  In  one  com*  emplojpfl 
witlulrcxv  fn»in  prnceedin;js  and  in  other  cases  ihey  have  i^efusetlS 
apiK'ar.  Workmen  iir*;e  an  amendment  conjpellbi^  parties  to  re|)fl 
wnt  their  case  before  the  Itoani  Thib  would  hardly  bring  th«  ^| 
putant.s  to  an  amicable  agreement,  but  migla  in  ftunie  cases  facilUfl 
a  public  iit\-fstif^rn(iiiu.  ^| 

i  tiK^  (tnri  place  tif  ttiUlngH  of  board*  H 

•M.  Tlie  Hittinga  nf  the  l»oanl  shall  l>e  held  «i  such  time  and  placdfl 
Brefm^^nic  lu  time  Hxed  by  Uie  clminnan,  after  coofukailon  vrfl 


CANADIAN    INDUSTRIAL.  DISPUTES  ACT. 


709 


^Vounsel  or  nolicitors  exehuied  fxrcpt  hy  ronsent  of  parties  atid  of 

hoara. 

41.  Nrt  counsel  or  solicitor  shall  ho  entitled  to -appear  or  be  heard 
befoiv  the  lK>ar(l.  except  witli  the  vniiijent  (»f  tlit'  piirtie-s  to  the  dispute, 
and  notwithstundinp:  such  consent  the  boani  may  de«'line  to  allow 
counsel  or  solicitors  to  appear. 

The  New  Zealand  act  of  lf>00,  as  amended  hv  the  act  of  1901,  says: 

.V2.  *  *  "  ♦  (8)  No  counsel,  barrister,  or  solicitor,  whether  acting 
under  a  power  of  attorney  or  otherwise,  sliall  Ik»  allowed  to  api>ear  or 
be  heard  l>cfore  a  board,  or  any  couunillee  tliereof.  unless  all  the 
parties  to  the  reference  expressly  consent  Iheretn,  or  unless  he  is  a 
bona  fide  employer  or  worker  in  the  industry  to  which  the  dispute 
relates. 

The  Canadian  Conciliation  and  Labor  Act,  1906,  says: 

20.  No  cotmsel  or  solicitor  shall  be  entitled  to  appear  before  the 
board  cxcej>t  with  the  constant  of  mU  parties  i<i  the  diffenTice,  and 
iioiwithstantlinfj  such  consent,  the  l)oard  may.  if  it  deems  it  advisable, 
decline  to  allow  counsel  or  solicitors  to  appear  lH?fore  it. 

''  No  counsel  or  solicitor  shall  be  entitled  to  api>ear.''  In  New 
South  Wales  the  parties  are  avowed  to  be  represented  by  lawyers,  but 
the  court  con  not  assess  attorney  fees  as  costs  a<rainst  the  losing  party. 
Lawyers  iu  conduct iu<;^  cases  naturally  brin*r  with  them  c(uiH  prece- 
dents; they  take  the  position  of  watchful  unlay:ouists  rather  than  of 
oijen-minded  barnrainers,  and  professional  hai)it  and  a  misconception 
of  their  functions  cause  them  to  fence  for  technical  advantagi^  and 
^xuake  jioints  iitruinst  each  other  in  disrepird  of  the  a^nciliatory  pur- 
pose of  their  office.  Workmen  feel  at  a  disadvantage,  because  money 
counts  in  eniployin*;  counsel. 

**  The  board  may  decline  to  allow  counsel  or  solicitors  to  appear.^' 
This  provision  is  original  in  Canadian  legislation  and  is  a  desirable 
addition.  Oidy  in  very  rnn*  instances,  where  iheiT  is  special  need  for 
legal  rei)resentation,  will  all  three  parties  ugr4»e  to  adnut  lawyers. 
This  section  does  not  cover  the  appointment  of  lawyers  as  board 
memWrs,  Such  apiM>intees  sfunetimes  act  as  counsel  for  their  re- 
spective sides.  In  describing  one  hearing  an  employer  intew-sted 
writes:  **Tlie  solicitor  ♦  *  ♦  ^vho  represented  the  union  (on  the 
Ixmrd)  did  not  hesitate  to  nuike  w  case  for  the  miners"  imion,  took  full 
advantage  of  his  right  to  examine  and  cross-examine  witnesses  in  the 
most  able  way."  Wliere  the  chairman  is  a  man  of  authority  and  dis- 
cretion some  latitude  can  1k»  allowed  in  this  ivspect.  Rut  the  danger 
is  increased  that  the  board  may  depart  from  the  investiL'^ating  attitude 
jind  divide  within  itself. 


710 


BVLLKTiy  OF  THE  RUREAr  OF  LjiDOB. 


Memhem  of  hoit$*d  to  l»e  liriiish  /mbjects. 

42.  Persons  olIuT  than  Urilisb  subjects  hholl  not  Ilk*  iLllowe4l  to  act 

ns  niemlH.'J-»  of  a  bonrtl. 

'•Other  than  iJritish  siilijeci.s."  Thw  provision,  pmeml  jn  the 
Austriihisinn  nets,  has  beoii  rritiriswl  ha  tniippliciible  to  Cana<ia  lit 
hiitli  c'lnphiyors  aiul  piiiplciyw^s.  Atj  oxperienopd  boar<l  rhairman 
uaid :  '^  It  woiiUI  be  Itptter  if  the  law  \vi*n*  silciii  &.<  lo  tke  citixeUKhip 
of  board  lut'inlwrs,  Tl\ey  iiit*  not  jmlicial  otBcers  excrcisinfr  authority 
over  nn  industry  or  a  l>ixly  of  tneii,  likt»  an  arbitnilion  <!tnirt,  bat 
ne^'otiatorx  to  brinjr  about  an  agrwnionl  that  dopetuls  for  its  fon* 
upon  Ihe  eonsent  and  support  of  the  parties  who  makp  it.  Fortlw 
purpose  it  is  often  brlti*r  lo  hnvo  outside  nrbitmtors.  I'!spe<»ia!Iy  m 
railway  <liHinites,  where  a<;reenients  may  alfeil  men  working  on  bt>lh 
sides  the  inlernatitma!  boundary,  most  of  them  ritixens  of  annthi^f 
fonnlrv.  it  is  a  narrow  recpiireiueiit  (luit  (lie  parties  appointrtJ  lo 
brinj:  aljont  Ihal  a;xreeinent  shall  be  British  snbject.s."  Workin^men 
oppose  the  provision,  and  the  Trades  and  I^bor  Congnww.  at  ita  laM 
tuiiund  nu'etin^'",  aske*!  that  (he  station  lie  re(ieaI^Hl.  An  emiiit'Qt 
Canailian  lawyer,  formerly  a  justice  of  the  Dominion  supreme  r<Mirt, 
who  s]>eaks  frcun  experience  ns  a  l»oard  member  under  the  act  ami 
iu  previou.-t  ai'liiti'ation^.  sjiid  in  a  ])ii)>1iKlied  interview:  "  A  ipiestion 
Worth  t'onsiderini:  is  that  the  meiubei*s  of  hojinls  1*0  conllneii  to  Brit* 
ish  subjects.  In  cast*  of  the  selection  of  a  lhir<l  mejnber  it  mi^ht  be 
desirable  l<»  fzn  outside.  A  reas*»n  for  l!ii**  w<Mdd  bv  to  p't  away  from 
local  alnu)sphet-e.  ll  is  siuuetimes  dithcidt,  also,  lo  ^t  t!inM»  ^''ood 
men  thoroujLrhly  familiar  with  the  subject  under  dispute  who  are  not 
in  some  way  ctKinecled  with  the  matter."  Of  coui-se  such  snirirr^'<i<'ns 
h;i\e  for<e  only  ho  lun^  as  the  boards  are  temporaiy.  In  L'anada 
there  is  a  sentiment  amouj?  ernphiyers  hontile  to  the  interference  of 
American  hdtor  oHtcitils  in  (^inadian  disputes^  nud  (\ina<linn  sectioQ;S 
of  international  unions  are  denounced  as  foreign  or^nizationA. 

Presen^^  of  partu'$, 

AX  If,  without  pro(Kl  cause  shown,  any  paity  to  procee<lin|fs  l>eforQ 

t!in  board  fails  to  nttend  or  to  be  repiv-sfnled,  the  board  may  proovrd 
as  if  he  luid  duly  atleuded  or  liad  la»en  represiMited. 

I  "^^  Fails  to  attend  or  to  be  repivj^^nted.''  In  one  ca^e  cmpIoy4*ni 
willidjTw  from  i>roceedinp:s  nnd  in  other  caw^^i  ihoy  have  refu.Mnl  Co 
ap[H'ai'.  Workmen  ur^ire  nn  amendment  ei»ui[)ellin<;  jiarliir«  in  repre- 
sent their  ca^e  before  the  board.  ThU  would  hardly  bring  llie  diii- 
purnnis  to  nn  amiridde  ap'eemeut,  btil  ndghl  in  sodms  cadcs  facilitate 
a  piilili<-  iuvi'stipution. 

(  Time  an<f  plw^f  of  xiffrnffn  t)f  hnard, 

44.  The  sitting*  of  the  Uiard  sliall  Ik?  heltl  at  such  tini«*  and  nU«^  »• 
«re  from  time  to  time  fixed  by  tlit?  ebairmau^  after  <!on.^uItjii 


CANAniAX    INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


Til 


other  meinl>crs  of  (ho  boanl,  and  tlie  parties  shall  be  notified  by 
th<?  rhnirman  us  to  the  time  and  place  at  which  siuin*?s  an*  to  he  held : 
Pforifftff^  Tliat,  so  far  as  practicable,  the  lK>ard  shall  sit  in  the  local- 
ity within  which  the  subject-matter  of  the  proceedin|r  before  it  arose. 

Proceedings  to  be  puhlit^  unhas  otherwise  determined  hy  hoard, 

4i>.  The  proceodinprs  of  th*  board  shall  he  conducted  in  public: 
I'rot*idrds  That  at  any  such  prt»oet»din«»;s  liefore  it,  the  l»oard,  on  its 
own  motion,  or  on  the  application  of  any  of  the  parties,  may  direct 
that  the  pr(x-*»edin^  shall  l>e  c<mdncted  in  private  and  thai  all  per- 
sons other  than  the  parties,  their  repivsentatives,  the  ofRcens  of  the 
board  and  the  witnesses  under  exaniiiiatiou  shall  withdraw. 

The  New  Zealand  act»  IJKK),  says: 

107.  (1)  The  proceedings  of  the  board  or  court  shall  be  conducted 
in  public ; 

rrorided^  That,  at  any  stag:?  of  the  proceedin^rs  before  it,  the  board 
or  court,  of  its  own  motion,  or  on  the  application  of  any  of  the  parties, 
may  direct  that  the  prrK?eedinnrs  1h»  conducted  in  private;  and  in  such 
case  all  persons  (other  than  the  narties.  their  representatives,  tlie  offi- 
cei*s  of  tlie  board  or  court,  ntid  tlie  witness  under  examination)  slxall 
withdraw. 

Tlie  Canadian  Conciliation  and  I^bor  Act,  1SK)5,  says: 

S8.  It  shall  be  in  the  discretion  of  the  board  to  conduct  its  proceed- 
ings in  public  or  in  private. 

**  May  diivct  that  the  proceedinirs  shall  bo  conducted  in  private.'* 
Pei*sons  directly  interested  in  the  dispute  are  never  excluded  from 
boanl  meeting  indess  private  evidence,  such  as  b<K>ks  and  papers,  is 
boin;^  introduced.  But  some  boards  do  not  admit  press  representa- 
tives exce|>t  with  the  understanding]:  that  current  proceedings  shall 
not  be  published.  This  is  to  prevent  sensational  newspaper  discus- 
sion likely  to  prevent  couciliatory  settlement.  Kven  acrimonious 
arguments  before  the  lx)ard  are  st>on  forgotten  if  not  iXH'orded  and 
niufi^nified  and  conimente<l  upon  in  the  press.  Parties  rectMle  more 
willingly  from  what  they  intendetl  to  be  irrevocable  positions  when 
proteclinl  fmm  public  rhar^'i^s  of  inconsistency.  One  employer  criti- 
cised all  public  hertring.  saying  frankly  that  they  s<^imetimes  i-evealed 
bad  lab*}r  conditions,  and  ^  what  hurts  one  master  hurts  all  masters.'* 

Majority  of  hottnl, 

4Cf>  Th^  derision  of  a  majority  of  the  meml>ors  pre^nt  n(  a  -titling 
of  the  lK»ard  shall  be  the  decision  of  the  Umn.!,  and  the  tiudings  and 
recommendations  of  the  majority  of  its  mond)ers  shall  l»e  those  of  the 
lM)anl. 

The  Xew  Zealand  act,  1(K)0,  says: 

UK  The  decision  of  a  majority  of  the  nu'ml»ers  pn*>ent  ai  tlie  fitting 
of  the  court,  or,  if  the  inemlK^rs  preiwent  are  ei^uallv  dividfMl  I"  ....... ;».!., 

theii  tlie  decitjion  of  the  president,  bhall  be  llic  <iiicUvQV\  " 


tfe&i 


712 


BU1.L.ETIK   OP  THE  BrRKATT   OF   LABOB. 


Quor**m. 

47.  Tho  presence  of  the  chairman  and  at  least  one  olhor  ineinbrrof 
tlte  U>ar<1  sliall  Ih*  nivessAry  to  eont<titute  %  Hitting  i>f  the  IxtarcL 

The  New  Zealand  act.  1000.  says: 

78*  The  prcT^cntv  t>f  the  piv^idenl  and  at  least  oiiw  t%tht*v  nuHnher 
shall  Ih»  neeessar}'  to  onnstitute  a  sitting  of  the  court, 

.1//  mfmher^  of  hoard  to  he  prratut, 

48,  Tn  cftM*  of  the  nlt-^ence  of  any  one  inonil>er  from  a  nie^tin^ 
of  the  hoard  the  other  two  nirniheiv  shall  not  proceed,  unltnsc  jt  Ls 
frhown  that  the  third  nieuiher  has  l)een  luitifie*!  of  the  meeting  in 
ample  time  tu  admit  of  his  iitleiMhiuee. 

*J.  If  any  mendHM*  of  a  U)ard  di^'s,  or  t)ecomes  ineHpacitate<l,  or 
refunds  4ir  nr«rhMt»i  to  art.  his  successor  shidl  l»e  appointed  in  the 
manner  provided  willi  respect  to  the  original  memher  of  the  board. 

TriHal  mHtttr«, 

40.  The  iKinril  mny  at  any  tim^  dismiss  any  matter  referred  ti*  it 
Avhicli  it  thinks  frivolous  or  trivial. 

The  New  Zeahuid  net.  1000,  says: 

^2.  The  court  nniy  at  any  time  dismiss  any  matter  referred  to  it 
wlucli  it  thinks  frivolous  or  trivial,  and  '\\\  such  case  the  award  may  bo 
limited  to  an  order  upon  the  party  hringing  the  matter  liefore  th« 
court  for  jmymcnt  of  costs  of  bringing  ihc  '?ame. 

Flmployinrnt  of  rxptrtH, 

50.  Tlio  lK>«rd  may,  with  the  consent  of  the  minister,  employ  com- 
petent ex|K'rts  or  a^^es.sors  to  examine  the  hooks  or  oflicia!  rvport-*  of 
eithi^r  party,  and  to  advise  it  upon  any  technical  or  other  nuitter 
material  to  thi*  investigation,  hut  *;luill  not  disclos**  such  reports  or  the 
result  of  sucli  insjjection  or  examination  under  this  section  without 
the  consent  of  both  the  parties  to  the  dispute. 

The  New  :^eHlnnd  art,  1000,  says: 

101.  AVhenevcr  an  indu.strial  dispute  involving  technical  qnostions 
is  n'ferre*!  to  the  l>oiird  or  court  the  following  special  provisions  shall 
apply: 

(II  At  any  stage  of  the  pr<XM»edings  tho  board  or  the  court  may 
direct  that  two  experts  nomiu»led  by  the  parties  nhall  sit  as  «x]HTts. 

(1?)  One  of  the  experts  shall  l)e  uoniiniitcd  by  the  party,  or,  as  th« 
case  may  be.  by  all  the  parties.  whoM*  inteix»sts  \\\v  with  llie  employei-a; 
and  one  by  the  piii'ty.  ov,  as  tla-  case  nniy  Iw,  by  all  the  paHies,  whose 
inteivsis  are  with  the  >\)»rker,s. 

C^)  The  experts  shall  be  nominated  in  such  manner  as  the  Umrd  or 
court  dire<^ls,  or  as  is  prescribe*!  by  regidations,  but  nhal!  not  l>e 
deemed  to  Ik"  members  of  the  Iwnrd  or  court  fur  (he  purpose  of  dis- 
Jiosing  of  such  dispute, 

(1)   The  powers  liy  this  Motion  ('(Hifi-rred  upon  the  )         ' 
court  rwiH'ctivcly  ahull,  whilbl  the  board  or  the  court  . 


^m  CANADIAN    INDUSTKIAL  DISPUTES  ACT.  718 

i^ibe  exercisable  by  the  ohairnmn  of  the  board  and  the  president  of  the 

It'fiiirt  resjiectively. 
I    The  Commonwealth  bill,  1004,  says: 
I    43.   (1)  The  ccmrt  uxny  ii[)i">int  two  assessors  for  the  purpose  of 
bdvisin^  it  in  rehitioii  to  any  industrial  dispute  iitvolving  tt*chnical 
faliiostions,  an<I  ilie  assessors  shall  discharge  such  duties  as  are  directed 
py  the  court  or  as  are  prescribed. 
[     (2)   One  of  the  assessors  shall  be  a  person  nominate<I  by  such  of 
"the  parties  to  t!ie  dispute  as,  in  the  opinion  of  the  court,  have  interests 
in  common  ■with  liie  employers*  and  the  other  shall  Iw  a  jw^rson  nouii- 
naled  by  such  of  tiie  parties  to  the  dispute  as,  in  iho  opinion  of  the 
court,  have  interests  in  common  with  the  employees. 
^L     (3)   If  default  is  made  in  nominating  either  or  botli  of  the  assessors 
^ns  required   by  the  court,  or  if  the   parties  conspiit.  the  court  may 

appoint  an  assessor  or  asvsessors  without  any  nomination. 
H     The  New  Soutl*  Wales  act.  1001,  says: 

^P  27.  The  president  and  each  member  of  the  court  shall  be  sworn  in 
^the  manner  and  t)efore  the  persons  prescribed  before  entering  upon 
the  hearing  <»f  liny  dispute,  not  to  disclose  to  any  p«rson  whatsoever, 
any  matters  or  evidence  relating  to  any  trade  secret  or  to  the  profits 
or  financial  pasition  of  any  witness  or  party,  and  shall  be  linble  to  a 
penalty  not  exceeding  £500  [$2,4fi3]  and  dismissal  fi*om  office  for  a 
violation  of  such  oath,  and  shall  at  the  request  of  any  party  or  witness 
hear  such  evidence  in  camera. 

^ft    "  May    ♦     ♦     ♦    employ  competent   experts  or  assessors."    The 

^Australasian  provision,  that  these  shall  Ik»  nominated  by  the  parties, 
is  hardly  neetled  in  the  Canadian  law,  where  the  acceptance  of  the 

Handing  of  the  board  is  voluntary. 

^  "  Shall  not  disclose  such  reports."  \o  penalty  is  attached  to  this 
provision,  as  there  is  in  the  New  South  Wales  act  quoted.  The  law  is 
criticised  by  employers  for  this  reason,  and  the  omission  partly 

■acco\ints  for  the  reluctance  to  exhibit  books  mentioned  in  the  com- 
ments on  section  3'2.  But  tUft  publicity  featuivs  of  the  law  require 
that  the  board  shall  be  free  to  reveal  any  mattei*s  essential  to  a  clear 
understanding  of  its  i-eporl. 

REMrXKUATION   AND   KXPF.XSES   OF   BOARO. 

Allowance  to  memhrrs  of  hfninL 

51.  The  members  of  a  board  while  engaged  in  the  adjustment  of  a 
lispute  shall  i)e  renninrriitctl  for  their  si*rviccs  as  fi)!lows: 

(a)  To  membei's  other  tlian  the  chairman  (i)  an  allowance  of  $5 
day  for  a  time  not  exceeding  three  days  during  which  the  ineml>er3 

nav'be  actually  engaged  in  Sideiiing  ii  ihinl  member  of  the  boani; 
[iij  an  allowance  of  $15  for  each  whole  day's  sittings  of  the  board; 
ill)  an  allowance  of  $7  for  each  half  day's  sittings  of  tlie  board: 

(b)  The  chairman  shall  U*  allowed  $20  a  day  f»»r  each  whole  day's 
sittings  of  the  board,  and  $10  u  day  for  each  half  day's  sitting-  • 


714 


BVUITTir  OF  THE  BtTllKAU  OT 


(r)   Xo  ullownnce  shull  In*  diaiK*  (o  any  member  of  the  bottrd 

aru'oimt  of  nny  siltinj^  of  tl)o  hoard  which  drH*s  not  extend  owr 
hiilf  <h»y,  uxih'ss  it  is  stiown  to  thi*  satisfaction  of  the  mini.<st<«r  th 
aiwh  iiioiUinj;  of  the  lioiirt]  was  nwosKni'v  to  the  performance  of  its 
duties  as  spwsJily  us  ix)svihk\  and  that  the  caiist>s  which  pravcated  a 
half  (lay's  sitting  of  the  boani  wore  l»oyond  its  rontrnh 

Aceeptani*^  of  fjratnitu'H  and  prrquisiie^t  b»f  memhfrs  an  offefue. 

62.  No  moiiiI)or  of  tht*  Inmni  shall  acrept  in  addition  to  his  nh 

aK  a  niornlKT  of  the  lM)ard  any  jHTtjuLsite  or  ^aluitv  of  nny  kini 
fn>m  any  <'(>ri>oralion,  a.s.soriul ioti,  partnership  or  individuai  in  any 
way  intorestod  in  nny  matter  or  thing  liefore  or  al)ont  to  l)e  bronglit 
iMrforo  tlio  lH>artl  in  ncrordanve  witii  the  provisions  of  tJiis  not.  Thi» 
nroentinjr  f»f  surh  p«?rnuisite  or  ^ratnity  hy  any  iiifmN'r  ut  the  Umrti 
shall  W.  an  ofTense  and  shall  rendrr  !jue]i  nienil>er  liable  to  a  fine  not 
exr^'eding  $1,000. 

Actual  7i<r€4tmnf  traveUny  rj^penttcn  of  jnemhers  allowed, 

F  1^.  Eacit  nioni1>cr  of  the  Ix^ard  will  l>e  entitled  to  his  nctuul  neof-:- 
aary  traveling  expen-sca  for  each  day  that  ho  is  engager!  in  (mvi'linir 
from  or  t<i  his  pla*^*  i>f  nrsidenri'  for  lln'  pvirpos**  of  attending;  or  afu-r 
having  attended  a  meeting  uf  (lie  hoard. 

Pat/rnet*t  of  rj*prnMen  of  hoard, 

S4.  AH  expenses  of  the  board,  including  expcnfira  for  irnnsportii- 
tion  inenrred  hy  the  raeuihcrs  thereof  or  by  persons  nnder  hs  ord«-r  in 
making  inventlgations  under  this  act,  salaries  of  employeiv^  and 
agents,  and  foes  and  mileage  to  witnesses  sliall  be  allowetl  and  paid 
Tifjon  the  pn^i^entation  of  itemized  vonehers  therefor,  approval  by  tho 
ehairman  of  the  board,  whirli  voucliers  sliall  be  forwardrd  hy  tlie 
ehuirnitin  to  the  minister.  The  chairman  shall  ul??o  forwiiixl  to  the 
minister  a  certified  and  ilclailed  statement  of  the  sittings  of  th« 
Itoard,  and  of  the  meml>ers  present  at  such  sittings.  J 

*'AII  expenses  of  llu'  lK>ard/^  The  total  conI  of  the  act  during  IH 
first  year,  including  all  the  items  mentioned  in  this  sect  ion^  is  n^jxirtM 
to  have  been  under  $18,000.  The  cost  of  a  lienring  naturally  depenfl 
on  the  time  taken  to  effect  a  settlement,  and  varie-s  from  $100  ifl 
$200  to  $1,000,  It  is  not  necessarily  prt>portioimte  to  the  ImfMin 
tance  of  the  dif^pute.  ■ 

l>tTTIK>l  OK  TtTR   ftR<iIt4TRAll.  ^^| 

^5.  It  shall  U*  (hi*  duty  of  the  remstrar:  ^^B 

{a)  To  receive  ami  n'gislcr,  an'K  siibject  to  the  provisions  of  tl« 

act.  to  deal  with  all  application.^  hy  empl*>yers  or  i*mploye<>i  fori 

riftrciire  of  ufiy  diispute  to  a  hoard,  and  to  at  once  bring  to  tho  inu| 
attention  every  j*uch  application; 

fc    \-~-  \    "^ duet  such  cfirresfiiuiihf - 

HQki;i  \y  l>e  nei'es>.arv  to  v 

^^■Uc  ui  accordance  with  the  proMoioii^  oi  thu  a^ji 


.!,.. 


.J.„ 


CIXAOIAN   IXDUBTftlJU.  Pt&PUTW  kCX. 


I 


V)  To  re<**i\*e  iiikI  file  all  rrptvrts  ami  tvct.>mn>'^»»'t'>*I'^»»'-  '^f  l*^--  i. , 
an^  conduct  such  corTespomK-^nct*  aiu)  «!*>  Mioh  i 
in  ivnderini;  effective*  tlie  ivooiuiiKMidatioUh  of  thv  imm)!.,  m  rn^tnM 
Buce  witli  tfio  provisions  of  this  act; 

(r/)   To  kivp  a  n»jiislci*  in  which  ^!^«!l  In*  ciitcitHl  tho  juu^ 
of  nil  iipplications.  refoiefu*es,  reports*  and  riH^nniuvuiliilinn'-  i 
to  the  npp*>int!nent  of  n  iMuinl,  wuA  iu  procciMlinjjs;  luid   u*  hhIVIv 
keep  all  applicjitious.  sijitcniciit^,  r»*por(N  ivctmiincH(hili»Hm  n\u\  oHh*V 
documents  ivhititifr  to  pnMvedin^  hi«f«n*t'  lht>  iMMud,  »iii«l,  \v\wn  m 
rwpiiivth  ti^ansmit  all  or  any  of  snrh  to  the  nuni'<ler; 

{e)  To  supply  to  any  parties,  on  rtHpicM,  infi»rniatii»n  nn  U%  Ih)i4 
act«  or  any  regulations  or  pnKH^cflittgK  thmMiniler,  und  ul«o  to  fur- 
nisli  pnrtiei>  to  u  dispute  and  nuMnliei-s  of  the  iMmrd  with  iMHeHNuiy 
blank  foruis^  fomis  of  summons  (»r  other  pap«r-i  or  thHtnoetiln  I'e- 
miircd  in  connectiou  with  the  elhrtive  curry  in>r  oi»i  of  I  lie  provi- 
sion^ of  tliis  act ; 

(/)   Generally,  to  do  all  such  things  am]  take  nit  nuch  pt'iMMWMltntffi 
as  nmy  W  iv<piired  in  the  |jerforniunre  of  his  dutien  jireitcrilM-d  uu(Gf 
act  or  any  rcgulatioas  thereunder. 


EIKES  AND  LOCKOITS  PItUiR  Tti  AND  TKNDINO  A  BRrCRCXCr.  TO  4   lMt4M»» 

The  follo-wingr  six  sections  contain  the  penalty  prori»ion»»  which  «}?«. 
ori^iml  character  to  the  act  and  have  excited  the  iimi^  di  ' 
OpiK>sition  to  ihern  comes  entirely  from  iIkj  labor  »id<',  an'J 
froRi  the  larger  rmilway  orders  and  mining  organixatiotf*,     l'h*>  1^14^ 

ire  repre^otative  at  t^tawa  for  the  larjfr^i  railwjij  »ir 
inends  ^  the  repeal  of  5*H:lions  50,  57,  58,  50,  fVO  and  CI,  fo*  , ,,  , . ,.  -„, 
that  T  believe  Chat  tbrae  brctiunj«  interfere  with  llie  principles  fit 
liberty  and  dtizen-hip  we  are  taught  we  are  entitled  to  >iy  the  crtti' 
stitntion  of  our  coon  try."  Ou  the  other  band  thft  Trades  ami  f^UoT 
CongTest?  refused  br  a  dert4ve  role  to  reconmiend  th^  r^ri^l  ftf 
same  ^eciioos.    The  folloving  opinion  of  tbe  ral  ^4fH 

interestiii^  becatue  it  ronwi  frocn  a  person  pmt^ifij   n.. 
cxperiefice  wkh  thc^  diraei  working  of  the  aet  than  *r 
Cmnrndrnz 

•'Verr  Bttle  refioace  ^"  *^  pbttd  ob  !&«  p^m)     , . 
main  reBaan  moA  Ik  -^leniff  fMvvple  (bar  tin-  ^^ ; 

reasotMUf  emrtail  mx^" 


ProAMiium  i0f  it$nk^  «*r 


716 


nv'Lusri'^  OF  thb  BrnKAr  op  t-abok. 


of  iho  working  of  any  persons  thonMn  for  nny  cuus*^  not  conslitiili 
n  lot'koiit  or  strike :  I'rociflcd  aho^  Tlnit,  exrt'pt  where  the  partK"^  ha' 
i'ntfivil  into  nn  ii^rrwMnent  under  section  *.VJ  ur  tins  act,  notniri|r  in  thi 
act  shall  hi'  Jiehl  lo  r*'Mrnin  any  cmphiyor  from  doclarinjr  a  hx-koul 
or  any  on»ph»yo<'  fnmi  K**'"^  *^"  strike  in  n*sport  of  niiv  dispnCe  \\\\w 
has  ho<'n  thily  n-fi-rred  to  a  hotinl  and  whirh  lias  Urn  dealt  with  \m(\\ 
sod  ion  24  <«•-'.»  of  tliis  act,  or  in  nvsixnt  of  any  dispute  whith  has  Uv; 
the  hnl>je<*t  of  j»  ivference  nndei*  the  provisuins  concerninff  rnilwi 
dispnto.H  in  the  Coneiliation  and  Luhor  .Vet. 

The  New  Zoiihind  aet  of  1IKX»,  as  nniemled  by  the  ai-t  of  1SH)1,  snys 

100.  In  every  case  where  nn  industrial  dispute  has  been  referred  to 
the  boarcl  t!it»  following?  special  provisions  sliiill  npply; 

(1)  I'ntil  tlie  «lispiite  has  lieen  fiinilly  disposed  of  by  the  lioard  or 
the  eonri  neither  the  parties  to  the  dispute  nor  the  wwirkers  Jitfcfti-dj 
by  t!»e  dispute  shjiil,  on  inroiuil  of  llie  ilispute,  do  or  Ix*  coiuvriUHl  ii 
d<^in^^  directly  t»r  indirectly,  luiylhinp  in  the  nature  of  a  strike 
IcK-kont*  or  nf  a  hH^])en>ion  or  discontinuance  of  enii)loynient  or  won 
but  thi'  ndalionship  of  iMupUiyer  and  employed  shiiil  continue  uniiitci 
rnpted  by  the  <lispute  or  anylijiujr  arisin;^  out  of  the  dispute,  or  an; 
Ihin^  prelitninary  to  tho  reference  of  the  dispute,  and  connect* 
therewith. 

(J)    If  default  is  made  in  faithfidly  obs^t^rving  nny  of  the  forc^jini 
provisions  of  this  section,  every  union,  association,  eniphiyer,  worked 
or  person  connuitlinjj  or  concerned  in  oonunittin^  the  oefault  shall  b 
liable  to  a  ]>enally  not  exceeding  il.'iO  |$i>4H.:53). 

(3)  The  dismisMd  of  any  worker,  or  tlie  discontinuance  of  work  by. 
nny  Uf»rker.  pendin;,^  the  linHl  ilih[io^ition  of  an  industrial  dispute 
shall  Ik»  deemed  to  l>e  a  default  under  this  section,  unless  the  party^ 
charpMl  with  such  defjudt  satisties  the  court  that  such  dismissal  or 
discontinuance  was  not  on  account  of  the  dispute. 

"'To  dechire  *  ♦  *  ii  Im^kout  *  *  *  to  pi  on  strike/'  Til 
force  of  this  provision  depends  on  the  definition  of  strike  and  lockoi 
in  tho  second  s<'ctioii  of  the  act. 

"Prior  to.'*  In  the  trial  of  two  tinion  oilicers  for  inciting  a  stril 
prior  to  a  reference,  it  was  nr^ed  in  defens*>  thiit  the  prohibition  di( 
not  ai)|dy  unless  one  of  the  parties  had  asked  for  a  board,  and  thi 
the  i*estrictivc  ]»rovision  of  the  act  wiis  inteiided  to  lake  clfect  onb 
if  the  nnichinery  of  the  act  was  going  to  l>e  u»ed.  This  defense  was 
disallowed  by  the  court,  it  being  held  that  tlie  first  ohject  of  (be  law 
"^•as  lo  swtti'e  for  the  public  continuous  service,  and  that  its  etfective^ 
ness  for  this  ]»uri>ose  did  not  depend  on  the  will  of  the  t\vo  pArt» 
to  the  diH]>ute.  "'I'here  is  nothing  in  the  act  to  show  that  it  is  onl 
of  regard  for  the  rights  of  the  workmen  that  the  employer  is  rol 
strained  from  a  lockout  or  out  of  regard  for  the  rights  of  the  latta 
that  the  former  are  restrained  from  n  strike/'  I*arlianient  had  ad 
Rcrted  "the  right  of  temporary*  interference  with  private  liljorty  <m 
action  by  the  prohibition  of  lockoutR  and  strike**  during  the  period  Qjl 
iiion  as  ju>^tified  by  the  inlcro^rts  of  the  comnumitrfl 


At. I 


..  \ 


^^^^^r  CAKXDUK   INDCSTBTAL  PISPUTES  ACT.  71 S^ 

X^)  To  rereive  and  file  all  PPiv>rts  ami  recommendations  of  bcuinlsy 
and  conduct  such  com^iH'ndi'noe  iind  do  .such  thiii|r>,  as  may  assist! 
in  i^ouderinp  effective  the  recommendations  of  the  boards,  in  accord-j 
ancc  wilii  (lie  p^o^^^i^»ni  of  this  act;  I 

(d)  To  keep  a  ivpii>tor  in  which  sliall  be  enlere^l  the  particulars 
of  all  application--,  ix*ferenres.  re|)ort^  and  rtvomineiwlatioiis  rehtling 
to  the  appointment  of  a  Inmrd.  and  its  pixx-eedii^js;  and  to  safely 
keep  all  applioations,  siaiement^,  reports,  recommendations  aiKl  other' 
documents  relating  to  prweedings  l»efore  the  b4>anl,  and,  when  aa 
i^tHpiirefl,  transmit  nil  or  an}'  of  such  to  the  minister; 

(f)  To  supply  to  any  parties,  on  re<]Me-st,  information  as  to  this! 
art,  or  any  i*e^u!atious  or  proceetlings  therenn*ler.  and  rIm>  to  ftir- 
nisli  parties  to  a  dispute  and  mcniliers  of  ihe  Iwiard  with  ntK^e^isary 
blank  forms  forms  of  summons  or  other  papeis  (»r  d^HMiment.^  re- 1 
c^uired  in  connection  with  the  etlective  canying  out  of  llie  provi- 
sions of  tliis  act ; 

(/)   Generally,  to  do  all  such  things  and  take  all  such  pix»cei'dii^r8  < 
as  may  l>e  refpiired  in  the  performajice  of  his  duties  jM^scri bed  under 
this  act  or  any  reeidalions  thereunder. 

STRIKES  AND  UK'KOinS  PKIOR  TO  AND  PEXDINC;   A  REFERENCF.  1X1  A   BOARD 

ILLEOAL. 

The  following  pix  sections  contain  tlie  penalty  provisions  which  givdi 
original  character  to  the  act  and  have  excited  the  most  discus^sion. 
Opposition  to  them  comes  entirely  from  tlie  labor  side,  and  chiefly 
from  the  larger  i*ai!way  orders  and  mining  orgauiKation^.  The  k»gis- 
lative  repres*Mitativo  at  Ottawa  for  the  largest  iiiilway  unions  i-ecom- 
mends  '*'  tlie  rej>eid  of  sections  50,  57,  58,  50,  t»0  and  CI,  for  the  reasim 
that  I  Ixdievc  that  these  sections  interfere  with  the  principles  of 
lil)erly  and  citizenship  we  aiv  taught  we  ai*e  entitled  to  by  the  c<m- 
stitution  of  our  country.*'  On  the  other  hand  tlio  Trades  and  Labor 
Congress  refused  l)y  a  decisive  vote  to  recommeiul  the  repeal  of  the 
same  sections.  The  following  opinion  of  the  value  of  these  clauses  it 
interesting  because  it  comes  from  a  person  possibly  having  a  largiTJ 
experience  with  the  direct  working  of  the  act  than  anyone  else  in 
Canada : 

"Very  little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  the  penal  <'ljiii.si»*-,  nnd  tho. 
main  reliance  must  I>e  in  convincing  people  that  the  act  is  just  andj 
reasonably  carried  out.*' 


Prohibition  of  ntrilfa  or  lorkontn  prior  to  or  petifiing  reference  ti 

hoard. 

5r>.  It  shnll  1h>  unlawful  for  any  employer  to  ileclnrr  or  cause  ii 
lockout,  or  for  any  employee  to  go  on  strike,  on  account  of  any  di^putoj 
prior  ti>  or  dnrirtir  a  i-cftM-eniM*  f»f  such  *lispnte  to  a  board  of  rorn:ili!i-| 
tion  and  inves4igation  iiinler  tin*  provision"^  f»f  \W\^  nrt.  nr  prior  to  oi 
<iuring  a  nforenre  under  tLe  fiiNivinion-  ay  di^^pnte! 

in  the  C<VHiIialiitu  and  I^bor  Act:  Pi,  .,   ....  **  rr  ii,  ibi, 

tihull  prohibit  the  tuspcnsioxa  ur  Uiacoutiuuaiw  'ry 


BTtxErnc  or  ths  Braciir  or  XiABos. 


^■f.    It  ifi  tmt  that  Ihc  men  sav  (W  ^rike  i«  ibcir  form  of  appesL 
^■Utoy  might  stril  >f  the  law.^    A  lafaor 

PK  SovA  SoKta  ti>        .  >  (  said  thAt  Ibe  aw:\ 

^ifulini^  and  that  conipukory  awards  could  be  enforced  as  well  as  tba 
HbfT  prorisicifis  of  the  law.     In  "  ■     ,  iurr  of  omI 

liintTh  as  tJ«»y  wtre  leaving  th«  |'.  .  ^  \:      .  -  ejcpn^ste^d. 

[a  a  Roent  lettrr  a  miner  writes:  ^  If  you  paa^  Mcb  a  l«w  in  the 
^latcR^  I     '  'FiipiibiCH^.^     A   labor  nlitor  in  eaitfcni 

panada  ,  ,    woiald  prvvrot  sirikcs,  and  d«cid«Uj 

Eavored  coinpubaory  awards^  made  by  boards  of  fiv«  members  |j«nua- 
lenllv  a  1  in  cadi  industry.     In  wc^l  '  'nda  a  leading 

labor  iit;i  [ -<j  binding  award.s  but  only  <  tiiiou  LbaL  Uiey 

^  Ifivm  by  pt'nnausrnt  boanls  dcvled  by  poptdar  rol©. 

A  rather  ^iniuller  number,  but  among  them  uieu  of  cxct^tiional 
kutbority  in  lal^or  matters,  look  an  opposite  view.  The  secretary  of 
ibe  Canadian  Manufacturers*  Association  said  tlie  employers  h«  caime 
ii  toiicli  with  wen*  opposed  to  cop       '  Western  cottl 

^penilot*^  held  tbe  siinie  (ij>inion,  c  .  ^lertineiitly  tliai 

Soropulsor}'  arbitration  encouraged  liiigaticm  over  ttirial  grievanccbik. 
riie  s^MTcturv  of  R  colli  miners'  union  op{Hn^*d  1       '      ^  .      .  :,^ 

lie  chairman  is  not  an  exjMTt,  and  therefore  hi  -  -  ^  .to 

Xmtrol  coiiditionH  of  mining.  A  representative,  of  a  railway  order 
Jioii^hi  it  unwi.se  to  submit  mattei's  !^o  vital  to  the  Workers  to  any 
)utvi(li«  nuthority.  A  board  chainnaii  of  wide  exi>t»rience  said:  **  1 
k>  not  favor  compulsory  awards.  Tliey  tie  the  hands  of  a  board  in 
petting"  a  settlement,  and  deprive  tjio  decision  of  its  moral  weight, 
riuTe  is  this  ditreren<*e  between  a  court  decision  and  a  board  si-ttlr- 
taent:  After  a  lawuuit  the  litigants  go  their  way  and  may  nerer  ftee 
fach  otijrr  again.  Their  relations  may  btop  forever  at  that  |Hun(, 
L$ut  Hftrr  an  industrial  dibpute  the  parlii*s  must  live  and  work  to- 
gether umler  the  terms  of  tlie  aetilentent.  They  must  iuterprei  ihc 
itmiH  of  the  agn'emenl«  as  tlie  board  doe^  not  survive  to  do  that  for 
Jirm.  The  parties  will  carry  out  with  g(M)d  will  and  in  g<Kki  faith 
mly  a  deeitiion  to  which  they  have  both  assented.*''  It  was  pointed 
^ut  liy  the  snme  [X'rson  that  in  railway  dis])Utes  a  compuN'^  >r<i 

iiade  in  Cnnada  would  not  have  force  on  any  part  of  a  v_  ji 

MK  opei*ated  in  the  United  States. 

A  ii«:M-ond  ino<Iitication  of  ihitj  clause  of  tlie  act  h^ts  L^'en  '1. 

It  in  thus  put,  in   the  words  of  a    large  eniphtver:    •  \\  •  in 

Uiiendment  to  nnjuire  that  tlie  deei&iona  of  the  board  shall  be  r»-  { 
|>orted  to  tlie  department  of  '   '  '    '     "  '  )n*»*n  ni    '         'He 

iy  the  department,  with  i! -    >^ide,   f--  -rtt 

|rn  davA  U*fore  it  atmll  l>e  lawful  to  Mrike*  Often  turn}  would  not 
llrike  if  T        '    i-w  what  '•        "     ,  '         '  !.-d 

ty  mi^iit liny  thr  . i  .  tit 


CAKADTAN    INDUSTBIAL  DISPUTKB  ACT. 


719 


N 
^ 

^ 

^ 


not  gietiiug  all  ll»ey  asked  for,  urge  them  into  a  strike  iu  the  first  stiiig 
of  defeat."  An  employer  said  thnt  in  the  public  interest,  iu  order 
to  prevent  a  strike,  lie  hail  bet'u  oi^iiii>eI1ed  to  make  lUijiistifieJ  roneei*- 
sions  wliich  tl»e  nten  on  soU-r  second  thougltt  wouKl  not  hnvc  exacted. 
But  this  HU|)|x>rt8  th«s  contention  of  some  lal>or  men  that  in  losing 
the  riirht  suddenly  to  strike  they  have  lost  a  valiinhlo  \vea{>on.  It  is 
true  that  the  miners  struck  at  Springhill  against  n  )>oard  decision 
because^  according  to  their  own  .statement,  they  misiimlerstood  the 
awanl,  or,  in  tlie  wonls  of  one  of  the  strikei>;  *' The  award  did  not 
mean  so  much  a.s  it  was  said  to  mean  when  fii*st  published/'  But  a 
further  postponement  of  the  strike  privilege  would  meet  strenuous 
opposition  from  workiugmen.  One  of  their  lejiding  re]>resentatives 
said:  "At  first  thought  I  am  against  such  an  aineudmont.  The  work- 
men cjtn't  flirt  w*ith  an  award.  They  must  accept  it  once  fur  all  and 
live  up  to  its  pn»visions.  It  is  with  them  either  strike  or  not  ^tnke. 
But  eriiployei's  cnn  quibble  an<l  delay  putting  in  opera! icm  all  the 
detaibi  of  an  award  and  so  prolong  friction.  In  the  first  place.  I  am 
against  it  Ikh^husp  u  lockout  may  l»e  put  in  force  in  detail;  and  in  the 
second  plnee,  becnuM*  a  strike  nnist  be  sudden  und  immediate,  and  to 
]K>stpime  it  discourages  the  men  and  is  almost  equal  to  not  striking/^ 
This  argument,  by  a  strong  supjwrter  of  the  act,  is  the  same  as  that 
of  its  op|>onenU  aguiusl  making  strikes  «t  uny  time  unlawful.  The^ 
latter  urguukenlb  by  lalK»r  people  are  presented  in  the  tnterc^t  of  work* 
ci*s  alone^  in  disregard  of  the  interest  the  general  ])nblic  and  other 
workers  may  have  in  j)reventing  the  cessation  of  an  industry.  They 
express  a  si»ntiment  prevailing  among  the  stronger  labor  organiza- 
tions that  they  are  weakened  in  bargaining  with  tl>eir  employers  by 
being  dejtrived  of  llie  riglit  to  strike  suddenly.  As  an  oflicer  of  an 
international  railway  union  expressed  it:  '•  You  all  tell  us  thnt  labor 
is  a  conmiodity.  to  be  sold  to  the  liighest  bidder.  A'i»ry  welK  then 
you  can  raise  wages  ordy  when  labor  is  scarce.  You  must  sell  on  the 
top  of  the  market — make  your  contracl.s  at  the  liest  season.  Now  the 
law  comes  in  and  stops  th.tt  and  makes  you  sell  on  a  market  all  the 
wny  from  a  mouth  \n  ftnir  or  five  mouths  later,  when  hdior  iMUflitions 
may  have  changed  entirely.  This  cliango  is  usually  bad  for  lal^jr, 
because  the  company  will  use  eveiy  effort  to  bring  in  men  in  the 
meantime.  How  would  tike  farmer  like  a  law  making  him  wait  six 
veeks  or  two  mtmlhs  im  an  average  Ijefore  selling  his  wheat  after  the 
time  he  thought  most  fnvomble  for  selling  it?  How  woidd  the  mine 
owner  or  munufactuixT  like  the  same  kind  of  a  law?  The  Leinienx 
act  makes  us  sell  our  labor  after  a  delay  in  a  market  that  ha^  been 
xed  again.st  us.  •  ♦  ♦  Delays  can't  l>e  avoiileil.  Most  railway 
ses  cAVvy  a  thirty  days'  notice,  besides  the  delays  that  occur  in  get- 
ng  a  Ijoaid  together  ami  arriving  nt  u  decision.  Our  c-ise  was  liegtm 
bv  notice  of  a  rerision  of  contracts  October  1.    The  board  met  Decern- 


Bin-LETTN  or  THR  BTOtEATT  OF  tABfin 


I 


bcr  3  and  tlie  decision  was  given  DetTniber  iiO,  iillowing  the  csompany 
over  two  and  «  Inilf  montlis  to  ]>repiire  for  a  hlrike."  From  tho  fncii'» 
j>i>int  of  view  this  partindiir  delay  whs  prculiurly  iinfortiiniite,  hn  n 
financiul  crisis.  Wringing  on  a  periocl  of  unenijdoyinenl,  occiirrMJ  tn 
the  interim.  Otht'r  Inln^r  ofticiiils  seem  to  think  workinf^nu'ii  nearly 
helpless  wilht»ut  tin*  ready  redress  of  an  imniediute  strike.  One  of 
theflc  writes;  "An  employer  can  intrude  on  the  right  of  nn  emploype 
in  oi»e  diivrtion,  and,  after  the  usual  procedure  has  lx»en  g«)ne  ti»rongh 
and  the  act  invoked,  even  t)iou;;h  a  ttiie  remedy  were  had»  llie  same 
process  can  be  re])eate<]  again  and  again,  in  a  somewhnt  diffei^nt 
fomi  earh  time,  keeping  the  employees  (.'ouHtanlly  in  trouble  so  that 
the  tvsourr4's  of  llit'ir  orgnnizatiou  wouhl  lx»  taxed  t{i  the  utmost,  their 
treasury  impoverished,  and  jwrhaps  the  orgnni;?ation  destroyed  en- 
tirely." In  general,  tlie  stronger  jiarty  to  the  Inhor  harpiin,  whether 
emphiyer  nr  worker^,  elings  to  tlie  .strike  or  loek<»ut  ])iivilrjre.  while 
the  weaker  courts  govennnent  intervention. 

The  opposition  to  penalizing  striken  ih  not  roiifiiifd  euiireiv  lo 
workingiiien.  A  sueeessful  hoard  chairman  thought  tlie  clauses  w^m'u 
nnnecessary  and  made  a  strike  more  likely  if  (he  bt>nrd  failed  to 
effect  a  volmilary  settlement.  A  western  judge,  who  had  also  sei'\-od 
as  chairman  of  two  hoards,  expressetl  practically  the  same  ojdnjou: 
"If  you  do  enforce  the  penalties  against  the  men,  you  injure  the 
effectiveness  of  the  law  hy  making  conciliation  diffirult  in  all  »*ul)f4i^- 
qurnt  disj)utes.  The  spirit  of  the  law  is  to  conciliate,  aiul  that  ix 
spoiled  if  yon  bring  the  penaltie-s  too  strongly  to  the  fore." 

Rehition  of  partUs  to  remain  unchanged  f>rrt(Iing  prtx^^edingM, 

57.  Eniployei-s  and  employees  shall  pive  at  leasU  thirty  dnys^  notice 
of  an  intended  cha(»gc  nlfccting  conditions  of  employment  with  iv- 
speel  to  wages  or  hours:  and  in  every  case  where  a  dispute  has  been 
referi-ed  to  a  boani,  until  the  dispute  has  been  Hiudly  dealt  with  by 
the  lifMird.  neither  of  the  parties  nor  the  employees  affected  shall  alter 
the  conditions  of  employment  with  resjicct  to  wages  or  hours,  or  on 
acci»unt  of  the  dispute  do  or  be  conct-rued  in  doing,  directly  or  in- 
directly,  anything  in  the  nature  r»f  a  lo<'koiit  or  strike,  or  a  susj>en- 
sion  <»r  dis<"ontinuance  of  emplovmenl  or  work,  but  tlie  relationship 
of  employer  and  employee  shall  c<uitiinie  unintcrruptdl  by  the  di,s- 
pute,  i>r  anything  arising  out  of  the  dispute;  but  if,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  boaril,  either  unriy  ns<*.H  thid  or  any  oilier  provision  or  this  act 
for  the  puriMJse  of  unjustly  inuiiituining  a  given  cHindition  of  uffair^j 
thmuirh  delay,  and  the  board  so  reports  to  the  nnnister.  ^uch  party 
shall  be  guilty  of  nn  offense,  and  liable  to  the  s^me  penalties  as  ant 
imposetl  for  a  violation  of  the  lie.xt  pixH^^'ding  bcction. 

"  Shall  give  at  least  thirty  dnyfe'  notice/'    As  no  penally  ar*  »»,„- 
panies  this  clause,  workingmeu  urge  au  unn^ndnient  imj)osing  a  lin*j 
ifically  for  its  \iolntion.     The  miners  of  Springhill,  where  fotir 
applie<l  for  willun  aljout  a  year,  claim  ns  a  prin- 


C^iKADIAX    rXDUSTRTAL  DI6PUTKS   ACT. 


781 


cipal  grievance  that  the  coiiipmiy  changes  conditions  of  employment 
without  notice.  In  the  western  conl  fields  and  at  Cobalt  men  have 
lieen  notified  of  an  immediate  reduction  of  wages.  The  secretary 
of  the  miners-  unio:i  at  tlie  Iiitier  phice  tlm>i  sums  up  tlie  operation 
of  this  section  from  tlie  labor  standpoint :  "  If  the  employer  i*e<luces 
wages  at  a  moment's  notice  and  (*i)  the  employees  stay  ut  work,  no 
lockout  or  strike  ih  cau.sed  and  therefore  the  employer  is  not  liable 
to  penalty;  (Zt)  if  the  employees  apply  for  a  board,  no  provision  is 
made  to  enable  them  to  collect  wages  at  full  schedule;  (<*)  if  em- 
ployees <iui(,  they  are  subject  to  penalties  even  though  the  employers 
first  broke  the  law.    It  is  evident  that  this  is  one-sided  legislation." 

"  Neither  of  the  parties  ♦  ♦  *  shall  alter  conditions  of  employ- 
ment witli  resj>ecl  to  wages  or  hours. "  The  Trades  aud  Labor  Con- 
gi^ess  wants  an  amendment  to  this  section  to  prevent  an  employer 
from  bringing  in  j-trike  breakers  during  an  investigation.  \  com- 
pany might  thus  alter  ihe  condition  of  the  lalxtr  market  con:?iderably 
without  directly  clianging  wages  or  horn's  of  work,  and  so  fortify 
itself  for  a  possible  strike  if  its  claims  were  not  accepted  l)V  the 
board.  While  Ihe  union  may  likewise  empl<»y  this  lime  to  preparu 
for  a  strike — and  the  Canadian  Pacific  telegrapliei's  are  said  to  have 
done  so — tlie  delay  is  probably  of  more  advantage  to  employers  than 
to  employees,  if  a  break  is  later  to  ixcur  between  the  parties. 

**  For  the  purpose  of  unjustly  maintaining  a  given  condition  of 
affairs  through  delay."  Mine  mariagei's  who  have  virtually  locked 
out  their  men  by  ^hutting  down  their  mines  justify  this  action  by 
the  claim  that  to  continue  o|>eniting  <luring  the  procee<lings  l>efore 
a  board  mi*rht  entail  heavy  losses.  This  contingi'ucy  is  thus  described 
by  a  large  mining  employer:  "  It  would  seem  as  if  it  would  be  very 
much  more  fair  i^ome  additional  provision  were  made  in  the  ant 
to  relieve  the  company  frt>m  l>eiug  «.ubje<t  to  ver}-  serious  losses  due 
to  their  forced  operation  jH-iuliug  the  investigation  by  the  act;  that 
is,  assume  in  the  case  of  the  X  mines  and  smelters,  where  the  union 
had  extorted  higher  wages  than  I  have  ever  kntiwn  Iti  exist,  namely, 
Ij4  for  miners,  eight  h<Mirs'  work,  and  $;^.30  for  common  lalx»rers  on 
the  surface  working  nine  hours.  For  a  lime  tlie  price  of  copjier  was 
not  only  less  than  13  cents,  but  it  was  exceedingly  difficult,  if  not  im- 
po^isibh^  to  make  any  sales  of  that  metal  whatever.  Their  only  re- 
course was  to  close  down.  Had  the  union  suspected  any  such  action, 
however,  they  ml^ht  have  asked  for  inci*eased  wagi's,  ai)plied  for 
arbitratitm,  and  by  prohuiging  the  arbitration  have  foi*ced  tlie  mines 
and  smelters  in  that  district  to  continue  o|)eratiuns  at  fearful  lossei 
whicli  niijilit  even  bankrupt  s*mie  of  those  comiianies." 

Were  there  pernunieiit  boanlN,  pioN  isjim  mi^^lil  be  made  for  brief 
interlocutory  proceedings  todetenuine  whether  a  shut  down  were  jus- 
tifiable on  account  of  business  conditions,  or  if  it  constituted  in  effect 


"/OT 


BtnjLKTTT:  or  TITB  BTTTKAr  OF  LABOR* 


I-. 


lorkniit,  ami  AIHO  to  ascerlflin  if  n  contintmtion  of  opcmttons  dnrtnj; 
pnx^eedinjrs  lx»foro  the  \uy.\rt\  iiii;;lit  jiMi|i:irtii/.o  tin*  stjlvi»tiry  of  a  coin- 
Lpany.  Thesi*  questions  nro  most  imi'oiinni  in  cnsc  of  iiiHaI  mi 
Hhrhich  are  not  strictly  piiblir  ntiliKl«^. 


Pihalty  for  rau^htr/  lockout. 


I 


58.  Any  cmnloyer  declaring  or  caufiing  ,i  lockonk  contrary  to  th< 
provisions  of  tliis  act  slinll  Ik' Vuililr  to  n  firu*  of  not  Irss  thnn  ^1*M>  nor 

ore  timri  $l.r)00  for  each  day  or  ]nirt  of  a  <luy  that  Mich  Io<*kfHit 
zista. 

"Xo(  less  than  SlOO  nor  more  than  ij^l/MXJ  for  ench  tlay.*"  VVorU- 
ingmen  ol>joct  that  this  penalty  is  not  equal  to  thnt  inijwiswl  on  eni- 
ployws  for  the  fianw  offense.  In  c««e  of  a  mine  or  railway  rrnploy- 
ii>^  1(^1  meru  the  np<rr*'«r"<e  fine*^  Ihfit  niny  l»e  iinposecl  on  un  employer 
rnngri'  from  ir*MK>  ti>$l,o<H)  for  eiirh  <|uy  of  hx'kout ;  hut  the  o^grc^ato 
fines  that  may  l>e  imposed  on  workers  in  the  same  estnhlishiiient  range 
frt>ni  $I,0(H)  to  $.j,000  for  enrh  dny  of  strike.  T!ie  lunenclnient  sn^- 
geste<l  i-i  that  an  enii>loyer  he  Hned  in  proi><»rtion  to  the  nuriil>or  of 
men  he  Iwks  out.  ao  the  penalty  may  be  equal  in  each  ca>*e.  The 
Ti-fldo  anil  I^nlH»r  Con«?ress  iisked  n  still  nHK-e  strin«rent  penalty, 
rang^ing  from  $!'►  to  $I,(HH»  u  Jaj  for  each  eniplovee  hM-kinl  out. 

J'tnniff/  for  pdnff  on  strike, 

Rp.  Any  employee  who  ^mvs  on  htrike  contniry  to  the  proviMom 
of  this  net  shall  ho  liahk'  to  a  fine  of  n«>t  less  than  $10  nor  nion.'  than 
f^O,  for  each  ciny  or  part  of  a  day  that  sueh  employee  is  on  strike. 

'•Any  employee  ♦  ♦  •  simll  be  liable  to  »  fine.  The  Atisiral- 
iinn  laws  require  Inlwr  unions  to  iuror])orrtle^^o  their  funds  l>e- 
jcome  attachable  for  prnallies.  Unions  then  evaue  responsibility  by 
n'solvin^  npiin.st  a  strike  in  their  corporuti'  cafjacity,  while  their 
lueuihers  sympathize,  support,  and  en^ajre  in  n  strike  as  intiividuuK 
Nevertheless  incorporation  hampers  f]iuincin<7a  pMieral  or  protrnrted 
sttrike  and  Inrjcrely  prevent.s  sympathetic  assistana-  fioni  ntlier  or- 
ganizations. Sonic  Canadian  eniployers  seem'to  think  in<'or|>onition 
of  unions  would  settle  the  difficulty  of  edhn'tinp:  fines.  The  coujictl 
of  t!»e  Montreal  Hoard  of  Trade,  M'ith  the  lUn^kcrs*  strike  frejili  in 
their  mind:!;,  ^uole  officially  to  the  uiinistor  of  labor  as  follows: 

The  eoiincil  feels  that  under  the  present  conditions  8ueli  an  act 

'onM  not  be  nnide  ju«tly  or  e<pdtaldv  ojH'nitive  aM  bcT  T  -ver 

and  employer,  an  while  actions  rouhl  he  taken  and  pt-;  ri\ 

[wpon  eniployers  it  w«»uld  hr.  ;,.&! 

in  the  sauic  lunnner  witii  •n  ,  .-t- 

ively»  iiidj\iduals  hrinjr  al  all  times  i'rrc  lo  I'onie  :i  ntr 

!ftss<»<'iution«  which  frenerallv  represent  rmd  dinvl  (          :  ,  !  l.- 
nany  cases  funiuii  inslitutions  and  seldom^  if  ever,  ii 


CANADIAN    ISDUSr«TAI>  DISPUTES   ACT. 


723 


I 


I 


oiilv  ns  lietween  employers  and  i*e^ponsiUle  iin'orporatecl  bodies  tlie 
pasition  would  Ik»  impi'owd. 

The  sefiTtnrv  of  tlie  Cniindinn  Mannfacturprs"  As-orln(ion  says: 
'*  Tlu*  employer  who  dwhire^s  a  loi-kont  may  l>e  promptly  arrested 
and  fined,  but  if  his  workingnien  to  the  ntunl>er  of  a  thousand  ^o  on 
a  strike  in  viohition  of  ihr  art  it  is  nti^nrd  to  snppost'  that  (ht'v 
could  all  be  arrested  and  broug:ht  before  a  magistrate.  Moreover,  it 
would  be  the  veriest  folly  for  an  enijiloyer  who  is  auxiou?^  to  get  hw 
men  bn^k  to  work  to  Iihvo  ^^ome  of  llieir  numl>er  nrre?^tt*i1;  for  sin-h 
artion  wtnild  immediately  nnike  the  parties  api)rehende*I  appear 
like  heroes  and  martyrs  in  the  eyes  of  their  foHows."' 

The  solicitor  for  the  T'nited  ^Fine  Workers  in  western  Canada 
Biid:  *•  It  is  not  practicable  lo  enforce  the  full  penalty  ajrainst  the 
men  if  they  care  to  strike.  Each  man  would  have  lo  be  Iried  sepa- 
rately. If  there  were  l.i}0(')  nien  out  on  strike,  nml  two  trials  a  day, 
it  woidd  take  a  court  three  yeai-s,  attemliup:  to  this  business  alone 
while  in  session,  to  clear  its  docket  of  these  cases." 

Penattjf  for  in^ting  to  }/tH'ottt  or  etrtke, 

60.  Any  peison  who  incites,  encourages  or  nida  in  any  manner  any 
employer  to  doclaiT  or  continue  a  lockout,  or  any  employee  to  po  or 
contiinie  on  strike  contnirv  to  the  provisions  of  this  act.  shall  bi? 
piiltv  of  an  offense  and  liable  to  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $50  nor  more 
!lian'$l,(MH». 

'*  Incites,  encourapes,  or  aids  in  any  manner  any  employer  *  ♦  ♦ 
or  any  employee,"  This  applies  chiefly  to  violations  by  workin*rmen, 
as  the  employer  is  uMially  tlie  sole  party  n-sponsible  for  a  hx-kout. 
Tlie  Trade-s  and  Labor  Cou«^:ress  voted  in  favor  of  i"e|>ealin^  thi^ 
section,  possibly  because  it  seems  directed  especially  against  union 
officei's.  Rtit  wliile  it  would  prevent  sympathetic  strikes,  it  would 
also  pi-event  enipIoyei*a  from  ji^istin^  each  other  in  labor  difficulties, 
either  tiiiancially  or  by  Iradiug  contract-s.  Two  union  officers  have 
been  con\icted  for  advocatinj;?  a  strike,  under  this  section,  and  fines 
of  $0(X)  each  imposed;  but  the  conviction  has  not  been  jH'esseiL 

Procedure  for  enforHng  penrrlHeft. 

61.  The  pro<^ethnv  for  enforcing  penaltie>^  imposed  or  authorixod 
to  be  imposi'd  by  this  act  shall  be  that  pre>.cnbeil  by  Part  XV  of  the 
Tlie  Criminal  Coilc  relating  to  summary  convictions. 

The  New  Zealand  act,  1000,  says: 

&6.  *  *  *  (1)  ProoetMlinirs  to  recover  the  penalty  by  this  act 
imposed  in  re^jH'ct  (»f  any  such  oflVnse  shall  be  taken  in  the  court  in  a 
snmmary  way  undcT-  il"'  i.ti«\  i^i.»f,.;  of  "The  Justices  of  the  Peace. 
Act,  18!52,"  nud  th  liall.  mutatis  mutandis,  apply  in 


724 


Br^LETTir  OF  THF  BTIHBAr  OF  tABOR 


I  like  mnniHM*  ns  if  the  court  wciv  u  conrl  of  jiihtircs  cxercijrtiig  jfum- 
nmry  jurisiliction  tii»*l*'r  that  Jirt : 
Thr  Nfw  ZeiiliiiKl  art,  1001,  says: 
I  »16.  Proc'wdinirs  for  the  eiifon-emenl  of  nnv  itnlustriul  n^reenientj 
or  awftnl,  or  onfor  of  the  conrt  i»uiy  U'  taken  \»y  the  inspivtor  of  fm 
torios  of  tlie  «Iistri(t.  »ri<l  itt  nuy  such  case  it  shall  not   he  neoesftn 
for  II  union  or  nssueiiition  to  puss  nny  rt>8olution  r>r  take  any  Imlln 
authorizing  suth  priKveilings*. 
Suits  for  violating  the  act  aro  tisuiilly   brought  by    the   injiiret) 
parties,  i1iou<;h  it  is  (liscretii)UHry  with  the  minister  of  lahor  to  mako 
i      Crown  eases  of  theui.  .  Hut  offieials  will  sekloni  interfere  if  the  paiiiejs^ 
Hdirtrtly  affected  are  not  sufficiently  intei-esteil  to  do  bo.     Some  laboi 
*       men   think  all   cases  shouhl  \h'  hrou^ht   hy   the  government,  as  llie 

•  prcsi'nt  arnmgeuient  gives  an  inlvantuge  to  the  siile  having  the  longer 
purne.    Speaking  of  this  question,  a  fetlentl  official  ex|>erience(l  with 

the  Hci  write-^:  "^  It  is  M|ipaivrUly  nssunied  that  if  lieithei*  parly  to 
^  given  dispute  is  sufliciently  interested  to  invoke  the  niaeliini'ry*  of  tin 
■  a^'ty  no  particular  grievance  C4tn  be  felt  by  cithen    Tlus  is  stmiUr  U 

the  law  of  trespass  or  of  lilKd.     It  mnnt  In?  admitted,  however,  that 

this  d«Ms  not  nu'ct  the  whole  cast*;  one  party  or  the  otlier,  in  the  chh*: 
B^^  the  infringement  of  the  act,  may  feel  a  decided  grievance,  yet  may 

wish  to  throw  on  the  goveruincnt   the  resfwasibility  of  taking  th< 

necessary  ^teps  to  enforce  the  act." 


n from mnuhtt ton  of  a  hoard  hindin<j  in  rrrtntn  rattt^M, 

iV2.  Kither  party  to  n  disptite  which  may  l»e  referred  under  this  n< 
to  a  hoard  may  agn'e  in  wi'iting.  at  any  time  Iwfore  or  after  the  hoar 
has  nuidc  its  report  aufl  re<*ouuncnchition.  to  In*  iKumd  by  ihe  n*ci»m- 
mendation  of  the  l>oard  in  the  same  manner  as  iiaities  ai*e  bound  u[M>n 
an  award  nuide  pursuant  to  a  refercuce  to  arbitration  oji  tlu*  order  of 
II  ctmrt  of  record:  e^ery  agreement  so  to  be  boiuid  made  by  one  part^ 
siuill  be  forwni'ded  lo  the  registrar  who  sluill  rommuuicale  it  lu  the 
other  party,  ami  if  ll»e  (»ther  party  agrees  in  like  manner  to  be  lionml 
by  the  rceoinuiendation  of  the  board,  then  the  irntuuucMdation  sIihII'i 
he  nuule  a  rule  of  the  said  court  on  the  appliintinti  iif  iIiIht  jijMi\''i 
aiul  shall  Ih'  enforceable  in  like  manner. 

The  Xew  ZcJilnud  act,  IIXK),  says: 

57.  .\t  any  tinu*  U'fore  the  board's  recoiniiiendalion  is  filed,  all  oi 
inny  of  the  parties  to  the  refereuci'  nuiy  by  mcuionindinn  of  consent  in 
the  iu*<'scrilM»d  form,  exei'uted  by  themselves  or  their  attornevs  (bn! 
not  by  their  repre.s<*ut»itives),  nud  filed  in  tlu'  r»fllf'e  of  iIh*  cUm'Ic.  ngm** 
lo  lurept    the   leconuuendatiou  of  the   board,   and    in  such   • 
boanl's  re<'ommeudalion,  when  (iled,  shall  operate  iiikI  Ik*  enfv 
in  Ihe  sauH'  tnaiuicr  in  all  respects  as  an  tndtistrifll  agreement  ilul; 
,<?xecutefl  and  filed  by  the  parties. 

lO-lb^  Wttnie  manner  as  parties  are  liouiid  upon  an  award  modi 
a  ivfcrcucc  to  arbitration  on  the  order  of  a  court 


CANADrAX   TNDUSTRTAIi  DTBPtJTES  ACTi 


725 


I 


I 


W 


record/'  This  is  the  only  instance  in  which  an  award  is  enforced  by 
the  government,  and  the  enforcement  is  based  npon  an  agi'cement  be- 
tween the  parties,  in  the  nature  of  a  contract,  and  not,  as  in  the  com- 
pulsory laws,  upon  the  authority  of  a  court  issuing  its  own  orders 
irresi>ective  of  the  will  of  the  parties  affected. 

In  such  cases  the  court  would  presumably  interpret  the  award. 
The  lack  of  an  interpreting  authority  is  a  wt?akne^s  in  the  act.  The 
board  may  provide  in  the  settlement  for  a  conciliation  committee  to 
smooth  over  difficulties  arising  in  the  application  of  its  decision;  but 
this  is  not  always  enough.  An  international  labor  officer  writes:  '*  I 
have  now  befoi'e  me  a  report  *  *  *.  setting  forth  the  discipline 
which  has  Iw^n  meted  out  for  trivial  and  trumped  up  offenses  to 

eleven  men  on  lines  in  the  vicinity  and  east  of  Montreid.  four  of  whom 

• 

have  been  dismissed,  which  clearly  indicates  that  the  company  is 
attempting  to  retaliate  upon  us  on  account  of  the  bitter  feeling  that 
was  engendered  during  the  negotiations  lx*fore  the  board  of  concilia- 
tion- It  is  the  more  pronounced  in  view  of  the  fact  that  these  dis- 
missals are  all  either  prominent  officers  or  memlx?rs  of  our  organiza- 
tion. In  addition  to  this,  it  is  further  clearly  pointed  out  to  u;^  by 
other  sources  of  information  that  the  company  entertains  very  bitter 
feelings  againsi  our  organization,  on  account  of  our  aggressiveness 
l)efore  the  board,  and  that  they  intend  to  make  reprisals  upon  our 
ranks,"  "Where  such  n  spirit  prevails  or  is  suspected,  thei'e  has  evi- 
dently l>een  no  true  conciliation,  nnd  the  act  has  failed  of  its  purpose 
in  the  tir^t  tii>pliciition.  But  if  there  were  an  authority  to  consider 
such  cases,  without  making  them  the  occasion  of  an  entirely  new 
refei-ence,  nggressions  by  either  side  would  be  less  likely  to  occur. 
Tlilh  soenis  to  Ik*  the  chief  advantage  in  having  ilie  parties  ix»fer 
their  settlement  entirely  to  the  boaixl.  as  provided  for  in  this  section. 

AppUeation  of  pvoHaionH  of  this  act  to  any  tHspute  />/*  joint  applira- 

iron  of  partits. 

63.  In  the  event  of  a  dispute  arising  in  any  industry  or  trade  other 
than  such  as  may  be  inchided  under  the  provisions  of  this  act.  and 
Mich  dispute  threatens  to  result  iu  a  lockout  or  strike,  or  has  actually 
resulted  in  a  lockout  or  strike,  either  of  the  parties  may  agree  in  writ- 
ing to  allow  such  dispute  to  l>e  referred  to  a  board  of  conciliation  and 
investigation,  to  be  constituted  un<ler  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

(5)  Kvery  agreement  to  allow  such  reference  shall  be  forwarded  to 
the  registrar,  who  shall  communicate  it  to  the  other  party,  and  if 
such  other  party  agives  in  like  njanner  to  allow  the  dispute  to  be  re- 
ferred to  a  board,  the  dispute  nuiv  be  so  referr^Hl  as  if  the  industry 
or  trade  and  the  parties  wei-e  included  within  the  provisions  of  this 
act. 

(3)  From  the  time  that  the  parties  have  been  notified  iu  writing 
by  the  registrar  that  in  consequence  of  their  mutual  agreement  to 
refer  the  dispute  to  u  board  under  »h«  Drovisious  of  this  act,  the 


726 


BV1XKZ1V   '^r  -rnn  mXMBJkXT  CBt  tJk' 


minister  h««  41(*<M'1i*''  ',*,•*'' 

bind  the  parlie.^ 

"Ami  if  sucJi  i>ther  party  a^rww  in  likt?  lnann^^.''     ThLs  !■  *-  i- 
jH»ne<l  in  n  f^inplr  iiistftnci',  involvini;  a  largp  crattan  mill,  ^ 
bounl  oUiiinwi  a  satisfactory  wltWjrnt.     In  olhcr  vas^s  oiu?  p«riT 
IxMH  applied,  I'Ut  tltc  Htrongvr  yuU*  ha<i  refn*«d  to  conie  under  the 


Colitis  not  to  recoffnUt  rt'port«  of  or  tntimohy  hrfore  a  hoards  ^avyj 
in  prottectitwHs  for  per/vry. 

04,  No  court  of  the  Dominion  of  Oina<U«  or  of  any  Pro*Mifcc*^ 

Torrilory  tht*nH)f,  shall  have  powor  or  jiirtsdiction   lo  nvo^ize 
i»nffiro4%  *»r  to  nn't'ive  in  I'videncp  any  re|>ort  of  a  hoard,  or   i 
niony  or  i.tr^K'ivdiii^'s  U'foro  a  IkmihI,,  ns  iipiinst  any  |Hrrjson  o. 
pnriHJHo,  except   in  the  case  of  the  prosecution  of  such    pennon  U 
pi»rjury. 

Ttrhnwality  not  to  infuiluiate  prorYttlin^s, 

(lA.  No  proceeding  under  thi^  act  Bhall  l>e  deemed  invalid  by 
of  any  ileiecl  of  form  or  any  lechnicul  invgularity. 

Pitifinent  of  nerrir4fn  under  acL 

(Ml,  Thi*  minister  shall  (.lo(<>rniine  th<'  nllonance  or  amounts  lo 

imid  lit  all  pennjus  iilher  tliau  ihu  nienihors  uf  u  Ixiard^  employed 
he  tfttvfrniuent  or  nny  hoard,  including  the  re;iir^irttr,  :^iHMvtari< 
I'h'rir*,  rx|W'rts,  stonof^rnphors  or  other  person.s  pcrfunning  any  serv 
Uh>-  Mudcr  the  proviMon-i  of  thin  act, 

/S>MrrNftf}ft»  under  act  to  he  reported  to  re^strttr. 

\\y  In  i>n^  uf  proNecutinnn  under  thi!<  act,  whethi^r  a  conviction  u 

lU'  ("  ttitl  i.iiluiiii'd,  ii  Nhall  U»  ll»e  duty  of  llio  clerk  of  the  court  )»efitrt 

\^ttlih  tiu\     u.  It  hioMTUtiou  lakes  pliui*  to  hrieH^^  report  the  partiin^ 

It'  'itii*n  to  ihi*  rcpslrar  within  thirty  days  after  ti 

.(..  ,.4d»  and  hueh  clerk  shall  l>e  enutJed  to  a  preM^iibe^ 

't»"Ut  of  hot  nervioe!<  i 

^^^  iiW  mu^  mukr,  tdier^  onti  ttotntd  rfg**l^iionM* 

Bfct.    I  \\y  '   >»k  (••iiinril  intv  inMk<»  reg-ulution;*  a<?  (o  Hi^  iMrtI 

■■■t 

y^Hf  -  to  him  I 

\1  itt   (he  .several  provUiotiH  ot   tiii^Hil 

\i  .\  fi.t-.i'  i^ii  the  day  of  *^"    i.iil*!i--<|^H 

.ill  U-*  hi  I  iS 

||.  lUMi*  or,    II     I  it  I  n;i|iit4^^| 

|k*  I   the  opening  uf  tUtt^H 


GAJ^APIAN    INDUSTRIAL  DISPXTTES  ACT. 


727 


60.  All  charges  and  cxijeuses  incurred  by  the  government  in  con- 
tection  with  the  adniinistratitm  of  this  iiol  hhall  be  defrayed  out  of 
ich  appropriations  as  are  made  by  Parliameul  for  that  puri>ose. 

Report  to  Pttrliament, 

TO.  An  annual  report  witK  respect  to  the  matters  transacted  by  him 
[tiuder  this  act  sliall  lx»  made  by  the  niini>ler  to  the  goveruoi-ii;i'ueraL 
«nd  shall  W  hud  before  Parliament  within  the  first  fifteen  days  of 
each  session  thereof. 


APPENDIX. 


W 


PROCEEDINGS  UNDER  THE  CANADIAN  INDUSTRlAli  DISPUTES 
INVESTIGATION  ACT.  1907.  MAKCH  22.  1907,  TO  JANUARY  15» 
1908. 

The  following  statements  are  fmm  a  report  entitled  "Copy  of  re- 
turn to  Parliament  relating  to  the  Industrial  Disputes  Investigation 
Act,  1007,  showing  tlie  proceedingii  under  the  act,  fiom  March  22, 
aSOT,  to  Janiian,'  15,  IOCS;" 


«1:MAIAUV  ok  rUlKKKnrXGS  rXDER  the  TXDr.<5TRIAL  DISPITES 
IXVESTIfiATION  ACT,  1007,  FROM  MAR(  H  2-J.  VJ07,  TO  KKiSlUAUY  15, 
100$. 


ApiiUmtlnns  roDcernlne  iliai>uUf«  lo  uIdm  ftnd  rubUc  atlllttes. 

AppUca- 

tloiicun- 
cvrnitLK  div 
patet)  in 
IihIuai  rl»M) 
othrr  thnn 
mhtM  nn<l 

IMihlir 

utaJtla. 

1 

Total 

relw- 
ports 
iinilor 

Blt. 

to 

• 

Ooncertilni  tnlnei 
nn<l  smHten. 

19 

Concmifnc  tranirTiortmtlon 
and  coRnnanlcatlon. 

11 

DbputM 
rpfwred  by 

CODAOOtot 

pa  rile* 

concernid. 

1 

ao 

COBi 

mJuM. 

•IS 

MctaUlt- 

erooa 

bUdm. 

8 

ways. 

•8 

Sblp- 
ptnc. 

S 

Stm't 
raDways 

1 

ItrllBM  ftTsrtad  or  codtd 

ttrfltwiMrt  awrted  or«iidcd.. 

MS 
*1 

3 

9 

8 
0 

s 

I 

0 

1 

0 

1 

U 

3 

8 

« 

I 

1 

C9 

•  In  ihe  vnuf  of  thnf*  af  lhe*e  Applications  tbe  dlapafes  wwr«  settled  befora  Ui«  board 

id  *"' .»-.* I 

^  1  >utc<!  anionfE   the  rnrloiis  clnssi*s  of  railway  cmptoypc*  ni  foi- 

tw>  ■•,    I;    rniK'tilDlMtit,    I;   mraiea,    2;    flr<?itii'u    ami    enjiloeera,    1; 

rcljzi-  ■  ' •  '-*.  2. 

'1  'II  with  th<*  varliniA  aripllcjitiona  for  lnvf«tlirntWMui, 

111*4.    1    111   Cb4f   cii««   of  rntlwrti*^.    aud    1    111    lli#  i-aSA 

(I   l>qarO,  bat 
^   lM*[ik-f^u    tbe 

ir     (in  p  t  u-pi      v\  ,i"s     lu     I'* — .Mill      V."  II  tin      i  nt-     >t  i  tr.i       wis     tlv-i-i  '■■tl  i  i'ln  ^'      i  tir     illffemjce    of     I 

^twcvu  tbc  Aum  Kit  Lbc  tieurcs  lu  tbia  cvluina  and  tbe  ni^ur^s  at  tbe  bead  of  tbe  roluma- 


B728                    BuiXKTrs  OF  the  BrscAU  OF  Labor.                 ^^^H 

^1                                                                            APn.KMTIONfl   rr>R  BOARim  o^M 

^^^^^K                    A.— MINES.  .\(2RxnEa  or  tbanbtohtatidm  AHtf  comt^^ 

^B^^^^                                                       Ooirt  Mteoa.                                                                       ^ 

n 

■    ;g        PTtimiodlipai.. 

tMloo. 

LocAMty. 

bmat 

SftUuw  at  iBaiiilli. 

1 

laoT. 
,        Apr,   a 

OomlMrUMl    Ra^awmr 
ftiid  Oosl  Oo.    and 

etnplufnaa.i^j 

Kmplor- 

Bprtnctm.  K.  8 

t.iw 

Hiyr.  • 

Canada  WmI  OokI  and 
Ooka  O).    and  an- 

do... 

Tabtf.  Alia 

u» 

OoaeoffBtDB  hoafaoC 
labor. 

Waatern  Coal   Opara- 

Urr*  AMuHaUiia  ami 

nupkiytva;  (*) 

OaoaOlan     Ainert- 

emu     Ooml     anil 

Coka  Ou. 

Orow'M  Kaat  Pwm 

Coal  Co. 

ao..„ 

— do 

Frank.  All»„ 

FWfile.   Coal  Ctwk. 
MIefaal.  B.  0. 

i.mo 

OoDownlDc       IcnaiL 

of      JOlttK       ^IM 

maht,     Irtali^^H 

and    ottwr   Win 
Uotu    u(    •uiplnyH 
DMnt. 

rr'r--,"-'   --m;!!*! 

do.... 

Colrman,  Alta 

m 

J 

1 

^^Hf  ' 

W                                I'lHtl 

•. ••' ""     \  Llni- 

Ilnvkrjiililitr     and 

l,iiiiil  C»ul  Ou. 
II.    W.     MeXain 
fool  Co. 

Pai-inr  Cutl  Oo 

rijiub.irlna.1    Kallway 
auil    Vuik\    Vu.    Niid 

«mplorc<B. 

do— 

do,.-. 

do.-. 

do  — 

do 

Utlr  and  Ifaatevue..-^ 

I^imlbrwk.  Alta.    ... 

Csninare.  Alta. 

lUnklMwd.  Attn 

SprlncWII.  N.8 - 

IS 

1 

OoDcdOlDa     t»ax- 
nenl  tor  work  id 
ouiinlar  Irrda  aniX 

'atono      In      pOlor, 
work. 

^■Hp  ^ 

AllMTtn     Itnltwar    anil 
lrrU;ntl><n    Co.    mid 
iiiiit>ltiyiH^     cif    rnal 
nitncH, 

do... 

t,»thbrMff*.  Alta 

MO 

CoiirrruliiK        'MUiilt* 
tloiiM     or    wiiiiloj-- 

meot. 

1 

^K  July  n 

OiiinbarlAit'l    Railway 
atid    OuaI    Oo.    aud 
omitlnjroaa. 

do,... 

Kiirlnfflini.  N,  H 

i.nw 

Oontwminc     waff** 
and   otlMr  eoodlj 
tlona    of  miidtftr' 

nivnt. 

1 

^^p         ■ 

■    'T     [■ 

1 

^B                                                                                                   with   thrar  illHjMili'H  '1                                                           ^^^H 
H      lin                                                                                                                               It                                                                 ^^1 
^H      rci|i|i-«    or    tli>-    \^••\    (vi-i<'    1*  vjiuiiiiii     itir    •lixt  rltMlllnA,       Hit    prOVUfoii"    iii    i  ■-•ui*<:<|>r>'ii>  r-    \«  c  re    c'^^^^l 

^H    rullir  luiuwn  by  tb«  parUm  al  tbi'  (loio  tUi'M  dUitul^v  iircurT*<d.                                               ^^M 

CANADUN    INDUSTRIAL.  DISPUTES  ACT, 


729 


OOXCIIJATION  AXD  TXVESTIGATIOX. 

NICATION,  AND  OTHEB  rUBUC-BERVlCE  UTIUTIKS. 

Cool  min€M. 


of 

of 
ttaftrd.C) 


Sir  Win.  Mu 
HK-k.C:  t') 
J.  L.  P«rlr- 
er.  E:  UP. 
Kekattla, 
U. 

81r  Wm.  Mti 
Uwk.  O:  (■*) 
FJS.  Smith. 
E;  L.  P. 
Rekitelti. 
M. 


Juttlrtt  Qrs- 
bftfii.C:  (*> 
P.  S.Arohl 
bslJ.  E: 
R.  B.  Mat- 
nT,U. 


Judc*  Patter- 
wn,  O:  i^» 
P.  8.Ar<4il 
buhl.  C: 
R.  B.  Mur. 
t«y,  U. 


Dst«oo 
wbldi    ,  Datvof 
boaM      ift  tines 
cooatl-    of  board 
tutotJ.    I 


1907. 


Apr.  M 


Mtty  17 


IflOT. 


Apr.  » 

.Mmt    a 


Marts. 

Jol]r8,4. 


July  r 


July  31. 
AilK.t, 
8«pt. 
0,13. 


Dmttol 

racdpt 
oJ  re- 
port of 
board. 


1907. 


Hay  to 


Jvis  IS 


Seiit.zi 


On  Apr.  1  pmplnyMJi  went  on  •trfk>.  It  wa«  mU 
IciSrtl  by  otnployerti  that  they  were  onilcr  Imr't^s- 
ftiuo  that  the  iiilne$  of  Novn  Scotia  w#re  oxomiri 
(ruui  provUioiu  uf  not.  VVbra  It  was  explained 
act  Hpplieil  to  all  Canada,  finplojreei  rrtuniM  to 
work  Apr.  8.  DifllruUr  ainhrably  settled.  No 
board  coiMlltuted. 

On  .\pr.  1  eiriployor  ItK'keil  t»ut  Mnpluyma.  Em- 
pluycr  allvfcd  that  tlik  u  »n  ilntie  In  iKDoranrc  of 
provtatona  o]  act.  Whan  informed  of  provtaloiia 
of  act  by  doiiurtmeni.  mines  wnv  reopaoed  oo 
Apr.  18.  8ubBeqi>«mly  an  auilr-able  aeiUemeot 
waa  efTe€t«d  throuch  Inter^'entlon  of  Sir.  J.  D. 
McNIven.  fair  wacoa  offlcer  of  drpartmoot.  No 
board  constituted. 


EniDloycea  w«Dt  on  lUlke  In  the  several  ihIom.  Mhile 
proceadlnca  were  i»«ndlnc  In  coauw-llun  uiih  IIm 
oatabllabineot  of  the  bonrda  nf  coni'lhnttna  and 
lni-i»>t!'r"ri'Mv  In  conaequeucc!.  It  wii»  allcjccd.  Of 
nii^i;  vcs  which  arose  throuch  Urnorance 

of  ti<  -  of  the  nrt.    lite  deputy  mlnlateik 

of  liilc.i   .,,.   ..r   V'-"^ '(    \pr.  ID  to  exnlala  to 

the  partiea  the  t   tf*e  law.     While  in 

Pemla  the  parli<  in  his  ioicfVentioD  ai 

a  conrlilatur  iiii.l. .  :  ■  >  .tillintlna  .Vrl  luCiO  and 
an  airreannit  was  ettected  on  May  4.  The  boarda 
t-unvuDcol  n(  PtTtHt*  (ID  Apr.  A),  but  a<iJi>uruAj 
pronvaliniE!*  i>ciiillnc  liivmtiiruttond  by  the  deputy 
niJnl»<ter.  Ou  Miu  ri  xtn*  boards  rccoarcDcd  to 
receive  from  the  jlirtles  a  furin:il  ntutetnent  that 
tliH  dlfferwicw  had  bcm  ndjti4te<l,  n  furl  her  ceaaa- 
tlon  of  work  t>«lnir  tltert^y  averted.  An  Im- 
liortant  feature  ut  (he  ^etllrinent  wa»  the  estab- 
Ilalnnent  of  a  standlnic  ntniniUtee  of  concUiailoa 
between  Ute  eniplnycra  hihI  emiployeee,  to  which 
future  dlflereneec  were  to  t>o  referred. 


Boanl  beJntf  unable  to  elTeel  u  Mttlement  by  eondl- 
latlon.  prf«eotf<l  u  reintrt  »Iki»'<<  *''•'  ">■*  chalruiaa 
and  Mr.  .Vitiilbald.     Miuurli  >  -  prewjoMd 

by    Mr.     Miirrny.     The    rr^-  *    of    tlM 

boanl  were  wt  nrrtptetl  hj    ....      ...   .vi-e*.     The 

«triWe  which  was  irireatenM  prior  l«*  the  appl****- 
tkin  fnr  hoard  on  Uny  8  wna  averted  for  the 
time  heinc  and  d^x-k  plm-e  on  Ang.  I,  eontlnulnc 
until  Oct.  31,  when  the  einployrev  returned  to 
work  nn  the  cna<litt<>n«  rproinniended  In  the  re- 
ptirt  of  the  board. 

Amicnblft  scitU'iiit^t.  tnHuiKnF  Bffrf*«nent  rs  to  cod 
flltluns  of  eniploymefit  mid  eatfihll»ihnient  of  a 
stamtlug  eoiMinlttee  of  e'lnelllatlon  eftei'ted  be- 
twiKTi  |i:iTtli'(t  wtifli*  honrd  wn*  Jri  iirnreai)  of 
eonHCitiitl-^n.  "trlke  bHnt  thereby  averteil. 

Enipl'iyew  deplarwl  a  j"trlke  on  Auk.  1  in  refprence 
In  question  of  pnynimt  of  utonn  In  pllliir  wtwk, 
havlnff  refiiMHl  to  nr<iipt  tbr  rminiinrndiittnri*  of 
thf»  board   apiM-ilntr*!   Mnv    i:    t-.  .ii-.i    Mirti   thia 


a  J" 


anhfert.     In  virtue  of  ihl!<  ■ 
fore   the   b*»anl    were    sn-t-. 

Wlien    ihf  r»M)r.l   aiT    for   t< 
an   1 
tbr   ■ 


.\ppltriiItonH  for  a  iioard  were  rrrelved 

Api'clTtT.  d  Ii^   tti*^  nlnlKi' r  und- r  -trr:: 


be- 

■■i-ited 

.^1  on  4>tt.  81. 

on    I  lie  r*»nfll- 

r  tir  [K.t  h.-.ard, 

utr. 
,.f    of 

ttir  jotnt  ree- 


728 


BULLETIK  OF  THE  BUBEAU   OF  LABOR. 


APPLICATIONS  FOE  BOARDS  OF 
A.— MINES,  AOENCXES  OF  TRANSPORTATION  AND  COUMU 
Coal  Mine*. 


Pats  of 
rwfllpt 
■piaica- 


PartJH  to  iJlspute. 


Apr.    S     CuDibwlHDd    ft^llvmr 
And  OoAl   Oo.    sad 


Avr. 


M»r 


Mut  ^ 


Oflniida  WutOaal  end 
Coke  Go.    iDiJ   em- 


W«tem   OasL  OtKrA- 
ton  AasodstJofl  aim] 

OAnAdUn  Am^^- 
tan  OoAl  HDd 
Coke  Co  • 


Co  At  <7o. 


TntwnatSonfti  Conl 

uml  Coke  Oo. 
Wrat     CuAaiHun 
■    OoUl*riM     CLIm- 

Lund  Cwfll  Cij, 
If.    W.     MeXelll 
Co  ft  I  r*i. 

Pllflt^C  Ciial  Pr> 

CuiuiH^rleinU  Kallvrar 
uiul  Ciiul  Co.  and 
employee. 


Albertn    Rftllwoy  antl 

IrrlifBthin    Cu,    and 
pmplnyff?s    ill     c'tf^l 


JuJj  13     Cuniborlanil     EiUlway 
and    (Tual    Cd.    and 


•  C,  chairman;  E.  employer;  M,  men. 


luf  a)>Dll' 
patlga. 


do 


.do. 


do 


,-do. 


.do. 


I^ocaUtr. 


spri&fftim*  y.  s... 


Tabftf.  Alta. 


Frunk,  Alta 


Pernlt,   Coal  Orwk, 
MIfbel,  B.  G, 


CrUcmaii.  Alta 

LUteand  l^JeVue., 


Liindbi-erlCt  Alta. 
CiiDmore.  AlU— 


Daakliesdi  Alta.- 
BtfrliiEriUI,  N.B.. 


lethbrtdee,  AltA._ 


Hprinffhin,  N.  S. 


Xum- 
ber  ot 

ptr- 
wnASf 
f acted. 


Nature  of  dliput«. 


IpWO 


ISO 


£9> 


i,na 


srra 

1,700 


OoDCfltrtibiff  emplDT- 
meat  ol  nononloa 
WoriEmcn. 


Oauemteff  houra  of 
labor. 


OoDCccTQliiiit  temu 
of  Joint  asre^ 
mea  t.  Includla^ 
K'a^n  schedule 
and  ot})er  eondl- 
ttoni    nt   employ- 


400 


1,700 


CoaeernJoc  pay- 
inent;  fur  work  in 
coii&t«r  Idveli  Ami 

'itone  En  pDJar 
work. 


OonMmlTjK      randi- 
tloDA    of    cnrptojr^ 


Gonc«rnln£  waccs 
and  other  coihII- 
ttotif  of  BfiiHoy 
meot. 


•It  Ik  Imi>ortant  to  note  In  connection  with  these  diaputes  that  the  Indnatiial  Dispute* 
XnveHtlKBtlon  Act  was  not  afmentcd  to  till  Mar.  2'2,  1007.  It  was  some  weeks  Uter  before 
copies  of  the  act  were  available  for  dlstrlbottoD.  Its  proTlslons  in  consequence  wen  not 
faj}r  kDowD  bj  tbe  parties  at  the  time  these  disputes  occurred. 


CANADIAN    INDUSTRIAL    DISPUTES   ACT. 

ATION  AND  INVKSTIGATIOX— Cunt!uu»Hl. 
CATIOX,  AND  OTHCa  I'EBUC-SEnVICE   ITIUTIE8— CautUJiied. 

Coal  mine* — ('oncludrd. 


I 
^ 


■ 


Names  of 
mruiberf  of 

board.  (■> 


JudxaWibon. 
C:  i»)P,  B. 
Smi'h.  K. 
F.  H.  8li«- 
man.  M- 

Hon,  C.  W. 
F  Ivher  , 
C:  (►(J.  R. 
McDonald. 
E:  P.  H. 
ShvrmnD, 
U. 

Kr.  Justkt 
Sloart . 
O:  (•)«.  A, 
Jonea,  E: 
F.  H.  8h«- 
man,  31. 

ICr.  Jii«ilM 
Stuart, 
O:  (')  R. 
DucKan.E: 
F.  H.Shi-r- 
tnnn.  M. 

Mr.  Jnstlr^ 
Stuart . 
O:  (V  J. 
Bhorthoiue, 
B:  F.  H. 
Sherman. 
M. 

O.  Mootcoa- 
ery,  C;  (M 
F.  L. Otter. 
X:  F.  U. 
Shrrman, 
M. 

Judfv  Pattpr- 
»OD,  C:  (*) 
R.  B.  Mur- 
ray. M:  lil- 
rani     Don- 

J.DIxFraipr. 
E:  Dr.  \. 
Kvadall.M. 
P.P..  M. 

W.  B.  Bai- 
lout E. 


Date  on 
which 
hoard 

tlltWl. 

Date  of 

«lttiae« 
of  board. 

Date  of 
rocvlpt 
o<fe- 
port  of 
board. 

lUOT. 

Sapt.ao 

1007. 
Oct.  14. 
Ui.   I«. 
IT. 

lOOT. 

Oct.  ei 

Sept'.M 

Oct.     7 

Kov.   1 

Not.  SO 

Dec.fi.S 

Dee.    20 

Kor.»0 

Dk.    6. 

Doc.   Sd 

Vov.fl) 

Dw.    6. 

•.7. 

Dm.   ^ 

Dae.     2 

Dec.  la. 
10. 

Dk.   2S 

Dm.  U 

l9Qi. 

Jan.  8. 

9.    10. 

Jan.  S3 

The  board  i»m«otod  a  nnanlnHHM  rcfkort.  which, 
thoujrh  nr.t  fonnaUy  m»peitt*Hl  by  tbr  portl^, 
formal  ih(*  basi5  of  nn  Arrcfliicnt  BUbwriUfntly 
r9»rb(><l  bj"  tluMii,  ami  rp|K>rtMl  t*)  the  di'^art- 
niCTit,  a  strrin'  l>c>lnE  thtri-by  nvprtinl. 

l^a  rr|»ort  of  thr  bfiard  wa*  accouipanlM  by  a 
minority  report  by  Mr.  Stiermun.  ThouRti 
Dctihcr  roc'ort  wttf  foririnlly  nr-on'Twl  by  th« 
partly,  A  fEfttlprnont  wnJi  r^tiWml  in  ri»)<ti>«|Ufnr-« 
ft  ttie  Inquiry  by  ttip  board  and  a  <itrlke  liiprcbjr 
ftvertM. 

Dlfferanres  ndjfi^twl.  aod  acirement  coDrliidwl  be- 
fore board,  diitlnit  froin  TVr.  0.  1007,  imtn  Uar. 
SI.  1900.  0  Strike  b«lDf  thereby  arorled. 


Do. 


4 

i 


Do. 


DlfTereoces  adjuiit^d.  and  aRr^nneol  cotKlualcd 
(ore  board,  dating  frnrn  8opt.  t^.  m>7,  n 
H»r.  31,  loop,  a  auike  baUiB  tlifrr«by  averliMt. 


iitn 


Tbe  board   preeentcil   a  UDanlmoiu  n^tort,    ublrhi 
tlw  rraployeeff  cxprm^nl   a    u-Il)int^(*<i^,    anit   ihm 
company  an  unwlillnirn«i^.  to  a»<tpt.    A  further 
cessation  of  work  han  not  taken  place. 


Board  not   folly   eonatttuled   on  date  of  rscum, 
r«b.  IS. 


Do. 


Ut'tatlifervuM  minra. 


lOQT. 

IWK". 

1007. 

JaAgt   WB- 

8«pt.0 

Ort     10 

Dee.   SS 

Bon,  C\  i'\ 

to  Use. 

J.  A.  liar 

17.  til 

vcy.E:8.s. 

terinlt- 

Taylor.  M. 

tently. 

Tl>e  board,   after  an  exhaostlvn  hiqiiiry  |rit.->  mln- 


t»e  rondltlunii  In   British   « 
unanfiDoiii     report,      itir 

Wtlit'h    w  rrc   of    iT'"'T'r;il    .'It' , 

mill. 

lu:i  ' 

dat 

ami 

r(«c 

in  oti*r  I'hTU  ot  I)"*  rr'>vi:i. 


on  tbi»  Joint  rM**i 


lBt»d  Ur  thf  minister  itfid«>r  m«i-iI«iu  A.  itiiTi«<>i.Mliiu  !t.  uf  ib«>  ao 

,,,...    .0  ....    ....  .......    ...  ......  -ppnintciV 

>u  h.  »ul)«ccUoa  2,  of  tlie  act,  Jn  the  abscaa  of 


7S0 


BUIXETIN  OF  TSB  BUBEAtT  OP  LABOB. 


APPLICATIONS  FOE  BOARDS  OV  G&SCtlX 

A.— MINES.   AGENCIES  OF  TRANSPORTATION  AND  COHMUNI 

Coal  mines- — Concluded. 


Date  of 
receipt 
applica- 
tion. 

■ 

Parties  to  dispute. 

Party  mak- 
ing appli- 
cation. 

LoeaUty. 

Num- 
ber of 
per- 
sons af- 
lected. 

Natun  of  dilate. 

1007. 
S«pt.l6 

Hosmer  mines  and  em- 
ployees. 

Employ- 
ees. 

Hoanwr,  B.  C_ 

im 

Ooneernfng-  wagn 
and  other  condl- 
tlona  of  employ- 
ment. 

Sept. 18 

irnicrest  Coal  and  Coke 
Co.    (Limited)    and 
employees. 

._-_^o.„_ 

Hllterest,  AJta 

n 

-do. , 

No*.   6 

Canada  VTest  Coal  and 
Coke   Co.    and  em- 
ployoes. 

do.™ 

TalMT,  Alta 

IM 

Oonrernine  waees. 
bours,  and  other 
conditions  of  em- 
ployment. 

Domestic  Coal  Co.  and 
employees. 

do — 

do. 

ct 

do 

Duagan    Hontrods  & 
Co.  and  employees. 

do 

do 

49 

Concemioc  wases, 
hours »  ttod  other 
condttfona  of  labor. 

Nov.  12 

Stratheona  Coal  Co. 
and  employees. 

do 

Edmonton,  Alta 

M 

Concerning  wnget, 
hours,  and  other 
conditions  of  em- 
ployment. 

Not.  SI 

Cumberland    Railway 
(in»l    Cnnl    Co.    and 
cini'Ioypcs, 

do 

SprineWll.  Alta 

1,70« 

Concerning  wages 
and  other  condi- 
tions of  labor. 

190S. 
Jan.  2» 

Vtb.  10 

1 

Dominion    Coal     Co.    ■ do 

fLInilteil)  ami  mem-  ! 
ber*  of  the  Frovin- 
cIbI    Workmen's  As- 
SfK>lntiun.                     1 
John      Mursh,      John    1  -      ilo 

Dominion,  O.  B 

Wood|>eckcr,  Alto.... 

7,000 

do    

Howell**.        Stevens 
Bros.,  conl  mine  op- 
erators,   dealt    with 
as  a  whoU'. 

, 

Metallifcrotmt  tmiiuM. 


190T.     I 
Apr.  21  ' 


ranii'Hnn  rnnf^olidated     Empl  o  y- 
Mlni:ig  nnd  HinHting        ees. 
C'l.  nnd  employee-*.      ; 


Moyie.    British    Co- 
lumbia. 


400     ConeeraiUK     wages 
and  honn. 


«C,  chairman;  E.  employer;  M.  men. 

*Apifofuti'il  hv  thf  mini.Uer  under  aectton  8.  aubsectlon  4.  of  the  act,  In  tbe  abseac*  of 
«  Jolat  recoamendation  by  tbe  two  memben  fLnt  «lv^^^*A- 


CANADIAN    TNIU'STBIAL  DISPUTES  ACT.                            781        ■ 

ATION  AND  IXVKSTIUATJON-Ooutluuwl.                                                               ^^B 

CATION.  AND  OTUGB  rrOLIC-SKRVICE  UTIUTISCS^-Conllaued.                                    ^^^| 

Cont  wine* — Coocludod.                                                                ^^^H 

Dfttc  on                    1>atft  or 

^H 

Nmncfl  of 

which      Da  l«  o  (      mvtpt 

^^^1 

mrinbntir  of 

boartl      vHtlnra       of  re- 

-^^^^^H 

b!7anl.(*) 

eonstl-  lof  board. 

tK>rtot 

^^^^^^H 

lUtMJ. 

board. 

^H 

ltt)7. 

li07. 

iflur. 

^m 

JudStt  WlUon. 

Sept.au 

Oct.  u. 

Oct.  n 

Tba  board  prcsentcwl   a  unanlmoaa  nqwrt,   whlrh,          ^H 

C^  t*)F.  11. 

W.   M. 

though    not    funaally    accoplMJ    by    the    p«rrlt«. 

SiD\*h.     E: 

i    17. 

toTJn**i   tlwt  baKi5  of   nn    nercrtnrnt   nuhcf^iix^iitly 

p.  H.  Sliw- 

n^ai'hMl   by    thrm.    an<l    rc^ortfj    to   ttte   tli-furi-          ^1 

iiiaii.  M. 

mrnt.  a  Btrlkr  brfng  thi-rrby  ovcrtrd,                              ^H, 

Uon.   C.    W. 

Sept.M 

Oct.     7 

Nor.   i 

Tli<t  r<?pnrt   t>(   ttu*  hoard   wa*   art'onipanl<Nl   by   a         ^H 

r  uhor . 

m!ni»rlty     n'jiort     by     Mr.      Shenimn.       Tltitiich          ^H 

C:  (*»J.  R, 

nHth(-r     rTiH>rt     was     foniinlly     ■rfPi)tr.I     by     Ih.'            ^H 

MrDonaM, 

r»nrttrti.  n  wit!«n<'nt  was  r^af-lH^I  in  ri-insrvitnnr.'          ^M 

E:      P.    H. 

of  the  Inquiry  by  tbi?  board  and  a  strike  l(»pr»:t>y         ^H 

Sherman. 

^H 

Mr.'    Jti4tln> 

yoT.» 

Dm.K.« 

Dfv.  M 

DlfTfraoMs  adjnvtpd.   and  acmco^nt  mDcltidad  be-        ^Hl 

8  e  ti  ■  r  t . 

furp  board,  dntlng  from  Drr.  D.  iiii}7,  uolU  Mar.         ^M 
81.  lOOO.  a  strike  babic  thereby  averted.                         ^M 

r:  (Ns.  A. 
Junes       E' 

K    F  H.RItrr- 

^H 

■^inon.  M. 

^M 

■Mr.     Ju-Piire 

Not.  so 

Dae.    h, 

Dae.  ns 

Do.                                                     ^_^H 

■^  Stuart, 

0,7. 

^^^H 

■  C;     iN    R. 

■  DucKan.E: 

■  pTH.  SIht- 

^B 

^1  man.  M. 

Bir.      JiHthH) 

KOT.SD 

Dae.    t 

Dir.  2S 

Do.                                                                        ^.^1 

H^  a  t  II  u  r  t  . 

'      fl.7. 

^^^M 

■  O:    <'>    J. 

^B  Stitirihcfiw, 

^^^^^|| 

■  E:    P.    H. 

*j 

^1  Sbvrraao, 

■  M. 

■^.  Montr'Hn- 

Ow.     f 

Der.W. 

Dae.   28 

DifTemiees  adJu^tM,   and  ayrMWAnt  i>n»rlnilpd  be- 

Vcry. O:  <    > 

n. 

fore   board,    dntlnr    from    Beju.    2.1.    Jvm.    until 

■  P.  L.Otlvr. 

■  S;    F.     H. 
^B  flherman. 

Mar.  SI.  IW*.  n  Btrflte  beiag  thereby  avcrtnl.                ^J 

■ 

Mm. 

IMS. 

1008. 

^H 

BbcJgv  Patt«r- 

Dk.   U 

Jan.  8. 

Jan.  22 

The  board  pre«ent^l  a  unaalmoup  rr;K>rt,    uhlrh                ' 

H  M>n.  C:  i') 

V.    1Q. 

tlK*  ciBployei'^  cxpr«>«'><I    u    uillinsiM^^.    and   ilk> 

■  R.  n.  Milt- 

Jl,l«. 

ftompany  nn  unvvBUnBtiw',  to  acrei»t.     A  furth.Tr 

■  nr.M:  tn- 

eesaatloD  of  work  ha*  Dot  Cak«n  [tlac«. 

^1  ram     fioa- 

■  khi.C) 

^V.THx  PranffT, 

, 

__„. 

Doard    not    folly    eonatlluled   on   date  of  return, 

■  K;     tn      A. 

Feb.  IB. 

■  Kcmlall.M. 

■  p.p.m. 

^V.    E.    Dul- 

no. 

HlM*.  E. 

^1                                                         Jrrl«fH;nxtff  miMPJt. 

WOT. 

IDQ? 

imr. 

Bbdct  vo- 

S(*pt.tl 

Oct     10 

Dae.   28 

Tt»e  board,    after  an  fxhaii^tlve  Infintry  Into  ndn- 

^■von,  C:  1*) 

to   tier. 

Inc  <?"f  "  '         ■      •■  ■"  '    '^  '      '  ■                  ■    :   n 

■j.  A.  Ilar- 

17.  In- 

unantiii                                                                        "t 

■vpy.Kis.s. 

tarmll- 

WlUrh    ; 

BrByior.  M. 

twiUy. 

mlnttlR    n..li; 

luinbla.    A  ^• 

dat!t»»»  wn--  '                                                                   '-. 

nil,  '                                                                                          1" 

^V   \ppt«lotcd  l-y  xUf  niluUlpr  umlrr  »«-tlon                        n  3,  of  Itii-  act.  oo  tliv  J«itnt  r-« - 

^m     endallou  of  thr  two  merah"r<9  fw.i i  ^  ,■_ 

^H      |>t>aiJiii*d  li>  ftifi  iululxt«T  Mtw.                     ^.  ■ubwctiun  -.  "'                    *t  ItM  nhaciicr  of 

^1      imtn<>iidBtioa  from  tb<*  iiart) 

782 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU  OF   LABOn. 

APPLUUTtON8  I-XUl  ISOARUH  OF  CONCH 
A.— AdNKH,  Ai3I:N(*IB8  OK  TRANSPORTATION  ASP  COMMI 

Metattifrrou9  mlnt» — Conclnded. 


loes. 

Jan.    0 


Partka  lo  dUputa. 


MfKlulty-rflrrRgb  Utn- 
Injr  On.  ( I.hnl  tnl  >  ami 
ItJj  emplnjmM. 


Tciiilcliiiriiluffoiiil  Hatf- 
futt  Uiiy  iUlnlDr  Co. 

<LtniUr<l)     nti(]     fftn- 

lilny'v*  of  sjiM  com- 
pany. 


Partjrtniik-I 
Incappli' 

cation. 


Locallir. 


N  am- 
ber of 

naftftf- 


Kmplor- 


Oubalt,  Onlnrla. 


do  — 


ISO 


KaMirv  (if  fllaput*. 


CunaomlDff     wi 
and  tioun. 


.Oo.., 


Sailtravt. 


1007. 
Aut.  SO 


Juna  s; 


Sapt.  i 


^QJ,  1« 


Jidy  u 


Grand  Trunk  Raflway 
Oo.  of  Canada  and 
macblnliU. 


Qfttiid  Tnink  Raflwiiy 
Co.  of  CHnnilA  nnit 
111  locomotive  cnsl' 

Cmmillitn  Pnrinc  Unit- 
way    t'o.    Hitd    rull- 


Oraihl  Trunk  Railway 
Cn,  nml  rullruiul  t*- 

kgrni.tw'm. 


R  ID  p  loy- 


Emplnyer 


K  ni  p  loy- 


Era  ploy  or 


tntMvolonlnl  Railway  do 

Iff  <' nun  tin  and 
frcticlil  ImiiillcrH  In 
It*  etiijiluy  at  Hull- 
fnx.  Not o  Hcotln. 


2Cor.a  ORDodlnn  Purlflo  Unit- 
way  0».  and  car- 
ntpn  vmpluynd  hy 
romnany  on  wwtfrn 
Una*. 

Hw.  19  Cnnndlan  Nortlii«ni 
Railway  and  nruDdj. 
»nir<ni<(npn.  nnd  lio»- 
t\m  In  lt»  (employ. 


do.^. 


Rmiilny- 

eea. 


Mont/aal.  Ottawa. 
Toronto,  Strat- 
lord,  ate. 


do. 


On  allllQMolO.P.R. 
In  Canada. 


lloDtnal . — 


naUfax.  N.  S.. 


Wvvlnrn  lUw*. 


Wliif.  -H 

tor >  ■  ■•- 

way. 


MO 


i.aoo 


l.flfiA 


MO 


i.sts 


OonrfMmlnff  •rhMiil* 

Inv-^-'--     -. 

III  iiii  iix'i   i'iM|>litjr- 

Concerulnff  iK'hMide 
tit  ¥fmitm  and  nila.  | 


nf  wnffra  niitl  ruUti 

of  emptoyuiakk. 


Ooncanilnff  wacaa 
and  othot  eotMll- 
tinni  of  inritdcfy- 
mcDL 


OaanrmlDC  wana 
■Dd  daaiUlcaUoo 
ot  BinployaM. 


CofK-omfnff     wac<M 
ami  liuura. 


I      (lonn  of  UDlou  Co 
I      Mni'loypT. 


•  V 


l»T  The  niir< 
rlir  (wi> 


•iitiaecttoa  3,  of  tlM  act.  «n  ?lia  ]«lii* 


CANADIAN    INDUSTRIAL    DISPUTES   ACT. 

ATION  AXn  IN\  KSTIUATIOX— C'cmtlnno*!. 
CATION,  AXU  OTIIKIt   PrBUC-SKRVUK  VTIMTIES— CcntlnuwL 
itrtatHferou*  m(iif«— Concluded. 


XKmM  of 
mnnlMr*  of 

b»rd.rj 


Prof.     A . 

8  har 1 1 , 
O:  <*»  E.C. 
Kliifftwcll. 
E. 


Prof.    S.   8. 
M  acl«nn, 

<';i'pM.P. 
Pumavfll*. 
C.  D.  Duke. 


Dure  OD  I 
wtitrh       Dniflnf 
bonril    I  afitlnff* 
coaitt)-    of  bonnl. 
tilled. 


1007. 
Dec.  n 


IAS. 
Jan.  31 


Dateol 
riNvliit 

of  n>- 
port  of 
t>oard. 


1008. 
Jftll.l.S 


Feb.   4. 
6.7. 


lOOR. 
JOIL  £! 


A  iinnnimotui  report  wn«  i»r#*rtit*'l  by  t!ii"  ti'inrd, 
mnJclni;  r«*oniiiiriitIntlnns  lor  tlie  seitlcmenl  of 
tho  ciUputc.  The  lin-llnipt  of  ih?  bonrd  wore  Dol 
formally  iiif«-iitt?il  by  the  |iartk>«,  but  tho  in- 
VMtlcutton  by  thr  Inmrd  Is  N-'lleirtl  to  hnxc  b«<ti 
bcneflcfnl  to  the  cnmn  ns  a  wtwic.  iirtd  the 
Btribe,  ^vbirh  wns  dertBre>l  tr>  be  Impeadini;  at 
tho  time  aiipllt'ution  wan  forwarded  to  tho  inln- 
liter,  h.is  bwn  nv>rt4xl  iin  lo  the  prescDt  time- 
Feb.   U. 


1 


Report  mt  n-celrcd  at  daU)  of  rettirn.  Feb.  15. 


4 


ItaittrutfM. 


Prof.      A  . 

Shor  I  t  . 
C;  I')  W. 
Nesbltt,  E; 

J.ti.O'Don- 
oKh'ie.M. 

Prof.  A. 
8  h  o  r  I  t  . 
C;  C)  W. 
NMbltt.  I?: 
J.C&rdelLM. 

Prof.  A. 
8  r*  o  r  1 1 , 
C:  (»)  W. 
N'pjibltt.  E; 
J.O.O'Oon- 
orbuQ.M. 

do 


Prof.W.Mur- 
rny.  C:  (>•) 
Henry  Uol- 
ette.K.:  R. 
E.  Flan.  M. 


Prof.Ollum. 

I'.C'jJ.H. 
McVet  ly. 
M:     A.     M. 

N Baton,  E. 

Prof.    A  . 

S  li  o  r  t  t  . 
C;tMH.H. 
Rlchn  rd- 
ttcrn.  IC:  J. 
O .  O'r»on- 
ogbtM.  M. 


19OT. 

1807. 

iflor. 

Majr     « 

Uayltf. 

17,  18. 

May  21 

JiUy  18 

July  33. 
S4.AUC. 
12.  IS. 

Auif.  Itt 

Sept.  14 

8ept  .27 

loOct. 

10. 

Oct.    12 
IMS. 

Nov.W 

Dee.    4. 

».  fl.    7, 
IS.  iw)7. 
Jan.  la. 
VfX. 

Jon.  23 

Julj   22 

July  SI, 
AiiB.  1. 

2.  a.   r.. 

tl.   7,    K 

Auff.  12 

NOT.« 

Dw.     S 

tolU. 

Deo.   S 

IMS. 

1009. 

UMM. 

Jan.    a 

Jau.  IS 

Jan.  'JB 

Dlfferenree  odjuitted.  nnd  agTeeineiit  conrtudnl  b«> 
fore  bonrd  for  iM<rtml  of  nne  year  from  May  ], 
litrUte  being   thereby   nvrrted. 


Differences  adjusted,  and  aereoroent  for  tbrm  yean 
concluded  befora  board,  a  strOco  bclnc  tlwreby 
averte'J. 


Dlfferencea  adju»ted.  and  en  avreement  foncluded 
before  board,  dating  froot  Oct.  1 .  a  RtrUce  belnc 
thereby  averted. 


DllTerenee*  odjmlod.  nnd  ntfcefwent  ponduiled  be- 
fore board,  dating  frum  Jan.  1.  line,  a  atrlka 
belu»  thereby  avnrted. 


On  Jnn«  29  ttnviloyrts  went  on  strike,  itnd  whet) 
Inforriiftl  that  provision'*  of  act  applk-*!.  btfth 
partle!<  nifn't'"!  to  rt*Icr  the  tlirTercnr**  under  th« 
act,  and  riiu>loycrt«  returned  to  work.  l>n  the 
riHiiieat  of  the  pnrlVs  prmvodhigB  were  BUbne- 
quBiiMy  adoi't'.sl  under  tbo  Conriilittltm  and  La- 
bor Act.  and  u  K'tt-leinent  enwt«sil,  th*'  term*  o( 
which  iverr  niiido  iipidirnhle  t:i  th«  ronipany't 
rtinplnywA  at  St.  John.  NfW  Ilninnwlrk.  n»  well 
as  at  H.iHftix.  N'ovn  Kr-itln.  and  further  cesia- 
llon  of  woik  "o*  iher^hr  nvprtr^. 

The   bf»urd   prr*f!i!*'«!    n    u.'iriiiIniMij«    report    recom- 
mending a  basl.-»  nf  wttletiieiit  M  hlr h  wna  itub»»-^ 
que«itly.  In  corrcfipon deuce  with, the  departnienl 
afT«|it«K:l  by  both   panics,    and  a   atrlke  tlicj  *" 
ftverteil. 

Difference*    anikobly    ailju»tft|   betor*  ll»   b: 
and  a  «uUw  thereby  iiv#rtni. 


'Appolntpd  bT  th»  ndnlttfc  und«>r  (ertlon 
)olui  revommcDdatloQ  by 


R,  aiiUf>*<4-(l<in  4.  iif  Ibr  ni*!,  m 
the  iwu  uicaib«r3  Or«i  Hi)iH>iatca. 


jai::iQ—Bull  7K— oh- 


^MA 


734 


BTTLIiETrN  OF  THE  BUBEAIT  OF  liABOB. 


APPLICATIONS  FOR  BOARDS  OP  CONCn-I 
A.— MIXES.  AGENCIES  OF  TRANSPORTATION  AND  COUMtJNI 
Raihcapt — Concluded. 


Date  ol 
receipt 
applica- 
tion. 

Partle.s  to  dispute. 

Party  mak- 
ing appli- 
cation. 

Loeality. 

Num. 
ber  of 

per- 
floofl  af- 

tect«d. 

Nature  of  dispute. 

1908. 
Jan.    8 

Qraod  Trunk  Railway 
Co.  and  car  men  la 
Its  employ. 

Employ- 
eei. 

G.  T.  B.  aystem 

800 

OoncemlnK     wacea 
and  oondltlons  of 
labor. 

Street  roiJicaifg. 


1908. 
Jan.  31 


I 

HamiltCHi  and  Dundas     Employ- 
Railway     Co.     and        ees. 
Hamilton  Radial  ' 
Railway  Co.  l 


Hamilton 


ISO 


ConcemlDff  r  e  1  a  - 
tioQB  of  onion  to 
employbiff  com- 
panies. 


Shipping. 


1007. 

May  15 

Sblpplnff     Federation 
of  Canada  and  lour- 

Employ- 

Montreal, Quebec 

1.500 

Demand  fortacTease 

ers. 

Jn  wages* 

shoremen     ol    Mon- 

treal. 

May  25 

Shipping     Federation 
of  Canada,  Canadian 

do 

do 

1,000 

do 

PaciHc  Rjiflwny  Co. 

and  lonRshorenienof 

Montreal. 

May  31 

Furncss     Withy     Co., 
Cunard  &  Co..  Pick- 
ford.  Black*  Co. and 
longshoremen. 

do.— 

Halifax.  N.  S 

SOO 

Concerning    wages. 
Increase  of  Scents 
per  hour  demand- 
ed by  meo.^  eents 
olTerod  by  compa- 

nies, but  refused. 

a  C,  chairman  ;  K,  employer  ;  M,  men. 


CJLNADIXN   rNDUSTBIAL  DISPUTES  ACT, 


78K 


ATION  AND  IXA'ESTIGATIOX— Couliuuwl. 

CATION.  AND  OTHKR   Pl3Ur-8ElC\  UK  rTILITIRa—Omcluded. 


I 
I 


XnTHMS  n( 

members  of 

bt>iird.<*) 

Onto  of 

DiitfoC  1    rrrdpc 
vUttngs  '     of  re- 
of  boanl     imrt  nf 
,    bo&rd. 

Prof,    A, 

S  ti  o  r  t  t  , 
c:  r*i  Wni- 

Iar«     Xvs- 
bItt.     E: 
J.O.iri>ou 
ochue.  M. 

IMS. 

Jan.  S 

190B. 

1906. 

R«t>art  not  ivcdvH  «t  date  of  reltim.  F«b.  Ifi. 

Strrrt  rcr(fira]/v. 


Wm.  Cell.  E: 
J.G.O'Dfifi 
ochuc.  ad. 

Report  act  rrofthroi  at  dsts  of  return.  Feb.  15. 

■ 

Shfifi*ii\i;. 


1007. 

^m. 

1907. 

Airbblflhop 

JUM    7 

JUIMll. 

JUM  17 

JiniehesI, 

IS. 13. 

0;(*)0.W. 

St«pli«a«. 

B:      J  0  a  , 

Ainty.  H. 

Jnmfs    TTnlt. 

K-.     riilllp 

Rlnc.  M. 

Oa  May  U  emplor«H  WCDK  00  strllcp.  uotwlUk- 
etiitxliDg  prorlaicuui  ol  act.  an'J  cuii*lorcrs  OB 
May  l:i  withdraw  application  for  bonnl.  On 
Hay  ».'.  Mr.  V.  A.  Acluml,  nKTctnry  of  the  do- 
partDicnt.  wait  to  Montreal  to  oxplntn  tTtr  pro- 
vtaiOQ'i  of  the  act  to  thf«  i)anU«  to  tl)«  dM|iui«. 
Am  a  mult  of  Mr.  .^I'laml's  Intrrv^ntlon,  the 
omploymii  rctnmrd  to  work  and  agrwd  to  r»»fer 
DM  dfgputfr  under  tbe  Induirtrlal  T>to|ru!r9  Invra- 
tleatlnn  Acf.  9Dd  n  formal  Brr>Mrntkin  was 
inado  by  tlie  riiiploypcfi  tor  thu  ratablt-ilimfnit  of 
a  board.  A  uiiunlniou*  rcfiort  was  iiirnl**  by  tha 
menibera  ot  tbe  board  and  an  aeTecmrnl  nc- 
ommended  eoTerlnc  rondltlon?  of  employmrDt 
for  the  aeosona  of  1007  aud  IMS.  Tbe  uoloo  did 
Dot  formally  accept  tti«  reommvndutlotu  of  tho 
board,  bnt  tho  ninmbcr^,  with  thf>  exrei>tfoD  of 
a  frw,  alipicd  Individual  agrccmonts  to  tbo  em- 
ployers, bancd  on  tl»  recniiimendatlona  ot  tbe 
board,  and  a  furthrr  cvMatlon  of  work  during 
the  araHoii  was  themby  nfffted. 

On  Mny  as  eruijloyw-^  wont  on  strdte,  allcflnff  mib- 
aequcntly  tlint  tbt^  timl  uo  kuowlf^lge  ot  the 
(•xhtfiiro  ot  Iho  iirovlsioDS  of  the  arl.  Mr.  V. 
Du  Bmin,  fair-wngcfl  offloer  of  th«  diMiartnient, 
was  STDt  to  Uallfax  to  ext'lala  tbe  provisions  of 
act.  A  board  wai  n^ueetc^l  a«  a  reault  of  tba 
tfxplanntluns  Riven,  and  wtillo  bi.'lntr  f»n«tltiit«!il 
tlM>  dispute  wan  aiulrnbly  ^ttlrd.  Mr.  I>u  BreuH 
Icndlne  tbe  good  ofTleos  of  t[>fr  depnrtmrnt  a«}  a 
ix>D<>niati.ir.  A  furlhpr  ceiftatlon  of  wdrk  waa 
tberaby  Bv?rt<Hl,  nn  was  alBi>  lUc  neccsvUy  of  fur- 
ther |irDcwediuj;B  tn  coimectloD  wttb  tbe  establUb- 
meat  of  Itu  board. 


■ 


*  Appfiiotrd  by  tbr  mtnlKicr  under  wcilon  8.  subftectioB  3.  of  the  act, 
nicadatlna  of  the  two  members  flntt  appointed. 


tbe  Joint  rvoom- 


*LETIN    OF   TUE   BUBEAU    OF   LABOR. 


ArPLlCATIONS  FOU  BOAnoS  OF  COXCILI 
a — INDUSTRIES  OTni:a  than  minks*.  .idRXtnEH  of  transportatioji 


Dftt«of 

tlon. 

Purtln  to  dlimita; 

LcteAljlr. 

Num. 
bftfof 

HDjq*  iif- 

77«Citr«  of  itlariHitr. 

hag.m 

HtilttlvH)    CoKtOQ  Co. 

Rmnlor 

V«UeyileM*  QiMboe.. 

J.SQO 

CoodSttaCM  «J»]  wa 

*  C,  otifif  rniim  ;  tC,  (•niploycr  :  M,  men. 

*^  Ajifntlrifrii  ti^"  tli[(*  BDMiUt^r  utid'r  i^ecttoii  8*  «iil>ftr>f!ttnn  4»  of  the  act,  In  the  alnteac^  ot 
A  Jpibt  rcc(mi[i](<ii*]iitlou  bjr  ibp  two  mctnbrrB  DrNt  apprvlbU'd 

xyf  the  lu-t.  wliJcti  provlcJrw  thut  "  lo  Ibi*  fvcnt  at  u  (|lM[iiiti'  qri»inK  In  any  Inthmlry  wr 
trndi'  i^lliiT  (ban  i^iu'ti  ■•!)  uiuy  tt*''  Ini-fijilfd  umltr  tht-  pinvl^lnn  of  thlEi  act.  ntift  *i]<''(t  dtiS' 
[Mile  ilir^'ijii'tw  lo  ix'Niili  Irt  n  Imrlriiqii  nr  >trlkiv,  <iT  Ujim  iK'liiijiilly  ri'Miillfil  in  n  lii'-koiiif  or 
Mtclkt,  rillK-i  uC  tUo  iiaitkj^  may  j^rii;  lu  vi  rltl^j^  U  uliu'iv  »tucb  ai.^iuitc  lu  be  lefertcd  lu  a 


CANADIAN    INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


787 


ATION  AND  INVESTIGATION— ronohuled. 

AND  COMMUNICATION.   AXLi  tiTHEtt    I'CBLIC   UTIUTIES. 


Nunei  ot 
iMnibrrs  nf 
boud.i*) 


Mr.    JOEtlce 
For  1 1  n  , 

C:  i">  Htin- 
cun  MrCor- 
mlpk.K;W. 
Piiquet  te, 
M, 


Date  on 

whlcti  I>atcol 
tmftnl  I  ifJtilnpt 
FonstI-  lot  bomrtl. 
tntod. 


1907.  11)07. 

Sept.  4      SffiiC.6. 
10. 11. 
U. 


DRt«Of 

re<*el|it 
of  nv 
iwrt  of 
boaM. 


1807. 


Tti#  «tnployoM  irent  on  itrlkc  no  Aug-.  13.  Knd  UMj 
eooil  odkiM  of  tbt  ilppartmt'nt  wore  rnjuestMl' 
with  a  view  to  plTeellnr  a  w^ttlctnpiit.  Mr. 
F.  A.  Ac'IaDtl.  Bi-cri'tJiry  ol  irn'  <1ci>»rtiiient.  and 
Mr.  V.  thi  Urmil,  fair  uugi*  iiint^>cr.  viKitM  tlw 
»rrap  of  the  iilJ|tiit«  ami  rxplnlDed  the  prnvUlom 
of  tite  »rt  to  the  i.iirtltis.  with  fiiMvJul  rtffrrcaoA 
III  ttio  Boi<tl(iDS  ensbllnK  n  (llBputtf  In  any  ln<luft> 
try  utbrr  than  tliat  ol  a  niiuo  or  publlr  utility 
til  t>fi  n^Ii-rri'-l.  by  tnutuni  agrwrnent  l*Piwc«i  tt^ 
{tl!i|»ut.liiif  parties,  tu  a  bunrd  of  cuocUlntion  and 
lnv«8tUrstI<)[i.  A»  a  nwult  of  tlui  explanatloat 
and  sftorts  at  cuacDfntloQ  oa  the  pure  of  tbe 
ofBcen  nf  the  rJiniortincnt,  an  appllration  for  • 
board  waff  forwarded  lo  the  iniiilMer.  the  exft*< 
ployeca  In  the  meantlnin  retumInK  to  work  oa< 
Aug.  20.  The  board  wiis  duly  establWtml.  with 
the  result  that  the  dllTerenea  were  adju^teil  and 
AD  arreenicnt  concluded  bt'tore  tbe  board,  dating 
from  Sept.  IT,  1«)T,  to  be  eiTertlva  until  May  4, 
I'JOS.  and  therenft<*r  uniH  either  wide  was  giveu  a 
written  nntfre  ut  rancellation  of  the  same.  A 
feature  of  the  aerecujcut  wa»  the  e^tablwhimuit 
of  a  ircriiinurDt  eoniinlttee  of  eoncUlntlon.  to 
whirh  It  un»  aKTtviI  that  all  vubsetjuoDt  di»putea 
ikhnuld  be  re'erre^l.^') 


board  of  conclllallou  and  investlKntion.  to  be  coD»tltulod  under  the  proTlalonii  of  tbla  act.'* 
etc.  AptilicaMoas  ri'f<'rrlng  to  dlHpiit<'»  In  this  class  nf  mdiistry  were  received  al«o  In  tbe 
eases  of  W.  A.  Mariib  &  Co.,  boot  and  abov  maDufacturfr>(,  Quebec;  tbe  Rosamond 
Woolcu  Conipauy,  AlinunK',  Out.;  tin-  East«*ra  Towm«hlp«  Manufiieturlng  CompaaTf  81. 
ll.iiaclnthe.  <jni-her  ;  l.'A!co(>cliit|r>n  lnl<*rnallonalr  des  <tuvrifr»4  rn  Fourruri's.  Montreal;  the 
DavldMin  Mantirncturlni:  4'oiupany.  Montreal,  and  A.  Gravel  Lumber  Company,  Etchemlu. 
«jiH'i».T  :  hut  tb<-  parties  conoerned  not  agrcflng  to  refer  their  dlfferencfs  for  adjustment 
according  to  tbe  provisions  of  tbe  act,  no  action  was  taken  by  tbe  lulnluter. 


738 


BUULETIK  or   THE  BUREAU  OF  LABOK. 


rOBM  OF  APPLICATION  FOB  APPOINTMENT  OF  A  BOARD  OF  CON- 
CILIATION AND  INVESTIGATION  UNDER  THE  INDUSTBXAX  DIS- 
PUTES INVESTIGATION  ACT.    1007. 


(locality  aud  datr). 


To   ihc   Rrffifitrar,   itnardit  of  ConciUation   *imK   invraiiffuthm,    Vrpttrtmn^  0f| 
•  Lobor.  Ottatrit. 

The  uiidorslpni***!  lifToby  ninkr  ii|«|inrntl«>n  m  ilit^  nilnlMi^r  (*t  InlMtr  for  Mm 
apiN)I)itiuout  (tf  II  iNjard  uf  L'lmcUiutLou  niid  luvtyti^aliuu  tuiiWr  Ihir'  ImttifftrUI 
DlHiMitcH  Iiixi'Htipilloii  Art,  llMiT.  to  which  11  dlH|iiite  hrtworn  thv  imrtlm  iiamc*! 
In  The  n<voui(iniiylnir  f^lntt'nuMil  uiii.v  Uv  r»*ft'rr*Ml  iii»cJ«t  thi*  pt*ovi«lonR  <»f  lb**  imlil 
act.  uiul  Kuliiult  the  Muteoietit  nnd  mutiitory  ileclarnliun  prescribed  tUMScir  tha 
ai't  u«  iiLH-vsiniO'  ^^  uutkliig  »ucL  upitllcutloii.C) 

(a)    STATEMENT. 


liocaltty  of  fllfipTite 


— ;  trndp  or  IndtiNlry  

The  imrtU't*  to  thr  dlHpuH*:    (I>   Kmphiyrr    

itHupnny.   or  rntui>»nU'!«   liivt>lv«H)  >  ;    {i\\    Kluiiloyi*tfA 


(dvstfutitp  tbp   IncUrMiwv 

(d*'MifTtflt«'   Hi   gwi- 

eriil  tti'nis  the  oiiutloyi*f8  lnvoU>d,  by  chuwrs  of  MuployiiwDt.  f*>r  rxiiiDpIt*.     If 
iiJt'UilK'i'H  of  u  union  K^vi*  iiuuio  f>r  union). 
Aliprtixluinle  c^iliimtc  of  numbvr  of  euii'loytt'S  iifh^cted  or  llkoly  to  ho  afr<*ct^:1 

Directly.   IndlrMt]/. 

MnU»9  21  y«irs  or  ovrr 

fthil«*f«  under  Zl  ymra. 
IViimli's 


Total 


Nntnrn  nnd  cnn«#*  of  dl«rtif<*.  Including  (^InlmH  and  dt^iiiand)*  hy  oUhfr  ftorty 

Ul*ou  Ihe  olhiT  lo  whlv-h  iaci*ptlon  l»  Uikt*M  ;  t  IT  sun,  i-  iili.i!t4>0  Is  lu»uJfl- 

clonr,  df*tnltH  of  this  stntomcnt  niny  Ik*  n^mintuil  nn  u  <y  abeeC.) 

(.►utHup  of  ('fforttt  nindi*  l»y  inrtUw  i-om-omi-d   to  n  -(»ntt":  

(If  HjitifT  allmutl  1»  liiHulUrU'4it.  detalU  of  1ht»  ntntviiMitl  mti>  Iw  coultttUMi  mii  « 
BuiipliMucnt.'iry  Kb«ti.> 

IVrK4>u  rtK'iiuiuiundiHl  uh  meMuhornn  boiinl  of  coULdllatloti  and  IniTBllgatlon  :   (*) 

NaiUL*  lu  full ,  nddroNs  , 

Thl«  (ipplh*atloM  Is  niiuli*  on  hi*half  of  tUi'  (di'Higimto  whotbrr  nn  l>o- 

hnlf  of  employer  or  oiupIt>ywH). 

Hlt?ua(ure»  of  t^artles  amkiuic  aitpUcntlou  :  C) 

Nniue ,  nddrcff}!  . 

Name ,  address  . 


Authority 


(slnie  wbore,  hy  whmu,  nnd  wht»»  authority  wn»  f;lveD  for 


niiiklii;;  ttil»  uppliciitliMi.  iilKo  wherelu  coudltious  of  fMvtlou  Id.  tpioted  hohtw.  (^) 
bnve  been  coiupllod  wllb). 


Til**  n[>|tUi'niloi)   nhflll   b**   madr   In   wrliltin  In   tlio  prp»ifTllH'«l   form,   An«l   t»)rnM   In*   in 
niilivtnncc  n  n'<iu<'Ht  t«  thi'  tnjulxtrr  \o  RpiMiinc  u  bonrd  to  wblcli  ttiv  exlHtlaff  iliv|>utc  nuj 


bo  r^f- 
■•  I  ■ 

to    II 
tnnriiJ 
Bj)|)ru&iiiiji 
ilUliurc  : 
tlon  1' 


diij"i 

who  1 
linrh 


•  I  I< 


tin-  pruvlsUma  of  ihlN  aot. 

Miiti   hIiiiII   Ii»  ni-ooni|tiinl<'fl   by  11   xtittfinfiil    Hrtllnj,;  fortlt    (I1    tho    pQrtl#s 

(l!i    lliii   nnturL-   uud   (.qiihp   nf   Dii'   cIlMptitr,    Inrlu<llni:   nt4>'    rlalm*    or   dc- 

■  ii'mt    pnrty    h|h)u    the    tith«T,    lo    wulch    pummiUod    m    takra  :    i^|     aa 

'  of  (ill*  nuoilMT  of  pi^rMJUM  nfft*<'tt'd  or  IllttOy   tn  lit*  iiff«'4-(«M  by  til)' 

;  1*   made  by   the  p«rtli'><   th'-ruwlvps  to  ndJiiAt    Iho  dUpute."      (Bw- 

.  i      '  '     I   II   I 

may  nt   itic  iltnr  i*f 

•   do    l),V    lli«'    lIlllHntfT. 

■    .  ,11  n  iiM'inlKjr  of  tlic  tiu,..„.  „.,.*  .,..    i ,-:.;   ,i.aJi   »,i  ■■•■*. 

r(i'    lidii  rd.  I 

fjillH  ur  waU'rtH  to  duly  mokr  nov  rfromin<>ndaTtctn  within  tb«l 


•  r!>oriittAfi,  aliall  t«*  «lBBfWl 


M'*j  iiv  two  vf 


CANADIAN    IXDUSTBIAL   DISPUTES   ACT. 


739 


<l»)    STATVTOIir  t>SCXAHATXO:C.(') 


CxnAOA,  raoviKCE  or 

I, .  of  the 

one  derlurani),  and  1,  — 


-,  Couarv  w 
of 


,  to  wit: 

•,  In  the of 


of  thi> 


of 


— (!f  more  than 
In  the  — —  of 


(where  uecestuiry  till  In  the  bhiiik  ii|»aowt  .•!»  IndicalntK  do   (w.n-i»raUy) 

saleoini)'  dfi.'lare  (ittoh  of  us  for  hlmwilf  declares)  n»  follows,  that  Is  to  say: 

Thnt,  to  the  lM»st  «f (xiijr  or  our)   knowledge  and  hell«*f,  failing  nn  adjust- 

tnent  of  the  dispute  herein  referred  Uk  or  a  reference  thertiif  hy  the  Uiiiii.ster  itf 
labor  to  a  lMninl  of  roneilinliou  nml  luvestlpitlon  under  (he  Industrial  Dlsputrs 

Investi^:atfon  Act.  llto?,  a  (strike  or  lookont)  will  he  dtM'lar<i1.  and  thnt 

the  neci^ssnry  nuthorlty  to  declare  sueli (strike  or  lookout)    has  been 

ebtrtlned. 

And  <I,  or  each  of  tis)  make(8)  this  solemn  declaration  conscien- 
tiously Ix*lievliij:  It  to  be  true,  and  knowing  that  it  is  of  the  same  force  and 
effect  ns  if  made  under  oath,  aud  by  virtue  of  the  Canadti  Kvidenee  Act. 

Signatures: 


Declareil 


(by   the   said) 


befor**  me  at 


III  the  county  of 


-,  this 


and   - 
day  of 


a  commissioner,  etc. 


A.  D. 


(To  be  dfrClaMd  lwfor«  a  rommlMloDrr  for  tAklac  affldftrlu  or  any  otlivr  fUDctlaiurj  au- 
tborlztfd  \>j  law  to  admlnlaier  an  o«tb.) 

Note. — The  attention  of  the  party  maklnK  this  application  li»  directed  to  the 
following  sections  of  the  act: 

'*  Kvery  nppllniHnn  for  the  apimlntment  of  a  hoard  shall  be  ininsmllte*!  by 
I»o8t  by  recistered  letter  addressed  to  the  registrar  of  b<tards  of  conrilljition  and 
investlgnMon.  deimrtment  of  IalK>r.  Ottawa,  and  tbe  date  of  the  re<'eipt  of  such 
registered  letter  at  the  department  shall  l>e  re|cmrde<l  as  the  date  of  the  receipt  of 
such  application.      (Section  17.) 

•■  In  every  rase  wbere  an  application  is  made  for  the  apiJOintmeut  of  a  board 
the  party  making  appllcaticm  siinll.at  the  time  of  transmitting  it  to  tht*  replainir. 
also  traiisndt  by  reglsterett  letter  to  tbe  other  jiarty  to  the  dispute,  or  l>y  imt* 
siMial  delivery,  a  copy  of  the  application,  and  of  the  nccomiianylng  statement 
and  declaration."     (Section  IS.) 

"Copies  nf  applications  or  statements  In  reply  thereto  to  be  transmitted  to 
the  other  fwrty  under  any  of  llie  prectnling  sections  wliere  the  other  party  Is — 

(1 )  An  employer,  an  Incorpt^rateti  company  or  cor|>orallon.  sball  l^e-senl  to  the 
manager  or  other  i)rineiiMiI  executive  i»ftiier  of  tbe  eom|tany  or  i*\>r|M)ration; 

(lil  An  employer  other  than  an  IncoriKtrated  comiwinj'  nr  coriHiratlon,  sliali  Ih» 
?nt  to  the  employer  blmself  or  to  the  employer  In  tbe  name  of  the  business  or 
as  commonly  knowii: 
_   (3)  Com^iosed  of  employees,  members  of  a  trade  union,  shall  be  sent  to  tbe 
president  and  secretary  of  such  union; 

(4t  Composed  of  employees  some  or  nil  of  whom  are  not  members  of  a  trade 
union — 

ia)  Wbere  some  of  tbe  eniploy«H»K  are  nieml>prs  of  a  trade  union,  shall  ho  w»nt 
to  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  union  us  representing  the  employees  bcloug- 
Jug  to  the  union;  also 

(ft)  Where  wmie  of  the  eniphiyees  are  not  nii*nihers  of  a  trade  union  and  there 
are  no  persons  authorized  to  represent  such  employees,  shall  be  sent  to  ten  of 
their  number ; 


hailot  of  the 

nnUo'  f"*-  "' 

"  If  . 

h.'  tiipii 

(he  PUii       . 

jnirpK-^p  of  .1 

■*  ■   Th-  m 

fnriv   '..    ..- 

f: 

h^.-:-^.>>,      nw 

iiiu>-Bvc.  ;:  u 

memlters 


of  tbe  anion  present  iti  a  meedaR  called  oa  not  less  than  thr«e  days* 

<'  not  ni^nihor^  of  n  imdp  unlnn.  aliall 
!»>■  «  mnirtrlly  vote  tnk'-o  hy  Imlloi  of 
,.-  1..^-  M,^Q  ihrt-e  days*  noiirc  for  the 

laratlon  bcUIdi;  forth  Ihnt, 

■  ■L    ..V   iMp  mlni<<ti»r  to  n  twiirtl  of 

-(    of    thf    kriowI.rtR.'    Hlirl    t.fMr-f   of 

Will   Im'   i1<>clnrt>f].    nni)    tliut    ibe 

,...■    uaa  t>een  obtaloiHl."     (Sc'ctltm   15, 


fW 


786 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  BUREAU  OP  LABOB. 


APPLICATIONS  FOR  BOARDS  OF  COXCILI 
[NDUSTRIE8  OTIIKR  THAN  MIXB8.  AGENCIES  OP  TRANSPORTATION 


Datoof 
receipt 
applica- 
tion. 


1907. 
Aug.  20 


Parties  to  dlripute. 


Montreal   Cotton  Co. 
and  employees. 


iPartymak 
I  fng  appli- 
cation. 


Employ- 


Locality. 


Num- 
ber of 

per- 
sons af- 
fected. 


Valleyfleld,  Quebec. 


2.200 


Nature  of  dispute. 


Oondltloos  and 
ges. 


•  C,  cbalrmno  ;  E,  employer ;  M.  men. 

*  Appointed  by  the  minister  under  section  8.  subsection  4,  of  the  act.  In  the  absence  of 
a  Joint  recommendation  by  the  two  members  first  appointed. 

<*  ThiH  dispute  wat*  referred  to  a  board  of  conciliation  and  Investigation  under  section  63 
of  the  act,  which  provides  that  **  In  the  event  of  a  dispute  ariflInK  In  any  Industry  or 
trade  other  than  such  as  may  be  Included  under  the  provision  of  this  act,  and  such  dis- 
pute threatens  to  result  in  a  lockout  or  strike,  or  has  actually  resulted  In  a  lockout  or 
strike,  either  of  the  parties  may  agree  In  writing  to  allow  such  dispute  to  be  referred  to  a 


CANADIAN   INDUSTRIAL  DISPUTES  ACT. 


737 


ATION  AND  INVESTIGATIOX— Concluded. 

AND  COMMUNICATION,   AND  OTHER   PUBLIC  UTILITIES. 


r 


Names  of 
members  of 
board.  (•> 


Date  on 
which 
board 
consti- 
tuted. 


Date  of 

gittlnc^ 

of  board 


Mr.  Justice 
Port!  n  , 
O;  (*)  Dun- 
ran  McCor- 
ralck.E:  W. 
Piiquotte, 
M. . 


1907 
Sept. 


1907. 

Sept.  6, 

10. 11. 

1«. 


Date  of 
receipt 
of  re- 
port of 
board. 


1907. 
Sept.  24 


The  employees  went  on  strike  on  Aug.  13.  and  the 
good  olltces  of  the  department  were  requested 
with  a  view  to  efTectingr  a  settlement.  Mr. 
P.  A.  Acland.  secretarr  of  the  department,  and 
Mr.  V.  Du  BreuII,  falr-waeee  officer,  visited  the 
scene  of  the  dispute  and  explained  the  provisions 
of  the  act  to  the  parties,  with  special  reference 
to  the  sections  enabling  a  dispute  In  any  Indus- 
try other  than  that  of  a  mine  or  public  utility 
to  be  referred,  by  mutual  agreement  between  the 
disputing  parties,  to  a  board  of  conciliation  and 
Invejitlgatlon.  As  a  result  of  the  explanations 
and  elTortB  at  concniatlon  on  the  part  of  the 
ofHoers  of  the  department,  an  application  for  a 
board  was  forwarded  to  the  minister,  the  em- 
ployees in  the  meantime  returning  to  work  on 
Aug.  26.  The  board  was  duly  estabtisheri,  with 
the  result  that  the  dffTerences  were  adjusted  and 
an  egreenient  concluded  before  the  board,  dating 
from  Sept.  17,  1907,  to  be  effective  until  May  4, 
1908,  and  thereafter  until  either  side  was  given  a 
written  notice  of  cnnoellatlon  of  the  same.  A 
feature  of  the  agreement  was  the  eetablishment 
of  a  iwrmnnent  committee  of  conciliation,  to 
which  it  was  agreed  that  all  subsequent  disputes 
should  bercfcrrc.i.t'') 


board  of  coDclUattou  and  Investigation,  to  be  constituted  under  the  provlalona  of  thla  act." 
I'Ic.  Applications  referring  to  disputes  In  this  class  of  industry  wero  received  also  In  the 
cases  of  W.  A.  Marsh  &  Co.,  boot  and  shoe  manufacturers,  Quebec ;  the  Rosamond 
Woolen  Company,  Almonte,  Ont. ;  the  Eastern  Townships  Manufacturing  Company,  8t. 
Ilyaclnthe.  Quebec:  L'. Association  Internationale  des  Ouvriers  en  Fourrures.  Montreal;  the 
Davidson  Manufacturing  Company,  Montreal,  and  A,  Gravel  Lumber  Company,  Etchemln, 
Qui'bt'C ;  but  the  parties  concerned  not  agreeing  to  refer  their  differences  for  adjustment 
according  to  the  provisions  of  tbe  act,  no  action  was  taken  by  the  minister. 


738 


BUU^TIN   OF   THE   BUREAU  OF   LABOB. 


FORM  OF  APPLICATION  FOR  APPOINTTfEirr  OF  A  BOARD  OF  COJI- 

CILIATION  AND  INVESTIGATION  UNDER  THE  INDUSTKIAI*  DIS- 
PUTES INVESTIGATION  ACT,    1©07. 


(lomllU'  *<"<*   date). 

To   the   HvQlHtrnr,   Jtoartla  of  Conciliation   •nd    invrmUa^ttun,    i>r/>arli«#T«i 
'^Liibur,  Oltttita. 

The  uiuitTwlKiirt!  Iw'ivby  niiike  appllcnlloti  to  tbe  mliil8li*r  of   Uil>or   for 
tiiM*"liitiiH*ut  i>f  n  lMtiii*d  tif  cdUcUlntlun  mid  luvestlii^utlon  umSvr   the   IiiiSnMj 
IiiKimlfS  Iii\fS5tipuil<Ki  A»M.  11K»7.  to  wUfcch  a  dispute  bctwwn  tli*»  (mrticsi  iia: 
In  tUi'  n<*p*tmi»nn,vlnc  Ptntrimnit  tnii.v  lir  ri'TrrrtHl  iiiidtT  tin*  prt»vlpiim*  nf  IIh* 
act,  uad  sulmiit  ihv  utiitoiuent  «nd  statutory  doclarntion  prescrllwtl    uudrT 
act  iix  nive^^sHry  tn  luakixii^  audi  ai»tihcat[ou.(°) 

(A)    frTATLMCNT. 


IxKmltty  of  dlffi>nte 


tnidr  or  Industry 


Th»»  iMtrlic^i  til  ltn'  dihiiut*?;    (1)   Euiidoyipr 


—  (deelgnato  tlM>   IndlrMi 

r(>n>|>ati.v,  or  ^ompnlltr^4   Irivolvpil);    {\[\    Ruipluyoefl  (deHfjpiat**    In 

nnil  ti't'iDs  tho  *'iniflo3'<«»^  Inrolvwl.  by  clnascs  of  ciu  piny  men  t,  for  eataoipl**. 
uti'UitH'r>)  uf  u  uiiloii  ^ivo  auiiu'  of  uiiluii). 

.\4»t>ruxiuiatt>  catlnmtc  of  iinmlKT  of  euiidoj-ifs  nltecti'd  or  Ilkfly  tu  tw  aflTwrl* 

Malt«  21  yMirs  or  over 

Miiltrs  nudt't'  21  yenrs 

Fenjalcs 


Total 


Nnttirp  nnd  mnm  of  dtRpnte,  Including  claims  and  d^mandH  by  either  poi 

n|>ou  tbe  otluT  to  wlilcti  exception  \»  talcen  ;  (If  ti\tarv  nllotf<^|  fn  Iimii 

cti'Mf.  details  t»f  ii)i8  sitntt'iiH'nt  may  be  (XMitUiued  uu  n  RiippU-uientjiry  abei*L> 

Ontlltie  of  etTorls  nitidr  by  itnrtk^s  roticerned   to  Bdjn!«t   tlie  dls(T»nlo: 
<lf  8|Mice  aIU)iie«I  is  ln.sutlk*leut,  details  of  Ititft  fttateniitit  tuny  be  ctMiUiiin^ 
r^upplenieutfiry  Hbeet. t 

iN-rson  re<x»ininend«l  at*  member  on  bonrd  of  roncllbitlon  and  Inveallgntfon  ;   (1 

Nil  me  in  full ,  addresfl  . 

Tbla  npp'l<'}i(inu  is  iniide  («i  beUulf  of  the  (deHl)*nnto  wliefJier  on  bi^ 

hnlf  of  employer  or  employees), 

Hl^iRtures  of  imriles  uiaklti^c  appUentlon  :  C) 

Name .  n(1i1n>f)a 

Kntiie ,  nddre«s  — 


Authority 


(state  where,  by  whom,  and  when  authority  wna  f;lv«n  f«ff 


miikinu'  this  nppllrntlna,  nUu  wherein  i^'ondlUuns  of  section  \(i,  quoted  lieJow*  <') 
have  been  compiled  with). 


Till*  Applli-niloD   slinll  bo  mndr   In  writing  In  tbt*  |irn«CT|l>f>«t   (nnr,   nnd    nliall    [y  la 
<t  to  llii-  nilnlntcr  id  nppolnt  a  board  to  nlilcli  the  t-xlAtlnc  dli*put«>  nur 

del-    ll)o   PCOvImIoii'*   ut   thN   net. 

■iitloti   dhnll   bi*  ncL-oiiiimnlfd   Uy  a   iitBlrm''nt    B«>ttlnr  forth    Hi    tbc>   p«rrli^ 
•    I  :■  I    111**  nnturi'   und  cnn»4*   of  tb^  dlnputc,    tn't»>iiii-'   ;m*    ■'"i...*.    ..^   -i. 
imrtv    upou    Ih*-    niln-r.    I«    which    '■■ 
rhit  iitiinlifr  nf   )H>r>M3D»  iidrcct''tJ  or     i 
1"  "I'-   by   the   partlri   thom«4<tVf«   to   iu.....   .      ,.j. 


llRit*  nf   mnklnff  Hjipllcnf Ion,   itr   within 
•lid  th 


\v    may  til   th(< 

I.,  .r.,  hy  tin*  nilnlitrr,  n'cotninriid  the  iminp  uf  »no  p#*f 
It  memli«r  of  tb«  Ih>ai-<1.  uod  tlK>  uilutnt'T  utiall  m\ 

.1. 


>iiipanvlni£   II- 


bj    ii    luujulli; 


l\«'    ui    \vv». 


CAXADIAN    IXDUSTBIAli  DISPUTES  A.CT. 


789 


(b)    HTATITOBT  DECLARATION.  (') 


Cak 


tADA,  rBormcE  or 

I. .  of  tie 


COCKTY  OF 
of 


.  to  vrU : 

lu  tlio of 


oae  decJ4ir&ut),  aud  1. 


of  the 


of 


— <If  more  than 
In  the of 


iw-lit're  necessary  till  lu  the  blniik  spaoee  ns  iDilieatcd),  ilo  (Pov^-rnlly) 

•olcDUily  lUn-Liiiv  ivavh  of  uh  for  tiiiusvlf  declarf«)   nf«  follows,  th&t  Is  tt>  say: 

TliHt  to  the  bent  of (my  or  our)  knowledge  niid  belief,  falling  an  nfljnst- 

merit  of  the  dlsptite  herein  referr*"*!  to.  or  a  refereiK'e  tbpre*»f  by  the  uiliiister  of 
Inhor  to  n  board  of  roncillntlon  aiul  Investipitlon  mubT  the  Indnstrlnl  nispiil«*fl 

In  vest  I  pit  Ion  Act.  1IM)7.  a  (strike  or  lockout)  will  be  diK-liired.  and  that 

Ihe  ne<*«K8ary  authority   to  declare  such  \sirike  or  lockout)    has  been 

obtained. 

And  (I,  or  eech  of  us)   niake(8)   this  eolemn  declaration  consfleu- 

tlonsly  beilevinj;  It   to  be  true,  and  kuowlnp  that  it  Is  of  the  same  force  and 
effect  at)  if  made  under  oath,  and  by  virtue  of  the  Canada  Rvidence  Act. 

Signatures: 


Declared 


t»efore  me  at 
19 . 


(by    the   said) 


,  in  the  county  of 

a  couimisBlouer.  etc 


thU 


and    - 
day  of 


A.  D. 


(Xu  ^  declared  before  a  rominlssloncr  for  tatting  affidsTlts  or  any  other  functiooary  au- 
thorised by  law  to  administer  an  oatb.) 

Note. — The  attention  of  the  party  mukluK  this  application  la  directed  to  the 
fo]lo\vlui;  sections  of  the  act: 

"  Kverj'  npiillt^ntlon  for  the  npjiolntinent  of  n  l>onrd  shall  he  trnnsinitte*!  by 
|H>Bt  by  rcKlsteretl  letter  addres.sed  to  the  reKi»*tntr  of  boards  of  coiiclilatlon  and 
investijiratiou.  department  of  labor.  Ottawa,  and  the  date  of  the  receipt  of  such 
reiristereit  letter  at  the  depiirtuient  shall  be  ri»>atrded  as  the  date  of  the  rei-elpl  of 
such  application.      (Section  17.) 

*'  III  every  case  where  an  application  Is  made  for  the  apiwlntment  of  a  iKtard 
the  party  maklnR  iipplication  shall,  at  the  time  of  transmitting  it  to  the  reKlstmr. 
also  tratismlt  by  rotrieton^  letter  to  the  other  party  to  the  dispute,  or  by  i»er- 
Bonal  deliver?',  a  copy  of  the  application,  and  of  the  accomimnyhif;  statement 
and  declanitloM."     (Section  IS.) 

"Copies  of  applications  or  statements  In  reply  thereto  to  be  transmitted  to 
the  other  party  nnder  any  of  the  iirecwllnp  sections  where  the  other  party  Ib — 

(1)  An  employer,  ;»n  IncoriforattHl  oonii'any  or  corporation,  shall  be^^eut  to  the 
maiuiper  or  other  pHucIiml  exi'cutive  officer  of  the  comitany  or  coriwrathm : 

(J  I  An  euiph>.vor  other  than  an  incori»f»mted  comi>nny  or  con><>raTlon.  shall  Im? 
sent  bi  the  employer  himself  or  to  the  employer  in  the  name  of  the  business  or 
firm  as  commonly  known: 

(;t)  Com|K>sed  of  employees,  members  of  a  trade  union,  shall  t>e  sent  to  tlie 
president  and  secretary  of  snch  union; 

(4  I  Compose<I  of  employees  some  or  nil  of  whom  are  not  members  of  a  trade 
union — 

(h)  Where  some  of  the  employees  are  members  of  a  trade  onion,  shall  be  sent 
to  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  union  as  representing  the  emphiyees  belong- 
luj;  to  the  imlon:  also 

(ft)  Where  some  of  the  employees  are  not  members  of  a  trade  unh»n  and  there 
are  no  |>erson8  autborlnod  to  represent  such  employet^s.  shall  he  sent  to  ten  of 
their  number: 


liiillot  of  the  mtfinhoni  uf  the  union  preaent  at  a  meeting  called  on  not  lets  thin  three  days' 

no»t   -  *'-  '* 'f  (ilKctif^lng  (he  (ino^tlon  : 

>  soaif  or  nil  of  wliom  are  not  memlKTs  of  a  trn<l»*  union,  shall 
W  i    numlM'f  duly  niitlit<ri7.('i1  Iiy  a   innjurlly  v*»ip  Ink'-n  )»y  bnllol  of 

the  ....,  IK  ;.i   n  nir«'tlnj:  dul.v  riillid  an  not  lots  thnn  Ibreit  dnys'  notice  for  Ike 

pnr|H»<*-  '13  thp  qurwtion."      (.s>'t{i»»n    Hi,  stib-Hecs.   1—1. » 

'"'I'll                        II  -iliiill  tiH  tM-i<inifi]Mil«(f  \w  n  MTiinioi'v  di'i-Ufntlon  M4^ttlnie  foilh  thai. 
fnlMT  :-  '   ■•       >'  • - .1.     ...,...,...,,  ^  hoiirri  of 

cot!  .1    tK'llpf    nf 

111.  %V   \Vx\    VtA 


(*>.> 


['•   li'ii'jr' 


kuv'Ji    I'lrmnji    K>r    isit\ii»     vi^^s 


r  <;\\    Mv  1  \.»ii  \i*v  «A. 


:iL£iix 


THE   BUREAU 


^"■lu*r<'.  lit  Ara^npb  (4)  »f  awtton  7*:,  two  r^^r^onft  havo  hrnm  nnfhor- 

'mki*  III!  „»,„,ciittoti.  lOiall  Ih^  wiit  ta  »uvh  two  iJiTMnis,     i  SivNott  *J^K) 
viitlou  of      p  jmrt^  recc'lrluj^  t\  copj'  rtf  ilila  jii»[iIlc^tloa  ts  diri"ct4'il  to 
lUK  fwctk     of  tJw  act  I 
4  r«ri«ipt  by  t*ltlK'r  yrntiy  to  n  dMputo  of  a  co[iy  of  tin?  api>llmtUm  fur 
latmmit  of  p  bnjird  suHi  [ynrtj-  (»lirti(,  wltbotit  <li'Uij%  prcpcir**  a  HtMt*Mnrtil 
t]ie  »i>iillciirl4iii  arul  trnnifliiilt  It  by  i't*fflHtiT*Hl  l«*ttf*r  or  fi^'i'^xml  <lt'ht- 
ren  ml  tu  lla*  jHirty  makUifi  llie  iipplkatloa.''    (SocUoij  19.) 

rfi  «  )  tiuutcd  above,) 


WHAT  IS  DONE  FOR  THE  UNEMPLOYED  IN  EUHOPEAN 

COUNTRIES.!") 


BY  W.    D.    P.    ItLISa. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  REPORT. 


In  studying  what  has  bocii  done  and  is  now  l>eing  done  for  the 
unemployed  in  foreign  countries  three  general  classes  are  here  consid- 
ered :  The  eniployahle,  the  uncmployuhlc,  and  the  vagrant,  incorri- 
gible, or  more  or  less  vicious.  The  employable  are  divided  into  two 
groups — those  who  are  out  of  work  and  have  no  prospect  of  return- 
ing to  tlieir  former  employment,  and  those  Avho  are  out  of  work  but 
whose  regular  employment  is  only  temporarily  interrupted. 

Tlie  most  important  agencies  for  jirovidiug  work  for  the  unem- 
ployed who  are  employable,  but  have  no  prosj^ect  of  returning  to  their 
former  positions,  are  the  public  employment  bureaus.  These  are  ^ 
largely  developed  in  a  numl^r  of  European  countries,  but  espwrially 
in  Germany,  when*  they  Imvc  grown  rapidly  in  the  last  twenty  yeai*s, 
both  in  numlxn's  and  in  efficiency.  Private  employment  bureaus  of 
various  kinds  are  also  found  in  most  of  the  coimtries  studied.  Apart 
from  employment  bureaus,  other  efforts  made  by  European  govern- 
ments to  find  new  positions  for  the  unemployed  of  this  class  consist  in 
attempts  either  to  colonize  them  across  the  seas  in  their  own  colonial? 
possessions  or  dej>endenci('s  or  in  some  way  to  get  them  in  the  home 
country  ''back  to  the  land." 

In  connection  with  the  temporarily  out  of  work,  consideration  is 
given  in  trade  union  out-of-work  l>enefits;  tmder  this  are  included 
the  attenipts,  mainly  in  Switzerland^  at  insurance  against  unemploy- 
ment and  the  "Ghent"  system,  now  largely  developed  throughnut 
Relginni  and  spreading  into  other  countries,  notably  France,  whereby 
the  municipal  or  communal,  or  in  some  cases  the  provincial  or  general, 
govei-nment  may  supplement  the  trade  union  out-of-work  benefit  by 
adding  to  it  an  equal  sum.  The  subject  of  temporary  relief  works 
is  considered  and  the  ex|>erience  of  Great  Britain,  Germany,  and 
France  is  given.    In  Germany  and  to  a  less  extent  in  France  the 


"  Conj|tftre  article  ou 
hj  J.  E.  (*onufr. 


mnmt  offloes  in  the  Vultefl  Sinlee," 
'  tl)«*  niireau  of  luilkir. 


742 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  DCBEAU  OF  LAHOB. 


provision  of  municipal  relief  ^^ork^  has  come  to  Ik-  the  rule  ultticet 
every  winter  in  hII  the  large  and  not  a  few  of  the  smaller  cili^ 

*' Home  shelters"  for  the  workmen  trnvelinsr  in  fioan-h  i*f  work 
are  eonsitlored.  mainly  for  Gernmny  and  Switxeriand,  when*  ilirr 
have  been  most  devDloj>e<l,  as  apai't  from  ordinary  charitahk?  nhehcrs 
and  kMl;iini;  houses  for  the  poorer  artisan  cltuafii  at  lar^jo.  In  Ger- 
many, Switzerland,  and  Gernian  Austria  the  so-called  "  IlerWrgen  ^ 
or  "  Herbergen  znr  Ileimat"  (home  shelters),  art^  organizxHi  into  a 
general  i^ystoni  of  home-^  or  hotels  for  workingnien.  and  pspe<ially 
for  tliose  who  are  traveling  in  senreh  of  work,  in  all  the  larg»»r 
cities  and  town>5.  Mere-,  under  liojpful  influeuces  workmen  can  find 
lodging  for  a  night  or  two  either  by  iJnviug  a  small  sum  or,  if  iinjjhli* 
to  pay,  hy  doing  a  little  work  in  tJic  morning.  They  are  iu  all  mse^ 
private  iiistitutions.  niaiutaiiied  in  many  cases  by  tlie  trade  unions, 
or,  not  infre<picn(ly.  by  religioits  s(K'ietii*s. 

Connoctecl  with  these  home  shelters  thei*e  has  been  developed,  par* 
ticularlv  in  southern  (icrmany  and  a  few  ollter  portions  ai  i\u*  Gw- 
man  Knipijv.  a  system  of  smaller  ix>lief  .stations  {Vet'pfUffttn^iutti- 
tiontu)  under  government  admiuistratiou  or  support.  Tliesr  relief 
.stations  are  ali-eady  orgtmized  in  Jnany  portion.H  of  tlie  Kuipirr,  in 
such  tninilx^ry  as  to  be  within  walking  distance  of  cacli  otljcr  and  all 
are  conne^-ted  by  telephone,  A  workman  ti*aveling  iu  search  of  uurk 
can  go  from  shelter  to  shelter  ojid  at  every  point  learn  iii  which  direc-  _ 
ti<in  lie  ran  look  for  work  with  tite  must  hit|H'  of  bucovs^  The  uta^^l 
who  patronizes  these  stations  Is  compelle<l  to  have  and  show  at  evtr^^ 
sbelter  at  which  Ik'  applies  u  little  book  showing  his  oeci4>atiou,  laiA 
place  of  employment,  r(*a'^n  for  discharge,  etc  Ili*^  being  at  oacli  plart! 
<»f  xlielter  iscaix*fuUy  noted  and  it  is  indicated  (o  which  sliclter  Iac  will 
next  apply.  All  is  under  complete  govei-mnental  or  |K)!icei  control :  and 
if  the  worker,  s<»curing  work,  departs  froui  las  apjMunlctl  route  or  has 
recoui*fie  to  begging,  or  in  any  way  violates  the  rules  governing  tiic 
relief  shelters,  he  can  Ive  and  in  arretted.  If  unable  to  pay  /or  \m 
aheltert  he  is  retpiired  to  work  in  the  morning  and  travel  in  the 
afternoon,  and  tlie  time  in  which  ho  can  stay  at  any  oiiu  shdter  i* 
«trirtly  limite<l,  Ijegishitinn  lins  lieen  cnarted  in  Prussia  loriking 
to  the  estabrisbiiienl  of  this  system  all  over  that  kingdom.  Iu  the  can- 
tons of  Swilzerhjnil,  which  have  acccpte*!  (he  HTjrlem,  and  in  consider- 
able portions  of  Germany  itself,  it  is  claimed  that  tramps  or  irre- 
sponsible vagrants  have  been  almosi  wholly  removed  from  "  t- 
mtmity.  Im[K>rtant  help  is  given  to  this  system  by  the  unx  d 
railnfflds,  which  carry  at  lialf  price  or  one-third  price  all  tluMe 
certified  by  the  ani'                   '     '     *  '       .  '     '     '  '        '  ,i-  wc»rk. 

liegarding  the  (»  -  for  thi*  «^ 

portanJlB^BBp  the  ^icvcaHe^  ^  Inher  ctAcn\\«v'*  i\t  ^\««^\ktc^  | 


Jes-  ' 


in  some  way*  Ux^s  tuot't  c^e\^\iV.^  cx^«)vSr^\v 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN   EUBOPKAN   COUSTRIES. 


743 


land.  The  Gorman  labor  colonies  wliicli  liavo  ^own  rapidly,  so  that 
there  are  now  thirty  in  various  parts  of  the  Empire,  are  agrieultural 
colonies,  maintained  almost  wholly  by  private  philanthropy,  admin- 
ist^jred  mainly  by  a  religious  association,  where  any  worlanan  nnalWo 
to  find  work  can  find  slieller  so  long  as  he  conforms  to  the  rules  and 
regidations  of  the  colony.  lie  is  fi-ee  to  go  at  an^'  time,  but  while 
in  the  colony  he  muii^t  do  the  work  assigned  to  him  and  conform  to 
the  ndes  of  the  colony.  The  arluul  criminals  are  sent  to  penal  estab-  ^ 
lLshment:%  The  lietter  grading  of  various  classes  of  labor  colonies 
for  various  classes  of  the  uneuiployc^  is  the  aim  of  the  Swiss  colonies, 
most  of  which,  howevci',  are  yet  in  their  beginnings.  Such  colonies 
are  lading  attempted  in  England  and  elsewhere. 

Akiii  to  these  labor  colonies  nix*  the  j>enal  colonies,  notably  of 
Belgium,  Switzerland,  and  Holland,  to  which  are  sent  those  arrested 
for  begging,  perMsteut  idleness,  and  other  minor  offenses.  The 
colony  at  Mer.xplas,  Belgium,  is  the  largest  penal  establishment  in  the 
world.  The  convicts  engage  in  almost  every  line  of  industry.  Most 
of  the  work  is  for  the  consumption  of  the  colony  it^^df  and  little  is 
sold  Ln  the  ordinary  market,  so  that  it  is  claimed  tliai  the  competition 
with  free  laUir  is  reduced  to  a  minimum.  The  colony  is  under  mili- 
tary' discipline,  and  little  more  is  claimed  for  it  than  that  with  the 
che^HH^st  cost  it  removes  from  the  community  a  large  class  whose 
pi*asence  in  the  community  would  be  harmful.  The  penal  colonies  of 
Switzerland  are  niuch  smaller.  They  are  mainly  agricultural  colonies 
and  well  administered,  particidarly  in  the  case  of  Wiizwyl,  in  con- 
nection with  which  a  series  of  small  agricultural  or  industrial  colonies 
has  been  establishe<l.  to  which  different  classes  of  those  freed  from 
Witzwyl  can  be  sent  to  pi-epare  them  for  entry  into  the  ordinary 
occupation^. 

Description  is  given  of  Bethel,  the  well-known  colony  of  mercy  fox* 
epileptics  and  others  in  special  need,  and  of  a  few  other  special  and 
more  or  less  similar  establishments. 


INTRODUCTOKY  DEFINITIONS  AND  STATEMENTS. 

It  is  necessary  in  the  beginning  to  know  what  is  meant  by  tlie 
unemploj'ed.  The  word  lias  l»een  used  in  many  sensirs,  especially  in 
the  I'nited  States.  In  this  iuijuiry  it  is  used  to  mean  all  those  with- 
out work  who  need  work,  cither  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time — at  least 
so  far  as  their  need  is  economic  and  industriaL 

It  is  neccsiiary  to  use  the  word  in  its  largest  sense  in  order  to  face 
the  problem  in  all  its  aspects.  The  various  classes  of  men  and  womeii 
out  of  work  need  and  must  have  very  ditTercnt  kinds  of  trealuienl. 
These  various  clashes  are  s<.i  closely  and  »>  insepai*ably  interblemled— 
one  class  so  continually  merging  into  another — th«t  no  < 
tioQ  of  the  ptoblifm  cou  bo  X  r^v^AVki^ 


744 


m-IXETIX    OF   TUB   UrnEAU   OF   LABOR. 


cessful  solution  of  every  other  portion.  Failure  upon  thi-s  pnint  hns 
been  possibly  IIh?  *ine  most  fruitful  source  of  the  Iflok  of  success,  pnr- 
(iculnrly  in  tlie  United  States  and  Groat  Britain,  in  tbf  efforts  tlmt 
have  been  made  for  certain  of  the  out-of-work  <'hisses.  The  neoessity 
for  treating  the  pi-oblem  in  all  its  phases  will  become  more  ttppareitt 
in  the  course  of  tlie  investipition,  but  first  as  attention  is  ^iven  to 
t!ie  various  partial  ways  in  which  the  term  unemiiloyed  baa  been 
used. 

Some  writers  u^e  the  word  unemployed  in  a  liniite<l  sense,  dealing 
only  witii  the  single  phase  of  tinemploymenl  represenled  by  ihiit  cUss 
who  under  prosjierous  times  would  ho  fully  employed  and  who  during 
the  time  mentioned  were  seeking  employment.  Even  in  tfie  mo!4 
pri>s{>erous  times  there  is  always  a  certain  ninnber  without  employ- 
ment, and  this  luimlwr  must  he  added  lo  those  alwve  definotl  as  the 
unemployed  in  order  to  find  the  complete  numlx»r  of  thot«  without 
work  iu  times  of  special  net»d.  If  this  addition  is  not  made,  th«we 
even  in  times  of  pros|)erity  without  "work  will  come  in  lo  swamp  the 
etforts  nuule  f(U'  the  unemployed  In  the  partial  sense. 

Other  writers  have  used  the  term  to  mean  only  those  who  de*irc 
work.  The  tramp  or  vagnint  who  does  not  work  mainly  becau<« 
lie  will  not  work  they  do  not  I'eckon  among  the  unemployed.  The 
object  of  nuiking  this  distinction  Kceuis  to  be  lo  ditTurentiate  l>etw'ecn 
those  whom  the  writers  consider  to  deserve  sympathy  and  aid  in 
finding  >York  ami  those  on  the  other  hand  who  constitute  ii  class  ^^ry 
much  to  U'  (^ondettiueil  and  who  shouhl  l>e  severely  treated.  Yet  an 
investigation  of  the  life  history  or  the  prenatal  history  and  early 
eTi\  inuinuMit  of  the  work-shunning  tramp  might  reveal  a  class  to  be 
pitied  CNen  nuire  than  the  class  that  has  not  yet  fallen  low  ononglj 
to  losi*  the  desire  for  work — a  class  uw*iling  aid  and  help  (altliongh 
possibly  in  the  form  of  very  stern  treatment)  more,  perhaps,  than 
any  (me  class  in  the  community.  It  is  not  possible  to  arrive  ni 
any  ndetpnite  conclusions  of  how  to  employ  the  unemployed  if  (hose 
who  do  n(»t  desire  employment  are  left  out  of  considei^ation ;  for  in 
actual  life  those  who  do  not  work  l>ecaube  they  will  not  an*  com- 
njingled  at  every  step  with  those  who  desire  work,  and  not  8oldom 
the  two  natures  are  somewhat  develf»ped  in  the  same  person.  The 
whole  ]U'oblem  of  employing  the  unemi»loyed  oft^Mi  turns  upon  this 
very  iM)int. 

Once  more,  sonic  writers  and  more  readci*s  seem  to  understand  by 
unemployed  only  the  exact  opposite  of  the  foregoing.  They  lak« 
it  for  granted  that  any  can  fin»l  work  who  will,  and  that  thereftire  if 
anylxtdy  is  without  work,  it  is  l>ecause  he  will  not  \sork,  or  at  Icnat 
beeause  of  some  fault  which  he  has  developetl,  and  U%t  which  I 
tnavjilly  i*esponsiblc.    To  lUen\  iKcw  ore  wti  vowtovVvscA  «saj»?»' 

work.      Few   SIuOlWA*  ol  60C\«k\  WV*  VaJ^tsa  ^ 


THE   UNEMPLOYED    IN    EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES. 


745 


HowGV**r  much  the  number  of  tliosc  nncmployeil  through  no  fau!t  of 
their  own  may  have  l>een  exnggonitcU  l>y  some,  no  one  can  (loul>t  but 
that,  in  the  present  ordering  of  society,  with  its  sudden  economic 
changes,  there  are  such.  The  invention  of  a  machine,  the  consolidation 
of  phints,  the  shutting  down  of  mills,  shops,  or  mines,  the  change  of  a 
railroad  rate,  the  termination  of  an  important  contract,  the  failure  of 
some  crop  or  of  some  supply,  even  the  caprice  of  fashion  or  the  over- 
stocking of  a  market — these  and  a  hundred  other  things  may  cause 
thousands  of  operatives  to  be  at  least  lempomrily  out  of  work,  for  rea- 
sons for  which  they  are  no  more  to  blame  than  the  tides  for  following 
the  phases  of  the  moon.  To  cull  all  the  unemployed  willing  idleiN  or 
shiftless  incapables  is  to  ignore  facts  and  to  ins»ilt  many  a  worthy  but 
unfortunate  honest  workman.  It  is  to  dodge  ratlier  than  to  face  a 
problem. 

Nor  is  there  any  more  ground  for  limiting  the  term  as  is  some- 
times practically  done  to  the  unemployed  among  the  artisan  and 
manunl-lubor  class.  The  unemployed  clerk,  accountant,  joiimalist, 
or  professional  man  is  often  in  a  mucli  more  serious  and  critical  con- 
dition than  the  artisan  nv  manual  lMlK>rer  who  finds  himself  without 
work.  If  the  brain  worker  is  ruled  out  of  the  question,  it  means  that 
often  a  very  needy  case  is  ruled  out,  and  an  imiM>rtant  factor  that  is 
not  ruled  out  in  life  and  that  continually  enters  in  to  confuse  and 
augment  the  difficulties  of  the  situation.  To  find  work  for  the  brain 
worker  is  sometimes  harder  than  to  find  work  for  the  manual  lalMirer. 

Nor  is  there  any  sex  limitation  to  the  word.  An  unemployed  man 
may,  in  the  final  analysis,  l>e  a  much  more  serious  social  factor  than 
an  unemployed  woman,  because  usually  man  is  the  chief  breadwinner 
of  the  family  and  of  the  community,  and  yet,  when  a  wonuin  does  need 
■work  and  either  can  not  or  will  not  find  it,  she  is  often  in  a  more 
pitiable  and  a  moiv  dungi'rous,  even  desi>ei*ate,  condition  than  an  un- 
employed man.  The  woman  who  is  idle  either  by  disposition  or  by 
circumstance  can  not  l>e  eliminated  from  the  pi*oblem  of  the  un- 
emplo5'ed. 

Unemphiynient  therefore  means  (l»e  lK»ing  out  of  work,  for  any 
cause  whatsoever,  through  fault  or  through  misfortune,  for  a  longer 
or  a  shorter  time,  by  any  class  or  condition  of  |>erson8  in  e(M>noniio 
need  of  work- 

Second  only  to  the  necessity  of  including  in  tlie  problem  all  of  its 
elements  is  tlie  almost  equal  necessity  in  actual  treatment  of  very     ' 
carefully  discriminating  between  the  different  classes  of  the  unem- 
ployed and  of  treating  each  scparnte  class  differently,  according  to 
its  exact  aiul,  frequently,  its  very  <livergent  ikhhIs. 

The  failure  to  do  this  has  probably  l»e<in  the  seci>n<l  most  frequent 
cftuse  of  failure  in  working  out  tlie  problem.    To  t  rvuvkaw^ 

banwd-out  weaklini^  J'  kiWed  maw  ^^^ 


46 


BULLETIS  OF  THE  DUBExr  OF  LABO&. 


mrork  i-s  niniost  as  f<4»noiis  a  sociologiml  hliiTuier  a^  to  treat  the  liotHMQ 
ftkiHed,  and  wiliin<r  aitmii  out  of  Wi»rk  through  no  fauh  of  bb  iiira, 
like  ihi*  ti'nnip  who  rnuirH  Iw^pinp  for  a  iiirkol  to  qiipiicli  his  fpi-vrrd 
thirst.  YeL  the  hi8t(iry  of  lulxir  is  full  t>f  iii:<lancrs  of  industrial  and 
other  etideavors  whirh  liave  failcKl  bwause  they  have  tAkec  for 
pnntod  that  everybody  knew  how  and  drsinrd  to  work,  ami  niocT 
frc<^ucnl  are  the*  inaianees  of  well-meant  systems  wliich  have  bc^in  by 
dri^-iiig  awijy  the  most  hoix'ful  class  of  the  uneinplo>*ril  liy  uisuh- 
in^  tlieiii  niid  by  luinpinf;  all  thi'  unemployed  in  one  claa^  and  under 
conditions  biiited  only  to  the  most  detruded  and  the  nu>«t  iu^fficienL 
Either  eonise  is  fatal  to  success.  To  distinguhtli  may  be  aaid  to  be 
tbi?  very  first  practical  steji  t<»>vard  the  stilution  of  the  pn»bl 
Years  af£o  it  was  said  by  Jtihu  liunis.  now  preiudcal  of  the  liriti 
Local  Government  Board : 

I'tuil  the  diflVriMilinli^m  of  tlie  litburer  from  llie  loafer  In 
the  unemployed  question  can  never  be  pi*o|H»rly  dist-usMcd  a.,  .  .;  -Ut 
with.  Till  the  trump,  thief,  au<l  neer-do-welh  however  pitiable  he 
may  be,  is  dealt  with  ili^tinctly  from  llu"  genuine  worker,  no  penna* 
ncnt  iK-'uefit  will  result  to  any  of  them.  Tlie  gentlenuiri  wlio  crts 
lip  to  look  for  work  at  midday,  and  prays  that  he  may  not  find  h, 
is  uudesei^'in^  of  pity.  I  have  seen  the  moM  genuine  and  hninNi 
nieu  at  meelinp>  mixed  up  with  the  laziest  and  moiSt  dninkoi 
H*oundrels. 

But  this  need  of  differontiatiun  la  bo  obvious  that  it  has  but  to  fae 
istnled  (o  Ik*  underst<Mid.  The  difficulty  is  thnt  it  is  no!  ao  ea&ilj 
carrieil    out    in    jiraciice. 

As  before  BtaietK  the  unemployed  may  be  divided  into  three  ^ncral 
classes:  (1)  The  employable;  {'J)  the  unejnployable;  nnd  (3)  the 
va^ant^  incorrigible,  or  more  or  less  vicious  class. 

By  the  employable  are  meant  those  out  of  work,  either  for  a  ] 
or  shorter  time,  who  are  able  and  willing  to  do  work  of  some  ectmomw 
%'aluc. 

By  die  unemployable  are  meant  those  out  of  work,  who,  tJiott^ 
willin;;,^  to  wi>rk,  tuc  l>y  reason  of  deficiency,  mnitiil  or  physical, 
through  their  own  fault  or  other  circmnh(ance^^»  umiMi'  to  dii.  ut  Irjist 
poniianently,  work  of  appreciable  ocoDomic  value. 

By  the  vagranL  imnirrigible,  or  nioir  or  le»iS  \icious  arc  n>euut 
those  able  t<*  work,  wlio,  for  one  renxtn  m-  unotlu'i.  mv  not  uitlitiir 
to  do  |>cnnaneut  honest  labor. 

Tl   will  lh»  (ibvious  from  these  distinctiou.s.  Ihui   ilu-y  ni  lo 

of  and  iJemantl  nuruerous  subdivisions,  and  also  that  the  tin  .  .  ,'r 
morf*  or  lews  continually  merge  into  one  another.  Not  seldom  the 
three  chtn      i     '  i\v^  are  to  Ix'  found  somewhat  mixed  in     '  '^e 

jierNon.      i  I*  men,  according  to  their  imxHls,  e«iph>3  ,  .  i- 

t  jnj>lo^>able,  und  vagrant.    TlMPtts  av«  cAVvw  v»w**«**^  lAnAxtsfar* 


BO  IW, 


ed  or  t*o  compkK  VWV  \i  v«  WVd^«^  vcevv^esxV^fc 


THE  UNEMFLOTKD  TW   ET7E0PEAN   COUJfTBIES. 


747 


I 


■which  class  tlioy  Ivlong.     Tlio  three  cJnsscs  may  \to  comhinod  in  many 
other  ways,  which  increases  the  diflicuhy  of  the  prol>lcm.     Nevcrtlie- 
less,  as  will  be  seen,  the  general  differentinlion  of  these  three  iiuiin* 
classes  is  primal,  nnd  is  absolutely  requisite  to  success  in  the  solution 
of  the  question. 

A  further  differentiation,  however,  must  be  made. 

The  first  class,  tlie  empln^'jthie,  must  be  siiUlivided  into  those  who 
are  out  of  work  because  of  lo^  of  position  and  thos^*  who  are  tem- 
porarily out  of  work,  but  may  expect  after  a  time  to  have  work  at 
their  former  positions.  These*  two  classes  are  in  very  different  situa- 
tions. As  previously  said,  men  may  lose  their  ix)silionK  by  reason  pf 
the  invention  of  a  new  machine^  which  rendei*s  their  skill  no  longer 
economically  necessary,  or  through  the  consolidation  of  plants,  result- 
ing in  the  permanent  sliutting  down  of  the  factory,  mine,  or  establish- 
ment in  which  they  are  employed.  Or  there  may  he  many  other 
economic  reasons  whereby,  without  implying  any  fault  whatsoever  in 
the  individual  concerned,  he  nevertheless  l>e.comes  out  of  work,  and 
perchance  with  no  skill  or  education  which  he  can  use,  because  the  need 
for  his  particular  kind  of  skill  or  education  has  gone  forever.  To 
find  work  for  such  men  is  often  dithcult  in  the  extreme.  At  least  it 
takes  time  for  them  to  leam  and  adapt  themselves  to  a  new  occupa- 
tion. To  the  individual  and  to  scjciely  such  a  condition  is  one  of  in- 
dustrial calamity,  yet  with  the  growth  of  civilization  and  of  invention 
it  is  by  no  means  rare. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  emplovable  may  be  temporarily  out  of  work 
for  a  hundred  reasons — through  a  teiuporaiy  lull  or  change  in  the 
market,  the  shut-down  of  a  mill  for  repaiis,  because  some  j>ortion  of 
tlie  working  staff  has  struck,  resulting  in  throwing  all  classes  out  of 
TTork,  or  tlin)ugh  n  limitless  number  of  causes.  Yet^  however  caused, 
t  is  obvioius  that  the  man  unemployed  for  a  few  weeks  is  in  a  very 
different  condition  and  has  very  <litfercnt  needs  from  the  unemployed 
man  who  has  no  prospect  of  i-etuming  to  his  foraier  employment; 
the  one  needs  help  over  a  temporftr\'>mbarra.ssmont,  the  other  needs 
a  new  occupation. 

»S(iII  other  differences  may  l>c  made  among  the  employable — iliffer- 

ces  l)etween  the  skilled  and  the  unskilled,  between  workers  by  hand 
jind  workers  by  hrnin,  between  various  twcupations,  between  the  sexes, 
between  variations  in  age — differences  which  aill  for  very  great 
difference  of  treatment  in  stTuring  work  for  the  various  classes.     It 

obnous  that,  combining  the  teniporurily  unemployed  and  those 

ith  no  prospect  of  jn-nnanent  oniployment,  the  skilled  and  the  un- 
skilled, liie  artisan  nnd  the  nuiuual  laliorer,  the  man  and  the  woman, 
the  young  and  the  oUl,  into  one  class  and  calling  them  the  uncm- 
lojed;  will  make  it  Luipossible  to  njacU  the  r^ial  iwitfis  \it  'wcv*;  <dAae^ 


SSSSsbm 


748 


BCLLETIN   OF    THK   BUBEAt*    OF   UVBOR. 


\ 


The  sanu*  reascminj;  is  tru<*,  iilso,  niui  perhaps  to  an  even  greater 
ilegi-ee,  of  i\w  uiieiiiployablo,  IK'iv  llicit*  nre  di(fcn?nct*s  of  vliarnctcr 
nru!  li»n»p*?ninicni  as  well  ns  Uiffon^nees  of  condition.  Men  an*  unem- 
ployubJe  bt»('nubo  of  drink,  bot'ausc  of  old  u«fc.  l»t*cuusu  o(  irirrtirii-ncy, 
Ixrausc  of  hodily  infinnity.  To  lump  nil  those  tojrethcr  and  treat 
th*'!n  all  in  the  yi\n\e  \\i\y  is  to  insidt  lht»  honest  but  unfurtuiintc,  nnd 
to  fuil  to  treiit  nrrordin^  to  their  roid  noods  (In*  nnonipltiyaldo  who 
nre  to  blnmu.  It  is  evident  that  the  ditTerontiation  of  the  various 
kinds  of  nnetiiployahlc  is  possilily  more  nwdful  thun  to  (lifFcrtMitinte 
the  eniployat>k'.  It  ih  the  opinion  of  ninny  tlmt  one  of  the  most 
seriouH  dniwba«-ks  to  the  otherwise  suroeysfiil  (loruiun  la)x^r  coh»niej 
is  a  faihire  to  (hscriminatc  sufficiently  between  the  various  kinds  of 
men  who  come  to  them. 

Similarly  the  vagrant  and  moi'e  or  less  vicious  eloft^^a  tihould  be 
diirerenliatcd.  The  dirt'erenco  between  tlie  trump  nml  the  hig"hway- 
nian  is  marked,  altlion^h  it  may  l>o  in  a  sense  one  of  dejti'p^^  aud  the 
tramp  may  become  a  hi^rhwayman  almost  bef(»re  he  knows  it.  Never- 
theless, the  man  i»r  woman  who  begs  or  will  not  work  nnist  Ik*  differ- 
ently treated  from  the  man  or  woman  who  steals.  T'ndoubledty 
one  of  the  main  reasons  for  the  notable  success  of  the  FLlniini  Reform- 
atory is  its  graded  system,  and  in  that  it  treats  each  individunl 
differently  according  to  his  re.s])ective  m^eds. 

Such,  however,  ai'e  but  a  few  of  the  ditferentiations  tliat  must 
U*  made.  Tlie  exiict  nature  of  the  subdivisions  to  l>e  coiusidereil  will 
become  apparent  only  as  the  ditferent  portions  of  the  subject  are 
approaciied.  The  throe  nuun  clivisions  noted  above,  howe\'er,  must 
be  k«'i>t  in  mind,  for  they  nre  primal. 

Fortunately  when  such  dilTerentiation  has  been  made,  the  probhnu 
is  often  much  less  serious  than  at  fir^t  appears.  This  is  one  of  the 
main  i-easons  why  this  study  has  Iwen  nnidc  an  inipiiry  into  what  is 
.done  for  the  unemployed  in  foreign  countries.  In  the  l'nit<»<1  States 
putd  even  in  England,  until  recently  at  least,  there  has  been  very 
little  etTort  to  work  out  the  nnemph)yed  probli«m  on  the  Iwi^is  of 
subdividing  it  into  its  component  parts.  GcMierally  ii[>eakin|r.  In  the 
United  Stiitoif  there  has  been  uo  adequate  effort  to  provhle  for  the 
unemployed  at  M  except  in  i>eriods  of  unusual  distress,  and  ihLi  is 
true  to  a  less  extent  in  Great  Britain.  For  the  most  part  the  com- 
placent but  often  delufnive  .statenu'nt  has  been  ac<*ept<ti  that  then- 
was  no  real  hick  of  employment;  that  if  any  man  was  without  work 
in  ordinary  times  all  In*  had  to  do  was  to  quit  drinking  and  *''gt't 
out  nnd  hnsllc  for  a  job.**  It  may  be  stated  that,  even  when  in  times 
of  unusual  distress  there  have  Iwcn  spasmodic  efforts  lo  provide 
work,  tho.Hc  efforts,  being  .-^iirtLqmodic  and  of  nec4>SAity  hastily  put  in 
oponitum — though  they  W\©  otVerv,  ^^''^^^''^V^  vvaw^v  ^  \\viA«:  -(o 
s/ioiv  uf  iiiU'oJuciug  "  work  vobU"  aitA  ol  i\:\^u\^£Niv^\w^8,Na«X'*       M 


I 
I 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    EUROPEAN    COUNTR'BS.  749 

worthy  '^  uiul  the  "  unworthy  ■'  niu»niph)v(rd— have  involved  u  differ- 
entiation which  hurf  Iwen  in  (he  hurry  anythinjc:  but  thorough,  scien- 
tific, or  satisfactory.  The  result  is  that  neither  in  the  United  States 
nor  in  Groat  Britain — with  one  or  perhaps  two  important  excep- 
tions— has  tliei*e  been  any  real  success  in  working  out  the  problem. 

WHAT    EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES    HAVE    ACCOMPLISHED. 

Consequently  for  suggestion,  informing  experiences,  and  experi- 
ments it  is  necessary  to  study  the  methods  in  foreign  lands,  and  here 
is  found  a  singidar  fact.  AMiile  in  most  of  the  countries  studied  the 
diffei'entiation  of  the  various  classes  of  the  unemployed  has  been 
somewhat  adequate,  the  problem  of  dealing  successfully  with  each 
fieparate  class,  when  it  has  been  dilferentiaied,  has  been  in  many 
ways  so  easy  that  each  nation  has  been,  as  it  wei^,  carried  away  with 
the  success  which  it  has  fiisl  developed  and  so  has  worked  out  that 
special  problem  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  portions  of  the  prob- 
lem. Germany^  for  examjjle,  has  been  especially  successful  in  the 
problem  of  public  enipK\vment  bui'caus  and  of  how  to  care  for  the 
.wandering  laborer  and  the  tramp.  It  lias  even  been  said  that  ihera 
are  to-day  no  tramps  in  Germany,  though  only  comparatively  re- 
cently the  Empire  was  infested  with  them.  Tliis.  while  doubtless  on 
exaggeration,  has  much  truth.  Yet  Germany,  though  in  many  ways 
the  very  birthplace  and  home  of  State  industrial  insurance  of  other 
kinds,  has  not  even  attempted  any  State  insui-ance  a;rainst  unem- 
ployment, and  the  German  treatment  of  the  unemployed  artisan  Ls  by 
no  means  equal  to  her  treatment  of  the  unskilled  laborer  in  search  of 
work. 

The  country  that  first  developed  State-aided  insurance  against 
temporary  unemployment,  among  trade  unionists  at  least,  is  Belgium, 
and  several  other  European  countrieti  are  now  copying  her  system 
upon  this  point.  Yet  the  Belgian  sj'stem  has  almost  failed  among 
nonunionists.  Switzerland  has  seen  perhaps  more  interesting  experi- 
ments in  the  development  of  governmental  or  municipal  insurance 
against  unemployment  than  any  other  country,  and  has  mucli  to 
teach,  though  slie  has  had  little  marked  success,  j^erhaps,  for  the  very 
reason  that  the  Swiss  experiments  have  not  caiefully  distinguished 
between  the  different  classes  of  the  unemployed. 

Belgium,  Switzerland,  and  Holland  have  lieen  marked  by  some 
success  with  the  hardened  and  incorrigibly  idle.     Denmark  has  de- 
veloped an  admirable  sv^em  ^or  the  aged.     France  and  Italy  have    .JL 
seen  interesting  though  less  markedly  characterized  experiments  with 
the  so-called   lK>!,ij^^dii    '  V     (treat    Britain    has  developed   the 

oiit-'^f-"*"'*lf  Itenofit  ann»i;^  unionists  beyond  any  other  country, 

Th-  Iiough  outside  the  lield  of  the  inquiiy^  1 

woilit  III  tiif  -M-.-;ii(t'(J  "  y^ick  '       '  Xi^ 

441VJit~lltilK  7C — fife- 


i 


750  BUtXETTN   OF  THS  BUBEAtT   or   tABOB.  W^l 

While  sncli  treatment  would  h<^  of  interest,  it  ^oems  besl  not  4^  tnH 
up  the  subject  by  countries  and  follow  the  experience  of  wirh,  beeatts* 

it  wfnilci  U»  to  roiifiise  siicress  with  faihire.     It  sefinn  wiser  to  tre«H 
the  .subject  topically  anil  analylicaUy  ami  to  study  the  e.\fMrneiir<»  iiflj 
each  department  of  the  subject  in  those  countrie-s  having  in  r»ch  jfivm 
diiHM'tiou  the  most  to  loach.  ^M 

It  is  well  to  ihvell  for  u  moment  upon  the  general  importanre  ai^| 
gravity  of  the  subjw*f.  Particidarly  is  this  nece,ssary  in  tlie  I^DJl«^| 
States,  when*  many  seem  to  think  the  problem  not  pressing  or  evo^H 
nonexistent.  In  (Jreul  Britain  and  in  Europe  ^»ueniny  it  is  reckone^^ 
among  the  chief  problems  of  the  day.  Witness  the  inlernation^H 
congress  U|>on  uncrnphiynjont,  held  at  Milan,  October  2-11.  lOOC,  S^| 
connection  with  the  ^fiInn  Exposition.  Prominent  delegates  AsseinH 
bled  from  almost  all  civilized  countries  and  important  papers  wefl^f 
read  on  nil  phases  of  the  qiien'tion.     The  Titcrntiir*'  of  the  siil'*  '^fl 

is  iticivasing  by  strides.     All  European  legislatui^s  are  con  ij^| 

the  problem  usually  through  important  commissions  oti  the  9ubj(i^fl 
Few  in  Amcrifii  know  how  deep  is  the  interest  taken  in  the  •>» 

in  Europe,  how  large  is  the  expcnence  in  its  treatrnent   ihm  >4H 

drawn  upon,  or  how  great  have  been  the  successes  already  ackievedH 

MJSCONCEFTXONS  OF  TKB  SUBJBCT.  H 

The  lack  of  interest  in  the  question  in  the  United  Static  hft«  l»cc^| 
JMTtly  due,  however,  to  popular  luisappi'ehejiRions.  The  opinici^^ 
ifcems  general  in  the  United  States,  and  to  n  less  extent  even  In  othe^f 
countries,  that  the  number  of  tmemployed  haj*  lK«en  exaggerated  an^| 
tluit  syinj)nthy  for  un-n  w  ithoul  work  is  hirgply  misphiced.  The  n>a^| 
sons  for  this  roiy  coumton  antl  natund  opinion  ai*e  habitually  civec^f 
lookinU  tliough  when  studied  the  opinion  will  be  seen  to  bo  erroneou^f 

1.  In  the  first  place,  the  unemphiyc*!  who  come  into  cl  '  'IH 

with   the   gencnil    conunimit}'.   and   al>ove   all,   with    th-  i|H 

commufdty,  are  beyond  all  question  the  worst  apecLmens  of  their  cTohi^I 
and  therefore  mij^lead  the  public  as  to  the  pmcral  character  t'f  "  -^^ 
eniphi\v*|.    S*df-respecting  men  and  wom^'ii  iivoit]  \yv*^u\^  an  ;  ,^| 

ing  at  the  doors  of  charity  tmtil  the  Xk^  pof^sible  moment.  Som^H 
pn'fer,  and  often  acttuilly  choose,  starvation  rather  Uian  ^  !H 

ConsfqiiPiitly   thesp  self -respect  ing  persons  are   the   last   to  iiH 

•riden«»  before  the  charitable.  But  thos«>  who  have  lost  self-rapcv^H 
who  will   not  work  evpn  when  they  can,  who  iti  '  "^1 

unt'inployed,  the  typi<*al  trump  nrprcsenled  on  (1  ^H 

who  darkens  the  rich  man^  door — thesw  continually  haunt  the  wcnlll^H 
ail  ir  tinr1»rM}y  wii  *'V^H 

th<  <ly  apply  for  it,  :)i'  J^^^H 

of  those  who  give,  in  order  U>  uviutm  oWvk^t  vcAxi&Nsienv  ^l  vXseb  ^«^^^H 


THE   CWEMFLOTED  VX    EVROPfiAN.  COUNTRIES, 


751 


frntomity.  Not  uniiaturallv  the  ordinary  public  jiuljE^vi:  fi»om  \i^  c-x* 
pcrirnw  and  wrongly  coiirbules  that  wlmt  is  true  of  the  unemployed  ^ 
with  whom  it  comes  in  contact  is  true  of  the  whole  c\a^^  and  tliat  iJie  rs 
one  trouble  with  the  iinemploywl  is  tlierefore  that  they  will  not  work. 
This  is  tlie  natural  conchision  from  the  publitr's  o\[x'rieDire.  Yet  all 
inftwined  in  vest  if?a  tors  of  the  sul>ject  are  agreed  that  while  this  nmy 
be  true  of  a  large  cIohh  it  Ls  by  no  lucaas  true  of  all,  aii<l  that  there  are 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  people  in  the  United  States  who  never  conae 
U^fon?  the  charitable^  and  who  dislike  and  even  denounce  charity, 
who  ar©  nevertheless^,  at  least  for  period-:  of  time,  L)itterly  in  need  of 
work.  Vi^vy  ft;w  workiii^iien  puss  ihrongh  life  without  being,  for  a 
time  at  least,  in  need  of  work. 

^.  They^^  premature  judginents  of  tlie  ordinary  public  are  cimght 
up  £ind  repeated  by  the  preiis,  Tlve  press  iloe>  not  like  to  admit  uuy 
lack  of  employment.  It  in  for  tiieir  interest  to  talk  ^ood  tunen. 
*"  Prosj>erity  talk  ■'  helps  to  create  protsixaity.  Desiring  proH|>erity» 
the  press,  probably  rightly,  encourages  hof^e.  but  not  infrequently 
mistakenly  asserts  that  there  is  work  for  all.  A  New  York  pajx^r  not 
long  ago  declared  that  the  department  of  street  clt»aning  was  unuhle 
to  secure  street  sweepers.  Application  at  the  depurtinent  at  that  vrry 
time  elicited  the  fact  that  the  department  was  overrun  with  applica- 
tions for  work.  Such  is  the  fact  ns  to  many  similar  rumors  and 
statements  accepted  by  tlie  public. 

3.  The  wealth  of  the  I'nited  States  it  so  great,  its  opportunities  so 
abimdani,  the  prosperity  of  certain  elasises  si>  goutl,  tite  wages  of 
mau^^  artLfians  so  high,  and  ordinary  lul>or  wlien  employed  so  well 
pitid^  coinjiared  with  Europenn  hd^or,  that  it  seems  incivilible  that  at 
that  very  time  otiiers  may  Lie  ui»able  to  got  work  at  any  |)rioe.  Yet 
such  IS  the  eas<*.  Trade  union  wnges  usually  are  high,  not  l>ecause 
tiiere  is  no  com])etition  front  the  unemployed*  but  largely  lx>cnuse  of 
fIriH  trade  organization. 

1^  4.  People  get  LnU.>  the  way  of  thinking  that  because  thone  out  of 
work  are  itsualiy  our  *'  weaker  brethreu,"  they  are  out  of  work 
through  tl»eir  own  fault  alone.  They  forget  that  it  i^  natural  for 
the  leaiit  elUcicnt  to  be  lirst  out  of  work-  When  a  man  employing 
one  hundred  men  ili^harges  five,  lie  naturally  discharges  tlie  ftve 
who,  for  one  reason  or  iinotlier.  are  the  least  etlicient.  Yet  he  may 
have  discharged  thobe  live,  not  for  any  special  inethciency  or  fault, 
but  because  his  bu^i4ne^^.s,  compelling  him  to  discharge  five,  tliey  were 
the  least  valuable  to  him.  Hailroad>i  sometime!^  lay  olF  a  thou.saml  men 
lit  u  time.  Wicn  I  wo  companies  combine,  nlniost  n  Iwiiys  some  clerks  are 
discharged.  Inevitably,  the  more  efficient  are  retained  and  the  nnem- 
j^l  — :    ..    .1     I       (flirient.     For  numy  of  tlw  r- rially  of  tlie  cleriT. 


1  general  ku*»wlt'tlge  l>ul 


1  trade,  it  i^-A-Nfi 


cull  to  tind  work,  cMpeciully  if  at  all  old.    \jiNt\i3L\»w  wvi!^  Tsv»5vi^x*^^'«%: 


.     i  BULLETIN'    OF  TUK    BUREAU  OP   UlBOR. 

also  iiiuke  ineii  itlk-  teni|K)rftrily.  The  rapid  entry  of  women  into 
ofKoe^  and  some  forms  nf  lip;ht  innniifiu'titn^s,  dis«pinres  men,  at  If^'d 
temporarily.  Otiier  forms  anH  often  liifrher  forms  of  work  miiy  often 
for  tlic  abler  men,  hut  the  ineffieient  often  go  months  with(ni<  work. 
The  experience  of  certain  college  profeisaors  who,  with  plenty  of 
physicrtl  arul  meiil«l  nhility,  luive  ex|M»rimeiited  In  se<Mnjj  if  they 
c<^)uld  get  work  and  liave  found  it,  proves  notisingr.  'I*he  <iiii»sii<>ii  is 
not  can  the  efficient  hut  can  the  ineJficient  get  work? 

.*>.  It  is  said  tliat  tlu-y  could  at  least  he  thrifty,  cleanly,  Ui  i|  ■  ;  t'*% 
and  that  often  they  aix*  not.  I^arge  numbers  of  the  uneniph'\''l  .la* 
thrifty,  cleanly,  temperate,  but  it  must  be  remembei*ecl  that  few 
apply  for  relief  or  come  to  the  piihlic  notice  until  they  h  ■» 

nnemployetl  for  a  considerable  time,  or  only  emploj'ed  on  !>■  .il 

jol>(t,  so  that  the  proccfifi  of  discouragement  and  dcmoraliKation  has 
gone  on  a  lonj^  time  N-fore  they  altni<'t  »tt«'nti<»u.  By  thi:^  time 
many  who,  when  they  had  good  work,  were  tlirifty  and  lem|>erale, 
have  begun  to  take  a  weak  refuge  in  thriftU^ii^etu  and  intemper- 
ance. 

6.  This  leads  ine\ntnb]y  to  the  question  of  intemperanco  as  the 
cause  of  unemployment.  Some  say,  having  in  mind  individual 
cases,  that  the  question  of  unemployment  is  only  another  form  of 
the  drink  question,  and  that  everyboily  could  find  work  except 
for  drink.  Few  well-informed  students  believe  this.  Serious  as  is 
the  evil  of  drink  it  is  easily  exaggerntcil,  bwause  if  drink  leads  to 
C\nl  habits,  aud  so  often,  at  least,  to  discluir^je  »ml  unemployineitt,  it 
ie  also  true  that  idleness  and  unemployment  often  lead  to  drink.  It 
IS  very  frequently,  fwrhaps  usually,  diflirult  to  know  which  is  cause 
and  which  is  effect.     The  fact^  are  too  intricate  to  allow  of  analysis. 

It  is  se(*n,  therefore,  that  many  fjopular  presuppositions  in  regard 
to  the  uncmpIoye<I  are  but  |M>or!y  founded  and  that,  even  if  tnK% 
they  .serve  rattier  to  aggnivale  and  complicate  the  difficulties  and  tlie 
serious  nature  of  the  problem,  than  to  afford  any  reascm  for  slight- 
ing nr  dismissing  it,  or  for  snying  thnt  then*  is  no  problem  of  the 
unemployed.  To  call  the  nnitter  merely  a  drink  question  or  a  tramp 
question,  or  to  identify  it  witli  any  one  portion  of  the  problem,  is  to 
conmiit  nn  error  which  i^  to-dny  nmde  hy  few  students  of  actui 
life.  n»e  tramp,  the  incorrigibly  idle,  tlic  drunkard,  mtist  be  d< 
with,  whatever  l>e  the  cause  of  his  delinquency,  as  truly  as  th«  hoi 
iind  wfirthy  unempltiycd  mini  or  woman.  It  is  apparent  how  lai 
and  h(iw  -,»>immus  is  the  prfiblem. 

AMOXTNT  OF  ITN EMPLOYMENT. 


With  reference*  to  (he  numlwrs  of  tlie  unemployed,  it  mu-vf  ^—  "^^^ 
that  this  is  not  the  fiubject  oi  l\\ci  \>YQft«ii\V  *r^v\v\N ,  wu^  Wv^v  \\  v, 

Jiissl  not  iifittJbe  considered  at  \cft«\Vv  ot  m  tv^.  ^\i^t^  y^nv^x*.^ 


TUB  I'NEMPUJYKD    IN    EITUOPEAN    r<»UNTRrES. 


753 


proximately  exact  are  im}>o;-isible.  The  rual  nuriil)er  of  the  imt^iu- 
ployeil  in  any  counti'v  or  in  any  city  no  mun  knows,  or  cnn  know. 
The  most  careful  stalistica  in  regard  to  the  subject  are  after  all  but 
tfuesfios  more  or  loss  sliivwd.  based  upon  fragment.s  of  evidence,  and 
ler\a»  merely  as  a  .suggestion  or  very  partial  indication  of  the  gravity 
of  the  problem. 

THE  MEANS   OF   DIFFEBENTIATION.  | 

In  considering  the  question  proper  of  what  is  being  done  for  the 
unemployed  the  first  thing  necessarj*,  as  already  shown,  is  to  differen- 
tiate the  unemployed  into  the  various  classes.  J 

Ukitkd  States  and  Gbeat  Britain.  1 

In  the  United  States  and  in  Groat  Britain,  through  all  their  varied 
experiences,  the  work  test  has  l(>ome<l  very  large.  Applicants  for 
work  are  put  to  work  to  see  what  la  in  them — whether  they  really 
want  work  or  not,  whether  they  can  or  can  not  work,  how  they  work, 
and  what  work  they  can  do. 

Tiie  tinic-honori'd  test  is  the  wood  pile.  Men  are  set  to  fmwing  or 
splitting  wood.  It  is  an  easy  test,  but  very  crude  and  unsatisfactoi-y. 
A  man  nuiy  saw  wood  for  a  liltle  while  or  for  a  day  and  yet  l>e,  in 
the  long  nm,  thoroughly  unreliable  and  unsteady.  Some  men  ave 
not  able  to  saw  or  split  wood,  and  yet  may  be  thoroughly  deserving 
and,  on  a  diffeivnt  line  of  Avork.  quite  capable.  If  a  man  diK's  or 
does  iRtt  saw  wc»od.  what,  after  all,  does  that  indicate  us  to  what  he 
can  do  l>est,  or  what  is  his  real  need?  The  crudity  of  such  a  work 
test  is  apparent,  although  the  test  is  far  heller  than  none- 
Temporary  colonies  have  recently  been  start etl.  particularly  in 
Great  Britain,  and  men  are  sent  tliere  for  a  few  days  or  weeks,  partly 
MB  a  temporary  relief  and  partly  to  see  what  they  are  and  whnt  they 
nu  do.  As  this  plan  is  studied  in  detail  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
cxperinieut  is  at  once  expensive  and  unsatisfactory,  and  unless  work 
is  currie<l  on  in  a  large  number  of  industries  such  colonies  ufTord  but 
little  chance  for  a  nniu  to  show  wluit  is  or  is  not  in  him.  It  has  been 
seen  that  tlie  luieniployed  include  largely  the  ic^u  able,  tlie  less  edu- 
cated, and  the  less  eflicieul.  Among  other  things,  they  are  less 
able  to  adapt  themselves  to  new  conditions.  For  instance,  it  is  diffi- 
cult for  B  diamond  worker  or  a  stereotyper  to  show  his  skill  at  nn 
"  unemployment  colony."  A  man  may  perhaps  \\o  able  to  do  a  fair 
day's  work  or  succeed  at  lejist  fairly  well  at  his  own  particular  ma- 
chine or  in  his  own  branch  of  a  trade,  but  is  quite  helpless  when 
duuified  down  with  hundrciU  of  others  of  all  classes  and  all  trades 
in  an  agricultural  colony. 


/ 


BULLETIN    OF   TlfE   BUnEAC  OF, 

Agrioultural  colonics  arp  frw|«cntly  tlie  worst  ])lac«?»  lo  show  wluit 
lA  in  th«  city  nivn  who  fonn  the  lai';;Er^  majority  «^f  the  iin«iuployed. 

At  Ifolle^It-y  Bay.  tln'  main  Kn^lish  colony  of  tKi*»  <l»rM'rif»lion,  it  is 
StticI  io  he  iLk'  vu\c  tiuil  llic  niiiit  wlio  coiiit*>  lo  tb«*  ct>lnny  in  M^t  weiik- 
inunl  from  lack  of  proper  food  or,  loss  c>>uinionly,  from  Ibe  effect**  of 
drink  iiiul  dij'-sipntion  lluit.  it  is  two  wiH'ks  lx'f<»iv  hv  cnn  <lo  ordiuiiry 
eolliJiy    Wt>rk.      With  nuiliy   it    htkr>   Innifcr  tn   ^Imu    :it    nl!    wlint    flcv 

can  do, 

If  varied  linoM  of  work  arc  atlt^nij»tLnJ  ui  u  oolony  U  t'uor- 

moiisl3'  cx|Jonsivo,  u  Itirm*  item  of  ('XjK'nse  Ix'in;;  th«  uiii,  u-nt  of 

ndiH]iint(*  forcfmen  to  manage  the  various  tines,  while  cx»ntiniial  chan^ce 
of  hands  is  bad  i>otli  for  the  in<histry  uiul  tht?  tonls,  uiul  it  ■  '  U 
lu  kwp  tht'iu  up  lo  th«  rt;<[ui3ite  standard.     A  still  uioro  m  .  ..f- 

ficulty — the  drink  habit — prc»scnts  it.self.  This  applies  particulariy 
to  thr  lower  ^i*adcs  of  infii,  but  unfortimiitely  it  upf)lios  t«>  a  largtr 
majority  of  mu-niployed  "colonists."  Ail  men  are  sober  when  they 
can  not  gv't  drink.  At  the  coUmy  they  uAually  can  not;  bui  that  dom 
not  «ho\v  what  thcv  will  do  when  again  at  larpp.  As  a  work  tfst 
for  the  Lincinphty^^'d  tin*  rolony  f^iiK  nt  many  cnicial  points^  though 
this  Ls  far  lietter  tlian  no  test. 

Gkrsl^nt. 

Germany  }ws  develoj>ed  an  <*ntir(»ly  ditfeivnt  >*y«tefii  of  aiieertainhi|f^ 
what  men  can  do.     This  must,  however.  lw»  acconifMiniwl  hy  the  slnlis 
^raent  that   Ht  one  |H>int  (lernmny's   failiin*  lo  dilTeR*ntinto    vnrio^K 
-  Vhissrs  of  the  unemployed  is  a  point  of  weuk^iesB  in  her  lalxtr  coloiiieit^ 

The  way  in  which  Gernwiny  rornes  to  jnd*re  her  (inenipIoj*e*l  nuiy 
Ih^  said  in  Ijrief  lo  lie  by  following  their  career  from  the  stoirt.  Thw 
metluMi  nee<U  n«i  twrt.  Germany  knows  Ibe  men  themselves,  and  ha^i 
in  alniost  all  ctinea  a  nir>re  or  less  cumjvteti*  nn'ord  of  their  whole 
career. 

In  the  Brst  place,  no  Cterman  youth  under  SI  (*an  enter  emplcnr- 
ment  witiiout  ^'tting  fnmi  the  jMdict*  n  Hxalled  labor  book  (.J>  * 
IfM'h).  lii  this  b4M>k  in  entered  Win  age«  jiarenlage.  means  of  idtjii  '>- 
cation,  and  phice  of  eniplovnient.  So  long  as  he  remainn  in  a  pla^'e 
hiri  laljor  btxik  is  kept  by  hi.s  employer,  but  when  be  leaves,  the  Iwoic 
mtjNt  Ih*  returned  lo  him  with  the  ilale  of  his  len^nnsf  r — —ri-  i  -1-4 
he  can  not  secure  another  situadcm  (if  ho  is  under  *2\ )  • 
ing  hi>i  h*Myk. 

After  he  is  Hi  the  record  plainly  shows  what  he  i^  This  record 
i»  iJKMnm*d  in  variouM  wavH.  dilTering  more  or  \tt**i  in  the  ihtrfifiknt 
traiU's  or  (Mi  the  city  i4n<l  llie  < 

niluni'*  ol  i...  .,...,  .; ........  ..i.tni'e  .«4V<^tenk  iitfont  h*.-.  »> 

tjnn.     For  approxiuialely  AH,OOW.VAl^>  v\\e  \w<%s  ^-a  Ktt\\ve\v  v-  x. 


THE   UNEMPLOYED   IK    EVROPEjIX    COITXTBIES. 


lo; 


condition,  nnd  stnte  of  lieiilili  is  a  matter  of  public  record,  and  that 
for  a  muiil>er  of  years.  The  value  of  this  kno\vlo<lge  of  the  life  hi^- 
tory  of  a  man  is  at  once  apparent.  Every  mun  or  vroman  insured  is 
given  a  card,  showing  at  once  how  he  or  she  has  been  insuretl,  Ihe 
anionnts  paid,  tlie  dale  and  n'^uhirity  of  paynicnt,s,  indic4iting  their 
occupation,  economic  standing,  etc.  Wlien  an  applicant,  tlierefore,  ^ 
arrives  at  an  employment  bureau,  the  first  thing  he  is  a-^ked  to  do  is  to 
show  his  card  to  indicate  hi.s  character  and  position. 

P'or  the  cities,  too,  and  especially  for  the  classes  most  likely  to  be  in 
need  of  employment,  there  is  another  way  in  which  the  character  and 
posit itm  of  applicants  are  even  more  minutely  recinded.  This  is 
thnnigh  the  system  of  poor  relief,  now  almost  universal  iu  the  Ger- 
man States  and  citi(*&— a  combination  of  Government  supt'rvision  with 
widespread  individual  action.  It  is  some  form  or  another  of  the 
EUx'rfehl  system,  so  called  from  the  cilv  in  which  it  was  first  devel- 
ope<l,  varying  in  detail  in  different  States  and  cities, 

Tlie  essence  of  this  system,  so  far  as  the  relief  of  the  jjoor  is  con- 
cerned, is  the  division  of  the  city  into  districts,  for  the  su{>ervision 
of  oonditiorts  in  which  a  certain  number  of  citizens  ain?  n*.spon.sihle. 
The^e  citizens,  who  watch  over  tlie  needs  of  their  districts,  are  not 
pai<l  officials,  and  they  may  come  fi*om  any  class  of  the  connnunity. 
They  are  calleti  '•helpers"  {Anneupfer/n'),  In  tike  city  of  Elber- /" 
feld,  for  example,  with  10'^,7(>0  inhabitants,  there  are  over  54t>  of 
the.se  helpers.  It  is  the  duty  of  these  helpers  to  divide  their  districts 
into  minor  districts,  and  each  helper  must  acquaint  himself  witli  the 
neiuls  of  the  jjcople  in  the  district  to  whicli  he  is  apiK>inted.  In 
Kllkerfeld  each  helper  has  on  an  avei'age  *JSO  j>ersons  mider  his  care, 
rich  or  poor,  out  of  which  numl>er  only  a  few  will  probably  need 
help.     These  few  he  comes  to  know  pei^sonally  and  intimately.!'^) 

The  helpers,  too.  are  organized  into  gi-oups  presided  over  by  a 
captain  or  Bezirksvorstelier.  and  these  captains  nieet  in  a  cenhnl 
board  headed  by  the  civic  admini-stration  calletl  tlie  N'orwaltung, 
which  lias  charge  of  the  adniiui.stration  of  the  cities*  charities.  It  is 
easy  to  decide  in  any  given  c»ise  whether  a  man  is  imemployed 
thropph  fiudt  or  thi'ough  misfortune,  nnd  what  kind  of  aid  he  needs 
in  securing  employment-  Each  helper  knows  in  detail  the  needs  of 
each  cjtse  and  reports  it  to  his  Vorsteher,  who  lays  it  before  the  cen- 
tral lK)ard.  Whatever  Ik»  the  cus**  the  applicant  is  helpeil  in  some 
way  or  compeJle<l  to  find  euipU»yment 

One  of  ih^  princi^Mil  dutii's  set  Ijcfure  every  helper  i**  to  watch  all 
per.sons  in  his  district  who  may  be  in  danger  of  becoming  needy,  s*)  us 
to  \m*  ready  to  meet  the  iKginniugv.  of  want  lx*fare  they  liecome  de- 
TelopeJ  aoil  disintegration  of  cliavader  9et£  in.    Wherever  these 


Hm.r-KTTX  OP  TItK   nXfREATT   OIT  T^nott. 


ryptoms  arc  <U'Vi*lo|K'«!  it  is  t*fx*^  to  detpnuMie  to  what  olass  of  the  ui 
cmplnyiMl  any  partionlar  imlividual  belong)*,  vrhcthor  be  he  wilhoi 
work  tliroupli  f:will  or  throiif^h  i-ircnnistanees,  whrfhor  his  ti 
mont  Ls  iiiert'ly  teiiifxmiry  or  likely  to  be  long  continue*!.  •  ' 
}w  1k»  rapnlil(*  or  inrapnblp. 

The  pul»lic  ciiipl<>yin*'Til  buirnns  nlso  furnish  ft  preaf  il^al  of  iiif<*r- 
niiition.     Thoy  form  the  chief  success  of  (iermany  in  dwilin^  witli 
the  iincmployctl,  exist  in  nearly  every  iniportunt  German  city,  reach 
M  very  liirpe  pro]>ortion  of  the  people,  nnd  yet  for  each  one  tlier  n*rich 
they  gatlier  consiilorable  detiiiU'd  information.    Detnils  differ  in  dif- 
fcivnt.  bnreaiiH,  but  in  peneral  each  Bpplicant  must  enter  on  record 
consi<lernlile  inf<»rniation  in  ropard  tohiinself,  and  this  is  followed  uttj 
by  his  reporliujii;  his  siicress  or  failuiv  in  ^jaining  employment,  so  thftP 
his  record  lx»conies  a  somewhat  complete  ii\dex  of  his  chantclcr.     Fn 
Herlin  he  is  ^iven  a  little  hook  which,  till  he  is  einployefl,  he  has  taJ 
bring  each  day  to  the  olfice  and  have  stampc<l.    In  Germany.  i».d«...cl1 
tlie  workman  may  U*  cnlhui  (he  nmn  with  the  little  bmik. 

One  other  factor  in  connection  with  the**  public  employnu'nn 
bur'cuus  niils  the  difTeivntialion,  nnd  that  is  thai  the  bureaus  ihem-^ 
yelves*  at  least  in  the  case  of  the  larpiM'  bureaus,  are  subdivided  into 
HO  many  neclions,  In  all  cases  iIkmv  niv  s<»parati»  departments,  nntL 
indeed  separate  rooms,  if  not  si*par:ite  buildinp^,  for  the  men  nrnv 
women  applying  for  work.  Only  less  univers^d  is  the  sepamtion  into 
diffenMit  rooms  of  the  skilled  and  the  unskilled  workers.  Tlie«<a| 
distinctions  ai*e  nuide  in  even  the  snuillest  bureaus.  Hut  the  Istf^a 
b\ireaus  |fo  much  further  and  have  dilferent  departments  for  the  nuiiia 
diffen»iit  trades,  or  at  letist  branches  of  trades.  The  pub]i<*  emplorJ 
mont  btireiuis  i»f  Ucrlin  and  Munich  occujiy  a  larjce  numl)er  of  oHlivsJ 
and  in  Herlin  the  bureau  occupies  more  than  one  buildings.  All  thi» 
of  cotu*s<\  preatly  ni<ls  the  dilfen-ntintion  of  tin'  nn<*mploye<l. 

The:*  institutions  are  mainly  for  the  city  Inlrarer  and  Uie  F^kiHinl 
artisan.    For  tiie  more  strictly  vn^niint  class  there  are  the  "  Wnnder- 
schein."  or  traveling  workman's  hook  of  the  MerlM^r^cn  nnd  \Vrpfl©-J 
guiigsstationeu,  which  play  a  larp'  part  in  the  life  of  the  unemployed 
<Ti»rm«n  workman,  ]mrticularly  of  the  lower  grades.  I 

The  Ilerl»erjn'n  aiv  home  sheltei-s  »here  the  unemployed  or  ne<»dM 
workmen  may  st^cui'e  lemi»ornry  lodging  and  fothi  by  paying  a  sinalP 
mim,  or  without  such  payment  provided  he  do  a  lillle  work  ia  ihe 
morning.  They  are  found  in  almost  all  tSerman  fili«»s  and  towttaJ 
thert*  being  some  o()0  of  them  in  the  Empire.  In  U»rU  they  g^vd 
4.0Sl»,5(.Mi  night  loilgings  to  over  2,000.000  persont^  They  are  for  IMi 
TnoRt  I  '",  inaintained  largely  by  n*'  ■] 

In  all  I  .  ,Licj  the  trad.-  Min..t,-,  ■iN..i  i..>tiii 

Vrr/>/l 
ar  nxH 


.  .'.iUA  the  trad.-  .ml., 

itioneti  ure  M  Aw^^twtt* 


tosi-  X^ 
ices  ^  \ 


fc 


THE  UNEMPLOYBD   IN   EUROPEAN   COUNTRIES.  767 

the  publio  authorities,  where  the  needy  workman  traveling  in 
h  of  work  can  fiTul  shelter  for  a  single  night  oi»ly  antl  l>e  sent  on 
the  next  day  to  the  next  Verpflegungsstation.  Here,  as  in  the  Her- 
bergen,  the  worlcnian  am  obtain  accommodations  either  by  making  a 
very  small  payment  or  by  doing  a  little  work.  There  are  over  1,000 
of  these  stations  in  the  Empire  and  they  are  on  the  increase- 
Both  classes  of  these  institutions  have  two  characteristics  which 
should  be  noted  here.  Both  the  Ilerberge  and  the  Verpflegungs- 
station make  couhiderable  elTort  to  tind  work  for  or  learn  of  posi 
tions  for  the  unemployed,  and  both  of  them  make  their  services 
conditional  on  the  worknuin  having  a  Ixxik — the  so-called  **  Wan- 
derschein  " — in  which  is  entered  the  fact  of  his  entertainment,  with 
the  date,  and  which  must  be  shown  and  stamped  at  each  Herbergo 
or  station  before  he  can  receive  food  or  lodging.  If  this  book  be 
Jost  he  must  buy  anotlier  at  a  low  price  or  by  doiiig  extra  work. 

The  Ilerbergen  and  Stationen  are  also  organized  into  one  system 
and  connected  usually  by  telephone,  so  that  information  as  to  oppor- 
tunities for  work  can  be  communicated  from  one  to  the  other,  while 
man}'  of  the  larger  Ilerbergen  have  n*gular  employment  bureaus  or 
departments  connected  with  them.  They  are  thus  of  great  usefulness 
and  importance  to  the  more  needy  workingmen,  and  are  largely  pat- 
ronized by  them.  But  as  all  their  activities  are  a  matter  of  record 
and  as  each  one  who  receives  even  the  slightest  entertainment  nmst 
have  and  show  his  **  book,**  it  is  evident  how  much  they  contribute  to 
sliowing  the  record  of  the  needy  men  seeking  Avork.  The  **  Wander- 
schein  '*  is  by  no  means  popular  with  the  men.  They  do  not  enjoy  the 
restraint  and  surveillance  it  entails  upon  their  actions. 

riuis  in  these  and  other  methods  by  absolute  records  (iermany 
Jcnows  who  her  unemployed  are- 
All  this  is  helped,  so  far  as  knowing  men  is  concerned,  by  the  vari- 
ous laws  and  police  i-egulations  which  render  any  vagrant  not  able 
to  give  an  account  of  himself  liable  to  arx'est.  As  a  nmtter  of  fact, 
the  Grerman  imen)ployed  and  vagrants  are  com[>elled  to  have  their 
*•  hooks  "  of  one  kind  or  another,  and  so  thoroughly  is  the  system  car- 
ried out  that  it  has  been  saiti  that  there  are  no  trumps  or  vagrants  in 
Germany.  Germany  thus  needs  no  "  work  testa,'"  because  the  recoitl 
of  each  man  needing  work  is  known  and  followed. 

It  does  not  follow,  of  course,  that  a  systen»  which  on  the  whole 
orks  well  in  Germany  is  adapted  to  the  United  States  or  Enghind. 
As  has  l>ei<n  ultvady  pf»inted  out,  Ajiglo-Saxon  and  German  juelhods 
dilfer  mnlerirtlly  at  this  very  p<iint. 

For  two  reasons  it  is  much  easier  for  the  European  workingman  to 
submit  to  retaliation  by  boards  of  various  societies.     The  tir^i  is  (hat 
lese  5o<;Vj/es  (/iemseJ\t»s  are  ruled  by  iW  SViiV«^v  VW  ^?rwa\W&. ^*%^. 
on  their  boards  ucd  on  state  buar4&  \!U«  tt'Sksfct^  Sil  Siasi\*»x^  '««v 


\ 


■F  Btrujrrnr  or  titt.  btbeac  or  uum>«. 

fr<H|u<*ntly  themselvps  nf  the  working  t'loswpw.  Ill  iFemiamj  it  h 
frw^iu'utly  Uu*  case  that  the  '^ helper"  niay  be  ■  workincinan,  aad 
when  it  coTiHv  to  th^  employment  bureaus  it  is  oft»  i»» 

that  it  shall  be  so.     The  presence  of  an  equal  nuu:   ;  .  -,     .tifs 

an<l  emp1oyt*i*s  upon  the  tioarcbf  of  manageiiienC  of  oinplormmt  bn- 
ixruiis  is  rcnsideretl  in  Gernianv  so  neceeaan'  to  their  sacn*  i  is 

almost  universal  in  the  new  public  employment  bureauf^  «u  .  '  j^-r- 

mans  have  adopted  a  Hpecial  word  to  dc^^i^nate  this  class  of  bumtOL 
They  call  them  by  the  snggestivc  ^vonl  "I*  h.'"     The  pre 

of  vrorkinguien  upija  such  boards  is  also  lli..: in  other  count 

In  Belgium  u|»on  aieh  commission  d'aJtsisUDce,  or  relief  ccnnmittee  o{ 
the  commune  or  township,  there  nitist  be  at  least  i»nc  HrorkininaAA. 
In  Au!)tritt  the  Prague  municipal  em}>loymej»l  bureau  U  in  charge  of 
a  board  of  nine  persons,  of  whom  three  must  bo  representaliTeA  of  the 
employoil  and  must  be  workmen  actuully  emplo^-ed  in  Pra^e.  Id 
Swit/.erliind  workingmen  are  prt«miuent  on  nil  such  ho^rd^.  In 
France  the  lulwir  exchangcH  (ir  employment  bureaus  are  often  almcat 
vrhoiiy  in  the  hand^  of  workingmen. 

I  SwiT/.i:ttUiKn. 

Switzerland  has  in  most  ways  upon  the  unemployment  question  fol- 
lowed tlie  lead  of  Oenniuiy,  but  !ii>on  not  a  f*'W  point-s  by  coming 
after  Germany  has  Switzerland  lM*en  able  to  improve  upon  Gennjin 
methotls.  Being,  too,  n  smaller  cottntry  she  has  frequently  been  able 
to  develop  more  ^ij'^tematize*!  and  centralized  plans  than  have  Ik-cu 
developed  in  Germany,  a  truth  only  jHirtially  mo<!itic<l  by  Switaser- 
hind's  cantonal  and  trifiartite  racial  diritions,  Tliis  applies  partirih 
hirly  to  SwitzerlnndV  methods  of  dealinir  with   v  ^  U^ng 

id)le  to  know  the  gvitiiiue  M*eker  for  work  from  thr  i^^nt 

There  is  in  the  first  place  an  intercantonal  nnion  for  the  relief  of 
Brorfcmon  »«i»kirig  employment,  orgiini7.e<I  at  present  in  at  '  t»*- 

%een  out  of  the  twenty^two  Cantons.     This  irnioii  fixes  thr  f^ 

conditions  for  giving  relief  in  the  relief  stations  at  the  Cantons:     ^H 

(1)   Thf  trHveler  must  prtxlncc  valid  piipf^r?^  of  h-ffifintniion. 

(9)  Proof  that  lie  has  worked  ff>r  an  employer  within  the  thrw 
preceding  months  and  that  at  least  five  dty8  have  elapwd  since  that 
pmployn)on(  ei-ased. 

(8)  All  relief  given  is  rated  in  the  tm>'eler^»»  book  fiRf^Kf?  In*  the 
ntiion)  with  date  and  plaiv. 

(4)  T>     ■'  ■    .  ry  of  t].!    *      ' 
Any  jjer  iide  to  pi  -Imj 

|>erMm  may  \n-  liandcd  over  to  the  police.     In  Svritsertand  a»  in  Gcr- 

-  f  of  w  ^ 


THE  UXBMPLOYED  IS    BUBOPEAy    COUNTRIES. 


759 


who  ure  and  wlio  are  not  tramps.  As  a  result  people  in  p:oofl  con- 
science can  refuse  to  gire  to  l)egg«rs  in  Switzerlan«l,  and  bepgfing 
there  is  almost  unknown.     For  the  really  needy  provision  is  made. 

Otuer  Countries. 

Other  European  countries  have  little  to  teach  on  this  subject.  Bel- 
gium is  beginning  to  arrive  at  somewhat  the  same  results — so  far, 
however,  only  as  her  organized  labor  is  concerned — througli  her  sys- 
tem of  public  aid  to  the  unemployed  who  receive  some  aid  from  the 
trade  unions.  This  system  has  as  one  corollan'  a  somewhat  minute 
recording  of  the  condition  and  ability  and  character  of  each  trade 
unionist.  An  examination  of  some  of  these  Belgian  records  reveals 
much  concerning  the  individuals  in  question,  but  this  is  only  for  tho 
members  of  a  union.  For  nonunlonists  the  Belgian  system  has  failed. 
France  has  little  that  is  new.  Denmark  arrives  at  some  approach  to 
the  Oennan  ^vstcMii  through  her  old-age  pension  system,  which  neces- 
sitates considerable  record  keeping. 

THF  EMPU3YABLE. 

The  prime  need  for  the  class  of  the  unemployed  who  have  no  pros- 
perl  of  work  in  a  former  2>osition  but  who  are  employable  is  a  new 
situation.    Temporary  aid  or  teni|>orary  relief  work  will  do  the 
ibers  i)f  Uiis  clasri  little  gocxl,  for  at  its  conclusion  they  may  l>e  as 
(y  as  before.     It  is  obvious  that  the  first  n^fpiisite  for  meiHing  tlie 
needs  of  this  cIusk  is  a  good  and  efficient  employment  bureau. 

EMPLOYMENT  BTTEEAITS. 


Employment  bureaus  may  be  divided  into  six  principal  classes, 
though  these  are  capable  of  subdivision,  and  though  there  are  also 
bureaus  which  partake  more  or  less  of  the  nature  of  more  than  one 
cLtss. 

First,  there  are  in  all  countries  and  developed  in  large  nnniV>ers  the 
ordinary  commercial  employment  bureau,  carried  on  for  gain.  Tliej^ 
bureaus  are  maiidy  for  domestic  servants,  waiters,  and  the  like,  and 
to  a  less  extent  for  fi^irls  and  wctmen  in  commerce  and  the  unorgtinized 
trades.  Outside  of  domestic  s*?rvants  men  use  these  bureaus  verj- 
little. 

Second,  employment  bureaus  connected  with  some  trade  union. 
Tht'M'  in. all  connlries  do  a  large  and  important  work,  btrt  as  n  rule 
only  for  the  members  of  the  trade  union  or  n\  most  the  craft  with 
which  they  nre  connected. 

Third,  akin   to  those  of  the   ~    -  '    ''•       '  "f    '-   -  -  *    "'■* 

!i^'hl]>  dov»']op(M)»  an*  employnu 
\v  workiugmmij  but  not  in  coiincctiou  vcivb.  ajv>j  wve  ^t 


760 


BCLLCTIN   or  TIUI  Ut'REAV  OF   ULBUB. 


Fourth,  employment  burpaifs  eakablisiied  by  emplovers.     Ii 
countriox  thi*sR  pl^y  ^  large  part  and  Hntl  work   for  a  ootunilf^nibfe 
niunlHT  of  men,     Aniong^  iheni,  although  nt,  may  be 

j»la(vt|  the  eitiployinent  bureaus  of  the  ol:  , .   .l    :    ^    of  which 

biWl  tfurvivc  iti  Europc*an  countms,  and  which  in  a  few  coiintrMs 
yot  play  some  conoid i-ra bio  part. 

Fifth,  employin^ni  l»un-»us  CKtalilishcd  ami  conducted  by  saoK*  form 
or  other  of  eharitiible  or  philanthropic  effort.  TheAC  in  flonie  oouo- 
tries  play  a  not  ir  ;.  iilthoiifrh  in  ihe  iniiin  for  the  ks 

efficient  and  nion* ;         .       ;j  i  and  therefore  nioiv  needy  worldng 

cUfttes.    The«9e  bureaus  do  much  more  for  women  than  for  men. 

Sixth,  the  \ui4.  kind  of  (*niploynient  bureau  to  "■      '  -ni 

probably   the   ino^  important,   is  tlie  so-called   pi  ,  _iit 

bureau,  e^tnhUtshcd  and  con«lucted  by  K>me  public  oripKuizatton,  ns^ 
ally  the  tnunioipality  or  State.  These  in  K»ro|>e,  nn<{  iMproially  in 
Germany,  have  develo|K>d  a  very  Urge  sncorss,  are  rapidly  on  tJie 
inciva>4«,  and  demand  carefid  (^tudy. 

Nearly  nil  tli»-se  various  kinds  of  <'iiii»loyni*iit  ^  arc  to  \ie 

found  in  all  ICiiroijean  countries.    It  &eems  l>e.st,  i..  .  ,  in  -stuily 

them  by  count  riesj. 

France. 


France  is  the  first  country  selected,  not  b«x*ftU}4c  the  French  biur«aiif 
an*  the  most  important  or  ihe  most  **uc<'essful,  but  liecniise  France 
firHt  a1teinpte<I  pulilic  effort  in  this  line  and  iH-cause  upon  her  expe- 
riences to  some  extent  has  been  based  the  action  of  other  countries. 

VABIurS  COMMEOCIAl.,  TEAOE  UMON,  AND  OinKJt  KMl'lM^VMKNT  BURKACIt 

In  P'rance,  as  in  almost  all  countricR,  the  first  employment  hu- 

MtUH  fo  Im*  developed  were  of  the  <»niinflry  comniorrial  kind,  and  the.** 
ritill  numerically  the  mofft  important  and  jKissibly,  until  rec<»ntly, 
the  most  successful.  The  ntunl>cr  of  situations  obtained  by  them 
run  over  a  million  a  year.  Their  importance,  however,  i.s  rapidly 
on  the  decline  and  a  strong  a^tatiou  apiin>-t  them  is  at  present  bouig 
carried  on.  Tlicy  are  huTrely  limitetl  to  obtaining  situations  in  do- 
mef<tic  service  or  for  workers  in  hotels  and  restaurants.  From  IHM 
to  1S97,  for  example,  at  a  time  when  they  were  nuire  important  than 
they  are  now,  out  <if  '.»:vj,82-i  situations  filled,  :i98.7*25  wer«  for  do- 
me^ ic  servant«j  and  *201o*>t)0  for  waiti^rs.  Few  situations  were  fouDd 
for  artisans  or  workers  in  orpinized  trades. 

Many  and  *-eriouH  clmr^es  are  made  at^uinst  these  employment  Im- 
reaiiH  on  the  ^roiiiiil  of  immorality  and  kindrcil  evils,  nr  '  ■'  ;  tr.  is  a 
convidernble  Ixjdy  of  evidence  to  prove  Ihe  evil?;  alonjr  < '  -s. 

In  France,  as  abio  in  other  counlvles,  ^U^^^v-  ^w.-  ,i^ 

fliv?  irAo  nrcirM*d  of  cxploilUig  \w  *JV\\et  wafs-ft  Wv*.  ^vvV.>  -..v^  .   .w,.^ 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    ErEOPEAX    CorNTB!E6, 


61 


I 


nialie  use  of  them.  Some  of  them  have  been  charged  with  being  little 
more  thnn  organized  frauds,  sending  the  girls  nnd  women  to  whom 
they  promise  situations  on  all  sorts  of  baseless  errands,  but  rarely 
getting  them  permanent  situations.  At  present  these  private  bureaus 
must  be  licensi-d  by  the  municipal  authorities  and  are  strictly  super- 
Tised.  A  law  of  March  14,  1J>0+,  requires  that  hereafter  all  fees  must 
be  paid  by  employers  and  no  remuneration  whatsoever  be  required 
from  the  employees.  The  law  further  gives  municipalities  the  right 
to  close  these  private  bureaus,  and  in  not  a  few  cases  the  law  has 
been  acted  upon.  This  law  further  requires  every  town  of  10,000 
or  more  inliabitants  to  maintain  a  free  public  bureau.  It  is  even 
seriously  proposed  by  many  of  the  French  Socialists  and  a  few  others 
to  make  the  closing  of  the  private  bureaus  compulsory  for  the  whole 
country,  biit  this  has  not  been  carried  into  legislation. 

Another  class  of  French  employment  bureaus  at  present  of  little 
influence,  but  of  considerable  historic  interest,  are  the  old  gJiild  regis- 
tries. The  15  trade  guilds  reporting  to  the  French  Labor  Department 
from  1894  to  181^7  found  an  average  annual  number  of  oidy  7,537 
situations. 

Much  more  important  are  the  trade  union  employment  bureaus. 
In  11)07.  out  of  a  total  of  6,3'22  trade  unions  existing  in  France,  1,105 
maintained  employment  bureaus.  Besides  these,  there  are  also  21 
federations  of  trade  unions  maintaining  employment  bureaus.  This 
indicates  what  is  found  everywhere  and  in  every  country,  a  tendency 
to  conibine  and  ally  the  bureaus  into  a  system  and  fetlenition.  Those 
trade  union  employment  bureaus  find  many  positions,  but  are  much 
criticised.  The  first  report  on  emplo}Tnent  agencies  in  France  makes 
the  following  observations  :(**) 

The  employers  object  that  the  trade  unions  insist  on  theh*  paying 
wages  fixed  by  an  absolutely  riirid  scale,  that  they  refuse  to  allow  the 
enq>loyers  to  select  the  particular  employee  who  meets  their  re<|uire- 
ments,  since  the  tmions,  s<i  fur  ns  possible,  allot  situations  to  their 
memlK*iN  strictly  in  order  of  priority  of  appliciition,  and  that  these 
organizations  conduct  their  operations  in  places  unsuitable  for  the 
purpose,  which  ladies  seeking  servants  and  women  applying  for  situa- 
tions, if  thev  possess  any  <legree  of  self-respect,  in  many  oases  can 
not  visit  without  injury  to  their  feelings,  anci  in  which  employers  are 
liable  to  have  to  discuss  terms  of  engagement  in  public,  under  the 
verj'  eyes  of  the  omplo^'ees  whom  thev  have  just  discharged. 

The  working  classes  themselves  fincl  fault  with  the  trade  \mions  for 
fillitig  vacant  situations  exclusively  with  their  own  mend>ers,  espe- 
cially those  of  their  memWrs  whose  views  on  political  and  social  sub- 
jects are  those  of  the  majority. 

«  T^  IM.icPtueiit  defl  Euii)loy£-ti,  Ourrlers  et  Domeetiquefi  eu  France,  IS.'tS,  p|i>, 
,-IC9,  47U. 


BVLLETIX   OK  THF.   Bt'BKAr  OF  I.ABOfl. 


In  the  Iflftt  place,  the  mo^  wdiMU  iidvociilt*M  of  tr«*lc  unionism  a??i^ 
UiMt  the  rulativ«>  meiit;enu>s8  of  the   n'sulU  obtaineU   by    Uk* 
«mploytuenl  ugtMick-s  U  duw  lo  Uu*  (net  lliul,  ^o  f*ir  iis  must   i 
uro  I'otMvniptl,  there  is  ikj  [WHaibility  of  puttiiiff  in  churge  <• 
work  a  man  tU-votinji  his  wholf  limo  to  it,  ninl  thi'V  consider  ii  t"  'm 
nn   iini>orntive   neoewity  that    for   this  piirpom*   Hnnnrinl    as:^i:<(nno 
ahuuld  be  gi*uuted  to  iho  unions  by  the  puhli*:  ftutiioritii?^ 

n*he  hist  pnra^^ph.  however,  dimply  indioati^M  n  wp«lr  tmdo  muon. 
A  strong  tmd*  union  has  no  diffirulty  in  cmphtying"  ii  man  lo  gii>  all 
his  lime  to  siirh  work.  The  other  criticisms  simply  moan  that  fmdp 
uniiin  einploynn-nL  bun^aus  are  of  n<?ccsteity  limited  to  securio^f  piaoes 
for  tiieir  own  inemhiiSw 

These  trade  union  eniploytnent  hnn^iifi  an*  hirpply  cfinnectwl  witfc 
tlie  hilior  excliuti^'  or  "  lM>nr>^e  dti  travail/*  an  institution  eHinievrlifll 
peculiar  to  Fnince,  althon^i  to  an  extent  copied  in  Italy  and  olhrr 
oMintries.  which  nnint  Im*  HtiKlitnl.  The  first  hihor  exehanpe  w*ir  ^■ 
cn*aled  by  the  niunicipulity  of  Paris  in  bSM",  of  which  the  L^n^jiin. 
nient  bureau  was  to  have  been  from  the  start  one  of  the  iraportant 
features,  '['he  followinjr  is*  the  t«xt  of  the  rvHoluiion  which  cr^atrd 
the  cxL*hnMg:c: 

On  Xoveinh^r  10.  1R83,  M.  Manier  forwaniftd  to  the  mtrnicipal 
council  of  I*»ris  the  following  ri'solution  adoptod  at  a  inf*etin^  fm  t)ie 

Ifith  tif  the  ^arne  month  at  tlie  SiiMc  Rivoli: 

Consi(h*ring  that  the  hdior  exchange  will  at  least  have  tbt*  otTe4>i  of 
(a)  suppressing^  the  /V'/'f.s  t/ff  6'/rct,'('')    (b)  facilitating  the  plf-M^ 
of  workers;    (c)  suppressing  tht*  retfistrj'  ofliecs  carricil  on  for  . 
(d)  centralizing' supply  and  demnna  with  n  view  to  rapidly  hrii 
Workers  into  n^lntion  with    work;     (o)    i»*3tublisliing'  direct    n*!: 
between  tlie  unions  or  corporate  a  '      -us  as  well  as  Im  ■ 

\M)rker'>  in  pMU'inl,  whether  they  I  ■  luiions  or  no*:  i 

lu^,  having  heard  the  details  of  the  ptopiiKal,  invites  (' 
cotuieil  lo  vote  the  ^aid  iwniwsal  in  its  eiilirwiy  in  the  pi' 

In  j^6i»n^  to  thiH  and  otiier  BiBiilor  resaltH  the  munici|ukl  cotitp  I 
of  Paris  decided  to  create  a  central  lalmr  exrhangf*,  and  on*^  wa- 
viKJonally  opened   Fehruor>'  Ii,  IS87.     A   central  ejcchimgi>  builnui^ 
was  later  erectetl  and  o]>enod  May  22»  1892. 

Similar  l»ours4>M  wen;  started  in   Ninies  in   1887,  in  M  aiui 

St.    Etienne   in    ISh8,    in    Toulon    in    ISSD,    and    in    1^  t-.r.nix      -^ 
Touloti-sp  in  I8f>0.     They  then  became  eoininon.     \lmi>Kt  all  of  i 
have  emplo^-nient  hureatiA  connected  with  them.    The  following  table 
abows  their  niiinlx^r  and  activity  in  lliiss  nsajpect  sinca  1804: 

•rertnta  lnmTnie<i  U\  Pnrla  \vlier<»  It  h-        '        rv  fur  jkt^ 
iiRRoujhIe  fur  ttu'  |iuriMisi»  uf  ttfluc  IilnM  i  rs.     riin 

at  Tor  i     ujul   Iliitr*.  ami  Ui  uthuf  purU  oX  iniiui 

>*^>*"'i  cut,  viK,,  iwi,  i'i»,  oa.  04>. 


THE   UNEMPLOYED   IN    EUBOPKAX   COUKTBIES. 


763 


NrMBER    or    I^VBOU   EXC11AN0E8    i  BOrRSER   UV   TRAVAIL)    IN    FRANCE    AXD 
XTMBKR  or  SITrATJONS  SeCt'RED   BY  THOHK   REPORTING.    18M   TO   IJHMk 


Tot.1. 

Number 
wporth»<r 

NiinilKir  of  vHusliaiis  Mcurcd. 

YMr. 

Mtlt. 

Tempo- 
mry. 

Total. 

mE==E:EE 

3i 

m 
m 
m 

s 

76 

m 

M 
M 

m 

114 

12S 

34 

41 
41 

■  44 
«M 
«06 
•  M 

■  A4 

■  79 

15.031 
14,  SIS 
3S,3S3 
S»,UD 
47,217 

n.oM 

S7.aM 
Si  AM 
44.i3I 
M.Stt 
«,1SX 

n,9Hi 
a^,l77 

5.SS 

•,<M4 
7,4BO 
l»,8M 
38.  tW 
4B.ei« 
2»,SW 

ao,&<« 

35,  l« 
31, 7M 
S,041 
36,147 

aa.aoft 

41.008 

iK::::::::::;::::::::;:^::::::;:::::::: 
ifl» « 

1119 .  ,   ,, 

103  7H 

1900 , 

M.2M 

1901 

lOafl..... ..-.. 

44,  la 

75.175 

ID03 

W.OTT 

Ot,0(i» 

n.OM 

8S,3tt 

18M i ;..—..- 

iS::::::™::::::::;:::::::::::::!:::::: 

«K<«t  Inc1ii4i«ff  the  I*nr1s  lattor  rxrtiaocp.     Tbe  AoBanlrr  dra  Smdlcais  r*rof«saloB»eU 

of  lIMti*  smten  (hat  the  I'nrls  RoiiriK  dn  "TruvMl  line  dm  t-fntrnl  emiiloymeut  biirvAU. 

In  1007  these  bourses  du  trnvail  rereivwl  a  con^ulenible  subvcntioii^ 
304,7^0  francs  ($70,180)  frotn  the  innnicipfll  authorities  and  55,569 
francs  ($10jL'i>)   from  tlie  l^jwirlineuts. 

Thoy  are  federated  into  a  federation  for  the  coujiirv,  and  work  in 
j!t*ufrsil  ou  a  simihir  system  in  niakin|r  siiiaH  grunts  to  workmen 
journeying  in  search  of  ejuploynu^nt.  The  following  are  some  of  tlie 
details  of  the  system  in  force: 

The  grant  is  given  one-h»lf  in  cash,  orie-hjilf  in  kind.  The  i*ecip- 
lent  niu.->t  belong  to  a  trade  union  or  join  one  in  six  months.  The  man 
must  not  have  left  the  place  in  which  he  lired  for  any  reason  except 
lack  of  work,  und  must  pret^nt  himself  to  each  bourse  in  succcrLsion. 
Each  bourse  manages  its  own  fund,  this  fund  l>eing  maintained  by  a 
monthly  contribution  of  2  cents  from  each  meml>er  of  each  trudo 
union.  The  gmnt  is  at  the  rate  of  ^  francs  (Z\^  cents)  for  the  first 
25  miles  or  fraclion  of  :*."»  miles  from  each  bourse  visited,  and  ulxjut 
15  cents  for  each  1:^4  niiles  or  fraction  of  that  distance  afterwanl.  (") 

Three  other  classes  of  employment  bureaus  exist  in  Fnmce  which 
have  not  yet  hud  large  <.levelopnient.  These  aiv  the  en»ployment 
bureaus  established  by  emplt>yers,  by  joint  associations  of  employers 
and  employees,  and  by  friendly  s<:»cienes. 

In  11^07  there  were  310  employment  bureaus  established  by  employ- 
ers' sssociatiom;  and  6  by  feilerations  of  such  associations.  They  are, 
however^  us  i<  untiirHh  much  critieis*vl  by  the  French  workingtnen. 

In  1907  there  were  '27  employment  bureaus  estublishcd  by  joint 
ai^^iociatiotis — employers  and  employed — and  *2  establislKnl  by  fwlera- 
tions  of  such  joint  M^ociatioh'*.  Tlic^e  ii'^'^M-iation-;  htureedod  in  plac- 
ing t>nly  a  few  tliousjuid  men,  for  Hie  most  part  in  the  weaving  trade. 

•Synrlicafin  owvrier*,  ri'tiOratluns,  Hourftrs  du  Travnll.  l»y  l^m  Je  SetJlmc, 


BinXETlH   OF  THE  BCEEaV  OP  LABOt. 

Tlie    Fcench   a&'^ociations   in   conneclion    with    friendly   aoriedrft 
underliike  to  find  work  for  the  menilwrn  of  thcs*!  .^ocioties,  bul  in  a 
large  number  of  iu^^tniicos  without  mnintniuing  anj  sdtt  of  ofBce  am 
do  not   nccoinpli^rli  either  «  very  large  work  or  one  which 
definite  repoit^. 

The  hitter  i^liilHuent  is  true  alj^o  of  the  einploymwit  bun?aus  in  con- 
nection  with    French  charitable  iiuititntion^     They  have  not   Ixwa 
as  a  rule  siicces?'fiil,  nor  have  they  reached  large  proportions,  althou] 
!w  chari  table  biireaiw  do  eonsiilerable  work. 


MUXICIPAI.  EMPIJOVMEXT  nUBEALTS, 

Tlie  most  inleresting  French  employment  bureaus  are  those  op- 
erated by  tli'.t  municipulilies.  Their  beginnings  gt»  back  to  1848,  when 
the  French  provisional  govoriiment  of  that  year  establi'^hed  fi-ee  pub- 
lic infonnution  bni-eaus  in  each  of  the  muyorahies  of  Paris,  These- 
were  connected,  however,  so  intimately  with  the  jrovernmenliil  relief 
worlcs  also  e.stal>lished  at  that  lime,  that  in  this  article  they  are  cou- 
fcidenvl  under  the  -section  relaling  to  relief  works.  They  were  nnsxic- 
I  earful,  perhaps  Itecau:^  of  the  lack  of  succe-sa  of  the  relief  work:s  and 
thftir  failure  long  discounted  the  idea  of  municipal  employment 
b\ireau-s  in  France. 

The  experiment  wus  revived  in  1880^  and  by  1891  there  were  21 
municipal  eujployment  bureaus,  and  by  189C,  52.  of  which  2G  ma<le 
returns  a^  finding  situations  for  30,895  persons.  By  li)0'J.  iiO  rcpoiiml 
finding  situations  for  56,752  persons.  The  law  of  March  10,  1004, 
made  compulsory  the  e^stablislunent  of  such  free  municipal  bureaus 
in  iill  CHIOS  uf  10,000  inhabitants  or  over. 

In  lUOO  there  were  70  municipal  bureaus,  including  12  in  Paris 
and  1  in  Algiers. 

The  following  table  shows  the  operations  of  thoire  of  the  Frencli 
nuinicipal  biii'eaus  innking  repoi'ts: 

NUUDRR  OF  MrXIClPAL  nVREAVa  IN  FfLV-VCR  AN'D  NTMDKtt  OF  BITtUTIOSa 
KILLKO  BX  TH08tI  HBI'OUTIXG,  !»;»«  TO  H*0«. 

[Complied  »«  to  Iftna-lBflO  fmtn  llic  Rocnndo  GDiinPte  nur  le  rin(:«'ment.  rtc,  p.  ST.  nod  M 
to  lOuO-llMMI  froui  Ihf  AnuunlrA  SUClRlUiut*  dv  lu   Pnince.l 


Niimlwr 
nponing 
■ituatlon» 

Xambor  ot  ninukUtm*  ivcof**!. 

Yeftf. 

Tout. 

ror- 

Tem- 

TttiaL 

^B 

weuro^l. 

mMwnt. 

pOfiuy. 

S-... 

a 

2C 

Xl.«?4 

[jiy 

n 

45 

4f,W 

r 

H|^. ... 

n 

.-ts 

47.au 

1' 

■; 

m 

3U 
2U 

NVON 

I. 

^^^^ 

• 

» 

45,. 177 

,1 

^Hk; 

• 

SO 

^P^^^^ 

•J 

77 

i"!   •'    > 

i 

MP. 

m\ 

23 

..'1   ■ 

1  ■               *♦,.-« 

m ^ 

fc 

SM 

f. 

M             c  no 

Nal  r«vArt«<V. 


^^^"  THE   UNEMPLOYED   IN    EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES.  768 

The  number  of  situations  secured  in  the  ditterent  yeai-s  must  not, 
however,  be  compured  without  rcferem^e  to  tlie  number  of  bureaus 
reported  in  the  Annuaire  Stalistique,  and  this  number  seems  to  vary 
considerably. 

The  second  French  report  on  employment  agencies  Bays  o(  the 
bureaus: 

The  municipal  registries  are  generally  open  morning  and  evening. 
Their  work  is  subsidized  by  ilie  comr.iuno,  which  has  estaldishcd  the 
registiy.  A  single  person,  in  most  cases  an  employee  of  the  mayor's 
office,  is  intrusted  with  the  duty  of  carrying  on  this  work,  which,  in 
some  instances,  consists  exclusively  in  writing  up<m  a  boar<l  t!»e  ap- 
plications for  work  and  offers  of  employment  received.  When  situ- 
ations are  filleil  the  ])anies  concerned  are  always  notified;  this  is 
the  reason  why  it  lias  Ux^n  found,  in  the  ca.-^e  of  many  municipal 
bureaus,  impossible  to  cive  complete  statistics  as  to  the  results  of  their 
operations,  although  tne  bureaus  do  in  fact  undertake  the  work  of 
finding  situations  for  i)ersons  in  want  of  employment.  The  ix'isons 
who  obtain  situations  through  the  agency  of  the  municipal  bureaus  are 
generally  domestic  servants,  clerks,  etc. 

From  this  review  of  the  French  employment  bureaus  it  is  seen 
that  the  private  bureaus  conducted  for  gain  are  by  far  the  most 
numerous  and  find  the  most  situations,  though  mainly  for  domestics 
and  waiters,  and  that  there  is  a  distinct  tendency  to  replace  these  by 
free  municipal  employment  bureaus.  Next  to  the  commercial  bu- 
reaus in  the  nundnr  of  situations  found,  and  first  in  finding  situa- 
tions for  the  artisan  class,  are  the  employment  bureaus  connected 
with  the  bourses  du  travail.  The  latter  fact  is  true,  probably,  partly 
because  these  bureaus  appeal  most  to  the  trade-union  class  and  partly 
because,  more  than  other  French  employment  bureaus,  they  are  con- 
nectetl  in  one  system  extending  over  the  different  portions  of  th« 
Republic. 

Bei-outm. 

Belgian  employment  bureaus  do  not  call  for  extended  notice.  A 
Ghent  i^eport  of  1000,  prefaced  l\v  Dr.  Ix>uis  Varlez,  the  eminent 
Belgian  authority  on  unemployment  questions,  laments  the  small  re- 
sidts  of  the  Belgian  bureaus  and  strongly  advwates  the  adoption 
of  the  German  public  bureau  system. 

There  are,  however,  a  few  important  public  bureaus  in  Belgium, 
though  there  are  several  bureaus  in  Germany,  each  of  which  finds 
emplo3*ment  for  more  people  than  all  the  Belgian  public  employ- 
ment bureaus  taken  together.  The  Ghent  public  employment  bureau 
is  one  of  (he  best.  In  1SJ>4  it  found  places  for  1.^00  pci^ons,  and  in 
1904  for  1,S4S,  which  does  not  indicate  growth,  yet  till  VMU^>  it  was 
the  largest  Belgian  employment  bureau.  In  that  year  the  Antwerp 
cau  slightly  surpassed  that  at  GheuU 


76G 


BUIXETIN    OF   THE   BCREAC    OF   UtBOfi- 


Many  Tiolginn  entployiiKMit  hineaiiH  Imve  l»oeii  ^^rtflhlish*.'*!  by  n 
ciatioiis.  bome  pliiinnlhriipic,  M>ine  politicnl,  some  orgauued  bj  eiii' 
pJiryei*s,  sf>iiH*  by  eriiploytv.s,  niul  some  ji>intly  by  employen  and 
eiiiployed.  A  niirnlKT  of  them  are  in  receipt  of  subventions  prauN-d 
by  iiuinic'ipfilities.  la  !<everal  cuses  ciu]>loyineut  bureaiiis  have  Itet^rt^ 
established  by  the  municipalities  themselves.  Antwi^rp  wns  ihc  firsl 
Bclginn  city  to  do  this,  and  the  result  has  bt*en  favorable^  but  not  of 
birjre  proportions. 

The  Antwerp  bnre&n  ndopts  the  rule  of  sending  workmen  to  «itti- 
«tions  in  the  order  in  vhich  they  Hpplv  at  tlie  office,  a  method  whirh 
has  been  the  subject  of  much  criticism. 

If  a  .strike  or  a  lockout  takes  ]>]ace,  the  bureau  sutiiM*ndt>  It^  oihtu- 
tions  in  the  trade  affected  until  tlie  close  of  the  strike. 

Xo  charge  is  mn<le  for  the  services  rendered  by  the  biirenvi.  i*xrrpl 
to  persc»n.s  not  residing  at  Antweqj. 

Workmen  in  want  of  employment  do  not  wait  nt  th**  burcuii  i"it  at; 
liomc,  n  po>it:d  c:\ri]  l>eing  ^ent  to  a  ii\i\n  wlicn  a  j-itiintiiM»  i^  found 
for  him. 

Notices  are  put  up  at  the  emntiK-t'  to  tlie  iHirciiii  gi^in^  ihc  piir- 
ticulars  u.s  to  the  situations  offered  and  the  workineii  .seeking  oni- 
ployment.  also  copies  of  weekly  I'epoi-ts  on  the  same  subject  issued 
by  the  eiuj)loyment  bureaus  in  Brussels.  Liege,  and  other  towns. 
Particul:ii*s  as  to  the  demands  of  employment  and  offers  of  work 
are  also  ponied  up  in  various  public  places  tlu'oughout  the  city. 

The  following  tabh*  shows  the  oiwralions  of  the  free  employment' 
luueauii  of  Belgium  during  November.  1907: 


orKStATION'H  or  FBKK   KMPLOTMENT  BlREAl-B  OP  UELOIVM   DUBISO   NOVRJM- 

BER,  lOOT. 


AifplU-atloiw  for— 

Kind  of  bureau  and  city. 

SItualloot. 

a*ip. 

RUUmllona 

lUlc. 

Fom*te. 

luto. 

Pom  Hie. 

R 
534 

23 

ra 

fM 
207 

6 
321 

t 

1« 
30 
17 

ml 

1 

20 

7 

V. 

Kl 

u 

10 

a 

3fltl 
41 

a 

MM 

m 

ui 

(I 

44 
74 

fii 

s 

<I)I  Uf  >. 

&7 
3 
8 

m 
m 
i 

27 
C 

13 

2&« 

■>, 

18 

la 

UnuMli 

oiHmt.... 

nuy 

Loov»ta... 

1M 

m 

m 

MB 

u 

ft 

14 

» 

Toui.. ,.... 

J  M 

^                         ^ 

i 

THE  U2>'EMPliOV£I>  JX   EUBOPEAX  COUNTRIES. 


767 


GEHilANY. 

In  Gormany  omployment  bnreaiis  are  of  many  kinds.  The  most  of 
these,  because  not  particularly  different  from  those  in  other  countries, 
are  only  briefly  noticed,  in  order  to  e<jnsidcr  the  more  capefnily  the 
German  public  employment  bureaus,  which  arc  of  unique  interest  and 
a  gi'cat  success, 

VARIOUS  COMMERCIAL,  TRADB  UNION,  AXO  OTHFJl  KMPI^TMEXT  BrREArS. 

These  are  of  comparatively  recent  origin,  and  though  rapidly 
coining  to  the  front  and  aln^ad/ actually  far  in  the  lead  in  the  number 
of  situations  thev  secure,  thev  arc  vet  in  numlx'rs  rehitivelv  few.  This 
appendix  to  the  vohirninoii:^  report  conceruing  unemployment  nmdo 
to  the  Reichstag  by  the  Labor  Department  of  the  Imperial  German 
Statisticjil  Office  in  li»00  gives  the  following  statistics  of  the  differt^nt 
kinds  of  employment  bureaus  in  the  Empii-e  reporting  to  its  statis- 
tical office: 

Kl'MBER  A.M»  KIXH  OK  EMPLOYMENT  BCREArS  IN  GEBMANT  AXD  TOTAL  ASD 
AVKHAiiK  NVUBBH  OF   SITUATIONS  iUSOUUKD. 


W 


• 


Kind  of  ftnplaywnt  bureau. 

Nvmba. 

SUuuUuiiaiocuiul. 

Tout 

ATcragr. 

OoUd „ „ , 

Timde  union 

» 

130,000 

w.uou 

SLDOe 

assooo 
m,  no 

SO,UM 

m 

Public « 

"PsriUtlaohe" 

830 

CwimwBiaJ 

4i« 

IfmrtT^^^ 

7.«7 

IfAmFtml  cbuntwn 

4.645 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  public  bureaus,  though  only  400  in  number, 
find  by  far  the  largest  number  of  situation*^.  They  average  lyilb  for 
each  bureau,  while  all  the  other  bureaus  together  average  only  193 
situations  found. 

It  is  true  that  the  employers'  bureaus  average  more  situations 
found,  but  ih&Tn  are  only  30  of  tliose  and  they  have  but  a  limited 
sphen*.  boinc"  mainly  bureaus  maintained  by  a.ssociiitions  of  employ- 
ers in  a  few  industries  as  a  means  of  condmling  the  ti'ade  unious. 
The  bureaus  of  the  agricultural  chanibei^s  also  average  more  situa- 
tions found,  but  these  are  still  fewer  in  numlier,  only  II  for  the 
Kiupire,  and  all  maiidy  found  in  East  Pnissia,  where  there  is  a 
oonst^int  scarcit)'  of  rural  labor. 

The  so-c«iWI  *^' guild"  liureflus  are  the  most  numoi'ous,  but  place 
the  smallest  number  of  pei'stms,  an  average  of  only  8(1.  The  bureaus 
are  often  quite  inactive  but  are  maintained  by  law,  somewhat  as 
an  inlierilance  from  j>ast  conditi<ms,  in  tlio  hojjo  of  strengthening  the 
snwil  industries  {//fittfifrerk)  v^^iui^  lhi»  lavgti  fAclo.v>j  vwdjx^xvss^ 
Tiw  trade  union  bur**i 


^ 


^ .  ^fti  ^^vt 


BrixrnK  of  tue  bituuc  or  uuiok. 


|Bi|  implies,  are  bnraius  f!a(jihli«4)Ml  bj  the  tmde  unifms  to  jUM 
|HBBM|0Bt  for  th«*ir  mrmbfrs  aod  an?  largeJv  ^^fll 

jHHnMdp  fach  bureau  to  some  especial  trade,     l..^       i'^: -^^4^ 

buraatiis,  as  later  explained,  are  bureaus  often  m  conneciioci  with  iltr 
public  bureaus,  and  Ub-ually  for  special  trades  iindpr  tbc  cotitrr>l  oi 
committees  Dtrbcrp  emplovfTi^  and  employees  are  e<4n«I  in  tiumbrr  <ui 
a  parity).  Tlicy  deserve  considerable  study.  Tbm  comtiiercial 
reauK  are  mainly  for  clerics,  trmveierB,  eta 

It  should  \)c  noted  that  the  ordinary  privsCa  bur«M»  ooodnrted  U 
prt»fit,  of  which  there  are  many  in  Germany,  are  not  inrluded  in  il 
bfi|t    Betides  these  there  are  also  %'»^  t  bureaus  fur  partis 

^ilir  daases  of  perBOos,  for  tho^   r  i  prisons,    re«rn> 

cripples  He,  and  also  bureaus  connecter!  with  partiriiUr  in«titi)ti< 
like  labor  colonies,  %  jinen*8  abellen^  etc.,  which  will  I- 

ered  under  tliL*ir  re  <  hcada.  bul  some  of  ^hicb  do  an  i: 

work. 

In  Germany,  a.s  in  oilier  •  .         f  lin   pt. 

gain  are  much  critiris*?<I.     I.  -  m>r  of  « 

by  such  bureaus,  usually  from  lioth  emplo^^ers  and  ilnmc^tics  nui^ii 
from  50  pfennigs  (12  cents)  to 2  mnrks  {AS  cents:).    Fees  f-  'u 

^ituatioMH  are  usually  ^."t  per  cent  of  the  Brst  month's 
(im(*2i  as  high,  approximately,  as  $12,  while  tluitN?  who  pay  more  ^ 
the  fin4  ohsnce.    T\w  bureaus  are  run  usually  with  sinall   regard 
lo  equity,  .simply  for  the  pn^fil  that  can  be  made,  si^mie  of  ihr  large^ 
bureaus  making  abput  $7,500  per  year.    Much  of  their  work 
jd^lutely    fraudulent,   semlin^  pirls   here  and    there   nti    ' 
wrands.  simply  to  extort  a  fee  from  the  ^rls.  who  ho{>e  to  fii. 
(iona.    It  b  8aid  that  at  Munich,  as  much  as  100.000  marks  <9^v8O0] 
annually  is  taken  directly  in  fraudulent  ways, 

'Ilje  bureaus  htc  ncriouhly  condemned  for  lemltng  thetiiselvcB  to  Hu 
furtherance  of  immorality.  It  is  for  this  reason  in  large  [mxt  thai 
0*  L' lo  her  public  cniploynaent  bureaus. 

i  ,,       .  that  at  all  Raocessftilly  ccmipete  with  the  publ 

bureuuM  are  the  trade  union  bureaus,  ulthougb  even  these,  whii 
at  first  were  loudly  ohampifmeil  by  the  iSocial  IV 
the  public  bureaus,  are  steadily  going  down  hi- 
r«aua;  in  not  a  few  in«tnnre!<,  they  ate  either  being  merged  In  tl 
public  hureatiH  or  :i  '  '        V         ' 

managiHJ.  imunlly  o 
trade  union  bfireaus  arc  Ktill  very  active,  in  comii*ction  with  the  grea| 
Irn^  *     ii](|UitHei         '     '  "  * 

in    I  -ly.     TIm; 

portion  to  their  nnniVrs.     \o  tme  can  rinil  the  grput 


THE    UNEMPLOYED   IN    ElROPIiAN    COUNTRIES. 


769 


^ 


^ 


fitif^s  wilhoiit  ivaliziii^  the  iinpoiiance  of  ^uvh  (filter*^  Some  of  the 
headquarters  of  llie  German  trade  unions  arc  as  well  app«iinted  and 
as  thonHi^hly  organisstnl  as  many  large  Amerioin  commercial  insti- 
tutions. En«rlish  and  Anieriran  trade  unions  have  generally  no  cun- 
ceptioM  of  the  extent  and  eilicieucy  of  many  of  tliese  German  labor 
centei"s.  As  a  result^  indirectly  and  directly  through  their  employ- 
ment, bureaus,  these  trade  imions  find  emplojTnent  for  a  considerable 
number  of  men.  Ap»rt,  however,  from  this  etfe<^tiveness  the  union 
bureaus  do  not  present  any  unique  points  of  interest. 


PITBLIC  EMPLOTMENT  BUREAUS. 


As  known  in  Germany^  the  public  employment  bureau  means 
bureau  for  finding  "work  for  men  and  women  in  any  department  of 
trade  or  oooupalion,  usually  without  charge,  or  at  the  most  for  a 
nominal  fee.  The  bureau  is  nuiinlained  b}-  some  public  organization 
or  committee  and  usually  and  increasingly  maintained^  or  at  least 
frubsidized.  by  the  municipality,  the  county,  or  the  State.  The 
bureaus  are  tlierofore  not  all  nmnicipal,  though  in  most  instances 
even  when  not  municipal,  they  are  so  largely  subsidized  and  strictly 
ctmtrolled  by  tlie  nuiniripalily  that  the  ditTereiice  iH'Conie^  snuill. 

The  municipal  bureaus  are  more  i)revalent  in  s<iulhern  Germany. 
Berlin's  public  bureau  is  maintained  by  a  vohmtary  association,  but 
receives  a  large  subsidy  fi-om  the  city  and  is  largely  under  municipal 
supervision.  Some  of  the  bureaus  are  controlled  by  associations  com- 
posed of  employers  and  employees  equally,  but  are  wholly  supported 
and  subsidized  by  the  municipal  authorities. 

The  hislor}'  of  ihe  ilevelopnieut  of  these  bureaus  is  of  grwit  in- 
terest. Tlie  first  employment  bureau  of  this  kind  was  begim  in 
Stuttgart  in  1805,  by  a  workmen's  improvement  society.  Meeting 
with  success,  other  societies  of  vai*ious  natures  joined  with  the  work- 
men's society  and  the  bureau  was  maintained  and  managed  by  a 
comniittee  of  these  societies.  Still  growing  and  succeeding,  in  1895 
it  be<;jiuie  the  Stuttgart  municipal  employment  bureau.  It  is  still 
considered  by  many,  at  least  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  city, 
the  best  organizetl  and  most  efficient  public  employment  bureau  of 
Germany.  Tlie  example  of  Stuttgart  was  followed  in  C*ologiie  by 
the  establishment  of  a  similar  employment  bureau  in  1874,  which 
in  lSf*4  lH'<'nme  the  Cologne  municipal  employment  bui-eau.  Berlin 
moved  in  this  direction  in  18S:j,  Hanover  in  1880,  Diisseldorf  in  1S90, 
Karlsruhe  in  1S91,  and  Freiburg  in  1802.  All  these  commenced  in 
various  ways,  as  public  bureaus,  but  almost  all  of  them  later  became 
nninicipal  bureau-.  Fivp  such  public  or  municipal  bureaus  were 
e&tablished  in  ISO:;  -i»4,  23  in  1^95,  12  in  18%.  8  in  1897^  9  in 


J 


770 


DVIXJCTIX    OF  THE   BVBSAU   OV   LABOB. 


1898,  9  in  ISDO.  U  in  11*00.  :>  in  1901,  nnd  2  in  190i!,  By  l^W  the* 
vcre  130  such  buiviiiis  mid  in  UM)7  the  number  was  repc>rt4?d  a^  40 
in  fierniany,  aUme.  without  counting  srvonil   in  Gcrnjan    Au«trii 

Switzerland,  and  elsewhere.  Kot  all  of  tl,,^-^v  l,<'"«»v<.r  ni-*-  ncihm 
only  soino  150  nre  of  lur^  inip*jrtnncp.  ^M 

Xol  a  ffw  of  tlie  public  burwius  arc  Ms  u  matlxu-  of  fact  adinulf 
dead,  thou^li  this  is  trm*  uminly  of  the  smaller  bureaiLs. 

In  185*8  a  voluntary  M"^«ocialion  of  such  bureaus  was  established  fq 
the  Emjiiri',  thr  Wrhund  Deutsrher  Ariieitsjiurhweis.  Tlier*  ai 
also  subsidiary  but  even  more  important  iissooiations  for  northen 
middle,  and  southern  Germany.  The-so  a-ssocialions  mninUiin  i 
monlhiy  publicjiliiui  luilled  The  Labor  Market.  This  orgau  serve«  t 
UJrite  the  different  bureaus  into  one  working  system.  It  rej>ortfi  siM 
cus^ful  di*\elo|unentiv  by  one  l>uriyiu  which  may  l>e  copie<l  by  oXhrx\ 
and  also  the  general  condition  of  tlu«  labor  market  and  the  opportuiii 
tie.s  for  eniplo^-mout  to  be  found  in  dilTereiU  Nxtioiu^  or  |Kirtioua  t 
the  Enipiri',  iimK  to  an  extent,  of  EurojH*.  ] 

This  ix^jKjrting  of  op]>ortiniitics  for  employmeut  is,  however,  mud 
moi*e  erticienlly  carrietl  out  by  the  subbidiary  associations;  the  bureaq 
nre  closely  knit  together  by  telephones  and  other  tuean^  of  curatna 
uication,  so  that  each  bureau  receives  informatiou,  itsuallj*  daitj 
stating  the  nw^ds  for  labor  from  all  bureaus  of  the  sioctioiu  while  tb 
facts  are  ixisted  in  eadi  local  bui^eau.  One  of  the  nioyl  rffet-live  tj 
tliese  sectional  unions  i«  the  Mitteldoutadu'  xVrbeits-nachweia  VurbaiK 
with  head(|uar(ers  iu  Frankfort  on  the  Main. 

Ttavariii  has  what  is  iu  muiiV  ways  the  U\st  orgnuiKod  svtsteiu  of  thi 
Knipiiv,  In^cause  there  is  hero  n  single  organization  covering  iho  irbnU 
KiuffdouK  not  merely,  as  olsewherc,  fetJeratiouH  of  Kepnrute  hitrcaiu 

To  ^ViiilteHilM*rg  l>elou^H  the  honor  of  or*^anizing  the  first  Stale 
system  of  employment  bureaus.  Septemljer  15,  1S05,  a  decree  of  ti^ 
Ministry  <if  the  Interior  ordered  the  10  public  enipli>yniorit  htireau^ 
then  organized  in  Wnrtiemberg  to  be  <M>unecled  in  one  S3\slen»  willl 
Siutt^arl  u^  the  central  station  and  to  report  in  a  imifonp  laannefl 
twice  a  wei-k  (since  1808,  three  linjes  a  wt^k,  from  March  In  Xovem-^ 
her)  ail  up^iortunitics  for  eniphiymeut  which  tliey  were  not  able  id 
61L  The  list  of  thc^e  opportunities^  i:^  then  prepared  and  K4.'ui  (bd 
same  uif^ii  to  every  place  iu  Wurtlember;?  of  over  i^^OOO  mhuliitautd 
to  l>e  there  poMed  l>y  the  authorities.  The  expenses,  amounting  14 
ttlH)ut  J^ti.wlK)  per  year,  are  met  by  Uie  .State  treiumry.  The  Stafa 
rriilways  grant  to  all  workmen  fteeking  work  a  50  jH^r  cent  rcdu<^M 
on  thir<i-cJa.s.s  fare  (uuilcing  it  about  half  n  r-ont  per  mile),  pi^^^^H 
that  orders  for  this  are  given  the  v  by  the  employ uienlbiM 

reau^.  Stutlgurl  in  U>CM  gave  out  i.^'^a^  -udb  tirdan^  Xliti  resulu 
have  be^u  irir>^  satisfactory.  I 


THE   U2r£MPL0Y£D  IX    EUHOPEAK   COUNTRIES, 


77] 


OPEDATIOXS    OK    THE    STUTTOART    EMPIXiVMENT    BrRKATT    FOR    THE    TEARS 

1H»«   ANt)    ll>04. 


Ytmr. 

AppUcfttton*  for— 

SHuattona 

" 

B«Ip.      1  ai»u&liao>. 

■nciinsl. 

ISM 

ia.737 

21.  aM 

MltS 

1904 

w,^f^ 

lu  U>04  the  bureau  was  able  to  fill  T4.3  per  cent  of  the  applica- 
tions for  help  and  fi7  per  rent  of  the  applications  for  situations  (in 
the  woman's  part  83.0  per  cent).  The  operation  of  the  system  in 
the  smaller  towns  is  less  satisfactory,  but  the  State  is  planning  to 
make  it  more  effective  and  extensive. 

Bavaria  has  followed  in  the  main  the  same  course  as  Wurttembcrg, 
though  in  some  ways  improving  upon  the  Wui*ttenilx*rg  system. 
The  Bavarian  Government  as  early  as  1894  urged  the  establishing 
of  communal  employment  bureaus  and  their  union  into  one  system. 
In  1895  the  Munich  labor  bureau  to*)k  up  the  plan  iu  earnest,  and 
there  are  now  iu  Bavaria,  organized  in  somewhat  the  same  way  as 
in  Wurtteml>erg,  C8  communal  employment  bureaus  (the  lalwr  bu- 
i-eaus  of  the  diffonMit  comniunes),  with  the  Munich  bureau  as  the 
center  of  the  whole,  and  seven  subsidiary  centers.  The  expenses 
are  met  by  the  local  conmiunes  for  their  bureaus,  the  Government 
meeting  only  ihc  interbuivau  expenses.  It  is  widely  thought  in 
Bavaria  that  the  Gtjvernment  must  meet  more  of  the  expenses,  be- 
cause some  of  the  local  communes  are  not  sufficiently  active. 

The  Grand  Duchy  at  Baden  has  a  different  system,  and  one  which 
M>me  think  the  best  of  alL  Of  her  13  public  employment  bureaus, 
only  o  are  conununal  (or  municipal),  but  they  are  all  connected, 
as  in  AVurtteuilterg,  witli  Karlsruhe  as  the  center*  and  the  State 
gives  a  considerable  subsidy  toward  their  support.  In  Baden  the 
central  bureau  is  also  in  connection  with  an  unusinilly  Itirge  number 
of  subsidiary  relief  stations,  so  that  the  knowledge  of  situations  is 
rapidly  comnumlcated  over  the  whole  State. 

The5e  iire  the  principal  States  in  Germany  whei-e  the  States  hare 
l>ecn  active  as  States,  but  considerable  public  interest  is  taken  in  the 
public  employment  bureaus  all  over  the  Empire, 

Great  friendly  rivalry  exists  among  the  bureaus.  Confei-enccs  of 
munagei-s  and  committees  in  charge  of  tliem  are  held  from  tune  to 
time. 

One  reasini  of  the  effectiveness  of  the  bureaus  and  also  the  large 
interest  taken  in  them  is  the  weight  and  the  character  of  the  com- 
mjtti*es  iu  charge  of  them.  The  most  prominent  men  serve  on 
these  counnittees.  The  different  bureaus  are  variously  organized, 
but  it  Is?  chaiiateristic  of  all  thiiit  the  coinu\itt<t«is  ^tvi.\H>\^ 


772 


BUIJ.ETIN    UK   THE   BUREAU   Ol'    LABOK. 


Ill  Berlin,  for  example,  besides  the  sipecial  trade  committer  WB 
posed  equally  nf  HupIoviTM  an<l  eiuplovees  there  is  a  gvncn 
comnuttee  in  charge  of  the  hiinnui  made  up  of  sonic  of  the  fon-nuM 
men  in  Berlin.  Among  the  niemlM^rs  nmy  In*  found  six  rity  council 
ors;  two  aldermen;  three  memlx?r^  of  the  Advisory  Council ;  two  pn; 
fessors,  one  of  whom  is  a  mend)er  of  the  Royal  Ci>nn<'i! ;  clirve  judpi 
in  trade  disputes;  a  menjlxT  of  the  Prussian  Supreme  Council  and  a 
the  Royal  Statistiotil  Bureau;  a  chief  burgonui.strr  emeritus;  n  chhiH 
cilor  of  the  Admiralty  and  consulting  counsel  in  the  Imperiul  Maria 
Office;  n  <lireclor  (»f  the  Statistical  Buivau  of  Berliii;  IIh*  Spanis^ 
consul-gonoral ;  a  director  of  the  General  Electric  Company:  Xh 
publisher  of  the  Berlin  Tageblatt ;  a  meml>cr  of  the  Privy  Cound 
and  counsel  in  the  Imperial  Ministry  of  the  Interior;  n  director  | 
the  Imperial  Statistical  Office.  ' 

The  menil>ership  of  tlie  trade  committw  of  the  bureau  is  ooiiipo«ei 
of  the  elected  ri'pre-s<mUitivt»s  of  organizations  of  Ial»or  and  of  cnpitnl 
as  follows:  Representatives  of  the  employers:  A  manufaciurer,  n  h« 
maker,  a  faclory  owner,  cily  councilor,  and  treasurer,  anil  ii  inerchnnl 
Representatives  of  tlie  employees :i  A  metal  stamper,  a  nioldor,  i 
printer,  and  a  clerk. 

The  following  is  the  composition  of  the  committee  in  charge  of  thi 
Frankfort  bureau,  nuide  up  of  an  LH]ual  iumilw»r  of  represeiitatives  oi 
lal>or  and  of  capital;  Employers:  An  agri^idturist,  n  mardiino  mantt 
facturec,  a  tailor,  a  carpenter,  a  roofer,  and  a  con fwrti oner.  Em 
ployees:  A  glazier,  a  mason,  a  tailor,  a  d<»cker,  a  shoemaker^  and  i 
compositor. 

The  coniiK>silion  of  the  Cologne  emp!i>ynu*nt  bun^au  is  ns  folloHsj 
An  architect,  an  alderman,  a  painter,  a  manufacturer,  a  shoemakeil 
eaddler,  carixMiter,  turner,  presiilent  of  the  chnmbcr  of  trade  M 
Cologne,  baker,  butcher,  and  two  rtLslaurant  kee[M'rs,  All  of  Ibd 
above  represent  the  employing  class  and  most  of  them  are  the  official 
reprei«»ntatives  of  the  organi/.ations  of  their  crafts.  Beside*  thesa 
however,  there  are  on  the  comn»ittee  an  equal  mmilx^r  of  the  repm 
seiitativesof  labor,  a  carpenter  (repre~si>nting  a  Catholic  trade  aiiton)J 
a  turner  (representing  a  Protectant  lalxir  union),  two  [aWtt  si*cn*J 
tarie.s  of  Catlujlic  tra<le  mdons,  a  drygmids  clerk  rind  m»MTilM»r  of  Ihfl 
Catholic  union,  a  car]>enter,  a  trade-union  ofDciul.  a  secretary  of  thi 
Socialist  prtrty,  a  labor  secretary,  two  waiters,  a  Hcidplor,  and  »  Hwnw 
tary  of  a  Christian  trade  union.  | 

The  above  are  perhaps  representative  organi^nitioiis  of  t1 •■*'"5 

mitfiM^H  in  charge  of  the  larger  German  public  emplovmffot  !  . 

^vith  the  exception  tJiat  Coit>gne.»  being  a  st  U^jM 

city,  reprciwntative.s  of  Catholic  labor  orgui... \^M 

prominent  on  th<^  couimiUee.    'r\\ft  Wte-aw*^  i^tv  w.  v^H 

f/j  r///ft'ienitytic,s  la  ollwsv  Nvaya.    lu  Vvix^  --^M 


THE  UXEMPI.OTED  IX    EUROPEAN    COUXTBTES. 


778 


committer  of  the  arbitnition  court  lurtna^s  the  biii*eau.  in  ifunich 
the  president  of  tlie  arbitrntroii  eoiirts  is  nlsi>  pi*esii]eiit  nf  the  hiirrau, 
in  Xuremberg  the  bureau  is  under  the  superintendence  of  the  advisory 
f'otincil  <»f  the  city,  in  Breshui  the  liead  of  (he  bureau  is  a  member  of 
the  city  council. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  feature  of  the  organization  of  the 
bureaus  and  of  the  compo'iition  of  the  committees  in  charj^e  of  them 
is  that  tlie  bureaus  are  in  almost  all  cases  controlled  by  repres(»ntalive-i. 
of  the  enipl<»ying  and  employed  classes  in  equal  nuniU^rs.  As  stated 
previously,  this  is  considered  so  important  thnt  they  have  used  or 
a<Upted  the  word  **  Paritatische  **  to  express  the  idea,  and  so  uni- 
versally is  this  charncteristic  found  that  the  "  Paritiitisohe  bureau" 
is  the  term  very  frequently  used  to  denominate  n  public  employment 
Itureau. 

The  Statistical  Year  Book  of  German  Cities  for  1907  gives  the 
f<dlowin«]^  table  concerninjj:  the  organization  of  many  of  the  prin- 
cipal municipal  employment  bureaus  in  1004: 


OtttSANIZATION    OF    I'RINCIPAL    Ml'NICIPAL    EMPLOYMENT    HUBBAIS    OK 

GRRMAXY.    1I¥»4. 


IVnons  corapos- 
in;  conimittov 

I'resltling  oilkvr. 

U(mt«>n  chomn  by— 

of 
■orvlM 

^^  Cltrbaruu. 

City 

offi- 

Em- 
ploy- 
fr.. 

Em- 
ploy- 
ers. 

Munk> 
ip-lily. 

Tmrlo 
court. 

ik>th. 

Atijntiiirc, 

1 
1 
3 
3 

4 

"\ 

7 
3 
5 
2 
•2 
(•^ 

4 

tt 
3 

4 
fl 

a 

3 

7 

J 

& 
3 
4 

V- 
1 

AdvfMMT  eDoncUor 

... 

3 

BocnuDi     ..      .  ...^.. 

(«^   , 

Br\ituiwk*k.. ...... 

PpMidfnt  of  tnUccouft.. 
City  councilnr 



7 

'Vefc' 

DnMlau 

C«att>l 

Adviaory  (X)ancilor 

ClwHntt*!iilinr||. ...... . 

Advisory  councilor 

AdrUorv  roiiocilor 

1 ,..:.  -'.~,ie court.. 

io 

YfUL 

CbcmnitK 

Cnfdil 

c4 

(») 

X>ant  wg ..,,..... , 

1 

, 

(*) 

Do  rtnuinil. ........... 

Duinl'urg.............. 

t.v;;:::;: 

I'r  ■                    "li'  court.. 

(k) 

Eltvrfeld 

YtM. 

•*■ ■ •«»* 

Erfurt .      ....  .... 

1 
*l 

1 

1 
1 

1 

A.l>                        ,'ir 

CIn-  ■                       ■■-., 
Ot 

Atl' 

Bm                               

Y»«. 
Yn. 

Twrn 

AfKnkffirt  on  ttif*  Hiiin 

Kinkfort  on  itu  Oflcr 
ywOnirp 

i 

XfM. 

M«inrt-tirg 

A«i"                      iior 

Y«. 

"Y«l' 

A.i                     iior 

BiH 

4 
Vf«. 
Yc«. 

3 
Yu. 

Mrni£. .,....:.:::::: : 

3 
1 
1 
5 

3 

I 
I 
\ 

1 

^i 

Uulli«usi.'a. ...  ..... 

Hill                                     .   . 

Miiinch 

Ad'.                     ilor 

Ai1m--m  *  t...,j...aor 

3 

Ym. 

Numniliitrv  , 

Vow^n 

(*} 

Pul»l&rn.... 

CH  V*  ''oiiocHof. ......F.... 

Y*i. 

ftUd'nrf  ,..    , 

f..'..     ■••TTlinr.....„ 

Y<«. 

Y«, 

•4 
U 

8 

mSSoHmrt.- 

■■(■nor 

1^^    ^ 

. .  Jor. 

to 

Ym. 


WiiLuitifin? 

eiutlRnrl 

"Oor, 

Wunbiir^. . . 

3 

Y««. 

<ITtrlAl«   ohIt 

'■•  1 


•  Thf 

mltitN^: 


-  the  com 
CI  It"  for 


-tu||l#y«r« 


i  I 


IIUL.LETIX    or  THE  BraB.\f    OF   tABOB. 


'J'ht^e  details  of  tlie  organizntiol)  of  ihp  niana;£nnir  comtnittpw  of 

ihp  hnrt'uns  are  ^iven  because  tliey  show  llw  exK-ut  to  whid»  i-m- 
plovors  an<l   etnplovtH*s  ntv  t*(|tinily    ivprcs«?ntc«d   €>ii    tb«   coimnit'  • 
This  is  true,  as  will  be  neeu  frutu  the  alcove  table,  of  23  out  *»f  ih-   : 
mnnioip^il  Imivntts  not  (exclusively  nmnaifcd  by  the  public  aiilh'w  - 

III  many  irilies  tliobc  "  I*aritiilisclie '■  conunitlees  nre  choewn  iji  pan 
by  (he  iuuuici|Kil  ^t>vcntriienU,  in  part  clcctisi  by  or^nizafion-^  ni 
eiuployens^  and  in  part  by  the  trudo  unions  or  or^anisatirm^  of  h\v>r 
of  souM'  kind,  so  that  thoy  IxH-onn*  not  only  p<?pr<.^i*cnt«tives  of  th 
clahs  but  ortioial  repre.si'Utatives  elwtoil  by  their  clas£^     Such  burea 
iheivfore.  aiH?  really  ofliciul  and  strictly  reppoHOutntive,  whether  or 
tecbnirully  inunioipni.     In  nK>st  c«s*ts,  howeviT,  they  «re  (tx:hnii:a 
muiucipulf  or  soon  become  so,  even  if  originally  privately  found 
It  is  con»iderc*l  of  prime  importance  that  tliey   Ix^  controlled 
mnhftfLTiHl  by  rvpi*er^*ntativo  c«jinniiltees  in  which   lalMir  and  capi 
can  have  equal  confidence.     They  are  thonTori-  ;ili-;.ilMt.-lv  wn.I  fun 
mentally  deniocrntic. 

Tl  is  f<»r  this  reason  tluit.  althou^li  the  traile  unioniist.s  <»f  tivniin 
commenced  by  upposing  and  usually  bitterly  denouncing  the  pub 
employment  bureaus,  they  now  increasingly  make  use  of  thf^n  a 
have  tlieir  reprosi^nlalives  on  the  cc)uiniillo<rs  in  charge  of  thinu. 
many  ca^eh  also  the  unions  which  formerly  maintained  cmplo>*m« 
bureaus  of  their  own  for  their  different  crafts  have  handed  over  ihrw 
bureaus  to  the  jiublic  Imreaus  to  1m»  tntdnluined  as  distiiicC  portfi-' 
the  public  bureau^.  ii-iiMlty  as  *' T^uril-ilKrh*' "  (cimIi'  brundieH 
public  bureaus. 

The  bureatLH  un-lenuke  in  j^enoral  to  iind  piuces  fur  the  nnempli 
of  all  clas*sc-s  lx>ti»  men  and  women.  Some  of  the  HinuIIer  mainly 
find  places  for  women.  Generally  si^eaking,  in  Germany  the  demaml 
for  women  as  workers  \»  morv  than  for  men  in  proportion  u*  "■ 
supply.  The  bureaus  are,  in  all  ca.^es,  ilividwi  into  dej>artjniii: 
which  are  quite  distinct,  at  least  for  men  and  women,  ami  in  alnnr' 
all  cases  ^ds^^  for  the  skille<l  and  the  uuHkilltMh  the  comnior  ' 
and  the  artisan.  Kven  the  :^malIest  of  the  bureaus  have  il-^..^..,  -. 
least  these  distinct  depart nientf^  while  many  of  the  large  htireaos  havi^ 
a  large  nimi))er  of  ilci>artmcntii,  according  to  the  various  trades  whidi 
are  promini*nt  in  tlw  city  in  which  the  bureau  is  situated. 

In  Berlin,  for  example,  there  are  Home  2ft  ditforont  departmrnla  of 
tlie  buivau,  H»  for  mtm  und  0  for  women.     Tn  tlie  division   for 
there  is  a  dcpaitment  for  the  unskilled,  (n)  f(»r  the  older  men,  un 
for  the  younger;  departments  for  pnintorH.  locksmiths,   ti 
bookbinders,    pa|MM*^  .    leatlter   workei**!,  «i 

workers,  roofers,  lu.i  :  .  batchers,  city  emplo;.       

Iworkers  rJevator  men,  ^tc.^  witli  branch  offices  aLso  at  H 
■        ''-kendorf. 


THE   UNEMPLOYED  IN    EUBOPKAN    COrXTfilES, 


776 


Tlit?   wouienV  ilivisiim   is  divitltnl   intt>  iU'partaicntH   ft>r  i^neral 
workt»rs.  city  eniployeeti,  laiin<lr<*i^«.\s.  utuler^unut'ul   wiH'ker.s,  Uiok- 

■  bindei's,  doiuestic  servantsj  and  juveniles,  with  hrniKh  offices  at  Uinu- 
uu'lsliiir^  Hud  lieiiiivkeiidorf. 

Tlie  lierliii  public  euiploynient  bureau  Is  the  largest  bureau  in  Gcr- 

■  tnany,  and  no  olher  bui'eau  has  su  many  dejiartiueiUs,  tltou^rh  some, 
like  the  Munich  bureau,  apjiroxinrnte  to  this.  The  list,  however, 
iudicatos  (he  extent  to  whirh  the  public  euiploynient  bureatis  ix^ach 

■  or  attempt  to  reach  all  classes  of  workers. 

I  In  all  the  bureaus  there  are  separate  officer  or  rooms  for  earh  do- 
I  partinent.  even  the  sniallosl  bureaus  having  at  least  a  distinct  rcumi 
I  or  office  for  men  and  women.     The  offices  for  the  men  and  women 

have  ditferent  entrances,  although  usually  in  the  same  buildinp.     lier- 
lin  luiH  several  l>uildings.     Most  of  the  bureaus,  although  all  centrally 

■  fiituated  and  often  in^cupying  considerable  space,  are  not  as  u  rule  in 
particularly  attractive  buildings.  The  employment  bureau  of  Stutt- 
gart, the  oldest  and  in  proportiou  to  its  size  am<»ng  the  most  success- 

■  fuK  is  housed  in  a  very  unpretentious  and  almost  in?dgniiicant  build- 
ing.  The  employment  bui-eau  of  Nuremberg  occupies  the  site  of  the 
old  municipal  prisons,  but  the  building  in  itself  Ls  not  particularly 

■  attractive.  Munich  has  a  large  rambling  building,  which  occupies 
I  considerubh*  space  but  i^^  not  of  any  architectui'al  pretensions.  The 
m  Frankfort  bureau,  among  the  olde.st  and  mo>t  elective  o(  all  the 
m  bureaus,  is  centrally  located  but  is  in  particularly  crwuped  and  un- 
I  furlunate  cpiartei-s.  The  n*ason  for  this  is  slated  to  be  that  when 
I  the  Frankfort  bureau  was  original!}' established  it  was  vehemently  and 
I  even  bitterly  denounced  by  the  Socialists,  who  in  Frankfort  are  par- 
'  ticularly  strong.     AVhen  it  was  proposed  in  the  city  council  to  make 

an  appropriation  to  secure  offices  for  the  bureau  it  was  sai<l  by  (ho 
L  opjiosition  ^'  why  should  we  vote  nnich  money  to  criMite  an  institution 

■  for  (he  workingmen  which  they  themselves  do  not  want,  or  even 
oppose."      It   was,  therefore,  neccssarj'   to   commence  with   a   veiy 

^  snudl  appropriation,  which  limitation  has  not  yet  l^een  wholly  over- 
I  come.     The   l>ureau   was   located    in    an   antiquated   building,   dark 
P  and  poorly  adapted  to  its  purpose,  and  in  (hat  building  it  has  re- 
mained.    As  the  bun»au  has  grown   some  impn»vements  have  lx>en 

■  made  and  extensions  art*  even  now  Iwing  carried  on.  In  spite  of  this 
P  practical  handi*'Mp  (he  bureau  has  been  so  successful  that  opposition 

to  it  by  the  Socialists  is  steadily  fading  away  and  it  is  used  by  large 

nmn?>crs  of  workingmen. 
I  In  general,  the  bureaus  may  be  said  to  consist  of  n  room  or  rooms 

^H  for  the  manu^rPinent  and  separate  ro<^ms  for  employees  seeking  work 
^Hand  for  employers  seeking  help.  The  (*•'•  'I'-^'s  praf*ticii!!y  never 
^Bcoiue  together  at  the  bureaus,  yfixh  the  t  of  the  departments 


77G 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BXmEAU  OF  LABOB. 


for  women  and  for  domestic  servants.  As  n  rule,  indeed,  the  em- 
ployers do  not  go  to  the  employment  bureaus  at  all.  All  the  bureaus 
have  telephones  and  Ihe  employers  usually  eitlier  write  or  telephone 
to  th«'  bureau  concerning  Iheir  needs,  and  tlie  bureau  sends  them  ap- 
plicants whom  IIk'V  consider  will  best  meet  their  needs.  If  the  appli- 
cant is  not  satisfactory  the  bureau  sends  other  applicants  until  the 
need  is  met.  The  statistics  show  the  lar]Ufe  success  in  meeting  these 
needs.  For  the  einployt'^s  the  bitreaiis  usually  have  larjre  waiting 
n)Oms,  in  some  cases  various  waiting  rooms  for  the  different  classes  of 
workmen.  Almost  invariably,  even  in  the  smaller  bureaus,  there  are 
separate  waiting  rooms  for  tiie  skilled  und  unskilled,  iind  in  every  case 
separale  n)oms  for  the  men  and  women.  In  most  cuses  there  are 
jsome  conveniences  for  the  waiting  applicants,  usunlly  opportunity 
to  read  j)apei's,  to  smoke,  sometimes  to  play  games.  Abuost  alwjys 
there  are  tables  where  the  men  or  women  can  eat  luncheon  which  they 
have  brought,  and  in  not  a  few  cases  tJiere  is  provided  a  simple  buffet 
where  cheap  luncheons  or  at  least  Ikhm*  or  coffee  can  be  obtained  at 
very  low  and  usually  at  cost  pi-ice. 

Following  is  a  statement  of  the  sales  at  the  buffet  of  the  Berlin 
employment  bureau  in  1906: 

12,113  cups  cutTee  with  milk  ami  sugar,  at  5  preniilgs  (1.2  c«^nts). 
I.VMIl  cups  milU,  lit  n  pfomiljrft   (1.2  rents). 
2.082  bottlPS  ■wflslilep,  at   10  pft^unlKS    (2.4  ceDt9). 
riT.KTM  UttTS  f(il,135  fiwarls)  lagrer  b»»er,  at  5  pfennigs  (1.2  cents)  for  wich  0.2 
liter  (0.21  qimrt). 

42,072  fHtrtions  of  dry  bread,  at  2i  pfennigs  (0.0  cout). 

28,127  |H»rUoiia  bretid  with  butter,  nt  r>  pfonni^H  (1.2  cents), 

13.22$  Ftullea   (csikeK)  with  but(t>r,  at  5  pfl^nnlfoi  (1.2  cents). 

no,420  pieces  fcanwi^ce.  nt  30  pfennlK8  (2.4  cents). 

20»241  cltjnrB,  nt  5  pft'iales   1 1.2  immiIb). 

ri,2S5  clgnrs,  iit  '4  for  10  i>fpnnlK«   (2,4  c«nts). 

aK,420  cljyirettift.  at   I   pft.*nnlt;  (0,2  cent). 

4,220  cupH  (.•(H'oa.  nt  5  pfiMinltJ:»  (1,2  txiits), 

1,75a  liottU'H  of  KrUs-xT  wiiter,  tit  Ti  pfennig  (1,2  cents). 

AVhen  the  bureau  receives  ii  call  for  workmen  in  some  trade,  tho 
numager  goes  into  (he  waiting  room,  calls  out  the  nature  of  the  owu- 
patifui,  and  sununons  to  the  inner  otrav  (liose  who  consider  themiselves 
able  to  fill  the  situation,  or  at  least  a  certain  numl>er  of  such.  In  the 
inner  room  he  examines  their  pupoi's,  asks  their  experience,  and  tries 
to  .select  the  applicant  or  applicants  mosl  likely  to  uieet  the  needs  of 
ihc  prospective  employer.  In  a  few  bureaus  the  applicants  are  sent 
in  the  order  of  their  application,  althou^jrh  (his  is  nt)t  the  gi-neral  rule. 
UKually  it  is  left  to  the  discretion  ut  the  uianager  to  select  the  appli- 
cant according  to  his  best  judgment,  and  on  the  succes^syful  doing  of 
this  largely  depends  (lie  success  of  (he  bureau.  In  all  the  ()un'n!is 
J|^en  applica("">   I'^r  \^i*rk  iv  rpMlf  Uje  applicrtu'   i-   i..ijinf...l  i..  nil 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES. 


777 


P^ 


out  forms  nr  at  least  to  answer  certain  questions,  as  to  his  age,  birth, 
residence,  experience,  qualilications,  lust  place  of  occupation,  rea.s*)n« 
for  lK?ing  out  of  work,  condition  as  to  being  married  or  single,  having 
children  or  not,  reoonimendutions,  etc.  In  some  bureaus,  notably  the 
bureau  at  Berlin,  the  applicant  is  given  a  book  which  he  has  to  sign 
nd  which  he  must  bring  every  day  to  the  bureau  until  he  finds  work* 
Tor  this  he  makes  a  nominal  payment  or  registration  fee  of  20  pfen- 
nigs (5  cents),  which  is  considered  by  most  an  important  part  of  the 
conduct  of  the  bui*eau.  Being  nominal,  the  charge  amounts  to  little 
and,  it  is  claimed,  tends  to  enhance  the  value  of  the  bureau.  Never- 
theless, most  of  the  bureaus  are  absolutely  free. 

I  One  of  the  important  characteristics  of  the  bureaus  is  the  econom- 
ical and  yet  eire<!tive  way  in  wliidi  they  are  conducted.  Cologne 
employs  4  men  and  2  women  and  Leipzig  3  men  and  1  woman;  yet 
with  this  small  ^ltaff  tliey  each  do  successful  work.  The  result  is 
Jhat  the  exjK'nse  is  small.  In  Cologne,  in  1004,  the  expense  was  only 
about  8  cents  for  each  of  28^00  positions  filled  and  in  I^ipzig  it  was 
only  about  11  cents  for  each  of  20,344  positions  filled. (") 

The  cost  for  ea<'h  jwsition  secured  naturally  decreases  with  the 
growth  of  the  bureau.  For  example,  the  cost  for  each  situation 
found  by  the  Frankfort  bureau  in  189G  was  1  mark  8  pfennigs  (26 
cents)  for  10,475  places  filled.  By  1905  it  had  fallen  to  55  pfennigs 
(1.3  cents)  for37,Si>r»  places  filled. 

The  following  statement  is  given  of  the  budgets  of  the  public  em- 
ployment bureaus  of  Coloorne,  Berlin,  and  Munich  to  show  the  nature 
of  their  income  and  expenses; 


/ 


INCOMR    A\T>    RXrKN'niTrRES    OF    rOI-OGNE    rmr.tO    EMri.OYMRNT    BT'REAU, 
JVLY    1,    1000.    TO    JrNE    30,    1007. 


Incomo. 


Xtcon^ 


ti«uurj' 

EpmpilAtion  from  dty 
ovftncB  from  miinfdpal  btdldlngeoin- 

ntMlofi -  

f  STincnt  from  city  htirmu  forlnsuruioe 
BglUnst  unpimplofTDPiit  In  wtnt^'r 

llon  ol  tiouBes  to  rent 


Total. 


iiTaM 
iiifli 

-    122.(1 


s^vaiM 


Espendltures. 


Rent  of  offlrcji 

Hratlng  anil  cak  of  offksM . 
Om  And  electrtc  Ughtlng. . . 
SuppUeB. 
Peiiw" 


lodlcalfl. 


and  notice*, 
mdtnc 


l'o«tag>' - 

TmvpllDR  luid  mlawUaiM*ou9  mpe&ae*. 

Hlok  luid  inviulil  Uuamioa 

9«l»riw» 

In  iiwuMiry --., 


Total. 


Amiraat. 


•33X30 


t,9Ba*t 


*Bee  KforguiiianUon  Uf^  la  Bourac  du  Trn^iilt,  by  Umla  Varlcx.    (ihent,  lUOO. 
pp.  23.  24. 


778 


BVLLETII^  OF   THE   BTJBEAl^  OF  l^BOn. 


K8TIMATE£)    IKCOMU  AND    EXl'ENDITUllKS   OF  BCRLtX    l*rBUC   EMPUOYUSXT 

nmKAr  for  it»o«. 


lacome. 

/ 

ExiMikiitmn. 

Itoou. 

Amount,  i,                                ItMM. 

Amoon^ 

AitatiHl  "Viiifrl^tttjf^nft 

^i,:^..^' 

Tl»  It!  of  ofDiNS*.. 

96,t3tZ.m 

Su*  >                            ' 'tion  (ronicUy 

■  nt  fur  vartona  Hirvtera 

'•mi 

I'r  1                                   

;nni..:.:_::::7.:::;;:::;."::::::: 

Mfcfl 

I  n  f                                                  

Ks.a,' 

!  ;i     t     ;.         

71411 

JLi'i'                                          luoluiu  for 

1.7M.S0 

34iBO 

i7U.gci 

r. ■■:..'.            

ua.m 

t  r  1                                                              I'lirrAIIft.  - 

'    '     1  Ills ftnd  Dotioo.  .a. ....... 

ntm 

l'iivi(i«*i>(  Fr^-ir  niil'ii 'Uiiu  1  onunujifMi . . 

sr.  v: :;*::::: 

^'m9 

oatsldv  tb^dty.... 

1 'iiidintf  matvdflJi.     •  . 

SS&9I 

>^  illri(V\'  Lk;!!!^^" 

164  74' 

Pom  Ironi  buTriiu  for  doiUMtLcfl 

R^piUrs , ,...--—.»-►..,—,. 

lAiTO 

1  Wortahops. 

143.80 

Svmrage... , 

lift  00 

MonlC^pAl  onrl  KTiiitriil  twx          .... 

MT  ^0 

^^^ 

drntnls 

i.ns-aB 

K 

For  euUrgnnMit  »f  buxvwi  tor  diniii>»- 
tlrs...  .                                   

T,fin.4 

H 

ExU'tUioii    of    lTrt4r   nuplOTBHHkt    bu- 

fTMinv  Aud  othi^r  bmiclii*!! • 

StLfl 

TotAl                       .     . 

^^^^Rrt*1 

!8,a8.tt 

3S.MK4I 

ITfCOMR  AND  EXI'ENDITrRES  OP  MrNlC!!  imiLir  EMPI,OTVEVT  BrUKAl^ 


Income. 

Expenditure. 

ItaoM. 

A  mount  ■ 

ItetnA. 

Amount. 

Carrinit   ftvnr 

'  "Tn  1906 ..  1   1 J 1 J 

«238.0D 
9,006.38 

fiml  iumirnnr*'  fi^f  SMilf 

>  rmii  ttir  RoyiU  Itlnlstrj 
r 

V&91 

Cosi.  ..  ._.  - 

fiffUtlHR...... .,*,..••.«......... ........ 

«&9 

WTTi 

1  Ivhifiitr 

i&i.  ri 

ClBWin- 

Bant' 

*!k;;i  ...... 

Toul... 

MK» 

K 

IMTt) 

p 

"■-"8 

UO) 

I'oUl. 

lu.srt^js 

.'ni  IS 

*  Tbc  rxpcodliiir'-s  lirrp  sbtiirn  nre  (tte  Hittirnlents  nf  tite  suiuiuiif  triveti  lu  tli>^  urbclDftL 
wlien*  itiv  ifitMt  IP  HI  ludrhj  tfx38j  leu  uaa  tbc  euui  of  tbe  tttfuu ;  tbe  «]Uerei«Dc/  aw 
hor  be  locnled. 

It  will  Ik.'  tieea  lu  uli  th»Lse  bureaus*  ami  the  ruh»  i^  general  (hroiigh- 
iiiit  Gprniimy,  that  wliile  (lit-  expemlitnrc  is  met  prirnnrny  1»y  tlic 
inuiiicipality  or  private  assi>ciation  maintaining  the  bureau,  (hoy  all 
rwt'ive  public  aid.  Prnrti<*ally  hII  Iho  (JiMinun  Suites  g'lw  aiti  lo  the 
bureaus,  either  Jirtvtly  to  inilivi(bi«l  biiieau.s  (ir  to  the  dilTerent  feder- 
ations of  ihe  biircniis,  Sim*e  liK)!i  the  Imperial  (J«>veminent  has 
pi^  ;  111  Tm  1003  of  al>out  3»14.riOO)  to  the  General  Federation  of 

Ki   ^  III  UiireRU**. 

This  Slate  aid  and  public  recognition  hab  been  a  grojit  asset  and 
rmise  of  growth,  as  is  se^^n  in  the  statistic^  of  a  fow  of  Ihe  principal 
bui-oaus. 

Tl»e  following  table,  giving  the  mimliep  of  positions  swnjrcHl  for 
male  per-oiis  from  1S8;5  to  IS'0G»  slin        '  '      f  the  Berlm  hn- 

reau  nn<l  the  fxtent  t"  which  it  i:?  !>  f  by  new  trndi 

and  occu/^atiuuH.    Il  IitUI  be  seen  from  the  table  that  some  of  the 


THE   UNEMPLOYED  TX   BUBOPEAX  COtTSTKIES. 


779 


idas,  like  those  of  the  masons  and  shoemakers,  have  used  the  bureau 
Lud  then  for  one  reason  or  another  have  dropped  ont.     Oil  the  whole, 
wever,  the  steady  growtJi  of  the  bureau  is  axiparent. 


llTrATUJNH    SECTBED    FOR    MALES    BY    TUB    RRRLIX     prBLIC    E3trL0YMBXT 
lUUEAi:      (NOT     IN'CI.iritINO     BRANCIIESf.     UV     Ot'OrrATIONS,     J883-1S03     TO 


1                Oc™p.U««.. 

uasio 

isas. 

} 

ima. 

1SJ7. 

UK. 

ISB. 

Dll«UU«<l 

e4>0a       s.v7ft 

S.ftSS 

i.on 

m 

U.S18 

13,  an 

6,470 
«7l 

10.(>7C 

.;« 

K.713 

^^Asnithi                                  t 

i*a 

^HE^fthn 

im 

^^^p».Hl    ■.I.^MM 

an 

^^^■talnirr                                                  I      *        ' 

x» 

in 

^^^■•L....^ 

:        c  : ;   : 

■fT*^r'^yw* - ■■ 

:   ? 

RwlcblnMcr* C 

;:"::::::c;.:;."" 

^^^th'T  *vTkwy ' 

1... 

. 

ttttKTf>  *^ Airbirt                              ' 

....: 1 ; 

'" 

MAfblntstff  Mn4  hpstttni 

'V".'""C"':v". 

Butcbors 

: :r: : 

'**  -•••• 

'     ** 

B«V«9-s..." ]„.',„,'.'.  „\. 

1 1..^ 

OlftZUXa 1 

::  ::i::;::::i ;!;:.: . 

Wood  Torkon    L 

1         1 

•"" 

Uflvntnr  Ivmlrrn                         f 

1 1 



Apprrntlrer.. 

i        1 

Toul 



M.6aa  1     8.&S8  1    una  |    i».oao 

30,  »7        31.3a 

aB,3M 

^              OccupaUona. 

IMO. 

1901. 

19(0. 

1908. 

1901. 

1906. 

190fl. 

bniWUwl 

SPaintem 

l»4fi& 

716 

1,MJ 
61« 

7,aw 

1.7fiJ 

081 

35.382 
fi,90A 

an 

33.9M 
8,ei34 

3.12Z 

8oe 

40,06S 
f).«l 

a.wit 

l.OOT 

41,7W 
7,40S 

LocksmiUu 

%m 

Stnamlths 

tSa 



flboanAknrn 

" 

lltea^  h*«MB>ia 

cu 

1,081 

1171 

2.14« 
1,013 

aw 

M& 

ITO 

3.379 

I.Wl 

l.-ii) 

433 

i.asa 

(07 
701 
UB 

3.  EM 

a.isi 

i.au 

«7 
1.819 

B 

i^«r4 

U.319 

13 

laM 

■ 

toU 

^^IKlnriAr* 

i.«a 

^^^^*  "•wlwr'* , , , 

*" 

3*8 

ftOBCO  YTOrkBTS 

1,000 

330 

JUchlnisU  and  bMUn 

sa 

Botcbera 

Bafccrs 

1V0 

Olyhrf , 



•bl 

■^■l  «>wk|^«*                     ^               1 

17,163 

^^■f^  *— 4'»                                         F 



W 

^^^tl^« 

101 

!•■ 

f          ToUI 

Sa.40B 

34,53S 

2».33ft 

41.770 

27.030 

78,  M4 

93.6S7 

f  The  figures  show,  with  occasional  setbacks,  a  steady  normal  growth, 
oikI  in  recent  years  the  constant  adhei^iou  of  new  trades.  Flow  greut 
^has  l»een  the  recent  growth  is  seen  in  the  following  table: 

•OTAt.  APrrjOATIONS  FOR  SITUATIOXS  AND  FOR  HELP.  AND  TOTAL 'SITr- 
ATIONS  SECrUED  THROUOH  THE  BKUMN  PUBMC  EMPLOYMENT  BIKEAU, 
lIKtJ  TO   11*06. 


Y«IIT. 


AppUcalions  for— 


SItuallOfU. 


d.SSI 
1\1A\ 


Help, 


Situations 

■Karctl. 


37.936 


kao.s 


'\ 


S34 


T80 


BULLETIN   or  THE  BUREAU   OF  LABOR. 


For  the  three  years,  1804  to  190C,  the  following  table  gives  the  facts 
in  more  detail : 


APPLICATIONS  FOR  SITUATIONS  AXD  FOR  HELP  AND  SITT7ATIOXS  Sb:CURED 
THROUGH  THE  BERLIN  PUBLIC  EMPLOYMENT  BUREAU,  BY  SEX  AND  OCCU- 
PATIONS,  1904    TO    lOOC. 


Appllcatioiu  ior  Kittmtioni^, 

Occup^Uoiiii. 

Totwl. 

WtthOUt  f^B. 

IftH 

lona. 

40,335 
14,3ai 

]i,efS7 

4,U9 
1.854 
4.fiB? 
2,859 

a,iB& 
fi:i4 

1,509 

]9rM. 

IflftS, 

i«e. 

Older  nsvn , , , 

37. «H 
llp»(I4 

'■^ 

1,247 
7«1 

44,SS7 

11,972 

1,612 
4,  (KM 
2,615 

e70 

1,443 

w 

709 

i,fm 

l,7&g 

3S 

J,%4 

1Af3 

2,04U 

8,303 
366 

YounBEir  men ....  ^. » . 

PAlnl^rs "             .«      ^  ,  *      +      ,  *  , 

1  Ij^ 

Loekamlthft.,..,,.. 

Tinsmiths,...,..,.,....,.-..,....-.....,, 

I'm  per  hangers... 

Biiflkblnriers*  *,*,,, ».,.*.,...,, ^^, 

L^attiEir  worke  ni......^ ,. 

47 

2.4j^ 
438 
40 
IS 

U 

%^ 
dGl 
116 

302 

2,681 

430 

Stucco  work*rs ..,,...,.,........,_.„.., 

Rot^fRrs 

111 

Butebcrs 

1.007 

1,11^ 

GUy  employ  wfl .... .  ,      ...     ..     .»..,. 

3^ 

l.SSfi 

2?7 
1.577 

1,247 
725 

n 

70» 

1,570 

40 

20,291 

3S0 

BaK^ra     .     . . 

1  fiOfi 

OUfierj , 

40 

Wood  workflrti _ 

u\  4?a 

Elevator  tenders         ..,-,..  ..*.*.*,..*, 

"i'.m 

307 

Rumrm^l^ibn'E  brmich. _._.............,., 

1,718 

s,oa 

1,2U4 

1  A77 

Appireuticva , 

37« 

Tf^tal  mftlTft 

SB.  779 

122,110 

137,^0 

]7.ft43 

Ay.ior 

aik.c[Q 

Gfln^i^l  barsftu 

e.47B 

40 

5,873 

fl,494 

go 

^443 

1V3 
45 

2. 73.-* 
1,W7 

«73 
30 

4a: 

430 

2,444 

iii' 

1.741 

SOS 

2Mi 
012 

4« 

2  KIA 

Wortyra  (or city,.,,, *,,.,^.* 

I*imnd  fi'ssps 

0 

1  uo 

U  iidergrrirraent  makL'^ra 

|tun>«i^]  lor  ymtngep  wohiph... 

513 

Bookliindprs 

1  047 

IIOllM'tllllJ^Is. 

RilnliDt'LfibtuT  hriLU'Oli 

111 
23 

125 

RetiLlekeiiiio]^  branch- 

10 

Tot»1  femAkft  . 

11,005 

14.9^5 

19, la? 

4.303 

£,MI4 

S,(105 

Grtutd  toidl     .     i 

W.S74 

137.03S 

^&A>S17 

21,4711 

47,801 

(p*.  107 

Per  cent  of  piiti  ovot  pTO^-inUi  yeiirfl: 

Mttlfi....,, 

Fmittkv .»,,.. 

31.0 

ftta 

37.6 
514 

12.8 
28.3 

4^.B 
90.3 

137.1 

42.6 

an 

53.5 

Tr^tal... 

34.  a 

37.1 

14.4 

50.0 

121.  a 

3CL0 

THE   UNEMPLOYED   IN    EUBOPEAN    COXJNTKIES. 


781 


fATPUCATIONR  KOR  SITrATlONB  AND  FOR  HELP  AND  SITUATIONS  BISCL'IUSD 
THROrcn  THE  BERLIN  rillLIO  EMPLOYMENT  RVRELiU.  BY  SEX  AND  OCCU- 
PATIONS,  11HI4  TO   lOOe— Conclude*!. 


^H                           Occupations. 

AppUcatlona  for 

help. 

SlCofttloiu  ncured. 

1S04. 

1005. 

1000. 

34,1(17 

13^17^ 

3,589 

l^MO 

3,834 

3,175 

'431 

l.lfifi 

515 

781 

lOOi 

1905. 

1906. 

^^■iMnl  buRAu  lor  uiukllk>il: 

M.e37 
13.814 

15.303 
3,511 
1,1X 
3.633 
l.ii70 

475 
l.fiOO 

S23 

m 

170 
L8M 

i;7w 

«0 

33,S98 

111,343 

10,743 

3.799 

1,439 

3,935 

l.GSa 

539 

1,571 

Ml 

83» 

43 

3.4M 

3,C14 

3,:i«K 

17,040 

33 

l.MO 

1.143 

23, 5M) 

1U,3S0 

H.»4 

3.123 

B08 

3,279 

1,343 

423 

1.2W 

Ii87 

701 

129 

1.B03 

1,738 

«5l 

29,147 
10.911 

H,4<J1 

a.** 

1.007 
2.584 

i,3ca 

487 

1.310 

43b 

702 

32 

3.153 

8.U0 

2,074 

11,319 

13 

1.217 

7M 

!n,3M 

^V        Yninprr  mim                 

11,444 

^H'Tnlnlrnt 

7.408 

^Bf  fwk-atniiha                                   

3.460 

^H  TtniTTT'I'hi 

i.no7 

^H  Pippr  hmwrn.  , ,  , 

2.  MM 

^"  Boolclilnd«rs 

1,4K1 

Lcntber  worken.... 

376 

StiKco  wurkers ._, 

1.008 

Kooff^rs ....,,,... 

330 

Hftrhlniiitft 

fiM 

Otf  KnnioTflflB 

3.112 

3.337 

1.106 

25.r.lO 

134 
1.179 
1.083 

373 

LOS 

Babsn - 

3.398 

iUftslBra 

'981 

^^XttOd  ^r^rkrrr 

17,183 

^^^^^* •^M^^ 

«9 

^^^^^KSnHnhnrg^nnf'h 

1,175 

334 

8N 

238 

973 

^^Wfckendorf  brmneh 

ApprentloAs 

ft46 
lUl 

TvtAl  malm , , 

75.  C» 

106,785 

109,  n« 

58,740 

«0,M7 

M.375 

^m                                   irSMAUM. 

^Bo«aera]  boTMit a 

^H  WfTrlnfn  firrrtfy     ,    ,       , 

8,7V>1 

n 

1,443 

337 

1.045 

3,4S3 

10,6S0 
79 

L792 
183 

7m 

3.149 
2,575 

103 
105 

13,963 

68 

2,087 

340 

96 

3.635 

8. 039 

156 

69 

^»2 

910 

29 

2W 

2,086 

T,272 
66 

1,397 
S3 
X» 

97 
33 

10.380 
00 

^V  J^""''''""^ 

1.014 

^^v  VnifarnniMiit  nukvrn ■ ■••• 

66 

^H  Banftu  lor  younger  women 

398 

^r  FiK'kMmlr'nt 

l.TBi 

HmiMireAlrln  , 

M3 

Romntvlffbuiv  l«rit  nf  h ...■■■■• 

99 
53 

55 
11 

112 

II Re4ntck^uidoiif  iFrenrh    , 

13 

^K                     T/H«lf«iiaku 

15.071 

10.404 

34,75fi 

8,aa8 

11,343 

15,183 

^B               Antntl  tnlAl 

110,409 

13(^349 

134,474 

•7,017 

92,190 

99,557 

^1  par  cant  Of  fjOn  over  pntTloiui  j-fian: 

44.B 

75.0 

413 
39.1 

27.3 

4ao 
7ao 

37.0 
37.3 

4.4 

^t        Trmtiim 

33.8 

^m           T"tn> 

«.l 

41.7 

4.8 

43.8 

37.0 

B.0 

■ 

The  Cologne  hiii*eau  sliows  an  equally  steady  growth. 

APPLICATIONS  I'OR  HELP  AND  POU  SITUATIONS.  AND  SITUATIONS  SECinED 
THROnUI  THE  COLOONE  Pl-BLU'  KMI'LOYMENT  niUEAU,  lIV  SEX,  ISIU  TO 
1007. 


ApplloKllona  for- 

Vtur  rnUltig  Jnoe  30— 

Help. 

Stiiutlotit. 

M^ 

Fenulci  ToUl. 

MiUc. 

FtnuOe. 

ToUl. 

UAlO. 

Fsnuao. 

Toul. 

B«::::::::::::::::::::: 

.      3,WW 

.    7,an 

.      8,115 
.    11.03)4 
.    13,019 
.    ir.,4W) 
.    15,140 

i 

1,790 
4,4(10 
7,445 

D,:»4 

I0,itl3 
11,31)0 
11,3-ii 

io.an 
^7» 

5,453 
11,512 
15,.V0 

6,509 
5,729 
11, lib 
14.423 

1.541 

3,879 
4,025 
5,341 
6,085 
R,fta8 
7,371 
k,VM 
8,350 
8,474 
8,014 
8.880 
7,847 

8,(150 
13,0U8 
15,743 
lll,(tt>4 
32,8S(i 
30,4!t4 
33,004 
4U,4;*G 
46,901 
45,309 
45,701 
44,«78 
«,T70 

S.477 

o.vw 

7,XiA 
I2,I.Vi 

1  !>,5:)r> 

14,003 
ia,4M 
18,102 
30,076 
30,863 
22,163 
31,805 

880 
3.1U9 
4,J(ll 
i.070 
5,944 
•1,405 
7,030 
7,7M 
7,WW 
X,124 
H,213 

8,at» 
7,a» 

4,357 
10,055 
12,124 

UM 

15,096 

g:::::::::::::::::::::::: 

l«,l(>0 
21,941 
31,723 

»- 

30,364 

25  907 

EiiE: 

28,300 
20,076 
30,409 
29,164 

1 

' 

'Frvcu  I 


w  n,  \W\,  VQ  Ixkwt  •Mi,  \'W&. 


782 


BULLETIN   OF  THE  BUBEAU  OF  LABOR. 


For  Frankfort  the  following  table  shows  the  record  of  the  activi- 
ties of  the  public  employment  bureau  absolutely  and  in  proportion 
to  the  population  for  the  different  years : 

NUMBKR    AND    COST    OF    SITUATIONS    SECURED    THROUGH    THK    I'RANKFORT 
rUBLIC  EMPLOTMEXT  BUREAU,    1893   TO   1D05. 


Year. 

Population. 

BitUfttlODS 

aoeured. 

„       ,         ,        1   Co«t  of  RituatloiM  Sfr- 
Num1>orof  in-                 cured 
habitants  to 

each  situation                         i      t»— 
aecured.             Total.       ,j,^j?^_ 

1IIW. 

200.000 
235.000 
242.000 
250,000 
256,000 
266.000 
280.000 
302,000 
300.000 
318,000 
336,000 

6.492 

9,609 
12,455 

15.297 
18.655 
20.881 
22,072 
26.352 
29.216 
34.050 
37,890 

32.19 

1800.                                  .... 

24.23           S2,41».27 
19.43            2.b45.04 
16.34  1           3.028.94 
13.72            3.32a  88 
12.74:           3,817.43 
12.60            3,783.48 
11.91  1          3.860.01 
10.58            4,172.83 
9.34             4.ti24.78 
8.87             4.937.64 

laae 

UB7 

■  21 

J40e 

.20 

ueo 

.18 

1900 

.18 

loot 

.17 

1J02 

.15 

1903 

.14 

004 

.U 

1005 

.13 

This  shows  not  only  a  steady  growth  for  the  bureau,  but  a  remark- 
able growth  in  situations  secured  in  proportion  to  the  growth  of 
population. 

Nor  is  it  only  the  larger  bureaus  which  have  thus  grown.  The 
following  shows  the  statistics  for  all  the  public  bui^aus  in  the  Frank- 
fort-Mainz circle  of  bureaus,  including  places  large  and  small. 


SITUATION'S     SECURKI)    THROUGH    THE    I'UDLIC 
THE   KRAXKFORT-MAINZ   INION. 


EMPLOYMENT 
ISOS   TO   1IM.MJ. 


IlIREAUS     OF 


Locullty. 

l>tw. 

1.7.297 

IS,  65.5 

1000. 

20.  SSI 
16.116 

(i..S22 
5.080 

IWl. 

Fmnklort  on  thn  Main 

Uf^nnhptiit , 

22.fJ72 
12. 025 

Wtesbiiden 

Mainz 

.5.719 
3,647 

6.712 
5.242 

7.352 
5  45l> 

Ileidellx*^, 

DnniiittHcIt 

2.33ti 
1,426 

2.413 
1.975 
761 
506 
104 
IM 
47. 
72 

2.3*3 
1,738 
433 
370 
80 
216 
78 
66 

2  2.W 

Worms. 

2  075 

Krewtznach 

384 

Offenbach 

429 
197 

62 

87 

1S6 

Glessen 

76 

FrlfdU'fx 

220 

Rutzbuoh 

m 

Or.  Kiirlfeii 

187 

r.toc. 


2.5.352 

11.357 

7.f.*.3 

5.  540 

4,85.S 

2.202 

3.211 

424 

193 

3Wl 

2(10 

50 


liHXt.        1«04.        19(Xi. 


29.2Hi     34.O0O 
13.2Ui;  I  16.ti49 


8.603 

5.774 

4.7N) 

2.0HK 

3,  (W7 

432 

204 

616 

2(1S 

41 

147 


7,3(» 
7,5*>1 
5.514 

3. 613 

858 
530 
251) 
23 


37,806" 
17.W0  1 
7.015 
8.805 
5.153  , 
3.548 
3.248  ; 
467  , 
3,60D 
55(i  I 
327  1 
29] 
157 


190G. 


3T.780 
18,989 

7,209 
8.ti38 
«.6l2 


•87 
767 
307 
672 
634 
470 

33 
172 


THE  rNEMPLOYED  IN   EUROPEAX    COUNTRIES. 


s» 


The  following  shows  the  operations  of  thi^  Munich  public  <Mnploy- 
nient  bureau: 

APPLICATIONS  FOa  SITCATION'S  ANJl  FOR  HELP  AXD  SITIT.VTIOXS  KIOiM'aii:!) 
TTintUr.II  TBE  tSEXEIlAL.  DIVISION  OF  THE  MrXK'll  PIULIC  EMPI-OXMK>rr 
BmKAI"   (NOT  INiXrPIXU  TRADE  PniSIONSt.   BT  SEX.   IfiOr.  TO   lOOO.C) 


I 


Pit  r*nl  of  •titimtlons  i*^ 

A|if)Ur«tlons  for  - 

iiitii»Uoni»  jwcumi. 

rumii     o[     upplicM  t  ioim 

Ymr. 

Sltufttlons. 

Bltlk. 

Kiile. 

niij«. 

Toul. 

Stltiatioaa.     |        Help. 

ICalA. 

»2L  Tot-- 

Miite. 

mala     '^'*"* 

H"'Jf.'2t--L"2.?^ 

»»»- 

6,713 

2,M«     9.001 

usa 

i.ar 

2.(130 

1,127 

8» 

^S 

10.S  2R.4:  m.i  S2.4I  6&i;4l 

vm.. 

3z.ue 

Uttl  47.  (W 
l&.4ttl  41,001 

10,723 

U3Xi 

ao.os; 

i&,ft5a 

^W 

4B.i  67.  »  &4.  4'  ia  6   74.  5,M.  1 
71.  a  00.0  70.4  (W.4   >.  i»a7 

avr.. 

a&.&«] 

30»57a 

13,801 

34,4SS 

1«.I8A 

UkOH 

n^iM 

19».. 

:in,lU 

iA,m  M,m< 

naM 

15,  MW 

80.091 

au.ir:'V  ii.sar 

32.  33f/  Kf.,  5 

fk1  1    .Vi.S)  87.4    76  .liSCl 

tfiOD.. 

.V.SOi 

l%m   Ml,473 
xSm    ft4.3S7 

3S,14fl 

21,285 

40. 3W 

25.1 

.    iv 

'  _•  89  A  ti;.4,«ao 

IBOU.. 

:il.7« 

M,m 

%,47S 

H.3W 

ae. 

:    '.<  91.11  7].:£!m1.0 

■■'  'i  SO.5^  70,0;7».8 

(,:  J    :.u.  2  HI.  «  70.  3  77. 0 

IBDl.. 

43.913 

anw  73.aK 

77,a0fl 

30.352 

66,55« 

a*.  •         ■ 

MB.. 

J».«W 

39,103    08,441 

3S.0M 

37,S3S 

sz.sis 

31,171,  IV,  J4:: 

mio^ao.003 

4»*.il.i,  .U  < 

xm.. 

aiWsM 

39iM    A^4tf 

20,  »a 

X^3S7 

60.  OK 

<2.in'  Q.  1 

C7  '.»    M  4    H4.2  6M174.S 

HH.. 

K,3SW    Jl.iWV  ^6.7.^K"  III),  t IS 

33.001 

04, 0« 

^4-i.  fc'.'  71 3 

67.K    -L?   «   I    6£.:j|7iv3 

UD&.. 

J.1.4                                    ■'  *.74r 

«7.t»- 

•    <-l.T 

aO  1    75.5   87  4'  00  3,72. « 

MO.. 

35.'                                                •    c(7.t«2 

71.'.'-- 

'^3.  1 

7*.  1    7K  s   HA.  a   M  hs74. 0 

Total. 

1          1          1          1          i 

"iJh,:i;.i 

I'MJ^ 

1M.J»^ 

07.0 

00.0|  07.fit  S7.7|  07.i|7T,7 

» 


"  Ynimg  (rlrlK  juM  It^arUi^  school  nni]  «[>plylnK  for  posltloivi  fla  caneral  lanUIa  or  nurwo' 
(Iris  boC  IncltubMl. 

*For   Xon'mlwr   nud    Drcombor   onlj. 

Thi.s  shows  not  only  a  remarkablo  growth*  but  also  a  large  per- 
centage of  situatiou.s  secured  in  proiwrlioii  to  those  sought  iind 
offpnvl. 

Results  for  t!ie  whole  of  Bavaria  are  shown  in  the  following  tiible 
givuig  the  openitions  of  the  Bavarian  public  emph>yinent  bureaus 
from  1900  to  lOOn: 


APPLIC.\TTOJCS  FOR   WTrATlOVP    ANH  FOR    nEI.P.    AVTi   SfTrATIONS   SKCriUCDk 
THKOfGH  TUK  IIAV.UMAN  PIUMT   l-IM  I'LUVMK.NT  Bl  KEAtN.   ItV  SKX.   IIHMI  TO 


AppBMtloiMftii^ 

Yum. 

SlimUicras.             1 

n«ip. 

lUla. 

Fttnala. 

Toul.  1    MalB. 

Fttoale. 

Total. 

MatD. 

Fnmala.|  TotaL 

ifti 

7S.00i 

uasoa 

113, 3n 

03.838 
Ba.94A 
BDVOOO 
108,»40 

X1,A4> 
48.  Ml 

4«.  ■)■" 
■U, -t  ■ 
5S..-.- 
».4^| 
W,670 

105.  t\OH 
lfi0.53a 

l'.l.tC>(l 
r«,Ai3 
ftj.47» 
70;  1»* 
H4.<lrc 

101. iao 

40.a*rfi 

ifti.o7i; 

;   ■.  7.15 

4^,576 

23.000  1       73,4tt 

K 

M,i«n       Tm.am 

w 

*■  -V.I  '    m,m. 

fit 

•t     SSB 

'J       tOl.Blfl 

JSSr~ 

■  •>>,  .  .It         .tn.  wis         105,731 

B 

75,004       41. 0>       Ur.5M 

fg" 

Of  the  37  conniiunal  bureaus,  however,  in  Bavaria  in  1900,  only 
52  were  active- 


784 


BULLETIN   OF   THE    BUHEAU   OF   LABOR. 


T!»?  following  tables  show  the  activities  of  the  tlifferenl  hiirt*ttiis 
1900,  first  by  localities  and  then  for  each  month : 


APPLICATIONS   rOR  3ITITATI0NS  AXD  FOR    HELP.   AND    SITUATIONS   RECURKD 

niRoroii   THK   bavarian   iTBur    rmplontiient   nrRisAus,   Br   i^calx- 

TIES.    1006. 


• 

AppUwt] 

ooB  f or- 

- 

BItaa 

tiooi  Momed. 

■»           LoMllty. 

SituaUoDi. 

Help. 

w 

Malu. 

Fe- 
males. 

Tot«l. 

UiUoa. 

rnil*MFi 

ToUl. 

Malrs, 

Fo- 

mmlen. 

ToIbL 

AdiIhtv           .             ...  ... 

10 
949 
M 

"2 

3,993 

731 

113 

30 

18 

19 

990 

934 

8.064 

M 

981 

777 

0,070 

a,  40a 

l&B 

114 

430 

145 

841 

2.140 

1,939 

7.«70 

0 

618 

38 

36.071 

13U 

M 

380 

10.399 

93 

3.918 

0.181 

125 

34 

650 

913 

3.830 

13 

470 

366 

700 

410 

"J 
9.KM 

1 
310 

"41306* 
18 
479 
l.SSO 
819 
370 
30 

i' 

1 
1 

1.283 
36 
It 
313 
930 
447 
1 
34 
17 

ii 

40S 

179 

1.264 

1 

88 

1 

83,418 

30 

!:S 

1 

"'"T77* 

9 

1 

166 

450 

940 

"a"; 

30 
750 
64 

U.61fi 

38 

834 

^.312 

389 

60 

18 

36 

337 

335 

4,34A 

SB 

383 

1,000 

0,999 

2.990 

166 

138 

447 

146 

366 

3,M4 

1.508 

8,980 

10 

TOO 

30 

«t,003 

176 

M 

390 

16.446 

70 

4.361 

7,03fl 

12a 

24 
660 
012 

s.ioa 

16 

471 

610 

1,I(V6 

TM 

117 

11 

119 

094 

83 

7,876 

49 

394 

3,389 

1,071 

109 

84 

48 

S3 

166 

430 

2.507 

103 

4JV 

1.109 

IS 

167 

440 

116 

473 

1,701 

1,024 

4,444 

17 

00« 

78 

94.348 

205 

149 

519 

11. M4 

338 

2,948 

4. 010 

'1 

449 

'■'. 

71 
441 
5(11 
409 
303 

tf. 

10 
435 

■*6;3» 

SS 
908 

l.WM 

i,;r74 

373 
33 

is' 

3 

1 

1,778 

49 

17 

344 

439 

878 

I 

00 

41 

38* 

033 
304 

1,369 

7 

"\ 

37,043 

67 



"7i9i4' 

1.939 

1,003 

1« 

*""6ij* 

2 

9 

142 

fliU 

465 

139 
1,119 

as 

13,706 

70 
087 

4,ai7 

2..^45 

642 

117 

48 

id 

lti7 

427 

4.370 

163 

490 

1,463 

0,190 

4,200 

m 

237 

4K7 

115 

506 

3,433 

1.838 

6.608 

34 

735 

n 

71,990 
333 
140 

518 

1D,75I< 

M2 

4.S74 

cm 

314 

a 

443 
833 

3.480 

80 
583 

1.390 

918 
774 

16 
143 
61 

0,943 

18 

302 

1,5)0 

40.1 

74 

36 

18 

10 

87 

324 

1.722 

30 

143 

673 

4,367 

2,043 

69 

08 

281 

36 

288 

780 

1.369 

3.876 

3 

338 

24 

39,058 

119 

M 

186 

9,878 

00 

1.734 

3.561 

99 

4 

1.904 
10 

76 
279 
400 
143 
108 

11 

60' 

Vaab* 

3 

228 
833 
474 
ISO 
11 

2* 

1 

1 

Ou» 

SO 

1 

30A 

266 

290 

1 

33 
12 

0 

192 
164 
9SA 

1 
68 

iiloii' 

"iifio' 

"'i.ooo' 

1.090 

1 
""an' 

3 

a 

93 
287 
178 

""2,' 244* 

15 

An&pBcn 

199 

AiK'hHiTr>iibiii]g 

St 

9.468 
1ft 

Auitsliiirg. 

Klfmliiip-n 

KpU'h«'i,h(iU 

<8d 

BftiiibiTg ^-.... 

Ituln'iith 

2.4» 

Bcrch  U'sgudon 

DpgR^n'lorf 

30 
IS 

u 

88 

DlnliH»t.ahl 

KirbfltAdt 

EfiiinKvn 

Fr«nlwnih«l 

33S 

Filrth 

2. 088 

4g 

4f  unz(!tihttnw>n 

Hof 

144 

Infiolatadt 

779 

KiMnrrNlftdtcrm 

4.021 
3.341 

to 

KrrapU^n _ 

KitKUig»*n 

Kronucti ••.....-..-,«. 

1^ 

Kiilniljiu'h.^,,. ..„,..,...,. 

ao 

l^n'tmi   ............  .  . 

» 

Landsl'tTg...... 

344 

Laiidshiit... 

948 

1/Uidau 

1.441 

LudwigAhaJKi 

4.081 

Rmlwltx  . 

4 

MOhidort. 

38l 

MUuclil>t!m..,.„i. 

34 

Mmik'h    

89.078 

Kt'iliiuirkt . ..    ,,               .   .    . 

"'iS 

N('U»tJnll-«n-dor-Hardt.... . 
NOMItiigi'ii 

,s 

Nun'mlKTU 

u,tS 

PjwiaaU 

Oft 

UHtMlKin... ..,••....« ,■ 

2.734 

Rnvrnhclrn 

3;  on 

RotlK<nt)(in$<«o-<kr-T«ultor. 

8c!i  wnijiit'Ii 

SrhMrtrifiirl.. 

J 

m 

»^«J 

I  /r-tiwip-ntlu 

TmiinfU'ln 

WiiMrrl>inv 

W.'lden 

W»*l5wnt'ii« „., 

Wijri.i.-|.I 

WarEljurg,,.,.,...,^,.,,,,. 

77 

8n 

007 

an 

JO8 

Total*.... 

ltt.MO 

60  ' 

-  t 

41.fi30 

117.999 

THE   UNEMPLOYED  IK    EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES, 


786 


APPMCATIONS   FOR   SITTATIONS   AND   FOR    HELr.    ,\\n   SITTATIONS  SGCUREI 
TOROrCn    THK    BAVARIAN    prBUf    EMrr.OYTtfENT    BrREATTS.    Bt    MONTHS, 

inoa. 


' 

AppllcitUmis  fer^ 

ntna 

Moalta. 

SItiutUfM)'.            1                 ]U<lp. 

M&l<*t. 

malM. 

ToUL 

lUlu. 

nulfA. 

ToUl. 

Male*. 

nulrs. 

Total. 

Jftnunry 

7.151 

7.m 

8,322 

#.811 
8.0M 
fl.Qll 
9,(167 
».S3 
9.1SQ 

7,  an 

7.0W 

4,<m 

4,160 
6.130 

4,667 

a,  175 

4,467 
4.  OKI 

'4.551 
5,770 
a.l40 
4.3(0 
3.(W 

11.840       5.744 
1 1  Ati      A  .tni 

5.007 
8.iJ7 
7.058 
0.<S3 
6.(iA4 
^42fl 
5.731 
6,370 
7.431 
5.7M 
3,045 
J  &I7 

11.(151 
11,007 
15,  M4 
15.0U1 
10,055 
15.102 
15,fiS9 
10.««1 
17.403 
15.317 
10.002 
0  604 

4.524 

5.125 
5.057 

0.318 
7..W 
O.CttI 

7.ir5 

7.433 
7.458 
7.fi(i8 
5.3G3 
5.575 

3,270 
3.003 
3,706 
8.445 
3.741 
3.484 
8.308 
3.533 
4.431 
4.20;. 
2,908 
3.337 

7.704 
S  118 

Fobriiury 

March 

lis?!-::::::::::::::::::;: 

1.1.451 

13.  ace 

14.«fi 
12. 557 
14.514 
14.31S 

8.5M1 
9.448 

10.291 
8.7M 
0.008 

10  071 

9.751 
0.763 
11,100 

Juiir - 

0  545 

Jalf 

10,565 

August ,, 

10.054 

Srptomtvr.......... •«.■.... 

15.300 

lA  Ul 

It  870 

Ck'tolwr , 

15,tt38  !    0.521 
li.774       5,147 
10.0»  1    6,147 

11  863 

Novemlirr. i..... 

8.300 

I>eoenitw>r. .      ..    .  . 

7.903 

TotAl 

lOS.fiM     ail.OTfl  |l39,S22   lOl^MO  .  T0.S&5  ^171, 735 

75,004 

41,630 

117,  a»4 

The  large  part  played  by  these  public  employment  bureaus  in  this 
whole  Enipiiv  and  in  a  few  cities  outside  of  Gerinanv  is  seen  bv  the 
following  (able  of  (lieir  activities  in  a  single  month.  Owin^  to  differ- 
onces  in  methods  of  registration  enmpari.son  as  to  number  of  appli- 
cations for  situations  is  not  justified  Iwtween  one  bureau  and  another. 
t>ome  reports  ivfer  to  persoas  applying  and  others  to  applications 
made,  while  nil  do  not  construe  applirati<m  in  the  same  way.  In 
some  cases  the  numljer  of  reconled  applications  does  not  represent 
the  total  number  of  actual  applications. 

ArrLICATIONS  KOR  HKI.P  ANt>  FOR  SITUATIONS.  AND  SITUATIONS  SGCUREO 
TllROUtJa  TUn  I'RINCIl'AL  I'l'BMC  EMPI^OYMKNT  BURKAUS  OF  TIIR  OKRMAM 
EUriRE.  BY  I'lTIKS,  NOVKMBBR.  1IK)7. 


City. 


Kind  of 
baruLU. 


Uanti 

KonlfTsbers 

tmotclc 

Oraitilftnt 

I'oiwn 

Bre^litii 

Olciwtix 

Llfigniu...     . 

Glo^ii 

UirK-hbtrs 

QOrllts 

i:>t*ttio 

Eb«nwMl«le 

Fninl:fbrt    on   the 
Oclrr. 

Ri«<lorf near  Berlin..' 

Im. 
Chdrlottenburs I 


InfidOttburic' 


UiiniHpal. 

Municlpiit. 
Uiiiiii.-i[>iil. 

Mm:;..  .|..J 


Appltrationft  lor — 


Help. 


UaJm 


I    Fe- 


Total 


■;   'MC ! 

i    i-U" I 

DuuRtiitit-  uiii  I 

rftrrri. 

Muiiu-ipAl ! 

MnnirfpiilMod 

(X>llllt  V. 

Municipal...    . 

Muniripiil 

Muak'ipiU 


Muuit'*(N*l. 


10 

77 

307 

230 

im 

19  ' 

55 

1 

.'.75 

1.213 

(W3 

737 

7 

2 

183 

307 

10 

1 

80 

127 

330 

101 

OS 

27 

ii 

430 

133 

152 

M 

216 

578 

M> 

LOO 

028 

-L' 

GO 

06 

537 

arj6 

51 

1.7S8 

1.419 

0 

440 

II 

«0 

477 

250 


563 


313 
7V4 


OOO 


Stiautoiu 


Hm.Im 


I    F«^ 


20 

57^ 
(iOl 
117 
.443 
.0G7 


15 

355 

3 

71 
103 

1 
"ioo* 

163 
27 

83 
38 

436 

Gl 

543 

77 
848 

810 

215 
5» 

U'l 

yj 

BtT-LETIN   OF   THE   BITRKAU   OK  lABOR. 
AWLICATIOXS  FOn  HELP  AND  FOR   SITTATIOXfi.  AND  SITTATIOX*  SBCCttKO 

THitorr.H  lUK  rKiNni'AL  rrtiLif  esipi.ovmkxt  uiRKArs  of  thk  (ikrjian 

EilPIIU:.  HY  CITIKS.  NOVEUBEIE.  1007     Contlmn-J. 


City. 


B«ri)n 

^XW .. 

Tlenjthtiry 


Kind  of  hii- 
mku. 


ir 


tie 


Bnaki. 


MUtaiiHUseu  la  Tbu- 
Cohntft 

ltllV-t»-!Ml 


Uimlrlpal.., 
MonlHpDl.. 

PmWIp 

PuWic 

Itiblic 

AfiocUtlon. 
Municlpiil.. . 
A^wviutinn. 
Uijuiflpul.  . 
Municipal.. 
lliiiiiclpH.1.. . 

iniWir 

MiulcliMkL.. 

"'  '[mU..  . 


App1h«tl<mi  far— 


nelp. 


•t 


BMoIpIiI.. 
MQa»Ur... 

naff^t 

Dortmtind  . . 
Borfctnl 


on  thf  Ruhr 

•W....     .   . 


fal... 
>l>iti>rl{iat... 
Utintcipel.. . 
UimirlfNtl... 

c>ntr»I 

*Vntr»l 

Munlt*lpHl    . 

AHAorlnlido 

A><»nolutlmt 

Uiuii4*lpaJ 

Miinii-ipHt  . 

Municipal 


BoUni. 


DaltbuK... 

lUietilt  .  ... 
NmjM  ..  -. .. 
'OWrbsiuati 

:'«]0pQr 


iltfart     OQ    lh» 
Uiiln. 

[Hftins 

ibMSb 

lU 


ilmcm 

AlMW. 


\V  mil'  n  1    tif< 

SOCitttiOD. 

MllDll-lpIlt    .. 

Uiiniclpiil  . . 
Mimloipftl  . 
Munlripnl  . . 
FuMlc 

A»90(tllltlOlt 

Uxmicipni  . 
MuulelpttI  . 
AisocUtlon 
Muuicipfti  . 
Munkrlpn)  .. 
If unhlpfl]  , . 
Municipal  . . 

AsaiX^Utlim 

Uinrlcipcil  . . 


Uunlcjpfti 
DUi  net . . 

Muiiir<|p«l 

MnnHMkl 
Public.... 
KuflldiuU 

Kunlcfpal 
MuninpAl 
Utinlofpal 
MutiidpAl 

MuDlflllMa 


.1,730 
I.OTO 

ats 
aaa 

1.102 
113 
» 
17 
KA 
439 
3l» 

70 

ten 

ITl 

ar 

MR 

3S1 
146 

I.4i3 
434 

4H 
2S6 
612 
Ml 

ta 

3,738 


134 
43 

7 

1.3S0 
IWi 
iVQ 
133 
220 
78 
U7 
174 

as 

t,44«t 

4M 
IW 
27 
AM 

231 

»7 
4£9 
1(4 
C34 
1,054 
270 
931 


:i7« 

13* 


lift 
U7 


108 

03 
37 
30 
056 
lU 
24 


4 


aau 

137 
IM 

4r; 

IQft 


540 
Ml 
07 
41 

117 
41 
31 


303 
6 


Tatftl. 


383 

1«0 
7« 

m 
no 

101 
374 
93  I 


7t 


BIttMtlOOI. 


321  Ziff 

7.-W    W,910 
I, aw  I   1,903 

ei2       a:iu 


3.W 

4..<f3;i 
1 ,  ;.'* 

277 

A) 

17 
U4 


74 
3,1^ 

Hit 

m»o 
.11 

SIM 

wi 
t.n43 

Ml 

48 
MH 

n4v 

flTM 

i  n,'«'iii 

IVS 


F5 


<1 

ffTI   ■  I 
Zl 

68 
37 
Itfl 


Sir. 

215 

1^ 

47rt 

94 

70 

1.2SI 

210 

3,3A3 

7^1 
ITS 
181 
i,<f3» 
3^ 
K7 

::.3w 
4y« 
ai 

441 

vm 

ifT* 

434 

3.770 


nSLjT«t«l 


fO 
2.V0 

fill 

30 
« 

142 
IV 


fit  3 


A 
2,14U 


103 

3B 

1 

2S7 

1^4 

m 

15 

no 

2&L 


l..i 

:^'J 

.'l." 

a7rt 

rm 

204 

119 

299 

2fi 

IM 

eo4 

27 

174 

291 

40 

Vi 

» 

tm 

3rv4 

414 

S.nu 

3,»9 

l,M» 

784 

i.a« 

413 

Jn3 

AI9 

8 

27 

«• 

1,037 

1.004 

<U3 

»M 

IH17 

I4S 

»4S 

IILN 

78 

301 
13.2111) 
2.O0d 

AlU 

x;7 
te 

i& 

47» 

l.ONl 

94 

70 
3.4Z9 

a.4aR 
ma 

191 

30(1 
1.118 

41A 

87 

2.  SB) 

366 
91 

OBH 
1.072 

1,(1.13 

449 

4.2WI 

26i 

43 
49 
06 
H2 


t,r.> 
7»»4 
324 
U3t 
3»I 
383 
7751 
4.934 

1.474 

am 
n 

i.wr 
n& 

7US 

576 
530 

KM 


Situations  nvcQynl. 


Mulcti. 


104 

791 

4au 

14tt 

4.0><1 
W^ 

ton 
14 
13 

3M 

3&3 

27 

21 
«M 

72 
MO 
170 

36 
lU 
3»0 
161 

66 
MS 
316 

14 

sm 

4111 

$m 

1!U 
3.000 


10 

47 

SI 

lU 

t,30& 

196 

321 

IDA 

216 

no 

66 

136 

6 

121 

uaio 

330 

m 

19 
3(M 
147 
20 

3W 

180 
SM 
l.ffC 
180 
634 


Aos 


Ui 


31Q 

101  ' 

754 

. 

19 

( 

141 

41 

400 

127  1 

•  I  V 

^f"      ToUl. 


72 

1,4711 

£1 

6 

8 

2V9 

]%'• 


>o 


120 


106 

01 

117 

6 

435 

$1 


51ft 

a; 

6fi 
10 
7 


I 

266 

t,lU 

104 

a 


79 
N 
J4 

75 
37 

flOK 
St 

236 


90 
W 
IB 

S 

23 

2,0M 
32 
7» 
302 
U 
1X3 

«n 
i« 

06 

1,QBS 

M 

£72 


10 


10 

2.7a 

am 
va 


63 

13S 

7 

Kir 
2.m 


r» 

»6I 


317 

136 

I.IA 

01 
479 

m 

112 


THK   ITXKMPLOYED    IX    Er^OPEAX    COVNTBiES. 


787 


Am.irATIQNH  FOR  UKUT  ANT>  FOR  SITT'ATIONS.  AND  ai-n'ATIOXIS  SECURSD 
THROr  OH  THE  rRI?»CirAI.  riBLlC  EMrLOVMENT  BrREAUS  OF  THE  UGRMAX 
KMriRE.   BY  (.'ITIE8,   NOVEMBER.   1007— Cupcludcil. 


City. 


buix- 


KliiJof  hti- 
reau. 


Public 

If  antclpoL . . 

MnnietpaL . . 

.1  Muntclpnl. .. 

Muntclp»L.. 

J  MaatoipiO... 

.  MonMpikL.. 

IfftOhronn I  UmilHp«l... 

tijlVYUubuiy UuulL'Ipul... 


A|ii»ac«tioiw  for^ 


He^. 


I    Fiu 


Uloj. 

Schweiufuft. 

Bamhcry. ... 
Fflrth 

Nurwnlmrx.. 
Aanttiiix.. . . 


BTmuvtek. . 


Uunicfpttl. 
Muntoip*!. 

Munletp*! 


MuiucipiiL . 


UV  ISHIBOf  OIUUVT- 


MunidpitL 


%'ioniiu.. ....... 

oTflnn. .._.....- 

flrmtiL , '   •-' 

BudupR.«t 

Ui'fn. V 

.-J  i^ "I-  -. 

MuQJCipfcL   , 
Cflmmutitti. , 


t,3W 
300 

MS 
37 
M 
« 

41 

« 

3ri3 
IM  , 
Itf 

§.'•2 
•JTH  1 
339 
332 
3,W3 
1J3  i 


177 

0.170 

l,10» 


St7 

W 

as 


ta 


:i7 


534 

lin 

«l 
sr 

I7» 

..T> 
U 


G,tU2 
&42 

t.«7i 


TotoL. 


2fB 
ZT3 
27 
148 


3T5 
.V4 

IMS 
34 

.W7 

1,2W 
&13 

<n 

:u> 

MM 

14U 


Sltuotioiu 


filtiuttiatu  «Bcur»l. 


3f& 

315 
822 
22« 
21S 
3M 

ItU 


ii.a» 

fi,a«i 

Mi 

«I9 

413 

fi.721 

o.om 

I. lis 

879 

?« 

l,Mff 

210 

2n 

2,TM 

3,aw 

163 
»l 
341 

141 
110 

l.TDS 
30 


80 

aos 

417 
IfB 

« 
3,l« 


TouU    lUlM. 


1 

«» 

sw 

7fi 

T« 

3S 

Jo! 

3 

to 

U 

T94    . 

58 

9 

123 

M 

ft6  j 

« 

SO  < 

R 

««S  ' 

30 

31  '. 

l.V)  ' 

ir 

3,(WT 
Gil 
7C3 

S3 
309 
1S4 

tl 
180 
Ml 
!130 

33 

so: 

4S4 
417 

1.209 

4flr 

33V 
.114 

130 


14,  an 
3n 

031 
tO,3T» 
1,3BA 
X.» 
3U 
5,101 


I'tl 

tta 
7 
34 
31 
17 
77 

3n 

U7 

fin 

33 

12t 

8J4 
333 

IflO 

124 

3,51U 

m 


4,3» 
164 
3M 

3,3A5 
44S 
&&2 
U 

i,4aa 


m*leii. 


175 
U 

7S 

IW 

127 

M 
1,973 

« 


0,770 

eo 
i« 
393 

3f10 

34 

1,«09 


Totnl. 


17 


33 

L«7 
IM 

ism 

i]») 

4,««1 
UK 


lU 


3,518 
705 


110 

3>oai 


Wliilp  the  above  tiihle  gives  statistics  for  a  very  much  lar^yer  num- 
Iht  of  bui-eaiis,  Mr.  W.  H.  Beveridge,  in  an  urticle  in  the  Economic 
Jonmnl  for  Mareh,  11)08,  gives  for  u  few  of  the  more  importunt 
of  these  publio  htux'nus  the  following  tables,  which  sliow  the  work 
ihey  urc  ucconiplifdiiiig: 


788 


BCLLETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU   OP  lABOR, 


kJT!'ATIOXS   FII.LKI)   IIV    I'mNCITAL   ITBI-IC  EMPLOYMKNT    UURKAfS  OP  nrn. 

MANY,   1900  OK    11*0(1-7 

irroiii   nrtlrU>   l.y    \V.    II.    l>v«*rltlKU  *>ii   I'uhllc   Ijilwr   K«cbjini:««   In    tivwnnttty,    J.    u.    ,, 
Jdurnnl,    Miirrli,    104»H,    p.   .t] 


Cliy. 


Bf>rlln 

Stuttgart . 

MUiUoh  ... 
Vnaktutx 


Pfmulo- 

I4nn 


Klntl  «r  liqiwii  and  <l*t«  of  wlsbtMniMni* 


PUMBUOrf. 


Irlpiig 

MaimliPim... 

rivltmrv-.-. 

fitnuAbunr.. 

Niirmi)«<rg.. 


2^O«i,0UU     VolunUf7ftMoelAtlon(tlA)  wlthmualelpftlMilMiay 
a|nn<  INUS. 

340.O0O  I  MmUclpal  (IM6i ,,..*....<....,-,*...^..<*.. 

00,000     MunJclpAl  (IflBA) 

33i.noo     Miiulcfpol  aM6) 

517.tiui     Voluiiiary  ftMixHatlon, 

420, IXn       It^'prnHcfitnUrr  nft«nr1«tlnn,  with  alltrrpittldltnniiniH 

3S8.00D 


M4.000 
IM.OOO 


I, 
R<  ^^  llh  oil  r'ji|.'i.>fi<JUiint  Rv^t 

'v  ■".'».     Fonunrty  Vfiliiiitar}' 


Voluninry  n(iw»clntlnn,  with  municipal  ini)»«l<ly 

Jlurit 'tpi'l  -Inc'  IM>6.     Furiiipriy  vuiuulary  aMovla- 


74,000     M< 


IK17.    K<imi'>r1]r  vctlitotary  Niuinct«- 
It  lllClJM]  «i]Ii9My  {\W2> 

IM.OOO      Mni>U'J|»<:     ivt.M 

3M,000      Milnl<-I|>ul  rtMR.)... 


0lt4l»tUHla  lUlMt  tn  m 

or  vnt-j. 


F*w 


ITotji. 


MO.fMT 

17.' 

II. MS 

51. »a 

15.903 


9,94ft 
It^SM 

la.m 


L... 


»«  »fs.ni 


•  1.%  iiii 
33,  m 


3.M4 


ia.cu 
«,4S3 

s.zn 

4.  MO 


'3MM 
Mill 

a>Liu 


3i.iaB 

».» 

iT.m 

I4«ll 


* 'ri><«  niiiir**B  In  HiIm  itiluinn  can  l>«  Inkvn  pnlf  on  a  very  mugh  lndlc«tl**a  of  Cb*  pnp«- 

latlon  Nctiinltv  di*iilt  n-Hb  hjr  ench  tmr-pau. 

*  Klsure*  tor  lOon. 

"  KU'iirrtt   fur    lixii^^l.     T)ii>   totiit   doeH   mil   Hj;riM*   with   Mu'  Miim  of   th4»   l(#tu«,   baf  tli* 
fli;iirvM  nrr  Kivn  ii«  oliown  In  lliv  utndul  r*'tHi)-|  fur  Krt)iikriii't  «>ii   lb*  Mnlti. 

*  Nnt  ocpiirHicly  ri'iKtrtwI. 

BITirATlOXS  riLLEl'  BV  TRINCirAL  riBLIC  EMI'LOVUENT  OrRKArS  OF  OU- 
MANY.  AXD  ri:n  CKNT  ok  AITLR'ATIOXH  KOH  IIKU'  ANI>  KOR  8ITL"ATI0XB, 
roit   KAril   SF:X.   ISfirt.   UtOl.  imd   ItMMV 

I  Prom   artlilc   by    VV.    11.    ru<verldj{e  on    rubllc   I>ubur   Rjtrb«tiK««   In  n*rm«By,    BoaDtmilr 

Jourtml.  Mnrrh,  lOOK.  |>.  O.I 


aty. 


n«r)in 

Sluitffiirt.. 
Munich.... 
Frnnitlort.. 

ColOKhB.,.. 

DiinMltlurf. 
Nunmbons, 


uoe. 


RltUM- 

llomi 


10,  on 

10,474 

0.I4A 

7.«3 

4.974 

022 

4,  NIK 


P<*r  pMit  of 

■IIUMllOO* 

mi«iof- 


for 
bttlp 


07.8 
73.3 

oa.(k 

ML  it 
(') 
Al  A 


Appn- 

OUI 

for 
altu»- 
ticms.* 


77.  a 

49.1 

<') 

70.4 

'i2» 


itwu 


attwb- 

tlona 
flU»<l. 


IVt  MOl  of 

xltiMllnna 
BUod«f- 


Av- 
CliI   . 

Help. 


^. 


.A 


13.000 
24,3S« 
1A,140 
13, 4M 

1,404 
4, 0411 


Oft.7 
75.4 
».& 

•7.  J 

rr '.' 
01  ;t 


(t- 


tloiia." 


4&7 

a, 

40il 


itwa. 

mtoft- 

lui*^ 

Itooa 

fUM. 

Al-;  ■ 
r.i 

l( 

^as 

»74.* 

M.1 

»;«» 

MlS 

*32,m5 

♦■Ml 

:'l.W6 

O&S 

:?.SWi3 

04.« 

11,308 

Tia 

II.  171 

IU.0  1 

1»,K7|I 

can  I 

of 

HI  t 
flu; 

■•" 


* '^ft'IiiK   (t.  tllffi'D'tir.-.   In    inrih'-tls  .,f   rt-i;!-*i :  ii(  ton    nLruri'i   iii    ilil"  oftinnn    «lt»   n,it 


7S.S 

•  e4 


Btl 

Ou  4 


•U  41 


Ivt 


'I   A. 


THE   UNEMPLOYED  IN    EUHOPEAN   COUNTRIES. 


789 


RirrATIONS  FIU.ED  BY  PRINCIPAL  PrBLFC  EMPLOY»fENT  BrBEArS  OF  CER- 
MANV.  ANU  VKH  CENT  OF  Ari'LIOATIONS  FOR  HELP  AXIt  FOR  SITUATIONS, 
FOR  EACU  SEX,  ISOti.  1001.  and  1006— Cooctudcd. 


^ 
^ 


ISM. 

IMI. 

1908. 

at7- 

BttuatloDn 

muMi. 

BltUMtioiU 

RltuatloBS 
fUlod. 

Per  cent  ol  cltuallon»  AIM 
of— 

AppUmtlou 
ior  help. 

AppUoatloiu 

Berlln 

Stuturart.. 

2.838 

tt.ttSS 

4.301 

m 
i.«n 

\,aH 
m 

2,073 
ao,8lfi 

7.784 
X935 

i,om 

3,193 

»11.34a 
18,417 
M.OIS 
rf  15,701 
7.3» 
2,844 

^43^ 

3,303 

4,  MO 

08.1 

03.7 

•  74.4 

4&0 

T3.3 
87.4 

SX.A 
a.  2 

n«.. 

Miini?h... ::::::::;;:::::;:: 

74.  t 

Franklort 

•  83.A 

Cttingne 

93.8 

DuBs«»l'Jurf .... 

71.4 

Frvll-urfT ^,.. 

72.4 

BlmsshurK .-.*^ 

NuremtierK 

4&3 

95.3 

■ 

■  OwlDfT  to  difference*  In  metliods  of  refrUtration  njnires  In  ilils  column  do  not  justify 
comparison  lM>tweeii  out  Imrcuu  nml  aiiMtb^r  ;  ll)e>   ran  l>e  uttetl  onlj  to  r«>m|>are  Actlvltlei 

applytng.  the  others  to  applications  made,  but  do  not  all  construe  "iippllcotlon  In  ttie 
ume  way.  In  Munlcb.  at  least,  tbe  recorded  apptlcatlona  by  no  meaoa  represent  all  tba 
ftctuxl  aiipllrntlons. 

►Flfnire*  for  U>05. 

•  Not  reported. 

<  FlKorea  for  1(M)r>-6. 

«  FiKurvH  for  1IM»4— fi. 

f  Figures  for  1805. 

Th<?He  figures  show  how  far  the  bureaus  have  met  a  real  need  and 
have  scrvetl  the  piihlic,  anti,  in  spite  of  early  opposition  and  criticism 
(still  continued  in  part  by  the  Socialists),  how  they  liave  made  their 
way  into  the  confidence  of  employers  and  emi)loyee8. 

As  already  stated,  tlie  lirst  attitude  of  tlie  trade  unions  to  these 
public  bureaus  was  one  of  strenuous  opposition.  As  late  as  1890 
tlie  (teneral  Trade  I'niou  Congi*e»;  in  Herliii  voted  that  labor  em- 
ployment bureaus  should  be  conducted  by  organizetl  labor  alone. 
Two  years  later,  however,  at  the  Frankfort  congress  of  1808,  the  use 
of  the  public  bureaus  was  advised  under  certain  conditions. 

Acconling  to  a  translation  by  D.  F.  Schloss,  in  his  Report  on  the 
Agencies  and  McIIkmIs  for  Dealing  with  Unemployed  in  CVrtaia 
Foreign  Countries  (pages  83-85),  the  Sozialdemokratische  R<;ich- 
stags-Haiulbuch  e.vpres^ed  this  as  follows: 

The  object  of  the  labor  organizations  of  the  trade  unions  vrris, 
at  first,  to  keep  the  provision  of  labor  as  much  as  possible  in  their 
own  hands.  Its  organization  by  the  commune,  or  by  any  public 
autliority,  was  opposed  on  principle. 

Tliis  ]>osittoii  has  Ixh*!!  gradually  given  up,  l>ecause  for  large  masses 
of  workmen  tlie  trade  union  cmplojinent  bureau  remained  ineffective, 
and  more  than  all  Ix^cause  tbe  employers  convertetl  the  sui>ply  of 
labor  into  a  monojMdy,  ami  the  oucstion  pre.seiUed  it.self  whether  (ho 
best  means  of  combating  the  employer's  n*gistry  was  not  the  "  jointly 
pontrolled  *'  or  communal  bureau,  as  it  might  In*  more  easily  e^tab- 
lishod  in  view  of  the  mover  its  favor. 

It  is  prol)ablc  that  the  ti  '  '^^ 

their  fear  of  the  eiijjdoycrs' 


790 


BULLETIN  or  THE  BURKAtT  OF  LABOB. 


n  frreatcr  clc^*ee  by  tlie  ill  effects  which  thoy  iipprehenrlfd  to  he  the 
restill-s  of  the  want  uf  any  system  at  all  ("  I'liisohau  "). 

The  workman  was  the'lirst  to  estiihlish  hihor  iv<;:istries  in  the  de- 
fense of  U\<  own  interest*.  The  rnasiprs  followt'd,  and  this  movement 
is  of  (^nile  recent  d:ite.  A  confervnoe  of  employei-s  ul  T^'ipzig  in 
:by5*  showed  very  clearly  the  objects  they  had  in  view  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  bureaus  of  registration  on  their  own  acconnt.  This 
was  the  control  over  the  laborer  and  the  use  of  ivjection  as  a  means 
ptinishment  in  case  of  agitation  for  higher  wages  or  shoiler  Iioni's. 
The  re*^istry  wn>i  to  serve  puitly.  at  an}*  rale,  as  a  means  of  repres- 
■£ion  and  as  a  weapon  in  the  struggh*  a^'ain>it  ihe  Social  Den^c»cralSw 

The  promoters  of  the  public,  or  inipurtial.  bureau  had  therefore, 
In  view  of  the  extent  and  number  of  the  skille<l  lainn*  ref;rislri«^ 
TV'hetlier  trude-uidonUt  or  employers'  organizations,  to  settle  the 
iqaestion  of  tht-ir  attitude  to  the  hitler.  The  o|)|>osition  between  the 
[tivo  is  obvioas  in  many  respects.  The  manu^fement  of  the  public 
registry  is  impatlial,  ami  its  head,  being  an  otBcial,  Ls  not  afraid  of 
being  removed  if  he  otTends  a  party  interest.  Tlie  public  registry 
is  five,  i.  e.,  in  the  main  snpportt»tl  by  the  town  or  the  State.  The 
special  registry  ninsi  be  paid  for  by  tlie  special  interest  it  serves. 
The  task  of  the  public  bureim  is  more  dillictdi,  where  many  trades 
are  <'oncer!jed  ancj  where  n]>plicants  are  not  known  to  the  olftcials  in 
charge.  The  most  im|mrlant  jtoint  of  liiireix'uce,  however,  is  tli«  atti- 
tude to  be  observetl  in  case  of  ^strikes  or  lockouts. 

The  practice  of  the  public  hd)or  bureaus  in  this  respect  is  varietL 
The  ''  strike  cIaH>e.''  i.  e,.  the  rule  that  a  bureau  shall,  in  case  of  a 
strike,  not  U»  useil  by  either  side,  is  not  in  force  nt  either  Sluligarl  «tr 
Frankfort,  which  seems  to  he  a  proof  by  its«?lf  that  it  is  unniH?es- 
sary.  In  Berlin  it  was  decided  that  the  ^"  trade  ctuirt  ^  should  be 
refeired  to  auil  that  the  side  against  which  it  gavt  its  judgment 
.slioidd  be  refu.se<l  the  services  of  the  bureau.  I'he  objectii^n  to  tliis 
is  that  it  calls  unne<"essary  attention  to  the  strike.  Difliculties,  of 
rotirse.  nmst  arise,  but  a  labor  I)ureHn  should  continue  its  activity,  and 
it  is  far  easier  for  it  to  do  so  when  it  is  matiHged  Uy  u  joint  committee 
(»f  masters  and  men.  The  ]>rinciple  of  joint  control  ib  therefoix*  cmt- 
tidered  lo  be  the  main  safeguard. 

Of  this  principle  the  lalior  bureau  of  the  Berlin  breweries  is  a 
striking  examole.  lliis  bureau  is  unconnected  wit[i  thr  centnd  labor 
btin'nri  in  Reriin  exrvfit  in  the  fact  (hat  it  conmumicates  its  statistim 
to  (hut  institution.  After  a  series  of  unsuccessful  attempts  the  present 
bureau  wan  etAablishtxl  in  1804:  on  Ihe  uuderstiuiding  thai  niasiers 
and  men  should  eiiually  participate  in  its  management.  The  nutnag- 
ing  conuuiHee  rt)nsisLs  of  four  emphivers  and  tiair  labor  repn?s4*nta- 
lives.  with  an  impiirliul  prc-ident,  who  Ls  at  the  presi»nt  time  also 
the  pnr^ident  of  th«*  getieral  fedeimliiui  of  (icrn»an  lnlM)r  bureaus. 
All  wfn  Miployed  in  the  lireweries  in  anv  capacity,  including 

the  lat''  I'  ■ml  diivers.  an;  subject-  to  th«  rules  i>f  Llie  bur*»Hii,  and 

niu-t  ttbiuin  tiicir  pla^vs  through  its  mediation.  A  workman  iau«i 
wait  Ids  turn  before  he  Ia  pluceu,  i.  e.,  oji  i^egisti-ation  he  g%'ts  a  uiuix- 
ber,  and  nkust  then  u^ut  tdl  all  the  nunkbcr?H  ou  the  list  prior  l4>  hia 
own  liave  *' —  '*t-lied.  llie  emph>yer.  howevvr,  ran  i>'jer1.  any 
luan  who  d'  lit  him,  and  the  workunuk  have  the  r-atue  right  of 

i  ilt  a  pkicc  ^jiicred. 


*^-     - 


THE   USEMPLOyED  IN   EUROPKAX   COCNTKIES. 


791 


I 

I 


It  is  understocKl  thai  the  emjilowr  must  not  take  ]xililiral  reasons 
into  consiileratian  bi  rejecting  a  workman,  and  any  dispute  on  sucli 
a  point  is  decided  b^v  the  joint  conunittee.  The  employers  are  allowed 
to  engage  a  certain  small  number  of  men  without  the  intervention  of 
the  bureau,  Intt  in  this  case  they  must  p:»y  a  small  fee,  which,  as  a 
matter  of  fart,  is  devoted  to  out-of-work  support.  Thus  in  the  years 
ISyr*  to  18S>9  ir>,417  situations  were  tilled  by  the  bureau  and  only  1,884 
were  engaged  without  its  help. 

The  Berlin  breweries  have  thus  sucoessfully  introduced  the  princi- 
ple of  joint  control  in  an  independent  lalx)r  bureau,  and  the  plan 
Trorks  so  well  that  there  is  no  reason  for  ctmmvting  the  bureau  with 
the  Berlin  central  labor  office,  except,  as  aln^ady  mentioned,  for  sta- 
tisiiral  purjioses.  The  system  of  joint  control  has  also  Ik^'U  intro- 
duced in  Berlin  in  a  numlier  of  skilled  labor  i*egistneSf  which  are  moro 
clo^*ly  connected  with  the  central  office. 

More  recent  experience  is  still  Dioi*e  valuable.  In  regard  to  the 
vexed  question  of  the  position  to  be  tak(»n  by  a  public  eui(doyuu»uL 
bureau  in  times  of  stinJces  and  lockouts  the  ex|>erience  of  Germany 
is  most  significant. 

This  has  iK^n  the  question  perhaps  most  hotly  discussed  between 
the  friends  and  opponents  of  the  bureaus  and  even  between  varying 
friends  of  the  bureaus  themselveii.  It  was  at  first  demanded  by  the 
ionists  pei^rally  that  in  case  of  a  strike  the  bureau  should  re- 
send  workmen  to  the  establishment  where  the  strike  was  in 
until  it  was  officially  declared  off  by  tlie  striking  uiiiou  or 
linions.  Il  was  demanded  on  the  other  baud  by  the  employers  tlial  the 
bureaus  should  by  their  iv^ulatioiL^  be  prevented  frtjcn  taking  any 
official  notice  whatsoever  of  a  strike  or  lockout,  and  so  be  compelled  to 
supply  establislxments  where  there  was  a  strike,  just  as  when  there  was 
no  strike.  Other  ways  of  treating  the  problem  were  tried,  but  one 
course  has  in  practice  l>eeD  accepted  and  at  preirient  i)oth  employecjt 
and  employers  are  nlmoist  unanimous  in  support  of  it.  In  Stuttgart, 
ut  the  first  even  the  trade  unionists  agive<l  that  the  Imucuu  should  not 
recognize  a  strike,  and  should  supj>ly  workmen  to  establishments  when 
there  was  a  strike;  and  in  Bi'rlin  this  was  made  a  stated  regulation 
of  the  bureau  at  the  demand  of  many  employers,  who  said  that  other- 
vise  they  would  not  patroni^se  it.  but  in  Cologne  the  opposite  course 
WHS  taken  upon  a  similar  threat  by  the  trade  unions,  and  it  was  made 
a  regnlatiou  that  the  bui'eau  sliould  supply  workmen  to  no  cstablLsh- 
ment  where  there  was  a  strike  until  the  strike  was  officially  declared 
off.  Most  of  tlie  bureaus  attempted  to  dodge  the  question  by  having 
110  regulation  concerning  the  matter.  By  VMT)  the  trade  unionists 
at  Cologne  desireii  tlie  removal  of  tl>e  clause  forbidding  the  bureau  to 
supply  workmen  to  eslablisliments  where  there  was  a  strike,  btTauso 
tlie  mere  refusal  to  send  workmen  to  an  establishment  showed  that 
therci  was  a  strike  there,  and  therefore  notified  any  nonunionisls  who 
ichose  to  take  advantage  of  the  strik  ^hey.coiUd  go  and  obtain 


n 


X 


792 


BtrLLETJK   OF   THE   BUREAU    OF   LABOB. 


positions  there  in  spite  of  the  bnroaii,  while  the  bureau,  by  seomingto 
take  sides  with  the  employees,  otfendefl  many  of  the  employers,  und 
thus  hurt  its  influence,  and  this  pi-evented  its  finding  us  many  situa* 
tions  for  men  as  other\^-ise  it  would.  In  Berlin  tlie  employers  asked 
also  in  1005  for  (lie  removal  of  the  clause  com[M»lling  the  bureau  to 
supply  workmen  to  establishments  where  there  was  a  strike,  becauso 
they  found  it  did  them  no  good.  Any  workmen  who  migixt  desire  to 
replace  the  .strikers  could  Ikj  secured  without  the  aid  of  the 
burciiu  b}'  n  simple  notification  that  there  was  a  strike,  while 
union  men  who  were  there  through  misunderstanding  and  not 
knowing  tliere  was  a  strike,  left  as  soon  as  they  found  out  the  i*eal 
situation.  The  employers  gained  nothing  by  the  regidation,  while 
tlie  emidoypcs  were  so  antagonized  that  the  best  workmen,  in  many 
cases,  would  not  use  the  bureau,  and  the  employers  lost  thereby.  On 
tlie  other  hand,  for  the  bureaus,  through  a  conunittee  or  in  other 
ways,  to  iindertnke  to  decide  as  to  the  merits  of  a  strike — as  some 
bureaus  did  uiulertake  to  do — meant  endless  difiiculties  and  disputes, 
while  the  question  continually  came  up  as  to  what  constituted  a 
strike,  or  what  was  a  lockout.  The  upshot  of  the  matter  was  that  in 
all  the  German  cities  employers  and  employees  are  agreed,  with  few 
exceptions,  that  the  bureaus  should  take  no  notice  of  a  strike,  but 
simply  allow  each  side  to  post  up  notice  in  the  bureau  that  there  in  a 
striki'  ill  a  certaiu  establishment  und  then  let  each  workman  act  as  ho 
sees  fit.  This  accomplishes  all  that  the  employees  desire,  and  keeps 
nway  from  the  establishment  all  union  men,  and  yet  allows  the  em- 
ployers to  get  any  workmen  who  choose  to  take  advantage  of  the 
situation.  It  throws  the  burden  of  responsibility  not  on  the  bureau 
but  on  the  men. 

Another  and  interesting  point  in  regard  to  these  bureaus  is  the 
special  efforts  they  have  made  as  to  agricultural  laborers.  In  Ger- 
many, as  in  other  countries,  great  difii<!ulty  is  foimd  in  inducing 
workmen  who  have  once  settled  in  the  cities  to  return  to  tho  country. 
The  renuirkable  development  of  industry  in  Germany  has  built  up 
the  city  at  the  exi>ense  of  the  country  districts  even  more  than  in 
nioHt  conntrici^.  Gernuin  agriculturists  and  the  landed  interests 
claimefl  that  the  employment  bureaus  aggravatt^d  the  eriL  This 
question  was  discussed  at  the  congress  of  the  fetleration  of  the 
bureaus  at  Munich  in  lsi»S,  and  since  then  great  efforts  have  l>een 
made  to  reme<Iy  the  ilefect.  By  1000  it  was  reportc<l  that  from 
lO.fKX*  to  12,0fX)  laborers  had  l>een  placed  on  the  land  by  the  bureaus 
in  diffcrcnl  portions  of  the  Empire.  Hy  1002  the  figures  were  10,000, 
Since  then  there  has  been  more  growth.  Different  methods  are  foU 
lowed  by  different  bureaus.    Some  bureaus  have  especial  departments 


J 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    ECBOPEAN    COUNTBIES. 


793 


for  apriculturfll  laborers.  Sonip  biirertiis  have  been  established' 
directly  for  HgriculturHl  lalxiriTs,  usually  by  the  oliHnil:)ers  of  agri- 
txsulture.  In  other  cases,  as  in  Silesia  and  Sleswick-IIolstein,  the 
chan)l>ei"s  of  agriculture  work  with  and  help  support  iigi'icultural 
departments  of  city  bureaus.  In  Bavaria,  as  stated  above,  there 
being  an  organized  network  of  employment  bureaus  for  the  whole 
Kingdom,  it  is  able  especially  to  meet  the  agricultural  need.  The 
following  table  shows  the  operations  of  the  Bavarian  agricultural 
employment  bureaus: 

APPLICATION'S  rOR  SITTATIONS  AND  FOR  HKLP  AND  RITTATIONS  SRCrRBD 
THROrOH  THR  HAVARIAN  AORirrnTUHAL  EMPLOYMENT  BITREAVS,  IWMS 
AND  lOOB. 


7,718 
%4BO 


Another  matter  of  interest  is  that  several  of  tl»e  bureaus  make  a 
special  feature  of  finding  situations  for  boys  and  girls  upon  leaving 
school. 

Austria. 


The  Austrian  Empiiv  in  many  of  iis  Provinces  has  been  vei*y  active 
in  the  establishment  of  public  and  other  employment  bureaus,  but  the 
re.sults  are  diflicult  to  analyze  and  tabulate  lieeaust^  of  the  unusual 
variety  of  methods  adopted  for  their  organization  in  different  por- 
tions of  the  Empire.  Few  countries  in  the  world  have  so  many 
languages,  such  varied  forms  of  provincial  government  and  especially 
of  local  government,  us  has  the  Austrian  Empire.  This  complictttca 
all  statistics. 

VARIOUS   CLASSES   OP  EMPLOTMENT   Bl'REAUa, 

There  are  at  least  six  principal  classes  of  employment  bureaus  and 
many  variations  in  each  class.  In  |M)rtions  of  tlie  Empire  the  old 
trade  guilds  or  their  modern  trade  suin-essoi'S  play  a  large  part. 
Trade  union  bureaus  are  not  so  important,  because  trade  unionism 
has  not  yet  l>een  stroTigly  developed  except  perhaps  in  Vienna. 
Roman  Catholic  associations  of  various  kinds  have  shown  consider- 
able activity  in  securing  situations^  but  charitable  <»rganizations  apart 
from  these  do  little,    Bv  far  the  most  successful  bureaus  are  the  va- 


I 


794 


BTJLUETIX  or  THE  BTJREATT  OF  LABOR. 


rious  public  bnreiius,  mainly  on  the  German  plan^  and  largely  znmiiei- 
pal  or  provincial.  A  large  \rork  is  also  done  in  secniring  situations 
by  the  relief  shelters  {VevpfegungHsiationeh)^  alsp  copied  from  Ger- 
many, but  vliich  have  largely  spread  throu^  Austria^  beginning  as 
early  as  188T. 

The  relative  numbers  and  activities  of  the  btireaiis  of  the  different 
kinds  can  be  seen  by  the  following  quotations  frt>m  the  Austrian  Re- 
port on  the  Securing  of  Work  in  1900  {Ergehnisse  der  ArheitBt^er- 
mitthing  in  Oaterretch  hn  Jnkre  1006) : 

KMri.OVMENT    lUItKAIS   OF    KAOII    KIND    IN    AT'STRIA,    1905   AXI>    1000. 


Kind  of  bumni. 


Public 

GtUld  or  einployt'ra'  unions 

Trade  union 

Other  orgunizu  tiotis 

CharitabTo  oisraniziitions 

Cfflnnif  irial 

Relief  stations 

Total 9,050 


19U3- 

UKlti. 

611 

7G8 

311 

45S 

2ti0 

<98 

SM 

<48 

72 

82 

532 

492 

;-.82S 

7.5(i3 

10,30» 


The  same  official  publication  reports  the  activities  of  these  bureaus 
as  follows: 

APPLICATIONS  FOR  HELP  AND  FOR  SITCATIONS,  AND  SITUATIONS  SECURED 
TIUtOTfJII  EMPLOYMENT  BUUEAUS  OF  EACH  KIND,  AND  PER  CENT  OK 
SITTATIOXS  SE<TKED  OF  APPLICATIONS  FOR  HELP  AND  FOR  SITI'ATIONS, 
IN   APSTRIA.  11MI.J  AND  lOOO. 


Kind  of  biireaiL 


I'utlii- 

(iiiil  1  or  employers'  union 

Tni'lr  mijop 

OthtT  crjrjiniziilions 

(  liariljilil-'  orptiii/iitions. . 
COPIMIT.  i  .1  X-M'X  iloiiicstlf. 


Year. 


A  i9a-» 

r  i»a> 

■"l  l!Wi 

i/  lw.x-> 

1  190(> 

'.i  I'.KW 

if  inor. 

M  ISKt-i 

I  v.m 


Appllcaticjn*  tiif— 

Help. 

K!«ua- 
ttun^. 

273.2.-.0 

2S2krm 

.•M9,aiSt 

STK.Vhl 

.V.,S60 

i2,2M 

4:1.  -iru 

47Jai 

Hi,  4ys 

afJ.iiM 

•2.\  :.T9 

4fi*;«i 

S-.t-SSl 

+S,ll^l) 

41.925 

4L179 

9,9:0 

A.339 

12.4S-. 

fl,fWO 

M.OOi 

■i<>,:ti4 

47,  -tiS 

3ii,  181 

Pit  0('nt 

of  sit  na- 

tions upcuipd  o( 

Sitim- 

Hppli 

na  t  Ions 

tions 

for— 

secured. 

-  ..  ._     _ 

Help 

Sitaa- 

tlons. 

209.  Oi'.-. 

7r,.:.i 

fi2.6ri 

24S,tlJl 

71.20 

«i.9l 

30,377 

K5.42 

71.*  3 

3ti.,Vh-. 

S4..'il 

77.07 

i:t,si.-. 

S3.  74 

46.59 

23,2'>> 

M.  .M 

50.29 

17,  >(H» 

tux  20 

3s.Hl 

25.701 

fil.30 

02.41 

5.0'<7 

r.l.02 

yo.  2r» 

.-.411 

43.34 

77.74 

3I.0(W 

00.78 

70.00 

27,  WW 

6S.79 

77.11 

T..t..l, 


{  ]90.'>  -|     4i:>,Hi.'>       :>ol,4iv 
I    I'.Kti;         522,913       5W,ti25 

I         i  I 


307.  l.W 
367, 4Mi 


73.Sli 
70. 2S 


«»i.2a 


THE  ttN EMPLOYED  IS    EVBOPIUN   COUNTRIES. 


7V)S 


I>uriit^  lOOfi  situations  were  secure*!  ihrougli  the  varioiw  kinds  of 
einployiuent  bureaus  throughout  the  Empire  a.s  follows; 


fclTUATIOXa  SKCUbED  TUROLOH  EJil'I-OYJI KNT 
10O«.   BT   tOCXLVrC   AXD    KrXE 

BUREAUS  IN  AUSTIttA 

or  BriiEAu. 

i>t;uiNa 

BrnmiiiM  nesnd  thTooKh  cMfa  ktixl  of  btnmo. 

Vn\ixH^. 

Public. 

OoUd 
or  em- 
ployer*' 
unfoot. 

Trad*         *^***^*' 

Rt'llcf 

stilt  loa». 

rot;»i. 

Ee««r  A iifttrla (»)... 

10,370 



20,001 

34S 

4.UB 

Z73 

19^571 

IK 
82 
21 

17 

17.  IM 

1,397 

unaa 
au 

10.4tt 

7.AU> 

X40» 

*"vSl 

JS 

4.745 

U7          iia 



S,!W 

TTnn 

■milMhltt 

"""""nli 

a* 

KnSnSi^ 

UMl 

* 

M 

i.S 

^^SnlrH 



ui 

^WnalU 

17 

^heiuim  (V)  jr""I** 

%4n 

3LM1 

«.«0 

1.S 

«V 

3.<4t 

a,5w 

3B7 

IM 

5,fl76 

1,174 

14 

l.Ml 
AI9 

11,  UO 

24,  «7 
1>4» 

3ft7 

122,  MT 

iSbss 

fiteiyA 

3«14S 

>0«]lcia        

1 

IM 

UflD 

6,Wk3 

'ftullQWllM 

. 

» 

, 

Toliil 

s«.«a4 

»,S&6  1      2a,3P6 

26,701 

5»4U        a7,W9 

41,431  1       40M07 

■liurludMl  In  t'h^  Oj^nrea  tor  leaver  Austria  tluetv  vere  for  Vienna  alon*  :SIS.93T 
'allualloith  1'>l,<'t.t;t  ibrouKti  public  tnirt-nus;   I'ti.iHil   tbrouKh  ^ulldft  or  •-mpl(>>'<T«* 

ttnloas :    r<  i^b   rrade  union'*;   IT.IA!^*   rbrouch   oihnr  ■»<'ti>p|ailonB;   1.8:^1  ilii'uiijEb 

Cbarltulil--  lit.    And    I<'.,t4o   (tin>ut:b   romuH'r'.ial   orKunlKiitlous. 

*  lni'liitl--<i  in  i:^'  nciiip*  for  tV>li>*iiila  ih<-r«»  wero  for  l*re;^i,>  alon**  4S.SK0  -liimilnnfl 
aeruriHl  :  J4.:tnr>  ilinmuli  pul>IK'  iturenu^ ;  -J  23  rbrmich  trAile  unlont ;  4.>>;U>  lUiouKb 
othi-r  orcaDUatfouit :  l.*j>iL  throuKti  I'UuritabU'  urjcaolxatluaA,  aiifl  11,156  tbrouKb  (.tJin* 
iDorclal  urgaul'^ation!^. 


The  (iKnl  ninnher  of  Bpf>!ien(ions  for  hrlp  anr?  for  situations  hv 
luen^  wuiuen,  ami  appiviui«»s,  an^l  the  iiuiiilier  of  situntions  secured, 
with  per  cent  of  each  class,  is  shown  n&  fellows: 

NUMltGU  AND  PEU  CENT  Of  APPUCATIONS  FOH  HKLl'  ANO  FOR  SlTlATrONS. 
AND  SITIATIONS  KECrKKP  BT  MEN.  VTOMEX.  AXD  Ari'RENTICES.  TnUOlHiH 
TIIK  AT'RTRIAN    EMI'I.OVMKNT   lirREATS,    J908. 




AppllDatlofu  lor— 

BIUiBtlQiM  aectuacL 

ClimrtViitniii  ol  workvn-. 

Ualp.'                     aiiuaUau. 

N  inn  bar. 

ratcaat.  NumbarJ  Pareant. 

Number. 

I»Brce«t. 

jlnn.........„.....,»t.t.^..,..T.— **'• — 

3»,asi 

S6S,(tOB 

4144     am.iNi       49.  n 

6t.37       !M4.Z7H           44.44 
418         n,441             9.46 

17\tltt 
1M.U3 
lOkM 

47.  S7 
411.40 

AvmatioM.a.  K^x^kj  L  X  ..J  1^,..  ..     L  I. 

2.73 

Tolai 

B3,9I3 

9S7.4V 

1(10.  QQ 

b  BULLKTIN    OF   THF.    BUREAU    (IF    LABOB. 

Of  tlie  total  iitiniber  of  sitiiutioiis  secured  the  following  percent- 
ages were  procured  by  the  various  classes  of  buronns: 

PKU   TKNT  OF   ME\.   WOMKN.    AND   APPRENTICE    WORKERS   8KCCRED    BY   THK 
VARIOUS  KINDS  OF  EMPLOYMBNT  BUREAUS   IN  AHSTRIA,   IftfKt. 


Kind  ol  liunuu. 

iVrrent  of  tUufttlonii  w- 
cuMd  fur— 

llM. 

Women. 

^Rsr^ 

PublK; 

«w44 

ia.» 
ia» 

9.10 

72.49 
4.93 

M 
3.11 
2.M 
IX  i2 

4.00 

7ft.  3S 

OiilUI  nr  Rinployera'  unions -....«_, 

Tnide  uiiious ..fc..*,. ...._._............. 

11  .14 

-57 

Oltif'"  "rRrtntsntlon* ...„.,,.■ 

T  43 

Ch.i'                  ■  iniaatlon*. .,,,...,,....,„..„, .„.,.......,,,,,..,.,,.... 

Cut                     ;  (Itiifidstio        ,            ■                                      *               * 

a.  10 

iM 

Kfil. 

%H 

Totnl 

140.00 

100.00 

miM 

2 

PUBLIC   EMPLOYMENT   BX^REAUS, 

The  most  important  of  Austrian  cmploymeut  bureaus  are,  as  in 
Germany,  the  public  bureaus.  In  lUOli  there  were  five  of  llie&e  bu- 
reaus reported  by  the  Austrian  official  Sozinle  Kundschau.  The 
Vienna  bureau  was  the  first,  established  in  lfiSr>,  to  assist  working 
people  in  finding  work,  especially  for  those  employed  in  factories  and 
in  industries?  in  which  no  guild  existed.  This  is  the  general  iiatun) 
of  the  Austrian  bureaus  of  this  class.  The  Brunn  and  Prague 
bureaus  are  the  most  iinix>rtant  next  to  the  Vienna  bureau. 

Several  of  the  employment  bureaus  have  now  bt.^coine,  as  in  Ger- 
many, municipal  (or  provincial)  bureaus.  Tlie  tirst  of  the  provincial 
bureaus  was  established  at  Pilsen  in  18D8,  and  the  first  of  the  munici- 
pal bureaus  at  Vienna  in  181(8. 

By  far  the  mo.st  important  is  the  Vienna  municipal  bureau.  It 
occupies  commwlious  quarters,  has  several  branches,  and  plays  a 
large  part  in  the  city  life.  It  fotind  places  in  IfKMl  for  143,121  per- 
sons.  P2very  week  a  list  of  all  the  applicatiima  for  eniplciynient  and 
for  help  is  classified  according  to  the  trades  and  printed  ami  postal 
in  all  districts  of  the  city,  Applicaut.s  are  sent  to  employers,  as 
rule,  in  the  order  of  their  application,  but  precedence  is  given  to  those 
having  a  legal  residence  in  ViennOj  as  well  as  to  those  having  children 
dependent  upon  Ihem  or  having  other  special  neethi.  I  f  :i  strike  t-nkes 
plnct%  the  bureau  does  not  suspend  its  Avork,  but  applicants  are  noti» 
tied  that  there  is  a  strike  This  bureau  has  proved  so  satisfactory 
that  at  the  end  of  the  tirst  year  forty  of  the  trade  guilds  hiindiHl  over 
their  einploymont  agencies  to  the  municipal  bureau,  and  by  1002 
this  numl>er  had  increjiM'd  to  forty-six.  In  1003  the  work  of  Jhe 
bureau  was  ejctended  to  domestic  service,  uiid  by  October  of  tJiat  year 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    ErROPE.<.N    COUNTRIES, 


7^7 


eleven  district  employment  office.'^  Iind  been  opened  for  women  serv- 
ants and  Olio  for  men  servants.  Some  of  the  trade  unions  exact  a  fee 
from  their  members  to  cover  expenses,  but  otherwise  the  bureau  is 
a(>tiohite]y  free,  no  payment  being  asked  from  either  employees  or 
employei's,  except  that  employers  in  the.  domestic  branch  are  charged 

Ka  small  registration  fee. 

Tlie  Pra<ruo  numicipnl  employment  bureau  stands  next  to  that  of 
Vienna  in  inij)ortance  in  Austria,  and  is  condticted  on  siibslantinlly 
the  same  plan.  In  case  of  a  strike,  however,  the  town  council  under- 
takes tr>  decide  in  each  particular  case  what  shall  he  ilie  attitude  of  the 
bureau.     Tlie  latter  is  manage<l  by  a  coniniittee  <'ompased  of  a  chair- 

HniAn,  who  is  a  member  of  and  appointed  by  the  town  council,  tlii'ee 
members  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  town  council,  three  I'cpre- 
pentatives  of  the  employers  appointed  by  the  town  council,  threo 
repi-esentatives  of  the  employed  actually  employed  in  Prague,  an 
inspector  of  relief  stations,  appointe<l  by  the  Bohemian  provincial 
<*oimcil,  and  the  director-in-chief  of  the  |)oor-law  ndministnition. 
The  Bohemian  bureaus  are  particularly  noteworthy  for  being  organ- 
ized .svstematicuHv. 


I 


I 


SWITZERL.\ND. 

Switzerland  has  had  and  still  has  most  of  the  various  kinds  of  em- 
ployment bureaus  usual  to  continental  European  countries.  But 
ywitzerhind  is  of  special  interest  because  slie  seems  to  be  (he  first 
country  proposing  a  really  national  or  federal  system  of  bureaus. 
This  will  Ix*  all  the  l)etter  for  l>eing  an  evolution  rather  than  a  new 
creation.  Switzerland  has  long  felt  the  evils  of  private  commercial 
employment  bureaus,  and  there  is  quite  a  movement,  as  in  France,  to 
suppress  them.  Various  associations  of  employeiN  have  done  consid- 
erable in  Switzerland  in  securing  employees;  tlie  trade  union  bureaus 
have  done  less.  The  relief  stations  copied  from  Gemumy  have  done 
something  along  this  line,  though  not  a  very  large  work,  because  they 
are  not  yet  sufficiently  niuuerous.  It  Is  the  public  employment  bu- 
reaus which  of  late  have  come  to  the  front,  as  in  Germany.  A  public 
bureau  of  the  Genuan  type  was  established  at  Bern  in  1889,  and 
another  in  Basel  in  IS90.  Such  bureaus  were  at  first  not  generally 
favored  in  Switzerland,  either  by  employers  or  employees,  though 
ihey  gradually  grew  into  popular  favor.  In  U>01,  at  Bern,  and  in 
190:^,  at  Basel,  they  were  discussed  at  iho  meetings  of  tlic  Assticiation 
des  Villes  Suisses,  and  at  the  Inst  meeting  they  were  strongly  favored. 
The  following  table,  from  the  report  of  Dr.  «T.  Vogelsanger  to  the 

tfliai— BuU.  70— 4.W 10 


I  UULLKTIN    OP   THE    DUBCAU   OF  LABOB. 

Swiss  Federal  Department  of  Industry,  givew  tlje  most  reoeiit  geDerftl] 
statistics  of  the  main  Swiss  public  employment  bureaus: 

NIJMtiER  or  APriJOATIONH  I--01t  IIKLP  .\Sl*  FOll  SITUATIONS.  ANU  SITtTATIOXS 
BBCUREU  TlIKOfUa  ri'BLR'  EUPLOXUKST  ItTBEAVS  IX  SWITZenU\XD,  BT 
LOCALITY.   1003  AND  IftOSu 


Applk'Atlotifl  lor- 

Situmlou*. 

^m                       IxKuIUj-. 

Rolp. 

mttiatloin. 

fwuivd. 

W 

IMS. 

1905. 

1003. 

lOOA. 

UNO. 

noai 

AsTBU*       •■• 

3.400 

12.927 

n.(m 

1,300 

w 

LOGO 
4.W4 

Sl.fl2H 

3.405 
14,186 

v.Qsa 
an 

B.OU 
14 

US 
4.301 

4» 

is.aio 

L4M 

Bwrl . 

4.V» 

6.724 

0,373 

5.ins 

&.056 

874 

0.4M 

«.S7H 

Liao 

ID  ?■ 

Bern «.. 

B^ne .... 

?:» 

tifluevM ,._, — ..,. 

Qlanifl —..:...........—..:. 

i:su 

y 

Sell  AflbsiMoa.... ...,.,..,,.. .,..•.....,,. 

VU6 

SHU 

!»' 

W.4B8 

fiM 

■01 

8«lnt  Oallra 

1.7tt 

Wliiti*rttiitr 

Ul 

10 

ii.ar 

IS 

/.urtch 

15.*S 

ToUJ. 

3&,«l 

64,«S 

31.033 

9».6M 

S9,aM 

4B.ft34 

This  does  not  show  in  all  cases  great  strengtii  or  growth,  yet  in  the 
main  as  soon  as  a  Swiss  bureau  has  found  its  way  into  general  con- 
fidence its  growth  has  been  steudy  and  rapid. 

At  pre^acut  these  iiiuiiiL'ipul  ur  cantonal  buix»au.s  are  so  generally 
favored  that  a  ])roposal  has  been  pre:3eiited  to  the  Swiss  Federal  As- 
sembly to  grant  them  a  federal  subsidy  and  jo  wchl  them  into  a 
national  systenL 

All  the  details  have  not  as  yet  been  deterniine<l,  but  the  Federal 
Council  laid  the  foUowijig  resolution's  before  the  Fe<Ieral  iVssembl}', 
Deeemljcr  7,  190T.  They  are  given  in  full  as  a  summary  of  the  most 
recent  schomo  relating  to  the  .subject. 

Akticle  I.  The  Confedei"ation  (of  Switzerland),  in  ortler  to  de- 
velop llie  lindiug  of  employment,  deeree.s  siil»sidirs  to  the  following 
institutions: 

(tf)  To  public  employment  bui-eaus  (labor  bureaus  or  employment 
b«reaui=  of  the  Cunlon.s  or  the  communes). 

(b)  To  cantonal  relief  statioms  so  far  as  they  aerve  the  public  by 
finding  situations. 

(r)   To  (he  Association  of  Swish  I*Tl»or  Buivaas. 

Airr.  *2,  The  granting  of  these  subsidies  is  made  ctuidilioual  on  tbo 
fubillment  of  tlie  following  conditions: 

T.  As  to  Inu-eaiis  of  enipmyment : 

^ff)  They  mu^t  seek  to  iiiid  positions  for  every  kind  of  worker  de- 
sirmg  employment  in  tlic  arts  and  indiintry,  conmienxs  agriculture, 
and  domestic  ecouomv.  Each  bureau  mast  have  a  Beparate  depart- 
ment for  women  worken^. 

{h)  The  iser\i(-e  rendered  mu><t  Ik?  free  for  both  partias;  only  ex- 
j*enses  actually  incurred  for  s|>ecial  services  may  be  chargied  to  those 
enjoying  the  >^ervices. 

(c)  'I'ho  iiuinngenifnt  of  tin*  bureaus  must  he  al>-ohitely  ii 
lj>IoyerH  :\u,]  ciiployecs  having  eqiuil  n^prcM'ntation  on   t 


ion  Ui 


f  the  bureaus. 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    EUROPEAN    COUNTBIES. 


if  strikes  IwJtout 


Imvcotts,  the  Inireau? 


11 


^ 


(</)   In  case 

tinuo  their  laboi*s,  gtvijig,  however,  notice  of  the  coiiHiet  to  the  purtieti 
using  tlic  bureaus. 

(<)  The  hiireiius  shall  l>e  cf»nnected  with  the  Association  of  Swiss 
Lalx>r  Uureauh,  shall  be  connected  with  a  central  station,  and  shall 
have  subsitiiary  bureaus  in  their  Cantons.  Kellef  trtations  may  till 
this  funciion. 

{f)  In  view  of  sijecial  ordinances  of  tl>e  association  of  Swifts  cities, 
the  biireau.s  shall  tt>€)i>erate  with  it,  re^ularlv  reiM>rling  the  condition 
of  the  labor  market,  the  reports  Wing  intended  for  the  Swiss  Federal 
Statistical  Bureau. 

Permission  Is  j^iven  lo  the  Federal  Council  to  determine  all  details, 
and  even  to  abrogate  the  above  condition.s  if  local  exigencie:?  demand. 

II.  Concerning  cointonal  a.s.^ociati<ms  or  relief  sUitions: 

(a)  They  arc  to  seek  employment  for  their  patrons  in  a  sj'stematic 
way,  cooperating  with  the  employment  bureaus,  and  to  be  connected 
with  the  nearest  ialjor  bureau. 

{h)  The  stations  shall  also  regularly  report  the  condition  of  the 
labor  market  to  the  labor  bureau. 

The  associations  may,  if  they  wish,  limit  their  efforts  to  employ- 
ment for  men. 

III.  Concerning  the  Association  of  Swi.ss  Lalx>r  Bureaus: 

(//)  The  association,  in  agreement  with  the  Department  of  In- 
dustry, shall  designate  one  or  more  lalK)r  hureau.s  as  central  bureaus. 

{b)  It  shall  aim  at  the  determination  of  the  wisest  methotls  and 
principles  in  the  conduct  of  the  employment  bureaus,  and  shall  devote 
itaelf  to  the  development  {»f  the  system  of  bureaus. 

(c)  In  connection  with  the  Department  of  Industry  and  the  Fed- 
eral Statistical  Bun»au  it  shall  fornndate  and  collect  the  statistics  of 
the  activitii*s  of  the  bureaus. 

(t/)  It  shiiU  put  itself  al  the  disposition  of  the  Department  of  In- 
dustry' in  collecting  .statistics  as  to  the  unemployed  and  .shall  en- 
courage all  etforls  undertaken  against  unemplovment. 

Art.  3.  Tiie  Confctleratiim  sliall  allow  the  following  payments: 

!a)  All  expenses  of  the  central  service. 
h)   A  subsidy  to  the  local  public  employment  bureaus  lo  the  extent 
of  one-llurd  of  their  expenses,  not  including  expense  of  construction 
and  fiimishing'. 

(c)  A  subsidy  to  the  cantonal  relief  stations  of  50  centimeii  [10 
cents]  for  each  situation  secured. 

((/)  An  annual  subsidy  to  the  Swiss  Inboi-  bui-eaus  (of  the  Cantons) 
of  one-half  their  expenses. 

Art.  4.  Institutions  api)lving  for  these  subsidies  must  present  to  the 
Federal  Department  of  Inrfii.stry  their  laws,  regulations,  and  budgeta, 
their  annual  accounts  and  statement  of  their  activities,  approve<l  by 
competent  authorities. 

The  calculation  and  determination  of  the  subsidies  shall  Iw  by  the 
department  of  in<bistry.  Appeal,  however,  may  be  made  to  the  Fed- 
eral Council,  wbos*^  decision  shall  Ik*  tinfll.  The  Fe<ieral  Council  shall 
have  final  power  *fver  details. 

Art.  5.  Tlic  Federal  Cotmcil,  or  its  Department  of  Industry,  sliaU 
have  the  T\*A\t  to  dcnuind  an  account  oi  the  activities  of  all  insti- 
tutivas  iv:xivjng  aubsidicti. 


■ 


800 


BIT-LETIN   OF   THE   BrBEAt^   OP  LABOR. 


Art.  C.  Tlie  elahorHlion  of  the  statistics  of  tlu*  einplo^tncnt  bu- 
reaus subsidized  bv  I  he  Confederation  and  the  piibUcation  of  a  i>iri- 
odicjil  report  of  the  hibor  market  shall  be  concJucled  by  the  Feueral 
Statistical  Bureau. 

The  Federal  Council  sliall  finally  determine  all  details  of  the  or- 
ganization of  the  statisticui  stTviee. 

Art.  7.  The  Fechnal  Council,  according  lo  the  law  of  Jtuie  17,  1874, 
shall  have  charge  of  submitting  thi:^  law  to  the  jK>puhir  referendum, 
and  lahall  determine  the  date  of  its  going  into  effect. 

Italy. 

Italy  has  as  yet  little  to  show  in  the  way  of  efficient  employment 
bureaus,  although  nuirh  attention  is  now  being  given  iv  the  subject, 
Tliere  are  labor  exchanges  somewhat  similar  to  the  French  bouryesl 
in  Milan  and  other  Italian  cities. 

Italy's  most  notable  organization  for  employment  is,  however,  con- 
nected with  the  famous  Milan  sfx^iety,  the  T'manilaria,  This  s<jciety 
has  an  endowment  of  10,000,000  lire  ($1,930,000). given  by  M. Prosper 
M.  Iviiria  iu  189S,  and  luiiountiug  to  13.0(»0,000  liiv  ($2,509,000)  in 
1902,  on  the  death  i»f  M.  I»ria.  Its  revenue  is  some  t'«00.000  lire 
($115,800)  per  year. 

The  Umanitiiria  bus  created,  among  it^  other  works,  a  successful 
employment  bureau  in  connection  with  the  Milan  labor  exchange,  a 
Mniilar  bureau  for  |>lacing  nurses  and  women  domestics  in  contiection 
with  the  Xationnl  Woman's  Union,  and  a  third  bureau  to  aid  the 
movement  of  the  unemployed  lo  the  interior  scrtiiniM  nf  the  <'oiir!trv 
where  there  is  need  of  la!>or. 

The  success  of  the  burenu,  ahhou^h  n  new  one,  may  t»e  ^eeu  by  its 
activities  for  the  first  quartei's  of  1005  and  19CK5,  ns  follows: 

APPM0ATION8    rOR    nET-P  AXD   POtt   SITUATIONS,   AND  RITUATIO.VS    BRCITRSD 

THuorGii  inr.  Milan  KMrLoysiEXT  bureau  for  the  first  QUXRTBa 
OK  rnK  VKAKs  iiM»5  ANonooe. 


AppUcatioiu  Sot— 

, 

Month. 

Hrlp. 

SltiiuUons. 

1 

190S. 

IMM. 

IflOfi. 

una 

IQftS. 

inv 

JllflM                    

US 
IM 
212 

293 

9SA 

2oe 

367 

340 
720 

71 

91 

AH 

F<-' 

m 

Mi-                    

31 

■ 

TcUl 

4K4  '       i.kh 

87& 

1,814 

£n 

«i 

' 

f 

The  bureau  thus  more  than  doubled  its  activities  in  the  space  of 
a  year.  There  were  nearly  twice  as  many  applicants  for  work  in  the 
first  ijunrter  of  1000  as  in  that  i»f  1005^  and  nearly  four  times 
many  applications  for  help. 

Esprcial  interest,  however,  is  given  in  Italy  to  glutting*  hiborei's  for 
the  land,  and  if  possible  inducing  f^ome  to  go  on  Italian  land  who 


^ 


^ 
^ 


THE  tJNEMPLOYED   IN    ErBOPEAN    COUNTRIES.  801 

otherwise  would  omijert'ftto.  Tlie  Italinn  national  labor  office  has  inter- 
csteil  itself  in  fnrnishinp  statistics  and  information  of  the  sections 
where  agricultural  labor  is  needed  and  in  ai<ling  efforts  toward  the  re- 
moval of  tlie  uneniployed  to  such  sections.  Tlie  bureau  of  tl)e  Kuuini- 
taria  devoted  to  this  end  works,  too,  in  connection  with  local  employ- 
ment bureaus  and  all  who  may  aid  in  the  work.  Representatives  of 
the  Umnnitnria  have  visited  Sardinia  and  southern  Italy  to  facilitate 
the  removal  of  workers  to  (hose  sections  which  need  workers.  The 
Italian  Bureau  of  Immigration  alsi>  in  part  works  in  the  same  direc- 
tion. Coofjerative  efforts,  too,  which  in  certain  parts  of  Italy  have 
succeeded  among  the  agriculturalists  more  tlian  in  many  coimtries, 
have  heli>ed  to  attract  the  unemployed  and  have  given  them  work, 
notably  in  the  Province  of  Reggio  Emilia. 

But  Itah\  like  other  countries,  has  felt  the  need  of  national 
organization  to  meet  the  problem  of  unemployment.  At  a  congress 
called  by  the  Federation  of  Employers'*  Associations  and  committees 
of  other  private  organizations,  held  June  30,  1000,  it  was  votetl  that 
the  federation  should  work  for  the  creation  of  a  national  organiza- 
tion of  employment  bureaus,  with  a  central  ofiice  and  brandies  in  all 
|K>rtiou:3  of  the  Kingdom. 

Grkat  Britain. 

Great  Britain  has  lagged  behind  in  the  establishment  of  public 
employment  bureaus,  though  at  pre8ent  in  London  and  in  other  cities 
much  attention  is  given  to  the  subject.  Until  recently  the  only  British 
employment  bureaus  have  been  private  commercial  ones,  to  which 
must  be  added  the  work  in  this  line  being  done  by  a  few  charitable  or 
philanthropic  bodies,  and  principally  what  was  accomplished  by  the 
trade  unions  formally  through  their  labor  registries,  or  informally 
through  their  secretaries  and  other  officials. 

In  1002,  however,  a  so-called  labor  bureau  act  was  passeil  authoriz- 
ing the  establislmient  of  public  employment  bureaus  or  employment 
exchanges  by  municipal  authorities,  and  since  then  a  few  public  em- 
ployment exchanges  have  been  establishe<l,  notably  by  the  London 
Ixirougli  councils  of  Battersea,  Chelsea,  Croydon,  Finsbury,  Hammer- 
tauith,  Hampslead,  Islington,  Kensington,  Lewisham,  Poplar,  St- 
Pancras,  iSouthwark,  and  AVestminstcr.  They  have  as  yet,  however, 
accomplished  only  meager  results.  One  of  the  troubles  has  lieen  that 
their  status,  legal  or  otherwise,  has  not  yet  been  clearly  defined.  The 
local  distress  committees,  which,  with  the  Central  (Unemployed) 
Body  for  London,  form  the  organization  established  under  the  Un- 
employed Workmen  Act,  1905,  "  with  a  view  to  the  provision  of 
employment  «ir  assistiince  fiir  imomployed  workmen  in  proper  cHses" 
in  hondoUf  haw  inlcrforcd    will  N   casjcs  Vtv^vst-^x^ 


* 


I 


BULLETIN   OF  THE    BritEAU   OT  LABOR, 


superflecied«  Uio  work  of  i\w  cniplovnient  bureaus.  In  Ihe  report 
of  the  Centnil  (Uiieiuplovei!)  B^nly  for  Lcmdoti  of  May  12,  llHXl, 
it  is  fltatod  that  in  only  two  boroughs  had  the  employment  bureaus 
been  independently  maintained  throuf^h  the  winter.  The  uttetnpt 
hBs  l>een  made  to  meet  this  diflSeulty  and  to  incrt*ttHe  the  ufli'fuln»!*^s  of 
the  cxehan^i*s  by  creating  a  cenlriil  euiployniettt  exchnn^e,  uiuiiH^eii 
by  a  committee  of  the  Central  (  Unemploytui)  Body  for  l^ndon,  with* 
whieh  the  loenl  bureaus  shouKl  be  connected.  Such  a  ciMilrwl  cx- 
4^ange  was  opened  in  AInreh,  UK)rt,  at  24  Victoria  street,  Westminster. 

The  Centin!  (Unemployed)  Bi>dy  ivpnrted  in  June,  liK)T,  Ihrtt  a 
central  exchange  iind  twenty-five  local  lalxjr  exchanges,  covering 
nlmi»st  every  part  of  I>»ndon,  were  then  in  oi)eration.  AJ!  were 
in  ti'leplionio  eonununieution  with  each  olher  and  with  tlie  ccu- 
ttul  exchange.  The  J<»cal  exchanges  were  managed  directly  by  the 
(rentrnl  l><>dy  and  were  kept  entirely  diiiinct  from  the  work  of  the 
local  distress  committees.  Thi.s  policy  appeaiXH.1  in  be  of  advantage, 
siQco  the  superintendents  report  that  us  this  is  getting  understtHHl 
the  industrial  (^utility  of  the  work  i)eople  registering  is  improvijig. 
The  central  exchange  does  jiot  it.self  re<*eive  applications,  but  acta  as 
a  cienriiig  house. 

The  numljer  of  persons  registered  between  August,  15H)ti,  and 
June  30,  1007,  was  74,273,  including  11,035  women.  This  numl>er 
Wny^  however,  include  some  cases  of  i>ersous  reregistering  after  nb- 
tainiug  temporary  employraejit. 

Eniphtynient  up  to  the  end  of  June  hail  Ikoii  found  for  l'i,6i9  of 
tiios4*  registered,  including  2,073  wonjen. 

Advisory  conunittees  <*ofnposed  i»f  ivprescnlativcs  of  the  borough 
councils  and  load  employcj-s  and  eiuployees  wei-e  being  formed,  con- 
fflstiug  of  not  less  than  niiw  memlx^rs,  five  of  whom  nuiy  i»e  nomi- 
nated l»y  ihe  ri'spective  liorough  councils.  The  cc»st  of  the  employment 
bureaus  in  London  from  Alay  lii.  lOOtj,  to  June  30,  11M>7,  amounted  to 
£7,791  10s.  Ul  ($374*17.-12)! 

In  twenty-one  cases  the  bureiin  or  employment  register  was  {stated 
to  W  kept  t)i>en  \yi}i\i  In  summer  untl  winter ;  in  some  cases  during  tlus 
Diomiiig  t»nly,  in  others  for  prnetically  the  whole  day. 

In  T)n<IKy,  out  of  SsL  ajfplicants  520  were  fountl  employment.  In 
Xottiugiuini  li'ii't  out  of  810,  iu  Pl^nuouth  277  out  of  "in  in  r:*'iiding 
429  out  of  i<31),  and  in  Warrington  481  out  of  1,4^18. 

Vp  to  Si'plembiT  .'10,  1!»07,  about  fifty  metrojiolitnn  antl  provincial 
Cttiployment  bureaus  had  b<H»n  estrtblished,  though  nio^t  of  the^H^  are 
even  yet  incompletely  organized.  During  tlie  ten  months  fronti  Dc* 
wmlwr.  lOOf..  to  Sepleuilur  30,  JlHi7,  these  Inirejius  rt-LX'ived  120,000 
iipplicatiuns  for  wiirk,  placed  30,000  persons,  and  directed  many  mora 
to  likely  places  of  work. 


THE   UNEMPLOYED   IN   ErSOPEAN    COUKTRTES. 

The  attitude  of  llie  Englisli  tmile  unionists  to  tlii.s  movement 
thn?  fnr  l><»cn  fjiit?  of  siiispicion.  innvaned  by  tlie  dtn^ision  of  Mr.  John 
Bums,  as  pix'sideul  t»f  l\w  IjochI  Govvvametii  IVmixl.  Octobir,  11K)T. 
that  tht»  bureaus  sliould  not  compel  employei-s  to  L-oiiforni  to  a  union 
wage  standard  Wfore  K'injj  pLire<l  on  tJie  lM>okn  of  the  bureau.  The 
^neral  altitude  of  l!»e  Uritish  trade  unii»us  to  the  eschnngi»s  ^ha 
thus  24jited  b}'  the  secretarj'  of  tlie  Geuei*al  Federatiou  of  Trade 
Unions: 

If  these  exchanges  are  to  compete  with  the  existing  trado  union 
re^strieft  they  mav  expect  the  moist  determined  opposition  from  or- 
ganized labor,  it  they  are  not  intended  to  be  antagonistic  to  the 
trndciinion  nietlirul.  then  l)efore  any  move  was  maih*  tlie  re-ipon*jl>Ic 
organizations  whidi  have  done  so  much  in  the  past  and  are  bo  well 
meeting  re<piirements  at  present  should  liave  l>een  consulted. 

Thu?;  the  English  emjilovnient  bureaus  have  not  yet  completely 
won  their  way  either  in  legal  position  or  in  ]>opular  favor,  but  the 
need  for  them  is  so  realised  by  tike  public  that  they  seem  boun<l  to 
gi'ow.  Tlicy  are  slowly  developing  into  a  SNstenu  Tlie  most  of  tliem 
are  connected  with  tlie  central  employment  exchange  by  tele|jhonc 
and  are  slowly  growing  into  e^ecliveness  and  success.  Tlie  central 
employment  exchange  in  working  to  develop  an  effective  general  -sya- 
tenij  and  to  this  end  has  issued  the  following  suggestive  circulars: 


t  Copy.  I 


SELBCTKD  DOCUMENTS  ISSCRD  BY  CENTRAL  CHJMMITTHK. 

Kei^timc  to  EXFiATUxirr  Excuahues. 

411   Uodrl  rules  MMOffestrd  bff  thr  tmtral  fftrnmitttH*, 

Employment  Exebange. 

(Afflllnted  to  the  central  euployiueut  exchange.) 


■    1.  The  exchansp  wUI  be  often   for  men  tliilly   from   — -  and  for  women 

dally   from   except  Saturdays.     The  ex^-hnn^  will  l>e  rloi*ed   on    r,(.>od 

Friday.  Chrlslma»  l»ay,  hank   hoHdayH,  mid  on  «uy  o<*caeU>n  the  ■ luoy 


eee  fit  to  nndfy. 

2.  Only  iwrwiriH  resident  in  the  Uorough  of 


at  the  time  of  the  a{ipllca- 


tloo  can  bo  registered  fur  employuieut ;  but  this  reBtrtctiou  as  to  i*L«ideuce  doe^ 
not  apply  tn  einploivn*  of  liilKtr. 

3.  Kvery  applinint  for  rejriMtniliou  **hnll  either  fiU  «p  cvrreelly  a  priuteii 
form,  »»btuiuuble  oti  jK?T8unal  iippliLatlou  to  the  tiuiieritileudt'Ut.  or  answer  wm-Ii 
(inesliona  nv>  sbiiU  be  pnt  i>y  lUe  MjjiM'inlendeut.  for  the  piiriHtse  of  ecuiblliiK 
liLm  to  enter  the  neeessai*j'  luirliiulars  in  the  rejrlster. 

4-  The  stiptTlnteudeut  will  rtHNimujeud  applit-ajita  for  pjnplojrment  actx^rdlnB 
to  tf)titul>ility,  bnl  employers  mny  select  from  the  regltitered  ajfplleanls  auyonu 
whom  llioy  oolislder  miltaltle. 

ft.  Only  those  ont  of  employment,  or  utuler  notice  of  discharge.  wlU  be 
registered. 

(Note. — In  Hanipstead  tb**  fXiKTiment  Is  Im*Iiij?  fried  of  reRlsterinK  men  who. 
Though  In  work,  dr^sire  ti>  use  thr  ejcrbnnti;e.  In  this  borout;h  a  minimum  repls- 
tratioQ  fee  of  1  iM?iiny  \'l  L>"nt»I,  rorerinK  ti  jwrlfKl  of  i»i\  months*,  is  rhnrci>i1  to 
errry  one.  Vwc  tbo««e  whn.  IhoiiKh  In  work,  h*fei»trr.  a  differentliLl  fre  of  ij 
(►enee  112  eentH)  Iw  clt^ 

G.  Tlie  uuine  of  cvt  i  ni  will  bo  riMiuued  from  the  V^l^gisv  after  one 

mouth,  exclusive  of  >i«..^.;:-  ..ii\i  public  bolUbiy^  unlctM  '"^  ■*nuiC 


I  BUIXETI>'    OF    THE    BUREAr    OF   UIBOR. 

beffire  llio  end  nf  iht*  motitli.  pivps  iii»tl**f»  that  lit*  or  phr  Is  ttllll  nut  of  etitploy- 
nioiit,  such  iiotkt}  to  lip  rt»i>eiilo<J  iiol  Iohk  oflon  than  on  every  HnoceetUiig  nionrli 
tliat  tlio  ftp[>lk'tiut  n-iuuiris  i.*tic  «>f  euii'ltiyuKMU. 

(Note. — The  iiilulamin  |HTi»Ml  uf  iHitli.v  iulopt<Ml  for  tho«e  RtUt  out  of  wuphijr- 
ment  vtirlex  Ki'<^>>l'y<  In  WoHtuiiiiKtor  apjtlk'ijiitis  must  (.'iill  at  the  oxchungL'  aoil 
eiltor  Iholr  immes  on  »lipt»  prnvhk-^l  for  thp  purp"»»t*  at  In.isl  twli-c  ji  whmU.J 

7.  Appliciiiits  must  notify  tlip  Huprrhitemlent  when  thpy  obtuhi  omphrrmrnt 
through  the  oxohiiUKe. 

S.  Any  ouiploy*Ts'  aH*nKl:illi>n  uuiy  ntilllnte  tu  the  exchnnge.  NoiTOtni-ie*  of 
allllhitecl  iiKWK'Uilhms  s\u\]\  ho  lnvit»>«l  tn  spK'Ify  Ih**  kinds  of  pniployeo  roqnlrcHl 
ty  ihf\v  ni^uiihoi'H,  nnd  to  enmurnpo  Individual  niomhera  to  give  notice  to  the 
«*x«*haiiK*f  of  vnrnnck's,  »*)  that  thi^y  tniiy  b<*  [nforui«*d  wh»?u  Huitiiblt*  applicants 
fjffer. 

\K  Any  regiatered  cluh,  union,  hrauc-h  of  i\  nulftn,  or  other  organisation  of 
workiiignten,  may  afflliai**  to  the  exchange.  Sociftark»«  of  aftillatod  orgaului- 
llons  shall  Ih"  invltod  to  spwify  the  euiployment  Bullatde  to  their  members  and 
vhiill  lie  notlHed  wh<'ii  gneli  eniployiurut  ofTiTB. 

Forniis  of  appMtratlou  for  rogiKtratlou  and  all  oth«r  Information  may  be  ob- 
taliietl  ut  the  exclmnge. 


i'Z)  Hith'H  auggcBted  for  exhibition  M  the  exchange, 

1.  The  nanie  of  any  jteniton  knowingly  making  n  false  statement  on  the  forma; 
or  kmmlngly  giving  any  fnlne  Infi^nnutloii  !••  the  miperlntondent,  will  bf  struck 
off  the  reglBler,  and  such  jwrson  will  lw»  debarred  frota  liolug  again  reglBtererf. 

2.  No  |terwiii  of  known  bad  ehanicter  will  lie  reglntered. 

3.  Appliounts  are  not  (lerniltted  lo  wall  uIkuU  the  premises  after  tiielr  appUcsa- 
Uou  hjiK  beiMi  dealt  with. 

4.  8moking  und^plttlng  In  the  offices  of  tlie  exi^nge  are  strictly  prohlbltwL 


(d>   Application  form  Huggrstrd  for  nur  hu  the  locnt  cjfc-hangr.i'^) 


lCo|>y.] 


Borougli  Couuclt. 


Employment  Exchange. 

(In  aKtNX'lutloii  with  tbe  central  emi»loyment  exchange.) 

[A^ttrvai  uf  office,   uHh  o/Jtf*>  hunr*.] 

Application  for  employment. 


Ko. l>ate 190 

1.  Surname,  Cbrintlnn  namitt,  and  nge. 

2.  Married  or  single. 

3.  Full  nddreHCC 

4.  liow  long  r(*Kideut  In  the  lK>rough  of ? 

3.  How  long  unemployed? 

6.  Kxaet  dewrlptloii  of  em|»Inyment   requlrwl. 

7.  Other  work  for  which  (jnalllkHl. 

8*  Name  and  addrnss  uf  IiiHt  om(>kiyer  and  description  nf  work. 
fi.  Name  and  address  of  longest  emidoyer  and  d»«crlption  of  work. 

10,  rarllculars  an  to  sick  lw>nefil,  inide,  or  other  provident  Hocletj. 

11.  Any  remarks  the  candidate  may  desire  (o  luake.  e.  g..  as  to  number  Of  dill- 

dnm.  references,  wjiges,  cauwf*  of  jirt^Kent  tniemployment,  Ptc 
For  tbe  BUke  uf  other  candIdatt*H,  jdiniHt*  Inform  the  suiHirlntendeut  directly 

you  obtain  work. 

N.  H. —  Kniploymeut   can  not  he  gnnrnnti»od.    The  exchange  Is   lutendeil   to 

old  i-ondidateu  In  tbeir  search  for  work,  and  not  lu  take  the  place  of  Uictr  own 

efforts. 


(ait, — I'hlx  form  U  nitl  tt<S<^|ttAli>  for  lb«'  purponw  of  fla«Alfle«tltMi  for  iqifielAl  nittliit- 


mnem 


THE   UNEMPLOYED   TN    EtTROPEAN   COUNTRIES. 


805 


(■I)  A  Icnftvt  inautd  by  the  vrntral  vommittec, 
I  Copy.) 

A  note  OD  cupluyment  excliuiiKes:  Wlutt  they  can  do. 

Till'  object  of  11  Inlior  cxcliniige  in  to  net  ns  n  iikhUuui  of  Inlroilnoiion  ht^tw*H*ii 
employers  and  employed.  It  i8  h  et'uter  through  which  on  the  one  hnnd  work, 
au(]  uu  the  other  wurkors,  may  be  found. 

The  e^ehnnjre  «ui.  bowever,  nerve  no  puriMise  If  It  Is  uol  used — by  employem 
no  le8»  thun  by  enipkiyed.  « 

If  thuit  used,  It  (.-t^ntfiiUzes  Information  ns  to  what  elaw  of  men  or  women 
cmpUiyors  are  seekhig;  and  n«  to  what  olasa  of  men  ami  womuii  are  soefcliij; 
I'luplovnient.  By  the  simple  nmeUinery  It  provldefi.  thoBt*  who  Rtand  \\\  Indns- 
irlul  n*H?d  of  ojK'h  otUer  cuii  Hnd  wich  other. 

The  local  o\ehani^e  can  only  do  this  for  its  own  loi-ftllty.  But  it  may  often 
Imppeu  lUat  emiiloj-ers  can  not  find  the  men,  or  men  the  i>mpl*>yers,  they  want  in 
Iheii  own  boroujch.  Men  out  of  wi>rk,  or  plawH  unlille<l.  there  may  be — just  tii 
the  next  street,  if  this  be  In  another  l>oii:>ugh — or  on  the  other  side  of  Ixindou: 
find  the  FUi)erintendeut  of  the  local  exebange.  If  acting  In  laolnilon,  may  know 
nothing  about  tlieni. 

In  order  to  avoid  thl3  and  to  increase  the  usefulness  of  every  local  exchange, 
the  central  employment  exchange  has  Ikkmi  establUlutl  by  a  meiropulitan  cttni- 
mllfee,  r^^'rtrenMitulivo  of  Ibe  I^uidon  bor*>ni;b  c<^nn«'ilK  and  board**  of  cnanltanH. 
Every  man  wlio  wants  work  and  every  employer  who  wants  men  is  now  enabled 
to  draw  tiiMin  the  registers  of  all  (he  exeluingcs  of  lx)inion. 

An  industrial  "elearhiji  house"  for  tlie  meiroiiolls  Is  thus  provUled;  and  men 
In  Ilnuimersmith.  for  instance^  can  ncnv  hear  of  unfilled  places  In.  say.  Ilanip- 
stead:  or  em|>loyers  In  Flnsbury  who  fall  to  Hnd  the  men  they  want  there  may 
tet  them.  Kuy.  frttm  Kensington  or  Westminster. 

At  present  (")  nine  exclianges  are  thus  working  together.  In  a  yenr  It  Is 
hoi»etl  tliat  an  atnilate<l  exchange  will  Ite  foun<l  in  every  I/Hidiai  borough. 

Kxchanges  only  aid  men  who  are  willing  lo  take  s*»me  (rouble  themselves — 
including  that  of  going  to  their  own  exchange  and  of  giving  the  necessary  In- 
formation lo  the  sniK'rintendent  there. 

If  well  usetl,  exchanges  will  help  to  avoid  Industrhil  congestion:  to  avoid 
unemployment;  (o  uuike  the  wheels  of  Industry  rnn  a  Ullle  mure  easily.  They 
can  not  ^arautee  men  work,  or  employers  men;  bnt  tlu'y  can  help  to  Hll  the 
gaps. 

General  Conclvsions  as  to  Empix)vment  BrREAua. 

Perhaps  the  general  conclusions  to  be  derived  from  the  study  of 
Eui'oi>ean  employment  bureaus  have  not  been  better  stated  than  by 
Dr.  I>juis  Varlez,  of  Ghent.     His  conclusions  are  as  follows: 

lK»CTOn  VARLEZ'S  RECOMMEN0.\TIONS  l-X>R  EMPLOVMEXT  BUREAU8.('') 

1.  The  employers  and  the  employees  should  have  an  equal  voice  in 
the  manafreiiienl  of  the  huionus.  They  shotdd  also  have  equal  rights 
in  the  administration  of  the  bureau, 

2.  The  presidency  should  he  in  the  hands  of  men  not  interested  in 
industrial  conflicts. 

3.  A  purely  bureaucratic  management  is  irreconcilable  with  an 
effective  maua^enient  of  the  bureaus. 

4.  The  management  should  not  Im'  placed  exclusively  in  the  hands 
of  philiintiiroi)ic  institutions. 

5.  The  exi>enses  of  the  organization  and  administration  of  burejius, 
in  which  employers  and  employees  are  eqtially  inlerei^ted,  should  fall 
upon  the  public  auth(»rities,  pnncinally  um»n  the  h>cal  rommimitv. 

6.  The  placing  of  laborers  ouUide  of  the  communily  should  f)e  in 
charge  of  a  central  bureau  rather  than  in  that  of  tlie  dliidr  n. 


".Tone.  1!X).V 

^Ueinirt  on  the  Heorgaulzailon  of  tbe  tib 


cbanpe, 


BUUJBTLN  OF  THE   8rBB4t7   OF   LABOft. 


7,  Tlic  procuring  of  work  should  be  frpci  of  cluirge.  " 

K  Till'  placing  of  laborers  should  not  be  pui-ely  h  local  matter;  it 
sliniili]  o\!<*nti  to  the  siirrounvlinp  dislriti. 

9.  The  buftmii  shotdd  try  to  keep  in  touch  and,  if  possible,  lo  co- 
operate with  all  ngtMioit'S  which  miucrtjike  lo  find  caiploj^uiciit, 

10.  TIw  imbiic  aiUiiorities  sdiould  I'ontrol  all  eiuploviut^U  buiraii!^ 
and  hlioultl  see  that  there  is  no  improi>er  <'ompetitii»n  ugvin^  Ihi: 
jMibli*'  litiM»aii«. 

11.  llie  statistics  of  Lbe  bureauti  diould  be  kvpt  with  tLc  grciite:>t 
care. 

1'2.  The  public  bureaiih  should  be  for  IkjIL  sexes.  l 

_  13.  The  public  bureaus  should  endoAvar  to  place  both  workmgwirti" 
W^  donieiitics. 

14.  Womrn  clerks  ^otild  be  uwd  in  placing  wou*e«  applicantn. 

15.  Direct  coiitacl  betueen  euiplo^'er-s  imd  enijilirnvs.  nm]  al-^o  lie- 
twiH'u  jjei-sous  of  different  sexes,  should  be  avoided  in  the  tjffic«  uf 
the  bureau. 

Ki.  Slrikrs  and  JtM*kouts  slMmid  be  iv|>ort.tMJ  iiiiuitMJ lately  to  CiiQJ 
eiuployuient  i>ureau,  and  shonid  !«•  announced  th<ne,  Uu  it  4ioulm 
not  be  nefi\ssar\'  lo  clow  lbe  office  to  the  trades  concerned.  1 

17.  All  the  trun.sactioni3  of  placing  people  sliauid  be  can'ied  <tfl^ 
witliin  Ihe  office  of  the  bureau. 

18.  Manflpers  of  tiffi<Ts  v^hiudd  (ry  to  satisfy  tlieir  fdicnts,  Iwth  cm- 
plo^^ers  ajid  workinginen,  without  following  the  strict  order  of  appli- 
o(tiou«  wJiich  Is  more  or  less  a  matter  of  charav. 

V.K  Oflirei*s  should  ener«eti<;:illy  condiat  liie  practice  of  working- 
men  in  applying  directly  lo  employers  who  are  patrons  of  tlwr  bunmu 
for  positioa^. 

20.  To  make  known  their  work  the  public  einployinent  bunaiu 
shonld  use  all  the  dilTerenL  methods  of  advertising  which  are  used 
by  eommerrinl  iiistitTilionj^. 

21.  The  employment  bureau  shonld  l^e  inteivsted  in  plnoing:  of  ap- 
prr!i(ices  (ind  in  the  form  of  their  contract,  IxM.'ause  the  futtin*  of  ih** 
labor  market  depends  upon  the  proper  management  vf  appt^eiilixx- 
^hips. 

'2'J,  Kniijloyment  Inireiiu.s  of  neighboring  villages  should  ns  far  as 
po.spible  rnopcrutr  with  each  other, 

:23.  Jiureuns  in  villages  should  try  to  iiiterest  themst^lves  in  the 
quet^iun  of  Ihe  ile|>opulation  of  the  country  districts  and  the  (icarcitj 
of  farm  laborei*s. 

One  conclusion,  however,  not  directly  stated  by  r><«^or  Vnrle/, 
thou»rh  it  may  Im*  dedui.vd  perhaps  from  hi.s  coticluftioiift,  Hi-ems  to  Ik* 
repirded  in  European  practice  as  of  ^reat  importance  and  to  de^^ervc 
diifrct  sliite/iit^t.  The  ditTerviit  local  employment  burenu=*  shonld  \ 
conneded  very  closely  by  telephone  and  In  utlier  wny-s,  and  all  sluiul 
i»  drvvloped  into  one  eouiplete,  haruiouious  and  eiltf^ciive  syMffui. 

WTEXXiS    OTHKB    THAX    THE   KMPLOTXENT   BVHEAU    OF    YIN  DING 
WORK    FOB    THE    TTNEMPIiOYED    WHO    AHE    EKFU>TABLE. 

Apart  from  employment  burvaus  the  main  otJier  meaiw  whidi  for- 
eign connlrie;*  have  adopted  to  find  work  for  th<'  unetnployed  who  are 
employable  luay  be  summed  up  in  the  phrase  ''  liock  to  the  huicL^ 


THE   UKEMPLOl'KD   LN    EUROPEAJr  COUNTRIES. 


lis  is  not  to  say  that  foi-cign  coaiiti'ies  consider  aj^culture  the  only 
iiportant  or  valuable  work  for  the  uiK»jnployed,  for  every  country 
oe-s  \x\\&i  it  can  to  develop  industries  of  all  kinds,  and  this,  of  course, 
ds  to  absorb  such  of  the  unemployed  as  aix>  available  in  such  indus- 
ieSf  but  the  tendency  of  economic  life  in  ull  countries  is  so  strongly 
ihi'  city  and  away  fium  the  count rj-  that,  upurt  from  g^eneral  me^is- 
res  favorable  to  all   indnstrj',  any  direct  govenimont  activity  in 
lacing  people   ia  j>enTianent   work — apart    from   temporary  relief 
work — has,  :i>  a  matter  of  fad  and  perhaps  wisely,  been  directed  to 
^gettin^  them  ''  iMck  to  the  land." 

^r  These  efforts  will  not  he.  studieil  in  this  article  so  fully  as  employ- 
Hmeut  bureaus  have  l^en,  partly  because  they  have  not  yet  develoj>ed 
^■pnything  like  (he  sanio  succe^ts  ^^d  (>artly  because  conditions  as  to^ 
Hund  ownership  and  development  are  so  different  in  the  United  States^ 
^and  in  Eurojje  that  a  study  of  the  deUiils  of  European  methods  on 
^tliis  point  is  not  of  large  practical  value  for  the  United  Slates. 
HKevertheless^  these  efforts  in  a  general  way  are  most  important  and 
Heuggestive. 

"  In  general  it  may  Ik*  saitl  that  the  Kui-opean  etforts  to  get  the 
unemployed  back  to  the  land  are  divided  into  the  two  main  tmbheads 
of  colonization  io  foreign  lands  and  effoits  at  phicing  men  on  land  iji 
the  home  country.    These  are  considered  separately. 


I 


COUJNIZATION. 


Efforts  at  colonizing  unemploTred  workmen  in  foreign  countries 
play  n  consi4leral»le  part  in  EMroi>ean  discussions,  and  yet  the  treat- 
ment of  tlie  subject  here  can  l»e  e^tpecially  brief  b«»cause  there  is  per- 
»haps  no  portion  of  the  whole  question  less  applicable  to  the  situation 
in  l!>e  Unitetl  States.  Few,  if  any,  seriously  purpose  to  send  tlie 
unemployed  of  tlie  T'nite<l  States  to  foreign  shores. 
.  In  Eurojv?,  however,  the  subject  is  widely  discussed,  and  particu- 
larly in  Great  Britain.  Not  a  few  of  the  British  colonies,  including 
[■s»»me  of  the  mo«t  imjxu'tnnt.  have  been  consciously  developed,  in  part, 
to  find  an  outlet  for  England's  surplus  Ialx>r.  A  sin»ilar  element 
iters  into  Gcmiany-s  present  colonial  discussions.  Even  England's 
^nrly  penal  o»lonies,  some  of  them  now  giTut  commonwealths,  like 
[Kew  South  Wales,  have  been  ufied  to  find  place  for  her  vagi'anls,  and 
om«  of  these  convicts  and  vagrants,  sent  out  in  this  way  by  England, 
ive  developed  into  valuable  and  successful  ciliznis. 
In  more  recent  times,  however,  propositions  for  the  colonization 
of  England^s  unemployed  have  played  no  small  part.    Perhaps  the 

I  est  known  of  these  recent  propositions  has  be^n  that  of  Mr.  Rider 
laggard,  in  a  I'eport  issuer!  in  Idi)."*. 
After  II  visit  as  government  cemmi»8ioner  on  Ma  subject  to  this 


808 


BCLLETIN    OF   THE   BUREAr   OF  LABOR. 


investi^rtTe  a<rriculliiral  and  industrial  wttlements  wbidi  have  been 
established  in  Cohirado  and  ralifornia  hy  the  Salvation  Army. 
These  s<*ttIen»onts  wern  estnhlished  with  the  idea  of  facilitating  the 
flow  tif  .suitable  men  and  women  from  the  pt'at  cities  of  this  country 
to  the  land,  and  the  romniissioner's  special  object  was  to  ascertain 
how  far  an  anah^fions  system  mi»rht  be  with  advnnta^re  applied  in  the 
eraijTfation  of  the  urban  population  of  the  United  Kingdom  to  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  British  Empire,  especially  Canada. 

On  the  whole  the  experinipnts  seem  to  Air.  TIa*rinird  to  be  eminently 
successful,  and  to  demonstrate  in  the  case  of  Fort  Komie  that  indi- 
irent  people  of  the  a^'icnlturnl  laborer  class  can  be  settled  upon  hind 
and  tliere  do  well,  and  in  the  case  of  Fort  Amity  that  such  persons  can 
even  \w  taken  from  (owns  and  yet  prosper.  In  both  cases  thej*"  aro 
nearly  .self-supp<irting  (according;  to  Mr.  Haggard),  for  ihoii^h 
nominally  there  has  lieen  a  total  loss  of  about  £IO,Oi>0  (S4ft,fir»:>)  on 
the  two  lie  attributes  the  loss  to  certain  exceptional  difliculties — to 
the  high  nite  of  interest  the  Salvation  Army  ha3  to  pay,  and  charges 
wliich  should  not  have  been  included. 

To  quote  Mr.  Haggard's  own  words: 

Brofldlv  stated,  these  results  may  be  said  to  include  the  tunting 
of  a  block  of  waste  prairie  land  into  a  pros|wrous  ^ettlenient.  wliere 
a  ptpidation  (»f  ubout  L*TO  J>pr^on^^  are  living  in  happiness,  healthy  and 
comfort,  witii  a  good  prosjx'ct  of  becoming  entirely  independent  and, 
in  sundry  instance's,  comparatively  wealthy. 

Air.  Haggard  suggests  that  these  colonies  or  .settlements  might  weU 
be  established  by  an  arrangement  between  the  British  and  Canadian 
governments,  and  lie  ha^^  drawn  up  a  scheme  anil  given  a  financial 
estimate  whereby  land  which  the  Canadian  goveniment  is  willing  to 
grantf  ii-lO/KK)  acre.s,  should  be  divided  up  among  IvVK)  families, 
or  alv)nt  7.500  people.  Tlie  cost  of  emigrating  and  establihhing  such 
a  number  in  Canada  he  puts  down  roughly  at  £200  ($C>73)  per  family, 
or  £300,000  ($l,4ol),050)  in  all,  and  he  suggests  that  the  intei^est  on 
such  a  loan  should  be  guaranteed  by  His  Majesty's  Govi-iTiment,  or 
perhaps  by  a  combination  of  lUe  two  governments.  He  adds  tl>at 
the  municipalities  miglit  be  empowered  to  join  m  the  guaranty.  For 
the  management  of  such  a  vast  organization  he  suggests  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  suj^rintendent  of  land  settlements,  or  a  board  represtMita- 
tive  of  the  colonial  oflire,  the  colonies,  and  the  treasury,  whei*oof  the 
superintendent  would  be  a  member.  The  exfnnises  and  salary  of  his 
office  wouM  be  a  charge  on  lUe  land-settlements  loan. 

He  Ixdieve-H,  however,  that  under  the  superintendence  of  such  an 
ufTicial  the  work  should  be  carried  out  by  some  such  private  and  phil- 
fittthropic  body  as  the  Salvation  Army. 

.Mr.  Haggard's  scheme,  however,  has  not  l>een  generally  favored. 
Many  question  the  real  success  of  the  Salvation  Army  colonica.    Mr. 


H  THE  XTNEMPLOTED   IN   EtTBOPRAX    COUNTBIEfi.  809 

^wohn  Burns,  as  president  of  the  Local  Govornmont  Board,  is  strongly 
^■ppposetl  to  such  schemes.  He  liirnself  visited  the  colonies  and  con- 
^Haders  them  to  be  anything  but  a  success.  For  this  and  for  other 
^Rbeason.s^  therefore.  Mr.  Haggard's  proposal  has  come  to  nothing,  while 
^■the  same  re>ult  has  befallen  various  other  similar  propositions. 
^B  In  spite  of  this,  a  great  deal  is  actually  being  done  in  small  ways 
^Bosend  the  abler  of  England\s  unemployeil  to  the  British  colonies  and 
^no  Canada  in  particular.  Mr.  Burns  himself,  though  a  most  pro- 
^Hiounccd  foe  of  so-called  labor  colonies,  greatly  favors  g«»tting  the 
^Minemployed  British  workmen  on  the  land  in  ordinary  industry  in 

England's  various  colonies. 
H  The  Central  (rnemployed)  Body  for  I^ondon  has  a  i>ermanent  emi- 
^Mration  committee  that  undertakers  to  assist  unemployed  workmen 
Baud  their  families  to  emigrate,  especially  to  Canada  and  Now  Zealand, 
if  their  cases  seem  to  offer  any  basis  for  the  hope  of  their  doing  well 
^^n  those  countries. 

B  A  close  scrutiny  of  the  applicants  is  made  so  as  to  avoid  sending  out 
emigrants  who  would  not  bo  welcome  in  their  new  home,  but  great 
care  is  taken  to  avoid  rejecting  men  without  goo<I  cause  shown. 

The  following,  condensed  from  the  preliminary  report  of  this  body 
and  covering  the  period  from  the  organization  of  the  body  in  Xovem- 
ben  1005,  to  May  1-2, 1906,  throws  considerable  light  upon  the  methods 

»pursued:('') 
:    Nearly  600  applications  have  been  received  from  single  men,  and  the 
decision  as  to  the  be^t  way  of  dealing  w^ith  these  occupied  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  the  time  of  the  committee.     A  wide  experience  had 
s^hown  that  it  was  desirable  to  lake  special  steps  to  make  unmarried 
men  feel  when  they  went  to  Canada  that  they  were  taking  a  serious 
stop,  and  it  was  also  felt  that  such  men,  without  dependents,  should 
maKu  some  contribution  toward  the  expense  incurred  on  their  be- 
half.    On  the  other  hand,  it  was  not  desired  to  make  it  unnecessarily 
^difiicuU  for  men  in  distress  from  unemployment  to  sail.     The  plan 
B^'as  therefore  decided  upon  of  insisting  on  the  provision — sjive  in 
"very   exceptional  cas4.»s — of  a  guarantor   for   the   ropayment  by  the 
applicant  of  £'4  [$10,471  toward  the  total  expenses  oi  his  emigration. 
I  orms  for  guarantors  were  prepared  for  siguatiire  l)y  the  guarantors 
and  by  the  applicants,  stating  that  £'2  [$!>.73]  was  to  be  paid  by  the 
latter  wiiliiu  six  months  of  the  date  of  signing  the  agi-eement.  and 
^^ihe  n-maining  £2  |lii0.73]  within  eighteen  months.     In  a  few  cases 
Kcither  the  first  installment  of  £2  [$9.73]  or  the  whole  £4  [$19.47] 
^nas  been  inmfiediately  forthcoming, 

Guarantoi's  have  been  provided  by  297  out  of  the  5S7  provisionally 
accepted.     ITp  to  May  31  [1906]  IM  single  men  had  sailed  to  Caniida 

kor  New  Ztmland. 
Toward  the  end  of  February  [IV^OO]  the  office  <if  the  government 
of  New  Zealand  made  puhlic  tlie  particulars  of  a  new  offer  to  emi- 


«  Tlie  re[>ort  of  tbc  viui^railon  commutes  was  brought  up  to  May  31,  lUUC 


mm 


SIO  Btrtxeny  G»  W£  uriuur  or  KJ^Bon. 

lU  made  by  that  colony,  bnxieUt  abcMit  br  the  denmiKl  that  rn^ 


••II ! 

i^  .  i  ■     — -     -    -^-     -:.. :..-.. ..-„ 

that  the  cLiuu5  of  Mutablf)  hmeu  with   not   nuirr  thiin  two 


would  n^  ■'  ^-' 
All 


i   IM> 


who  had  applied  to  thoir  dklrv^ 


spe* 


rp  to  .  I  ^ 

'  V-  we9t,  litu  to  the  Jhiui 


offor  of  (}v  island  pnvftr 

Itvrtain  nuiulicr  wl 
ly^i   also  Mlvctni    ! 
_-'*&e,  not  t"  ;:!'■  i^-n-iii  ■ 
~  iif  Ihr  S.,  .-i.-r"  IT::      . 
At  the  outset  tho  ■mmpiinents  mndi^   with    iht*  Joint   Kast 
Commitlrc  for  partt^rnt  iK>t  to  rx<'<*<l  £?i  (^»v  -'"  t  —      »   i-     ^ 
dralt  with  i^as  to  inchide  the  pmvi^ijin  of 
vocj^eciMi  preHur*-    ^  rv.  r. . 

it  iMwanAfy  mhc«qi 

Im-'  ''•' 

foi  I 

ValchrT  .int.*  vm- 

of  the  -    After  :.       _    . 

fiM*  nut:  •'  made  at  live  rate  of  ii 

»i(K     -  ji;  ...ilii  on  -II  ■-—    '-->•  MJiU  ,.ji 

1  mDiTMiHmt  1  ^i  nn  atii 

ior  BMung  in  mne  metier'  -m-ui-.  ot  u 

cwmitliiai  whidi  ws  nofi 
qtudUod  applicurts  who  b. 

WMUfA    IVCOmEMVMMCl    DT    tl  n 

r  Alr^,  Valchfr  im  work  for 

••*  til..  .r*.it^.-.,l   r>-«|||i5  of   f*' 


I  of  fh^ 

.   tliat  narriKB 

I    |»er  ndttit  aad 

itaumtUi 

»nrtiifiit? 


Hm  KdlowiM  Ubk 
wint<>r  I  iOOM(|  «p  to 


1  ^  been  c 

i\    MI  till*  j^-nrnii   pnssiire 
t«*  oeatral  nwlv.  partlr  U*  i 


1  til» 


br  appli 
of  the^v  wf' 


and 
iiiTJitiim  of  the  Jnint  £a>4 


I 


Tinv^  aciiPe  cooperataon. 


K*.. 


IfW^CM^        «It  I  !.-**«  ^.-K       •  . 


iicrrnffvi  h%' 


ftt^ind  fttr  him  on  t\ 


aMB«Ht  M«n  |ia«l  trade— 1(  tiiry  have  uoe— or  not. 


THE   UNEMPLOYED  IS    BUROPRAN   COUNTBIES. 


811 


The  stiilcmoiit  .-hnwing  dnlistics  of  eniig^rntion  thrnugli  applica- 
iori^  suhmitted  by  distre^  oouiiuitle«?s  to  th*  Central  (Unemployed) 
\y  up  to  May  31,  1^06,  follows: 


imber  of  nppUontUms  BUbmWIiH]  liy  tllstrfSN  mmmllteos. 


1, 


'lined  bj*  euiigrntiini  c*imiulltee  of  Tent  ml  (  rDiMii|tl<ir«d>  Body., 
tef erred  lo — 

Joiat  Knst  Knd  Kml^^ration  Couuuittpe , «„. 

SMf-Help  KocMy 

New  Zenlaad  tcoverument  — — — _*. — . 

Other    wH'ietipK 

fpofcrnnl ■  ■    „ _^. 

UuUer  L-dm^demtiuQ  or  ia  nhejmnce. 


Idl 

VQTt 

158 
31 
twit 

202 


Orei$ionn. 


'umber  of  dwided  cases  at  M«y  31. 


I 


lined  by  emi^mtUm  eomuilttep  of  Cmitrnl  ( rnraiployMl t  Body.. 
Applications  for  New  Z«tiliiml  declined  by  tbo  t^Kh  coiuiulsftioDer  .. 

Srtllctl  to  Jlay  31 

Rpt<miraonded  and  sallbiff  at  a  futnrc  date — 

Vitbdrawu — 


^•rt  ilinna. 


Knniber  of  faniilleA  salUnK  lo  May  31 

Nmnb<^^  of  those  referrwl  io  l^si  KiuJ  foumiliu-e..^ 

Nujubcr  rt'ferrt'd  to  S*.'If-IIclp  .Socletj^ 

Numher  referred  to  New  Ze:iliiml  govemment 

Niiuiber  referred  to  other  societies , 

Rxixmdltiire  to  May  31 

Number  of  |ier8uQ8  emigrtted'to  May  31 


l.U#l 


2t»t 
40 
3D0 
lUl 
374 


"350 
1S5 

M15 

'^41 

0 

M0.73K.n» 

l.U^l 


t 


BISIS   OK    FAMILIES    UEI-OlSTKD    BV   OENTBAL    <TrXKMI'L.OYIED)    BODY    AB    KMl- 
4*UATIN<i   ri*  TO  MAC  31,  l»Oa 


SIM  ol  lamOy. 


ipenoiw. 
JpSr 

ft  pel 


Toul 

ToUl 

temlllM. 

iwnwiu. 

134 

124 

U 

30 

« 

ISO 

« 

US 

m 

tio 

» 

ua 

8tM  of  (Bmity. 


I    Totid 


7 

8  penou. 

•  p«ncnu.. 

lOpenotu. 


ToUl. 


saa 


Total 


vm 

64 
M 

40 


l.l»l 


ALK    HE.VPS    OF    FAMH.IKP    RKrortTTl)    TtT    f-ENTUAT.     (l*NEMPLOrE0i     BOOT 
AS    CMIOKATIMi    Tl'    TO    MAi"    ;il.    J1HMJ.    UV    AOE    (iBOHI'au 


Xjpi  group. 


Numbac 


14 


Ace  group. 


il  to  46  rurs. 
4*  to  SO  rears . 
OwrMyean. 


Tnt«I 


Nmtor. 


MQ 


*Ot  ibmr  lUH  wrr*-  atjiirlf  ittca.  and  ?  wvrv  fatnll' 


•44f    ^ 


2  BtnLLETTN   OF  THE    DFREAO   OF   LABOR. 

MKX   riEPORTFD  BY  CE>rrRAL    (UNEMPLOYKDl    BODY  AH   ICMUSRATISC   VV   TO 
MAY  81,  IftOO.  BY  OCCnPATIONfl. 


Trads  and  nmipatton. 

Tot«J 
nun. 

Tnuls  Knd  cMcapoUoii. 

Total 

filUMlTwtriidni  (exolujslv«otlalMiRin): 
Bilckuiyers...  ,    ..                  .      . 

18 

1 
1 
& 
1 
19 

a 

6 

4 
3 

lU 

1 
2 

1 

7 
0 
4 
3 
•2 
•i 
I 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

3 

Trlntlng  iindpaprrtmdra— Concladr<i 

ComrHwU  tr        .   .           

Mn^'tn.            

l*u|)«r  still  [IOTA 

SUtiTftnd  Uler.. 

Box  cutter i...i.-.^... 

liofit  tinlabtiX 

Ilutrrers -_^  .,.*....... ....... 

l<at!i  rt'iid'-T 

I 

t'urpenlci* _ —,.,..,. 

fMiiiUTn ,...„ , 

Oilskin  dPCMcr 

Fnoil  and  drink: 

lliindy  tncD. ..■...■.■■..■.■.■.,...■.<■ 

Pciilcrs  tindcl«rlu: 
rivrk                 

Nftvvfw 

(IttS  fltUTS 

TravrliT    . 

Lttltop^n: 

Tiiilor 

BulMors,  gonerol  and  others 

tiroccr'fl  iii^-Tt I.,., 

Wooil  worker*: 
UpholjiUirer 

Locomcitiuii,     trnufiKirt,    jutd     ritTicr 
labor: 
1      Engine  drivers  and  atnkm. . 

1     WflivhoiuMnum .   . 

Lt£titi3mi«n , 

bawycn ., 

1 

Conpr , 

i 

Uc-tmi  wnrktTv: 

1 

Kltwrs 

2 

Iron  worfcen •.......■••.■.... 

tihlpwrlKbt  ....  .....<.. 

1 

Binltba ,.,,„-, 

BAfao  builder 4 

Gardeoar 

BtabUMmin 

Coal  irlmnMT 

1 

SllvnrvmUhs -...,. 

1 

Elrelrlc  wlrv  tu«n .........    ...  . 

1 

MiiL'liinlsls 

1 

Xlrir  worker ......,.,,„., 

Carmen - 

:mi 

rinter : 

U 

Tinsmith 

Civil  and  mtinlrlpul  serrieva: 

V 

Sundry  iiiii.iiiilju!tur»i:  * 
WHIU  hand 

S*n?lw  ivari'mfc  : 

F«m)  biilim...  . 

Window  clf.inLT. 

Storckec'ptr 

Vvchumit\e*\: 

Stock  cutter 

J 

■Kiinnf^T 

L 

fPBUsi  cutter... » 

ITfinifia  Diaker 

1 

MaL-hiiic  band  flnlnhpr 

I 

TrlntiiiK  i^nd  pivpor  tradc«: 
Frawmen 

isati 

i 

The  folloTviiip  fipfiires  from  the  9L»coml  report  of  the  CVntral  (Un- 
employed) Body  for  London,  covering  llie  work  of  that  t)ody  from 
May  12,  1900,  to  June  30,  1907,  show  a  considerable  advance  in  the 
ntinilx?r  of  jwrsons  assisted  to  emi|;;rnte  during  thai  pt»riod.  In  all, 
5,4i^  persons  were  (issisled  to  emigrate,  of  wlioin  1,.S(X)  were  heads 
of  families  and  single  men.  The  destination  was  Canada.  The  re- 
I>ort  staters  (hat  the  net  expenditure  on  emigration  and  migration 
from  Xovemlier  10,  1000,  to  Novend>er  iJ.  lOOT,  whs  £38,C13  17s.  lid. 
($187,914,52). 

With  the  English  labor  t.-olonit^s,  which  will  be  considered  later, 
no  little  effort  has  l>een  made  to  aid  the  most  capable  and  promising 
of  the  colonists  to  enngi^ate,  parliculnrly  to  Canada.  Tlie  emigrant.s 
from  the  ITollesIey  Bay  Colon}'  are  included  in  the  refHirt  of  the 
Central  (Unemployed)  Body,  but  at  every  labor  colony  visited  it  was 
stated  that  the  best  eohmists  ai*e  sent  to  Canada  or  other  British 
colonies. 

The  fiilldvvinfr  ;i*  \n  co-^ull"^  i<  from  ii   i*i-inii-e  at  ih.-  *'iiiu_«t?ii  tm*  I'mn- 

mitt<M 

From  niosi  of  the  cases  that  have  gone  out  communications  have 
been  received.  In  only  one  cuse  has  the  wish  Ixvo  expressed  to  return- 
In  tt  few  instances  lettei's  to  friends  hax'e  N-^^n  seen,  and  in  two  or 
in*e  other  cases  the  news  hn^  come  that  (hose  who  have  already 
tie  tiiv  hoping  that  some  relative  will  soon  be  able  to  follow,  thu£) 


THE   UNEMPLOIl-ED   IN    EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES. 


813 


pi 


ling  sufficieiilly  coiickisive  evidence  thnt  the  outlook  is  l>eing 
regirdeu  as  satisfjiLtorv. 

The  lottcrs  huve  drawn  attendon  not  only  to  the  chances  that  the 
country  olFers,  but  ulso  to  tliu  n\sj)on.sihility  Ihut  rests  u|)on  the  indi- 
vidnnl  for  gnisping  these.  '^As  to  my  opinion  of  this  coinitry,^ 
writes  one  man, ''  it  is  that  if  a  man  is  willing:  he  can  get  on,  but  they 
don't  want  wastrels  or  lazy  men  hei"c."  The  benefit  to  the  family 
liealth  is  frequently  mentioned,  and  plensnnt  jjictures  are  often  drawn 
if  the  special  happiness  and  welI-lH»ing  of  the  children.  t)n  tho 
■whole,  tho  i^mmunications  received  atford  convincing  proofs  in  the 
great  majority  of  cases  of  that  renewal  of  hope  which  is  the  greatest 
af4-giianl  as  to  the  future,  not  merely  of  success  but  also  of  assured 
ntent,  that  a  man  can  possess. 

Colonizntion  as  a  solution  for  the  unemplo^'ed  in  other  European 

countries  plays  probably  a  much  larger  part  than  in  Great  Britain, 

but  in  most  cases  it  is  not  so  much  a  question  of  the  direct  solution  of 

he  unemployment  problem  as  a  matter  of  general  emigration  of  the 

working  classes.     It  is  tliei^fore  a  fpiestion  beyojul  the  limits  of  this 

article.     But  emigration  is  a  large  fact  and  a  large  problem  in  prac- 

ically  every  European  country.    The  importance  of  emigration  to 

'Europe's  working  classes  may  be  seen  by  the  amount  of  immigi-ation 

n  the  United  States. 

On  account  of  the  depression  in  the  labor  market  in  tlie  United 

tatcs  dtiriiig  the  winter  of  1907-8  thousands  of  European  hibor- 

rs  were  returning  to  Europe  from  the  United  states  every  week, 

Imost    by  eveiy  steamer.    This  became   a   matter  of  concern  to 

very    Eitrofwan    governmentj    and    each   labor   bureau    mjuiifested 

nxiely  concerning  the  j>rospect~s  of  the  duration  of  the  depression 

tho  United  States.     It  is  hard  to  imagine  what  would  Ijc  Europe's 

iinemploye<l  problem  were  it  n<)t  for  the  tiiillitin  she  sends  almost 

inually  to  tho  United  Spates;  and  it  must  be  remembered  that  by 

o  means  all  of  Europe's  emigration  is  (o  the  United  States.    The 

isitor  to  Europe  discovers  that,  much  of  European  emigration  goes 

>  South  America,  and  even  Africa  and  Asia  and  the  various  Euro- 

an  colonies,  l>eeause  it  is  this  entigration  rather  than  that  to  the 

nited  States  which  one  hears  most  discussed.     In  Hn'ei*al  countries, 

indeed,  there  is  serious  dis<:uHsit»u  of  how  to  divert  their  emigrants 

fit>m  gf>ing  to  the  United  States  and  of  inducing  them  to  go  to  their 

wn  colouii^.     It  is  apparent  that  u\\  this  bears  very  directly  upon 

he  problem  of  the  unemployed. 

Back  to  I^ie  Land. 

"  Bark  to  the  land  "  in  other  ways  than  by  colonization  to  foreign 
lands  is  more  distinctly  an  endeavor  for  the  uhcmploved.     In  many 

amtries  the  effort  is  being  made  to  get  tho  unemplo\ed -workmen  ^ 
from  the  cities  back  to  the  country.    In  all  countries,  however,  it  > 

n  mo.st  difficult  un<]ertHking. 

•lOKfl*— Bull.  70— OS 11 


814 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUHEAP   OF  LABOB, 


FRRS  COI/)XfES  OF  ItC^IXAND.  1 

Among  the  oldest,  in  some  ways  the  most  interesting:,  but  probdbly 
not  tlio  most  sncft'ssful  of  (hese  efforts  ure  the  so-cttiIr(i  fn*e  oohjniefj 
of  Holland,  not  to  l>e  confused  with  the  Diitrh  penal  colonies,  nnd  not 
simihir  to  the  more  famous  (ierm:in  lalK»r  colonies,  which  are  of  quite 
another  class.  The  German  lalx>r  colonics  are  in  the  main  but  u-m- 
porar>'  shelters  for  the  lowtr  class  of  workmen.  The  Dutcli  free 
colonies  are  H(tempts  at  getting;  tLo  unemployed  of  the  oilier  wilJi 
their  families,  permanently  on  the  land.  There  are  three  of  these 
colonies  siluiiled  near  together  in  the  province  of  Overys^-el,  near 
Steenwyk,  cnRt  of  the  Zuider  Zee.  The  colonies  own  nlwut  10,000 
acres  of  land,  consisting  of  sand  and  heath,  not  favorable  to  agricul- 
ture, and  yet  they  have  a  thrift  und  a  qnict  l)eHu(y  which  make  them 
among  the  most  attractive  of  all  the  various  industrial  colonies  of 
Eunipe,  The  public  buildings  are  substantial  and  well  built  of  briek. 
Tlte  workingmen's  cottage?  have  their  living  rooms  and  stalls  for  the 
animals  all  under  one  roof,  h\it  arc  ustjally  neatly  kept,  attractive,  and 
picturesque.  Thei-e  arc  three  colonies,  Frederiksoord,  WiUemsoord. 
and  Wilhelminasoord.  They  are  supported  by  and  l)idong  to  a  Dutch 
charitable  society,  Maalschappij  van  AVeldadigheid  (Society  of  Bencti- 
ceJice)  founded  in  181S  by  Genend  van  den  Bosch,  who  had  acquired 
in  the  Dutch  East  Indies  a  favornhlc  Impn'sslnn  of  the  system  4»f 
small  holdings,  and  conceived  the  design  of  placing  the  able-bodied 
paupers  of  Holland  on  small  holdings  sidiject  to  a  life-rent,  upon  the 
givat  trnr-t  of  moorland  in  the  Provinces  of  Friesland  and  Overysscl 
in  \orth  Holland. 

Within  a  year  after  its  formation  the  society  consisted  of  20,000 
members,  nnd  thp  annual  subscriptions  rcarhe^l  alK»ut  $-22,500.  Tl^e 
plans  of  the  society  included  colonies  for  llv  i*epression  of  mendicity, 
for  ijidigeni  persons  and  veterans,  for  inspectors  of  agricultural 
works,  for  orphans  and  foundlings,  and  for  agricultural  instruction, 
and  free  colonics.  (*•) 

A  tract  of  land,  about  1,200  acres  in  extent,  waa  purchascil  for 
about  $2:i,300,  "the  niouey  l»eing  raised  by  loan,  to  l>e  repaid  by  in- 
slalluiculs  in  sixteen  years,  with  interest  at  i\  {ht  cent,"  Atlditiomil 
e^rtatea  were  purchased  from  time  to  time  until  in  1827,  the  free  colo- 
nics euverefl  altogether  an  aroa  of  2,900  acre^;  tiie  colonies  of  vet-g 
crans  1,253  acres,  and  the  beggar  colonies  4,280  acrea^  or  an  aggregatl| 
of  8,43.'^  acres,  upon  which  there  were  6,751  persons,  including  iifficials. 
In  addition  to  the  amount  of  land  in  cultivation,  as  above  detailed, 
tlie  society  owned  about  5,000  acres  of  heath  land. 


"Tbr  rtutcb  Labor  Coluuk^e.    Bj  H.  r-    "  iutnk  (Lwn*m,  J8B»),  jv  8. 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN   EVBOPEAX   COUNTRIES. 


I  The  two  most  important  departments  were  the  beggar  coloni<^ 
Bnd  the  free  colonies.  Tbo  beg;Li;ar  colonies  were  adniLnistercti  by 
the  sf»ciety  up  to  1850,  wlien  the  iToveriimeiit  trK)k  them  over. 
f  Tlie  beggar  colonics  were  pcual  raiher  than  refornintory.  This 
jlonditions  are  described  hs  having  l^een  insanitary. 
I  The  fi-eo  colonies  wei*e  conducted  iii>on  a  dilTerent  principle.  The 
jcolonists  were  from  the  begining,  and  aix?  wow,  not  peasant  proprie- 
tors, but  life  renterti.  The  diblinction  between  the  free  colonists  and 
H  farmer  workinjr  under  the  ordinary  conditions  <»f  tenant  fitrndng 
lies  simply  in  the  circumstance  lluit  the  free  farmer  is  entitled  to 
Brelj  upon  the  society  to  make  up  any  deficiency  in  his  maintenance, 
whereas  the  tenant  f«rnier  ban  no  such  rcMKirce. 

Sir  Ji>hu  MucXeill,  who  visited  the  colonies  in  1853,  reported  that 
bt  Fredcriksoord  there  were  <Mily  16  free  farmers,  against  25  in 
1848,  and  that,  owing  to  the  want  of  aptitude  of  the  colonists  for 
agricultural  labor,  and  a  general  want  of  econoniical  habits,  '*  the 
IVree  colony,  regarded  as  an  attempt  to  make  the  families  maintain 
themselves,  must  lx»  pronounce*!  a  failure." 

The  al>ove  aov>ui)t,  condensetl   from   Mr.   Willink's  book,  states 
riefly  the  histwy  of  the  colouie;^,  and  their  condition  is  not  csseDlially 
different  to-day.     The  motto  of  CnMieral  van  den  lioL^'Ji  was  a  noble 
one,  "Help  the  i:»eople  and  improve  the  land,"  but  the  result  was  a 

PdLsappointment  to  its  founder,  and  is  not  enthusiastically  spoken  of 
ill  riollanJ  to-day.     Of  the  elaborate  plans  little  remains  but  the 
colonies  for  more  or  le-^  indigent  and  aged  men,  sometimes  with  tiieir 
families,  a  few  of  whom  have  been  given  the  life  tenancy  of  small 
farms,  and  are  well  hotised  and  cared  for.     But  neither  in  (Quality  or 
quantity  have  important  re^ults  been  attained.    The  number  of  fam- 
ilies is  not  large,  and  little  of  the  spirit  of  freedom  is  developed.    The 
best  result  i>  in  the  education  of  the  children  of  the  colonists,  who  are 
I     taught  horticulture  and  similar  pursuits,  which  has  enabled  some  of 
Btheni  to  acquire  desirable  situations.    This  is  distinctly  worth  doing 
"even  for  a  few,  but  the  colonies  are  an  exj>ensive  way  of  doing  it.  and 
they  can  not  be  said  to  contribute  much  to  the  solution  of  getting  the 
unemployed  on  the  land. 

In  If^Ofi  the  Ix-nevolent  society  consisteil  of  S3  branches  with  8,944 
memlH'i>,  repreM.Mite«I  in  practically  all  the  cities  and  large  towns  of 
Holland.  Eadi  ward  or  town  contributing  a  certain  amount  is  en- 
tilletl  to  S4.'nd  a  i-ertaiu  nunil.MT  of  iudigiMit  [K'rsons  to  the  colony. 
The  men  sent  are  usually  over  40  years  of  age  and  are  men  who  for 
ne  reason  or  another  have  not  l>een  successful  in  the  city,  but  are 
ei^omnu*nded  by  charitable  :i  in-^  auil  societies.    Mo.'^t  of  them 

aix'  un^J^illed  laUuvrs,  atul  Ir,  ■  ni  have  any  knowledge  of  agri- 

ullural  work.     I'rederik:joord  k)iawu  of  the  three,  has  a 

opubuiou  of  I.IHX).  and  t^  Zionists  arc  engaged  is 


BUIXETTX   OF  THE   BUREAU   OF  LABOR. 


chiefly  ngricullural,  although  it  includes  dairying,  brick  making.  matT 
making,  and  basket  work.  Wages  paid  for  basket  making  by  piece- 
work n mount  to  about  32  wntK  per  day.  . 

On  arrival  each  lttl>oi*cr's  family  is  housed  in  a  separate  cottagv 
with  u  garden,  and  the  members  of  the  family  who  are  capable  of 
working  are  given  some  light  employment.  The  man  himself  is  set 
(o  work  on  one  of  five  hirgc  farms,  in  the  central  dairying  estalilish- 
ment«  or  in  the  basket-making  or  mat-making  workshops.  The  chil- 
dren who  are  too  young  to  work  are  sent  to  the  public  schools,  which 
are  built  and  maintained  by  the  Government.  A  specialty  is  made  of 
leaching  the  older  Ixiys  horticidturc  or  tree  raising.  After  tlie  laborer 
has  been  in  the  colony  a  ceilain  nund>er  of  year*^.  at  least  two,  he  may 
be  jiromoted  to  the  class  of  "  free  farmer/'  provided  thei^  is  a  vacancy. 
At  present  there  are  over  150  free  farms  of  f)J  to  Tj  acres,  all  in  good 
condition.  The  necessary  capital  is  advanced  by  the  colony,  and  in 
many  cases  the  free  far-nier  has  more  than  doubled  the  value  of  his 
stock  and  plant. 

The  three  colonies  iecei\e  niMi-ried  men  with  (heir  families,  as  well 
afe  unmarried  men.  At  Fi-ederiksoord  there  are  Jit  least  400  families. 
As  a  rule  a  colonist  is  not  capable  of  earning  his  own  living  until  ho 
has  Iwen  two  years  in  the  colony,  so  that  this  is  the  shortest  probation 
powiibJe  in  which  to  (|ualify  for  the  position  of  a  free  farmer.  Some- 
times men  remain  four  or  five  years  before  they  obtain  this  promotioiu 
The  holdings  are  cultivated  on  what  is  practically  a  life  tenure.  Rent 
is  paid  to  the  colony,  M^hich  pro\ndes  stock  and  seeds  and  the  neces- 
sary credit.  If  the  fi*ee  farmer  condncts  himself  well,  he  can  hold  his 
farm  until  death,  while  frequently  in  such  a  case  the  widow  is  allowed 
to  retain  the  hoMing.  providing  slie  can  cidtivate  it  herself  with  the 
aid  of  the  members  of  her  family.  In  a  few  cases  the  daughter  of  a 
free  farmer  who  niairies  the  sr»n  of  a  colonist  takes  over  the  farm,  but 
theiv  is  no  legal  right  to  u  holding  under  such  circumstances,  and  a 
fanuer  might  possibly  be  expelled  without  compensation  for  improve- 
ment. Such  cases.  Imwever.  are  few  and  far  hetwei'U.  Resides  gi*ow- 
ing  enough  food  tu  supply  his  family,  a  free  farmer  keeps  two  or  three 
milch  sheep  and  four  or  five  pigs;  for  the  rest  the  ])rincipnl  produce 
IS  butter  and  potatties.  Generally  speaking,  the  credit  of  the  farmers 
is  improving,  and  there  ai'e  few  had  debts.  Xo  interest  is  chargei]  on 
loans,  but  the  amount  due  to  the  colony  by  the  free  farmers  is  steadily 
decreasing. 

For  the  aged  and  invalids  at  Willemsoord,  Dutch  benevolence  hafl 
erected  a  homelike  and  attractive  old  men's  home.  Altogether  thft 
life  of  the  ci)lo!u«ts  in  the  central  farms  or  in  their  little  ■  ^ 
widely  ?icattere(l  ov*'r  the  broad  acres,  usually  neat  and  well  K'  ,  i 

each  with  its  little  patch  of  grounrl  for  cultivation,  is  attractive,  but 
the  Dutch  colonies  can  not  Im:  conaiden-d  sociologically  of  great  un- 


■^^"  THE   UKEMPLOVED  IN   ECBOPEAX    C0UNTKIE8.  817 

fportance.  To  carry  large  numbers  of  needy  fninilios  in  this  way, 
|\voul(l  Ik»,  to  say  the  least,  very  expensive,  and  while  in  WiUeinsoord, 
^on  the  whole  the  i>e.st  of  the  colonies,  one  is  conscious  of  nn  attractive 
hFpirit  of  peace  and  quiet,  there  seems  lacking  that  spirit  of  progress, 
mf  endeavor,  and  of  self-reliance  which  freemen  shoidd  have.  Tlio 
fcost  to  the  society  for  each  man,  woman,  or  child  at  the  colonies  is 
'Baid  to  be  about  $7.50  annually,  without  allowing  for  interest  on  the 
capital  mvested.  A  number  of  children  (orphans  and  children  of 
paupers)  are  boarded  out  with  the  colonists  by  poor-law  authorities 
and  charitable  societies,  the  money  paid  for  their  maintenance  going 
to  the  persons  in  whose  honsej^  they  live.  Children  of  from  4  to  8 
years  of  age  are  preferred;  those  coming  to  a  colony  after  attaining 
the  age  of  8  are  difficult  to  deal  with.  In  no  case  are  children  over 
12  years  taken. 

OEBMAN     HOME     COLONIES. 

Only  two  of  Germany's  lalior  colonics  have  attempted  to  get  the 
colonists  at  all  permanently  on  the  land.  This  idea,  which  the  Ger- 
mans call  the  establishment  of  Heimat-kolonistcn  (home  colonists), 
was  broached  as  long  ago  as  188G,  but  with  small  result.  At  Fried- 
richwilhelmsdorf,  near  AValsdorf,  about  3  miles  from  Hremerhavcn, 
12  colonists  were  taken  on  the  understanding  that  it  meant  per- 
manent settlement  if  they  proved  iudustrions  and  capable.  It  has 
P  proved  very  slow  work.  At  the  present  time  there  are  only  four  or 
i\vQ  colonists  permanently  settled  on  farms  of  their  own,  and  some 
forty  or  fifty  are  in  the  probation  stage  working  on  the  farm. 

■  Another  and  more  successful  experiment  was  begim  in  December, 
1898,  by  the  exectitive  committee  of  the  town  labor  colony  at  Ham- 
burg.    It  acquired  an  estate  of  over  000  acres  at  Schiiferhof  in  Hol- 

H  stein,  which  has  now  developed  into  one  of  the  most  interesting  and   i 
^attractive  of  all  the  German  labor  colonies. 

A  me!nl)er  of  the  (•entral  board  in  1903  thus  described  its  aims  and 

■  rw^nlts  at  that  time: 

Whereas  up  till  now  the  colonies  have  had  a  constant  sucression  of 
inmates  who,  on  account  of  their  want  of  strength  and  skill,  have  l>een 
hardly  able  to  do  as  much  as  one-half  or  one-quarter  of  a  man's  work, 

I  We  have  in  our  pernuinently  settled  inmates  at  our  home  colony  at 
Schiiferhof  got  together  n  srt  of  workmen  who  have  so  far  done  really 
•wonderfully  good  work.  Our  home  colonists,  Avho  now  number  106, 
not  oidy  do  all  the  agricultural  work  on  the  Schiiferhof  estate  of  over 
B75  acres,  but  also,  even  in  the  first  four  years,  when  there  were  many 
fewer  coUuii'^t'-".  they  hflpcd  us  to  build  a  big  cow  house,  n  colonists' 
rho!iS4»  wiih  '  '^t  men,  and  a  splendid  greenhouse,  which  last, 

'^■"deed.  the;.  "^^^'^dves.     Besides  this  they  have  in  the 

e  perital  pui    i  und  moorland  into  cultivation, 


818 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BL^HEAtT   OP   lABOB. 


tliey  carried  out  in  nn  altogether  satisfactory  manner*  and  for  which 
they  broke  np  about  400  cubic  yards  of  stone.  In  tlio  last  two  yeai 
thev  have  planted  out  and  tended  7,854,500  suplings  for  other  x>^l>i«)' 
and  83,000  oak,  fir,  apple,  and  pear  tree  saplings  for  the  colony. 

The  colony  owes  part  of  its  success  t<i  the  generosity  of  the  rich 
men  of  Hamburg,  who  have  erected  buildings  for  it,  among  the  most 
substantial  and  attractive  to  be  fonnd  in  all  tlie  German  colouies,  sup- 
plied in  many  cases  with  up-to-date  conveniences,  while  many  of  the; 
barns  for  the  stock  are  models  of  their  kind.  A  spirit  oi  successt 
reigus  at  Schaferhof  not  found  in  other  colonics.  A  report  of  this 
colony,  made  in  1907  { for  the  year  190C),  shows  the  progressive  spirit 
of  the  colony. 

The  regidar  agricultural  occupations  were  carried  on  with  Riicceas, 
and  experiments  were  made  with  manures  and  regarding  adaptaliility 
of  soils  to  various  products.  During  tlie  year  tI»o  nursery  sold  and' 
delivered  G00,000  4-year-old  pine  trees,  «U),000  3-year-old  birch  trees, 
10,000  ;2-year-old  birch  trees.  700,000  3-year-old  common  alders,  10,000 
2-yenr-old  common  ukiers,  ;i0,(KX)  4-year-old  ash  trees,  .1,000  3-year- 
old  Canadian  pophu-s,  and  30,000  2-year-old  white  alders.  The 
colony  was  also  successful  in  the  breeding  of  liorses,  cnttle,  iind  other 
domestic  animals,  for  the  shelter  of  which  necessary  builJings  were 
erected  by  the  colonists.  At  the  close  of  the  year  there  were  97  men 
at  (he  colony,  of  whom  74  had  Ixsen  there  less  thrtn  one  year. 

This  colony  is  tj'pical  to  a  large  extent  of  all  the  Crerman  colonies. 
Religion  is  a  prominent  feature  of  the  colony,  and  is  an  essentiftl 
characteristic  of  all  the  German  colonit*s.  Frequent  references  to 
gifts  by  donors  are  made  in  the  reports  of  the  colony.  None  of  the 
colonics  pretends  or  aims  to  be  economically  independent. 

Tile  rojwrt  shows  thnt  Srhiiferhof  is  a  pcnnnnent  free  home  for 
workmen,  the  most  of  whom  nit*  able  to  do  ronsidfruble  work,  but  not 
capable,  for  one  reason  or  another,  of  winning  their  own  way  in  life. 
There  is  little  or  no  attempt  to  get  fannH(*s  or  single  men  in  homes  of 
their  own  on  the  land.  At  Schaferhof  the  men  all  live  in  the  dor- 
mitories and  general  living  rooms  of  the  colony,  Schaferhof,  there- 
fore, must  bf  considei*ed  as  a  very  prosperous  and  uinisually  attract- 
ive permanent  fai-m  home  for  the  only  partly  employalile.  It  must 
uot  be  considered  an  endeavor  to  get  otlicr  en]  ployed  workmen  on  to 
the  land,  Xo  existent  colony,  mt  far  a.n  known,  has  succ^eiled  in  this, 
only  the  Dutch  free  colonies  even  aiming  at  tliis  end. 

UEANS    OP    E£LIET    OTHSR    THAN'   EMPLOYMENT    BUKEAtJS   TOR 
TH£  TEMP031A&II.Y   UNEMFLOYKD  WHO  ABE  EMPLOYABLE. 


Thus  far  consideration  has  l>oea  given  to  the  needs  only  of  ihoao 
who  are  n  "     ^d   ond   without   prospect  of  rrit»n»ing  (o  their 

f*»riii^'r  wtii:.  0  win)  for  one  reason  op  nnolher  fiuil  ihein^elve*^ 

'\  of  a  new  position  or  a  new  career.    The  needs  of  those  only 


3 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IK    EUKOPEAX    COt^NTRlES- 


819 


I 

I 
I 


I 


temporarily  unemployed— who  have  work  in  pro:4pect,  but  ^\ho 
through  the  teuipomry  that  down  of  a  niill,  mine,  or  other  estab- 
iLshniPtit,  or  for  sonn*  othtT  cause*  are  in  ttnnporary  neeil — are  next 
coaiiidered.  Their  iieed,  generally  speaking,  is  not  for  n  new  situa- 
tion, but^  as  stated  abo\'e,  for  some  form  of  temporary  aid  to  enable 
them  to  tide  over  the  waiting  time.  Tlie  form  of  this  ivllef  which 
has  l>een  most  develof>ed  and  is  in  many  ways  the  best  in  the  trade 
union  out-of-work  benefit. 

Tr,vi>e  Uxion  Out-of  work  Bexki'its. 

This  form  of  relief  for  the  temporarily  nnemplnye<l  is  developed 
more  or  le^^^  wherever  there  are  trade  unions.  It  is  considered  here^ 
however,  but  brietly,  for  the  renaoa  th:»t  tliis  is  one  of  the  subjects 
on  which  Europe  has  least  to  teach  America.  American  trade  imion' 
benelits,  though  not  to  be  compared  with  thot^e  paid  by  Hritish 
unions,  exceed  those  of  any  other  country  in  the  world,  except  Eng- 
land. This  is  partly  because  most  of  the  American  unions  aru 
stronger  than  the  continental  Eui-opean  trade  unions  and  partly  be- 
cause wages  in  the  United  State^^  In  mobt  trades,  being  materially 
higher,  members  of  American  trade  unions  can  and  do  pay  higher 
due.s  to  their  unions,  and  therefore  the  unions  can  and  do  give  larger 
and  more  out-of-work  benefits. 

GREAT    BBFTAIX. 

The  trade  unions  of  Great  Britain,  in  proportion  to  the  population 
of  the  country,  lead  the  trade  unions  of  the  world.  They  lead  in 
numbers  in  extent  of  inQuence,  in  solidarity  of  organization,  in  many 
ways.  They  lead  in  the  amount  of  insurance  or  benefits  given  to 
those  out  of  work.  Trade  unions  atfiliated  with  the  American 
Federation  of  Lal>or  rei>orted»  in  1005.  $8.">,050  paid  out  in  unem- 
ployed benefits. (•)  This  is  not  the  whole  amount  paid  out  in  such 
benefits  in  the  United  States,  but  it  is  a  large  share  of  it.  Only  15 
natioual  unions  paid  such  benefits,  though  the  above  amount  does 
not  includp  large  sums  paid  out  by  local  lodges  or  branches  of  the 
nutiotml  unions,  of  which  no  report  is  made  to  the  national  officers. 
Of  this  sum,  too,  a  large  portion  was  paid  out  by  a  few  nuioiis.  Tlio 
cigar  makers  alone,  in  190.">,  paid  out  $29,87*2  in  unemployed  benefits, 
while  in  ISOH  they  paid  out  a.s  high  as  $175,767,  showing  what  the 
Americans  can  do,  and  on  occasion  have  done,  in  times  of  especial 
need.  But  in  (muit  Britain,  in  li'04,  81  of  the  100  principal  unions 
id  out  in  unemployment  dues  £047,722  ($3,152,130).  This  is  nearly 
per  head  for  (he  I,127.ri2t>  members  of  the  1(K)  unions  covered  by 
report,  while  in  the  1*J5  national  unions  affiliated  w^tli  *T»o  Viiw^rT. 
can  Federation  of  I^b<»r  so  few  of  the  unions  re\Hirt 


i 


I 
I 


4 


"Buiiettn  af  sew  York  I>ti 


BirLLETIN   OF  THE   BCBEAC  OF  T-ABOR- 


to  the  nntionRl  officers  that  the  average  is  less  than  6  cents.  The 
following  tabk^  from  the  Keport  of  the  Labor  Department  of  Uie 
British  Uoanl  of  Trade  on  Trade  Unions  in  1002-1004^  slio-ws  the 
expenditure  of  the  100  principal  unions  for  ten  years: 

ki'XEMPLOYKD    BISNtOFITB   PAID    BV    100    TBIKCIPAL   TBADE   TMOKS   JX  CaCAT 
BRITAIN  AND  niBLANU.  BT  GROUPS  OK  TBAtlES.   1805  TO  1004. 


^       Y«.r. 

Building, 

12 
unloiiH, 

Mining 

UHl 

lllK.  IS 
union  ft. 

Moul, 

tng,  u)4 

diip- 
InilkllnR. 

IB 
iinioDK. 

Textile, 

22 
unloas. 

aothlng, 
4  'iTilont. 

Tnuuh 

porU-     OtbmttSl 
iiou,  10     onlotiB. 
imloos. 

TOUI. 

lOO 

prlndfuj 

Eiafi 

|DM.7» 
122.144 
117.  Mi 
Ittt.S?,'! 
Il«,144 
22S.SK7 
327.106 

•    M0.1«7 

OUiOlS 

t3.11,14« 

20fi.  7.'a 
121.001 
0«.M1 
4V,  Hil7 
21.. W. 

Si'.;    - 

f03!l,IU3 

wo.  O70 
MT.UOU 
.\23.1W 
3WJ.«7S 

4.yi..w 
'""  " 

1244,040 
171.400 
2Ui,lVkS 
170,  4ai 
131,  «W 
300.^)78 
■_'!'.i  :«ij 

.  .  ■ ,  -  -:tj 

t 14, 118 

n.oHD 

9,709 

ii».;ta2 

0.711 
7,071 

K.s:s 

0.004 
7,378 
S,M7 

117.067     lit'  3« 

1.''..042        f> 
10,337  1     I 
».521   1     !■■ 

17.57S  '     . 
Ifi.MS  ,     :v 

I(\,473 
17.471 

21.413       -sj^.-^j 

1 

t'>  lYr*   ''Tti 

K?^ 

^B^Er 

^^BC"^ 

^^k'  ' 

^^E* 

BSr      ' 

uS 

^N?' 

The  report  says  of  this  table 


Under  the  heading  of  '*  unemployed  l>enefits  "*  are  i 
ordinary  weekly  benefit  or  **  donation,"  but  also  payn 


nchided  not  only 
■ments  to  members 
traveling  in  search  of  employment,  paymont.s  on  account  of  fires  at 
works,  failures  of  firms,  lemponirv  ^^toppages  and  breakdowns  of  ma- 
chinery, emi^ation  grants,  special  grants  during  times  of  exces.sive 
slackness  in  trade,  and  all  other  payments  on  account  of  unemploy- 
ment, except  such  as  have  already  been  treated  of  under  tlie  head  of 
^dispute  benefit."  During  lt)04  SI  of  the  100  unions,  repre^enti^g 
B4  per  cent  of  the  total  membership  of  the  100,  paid  unemployeil 
benefit  in  one  form  or  another,  and  wtmetimcN  in  several  f<tnus.  The 
expeutliture  incurred  by  the  100  unions  on  unemployed  benefit  during 
tlhe  ten  yejirs  181)5-1U04  is  shown  by  groups  of  trades.     *     ♦     • 

It  will  be  seen  that  a  gi'eater  expenditure  was  incurred  on  this  bene- 
fit during  the  years  1002-1004  than  in  anv  other  yenrs  in  the  talde, 
the  total  six-nt' in  these  three  years  (£1,581,441)  j $7X100,083 1  being 
only  slightlv  le.-^s  than  that  oxjxinded  during  the  pi-evious  six  veai*JS 

i80«-iiK)i  ('i:i,r,oo,5in)  [ii;7,8;j-2,(UCi]. 

The  unemployed  benefits  of  the  Amalgamated  J^k)ciety  of  Carpen- 

iers  and  Joiners,  wliich  is  one  of  the  largest   unions  were  £00,814 

($441,040)  for  70.703  persons,  or  £1  5s.  8d.  (^O.iio)  per  head,  in  1004. 

[The  Amulgumaled  Kngineers,  a  still  lurg<^r  union,  witli  90,100  nioni- 

fljers,  spent  £120.r>00  ($580,705),  or  £1  5h,  Id.  ($0.10)  per  head.     Tlie 

loiler  Makers  and  Iron  and  Steel  Shipbuilders*  with  48,770  memlwrs, 

£82,697   ($402,445),  or  £1.  138.  lid.   (f«.25)   per  head.    Mr. 

'ercy  Alden  (")  says  that  llic  highest  rate  of  payment  with  ^^Iucll  any 

;iety  begins  is  18h.  ($4.38)  per  week  (Ijtmdon  Couc-h  Makers),  and 

lowebi  3s.  Od.  (85  cents)    (a  textile  union). ("k     Many  of  these 

li^  though  not  all,  have  i)pe<^ial  uneniployuient  dues,  so  that  th« 


''Tlir  ui]mii]ik>>'(*U,  !->.  58. 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IS    EUROPEAN   COUNTRIES. 


821 


lyment  bccoinos  n  rc^ilnr  insuranro  premiimi  ajspftinst   niipinploy- 

lent.     "In  Englan<l,'*  says  Mr.  Alden,  "  tluTo  are  over  200  unions 

iviii*^  unemployed  IwneHt,  these  unions  U'liig  ehiefly  found  in  the 

igineerinp,  iron,  .shipbuilding,  building,  textile,  clotlung".  and  i>rint- 

ig  trades.     As  a  rule  the  payments  to  the  unemployed  are  ^rndnated 

m  a  descending  scale,  but  there  is  no  uniform  rule*  and  there  is  a 

^pTo^i'^g  feeling  among  trade  unionists  that  a  high  scale  of  payment 

estublished  at  the  outset  tends  to  encourage  the  malingerer."  (°) 

THE   «ERMAN    EMPIRE, 

Trade  unionism  is  not  so  strong  in  Germany  as  in  Great, Britain, 
tnd  nalunilly  does  not  do  so  much  in  unemployed  benetits,  htit  the 
following  table,  compiled  from  the  recent  rejwrt  upon  unemployment 
Vy  the  Labor  Departujent  of  the  German  Imperial  Statislical  Office, 
ives  for  1904  the  facts  as  to  unemployed  benefits  of  the  German 
funioub.i,'') 

EXrBNDITlTRES  OK  THE  GERMAN  TRAl»K  INIONS  KOR   1004. 


<Oiw 


(1003). 


Uiwm- 
ploj- 

mmt  (Id 


{*>) 


e,(M3 


StrikBi. 


VUitlm- 

IZDd  aji<l 

kicked 

out  luon 

geJlcni. 


JSaO^MS  |1,M».M8  im.fiis 


'57.270 


'St.7« 


(*) 


pU.y- 
<traVRl- 

ing). 


«LB3.«4S 


•  1«.M4 


6» 


Movtng. 


«|147,967   H26.034 


344 


Oth«>r 

{rick. 
death, 
fltc.). 


H.OU 


ToUl  of 
beooAU. 


0,506,210 


r4.2(» 


46,7S8 

lO.flK 


Total  of 
Allez- 

pHOOM. 


|4,2Z1.8B 

215,  on 
im.sao 


Trade     tmioiu 

WDrkscb*ft(«n 

Ir^cb-DiiDcker 

trudc    nntnn§    <0e- 

n-erkven'ine) 

ChH<tMan  tradrtinlona 

^lmall)l>'  Human 
CaihoUc) 
■  loeludlag-  exppnditnres  for  can^s  of  dlslriMts. 
*  lOi'liidcd    lo   eipcndllup*"*  for   strlkt'«. 
'  Ineludloic   pxpondlturew    for    unt^raployment. 
^^      ^  IncludinK  i-xiK-mliturcH   rt>r   trnd»'  dt.Htmtew. 
^^     *Otbpr  CbrUtlan  unloofr  oot  yet  JuUied  bad  total  exprose*  of  S82,fH3  marka  <|91,140). 

Tills  shows  that,  including  benefits  paid  out  for  traveling  and  mov- 
i^ing,  something  like  3.000JXX)  marks  ($714,000)  was  paid  out  for  un- 
^keniploj^ment  in  1*J04.  The  membership  of  the  unions  in  that  year 
^Bvas  as  follows: 

W 


*rade  anions 

Elrseh-Uuucker  unlouH. 

'Chrlstiflu  trade  uuIods. 

I n*lf pendent  societies--. 


TotaL_. 


1»052,10B 

Ul.  88D 

... 118,917 

74,458 


l,357»3r2 


•Tb^  rn^mttloyccl,  p.  58. 

*t  cnJcii    Klnrlrhtnngi'n    Biir    Veralrhprimp-  ppjrpii   die    Folgen    der 

irbr.  if.     Ten  ill.,  p.  2:n>. 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   urKEAU   OF    LABOR. 

Tills  inakps  an  average  ex]:ienditiiiip  of  cner  50  cents  |)cr  head  for 
encli  inembex  of  the  unions.     The  rules  of  payment  lo  the  imetu- 

ployttl  wert*  ii!H»nt  ^^0  mits  iH*r  day  far  an  uverupo  i»f  hImjiiI  125  Urj 
Members  arc  gorit»raliy  entitle<l  to  siip|>ort  after  a  lueiubertihip  in 
aniou  uf  tht*ce  mouths  (iu  sonic  ciises  six  nioutba). 

AU8THL\-I1L'NU>BT. 

In  Austria-Hungtry,  aocording  to  the  Gewcrkschaft,  the  orpin  of 

the  Austrian  trade  nnion.s  (Social  Democratic) ,  the  amount  of  l*t>neriLs 
paid  out  for  unemplo\^ncnl  by  the  Austrian  union.s  in  lUO/i,  with 
32.^,01)0  )iienil>en;,  was  nearly  $14i>,000,  and  for  traveling  benefits 
!4,000,  or  together  about  TA  cents  per  head.  The  similar  amounts 
^i(l  out  by  40  IlungHrian  unions,  with  71,173  mejuboi's.  \\tMv  iMM,r»riO 
and  $8,000,  or  about  58  cents  per  head. 

THE    OHENT   SYSTEM.  +^ 

A  system  which  has  l>een  succossfuJly  operated  in  several  countries 
of  Europe  and  is  now  being  extendetl  to  others  is  the  Sf»-ralle*l  Ghent 
system,  mIucIi  is  said  to  luive  <»rignnflted  in  ]i>00  in  Ghent,  Helginm. 

Ilw  Citation  of  the  plan  followed  the  report  of  a  special  comniis- 
fiion  on  unemployrnent,  which  reporter!  April  10,  1000,  The  idea  was 
to  make  grnnl^^  from  a  iminioipal  fund  to  trade  unions  which  had 
unemployment  beuefitb;  the  subsidy  to  be  granted]  to  tlie  trade  union  (o 
be  proportionate  to  the  amount  of  (he  unemployed  benefit  paid  by  tJi« 
trade  union.  There  was  a  section  of  the  wheiiie  whidi  wiis  lo  apply 
to  nonunionists  who  paid  dues  to  a  s])ecial  finid  for  thu  purp*>9e, 
but  this  portion  of  tiie  plan  has  prove<.l  a  total  failure.  The  plan 
of  making  grunts  to  the  trade  tmions,  however,  bus  Ik'cu  a  marked 
success.  The  ])liui  was  adopted  O*tol>cr  20,  IWO,  and  since  then 
has  been  only  slightly  changed.  Th*  exact  details  are  of  interest,  an 
the  plan  has  worked  with  marked  success  and  has  l>een  copied  in  prac- 
tifidly  all  the  Belgian  filics  anvl  i>^  nou  In-iiig  introduced  into  France, 
Holland,  Denmark,  Gei'many,  Italy,  Switzerland,  Scandinavia,  and 
other  countries.  The  rules  as  modified  down  to  Febnuirj-  22,  1904, 
are  as  follows: 

Article  1,  There  is  estoblishetl  by  tlie  city  of  Ghent  and  its  sub- 
urbs (^'*  The  Glient  Agglomeration^)  a  special  fund  to  encourngo 
provision  against  uiiemployment.    Tliis  fund  sliull  re<*eive  from  the 


irlomoration  annual  sub* 
il  bv  the  comuiunid  com 


communid  administration^  of  the  ('^ 
dies,  llu;  itnuiunt  of  which  shall  l>e  *' 
cits  according  Ut  uw*ls  and  circuni-stantN* 

Each  subsuly  shall  be  payable  January  1.  The  afliliated  C4>mraunes 
shall  pay  intereM  at  tbf  rate  of  S  [K^rcent  ptr  umiuiu  on  all  sunw 
-r--M  nftci'  the  date  when  they  arc  duis. 


THE  CXKMPLOYKD  I3t   ETTROPEAK   COCNTBIES, 


823 


The  rity  of  Ghent  shall  xlvniire  tlir  rosi  of  administration  of  tlils 
fund.  Tilt*  other  conim?iiie^  shall  oontriUutc  lo  iWih  e.x|>enge  m  pro- 
portion to  their  popnlntion. 

I'ho  Mil>si«lies  «f  the  various  commiines  shall  Im?  onrried  in  a  special 
net  (Hint,  eiM'h  commune  Knnnr  ivniiiretl  to  lfH->k  ont  for  the  needs  of  the 
UiicMiiploved  having  residt^jn*  within  that  («oum»une. 

Art.  i.  This  fund  shall  he  administered  bv  a  eoniniittee  elected 
evrt y  three  years.  Ten  menif»eis  of  tJiis  committee  sliall  be  appointed 
by  the  coniniunal  council  of  Glieiit.  Kach  member  shall  have  an 
alternate,  who  *:hall  r^pln<re  him  in  case  of  resignation. 

Three  of  tlu*  dele^f-ates  from  (ihent  shall  Ije  communnl  councilors 
and  five  shall  be  meuiU'r*^  of  the  ns.soeiations  of  ivorldngrnien  and  of 
employees  nfliliated  with  the  fniid. 

\}\y  memlu'r  who  slnill  have  ab'^ented  liim-clf  without  cause  for 
three  consecutive  meeting  shall  be  cons-idered  as  having  re-^ig-ned,  and 
provision  shall  l)e  made  for  his  ivplaccment. 

The  communal  coimcil  shall  fill  all  vacancies  which  may  occur  in 
tlie  administration  of  tliis  fnnd  ihi'oufirh  resioT^aiion,  retirement,  or 
otherwise. 

The  biir^omastei'  of  Ghent,  »r  an  alderman  tlelepited  by  him,  shall 
Iiave  the  rij^ht  to  preside  at  the  meeting:^  of  this  commission.  In 
tuch  cases  he  shall  have  n  casting-  \ote.  ImiI  only  in  case  of  a  tie. 

Each  one  of  the  sulnirban  commnnes  affiliated  with  the  fnnd  shall 
Iso  have  the  right  to  apjxjint  one  delegate,  who  shall  have  the  same 
iglils  as  the  ten  deIeg:iteH  of  the  communal  administration  of  Ghent, 

Apt,  3.  The  resources  referre^l  to  in  article  1  shnll  constitute  tho 
ordinary  budget  of  the  unemployment  fund. 

These  resotirci's  shall  be  employed  exclusively  to  aid  the  working- 
en  and  sidaried  employees  of  the  alftliated  communes  in  getting 
adequate  uneniployinent  benefits. 

(To  these  ordinary  resources  may  be  added  the  proceeds  of  sub- 
Bcriptions,  festivals,  bequests,  or  other  donations. 
These  extra  or  dinar}'  msmirces,  other  than   the  communal  snl>si- 
dies,  shall  constitute  a  special  accoiint  which  the  committee  shall 
•  have  power  to  employ  for  the  purpose  of  cvunhating  tlie  effects  or 
causes  of  unemployment  iu  any  nuinner  which  may  seem  to  it  to  be 

»niost  efficacious. 
Airr.  4.  The  special   fund  shall  encourage  provision  against  un- 
employment in  the  followiu":  two  ways: 

First.  liy  adding  to  the  insurance  l>enefits  gronte<l  by  the  Inido 
unions  to  their  meml>ers  out  of  employment; 

4Second.  By  augmenting  the  efficacy  of  savings  made  with  the  pur- 
se of  combating  the  financial  consequences  of  uneuipli>yment. 
Airr.  5.  The  special  fund  shall  increase  tlie  insurance  Ix^nefits  ac- 
rded  by  tlje  lalxtr  unions  by  granting  the  uneniplo^-ed  a  subsidy 
proportiomito  to  the  amount  of  tlie  unoniployiuont  I>enofit. 

riie  unemployment  iMMiefits  shall  n<U  be  incrca^*d  by  more  than 

00  per  cent  nor  l>e  granted  to  one  member  for  more  thaji  sixty  <lays 

r  anntim  nor  atnotint  to  more  than  1  franc  f  ll»  cents]  per  <lay, 

Strikes  and  lockouts  or  their  trouHequences,  as  well  u^  illneHH 

hysical  incapacity  for  work,  :s)iall  ik>1  be  reasoti»  f         '      '  '' 

y  tlie  unenij)Joynicul  ftiiui. 


nd 


824 


BL7LLETIN    OP  THE   BrRKAU   OF   LADOH. 


AnT.  6.  Associiitions  of  workinojnit'n  nnd  Srtlarie<l  employeeH  who 
wish  to  l»ave  their  nifnilHTs  parti«Mpnt<^  in  llie  sub^ulivs  of  the  pre^nt 
fund  shall  report  cnch  niontli  t\w  niiml>er  and  amount  of  t>ono^ts 
whirh  they  have  paid,  ami  luu^t  submit  anniuiily  I  he  balance  sheet  of 
their  operations,  as  ^Yell  as  forward  llieir  h^'-laws  and  retnihilions. 

Airr.  7.  The  coniniittec  .shall  apiM)int  an  auditor,  wbost^  tlutv  shall 
be  to  examine  into  tlie  corre<'tness  of  tlie  insinuation  funiisued  by 
the  nssi>eiations  and  individuals. 

This  auditor  shall  have  the  rij^ht  to  control  all  tlie  books  of  the 
participating  nsst^iciations  in  repird  to  insurance  against  unemploy- 
ment and  to  communicate  to  the  committee  the  data  thus  obtained. 

All  the  mendx^rs  of  the  committee  shall  pledge  tliemselves  not  to 
divulge  any  personal  information  ^vhich  they  have  obtained  from 
the  said  l>ooks. 

Art.  8.  Any  association  or  person  refusing  to  submit  to  Hie  re- 
qiiinMuents  of  these  by-laws  and  the  regulations  which  shall  be 
adopted  shall  immediately  cease  to  participate  in  the  subsidies;. 

The  committee  is  authorized  to  impose  regulations  for  the  purpose 
of  control,  to  which  all  the  nssociations  and  persons  affiliated  with 
the  fund  must  submit  Avithin  three  months  after  notice  U*  those  con- 
cerned. Under  the  sanje  conditions  it  can  adopt  general  measures  for 
the  purpose  of  removing  abuses  whici»  luive  l)een  brouglit  to  its  notice. 

The  retirement  of  the  offender  shall  cease  after  he  has  submitted 
to  the  measures  imposed. 

Akt,  0.  Workingmen  and  salaried  employees  not  belonging  to  a 
trade  union  affiliated  with  the  fimd  can  participate  in  the  subsidies 
granted  to  those  who  save  to  provide  f(»r  luiemployment. 

The  subsidies  shall  be  given  in  one  of  two  ways:  Either  directly 
to  individual  saving  perscms  or  to  memlK^rs  of  associations  affiliuted 
Avith  this  part  of  the  unemployment  fund. 

Airr.  10.  Hy  submitting  to  the  measures  of  control  prescribed  by 
the  regulations  every  unemployed  workingman  and  salnrietl  employee 
who  is  a  bona  title  possessor  of  a  savings  account  in  (he  general  sav- 
ings and  retinnnent  fund  can,  M'hen  he  makes  withilrnwals  of  snvings, 
obtain  the  same  additional  j)aynients  as  members  of  orgatdzations 
insured  against  unemployment. 

Every  nuKual  association,  coofwrative  nssociaticm,  labor  union, 
establishment  fund.  workingmen*s  society,  or  other  group  which  has 
organi/.cd  a  system  of  savings  for  the  purpose  of  i^elief  of  unemploy- 
ment can  Ik*  authorized  to  orgninze  for  itself  the  control  under  con- 
ditions agreeable  to  the  comnuttt'e  of  the  fund. 

The  payments  granted  to  owners  of  savings  accounts  shall  not 
exceed  the  amount  of  those  gianted  to  insured  persons. 

The  conimitt(v  is  nuthorizeil  to  permit  the  alliliation  of  all  nssocia- 
tions whirh,  under  any  form  whatever,  have  for  their  object  the 
encouragement  of  provision  against  unemployment,  and  is  atilhorized 
to  grant  (o  the  memln^rs  similar  subsidies  in  appropriate  form. 

.\irr.  11.  Any  tmemployec^  i>erson  who  retuses  employment  in- 
dicated by  the  committee  shall  be  excluded  from  participation  in  the 
benefits. 

The  committee  shall,  for  tliis  purpose,  put  itself  into  the  closest 
■alible  (-omniunicHlion  with  other  m=^iiutions^  public  or  private^ 
Hhich  mala*  etlorts  to  overcome  unemploymetiL 


THE    LTSEMPLOYED   IN    EITROPEAN    COUNTIiTES, 


Art.  12.  Each  month  the  committee  shall  fix  tlio  am<*unt  of  the 
dditional  payment  which  in  case  of  unemployment  shall  be  made  to 
the  aiuount  of  the  insurance  l>enofits  and  savinjps  withdrawals. 

Akt.  13.   For  those  romninnes  of  Ghent  and  its  suburbs  which  eon- 

nt  tliereto  the  committee  is  authorized  to  employ  the  reserves  of 

^  recedin^T  years  and  stims  especially  designialed  for  this  purpose,  to 

constitute  a  special  fund  with  the  oLject  of  prolonging  the  period  of 

additional   payments  to  workingmen   and   salaried  emplo^-ees  who 

ontinue  to  be  imemployed  after  their  benefits  have  l>een  exhausted. 

These  special  subsidies,  which  shall  be  equal  in  amount  to  the  last 
additional  payments  received,  may  be  granted  for  half  of  the  length 
of  time  for  which  Wnefits  have  been  obtained. 

Akt.  14.  The  committee  shall  publish  annual  reports  of  its  opera- 
tions. 

Art.  15.  The  committee  shall  adopt  at  its  first  meeting  regulations 
indicating  the  details  of  organization,  the  exact  conditions  of  partici- 
pation, and  the  formalities  to  which  the  payments  shall  be  subject. 

The  Ghent  fund  in  aid  of  insurance  against  unemployment,  so  con- 
stituted, l>egan  operations  in  August,  11)01,  and  a  report  upon  it  to 
the  Milan  Congress  of  1006  shows  its  success. 

The  sums  paid  out  by  the  municipality  up  to  1905  were  as  follows: 


^ 

m 


1901 6,253.^  francs  <$1,20((.09) 

a002 16,171.10  francs  ($3,  rJl.  02) 

008 : 17,018.63  fnmcB  ($3,284.00) 

1904 20,041.00  fi-anes  ($;j.9M3.S3) 

11106 16. 033.  77  fnincs  (|a,  0D4.  52) 


I 


Tn  1903  the.  fund  was  enabled  to  inen»ase  the  amomit  paid  out  to 
those  unemployed  for  a  long  period.  Thirty-three  unions  ha\'ing 
nnempl<»yment  l>enefits  have  availed  themselves  of  the  funds.  These 
unions  had  (190*))  a  membership  of  13/241.  Tlie  number  of  unem- 
ployed actually  aided  has  not  been  small.  In  1901  (five  months)  it 
was  2,089;  in  IWJ,  3/250  for  31,;V>5  days;  in  1903,  2J11  for  30,296 
days;  in  190^1.  3,010  for  3C,40i>  days.  The  activities  of  the  bureau 
in  1903  spi*ead  l)ey(>nd  Ghent  to  the  neighlx>ring  villages.  The  effect 
iqxm  the  unions  was  to  induce  tliem  to  increase  their  own  unemploy- 
ment insurance  funds  and  als<>  t<»  Imild  up  the  unions  by  making  it 
more  desirable  for  the  men  to  belong  to  them.  The  total  amuunt 
paid  out  for  unemployment  from  August  1.  1901,  t(»  Septenil»er  1, 
1903,  was  120,845.70  francs  ($23,323.22),  of  which  sum  30,903.91 
fi-ancs  ($7,134.03).  or  30.0  i>er  cent,  came  from  the  municipal  fund. 

Tn  the  part  of  the  original  plan  devoted  to  aiding  the  insurance 
tigninst  unemployment  on  the  part  of  nonunionists  it  was  proposed  to 
create  an  especial  saving  fund  for  this  class,  and  men  out  of  employ- 
ment, who  had  insured  themselves  in  this  fund,  were  to  be  aided  by 
the  general  fund  in  proportion  lo  the  amounts  they  had  paiil  ia, 
This  part  of  the  plan  was  a  complete  failui*e. 


826  BCXLETTN    OP  THB   BCKEAr  OP   LABOR-  ^| 

A  report  published  by  the  managing  coiuciittee  of  the  fund  in  WIX\ 
says  of  ihi.s  part  of  the  pUn :  I 

Tho  mcnilx>i*s  of  this  ass*^^latii>n  are  authorizO'd  to  nrrfln^e  amoiigj 
thiTijyt'Ivi'.s  fur  llu;  receipt,  of  thrift  I'uiitrihulion.s,  uiul  to  verify  tlieiu-j 
selves  tho  accurncy  of  dechiratious  of  uncniploymeut,  and  the  fulfill-^ 
nicnt  of  the  ueoessarj'  fornudities.  The  requisite  special  nuthorit^ 
for  the  creulion  of  tliis  thrift  fund  was  given  on  Fobruarv  '27t^  UMK^ 
but.  up  to  the  pri'.scnt  time  this  fuml  has  not,  so  far  a.s  we  know,  pro-j 
dueed  any  result.s.  In  any  ease  the  experinu'iit  has  been  in  existriKW 
for  sr>  .short  u  time  that  it  i:^  not  possLbiti  to  draw  from  it  any  deEnite 
coDchisions. 

The  general  plan  was  so  successful  that  it  Kas  soon  copied. 
Antwerp  created  a  fund  in  UKhi  on  almost  exactly  Uie  same 
lines,  only  with  some  cooperation  with  tho  Antwerp  labor  exchiuijre 
(public  employ nient  bureau).  This  fund,  too,  Im.s  suoi'iHih-d,  and 
with  a  still  grejiler  etFect  in  increiuiinji:  the  umountj^  paid  l>y  the  tradt* 
unionists  themselves.  In  190*i  the  imions  paid  in  unemployuu^nt 
dues  8,787  francs  ($1,095.80),  and  received  ^,'284  francs  ($1,019.S1) 
from  th<»  fluid;  in  \UOl\  they  paid  ll),or>0  francs  ($3,07<i.6r»)  in  tm- 
«mpl«»yment  due.s  and  received  SJCG.liii  francs  ($l,(J01.8r»)  from  the 
fund;  in  1J)04  they  paid  :.'7,0SS  francs  ($riJ01.5!^)  and  received  11,213 
francs  ($;;!.743.11)   from  t!ie  fund. 

From  Antwerp  the  movement  spread  over  Bcl;^ium  and  into  ITol- 
land.  At  prewnt  every  Belfjian  city  having  40/X»0  inhabitants,  ex- 
cept Vcrviers  (whei*e  it  is  being  agitated),  has  aiiopted  the  .system. 
Several  of  the  Provinces  also  bare  adopted  it — We^st  Flandei's, 
Hainaut,  and  others, 

Tlio  uutnbf*r  of  unemployed  insurance  funds  in  Belgium  and  their 
credits  from  11)00  to  1900  wore  as  follows: 

In  ll>00,  1  fund,  with  a  credit  of l,riOft  trnnr^  it2^JjO) 

In  )9i)I,  2  furida,  with  a  cri?<nt  "f  .  *      n.5«»i>  fnoicH  ($,M;r.».5t)> 

In  1002.  10  funds,  with  a  crwiit  of -ILWH)  francs  ($y,<M>i».rA»> 

lo  ltKI3.  10  fund«,  Willi  a  cr^llt  of 58.15(»  frniice  (^l,222.i»5) 

In  1001,  IS  fundfi,  with  n  irredit  of ^ nn.fion  fmncs  ($11,7:M.40) 

m  ItKC.  24  funds,  wttli  a  credit  uf 6«.5no  frnnrH  («12.K34.nn> 

In  lftf»fi.  rti!  ^l^lK  with  a  rredit  of K2.(ir»o  fnin'  "i  4ri» 

The  numltcr  of  unions  aifiliated  to  these  funds,  their  i  -^'P» 

and  tlie  amounts  paid  otit  from  IWK)  to  1904,  were  as  follows: 

III  IW),  .T  lUUoUs.  wUli  liV.t  nitirli  piild  <.(it.     1.220  frnncs  <$33.'J.<M> 

lu  KKrt.  20  imloiiH.  witlj  i:.  lae!-**.  wlileU  pnid 

out 10,0flo  fraocB  (H3w«ftiUl7) 

In  11)02.  105  uutona,  with  1S,7-I0  members,  vblcb  t>atd 

onl aK,OTtt  fhiuca  ($L%3in.*l) 

Tq  19m,  143  imtonfl,  wttli  21.840  nwaiberct.  wblch  paid 

out . rA29s  rrnucsciisjaajn) 

]u  KMM.  140  utilonn,  with  22v554  mniibcnv  wit^vh  pnlil 
ont 84,lfc.T  fTHDce  l»l0.348.ft»» 


THE  UXKMPLOYED   IN   EUROPEAN'    COCKTBISS, 


THE    KREXCK    SVSTEM. 


he  French  system  is  slightly  different  from  the  Belgian. 
Following  a  discussion  by  the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1904 
»f  the  subject  of  the  unemployed  in  France,  a  fund  of  110,000  francs 
!l;2-^'>)  was  votwl  for  IDOr*  to  aid  trade  union  or  local  aasocintinns 
lavitig  insurance  funds  against  unemployment.    The  plan  adopted 
ras  the  Ghent  plan  with  a  few  modifications.     The  money  granted 
Itvus  to  he  paid  to  the  uniim  or  associution  itself,  on  the  condition  of 
jits  being  limited  to  one  trade,  that  it  have  at  least  100  members,  that 
these  members  pay  an  ont-of-work  due,  and  that  the  union  or  asso- 
[ciation  handle  the  fund  without  charge.    Only  in  communes  of  fewer 
than  i20,000  inhabitants  could  the  unions  or  associations  be  mixed, 
ind  unions  or  associations  of  fewer  than  50  members  could  receive  a 
^CTbsidy  if  they  were  also  subsidize*!  by  the  comuume.     Tlie  amount 
of  the  subsidy  was  to  be  proportioned  to  the  amount  granted  to  the 
luncmployed  by  the  union  or  association,  not  to  exrvetl  2  francfi  (39 
cents)  per  day  and  for  not  moiv  than  sixty  days  in  one  year.    A  com- 
mission of  11  members,  of  wliom  1  were  to  be  adnuuistratoi*s  of  such 
local  insurance  funds,  was  to  have  the  general  fund  in  charge. 

By  a  decree  of  I)eceml>er  31.  1J*0C,  several  modifications  were  made 
in  the  law,  the  principal  of  which  are  as  follows:  Unions  or  associa- 
tions liaving  more  than  50  but  fewer  than  100  members  may  receive 
grants  on  condition  of  also  receiving  grants  from  the  local  commune. 
Grants  may  also  be  made  in  couuiiunes  of  20,000  to  50,000  inliubitanU 
■to  associations  composed  of  representatives  of  different  trades.  The 
lum  grant  from  tlie  State  is  fixed  at  10  francs  ($1.93)  half 
rly,  provided  ihat  the  association  has  liad  continued  e,vistence 
during  the  half  year  and  has  paid  at  least  30  finncs  ($5.70)  in  half- 
yearly  indemnities  against  unemf>Io\Tnenl.  Mutual  aid  societies  hav- 
ing unemplovment  funds  were  allowed  a  reprei-eutative  on  tlie  general 
^committee. 


828 


BUU-ETIN    OF   THE   BUREAU   OF   LABOR. 


The  following  table,  published  in  the  Bulletin  de  roffioe  du  Travail 
for  October.  1907  (p,  1043),  gives  the  workings  of  the  plan  in  1000 : 

STATI8T1C8  Or  UNKMPI.OYMENT  FUNDS  IN  FRANCE,  IIKW. 


CUm  of  imlom  or  AiisocUUoiia. 

Num- 
ber of 
fundi 

•uo- 

«fdlM. 

Avrr- 

mem- 

ber- 

ihipof 

funds. 

1 

Nmn-     ^'^' 
bor  of 

UHBtU-      ' 

In- 

•  l.ni. 

■V    '■■■ 

Amomit 
ouUtcd. 

.  ■■■•nmi 

ye»lpraliMiu) 

3 

If) 

18,714 

1,806    ».m 
00         Jua 

138.414 
V.I34 

107 

41? 

as 
so 

88 

tW,(W7 

7  1411 

M.40> 

1  li-j 

'IV  1      r-M   -1  r,in(U  of  Ht  Iwiat  100 

I                      'iiuIm  (>f  SO  to  100  metu- 
-  '  Uy  the  comntune 

1 

1                fD 

107                  *f 

!!)'JftOfittllMt5lflO 

ni'Mi-i-,  ■.....>,. i,/.<>d  by  the  CO  111- 
niuiit'  or  Ucpiirtnifnt  ant!  ■Ifiutlt'd 
In  eltli'D  of  le<iB  than  5ll,U(;ii  im  ipiiLi- 

tlon ..;..    .. 

2 
0 

2 

1 

3 

174 

100 
M 

sn 

laa 
m 

St 
9 

n 

It 
m 

C7JS 

417 

93 

Trnik  union  fimds  with  truMUlng 
briiefll 

A7 

FoniU  subsldJzMl  tjy  ApplleatloD  of 
.iriirif  la,  Uecivo  of  (x-ccmbor  31, 
W^jtHa) 

■f 

^^Fuuiis  «ut>9[fa»>d  hv  Apiillratlon  of 
^^  •rtlck*  £i.  doccuo  of  l)uyunbor  31, 

GO                  10 

^■FudJ*    which   hAVo  cbang<Ml   iboU 
rhAractrr  from   one  semrater  to 
another 

m 

u 

Total 

36  1  34.(M3 
28  1     4.M0 

S,181      02.S51      30,038 

a.i4i    iR,3in  1   s.iao 

36.003 

2,7M 

'•S 

FandN  «ubBldlzt*d  tor  one  KemBster  only. . 

Gtand  total 

04  I  39,  OKI 

10,SXt   107.  «67  i  48, 1« 

1               1 

37,686 1      8.am 

I 

"Minimum  ollowcd  to  unions  pnylng  ol  leiist  no  frADCf*  ($^.70^  tbc  Mmester  to  Um 
Initur^d. 

*■  Milking  certain   allowftoccs  for  tbe  je«r«   lIKM}  iind   1(K)T. 

Ali^iidj  I(j«"iil  Inireaus  to  insure  the  unemployed  have  been  estab- 
]ibhe<]  nt  pijon,  Limopres,  Amiens.  .\gen,  .Vsni^res,  Boulojrne,  Casrtres, 
Chorboiirjj:,  Chnlnns-Kur-Marne,  Issouduii,  Lyon.  Macon,  Tarbes, 
Bcmrges.  Meliin,  Vierzon.  Touloui*,  etc..  while  Faris  \^  preparing  to 
fall  into  line. 

ITALY. 


In  Italy  the  Umanitaria,  a  phihinthropie  f-ooiety  tn  help  the  needy 
and  the  unemployed,  has  established  (July  1,  190(»)  an  endowed 
uneiuploynient  insurance  hiireiiii,  on  tlie  (Theiit  plan,  exw^pt  (hat, 
bein^  endowwl,  it  pays  larger  benefits.  It  has  already  achieved  con- 
hidf^roble  hucct^s.  as  ih  sliowu  Uy  the  following  statement  from  tho 
organ  of  the  Tlallan  labor  bureau,  the  Rolletino  delT  L'fficio  dvl 
Lai'on),  April,  lt>07: 


Meluhrrs  rHlrvocI 

I>ny8  iif  ffllef 

R(*c«*littii  fmiu  tbe  atitooa. 
.Contribution  ^tt  (be  rmaaltnri:) 


5«S 

IXfim 

lit,  132. 25  lire  ( $2. 020. 52) 


Total  auitjittit  of  recidpta. 


-,  JD,utio.iWUrf  (W»W0.28> 


THE  trXEMPLOYED   IN   EUBOPEAN    COUNTRIIffl. 


829 


I 


The  unions  givinfr  unemployment  relief  were  only  24  out  ol  37. 
lach  one  of  the  out-of-work  niemlM^rs  rereived  relief  for  twenty-three 
ind  five-tenths  dnys,  a  sum  of  35.65  lire  ($6.88),  of  which  25.74  lire 
|{$4.97)  were  ^iven  by  the  associations  and  0.01  lire  ($1.01)  by  the 
Tmanitaria.  The  relief  per  day  was  1.51  lire  (29  cents),  of  which 
.00  lire  (21  cents)  came  from  the  associations  and  0.42  lira  (8  cents) 
:om  the  Umanitnria. 

The  contribution  of  the  unions  for  the  whole  number  of  persons  re- 
lieved was  72,2  i>er  cent  and  that  of  the  Uraanitaria  27.8  per  cent. 

Of  the  24  tmions  piving  nonemployment  relief,  those  having  the 
iiost  unemployed  were  the  typographical  unions,  which  received  the 
Lssistnnce  of  the  Umanitaria  to  the  extent  of  69.8  per  cent  of  the  total 

koimt  of  relief  given. 

OTHEB    COUNTRIES. 

Tlie  Ghent  system  i.s  spreading  into  other  countries.  In  Germany 
it  has  as  yet  been  a<lopted  in  only  one  city — Stras-sburg.  The  system, 
however,  is  being  adopted  in  Norway,  Denmark,  Holland,  and  in  at 
least  two  Swiss  cities — Basel  and  Zurich.  Its  development,  however, 
in  these  countries  is  yet  too  new  to  call  for  special  notice,  except  that 
the  general  adoption  of  the  system  is  a  marked  tribute  to  its  merits 
and  success. 


Insttiance    Against 


T7x«MFTXiY>fEXT 

Benf-fits. 


Apart    from    Trade-Union 


"  The  direct  insurance  of  workinginen  against  unemployment  by 
State,  charitable,  or  commercial  bodies,  apart  from  the  trade  unions, 
has  been  often  proposed  and  more  rarely  discussed,  but  as  yet  very 

I  little  tried.    In  the  United  States  and  in  England  there  has  been  prac- 
tically no  attempt  in  this  line.    In  Germany,  where  so  much  has  been 
■ccompli?rhetl  in  industrial  insurance  against  old  age,  sickness,  and 
accident,  the  important  and  voluminous  I'eport  upon  the  subject  of 
unemployment  referred  to  elsewhere  has  been  issued  and  an  imperial 
^commission  has  been  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  subject.    The  Oar- 
sman accident  insurance  system  allows  those  who  have  received  acci- 
dent insurance  beneiits  to  contmue  to  receive  these  benefits  even  after 
recovery,  if  it  can  be  shown  that  they  arc  still  out  of  work,  but  en- 
deavoring to  find  work.     For  this  class  of  persons  this  does  con- 
stitute State  aid  in  case  of  unemployment. 
H     So  far  as  municipalities  are  concerned,  though  Strassbnrg  has  in 
^substance  adopted  the  Ghent  system  of  municipal  aid  to  trade  unions, 
and  Munich  has  adopted  the  principle,  while  Baden  is  planning 


46139— BqIL  76— OS- 


is 


8R0 


VCTLTJCTII?  or  mr,  BrBRAtr  of  labob. 


uiUoduce  Ihe  system  into  all  hf r  Urg^  ciiir**  npnri  from  aid  Ut  ir^ 
unions  (hi*  only  nHual  li»c«l  attempts  at  unpinpIo3^nent  insnrAiifle btn 
[i  at  Cologne  and  more  iiNrnily  »l  I>ripzig. 
Apnrt  friMii  iUcx  cities  the  direct  in.suraDCC  of  the  uneniplojvd ki 
tiwn  tried  only  in  Switzerland,  and  that  with  no  tuiirkid  neeeis 
thougii  with  i-esnlts  whicli  it  is  important  to  study. 


ciwrr/xiciJiNO. 

The  SwlsA  cx])erinientH  begun  with  a  private  hiircflU  for  tl>o  ihsu- 
nnco  of  the  nncmplored,  established  nt  Bern  in  lBf>2,  by  the  Ijoutm 
tjf  Miinuul  Liilxjnrs  llin>ugh  the  efforts  of  Doctor  WasailielT,  the  labr 
Mcei-etary.    It  was  founded  on  the  principle  that  each  one  of  its  WD 
members  should  pay  dues  in  proportion  to  the  wnges  earned  and  »• 
o'ivL'  II  luMiviit  when  out  of  work.     The  1>ureau,  however,  soon  t[r 
plied   for  munieipal  aid,  and  it  was  decided  in  Jatutary,   ISttS^  In 
umke  it  11  mutiicipnl  bureau.    This  took  effect  on  April  1  of  that  ye»r 
Its  regulations  have  been  altered   several  times   t>(^t    in    tlie  mim 
itti    method   of    working    haa   t>ecn    a.s    followa:  Insurance    in  tlic 
bureau    is   voluntary    upon    t!ie    part   of   the    workiiiffinen    :»•  ' 
open  to  any  able-bodied  SwL»s  citizen  not  over  00  years  nf  agv. 
in   I^m.     Employees  of  the  municipality  arc  compelliHi   to  insure 
lheuiselvi»M.  Men  who  have  k'cn  infiiin?*!  in  the  hnrenii  for  Rt  1ea«tt»ig!it 
(formerly  nix)  monthn  and  have  paid  full  8  monthly  premioius  i' 
they  have  had  employment  for  at  leaxt  >^ix  monilw  in  (ho  year,  uuv. 
diirinp^  the  winter  months,  claim  n  daily  allowance  of  nlK>nt  21)  cents  a 
day  for  single  men  after  they  have  U^en  unemployetl  one  iveek-    "So 
payment  may  be  for  more  than  ten  weeks  (ori^nally  two  nioiith«V 
Unemploymonl  due  to  incapacity  for  Inlwr  gives  no  claim  to  unemplor- 
ment  pay.     The  payment  is  alwMit  10  cent:^  more  for  mflrried  men  lliAn 
for  single.    In  1S>05  the  nund)er  insun?d  in  the  bureau  was  still  OOQ, 
two-thirds  of  M-hoin  were  married  and  oO  i>or  cent  of  whom  had 
l>een  without  work  nt  least  once  betwwMi  lOC'l  and  1W)5.     Tli^v  wrir 
almost  exclusively  from  the  building  trades.    In  the  year  1900-7  21 
p<*r  cent  of  the  reci^ipts  came  from  llu^  diH*s  of  the  insured.  -  *    tv 

thir<l^  fi'om  the  nuinicij)iility.  iuid  about  A  per  cent  from  >      ,  r* 

and  doiuitions.     The  amount  of  the  annua)  ^ant  made  by  th«»  munirJ- 
pnlity  to  cover  defirit«  w«!<  inerefl.«etl  from  5,000  frari  -    ■-      j^ 

IHOI  1)5   to   7,(M)0    francfi    ($l.:iril)    in    IK:t:»M>G    noil    i  ..:* 

($2,aiC)    in    1800-1000.    For  one  year   (IDOO-lDOl)    it  was    1SJ200 
frnnr*   ($2.M7,W5)j  since   whieh   it   In  *      *    •    :v  -     r       .^ 

ip2Mif).     Tlje  insurance  bureau  is  t<-  ;  th 

the  IJcrn  municipal  employment  bureau.    Tlie  following  table  ^vm 


a 


V                           THE   UNEMPLOVED   IN    ET7ROPEAN    COrNTRIKS.                   831    1 

H^arliciilsrs  a?  to  i\w  ruiiulKT  of  |>ers(»ns  insirriii^r  tlicmst'Ives  ami  Mie 
•^iumlior  of  persons  uiu-niployed  in  each  of  tlie  finnncia!  yeaih  from 
ftL8d3tol007:                                                                                                   | 

rmsoNK   iNsruKi*  tx  thk  bkrv  itrnKAr  ron  rnr:   ivsruANVK  op  the 

irNEMrHAIili.     AXL>     NTMBEU     ASH     I'KU     CKNT     INtlMi^LOYBU.     18»:<-tM     TO 
^    IBOe-T.                                                                                                                                                   1 

! 

1 

1 

^K                              TMI. 

Knmtar  of  intnnn. 

^SKT   1 

liMOien       ' 
fvport- 
iavttusn- 
fBlna 

AtlM- 

olyMtr. 

Nawlo- 
■areis 

during 
y«»r. 

Wboip 

lo«ur- 

Aooe 

lapsed 

in  ye«r. 

At  end 
ofyvkr. 

Wboie- 

portod 
tlxexD- 
aelTai 
unsiD- 
plo)r«d. 

m. 

404 
IJ» 

300 

1» 
335 

■SI 

171 
171 
JM 
214 
IA& 
Itti 
1» 

511 
07 
236 
340 
181 
131 
U)» 
150 
134 
23» 
31S 
Iff] 
175 
lfi» 

334 
413 
M4 
494 

m 

343 
W5 

flD7 
M4 
719 

au 

fil4 
67J 

216 

226 
525 
242 
2BS 
373 
2OT 
390 
34)( 
202 

agr 

303 

2:14 

339 

l"rr  ffn*.     1 
«L»    1 

M.7 

30^7 

40LO      I 

M.4 

39.1 

30.3 

017 

3(i.« 

10.  i 

40.7 

.^f  J 

^B^BIZft 

»«• 

4U 
&44 
•4 
Ol 
MS 
» 

M 

^■r^^^ 

Hinp^w 

^l»7-« « 

sa»-«». - 

tSSIT.::::;:":::::::::::":::::": :::: 

Mi-t. ^ 

igQy^        ,  .      .,..„,,,-,-v-..-., 

1904-6 

VXtb-* .".... 

Me»-7       ,  ,x  ,, J. 

Tlic  following  table  shows  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the 
bureau  for  each  year  18J>3-i>4  to  H^OG-7: 

B-ftBCEIPTS  AMD   EXPENDITtBES  OF  TOE   BERN  BUREAU  FOR  TUE  INSURANCE 

^                                              OK  THE  rNEMl'U>YBD.   lSi>a-JM  TO  JI»0«-7. 

\   UB^-M.  1  UM«. 

tSQ5-«. 

iaw-97. 

1W7-4B. 

im^. 

1 

J' .11-11  fiii^  iiv  m^ml^ra 

■  (                    [4  liy  «tnplo>*ef4... 

1SI.27 
1M.14 

328.111 

1310.77 
318.00 

i.istoo 

7.87 

1^79.  £7 
31491 

I.II1.3U 

1.351.00 

991 

2ia3r 

47.42 

»40?.i3 

247.81 

1  <I77   Ml 

>42a33 

aw  41 

121.39 
3,3i«.ao 

15.96 

B  V                  -riiat 

913.  ftS        flu.  00 

1,35L90  1  t^isLoO 

3(LT4'        19.25 

H-  iti**-' — ' 

2-93 

V             Tolid 

•■■' 

1,S08.« 

';.'i4».8a 

3,213.90     3^in7.«B 
au.07        347.70 

1,9(8.17  .   3,102.79,     3,ini.fi7 
1,31&S1  1      «)a&6{        MT.flB 

Barptu«  from  pm*«<)tng  jm*. . . 

(initiil  \'Aa\ 

!,£«.« 

S,24t.W 

3,4«l.0« 

S,filS.44 

3.2ftlM{  4.003.34 

3,4U4.50 

^■Vxprnm  of  iidinfnlfttnition 

■  &OAt 

^■ContfilHiUs)    t»  raiplojnnent 

195 

214.91 
10.  S 

T4.7e 

17.  KI 

i.yn.22 

31.40 
10.79 

OflifiO 
2,0M.I& 

33.43 
12.00 

96.50 

30.  OB 
IG.34 

00.50 
3,3015* 

17.13     1 

Oh.SO     1 
3.19118      1 

^■Tftjriiisnts  to  luwta  ployed 

MUlU     l.tt&M 

Totdl 

l.Mi.«^  I,«9i7» 

2,121.30 

2,19&D3  1  2.38113 

3,3S6.»|  s.azia 

BITLLETTN    OF  THE    BUREAU   OF   LABOB. 


URCEIPTS  AND  KXrKNrHTl'RES  OF  THE  BERN  BVREAr  VOU  THE   IXSruANrR 
OF  THE  UNEMI't-OYED.  18»3-04  TO  lOOO-T— Concludwl 


I90&-1. 

lWl-2. 

IWCM. 

I90EM. 

lVH-6. 

lOOfr^. 

1000^7. 

RECEim. 

payments  liy  meml«r« _, 

Coatrlbution*  l>r  eniploj'vra... 
UoiwdOfitf. ....'. 

Moa«s 
ao&M 

aB3.n 

2,M7.M) 

11.27 

9U8.fl3 

I8l21 
ia(X34 

2,310.00 

aw 

A  10 

120.86 

2,3111.00 

21.24 

9800.70 

140.  ao 

M.01 

3,31tL00 

980441 
233.  M 

102. 2tt 

2,310.00 

7R1I 

9907.00 

201.  S 

14  30 

2,.ni(i.no 
141. oc 

9717. 7« 

21)1.  14 
I4«1i 

MiinlDliittlffnuit., 

InloTwit         ................ .. 

2,316. » 

194  99 

ToUl                       

3,7U1.60 
492.35 

3119.81 

3,2i4.7W 
a4ni.&4 

3.4K).SI 

1.01(».74 

3,634.  IT     a.(.71.58 
3, 134  ST     3,(^^24 

9,4n4M 

Surplus  from  pm«dltig  y««r. . . 

r.,W7.o» 

Grand  tol*l  

«,3Sk»4 

3,MI.0« 

8,00.  aa 

4,UB.BA 

S.7Q9.Z4 

7^907.82 

9,801. « 

EXrcNurruKcs. 

kzpeniaa  ol  AdiuliilBtratlon 

IJMt 

7yo& 

11. 5S 

0G.SO 
3,701.00 

2a.  u 

90.50 

2.S0L3tl 

es.M 

Li.  27 

30.35 
7.M 

24flt 

90.42 
SLttt 

Cotitrfhnt«d    to   etnpluyntettt 
biirett'i. .                   

PAymcata  lo  noemployecL 

2,MlfiLM 

2,287.  M 

2.10480 

1,202.19 

l,fttL91 

ToUl 

3,«B4.U 

3,041.41 

2,073.  M 

2,3«8.M 

3jUa.00     1.3Ml70 

3,014  tfS 

^ 


*  Tills  Is  not  tbp  correct  Imtuncv  of  tbr  nKurt?»  vhown  lu  thr  prroodiDtf  cotumn,  but  It 
14  the  ftjulvalent  ot  tti«  nuiount  Hhuwo  In  ib'.>  url^lnal  olllclul   report — '^,427.^^  francx. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  table  that  tlie  bureau  does  not  rest 
upon  a  self-supporting  basis.  The  pnynients  by  the  meml)ers  in 
190G-7  were  hss  tlian  two-fifths  of  the  iiniount  t>f  the  payments  lo  the 
unemployed  nieml>ers.  The  bureau  is  mainly  supported  by  tlie  grants 
of  the  municipality  and  by  i>nia11  donations.  Xor  does  it  accom- 
plish a  laiitre  work.  The  payment  of  9,804.70  francs  ($l,S92.3l)  in 
the  last  financial  year  to  230  persons  means  an  average  of  41.0*2 
francs  ($7.92)  pt^v  unemployed  person.  This  can  scarcely  be  called 
an  insiinince.  It  is  at  !>est  a  disguise*]  charity  calling  out  some 
thrift  and  saving  in  th«>t>e  who  ivceive  the  aid.  In  11)00,  li)3  of  the 
members  wei*e  in  the  building  trades,  304  were  laborers,  agricuUunil 
or  otherwise,  and  27  were  of  other  oirni)ations.  This  show.s  tliat 
the  bureau  is  an  institution  for  aiding  those  in  the  winter  montlis 
whose  occupation  makes  tliem  largely  idle  at  that  se^ison. 

Opinion  seems  dividetl  in  Switzerland  ns  to  whether  the  bureau 
Ls  a  success.  It  certainly  has  not  accomplislied  large  results,  but 
some  argue  that  it  has  continued  in  existence  now  for  fifteen  years 
anil  has  steadily  done  good,  if  not  large  good.  It  is  geneially  be- 
lieved in  Switzerland  that  the  main  trouble  witli  the  bureau  i-^  that 
in.Kurance  in  it  is  voluntary. 

I*rofe>^si>r  Keichosbt*rg,  of  Bern,  oliserves  tluit  the  relatively  high 
proportion  of  the  insured  workmen  who  became  unemployed  ''  is  con- 
nectetl  with  Uie  fact  that  insunince  is  voluntary,  and  consequently,  as 
a  rule,  such  men  ordy  insure  tlM'm.selve,s  as  have  been  accustomed  to 
l>ecome  unemplo^'ed  in  the  winter  months.  The  number  of  per.^ons 
having  claims  on  the  fund  would  probably  have  been  still  greater  if 
the  men  who  entered  their  nuiucs  ab  Luiaux'crs  hud  kept  up  their  pre- 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    EUROPEAN   COUNTRIES. 


888 


mium  payments  for  a  longor  time  than  thoy  did.  But.  either  from 
carelessness  or  other  causes  of  one  kind  or  another,  a  large  nunilM^r  of 
insurers  fail  to  keep  up  their  premium  payments  and  accordingly 
lose  all  claim  on  the  fund.  It  is  true  that  the  insured  workmen  who 
have  Ih'vu  entitled  to  claim  nnemi>Ioved  pay  from  the  fund  have  so 
far  received  what  was  due  to  them;  but  the  fund  is  never  certain  Ije- 
forehand  that  in  any  given  set  of  circumstances  it  will  Ije  in  a  jKwi- 
tion  to  discharge  its  liabilities.  The  fear  that  this  might  not  Im  the 
case  led,  in  the  winter  of  1808-09,  to  the  reduction  of  the  amount  of 
the  unemployed  pay  after  the  first  four  weeks  of  unemployment." 

Dr.  E.  Hoffnuin,  a  nu^mlxT  of  the  National  Council  from  Fraiien- 
feld  and  author  of  an  important  report  upon  unemployment  to  the 
Swiss  Federal  Department  of  Industry,  remarks:  "Only  njjon  one 
point  has  a  practically  unanimous  opinion  l)een  arrive*!  at — that  is, 
upon  the  entirely  impracticable  character  of  volunt^iry  municipal  un- 
employed insiiranco — an  o])inion  largely  based  upon  tl»e  e\]>erience 
of  the  Bern  fmid."  (<") 

r/i^  St,  Gallrn  exixtriuu^nt. 


\ 


I 

I 
I 

mo 

rpei 
de] 
(a 


On  May  19,  1804,  the  great  council  of  the  Canton  St.  Gallen  gave 
power  to  the  municipal  and  communal  authorities  to  establish  an 
insurance  fund  against  unemployment  which  should  be  compul- 
sory on  all  men  not  earning  more  than  5  francs  (97  cents)  per  day. 
Any  man  earning  more  than  this  could  lie  insured  if  he  so  desired. 
Women  could  1m»  insured  either  voluntarily  or  compulsorily,  as  the 
managers  of  the  fund  thought  to  l>c  wise.  The  bureau  was  estab- 
lished July  1,  1895.  The  general  conditions  under  which  the  fund 
was  conducted  were  as  follows :  The  weekly  dues  from  the  insin^ed  were 
to  ixf  15  centimes  (3  cents),  20  centimes  (4  cents),  and  30  centimes  (0 
Cents)  for  daily  wages  of  3  francs  (58  cents),  4  francs  (77  cents),  and 
5  francs  (07  cents).  No  one  was  to  receive  unemjdoyed  pay  if  work 
couM  Ik*  found  for  him  in  the  trade  to  which  he  Wonged  at  rates 
current  in  his  district.  Payments  for  unemployment  were  to  begin 
only  after  dues  had  Ijeen  paid  for  an  uninterrupted  period  of  six 
months.  In  cjise  of  foreigners  a  longer  period  was  required.  The  es- 
n.ses  of  administration  were  to  be  met  out  of  moneys  of  the  police 
partment.  The  other  ex|>enses  of  the  fund  were  to  come  from 
(a)  the  dues  paid  by  the  insured;  (b)  voluntary  subscriptions  and 
donations;  (c)  by  grants  fn>m  the  municipalities  or  communes  not 

t\o  exceed  2  francs  (HO  cents)  per  |x»rson  per  year;  (d>  subsidies  fr(»m 
ihe  Canton;  (c)  subsidi<»s,  if  any  should  bi»  granted,  from  the  Swiss 
Federal  Government.  Payments  for  unemployment  were  a  dnilv 
sum  of  1.80  francs  (^li  cents)  for  a  maximum  period  of  sixty  w 


884 


BULLETIN   OF   THE    BrBEAU   OF   LABOR. 


days  in  anr  one  year  to  men  earning  3  francs  (58  cents)  or  le=s;: 
2.10  frnncs  (41  cents)  to  men  earning  from  3  to  4  fi'iuics  (58  to  77 
cents )^  and  2.40  francs  (40  wnts)  to  men  earning  from  4  to  5  francs 
(77  to  07  cents)  a  day.  In  times  of  necessity  the  cornmittee  of  man- 
ngx*ment  was  ernp<twcred  to  re^lnce  the  payment  of  iminarried  men,  but 
not  to  a  lower  figuiN?  than  1  franc  ( 19  cents)  per  day.  Men  whose  un- 
employment was  cansed  throngh  serious  miscondnct  or  having  reiised, 
to  work  on  account  of  strike,  or  who  refused  work  without  rcasonabi© 
ground,  or  who  were  incapable  of  work  because  of  accident,  siekne^ 
or  otlicr  causes,  or  wlio  wore  in  the  army,  could  not  claim  unemploy- 
ment pay.  Unemployment  for  less  than  five  conse<'utive  days  witliin 
three  months  gave  no  right  to  a  payment.  The  comniilieo  of  managr- 
ment  was  to  con-ist  of  0  members,  2  to  be  appointed  l>y  the  municipal 
coniK'il  and  7  chosen  from  the  insui-ed  workingmen. 

The  experience  at  St,  Gallen  was,  if  anything,  less  favorable  than 
at  Bern.  Great  difficulty  wn.s  fotmd  in  inchicing  the  workingnieii 
to  become  insuivd.  Those  who  did  bt'couie  insured  were  those  receiv- 
ing the  smaller  wages.  The  higher  class  of  workiugmen  did  not 
favor  the  plan.  Various  criticisms  were  made  of  the  system:  the 
management  of  tlie  fund  was  criticised,  and  the  wliole  experiment 
Koim  l>ecame  so  ujisatisfactoiy  that  the  bureau  was  closed  Jutie  30, 
1807,  In  the  couise  of  its  two  yeais'  existence  the  fund  had  received 
from  the  municipality  !22,i:i5.iJa  francs  ($4,ii7*^.l(i)  and  from  tho 
Canton  (5,000  franca  ($1,158).  Nevertheless,  when  tht!  fund  was 
cloM»d  there  was  still  n  deficit  of  4,51*^.19  franeti  ($871.74).  Doctor 
Schanz  states  that  cme-fourth  of  the  workingmen  of  St.  (vallen  were 
never  insured  at  all.  and  that  of  those  who  were  insured  I^.(>  per 
cent  were  not  entitled  to  make  any  claim  on  the  fund,  in  most  coam 
Ijecaiise  their  minimum  jK'riod  of  premium  payment  had  not  expired. 

The  English  Iteport  on  Agencies  and  Methods  for  Dealing  with 
the  I'noinpioycd  in  Certain  Foreign  Countries,  by  lifr.  D.  F.  Schloas 
(1004),  speaking  of  the  8t.  (Jallen  exi>eriment,  says: 

One  ii?a.son  for  the  failure  of  this  scheme  is  said  to  have  been  that 
the  administration  of  the  fund  was  made  part  of  the  business  of  the 
jxior  law  dc[>artinont  of  tlie  St.  Gallen  municipality,  a  fact  which 
gave  the  ^clieme  at  once  an  outdoor  relief  cLimpIcAion  and  inlded  to 
the  hostility  of  the  U'Her  situated  among  tho  working  clus-^'s.  >Muit 
ifi  more,  the  offic<»r  in  charge  of  the  poor  law  dt^partnient,  though  his 
work  was  thus  greatly  jncreasetl,  rcceivctl  no  extra  nay  for  the  per- 
formance of  his  duties  in  connection  with  the  fund.    •    ♦    • 

Tlie  manner  in  which  the      '  was  carried  out  ;       ^        t<i  have 

been  xviy  defective.     The  i  cM»iug  the  adniif  u  of  the 

fund  wore  uoi  properly  ob^i  Vf tl  in  actual  pnictice.  Tims,  in  thttt^ 
first  3'eor  of  I  lie  fund,  men  wlu)  had  not  fulfilled  the  ropiireuientJ! 
that  they  should  Iiavo  paid  their  prcuiiums  for  au  tuiiutcrnipted 


: 


THE  UNEMPLOYED  IN    EUBOPE.\K   COUNTRIES. 


period  of  six  months,  and  who  wvn*  months  in  arrear  with  their 
payments,  were  allowed  to  receive  nneiiipluyed  pay,  merely  liaving 
llieir  arrears,  plus  a  fine  of  Is.  T.2d.  (50  ocnts)  [jer  month,  deducted 
from  tlti^  P^y* 

IAltofj^elher.  it  may  be  said  that  tike  manner  in  whidi  this  St.  Gallcn 
scheme  was  rairied  ont  w«>  m>  nnsyslenialio  and  that  in  its  organ- 
ization so  mnch  want  nf  judgment  was  shown  tiiat  its  valne  as  an 
^  experiment   is  no(   givat.     So  far  as  it   «joes,  the  experience  gaine<I 
Kin  this  attempt  to  introdnce  compulsory  insurance  against  unemploy- 
'  ment  can  not  be  held  to  l>e  favorable,  though,  of  course,  it  may  not 
l^e  impiissible  that  u  different  f^'heine^  better  administered^  might  Ih? 
niore  successful.     At   the  same  time  it  ap{>ears  sufficiently  proved 
that  tlio  difficulties  in  the  way  of  any  such  system  must  always  be 
Ivery  considerable. 


The  Battel  experiment. 


I 


In  the  spring  of  1001  the  Ra-sol  Labor  Federation  e-stablished  a 
bureau  and  an  unemployed  fund  on  the  following  basis: 

It  was  to  be  open  to  all  workingmcn  in  Rasel,  whether  trades- 
unionists  or  not.  Its  funds  were  to  come  (a)  from  monthly  dues  of 
its  members:  (b)  annual  contributions  for  hiuiorary  memlxTs;  (c) 
donations  and  collections;   (d)  grants  from  the  trade  unioas;  (e) 

I  subsidies  from  the  Canton.  The  monthly  duej^  were  as  follows:  From 
men  earning  4  francs  (77  cents)  or  less  jH»r  day,  40  centimes  (8  cents) 
per  month;  from  tLose  earning  fi'om  -4  to  5  francs  (T7  to  97  cents) 
per  day,  r>0  cf^ntimc-s  ( 10  cents)  per  month;  from  those  earning  over 
_  U  francs  (97  cents)  per  day,  <J0  c«'ntime^  (12  cents)  per  month.  TIhj 
I  amount  to  be  paid  to  the  unimployed  was  to  l>e  determined  by  the 
management.    Xo  one  could  claim  any  payment  until  he  had  been  ont 

»of  work  fiftt'en  days  after  re|x»rting  himself  as  unemployed.  If,  in 
the  meantime,  he  had  receive<l  work,  he  was  liound  to  refxirl  it,  or  if 
he  got  temporary  employment  his  clami  was  to  be  reduced  by  one 

I  day  8  l>eneHt  for  every  two  days'  tenii>orary  emphn  ntent. 
Unemployed  pay  could  not  be  given  ex^rept  to  those  who  had  made 
payment  to  the  ftmd  for  ai  leu^^t  six  months.    Anyone  in  arrears  with 

this  dues  was  to  jiay  a  line  of  1  franc  ( lH  cents).  This  system  also 
received  aid  from  tlie  Government,  the  liasel  government  contributing, 
in  1901-2.  1.000  francs  ($108)  to  the  fund,  though  the  manag«?ment  of 
the  bui-ean  is  in  the  hands  of  the  trades-unionists,  the  Canton,  how- 
ever»  being  represented  on  the  nuinagemenl.  Municipal  employees 
were  conqjelied  to  W  insured  in  the  fund. 

The  fund  has  not  l>een  a  great  =ucces%  In  ltH>2-3,  1,174  |>ersons 
were  insured  in  it ;  in  1001-5,  401,  and  in  1005-«,  498.  Two-thirds  of 
the  insured  were  in  the  building  trades.  In  1900, 207  of  the  408  mem- 
bers insured  were  out  of  uork. 


« 


3  BULLETIN    OF   THE   BtrrtEAr   OF  LABOH. 

The  following  table  shows  the  iiirmbership  niul  (inuncinl  status  of 
the  bureau  from  1901-2  to  1905-C: 

MKMBEK8air.    RECEIPTS.  AND  EXPENDITITRKS  OF  THE  C?fKMPKOyMEXT  BC 
HEAV  OF  TUE  BASEL  LABOR   FEDERATION.   1f>01-'J  IX)  lDOS-4. 


lBOl-3. 

UXXM. 

IWQ-l. 

lIXM-fi. 

1006-0. 

T0t4l. 

Active  ntfimbera ,,...„.,„. 

noDorary  nietnl»on»...,^..i.--..-,«. 

eo6 

91 

103 

M17. 1» 

S301.5t 

siaa.Qo 

S1US.0O 

•70.44 
•14.H& 

1,174 

IM 

•461.31 

9242.  Ca 
SldlflD 
•103.00 

•4158 

•oaas 

m 

10» 

•asxM 

•187.21 
n€i  OO 

•193(10 

•IS.  16 
I3C47 

401 

•3S8.A 
•182. » 

•sttLon 
•i«i.ao 

•5.» 

•4a  14 

4>8 

VTaM 

•I»O.M 

:;;;;:::j 

Hecflipts: 

Duftfl  froin  iicttvc  tncinbcrs 

•1,099.40 
•I. 06^  SB 

bers 

Cuntonul  ^ubskUui  ..   . 

•1.M4.9 
•TT^fll 

CJ rants  from  coomrMtlve  MKletr 

DonstloHK  from  indiTidiiulB  ontf  from 

ollior  societies .  . 

•i.aa 

•41.fiS 

tinifl 

klict'olliuicous. .....................  . 

•ITlS 

ToUlrcodpU 

•I.  159.  DO 

•1,173.36 

•1,  lap.  SB 

•i,iaa.74 

•MLAO 

U.  612.01 

Expimdlturps: 

AUowniu'ca  to  unemployed  members. 

flthnr  ^Tpvnnu                  ,     ,  , 

•656.38 
•KLU 

•1,088b  OB 
•67.77 

•790. 7S 
•BL07 

IBSS.06 

•SO.  03 

•1,301.67 
•190.  U 

"iS&2 

ToUJ  <'xprndlturt« „ ,.. 

»a» 

•1,135.W 

fm.18 

•91^00 

•t,40i.ia 

u.w.d 

* 

Not  ropo 

rted. 

In  the  above  table  virtually  the  same  results  are  shown  in  Basel  as 
in  iho  Bern  inuiucipal  btirenu.  The  bureau  here  is  no  more  succe^.'^ful 
in  lieiiig  self-supporting  than  the  one  at  Bern,  nor  does  it  accomplish 
large  result-s.  In  the  first  two  years  quite  a  numl>er  joined  the  bureau, 
I>€rhnp.s  owing  to  its  novelty,  luid  rpnckl}'  dropped  out,  but  sint 
these  two  yeuj-s,  tl»e  numbers  and  their  payments  have  remained' 
fairly  steady.  This,  taken  in  connection  with  the  fact  that  most  of 
the  meml>ers  are  of  tlie  liuilding  tnides,  shows  llial,  while  the  bureau 
has  not  met  a  general  need,  it  is  made  use  of  by  a  .steady  proportion  of 
men  wlK>se  occupation  involves  more  or  le&s  suspension  of  work  in 
the  winter  months.  For  them  the  bureau  is  a  help.  Men  mnkiu] 
use  of  the  bureau  year  by  year  coino  to  be  known  by  the  manage- 
ment. The  officers  of  the  bureau  know  who  are  reliable  men. 
Sources  of  waste  and  weakness  are  eliminated.  The  advocates  of 
the  work  of  the  bureau  argue  that  while  this  bun*au  and  that  of 
Bern  has  to  be  aided  by  the  Canton,  it  must  be  remembered  that  in 
some  way  in  eveiy  cotuitrj*  the  imeniployed  uiv  an  expense  to  tim 
community,  and  the  question  arises  if  this  way.  which  makes  the 
unemployed  pay  something,  is  not  one  of  the  l>est  ways  to  aid  them. 
It  is  noteworthy  tliat  the  Swiss  Federal  Council  in  1907,  while  votinj 
federal  aid  to  the  public  employment  bureaus,  voted  to  consider 
still  further  the  question  of  federal  aid  to  the  bureaus  of  inmiranoe 
ngain.st  unemployment.  The  conclusion  seems  to  be  that  wliile  th( 
bureaus  arc  not  to  l»e  declared  wholly  faihin^s,  us  some  writers  aasert,- 
their  usefulness  is  not  yet  greats  and  they  are  to  be  clasbed  rather  as 
email  but  interesting  experiments. 


^late. 


THE  0KEMPLOYED  IN    BCBOPKAK   COUNTRIES. 


GERMANY. 


B      The  experience  in  Germany  with  uneniplo^'nient  insurance  has  not 

■  been  essentially  different  from  that  of  Switzerland.  As  stated  above, 
Kno  attempt  has  been  nnule  for  any  .'H'heme  of  this  kind  for  the  Empire. 
H  In  only  two  cities  have  there  been  experiments  in  this  line — Cologne 
Hand  I^ipzig. 

H  The  Cologne  bureau  for  insurance  against  unemployment  in  winter 
"was  estnblishe<l  May  0,  18!)<>.  The  system  adopted  (according  to  the 
rules  as  amended  in  1808  and  again  in  1901)  is  as  follows;  The 
ft  object  of  the  bureau  is  to  provide,  with  the  assistance  of  the  Cologne 
'  employment  biireau,  an  in.-urance  apiinj-t  unemployment  during  the 
winter  (Decemlx-r  10  to  March  10)  for  the  benefit  of  male  work 
Hpeople  in  the  Cologne  district. 

"  Membership  consists  of  workingmen,  employers,  honorary  mem- 
bers, and  other  contributors.  Employers  make  one  payment  of  300 
marks  ($71.40),  honorary  members  pay  .5  marks  ($1.10)  annually, 
workingmen  pay  1  mark  (2-1  cents)  or  over  per  month. 

The  receipts  are  composed  of  the  dues  of  members,  contributions 

■  of  societies,  donations  of  employers  and  benevolent  persons,  and  sub- 
feidies  by  the  city  of  Cologne. 

Originally  workingmen  of  18  years  or  over,  who  had  lived  at 
least  two  years  in  Cologne,  were  admitted  on  payment  of  uniform 
dues  of  25  pfennigs  ((5  cents)  i)er  week  for  twenty-six  consecutive 
weeks,  beginning  April  1.  These  conditions  have  been  changed  sev- 
eral times  in  a  number  of  ways.  The  weekly  dues  must  now  be  paid 
for  thirty-four  weeks,  and  their  amount  w.is  first  changed  to  35 
pfennigs  (I)  cents)    for  mechanics,  while  unskilled  laborers  were  to 

■  pay  25  pfennigs  (6  cents).  The  residence  requireil  for  meml>ership 
was  reduced  fnmi  two  years  to  one  (March,  lSii8),  and  for  soldiers 
honorably  discharged   during  the  autiann  to  six   months    (March, 

»1£»01).  In  March,  1903,  the  dues  were  raised  to  30  and  40  pfennigs 
(7  and  10  cents),  respectively,  and  in  March.  H»05.  to  35  and  45 
pfennigs  (8  and  11  cents),  respectively,  A  provision  was  introduced 
that  only  workingmen  who  have  a  regular  ti-ade  should  be  admitted 
j^as  menibers ;  idlers  and  temporary  inhabitants  of  the  city  are  excluded. 

■  The  insured  receive  *J  marks  (48  cents)  per  day  for  twenty  days  if 
married,  and  1-5  marks  (36  cents)  if  single.  For  thirty  days  there- 
after the  amount  is  reduced  one-half  in  each  case.  Later  tlie  dis- 
tinction  ln'tween  married  and  single   people  was  at^olished,  and  2 

arks  were  paid  to  all  insured  for  twenty  days  and  1  mark  for  twenty- 
eight  days  after. 
These  benefits  are  forfeited  if  a  member  has  not  paid  his  dues;  if 
Biie  was  pennanently  unemployable  at  the  time  he  entered  tUe  csv^i\w- 
ization:  if  he  has  lost  his  work  through  s\cVa\«s5.  ot  «5^^  ^^\'AVt,V^ 


888 


BULLETIN   OF  THE    Bl'BBAU   OF  UIBOR. 


n  claim  upon  sick  benefit,  accident,  invalid,  or  oKl-age  Insumnce;  if 
lie  lost  his  work  by  his  own  fnult:  if  lio  ileolines  snitubU^  work  wlioi 
offered,  and  if  he  leaves  Cologne.  It  is  held  thai  the  imperial  in»ur- 
ance  fund  covers  most  of  these  cases. 

The  ^neral  management  of  the  organization  is  representative  of 
the  interested  classes.  The  chief  hnrg-omaster  of  Colore  is  [in*.sident, 
and  the  exeoulive  committee  cou-^i-^ls  of  the  head  of  the  general  em- 
ployment bnrean — a  municipal  institution — and  24  members,  12  of 
whom  are  elected  by  the  insured*  and  \'2  patrons  or  honorary  mem- 
Iiers,  six  of  whom  must  be  employee  anti  six  neither  employers  nor 
employees.    All  meuil»crs  have  the  right  to  vote  at  the  annual  meeting. 

One  of  the  giirutest  advjintagi's  of  this  orgauization  is  its  elosci 
connection  with  the  municipal  employment  bureau,  since  many  mem- 
bej's — DO  per  cent  in  1904-5 — are  thus  given  work,  even  during  (he 
wmter.  Thin  relieved  the  treasury  to  such  an  extent  that  the  city 
did  not  need  to  make  a  contribution  for  several  years.  The  moral 
effect  of  getting  work  is  of  coarse  evident. 

Ex[>orience  has  shown  that  the  working  people  have  not  been 
enthusiastic  concerning  this  scheme.  Unskilled  laborers  were  nnahlis 
to  pay  the  dues,  and  skilled  mechanics  who  had  a  fair  chance  to  be 
employed  during  the  winter  did  not  caiv  to  insure.  The  organization 
Ijecame,  consequently,  an  iustittition  chiefly  for  skilled  workingnien 
who  were  certain  to  be  unemployed  during  the  season;  for  example, 
cwri>enters,  masons,  etc.  'lliese  men  draw,  of  course,  more  than  they 
pay  in,  and  the  organization  is  therefore  leas  an  insurance  institution 
than  one  of  disguised  philanthropy  for  which  employers,  honorarir' 
members,  and  the  city  furnish  the  means. 

A  coniparison  for  the  dillercut  j'ears  shows  the  growth  of  the 
organization. 


ruusoNs  ixsmsn  and  alix)waxcrs  paid  bv  the  coloonk  nuREAU  for 

INSURANCK  AOAIXBT  UXEMl'LOYSIKNT  IN  WINTKR.   1»0<M>7  TO   1906-T. 


fNifwrna  Inmiwl. 


Y0*r. 


Ra- 


Tout. 


iMB-i I  ori 

t«M-} I  i.um 

JM    .        .  . 

IWU-— .,..  ....... 

ISO^T ,  1,2U 


.1-  1 

88 

U3 

m 

m 

«& 

3^ 

M 

» 

»S 

iM 

ini 

l.llK 

'" 

1   -.,  - 

ii< 

i.itjj 

lOD 

.,«| 

Xuni' 


THE   UKEMPLUYED   IX    RUHOPEAN"   COUNTRIES. 


839 


The  report  of  the  iuhurauce  for  190<i-7  show^  that  of  the  1,255  per- 
ms insui*e<l  1^8  were  from  IS  to  20  years  of  age.  -370  from  21  to  SO, 
t23  from  31  to  40,  239  from  41  to  :>0,  152  from  51  to  00,  and  27  from 
to  70.    There  were  1,039  married  and  21C  single  i>ei*iions.    Of  the 
unemployed  923  were  in  the  build in«^  trader.     The  number  who 
sported  their  nnemjdoynjent  inuiiediately  on  losing  work  wns  535, 
)7  i-eported  in  from  1  to  5  days.  35  in  from  0  to  10  days,  24  in  from 
to  15  days,  11  in  from  Ifi  to  20  duys,  27  in  from  2l  to  40  days,  and 
I  in  41  days  or  over.     Sicknet*  was  the  main  cause  of  the  delayed 
'p<>rts.     The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  skilled  and  un- 
skilknl  jH'rsons  ivceiving  payments  for  eaeh  specitietl  nuiiilx^r  of  da3's: 

PRHSONH  HKi'BIVINO  ALIX)WANt;ER  FROM  THE  COLOtiNE  BIHEAU  KOn  IS- 
'^m  SriEAXCE  A0AIN8T  VXEMrLOYMENT  FOB  EACH  SrECIIIEn  Nl'MBGU  Ol-' 
^B      DAYS,    MMMV-T. 


•Numlwrof  day^i^ 


Lto«.. 


to  IS. 

toU. 


SklULMl    L'nskUled 

wortcen,   worken. 

54 

48 

tt 

75 

17 

70 

IS 

80 

4S 

W 

» 

n 

Tout.        Nimhvr  of  days. 


72   I  31  to3S. 

06  i\  »tO«). 

87  \  41  to4A. 
US   I  4010  47. 

I«i,  « 

U2H 


SklUHl 

I'PftkUhxl 

voftera. 

worloen. 

31 

77 

14 

JB 

10 

33 

6 

17 

34 

71 

Tot*L 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  persons  rei'eiving  caeh 
)erified  allowance: 


ERSONS     BEOEIVING     EACH     SrECIFlED    ALLOWANTE    FROM    THE    COLOGKK 
BUREAl*  FOR  INSrRANCE  AGAINST  CNEHrLOVUKXT.  lW)S-7. 


Allowttnr«  ncnlTvd. 


I  ton  murks  (10.24  to  11. ID).. 
«  to  10  niarka  (tl.43  to  Si.3»L 

II  to  15  nuirk*  (t2.fi  to  43.47^ 
in  to  1»  murki  i%iM  ta  $4.70) 
~"  Id  fS  rniirk*  i$.'i  l.i  J.'. A'} 

,3f, 

is.- 


Numl«r 

ol 
persona. 


Attowance  i«c«lr»d. 


Xoml«r 
of 

|iennna. 


41io  4S  nwrki  (io.7o  to  sio.n) . . 
46  to  50  marks  ($iu.«5  to  $11.90). 
ai  to  &5  nurki  II1-2.M  to  113.00) . 
MtA«m«rki  (tl3.3.{  to  IL4.2S). 
ftl  to  as  marks  <(tl4.&3  to  $l&.47) 
05  tp  C7  marks  itlXTl  to  115.05) . 
MsMrloi  (910.lfi> 


144 

ita 

08 
06 

«a 

33 

U 


T}\e  followingr  tnble  shows  the  receipts  nnd  expenditnres  of  the 
ureiui  for  the  year  ending  ilarch  31.  1007: 

;ECEIFTS   AND   EXPENI)ITrRF.S   OF  THE    roi.o«;NE    nt'REAr    FOR    IXSrRAJS'CB 
AGAIKST  rNEMPLOYMENT.    lOOfl-T. 


BiCCMpCA* 


Expontflturaa. 


Items. 


AmouBt. 


II  Mn*. 


Araoont. 


cnuury  AprUi.i'»6 '  833,0(0. r> 

■Iromibecitjr |      4,700.0' 

tymenta    from    booorarjr  | 


I  tig. 


dUMof  tbolJUunHi. 


ri&l  tasuranoa  ooata 


i,«y-^' 


tl03.27 
73  70 
31.  U 
17.36 
9.00 
UO.M 
IHk^HI 
4«  Al 


!T\i   \\      V»f, 


a,  B4a.  <  > 


J 


S40 


Bri-LETTX   OF   THE    BUREAU    OF   lABOR. 


Tiio  I^Mpzij/  bitrt'jui  iiisnro.N  apniist  iincMiployment  nil  (lie  year 
roiin*!.  AltMiihersluj)  is  voluntary  unci  is  conKiicd  to  men  of  Ifj  to  66 
rears  who  have  lived  in  Leipzig  for  at  least  one  year.  The  dues  vary 
accordinf*  to  the  risks  of  unemployment  in  the  trades — 30  pfennigs 
(T  cents)  per  week  for  the  sninllest  and  r>0  pfennigs  (14  cents)  per 
week  for  the  greatest,  witli  two  intermediary  classes.  The  benefits  are 
uniform  nnd  amonnt  to  1.20  mark:^  (29  cents)  per  day  for  forty-two 
days,  beginning  with  the  fourth  ihiy  of  nnemploynK'nt,  provideti  the 
unemployed  was  not  to  blame  for  losing  his  work.  Members  who 
have  not  drnwn  benefits  for  two  youis  receive  special  privileges,  either 
in  an  extension  of  time  or  in  a  reduction  of  premiums.  The  organiza- 
tion has  no  connection  with  any  employment  bureau  and  has  but  few 
results  to  show  since  operations  l>egan  in  March,  1905. 

Why  Germany  has  not  develoj»ed  State  insurance  against  unem- 
ployment as  it  has  other  forms  of  industrial  insurance  is  a  question 
often  asked.  Even  the  Ghent  plan,  extending  as  has  l>een  stated 
through  several  other  European  countries,  has  scarcely  entered  Ger- 
many. At  Munich  the  principle  of  municipal  insurance  has  lieen 
adopted,  but  as  yet  even  here  there  has  been  no  action.  Cologne  and 
Leipzig  still  renniin  the  only  instances  of  imemphiynient  insurance 
apart  from  trade-union  benefits  in  the  Empire. 

The  reason  is  to  be  looked  for  in  more  directions  than  one.  The 
German  trade  unions  have  not  particularly  desired  it*  Committed 
to  social  democracy  more  than  in  most  countries,  their  members  often 
in  ccmflict  with  the  Government,  they  have  not  seemed  particularly 
desirous  of  seeing  the  Government  enter  this  field  in  which  they  (lunn- 
telves  are  doing  considerable. 

A  second  reason  probably  is  that  Gennany  with  its  rect^nt  rapidly 
progressing  industrial  life  has  not  felt  the  unemployment  (juestion 
quite  so  keenly  as  some  other  countrie.s. 

Thirdly,  the  Government  itself  has  Wn  fully  occupied  in  develop- 
ing other  forms  of  industrial  insurance. 

The  feeling  has  existed  among  (Jernians  that  unemployment  in- 
surance is  on  many  grounds  more  difficult  to  establish  and  administer 
than  other  forms  of  insurance.  Personal  questions  and  moral  ques- 
tions enter  much  more  into  this  field  than  in  mof^t  fields.  Few  per- 
sons will  seek  sickness  or  accident  in  ord>'r  to  gel  an  insuran<H»  pay- 
ment. But  people  might  l»e  tempted  to  quit  work  if  they  couhl  get 
even  a  amall  unemployment  payment.  These  and  a  multitude  of 
other  HMiscuis  luive  ])rr)bably  entered  in.  It  is  interesting  in  any  case 
to  consider  the  conchisions  ou  the  subject  in  the  e.xliaustive  threc- 
vohime  reix»rt  on  unemployment  which  the  Labor  Department  of  the 


THE    rXEMPLOTED    IN    EUKOPEAN    COUNTRIES, 


841 


Tinperinl  Statistical  Office  made  to  the  Reichstag  in  lOW. 
elusions  nre  ns  fctllows: 


These  con- 


Conclusions  of  the  Report  of  the  Impertal  Stathttral  Office  of^  Ger- 
many on  *'  The  ExUfituf  Institutions  for  Insurance  against  Unem- 
ployment^^'' made  to  the  Reichstag  in  1906. {'^) 

The  Imperial  Statistical  Office  has  no  proposals  of  its  own  to  offer, 
lut  has  restricted  it^^clf  to  giving  a  comprehensive  account  of  the 
listing  systems  and  proposals.    From  this  arcoimt  it  may  be  con- 
luded  that  the  struggle  against  unemployment  itself  has  to  take  the 
form  not  of  insurance,  but  partly  of  preventive  measuri*s  of  a  general 
character,  such  as  the  regulation  of  prtxluction,  general  economic  pol- 
icies, raising  the  standard  of  general  education,  regidation  of  the  con- 
ditions of  entrance  to  trades,  etc.,  and  p^^rtl}'  of  iinding  employment 
"Tor  the  existing  labor  supply,  and  of  creating  employment,  such 
IS  relief  work.    On  the  other  hand,  insurance  offers  only  a  relief  from 
"le  consequences  of  unemployment  without  removing  the  cause. 

The  statement  of  the  facts  concerning  unemployment  showed  that 
IS  far  as  the  temiwrary  unemplovment  of  a  limited  class  of  persons 
uras  concerned,  it  was  an  economic  phenomenon  occurring  witli  some 
^regularity  and  definiteness,  and  that  on  the  basis  of  experience  an 
estimate  might  be  made  as  to  the  time  of  its  occurrent^  as  well  as  to 
its  duration  and  extent.    There  would  therefore  be  no  insurmountable 
difficulties  to  a  system  of  iusuraiioe  from  the  purely  insurance  point 
of  view.    Furthermore,  it  has  been  shown  that  the  risk  of  unemploy- 
ment varies  greatly  in  different  occupations,  so  that  the  need  of  relief 
from  the  results  of  unemployment  is  not  uniform  in  all  occupations. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  has  been  shown  that  in  some  occupations — such 
as   agriculture,   transportation    on    inland    waterways,   the   building 
trades — the  temporary  stopping  of  Avork  during  a  certain  time  of  the 
^car  is  a  characteristic  of  the  method  of  operation  of  these  industries, 
tn  part  this  fact  finds  expression  in  the  wages  paifl  in  these  indus- 
tries, and  in  part  requires  special  consideration  of  the  importance  of 
•Biich  unemployment  in  view  of  }>ccu]iar  conditions  in  some  industries, 
as  in  agriculture. 

The  difficulties  of  a  system  of  insurance  against  the  results  of  im- 
employ'ment  come  emphatically  from  another  dii'ection.  The  prin- 
cipal difficulties  arise,  first,  in  connection  with  the  determination  and 
(definition  of  what  sort  of  unemployment  is  entitled  to  beuefitti,  and, 
second,  in  connection  with  supervising  the  carrying  out  of  this  defini- 
tion in  actual  practice.  Enforcing  the  requirement  that  any  offer  of 
%ork  must  be  accepted  by  the  workman  brings  further  difficulties. 
The  problem  of  checking  or  controlling  the  facts  concerning  unem- 
ployment of  large  numbers  of  unorganized  and  unemployed  men  has 
not  yet  been  solvetl  anywhere  in  actual  practice. 

In  considering  those  forms  of  solving  the  problem  which  involve 

the  use  of  the  funds  of  the  state  for  insurance  apiinst  unemployment, 

^it  has  been  shown  that  a  system  of  compulsory  insurance  against  un- 


ft 


f   "See  Die  bemphnulen  Einrlcbtiiupen  «ur  Versicherung  KOgen  'li' 
Arbeltsloaigkeit,  Part  I,  pp.  006-^67. 


K'liff**'!  der 


842 


Bvu-Exrx  or  tbz  pntEAiT  cr  iabok. 


lit.     Asitk*  from 
uch  a  scope,  it  w. 


i'juploymenl  for  all  worknien — Iht  eilort  in  tSt.  trallen  was  i\w>  Ofi! 
practical  utleinpt  of  liiis  kind — places  burdens  on  classes  of  ooci 
tions  for  which  tin*  risk  of  niRMnjdovniont  either  dtX's  not  exist  of 
very  sii^diL     On  tbp  other  h«nd.  julj listing  ihv  jHemiums  to  oom 
Kpoiid  iv  aclual  rink  i^ 
of  tlic  necossitv  of  givii  - 

that  systems  of  in.snrancc  ajjuinst.  nncniiiloyincnt  for  all   workmen, 
when  nituiaged  by  govcriuuent  oiHciaJb,  Jinve  to  make  use  of  certaia. 
te«ts,  and  hiive  to  restrict  tJje  definition  of  wiiat  sort  of  uneiup1oy« 
lueiit  is  eiititted  to  heuefitti.     Workiugnieji  would   i>rohal>ly 
the^'  te^ls  and  limitations  a^  a  restriction  on  tiieir  fre«xloim  of  mi^r 
tioii  and  as  an  jnterfcrenoe  wiih  the  objcM-ts  noiiglU  by  t!H»ir  union 
Tliib  is  particularly  true  both  in  thi^'^ti'fatmcnt  of  a  workiuati  wl 
voluntarily  given  up  Jilri  pla*.:e  and  tlic  retptii'ejneait  that  a  woi'kmi 
must  accept  any  jol)  ofi'ered  to  hlnj. 

If  i\w  innuranw  system  co\^rs  a  liirjre  uMml*er  of  jHM'sonft.  tbe  rii 
of  its  -abiis*'  is  very  great.  The  check  aiforded  by  the  emphiyuiei 
bureau  alone  has  not  yet  shown  itself  a8  Kufficieutly  etfectivet  as  it  is 
atill  possible,  while  receiving  benedts,  to  secretiy  gel  a  potdtion  or 
to  get  partial  emplovrnmi!.  It  is  n«  Vel  unsi'trUul  whetlaM*.  un<ler 
tLe  condilionti  prevailing  in  large  cities,  the  euiployim'nt  '  "U 

ever  be  in  a  pt)stti<»n  to  accomplish  what  a  iiuiverbal  tn.  i 

insurance  svhtem  i'e(|uii'es.  j 

Tlie  (Kdntiou  otfcrctl  In'  voluntary  iu>*iiranoe  against  uu-  ^  - 
meut  can  count  only  oia  those  pei'sons  wi>o  tlkemselves  realiKt^  tUeir 
ueed  of  iiisiuraiKH.'.  £x])eri«nce  lias  nhf^wn  that,  atiide  fr<mi  I  lie 
orgaJiiKed  woabiien,  these  persons  ai'e  but  few  in  number.  To  juJ^ 
from  pn'vious  espcrience.  in  tlic  worst  ifiluated  workmen  tlnTr* 
lackin;.',  tirtit,  the  pergonal  initiative  to  take  out  the  insuraiKe,  ant 
second,  income  sufficient  U*  pay  ihf  premiums  regularly.  Uti6iii|»loy'<j 
nient  iuMirauce  fundf^  of  the  voluntary  tyj^e,  tlierefoiv^raiKlepead 
efir«dliiig  only  u  very  limited  number  f»f  workjuen,  and  those  will 
of  the  better  situated  dasH.  In  the  existing  voluntary*  funds  U 
tiioae  ^ngagtiil  in  the  btdihling  trades  et^iecially  who  have  tDShle  piv>- 
vifiioiii  of  thin  kijid, 

A  compromise  between  the  compnlfioiy  and  tlie  VoUitnLai7  eysl 
of  intvurauce  which  has  many  advantages  consists  of  tiie  f=y  ' 
pi-antiny  snljsidjes  to  the  exiMiuif  in^liluti*>nH  for  tlu'  rrlief  .. 
pi-  The  subsidies  .•>  vd  to  (a)  ^^ 

(b)   other  orgu:  -   whiclj.   tin.  ^  ', 

i\ide  aid  in  caee  of  unemjjJoymeut.     In   Bclgiuju  this  plan   ha.s 

►u  adojited  by  tlie  eomnninal  adtninisti'ntions  and  in  France  by 
ILe  national  adminislraliciin.     SLuoe  in  most  countries  tlve  proport/ 
of  workiitgiucn  who  an*  organized  ia  relfttively  Mnali,  the  gj^ati 
part  of  the  wiukingineu  are  not   included  in  suih  a  system,     TI 
plan  to  remove  tlii-  difficulty  l>y  provi  ''  ,     '       '     ''   ■" 

unorganised    workini'U    lln-ouKh    j/rnnl  i 


irc,     (Jn  tJic  otijcr  iiam^i,  ;;^eneral  insuj'ance  ti 
'Icmen  fo  ocMuplete  tiie  syttltun  have  ne^er   v   : 
»ut  would  l*e  re<|uireil  to  e(|ualize  the  sysil^m  in  fa«*nr 
^r,...,}  «<'orkuien.    An  ext<;nsiun  <if ''- ■    •   (cm  in  uae  In  i/Li: 


THE  VKnUPLOYtD  IK   EUEOPEAX   COCNTBUEfi, 


843 


France  is  coiUainf^d  in  the  propo-suls  umde  to  tlu'  oomniissions  con- 
sidering tbi«  problem  in  Norway  and  Dtninmrk.  These  proposaln 
111]  S4'ek  to  reinovo  the  seridus  ohjerti<vn.s  niisiMl  against  a  one-sided 
ffiant  U>  lidjor  nnitnis  only,  by  Rnir*:tv=^tin^  n  hotter  method  than  the 
crcntion  of  siivin;^  iiistifulions  for  unoifrunized  wr»rbinen.  With 
the  exception  of  Belginm,  all  solutions  involving  the  participation 
of  the  (iovi^rnment  are  either  in  their  fii*st  statcc  of  development  or 
are  only  projects,  and  have  as  yet  not  produced  results  which  would 
permit  of  a  delinite  conelnsion  as  to  their  value.  As  far  as  the 
participation  nf  the  communes  is  concenied,  the  experience  of  Bel- 
giunu  on  the  whnle^  has  not  been  unfavorable.  The  .serious  diificul- 
lie.s  connerted  witli  this  solution  of  the  pi*oblom  have  already  been 
discussed  in  the  i-eport, 

For  a  limited  class  of  workmen,  astiurunce  against  the  results  of 
unemployment  through  various  systems  of  self-help  without  the 
assistance  of  pul>lic  funds,  has  lx*en  successful  to  an  increasing 
extent  in  all  countries.  This  has  taken  place  partly  through  tlie 
labor  organizations  and  partly  with  the  assistance  of  cooj>erati\-e 
consumers'  societies.  Workingmen.  liowever,  only  partly  admit 
tliat  self-hol|)  alone  is  the  normul  form  of  assurance  against  the  i-e- 
sults  of  uncniploymcnt ;  th<'y  lake  the  ground  that  l{?rtving  workmen 
to  systems  of  self-help  burdens  them  unjustlv,  that  imemploj'ment 
is  n  consequence  of  the  existing  e<"onomic  order,  and  that  therefore 
ti^e  co8t  of  the  assurance  shouhl  l>e  twrne  by  society  as  a  whole.  In 
this  connection,  however,  it  should  not  W  overlooked  that  this 
rensoning  can  not  be  restricted  to  workingmen;  exactly  the  same 
claim  could  be  made  for  any  person  who  is  economically  dependent, 
and  this  in  coris«'quence  would  lead  to  the  demaml  for  m  stale  iusnr- 
Huce  of  everyone  not  independent  in  the  econouuc  sense. 

Tile  objts'tiou  tlmt  leaving  workmen  to  systeius  of  self-help  bur- 
dens tliem  unjuslly  is  also  raised  against  the  system  of  compulsor)' 
saving  which  has  (>ecn  proposed  as  a  substitute  for  insurance  agniiii^ 
unemployment,  and  which,  in  opposition  to  the  insurance  principle 
of  ''all  for  one,*'  is  based  on  the  individualistic  principle  of  '*  each 
for  himself.'' 

All  proposals  ai'e  agreed  and  all  practical  experience  has  shown  that 
for  every  f<irm  either  of  insurance  or  of  nnHinphirmeiit  relief  llie 
existence  and  development  of  employment  agencies  is  of  the  highest 
inij>ortttnce. 

UxKMPLOYEn  Kr.MKF  Works- 


A  nutans  of  relief  for  the  temporarily  unemployed  is  the  provision 
of  relief  works  by  (lie  municipality,  stale,  or  other  govermuenl,  phil- 
anthropic, or  chant-able  body.  Normally  such  relief  is  not,  or  at 
least  shfinld  not  be,  nec«»s.sary.  Ks|>e<'ialiy  is  this  the  case  if  there  be 
develoi*ed  a  gotni  system  for  finding  men  work  and  again  of  insuring 
i«gnins-t  iincmployinent  until  they  do  find  work.  YH  frequently 
there  rome  iw*riods — in  s<»mc  comitri^^  alnK^t  every  winter — when 
[vven  tlie  moi^l  skdted  and  those  most  anxious  for  work  mn  not  tind 
it>  when  irade  tniiouff  aiv  unable  adequately  to  help  their  mendx'r«, 
[nnd  when  no  ny^tem  of  insurance  against  uneuiployn>ent  has  yet 


844 


BULLETIN    (IF    THE    BUBEAU    OF   LABOR. 


been  found  iiblo  to  meet  I  Ik-  reqiiirenients.  In  h11  v-oiintries  voricMiah 
forms  of  relief  works  have  been  iiiHtituted  at  such  linies  with  niaui-^ 
fold  rvsulls  of  experience  and  frequently  with  success,  Sncli  ixdief 
works  when  offered  are  made  use  of  somewhat  by  the  tradcs-uniouiati 
and  the  .skilled  artisan  temporarfly  thrown  in  need,  but  more  usually| 
Ihey  are  needed  by  the  nonnnionist,  the  unskilled  and  the  lower  class 
of  lalwr  bordering  upon  the  unemployable. 

On  this  subject  Great  Britain  has  hud  more  experience  than  any 
other  country- 

Tliis  study  is  of  especial  importance  to  Americfl,  for  during  tlie 
hard  limes  of  1803-i)4  most  of  the  larger  American  cities  tried  one 
form  or  another  of  i-elief  works.  Willi  the  exception,  however,  of 
tlie  vacant-lot  plan  American  attempts  have  been  so  desultory,  so 
shorl-Iived,  and  usmiliy  so  unsuccesRful,  that  there  is  especial  value 
in  learning  how  England,  beginning  under  conditions  in  many  ways 
similar  to  American  conditions,  has  nevertheleas  worked  out  some 
very  definite  conclusions  and  some  distinct  successes. 

English  efforts,  especially  those  made  in  times  of  exceptional  dis- 
tress, have  resembled  tlie  American  efforts  to  mwt  the  problem,  and 
from  these  efforts  a  considerable  amount  of  experience  has  developed. 

OHKAT    BRITAIN. 

Great  Britain's  modern  experiments  l»egan  in  1861.  The  wint<*r 
of  18*J0-<11  was  nnusually  severe,  and  a  fimd  of  alx)ut  J£40,0fK) 
($194,6(>0)  was  raised  in  London  and  distributed  nminly  through 
the  police  courts.  Again  in  lS(t3-C4,  chieHy  on  account  of  the  cotton 
famine,  there  was  great  distress  in  Lancashii'e  from  lack  of  work. 
A  special  measure  was  enacted,  placing  £U-2(N»,ihm)  ($r),830,80t^)  at 
tlie  disposal  of  the  authorities  to  organize  relief  work,  ami  sewers  and 
similar  works  were  undertaken.  A  total  of  7.838  men  were  eniphijH'd 
and  paid  from  fnnds  provided  by  the  act,  and  it  was  estimated  tbat 
about  8S,OI4  persons  were  supported  by  njcaus  of  the  public  works. 

In  1880  a  fund  known  as  the  Mansion  House  Fund  was  raised  in 
London,  luit  it  is  generally  thought  that  it  was  not  wisely  spent.  Mr, 
Joseph  Chamljerlain,  at  that  time  president  of  the  I-#ocal  (loveniment 
Board,  issuetl  a  circular  emphasizing  the  great  need  of  providing 
work  for  the  unemployed  whlcij  would  not  pauperize.  It  enumerated 
vnri4»us  kinds  of  work  and  laid  stress  on  the  advantages  of  spade  labor. 
It  also  recommended  "Tliat  the  wages  paid  should  Iw  sometliing  leas 
than  the  wages  ordinarily  paid  for  similar  work,  in  order  to  prevent 
impojiture,  ami  to  le4ive  the  sti-ongest  temptation  to  those  who  avail 
themselves  ef  this  opportunity  to  return  as  soon  as  possilde  to  I  heir 
previous  occupations.''  The  Local  Governn»cnl  Htiard  under  these 
iotis  promised  to  facilitate  loans.    The  distn*}^  however,  cou- 


THE  UNEMPLOYED  IN   EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES. 


■car 


h 


bo 

1      be 

Br 


ued,  and  the  next  year  the  Mansion  House  Fund  was  rerived,  in 
rder  to  assist  the  Metropolitan  Gardens  Association,  wliich  had  for 
two  previous  years  given  some  work  to  the  unemployed.  As  a  re- 
sult of  an  appeal  £o,tJOIi  ($25,807.0,'>)  was  raised  and  Ui)4  men  em- 
loyed.  Of  these  men  it  is  said  that  little  more  than  a  hundred  were 
pt'iinanently  benefited,  and  none  of  them  belonged  to  a  trade  or  a 
friendly  society,  a  fact  which  may  be  noted  in  nearly  all  relief  works 
ried  on  by  private  charity.  (*)  In  1892  other  efforts  were  made. 
Thirty-three  parishes  in  London  undertook  special  relief  work, 
mainly  in  street  cleaning  and  repairing,  sewers,  etc.  It  was  very 
differently  conducted  in  different  parishes,  occasionally  wisely,  but 
usually  with  j)oor  results.  The  amount  of  work  given  varied  from 
wo  to  six  days  per  week.  Wages  varied  from  4d.  to  8id.  (8  to  17 
ts)  per  hour,  and  from  3s.  2d.  (77  cents)  to  4s.  (07  cents)  per 
day.  Outside  of  London  work  was  given  in '63  districts.  The  Man- 
sion House  Committee  raised  £1,315  ($C,3l»l)),  of  which  £5(55  ($2,750) 

as  paid  in  wages,  £417  ($2,029)   tor  emigration,  £108  ($526)   for 

relief,  £83   ($404)   for  tools,  etc;  224  men  accepted  and  j>erfonned 

relief  work  at  Gd.  (12  cents)  per  Iiour.    The  work  was  restricted  to 

asual  dock  ]al>orers;  it  was  given  mainly  as  a  test,  but  good  work' 

was  required  and  obtained. 

This  same  year  a  royal  commission  on  labor  presented  a  report  with 

nsiderable  evidence  bearing  on  the  unemployed  problem.  Wide 
interest  was  aroused,  and  Mr.  F'owler  (later  Sir  Henry  Fowler)  pub- 
lished a  I»cal  Government  Board  circular  emphasizing  tho  necessity 
of  cooperation  l>etween  the  boards  of  guardians  and  other  local 
authorities  so  as  to  avoid  pauperization. 

Ill  the  winter  of  lS&3-i>4  work  to  the  unemployed  was  given  by  27 

istrict  authorities,  7  in  London.    The  most  important  of  these  were 

the  relief  works  of  West  Ham  aufl  Poplar.     In  the  case  of  West  Ham 

between  £2,000  ($Jl,733)  and  £3,000  ($14,000)   was  raised  partly  by 

ant  from  the  numicipal  exchequer  and  partly  by  donations.  The 
work  consisted  mainly  in  digging  and  leveling  ground  for  the  city, 
the  men  Ijeing  employed  for  four  days  a  week,  six  hours  a  day,  at 
6d.  (12  cents)  an  hour.(^)    Mr.  Alden  says,  regarding  this: 

The  work  was  considerably  more  costly  tlian  it  would  have  Ijecn  if 
performed  under  contract,  but  the  following  facts  must  Ik*  l)orne  in 
mind:  In  the  ru>t  plaL't*.  although  these  works  wtmld  not  have,  been 
undertaken  under  f»rdiuary  circumstances,  ihe  playing  grounds  thus 
create^I  are  still  a  valuable  asset  to  the  community  ns  regards  health 
nd  recreation.  Secondly,  a  lar^*  number  of  the  men  were  so  phvs- 
cally  weak  that  it  was  some  considerable  time  Ijefore  even  the  willing 

ere  able  to  do  a  hai*d  day's  work.     These  meu  must  inevitably  hava 


» IVrcy  AhU'ti.  Tlip  T'lM^njployed,  p.  0, 


*  W..  VV-  f».  1^. 


846 


BULLETIX   OF   THE    BTTBEAU   OP   LABOB. 


receivnd  outdoor  relief,  owin^  to  the  con^e^led  stjile  of  th»'  work- 
hous*\  but  for  iIk'  uneiu|jlovtHl  fund.  It  was  far  In'tter  thai  lliey 
shoiLid  make  soiuc  relurn  of  l»d>or  for  Llie  waj^es  they  recciveii  tlian 
take  doles  of  food  and  money  from  the  guardians  and  be  thereby 
paii]>erizcHl.(") 

In  18i).5  new  eflfoita  were  made;  a  House  of  Commoos  committee 
<»n  distress  from  want  of  employment  was  appointed  to  consider  the 
possibility  of  ^ivinnj  satisfactoi-y  relief,  either  in  the  shape  of  work 
or  in  any  other  way,  with  the  view  of  tiding  over  the  winter.  The 
T»cal  Govemnient  Board  addressed  a  circular  to  the.  mayors  of  towns 
and  the  chairmen  of  district  councils  requesting  infonnntion  us  to 
em}>loyment.  The  n-sult  of  the  iniiuii-y  showed  that  iu  454  localities 
with  a  population  of  10.'3S1,C»07  persons,  there  was  exceptional  dis- 
tress due  to  the.  sev<'rity  of  the  winter,  and  that  in  IM  localities,  ^rith 
a  p<»pulation  of  3.72ti,3T2  pei'sons,  there  was  an  exceptional  want  of 
employment  due  to  local  or  general  induslrinl  causes  apart  fiouj  that 
due  to  the  weather.  The  full  report  of  the  House  of  Commons 
was  made  the  next  year,  ISfK»,  but  it  reached  few  important  conclii- 
Fions.  It  was  felt  that  the  question  was  still  in  an  experimental  stage 
and  that  no  imjMirtant  successes  or  results  had  yet  l)een  reached. (••) 

Between  1800  and  1D03  very  little  was  done,  A  somewhat  gpneral 
prasperity  and  the  calling  otT  of  a  large  number  of  men  to  the  South 
African  war  relieved  for  tfie  time  the  pre^sui'O  of  the  problem.  Btit 
at  the  close  of  the  wjir  and  on  the  return  of  the  volunteers,  tngt»ther 
witli  some  depression  in  trade,  the  unemployed  r|ue-<liou  was  again 
I>c»foi-e  the  cotintry.  A  national  confei-ence  was  called  in  the  sprinjr 
of  lOO;^,  attended  by  587  delegates,  representing  123  city  and  borongli 
councils,  rural  district  councils,  boards  of  guardians,  etc.,  with  118 
trade  unions,  employers^  associations,  etc.  The  findings  made  by  this 
conference  wore  important.  Perhaps  the  most  important  ce>nc!usion, 
however,  waa  that  the  problem  was  a  national  problem  and  could  be 
satisfactorily  worke^l  out  only  on  a  national  basis^ — that  is,  tlie  uniting 
of  local  efforts  into  a  system  under  the  sn|>ervision  of  the  National 
Cfovernuient.  Tt  was  therefore  urgod  tliat  the  Government  appoint  n 
minister  of  labor  with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet,  one  of  whose  duties  should 
be  to  deal  with  the  pi-oblem  of  unemplnyme.nt  and  to  d«'vis4'  and  to 
promote  plans  both  for  the  temporary  and  permanent  utilization  of 
the  unemployed  tulM>r  of  the  nati<Mi.(^) 

The  same  year  a  conference  on  the  subje<M  was  called  by  the  Ix)ndon 
C'owiity  Council,  which  adopted  a  ivport  Octoljcr  27,  10(>3,  culUtig 
np<m  the  Govenmient  to  take  up  the  problem  in  a  national  way  and  lo 
n|j|H)int  a  minister  of  labor. (*") 


fKUUUlilorcd.  pp.  10  BUd  11. 


''TIm'  I 


THE   UKEMPLOTED  IK   EUROPEAX  OOUKXBIE6. 


S47 


k 


It  is  thos  sigQificant  buw,  aft^r  considerable  experience^  those  vrho 
Ave  studied  the  question  in  Great  Britain  have  felt  the  need  of 
•rganizalion  io  meet  the  problem  from  a  natiouul  standpoint,  as  has 
►rovcti  necessary  in  Germany. 

The  following  winter,  1903-4,  tlie  Mansion  House  Committee  made 
oine  intei-esting  experiments  in  connection  with  LiUor  colonic.^;  but 
hese  are  considered  elsewhei-e.  In  March,  1904,  a  bill  was  intro- 
Im^d  into  the  Hou^4e  of  Commous  by  Sir  John  Gorst  to  furtlMU*  the 
stablis^hment  of  labor  colonies.  The  same  rear  the  board  of  trade 
nadc  itri  report  on  ''\\.gvi\cies  and  Methods  for  l^ealing  with  tht* 
'Unemployed  in  Certain  Foreign  Countries." 

The  main  event  of  1904,  however,  was  the  conference  called  by  the 

metropolitan  Uiards  of  ^lardiang  by  Mr.  I>.)n^^  president  of  the  Local 

lovernment  Board.     While  not  believing  that  there  was  any  grave 

risih  and  while  refusing  to  allow  any  imperial  money  to  pmvide 

mployment,  he  did   make  certain   recommendations.     London  was 

be  formed  into  one  are^  and  provision  was  to  be  made:  First,  for 

hose  resiilent   in  I>ou<lon  temi)orarily  disable<l:  second,  for  those 

ikho  hud  IxHUi  fiequeutly  or  |>eniiaiK>iilly  in  tlu*  workliou.'^  un<l  who 

it  was  believed  could  be  reclaimed  if  put  on  tlw?  land;  third,  for  the 

ho|>eles8jy  irreclaimable  who,  it  was  propo^ned,  should  tie  detained  in 

colonies.     It    is  thus  seen  tfiat   the  Government    realized   that   the 

piYiblem  is  a  somewhat  permanent  one  and  must  be  met  by  separate 

action  for  various  classes  of  ihe  unemphiyed. 

April  IS,  190o,  Mr.  (icrald  Balfour  introduced  into  the  TTouse  of 

'ommons  an  unemployed  bill  which,  after  various  alterations  in  the 

lIous4'  and  in  ronunittee.  was  pasbcd  and  couhldfivd  a  great  >tep  for- 

wanl,  but  did  no!  sanction  any  ex|>enditures  to  C4»rry  out  the  work,  ami 

the  bill  was  therefore  very  much  criticised  by  the  friends  of  the  move- 

ent.     Early  the  same  year    (U'O.'V)    Mr.  Rider   Haggard   was  «p- 

lod  to  repoil   upon  the  agiicuUural   and  industrial  st'ttleuients 

lished  in  the  Unites!  States  by  the  Salvation  Army,  with  a  view 

the  practicability  of  adopting  a  similar  plao,  lo  In*  put  in  execution 

perhaps  in  Canada,  and  to  which  England  could  send  some  of  her 

nempIoye<I. 

An  unemployed  fund  which  finally  amounted  to  £158,<>35  ($747,005) 
as  formed  on  the  initiation  of  Queen  Alexandra  in  November,  I'.Hio. 
t  first  it  was  proposetl  that  the  fund  should  l>e  disl>ur9e<l  by  the 
i.stress  authorities,  under  the  Unemployed  Workiin'n  Act,  but  this 
Un  was  ttfterwanls  m^xlified  by  allowing  di*»cretionan'  subscriptions 
o  the  fimd  to  be  applied  through  the  medium  of  chnntnbU*  agencies. 
In  the  following  pngts  U  given  a  statement  of  the  work  of  the  dis- 
conmiittee^  under  the   Unemi)loyed   Workmen   Act,  1905,  in 


848 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUHEAtT   OP  LABOR. 


England  and  Wales  during  the  first  six  months  of  the  application  of 
this  law: 

I'UOCEEDINGS   OP   DISTRKSS   COMMITTEES    UP  TO   MAltCH   31.    lHOa 

AppIicatimtJi  nccivrd  and  cntcrtainnt. 

Tb**  fulldwliiK  tulile  Klves  pRrtlctilnrs  of  tbe  nppUcatioiis  received  anil  filter- 
Infnoil  l»y  lli»»  fomn»ift«?ea: 

AI'I'LICATIONS    RECEIVKD   AND   ENTEUTAIXED   BV  1>ISTRE88   COMMITTEES    IN 
I/JNDON  ANII  OUTSini:  OF  U>NlM>\.  SIX   MONTHS   KNI>IN«   MAIU'll  31.   1000. 


Conunlt- 

iDcpm- 

cetaimgn. 

Apptea- 
tloua  nw 
cx>iv<^  up 
to  MhTcb 

91.1000. 

AppHcnUoDS raiter-    '  i»,  r  t^ut  of 
Ulnwl. 

» 

Appllnuita. 

cou6iil*-rtMl 
Oopeod-    1     olosti- 
eota.       1      mftt'.ij 

]  pQutiUtlon 
1     fiOB). 

PIstreMcomnilticcft  In  Londoo.. 

m 

«9 

an.rj8  1        23.8» 

71, 11)7  ^          «l,»7t 

0O,Q3B  1                 ZO 

Othur  distress  conini{tU'4*(i ..     .. 

i»,ttr  1           ]■• 

ToUl 

]i«  1     natns 

78,  «T 

m,tm  1           L7 

It  will  l>o  obRprvetl  tltnt  37.01S  of  tho  nppUmtiona  we're  not  entortainecl  dur- 
ing tlie  perliHl  uieiitloDod,  AM  these  were,  bowevrr.  not  rejeeftil  npplletitiuuR, 
for  It  18  iinUerstixx]  tbul  In  suuie  liiKtititceK  tbe  coniinitttH»s  liinitHd  Iheir  in- 
vest Igiition  to  the  mimUfr  of  jipjiHcniits  fnr  \rhuD)  there  wjis  iuminllnie  pros-^ 
pt»ct  of  flDdlng  work,  iind  thiit  lu  oUior  cubos  tlie  commltteee  were  only  able 
InveytiKnte  a  projiortlon  of  the  whole  uuiuber  of  JipplUrttluus  by  the  HIhI  of 
M«n*b.  It  appears  that  Jt.ONO  cnses,  or  less  thiin  3  per  cent,  were  rejected 
siilely  on  ju-corint  of  thf  ap|tlUniir»  having  reoeiv*"*?  poor-law  reUrf. 

Ten  dlMtress  conimltteee  acted  for  arwis  Iwrderlng  on  Ixindon.  namelj-,  the 
boroiijcbs  of  ("roydou,  West  Hum,  Kast  Hnni,  nnd  Ilorniiey,  and  the  urbnu 
distrlcta  of  I-ilujonton,  Erltb.  Leyton,  Tottenham,  Waltliainslow,  nnd  \VllU»alen. 
The  nnuiber  of  «i)pIlratIonfl  roeelvod  by  these  rtJinniitte<-'B  was  13.9S1.  <>f  tli*»fle, 
the  applUiitb>iiH  of  n.sos  per«oni5  were  entertained.    The  nnuitifr  of  d-  •* 

of  tlie  latter,  so  far  as  nscertulued,  was  3.X504.     The  jwrcentaire  of  ;i  s 

whow'  raftps  were  entertaine<J,  nnd  their  det»e»dents  In  these  urctiR  Ui  tu--  ttiuil 
popnlnrion  of  ibe  airaH  was  3.0. 

Of  the  totjil  nnuibor  of  appliennts  to  the  distress  eoramlttees  only  1,434  WW* 
women.    Of  these  rt7r»  aiipiied  to  distross  eonmiittws  hi  London. 

The  Ceu»»iB   (IINU)   returns  jsbow  that  the  male  popnlatlen   <liiiiudlUK  yvUlig 
persons)    enffnj;e<l    In   occui>atlont<t  of  all    kindsn  In    the  114   dfstrlctn  nnnd>er(H|j 
4.570.52-1.    Caleiilatt*d  on  ihiB  basi8»  ami  disregarding  any  bKivase  betwt^'n  li 
nnd  llK>5,  the  total  nmuber  of  ineu  wht*  applied  to  the  dJKtresK  t'ouindtut?B  ni 
whose  aiiplk-atlons   were  entertabuwl   represientixl   l.tj  per  «vut  of  the  workini 
male    popnlallon.      Similarly   ealinialed.    the    male  apiiliranta    To    the   dlaTTM 
eoiDudlttM»fi  In  London  whoFO  oises  were  entertnlneil  f-trnKHl  1.7  i>er  eent  of 
working  mate  i>optdatIon  of  t/>udon. 

Thf  larjcest  niunhrrfi  ttf  iippllratlnnR  tn  dlRtri*»«H  eonitnltleeK  onlside  l..oni]na 
were  reeel  ved  I n  West  Un m  ( 4.tUi2 ) ,  Newra stle-on-Tyne  < " »  { ;t.»i7Ti  i .  Lf-*'. is 
(S.3S7L  Liveri>wl   (a.07r)).  and  ltriHl<»l    (2.lMXn.     In  the  nietr-p'dlH  p  < 

courndtteea,   vlx,  those  of  l<'nllianj,  IlJitterseu,    nncknej*.  l^ndM-ih,  t'n'  i, 

luid   IhIUikY'XI,  bJid  bel\ve<'n  2.('(iK)  and  2.50f>  n[»pHeatils  ciieh. 

In  n  tew  cJiBeH  in  whU;h  the  retumw  give  Iiifnrnintkin  on  thp  mibjoct  It  nf** 
peatH  that  the  aiajorlty  of  (lerHous  aiiplyhig  were  found  to  be  utarrl«i]  nion  wllli 
fnudlles. 


wbou 


Um>  tHjuuttJite^  *u|ittilvd  wt>fk. 


titj-ulntf  niiplU-atlunti  f/mtr  rw.'¥iifvA  Ht   tti«*  \m\ 

•  i'<l    |iii)ti*r«    wirf    nili-il    m    fur   niilv    (W.'f    fwrxiiiM    f^ 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES, 


840 


Affcjt  and  occupations  of  applicanU, 

Tbe  return  shows  the  tigoB  of  tbe  persons  whose  applications  were  ^ntertolned 
>y  the  committees,  as  follows : 


►EBSON8  WHOSE  ArPLlCATIONS  WERE  ENTERTAINEH  BY  DISTRESS  COMMIT- 
TEES IX  !X>Nl)ON  AN!»  IN  KOXlMJN  AND  THE  PUOVINrES,  HV  A0K8.  BIX 
MONTHU    ENDING   MARCH   31,   IMM. 


, 

tondon. 

London  ui4  pfof- 

iDOM. 

Agv. 

NmntwT. 

P«rcont 

of  toui 
Qlall 

Number. 

Porcfot 

ol  loul 

Of  all 

Jndn-ao                    

STB 

S.41B 

1.187 

I.  a 

22.7 

SLS 

!&« 

&.D 

1.64& 

u.sae 

31,510 

27.610 

*,2K 

a.a 

|0  or  tiDiltT  30             ,  ,  ,,.  ..■..■■■..■■«■■.■•.■■...■.■■>...■.. 

SfLl 

•Dor  undtTM. » ., ., 

SB.S 

S7.f 

DvvriOyrtkn..  -♦...._...« ...—,.. 

A.8 

Total 

SS,838  1         1QQ.0      mT%.3Sa  1          10D.Q 

1 

*  Not  Including  430  |>crsoaN  who^  agrn  were  not  claiialfled. 


The  occupations  of  the   i>ereous 
In  the  following  tiible: 


whose   applications   were   enrertnlne<l   nre 


PKUaONS  WHOSE  APPLirATIOVS  WERE  ENTERTAINED  BT  DISTRESS  COMMIT- 
TKKS  IN  U:»M>t1N  AM>  IN  UtNI»ON  AND  THE  PKOVINCKS.  HV  (HTVI'ATIONS, 
SIX  UONTUS  ENDING  MARCH  31.   11>00. 


Ocd^wtlon. 


iO«a*rai  or  ckswd  labor. 
BulLdlnKUadc. 


kingti 
UaoM 


tradM. 


EngtiMwrlnff,  ihiphiUMing,  and  maUl  tradat. 

Boot  and  shoe  maklne .   

Furnljiblng  and  woodwor: 
drink,  and  tobaoco 

itic  wrvkv ., 

tradps , 

Ing  anil  clothlni;..., 

Intlng  au(J  rapur  Uiuim 

fOtluT  on'tiputions 


Toial 23.S3S 


LoodOD. 

London  tad 
provtncei. 

Pra-cent 

Porceot 

OftOUJ 

of  total 

Nunber. 

o(aU 

Number. 

ofaU 

oocupa* 

occupa- 

tiona. 

tion*. 

11.W6 

50.3 

37,  MB 

51. 5 

a.ttiM 

24.ft 

16.648 

22.0 

I.IM 

4.8 

5.4I« 

7.4 

231 

1.0 

1.3M 

556 

2.3 

1.112 

«23 

l.B 

MZ 

SfS 

1.7 

7» 

as 

.1 

745 

U7 

.5 

2ai 

im 

2,851 

8.% 

U.O 

23.K3S 

100.0 

•  73,4fiS 

100.0 

■  Not  iD'ladlng  2(H  |H*rsooa  whose  occupatlona  were  not  cinsslfled. 

The  nnnihers  rcgistprwl  In  (lip  buililliiB  trndc  were  hlcbest  In  Plyinonth  (020). 
Bristnl  IVK.X).  \\>i«t  iliun  (>C>7),  OnnlM-rw^^ll  (til'J)),  Hiukney  (51*2),  Uattersea 
(51M)>,  Rrfglitoti  iriHTii.  iiiul  Kiist  Ham  (rri)3>.  It  will  he  s4H'n  fi-nm  llio  details 
llmt  thi»  triuie  was  vpry  luryelj-  roprfseutwi  In  IxjmUm  and  the  nelcbliorlnMHL 

It  will  1m'  inukM'jiftMMl  that  lln'  i-TtMHi!*  t:Iu.<utifled  in  the  above  Uible  as  bohmic- 
Ing  TO  [tfirtiiMilar  iridUKtrioH  did  not  Ui  till  oases  necvKSjirllj*  belong  to  the  riass 
of  Hkllloci  hiliorerK  It  is  evident  from  obsen'ations  made  in  rci>orts  of  the 
I'onnnitrei-s  thai  scmie  |ir«-Hw^rtinn  <»f  these  were  inislvilletl.  or  relatively  less 
»kille<l  htindHi:  on  tlie  oiIkt  lutnd.  there  Is  evidence  that  In  some  Instances  men 
lir<'f**rreil  to  n^jitsr   i    "  -Ivch  iir  *if  the  "casual  or  general   labor"  cliiss  lu 

tlu<  hi'fH^  of  8«vi)i  i  iii**nt  from  the  committees*  which  iu  the  main  c<m- 

8l8ted  of  rough,  uu. .„  ajrk. 


850 


BULLETIN   OF  THE    BmtEAU  OF  LABOB. 


Of  the  7^17  pern^ns  wbose  ai>|)llcatioiw  were  eat«rtaiiKHl  by  iht>  dluumtmi 
conjmitttws  up  to  Marcli  31.  IIHIO,  41.a2l  nre  stnted  to  have  \>p*n  ]m-ov14><hJ  with 
work. 

Six  diKtr«>KS  4'i>juuiitlees  outMldo  X»ii<lou,  aiuoiix  tliose  wlUcU  received  np|ill- 
cmtlons  under  tin-  tu-t,  reiiortt?d  that  no  work  bail  lM*t»u  lU'itvulitl,  viz,  tht>w  fiip 
Hniiley,  Hmldorsflcld,  Astou  Manor,  Sttx-ktou-un-Teen.  Oorton,  mid  KlliK'ti  Nur- 
toii  and  NortbHi'ld.  In  :]ll  tlie^  cases  Uie  uuiubor  uf  aiiplicuntJii  rcrglHterml  by 
tbe  coniDiittei'ii  wim  hiuhH. 

Tbo  folliiwinff  rabir  sliim-H  tbo  number  provided  with  work  by  or  thronj^h 
Uk  uiedium  of  tbe  oiuuiittees: 


i*Kn«oNs  paovir>Ki»  with  wobk  by  dibtuess  committees  in  lonoon  axd 

OUTSIDK  OF  lAiSUOS,  SIX  MONTHS  KNDIN{;  MAQCU  SI,   1006. 


NtanbttT 
of 

v^Sng 
war^ 

Totd 

pliu[nu 
•nter- 
lAlned. 

Prortd«4««tti 

■ 

Nmnbor 

Fvmii. 

Distnssoomratttni  In  tiocuko. 

OthHr  >ll«tnM«  mimtnltfMW                  ,    ^        ,        ^    ^          ^       , 

7B 

tt.B38 

40,2(0 

0,443 

31. ant 

ACT 

' 

ToUl 

lOft 

73,10! 

41  .sn 

SCfi 

In  Uie  cnae  nt  London  men  were  selert^  by  th^  comn  "'  'om  th^r  TG^Xth 

tera  (a)    to  llll   ibp  platH's  ullotttHl  tn   tUi-  wvfrul  cnri.  >    ihc  r-enti-atl 

(t^nciupliiyt-tl)  Itody  un  tlif  farui  «.'tiloul<*H,  un  work  In  •tx  |■ll•l^H.  flf^  and  oa.j 
works  Liirriod  uut  by  certain  borou>:b  councils  lo  which  Iht?  ('central  (Unwu-^ 
pIoytHl)  Body  c<iiitrlbiiicd  a  pro|H>rrli>n  of  tbf  cost;  uihU/0  to  uiUt*  up  oinpliiy-* 
ment  offtTed  Independently  of  the  (Vntral  (Uopinploywl)  rirnly,  by  tbo  Immnglil 
cuuuoIIk.  and  lu  tMuuv  luHtnncus,  by  buui*d8  of  guardiuuN  tbe  Mutr(n<*ditjm1 
AnybuiiB  Hoard,  etc. 

An  ii'trnrtlM  tbr  work  prr»vld«I  !>y  tbo  Ct-ntml  (Tnemploycd)  Body,  tho  fnllow- 
Ing  extract  from  a  report  made  by  tboni  may  be  quoted  5  "  Dn  Decemhi*'  '■< 

wan  bi^'iin  at  CUhi^tford  (city  c*»r|H>ratlon  schetue).     OiHTHtious  won'  i 

Jutiimry  22  at  I»ujf  Gr»ive  i»n  wurk  ofr«n<Hl  by  Ibe  London  rnunty  Ct.im.  u.  ;»in4j 
ill)  January  2l>  In  21  of  tlie  couiicU's  i«irks  and  oiieu  ppures.     Scbeiu**  pn»p 
by  His  Majffty'fl  dHlce  of  works  wwe  accept«l  and  wt»rk  i^m*^  i......n'   'n    M*'1<» 

I*ai'k  on  fVbruary  1  and  on  Trinirowo  Hill  on  Kctiruary  r>.     <  ■* 

lu  CtisMold  Tark  bu;:un  on  March  IZt  aud  the  foriuutlon  of  i       :    ,  rt 

Tootinj:  Couintou  Un  (Hmjuuctlou  wUh  Uie  Wandsworth  boi*<Higb  counrii)  on 
Marcli  19.  Tho  nnnibor  of  men  oinp'oycd  on  the  fore;:oliij:  work**  on  Man.h  31 
waM  ,S'L  Rcbeuie^  of  wtjrk  were  alik>  urran««l  for  with  the  l»oronph  counciU 
Itatferscn,  Itenitondwy,  (.'iinilterwell.  Fullintn.  St.  Pnncnis,  SborwUti-b.  an< 
Wandsworth.  Hie  wi»rk  coui^lstin;:  of  layluK  out  open  spines,  recii 
and  burial  jfroimdH.  rciinrlnK  a  i^troot  Rradient  and  pliiinp  :nid  (illi 

rn»vlarbil  iIUtre*»H  eouinilltt'CH  made  use  to  some  citeut   of  li.  -   ..> 

•r>'  out  workH  provliUn^  i>ntp1oynieiit  f*tr  jMMsttnH  on  their  re:  !  ni  a 

lorlty  of   Ihe  wen   eiiiploywl   fhruiijfh   the  njtHJiuni  of  tb<_«*»  •  -■!>- 

tnlncd  work  fn^iu   the  town  or  dlsirlct  couneila.  while  suialler  j  » 

jMViilded  In  .some  cases  by  iHUirdn  of  KuarUhiiiH.  UKyluui  r<»iiuuUi'  r 

bodlf}t.     In   many  such  caat«.  the  dlsiri.sM  coouciittf^ie  4xmtrlbut(HJ  toM^ijU 
cost  of  the  work. 

nie  rt'tuni.K  do  not  «how  that  a  lur^r  uimiber  uf  persons  obtnlneil  einploj 
With  prliato  emiilu^ciTtt  lhrou*;h  ilxa  instrumeutaiily  vf  the  comiidttwe. 


THE   UNEMPLOYED  IN    EUROPEAN    COUNTBIES.  C 

* 

TUe  fullowixiff  table  allows  tbe  numbera  provided  wlUi  work  by  tbe  vurious 
lods  above  alluded  to: 


'ES8UNS  I'UDVIDKU  WITH   WORK   IN  rX>NDON   AND  OUTSIIH:  OF   I.ONr»ON. 
MKTHODS  I'SEI*.  SIX  MONTHS  ENDINtJ  MARCH  .'Jl.   IVKXl. 


BT 


1 

Landcm                   l-ondon  ftttd 
iMuaou.                 ptovlaew. 

1                                      UethAd  owl. 

Nambv. 

Psrttnt 
ol  total 

Nnmbttr. 

rwc«ait 

of  TOtftI 

fhrouKh  theOntrnl  (Uneoiploytd)  Body  lor  Lotidon 

By  di9irv5»coTnmlttaBfL 

Bt  tncjJ  auihorlkfM .,.— «..™ 

■"trough  other  ajwicto*. 

>  4,383 
1,106 

4&2 

ii'i" 

1L& 

4.382 
»,MS 

2i,eM 

3.  an 

\       sa.s 

SLA 

7.a 

1          ToUl 

*0,4n 

IOOlO 

ea8,S4a 

cfe;7 

"  Inriti«]lns  iS  men  wlio  tvcelrvd  cviptoynwnt  both  from   the  centrsl  liodx  niKl  n  lur«1 
(uttiorlty. 

•  H**    llOlf!    o. 

'  Xiii  IncJudiiijT  n,02.1  (MTnoBA  <or  7.3  ptt  ecat  of  the  toUJ)   wbo  received  rmplaymcut, 
wt  irrre  not  cla^slfled  In  tlie  relurns. 

Tb(?  uatnro  of  the  work  provUleil.  the  mips  of  pay.  and  Bomo  olhor  Oetnlls  wcr*> 

fjiiIrtHl  lo  tie  shown  )ii  llu'  nMuriiH  furnlsbtHl  by  the  dlBtress  coniniittees.  where 

irh  work  bnd  been  provided  by  the  couimlttee«  or  by  lo^Til  niithrtrltleK  with  the 

issIstJiiH**'  of  roiitrllmtkuiK  fmm  the  (>oatniIttee& 

The  work  npCenrs  tn  have  In^eu  mostly  of  ft  roupb  character,  such  as  street 

{CleflUKlie^.  dnifiuitie  work,  r'Md   iiiakinii:  or  reimlrln^  leveliiijr,  ill^rKlng  with  n 

FTlew  to  eiiltlvnti(ni.  excavnlioii.  elo.— piok  niul  shovel  work  Keiiernlly.     In  b*»ium 

i^nn  work  of  a  nKire  fffcilled  character,   stich  »»  iiaiutluR  and   bnlldlii<,  was 

round,  (lilt  wevei-al  coiumitteee  deplore  tb^ir  liiablUty  to  provWJe  sidtHl»Ie  work 

IXiir  skilled  hand)). 

The  nveraee  tliue  worked  per  bead  varied  conaldernbly.    Tlie  pUin  of  givliig 

Umlt«Hl  nnmlker  of  da.v8   (three  or  fonr>   in  ii  win-k  \v:i.s  fairly  eommon.     lu 

lorwMch  the  men  worked  on  an  averaK**  for  six  and  u  half  weeks  of  ft»ur  days 

!»rh ;  in  Bradfonl  o>er  eight  w»*ekfl  of  twenty-eiKht  bounJ  a  week;  in  Oldhuui 

toiir  weeks  c»f  three  d.-iys  eiirh.     In  West  Ilnrn  tlie  men  provide*!  by  tbe  distrews 

Iciinmiltiee  with   work    (other  tlian   farm   eolony   worki    ap|)ear  to  have   beeu 

ipiiced  In  f"ur  d:iy  shifts,  about  a  thlnl  of  theni  getting  two  sm^h  shifts,  or 

•!;;ht  ihxyfi  In  all.     More  th.iu  a  flftli  of  the  men  only  obtalnM  one  shift  of  four 

[^ys.  and  Iho  n^T•mce  time  for  tl»e  whole  niin3l>er  employed  whh  rather  U»88  than 

)^ii:ht  and  one  balf  dnys.     In  WnlVfrhamptou,  on  the  nverape.  four  anil  one-half 

lys'  work  jut  nmn  in  all  luul  be*»n  |»rovided  up  to  Mareh  31.  and  in  Kdmimton 

the  forrospondin;;  nntMtnil  wms   thnv  and  three-fourth  day«'  work, 

Tbe  rale*  of  pay  appear  to  have  varle«J  l>etween  4d.   (S  centR)  and  H^d,  (IS 

?nt»)   an  hour  for  the  ronjch  nnskiMe*!   wi»rk.  th»'  commonest  ratt's  Winic  fi<L 

<1()  (^nis)  and  5id.   (11  cents).     Where  more  skilled  work  could  b<*  urlven  to 

(utinble  men,  e.  g^  cariientera,  builders,  etc..  the  pay  was  hljjher.     Applicant* 

employe*!  by  the  loetil  authorities  at  the  Inntanc**  of  tlte  i'*>uunitu*es  were  stated 

wveral  caaeH  to  have  ret-elveil  tbe  tnirr^iit  rate««  of  imy. 

Tlie  value  of  the  work  iH^rforuifd  by  the  appllcnnta  employeil  by  the  dlstreas 
rannditei's  or  Ittciil  anthoriti«'t*  wiis  very  generally  i'eiMtrt»tl  as  liiferior  lo  that 
if  wrk  iM'rforunMl  under  ordinary  conditions.  Tlie  work  Heemn  frwpiently  t9 
oixupied  longer  time  and  retjuiml  more  8U[»ervlsiuu  than  is  u.^nal. 

Lftb'tr  rschtinffvi*  titid  vmpluymvnt  r*'g\nirrs. 


Aeeor'Knsr  to  the  retitrne  recelvod.  10  distress  eommltreefi  cBtnbllsboil  labor 
"yujent  reKl»ters  and  33  c<>mntlllre«  1iH»k  over  fxlKtlnR  ex- 
ils  Ihe  hrst-name*]  rnses  it  awtenrm  however,  protiable  fn>ni 
In*-  i'innr>  immi  (he  labor  exeluiufce  or  emiiloyuK'nt  registry  e-srubli.^<»«l  w«« 
Kome  CAsee  uut  lu  fact  seiuirute  from  Lbc  re^clHtry  eetablhi**  ^''  *'v  fUe  dibtres» 


852 


BrLLETIN   OF   THE    BUREAU   OF  lABOB. 


cnmiultfof  iindpr  tUe  n<'t.  SImnnrly  In  the  riiRo  of  sonio  of  tttr*  InlMn*  cxohiiTigt>8 
taken  over  by  the  comuiittees  It  would  wem  that  the  work  of  the  exclmnffo  wna 
Diorged  In  thnt  of  rlio  muiniitttH'.  nlThou^h  there  irt  evidence  that  uintiy  of  tiit* 
committees  proposed  to  continue  agnln  the  Inhor  cxchnnp?  during  the  Hummcr 
when  the  ruKlstry  establlshHl  unili-r  the  aet  Inid  been  eIose*l. 

The  opinions  expresivd  as  to  tlie  value  of  the  labor  eschani;es»  etc.,  were 
diverse.  Several  comuilltees  report  favorably.  Thus  the  KinKsttou-on-HulI 
committee  state  that  2<K)  men  had  found  work  tliroujch  the  medium  of  the 
exchange,  nnd  describe  it  ns  a  uwfnl  ndjunot  to  the  work  i>f  the  comni!lte<?.  At 
tJie  88me  time.  Bcverul  re]MirtH  jjolnt  to  the  dltUculty  of  Inducing  employers  of 
itthov  to  ai>ply  to  the  exchunges  i>arUcularIy  in  the  earlier  stages  of  their  work. 

EmiffratioH  and  removal. 

Twenty-five  diMtrew  enmndttees  nideil  tl»e  emiprntiou  of  npidiertntfi.  The 
numlter  of  jiersonH  emijrrated  up  to  March  31  was  irc*.  with  i;84  dependents  tln- 
cltidhkg  77  wiv»;s).     The  large  mnjortty  emigrated  to  L'nnnda. 

In  fwmie  Instances  it  api)enre<l  that  n  larger  nuuilter  i>f  persnns  opplied  for 
euitgratiou  than  the  number  uctufilly  assisted  to  emigrate  prior  to  March  31. 

The  uumlier  of  applicants  ny»i»tetl  by  committees  to  remove  to  other  areas  wai 
43»  with  19  de]>eDdents.    The  lack  of  means  of  obtaining  regular  luformatioa 
118  to  the  demand  fur  labor  lu  other  districts  1h  ixdoted  to  as  a  cause  of  the 
little  thnt  was  effected  In  this  direction. 

The  asHlHtance  for  emigration  and  removal  was  stnted  In  most  cases  to  1uit4 
been  given  by  way  of  loan. 

The  emigi-ation  and  removal  of  peratms  within  the  metror»oIia  was  carried' 
out  by  Uic  I'eutrai   (TJuemployert)  Ucwly. 


AcQuisition  of  land — Labor  cohjnic9. 

Four  distref««  eonimlttees  outside  Ix«ndon  hired  or  otherwise  acquired  land  for 
the  proviHiun  of  temiwrary  work  for  unemployed  iwrsons,  namely.  Southiunploa 
(47  arres7  ;    LrlceHlep  (IS  ncre«)  ;    Oldliam  Hi  acres),  nnd  Bradford  {H  ncrea). 

The  only  distress  committee  outside  I^oudon  to  eBtaldlsli  a  farm  colony  was 
that  of  West  Ham.  in  thlH  case  a  niarket  garden  estate  of  :;it4  acres  at  Mouth 
Ockondon,  In  l-^wx.  wjih  pnr(*hn»ed  for  £7,*hn»  [|.'M,<»<H{U  toward  which  n  single! 
donation  of  £J,«)0()  l?ti.7.'Wl  was  received.  Accommodntlon  on  the  land  was  pro- 
vided for  UK)  iHTjwns.  in  the  aggregate  137  permms  were  admitted  to  the  colony  I 
lip  to  March  31,  lOOtt,  nnd  the  average  i»eriut!  of  employment  for  each  person 
wae  fifty  nnd  four-tenths  days.  The  average  rate  of  imy.  per  week  of  forty-eight 
hours,  worked  out  at  22s.  7id  llO.rill  per  man;  this  Included  KH;.  f$2.43]  to 
13h.  Hd.  ($^J.2SJ  Jilliiwance  for  deiveudentft,  Gd.  112  centsl  tobacco  money.  Ib.  [34 
ceutsl  to  TtH.  1*1.221  l)onuseR,  and  Ss.  5*d.  l$2.0*H  the  cortt  of  lodging,  fuel, 
tUdhes,  f<nKl,  me<ll<al  and  traveling  exitenses.  Tlie  receipts  from  tlie  working  of 
thecoI<»ny  amoniileil  to  £12  Ub.  Sd.  HfMKT.'jl. 

With  regard  to  the  labor  colonies  under  the  management  of  the  Lomlon  (cen- 
tral) body,  it  appeiu-s  from  a  reiKirt  made  by  them  that  <i)  lu  re^iKH-'t  of  Ihi 
lloIh'Sley  llay  i-olony.  tlie  central  bffdy  took  over  resi)ousibilIty  for  the  men' 
nireiidy  In  the  colony  on  r»weml>er  12,  lim5,  nnd  arriinge<i  for  tlie  diHiw»tch  of 
fresli  men  m\*  to  a  total  of  35(».  The  average  dally  numl>er  of  men  employrrl  was 
237;  <(0  temiKinir>-  colonies  were  established  at  Osfji  Island,  where,  on  March) 
31,  tH)  men  were  euit»loye<l,  the  work  cousisrlng  of  sea-wall  repairing.  r»wd'| 
making  and  trenching;  on  the  estate  of  the  (hirdfu  rUy  ComrMiny  nt  l,etch-' 
w^ortli,  where,  on  March  31,  lOS  men  liad  lH*ei»  pr<»vided,  on  an  averagi\  witH^ 
work :  nnd  at  Fambrldge,  where  work  for  the  prevtMition  of  encroachment  by  the 
sec  was  provided.    Eighteen  men  were  thus  employed  od  March  31. 

l'innncr$  of  the  <(Utrcit$  rommiftrrjf. 


»  exjfenM'fi  liaMirriHl  by  dlslrf*s»  ctumilttees  In  T^ondon  were  In  n<vor*lAneo' 
the  act  to  b**  defrayf^il  out  i»f  a  central  fund  under  the  coitfrol  Of  tlie  f'en^ 
!)   Hody.  nnd  are  nut  nliown  in  the  appendcil  return, 
reiitral   (  rnentplity<^l  1   HihIv  for  Iy<>iidiai,  It  apponrp  that  lUft 

-■■"    '1 rliKl  from   Ni.v » '"     "m""-    •^» 

|.     'l'hl>4  an)i>i.  '* 

ID.^rMl  from  the  ijuei'n's  \m>  I.    Out  of  the  <_       .     __:  _il 

the  nit«49,  ouly  £1,00'^  i^i^io^i  wa«  uctuuiJy  rccvivoU  up  to  Alarcb  i^ 


Tlie 

with 
trnl  (I  1 
A«  r 

lulal   r«'-M'-   ii"Hi  nil  f<iiuri-i'!« 
March  :U.  IIhm;,  jiuKinnTf^l  to  £i 


THE   CNEMPLOVED  IN    EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES. 


lOOG,  bill  oxpensos  elwrcoahlt*  againsit  tho  rntf  oontrlbntlou  account  wore  lu- 
urred  in  exc(!SH  of  thin  huui,  niul  these  would  ultlniutely  be  met  out  of  the  caa- 
ihntloiis  recoived  after  Mnrcli  31. 

The  total  exitemlittire  ilnring  the  same  perlo«I  nniountetl  to  £32,71H  [$15y,;*22], 

iicluditiK  £27,0-l-(  I$i;il.t;i01  exi>en(lfHl  on  various  works  iinolnslve  of  farm  roli>- 

tleo)    anil    £5,074    |$27.ttl3|    for   salaries   of  oftlcers.   eijiralilisbment    inul   (»tber 

charges.     Inchuled  iu  llio  suui  of  £5,U74  l?2i,«13I  ih  £4,440  |$21.tJtJ7|  in  resi>ect 

of  ex|)ense8  lucurretl  Uy  dfatresa  ctmimittees  with  the  fonseiit  <»f  tlie  central  body. 

Of  the  Si)  distreRs  c^iunilttees  outwide  I^ondon.  11  had  no  receipts  or  exjM?nd- 

itnrea  np  to  ilarch  31,  viz:  Barrow-ln-Fumess,  Coventry,  Griuisby,  Hndders- 

fleld,  Ipswich,  Merihyr  Tydlil.  lYeslon,  Kotherhnm.  West  Hiirtle|»oid»  Stoclcton- 

ou-Tecs,  and  llandsworth.     Of  thes<»,  however,  three   (Ipswich,  rnvontry,  and 

iTVtfst  HartIe[H>ol)    liud  had  no  o]>eriilion8  under  the  act  of  auy  Ishid. 

Tho  total  recoii»t«  :ind  exiK-ndiUues  (other  thtin  from  luau:^)   uf  Ihu  reiuuhi' 
log  7S  e^immittees  wi-r*'  ns  folhiws: 

iHECEll'TS    A.ND    EXPEXDITIUES    OI*    78    DISTIIESS    COMMITTEES    OUTSIDE    OF 
LONDON.    SIX   MONTHH   ENDIN(i   MARCH   SI.    lOOa 


Recelptfl.                                   Ii                                 ExiwnditarBL 

It«mB. 

Amount.  . 

Ilamt. 

AnuNiDt. 

ftnvou'  on^mployrd  fiuHl 

1201,006.38 
91,811.39 
88,774.60 

Provtrion  pf  work 

tZZ4,aBX38 

(^ther  voliml«r>-  xultacripUon* 

^tcft 

L«borexchtkiic*-t(.  r-inployuirnt  rrglft- 
UtT».  ■n<l  rn1l<^tion  of  tnfnmiAtron  . 

ao,aM^i6 

X^ttuir  rccciDts 

11,«>7.M      Einiinwilon  or  n-moviil 

b,vn.ta 

r 

1 

Othe^rrxpcxiclitureA..... ...,,.,,.,.,, 

B.ttSlM 

' 

TotAl .             

Total ,     . 

3S3,»LM 

373,MMU 

The  fliiiounts  raised  In  the  various  l>orouRhH  by  voluntary  subscriptions  varied 
gi'ejitly.  Tho  hirgcst  amounts  were  oolletted  in  West  Iliiin  ( £.*1.32!M  |$liKl!011. 
mftmh*«ter  (£;irnr>t  1$17,:(MJ},  Xt>rwlch  (£l.r»30>  ($7.440i.  HrlKhton  (£1.3tl0> 
($<;.32(»J.  and  Hrlslol  (£1,2*.))  [$*>.t»341.  Iu  several  cases  no  receipts  of  thl8 
nature  o»x*ur. 

In  five  cases  the  nnionnts  contrH>ute<l  from  rnti^  were  £1.CK)0  [$4.S4t7|  or 
over,  viz:  Leict>ster  (£2.1M))  [$J».733],  West  Hum  t£1.5t»(>»  ($7.;mkj|.  Hradford 
(£1,.*MW)    I?0,01SI,  and  Cardiff  and  rortBiuuuth  (each  £l,(iUO)   lf4..M)7|. 

Of  the  ex|>enditnre  for  the  provision  of  teminirary  work  £25,514  [$124,1041 
.was  exi>ende<l  on  work  pn.ivlded  by  the  coruudtiws,  £l\t>12  |$0<».575|  was  cou- 

Jbuttnl  to  local  authorities  or  other  iKwlies  toward  the  c<'St  of  work  provided 
by  them,  and  fl.lXJl  |$f»,5-43|  was  ex|»ended  by  the  distress  committee  of  West 
IIhui  oil  the  farm  colony  provided  by  them. 

This  portion  of  the  report  is  given  iu  ftill,  as  it  snnis  up  the  English 
experience  to  1000.  In  Decen)J>er,  1(^05,  however,  a  new  cahinel  cjiiue 
iiito  power,  and  Mr.  John  Burns,  the  well-known  trade-unionist  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  was  appoinie<l  to  the  lil>eral  cabinet  as  president  of 
the  I>^>cal  Government  Board  which  has  charge  of  unemployment 
questiouH.     He  made  tlie  a1>ove  report  in  Maivli,  11)06. 

Before  the  end  of  the  year  the  QueenV  fund  had  reached  fl  total  of 
over  £130,000  ($G3'2,G4r)  i.  much  having  already  l>een  dislributed. 
During  Janunry  and  Februarj'  the  fund  continue*!  to  be  distributed, 
ver  £50,000  ($243,3i>r»)  going  to  London-    The  remainder  was  dis- 

ibuted  over  the  countiT  in  sums  vai-^'ing  fi'om  about  £-i,000  ($0,733) 
in  greater  centers  of  population  to  sums  as  low  as  i'i!5  ($1*J*2)  to  £30 
,($14G)  to  towns  of  the  size  of  York  and  Reading. 

During  the  winter  there  were  sevcnd  dcmon>;trntions  of  tlie  unem- 
loyed,  iucludiag  *uie  Fcl>ruury  12  iii  Hyde  l^ark-  ds  of 


854 


BUIXETIN   OF   THE    BUREAU    OF 


nifii  in:irche<l  from  thf  Einbnnkment  to  tho  park.  A  ftirtlM*r  demon- 
stration, arraiijffed  by  the  Rijrlit  to  Work  Council,  wbs  UM  in  Queen's 
Ilnll.  presided  river  l»y  J.  Keir  Hnniie.  and  addre>:scd  by  Michael 
I)tt\-itt,  II.  M.  Ilyndnian,  Bernard  SUaw\  G.  N.  Barnes,  and  othtr 
labor  nienilM*rs  of  Parliament.  During  February  Mr.  Bums  decjared 
eniphatirully  ajrainst  labor  ctjlomes  under  boards  of  pruardians,  n 
point  on  which  those  iuteix'sted  in  the  pixiblem  have  always  been 
divided.  He  dccidetl,  however*  tliat  distress  committees  mi^hC  pay 
full  rates  of  wages  so  lon^**  as  they  did  m^t  give  a  full  week^s  work  and 
so  eneourage  tlie  idea  of  permanency.  He  also  allocated  tJKfO^MJO, 
($1)73^300)  from  the  national  exchequer  for  their  use. 

The  Central  Unemployed  Committee  for  Lfuidon  during  lite  winter 
organized  eight  schemes,  which  provideil  work  for  3,500  men  for 
periods  varying  from  eight  to  Hixteen  weeks.  The  cont  of  these  works 
was  i'50.000  ($2-43.3iio).  of  which  £42,000  ($201,393)  was  received 
from  the  Queen's  fund.  The  committee  paid  a  tradcMinion  rule  of 
wages  for  the  work.  The  Salvation  Army  sent  to  Canada  some 
thousands  of  emigrants  during  the  winter.  In  March  one  ship  took 
1,4<X),  of  whom  1,000  weiv  breadwinners. 

In  no  year  jirevious  to  10(K)  hail  such  serious  attempts  I»een  made  In- 
central  and  local  administrators  to  grapple  in  st)me  practical  way 
with  the  problem.  The  act  of  1005,  despite  its  weakness  and  linii- 
tntions,  did  a  great  service  in  allowing  the  provision  of  nwchinery 
unconnectwi  wilh,  at  any  rate  uncontrolled  by,  phihuUliropic  or 
denoniinational  l>odies. 

>Vith  the  opening  of  the  year  1907  distress  was  widespread,  espe- 
ciall}'  in  East  and  South  Iwondon.  t>n  January  1,  1*J07,  there  were 
17,500  names  on  the  books  of  the  51  London  and  provincial  pultlic 
employment  buivaiis.  This  was  despite  the  facts  lliat  iluring  De- 
cember occupation  ha<l  been  found  by  the  bureaus  for  3,400  pei-sons; 
(hat  the  distress  counnitte*>s  had  provided  (leriods  of  work  for  S,246 
jH»rsons,  lUe  aggre^mte  number  of  days  worked  l>eing  rt7,7iHl,  and  the 
total  wages  paid  £10,10'1  ($4{),17i);  and  thnt  many  of  the  local  au- 
thorities had  altio  engaged  large  numl>ers  of  men  in  shoveling  snow 
and  street  cleaning.  Furllier,  the  al>ove  figures  apply  almost  enlirel; 
to  men  btdonging  to  no  trade  union  or  to  unions  without  out-of-work 
benefit  funds.  Out  of  some  OOOJXJO  n)eml)ers  of  these  unions*  nearly 
30.000  were  upon  out-of-work  |>ay  Avjieu  the  year  o|)ene<L 

TTie  nmnbers  provided  with  relief  work  by  the  di-stTe*»  committee* 
during  the  first  quarter  of  the  year  1907  were:  January,  13,158;  Feb- 
ruary, 14,021;  March.  15,398, 

Several  councils  aL<o  started  small  but  iKtrnwTu»nt  works  in  the  way 
of  T  I  '  ■■  Iii[r»iiMon — ^iicli  ns  Manclu*>*ter*  '  ••  for  rerl  '  '  *  1 
^  1    ^^     1    Hole  L'lough  and  Chat  M-  i   the  Du- 


THB  UXBMPLOYKD  IS    EITBOPBAN  OOCNTBIES. 


856 


I 


sdieme  for  tioD\Tertuig  wat^te  bind  to  gnnlen  alioUnents;  but  these 
exiH'rinients  although  on  hopeful  lines,  hardly  seriously  affected  the 
pix*b]t'iii-  Dnring  the  summer  of  15)07  the  numbei-s  of  men  uneni- 
ploytnL  botli  of  skilled  and  lui^illed  %vorkei;s,  atciidily  increatied,  this 
nut  being  duo  to  a  heavy  flnctuation  in  any  one  industry,  but  to  a 
nK>ienH*nt  covering  a  lai^»  number  of  industries,  including  the^ 
buihliiig  ti*ndes.  ^ 

The  effect  of  this  niovenient  is  sliown  in  the  numbers  of  applicanta 
Oft  the  U^iks  of  tlie  public  omploj-nient  bureaus,  whicli  was  at  the  end     • 
of  May,  15,775:  at  the  end  of  June,  l<;,lii5;  and  in  July  rose  to  17,608, 

Tlie  registrar-generar.s  percentage»>  of  unemployeil  for  the  principal 
unions  weiv:  April,  X:^{  May,  3.4;  June,  3.^;  July,  3.7;  August,  4.0; 
SeplemlK*r,  4.f>;  Octol)er.  4.7. 

During  the  ten  nioiithi^  from  December  I.  ltK)(>,  to  5>eptember  30,  ■ 
1007,  the  niUTibcr  of  applicnnts  registering  for  emplo^Tnent  at  the 
50  metropuliliin   and   provincial   labor  bureaus   was  almut    I'iOjKK). 
Of  these  the  bureaus  found  occupation  for  over  30,000,  and  were  the 
means  of  directing  many  more  to  likely  qunrtei*s  of  cni])l<iynieiit. 

Tlie  reiJ4>rts  of  the  distrese?  conuuittees  for  the  four  winter  months^ 
December  h  1906,  to  March  31,  1!)07,  show  that  a  total  of  51,422  ap-j 
plicant*  were  given  employment  relief  amounting  to  an  aggregate  ot\ 
52*Jv'V21  days,  or  10.1  fhiys  per  head  per  mouth;  the  wages  earned 
amounting  to  £79,614  ($367,442),  or  £1  10s.  lOd.  ($7.50)  per  head.] 
At  ^Lirrh  31  the  names  of  S,130  a{jp1icants  for  employment  stood  on 
the  IwKiks  of  the  distress  comnuttecs. 

For  the  whiter  of  190">-r)  the  following  table-s  from  the  report  oJ 
«}ie  C'entnil  (rnemjjloved)  Body  for  London  (dated  May  12,  1006) 
give  much  instructive  detail: 


Auorxra  appkopruted  asd  ekpekdbd  ox  v.vBiors  works  turolgb, 

TOE  CKXTUAL   (INKMPLOYEU*   »Ot»V  FOR  lOtSDO^  TO  MAY  12.   I90«. 


\ 

W-^a. 

MaUite- 

oanccdf 

nun. 

Allowancva 
totmmitim. 

RMlVTftf 

fftreii. 

*3r- 

'pflCty  er- 

and  •im* 
dfiM. 

"  '"   '    n«v       

3.fM.Xr 

S1.H 

aics 

MLSS 
a.Mft.74 

<Z.Q3 

i 

^^::::::::::::;::::::::::: 

|2,ML«8 
l.lMiM 

«sos.n 

810177 
ft5B.tf 
83&« 

4.tm.s 
8n.« 

SIMl40 

^^Bi"n'ifp*,    ,    ,,   ,        .    ,    , 

U57.6S 
70.85 
19,4ia.fl0 
U«««.97 
«.WL» 
7,130.78 

aaa,m 

77&3t 

UBlM 

7a  t5 

^■kn  OoKity  CooDcfl  Mrte 

i,oas.78>i 

'  CM 

^^b^i.*^^ 

^^^"rr  n.th.  I  -i™ 

S^SOflLM 

*'•*'••"""* 

131.  U 
17.  U 
1.10 

soa.«4 

^■by  .n^    n^».^n  hAt|)^ 

idiw 

^B.^— »^ 

4.U 

Qbtmioffiev ..-., 

•«7i6s 

Toul 

ftM,90Q.lM    M.CBD.U 

»,17iW 

Mia.«|».su.aB 

a,«ii.20 

*  Fur  iRHurttDrv  uf  wurkmMi. 


*Sti«  a]»o  roluina  '*  .Advances.*'  p.  854. 


856 


BCliLETi:N   OP  TIIE  BUREAU  OF  lABOB. 


AMOUNTS  APPROPBIATGD  A??D  EXPEN'DBD  ON  VARIOUS  WORKS  THBOrOn  TOH 
CESTR-VL  (UNEMPLOYED)   BODY  FOR  LONI>ON,  TO  MAT  12,  1906— Coodadctf. 


rUntuid 
tool!. 

Adv»oou. 

ToUl 

expeodod. 

Amount* 
ftj>pro(>hac«L 

tuirj,pw)d«4. 

Hc^niloy  Bay 

438,ltZ.19 

m.m,a 

7,a8S.gs 
7.  on.  aa 

S.aR3.fi7 

2i.7m.8a 

i      86,825.08 

«,o».7a 

9,Ul.7U 

142.  «l 

ia99 

S7&a8 

t47.fl»].70 

9,aos.os 

as.saioo 
as.asLS 

M,097.7B 

9,346.  as 
19.400.00 

391. 99 
4.196.30 

8r&06 

7.01.3 

Otrai  liil'arul  '. 

«3.43 
39.90 

e2,772.Sl 
201. 9B 

OanJen  Clly 

Fanbndif 

CblngforU 

....: . /3 

Loag  Orove 

i^cBiir 

LotHlon  C-oontT  Coundl  parks 

1,497.47 

CHi-.-mM  Fark 

s,srz.flr 

1i.                                        

*a.(W.7» 

l,2tA.ftI 

^'                      -  Ijike 

in  324. » 

Ml  -                  "VdJibotDM 

IMt-M 

«.au.a 

Central  olIla> 

ToUl 

S.fiU« 

3ft,19LQa 

190,390. 99 

«»1.1W4.49 

•  94.XKI.91 

*  Mainly  for  mntntcnnnrr  of  inon  and  for  mpPrTlnloa. 

*  Ovcr-ndvano-d.      (A  further  Allocfttloo  has  slntre  bvcB  mnde.) 

*  Including  contrarl   work. 

*  For  waice«  and  mipcrvlsloo. 

*  Including  9U0,u7U.r>4  appruprla(«d  by  Tarlous   London  boroosba. 

MKN  F.MPLOYKD  THKOtMill  CKNTRAL  )  UNEMPLOYEfl)  HOUY  FOR  LONOnX  AT 
DIFFERENT  IMTES  I>*  11)00  (INCLUDING  BOROUGH  COUNCIL  SCUEMES  WUELBB 
riOURES    WERE   OBTAINABLE). 


Nature  of  work. 


AppmxlmatQ  number  of  men  aA  work  (apart 
from  caaual  vacanclw) . 


Jan.  31. 


Feb.  38.   Mar.  31.   Apr.  27.    UaylL 


Ijoo^lon  wnrk«: 

L'hlnifforil 

Lonfi  drove 

Lomlnu    County 
CoiuirU  parka. 


Ijevtllng  (or  plATln^  prouDtJi 
Uouhle  (IlgKlDg  for  Agriculture 
L«rc41ng.  etc 


X7D 

900 

fiO 


Royal  parks. 


(I)     Lrvcllng    and    dlgglDg 


Tooting 

aoifn  (country  work) : 
llolliTBlfy  Bay 


:    ttmvcl 

[(U'>  ['ultitlni!  rKlllnga.. 

Oprn-alrhuthlng  lake. 


liUnd 
OafdenClty. 


Agriculture  and  market  gar^ 

iktD  work. 
Roodmaklng,  >c&  walUng.  etc 

Leveling 

ReelnniKtlon  of  land  by  repair 

of  tea  walls. 


SI3 
80 


Total. 


1,119 


Ktgh  council  Iworlr: 

Hi.tl.  r-r.i , 


l>.lii((^tnn.. . 

Slior^-Jitoh.. 
8t.  I'lUicraa.. 


Wandsworth . 
Toul 


RaneatlDn  mood 

I*arlng  out  burlsl  ground 

Laying  out  open  ipooc 

New  cemetery 

Rnudtnaklng  at  cemetery 

La  >-Uig  out  burial  ground  — 
Opun    upoces    and    redwing 

KrutUrut  of  rofid. 
Levcltog,  ditching,  etc 


O 


373 

414 

1.001 

lao 


303 

73 
W 
10 


387 

419 

l,4M 

i«; 

105 


flO 
108 
18 


437 


114 


288 
63 
UO 


191 

l« 
Ml 


78 
118 
U5 


3»4W 


('J 


:t.«96 


'i,3ao 


CI 


c«> 


'13D 


'HI 


va 


34S 


1. 188 


(*) 


w 


<•> 


183 


I  'ark  ttoly. 

<i  Coon  not  rriuni    tbc  vum  of  tti<f  tt«>xnfl,  titti  flgur4>H  are  glv«A  as  itkown  In 

'  N"H    V"'    ''•'Klin. 

*  Nut  Including  i   boroOKha  not  r^'ported. 


^M                          THE   UNEMPLOYED   TN    EUROPEAN   COUNTRIES.                   857   ^H 

^koKCOLONY    WORKS    rXDERTAKEN   OR    COXTRIBI^TED   TO   BY    THE    CENTRAI.    ^H 

^B                                         (rKBMrLOYIilD)  nOUV  OK  LONDON. 

t90&-6.                                            ^H 

^B                                                                   CBNTRAI.   MOHKS. 

■ 

^H  Atilhortt)-. 

riiice. 

N*tun»  jxnd  dp*crip- 
tion  of  work. 

LAiS»st 

number 
of  men 

Rate 

of 
wages 

III 

Pt'riod  of 
employ  mmt. 

Eati-      ^H 
mated     ^^ 

total                 ' 
rost  to 

■ 

ployod. 

per 
hour. 

wwk. 

ctwtraJ 

body. 

^fl                 ' 'Mt ,  Chlngro  nl 

ObUti^rmtlng  old  cul- 

3fi8 

iai2 

43 

Deo.  15-Apr.  30 

«23,3» 

^B 

rialn     and 

tlvfttlon       marks; 

^ft                     H,n 

Loagbtou. 

prvpftring     crteket 
and  rootbiUI  pitch- 

^K   ul   Llui   City 

^H  of  London. 

es:  plowed  land  re- 
dux  and  IcVflMl. 
Ditcblng,      Krubbinji 

^H|«ondon  Cotin- 

Long    flrov* 

340 

.14 

4M 

Jan.  S»-Hay    » 

H333 

^H   ty  Council 

Asylum. 

hcdmi:     pn*parin^ 
Cricket  ground;  ex- 

^H   iHsy  1  umfl 

^H  oommiitM). 

cavating  and  fonn- 
ing    paths;     trlni- 
mjog  and  shaping 
banks  and  general 

^ri 

^^ 

^^^H 

1 

^Btocadon Coon- '  Bfttteriea 

Trenching    and    dig- 

ST 

.13 

48 

Jan.  aS'ApcU 

(•>       1 

^■ty    Council  f     Park. 

ging;      removing 
laigv  TDOUod  of  d^ 

^B  HMUkaeom^ 

1 

^B  mlttM). 

bris;    turning  and 
i  nrorporating 
mound  ol  refuse  lor 
fertUiilng    purpos- 
es; raising  and  lev- 
elingtnrf  trimming 
shnibbcr^M:     road 
const  n»ct  ion. 

1 

^^1 

BlAckheath... 

Lifting  turf,  leveling, 
and  n^UytriK:    nnv 
parlnfr  crickcl 

M 

.12 

49 

Jan.  31^ Apr.  27 

(«)    ^M 

^^^^ 

^^^^M 

^1 

pltchea  and  cIoa  ring 

^H 

^H 

Brookwi>ll 

Lifting  turf,  leveling. 

£3 

.la 

41 

Jan.  Sfr-Uay   & 

(«)    ^H 

^^H 

Purk, 

and  relaying:  exoa> 
rating  and  laying 

^^M 

.^ 

^^^1 

^^^H 

drain. 

k 

^^^^^1 

^^B 

C  1  ■  p  h  ■  m 

Lifting  turf,  leveling, 
and   relaying  : 

a 

.13 

4S 

Feb.  I3-Apr.  12 

(•)     ^H 

ConuDon. 

^H 

spreading  and  k>rcl- 
ingaoiL 
Cteaning  two  lakiw, 

repairing  banks  ami 
iabods,    DIB  king 

^^^ 

^H 

CDMild  P&rk. 

aao 

.U 

43 

kMAT.U 

^H 

paths.    excaTHtini! 

^^^1 

^H 

and    d'^n    laying, 
lifting  lurf  ami  de- 

pojitTn}:   nnil   froui 

^H 

^H 

P 1  n  0  b  11  r  y 

Kai                   ;.;iiv- 

Ml 

.u 

43 

Jan.  3»-Apr.  ao 

(«)    ^U 

P«rk. 

pp.  ,             -  iiiH. 
levfiiiig  mn]   rviay- 

, 

^^^M 

Ing,  making  up  and 
lorellng  d^walks. 

^^^M 

^^^M 

^^^^1 

B  aokna  y 

Llftini:  lurf.  lercling 
and     reliiyinv. 
making  up  sldi-- 

42 

.u 

a 

Jul  3»-Apr.  14 

(•)      ^H 

^^^B 

Dowiw. 

^^^1 

vaika. 

^^^^1 

n  ft  c  k  u  0  y 

nemoving    top    soil 

100 

.12 

4S 

Jan.  2»-May   4 

(•]     ^H 

U&nhM 

and  stacking  it  for 
park  uw.  lurf  cut- 
ting. di»y^ni;  holes 

for    tnt-f    plitntinK, 
cleAning  rivrr,  ftnd 

■ 

^^^^H 

^^^H 

makirnf    up    rtmr 

^^^1 

banks. 

^^^^1 

U  1 K  h  Ii  u  r  >      UttiniE  turf.  JereUng 

S2 

.12 

43 

T*h.   S-M*y    4 

<«>     ^H 

Kwlda.                  MDil  relaylnfi. 

niUy  ftftUbu     LimiiK  turf,  lorpliBf. 

« 

.13 

43 

Feb.   fi-Apr.  U 

(•)    ^M 

1      and  reU>!n«. 

DornlmaD     Lifting  turf,  levfHag, 

(Mi 

.13 

43 

Jaa.  J^Apr.  27 

(•)    ^1 

till.' 

Laxt.vwdlRer-    Ltfn 

'•.    VApr.  13 

^1 

r  V  «  t    1  O  D            Ml. 

^^^^^^^^B 

(Jround.                  Ilt^    iiji    mu   loim.^ 

•ide*»lk«. 

■ 

^^VmWvMmtfly  rrporlptl.     Total  for  LoiwIod  ro'*»*- 

-Vdos).    ^^1 

^H  ^'DftW  (»  bfsliuilnc.    KiuiUoyisirfii  tiill  In  pio^r 

^M 

8S8 


BITULKTIN  OF  THE  BUBEAU  OF  lABOB. 


NONCOLOXT   WORKS   rNDBRTAKEN   OB   CONTRIBUTED   TO    BT   THB    CBKTBA& 

(UNBMPLOTED)   BODY  OP  LONDON,  1905-6— Continued. 

CENTS AI.  WOKKS-^Ooncltided. 


Laigest 

Rate 

Hours 

EsU- 
mated 

Authority. 

riftce. 

Nature  and  deecrip- 
Uon  ol  work. 

jauxnber 
of  men 

em- 
ployed. 

of 

wages 

per 

hour. 

work- 
ed per 
week. 

Period  of 
employment. 

toUl 
cost  to 
central 

body. 

London  Conn- 

Marble    HUl, 

Lifting  turf,  levdlng, 
and  relaying;  paint- 

M 

K.12 

43 

F»b.    fr-Apr.l2 

<•) 

tjr     CouDcil 

Twicken- 

(parka com- 

ham. 

ing    seats;   gettln||F 

mittee).— 

trench  out  for  water 

Concluded. 

supply  to  fountain. 
Lifting  turf,  leveling, 

Parliament 

50 

.12 

43 

Feb.  12-Apr.  12 

C) 

HUl. 

and  relaying:  flUlng 
in  hollows  and  gen- 
e  r  a  1 1  y  repaying 
drainage  works. 

Southwark 

Digging  and  lerellng 
football  grouod. 

49 

.12 

43 

Feh.   fi~Mar.l6 

C") 

Park. 

Springfield 

Removing    top    eofl 

SO 

.12 

43 

Feb.    5- Apr.  27 

(«) 

and     Blacking     ft; 
trenching  and  dig- 

ging around  trees. 

Strentham 

Lifting  turf,  leveUng, 

47 

.12 

43 

Feb.    6- Apr.  12 

W 

Common. 

and     relaying    for 
cricket  and  tennis 
pitclies. 
Lifting  turf,  teveling, 
and  relaying;  mak- 

Tooting Com- 
mon. 

77 

.12 

43 

Jan.  20-Apr.  12 

(-) 

ing  up  gravel  paths. 
Lifting  turf,  leveling. 

Victoria  Park. 

06 

.12 

43 

Jan.  29-Apr.  27 

(«) 

and  relayldg;  dig- 
ging   and    leveling 
recreation  ground; 

excavating  sand  pit. 

Wandsworth 

Lifting  turf,  levwHur, 

87 

.12 

43 

Feb.  12-Apr.  12 

(<") 

Common. 

and  relaying. 

Wormwood 

Lifting  turf,  leveling, 
and  relaying  tennis 

42 

.12 

43 

Feb.  13-Apr.  12 

(•) 

Scrubs. 

courts. 

H.  M.  office  of 

Hyde  Park... 

Excavating      gravel 

G5 

ft.  97 

43i 

e  Feb.  6 

works. 

and  removing  sand; 
removing       iron 
posts,  ruilings. 

SM,7  0 

1*  r  t  m  r  0  8  e 

Trenching  on  I*rim- 
rose  lim. 

80 

*.07 

43i 

Feb.    5-May  12 

Hill.    Ke- 

Rent 'spark. 

Wandsworth 

Tooting  Coni- 

i-Iicavfttion  for  bath- 

244 

.14 

43 

c  Mar.  17 

19.4  0 

))  o  r  n  u  B  h 

niou. 

ing  lake,  31)0  feet  in 

c<nnuil. 

length  and  100  feet 
in  width;  complet- 
ing same  rejidy  for 

use. 

"  Nn|  stpiirat'Iy  rcportf-d.     Total  for  London  County  Council  parks,  £l.'[,5fM»   ($0r>.on8». 

'■  I'lT  dav. 

*■  I»:itt'  of  hey  Inning.     Employment  Btlll  In  progress  at  time  of  report,  May  12,  1006. 


THE   t'NEMPLOYED   IN    KUKOPKAN   COUNTBIE8. 

rrOLO.VT    WORKS    rNKERTAKFK    Oil    rOSTaiBTTKI>   TO    BY   THE    CEXTRAr- 

irXEMrLOYEltt   «<-»I»y  of  1-0XL>0N.   Iwr.-O — concluded. 

•ORotren  scnR.nica  4!9si!«TKn  bt  r»!tiTRiBmoM  fro.tt  trntral 


■ 

LAfpWt 

1 
Ratvl 

Ic^wtri- 

H  Authority 

riafe. 

Kiilurc  juid 

dpscriptlon  of 

work. 

num- 
ber of 

rotm 
rm- 

Ot 

hour. 

Hours 
work- 

Pt)  ptT 
WOPfc. 

I-ariod  of 

oinploymvnt. 

TOUl 

OOat. 

buUon 
trom 
ccn- 

ft 

ployiKl. 

04,086 

body. 

^KMmnaboi^ 

RecreBtInn 

Larincoat 
ground     a* 

VT 

laifi 

43 

F-th.  U(») 

liMsa 

ot^  coun- 

sroii  n  tl , 
LAtchiucif 

h        CUT 

nvRMit  i  o  n 

fMd. 

ground. 

Brrmond- 

Si.  M»  TV's 

Laying  out 

40 

kt.2S 

4.1 

Mar.6(*l 

4,064 

L«tO 

fc-v  tmruugli 

ChuR-h  tinr- 

a*  rt'rrfB- 

round  I. 

iiil  irrnimU. 
Oiv  Tny  lim. 

tlon  groiin^l 

^■Said  l>c•^Vl^LI  ' 

La>ingontai 

BO 

.14 

4a 

Uar.iaW 

'*,W 

4,aJ7 

^B  borough 

C'Ainlii'rwcll. 

nervation 

^B  cniiiini. 

gmnnd. 

^Vuttum    boT- 

NMTc^nu'U'ry 

Laying  out 

00 

.14 

('• 

Dw.  H(<») 

M.OI10 

4.fiO« 

^H  ouch  coun- 
^■■Uncton  l>or- 

•amr. 

I  fi  1 1  nK  t  nti 

P  ra  1  na  g(> 

n 

.13 

44 

Jimrl<«) 

l.SK 

S32 

^V  ough   coun- 

P  o  m  e  ti?  r  V 
high    road. 

work  in  eon- 

Hc4r 

n»H'tlonirlth 

E«»lFliKh- 

borough 

^Hl 

ley. 

0('n»'t»Ty. 

^Bl.  pAncraa 

Ulf hgalD 

Laying  otit  of 
the  mghgat^ 
r  0  B  if  a  n  d 

31 

.14 

<') 

Teb.  12(a) 

8»773 

2,1QA 

^V  b  o  r  o  11  g  b 

road.  Cam- 

H  eoiuMHt. 

dim   strwt. 

B 

etc. 

opf^n    KparcH 
and  rpdueing 

B 

gradlrnt     ol 
Camden 

^H 

rtr^W. 

^■bort>t11tch 

YlmelcBpy  nud 

Laving  out 

15 

W 

41                  (/) 

1.8SS 

9U 

^m    norouiTD 

luiHul  gToimd 

^m   coniK'il. 

as    an    open 
Lnvrljng  rw- 

H 

aGa  rr«t  t 

8 

.u 

a    Jatt.l-Uar.3... 

B 

rork. 

rc  A  t  1  on 

gn)iinil. 

^■IriUMUvoT  c  h 

b  K  1  ngKtijii 

r  1  n  i  n  g  and 
f  1 1 1 1 n  g  up 

IT 

*14 

43 

Jen.  1-F«b.  14.. 

^H   li  0  r  o  u  K  h 

miMt, 

3,074 

51t 

^1  rouDPil. 

dtlch. 

■ 

cWlmlilp- 

Piping  and 
filling  up 

31 

.14 

43 

Jan.  ft*n>b.  31.. 

^^_ 

doD  Park 

H 

ditch.  * 

Vntn  of  beginning. 
"  "r  day. 


EmployBwnt  allU  la  progrvsa  al  Ud)«  of  reporl,  liny  12.  19^06. 


'  HuiKTvlFiun.  vtc,  by  boroufib  counclt  frcv  of  charge. 

*  KlVi*  day?*  \wr  wr»-k. 

«  SrvpQ  nnd  oue-bulf  boura  per  day. 

'Kot  pciwrtetl. 


[RN  KXirLovKiJ  o.\  v.vuinri;  woukh  lkavixc.  fob  eacfi  ricasox.  rp.  to 

MAY    12.    IJKiiJ. 


( 

•SSf 

SSSL 

Toot  Ing 

Comrann 

bathing 

lake. 

Pnwprct  of  work... ...... ..,„...„„,_ .. „,„..»—.,_.,.. 

M'ff^P'liK't , 

34 

38 

84 

I 

1 

1 

U 

s 

6 

y  '■          iint ,,,,..., „►.,.„, „„-....^. „,„„.,. 

8 

1                  

1 

i 

t- . .             „.. 

AffHX                                                                    

B^ 

44 

PPM                                       worka _ 

5 

1 

I                   I ,.... 

3H 

' 

860 


BULLETIN   OP   THE  BUREAU   OF  LABOB. 


MEN    EMPLOYED    ON   COLONY    WORKS    LEAVING,    FOR    EACH    REASON,    UP    TO 

MAY   12,    1006. 


Holles- 
ley  Bay 
colony. 

Garden 

City 
colony. 

Fam- 

bridgo. 

Oaea 

Island. 

Morley 
and 

Bevan 
homes 

Date  of  commencement  oJ  work 

Number  of  men  employed  from  commencement  of 
work  to  May  12,  l506 

Dec.  12, 
1905. 

624 

Feb.  21, 
1906. 

222 

Feb.  22, 
1906. 

190 

Jan.  16, 
1906. 

138 

Number  leaving  on  account  of— 

ProBpect  of  work 

Misconduct 

Medically  unfit 

86 

26 
11 

14 

18 
2 
2 

g 

3 

1 

65 

14 

26 

18 
26 

1 

Emigrated 

4 
5 

4 

SIcSess 

Trouble  at  home 

3 
4 

Died 

No  reason  given  or  own  accord 

DissatiBfled. 

135 
10 

11 
6 

11 

4 

1 

Army  training 

Time  expired 

Transferred  to  local  works 

t 

Migrated 

i 

Nervous  of  crossing  water 



1 

1 





Total  leaving 

336 

104 

65 

73 

2 

Numberof  raenatworkMay  12, 1906 

288 

118 

125 

66 

6 

Details  furnished  by  distress  committees  showed  that  under  the 
Unemployed  Workmen  Act  of  1905  there  were  38,605  applicants  in 
Ix)ndon  up  to  March  31,  1900,  who  reported  their  occupations.  The 
following  table  shows  the  number  in  each  occupation : 

APPLICANTS    TO   DISTRESS    rOMMITTKES    IN    LONDON,    REPORTING    AS    TO 
OCOt'PATIONS,  UP  TO  MARCH   31.   1006. 


Oectipalion. 

Numl«T ' 

of  appli-                           Occupation, 
cants. 

Number 
of  appli- 
cants. 

lluiidlnpr  trtwles 

15.43i>  1    Dealers     , 

651 

Woodworkers  . 

I  fiTiT  1    Transportation 

15,442 
68 

Metal  workers 

l.sai      Civil  and  municipal  Pervants 

Sundry  manufacturers 

4,il    '  Service  (vflriouB) 

863 

277  ,    Unclassified 

614 

tii",  1 

liST)                 Total 

Food  and  drink 

38,605 

Of  37,509  applicants  reporting  as  to  conjugal  condition,  29,751 
were  married,  7.121  single,  583  widowers,  and  114  widows. 

Of  37,051  applicant.^  who  reported  their  age,  5,326  were  from  16 
to  25  years  of  age,  11,140  from  26  to  35.  10,348  from  36  to  45,  6,035 
from  46  to  55,  3,205  from  50  to  65,  and  508  from  06  to  75. 

The  above  tables  sliow  tlie  nature  of  the  relief  works  established 
with  the  cooperation  of  tlie  Central  (Fnemploved)  Body  for  London, 
somoAvhat  of  the  character  of  the  men  employed,  and  the  main  results. 

Concerning  the  wcmien's  work,  and  also  the  colonies  established  for 
the  unemjdoyed,  more  detail  is  interesting. 

Upon  the  difTicult  question  of  providing  work  for  unemployed 
women  there  has  been  so  much  less  \pritten  and  done,  compared  with 


1 
I 

I 


THE  UNEMPLOVED   IN    EUROPEAN    OOUNTBIES.  861 

vhftt  has  bfcii  written  and  done  for  unemployed  men,  that  the  report 
'of  tlu*  won»en'-s  work  <'oinniitlee  is  of  .special  iutere.sl.  This  report  is 
taken  from  the  preliminary  report  of  the  Central  (Unemployed) 
'Body  for  Ix)n(lon  to  May  I'i,  IIHW,  and  is  as  follows: 

RKPOnT  OF  THE  WOACEVS  WOUK  COMMITTEE. 

Althoui^h  botli  when  tUe  t'neiuployed  Workmen  Bill  \niff  before  Pnrllameot, 
nnd  the  rei^uliilioiiH  issiit^l  by  tlie  \^K-t\\  Omenitiieiit  Hnaid  uiuler  llip  tut.  It 
waa  ciciirly  stuteil  tliat  ull  the  provlHinns  of  the  uct  would  niiply  io  women 
equally  with  men.  It  Wiia  some  Utile  time  In-fore  tbe  (littlret«  (^iiiimitteeK  or  the 
central  b<4y  bepnu  nrtlvoly  to  inke  up  the  eomfwratlvely  novel  nnd  iwirttenlarly 
difflrnit  task  of  rtenllng  with  uneuiployeil  women.  On  rebruary  10,  huwever,  the 
women's  nurk  conimlttee  met  for  the  first  time.  Mr.  J.  Unmsny  M:icI>onu1<U 
M.  v.,  being  electwl  chairman. 

Applirtitionit  nnd  schtmrn  fnr  nsMatnncc, 

It  Wft«  ascertnine<l  by  Impiiry  nnionir  the  tllRir*»ps»  eoniniltteos  that  only  338 
len  had  by  that  lime  been  resrlPtere*!.  The  cniumlttee  attributed  this  to  the 
_  'ral  assuuipttoD  tliat  no  d«'tlnlte  (itt«*nipt  ne«»<l  tK»  \\vm\v  (o  nieet  the  invewsltlea 
of  women,  and  to  the  ahH^-iK-e  of  any  prevUms  experlenee  oce*irding  a  pn>Bi»oct 
that  registration  would  be  of  imy  avail.  They,  therefore,  decided  lu  ask  tlie 
distress  eouunltte*»s  to  make  known  the  f.irts  by  Rj*eclally  eniplmslxtn;;  on  all 
n<»tlc»'s  iKsued  that  women  were  elijilhle  to  lie  registered  as  nnoniployed  jtersiins, 
and  they  at  onee  tieunn  to  prepare  plans  for  the  provlsbjn  of  assIstance.i'M  Pro-  ^_ 
IHYtqUs  for  the  establishment  of  a  farm  colony  for  women,  and  of  buiudrleH  where  ^| 
the  washing  for  the  men's  farm  colonies  ndght  be  cnrHed  on.  wore  deferreil.  and  ^^ 
!t  was  de**Ided  to  establish  a  workr(M»m  where  women  cnnld  l>e  employed  In 
luaklug  outfits  and  other  articles  for  the  urc  of  the  colonies  or  for  cud'^nnta 
»e»it  out  by  the  central  brkly.  Arrangements  were  also  made  with  the  .Vssoeia- 
tlon  of  Trained  Chanrcmen  for  the  provision  of  a  week's  work  for  a  few  appli- 
cants ree*>mmende4l  by  the  committee,  the  training  of  thp  women  In  such  a  way 
as  to  improve  their  industrial  prospe<*ts  being  an  essential  feature  of  this  scheme. 

The  distress  cr»mmlttei»s  wrix-  Informe*!  of  these  plans  and  nskeil  to  submit 
the  re<'oi'd  iwii>*'i's  of  rases  i*econimende«l.  In  itrder  that  the  experiments  in  the 
provision  of  assistance  might  Ik*  devised  and  carrbMl  out  with  txinstant  reference 
to  the  character  of  the  ap|»lieatIouH,  the  examination  of  these  reci>rd  rwp^rs  wai 
de1e»futetl    to   the   wumen's   work   committee   Instead   of  to   the   elasslflcatioD 

I  committee  ^H 

As,  however,  l»y  March  31,  when  the  registers  were  closed,  rery  few  addltlonar^^ 

I 


applications  had  been  reeeive<l,  the  schenie  for  a  central  workroom  was  aban- 
donetl  on  April  5.  and  It  was  decided  as  an  alternative  to  Invite  the  distress 
ciinimlttees  to  take  the  Inlliatlve  In  preparing  and  snltmlttlng  schemes  for  local 
workrooms  for  their  t  wn  niw»s.  These  schemes.  If  npprove^l.  would  then  be 
undertaken  and  financeil  by  the  central  tMMly  and  nmnagtHl  with  the  coofteratlon 
of  the  distress  comndttee.  In  this  way  it  was  hoppil  that  hnal  uwmIr  would  be 
better  met,  and  exiterlence  galne«l  which  wfiuld  be  useful  In  the  future. 

Several  of  the  distress  <fimiiii(tees  responded  sympnthetically.  but  only  in  the 
case  of  Poplar  ha«  lo«:-al  work  actually  be*>n  put  In  hnn<l.  The  Poplar  scheme 
provides  for  the  employ (ueiit  of  2t>  wnmen  for  at  least  five  we*'k«  In  a  work- 
room, orgaidze*!  In  co<»|>enition  with  Miss  riK^etham  of  the  Women's  rnlverslly 
Si'ttlenient.  Canning  Town,  who  is  resjHinslble  to  the  central  b<wly  fi»r  Its  nmn- 
ngemcnt  In  ni-cordance  with  the  regnlatloiis  of  the  l/tcal  Covernmenl  lb«ird  and 
the  re<|uiremcnt8  of  the  women's  wtirk  cimmilttee.  The  workrimm  was  o[tencd 
on  May  1-i,  The  w^nien  are  empl'iyed  for  six  hours  a  day  for  five  days  a 
week,  and  receive  '2h.  |4il  cental  a  day.  while  those  who  have  families  receive 
nu  addttlomil  nMowance.  on  the  same  scale  as  the  wives  of  men  on  the  colonies, 
ill   respect  of  their  children.     The  ceutral  boily  bears  the  whole  exi»etise  and 

*A  sDKKPfttlvc  aiofnornoduia  on  tttc  valijcct  vas  drculntcd  Uj  tlie  WonieB'i  ladosll 
rouDcii. 

•I(n21>— Bull.  70—08 14 


I 


Bnj^ETxir  or  the  buxkau  or  l&bok. 


IRorlde*  fBe  mutfriul.    The  product  Is  of  cottrw  ike  pro|i«n7  '^  th(*  nfmrrat 


wi  «'Aablc«t 


botly.  and  ciin«iKt*t  of  gitnupnts  f<>r  wU*  on  th<*  t-olrmleii,  nr  for  tb- 
RTQliTs.     The  ^7lcunrU•^l  hi  tbe  workr<wMi!  not  r»Mpt1  br  IV^plnr  w- 
offerpiS  to  tbc  fltljiitatni;  ctmimtmltten  of  ^ 
Ilurkuey.     f»nly  Ibu  Iir»t   lw<t  have  so  f- 

Th»*  ik_»v*Jh  »'f  the  t>uilKr!">t»  M>iit  ont  i'\    m,*-  ■tiiir:i      >  -i^    im 
llie  coninillTM*  to    '  ohtiihi  **  oMinnry  t*nij>l(iym**i»l  for  n   few  <tf  tlio  Xtfua.  DvMlfe- 

woiiiri)  ' '■■'  *•**'  ""•■"■•ints  rcEli«f '*'"'-'       i-i.^»-'-»i  n*(imrti  prl'*^'^i  »-^-    •   tii.*n.Ki.- 

of  thf  e  wiTv  t'  lU'ply  ti' 

HilHv'-  y.  who  WM-  for  the  jt.  , 

fr>r  thv  Ktiki  Knd  Kmicnirion  Fn«il.     Thr  ivHiiltH  w»*fv  ninst  rtuTHirrMrinr,     «hi*T 

fin*  i'ri>"^l  unsjiltaltle,  one  did  not  respond,  nnd  two  had  foittid  tvT>rk.     Tb**  othfr 

Bp\(»n  workf*d  Ktcadlly  for  uwirly  n  montb,  iind  eonspd  on  tl»o  trerupi*  iitMmt  »fl«. 

I$2.4n|  n  week  e«rh. 

An  nimlTiiils  of  tbe  ra»*8  denit  wftli  up  to  Stny  3  nhows  thr  foltowtn?  mmltv: 

NhiuIkt  r('|'*»rti'd  na  r**cislerwl  hy  l!-l  distress  coiiiuiltttM^i* 338 

Xnuihor  submitted  by  10  <llatress  committees  88  recommended  for  nssIatnncR 
(to  Mtiy  'A) llfl 


Dveialoutft  of  coumUttce  ou  esses  submlttrd  by  dlstreos  committees: 

iCcMTommcodtfd  for  workroom  <")_ . ____«-. 

n«^tumn-!id«^1  for  tntlnluf;  jia  cbnnromefi(*) 

Mliftnteil  to  Wl»lM?ach - 

Dsfenvd  for  further  c-onaldemTion , .^-. ._— 

DRfhrnvI  for  further  Information 

Rejected  ah  unmiltable  or  !n«nirfble(^>- 


35 
IS 
\ 
4 
IT 
&4 


US 

In  eAmtisrtnc  the  fifnire«  It  mart  be  bi>me  In  mtnd  that  tbh*  Is  thr  ftr*t  i^fttm 
lb  whirli  iitiy  orpini»*«l  ntteuipt  to  diiil  with  nneiuiiloypit  women  '  ■  riviil<». 

T1»1«  fnrt  nflr&'le<1  !>(>th  the  nnniber  nml  the  ehnnirtrr  of  tbe  ii:  ^  fttwl 

tin  t  "<-oinmeiided  by  dt)»trens  rommlttoefl.     Tho  work  of  i  '  "* 

hi  nentfll  !n  a  fnr  J\lf;her  dnj;roe  won  thiin  Thnt  of  rtwil 

pi*'\.ii  Ml.  II.     Mnny  qiustlona — HiirU  .is  the  dlsilnctUm  1  —     " 
poor  r<*Ilef  nnd  eiises  of  liidiiMrlal  iiideiK>ndenn\  or  b- 
ployment  nnd   rhrotilc  andrr-empbixnient  or   tmd^T-pti:.. 
dftficnlty  of  deciding  whether  op  not  n  woman  flppltrmit  If- 

whiner  of  a  fnmlly  or  Is  luT^*;•lf  dfiK*"dent  on  hu^b:lnd  or  ^ 

prni'tko  ftnd  could  be  diH^hlod  only  by  exiH?rien<*e.     The  nunibei-*  ' 

hnve  also  Ihhmi  llinllt-d  by  the  *»nmll  Tnrlety  of  uictlioiio  of  ft«t<ui- 
hfiH  been  [HiKsiblo  «»  yet  to  provide.     The  iiueMU'U  ha- 
period  for  which  the  rej;lsters  NhoiiM  be  oix-n  fiir  w' 

which  Is  miltnble  fnr  miti,  or  whether,  fur  exnmide,  ex<-iiiii'"ij(i  idJ-ti-t-n  nmon^ 
woniiMi  nmy  not  be  more  likely  to  apitenr  In  July,  Aagust,  nr  Sept*niiber,  than 
lu  the  wlut*jr.(*) 


•  Rt«wn  of  ll*r»c  wpre  ti&fV^  orfllnarr  ernployispat  imdor  Mtx  V«tct»»r  la  tk* 

fnrttirf'  ut  fltitllt<i  for  i-mlemntji.     iH<'%>  Above.) 

*  tits  tit    *>(    tl:«    i<     U'Ki  •■     olTf  ii'.l    II    \\<  I'W    '     t  riiliiltiL'    a  I     Mri.-      ML.ri..n'a  ■     i.\z     ill.l    tn,t     a.>n> 

IbiF  «ir«r.  In 

4   nafiMrjic'Ctii'v                                          ■.    1          ,  ■  :,  i 

tio^   A«krtl  t<^   ri^nirftvr   fiivir  »»hm>«  wlili   «   tI«w   to  lUaid  «UUUI«i(   «vcui*r  viiic*lusiu«a{ 
'  ||M-)tin<l  «f  <M>ii   lo  flpr^*      _- . -  ._  -      14 

1)1  .1 

I' 

I'.  [1'    iii'i     111    <   .    ■ ».    .-      iir    iiiiiri     ioiHi    anM." i uutv      ..      __  *l 

Ci  .tt  (orv  ,      ,  ,,  .  t 

|,t  ■  ,,___ii..^ -  - 

IK«f«M«l     VUXk  I      I  .    TTIMI     ■■  ■  — . 

On  Jim*'   I   II  WHN  «1ni>t«1i*(l  liy  lit*  M>n(nil  t>odr  Mtal  lint  n^ldler  sbotUd  kr  tip#U«uI  OB^ 
lfl«r  July  1  nsxt  llOOtll  for  i\k  rfslvxratina  of  Womi*i], 


THE   rXBMPLOVEO   IN    EtraOPHAN   COrNTBIES. 


863 


H  little  hns  f>ee«  done  for  uncrnplovcd  xvomen  and  how  (iiflicult  Is  the 
■  problem.  A  man  can.  if  nc^ctt^^ary.  I>e  ^ivcii  work  awav  from  bis 
Hhom^.  flt  1*:*a^t  for  n  time,  while  a  woman,  if  -he  has  children  or  other 
Bpei'sou.s  (Jejii'iutcuL  upon  her,  can  not  be  jAtparated  from  her  faiiuly. 
T  L^I>or  colonies,  therefore,  have  provisions  fnr  women  only  in  excep- 
ikuial  ways.  As  a  rule  women  can  oot  be  employed^  exeept  uccusioa- 
in  somff  drrical  way,  on  iwiblic  works,  and  tinless  special  shops 
or  workrooms  are  opened  situations  on  ordinary  work  eun  not  be 
ured  for  them.  The  main  oenipntions,  therefi>re,  which  are 
n  to  unemployed  men  are  ordin&rily  not  suitable  for  womiui. 
p  al>ove  rep4>rt  sliows  what  can  be  done  in  this  line,  but  perhiips 
in  regard  to  women,  even  more  than  to  men,  these  conditions  aud 
difficulties  make  it  of  the  utmost  importance  to  have  employment 
bureaus  which  can  find*situations  for  nee<ly  women.  In  this  respect 
the  German  public  employment  biireaus  Imve  been  especially  suc- 
<»*sf«U 

I^bor  colonies  for  the  temi)orarilT  unemployed  who  uiv  employ- 
able is  one  of  the  questions  mn±?t  hotly  delxited  in  Kui'ope.  It  is 
tieiiig  demanded  by  rooet  so-called   radicals  and  pro^rressives  that 

■  Ial)or  colonies  he  started  for  Initii  the  employuhle  and  unemployable. 
Birt  a  <H>nsidernhle  nnmlx*r  of  practicnl  students  of  the  ipieslioti  claim 
that  such  colonics,  if  they  do  some  good^  do  more  bnrm^  and  therefore 
shotdd  not  be  started.  It  seems  wise,  therefort*,  in  studying  this 
question,  to  see  whiit  the  committees  in  charge  of  the  English  colonies 
ol  this  natnre  have  to  report,  and  tlien  to  discuss  their  adequacy  or 
inudc^juacy  to  meet  (he  ni-eds  of  the  case.  Tlie  re|x>rts  are  from  the 
preliminur>'  repi>rt  of  the  Central  ( Unemployeil)  Body  for  London 
to  Mav  l!^,  lf>0<),  and  nrv.  ns  follows: 


1 


[KEK>aT  OF  THE  WORKING  COLONIKS  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  CEXTRAI- 
a'NEMPT.OTKD)   BODY  FOK  T.OXDON. 

The  CALuair  Ststku. 


The  work  of  till?  cotetnlttef.  of  wUlcii  Mr.  Ow^rse  Ijin«l>tirT  was  fMonoil  cUotr- 
uinu  at  tUe  lirst  uipfrtln;;  <ni  I  )(i*euilii*r  .'*,  4N>n.sifll:s  of  the  nrpinixntton  iiiul  tmin* 
njpmu'iit  ttC  u-urkM  sliimleil  sti  fur  from  K<>ui]nn  tlmt  llio  men  cui|il<.irett  tin  not 
peturu  Iv  tJieir  Iuhbi'S  »lJiil3',  but  have  to  Xw  nvt^nmntiUitvd  on  or  ncur  lUi*  workii. 
These  "cdlonlfs"  inuy  l»c*  of  twn  liiinls — fiirni  nr  Mffrlcuiniral  tmliiinff  <^Uon[rs, 
wblirb,  (l)'»u;^  yiM'rfsj*iv"  irliiys  of  minnists  itiHM  ttiPMiuli   tljfiii,  are  yt-t   \m*v- 

lUMUcMit   irwiii 1.^     :.-,.!   y. ,-..-.•  ...I, ,1,1,.-    ,.■•  ^..1(1 !-  ,.<■  ,1.,.,,  limiKal  for 

a  tiuu*  lj.  titnr  |>i*^*o  of 

Work,     li  I  i.|p  lo  pnnhl<» 

UtMroiuuHHlalioii  lor  many  uion.'  lut'U  tUiii  it  in  iMisnihli'  i<»  truiii,  »iui  (o  uhh  (IiJk 
»Xtni  iM:<-<uajiioilMtiua  for  tbe  t»Ha|>orary  pnii'*''y"tt'nt  tn  tlinrii  of  rJt''r|>tU>nnI 
iliBLresii  of  u  liireo  iinuiLM-r  nf  mon  iii>tMj  un-  tmnitory  \r«>rk.    Oiif  of  thin 

InruiT  nnriil>*-r.  the*  most  pmiDtsiim  will  be  ^r  u  more  jiniloaciHi  period 

•f  traUiiai;.  wUlIe  tlte  otiiers  will  retura  (■.•  Lt'iaUMi  Ut  seok  ordinary  employ-* 
]nwnU 


mutums  or  tub  erftCAr  or  i^Boa. 


At  TIoIU-nlj 
In  ttni^M!  tif 


iV,V*Tlii 


an  «si1cnltiiral  tr  • 

■^tn-^  fv»r  JPift  mi- 


>li/rt1e4  «>r  fh-'fTi   rbM9  kl^i. 


-  hstrt  tecs 

'  Bttm 

Tiy  Diftx  prrf«in*  tbc  «ray  for  «■»• 


<=l4mt  at  llfffln- 

mfmlh, 


r*- 

On  all  Til' 
Iffy  H»y  ^"i 

■  t*i\.  Tin?  riHfi  nn*  «n|ilnyiil  ii*ir 
rrttinitiiK  to  l^uiidoii  nt  Mi»*  <'tw1  <»f  . 
aiMl  Utrtk  f«r  «nrk.  ' 
iiiwf  4jf  (VI.  f  1*J  (•ontp  I 
My,  but  111  iiu  <:■«»*•  *'\ 
i1<«i.( ")    Till*  ti-ritml 

\mU\    !m   flic  liomrn  I*>    ;,...;.,     ..r..;,.,^ ^.,,    .,-_     ^ .-.ig 

tiM-lr  n-k'Hhtr  xlr<ltM  for  tli<*  nMl»tauo«  of  the  CauiUlfn  ami  Ibe  lmi«rovettHmt  nf 

tfoLi.nnxr  pat. 


TAr  rr/fony. 


I 


Tlio  ncrlniUnriil  trnlulnc  rnlnny  l»  nor  only  tbo  i»"hfniio  t  trlikb 

of  till  (lnw***  |itit  fh  Imiiil  !)>■  tlie  rttilrnl  iMXiy  tifTtTB  inonf    i-  u.innn 

mwfulTipfm,  ImiI  It  III  n\ptt  tlir  (»no  tii^n  which  tbo  rtr»ft  i  '> 

(111*  <*i*iilriil  ImmIv  wen*  i»iii|»U»yw|.     Tbo  colony  wiih  i»ki  .1 

('<iniinltt<N»  of  til*?  l>Midnn  I'lioniployf^l  Fmul  In  J>hriiar>,   llM^T^,    Ut-  ^1 

liiill<tlii(!N  Ix'tliK   N')1fti*il   1o   IIkU   t'oiiiinllliH'  by    )[r.   .Intu  fih    Tt'ln  nt  n                        ;i 

nMil  for  Ilirw  ymr»».  with  o|illoii  of  piin-hnfir,  nt  '.'  uy 

tjiiit*  ultliln  Hint  iK^rltKlJ '^)     I'luler  thv  leniit  nf  tli-  i» 

A*  tmnufcrrfd  on  tli**  wiiii**  (Hindltlorm  to  any  inoti"'i«.    ,  in  ;  ^ 

o  (Ifiil  with  tlH*  tiiU'iii|tloyi'<I.  iiihI  thi*  nfftT  tif  thr  trnui*(*'r  li 

inil  lU    till-   IIUM'    I7't  iiH'ii    workliij:  iiimhi   U,   fotlowi-*!   iiiili..  .  lie 

t-oimtltutlon   of  the  eeiilrnl    liojy.     The   Ixiiiiloii    l'Uf*uiployr«(l     I  ^^ 

rciKMHl  to  inivt  npfin  the  nprx>lntli>('i<t  "'  Ibo  rf>nlrfil  ttinly,  ;i(m1  h- 

ov(*r.  wero  all  but  vxbuuHtMl.    As  n   mutti^r  of  urtriairy.  n.  r^ 

boily   liiiinifltatfly   iiinlciiook  the  iiiiiiutKiMiMMit  of  Hi*'  fiiloi)\  Iri 
rmii  ronHttnirtmi   wnn  ruinpb'tcil   nn<1   (Ik-  nifitlcl'  roiihl   Ih-   }*rti|M'ri>    4  imikUUtM 

ii|>on  full  ttifoniiiittoti,  the  iiurKllon  of  iipplyliiK  for  the  wiuctlou  uf  the  LociJ 
Oovvrutuutit  Ibmnl  to  tb«  aoc«pUiiK-e  uf  Uxe  offur. 


Oprrutifinit  ilHt'ttiff  thf  ftrunoH. 

On  Uivpnibrr  12.  tbor^foro,  tho  ronmilllrf  look  nvor  tlio  ro«T>*^T-""-"" 
mpu  nlrwitly  on  tbo  colony,  niul  iirnui»fix1  for  the  (IlHpalrb  of  ti 
n  lodil  of  .TiO.     Of  the  MKMi  iiln-mly  tluTc.  40  liiitl  Immmi  thoro  ; 
ttiitl    liiiil   tdfii    "  wlft'tftl,"  on   till'  rt'f-oninionibillon  of  Uie  HuiM»riiit 
ttoltoii  Hnmrt.  out  of  fumit*  2<)(»  wnt  ilown  fop  ibrt'e  nionlbs  In    fb* 
(ttirliiir.  for  further  (mliilnir  wllh  ii  vlovv  to  tililniiitc  mtiiniiuMit  In  niruJ 
In  M»nio  form  either  nl    homo  or  In  tUo  colonbm.     Tlu^  n^xt   bii4    eoni* 
the  itiMttriin.     A  few  iNittii^ieM  wrrr  In  eonrik«  of  erectlnr 
eniployi'il   Inbor  luid  pnrlly  of  fnmlH  niiftplb'd   by  Mr. 
triiiiNfcrrbiK'  froin  Lottdon  the  lionieH  of  mwiir  t*f  thr*  ^^i  i;    ;  ,r   i 

pi'rlod  of  nnitiNl  fniitlty  trnlnlii^r  In  nirni  llf*-.     INirt  i-i  mo  of 

Ibr  Irircer  iitimber  of  intMi  iliirtni;  the   winter  v,n*  tb'  '•<■    "'    "■■■ 

of  lieiith  Innil  netir  (hew  eotlnp'H  for  the  i>iirfHiHe  rtf 
for  thf  true  of  rbi'  f<itliiiLn.'rM.     TMntit*  biul  niKo  br-eii  pr»*i' 

uy   allnvsn**!  WtfP    |0».    tr^4«|:   Ar»l   clillii   a*.    U»    ern' 

ri.iM    I.     r..i    ,:i.-   rMtiu)  :  oir  i4  ypurn  cif  ngrl   la.    {"M   o«*«iw| 

llH'   tnlfll   Mdnirmicf  Otit   to  I  •- 

*Hi-p  i*porl  of  thr   l.oti(U>it    .  ...■-..,.  .v.u    »  NiMi   i.ic  a  full  flrarMpIUiti   rtf  tb*    ««ii*... 
Rn«aunt  of  Its  foaodBiInu  ond  ihi*  op«ratlou»  o(  tb**  tlrwl  flvinon. 


111 

irf 

Mt. 

iiMlu«tl7 

(Town  If* 


w«ir1c  fur 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    EUROPEAN   COUNTRIES. 


I 

I 
t 

I 

I 
I 


tloii  of  fiirthiT  |u)rii»MiK  nf  tlto  fiinn  liind  inln  market  jinrtleii.  for  cleanlnj;  out 
dykes,  reimlrin^:  bnnis.  fences,  nnd  otlinr  \v»Mnlwork.  and  making:  cenient  brlrkfl 
for  tlif  n«'w  (-(truiut'S.  Tlie  rurreut  work  of  the  fnrui  iinil  the  market  pirdou 
XVB8  :ilso  onrrUfl  on. 

The  c<dony  bos  not  ut  any  tlmo  been  full.  Tbe  titue  taken  In  seleotlUK  appll* 
cnniH.  the  coustont  oecnrreiioe  of  vacancies  tbrou»;li  men  leiivinir  for  ordinary 
euiidoymcut  or  otlier  ren*H^»n8,  and  the  weedhijc  out  of  the  ln*x>nii>etent  or  HI 
condnctetl  combine*!  to  |pn>din?o  (his  n.-snlt.  In  the  eiirly  part  of  th**  ^ichmmi, 
shortly  after  the  ChrlstniiiH  fiirlouirh.  diHsjitlsfactlou  with  certain  teniiK)niry 
InconvenlcuceH  Incidental  to  the  enlnrKeuieut  ot  the  t^»Iony,  fomented  by  n  few 
restless  si>Irit»,  Ie<l  to  the  dejinrture  from  the  colony  of  77  men  out  of  u  touil  of 
2-12. (")  As  n  rule,  however,  the  coudn<-l  of  tlie  ctdonUlH  hna  l»«'n  good;  their 
physhiue  has  been  fnirj'')  uud  marked  iuipnivement  bus  resulted  from  the  freiita 
air.  i^kkI  food  and  continnons  employment. 

The  average  dally  niiinher  of  men  enipl«ye«l  has  been  237,  divided  n«  follows: 
Inclosing  meadows  for  market  garden.  3b:  reelnlmlng  hc^nth.  25;  gr<7cnhonsen,  6; 
cleaning  dikes  und  trimming  he<Igerows  uud  fencing,  lil ;  repairs  uud  additions 
to  buildings,  14;  smiths,  car|ienters.  etc.,  10:  brickmaklng,  24;  cottage  build- 
ing, HO;  ordinary  market  gardening  and  farm  work.  44;  stablemen  and  cnrters, 
4;  slHM'umkeiV  and  harness  niaken*'  shops,  3.1'")  Between  l)ccend»cr  12,  1005, 
and  May  12,  tlHh;,  84tinc  ttj  acres  of  meadow  laud  Unw  he<'n  nddi^d  tt)  the  market 
gardens  and  11  to  the  orchard.  The  ground  has  been  olenre*!,  levele<l,  drained, 
double  dug,  and  fenced.  In  the  market  garden  the  s.vt<teui  praetJceil,  e.  g.,  In 
the  Vule  of  Evesham,  of  planting  Hues  of  apide  trees  and  bnsh  fruit  with  rows 
of  Mrawberrles,  onions,  carrots,  etc.,  between,  hns  bt*en  adopted,  while  juirt  luia 
l>een  planted  with  nvirsery  forest  tribes. 

In  the  existing  garden  IS  acres  have  be»u  sown  or  |>lnuted  with  {lens,  beans, 
or  other  produce,  and  about  l.«NM»  forest  trees  planted  In  permanent  iKisItlona 
ou  tlie  estate.  Four  greeidiouses  have  been  erected  out  of  funds  sjKvhilly  sub- 
scribed to  tbe  I^>udou  Unemployed  Fund,  and  [trtKluce  has  been  regularly  pre- 
liured  for  market  by  tbe  colonists  and  delivered  at  Ipswicb,  Woodbrldge,  and 
KeMxstowe. 

Considerable  alterations.  Iniprovenioits  and  repairs  have  been  carried  out  in 
rnrlous  parts  of  the  buildings;  nearly  a  mile  of  water  main  to  the  cottage  sites 
(provided  for  In  the  I>jndon  T'nemiiloyed  Fund  eigtimnfes)  has  Imvu  laid,  and 
75,000  cement  bricks  luive  been  wade,  the  sand  for  tbe  purinme  having  been 
dug  and  carte<l  ou  the  estate.  Training  in  farm  work,  including  milking, 
plowing,  etc.,  has  been  given  to  sume  70  candidates  fi>r  emigration. 

Ti'ftinitiff  for  settlrMCttt. 

Of  tbe  cottages  In  course  of  erection  by  Mr.  Fels,  two  have  been  completed 
and  four  otbers  are  nearly  ready.  One  family  is  already  installed,  a  second  is 
on  tbe  point  of  migration,  and  tbe  settlers  lu  the  other  four  are  now  being 
selected. 

Recently  a  scheme  has  been  adopteil  by  which  each  man  Is  to  be  allowetl  to 
rent  a  small  pirdeu  plot  threcfourths  of  a  chain  in  area  at  the  equivalent  of 
2s.  Gd.  [01  cents]  i»er  annum,  with  the  option  of  selling  bis  prmluw  to  the  cidony 
at  market  jirlce  or  of  sending  it  home.  This  will,  it  is  ho|ted.  increase  the  In- 
terest taken  by  the  colonists  In  their  work  and  develop  enteri>rise  and  Initiative. 
It  Is  not  to  be  e.\iHH*ted,  however,  that  more  than  a  fraction  of  tbe  whole  number 
will  prove  desirous  of  settling  on  the  land  or  suitable  for  It.  .\  cimsiderablo 
unml»er  of  those  sent  down  by  the  distress  committees  were  obviously  st^lected 
only  with  a  view  to  tiding  uier  a  |>eriiHl  of  exceptional  dlstr**ss.  At  one  time, 
for  Instants,  there  were  on  the  colony  42  men  over  45  years  of  age.  of  whom  10 
\vere  over  .W.  Tbow  who  for  this  or  other  rensous  aiv  recngnlze<l  as  tempornry 
ntsts  return  to  l.ondon  at  the  expiration  of  not  Inter  than  the  (ferlod  of 
«eu  wt*eks  allowed  by  the  I^kjiI  (iovernment  Ibmrd  regulations,  while  In  the 

*  Many  of  the  77   wvn*  uUlod  Intu  takiug   this  action  ond  «xpre«t«d  ■iDcen  regret.^ 
Somr  of  (bc«o  wrro  •nhMHiurotljr  finplo'cd  nt  othir  colonlvx  nnd  prnvisl  HatlHfactorj. 

*  Er^ry  maa  !>i!nl  lu  u  t-olooj  H  previously  oortincd  ■.!  tnv  from  Inffcdoa  or  dnngvr- 
onii  wriikncNft. 

*  Sum  of  ltrm«  dor*  not  equal  total  «hown  :  the  ftyurfn  ar«  a»  elven  In  original  oAcial 
report. 


I 


acLLETiar  or  thk  buobau  or  UABoa. 


owe  of  tbcmc  who  appMir  ^uHnblc  for  fiirt1i(Y  tnitninc  «riib  a  rirw  to  frfilrra^t, 

DPIiHditUiii  Ih  mnilp  In  the  iMwrd  ftM  >  (n  no  RSti<«w1<ici  tvf  thm  pHfeA 

W'Uut  fonu  timl  M-til«'UM*iit  wlU  n  \n  KtlM  iifK*ff*rtuiu.     Far  an^ 

ll  will  lu>  i>nilt?r:itU>n  to  ('jinmlii.     I  -  ftir  mm  nttmuum- 

ilntiut)  iK-TuiUn  u  pfrt'i^Ml  of  fnuiib  (||B9  vHUb  ft  aMl) 

UolUlnie  iittjK'UtHl.     Ill-  -n   ^stij    IN*    r«uMl«»  k«  tfsla  Ub 

mtMi  ntul  fantiitM  hi  .  •tieratftiMi»  botli  hi  ngr^mHtnU 

oprrn 1 1- '■'-   itui  in  tii  •.p.Htri.x*       .«,«  I1m  Unit*  of  ikt 

Hoit^^'.  -h    wfitrli    f(i  nua 

till*  U141I  tiiul  Utvir  fninllifv*  an  to  i*-  -ij 

liun  iUhIUmI.  MiliJ«^'t  lM  ttii*  fUtiK-ttmi  >« 

on  estate  uunr  WlckTurd.  tu  ITiipt,  nitix  lUi:  oUJcvt  u£  tl''T'c''1'l"C  it  ui  Utia  mf. 


o«iu  t«Uk?rac 


T"**-  t^hrymr. 


»<>  of  llw  flrnt  I'iH'iiinBH  for  roiployuifut 
m-brnic  ttt  work   HiihmUtitl  \ty    Mr.  F.    N.  i'l^ 
iNl.iiitL  iifnr  Miilitou,   1.I»iki-x.     SlmlUir  RChoimx  iiii.i  ix-cn   ■ 
t»y  tlii>  MuiiNiMi  ItduiH*  <'(>:iifulitei2.  nml  In  IfiOl  5  liy  lh<*  I> 

nnil      ,t.  i-iil;,iifii.tri1  ll    M      for     N)     lin-t!      .-x  Wl  f.,]     nil      t!l»*     i~-In  till 

t.  ill.     On  II,,  n   Mr  rii 

I'll  ;    cK  iif  III*'  t   the  rllni' 

ciJlfi    I'tr  iiif  tMi-h  u{  a  wi^'kly  i1um;;i-  nf  li>«,  r^-l-'^J;  *»'  |»i-"«vi«ie  n 

I>liiiit  for  lhi«  wurk ;  nm\  to  jtoy  a  riN-itii|iiiiLMit  (*«jiinj  lo  W>  |»rr  r*r»nt 

iff  tlir  work  (lou4».  nrcoriJtnj;  to  n  iiilnarUm  iitfr**«^1  njun)  ■ 

inn  patni'H,     Tlu*  roiilnil  IhkIj'.  In  tirOer  lo  iiiiik*'  iiu   i 

(MiiployuKnit  nf  nR  mnny  ttwn  nn  itosAltilc,  ntrrciNl  t^ 

1i>  the  consoiit  of  tlip  I^H-nl  (iovornnii-iil   Uotird. 

w"  ll    ''■■*" T-.i,iM.rv    2'1,     A   foivumu   ii|it>oliii ,.    ....     , 


.rlc.  Willie  a  r«fpre»ent«Uve  of  Mr.  dtarri 

rcuietitri. 


Tkfi  trof^ 


TU»»  work  conslstifl  of  K»n-wnll  rorwlrlnr,  ron<l  mnklnir.  an<!    ^rfnrlnTir     Th# 

fli'f't   imrtlcA  i>f  iix'ii.  thouKti   not  itiunl   In   pIiyHliini*  to   ih<*  oi  ,% 

jtrovwl  to  Ik'  wIDIiik  wnrkerw.     Tho  rxri'iitjuoirlly  lilirh  t!»1**^   i.i  ■  ,o 

uwii,v  n   runHldrriibip   pnrt    of   tUe  work    d^mo,     A«  a    ■  m 

plnimtMl  mit  wiut  not  romplotrtl  nn  won  nH  liad  Ikhti  i: 

Ihcri'  wus  HTlll  II  furinlultt'B  w<»rV  left  tv  i!o.     Oti  Aprti  _'i    iru*   nti,  i. 

plHhnl  h.T  TiO  lum.  w'lrklnt;  on  1Iu»  nvornpe  fnurtw'ii  wt^k*",  wbh  n-  '.r 

JM  fi'tliiWX-. 

Acttwallinir:  ftefei 

Ortifliml   nmouni   ^l  Im»  0Tt*vOf«*t -ffl 

Amoutit  of  \%*ork  niiteUrtI  (lM?f«lilc9  iLmt  wn«kind  awmyK  ::i% 


Amnunt  •till  to  ht»  thmt*  April  21  <•)  — 


I'liM  lucIt>flHi  uittoadlng  1,200  tuiM  of  irtuiur  mimI  tittluK  ih*-    ..m.-  rii   lUiclHm 

Iiu*  wtiii. 

■  h-tH\    atij    (blrt3--tlim>   jnrtU    if     ^  =fl 

iiy  yniilM  uf  rouil  Itiui  to  l>v  hnrvl  '  ji( 


rtfd  nnii  Hi:b(y  tJirt*i*  fiH't  mrveer  Imdc,  7  fcici  0  luelM 

■'    '"  '"•  ''  ' '"'■'  'ho  whuk-  lenaili  ntid  tbr     ^"  ■ - 

•  •win If  (o  t!w»  liK>«iprte«w  of  •• 


■  Till*  work  ho»  iLorc  iM^tm  ritHv*- 


THE  UNEMPLOYBD   tX    EUROPEAK    COUNTRIES. 


f?/ 


UABUKSr   CITY. 

rA«  scheme. 

In  tbfr  spring  of  WtX*  tbe  London  Unetuploycd  Fund  bad  CAiried  oat  a  Hcbtfme 

of  n»Ji<1  iiiMkiit»;  on  (lie  ostiitt»  of  the  UiirOrn  «.'Uy  CViru|uiii,v,  I.«-trinvurrb,  U«*rt;<. 
HntH  bad  bt^eu  buHt  by  tbe  fund  and  leasfnl  tn  the  cumpuny  nftiT  tho  rnnipU'tlmi 
Of  the  work.  TMidor  nn  n^U't^iti^ut  whfrb  provldfil  fur  th<*ir  piir(.luiH«^  Uy 
coniL^ny  for  £(MX)  |$l'.'.d»|.  if  not  iipilu  re<|Uir<.Nl  for  the  LUieu)pli\ve«l.  The  (; 
dpn  City  CoDi\tauj  hna  bocni  hi  i-uiuiuunK-3ith»ii  wliU  Ih^  Lurnlon  rmmplnyi 
Fund  on  tho  mibjivt  dtirfuK  tho  ttuUinin.  but  It  whh  not  until  the  oiienhiK  o 
tbe  (^neon's  fiiiul  liail  iiffonleti  ii  ctTtiiin  prospect  of  fumls  that  uoytbiu^  <b»B 
nit**  it>wUI  Ik-  pro(ti»R4tl.  The  ClnrtU^  City  t'nmpnny  now  offeiiHl  the  *.'oiilnil  b'wly 
tbe  contrncL  f**r  curryluK  out  Boiue  levt>llutf  nurk  for  rallwny  sidings,  wblcU 
would  not  <»(herwiR<>  be  dou^  f<»r  Kome  ytiir»,  but  for  which  If  dou**  u*tw  t 
Gntit  A'ortboru  Itiiilwuy.  or  fniliu^  ibctu  Ihi.'  Gnrden  Oity  Coni[Hiiiy  tht^nisolv 
wtMild  be  preiMireil  to  pay  at  tbe  nile  at  l*i.  [24  teutsl  |>*»r  eublc  yard  within  stTC 
lutMiths  of  tinitph»tii»ii.  The  nuMtiint  prt-iiH«*od  was  :ttl.iMw>  cubic  yonbt,  aud  U  was 
e»lluiuted  that  It  would  take  I'M  ujeu  for  thnn.'  uiontbs.  After  a  survey  and 
re|H>rt  kindly  uiudu  by  Mr.  Snniner,  tbe  city  euKiiiM-r,  tbe  centnil  body  deulUol 
to  aei-ept  (bis  offer.  The  suiullnes.M  of  the  areji  mai:I»  It  dttHeiilt,  however.  10  kei>p 
ao  many  men  at  work,  and  snbseiiuently  the  unrulier  w;is  rednceil  to  1l*0.  wtiHe 
tn  order  to  employ  Ihein  In  the  most  eliicient  and  eo>noinicnl  way  n  further 
Ki.iMHl  cubic  yardH — fur  which  the  Cnrden  iMty  ('oiuiwny  offered  to  pay  ou  the 
rontpletlon  of  tbe  work  at  It*.  124  eenti»|  imt  cubic  yanU  Uijh  lo  i»er  eeul  wan 
uudertukeu  by  tbe  cenlral  bod>'.  The  Garden  City  L'uuuHiny  midertiiok  to 
supply  u  wet  of  tip  wagvin*  free  of  cbiirpe.  to  huleninify  liie  central  budy  a>;uliit*t 
dnmatfe  done  by  tbo  men  by  trespufv,  and  to  purchase  the  huiu  at  tlie  eml  oT 
the  |»erl(Hi  for  the  sum  of  £-!<»  l$l.SHTi.  These  termn  luivlug  bt>en  »»:rei*d  n|>iin. 
tlie  UrHt  (HirticH  of  men  be^qm  work  on  Kebniary  21.  Mr.  Ilarler  ll»Mkf"»nl, 
lK>rouKb  Hurveynr  of  I'uplar,  kindly  undertook  tbe  preliminary  mensureuieuts 
of  tli«*  wtirk  on  Itehalf  uf  the  central  l>od>'.  Mr.  8(epheuH.  wbt>  mami;;ed  a  eoion^' 
of  \Vet«t  liain  uuemidoyed  in  the  same  uei^borhood  lust  year,  waa  appoln 
RUIH.Tlntendenr. 

The  Kitrk, 


The  work  proviHi  simple  and  Rtrais;btforwnrd.  Tbe  nhlMty  of  the  men  1 
bi»en  unly  fair,  tlie  nverate  «inti»nt,  after  they  have  hud  time  to  benefit 
pracUee  and  by  the  healthy  eitlony  coudltlona.  beln»;  etftimated  by  the  aui>erla' 
temUdit  at  alitkut  thrt-e  tlftlia  of  thut  of  an  ordlmir>'  uuwy.  Tbia  repn^tients  for 
unemployed  lalKir  a  fairly  biKh  avenijce.  The  amount  exuivuted  up  to  May  12. 
when  111  men  bad  Ikmmi  empioytMl  hu  uvenijce  of  eUrbt  w»H*ka.  wai*  7.IU1  cnbii* 
yant»,  while  lately  the  iivera«e  wwkiy  out)»ut  for  liK»  men  luis  been  between 
1,300  and  l.JC)  cubic  yaid.s,  The  work  will  l»e  coiuplete*!  about  tbe  udddle 
An^MiKt  and  is  estinulfd  to  cost  €{.tliM  (:|ll7..Miit.  and  tbe  ultimate  recoupm 
on  the  above  tij;iiic'»  muy  bo  estlnuitetl  at  about  il.UGO  ISD.il^Jl. 

Lrjcal  ajf4utanef  in  the  vfjlhu^. 

The  rosidonts  of  Uarden  City  have  slkowu  the  auue  Interest  In  th^  velfai 
of  the  men  whiih  heliK'd  £^>  much  to  make  the  prevhiua  colony  a  suceess.  Kut< 
tubiinetdH  or  lectureis  have  Ikvii  provbUnJ  three  llme»  u  week,  and  the  day  rooi 
kept  well  snpplbMj  with  (leriiHlicals. 

An  utletnpt  made  to  aroUHc  lnt«'re£it  hi  tlie  prospect  of  itbtnluluR  t>erumnei 
work  ill  'Ik-  tlarden  City  ilse)f  has  been  less  KUL*(.-eJ*fnI  Ihln  y«ir  than  Ini 
Two  < ..  te  a>;ain  offert*d  by  Mr.  Christie  Miller  ou  roudltlon  thiU  wonU 

be  lent  <,.!  have  worUwl  for  a  b»eal  employer  euceesefidly  for  a 

Only  u  lew.  Uuwoer.  reispuuded  to  tbe  ecuicK^ittloQ,  &Dd  for  one  ivnsou  or  allot 
Doue  [iroved  suitable. 

rAUDBIIXiC. 
Thr    »,rUcmf. 

AnioniB!  the  Rolivmes  brouglit   to  tlie  notice  of  the  I^JiidoU  l'nempIoye«l  Ttii 
lU  tbe  eiirly   pnrt   «'f  VMK*,  Imt   dcfrrn-d  by  the  commute*?  of  rimf  fund  on 
pount  of  tile  JiiicneKs  of  liie  wMi*t»!i  ami  the  exhanptlon  of  their  ri'Wources.  w; 
nu«  for  tbe  reimir  of  some  i»erlous  breiiebes  In  the  north  wall  of  the  Rhi 


] 


ib^M 


rikm 


BXJLLETIN   or  THE   Bt'REAU   OF  LABOB. 

<*i'rtii(*Ii,  iifor  Kiim!»rM»;«\  In  Eswx.  Tlinmch  tUv)^  hreflvhes  anuic  200  nc-rm 
<tf  UiD«I  wvvi'  fiiMMlL»<J  I'VHiy  hiiiU  lUU',  nu«l  ki<iil  restmrcr-K  Iind  rirnvt«d  hiuUcHinatu 
t4»  the  ri'iuilr  of  (Ik»  i1tini:i(;(>.  It  \vn«  hojKMl  tUut  a  omihliitHl  m-hrnu'  uiliclit  t>e 
nrniiijic'l.  ?>y  wlilob  u  Ijirgo  niiinbor  of  l^iwlou  uiK'niplnytxl  conltl  bo  ^'neni^Ml 
iiltoti  iliti  work,  HUrt  )hi^  fi?anIbUlty  of  ntlllzlnji  uneaiploycd  labor  for  llils  klinl 
cf  Iniui  rtH*I;uiinM<ni  roiiM  b*''  tpstc^l  hy  PXporliii'Mtt. 

Tu  the  ntitiiniii  tlit*  nrirotialloiifl  woro  reopenod  by  the  I^ndnn  ruemplnyetl 
Fmiil.  tbroiiKli  tbr  uiwllum  of  I  lie  llev.  F.  Macleod,  rwtor  of  FunibrldKK  und 
Wteps  won*  tiiki'U  to  cnllrot  luf<trnwitUm  n;*  1u  Ibo  PxU'Ht  <.f  tlic  iljtinn^;**-  wbicb 
had  Iiioivrtsisl  during  Ibe  iuiorval — tbe  names  of  the  parties  directly  or  In- 
directly liitrrx»8t«l,  and  the  pro»|teft  of  ttecurluR  lowil  c*ooiieni1lon  lu  llir  cort 
<rf  the  work. 

As  soon  at*  tbe  oontral  bwly  bad  met.  with  Iho  proRi»f»pt  of  stirneipiit  funds  for 
(bo  Sfbt'Uio,  tbe  iieK<itiiili(Hi«  utTc  renewed  by  tbe  wurUhi;;  eolonlea  e<miiu(ttee« 
A  couferoiK'e  *if  all  those  Interested  In  tbe  lunttei*  was  rtri*niice<l  f'tr,  and  nfter 
Home  delay,  Imnirreil  In  the  hope  of  weiirlnj:  tbe  iMMtpcrntlon  of  the  Inmrd  of 
trade  <>r  Ihc  I^ieiil  tloyeniiiieut  Board,  thlH  eotifereuee  wii«  duly  held  at  Ibe 
olfiies  cf  tbe  et'iitrnl  IhmIv  t*u  Jannnry  ur*.  It  wns  ;ije<ertnIno*l  at  tb**  iN.nffreMoo 
that  there  were  two  dlKthirt  sets  of  hreiirhes,  one  on  the  east  of  tbe  ferry  and 
one  on  tbe  weHt,  the  Hooded  uresis  beluK  fiepiirated  by  tbe  eiuhaukuieiitt*  pro- 
tifetltiK  the  l''<'rry  litjul.  'Plie  l;i»d  MniMbM  (bronirh  tlie  eiitJti'rii  breiiches  wn** 
tbe  property  of  Lord  Ilaylelgb.  while  that  llo<3ded  tbnnigb  the  wepleni  was 
owiietl  hy  Keveml  sni.ill  pioprIe(<ips  who  bad  been  w>  illl|H^^erIsbetl  liy  the  daiiiURe 
to  their  land  that  they  eould  not  offer  any  Kiil)8t:intltil  otMitributlMii  toward 
the  rciuilr  of  tbe  waits,  l^-rd  RaylelKh,  huwever.  nnnonnce<1  thrnu^'b  bl«  atfent 
(hat  he  was  preiuire<l.  If  llie  central  btnly  would  rnrry  mit  the  reimir  of  the 
eastern  lo'eaelies.  to  offer  theai  the  »:ift  of  Ihc  LiMi  acres  at  presput  tliMnled,  tir 
Its  an  alternative,  n  contrlbntion  of  £^^Kn}  l$4,.S(ni  toward  the  cost.  The  ci>ni- 
udttee  at  oneo  obtained  a  survey  and  eHllniateH  fr^m  Mr.  A.  K.  f'arey.  M.  Insl. 
C.  K..  ruKlueer  to  tbe  I»en(;ie  level  coiniiiissjoii,  nntl  oikmi  bis  reinrt  that  the 
wtirk  would  be  [tractleable  with  the  class  of  hilKir  ovallabb\  the  eetitnil  body 
dp<.'lde<l  to  put  It  In  hand  nt  once,  and  b*  apply  tor  the  Banotlon  of  the  I^>ciil 
GoveniuienI  Homd  (o  the  aceeptimce  of  Ix>rd  Hnyle'.Kh's  oflTcr  of  thr  land. 

Tbe  cfMishleratlon  of  the  question  of  the  western  breaches  was  deferred.  i>end- 
lug  the  results  of  the  work  ou  the  oostern  ^Ide. 

77ic   rtfUtntt. 


It  HO  happened  that  on  the  sontb  side  of  the  rlrer  opposite  tbe  site  of  tbe 
work,  there  »t<MMl  a  dlsuwd  factory  and  n  nundier  of  irun  and  hrlrb  rottJijres  lu 
which  the  former  enudoyeeH  had  llvetl.  It  wiik  found  that  these  eould  be  renfeil 
nt  a  low  nml.  and  aH  Ibe  extent  of  fl<Hide<l  land  would  have  rendered  tl  Ino- 
liosHlble,  apart  from  the  time  lost  and  tiie  ex|»onw\  to  create  a  colony  rlo«e  to 
the  work.  It  was  dechbMl  to  hire  these  cottages.  The  dltllculty  of  getting  n*Tf»»*a 
the  river  wiik  overcome  by  uieans  of  a  ferry,  eonslKlliiK  of  n  harire  capable  of 
holding  1'Jii  niiMi.  and  workml  by  a  wineh  upon  a  flwd  chain.  The  river 
i*nu  thtiH  Im*  croHHeil  In  ten  minntes. 

The  eotratres  provide  iiecfunnDKhitlon  for  UK)  men.  Each  man  has  a  small  Im^I- 
rtHim,  and  there  1h  n  Iar»;e  ball,  part  of  which  serves  as  a  ni«^H  rooai  and  part  us 
ft  day  rr»om  and  concert  hall.  There  are  also  small  ^rdens  nttached  to  the 
cottaKefl  and  theee  have  been  made  tlie  means  of  Introdnclnjr  n  new  element  Into 
the  temporary  colony,  l^ich  man  has  tlte  use  of  a  t*uu)ll  aIlotUK<nl  ;  nnd  prises 
will  Ik"  offenil  for  the  liest  rt»snU«  of  their  »cardeninic.  while  the  |>r«Htuof  will 
be  purohaseil  by  the  colony.  The  provfHloi»  of  outerTahinieiil  ha8  offered  tMnue 
dltUnilty.  owlnt;  1o  tiie  loneliuess  of  the  i^iHit.  A  ajinlalure  billiard  pime  has, 
however,  been  prcrteuted.  and  rMTasloniil  i-T^mcerts  have  tn-^'n  very  kindly  jrlveu, 
nt  tbe  eoHt  of  c<»nNldernble  trouble,  tiy  resldeiilB  In  the  nelphborhoo*!. 

The  llrHt  party  »if  men,  who  went  d^wn  on  Kebrnary  27,  were  occupied  fur 
ttw  most  part  In  naiklnj:  i>re|»aratIons  for  Iho  accommiMlatlon  of  Iho  full  nuudH?r, 
nnd  In  ro  far  as  iiny  work  wns  done  nu  the  north  side  of  tbe  river,  |h«'y  bad 
to  be  ferrb^I  ncroH^  in  boatH.  The  men  wor<_*  eonse<piently  not  folly  employe<l, 
nnd  tbe  imtM>ttlejm-nt  Inevltablr*  at   the  o|K*nhm  of  a  colony  'used  hy 

4he    InrluHttMi    lu    the    llrst    imrth'^    of   muu**    irreeoui-ibible    i  ;•<.     TIm 

trouble  culuilualed  uu  MurcU  I'J,  when  ;:4  men  out  of  27  iefi  mv  i^'uiuy.    On«^ 


THE   UNEMPLOYED  IN   EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES.  86^ 

lirouelit  nn  iirtloii   for  nwnult   afrnlnftt  tlu'  sup^rlotendeut  which 
dlsuiiH».'U  by  the  Uh:i\\  niitj^fstrnlOH. 

Oil  Aiuil  r>  work  on  the  north  sklc  of  the  rlvvr  was  In  full  oiH-'nitlon.  iind  oa' 
April  2S  the  ferry  was  !n  working;  order  niul  the  colony  ready  for  the  reeeptlon 
of  100  men. 

The  trork\ 

The  site  of  the  work  Is  ahont  12  miles  from  the  sen,  the  river  being  tldnl  auA 
rumihijc:  hrtween  emlmnkmoiits  for  fonie  dlstamv  above  this  (X)Int.  There  are 
two  bivaches  in  the  main  river  wall  about  tit»0  3*nrds  from  each  other,  one 
Itelni;  l.'rf*  ynrdH  in  leii^tli,  the  other  «lM>nt  iH)0  yards.  I*ri'Vi(in»  attemplH  hud 
been  made  In  each  ca^e  to  keep  oat  the  water  by  building  a  Femlclreular  Ineet 
wall  of  clny  l»ehlnd  the  breach.  In  the  hoiie  tliat  the  new  walls,  thus  removed 
from  inuuedlate  e^mtact  with  the  scour  of  the  open  river,  would  i>e  ai»le  to 
resist  the  tide.  Roth  the«e  Inset  walls  had  however  been  sulisei]ucntly  breached 
In  several  plat'i»s.  and  by  the  beKlnnintr  of  this  year  ihe  whole  i)f  the  21K»  acres 
behind  the  Insets  was  tl<x>ded  at  hlRh  tide  (o  ii  depth  of  4  U*  10  ft^t,  while 
channels  20  feet  de*'p  had  been  S4NnirtHl  in  the  muiii  breaches  thenisi'Ives. 
ThmuKh  these  breadies  the  water  drainlntc  off  ho  Inrye  an  area  rushed  twice 
n  day  with  the  fone  of  a  torrent.  It  was  obviously  imiMissible  to  stop  these 
^eat  breaches  without  plllnp,  an<!  It  was  at  ilrst  pn>pos*tl  to  rejmlr  the  eastern 
quadrant  of  the  t*astern  Inset  and  the  western  (piadrant  of  the  wi'slern.  and  to 
j»iln  (he  two  by  a  new  wall  across  the  flat  in  the  rear  of  the  old  wall  fronlln;; 
the  river.  Itesldes  this,  tlie  whole  of  the  existing;  river  w/ill  eiist  and  wt-^t  of 
the  breaches  nsjulred  raising  by  about  2  feet.  This  «H'nied  to  be  a  fcheme 
which  the  unemployed  could  be  e.viieeleU  to  curry  out.  in  si'ite  of  serious  ditU-  ^ 
cullies  from  tlie  rush  of  water  and  from  the  sodden  condition  of  the  land  otxH 
which  tlie  new  wall  was  to  be  built.  B 

The  exeeptlonally  hljih  tide  of  March  10.  however.  iuerea*;ed  the  damaee  to 
such  an  extent  that  this  plan  had  to  be  abandoued.  It  was  tlnally  dei.'idetl  to 
have  the  western  or  sinaller  breach  stop[»ed  by  pUinjf,  reenforeed  by  an  earth 
enibiinknteut,  and  in  the  case  of  the  larger  brcdich  to  repair  and  eousiderably 
stivngthen  the  wholi*  nf  the  inset  wall,  while  a  sluice,  conslstlnp  of  three  IS- 
Inch  cast-Iron  pli>es  with  tide  flaps,  has  been  carri«l  throus;h  the  base  of  the 
river  Willi  and  Is  now  In  o]*enitiou.  This  work,  and  also  the  piling;,  hntl  of 
coun-e  to  l»e  done  by  contractors  with  itr<ii>er  appliances  uud  wlih  Kkillcd  men, 
while  In  the  meantime  the  unemployed  were  engnpMl  uixm  the  work  of  topphif; 
the  existing  wall.  As  soon  as  the  rush  of  water  Is  Ktopitetl  the  whole  work 
will  come  well  within  the  |K)wers  of  the  unskilled  workmen,  su[»ervised  as  they 
are  by  a  f<nv  practiced  wiillers,  under  the  control  of  Mr.  Scotland,  who  Is  accub- 
tonieil  to  nnterw^ork,  and  the  peneral  KU|>erintendeiice  of  Mr.  Carey. 

From  recent  re|>orts  received  from  Mr.  Carey.  It  apr«*ars  that  the  eastern 
Inset  wall,  which  is  alioul  half  a  mile  in  length.  Ik  now  topiKHl  to  .such  an 
extent  that  It  serves  as  a  protection  a;;aiU8t  floudln^e.  He  also  refninls  the 
closing  of  the  main  breach  on  the  river  wall  as  within  measurable  distance 
of  accomplislinient. 

His  hist  rejHkrt  concludes  ns  follows: 

"  SiieukiuK  »:eueraliy,  1  think  I  may  saT  that  the  works  are  proRresslni; 
rapidly,  and  thjit  the  '  unemployed  '  labor  Is  proving  adaptable  to  this  clriss  of 
work.  On  the  wcaslon  of  my  visits,  which  have  been  frwjucnt.  1  have  noted  a 
proKresritve  Improvement  in  the  way  In  which  the  work  is  taken  In  htuid." 


UfllU.i:T   AND  BEFAN    ROUIIS. 

A  sumll  Muudier  of  men  have  l>ecu  enimKed  In  pnlntinK  work  at  the  working 
men's  cttnviiN'wtMit  homes  at  SandKati*  and  St.  Marifarels  Bay.  The  central 
bwiy  jMiys  the  allowances  to  the  faninu*s.  the  railway  fares  and  the  cost  of 
mnterials.  The  n^nimlttc'e  of  the  homes  provides  lH»ard  and  ItNlirluK-  The  work 
is  esflmatetl  to  occupy  sl.x  men  for  about  nine  weeks.  n(  a  cost  to  the  central 
body  of  niMint  £(KJ  ($2^2|.  The  work  uud  conduct  uf  the  men  have,  so  far,  been 
very  satisfactory. 

Many  who  are  familiar  with  the  work  of  the  colonies  nrge  that  theyj 
do  no  good,  or  that  if  they  do  good  to  a  few  they  harm  many  n*- 


'M«m*-m^^ 


I 


Bni.mv  or  ths  BTmsAtr  or  uMsoau 


and  tliervforc  arc  m  tiw  inain  din^rmi9.  Th«U  in  thMnarlvnod 
(:<»nsi<!wHi  by  tJ4eiu.s*?lvi\s,  tUey  dt>  little  for  the  oolonisl-v  mast  pn*. 
nhly  lie  ndmilted.  Kren  for  lb<^  (»<»nnan  UI>or  ooJoniisa,  noiwitjrjwii 
lattT  in  this  re[»orl,  it  is  not  clMirnLnl  that  tJiere  i>?  iiiiu-h  n.*drnipticm  of 
rliiirmrtcr,  nnd  in  Knglnnd.  wbor*;  tbt*  stuy  of  tbo  ct»!cjni«t«  is  U9iiill; 
for  the  iiioHt  pari  of  shorter  duralion  than  in  tiennnny,  .-^till  Ic»b 
probably  MertxnplUbcd  in  this  dir<H?ti(tn.  Tluit  lli^y  do  hjirm,  tiMwb; 
wjuovivg  the  nneniployefi  from  tl»^  ordirtary  c^»uniwU  nt  labnr  nrto 
r.'liliale  ronnuimilies,  uj»url    frojn  (lie  worId»  'g  lb« 

then*  long  enou^i  to  tcmh  thrtu  now  Imbits  of  ^.  -. ..  ^  .  i..  -  .udoatne 
D»aL(^  it  more  difRciiIt  for  thorn  to  find  work  wIu^d  they  Icitv  i^ 
cohinifcs. 

()l;&c'r\ationti  mndc  by  tbo  writer  in  Xoveanber,  1907,  eapeemlYjil 
HollpsJi^y  Hay,  soincwJwt  corroborate  this  vie^-.  The  Holie^lt^  Bty 
rolo!iy  i.s  in  :eonic  ways  moMi  fortunate  in  its  locnlion.  The  bniVtinp 
occupied  by  lUe  colony  wt*i*e  fonn<*rly  u«fd  as  tin  Agricultural  «diiMl 
fiw  pcntlemen^s  sons,  and  are  therefore  morr  nttTacliw  than  ihm 
usually  fKriipicd  by  lub<»r  robmists.  More  rooto  is  ne«tied  for  lik» 
pre^nt  meinbiTs  of  the  colony,  but  in  llie  main  no  one  can  romplsT!) 
ns  to  the  provision  for  slivping,  eatinir.  or  lirloj^  rooms,  whiip  nt 
elnbh»  pirdvris.  flower  bwls  trees,  (•tr.,  make  ihe  plaee  ntiu^uall^r  »i- 
truclive.  Every  ciTurl  m.vtuff  tu  bo  imidi'  for  Uic  cx)nifurt  and  esjoy- 
nient  of  the  colonists  withonl  pissing  the  limits  of  making  llie  pb» 
too  iilLnicLivi*,  The  men,  as  seen  tojrothcr  in  the  dining  hull  or  «»i 
ti'ivd  for  work,  se^'metl  fairly  ijuntji^it  and  willifjp  n*"^  *^U  *. 
work,  and  the  published  reporti^  in  tlie  main  be-ar  thin  out. 

Atvl  yet  wliile  all  this  i^  fiivorable  tht'  question  iiri*^.s  w  h-  i 

efftjrt  produces  |K*ruianeiil  ^ood.     The  incu  are  "there    far  u ..., 

lirniled  time.  In  almost  all  ea.s«H  it  is  found  tluit  (hey  arrive  too 
weak,  tljroii^li  huk  of  ^ul^lciL'nt  food,  to  1h?  able  for  the  lir^l  f«» 
wi*eks  to  do  much  worlc:  after  lliat  in  most  cases  they  work  well.  But 
just  as  j«ion  as  they  become  able  to  do  |rt>od  work  their  time  of  stay's 
at  iin  cikI,  nnd  in  most  r«>«^s  they  return  to  T>»iidon  in  their  fontrr 
condition,  little  better  off  in  pocket,  in  (niinin;:,  or  in  prospects,  U 
in  true  that  places*  aiY;  found  for  a  limited  nacnher.  Uuit  ikoiiv  u(  tW 
most  prondsinfr  nro  h<'1iM*d  to  cniip-rnte  to  Cnmtdn,  arnl  »■ 
few  arc  jijaccd  pcnuaueuLJy  cm  lb**  bind:  but  ftn  thi»  birr 
no  permanent  good  is  done, 

Xevrrtlirle«.s   fr<»rri   nil   thiN   it   <  ui    kMJii 

with  other  instnmientnlitirs  Mwh  ,  Uir^.      \\  ;.^l  . 

dooie  for  the  few  showri  wluu  nu^hi  bo  i»Mc  fur  Uu*  numy.  In  coa- 
neHion  with  other  effortj^  and  plans  the  colony  enn  be  madf^  mofft  ■» 


TUB    UKEMFU>YiaJ    IX    KUBOPEAS    e<HJnTHIKS. 


f 

1 


ful  hhJ  successful.  Tlii«  is  the  belief  of  inaiiy  of  the  rooiniiUee 
chai"gr,  and  especiaily  of  Mr.  Fels,  tJie  giver  of  the  land.  Mr.  Feb 
an  Aineriean  who  hns  been  largely  interested  in  the  devcloiwnent  of 
the  .snccessfiil  vacant-lot  <:pir4k»n.s  in  PhiUdelphia.  He  knows  what 
men  can  do  with  a  little  laud.  He  thei*efore  lia;^  aided  this  llulle^lc 
Bay  colony,  not  as  a  thing  in  itself  and  by  itself  of  great  value,  Im 
•iiiiply  to  show  what  c:in  be  done,  and  Jis  a  feeder  to  a  general  schemo 
m  getting  th?  unemployed  on  the  land.  Hence.  Mr,  Fels  has  aidetl 
in  the  erection  of  a  few  cottages,  where  men  can  be  placed  on  the  land 
vith  their  families  and  given  a  chance  to  show  what  ihvy  can  do. 
And  herein  lies  the  I'eal  meaning  and  valui*  of  such  colonies  as  Hoi- 
Iftdey  Bay.  Mr.  Fels's  aliitnde  in  tlie  matter  was  thus  expressed  to  afl 
reporter  in  July,  liK)7,  when  he  said :  ^ 

I  put  this  farm  at  the  disposal  of  tlie  Central  (Unemployed)  Body 
fur  three  rea.sou>{.     First,  my  own  reason,  Uj  try  to  create  hind  huiigei*. 
Secondly,  to  convince  tiic  country  at  large  that  the  London  luicm-  ^ 
ployed  could  make  their  own  lining  out  of  the  land  if  properly  or-^fl 
j&nized  and  humanely  handled.     Tlie  third  reason  is  that  I  hoi>ed^ 
■fnat  out  of  Hollesley  Bay  would  come  tlie  cstablisliing  of  trained 
men  ecHtperating  in  small  holdings  and  financed  by  (he  comninnity 
until  they  were  self-iiup[>orting  and  tlie  mt>ney  advanced  returned. 
*"  How  far  has  Ilolh'sley  Bay  ans-wcred  your  expectations?  "  j^ 

Mr.  Fels.  "  The  property  is  a  imignilicent  one  for  the  purpose  ofH 
a  training  college  for  the  common  i)eoplc  in  tlie  cultivuticm  of  the 
land.  As  .such  it  has  pn)ve<l  it.self  to  he  quite  .succc^fid,  si*  far  as^ 
it  ha:*  been  allowed  to  go  by  the  powers  that  be.  The  only  thiuflfl 
missing  ha^  Ix'en  the  proper  appreciation  of  the  <|nesiioi)  by  the  LotaT^ 
Government  Board.  That  Iwidy  has  signally  faileil  to  a(ipn-ciatc  the 
underlying  principles  fnr  which  the  colony  was  proviiled,  in  liavln^ 
refuse<l  to  grant  the  m^cessary  |>ermission  for  intensive  cidtivalionj 
and  in  having  also  stopped  the  experijoent  shuri.  a  I  the  frucial 
point — viz,  the  shutting  out  of  the  ti*aining  of  men  on  the  coopc 
holdings.'* 
•'  ^Tial  is  now  necessary,  then,  to  complete  the  *icheme?  ^' 
Mr.  Fei.s.  "The  building  of  at  least  10(>  coltagcij  aiul  the  aoquL)i< 
lion  of  another  e>tute.  1  have  in  my  minil.  of  course,  the  utilization] 
of  the  unemployed  in  the  l>uilding  nf  tii**se  <(»ttages,  which  in  itsell 
would  ha>o  given  hope  Iaj  the  whole  cnterpri-nv  What  has  niread 
been  accomplished  thei*e  is  a  conviming  pn»(»f  that  a  thousand  tim* 
greatvr  re^ulLs  can  l>e  aehieved  in  tluit  single  county  of  SutfoLk-" 
_  **  In  view  of  the  action  of  the  I>ocal  tiovernineut  I^iartl,  have  y 
ginr  other  e<:hemes  on  band  t  *' 

^Mr.  Fels  answered:  "Getling  desperate  at  the  slowness  of  puNii 
authorities.  1  took  an  almndoned   farm  rt.^  miles  frcmi  ^Vlthome, 
Essex.     About  eighlwn  months'  working  shows  a  txisitiiui  s<»n»ethin^' 
like  thJ!?:  The  farm  of  A()()  acres   is  devoted   to  dairy   farming,  tht' 
raising  of  pigs  and  poultry,  and  market  gardening.    It  is  intentled 


872 


BULKETIX    OF    THE    BfREAr    OF    LAHOR. 


tn  Im?  un  object  lesson  (a  (In?  wuntry  «s  tt*  the  wuy  in  whicli  derelict* 
farms  oan  Ije  luade  fruitful.  A  large  nursery  has  been  prepared  for 
growing  |)Innts,  fruit  trec^,  and  bush  fruits  to  supply  (he  sumll  hold- 
ings. A  French  garden  has  been  laid  out  on  exactly  the  same  lines 
as  (he  tliOMsands  of  gardens  around  Paris.  This  garden  is  Ixnng 
worked  by  two  competent  and  experienced  Frenchmen,  brought  over 
for  the  pMr])4)s*\  The  object  of  this  Fi'ench  garden  is  to  dejnonstmte 
how  prolific  land  can  be  made,  even  in  this  cold  quarter  of  Essex, 
under  the  French  system.  The  garden  is  now  in  extent  ul>out  I  acre 
and  employs  four  men  all  their  time.  ■ 

"Tliere  is  n\>o  a  large  range  of  hothouses.  I 

'^The  balance  of  the  land  has  been  cut  up  into  small  holdings  of 
5  acres  each.  Two  acres  are  planted  wi(h  fruit  trees,  and  on  each 
plot  a  go<»d  Iy»nd<iu  ^^tocic  brick  liouse  has  been  built,  with  convenient 
stable  and  i>ulbiiihiing'^  for  cow  or  pony,  and  pips  and  poultry. 

"There  are  'Jl  of  these  snuill  holdings  completed  and  tenanl<'d  by 
people  drawn  from  all  parts  of  the  country.  I  believe  3  of  them 
Lave  had  previous  experience  on  the  land.  Of  the  remainder,  2  are 
men  (with  (heir  famdies)  who  were  trained  on  the  Hollesley  Bay 
colony,  and  they  arc  quite  up  to  the  average  of  the  other  li^.  Tlie 
hoMei*s  of  these  '21  small  holdings  rcpres«*nt  various  trades,  including 
machinists,  engineers,  bootmakers,  harness  makers,  etc." 

**And  what  is  the  measure  of  hU<*ces.s?  " 

^fr.  Fei.s.  "  You  will  have  to  ask  me  that  question  two  years  from 
now;  but  as  the  average  men  of  their  class,  they  will  have  average 
success.    At  any  rate,  everything  points  to  their  being  successful." 

Keplying  to  a  rpiestion  as  to  whether  any  further  advantages  were 
appaiTut  in  the  direction  of  the  larger  issue  refern-d  Xo  in  tlu?  begin- 
ning of  the  interview,  Mr.  Fels  said:  "Already  an  agricultural  vilmge 
has  sprung  up.  Not  only  are  the  thir»gs  growing  on  the  farm,  but 
the  population  is  growing  also.  There  are  flonrishing  in  this  hitherto 
derelict  farm  some  seventy  children,  and  the  parents  are  already 
comnM^ncing  to  approach  the  countv  council  educational  authority 
for  the  provision  of  a  school^  which  it  is  pniposed  shall  be  erected  on 
the  7  acres  of  the  farm  which  have  been  set  apart  for  public  buildings 
and  building  purposes.  These  ^21  families  have  created  their  own  in- 
dustrial market  for  the  supply  of  the  commodities  of  life.  The 
formation  of  tlie  smiill  holdincrs  on  (he  model  farm,  together  with 
the  nursery,  glassliouscs.  and  tTie  French  garden,  etc.,  have  brought 
together  a  coiumunity  of  }>e<)[^)lc  which  has  necessitated  the  calhng 
into  Iwing  of  another  <*ommunity  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  their 
onliuary  needs,  thus  proving  what  I  sai<l  at  the  lM*giuning — that  if 
you  set  people  to  woik  on  the  land  it  will  also  employ  hundreds  of 
other  jX'opIe  to  supply  their  needs.  A  cooiwrntive  small  holdings 
society  has  already  .sprung  into  existence,  ana  a  considerable  bti^inesa 
is  bi'ing  done  to  supply  articles  which  under  other  circumstances  the 
people  wouUI  have  had  to  have  gone  without  Ix'causc  of  the  lack  of 
opportunity  iind  means  to  purcha*^e  them.'' 

The  ITollettley  Bay  colony  therefore  is  not  to  Ih»  judged  wholly  in 
and  by  itself.   This  is  the  view,  too,  of  Mr.  Percy  Alden,  M.  P.,  author 


I 


THE   UNEMPLOYED    IN    EUBOPEAN    COUNTRIES.  873 

bf  "  The  Unemployed,  a  National  Question,"  who  writes  concerning 
Hollosley  Bay  as  follows:  (*") 

Thi'eo  special  objects  are  kept  in  view  by  the  committee  for  the 
iiduct  of  tlip  col(»ny: 

(1)  The  provisions  of  special  work  for  periods  of  exceptional  dis- 
tress. 

(2)  The  provision  of  more  continuous  work  for  men  who  are  not 
only  In  exceptional  need  of  employment,  l>ut  who  have  either  already 
lived  \i\H)n  tin*  land  or  show  a  marked  aptitude  for  country  life. 

(3)  The  cstablishnjent  of  suitable  men  and  families  in  agricultural 
or  other  rural  industries. 

In  the  case  of  No.  1,  as  is  quite  natural,  the  work  of  the  selected 
men  who  arc  out  of  employment  during  a  period  of  exceptional  dis- 
tress will  not  he  so  nnich  a^ricultunil  as  road  making,  riH'hiiming 
heath  land,  strengthening  tlie  sea  wall,  brickuiakinp.  and  the  general 
rejtair  work  of  the  colony.  All  this  can  bi*  done  witlumt  interfering 
with  ordinary  industry. 

In  the  case  of  Nos.  2  and  3,  Hollesley  Bay  will  more  closely  ap- 
proximate to  the  type  of  colony  with  winch  we  are  dealing  at  present. 
Taking  class  \o.  2,  it  is  suggested  that  tliere  shtmld  be  two  stages — 
{(i)  a  probationary  period  of  three  mouths,  dtuing  which  the  men 
might  live  in  the  colony  buildings,  their  wives  and  children  l)eing 
supiKjrled  in  I^)ndon ;  and  {l>)  a  second  stage,  pronding  that  tho 
period  of  probation  proves  the  men  to  have  the  necessary  strength 
and  abilitv  for  agricultural  work.  In  this  case  it  is  proposed  that  the 
wives  anci  childnu»  of  tho  men  shall  Ik*  brought  down  from  London, 
and  that  cottages  l>e  allotted  to  these  families  for  a  i>eriod  of  from  six 
to  nine  months.  Some  cottages  have  already  been  built  and  are  in 
«)ccupation. 

Following  on  this  second  stage  in  the  treatment  of  class  2  is  the 
definite  establishment  of  selected  men  and  families  in  agricultural  or 
other  rural  industries,  and  it  is  hoped  that  not  only  may  ordinary 
farm  or  market  gardening  situations  bo  found  for  good  men,  but  that 
finally  some  of  these  men  may  1h»  established  on  small  holdings  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  colony,  and  this  hoi>e  wouhl  li?  held  out  to  all 
who  distinguish  themselves  by  industrv  an<l  ciipability.  Hollesley 
Bay  will  be  seen  thus,  supposing  that  these  plans  can  be  carried  out 
to  offer  the  most  constructive  attempt  yet  made,  either  in  England  or 
on  the  Continent,  to  denl  with  the  (jnestion  of  unemployed  labor;  and 
proviiling  that  the  small-holdings  idea  can  be  carried  into  effect  and 
gra<lually  <levelope*l  nf)on  coopeiative  lines  the  experiment  ought  to 
residt  not  oidy  in  the  abst>rp(ion  of  a  certain  class  of  genuine  unem- 
ployed men.  but  also  in  the  quickening  up  of  rural  industries. 

Another  point  here  must  not  he  overlooked.     It  is  that  the  con- 
siderati<m  of  the  lal>or  colony  has  l>een  only  for  the  tenijiorary  un- 
employed  who   are   employable.     For   this   class   the   labor   colony 
presents  admittedly  only  a  small  usefulness,  and  none  at  all,  unless, 
s  indicated,  it  leads  to  something. 


874 


BULLETIN   OF  TH£   BUREAU   OF  LABOR. 


But  for  the  iinemployed  who  are  reully  uiicniployublt?,  the  sihia- 
tion  is  wholly  <IitfonM»t,  and  for  such  a  labor  coh)ny  may  have  Urge 
Uije.  These,  on  tlio  premises  of  being  unemployoblu,  can  not  eet  work 
in  ordinary  industry  on  any  terms.  Yet  they  can  not.  bo  left  tu 
perish.  The  question  therefore  aris^es  whetlier  for  members  of  this 
clahH,  at  least  for  those  without  family  ties,  tJie  hilxjr  eolony  may  not 
be  tlie  best  provision.  It  gives  them  a  somewhat  adequate  and  sorely 
needed  shelter  at  the  lowest  co.^^t  to  the  community,  makes  tJiem  cou- 
trihute  at  lea.st  to  their  own  support,  saving  them  therefoiv  from 
absolute  i>aui>erization,  redeems  into  self-support  and  usefnhies*  per- 
haps a  few,  and  remov4»s  the  others  from  their  demoralizing  effect 
upon  the  community  at  large,  Snch  is  in  brief  the  argument  for 
hil>or  colonics. 

Many  think  that  those  who  criticise  the  labor  colonies  as  a  measure 
for  the  relief  *tf  the  employable  unemployed  have  overlooked  or 
failed  to  see  their  usefulness  for  the  unemployable.  Before  consider- 
ing other  themes  such  jRgures  are  ^ven  as  are  available  to  bring  thiti 
portion  of  the  sui»ject  down  to  1007. 

The  returns  of  the  distress  conunitteeti  in  England  and  Wales  and 

the  Central    (Unemployed)    Body  for  London   for  the  year  ending 

March,  1907,  says  in  brief: 

Tlii*  follnwlng  (able  hIiows  the  muMher  af  nppllontlonB  received  by  the  29  JU- 
nvjw  i*iimiiiitt(i'8  in  I.oiuIcmi  and  l>y  micU  cornnilttccH  mitsUU*  r.riiiilmi  ns  refCts- 
teretl  iipiilliiillonM  nt  imy  time  durlnp  the  ywir,  and  the  nuiubin"  of  such  appllca- 
Uoiis  wliich  were  luvestipated  and  fouud  suitable  cases  for  assistance  und**r 
tiiu  net : 


AffVlACXTlO^B  RKCEIVKD   ANI>   ENTERTAfNBD  BY   DISTRESS  COMMITTEKS    IX 
LONIMN  ASH  OrTSIOE  OK  LOXDON.   YK.VH   EXDINO   MARCH  M,    1007 


1 

CoTiimtt- 

Ai.i.Ilf-n- 

AppllraCtoaa  otfer- 
Ulttvtl. 

■ 

In.; 

I'HH... 

AppU»ntii. 

DepoQd- 
•ata. 

popiiiiincid 

PlatnM  oonunlttVM  In  X^n- 
lion 

4.7M,ai7 

in  KM.  MM 

a»,8» 

37.M» 

lUt.ltt 

t.t 

U^>v    .^ ....V- -.- 

Totel .,... 

JOS  iniii  'isn.flsr 

87»0»l 

to»4i* 

tfa.mi 

1       

"  Tlio  totui    <p«tlituitcU»    nopulaUon  of  all  srcaa  tor  wblch  (Uslrsw  coounlttMii 
tprHilttl'^rt  warn,   in    1TN>6.    \<KMlX*^. 


The  IfitQl  tiiiinlict-  ut  appHeaota  rcsfrtstertd  reitrcMnled  1  lu  17&,  or  6»7  pur 
1,<MK».  i>f  til-  f«'  iHipnhitUm  of  llif  above  rtli»lrlt't». 

(it  the  to.  mt  of  iippUmnts  »«7.<t0ll   4.XHS  wi»re  wiimi»n,    Tbe  c«sb»ui 

returus  Hhuw  litiit  tlio  utfin'etfute  taalo  poi^iiinUuu  Uucludiug  yooutr  t*<snu»|  «a- 


THE   UNEMPIyOYKD    IN    BUBOPSAN    COUNTRIES. 


In  otvu|Ma»«m  of  nil  kln«l«  It*  »•  -  .»i^f  rKin  of  |]if»  uiT)  romiiiitle^<ff  wbo  Umk 
pr«M«'r<liiij:H  hi   linn;  7,  iiiiiiib*T**ii  i'nKMtliilt*il  mi  this  basis,  anil  tlls- 

icuriUuj;  uuy  iucrvuse  bi'twct^i  :  :  -..,.  Itrnti,  the  itnal  uumlier  of  ui««a  wbo 
IHir'tifd  to  di8tr««i  comaiitt«<>s  In  the  yntr  1900-7  repro8<>iitetl  1.9  per  cent  of 
tlu'  wurkiuj;  uiule  i»opuIation  us  nitnpared  witli  a  )>rop<irti<m  uf  2.4  \ter  outU 
Ui  1SK6-C. 

Tbc  tnral  uuniber  of  apiiUcntiU  (HT.QOl)  to  distress  cotuinttteea  durlug  Uiv 
year  was  more  than  1!0  per  cwit  IwxtT  thnn  the  nuuiher  recnrdeU  iu  (be  preced- 
"  iK  nlnler.  llO.fyiTi  applicatluris  liiniiijc  beeii  rLTolv)*<l  iu  thv  six  uioutlis  endct! 
Mjirrli  ;u,  H»<XJ.     Tlio  pr<»|K>rtioii  ikt  l.uni  of  ilu-  |x>piilatluii  luul  ln'cii  0.0  Iu  the 

rMer  porlml  as  roniimnil  with  a  rate  of  .VT  In  lIKW-7. 

Kiirtbvr.  ll  iipiHnrH  iliiil  umny  uf  the  iipplloatioufi  roi'clveil  durlaic  iii»  yeftr 
ri.i»etitl(tn9  of  Npi>li<*utiims  made  (n  Ibo  winter  «if  IfM^V-fX  InfonnntKyn  on 
ibis  |M>int  obtairml  in  the  retnniH  slioweU  ttuit  in  ns  ninny  an  l^t.im  caseff,  or 

ore  Ihiin  u  fmirlh  of  the  whole  nuiuber  of  uppliailinns  riM.'eivctl,  the  applicants 
Itdd  alMi  applied  in  the  pcrliid  precedluK  the  3lKt  uf  Mareh.  IIMK). 

The  derrense  in  the  nnmher  of  nppllcflnts  wss  In  grenl  meflsure  due  to  the 
Improved  eoiiditkiiis  of  ludiistry  nud  ooiploymeul.  especially  uoUceable  Iu  Lau- 
Cashtre  nud  tlic  Midlands. 

Uf  the  ST.OiM  ninUicntions,  1-1,832  were  rejei-ted  by  tbe  <x>minittee  on  various 
gruunds. 

More  thaa  five-sbiths  uf  the  nppM<-autK  were  Unween  the  a»ce»t  of  20  aud  SO 
jears,  the  group  uf  peraous  atTtnl  30  to  40  actually  behiK  sliKrhtly  the  largeeC 

T\u*  nceii|inliiMb!i  of  the  ap(tluiuitit  whotse  eases  wtTe  entertained  are,  so  tnr 
n»  ihey  were  aiiicertaUied,  showu  iu  the  foUowUiX  table: 


PEtt80?ffi  WHOSK  APPfJCATIONR  WCRR  K«TEHTAINKI>  BY  I>I9TRIS88  COM- 
MITTKES  IN  I,(>Nr*<>N  A>m  IN  IX^XDON  AND  TIIR  rHOVINCES,  BY  OCCUPA- 
TIONS,  TEAK   ENl»rNG   MARCH  »1.    UMW. 


OetuptttlDOS. 


London. 


IPircffrt 

(of  total 

Hamber.;    of  sll 

opnips 

I    tlow. 


LoDtloa  and  ptov- 
tooea. 


N  amber. 


of  tat*l 

ot  all 

o«ntj>ft 

tlOQt. 


AvaiiaslbBbor 

tfllpbuUcUafraad  metal  trades.. 


S      It 


Buot  nml  sbnv  riinkinc. 

Vnmiahini;  nnd  wotxturnrlrinjf 

t. drink.  nii>I  tobacco  ini<lM 


sod  Dtbtf  paser  tradn 


too 
too 

Xfit 
lib 


U.l 

7 

1.3 
t.6 
t.i 
S.A 
,1 
1.1 


st,.vu 
in.Tc* 

4,i07 
l.«SD 

Ml 


17.7 
«.» 
S.4 

t*a 

IS 

t.7 
1.0 

.« 

lS.t 


Til*  InrvMt  j^prrkm  of  appllmnts  belonged  tn  tbe  ra!<nnl  Inlw^-  "i-™   wbo  as 
Itt  the  |)rerlouK  yejir  f4»riu«l  more  than  hrtif  (hi-  toial  number  <  Us, 

^      fit  the  <J<i.41U  itepioiin  who»»  applications  wvre  eutcrtalued.  r.«  stated 

l^vtn  hflve  NfaMt  fonu'J.  or  provided  with,  wtirte. 

^M  Twenty-wveu  dixtrvpw  t^miuilttw*  ontshh?  Tjondtm.  In  all,  reported  that  no 
^^MPoi'k  had  iMvti  providwl  pithcr  dincctly  by  thmiJsolTpfi  or  Uy  the  htcal  nnthortty 
^^bhrottgh  their  Ht:rfu*y:  hot  l»i  fli*v#«rfli  of  tht*»»f  caHes  w^>rk  was  fomwl  fi>r  some  of 
^^■fhe  npplh'sntiii  with  T>ri^ 

IH     The  follrtwhiir  lable  >  f>er  of  jtersous  wIm  were  provldod  wUb 

^^worfc  by  thi'  distri'W*  rmuiiMi  ii-» ->  m    in  I»ii(h)n  h}*  iht*  tVotrrtl    (rnetnployed) 
IIimIv,  Ity  Mh;iI  nniliorltles  tl)ron::h  the  nuslluni  of  thf  dLstn^s  i-oniniitteew.  and 
vlih  r.riviiti.  (>nii>loy**rK.     Unt  ns  n*mirds  tiM*  lanl-nientloiiwl  riaiw.   It  shnnid  Ik* 
it   In   Wimp  iiistnrpci»s  work   wns  ohtnlntM   thrxinch   flw  nifi-nc-y   of 
f  Ml  or  InlMir  f\eh«u>re  and  l«  not  liirlnded  In  the  fljttjres  lierv  given. 

iThb  was  uu  doubt  largely  the  casu  In  I^udou. 


6  BULLETIN   OF  THE    BITBEAU   OP   LA  BOB. 

PEIiSONS  rROVtDED  WITH  WOOK  IN  LONDON  AND  UUTHII>K  OK  LOJCIKIN.  XfLKR 

ENDING  MAUCU  31.  1P07. 


1'nrwtt 
theOao- 
traKDn. 
employfifl)     Thrmigb 

Dodir.     [  local  an- 

iind  by        UiurlUw. 

direct 
employ- 

suint. 

Otbwwtoe. 

Net 

total.  (•) 

fouotl 

Quattflwi. 

London „ 

Provlnrlul  >ltetr«ssconitnltt«ca __ 

3,9ftl              1.SU 
IL092  1          14,742 

mjaai 

41.1 
05.4 

TuUI „ 

la.WS  1          IS.BST 

fi.«£A 

M.«> 

«M 

*  iDcludlniT  onc«  ouly  peraooji  eiiiiiluyvd  by  more  than  one  of  the  abov«  lUAthoda. 

Ill  LoLidou  nieii  were,  n»  lu  the  pre\-tou8  year,  selwtwl  by  tho  dlstretw  cutii- 
mittef'H  from  tlielr  refcisterH  to  take  up  wi>rk  provklwl  for  Tlu'm  from  time  to 
time  liy  Hie  Centnil  ( riieuJiiluyetl)  Btnly.  on  the  fitrin  niul  hilnjr  colony  uml 
otiier  works,  on  whkli  the  ukmi  were  empJoyeil  directly  by  the  coxilral  tx^ly, 
nnd  on  works  nirriod  out  Uy  horout^h  councils,  under  the  iifiiirovrtl  of,  and  wilh 
the  alil  of  coutrlbution8  from,  tho  c«^utral  hoily.  In  luhlltlon  a  certuin  nuiuber 
vt  men  were  employed  hy  boruugh  couuclls  and  other  local  nnthorltlen  on 
vuri{HiH  works  carrleil  out  by  them  ludepemlenlly  of  the  centrni  iKxIy. 

In  the  provinces.  32  dlHirws  connnltte*'«  pnivldfHl  work  by  dipwt  cri!,  ;it 

for  persouH  on  their  reKi.sterH,  but  a   hirue  number  of  men  found  im  -t 

ou  works  undertaken  by  the  local  authorltiea.  In  more  thiio  half  th^.-v-  ...-,-;«, 
hc)Wcv<T,  the  disircKH  conmiiIl(*e  contribute*!  toward  the  coRt  of  tbe  work,  either 
to  tbe  extent  of  inakinx  K'^hI  tlie  e^tlmnteil  uddltlouul  exi»endliure  Incurred 
owing  to  the  nnusual  chnrncter  of  the  labor  employed,  or  by  tioyiuent  of  an 
atrrtHil  proportion. 

The  work  waH  Uhually  of  u  rouiflj  description,  such  as  making  uud  repulHug 
roads.  s<'wrraKe  work,  work  uu  plo;isurv  ^roumls  and  i»ik.'U  wirici.'»,  muow  cleaving 
and  slrwt  ciennHint;,  layinji;  gas  mains  and  tmniway  lra<'kH,  etc.  In  some  ca9v» 
it  was  found  iN>tisible  to  provide  more  nkllleft  work.  Kuch  uh  imlutlng. 

The  averiiije  time  workwl  lty  ea'b  man  varlcil  c»ni8iderably.  Ah  on  prevbius 
occuHionp,  perlmlic  eniplttyuient  of  thrtn^  days  or  more  was  ^iven  in  Home 
Instances.  In  ninny  caseH  an  averuKc  of  not  more  than  seven  or  eight  dnjV 
work  or  even  le«»  could  be  pri>vlde<l.  but  In  a  fair  proi»ortiou  of  dlntrlcta  tbe 
men  olitainwl  several  weeks'  employment. 

The  rate  of  pay  was  very  commonly  5d.  110  ccutsl  p^r  hour,  tbe  mtcs  rauKliiK 
xenei'nily  between  4d.  and  OJd.  |8  and  13  ccnt«I.  while  hicher  nites  were  |iaUI 
in  n  few  inBtanc(*«  for  more  skilled  work. 

The  quality  of  the  work  jferformed  was  ivjwrtt^  fairly  ceneraiiy  as  aitls- 
factory.  regard  beiu^  had  to  the  fact  thai  the  men  were  In  many  eases  nuanlltnl 
to  tlie  work,  and  tliat  more  8Ui»orvl«lon  was  necessary  than  under  ordinary 
conditions. 

HesldeB  the  work  of  the  clnKs  nltove  referred  to.  u  few  illMlrenw  couunittett* 
outside  Ix*ndon  nvaib*d  themselves  of  their  iK»werR  to  rent  land  on  which  men 
were  ernpioycil  in  wM>rkB  of  cnitlvntlou.  In  Southampton  the  dlstrewK  i-oin- 
mlttee  arrniiK***!  f4ir  the  use  of  47  acres  of  laud  from  the  curporatW^n,  ou  which 
men  wer*-  •'Uipioy*.')!  for  (wriods  ran>;in»;  from  ruie  to  sixteen  weeks;  tlie  Klup* 
BtoD-on-iluIl  i*ounnlttee  Himilarly  ubtained  3  aciVH  of  land  for  cnltlvatton,  the 
Leicester  committee  18  acres,  and  the  tMdhaai  committee  4  acre?*. 

The  farm  colony  provide*!  Uy  the  di«tr4*«K  <*ommUtee  of  West  Ham  c*oQtinue<l 
to  be  the  only  Instance  of  nu  undertaking  of  this  niiture  rurrled  on  by  u 
pj-ovlncinl  committee.  The  total  cx|M'ndUun*  on  the  cobiny  for  the  year  wa* 
£10,1.15  |$4ti..T^|.  The  uf^irreuate  uatuber  of  men  employe*!  durUiK  ilv  ys-jir 
wna  UH. 

TbH  w«»rk  pn»vlded  uu  the  farm  colony  nt  TIolleHley  Bny  l»y  tU«  f^ntrni 
(l  (•*!»    Ho<ly    for   Iximlon   was   n  1    durlUK   the    \      >       ' 

eM  on   the  year's  o|terntions  b<  '»   iyil7.C^''t71. 

vrbu  II    iMt'  rnlony  Ik  KltimtiN!   was  purcli*-r-.^i   •■'xLnx   tlie  >tHir   t*"    ".,■  ^t, 
£.1-I.'J1.'I   |$ltMi,4r»Sl.     One  thousand  and  slxty-thre«»  men   were  admitted   In   lh« 
eoun<e  uf  the  year. 

Of  the  other  w*>rkR  of  a  wnnewhat  Hiuillar  chaiiicter  r'n»vldfd  by  the  cmti 
V  Uioim:  at  the  (jiirdeu  Cltj-   (UjtehwgrtU^  and  ut  Omai  Iblaud  were  cloi 


THE   UNEMPLOYED   IN    EtTlOPEAN   C0U3*TRTEB.  8 

ly  lu  lfeeeuil>i.-t*  and   May,  l£HKt;  tbc  wurka  ut   Fambrldfic  cuiiitnntil 
throuKbout  the  3-eflr. 

Tlie  following  table  shows  ull  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the 
Central  (Unemployed)  Body  of  London  for  the  year  ending  March 
81,  1007:" 

SITJIIMART    OF    BECBIPT8    AND     HXPEXDITrRES     OK     THE     CENTRAL     (|iNEM- 
PLOYED)    BODY    KOIf    LONDON,    YEAil   ENDLNG    MAHCU    3L    1007. 


RoCtdpU. 


Itoras. 


H«tP8 1325. 471.  JQ 

&lfi8.ff7a.M 
00,  MM.  7a 

47i.06 


I'ArUurnftnury  gmnu  (•), 

OtHvii'tt  uufinplovvHl  fiinif 

VnliinUiry  contrit-utlim* 

Trannff^r 'from  C^ntriU  Unem- 

pJoytnl  C'Jinnuilee 

KtHTouptiifiit    (rum  London 

C^oiinty  tV>unf'U  (f) 

Proceeds  of  work  done  at  Ilot- 

iMley  Buy 

fiaioR  of  women'*  work 

ULnaUuneoiu.  inolodiag  bank 

Interen 


Total. 


Amaimt. 


M,  572.  OS 
1»,  465.77 
20.(091 0» 

4. 715^63 


073,165.85 


ExpL'D<Iilun:'«.('') 


Coat  of  work :  («) 

By  ttie  eflUbUHhnMnt  and 
nULlDt«naiK9e  of  fonn  or 

ottior  coloniea 

Otherwlae 

Contribntiooa  by  tbc  oentral 

body  toward  thocost  of  work  ( /~) 

Co«t  of  labor  rxcbangei.  cm- 

plojtnent  reflsters,  and  tbo 

ooUection  of  uifonuatlon 

In  aid  otemlgrttllun  or  removal 

of  porfons  to  other  aroos 

Otbcr  DxpeadiLurL4  ol— 

Central  body 

DiBt  reH    conunitt«e«    de- 
frayed   by    the    oentmi 


Total. 


Grand  total. 


Amount  pidd— 


Oiilof  Par- 

UorarnUiry 
giuut. 


8B5,4«1.M 
01,9S&«5 


5,0S&29 


l(Q,46S.liO 


Prom 

oltvor 
•ounx'S. 


•IM,  nx  13 
85.703.10 

43.6SacJ0 

3S.86I.M 
113,909.09 


4BS,10aM 


0050.  SGI  45 


I 


'  DUtrlbutod  by   the  Local   ftiiviTuuiont    Ilimrd. 
*A  fiirthtr  sum  of  i^ll .'S^:*  i^sh.h^Hi   yvns  nnld  by  Ibe  Lwul  Ooverninont  Bonrd  h.»fiirB 
tbc  end  of  tbe  dHcnl  yenr,  hnt  wnn  not  hrouKQt  Into  account  till  after  Uarcb  31.  1007. 
'  For  work  dune  lu   tb«>  ptirkM  nod  <>ls<>w-h«^n>. 

*  EniH^nditurrii  not  cl.'frnyfrt,  or   tni<-nd*-d  to  Iw  defrayed,  out  of  loaas. 

•  l*rovldi'd  directly  Uy   the  i!volrnt   honrd. 

'  I'roviilrd  liy    the   local   authorities  or  otber  Itodles. 

'  Not  liK'ludtDg  •>xp<-iiiJit<in'  It)  rex|H>ct  uC  th>-  piirchmve  of  Hollealey  Bay  estate.  A 
lOftD  uf  |il73.714.ub  wtt^  snnctluued  for  ibU  pur^HiHe  la  December,  190S. 

The  following  table  shows  the  total  receipts  and  expenditures  of 
the  Central  (Unemployed)  Body  for  London  and  the  distresa  com- 
mittees in  London  iuid  the  Provinces: 


;BUMMAUY  OF  UKCKIITS  AND  EXPENDITDRES  OF  THB  CENTRAL  (UNEM- 
PLOYED)  BODY  FOB  LONDON  AND  THE  DISTRESS  COMMITTEES  IN  LONDON 
AND   THE   PROVINCES.    YEAR    ENDING    MAUCU   31,    IIK)?. 


f                                 Rcoelpti.                                 II                              Expendltnwa. 

IttlBS. 

Amotmt. 

Itonu. 

Amount. 

j&atMv 

>43a.41135      Costof  work  tiroTKlevl: 

f  vlUmaitary  RTant  (a) 

Oaiwn'«  iinrmpPiy«Nl  hmd 

VnUiTi'                  ■■•utkiDnoreoneeuonSv 

0th'  1                           IiJditig  n-i-ayiiwrits 

for  »    .             

■i27  'SA  37 

On  fdrm  lat>orcoloDlu. ...■..>... 

ssne.ans  fs 

IJU.II51  Ml 
50,  IM.W 

140,088.87 

Olherwlw 

438>3S2.6S 

Cost  of  lalmr  luebiuigcs,  omploymcnt 
r^Utent.  and  iliecoUecUon  of  tnfor- 
mrtil^n 

In  .         "           r.ition  or  removal  of 

«7.«3» 

0;:,                    Hire 

A  lid, 015  (U 

Total 

l.lDt.5Xt.Ji 

Total 

i.ioe,aai.o4 

•  Dlntrlbutcd  bv  Ihi    T-ocut   (;oi.-rnru*'nt   P.r>nrfl. 

*Not    Inelndlng   £'M.'-'U    «*l<ii'..:.oi'i    t'Xi»'ndWure   on    the   ptirrbwv  of    IfolleKley    Buy 
r/afe,   and   i2.(im    (|!*.J'-*tl    exitetidlture  out    vf   \Ofctt  \i%   tt*  ^ifcCloT^  V^w^N    «wAx<r»fc 


878 


BtTLLKnif  OF   THBTntTRBAr   OF   LABOB. 


TIi<*  following  table  shows  the  nunib^r  of  persons  employed,  ratMj 
of  imy^  average  time  worked,  and  expenditures  for  four  colonies 
11)06-7 : 

NtrMJlER    OP    PERSONS    KMPLOVED.    RATES    OP    PAY.    AVERAGE    'HIIE     WnnKCD. 
EXi'ENblTUBBa,  GTC.,  FOE  FOUR  BP£CIIi-lED  COLONIBtt  IS  TRB  YUAK  IJMM^i. 


Items. 

B«y. 

P«m- 

0«>A 

(Jlly. 

Ku/i'ttor  of  piT»on(t— 

Kiiiitloji-il  at  bmrlnnlne  of  year _    _ 

Atlmitlnl  rturlnjf  yeor »_.^ 

KmrloFcd  Mur.  si.  IW7 _„. 

ATor!ie<>— 

Kuinber  (isHr  croplojecl  ta— 
July    limn 

2fll 
1.00 

MO 

IS 
in& 

lOi, 

ICO 

6.1 

^   ^  UO.M 

4D 
Oif 

(■) 

«a.S4 

CI 

1<B 

Jiumnry.  IWJT..-.— ..        ....-*.»»_.«....,.. 

CJ 

Vtrinil  of  emplaynwnt  for«acta  vvTwaa  (wetfc*).. 

HntfM  of  |iBy,   nJIowaiioM,  vU:.  lo  uilNUfloyrtl 

I>c<r!ioo9  on  tho  workn,  i»er  w«Jt- 

£x|MuirlItttreiUulnff  lb«  yau  for— 

Wnsfji  of  lucii— -         „.       .„    „..       — ... .. 

M*it'*''i'>i«      . 

iMMi 

AtimtiM-iiiXfu      .               .  ,.     ,   , 

cmSiiI 

Tni«l 

»ll7.*..t     5. 

?i^i,i«.«) 

*i.ni.» 

tu.cu.i^ 

"  Colony  closaJ. 

The  following  tnblu  shows  the  work  provided  by  the  Central  (Un- 
employed) Body  for  London  on  other  than  farm  and  labor  colony 
works : 

WORK  PEOVIt»EI>  BV  THE  CENTRAL    ( tTSEMPLOVEP)    BOPt   KOB    L0Xl>ON   ON 
OTin:U  TUAK  FAJIM  ASh   LABOU  COLON V    WuaKS,    1000-7. 


Number  «ca- 
Idoynl. 

Arerikffe 

ol  eiii- 
pU.y. 

IlHUt. 

BatM  (ft  pay. 

ToUbl 

■rooiiDt 

^^^    \v..rir  ,.r..vi.tMby- 

yr^,, 

..r  ..  ,...M 

Thc  fwnrrnl  ho'l?  .Hr*cily  t  •) 

Ar^-     -       - ' 

•tot  VfOtkMi'}- 

^>Hn<i>w.tr((i  ilAihlQff  Lain.. 
Other  Bc&cmea 

4. am 

4B(i 
}      M. 

Slfi 

128 

SC7 

a.fl 

9.8 

U  to  11  ifiiL>  jitf  hour  . 
Wcintop«rdny('i— 
fit  to  15  cent*  jMtr  botir  . 

*  Tlio  uunibOTs  Abown  la  tUfit  rulitma  nre  Uiu  groM  totnlii  nf  ttie  numbsr  of  perionj  ecnploysS  rq 

tikp  M>vrr-it    wf*rlu. 


t>v 


i  plnyinir  flelili,  troirliliigr.  (lIcBlnR,  trloimlns  fl'iM'rr  bM».  cl<>anlnc Jotoai.  Mr. 


J   KravtU,  reuioviiMC  ro-UUi^-t,    IresicMuK. 


ifttliatf  raa4«.  and  tiirlkv  oa  Tvloua 


•  LaylDC  out  rwiaAtkm  grouotSa,  ilraiiiAV*'  wwrb,  csuAvatlos,  and  coaaizwtliiv  batMiv  li^hk 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    ETTHOPEAN   COUNTBTES. 


L 


» 


For  Scotland  ilie  following  particulars  are  taken  from  the  rppoii; 
by  the  IjOcaI  Government  IJoard  for  Scotland  us  to  the  pi'ocewlin^  at 
disti^as  oommittees  in  Scotland  for  the  year  ending  May  15,  1907 

APPUtCATION'S   RECi'KlVKD   AM)    KNTHRTAINBU  BT    UlflTRBSS  COMMITTECS    IN^ 
fiC'OTl-A.NlJ  r.l*  TO  MAY  15,  liK»7. 


^^^          Date. 

Pmoiu  emm  wiMvra 
appUcatlons  wore 
iwilred. 

Porvona  wboae  nitpttcutlons  wt<r«  nttcf- 
tnlnt*l  Bs  qtinlirUiJ  Inr  itiwlMlnnre  tintler 
tiM?  nrt  and   the   rcffuliitloQs,  aoti   of 

Mates. 

m!L.  TotM. 

VhIcsl 

mules. 

Total. 

Wlvc«. 

OhO- 

other 
rtis 

cotai. 

For  llw  iMTlfMl  rn.Ir*I  May  15  IflOflL- 
for  Um)  tpot  aui?4  May  13.  f S07»  „ 

1.06 

8,616 

ITS  t  s.srrr 

in 
Iff? 

e.m 

4,7SO 

n.soa 

087 

Of  the  male  applicants  07.23  per  cent  vrei-e  married  men.    Of  the       j 
applicants  the  majority  were  between  (he  apes  of  40  and  60.  ^t 

Work  was  provided  for  only  45.31  per  cent  of  those  who  were 
consiidered  worthy  of  assistance  in  terms  of  the  art,  compaiTd  with 
57.9  per  cent  for  the  period  ending  Slay  !.>,  1900,  while  only  21.63  i 
per  cent  of  the  number  provided  with  work  were  similarly  a&sLsted  | 
during  the  perioil  ending  May  ir>,  190ft,  Of  the  12  distress  commit- 
tees that  provided  work,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  C  paid  the 
standanl  rate  of  wages  and  6  paid  less  than  the  stxndard  rate. 

Only  6  distress  committees  provided  work  directly,  and  some  of^ 
these  to  a  very  limited  extent;  in  most  cases  the  distress  committees 
looked  to  local  authorities,  chiefly  tlie  town  council,  to  provide  relief 
works  rather  than  initiate  such  works  themselves. 

The  relief  work  consisted  for  the  most  part  of  stone-breaking,  con- 
struction of  new  streets  and  sewers,  and  other  miscellaneous  jobsi 
involving  rough,  imskillod  work. 

It  was  a  common  practice  to  allow  the  men  to  work  in  relays  of 
n  week  or  fortnight  at  a  time  where  the  number  of  applicants  was 
in  excess  of  the  nmnl>er  required  to  undertake  the  work  that  the 
distress  committee  were  in  a  position  to  offer.    Married  men  witli| 
dependents  were  ipven  a  preference  OTer  single  men  and  widowers] 
with  no  dependents. 

The  periwl  of  employment  varied  fi'om  six  days  to  eight  weeks,] 
the  average  being  thirty-one  days  in  respect  of  work  provided  di- 
rectly by  the  distress  cominittet-j  nnd  about  twenty-three  dnys  for; 
work  pnivided   indirectly.     The   ratCB  of  pay   varied  according  toj 
the  nature  of  the  work  and  the  skill  r>f  the  persons  employed.    Labor- 
ttTs  appear  to  have  been  2>aid  a  wage  vaiying  from  3d.  to  Gd.  (6  to 
12  centa)    per  hour. 

Mr.  Alden,  r^^viewing  England's  general  experience,  sajrs  that  itf 
relief  works  the  main  conditions  of  success  an*  as  follows: 

The  work  slioujd  be  really  u&elul  vu  cVv^lvi^cV^ct, 


jfc 


n 


880 


Bxn.uErriN  op  the  bttreatt  of  i-abob. 


2.  It  should  I)e  of  such  a  iintuie  that  any  Tvillaig  nnd  industrious 
man  who  is  nrousrtonicHl  to  niannnl  lalx>r  can  be  employetl  on  it. 

8.  Such  work  should  not  be  re^jurded  merely  ns  a  test  of  chanicter, 
but  every  attempt  should  be  made,  by  means  of  inquiry  and  classifi- 
cation,  by  proper  supervision  nml  suj^erintendence,  to  insure  that  a 
fair  return  is  obtained  for  the  wage  paid.(") 

He  quotes  an  English  committee  as  recommeniling  that —  | 

(1)  Men  sliould  only  l>e  admitted  to  them  after  inquiry  or  on 
satisfactory  recommendation. 

(2)  The  wages  ami  hours  Bhonld  be  as  nearly  as  possible  accord- 
ing to  contract  rates. 

(3)  Care  should  be  taken  to  supply  suflicient  overlookers  and  to 
in"oup  the  men  according  to  character  and  ability. 

(4)  If  a  meal  is  wanted,  or  clothing,  it  is  better  that  this  should 
be  supplied  separately  from  a  relief  fund.    The  employment  shniiM 
be  given,  as  lar  as  possible*  in  accordance  with  ordinary  busii 
contracts,  and  not  as  "charity  work,**  Avhich  tends  to  be  as  ill  done 
as  it  is  ill  paid  and  to  dejjrade  men  instea<l  of  improving  them. 

(5)  Public  and  other  relief  works  should  be  of  a  local  charafter|i 
planned  accoriiing  to  the  estimates  drawn  bv  the  local  authorities/ 
and  conducted  under  local  superintendence,    't'his  will  bo  some  ;juar- 
antv  against  waste  and  irresponsibility.    Such  works  only  should  be 
undertaken  as  are  likely  to  create  the  least  disturbance  in  the  labor 
market.C') 

It  is  frequently  urged  in  England  that  many  much-needed  national 
and  local  improvements  could  lx»  protluced  by  employing  the  unem- 
ployed. This  is  the  view  of  all  members  of  the  Labor  Party,  of 
most  British  trades-unionists,  and  of  many  students  of  the  question. 

To  further  tliis  end  a  bill  was  intro<luced  into  Parliament  in  1907 
by  Air.  J.  R.  Macdonuld,  M.  P.,  and  burked  by  the  leading  labor 
Membei's  of  Parliament, ''  to  provide  work  through  public  authorities 
for  miemployed  persons.'' 

Wlnxt  the  unemployed  bill  demands  is  as  follows: 

1.  County  and  borough  councils  and  urban  districts  of  over  20,000 
arc  to  be  local  unemployed  authorities  with  power  to  act  together. 
They  are  to  register  their  unemployed,  as  also  are  the  councils  of 
every  borough,  urban  district,  and  parish,  and  ovei'seers  when  there  is 
no  parish  council,     These  registers  are  to  l>p  pni*!  for  by  the  rates. 

rrormon  of  icork  to  he  aniipulsory, — Sectioti  3  of  the  bill  provides 
that  where  a  workman  bus  registeivcl  himself  as  unemployc*!  it  sliaF" 
be  the  duty  of  tiic  local  uneujployment  authority  to  provide  wor 
for  hin)  in  connection  with  one  or  other  of  the  schemes  hereinaft^ 
provided,  or  otiierwise,  or  failing  the  provision  of  work,  to  provi<l 
maintenance  should  necessity  exist  for  that  person  and  for  those  de- 
jK'nding  on  that  person  f(>r  (he  necessaries  of  life:  I'roi^ided^  Thftt 
a  rofunal  on  the  part  of  the  unemployed  M<»rkman  t<»  iici'npt  re««-*o!i 
able  work  iit>on  onr  of  these  seheines,  <»r  fur 
not  lower  (nun  those  that  are  standard  U\  > 
}<ha!l  release  the  loca]  uncmployuieat  ttuthohty  of  its  duties  uudcr 
libis  iHcotion. 


•jT&e  t'ueainloywl.  f.  '*Ki. 


*TU«*  TTutiunIoyMt  P,  103. 


I 

I 


^^F  THE  USEMPLOYED   IX    EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES.  881, 

Centntl  iintrnplopti^rtt  committee. — Section  4  provides  for  the  cs- 
tfll)lishnu'nt  of  a  central  unemployment  committee  consisting  of  not 
less  than  two  pei'sons  nominated  by  a  national  IkkIv  or  bodies  repre- 
sentative of  t^rade  unions,  and  of  i>ersons  representative  of  the  Board 
of  Agriculture,  the  Board  of  Traae,  the  Board  of  Education,  and  the 
Local  Government  Board,  vrith  a  secretary  appointed  b}'  the  Local 
Governiuent  Board,  for  the  purpose  of: 

(a)  Framing  schemes  for  the  provision  of  work  for  unemployed 
persons;  (b)  advising  the  Local  Government  Board  and  any  of  the 
authorities  created  by  this  act  on  any  uuitter  rcferre*!  to  the  com- 
mittee by  that  board;  (c)  coordinating  the  work  of  the  unemploy- 
ment conmiittees,  and  other^vise  acting  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act. 

Appointment  of  rommiftftiontrs. —  (1 )  With  a  view  to  carrying  out 
the  provisions  of  this  act  the  Local  (Jovernment  Board  shall  appoint 
unemployment  commissionei*s  to  make  inquiries  necessarj'  for  the 
working  of  this  iict,  to  insjiect  and  examine  work  lieing  done  under 
this  act,  and  otherwise  to  report  to  and  advise  the  Central  Unemploy- 
ment Committee.    These  commissioners  to  be  paid  by  Parliament. 

Constitution  of  the  unemployment  eommittees, — Evei*y  unemploy- 
ment authority  is  to  ap[>oii»t  an  unemployment  committee,  of  wliom 
a  majority  shall  be  memlx^rs  of  the  appointing  coimcil,  Dther  per- 
sons nuiy  l)e  appointed  who  have  experience  in  industry  or  ajjricul- 
ture.     One-fiftli  shall  be  selected  from  trade  unions  an^f  councils. 

The  imcuiployment  committees  shall  driiw  up  a  scheme  for  provid- 
ing work  fur  the  registered  unemployed  persons  of  their  area,  and 
such  scheme  shall,  so  far  as  possible,  provide  for  the  classification 
of  apnlicants  ft)r  work,  so  that  they  may  1k»  set  to  work  which  is 
suit^uue  to  the  individual  applicant,  and  so  that  in  all  cases  of  phys- 
ical and  industrial  unfitness  special  regard  shall  be  given  to  the 
idtimale  improvement  of  the  npplicants. 

When  the  local  unemployment  authority  nn»  of  opinion  that  unem- 
ployment in  any  case  is  owing  to  dclilwrale  ami  habitual  disinclina- 
tion to  work,  they  may  report  the  case  to  a  court  of  summary  juris- 
diction, and  the  court  may  issue  an  onler  which  shall  permit  the 
local  unemployment  authority  to  enforce  contr*)l  over  the  |)€rson 
named  in  the  order  for  a  period  not  exceeding  six  months,  which 
period  nuisl  be  passed  in  the  performance  of  reasonable  work  under 
the  supervision  or  control  of  the  local  unemployment  authority. 

The  local  unemployment  authority  may  assist  iin  unemployed  per- 
son by  aiding  the  endgi'ation  or  i*emoval  to  another  area  of  that 
person  and  any  of  his  dejiendont?.  The  local  unemployment  author- 
ity shall  not  supply  workmen  to  firms  or  employei^s  or  their  agent,s, 
servants,  or  representatives  during  times  of  trade  disputes  in  which 
these  firms  or  employers  are  involved. 

The  Loi'al  Governnn?nt  Board  is  to  consider  all  schemes  and  decide 
who  shall  piiy  for  them.  When  the  unemployed  exceed  4  per  cent 
of  the  employees  reported  upon,  ftr  when  exceptional  distress  is- 
shown,  the  Lix-al  (^lovernmeut  Board  shall  draw  up  such  schemes  as 
shall  admit  i>f  the  employment  of  unemployed  persons  io  works  of 
nationul  utility. 

(JF.Jl.MAXY. 

Ill  iii.rui;iiiy  public  relief  works  are  conducted  every  vcvui'^v  Uv  ^V- 
iiipii>t  all  the  rjfies.     Xut  a  ft-w  of  V\et\ivAV\v"s  \w.v\\n  \*5<j>i\\V  \.\^v^. 'v.v^- 


BULLETIN   OF  THE   BUREAU   OF  t^ABOB. 

provcinents  Iihvp  l^eeii,  iii  part  at  least,  prcKhiciHl  iu  this  w»y.  Tho 
hest  -source  of  information  on  thi>i  point  is  a  report  published  in  1905 
by  the  Genium  Statistical  Office  as  a  result  of  inquiries  sent  out  bj  it 
to  57  cities,  January  15,  i;>03.('') 

More  recent  infornialiou  cxist2>  for  certain  dties,  as  shown  in  the 
table  Inilow,  but  for  a  coiupumtively  few  eiti&s.  As  tabuhited  in  tli<^ 
Statistical  Yearbook  of  Gernuin  Cities  for  1007.  the  facts  as  to  relief 
works  in  those  cities  for  the  winter  of  IIKM-T*  were  as  follows: 

«TATI8TIC'«  OP   REI.IEF  WOBKS    tN    VAftlOrs   ORRMAX  CITIES.    IWK-^. 


CUy. 


WaciM  t>#r  Ai9- 


PorlcHl  of  euiployuwnt 


Dw,  ].  low.  to  Mnr.  SI.  I«s 


Sov.  I 

i ».-»    t 

,1  ■ 
J 

Oci.    t. 

Jan.  '}. 

J  All.  2. 

1,^' 


r.  O.  !«». 


Clly. 


rnlfiCrtM.. 

Fivlminr.. 

}tiit< 
fitiitnenn 

WlAjtbiHlrij 
WUrtbarf. 


Naluf«  of  work. 


Woorl    ch'MiplDg    and 

KMbd  mftnng. 
W  otxi  trbopplnjf 


■utf 


''i-  Aitd  •trmf 
<>.  Ktid  rioQO 

.    And    «lOD0 

-.^Jikliw    m  nd 
nUitw)  iirBAklrig. 
ftioM   bm&klns  «  n  d 


PIW8 

or 
da 

wot. 


eicKvl 


'  ■•>- 

No.' 
Y«i. 
Vm. 

D«y. 

Yes. 

Botb 

Not 

new 

Yw. 

(*^ 

V««. 

Bnlli 

Vm. 

•  flic      tt<>irflnnir     i1m»     Xofil  *rii1»ri?h*rt^^      l"i 


.Inrh      uttti  «  r»«t   P^tudNl 


*  '•*  n  pljint. 

h'  ■-vnrk, 

Vt   IliOUlU. 


*  ia  ard«f  ul  oa*d. 


THE    rNEHPLOYED    IN    EI'ROPEAN    COUNTBIES. 


88^ 


Tnkinr;  this  table,  (he  (lerruan  repoii  of  190r>,  and  u  few  minoi 
sourct's  of  infortn»tion,  ihe  following  statements  may  he  made: 

Special  relief  works  for  tlie  unemployed  aiv  undertnken  now 
almost  every  winter  b}'  all  the  nioix?  iinportuut  German  cities.  Work 
is  1K4  given,  or  at  Iwast  not  intended  (o  lie  givxMi,  lo  thv».se  whwNe 
idkniess  is  caused  by  strikes  or  lockouts  or  whi»  for  any  cause  have 
i-efused  to  work  elsewhere.  It  is  not  intended  lo  iit^litute  mich  works 
to  relieve  distress  causetl  by  the  oveivrowdin^  of  certain  industries 
or  occupations,  nor  to  help  persons  who  are  idle  every  season  bccam^e 
of  their  belonging  to  seasonal  occupations,  such  as  the  building  trades. 
Ri'lief  works  are  intended  rather,  even  though  they  have  now  become 
the  general  nde,  for  uneinploynient  of  unusual  character,  unusual 
either  in  the  number  out  of  work,  the  length  of  time  of  their  being 
unomployed,  or  the  general  character  of  the  uneiuployment.  The 
lendeucy,  however,  is  to  make  the  institution  of  such  work  a  regular 
feature  of  the  winter  season.  Nine  out  of  the  57  cities  investigated 
by  the  rejxjrt  of  U'Or>  reported  geiieral  regidations  directing  that  relief 
work  shall  l>e  instituted  whenever  certain  conditions  exist  and  speci- 
fying the  methods  to  be  followed  in  the  administration  of  the  work. 
As  will  be  seen  by  the  tal>le,  in  most  of  the  cities  the  work  is  given 
only  to  residents,  and  in  many  of  them  only  to  those  who  are  married 
or  who  have  persons  dejiendent  on  them.  The  work  is  almost  always 
limited  to  the  winter  months,  lH.'ginniug  on  or  about  Deeeml>er  1  and 
continuing  from  eight  to  twenty-six  weeks,  tiio  longer  periods  being 
only  in  a  very  U'w  cases. 

In  almost  all  cases  the  work  is  administered  by  city  authoritit 
Only  two  cities  reported  the  giving  out  of  the  work  to  contractoi 
In  mnny  of  the  cities  the  work  is  carried  on  by  the  municipu!  charil 
departments,  and  in  virtually  all  other  cases  by  those  in  close  touch 
with  the  charity  departjnent.  In  some  cities  jx^rsons  who  hav<*  re- 
ceived aid  from  the  charity  department  are  not  entitled  to  relief  work. 

The  nature  of  the  work  given  will  lx»  seen  by  the  table  to  Ik»  largely 
"  earth  work  **  of  one  kind  or  another,  work-in  almost  all  cases  which 
is  unskilled  and  which  can  bo  done,  thougli  often  with  difficulty,  in* 
the  winter.  Considerable  rtfort  is  said  to  Iw  made  to  avoid  n.ssign- 
ing  work  to  any  which  might  be  prejudicial  to  health  or  diminish 
technical  skill.  ^^ 

Tlie  average  wages  paid  vary  from  2.40  marks  (57  cents)  to  3.61^^ 
marks  (80  cents)  per  day,  the  enJeavin*  l>eii\g  to  pay  wages  sufficient 
to  prevent  the  worker  from  needing  charity  and  yet  not  high  enough 
to  prevent  his  accepting  ordinary  work  as  soon  as  it  can  be  foun 
Pieo,'  rates  seem  to  prevail  only  in  breaking  stone.     Some  of  the  citi 
in  addition  to  the  vvng(»s  provide  tools,  n  hoi   midday  meal  or  li 
coffee,  and  insurance  in  the  imperial  industrial  insurance  fiuid.     The 
narking  time  averages  eight  and  oi\c-\\a\l  Wwr*- 


ing    j 

m 


;h^ 


BVLtETIN   OF  THE   BrRKAU    OP   1-AJlOJI. 


Till!  oost  of  the  work  in  almost  all  the  cititrs  is  said  to  bp  hl^Hi 
than  for  hitnilar  work  done  under  ordinary  conditions,  hut  thi-*  is 
porllr  dia*  to  tlic  fact  tlint  tlu»  work  is  doriu  larp'ly  in  winU»r  nndcr 
iinfiivorabU*  conditions*  and  pnrtly  to  {}w.  fart  tiiat  thv  men  are 
nsiuilly  inex|K*nence<L  Tlie  table  gives  the  reports  upon  this  poj 
niiidtf  Iiy  sfvrrnl  of  the  cities.  H 

Such  is  a  brief  httitenienl  of  the  German  experionce  UjK>n  re|H 
works.  The  report  of  1005  recommends  the  plaiuiin|^  of  municifl 
improvements  so  that  tliry  will  Iw  trndciinkoa  nt  periods  nf  miii-ifl 
industrial  depression  iiml  make  exceptional  relief  w<»rkH  i]nnecc>sujfl 
and  there  is  evidence  that  this  policy  is  being  adopted,  Uioiij^i  ifl 
recent  largt>  development  of  nmnicipnl  improvenii'iits  in  Genn|H 
eitien  seems  to  make  it  possible  to  do  soino  relief  work  noiirly  egM 
winter.  ^^H 

July  'M,  1!'04»  tiu-  IVirs-ian  (iovermnent  a«li.lr<'sw*J  to  all  tiie  i^^H 
jnesidentft  of  districts  and  to  all  the  royal  pivsidents  of  Provinoe^H 
circular  concerning  the  organizatiim  of  the  proriHion  of  empldfl 
ment,  signed  by  the  Minister  of  Commerce  and  the  Home  Minister.-fl 

We  further  requi-st  you  to  Imvo  the  goodness  to  dirt»ct  your  attcM 
tion  to  tltose  measures  which  are  caleulateil  to  prevent  the  orrurreiifl 
of  want  <»f  work  on  a  wide  scale  or  to  ndtipite  its  effect  when  it  fl 
unuvoiiiable.  Not  only  tlie  State,  but  also  the  Province's,  dislriclfl 
an<I  conununes,  in  their  capacity  as  employers,  arc  iHHind  to  do  (liefl 
utmost  to  counteract  the  evil  in  rpiestiou  by  paying  general  nnfl 
methodical  atteultou  to  the  suitnLle  tlistriliution  and  regulation  of 
the  works  lo  be  cnriied  out  for  their  a^x'oimt.  In  almost  every  in-_ 
diistrial  establishment  of  importance  there  are  tasks  wbich  <lo  noM 
absolutely  need  to  be  perfonued  at  a  fixed  time;  just  so  in  cver3*  ScatdH 
and  conununal  administration  tliere  are  works  for  tlie  altotuient  ufl 
M'hieh  the  tiuie  may,  wiihiu  rcrtuin  limits,  l>c  freely  chosen  acrordin^fl 
to  circumstauces.  If  all  |>uhlic  aduunistrations,  in  making  thrrffl 
arrangements,  would  take  iirnelv  eare  to  chofwc  for  such  works  liiuesH 
in  which  want  of  employment  is  to  be  exiM'cled.  if  es|>ecially  \\ orkaB 
in  widch  unemployed  people  of  alt  kinds,  lUcUidinif  in  purlicular  nnj 
skilled  laborers,  can  he  nuule  use  of.  were  n'servecifor  such  times  ofl 
ihroatening  want  of  employment  as  have  almost  regularly  ixH.'urre^B 
of  Intc  in  winter  in  the  larger  towns  and  industrial  centers,  the  reafl 
occurrence  of  widespread  want  of  employment  could  certainly  IjJ 
piweutetl  in  many  cases  and  serious  distress  warded  o(T.  A  niitiguM 
lion  of  the  ilistresK  will  often  prove  possible  if,  when  the  need  ofl 
han<Is  begins  (<»  diminish  at  times  when  other  work  is*  wont  t|B|H 
luird  to  hnd.  tiie  public  industrial  establislkuients  Ho  not  at  onc^^^H 
miss  their  haiuls,  but  rentier  it  possiltle  to  keep  Ihrm  all  on  by  dl^^^l 
ening  the  daily  houi*s  of  work  or  by  putting  in  rest  Hhifts,  aa  is  tfi|^| 
in  the  mining  Industry.  ^H 

Increased  provision  and  opportunities  of  work  will  not  be  tkiajjt^M 
ble,  indeed,  without  sinudtaneous  measures  I'eing  taken  to  PP^^^| 
the  measuH's   fnuii  'lie  idrrady  '  ^^^^1 

unemployed  lo  Ih':  .  'xwd  U\«v\:U  ^^M 


THE   UNEMPLOYED   IN    ELTIOPBAN    COUNTRIES. 


885 


For  tliis  purpose  care  will  have  to  lie  taken  that  only  snch 
unemployed  j>ersons  are  ndmitted  to  the  "relief  works  ^'  ns  have 
their  domicile  for  purposes  of  relief,  or  have,  at  least,  heen  rejriilnrly 
at  work  for  a  definite  perio<l  in  (he  commune  in  which  such  wurka 
arc  undertaken. 

As  the  experience  of  the  last  few  years  has  repeatedly  shown  tiiat 
even  large  communes  have  been  wanting  in  the  desiranle  foresight, 
and  have  not  set  relief  works  on  foot  till  the  want  of  work  had 
assumed  very  serious  dimensions  and  distress  had  already  set  in,  you 
will  have  the  goodness  to  draw  the  attention  of  the  adminihi rations 
of  the  districts  and  communes  under  your  authority  to  the  above- 
mentioned  measures  which  are  incumbent  on  you  and  them  as  era- 
pl<>yerb  of  labor. 

So  far  as  you  yourself  or  the  official  bodies  and  functionaries 
siilx)rdinate  to  you  have  to  determine,  or  are  called  upon  to  c(K»penito 
in  determining  the  allotment  of  ser^-ices  or  works,  you  will  also  take 
care  (hat  due  attention  be  paid  to  the  alK)ve- mentioned  <'oii<iderations. 

Finally,  you  will  have  the  goo<iness  to  take  care  tliat  you  are  in- 
formed, as  soon  as  possible,  of  all  occurrences  and  cireumstances 
which  afford  ground  for  inferences  as  to  tlie  probable  development  of 
the  labor  market  in  your  dis-trict,  especially  of  approaching  con- 
,sideral>le  diminutions  and  increases  or  in<lustrial  activity,  in  order 
that  you  may  be  able,  when  occasion  offers,  to  direct  the  attention  of 
the  superintendents  of  public  works  and  administrative  undertakings 
and  of  the  existing  labor  bureaus  to  the  state  of  things,  and,  when 
necessaiy,  to  use  your  official  influence  in  favor  of  the  timely  intro- 
duction of  extraordinary  nieastires. 


FRAXCE. 

France  also  does  much  in  this  lino  of  relief  works.  The  Bulletin 
de  rOffice  du  Travail  (Decemlx^r,  1007)  gives  a  list  of  works  carried 
on  in  li>00  in  60  ilepartments.  There  were  only  21  departments  in 
France  in  which  such  works  were  not  carried  on  in  (hat  year.  There 
were  CO  departments  i-eporting  expenditures  in  1900.  The  follow- 
ing table  shows  the  expenditures  for  each  department,  the  number  of 
persons  employed,  and  the  number  of  days  employed: 

EXPEKDITURES    OF    FEEXCH    PrBIJC    HEUKF    WOUKS,    PEIlSONS    EMPLOYED, 
AND  DAVH   EMIM.OYEI».   BY   l>Er\KTMEXT.S,   1000. 


Deputsnent. 

Number 
of  com- 
munea. 

Eaiicih]!* 
lumi. 

Number 
etn- 

(•» 
«0 
TM 
1V5 
2. 000 
06 

a«» 

4,T«3 
4A7 
»( 
UJ3 

Daji 
ploycd. 

Jda 

3 

22 
3 
1 

4 
1 
06 
3 
4 

11,109.34 

«77.M 

18,  ]4n.  40 

1,M2. 18 

•,04(103 

702.88 

083.31 

3B.97Dv(a 

t4;.M 

2, 17U.  18 

"Im 

'Mum 

AiDer ; 

(«) 

AlprJ  (UaUIM)..., ■  —  .,,....* i 

4^«M 

Anltebe *....„—.,..........- 

1B.054 

Anl«anc«... .,.....,..,.. -....^.. ,. 

Aub# ^ ; 

{«') 

AudBk..... . 

1IM.7WI 

ssssm^ 

5  3i}i 

■HH^DK^^ 

4«7 

13,<WI 

''  >  <\v  HolUUrlie  RucIhJi*.  lit  Cnru,  ori;unlU't1  im  Ui  pr<>vli>UN  T¥»r»  ft  wurk>>bon 

for  (u.;.  „i...  \.i.ta»  for  iram<<a.     It  p»ld  !«,5tt9  rr«oes  (9tf««L82|  tt>  mtf  -"■*  •  "•"  '-■"■- 
($:ntorJtj  to  iroDeo. 


886 


BI7LLETIN   OF  THI   BUREAU   OP 


RXPKSDlTrRES   OF    I'UENCB    rimUC    RELIEF    WOUKA.    rVRBOKS   CkTPLOl 
ASH  DATS  fiMl'UOYEB.   UY   UKPARTMUNT8,   IfKHS— roDcln<3i«d 


Depu-tiEunt. 

Nrnnhn- 
ol  toni- 
inunetB. 

KnrnWv 
rm- 

^1 

Cbht^Dte.  ,     .              ...i. i.- -. 

3 
1 

J 

• 

fn,aiiS7 
asp.flo 

6,084.71 

m.B4 

17 

7» 

2W 

60,«S5 

Chikrvtitc-lafifrEleun.. ........ .....^. ...... ........... 

Chft ; 

794 

are 

CAl-d'Lir .„,..,.« ..«^... 

Cdti'i-'io-Nord-. -*-..... > 

Wttt 

Drtiiui ,.., , ,,.,, ,....„„,—.-... 

Boi*<b) 

i,jn 

apgfriBt-T^ff. 

M 

U 
11 
f 

I 

u 
» 

4 
3 
1 

1 

T^ 
3 
1 

to 

1 

10 
3 
4 

3 

1 

M 

4 
5 

I 
I 

to 

u 

4 

9 

20 

174 

17 

4 

1 

2 

9 

4 

3 

44 

M&.nn 

(tO.7aft.9D 
8,041.  SB 

io.e30.ai 

ftM.tt 
l,aiEC.7fi 

ir.rra  w 

a,»4.»7 
G7B.0B 

9.(I7R.«)I 
-.SOB.  04 
T.SXt.  44 

A.9n&73 
7.Afi0.33 

7M.M 
4.fiMta 

3.WU  an 

3. 1*4. 74 

i.fBiai 

3,  KM.  84 
I.4n\  4S 

4.vr'  '^ 
a,  as;.  70 

2,  )W  MS 
4.27^  J* 
14,757.67 

3,X3.U1 
(«1 

C75.ai 
719.  IV 

6,fi7fc40 

Z9Wi  an 

9.17U.39 

71* 

1.7V7 

t,MO 

an 

no 

ou 

2.wn 

7.  Mi 

8S 

29a 
s.ago 

IS- 

m 

133 

as7 

408 

7A 
\ltf 

W.TTS 

dftnimi*  (GLftote) 

OfTK , , 

Olronilp  .           

i?„ 

Ht*ruuU ..,,. „.., 

ft.V74 
1».47« 

UI- vi.VilalDe 

In*1r» ....*_4.......— *—*..._.......— . 

iBdir-ct-LoliT ^ 

I»*rp 

Jui» , ,,.^ 

La»(Iis ...„ 

I^ln* .......... 

4d3 

L«i|m.lr.f'rli  urt.,...                     ....„,-.„„... 

.'?'■ 

J|tnrtn> „.                                     .  ,, 

ii 

■gSiic:;::::::™::::::::: 

^^i 

)fi*urthiM>t-ll«wtto 

MorlHhMi.'.V.V ..-"""!! ' 

KftVK „ « 

NftM 

9.1M 

2,7W 

Ob*. « -.-.,, -^^ 

laj 

OriK- 1 ,..^,. 

Puy-ji'^lJoiiw..... 

xaoo 

Ml 

I':.  1                   it.<si ., 

I'r                            iKUcH.. ....... ...-.- 

fcn                _ 

r     ::e;;;;;eee:;;ee;:;::e: 

?;           ,»::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::n::::::::::d 

Viir - i... 

VawIum.........                               ..         .  .  - 

V«n4fv , , 

Vhrnn** .,-..,. 

NTcuni*  (Uaut^i „.„,,.. - 

Yoiuw ,                              .  . 

•  Sol  rprM»rt«'<l. 

^TlM  |*ubtlc  workstjoiw  t-tnplo)r  Si}  to  Mt  of  tb"  omemplorml  hII  Ui«  yo^r. 


RkUCT  SuELTEKfl. 

It  is  not  tlic  infontion  to  consider  horo  nl!  tho  various  workingmen's 
homes,  hotel.**,  harrncks,  lodging^  hous^es,  (»r  shelters  which  an*  open 
TAf^'^i^^^  ""*i  ^^^*^  liomeloss  of  the  poor*>r  clHst;^?s  in  the.  tUffereiit  dli< 

l1  coimli'icjj.     Some  of  tln?!-e  itislitution.s  hii*  of  ^y«t  value,  fnany  of 

■y  Hmull  vnlne,  nnd  not  u  few  extremely  liurtfiil  ami  clel>aHing'. 

Conidderiition   is  fjiven   only   to   th*>!^    relief  shelters    which    nre 
especially  for  anemployed   workingmen,  and   more  particularlj  ti 

thof-se  nhch '  ifh  liMve  its  jin  important  part  of  thuxr  work  the 

biding  of  .;  to  dxul  employmeut. 


THE  UNEMPLOYED  IN   EUBOPE-VN    COUNTRIES. 


887 


Foremoet  in  this  respect  stand  the  ii?lief  shoUers  organized  in  Ger- 
miny,  and  which  have  spread  tlience  to  Austria,  .Sw  iixorlanvl,  nnd  to 
a  sinnll  extent  elsewliei-e.  These  «re,  however,  of  nirious  kinds,  and 
(o  he  understood  must  be  somewhat  sharply  diseriminiited  iKHweeiu 

GERMANY. 

The  first  to  be  taken  into  consideration  are  the  so-called  hospices, 
whiclj  are  not  strictly  relief  slielters,  but  rather  workingmen's  hotels 
or  lM)urdiii^  houses.  Tliey  are  intended  for  tho>e  workmen  who  are 
able  to  pay  a  fair  price  for  board  and  lodging,  and  are  not  primarily 
for  transients.  These  hospices  arc  in  most  cases  maintained  by 
benevoleJit  societies  or  agencies,  usually  religious — Protestant  or 
Catholic.  Tliere  are  Protestant  hospices  in  most  of  the  larger  Ger- 
man cities,  but  in  thLs  particular  chiss  of  relief  shekel's  the  Roman 
Catholics  have,  in  numU»rs  at  huist,  probably  done  the  most.  Accord- 
ing to  the  report  of  the  Roman  Catholic  trade  associations  or  unions 
I  (Cologne.  1007).  there  wen*  in  Germany  l,ltU  such  Catholic  associa- 
tiojis,  and  357  of  these  had  thoir  own  hospices,  while  almost  all  of 
them  had  at  least  rooms  suitable  for  mich  purjxrses.  In  UKHS  they 
entertained  85.000  workingmen  guests.  The  Protestant  hospices  are 
not  essentially  different. 
Next  to  these  come  the  Herbergen,  anil  especially  the  so-called 
ITerhorgen  zur  Heimat,  which  latter  are  distinctly  Protestant  insti- 
tutions somewhat  .similar  to  the  hospices,  but  intended  for  those 
not  able  to  pay  so  much — usually  workmen  of  the  lower  ranks — and 
Entertaining  many  not  able  to  ])uy  at  all,  nuilnly  transients.  They 
^are  much  nmre  siiuply  appointed  than  the  liospices  and  do  not 
^fepsemble  ordinary  hotels. 

^^     In  Germany  the  Herl>ergen  require  those  unable  to  pay  to  do  some 

■work  the  next  morning.     The  svstem  bv  which  this  is  done  will  lie 

taken  into  account  in  treating  of  the  still  more  temporary  shelters 

^Kcallcd  Vprpflefrungsstatifmen.     The  HeHKM*gi»n  are  very  numerous — 

^nome  4«>0  in  Germany — and  play  no  snnill  part   in  t)ie  life  of  the 

lower  grades  of  workmen.    They  are  of  several  kind!=i.     Perhaps  the 

^Lbest  knowr*  ar-e  the  Ilerlwrgeu  zur  Heimat.     These  are  all  religious 

^Rand  connecte*!   with   the  so-called   Inner  Mission.      Tlie   Herbergk»u 

zur  Heimat  is  intended  to  be,  as  far  as  posstible,  a  home  for  the  time 

ing  to  all  workingmen   who  come  umler  its  shelter.     It  must  be 

pt  olejin  nnd  orderly;  furnish  cheap  but  wholesome  fo<xl;  provide 

ligious  influences  by  means  of  daily  services,  and  banish  all  harmful 

)ractices  from  its  premi^'s,  e.  g..  gumbliu*:.     \n  order  to  lune  this 

rogramme  carried  out  every  home  is  under  the  supervision  of  a 


BULIJiTlN    OF   TUE   BUREAU   OP   lABOH. 


responsible  committee,  whoso  members  must  be  reputable  persons, 
and,  if  possible,  inchule  the  local  clergy. 

The  home  is  usuully  supplied  witli  a  good  map  of  the  circuit  and 
country,  showing  the  country  rouds  in  every  direction,  so  thnt  tho 
superintendent  may  advise  those  who  depart  as  to  the  quickest  way 
of  reaching  a  certain  point. 
>  A  man  may  stay  in  a  home  for  a  whole  week,  i)rovided  he  pays 
the  moderate  charges.  Ordinary  prices  are:  Bed,  25  to  40  pfennigs 
(0  to  10  cents)  ;  full  meal,  55  pfennigs  (13  cents)  ;  coffee,  5  pfennigs 
(1  cent)  ;  bread,  5  pfennigs  (1  cent) ;  potatoes  and  sauce,  20  pfennigs 
(5  cents)  ;  soup,  10  and  20  pfennigs  (ii  and  5  cents) ;  huniuiy,  10 
pfennigs  ('2  cents);  cigar,  5  pfennigs  (1  cent).  A  young  pastor  or 
candidate  looks  after  the  inmates  spiritually  both  week  days  and 
Sundays. 

The  increase  of  the  homes  has  been  phenomenal.  Professor 
Clemens  Theodor  Perthes,  of  the  University  of  Bonn,,  established 
the  first  one  in  1854 ;  in  l^Cli  there  were  ID;  iji  187^,  101 ;  ISh*;,  252; 
181)0,  370;  1900,  457;  1904,  4G2;  100**.,  4G1.  In  recent  years  their 
numlier,  luiwevcr.  has  not  grown,  the  reason  being  said  to  be  lack  of 
funds.  Many  of  llie  existing  homes  Iiave  contrncti'd  debts  under 
which  they  lal)or  with  great  difficulty. 

The  various  homes  have  formed  an  organi/.ation,  Dfutscher  Iler- 
berge  Vercin,  with  Der  Wautlercr  as  its  organ.  Tlie  whole  Gernmn 
Empire  is  subdivided  into  district  unions  or  subdivisions  for  the  sake 
of  better  control  and  greater  efficiency,  with  central  offices  at  Bethel 
(BieJefeld),  Doctor  von  BodeJsrhwiufjh  being  the  leading  spirit  iu 
the  movement  for  tliem. 

Not  all  the  Herbergen  of  Germany  iriv  religious.  In  .almost  nil  the 
larger  (jermanic  cities,  notably  at  Berlin  and  Hamburg,  and  also  at 
Vienna,  the  trade  unionists  maintain  large  and  attractive  Herlwrg^'n, 
or  so-called  lalx>r  homes  (Arbeiter  Ileim),  which  as  a  part  of  their 
work  give  entertainment  at  low  cost  iv  traveling  workmen,  Tht^i 
hornet  are  not  usually  called  Herbergen,  but  they  largely  aiwwer  the 
siime  need.  Most  of  the  socialist  workmen  will  not  go  to  the  evangel- 
ical Ilerbcrgen  zur  Heimat.  llie  "Arl>eiter  Heim  ''  at  Berlin  and  the 
^  Favorite  *'  at  Vienna  are  very  large  nnd  in  some  ways  magnificently 
appointed  labor  centei*s,  each  with  a  large  audience  rouiu  for  iuojm 
meetings,  concerts,  etc.,  as  well  as  smoking  rootas,  reading  rooms, 
roimnittee  rooms,  rooms  for  officers  of  trade  unioits,  restaurant,  clcu 
1  fiialler  cities  there  are  not  such  large  lal)or  homes,  but  in  rao>'t 
there  is  something  of  this  nature.  In  some  ciiii^,  like  MunicJi, 
where  (here  y  no  lal)or  home  provision  is  made  by  the  trade  unioUH 
for  their  traveling  members  in  connection  with  some  ordinary  ixxun- 


THE   UNEMPLOYED    IN    EUROPEAN    COUXTBTES.  889 

inj^  house  or  restuurnnt.  There  are  still  other  kinds  of  Herbergen, 
but  only  those  directly  for  the  unemployed  nre  considered. 

Tlurdly  are  (akeu  into  consideration  the  Verpflegimofsstntionen, 
relief  stations  provided,  or  at  least  sustained,  by  the  public  authori- 
ties, which  give  fooil  and  shelter  for  twenty- four  hours,  or  forty- 
eight  including  Sundays.  They  are  intended  chiefly  to  assist  desti- 
tute and  unemployed  men  with  temporary  shelter,  for  which  they 
must  work  in  the  morning.  The  stations  are  placed  within  walking 
distance  of  each  other,  and  are  in  cornniunicatiun  by  telephone  or  in 
other  ways,  so  that  they  can  hear  of  chances  for  work  and  men  may 
be  told  in  which  way  to  lo*jk  for  work.  Very  strict  disciplme  is 
maintained  in  all  the  stations. 

When  a  man  arrives  at  a  station,  he  must  show  a  passport  and  a 
**  labor  book"  (Arbt^ifshiwh)^  in  order  to  legitimize  himself  l>oth  as 
to  his  character  in  regard  to  the  authorities  and  to  his  industrious 
habits.  These  books  arc  stamped  and  retained  by  the  superintendent. 
A  simple  meal,  consisting  of  soup  or  potatoes  and  lierring  and  costing 
about  20  pfennigs  (5  cents),  is  served  at  night,  and  tlie  men  are  sup- 
posed to  be  in  l3ed  by  10,  In  the  morning  they  must  be  ready  for  the 
simple  breakfast  by  7,  since  work  begins  at  8.  The  latter  consists 
usually  of  stone  breaking,  wood  chopping,  or  other  duties  requiring 
physical  exertion,  but  not  exhaustion,  and  lasts  for  four  hours.  The 
man  is  then  given  a  plate  of  food,  his  book  is  signed  and  stamped,  and 
he  is  sent  on  his  way.  If  the  next  station  should  be  too  far  to  be 
reached  during  the  afternoon,  he  receives,  if  penniless,  a  ticket  to  a 
by-station  {Nehensiatton) ^  where  he  receives  food  and  shelter.  By- 
stations  may  be  had  in  any  number,  since  they  are  not  special  build- 
ings, but  approved  lodging  houses  or  inns,  A  clergyman  or  other 
person  of  good  reputation  sees  to  it  that  they  are  properly  conducted. 
The  cost  of  feeding  and  housing  a  man  per  day  at  the.se  stations, 
including  all  oxi)euses  of  munagement,  is  about  C5  to  75  pfennigs  (15 
to  18  cents),  and  is  ustially  charged  to  the  rates. 

The  motto  of  these  stations  is  that  a  man  must  work  for  what  ho 
gets;  work  in  the  morning,  walk  in  the  afternoon:  If  he  refuses  to 
do  that  he  is  turned  over  to  the  police  ns  a  vagrant,  or  left  to  shift 
for  himself.  The  latter  coui-se  brings  him  into  touch  with  the  police, 
since  in  most  towns  and  villages  maintaining  stations  private  alms- 
giving is  forbidden  and  punished  by  law.  The  man  must,  conse- 
quently, cither  work  or  go  hungry.  This  sj'htom,  comprising  at  pres- 
ent about  1,000  stations,  has  put  a  slop  to  mendicity  and  vagrancy  in 
all  provinces  of  Germany  where  the  stations  are  sufliciently  near  to- 
gether. The  only  complaint  which  pcopk*  inlerested  in  this  problem 
make,  is  that  their  iiumhiT  is  too  small:  under  the  leadership  of 
Pastor  Ton  Dodelschwingli  they  are  seeking  for  legislation  to  the 


BriXETiy  OF   THE    BUREATT  OF   LABOR, 

effect  tliai  rdit^f  stations  should  lie  planted  everywhere  in  Uie 
Empire,  so  as  io  help  every  poor  and  destitnto  laborer,  and  still  allow 
him  to  move  on  in  search  of  work. 

An  \drAi  of  the  strictness  of  the  re^lntions  in  force  at  tfaeae  Btal 
may  be  obtained  from  the  rules  governing  the  Westphalian 
fitation.s,  which  are  as  follows : 

I. — Kvory  itinerant  not  poase^ng  more  thftn  1  Tn«rk  [23,8  cents] , 
in  caaii,  and  who  is  unuble  to  obtain  work  in  the  localitVt  will  be  con-' 

ired  as  "  without  ineiirLs."     Any  pn^^oii  who  has  in  his  pocs^es^^i* 
C  surii  of  inonev  excttuling  1  mnrk   ["IXH  cents],  and  who  coneo*! 
or  donies  this  lact,  ntiiy  not  only  he.  n*<inirt'<l  to  pay  for  t^         '    f" 
whicli  he  receives  but  mav  also  be  pnv^cuted  fi)r  fraiKluIent  i  i 

II. — Any  ptTson  who,  by  rrnsori  of  old  npre,  sinknt^sn,  or  innrmity,  im 
unfit  for  work  will  be  referred  to  the  local  authorities  with  a  view 
to  hia  receiving  pf»or-law  reli«'f, 

111. — Every  itijierant  witliout  means  wlio  wishes  to  receive  reliei 
in  a  relief  station  is  recjnired  to  produce  his  traveling  pass.  The  itin* 
ernnt  is  required,  provided  he  is  still  in  possession  oi  any  money.  U 
proctire  atich  pa^H.  A  pn!=s  may  l>e  obtained  by  the  payment  f>f  .V 
pfennigs  (U.U  wnts]  or  by  Ihe  pfTfonuanrt^  ox  at  least  four  hoiii 
work  in  the  relief  station.  Helief  is  not  given  in  tlu-  stutiou  i^^uil 
the  pass.  (This  provision  applie~s  only  to  itinerants  in  possc^^sion  ol 
money.)  A  jjass  may  be  issued  only  to  pei*sons  of  10  years  of  age  or 
upwiinf,  sucJi  persons  beinff  in  a  position — by  producing  a  leaviagjj 
certiticnte  ^issnrd  by  the  police]  or  other  similar  evideitee — to  esta! 
lifih  their  identity,  and  by  phowing  the  official  receipt  for  eontribu* 
lions  under  the  insurance  laws,  certiHcute  of  employroentr  etc^  to 
])rove  that  they  liHvo  reci»ritly  been  engaged  in  labor. 

Applituiuts  for  relief  at  a  relief  station  who  are  not  in  p'  i 

of  a  pass  will  Ixi  immediately  referred  to  the  j>olice  as  lioing 
less  persona."  (")     In  every  such  case  before  the  applicant  can  oi>- 


•The  nmrlUli  Bcporf  on  tJie  t'ncmplnypd,  tty  D,  F.  Rehlofwi,  says  of  tkta: 
"Acconllnj:  t^  the  law.  It  Is  tlie  duty  of  tiic  iwllce  In  fJeruiaiiy  to  proThle  ev«ty_ 
de»tUitte    wuyfatxT   wilh    temimrHry    ivIJef :    but    thnt    the    Ut»rrann    worlunai  ' 
tnivellnp  In  SMirrh  of  work  nhvnjfl  tV^<v  i.^-..;...  tn.-ii  i.  ii..r  ,in  n.ir  u^  <:tni.^a, 
(Se«   Zfit>«-Iirlft   den    KJiniBllch    i'n  ' 
VlfTtrlJjilirsdirft.  p.  ^1.)     As  a  rule,  ■■    :    ■  ■ 
Iwp  from  (he  npiiUnuil  the  iiorfrtriimmv  i»l  work.     In  w>nir  i 
tnlUfd  hy  liiqijIH<w  iiindr  In  f^rtmtny  \ty  tlie  ^Tlt^r  nf  thl« 
fiollee  Klmply  luiiiil  tbe  '  UomoleHH  *  Hi>|)lk*nnt  n   ri*w  ]>euoe  In   tusli  n 
bltn  to  ifo  on  to  Iho  next  lown.     Hcrpntly  (sinre  Tletobrr.  lOtW)   In  V 
the  prfl'-tice  of  III  '         "' 
diitiil.     (Her  W'l 

tn- 

WK'ii  ciiJH'  til"  itiiu'nini.  \vl. 

a  p'l'^,  nntl  Ir  n<1'l!llrn\  to  i  ■■     i  ' 

f..r  . 

■•x: 


ilii'  i'ii.-.M,  iterrorm  ul  lU.)  r.-li. 


Hi.. 

or 


THE  UKEMPLOYED  IN    KUBOPEAJJ  COUNTKHSS. 


89] 


tAin  ft  pftsfi  an*l  recoivft  tlk»  i\>puliir  relief  provided  at  a  relief  Btatioi 
I>e  must  produce  ft  c<'rCilu^ttU*  from  the  loonl  pi>liee  wuthorilies  stiitin|^ 
(liut  ihvt  applicant  lias  jHrformevI  witli  ilue  iiuluntiT  a  tiisk  of  work  sol 
hiiii  Uy  such  uutlkorities  huiI  i)f  at   \eMst  one  e.iitin^  clay's  ilunitlon^ 
and  that  no  other  ohjectiou  exists  to  his  liaving  a  puBs  issueil  to  hijn. 
(Persons  relieved  us  "homeless"  ni-e  received  in  *he  relief  station 
on  tlie  iiri»t  or  t^econd  day,  according  as  the  polico  require  tlieni  t^^ 
work  for  one  or  for  two  days,  after  completion  of  tiieir  work,  and  oil™ 
the  followinfif  morning  are  put  to  work  for  such  a  period  as  is  pre- 
8a'il>ed  by  the  ruleti  of  tlie  station  in  return  for  the  relief  reoeivi 
liy  tlioin  and  are  tlien  handed  tJieir  pas>.) 

The  pass  and  all  other  dotmneats  nmst  be  given  up  to  the  pro[ 
authorities  of  the  relief  station,  by  whom  the  same  will  I*e  retum< 
only  after  tlie  I'etinired  nniotmt  of  work  has  l»een  nerfonned. 

Alieji  a  pass  is  issuer!  a  noto  of  tiiis  fact  will  l^e  stamped  on 
other  docmikcnts  belonging  to  the  holder.    The  stump  will  show  the 
place  at  which  and  the  date  on  which  such  pass  was  issued.    A  man' 
rpceipt  f<ir  oontributions  under  Uie  insurance  laws  is  not  allowed  U 
he  Stan]  pod. 

IV. — At  each  relief  station  the  itinerant's  pass  will  be  stamp 
with  the  date  of  his  departure,  which  sliall  be  due  eWdence  that  th 
holder  has  completed  the  last  section  of  his  journey  according 
regulations.  tJial  he  has  not  refused  any  w<irk  ot!"oro4l  to  liim,  am 
that  he  1ms  duly  performed  the  work  that  he  was  required  to  perfor 
ac  tJie  relief  .station  in  compliance  with  the  regulations  in  force  at 
the  station. 

The  hour  of  departure  and  the  name  of  tlie  next  station  to  which 
the  holder  proposes  to  travel  must  on  every  ocoasion  be  entered 
his  puss. 

v.— The  holder  of  a  pa.ss  is  not  allowed  to  make,  or  j)exmit  t-> 
made,  any  entry  in  (he  same.    Any  such  fal.sificalion,  as  also  the  lu 
of  the  pass  by  any  person  otlier  than  the  actuitl  pei'sim  to  whom  Mir 
pas^  was  isjuetl,  will  make  the  offender  liubk*  to  punishment  und< 
the  criminal  law,     (Penal  code,  si?c^  3G3.) 

VI. — The  mamig<M*s  of  travelers'  homes  and  relief  stations  are  ai 
thorized  to  coutiscate  any  paas  of  which  an  inipix>per  use  ahall  hftv< 
been  made. 

The  cardinal  principle  to  be  observed  is  **  work  in  the  momini 
travel  in  the  Hftern<M>n."     Relief  at  a  relief  station  vrill  be  given  on) 
in  those  oases  in  winch  the  mnirs  pass  contains  the  stamp  of  the  stj 
tion  of  dopartuiv  dated  on  the  >ame  day  upcm  which  he  applies  f< 
admission  at  the  station  of  destination  spocilied  in  his  pass,  and  onl] 
at  the  station  so  specified.     Moreover,  liie  holder  of  the  pass  must 
arrive  within  such  a  time  after  his  departure  as  is  consistent  with  the 
distance  which  separates  the  station  of  departure  from  the  station 
of  destination  ana  with  the  hour  of  his  departure  mentioned  in  t1 
pass. 

VII-— In  cases  of  emcigciicv,  ftspecially  in  winter,  and  if  tlio  nc* 
est  station  (wheiv  tho  night  is  to  Ix*  spent)  U  so  far  I'onioveil  frt 
the  station  of  departure  that  the  di^^tance  between  the  two  stntioi 
can  T»ot  Im?  covered  in  f\vr  honrv  or  less,  :ni  itin**i.in!  mnv  U*  :»1Iow( 
by  way  of  pj(cepti(»n,  to  depart  before  noon,  in  ■  wi 


BULLETIN   OF  THK   BUREAU   OF  I-ABOB. 


have  to  be  traversed  li^ht  refreshments  or  tin  order  for  a  meal  at  some 
intrnnedinte  plare  (siihstatioii)  will  also  \w  supplied  to  (he  itinerant. 

VIII. — All  attempts  to  ohtnin  employment  nnist  be  nnide  tbrough. 
the  intervention  of  the  employment  bureau  in  connection  with  the-i 
relief  station.     To  go  round  seeking  for  work  is  not  permitted. 

Anyone  refusing  to  accept  a  suitable  situation  will  not  be  allowed 
to  take  part  in  the  work  provided  at  or  to  receive  the  relief  afforded 
by  a  relief  station. 

If  it  is  found  impossible  to  send  a  man  to  a  situation,  then  he  ia 
reqnirefl  to  perform  tlie  work  allotte<l  to  him  at  t!»e  relief  station. 
The  nature  and  duration  of  this  work  are  determined  by  the  managori 
of  the  station.     Ry  accepting  relief  the  recipient  is  deemed  to  hnvm 
undertaken  the  oblignlion  of  peiforming  the  work  allotted  to  him.! 
and  of  complying  with  tlie  regulation^  in  force  in  relation  to  thau 
station.     iVny  nuin  accepting  relief  and  afterwards  refusing  or  neg-^ 
lecting  to  work  and  leaving  the  station  without  permission  will  be 
prosecuted  for  fraudulent  pretenses. 

IX. — Itinerants  who,  by  reason  of  their  having  failed  to  comply 
with  these  regulations,  have  had  to  be  refnsed  relief  and  who  are 
destitute  will  be  referred  to  the  local  authorities.     Any  man  who 
arrives  after  the  pro|>er  time  is  not  to  be  admitted  at  the  relief  sta- 
tion, hut  will  be  handed  over  to  the  police  auth(»ritics,  from  whom] 
alone  will  he  receive  any  further  relief  to  which  he  may  be  entitle<UJ 
On  the  morning  of  the  next  day  he  will  l>e  required,  in  exchatigc  for^ 
the  relief  provided  for  him  by  the  pfjiice,  to  j^erform  a  task  of  work; 
and  at  n<x>n  he  must  have  his  pass  stamped  at  the  relief  station  with 
the  words  "  relieved  bv  police,^  and  thereupon  he  will  again  become 
subject  to  the  regidations  for  traveling  workmen.     Any  man  whoso 
pass  does  not  show  tlie  proper  continuous  sequence  of  stamps,  and  who 
is  unable  to  give  a  satisfactory  explanation  of  such  want  of  continu*. 
ons  sequence,  will  l>e  treated  as  if  he  did  not  possess  a  pass.    Any  maiu 
who  may  be  found  in  any  locality  or  on  anv  rond  other  than  ihosM 
mentioned  on  the  map  displaj'ed  at  the  ivlie^  station  is  liable  to  find 
himself  punished  as  a  vagrant  wandering  without  reasonable  cauhc  or 
excuse. 

X. — On  Snndavs  and  other  davs  recognized  by  the  federation  of 
relief  stations  as  Iiolidays  n*st  will  l>e  allowed  and  relief  (incluilinx^ 
A  middny  meal)  will  be  provided  in  the  morning  for  all  such  |>ersonil 
as?  shall  have  entered  the  institution  the  day  before  within  the  estab- 
lished hours  for  admission  and  with  their  passes  in  order.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  every  man  shnll  iittend  religious  svrvice,  ench  according 
t<»  the  religious  denomiTuitiiai  to  wliich  he  l)elongs.  In  the  aftemooiu 
the  men  wUl  again  set  forth  on  their  travels. 

The  regulations  are  so  strict  that  complaint  is  often  made,  and! 
with  many  of  the  workmen  Pastor  von  Bodelschwingh,  the  in.Npirva 
of  the  Hjstem,  is  by  no  means  a  popular  character.  As  has  been  saidD 
the  Ver[>!l ittiouen  are  usuiilly  muintained  by  the  public  au- 
thorities. \'  .  .  L  .  IIcrl>ergen  are  private,  but,  as  is  chanictenKtic  of 
Gcrmaay,  tho  two  systems  work  together,  and  Pastor  von  Bodul- 
wchwingh  is  working  for  the  development  of  both.    It  \\  - 

plish  this  iiuiinJy  that  he  got  him:«olf  elected  to  the  presen.  .,  .  .^.j 

and  though  m  ^mewhat  advanced  years,  ia  working  bard  for  l«|^iH 


THE  UNB]fPLX)YSr   XX    £UK0P£A:«   COUXTBIES.  89ft^ 

lation  to  support  the^  relief  stations.  They  exist  much  more  in 
northern  than  in  southern  (Jernwiny.  (icrnmn  oflicials  I>elieve  that 
the  large  estates  which  are  cliaracteristic  of  Prussia,  as  compftred 
with  tl»e  snirtHer  hohlin<rs  i»f  southern  Germany,  make  the  northern 
German  workmen  more  dependent  upon  iiKhisirial  enipK»yaient  tuul 
more  in  need  of  a  connected  system  of  relief  stationa  fl 

Another  reason,  perhaps,  is  that  the  fuller  deveh^pment  of  the 
system  of  emph>ynjent  bureaus  in  Bavaria  nuikes  reHef  stations  h*s3 
necessary.  In  any  case  the  stations  are  more  deveh)i)ed  in  the  north. 
Doftor  von  Bodelschwin^h  lins  not  obtained  Ity  any  means  all  the 
legislation  for  tliem  he  wiMild  like,  but  on  June  tiO,  l',H)7,  n  bill  was 
passed  by  the  Prussian  Diet  l(»oking  to  the  establislmient  of  a  syste 
of  relief  stations  throughout  Prussia.  It  is  only  permissive,  and  y& 
its  text  shows  the  scope  of  the  plan. 

The  test  of  the  law  follows: 

Artkle  1.  In  Provinces  where  workmen's  relief  stations  n 
already  established,  cither  count}'  or  city  councils  may,  witl»  (h 
cooperation  of  the  provincial  <liet,  become  responsible  for  their  man- 
agement and  support.  To  do  this,  however,  there  must  be  a  majority 
of  at  least  two-thirds  of  tlie  votes  actually  cast.  h 

Art.  2.  The  work  of  the  relief  stations  is  to  secure  work  for  em-" 
ployablc  nee<Iy  men  seeking  work  away  from  their  own  homes,  and 
to  temporarily  give  them  shelter  and  food  in  exchange  for  work  tliey 
perforin. 

Art.  8.  The  provineial  diet  must   determine  the  n^gidations  for^ 
the  furnishing,  support,  and  management  of  tho^^e  relief  stations. 

Art.  4.  The  districts  in  which  no  such  stations  are  proviiled,  yet 
which  avail  themselves  of  the  privileges  of  the  relief  statitms  in  the 
districts  maintaining  them,  may  be  compelleii  by  the  decree  of  the 
provincial  diet  to  contribute  to  the  expenn?  of  such  relief  station.^ 
the  amount  of  the  subscription  to  be  cletermiiied  by  the  provincialfl 
diet,  ^ 

Art.  0.  The  Province  must  contribute  two-thirds  of  the  running    • 
expenses  of  the  relief  station. 

To  such  expenses  al>o  l>eIonff  the  costs  incurred  for  lodging,  feed 
ing,  and  caring  for  inmates  rluring  their  stay  at  the  relief  station 
witliin  sai<l  Piovinccs.     Ti»e  amounts  to  be  paid  by  such  di^lricta  u 
to  be  determined  by  the  decree  of  the  provincial  diet. 

Of  the  expense  connects]  with  these  !*elief  stations  and  their  con 
nected  employment  bureaus  the  State,  in  eoofx^ration  with  the  Prov 
ini;es,  pays  u  certaai  ]>roiM>rtion. 

Art.  tj.  Against  the  odju<lication  (decree)  of  the  provincial  diet  in 
the  cH.se  of  articles  4  and  .'i,  the  district  concerned  has  a  limited  ti 
of  two  weeks  in  which  to  enter  protest. 

The  provincial  diet  has  the  rulii»g  over  tlds  priitest  and  final  de 
cision.     Against   this   decision    (resolution)    the  cfiuiplaint    may   1 
lodged  within  from  one  lo  two  weeks  in  the  judicial  court  in  whic 
tlie  dispnle  arose  in  the  first  instance.     A  final  settlement  is  deter 
mined  by  the  district  committee. 


I 


804 


mrtiliEnK  OF  THE   BURKJLU  OP  LA£OB. 


iVjtT.  7.  With  the  consent  of  the  prnvincial  ilict,  Ibe  *V  *'"'■* 
accept  Iho  uid  uinJ  ct»up<Tu(ioii  of  third  parties  in  tK 
1in<l  mnnagement  of  the  traveling-workmen  reJief  stations 

Tht'  roiijiwiilion  an<l  con.^i-nl  may  only  Ihnn  l»c  rt'fnsed  or  revoked 
in  rase  the  third  party  intro<hice<l  desires  to  fnifrtrate  tlie  nwil  txtcxi- 
lion  of  the  pnrposes  iind  work  of  the  station. 

In  case  of  dispute  the  provincial  jud^  shall  decide. 

Art.  8.  Communes  or  town*  in  whicli  such  relief  stations  are 
ready  e.stablished  must  cooperate  with  the  committee  of  the  diiUri* 
nt  thi'  n'<nie>it  of  tlic  latter,  in  allowing  tlie  district  the  «!?e  of  the! 
stations,  tne  district,  to  give  n  certain  indemnity  for  this  to  the  coi 
nnine  or  town.     In  cnse  of  dispute  the  nmount  thereof  is  to  be  deter-' 
mined  by  the  council  of  the  di&trict. 

It  is  evident  from  the  above  that  the  intention  is  to  make  ixmble 

throughout  Pni^ia  the  <ieveloi>mcnl  of  an '■■  '      '     f 

stations,  either  to  be  ]>rovitled  liy  the  ptibli'  .    i  ^  - 

vute  parties,  to  l>e  sustained  partly  at  public  expense,  and  to  be  con- 
trolled wholly  by  the  ptd>lic  nnlhorities,  no  ah  to  secui< 
tenijitic  ojKTution.     The  effect   of  Ruch   n   system   of  r  s 

throtigh  every  part  of  the  Kingdom,  each  within  walking  distance 
of  the  next,  and  all  connectwl  by  telephones  and  reiwirling  to  each 
other  ail  opix>rlunities  for  employment,  can  readily  be  seen.  The 
Herbergen  zur  Heimat  are  not,  it  is  said,  to  be  confoimdod  with  the 
jlief  stations  {Verpfieifunfjfftstathnen) ^  but  in  the  cities  the*  latter 
ire  usiirtlly  connected  with  the  Herl»ergcn,  and  the  two  therefore  are 
closely  associated.  Doctor  von  BodeJ**chwingL  works  for  the  exten- 
sion of  bcj(lu  arid  Der  Wanderer,  publiHlwd  at  Doctor  von  Bodei* 
schwingh's  colony  at  Bethel,  gives?  tlie  btati^tica  for  both.  Thr 
^ow  the  growth,  extent,  and  usefulness  of  the  system. 


UTATISTira   OF   fJERMAX    HRRnBRC.RN    (WORKIXflMKX'B    RHRT^TKRSf, 


tMkO   TO 


Ywr. 


MM. 


ywv 


AppltCHDts 

given  omploy- 

mi- 

bar- 

BwU 

mint. 

WUL 

Kttm- 

PW 

ter. 

<aai 

ass 

<•) 

t") 

("> 

VTS 

W.tCQ 

43,572 

m 

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(«) 

t 

<ao     ("> 

- ,   ..i„  1  ., 

4a    iK.oro 

r*j 

Nicbti  lodgMffi  fnnlifeBd  10 

tnnwnt  giici«l» 


Pftjnag.      Aidtd. 


Total. 


1 
I'. 

I'  1 

!■ 

(i;.  ■  '1     1  . 

■M'l 

'...  44* 

(.■J,tM3       1.    . 

vu 

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wr.iii) ,  c 

m 

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IW.!I0  1  7 

T9Ui 


I    MV*     .ftIS 


■  Koi  rr|Hjru<A- 


THE  UNEMPLOYED  IW   ErBOPEAH   COUKTRIE6.  895i 

8TATIRTICS  OF  OKRMAN  UEUnEltOKN.  BT  DISTRICT  HNrOXS.   IfkOfl. 


«  For  «xpUuatioa  of  district  nnlon*  •««  p.  888. 


Of  the  total  applicants  for  employineot  in  tin*  Tlerborgen  5,84  JX' 

cent  ohtaiiuHl  emphiymont  in  1J>00,  4.03  per  cent  in  1!'01,  S.7*j  por  cent 

in  1902,  4.47  per  cent  in  1D03,  5.13  i>er  oeut  in  11*04,  0.03  per  cent  iu 


1 


pe] 
1905,  ond  7J8  per  cxMit  in  1906. 


896 


BUXLETIBff   OF  THE   BUREAU  OF  l^&BOB. 


UTU£B  tXICXTKIES- 

Outsiile  of  Germany,  as  alre^idy  stated,  diaritable  and  more  rarely 
municipal  shelters  and  lodging  houses  of  every  description,  such  us 
those  of  the  Salvation  Army,  exist  in  every  great  city  and  do,  per- 
haps under  present  conditions,  a  ver\'  helpful  work,  but  make  Utile 
or  no  contribution  to  the  problem  of  giving  any  adofiuate  employ- 
ment to  the  unemployed.  Austria  and  Switzerland  (esi)ecially  the 
latter)  have  in  the  main  followed  the  example  of  fierraany. 

In  France,  Paris  has  several  so-called  "*  asiles/^  including  three 
operated  by  the  municipality,  for  men  and  also  for  women-  ,  At  one 
of  liiese  temporaiy  work  is  given  to  (he  unemployed,  with  wages 
which  average  al>out  2.27  francs  (44  cents)  per  day, 

AlXOTMENTS. 


One  form  of  relief  for  the  temporarily  unemployed  which  is  de- 
veloping in  Euroi>e  to  some  extent  is  the  provision  either  of  an  allot- 
ment of  liuid  or,  in  (Jermany  especially,  of  cottages  with  little  vege- 
table or  fruit  gardens,  tlie  produce  of  which  may  enable  the  workman 
to  tide  over  a  temporary  imemployment. 

The  ulloUneiit  idea  is  esperinllj'  prominent  in  England,  and  in  some 
places,  notably  Nottingham,  has  reached  large  I'esidls.  English 
allotments  rest  on  considerable  legislative  history.  In  1819  church 
wardens  and  overseers  were  ii Mowed  to  set  aside  20  acres  for  tlie  use 
of  the  poor.  In  1831  this  was  made  oO  acres  of  garden  land  and, 
where  pos,sible,  50  aeres  of  waste  land.  In  lft;V2  tlie  rent  for  such 
land  was  to  lx»  that  iMirrent  in  the  district;  allotments  were  to  be  not 
less  than  one-fourth  nor  more  than  1  acre,  and  the  revenue  was  to 
he  used  to  provide  fuel  for  the  poor.  In  183."»  tlie  aliove  powers  were 
transferred  to  hoards  of  guardians,  and  the  income  of  the  allotments 
was  to  be  used  for  the  relief  of  poor  rates.  In  1845  more  land  was 
made  thus  available.  In  lftT3,  little  having  In^en  done,  allotmenti) 
yvvre  to  l>e  granted  by  a  board  of  trusteevS.  In  18S2  the  trustees  were 
given  comptdsoiy  power  to  let  any  charity  land  in  the  paristx.  In 
18R7  the  >ianitaiy  authorities  were  given  power  to  provide  allotments. 
There  were  in  that  year  357,795  allotments.  In  lSi>0  county  coiuunls 
were  given  power  to  act  in  the  matter.  The  allotntents  had  grown  to 
4fi5,0fl5.  Four  years  later  counly  councils  were  given  compulsory 
powers  to  obtain  land  for  this  purjM>ye. 

In  spile  of  all  this  legislation,  comparatively  little  ha.*«  re.sulted; 
yet  some  most  benofieent  residts  can  be  mentioned.  In  Nottingham, 
centurieTJ  ago,  numerous  patches  of  land  were  allotted  to  citizens  in 
Ihe  Mi-ealled  '*  Burge.s»  Parts."  About  IHOO  this  was  disrontinuetl, 
If    werp  rented  at  low  rate&  to  workingmcu,  and  they  have  made 


TUE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    EITROPEAN   COUNTRIES, 


lflr«re  use  of  them.  At  present  a  larpe  mmibor  of  Xottingrhnni  work 
nien  have  small  allotments  outside  the  cily  ami  use  them  well,  obtain 
ing  from  them  large  results.  As  high  as  £50  ($243)  has  been  paid 
by  !in  incHnnin^  \vorkiri;rman  fo  his  pn'decessor  for  the  improvement 
placeil  upon  thetie  allotments.  Fh»wer  exhihils  are  made,  and  th 
Xottin^ham  workmen  take  great  intere^st  in  them.  It  has 
shown  in  the  snuill  giirtlens  ronnertwl  with  the  rottage  homes  ot 
Bournvillo  that  one-sixlh  of  an  acre  allotments  are  l)e>^t,  and  can  be 
made  to  earn  as  much  as  £31  ($150.Gfi)  per  acre  per  year,  or  Is.  lljd. 
(48  cents)  per  cottage  j>er  week. 


THK  UNEMPLOYABLE. 


le^ 


The  second  great  class  of  the  unemployed,  the  unemployable, 
next  considered. 

By  the  unemployable  arc  meant  those  who,  though  more  or  less 
willing  to  work,  are,  by  reason  of  deficiency,  mental  or  physical, 
through  their  own  fault  or  other  circumstances,  nnabh*  to  do,  at 
least  permanently,  work  of  appreciable  economic  value.     Tliis  defi- 
nition does  not,  as  will  be  seen,  exclude  those  who  may  be  able  tcfl 
do  occasional  jobs  or  Avork  of  some  economic  value.     But  if  they^ 
are  really  unemployable,  it  will  mean  that  this  work  is  only  of  very 
occasional  and  of  somewhat  indiffei-ent  value.     The  representatives 
of  this  da.ss,  when  given  work,  show  in  a  day  or  two,  or  at  most  in  a 
few  days  and  not  seldom  in  a  few  hours,  that  for  some  reason  or  other 
they  are  not  able  to  do  the  work  or  are  unable  to  do  it  continuou.sly. 
They  aro  constantly  having  opportunities  and  losing  them,  or  taking  • 
jobs  and  losing  the  jobs,  in  almost  all  cases  with  periods  of  absolute 
unemployment ;  they  should  therefore  be  included  among  the  uifcS 
employable. 

In  all  civilized  countries  attempts  are  either  being  made  or  ai 
being  discussed  as  to  what  provision  should  \>e  made  for  this  needi 
and  unfortunate  class. 

Among  these  means  first  and  foremost  stands  the  German  "  lal 
colony.'' 

LABOB   COLONIES. 
(irERMAXV. 

The  name  *' labor  colony"   for  the   ins^ilntion.s   about  to  be 
fecribed  is  a  misnomer.    In  reality  these  colonies  are  ahuost  the  exai 
op|K)site  of  hibor  colonies.    They  are  colonies  rather  of  those  U 
porarily  or  permanently  unable  to  labor.    Yet  Ihey  are  called  "  laboj 
colonies,"  and  it  seems  almost  imixtssihle  to  change  the  name. 

To  fail  to  understand  this  ix>int  is  to  thoroughly  inisconQsivo 
labor  colonies  from  the  start.    Bona  ftAtt  vw\Cvv\%\i 


^W  BULLETIN   OP   THE    BLRB.\X:   OP    LAUOR.  ^^ 

uot  (o  lie  fotHKl  iij  the:«e  colonies,  :irnl  tho  colonics  art-  iiui  Ui  \tt»  coui 
siidored  ds  any  solution  nf  (lio  proliJcm  of  niipniployiupnt  nf  the  em-^ 
pio^'abk?.    lliey  arc  simply  shelters  or  pliices  for  Uie  unemployable. 
In  tUU  sense  tlit^y  lune  had  no  little  success  nnri  fill  a  Iar«re  an»i  im- 
portHut  pluce-     It.  is  si'iriiiti^'aiit  that  the  valualil**  and  copious  rpport 
to  Parliament  (lOOC)  of  the  Engli^  va^rruncy  conimitlee,  bsstd  upon 
abunduiit  evidence  fur  mid  against  labor  colonies,  emls  witJi  prrom-^ 
^eiidations — not  indeed  for  nil  classes  of  the  unemployed,  bat   for 
Phgrants — for  a  scheme  of  which,  it  says,  **  the  main  feature  Is  the 
establi^hmcut  of  labor  colonies/'  (") 

*  Practically  these  colonies  may  iie  said  to  have  commenced  in  Ger- 
many, where  they  arc  of  comparatively  modern  development.  They 
owe  tl»eir  start  and  also  their  development  lar^^Iy  to  Pastor  von 
BiMhilst'hwin^di,  in  connection  with  his  colony  of  "  IWitliel  ■'  at  Ul*'!o- 
feld,  in  Westplialia.  I 

THE   Wn.IIELMSDORF  COLONT.  ■ 

The  first  colony  was  e.stablisLe<l  in  1882  at  Wilhelrasdorf^  a  few- 
miles  from  the  colony  of  IJethel.  Germany  at  this  time  was  infe.4(ed 
with  tramps,  of  whom  there  were  said  to  be  100,(XK».  This  was 
prolwibly  an  exaggemtiou,  but  they  cost  Germany,  publicly  and  pri- 
vutely,  a  vast  sum  of  money.  They  biinlened  the  institutions  and 
insinimontulilic-s  of  ndief ;  they  darkened  the  <loors  of  <he  charitnbli*. 
Complaints  nod  quostioits  as  to  what  conld  be  done  won^  heard  on 
every  hand.  Not  a  few  of  (hem  came  to  the  colony  at  BethcU  and 
Ipt  on<*e  bi'came  a  proldem. 

^  Finally  the  tramps  wore  received  into  the  colony,  a  piece  of  land 
considei*ed  too  poor  for  cultivation  was  obtainml,  and  the  labor 
colony  of  Willudinsdorf  was  created. 

It  proved  to  be  tlic  bcj^inning'  of  a  large  movement.  The  first 
effort  naturally  was  to  olitain  buildings  for  tin?  colony  and  to  improve 
the  lan<l.  After  a  l»rief  shelter  had  l>t*en  provided  the  tramps  wero 
set  to  work  improving  the  land,  under  comjietent  oruidance.  and  it 
WHS  foun<l  that  the  land  could  Iw?  made  quite  capable  of  cultiv^ation. 
The  trampH  were  not  driven  to  work  nor  eompelleil  to  stay,  bui  while 
they  stayeil  they  had  to  comply  with  strict  rules,  among  which  the 
netvsftity  to  labor  was  first  and  foremost.  A  ccmi>etcnt  house  fulher 
was  placed  in  charr»e  of  the  colony,  and  under  \xh  direction  the  colony 
gradunlly  dovidoped  into  n  distinct  success.  Religion  and  attend- 
ance up<in  the  simple  services  of  the  colony  were  not  made  ci>m 
pii!sr>ry.  hut  tlie  religioiH  features  nre  prominent  ot  Wilhelmwiorf 

and  all  the  German  colonies. 

^   "  "   '■"  1^^^^^^^^^— ^>^^— ^^-■^^^^■•^^^^^^^^  "    —111  ~^^^ 

•  nvptirt  of  Vagnmrj  Oommltl««».    Hmanmrj  fiC  RtfeMmnrndatloaa.  %k  UQ. 


>LOV£D  LN    fcXJROPEAN   COUKXRIES. 


I 


To-day  die  oc»lony  at  AVillielm^orf  occupies  ahont  500  aorcn,  a  lar^ 
porliou  of  which  bu.'>  bt^ji  converted  Jtito  vahiahle  a;Ti'iciiItura!  Ian 
The  Und  formed  pHrt  of  llie  so-calW  TcMituhiu-gvr  Wald  (or  forest) 
which  was  ctnisklered  of  no  vnhie.     From  *2  lo  4  feet  of  the  siirfa 
aeenis  to  have  consisted  of  friahh*  limestone,  making  vegetable  grow 
ahuost  impossible:  but  it  was  found  tiiat  hy  breaidng  up  this  roc 
deposit  it  could  be  converted  into  valuable  and  producti\-c  soil,  nnd 
tJii?  has  been  done  by  the  colonibti'.     The  iuitiai  expenses  of  operation 
were  large,  even  though  tl«  original  cost  of  tlie  soil  was  small.    Wh 
the  colony   was  started,  Marcli   2'2^  18S*2,  there   was  only  one  roa 
tbrougli  the  foreist.     To-day  over  4  miles  of  public  and  over  2  mil 
of  private  roads  have  been  constructed.     Thirleeji  different  huildingal 
have  lieen  ei*ecled,  covering  10  aci'es  of  ground 

Near  the  gateway  of  the  colony,  which  is  never  closed  day  or  niglit^' 
is  the  principal  tniilding,  in  which  the  largest  number  of  colonists  are 
domiciled;  a  little  l>eyond  this  is  the  residence  of  the  "  Ilausvater 
(house  father) ;  then  the  kitdien,  the  dining  room,  an<l  the  offices  (. 
the  colony.     Around  these  are  extensive  slie<ls  nnd  stables  for  tl 
horses,  cattle,  ami  pigs,  and  hennerien  for  fowls  and  i^igeons.     The 
number  of  the  colonLsti*  varies  from  80  to  over  2(*0,  according  to  the. 
season  of  the  year.     The  colonLsts,  j^erfectly  free  to  couie  and  go, 
a  large  extent  work  elsewhei-e  in  the  summer  mnnths  and  come  to  t 
«>lony  in  the  winter  rnontlLs  whei»  other  w<»rk  fulls  ihem.    This  niea 
that  the  work  of  the  colony  is  done  under  great  dillictilties.     For  ex- 
ample, in  H  r<»cent  year  ut  harvest  lime  there  wen*  only  live  men  i 
the  colony  who  could  do  the  reaping.     Thus  one  of  the  main  economic 
diiicuhieA  of  the  colony  is  that  its  numl>ei*s  are  smallest  when  there 
is  uiost  to  Ik*  done,  un<I  largest  in  the  sea^^ns  wIhmi  comparative 
little  agricultural  work  can  Im'  done.     Therefore  the  colony  dws  n 
pftj'  financially,  nor  is  it  expected  to  pay;  it  is  simply  a  shelter  f 
men  who  ciin  (ind  no  work.     They  live  here  under  condition^^  favor 
abk?  to  good  morals,  industry',  and  temperance,  are  able  partly  to 
sap]>ort  themselves,  and  a  few  of  them  are  rescued  and  develop 
into  men  for  whom  permanent  situations  and  work  can  \k  found. 

Every  reasonaiile  etfort  is  made  to  make  tlie  colony  comfortable  a» 
homelike,  although  not  so  attractive  as  to  draw  the  inmaJtes  fro 

r^oHi  which  they  sre  cai)ahlc  of  iloing  outside.    The  food  is  simpio 
«nd  yet  healthful  and  abundant.    Efforts  are  made  to  supply  the  ool- 
oiiit^s  with  good  reading  and  every  influence  for  the  develo^jment 
l)Otter  character. 
The  e.irly  breakfast,  served  from  5.^  lo  5.50  in  the  winter  and 
4.20  ill  the  summer,  oo«jsiM«  iwttially  of  ooffee,  black  bread,  an<l 
jelly;  at  0  o'clock  in  winter  and  at  S.HO  in  summer  a  se«>n4l  brea 
'*-  -"r\ed 


re      , 

] 

ic 

he^ 

I 

re 
>r- 

1 


kfi 


900 


BrLLETIN    OF   THE   BrBRAU   OF   IJIBOIL 


<_*<>ll^ist.s  of  vogelabk's  with  potdtoe.s  nml  iiic;il  of  some  kind,  usually 
pork  fnt.  three  times  u  week.  The  vegetahles  are  often  served  up  in 
the  fonii  of  a  stew  or  soup  with  pig^^  fat.  In  th<>  afternoon  coffee  and 
hi'ead  nre  carried  to  the  liehJs  at  3.30.  A  snpi>er  nt  5.50  in  the  winter 
and  8  in  the  Miniiner  coiiNl.sts  usually  of  huup  with  rice  or  |>case,  served 

hwith  j)olatoos  and  milk  and  occasionally  with  herring  or  other  dtslies. 
The  neuly  nrrived  eolonist  is  UHUully  set  to  work  at  ditching  or 

>i?ouie  sini]>h.*  iielt]  work.    If  he  is  in  need  of  elollies  he  is  supplied  with 

jthefie  on  credit.  After  the  first  fuitnight  he  i»  credited  with  ^iiall 
wages  in  addition  to  Ixmrd  and  lodging.  For  i»ine  months  in  tho 
jear,  when  it  is  jwhsible  to  work  out  of  doors,  the  average  payment  l^e- 

itddes  board  and  lo<1ging  is  about  G  cents  per  day.  From  November  15 
to  February  1 '*,  the  rate  is  only  about  5  cent.s  per  day ;  a  bonus  is  also 
often  given  on  leaving  as  a  recognition  of  good  conduct;  all  rates  and 
arrangements*  however,  are  at  the  discretion  of  the  Hausvater.  Not  a 
few  of  the  colonists  receive  no  wages  beyond  board  and  clothing.  No 
mone^'  i>  actually  paid  except  for  special  reasons  until  the  colonist 
leaves  tho  colony,  and  not  infrequently  it  happens  that  he  is  in  debt 
lo  tlie  colony  when  h**  Iciives,  his  clothes  and  toV)acco  liaving  more 
than  swallowed  up  his  earnings. 

It  is  diflicult  to  ascertain  the  results  of  the  colony.  Results  in 
jMoials  can  not  be  expit'ssed  by  statistics;  as  shown  in  the  tables  of 
general  statistics  for  the  (lenuan  colonies,  a  large  ninnl)er  of  tlie  Col- 
onists are  ^  reservists'*  who  come  repeatedly  to  the  colony  winter  by 
winter.  This  indicates  that  for  the  large  majority  no  permanent  posi- 
tion has  resulted,  but  a  number  of  instances  of  improvement  of  cl^ar- 
iicter  arc  recorded  in  the  history  of  the  colony  and  not «  few  perma- 
nent situatiojis  for  mendM*ri^  liave  been  found.  Willielmsdorf,  like 
juost  of  the  {lerman  coloniesj  has  been  fortumite  in  the  character  and 
efficiency  of  its  Ilnusvnters.  Many  of  tlie  Hausvaters  of  the  German 
colonies  have  Ik'CU  tniined  fiw  s£'rvic(»  at  *'  Bethel,**  or  in  the  evangel- 
ical Haiihehaus  at  Hamburg.     Indeed,  this  religious  atmosphcn.-  of 

kthe  colonics^  so  far  as  effect  upon  character  goes,  is  their  main  cliarac- 
teristi<\  The  colonies,  however,  aiv  by  no  means  denonnnational  and 
welcome  is  given  to  Catholics  or  Fre<*thirdcers  as  freely  as  to  the 
Protestant. 

The  details  of  the  Wilhelnisdorf  )'oh»ny  have  ln-en  dwelt  up<in  be- 

rcause  it  is  tlie  oldest  and  Ini-st  known,  although  not  the  largest.    Sev- 

^vral  of  the  younger  colonics  have  adopted  more  advanced  methods  and 

Ihave  l>e<'n  able  to  brunch  out  in  new^  directions. 

^l^hc  success  at  Willielrnsdnrf  was  at  once  so  marked  that  the  next 

^^^^fcnew  colonies  were  established,  with  four  more  in  I'bBi. 


901 


THE  l^NEMPLOYED  IN    EUROPEAN    COUNTRIES. 

One  or  two  more  typical  ones  are  liere  considered  in  detail 


THE   LrHLERHElM   COLONT. 

This  colony  is  given  especial  notice  because  it  is  considered  in  many; 
ways  to  be  among  the  most  attractive  and  successful  of  the  German 
labor  colonies. 

The  colony  is  situated  some  10  miles  from  Wesel,  almost  on  the 
border  iK^tween  Germany  and  Holland,  and  near  the  western  boimdary 
of  Westphalia,  one  of  the  most  important  industrial  manufacturing 
and  mining  districts  of  Germany.  A  little  north  of  the  colony  lies  the 
Homan  Catholic  colonv  Maria-Veen.  Many  men  come  to  the  colony 
who  have  suiiglit  employineiit  in  Westphalia  and  have  fonnd  them- 
selves incapable  of  doing  tlie  work,  or  who  for  one  reason  or  another 
are  temporarily  thrown  out  of  work.  The  colonists  at  Luhlerheim 
have  therefore  been  rather  more  changeable  than  in  most  of  tlie 
colonies. 

Luhlerheim  is  attractively  laid  out  and  its  buildings  are  among  the 
l^st  and  most  modern  of  the  German  colonies,  Tlie  country  at  Luliler- 
heim  is  flat  and  makes  no  pretense  to  beauty^  although  the  farms] 
around  are  more  or  less  successful  and  well-kept  woods  make  the  sur- 
roundings pleasing.  A  broad  pathway  through  the  woods  has 
built  by  the  colonists  direct  to  the  railway  station,  about  4  miles  dis-] 
tant.  Tlio  number  of  colonists,  as  in  all  the  colonies,  varies  with  the 
seasons.  April  1,  11)07,  there  were  107;  at  various  times  during  the 
year  531  had  been  inmates  of  the  colony.  From  the  opening  of  the 
colony  Februnry  15,  1880,  to  March  31, 1!»07,  there  had  been  7,304  per- 
s<»ns  admitted.  The  following  table  of  the  number  present,  by  monthsi 
shows  the  fluctuation  by  seasons:  H 


ARRIVALfl    AND    AVERAGE    NTMBER    OF    INMATES    OF    LUHLKHIIEIM 
COI^NV  FOB  EACH  MONTU,  APRII^  UKJfl,  TO  MARCH.  10O7. 

LABOR 

Sbw 
arrival  R. 

Av«n««  1 
uumbar  ' 

Ot ID-      1 

nutw. 

New 

ftrrtvala. 

Arnid 

DumbeF  M 
arm-    t 

April,  IfiOOL 

31 

M 

44 

J 

r  ' 
1  '■ 

141 
151 

yo>*«nl)«r,  IflM 

S3 

a 

27 
9 

179 

lay.  IMG 

■  ',)t*r.  lODC 

in 

3am,  laOft.  -  ,,-  . 

-V,  1907 

SOB 

July.  1006 

irv.  IS<)7 

aoo 

Aaguit.  IVM ...^ 

Mttrvb.  J«t7 

193 

Total .-r 

Octotier.  lOOS        

37a 

U» 

The  I'eport  for  1907  give5;  the  following  statistics  as  to  the  natur^^ 
of  the  colonists:  S 

The  total  nmnber  of  days  spent  in  tlie  colony  by  (he  531  men  who 
were  there  dini  isJUIfaMfe^hi^tli 


W^^  BUIXETTX   OF  THH   BCRE&V  OF  IJ^OR.  ^ 

age  number  of  days  sjxyit  in  ibe  rohmy  wns  111  rUys,  or  ^ligluJy  over 
lhn.*o  mouths  tinJ  a  half. 

Of  the  ii75  arrivals  during  iJw  year  SOI  recordt^d  tJiemscIves  as 
Protesiant  an*]  li  as  Catholic;  *,)  of  iheiii  svere  hrtwocn  Iht*  a^:?.  of 
15  and  20;  ^3  were  from  21  to  30;  220  from  81  to  50  (showing  that  the 
large  majority  of  them  vrerp  in  the  prime  of  life,  ulthoti^i  pn»h»hly 
mo^t  of  thein  were  nearer  50  than  31) ;  G7  were  from  51  to  CO  years 
oiil;  25  from  <»1  (o  70,  and  1  was  over  70.  Of  the  total  287  were 
single,  20  were  niarriedj  10  peparated,  45  widowed,  and  13  divorced; 
14  were  iUegitiniale.  Concerning  their  residence,  192  came  from 
Rhenish  Prussia,  53  from  "Westphalia,  85  from  other  Prussinn  prov- 
inces, 43  from  other  portions  of  Genjiany,  and  2  from  foreign  lands. 

Of  the  lotnl  niunlH*r  242  had  suffered  conviction  of  some  kind  or 
other:  122  for  l>cgging  (vagrancy),  4G  for  varioiis  liglit  offenses,  51 
foi'  t^hort-tinio  olfense.M,  23  for  graver  charges.  Tliere  were  347  who 
had  cards  in  the  old-age  and  iosiirauce  funds;  only  28  wens  without 
sueii  ejird& 

Of  tJie  whole  number  110  were  admitted  to  the  colony  for  the  firnt 
time^  OS  for  the  6e<!ond  time,  51  fur  the  third,  37  for  the  fourtlu  29  for 
the  fifth,  i>  for  the  «ixth,  IS  for  tlie  teventh,  and  no  less  than  53  for 
the  eighth  time.  This  indicates  that  the  large  majorit}-  of  th«  colo- 
niets  have  l»een  tliore  Ijefore,  having  gone  out  from  the  colony  wlien 
tliey  could  get  work  and  returning  to  it  when  work  failed  thcin. 

Of  the  S34  who  left  or  who  were  dismissed  from  tlie  colony  32  went 
to  positions  wheTO  they  could  earn,  4  returned  to  tlieir  families  213 
(the  large  nujorit}')  left  to  travel  in  stearch  of  other  work,  71  were 
disitharged  for  misbelxavior  and  3  for  incompetency,  19  were  dis- 
missed, 2  died.     None  ilnring  the  year  were  sought  by  tlje  police. 

JJuring  the  year  271  were  refused  udniissiou,  of  whom  2fil  were 
refused  on  account  of  lack  of  room  in  the.  colony,  C  on  account  of  in- 
ability' to  work,  and  4  for  Ixnng  on  the  black  list^  There  were  13ti 
applicants  who  failed  to  enter. 

^^^  THK  niueux  roLOxr. 

Xot  all  the  colonies  are  alike.    The  majority  are  e^tublifihed  in 

n  ^"  The  larpi*:^!  \u  i*  -  i^  Hin'         ' '       '     ■  ir,  e»- 

f;i  and   hn\niig   pi-  170  iin  ■    next 

lurgest  of  tije  town  colonies  is  at  Uej'lin,  foimded  in  1HS3,  nnd  having 
arr'oinmodntions  for  1-12  iiiniNtes.     '^'^  '  .  '  .   ■.] 

away  fi>r  mint  of  r<Kim.     As  repr>*  U 

of  ihe  B^^Hin  polonv  are  pfiven,  and  estpecially  detaiU  tft  to  the  work 
don«».    Til     '      '        ■     I  '        '  ":   '  orni  ciiV  ■■  t 

thi-.  t."»cr' '  ;  ^  ilion,  wu: :._ 

1^  It  WAF^  found  that  the  mua  who  camo  to  tiie  colony  did  not 


THE    rXKMPLOYED   IK    £UROPCAK    COCNTaiES. 


9< 


sta.v  long  euougb  to  learn  a  new  Inidc  properly.  The  next  ?±cp  Vi 
to  employ  the  colonists  in  mukin<^  straw  wruppei"s  for  packing  bo 
ties.  This  work  has  not  bepn  profitable,  ns  it  competed  with  a  ma 
chine  for  making  straw  ropes.  This  Avas  added  to  the  I'olony  in  1W3. 
The  work  continued.  The  making  of  iliMir  mnts  and  simihir  ar*ich\s 
also  failed  because  of  the  competition  of  machine-ma<le  goods.  The 
next  trad«  lakon  up  was  brush  and  l>rooni  making.  This  experiment 
was  continued  for  a  considerabK*  time,  biit  hnd  to  meet  great  oomjje- 
tition  on  the  part  of  the  manufactnrers  and  the  proGts  have  gradu- 
ally declined.  Somewhat  more  !-uccessful  has  l>een  the  nu*king  of 
boxes  and  kitthcn  furniture.  Joinery  work  has  now  l>ecome  the  prin- 
cipal occupation  of  the  colony,  altlioiigh  other  work  is  done.  Clerks 
and  artisans,  however,  have  from  time  to  time  been  employed  at  their 
regiiiar  occupations.  Some  casual  outride  work  has  l>een  done  at 
certain  seasons,  such  as  snow  sweeping,  unloading  Ijarges,  carting 
sand,  etc.  A  certain  nund)er  of  the  colonists  have  been  engaged  at 
agricwllural  work  and  foi-estr}'. 

In  resjject  to  wages  paid,  the  Berlin  colony  differs  in  some  respects 
from  the  others.  In  mi»st  of  the  other  colonies  there  is  no  charge  for 
board  and  Io<iging,  but  a  menii>i'r  i.s  credited  with  wages  until  after 
he  has  been  in  the  colony  a  certain  number  of  weeks,  and  then  re-H 
ceives  wag&s  rising  from  about  3  cents  to  about  10  cents  per  day,  rarely 
above  the  latter  amount.  The  practice  of  the  Berlin  colony  has  l>een 
to  give  a  man  about  $1.60  jkt  week  at  the  beginning  and  to  incrcasa^ 
this  np  to  about  $2.50  or  even  $3  a  week,  but  to  charge  him  about 
$1.30  per  week  for  board  and  lodging.  From  his  wages  there  has 
also  been  deducted  an  amount  for  insurance  under  the  old  ago  and 
sickness  insurance  laws.  The  wages  that  be  has  earned  arc,  however, 
paid  to  him  in  the  Gennan  colonies  only  when  he  leaves  the  colony, 
and  if  he  leaves  it  for  reasons  creditable  to  himself.  If  he  is  ex-J 
pelled  for  drunkenness  or  misl>ehavior  or  if  he  quits  before  the  expi 
ration  of  the  j>eriod  for  wliioh  he  has  agreed  to  remain,  no  payn»enl,s 
are  made  to  hiui.  Though  (his  is  the  general  rule,  small  e^irning 
,tpe  stMuelimes  given  b»  him  for  sjKvirtl  purj>ofies.    ^Vs  a  rule,  after  a 

tay  of  six  months  tlie  colonists  have  received  usually  only  fro] 
about  $10  to  $15j  but  occasionally  as  high  as  $.37.    It  is  stated  tha 
geni'nilly  pfMJr  use  has  bwn  made  of  these  savings.    From  18S3-ll>07 
altogethej-  l'J,500  unemployed  n\ei\  have  been  sheltered  in  the  colony 


I 


THE    liOME    COLONIES. 

To  obviate  the  evils  of  so  many  going  and  coming,  some  of  the 
nies  called  the  '^  Heim-kolonien  '-  make  a  tipcf^ialty  of  long-term  ia^ 

males.    The  fii  'richwdl -  ■  i 

Brcmerhavcn.  ^  .   with   !_  '^i 

ah*ead>  been  conaide* 


004 


BULLETIN   OF   THE   BUREAU  OF   LABOH. 


CENEfLVr.   STATISTICS  OF   GERMAN    LABOR   COLONIES. 

To-dny  (here  aro  3^  Gerninn  Inbor  colonio>;  of  a]]  kinds  nnd  one  at 
Libtiry  Hull,  in  England,  for  (ionnan.s  in  England.  The  fnlluwing 
tables  from  the  Wanderer  for  November,  1907,  give  (he  list  of  these 
colonies  and  tiieir  most  rcceDt  general  statistics: 

DATB  OF  OPENING  OF  GERMAN  LABOR  COI-ONIES.  TOTAL  ARRIVALS  8INCE 
OFENINO,  NLMIU.U  OF  ARItIV.\LS.  BY  TONJIOAL  CONDITION.  IN  ACGCST. 
S1>U7.  AND  AVKRAGk:  NUMBER  TUESBNT   IN  THE  COLONIES  IN  AUGUST.  IWyi. 


Namn  of  colony. 

Dato  of 

opening. 

TotuI 
nrriVAls 
stncc 
open- 
ing. 

ColonlNts  of  ewb  conjae 
ditlon  arriving  la   A 
1907. 

■nlcon- 
LUgoaC. 

Dl- 
vonwd. 

Total 
■iriTals 

nnmber 

prcMudl 

In 

Sln- 
8lf. 

Uar- 

5ax 

Wid- 
owed. 

Wllbdmsdorr,  B«ibel .  Wfsat- 
phiilid 

Bdnr.  22,1f^ 
Mnv      l,t»«:i 
Juno  24,ISKS 
Oct,    10, 1  KM 
Nov.  13,I*i«3 

Nov.  li.iifta 

Die.   U,lSSi 
Feb.     S,1HM 
July  U,IJ<M 
July  2i.lf0i4 
Oct.    1.'),1SN4 

Feb.  »MHW 
July     l.lteS 
Feb.  I&.lKStt 

Feb.  22.18W 
9«pt.22.1M* 
Oct.  ao.iaM 
Umy     l.ltWA 
Oct,      l.ISM 
Oct.  HIKW 

Not.  2.l,lf«8 

July   28,18*9 

Apr.    i,lw(i 
Doc.     1,IJ«)1 
Jitn.     2,IMt2 
Jan.  17,1W2 
Aug.    l.MM 
of.    17,1X17 
Dcv.      2,1ND8 
AUR.  33.1S0O 
Nov.  2-l.tS'r« 
Apr.    n. 
Nov.  U. 

13,403 
J-\.SU 
9,601 

H,SM 

7,7(U 

4,n«)7 

in,ai;) 

6.1«2 
7.(101 

(5,543 
I..V21 
3,1>M 

P,t>17 

3,127 

7.201 
2.i:<7 
4.:iNi» 
Il,ll77 
2,Krj 
4.004 
3,aJ4 
3,331 
l,if71 

43 
22 
17 
11 
31 

d 

7 
20 
1] 

4 

I 

1 

4 

7 

4 

....„ 

7 
3 
ft 

4 

1 

3 
1 
1 
B 

68 

XK 
35 
IS 
1» 

0 
10 
35 

15 

n 

10 

i 

36 
£1 

15 

M 
17 

C 
40 
15 

45 

4 

13 

21 

11 

34 

7 

0 

B 

14 

16 

42 

77 

40 

19\ 

Berlin 

lOR 

Kfl-*if>rl_  ll.inovf-r 

137 
€7 
lOS 

2L 

t>(                      ■  .  ui  bjiiyuy... 
I'.i                    ,  lenburK 

U                         1 

•"-j- 

•4 

S 
1 

1 
3 
9 

i' 

1 

&|,                                      MDl|4 

7    

0    

4          1 

61 

(  .                     '   I'niMt* 

Ai  '                      ■■\--u    

31 
33 

K.                                   -so 

Li'                                    I'riisuJH 
6t!                            i^Jom  of 

SttXoiiy 

Frl«<J  rlchwilliolinKdorf 

EUenroth.  KbeDJuh  rrasalA. 
Slmon«hof.  Ilnvarla 

24 
25 

11 
5 

11 
3 

;» 

10 
2 

""i* 

""i' 

t 

s 

6 

2 

2 

1 
> 

I 

— Y 

1 

...... 

7 

1 
« 

1 
2 

S 

r 

s 

m 

141 
IS 

44 

40 

Mnri.i-ViTn.  WrstphnlU 

Alt^LdlSlg,  I'oftBH 

Mnfrdcliurg,  Province  of  Bax- 

3 

4 

7 

8 

Of) 

C4'ilf<dor(   'I'  ti  Li rlntfln 

34 

Ert                 '  inb*rB 

12 

in 

3ft 

} 

S 

1 
4 

\ 

83 

n.                 vkw- 

til 

.?r::;: 

<i         1 

77 
41 
2i 

Ll              !-    ^        ■                        -v.. 

BchMlorliuI 

.1 
fi 
ft 
11 
:is 

49 
42 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 
S 

„.... 

10 

9R 

Scberufld.  Palallaate 

a» 

FrieiCiKlt 

4 

1 
4 
4 

""•" 

m 

Wmf.  Rb^^l^h  I'ninula 

HaffuuntfuUl.  Drar  B^tduu..  . 
Ubury  naU.  Knpl.iu<I 

»i 

M3 

ToUl 

1SS,IJ» 

sm 

4B 

» 

M 

83 

77ft 

j,toi 

NITMBF^    OF    COLOMftTS    ARKtVINO    IN    THE    GERMAN    LABOR    COLONICS    IN 

Ai;<;UBT,    ]tK»7.    BV   AGS. 


Najiw  of  colony. 


WlthilniMlarf.  0«tbel.  Ai'r«iphiill« 

H.T(m ,. 

KM-    ■ 

ti 


THE  UNEMPLOYED    IN    K.UROPEAN    COUNTRIES. 
NrMBHR    OK    rol.ONrSTS    ARRIVING    IN    THB    GERMAN    UVBOR    COIX)NI£S    i: 

Auouar.  luoT.  by  agb— conciudod. 


ColofUftts  of  well  Alio  arriTing  In  Aoeiuc.  1007. 

Total  1 
arrival*  ] 
10 

Nome  0/  colour. 

15  to  1  17  to 
years.  jre>n- 

31  to  30 
years. 

31  to  50 
years. 

51  toflO 
yean. 

01  to  70 
yeari. 

Owr 
70 

A&kPDbaeir,  Bodon..  .  .. 

ii 

n 

10 

35 
22 

13 
IS 

A 

0 

24 

47 

10 

13 

is' 

12 

14 
12 

B 

Kcw  riiichstrlti,  tJoKw 

3 

1 
3 

I 

36 

I.iihierhf'im.  Khoirish  i'nift>iii 

31 

IS 

jrriednchwiIfK'hnfdorf    

1 

i' 

i' 

8 

dKkf^rrAth,  Rh"r]ifh  Prnifja 

17 

flftiBlOfi>hof  Hiivurld    ....                    , 

1 

1 

Miiria-Vpt'n.  WoatpbulU 

4B 

Alt-Ljutlg,  Po«n! 

I 

Ifi 

Maff.jfburg,  Pro\'liM?c  of  Saxony 

4B 

GelUdorf.TharinffIa ' 

1 
•i 

1 

a 

Brtadi.  WurtteniDets. •■....... 

1 

U 

2S 

::::*:*       » 

B4Dibarff.. ."...■ 

"1       « 

HohonboC,  Steavick 

11 

94 

7 

tt 

BflnurBhof ,  West  PrutufA ..... 

1 

3 



BertoipvAjnnahlc,  BAvarin. ......... 

L(h1cc[  Kingdom  of  Saxony^. ....... 

S 
1 
3 
3 

ScfaUorhof.                   ...: 

g 

Scherimr]    I'olAtiiutlc  .              ..  ... 

\4 

Krflstfldt 

« 

Www.  Rbonlsh  Prusvia 

43 

Hotrnungwtal,  niyir  Ihrnaii 

1 

7 

3 

I 

77 

Lfltury  iliUI   Eqglaiul... —.-.., 

4ii 

TS 

Toifll..                 

1 

22 

m 

300 

1M 

3T 

3 

ri 

- 

Nl'MRER  OF  DEPARTrRES  FROM  THE  GERMAN  LABOR  rOLOXlKS  BI.NCE  OPEI 
1N(;  AM*  M'SIIIKU  OF  l'OI*ONI8T8  LKAVIN(J   IN  AlOrST.   1007.  BY  C'AITSRS. 


Total 
d«par- 
tumi 
iliK» 
optn- 
Ing. 

Colooista  IcavlDg  In  August,  1007,  (or  each  cauaa. 

Name  of  oolooy. 

111- 
ocaa. 

Inca- 

Re- 

qnlred 

pol^e. 

Tline 
ex- 
pired. 

Voliin- 
lary. 

Tb  rough 

Ibft 
colony. 

By  re- 
queat. 

Re- 

turnnS 

to 

fam-. 

Wllhflmidorr.  BctbH.  Wntphalfa  . 

Berlin 

12.217 
12,400 
0.304 
ft,4S0 
10.  AW 
•.fiOO 
7.723 
4.0M 

547$ 

w,m 

4.413 
«.0U 
7.  MO 
5.4»3 
1,4» 
3,010 

i^ 

3.089 

7,181 
3.513 

^S5 

1  ,  '.  :  . 
1    :'■: 

4 
.  • • ... 

t 
11 
11 

1 

« 
3 
• 

t 

1 
4 
IB 
17 
18 

n 

10 

9 

1 
A 

as 

3 
1 

J 

I 

....,j. 

■ 

KAstorf.  (I.itic.wr 

Rkrklinp    ~                  ''-'"tein  . 

*..-«.J 

* 

«j 

FriwJricli                        i.nl>urg 

I>nn)Afic>[          ■  ■        ■or                 . 

1 
1 
1 

* 

t 

3 

3 

3 
3 

^ j 

Scy>la,  rrovinei-  ol  SnXQoy.. 

••••f 

*j 

l)uiM>l<tf>9tv   OMcnbiinc 

>* 

3 

Uiin^'hii  ^i]'-«tii 

s 

■  1 

"* 

Ul'l.    r.          1                 r    iHIa 

3 

1 

Cur                              lU8?flL ......    ...... 

....     1 

r 

An' ■                     '-'fi 

1 

1 

3 

3 

N..  ,■                             -  ^. 

,.,.— 

Lii"                             rniB5i(i 

T      W^ 

Bel                                ioTnofSaioDy 
Fii'                                  I   

;;;;;; 

' 

..-,.... 

'"        '\ 

.  ,.**t 

1 

t 

I 

i 

8 

3 

* 

XHT'                                                 lilt 

I 

1 

0   

Et  ' 

' 

1    

W*^                              ofSaxDOX 

t 

1  . . 

s' 

5 

1  ...,.: 

"    ( 

Erlich,  WiirltenibcKg 

Hani  111  in.' 

1 

1 

11 

*         ■ 





10 
2 
7 
S 

12 

.  ..  .  ...^ 

IJ-.s  ■     "      ■ 

1 

till 

i :::;:: 

!]-< 

' 

l,i'                          1  of  S.I  \nnv.. . 
Scti 

- 

Sr!'                       :  Hit-' 

F(. 

w.. 

i 

1 

ill 

Tout. 


^^     906                           BITLLETTN   OF   TUB    BtTREAU    OF   LABOB. 

^H      NI'MUtlU     OF     DEFARTIJRRS     FROM     THK    OKUMAN     IJ^BOR    COWlKIKSI 
^H          orENrNCJ     AND    NrMDEU    OF    COL0>?IRT8     LEAVING     IN    ACGC8T,    IfrO 

^H       i:Ar.sEs— Cuociudrd. 

BINCft         1 

t,  nv      ■ 

^^^^^H            Nftine  of  colOQv. 

Colonlsti  leu  viae  Lu  Aueiul.  1907,  for  e«c^ 

ToUJ 

lenv- 

ingin 

Au- 

M 
» 
2S 
30 

S 

19 
Ift 
If) 
3 

«» 

at 
fi 
u 

4 
•  26 
14 
» 
33 
2» 

J 

16 
21 

4 
U 

ft 

1 

6 
1« 
40 
10 
37 

Aoooni-        ^M 

Found 
urork. 

(TnwRI' 
iOK  to 
work. 

]iuS»- 
Dnanlc*    Mnl 
nnM.  batiAT- 
lor. 

1 

Otter 

batiftT- 
lor. 

^^H     WllhtilniBdorf,  Bvtlul,  WettpbalU.,.; 

1 

ft 

7 

i 

1 
ft 

1 

2a 

i4t 

an 

193 
9ift 
Iflft 

Mi 

m 

JO 
ISO 

aa 

7C 
IJD 

ifti 
s» 

17 
ift 
JOft 

•i 

lao 

'If 

MB 
lOfJ 
lOti 
rnrj 
80 
SM 
135 
X» 

flo 

^^^1    rTii" 

10 

■  " 

^^H 

1 



^^H 

^^^1                                                                         .   .tatthitwjf 

3 

^^^H          h...-,                           .11- t  Ir.  u.l.nry 

^^H      8t!>vtlfi,  t'mviritv  r>f  Sa^nny 

^^H     l>iiu'i  i>'tK  oMtMiiinrg * 

1 

3 

;::::;:;:::::': 

9 
1 

^^^H     f''-' 

"**'  •■ 

^^m 

•  , 

^^^1 

* 

* 

^^H 

9 

..    ^- 

1 

3 

1 

^H 

8 

^H      Lh                                 l-njiola 

^^H      6>  1                                 1  i>ni  of  SaxoDjr. 

ft 

^^H 

' 

* ' 

^^H       E                                          ruasiA 

2 

1 

i' 

a 

3 

^^m     Ml.                           .:iia 

...„.  t .  _ . 

^^H      isi' 

s 

1 

..   »j.» 

ft 
1 

"""" 

^H                  • 

i 

I 

l 

^^H       UnnihiirK.  ..... 

• 

<  ■»<•■• 

^^H      UlttncrirKir,  Ua«t  rmtslft 

ft 
L 

1 
i" 

1 

i' 

7 

^H       It"                     11".  RkvatMi 



^H       a.< 

1 

^^1      S(-hf;ii!.<<i.  I'liinilrukta 

^^H      frtUtfUdl ...,,.. 

^^H      U'«N«r,  lOicnlah  Pniwii 

t 

1 

I 

i 

8 

^^H      Ff*^Tn"inr'*iiIi  r^'  (i—^t- 

« 

1 

i 
1 

i 

^H       Lltiuo'  flftU.  KQgUUid 

^H                         T^t.l 

«7 

14 

11 

• 

II 

41 

n»i 

<4,572 

^^B          •  Ttita  lut«l  da**H  ool  n^tv  with  Ibe  nun  of  tbo  Ii««id 

^^H      tbo  urltflaat. 

^H    rnnsoNs  eeceivki>  jxto  LABon  cou)nie8  os 

a ;  till*  flcviv* 

*  CSRUAXY  J 
1. 

Blvi»o  III 

rftoM  1 

rr  ••  all 
LftOl  T( 

^^                                                                              UCBUpAllOO*. 

Utt. 

IBOB. 

ItOi. 

19.1.— 

^^      F'lib-n ,..  ,, 

no 
11 

n 

n 

2) 
Ml 
99 

m 

2K0 

471 

449 

U 

M 

PI 

4» 

ITS 

m 
i« 

42 
29 
It 

>s 

ft4 
SM 
419 

211 
W4 

fil» 
M 

m 

329 
Kl 
tt 
31 

M 

vs 

77 
2S1 

41 
705 
lift 
AtM 
517 
1» 

M 

» 

103 

an 

« 

10 

a 

74 

304 
M 
13 

39 

91 
133 
1ti\ 

U 

.    J 

^H      |ji„.»                                                 

^^H      Ft"  ■•-  nrl  rT-rrrwiTrlrTri             ,    ,  ,, 

^^M          ■  ■                                                            ..  .     ,  1. , ,   ,  ., , 

^H     1^"                                                 ,,            ,,, 

^^H          V-                                    ^  ,.rril-t^.-.r«    frll^faifp       __^ ^ 

^^H 

^^1 

mnV^r*  rmuUM 

jAOdfotentUlo)- 

^^H      7.                                      ,.. 

'    * 

^^H                                            

^H      Or                                                    

.... 

^^     c»                                                  

■  S" 

^A         '     

> 

THE    UKEMPLOVED   IN    KrBOPEAX  COrNTETKS. 


Unskillrtl  Iftboi*  has  much  tlie  largest  i^pJvs4»ntation.     Skilled  «rti- 
arc  not  very  nuniorous.     The  lupii  aire  not  coinpoJlod  lo  ittay^  and] 
come  tind  go,  many  of  tlienif  to  return.     The  following  ttible  mal 
this  clear: 

niftSONS  ADMITTED  TO  LAnOR  COLONIKS  OF  fJFRMANY,  BY  KUVBEK  OF 
[W^  FRRVIOUSLY  AUMITTED  TO  A  COUOXY,  ISM  TO  iSM. 


^pnOlM   sOlBiHlOlia    TO    ft 

NutnlMT  of  penam  ftdralltM  to  fhnakm  wfw  bmi  b«M  pmrloatfy^ 

ftchnllled  each  «pocllMMt  munber  of  tuiiM. 

14B6. 

S.9S3 

l.UB 

US 

J« 

w 

X7» 

MW. 

UM. 

1«M. 

XBOO.        1901. 

isno. 

1909. 

190L 

HTOo  -1  oMMtoo         

2.1M 
l.Ml 

1  A7n 

3.«8 
I.S77 

■■s 

413 

309 
4«3 

''S 

Ml 
438 
»4 
180 
4U 

a,774 
1.086 

i.oas 
m 
m 
sao 

350 

574 
30 

4,398 

i,m 

1,130 
717 
454 
JM 
SBD 
723 

4.3SI 

2.311 

t.23ft 
79S 
473 

sea 

3» 

4.  OH 
XM3 

On  2  orca-ilons 

7M  '        OM 
44)  1        «17 
370           MI 

usiit 

On  1  occftsloos 

74B 

On  i  occftalona 

4M 

On  8  flrorioiMi 

l.MO 

SB 
173 

MS 

On  6  occajdoos 

«7 

On  sore  chaaeocoMlonf 
Not  rvDortud 

«a  1      MB 

IV  '  -.   

ToUl 

7,  Me 

7,191 

7,353 

7,2«4 

7.494 

8.8=3 

tu,(Me 

10.  aw 

9,  Sift 

*— ■ 

It  will  bo  soen  thnt  the  nuin1>er  of  cases  in  which  the  men  admitted 
have  nlready  made  a  slay  In  the  sainc  or  in  another  Inbor  ct)lony,  on 
one  or  even  two  previous  occasions,  is  very  large,  and  that  a  great 
number  had  taken  refuge  in  a  colony  even  oftenor  than  that. 

The  numbers  do  not  vary  materially  from  \ei\r  to  year.     Some  go 
away  because  they  have  found  work,  as  is  seen  by  the  following  tabh 
giving  figures  from  1885  to  1893 : 

M'MBKJt  A.ND  PKU  CISNT  OF  COLOMBTH  IN  GERMAN  LABOR  COliOMGS  OBTAll 
1N<;   WOnK  AND  LI'UVIN*;    VOLCNTARILT,    1S85  TO    1803. 


y«ttr. 

Nwdbn- 
oToolo- 

C«l0Bl«tt  ftbUln- 
loc  work. 

C«lonlStl  iMTtDC    ' 

volooi&rfl^. 

Number. 

Percent 
OCtOUl. 

Number. 

Peroent 
ottolaL 

IS         1,191 
1ft         l.OD 
30  '        t,4M 

V.I 

9.TSR 

5«.l 

umHSj „ 

IM7-Wi 

317           a.  437 

«7.l 

Ml4 

UM-ini . „ 

Ml-lfM 

31          XiaS  ,         19.7  I        'k,S64 
2&           9  Al  1          IA.S  1      Ifl.Tlft 

M.S 
V.I 

' 

Here  is  a  .somewhat  steadily  diminishing  proportion  of  those  wh( 
lenvv  to  take  ]io^itions  of  work.  It  seems  to  indicate  a  lowerin] 
average  of  ability.  This  is  thought  to  l>e  the  case  with  the  colonistt 
arwl  ifl  ttsually  explained  in  (^ermany  by  the  statement  that  tlie 
roloiti-  uttracteil  fii-st.  nnd  many  of  them  gi'ttirifr  position? 

only  li  '!(■  uj»ain  Hnd  ngnin  who  wetv  for  one  n'nson  or  nrtol 

the  least  efficient. 


[t  is  evident  from  t 


ntiiim    II n-    tli 


I  Us 


Is  thai  the  men  sent  to  tlie  Irerma' 


ni'Vr  !.     or  wrcH'ks  of  society.     A  very  hir^« 

is  said  to  hare  isuffcrvd  imvris«3uwi<»ut.  it  <«^«  Ut 


908 


BULLETIN   OF   THE   BUREAP   OF    LABOR, 


With  respect  to  the  moral  improvement  in  the  colonies  it  is  dlflicult 
(o  supply  precise  information,  but  on  the  wliole  it  is  not  reporte<l 
favorable. 

The  general  opinion  of  those  who  have  studied  the  (^icrmnn  hihor 
colonies  is  not  favorable  to  tliem,  nieusurin^  them  by  tlie  standard  of 
the  redemption  of  character.  This  is  the  opinion  of  the  report  of 
the  departmental  committee  or»  vagrancy  in  Kngland  and  WalesiJ 
based  on  careful  studies  of  the  colonies.  It  says:  "  It  appears  that? 
three-fourths  of  the  colonists  have  been  previously  imprisoned,  and 
there  is  no  evidence  that  any  substantial  improvement  results  frtMn 
the  time  spent  in  the  colonies/'  (")  The  report  (jiiotcs  Mr.  AY.  H, 
Dawson,  a  student  of  German  social  problems,  as  saying:  "  Speak- 
ing generally,  I  do  not  think  you  can  regard  them  as  being  reforma- 
toiy  institutions.  The  inmates  do  not  stay  long  enough,  and  tlie 
discipline  is  not  severe  enough."  But  this  view,  though  in  itself 
probably  correct,  is  probably  only  a  partial  view.  The  effect  on  the 
ivformatitm  of  the  individual  character  is  not  the  only  thing  to  l>e 
remembered.  The  interests  of  society  must  be  also  taken  into  con- 
sideration. Tt  must  be  remenilH?red  that  these  ne'er-do-wells  exist  in 
all  civilized  countries,  and  that  in  all  countries  in  one  form  or 
another  they  cost  the  country  vast  sums.  The  question  then 
arises  not  only  what  results  have  such  colonies  on  the  tramp, 
but  how  do  such  colonies  affect  tliis  vast  question,  and  it  can 
not  be  denied  that  although  not  accomplislnng  the  seemingly 
impossible — (he  redemption  of  a  vagrant  character — they  do  re- 
move from  s(xncty  large  numbers  of  the  vagrant  class  and 
provide  for  them  a  favorable  slielter  at  the  least  possible  cost.  The 
statistics  show  that  the  colonists  in  the  main  leave  the  colonies  only 
when  they  can  get  work,  and  that  they  return  to  them  when  they 
can  not.  That  large  numbers  at  least  do  this  shows  perhaps  little 
permanent  regeneratioiu  l>ut  it  al.so  shows  that  these  men  do  not  prey 
upon  society  or  generally  violate  laws.  If  colonists  of  vagrant.s, 
three-fourths  of  whom  had  Ijcen  previously  imprisoned,  are  rescued 
to  the  extent  of  neither  committing  crime  nor  l>egging,  and  rescued, 
too,  in  the  cheftj>est  wny  to  society,  certainly  not  a  little  has  been 
accomplished.  The  original  statement  of  Pastor  Bodelschwingh,  on 
which  this  coh)ny  niovement  is  founded,  has  been  made  good.  He 
said:  *' I^t  me  have  the  tramps  and  I  will  save  some  of  them,  and 
they  will  cost  you  less."  The  results  seem  to  verify  that  statement. 
Tlie  evil  the  tramp  does  if  not  sheltered  in  colonies  must  especially 
1)0  realized.    Mr.  Edmund  Kelly  in  The  Ufiemployables,  page  8,  says: 

But  whether  a  victim  or  not,  he  is  certainly  a  ilan^r  to  the  com- 
munity; the  few  {Msuce  he  begs,  borrows,  or  steals  ih  s^ient  in  the 

»  H^iiort.  Tot.  1.  II.  IJC. 


BKs, 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    EUROPEAN   COUNTRIES. 


909 


public  house  side  by  side  with  the  element  of  our  society  most  sub- 
ject to  the  contagion  of  vagabondage;  there  he  relates  his  ndventureSi 
brags  of  his  independence,  tempts  his  listeners  to  drink  and  seduces 
the  young  into  sharing  his  fortune*?;  he  spreads  disease,  physical 
and  moral,  leaves  a  legacy  of  lice  to  every  lodging  where  he  rests; 
and  diligently  undoes  what  little  our  compulsory  ^ucation  contrib- 
utes to  good  citizenship. 

Switzerland. 


That  the  German  labor  colonies  can  be  improved  upon,  at  least 
in  one  line,  is  found  in  a  consideration  of  tiie  8wis>i  labor  colonies. 

The  characteristic  of  the  Swiss  labor  colonies  mo6t  deserving  of 
notice  is  that  ihesv.  are  various  kinds  of  colonies  for  various  classes 
of  the  unemployed.  8oine  of  these  colonies  are  "^  free/'  maintained 
by  the  philanthropically  inclined,  while  others  belong  to  the  Statafl 
(Cantons),  and  are  really  penal  colonies.  Both  classes  of  colonies 
work  together,  are  in  some  cases  geographically  side  by  side,  and  in 
■11  cases  supplement  each  other.  The  penal  colonies  are  considered 
in  the  next  section,  but  their  existence  must  not  be  forgotten  in  study- ^ 
ing  the  free  colonies.  •  fl 

There  are  now  three  free  colonies  in  Switzerland,  with  the  begin- 
nings of  a  fourth,  and  probabilities  of  still  more  being  soon  started. 
The  oldest  is  the  colony  of  Tannen^tof,  in  the  county  of  Bern;  the 
largest  is  that  of  Herdern,  in  the  Canton  of  Thurgau,  near  Frauen-A 
feld;  (he  third  is  the  colony  of  Dietisberg,  near  Basel,  with  the  be- 
ginnings of  one  for  French  Switzerland,  near  Geneva.  Each  of  these  . 
colonies  is  supported  by  philanthropic  societies,  individual  friends 
for  the  most  part  in  the  counties  nearest  to  the  colonies,  principally 
Bern,  Zurich,  and  Basel  for  the  three  respective  colonies. 


TANXENHOP  U\BOR   COUJNY. 


I 


Tannenhof,  the  oldest  of  the  colonieij,  was  established  in  1880,  with 
the  especial  object  of  providing  a  temporary  home  or  halfway 
house  for  discharged  convicts  or  persons  discharged  from  the  penal 
colonics,  and  particidarly  from  the  neighlx)ring  penal  colony  of 
Witzwyl,  It  has  not,  however,  been  confined  to  these,  but  receives 
any  sent  to  it,  mainly  aged  or  otherwise  incapacitated  memlxn-s  of 
the  unemployed  class.  It  has  not  reached  large  proportions,  having 
at  the  most  from  40  to  r>0  men  and  most  of  the  time  a  smaller  num- 
ber. It  has  suffered  from  lack  of  proper  support.  Its  buildings  are 
very  simple  and  unattractive^  though  the  management  does  whata 
it  can  to  make  its  inmates  at  home.  f 

All  are  given  work  of  s»>me  kind,  even  the  oldest  doing  something 
around  the  buildings,  picking  vegetables,  driving  carts,  or  drawin 
cutting,  and  binding  kindlings  from  the  ttdjncent  wood«     ^ 

46i2I>-BdU.  TU— Of 


910 


atTLLETTK  OF  THE    BTTKBAtT  OF  UIBOEL 


lore  fheit4^rs  a  v^ry  need}'  and  «oniewhjit  helplt^s  cltt%  of  men.  bw 
c»n  not  be  said  to  accomplish  n  large  work :  iw^r.  vith  -njch  matpriaL 
aged  men  fi>r  iLe  uiosi  part,  cnn  it  shoTV  much  m  Uie  whv  of  rcitmi- 
iiig  men  into  Ihe  ranks  <»1'  Ua*  eflioieut.    It  is  not  sclf-snslnining.     Its 
expenses,  bowevier,  are  small.    Th«  estimated  cost  of  inaintainusg  «o 
individiini  in  the  colony  is  only  fnun  0.00  tn  1  franc  (17  to  Ui  tvntsV 
per  day.    The  land  was  originally  buught  at  a  low  price,  and  \lw  vx-^ 
penses  of  management  are  low.    At  the  dose  of  1889  the  total  valiK^ 
fff  the  property  was  estimatwl  at  3**255.03  franc-*  <$r9«.22>  !e^s  than 
its  ifidebtodness;  on  Jannur)'    I,   11MJ5,  tl>e  pmperty  was  vahwvi  at 
14,442.62  francs   ($2,787.43)   more  than   its  ind^btednwa.     The   in- 
debtedness had  increased,  but  the  value  of  the  property  had  bew 
Htill  more  increased.    "R*wently  the  colony  hag  been  more  chK<dy  C(m4 
nected  with  Witiwyl,  the  neiglihoring:  penal  colony,  the  dirwrtor  of 
that  colony  having  become  cliaimian  of  the  coniwitte^  in  timrgh  of 
Tnnnenhof. 

iirnriKicN  UAB4m  oolokt.  t 

The  colony  of  Herdem  is  larger  ^ud  more  attractiine,  though  per- 
haps in  otiier  ways  not  really  more  succe^fuL     F'oimded  in  131)5, 
it  occupies  Llie  interesting  buildings  of  on  old  castle^  once  u±^d  also 
as  the  moimstfiry  of  St  Urban,  on  tlie  f^lopes  of  vine-clad  hills  near 
Lake  G:)nstance.     It  had  in  the  winter  of  1907-6  8"  colonists,  and 
oocnpared  with  Tannenhof  is  a  much  more  active  place.    It  carries  on 
a  large  and  sncoessful  trade  in  clieese  and  butter  and  rai^  coDsider- 
alile  ajnounts  of  farm  produce  of  various  kin(L<,  besides  having  va- 
rious hand  industries,  tho^igh  in  the  main  only  for  its  own  .supplies 
and  repairs.     Like  TanneiJaof,  Herdcrn  is  a  free  colony,  though  it& 
inmatej^  must  agree  to  stay  at  least  four  weeks  after  the  first  fort- 
night.    The  colonist  is  n'edited  with  a  Fniall  wage  of  hIhmU  C  to  1*2 
cent:;  per  day,  paid  on  his  leaving  the  colony,  I^hs  the  axuount  for 
any  new  rlolhes  .supplied  liiin.     He  is  jils<i  given  board,  lodging^ 
waHhing,  and  tobacco.     The  farm  coni^i.sts  of  some  300  acres,  niainljl 
devoted  to  dairy  work,  but  with  a  large  vineyard.    The  oolunistH 
coming,  a?  they  mainly  do,  from  the  cities,  however,  are  artisanfl 
more  than   agricultiirisU,     'Hie  living  is  simple — coffee  and  bread^ 
or  porridgt^  at  7,  tea  at  n,  soup  and  vrgetable,s  (meat  twice  a  week)  at 
12,  and  soup  with  bread  in  the  evening.     The  resultfi  in  rhnracl»^r  are 
hard  to  estimate.     The  Knglish  iTport  of  the  dcpartuientul  commit^ 
tee  on  vagrancy,  quoted  above,  re|>ort.s  the  preMdent  of  the  .socieM 
whirh  supports  Tlerdern  as  saying  of  the  ctdoni.sts:  '*  We  can  not 
mak<'  any  aitcnij't  to  reform  them;  wv  oreate  some  irioro  employment 
for  tnen  who  .nay  they  can  not  get  any,  l>nt  that  Ls  all:  we  do  not 
profess  to  do  ihem  any  good,  but  wc  try  to  preach  to  them  u  littli:, 


THE  UiraatPLOyED   IK    ETTBOPEAX  rorKTRIES. 


911 


^Bercise  a  good  influenoe  over  tiieni/*('')     Tim  k  perhB]>s  tii 
unduly  modest  statement. 

In  1902  of  the  21iii  who  left  the  edlony  iu  the  coarse  of  the  yrar,  Hli 
'Wont  to  GitiiationH  i^eciireil  fur  iiiein  hy  the  colony,  55  secured  [>ogi- 
tiaoA  forthenisolvpK,  0S$  left  }>rc>£essed}y  to  Heek  work,  10  left  withou 
notice,  10  wore  dianiased  fox'  incnpiicity,  and   IT  for  bod  condu 
(less  tlian  8  |>er  t-^nt).     Tlie  average  numlK^r  of  inmates  in  IJKhi  wai 
02.     The  expense   (indnding  Baliiries,  allowances  to  colonists,  ^c.),^ 
nfter  Huhtnicting  the  amount  of  +;ale.s  from   the  totrtl   expenditures, 
amounted  to  2/JJt  francs   (44  eente)  'per  day  for  each  of  the  0:2  in- 
mates.    A  report  hy  Doctor  Hoffninnn  to  the  Swiss  Federal  depart* 
nienl  of  industry  in  May,  li>OC,  ^ives  the  f^Howin^  table,  showing 
the   reireipts   and    exj)eiiditur»is   of  ihe  Herdem   free    colony 
1895-96  to  1905: 


^'ALUE  CkF  I'UOJ'BRTV,  EXPEXUITmjKS.  AHI>  ItECEIITS  Ol*  TIIK  HIrlllMCliN  KBKB^ 
I-.\l»m   COLONY,   SWITZKULANIi.    IHIH)  TO  lOOri. 


18e6-W 

laM-flT 

UB7-tt 


IMO. 


hm. 


ViOu^of 
property. 


S13,79LaO 

17.8H.7& 
ia,041.47 

Ifl.  lOH  OR 
22.  »*«.«> 

9).34n.  m 
23.U7.tt 
21,303.  B3 
M.  007.07 


BxppDdl- 


•0.004.03 
S.832.<13 
U.434.» 

7.M0.74 

n.«K.9& 
13. 144.  as 

14,402.04 
.ll,t4a.04 

'U.4W.40 


ai^aBLM 


UecalprU. 


Balm  of  preduee. 


lAmomn. 


IB,  aw.  45 

2.M7.4& 
7.W7.M 
3.M048 

ti.  ifti.  4a 

4.014.18 


Poutfons^ 


Pcroffl_- 


33.3 
'Jtiti 
•OViA 
28LC 

61.8 

aa.A 

as.4 

32.0 
48.0 
417 


IB74.29 
1,151.44 
I,  aOQ.  IS 

2,(1&S  K4 

2.2:it  .V. 
S.'J7'.r-«» 
3^311.24 
5,B7ft.C7 

4.9aL'as 

3,927.  W 
-I.UH.U 


•42.3     3.7ia.67 


Poiroeiit 
dltuxes. 


DiOalts. 


Amount. 


13.0 

1».0 

10.  n 
2r>.2 

IH  7 


'S3, 731 39 
I  5.333.74 

2. 357.  26 
:(.M4.a2 

'S_  .VVi  90 
i.iul  '« 
.     M*.   II 


luo  t  t,u;a.c 


34.6    3,n0.l» 


PBTOWrt 
(UllIFM. 


DIBTISRRRO    LABOR   rOIX>NT. 


The  colony  of  Dietisberg,  itbe  youngfest  of  the  rtliree  free  e4ihiui< 
was  be<run  by  twi»  |irivat*>  {lersons  in  1904  for  'JT*  cvilouistfi.  It  ia] 
hftrdfy  4ild  onoujwh  yet  to  show  re3oh«»  but  is  not  partiriilarly  diffiyruiit' 
from -the  colonies  already  conBidered.  The  expense  per  head  jier  day 
ut  Dietinlx^rg  is  estiniated  at  about  1  franc  (10  cents). 

The  SwisK  peiml  euUiuies  iiiv  probably  more  interesting  imd  suo- 
#BBful  tlinn  the  free  colonies,  but  the  ^reneral  opinion  in  Switzodiuu 
Roemt;  lo  be  favorable  to  the  free  colirnies  iik  flotiyp  well,  so  far  as  the 
mcaivs  allow,  ard  as  doing  important  work,  and  needrnpf  onfy  fum 
or  State  help  to  do  more.     The  colony  at  Herdern  has  received  Feden 
(Srratitfi  of  tiO,(XJO  francs  ($a,S0O)  in  ld97-98,  and  iaOOO  frauct;  ($US 


^itoimrl,  tu  m. 


I  BULLETIN   OF  THE    BUREAU  OF  LABOR. 

in  l&Ol.  For  lack  of  room  all  the  colonies  have  to  refuse  many  ap- 
plicants. Nor  must  their  work  be  undervahjed.  Tannenhof»  down 
to  1905  (that  is,  in  sixteen  years)  had  received  1,903  inmates,  with  a 
total  of  158,728  days'  residence;  Herdern  to  the  on*!  of  HXH  (oine 
years),  1,663  colonists,  with  182,2t21  days^  residence,  and  Dietisl^rg 
in  the  two  years  of  its  existence,  141  colonists,  with  14,840  days' 
residence. 

The  tenth  nnnual  report  of  the  Tannenhof  colony  says: 

If  we  have  simply  succeeded  in  giving  a  home  to  a  relatively  {onall 
nunif>er  of  men  wh*»,  after  long  privations,  for  at  least,  a  few  weeks' 
or  months  have  utlectionutely  been  offered  nurture  for  soul  and  Ixidy, 
and  so  have  been  strengthened  physically  and  morally  to  return  to 
ordinary  work,  it  appenrs  to  us  worth  the  sacrifices  and  efforts  we 
have  made  and  wortn  their  continuance  in  the  future. 

It  is  probable,  however,  that  more  could  be  done. 

Sir  C.  Green,  in  his  report  on  the  Swiss  labor  colonies,  makes  this 

interesting  remark: 

Moreover,  tlie  fact  that  these  colonies  admit  the  criminal  element, 
even  with  the  laudable  intention  of  reforming  them  and  refitting] 
them  morally  and  materially,  seems  to  constitute  the  most  serious 
obstacle  to  tlie  adoption  of  the  system  as  a  relief  for  bona  fide  work- 
ingmen,  whose  only  fault,  or  their  worst,  consists  in  their  inability 
to  find  the  means  to  earn  Uieir  daily  bread. 


Labor  colonies  have  not  been  develoi>ed  to  any  extent  in  France, 
nor  has  suc<:ess  attended  the  etTorls  which  have  been  made  in  this 
direction.  Tlie  one  colony  of  La  Chalmclle,  in  the  Foret  de  Traconne, 
nlnxit  f)0  miles  east  from  Paris,  which  did  attain  some  stivngth,  was 
discontinued  in  1907.  Of  what  it  accomplished  Mr.  Percy  Alden 
writes  as  follows :(") 

The  colony  was  founded  in  January,  1892,  at  the  instance  of  M. 
Georges  Berry,  and  consists  of  about  ti~0  acres  of  rather  i)oor  <|iiality 
land.  Since  UKK)  it  has  been  possible  to  accommodate  about  5.'>  men 
at  a  time,  lulmission  being  granted  to  those  who  are  recomniended 
by  the  directors  of  the  night  refuges  in  Paris.  Roughly  speaking, 
the  colony,  whicli  is  a  municipal  institution  run  by  the  council  of 
Paris,  cosLs  the  city  council  on  the  avei^ase  about  £1,800  f$8,7(K)|  a 
yenr,  al>out  .61,000  |$4,Sfi7]  being  received  as  n  result  of  the  sole  of 
produce  and  in  other  ways.  A  special  effort  is  made  by  the  directors 
of  the  ivfuges,  through  the  iigency  of  Mie  colony,  to  return  persons 
conne<te<i  with  agricnltui-e  once  moi'e  to  the  soil.  Some  74  per  cent 
of  thosi*  who  enler  llie  colony  arc  connected  with  jigricultuiv,  chiefly 
country  lalxuers.  who  flock  to  Paris  at  the  end  oi  the  harvest  ana 
vintafre  nnd  in  the  ronrs*'  of  the  wintrr  find  rliemselves  stranded. 
The  majority  arc  between  20  iind  40,  so  tluit.  both  in  respect  of  occu- 
pation and  of  age.  La  Chatmelle  is  a  mucli  more  ho|>eful  experimeiU, 

•  N<»w  Kncycloixuna  of  Social  Reforau  HHW.  ji.  iis-j. 


THE   UNEMPLOYED    IN    EUROPEAN    C0UNTBIE8.  918 

The  len^h  of  stay  in  the  colony  is  not  long.  Out  of  820  men  436 
left  in  le^  than  two  months  ancf  an  additional  '240  in  lo^^s  than  four 
months,  while  of  thoM*  who  loft  59.9  per  cent  obtained  citimuons. 
During;  the  year  about  '250  workmen  come  r.riu  go,  and  half  of  these 
se^m  to  derive  very  irmtci  iul  hcra-fit  from  their  stay  at  La  Chalmelle, 
Even  wil!i  llie  rest  ninrh  more  good  miglit  Ih»  done  if  criminals, 
drunken  vapilx»nds,  and  the  habitues  of  the  ni^t  refuges  could  be] 
excluded  or  sent  to  another  institution. 

Great  Britain. 

Tlie  colony  of  Hollesley  Bay  has  already  been  considered  as  a  part- 
of  the  work  of  the  relief  works  of  the  Central  (Unemployed)  liody  of 
London.  There  remains  only  to  consider  the  Salvation  Army  colony 
at  Hadleigh  and  one  or  two  smaller  colonies  in  England,  with  one  in 
Scotland.  fl 

H-\DLEIOH  labor  COLONY.  S 

Hadleigh,  in  Essex,  tlie  colony  of  the  Salvation  Army,  has  sora©" 
3,000  acres  and  is  the  largest  labor  colony  in  England.     About  400 
acres  are  leased  to  a  farmer.    The  land  is  of  clay,  rather  stiff  andfl 
poor,  but  is  said  to  Iw  improving  in   value.     AI>out  UK)  acres  are" 
planted  with  fruit  trees  and  the  land  is  also  used  for  pastures,  market 
gardens,  chicken  farms,  and  brick  works.     Most  of  the  men  sent  to 
the  colony  from  London  are  degenerates  of  the  city  and  as  a  rule  not 
adapted  to  farm  life.    Among  them,  however,  are  a  few  capable  and 
willing  workers,  and  the  best  of  these  at  Iladleigh  seem  to  have  been 
easily  restored  to  a  permanent  occupation.    Or,  if  occupation  has  not 
been  found,  they  have  emigrated.    The  majority,  however,  require  a 
longer  j)erio<l  of  treatment  than  the  colony  for  financial  reasons  has 
been  able  to  give  them.    The  result  is  that  much  of  the  labor  is  thrown^ 
away.    The  numljer  of  men  on  the  farm  a  portion  of  the  time  haqH 
been  from  500  to  tiOO,  with  an  average  of  perhaps  •2'}Q,  H 

Among  the  employees  of  the  colony  are  IT*  ex-colonists  retained" 
for  special  ability.    The  work  is  chiefly  agricultural  and  brick  mak- 
ing.   The  biiildings  ai'e  simple  one-story  buildings,  largidy  of  wood, 
but  are  consideivd  adeipiate.    The  diet  is  generous^tiM>  generous  the 
English  vagrancy  report  considers.    The  cost  per  head  is  about  £48 
($'233.59)   a  year  or  (V4  cents  per  day.     The  capital   invested  in  the 
colony  is  state*!  by  Mr.  Lamb  of  the  Salvation  .\rmy  to  Ik;  £140,000^ 
($UHi;UO)  (laud,  buildings,  and  stock)  for  500  inmates  or  some  £:30(lfl 
($1,4C0)  per  hea<l,  though  he  states  that  a  new  colony  could  be  pi'o- 
vided    at   £^250    ($1,217)    per   head.      He   reported   to  the    Englial 
vagrancy  committee,  for  1901: 

Valne  of  the  ni?ricultural  produce $45. 

Tndiiftrinl    (iii.ihily  bricks) 18,7-MJ' 

Kstluiatetl  VHlut?  <if  IiilKir  In  illnlnir  room,  Innndry,  b.nkepy,  etc 20,710 

Total . — ^,^^ : sLjm 


914 


BtJLLETTN   OF  THE   ITCREAtT  OF   LABOB. 


The  protliire  from  I  lie  marlui  garden  in  1904  included  stTAwbcrries, 
19,^(10  poiiiKls;  giK>*i*»berries,  4<j,4H0  pounds;  apples,  7<>,*>40  pr»iin<l«a 
pliUTiS,  33.000  j-'ounds;  celery,  4,f»00  lioads;  kUiire,  111,740  hcaiis:  Hiu- 
barb,  'iS^iXX)  bundles;  ojiiuns,  IZO  tons.  ITie  hourri  of  work  in  the 
Miumier  are  inmi  0  a.  \n.  to  0  p.  uu,  iind  in  the  wtiUer  iiv>ni  7  a.  ol  to 
<^  p.  m...  wben  poRsib]o.  Wa^^ps  (>au  be  earord  up  to  "2  fiuWm^  {4M 
cents)  per  week.  C)f  (he  nsuhs  in  cbRiH^ltr  it  is  bwn.1  Uj  ftinn  mw 
estimate.  Tlie  Salvation  ^Vrtuy  adniits  tJiat  it  can  not  follow  up  tbo.se 
who  leave  the  colony.  For  the  two  years  ended  SejitemlHT,  1D04,  of 
tlie  5ii3  received  by  the  eolony  14*J  were  paupers  sent  b^'  boards  <)f 
giwrdiaiitt,  who  ])aid  a  fixed  sum  for  tJieir  xnaintenanoe;  187  "wen; 
froui  the  Salvation  Army  in  Tendon;  23fi  were  private  ca^s,  wlio 
eunie  on  iheir  own  aeeount  or  were  sent  by  friends.  Of  the  4S4  wluF 
left  the  colony  during  these  years  89  went  to  situations  found  by 
tln'inst'lvt's;  ,Vl  to  silualic»iis  found  by  the  e<»Iiiny:  Si  were  disnii.'^K'd 
for  Jwd  behavior;  Hi  left  tljrtjugli  ill-hralth;  tKW*  left  of  their  own 
nrrord;  2  for  other  reastms.  Tlie  nunJjer  tearing  in  one  Tnonth  was 
tt^§t^  o^J  1^  remained  longer  than  six  months.  - 

C)tiier  Knglieh  laljor  colonics  niay  l)e  more  ItriHly  mcnUonod.  At 
Xewiiigate  Furni  llousi\  Hobuwooil.  iieur  Dorking,  Surrey,  IIk* 
<^hurch  Army  has  esUbli^ibL^d  a  small  colony  on  about  50  acres,  mainln 
a^  u  te.st  ]>lui'e  for  Lliose  wJnun  it  is  euii.stidering  stuuling  as  eniigrautri. 
During  llKJj,  after  testing  and  training,  i'ti)  men  ami  youilis  v-ere  emi- 
grated. The  Cliurcl»  Anuy  is  however,  largely  extending  the  cottmr. 
jLud  a  vabialile  estuti^  Las  l»een  offered  foi*  thLs  pur|Mr^e. 

At  l.aindon.  Essex,  the  Poplar  guunliaiis  <)slablishod  in  ilMM  u 
^intill  fH>louy  ijf  UK)  aeivs  ana  braiwii  wwJdiousv  for  Mble4io<lied  %m- 
^kiUed  pau[>ers.  In  Fel>ruar\%  lUOii,  the  eoloay  had  about  KtO  UieB. 
The  wurkeonnihtsin  excavating  a  reservalr,  and  is  regarded  niainfv-  as 
a  lalK>r  \^t.  Tbe  land  was  owned  by  Mr.  .IoHe|>h  Fela,  but  loaned  to 
IVplar  for  ihn'e  years. 

The  Christian  Social  Service  Union,  which  maintaiiK:  tlie  ct^kiny  at 
Ltii^liekl,  has  aUo  startt^il  u  nnicb  Mrmller  (vtn*  on  Browltea«l  Faimi  at 
Stnrathwaiti?.  Westmoreland,  for  some  25  firoken-down  men. 

Libury  llalL  at  (Jrejit  Mundeu,  Jl^ts  is  a  Gerniuti  <!olony  for  G«r^ 
ttauin  in  KnghifKl  landing  thems4^«'4>ft  vnt  of  work.  Tin*  seheDie  'u>  to 
HHiie  ext<!iit  one  of  repatriation,  and  lUiuiy  men  have  been  ^!«nt  l»ack 
to  their  fatlierhitid  through  its  in^ruriieutjility.  It  employs  roun'  i  |0 
men  in  f«nn  work,  gardening,  and  a  few  6ina41  workshops. 

Mr.  E.  D.  Court,  a  L(K"al  (lovernmeiit  Board  '  \'  a 

an  Ar(*ount  of  tliis  uurk,  from  which  the  follow  1 

The  mission  of  tiie  coUmy  Iwing  not  to  gire  alm?^  nor  money,  bot 

^  '    '     '  ,   nffording  ot  ily  l<»  work,  the  frMu^M  of  .%(«>*  aer 

H  land  in  H«^t  re  was  purehn^nl.     AN»nt  S5  aeres 


COCNTRIES. 

this  is  occupiini  hy  huUilin|^:^  ixmJlry  niiis,  and  duck  ponds,  willo 

bed,  gravel  pit,  fruit  and  vegetable  garden,  and  wood;  30  aci'CLS  b^ 
meadow,  and  the  reiiiuinder  is  sown  or  ^ilimted  with  wlieat,  rv«*  ba 
ley,  oats,  potatoes,  beans,  srvredes,  <nmi]>s,  artichokes,  clover,  rape 
mustard,  vetches,  and  «iinfoin.  A  basket -wxMiving  shop  on  a  larpe 
scnie  was  erected,  with  a  carp€nter*s  simp  and  smithy,  and  large  well- 
vent  ihited  stables,  ctiw  siieds,  and  piggeries,  also  small  siiops  for 
tailor  and  shoemaker,  a  V»akehouse,  fnumlrv  (now  ]H»ing  greatly  en-.] 
Lirged),  dairv,  kitchen,  etc.  In  all  these  department'^  as  well  as  in 
cle:ini]ig  tin*  fionsc,  work  is  foun^U  btit  lh<?  givat  majority  of  men  are 
eiiiployed  out  of  »lof>r<-  tlie  stronger  nion  in  digging  giavel,  break- 
iitg  flints,  making  rikuds,  and  ^o  on  ;  (be  weaker  in  tht.*  gurdon  or  look- 
ing after  tJie  ponllry.  There  are  10  cart  horses  antl  alMUit  the 
pome  number  of  milch  cow-,  antl  nseful  experience  has  beo-n  gained 
bv  intending  einignmts  Iwtking  after  them.  Bed**  were  at  first  nro- 
vid<*d  for  IK)  men,  i\\  of  them  in  1  largi*  tlormitory,  divided  into 
Iti  ciihicies.  I^ter.  to  meet  the  winter  pre-^<iure,  room  for  ifi)  more 
beds  was  ftxind  by  cutting  olT  a  part  *if  the  basket -weaving  de- 
partment, and  it  i-  proposed  shortly  to  build  for  IJO  mtue  men. 
About  HOD,  or  more  than  two-thirds  of  those  received,  have  l>een  dis-, 
linrtly  henefited.  As  to  financial  position,  the  colony  is  not  self 
sapix>rting  so  far,  an<l  pr*>l»ably  never  will  be.  The  buildings  ha 
involved  Targe  expenditure  and  the  cjcfM-nses  are  heavy.  For  trti 
weeks'  work  a  uiau  rweives  not  only  board  and  lodging,  but,  if  nores*- 
fiary,  clothing,  and  a  sovereign  ($4.87)  is  spent  on  liis  return  jour- 
ney to  (icrni.Tny.  while  he  is  given  tokens  to  the  value  of  \\  pence 
(H  <'ents)  a  night  during  his  stay  at  tlie  c<»hmy.  nnlei>s  he  misl»ehaves. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  awrage  stay  is  a  little  under  eiglit  weeks, 
nuil  for  the  fir.-^t  threes  weeks,  owing  to  poor  condition  and  so  on, 
very  much  work  is  done.  Also  there  is  difHcuity  in  finding  a  mari 
for  some  articles. 


5 

i 


I 


n<itfl 

-kefl 

of 

H 


Mid  I>x*harwoods  is  a  Scolcli  colony  of  440  acres  8  mile;^  south  of 
I>unifri4*s,  start^^l   |Mirtly  as  a   result  of  fieneral   Booth's  **  I>arkc$4 
England.*'      In    lis^T   the   Scottish    Labor   Colony    .\ssociation    w 
formal  lo  carry  out  tlie  objects  of  the  original  Ulior  centers  board. 

Mid  Loi^-harwooils  was  pnivhased,  !.'><)  acres  being  good  arable  land, 
and  the  re-^t  reclainuHl  or  unreclaimotl  m*>ss  land.    The  peat  is  itsed 
as  fuel,  and  the  land  rechununl   bv  liming  and  claying  is  CHpah! 
of  growing  good  cro|«s  of  tunii|)s,  cablMges,  carrots,  and  potatoeaj 
The  colonists  an*  cJiiefly  from  a  shelter  in  Glasgow.     The  colonv 
reives  nothing  from  the  ptxjr-law  autliorities  in  Scotland,  who  hav 
no  |)ower  to  make  grants  for  the  able-bodied.     It  is  thus  whollr  ih 
l^endent  on  vohintary  aid.    In  VM^4  it  received  67  men.  ajid  it  is  stat 
that  40  men  left  with  every  prospect  of  doing  weU. 

EPILEPTIC  AND  INEBRIATE  COLONIES  FOS.  SPECIAL  CLASSES  OP 

THE  ITNEMPLOTED. 


*s  *»f  the  un< 
i/e   of    the    I 


These  ciflSAf^,  howtvfr. 


<  nt.     This  « 


■B&i 


■^— * 


916 


BUIXETIS    OF  THE   BUKEAU  OF  LABOl: 


length,  as  they  involve  problems  which  are  other  than  tlie  problems 
of  unemployment.  Only  two  such  colonies,  whirh  are  most  inti- 
mately connected  with  the  unemployed,  arc  considered. 

Bethel  Colont  at  Bielrfelo,  Gekmany. 

The  '*  Colony  of  Mercy  "  at  Bielefeld,  Westphalia,  Germany,  is  the 
best  known  epileptic  colony  in  the  world.  "  Bethel,"  us  the  colony 
is  usually  called.  Ijcgan  as  an  epileptic  colony.  In  I8G7,  through  the 
efforts  of  a  feAv  Westphnlian  pastors  and  laymen,  a  fanuhouse  near 
Bielefeld  was  t><>iight  and  a  few  epileptic^  came.  Two  years  later 
a  home  for  deaconesses  was>  planted  close  by  to  train  workers.  Three 
years  later  Pastor  von  Bodelschwingh  and  his  wife  were  placed  in 
charge.  There  are  now  over  150  buildings,  and  Bethel  receives 
every  class  of  unfortunates.  The  main  branches  of  the  colony,  how- 
ever, are  live  in  nuniUM*;  (1)  The  home  for  epileptics,  or  Bethel 
proper;  (2)  8arepta,  the  home  for  training  nurses,  hi  which  al>out 
lylOi)  nurses  have  been  trained;  (3)  Nazareth,  ihe  brotherhood  for 
training  deacons,  where  about  370  deacons  have  been  trained;  (4) 
Wilhelmsdorf,  the  colony  for  vagrants  and  the  unemployed  which 
has  already  been  considered,  and  (5)  the  Workmen's  Home  Associa- 
tion, an  organization  for  providing  homes  for  the  working  classes  of 
Germany. 

Among  Belhers  150  buildings  there  is  place  for  any  who  are  ill. 
It  has  a  large  colony  for  idiots,  nearly  one-third  of  the  inmates  of 
Bethel  iM'ing  of  this  class.  It  has  two  orphanages,  called  **  Tlie  Good 
iShe|>h<'rd  '*  and  Kinderheim.  the  children's  home.  For  inebriiUes 
there  is  the  Friedrichfthiitto  (Fivderick's  cot),  named  for  the  Into 
(icrman  Kmpcror,  and  ojjcned  just  after  his  demise.  Ono  rwunrk- 
able  sjMit  on  the  colony  groundn  is  the  Eickhof,  where  wealthy  volun- 
tary patients,  who  have  made  shipwreck  of  life,  through  drink  or 
fast  living,  nuiy  come,  and,  among  equals  of  their  own  class  and  Fur- 
roimded  b\'  physical  comforts.  Ije  com}Kdled  nevertheless  to  hdx)r  with 
their  own  hands.  There  is  also  a  Ijouse  wliich  welcomes  those  who 
can  find  no  opening  elsewhere  l>ecause  they  have  been  convictod  of 
dishonesty  of  snnu-  kind.  Such  are  some  of  the  wide  charities  of 
this  unique  colony. 

The  whole  atmosphoi'o  of  the  place  is  religious.  Work  which  each 
colonist  can  do  is  provided.  Almost  all  that  Bethel  uses  is  mnde  by 
the  colonists — houses,  furniture,  clotliing,  food,  etc.  There  are  book- 
binding, bo<ik  printing,  and  bookselling  establishments,  and  Ixwks 
made  at  Bethel  are  sold  throughout  Germany:  there  are  saiildlers, 
basket  makers,  and  men  in  other  trades;  there  is  a  fnnuliouse.  and  a 
brickyard  where  bricks  are  made  to  the  number  of  4,000,000  j.f  -  --:  7- 

The  Workmen's   Home  Ass<»ciaiion   muke.'t  loans  to  work 
^^ttecurity  of  land  and  house,  and  so  enables  them  to  own  their  hoioesi 


i 


THE  UNEMPLOYED  IN   EUBOPEAN    COUNTRIES- 

a  little  land.    Skilled  epileptics  are  the  architects  and  builders, 
of  thc^se  houses.    The  work  of  the  ussociation  is  spreading  to  differeni 
parts  of  the  Empire. 

Bethel  largely  supp«irts  itself  by  the  work  done  by  its  members. 
Little  or  no  pay  is  given,  even  to  those  who  do  the  skilled  work  of 
overseeing  or  directing.    They  are  assured  a  home  and  livelihood,  and 
in  case  of  sickness  or  need  they  are  provided  for.    From  the  training     ' 
homes  come  men  and  women  who,  with  no  thought  of  pay,  guide  thefl 
multitudinous  activities  of  the  colony,  or  are  sent  to  carry  on  similar 
efforts  in  Africa  and  elsewhere.    Yet  money  is  earned  in  many  ways. 
Cast-off  clothing  or  articles  of  any  nature,  collected  from  all  over  Ger-fl 
many,  are  renewed  and  made  Bt  to  be  used  by  persons  in  the  colony 
or  nre  sold  at  low  price  to  the  peasants  in  the  vicinit}'.     A  woman  in 
Geraiany  collected  a  garret  full  of  old  corks  and  sent  them  to  Biele-fl 
fold,  and  from  tliis  snuill  beginning  the  traffic  in  **  cast -off  "  articles 
has  gx'own  until  it  now  occupies  several  houses  at  the  colony,  employs     i 
40  ])eople,  and  brings  in  about  $10,000  per  year.     In  more  ordi-fl 
nary  lines  of  trade,  Bethel  puts  up  and  sells  over  the  world  pure 
bromitle,  for  which  epileptics  have  continual  neeil  and  which  it  is 
difficult  to  get  pure.    In  ten  years  over  10,000  epileptics  have  beei^fl 
thus  supplied  in  Germany  alone.  i 

Bethel  is  not  self-supporting.     The  royal  house  of  Prussia  takes     > 
great  interest  in  it  and  gxvea  many  favors  and  donations;  but  thefl 
colony  relies  more  particularly  upon  the  interest  and  gifts  of  the 
irVstphalian    farmers  who   live   in   the   district.     At    present   about 
r,500  per  year  comes  from  the  school  children  of  Germany.    Som 
►0,000  per  year  is  collected  for  the  colony  by  CO  regular  collectorsj 
The  neighboring  Provinces  appropriate  to  its  use  about  $15,000  pe 
year.     Altogether  Bethel  receives  and  spends,  apart  from  the  labor 
colony,  aboxrt  $:)00,000  per  year.    It  has  property  valued  at  6,562,057 
marks  ($1,061,770)  net. 


The  LiNoriELD  Colony,  England. 


It 

I 
I 


This  colony,  like  that  of  Bethel,  is  established  on  a  religious  basis, 
it  l)eing  a  colony  of  the  Christian  Social  Service  Union,  established 
»t  Lingfield,  Surrey,  in  1895,  as  a  home  for  epileptic  children,  and  a 
farui  colony  of  about  :250  acres  for  the  incapable.  The  following 
account  of  it  is  abridged  from  reports  securetl  during  a  visit  to  the  . 
colony  in  October,  1907.  Concerning  the  men  sent  there  considerejH 
apart  from  the  epileptic  children,  the  report  says:  ^ 

During  the  five  years  commencing  April,  1902,  324  men  have  been 
dealt  with.  Of  these,  105  were  private  cases  and  219  were  sent  by 
boardn  of  guardians.  Of  the  private  cases,  37  were  inebriates  and  01 
were  sent  to  the  colony  fflT JSftfjflJIftartllfiSTJI^^^^"*^ '  ^^^*^  '*^  work,  29 
chroaic  laziness,  6;  men  ''tnno-^-    *'•  nerv!iit'=t 


VUIXSTTX  OF  THS  BVRB&U  OF  LABOB. 


ordeis,  7;  veafc  will,  1;  epiioi>sy,  1;  oonsuniption,  1;  iodect*»cr«  1; 

reli<nous  pej'^eciUion  (a  Clui^^tiaD  Jvw),  1.  Tukii^  the  U*ta1  iiuiubcr 
of  all  cases  (3'24),  lltj  were  under  liO  years  of  age,  174  ivere  l*el«reeH 
20  anti  45,  hiuI  34  were  over  45.  Tliere  were  l').")  suceess*es  and  im 
failures,  and  3S  eases  are  still  on  ti»e  eokmv.  Of  ihose  \m*ler  '20  there 
were  fl2  sncccs?es  mul  30  failures,  and  24  are  still  at  T.ingtipld.  Be- 
tween '20  and  4r#  the  ninrilxTS  were:  Sncce?ses,  IT;  fnilun^^.  S4;  13  are 
sstill  at  Lin^riieJd.  Over  4o:  Snccfc^ie.s  4C;  failiiro-S  IT;  niu*  i^  «t!il  at 
Lin^ieid  ;  nr  a  pereeiilape  tif  OT.ii,  47.S,  and  4^.4  |s»j 
^oupj,  i'esj>ectirely,     Uf  the  succe-^ses.  VO  weut  v     _    ;  •• 

situations  in  this  conntn* ;  0  were  given  appointments  on  the  coloiiv 
Etoff;  2  became  brothert;  2  entei-ed  the  annj;  avd  1  (a  colored  man) 
mm  retiime<l  to  his  friends  in  AmericH.  The  fnihire*;  are  acxxiunted 
for  a-s  follows:  Physicallv  unfit,  <'i;  luentallv  unfit,  30:  drink.  10; 
nerves,  4;  left  to  si-vk  work.  4;  dead,  ^i:  >.uici<)e  ahroad,  1;  di^uiissiiid, 
28;  ali-^conded,  30.  <if  tlje  lU  failures  through  drink  11  were  private 
cases.  Eight  of  iJie  drink  failures  were  over  \-i  an<l  S  weiv  l>elw»H?n 
20  and  4."».  In  the  firsi.  instance,  os.  [$1.22]  iier  week  wa-i  ayked  with 
eaich  man  for  h  jHTitxl  ftf  three  monllis,  i'his  has  l>ei'n  gnidunUy 
increased,  until  now  we  a>k  10s.  6d.  f$2.5rp]  |jer  wec'k  with  each  man 
fiM"  the  whole  of  his  term  of  residence  at  Liiifffield.  Of  the  10s.  Gd. 
1^2.50]  per  ww»k  <'liurgi:Mi  for  eiich  man,  4t^  Sid.  ($L1G]  goes  in  food 
and  the  reniaiuiler  in  wear  Junl  tear,  cost  of  supervision,  and  4iriliuarv 
institutional  ehar^"^.  With  a  larger  number  of  men  this  figure  niiphl 
be  reduced.  Sixty  is  loo  small  a  number  to  constitute  an  ecanomicjil 
unit. 

Cnlntiists  are  taugiit  genoml  fanii  work,  including  milking  and 
driving,  and  market  gardening,  actxading  to  their  aptitude  and 
capacity.  The  metliod  of  training  is  to  place  every  6ve  or  tiix  iiieii 
under  the  chargi!  of  a  brotlier,  who  is  respoiudble  for  their  wcll-beiu^, 
both  indoors  and  out. 

TIjc  Rev.  J.  L.  Brtioks,  for  many  years  director  of  tlie  colony,  and 
who  is  also  a  practical  farmer.  sa\"s  that  iu  nine  yeai*«  the  colony  never 
had  one  luviUhy,  sol>er,  yoiujg,  and  industrio«is  man  A-ui  to  il. 
Nevertheless  Mr.  Brooks  claims  to  have  been  succe^ful  in  rduibilitat- 
ing  nl>oiit  Srt  pfr  cent  of  the  rases  put  undvr  h\>  hand^.  Considering 
that  it  has  resuUetl  in  ladpjerv^  lives  made  usefid.  wa^^ted  lives  re- 
rlnimed,  drunkards  restored,  an<l  mi^schief  prevent*MK  the  cost  is  prob- 
ably not  hea\-y  and  is  lef^*  than  under  the  poor  law.  The  c,  ■  '.-. 
IK  ($*2,10)  I»er  week  jwr  man  («U  cents  per  dwy).  exclusive  (»f  -, 
the  chief  it^ms  being  45%  lOti.  (fl.lft)  for  fwii^,  *i.  3d.  {5^  rentA)  fr»r 
|^.i-:._  nd  limndry,  Is.  fid.  (t^  cent*)  for  mqwrinlendencc,  and  M, 
i  i              I  wust^  and  medical  i-arf*. 

llie  4*luldrens  home  on  the  colony  accommodates  30  epileptic 
cluldron.  who  ollierwi-^-  would  lie  shut  up  in  tV  '       *  '       fj 

ihr  workhoiiHcs  anii  asylnnm.    I Iwie  (hey  haw  a  I 

In  ihv  condilimi  of  diihiren  there  is  wen  great  amelioralnm;  iti  many, 
prosj>ect  of  mnch  greater  improvemen! :  *'  '    " 

llio  buildings  and  r<Hiinr^  an*  nuiilu  i. 
H^^rained  attenthince  iii\d  ti*flching  does  all  Uiac  can  be  done 


THS  wz^mm^^mmt  sobofieak  couktries. 
THE  JiNCOfiUKilBLE  OR  A'ICIOUS. 


919 


insidertttion  is  now  giveij  to  Uint  cliisri  nmun^  the  unemploy 
who  win  not  work,  even  tlioiigli  givbo  the  uhoiice — the  vagrani 
pmpp.r.  This  cIass  Ir  probnbly  not  so  large  as  is  popularly  believed, 
partionlarlj  in  America;  but  if  those  are  includod  in  it- — sa^  they 
should  be — -who,  Lhough  they  ^icoept  work  wJieu  hard  put  lo  it  or  in 
occasional  spasms  of  induhiry*  prefer  idIeues.H.  the  class  so  considered 
is  not  small..  The  'e\{)erieitee  of  the  German  Inljor  colonies  is  that 
there  aix*  nmny  such.  In  I8I1S.  out  of  7.333  men  udiuitted  to  the  Cm^v- 
Jiuin  rtdoiiios,  only  ii,H21>  had  not  l>een  in  n  colony  before;  lil  j>er  cent 
of  the  wJiolo  nunil>er  had  l>een  in  a  colony  U'fore.  In  11)04.  out  of 
fl,Sin  adiiiilted,  only  :1.07'J  had  iiol  been  in  a  colony  bcfui-e;  oi>  i>er  cent 
had  bt^en  in  a  colony  befoie.  Such  fact:>,  of  couise.  can  Ix'  interpi^ted 
in  more  wayt;  than  one.  It  does  not  follow  that  about  ilO  jx-r  cent  of 
the  unemployed  will  not  work.  How  many  left  the  colonies  to  find 
work  and  could  not  gai  it  or  who  got  a  position  ancL  tlu'ou^h  no  fault 
of  theirs,  could  not  hold  it  is  not  known.  The  causes  of  tlieu*  return  to 
the  colonies  ui'e  not  sliown.  It  umy  be  in  part  the  fault  of  the  colonies 
in  not  perfectly  trahiing  the  men  for  work,  or,  |>erhap3,  iu  j>raviug  to 
be  to4>  attractive  to  weak  meii.  A  hundred  ciLuses  tuid  combiuiitions  of 
causes  may  lie  assigned.  Nevertheless,  the  fact  i^  suggestive  of  incor- 
rigible avoidance  or,  at  least,  of  a  very  weak  seeking  after  work. 
There  are  many  of  the  unemployed  tif  whom  this  is  true.  It  is  tlie  one 
cry  of  thohc  who  have  not  studied  the  Rub}«ct  that  men  are  unemployed 
through  theii*  own  fault  or  lx*caus*?  tlie}-  will  not  work,  arul  this  19^ 
the  l>eUef  of  some  who  have  hud  experience  in  the  matter.  But  it^ 
is  tlie  usual  statement  of  Salvation  Ai'my  workers  and  of  most  labor 
•culony  fuaiuigej*s  and  the  like  that  the  nmre  one  atudies  the  uneia- 
i^*ed  the  more  mu*  l)elieve^  that  if  rightly  hamlled  and  wisely  aided 
tau^t.  the  lav*£V'  majority,  even  of  ilie  iuelMcicnt  unemployed, 
tn  be  made  to  prefer  work  to  idleness. 

iiut  few  or  many,  tlie  ()ue»>tion  ariK'R,  What  shall  l»e  donr  with  tin 
tiduum    whi)   will    not    work    for   reas<»n>i  *4   vicit>«^)ess  or   iuciU'-- 
-igible   idlencHs^     The  qncsiiuu  of  ]ian<lling  the  antuHUy  criiuinn] 
iploycd  does;  iKit  ctmic  witliiii  the  limits  of  this  inriiiiry. 
For  tlie  vicious  and  the  incorrigible  unemployed  two  main  ineaBUnes^ 
e  tptiopo6ed«   (1)   refut-m  schools,  shops,  or  farms,  and   (:i]   penal 
colonies. 

ESPECIAL   REFORM    SCHOOLS    AND   INSTITUTIONS. 

The  experierco  of  the  l>est  reform  institution?  on  liotli  sides  of  thi 
Atlantic  iiulicate^  that  ebperial  reform  «^ools  and  institutions  ai 
xho  best  phiees  fi>r  Vlie  vicious  and  inciUTlgible,  nltlnnigli  they  shonli 
if  possible,  l>e  e-specially  adapted  to  the  nee<U  of  the  particular  classes 
the  vicioitH  and  incorrigible.     It  is  stated  that  the  vicious  aad 


i^g^g^g^ 


920 


BULLETIN   OF   THB   BtTtEAU  OP  LABOB. 


incorrigible  vugrual  should  not  In?  put  in  nny  fomi  of  juvenile  its* 
forrnator}'  or  school,  neither  should  he  be  permitted  to  fissociate  with 
the  vicious  and  incorrigible  who  have  done  won^c  things  than  be  idle; 
that  thorough  dilferentiation  and  grading  in  n*form  schools  and 
inslilution.s  are  at  least  as  nee»?^::rj'  as  Wt  public  schools,  and  that  to 
some  sort  of  refonn  school  or  institution  the  vagrant  should,  if  pos- 
flible,  be  sent,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  large  numlwrs  of  those  who  are 
vicious  and  incorrigible  can  be  reformed  and  because  large  numbers 
are  i-eformed.  If  institutions  like  the  Ehnira  Refornmtory  in  New 
York  and  njeusures  like  llic  Borstal  .syi-tem  in  England  can  reform 
very  large  percentages  of  those  more  vicious  thnn  the  vicious  and 
incorrigible  idler,  at  least  equal  results  may  hf*  looked  for  with  the 
idlers.  The  new  penologA'  places  no  limits  upon  the  reformatory 
possibilities  of  men.  It  is  pointed  out  that  many  of  those  who  not 
only  seem  to  be.  but  ;ire  vicious  nnd  incorrigible,  need  only  h  per- 
sistent, wise,  and  friendly  (though  not  weak)  teaching  to  he  made 
very  different;  that  they  should  doubtless  be  committed  to  these 
institutions  by  due  process  of  law,  hut  that  the  basis  of  the  sentence 
should  bv*  "the  indetei*minate  sentence,"'  and  the  length  of  their  stay 
and  their  treatment  in  the  institution  should  depend  wholly  u|)on 
their  conduct;  that  they  should  be  taught  trades  and  not  alloweil  to 
go  out  until  situations  an*  found  for  them;  Hnally,  that  they  should 
be  made  to  work  and  should  not  be  too  indulgently  treated. 

FENAIi  COLONIES. 

Penal  colonies  ma}'  be  considered  as  an  especial  clnss  of  reform 
institutions  more  particularly  l>e]onging  to  the  present  j^ubject.  They 
are  generally  for  those  who  prove  themselves  to  be  vicious  and  incor- 
rigible idlers.  Yet  even  such  must  not  be  wholly  despaired  of,  and 
penal  colonies,  it  is  stated,  should  l>e  conducted  on  the  general  prin- 
ciples for  reform  institutions  indicated  above,  with  modifications, 
however,  Iwcause  of  the  fact  that  i>ersistont  vice  and  incorrigible  idle- 
nt'ss  are  usually  accompanieil  by,'  or  protluctive  of.  such  dulling  or 
degeneration  of  mental  and  sometimes  physical  powens  as  makes  many 
persons  of  this  class  either  half-witted  or  in  some  way  abnormal  and 
degt*nerate.  AMien  this  becomes  more  marke<l  than  tlieir  vicioiisncss 
and  willful  idleness,  they  must  be  passed  into  another  class. 

The  main  European  examples  of  penal  colonies  are  iu  Belgium, 
IFollund,  and  Switzerland. 

Rkixiitm. 

Under  the  Belgian  jK>or-la\v  system  Belgium  has  five  penal  colo- 
nies, of  which  three  arc  for  men  and  two  for  women.  Besides  the 
|xnal  colonics  there  Hrv  workhouses  and  schools  of  charity,  tlie  work- 


THE  UNEMPLOYED  IN 


bouses  being  subsidiary  to  the  penal  colonies.  Private  charity  pro- 
vides for  at  least  one-hnlf  of  the  indigents,  but  the  disbur.^nient  is  con- 
trolled by  the  iState.  The  schools  of  charity  are  compulsory  training 
schools  for  youths  up  to  IS  who  have  become  vagrants  or  who  have 
oommitted  misdemeanoi's.  The  expense  for  these  institutions  is 
divided  equally  among  the  State,  Province,  and  commune.  ^ 

The  colonies  for  men  are  maintained  by  the  Government  at  Menc-  ™ 
plas,  Wortel,  and  Hoogstraeten,  situated  a  few  miles  from  Turnhoutj 
east  from  Antwerp,  and  are  called  Colonies  Agricoles  de  Bienfaisance. 
They  are  practically  penal  institutions,  though  occasionally  men  go 
to  them  voluntarily;  but  this  is  rare. 

When  Belgium  becanie  an  independent  Kingdom,  in  18JK),  she 
possessed  six  so-called  ''depots  de  meudicite ''  (colonies  for  beggars) 
situated  in  different  Provinces,  and,  besides  these,  two  so-called  colo- 
nies of  mercy,  one  at  Merxplas  and  one  at  Wortel,  established  by  the 
Dutch  Society  of  Beneficence  when  the  land  on  which  they  were 
located  belonged  to  Holland.  Merxplas  was  a  ])enal  colony  for 
vagrants  adaptctl  for  agricultural  lalior,  and  Wortel  a  fn-e  colony 
somewhat  similar  to  the  present  Dutcli  fre«  colonies  already  cou- 
sidered.  U 

The  colonies  at  Merxplas  and  Wortel,  however,  were  suppressed 
in  lft41,  on  the  conclusion  of  the  contract  between  the  S<iciely  of 
Beneficence  and  the  Dutch  Government.  ■ 

Lnter  three  of  the  colonies  for  Ix'ggars  were  suppreswHl.  Tl^e  one 
at  Bruges  was  made  a  colony  for  women  over  18  years  of  age,  and 
that  at  Reokheim  was  made  a  reform  scliool  for  boys  between  15 
and  18  years  of  age.  Only  the  depot  of  Hoogstraeten  was  retained 
in  its  original  character,  but  it  was  enlarged.  The  suppressed  colo- 
nies  of  Merxplas  and  Wortel  (the  territory  on  which  they  stoodfl 
having  l)een  acquired  by  Belgium  in  1870)  were  added  to  it,  and  all 
three,  being  on  adjoining  lands,  were  convertetl  into  penal  colonies 
calle<],  since  1804^  ''  Colonies  de  Bienfaisance  de  TEtat/'  ■ 

The  three  colonies  are  conducted  under  one  general  din'ctorship 
and  yet  are  distinct.  Hoogstraeten  and  Wortel  are  aiUed  maisons  do 
refuge,  and  Merxplas,  much  the  largest  of  the  three,  a  depot  de 
mendicite.  Hoogstraeten,  where  the  general  director  of  the  three 
colonies  resides,  is  Intended  esjK^cially  for  the  old  or  the  infirm, 
imable  to  work  or  able  only  to  do  very  little.  A  few,  however,  of 
the  able-l>odied  are  kept  here  also,  to  carry  on  the  needed  lal>or. 

Wortel  is  intended  for  those  able  to  work  and  driven  to  beggiuj 
or  vagrancy  only  throtigh  lack  of  work,  or  for  those  who  come  oi 
their  own  accord,  armed,  however,  with  a  communal  (or  munici] 


988 


VtTLLEl'VN    OF 


L*  iJP 


authoriscatioii.     In  ueithnr  4)f  th««1 
against  Uis  TV'ill  imire  than  one  roar. 


a  4mffi 


he  di 


MiTXpluh  IK  iiitfTKled  for  tlioM*  'i.vlio  ore  able  to  Avttr 


I  M 


do  H(t,  who  iLroiigli  clioiw^  druiiki'UUL*us«  or  vw^rmu'^ 
pioffSHioiial  Ix^g^rtJ  ov  vaffrants,  <»r  «^ho  have*  been  **  sontiminirE  '' 
(sustainirs  or  ruuDW-s  fi>i  >.  or  fwr  b^gpEifb  «itd  ra- 

.grantb  coiuleiiini^d  l>y  thp  ^  lor  ei  least  mie  rmr.  and 

io,  aX  tiie  expirfttioii  uf  ttiis  tei3XL»  laufii  be  kepi  an  st  t44e  dispooH 
tion  of  tile  CioviTiiinfiil  not  1^**^  tlmu  cum*  or  ni»ir«r  liiait  srvuii  Tflars 
kinger.     Tbt^  utmutes  of  MerxpLus  ure  divided  iulo  bix  cl^s-srs: 

1,  The  daugirrous,  the  incorrigible,  ihe  imiiricn-alt  tbe  **  Bcmtenottrs.* 
-S.  Those   under   poluH'  surv*   '^  '     -*.'   who  U»TC  ^weafttd,  4tfid 

n  rehinied  to  Ute  colonies  mi  /  me,  and  tkoBe 

for  nmre  tJiuii  a  cKree-year  ienn. 
5.  Those  eondeintied  for  two  m*  three  ywini. 

4.  Tbowe  l)etween  I  lie  ages  «f  IS  and  ^21. 

5.  Tike  invalids  und  the  infirnt. 
0.  Tndividuiilh  eonuuitted  for  the  tirst  time  iukI  who  hatv<e  tkA 

in  tt  houae  of  I'e.fu^  before. 

The  three  colonies  taken  together  seem  like  a  ^eat  military  |Mu*k, 
oared  for  wrth  strict  military  diticiidine.  The  roads  iire  lilteihe  car- 
riage driven?  of  a  g^at  estutv,  tlie  hinl^ew  carefulh'  (rimnit^d^  the  tj'ow 
numbered  and  watched;  the  proiinds  are  worked  by  scpiads  ol  xsoi- 
onist«,  nndef  nrtned  snirveillnnre;  n  detarhmeTTl  of  ir>0  soldiers  piiartls 
x}w  whr>!e  phire.  This  is  perhaps  neoef«ar)',  ns  in  DecenilH?i%  15>tlG, 
tlrere  wen'  (»,»09  eolonists,  1,197  in  Hm>g8traeten  and  Wortrf,  «iid 
li,!!^  in  Mcrxjilas.  llon•r>^1Tn*rten  occupies  tla»  birildings  of  an  fdd 
circular  castle,  and  is  h1ill  surrounded  In'  a  ranni  ur  large  moat. 
Merxpla?:  is  a  largo  industrial  prison.  One  can  wander  from  room  to 
monj  for  ilavs  and  find  each  day  n^-w  indus?trK*s.  Alnwwt  fvevr  tmdr 
IS  ivi)rG.sented.  and  thai  by  large  worksl»o])s.  All  i*^  h\  mifitary 
order.  Ami  all  has  been  develo|>ed  by  the  roloni.its.  ITjey  have 
erected  the  building;  arcluterti?  among  them  have  created  the  do- 
sigi  s.  and  draft.smcn  amonp:  tlieni  ha^*e  drawn  the  plans.  Tbey 
1niv«'  biiTli  the  gas  house  anil  made  the  nuichiiies;  they  hare  made  the 
furuitnre  very  hugely,  even  tlie  carving  in  the  chiqieL  Prirriin;;  is 
done  liert*;  every  l«ind  of  weaving,  fnruitiU'e  malting,  making  of  jtenrl 
bufTnn.^.  ele.  The  nunhinerj  is  mniidy  oF  antiijiuHed  de-ign?^  TI>e 
object  is  not.  to  teach  tnules  and  cwate  workiueu,  but  to  occupy  laeii 
and  retnove  them  frcmi  a  world  where  tliey  are  not  wanted.  ' 
iug  them  ul  lln',low»»st  cof^t,  anil  ye(  hiinuincly.  although  ntp  f 

ipervwi(»ii.    Heading  matter,  opportunity  for  fmoking,  arul  rtdi*. 
^ml  mcdicul  attendance  an*  provided.     The  cost  of  maintenance  b  coo- 


THE   UK£MPLOYCD  IN    EUBOP&AN    COUKTEIES. 


■4 


aidered  to  be  about  13  cents  })er^heud  per  day  for  the  able-bodied  a 
14  cents  per  day  for  the  invalid  and  infirm.     A  daily  gi*ant  of 
centimes  (13  cents)  per  head  i^  made  by  the  State,  the  Prf>vinoe,  and 
die  commune   (municipalities  and  towns).     SuiaJl  wa^s  are  paid, 
«\"eniging  from  12  to  30  centimes  (2  to  6  cents)  |>er  day,  duriiij^  good 
liehnvior.     Good  work  is  also  rewardetl  with  colony  money,  enabling 
one  to  buy  tobacco  or  otlier  things  at  the  canteen  at  cost  price.     Goo< 
behavior  can  also  i\?duce  tlie  miuinium  tenn  from  two  years  to  thir-     , 
ieeu  montli^.     Some  of  the  work  of  the  colonists  is  sold  to  dea]erS|S 
or  jobs  are  taken,  as  in  the  manufacture  of  buttons  of  ail  kindsi^ 
The  larf£e  uiim()ei-s  with  military  discipline  make  pf>ssihle  very  eco- 
aomio  and  etfective  organization,  but  also  render  nearly  impossible^ 
much  personal  influence  on  the  men.     It  is  probable  that  witli  such 
numbers  this  is  the  only  pt»ssible  .system.     The  mere  lierdin^  of  so 
many  men  of  tliis  character  toother,  even  though  classified  into  sec-^f 
tions  and  the  W(trst  removed  from  contact  with  the  rest,  must  liave  a 
delerioi-aling  eiFert  on  mauy.     The  Englisji  Vajtjruncy  Report  quotes     , 
the  director  as  saying  that  as  soon  as  one  {period  of  detention  is  ovcj:fl 
the  colonist  is  generally  returned  to  the  colony  for  another  term,  and     ' 
that  it  is  only  exceptionally  that  a  rescue  can  be  eiTecte<l  among  the, 
social  wret'kage  which  forms  the  basis  of  tlie  population  of  the  colonyj 
Tills  is  borne  out  by  the  follr»wing  tables  prepared  by  the  administra- 
tion of  the  colonies,  showing  the  rewnt  statistics: 


ARSiTALS 

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J 

-H  t    l,7iD 
•  1     1.003 

"■1  1    1, 376 

iua     1.1*7 

K9% 
«.» 

6.7] 

6.30 

nKEMPliOYBD  rx  BUBOPEAW  rOtTNTRTES. 

one  in  tlie  Canton  of  Ap|>enzoIl.  But  by  far  the  lx?st  and  mo<^ 
siuttavssful,  and  porhups  the  most  siircessfiil  pi-nal  colony  in  tlio  world, 
is  AVilzwjI,  in  the  Canton  of  Bern.  It  was  established  in  1895  on 
2,000  acres,  near  the  northeast  end  of  the  Lake  of  \cuchatel.  All 
the  land  in  the  vicinity  was  considered  useless,  water-logged  soil,  and 
was  subject  to  repeated  inundations.  Extensive  works  of  redemp- 
tion, however,  have,  after  many  efforts,  redeemed  the  land,  and  two- 
thirds  of  it  is  now  under  cultivation.  The  colony  Is  under  the  control 
of  the  police  committee  of  the  Canton  of  Bern.  It  receives  persons 
sentenced  by  the  criminal  courts  for  terms  of  imprisonment  up  to 
three  years,  and  also  those  convicted  of  habitual  vagi'ancy  or  refusal 
to  work.  It  hus  nccommodations  for  alx)ut  *iOO  men,  though  it  rarely 
has  more  than  150.  It  had,  in  IDOC,  an  averiige  number  of  1-44,  var}'- 
ing  from  166,  February  22,  to  120,  September  1.  The  total  nuuiber 
who  passed  through  the  colony  that  year  was  23C.  The  management 
consisted  of  a  staff  of  45  pei-sons.  This  small  nund»or  of  colonists 
can  obviously  be  handled  very  differently  from  the  5,000  at  Merxplas, 
and  perhaps  the  key  to  WitzwyFs  success  is  in  the  personal  conluct  of 
the  staff  with  the  men.  Tlic  surveillants,  who  are  unarmed,  work 
ith  the  men.  Mr.  Edniond  Kelly  has  given  a  somewhat  enthubi- 
:ic,  but,  it  is  believed,  n  correct  account  of  Wi(zwyl.('') 

The  first  thing  that  strikes  the  visitor  at  Witzwyl  is  the  absence  of 
all  those  features  which  render  Merxplas  attractive.  The  roads  are 
not  kept  like  the  carriage  drive  of  a  private  park,  the  borders  are  not 
machine  mown  and  rolled,  nor  are  the  hedges  trimmed  like  those  of  a 
suburban  viHa.  'J'lie  innuites  <io  not  wi»rk  in  S(|uads,  and  tiie  sur- 
veillants are  not  armed,  nor  is  there  the  atmosphere  gf  military  dis- 
cipline and  order  which  characterizes  the  Belgian  institution.  The 
roads,  though  inelegant,  are  good  farm  roads,  the  buildings  are  sound 
farm  buihliugs;  the  surveillants  are  hardly  distinguishable  fi*om  tho 
inmates,  and  work  wilh  them.  To  this  last  feature  the  director  at- 
taches gi-eat  and  nn'rited  importance.  As  he  says  in  his  n^port  of 
11)04,  by  working  with  the  men  *'  i*  is  easier  to  gain  their  confidence 
than  by  polished  disi'oui>e  in  an  oflice  kept  warm  in  the  winter  and 
freeh  in  the  summer,  where  the  inmate  will  never  l>e  able  to  rid  him- 
self of  the  impression  thtit  his  superior  luis  no  idea  of  the  diftirulties 
he  has  to  overcome  nor  of  the  hardship  of  the  work  he  is  called  upon 
to  undergo,"  Moreover  the  surveillants,  by  working  with  the  in- 
mates, not  only  earn  their  wages,  but  serve  by  their  example  to  give 
the  atmosphere  of  work  indispensable  for  the  success  of  sucn  an  insti- 
tution. 

The.  nourii^hmcnt  is  not  only  sufficient,  but  is  strengthening.  The 
diret:tor  states  that  goml  nourishment  is  tho  !>est  means  for  ctiring 
drunkards  and  those  who  have  fallen  into  a  condition  of  physical 
degeneration. 


«The  rnotijplfiynblefl,  i).  24, 
4«120— K«n.  7n— OS 18 


926 


BUXXETIN   OF  TttK  BITItBAt?    OP  LABdB. 


m 


Tl)«re  aw  rerj'  few  ei«capet>;  from  two  to  fiv^  per  umuin.    TVi» 
•re  twomirwilUntN  for  Icri  1<»  i      '  mI  AN  it/- 

niHU^  Imsa  c*'Il  of  his  own,  will  n  I»mt» 

cells  an'  111  liy  elootrichy,  aiitl  ii»»'  inriiuif^ 
lliMn  so  as  to  jrivi-  ihotn  as  honidik**  an  aj'j 
walls  of  some  of  them  nm  rovot^l  with  pi*^iir«*  ml  from  i>fi 
bits  of  ciinisi  wr>CMi,  family  nhotoprnphs*  rviTcrreeiift,  nishi^^     __ 
Uu»  othtT  iiii'X|>e»»ivv  iiwthixiis  of  (Ksx>t*titioii  which  mi  in^oioii«pc- 
soii  cnn  fiiitl  in  stich  an  environment.     Con  '  "    *   '  :      j^ 

diiriiip  work  tinii*,  Imt  (h**  jiit'scntv  of  a  mii 
th»»  o\ils  whirh  |>pnitontUrv  coiivoi'satioii  is  lik*Iy  tu 
are  piinishmrnt  rt'Ils,  whidi  an*  siiniliir  to  thf*  of  h^r  <••■' 
plunk   is  sul)?^tituted   for  a   IxhI.     Moi  ^ 
th«M>  cells,  and  then  again  it  is  sfjiuotn 

or  three  times  in  a  f^ini^k*  month.     Inmates  who  do  not  ytvld 
mnnl  intluiMur  of  ll»>  plnoe  iiiv  hrought  hy  iho  iliroctor  before  a 
iKlrutc  untl  si'ut  to  a  penitentiary.    Thosf«  inmates  who  aro  «!( 
ing  kH  5  frnncs  f07  riMits]  a  nionfh  for  th»'ii*  v    ^  '. 
These  are  the  Bnancial  results  of  the  vear  IV' 


12.  i!O2.00 


f37. 


y  intit-^ 


11 

1 

^" 

1 

(■;..,::.. 40 

(iV  *Hffn 

1*>7.  UTZJ.  iri 

(W  »l»*r>.  17 

TliL*  proivetlH  uf  tUu  workstlup  omuuutMl  in . 

J'roiHHfli*   ot  ngrUMiliure-.-. .- * ^^ 

After  havinjf  paid  all  their  exjien- 
li».it:»7.1»:i  francs  |$3,M51.h«l.     But  I  Ik-  ^ 
tht?  follow]  ng^: 

A  *liiil  nf   rint^i'iilinf ^        .     _  ,  .. »«-,— «,^ 

A   mIiiMk   r-V  rows ... -     - 

iimtnlliidoii  or  rlivtrloUy  ut  I'^t'heubof ^_.— _ 

ln*>(ulliitl<tii  of  wnltT  |)Uh) 

lucrtMiw  Ui  muchliitTy.  tools,  etc.. 

Total  ... * 

relucting  from  (his  sum  the  deficit  of  lf».l»57.1>3  franr^  [^i,s:»l. 
whidi  wa>i  ftirnisliod  by  the  State,  tht;  balHnc<»  .*sho«r»  a   pn  " 
87.11.v:.()  fpUK's  |iFM»,S13.29J  reprivscntwl  by  new  buiJdifi|p«,  mxki 
tools,  and  improvements. 

This  excellent  finnncinl  result  is  due  to  the  fact  that   lh< 
n  j^Jcilled  farmer.     Wil/wyl,  l>efore  it  was  piiichaht«»i  by  tin 
Tirrn,  WHS  f\ploi(ed  by  n  c(»inpiiny  ut  a  lo^^t  so  jjreat   th. 
pmiy  failed  and  it  wa.s  pyii  up  o(  pnblie  auction.     Mr,  Jv* 
the  appliculion  to  this  domain  of  sound  ii;rrietdtiu^|   nt. 
matle  It  par.     It  ran  not  bo  too  often  repeated  that    tJii* 
agricultiiml  rather  than  induhtriaL    It  will  bv  seen    tluit   the 
eeeds  for  jiprieuhure  for  \'^0T)  nmouiiteil  lo  IK'  -  ■  •  ■•     -  ^j 

l;iU.(H  |,  whereas  those  from  t)ie  work^iops  jii!. 
fnin.  1.00].     The  .*  m 

of  111'  iiat  tlie  survi.  > 

the   ilitiiates, 

liiM  tins  JH  not  all.     This  colony  not  only  maiingt»js  l.*  ,.., , 
peubcs,  but  ulau,  by  a  Tcry  liiiuple  iai>thod,  it  reforms  all  tUo^*  i 


TH£   UNEMPLOTED   15    EXJJtOPEAai   COCHTBIES. 


of  reformalion,  Tlie  inmates  are  offere*!  at  the  expirsition  of  theii 
temi  the  fh<»ice  of  working  for  a  [htjikI  ut  iIm*  frwt  colony  of  Tan- 
nenliof,  or  of  working  in  soiu*?  of  the  numerous  small  colonies  which 
the  director  is  ciij^affcil  in  instituting  nronnd  Wrtzwvl.  This  is  |>er- 
hap»  the  fenturr  of  Witzwyl  whioli  is  ma<t  worthy  of  our  considera- 
tion. It  represents  the  naturil  growth  of  «Krh  an  institution  as 
Witzwyl  and  Tannenhof  under  the  direction  of  ■  man  who  is  as  much 
concerned  with  reforming  his  inmates  as  with  making  the  institution 
pay,  Tiuinenhof  includes  not  only  vag:nints,  but  also  indi^^nt  per- 
sons of  the  Canton  who  are  untitted  by  tigc,  illness,  or  nctiiU'nt  from 
carninjr  their  bread  in  the  open  niarkH.  The  tariff  of  wapes  ^ven 
at  Taimenhof  is  therefore  low,  anil  ahle-lxKlied  inmate's  of  Witzwyl 
are  unwilling*  to  work  at  Tannenhof  on  account  of  the  low  rate  of 
wages  j>rovailing  there.  This  naturally  sngge^tod  to  the  director  the 
idea  of  org^iinizinp  aromid  Witzwyl  small  ct^loiiies  to  which  able-bod- 
ied inmates  «.f  Witzwyl  could  l)e  sent  after  the  expiration  of  their 
term,  and  when*  ihey  could  l>e  at  Mice  empkiyed  at  n  fair  snlar>*  re- 
moved from  tl>e  temptation  to  drink.  There  has  sprungr  around 
Witzwyl,  therefore,  such  <x>U>nies  as  Nusshof.  Xeuerhof,  Esch»»nhof» 
and  liirkeuhof.  where  llic  inmates  of  Wit/.wyl  ui  the  expiration  of 
their  term  can  not  only  save  monej',  but  Ite  gradually  prepan^d  for 
restoration  to  the  o]:>en-Iabor  market.  *  *  *  At  these  suIht 
the  inmates  eat  with  their  employers.  The}'  are  allowed  to  smoko, 
they  have  goo<l  nouri.shment*  they  are  not  confined  in  their  cells,  an< 
they  generally  c<mie  to  sucrh  a  gCKjd  understanding  with  the  manag«*ra] 
that  after  departure  Ihey  often  return  on  a  friendly  visit.  The  dirtHMi 
has  even,  in  a  very  small  way.  Ix'gun  reconstituting  scattered  familii 
by  furnishing  thcin  with  a  cottage  for  which  they  pay  80  francs 
[5^15. 44]  rent  a  year,  by  rnH>lf>yinfr  (lu^ni  <in  ilio  c»tlt>ny  and  by  furnish- 
ing to  thi'ir  wives  and  chiltlrcii  lod^n^  for  a  ci>w  and  gi'ound  ennngjli 
to  cultivate  vegetables.  This  jmrt  of  the  experiment  is  comparatively 
new,  but  the  director  states  that  already  some  families  are  in  a  poi?iti*>n 
which  has  made  it  jwssiblc  for  them  not  only  to  support  themselves 
but  also  to  begin  to  put  away  money. 

This  account  is  correct:  nevertheless,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  thai 
Witzwyl  is  n  prison.  In  s<ime  of  it<  appointments  it  is  more  prison- 
like  than  the  great  dormitories  at  Merxpla^^,  Most  of  the  colonist! 
at  Witzwyl  eat,  sleep,  and  spend  their  free  time  in  their  cellsj  whicl 
they  contrive  often  to  make  homelike.  Work  hours  begin  at  5J3 
a.  m.  in  the  siinnncr  and  at  fi  in  the  winter.  Dinner  is  at  ll.IiO*  am 
each  man  takes  his  ration  fi-om  the  kitchen  to  his  cell,  where  he 
mains  till  l!2.:^0  p.  m.  Only  men  working  at  a  distance  have  theii 
dinner  taken  to  them.  Much  instruction  is  given  iu  evening  clas 
and  religious  exercises  are  prominent,  A  chaplain  make;*  weekl; 
visits.  The  terms  of  detention  may  he  *:hortene<l  one-third  by  good 
bcharior.  A  smnll  bonus  is  given  for  good  work*  and  fai'c  as  far 
the  frontier  is  paid  on  diHmission; 


BULLETIK   OF   THE    BimKAU  OF   LABOR. 


Agrioulturnl  work  is  the  main  occiipatioii.  tiu*  puitling  princij 
being  "to  improve  tho  land  hy  nu»n  and  the  nien  by  land.''  Tho 
direclor  l>elieves  that  most  men  can  \ye  taught  to  work  and  saved  by 
work^  «nd  that  acfricultiiral  work  ishpst.  Thi*  fii'st  yoar  only  is  niado 
mainly  punitive.  Statistics  as  to  the  nnnilxT  of  men  iiennanently 
reformed  are  not  available,  but  it  is  proluibly  much  higher  than  at 
the  fi-oe  colonies.  Many  believe  that  the  \*icious  an?  usually  more 
capable  of  reform  than  the  morally  weak.  On  disrhargt*  from  the 
colony  the  men  are  provided  for,  if  it  is  possible,  either  as  a  paid 
laborer  of  the  colony,  by  a  disirharged  prisoner's  aid  sodety,  or  by 
admisi^ion  into  a  vohmtary  farm. 

Witx\vyl  has  the  somewhat  remarkable  record  of  being  self-sup- 
porting, chiefly  through  tlie  sale  of  the  dairy  product.  It  receives 
Govcriuuent  aid,  which  is  mainly  used  for  extensions  and  improve- 
ments, but  the  reclamation  of  the  land  has  probably  moi^  than 
doubled  its  original  value,  and  the  property  with  improvements  is 
worth  more  than  the  original  sum  paid  for  it,  plus  tlie  ^'anls  which 
have  been  given.  The  following  statistics  are  from  the  report  of 
the  colony  for  the  year  lOOC: 

Colouista,  January  1,  IIKW 

Colonists.  LHvenil»er  31.  190« 

Entered  durinir  tlie  year 

Passeil  (tut  iliirlii)^  the  jeur — 

By  cuiuiilt'ttou  of  term—.. 

By  ptirilun , 

By  trnnsferenee 

Ry  esenpe. 

By  doatii. 


Total 

Committe*!  for  tlie  fliTt  time... 

KecouiUiltied  - -_ ~. 

Prntestnnts - -. 

Romuii  Catbollcft . 

JUnKlf 

Married   

Widowed 

Hriuirated , 

CJ<»o(J  Hlucntloru. — „„— - 

r*»or  rdiicntiou 

WItlioul  eiluciitlun 

AfcrlouUuml   lobnrcrM 
ArtlJtunri  niul  skUlod  liMi..rpi'«. 

lu  rnimm:TttL-- 

WUliout  uccuimtlon » ■, 


235 

..__   IKS 

4S 

1ST 

48 

1 

50 

--       0 
-     21 

18T 
4B 

1 

114 

110 

14 

12 


THE  UNEMPLOYED   IN    KVROPEAS   COUNTRIES. 


929 


AOGRGGATH:  DAVS  inmates  or  WITZWYL  TENAL  TOIXINY,  SWlTZERfiAND. 
WERE  NOT  EMPLOYKD  AND  AGGREGATE  DAYS  EMrLOTED  AT  EACH  KIND 
OF    EMPUIYMENT,    HY    MONTHS.    lOOa 


^ft           Montb. 

Days  not  employod. 

Dfty  t  entplored. 

rivmlL 

<nna> 

Biek. 

dftyi. 

T0UI. 

Minor 
duUu«. 

too 

119 
133 
03 
VH 
107 
U8 
109 
lOQ 
104 
131 
141 

HouflB- 
work. 

30S 
199 
214 
178 
170 
IflA 
188 
173 
IM 
ItiS 
1« 
180 

T»nor- 
ing. 

8boe- 

rnaklDK 

ftDd 

■ad- 

dlery. 

wood- 
work. 

Bk 

1« 

ao 

17 
34 
19 
14 
tt 
t« 
33 
3S 
22 
24 

I 

»' 

35 

0 
M 
U 

0 

2" 

10 

m 
10s 

117 
OB 
M 
M 
OS 

n 

51 
40 

04 

07 

740 

WJ 
571 
703 
<U7 
514 
690 
484 
013 
407 

&a2 

800 

887 
734 
705 

907 
770 

m\ 

734 
571 
003 
500 
040 
007 

130 
130 
138 
85 
73 
30 
fiO 
30 
38 
45 
93 
109 

77 

n 

81 
73 
71 
30 
48 
34 
38 
31 
G4 
75 

137 

^BLui.«»» 

130 

^Hh«*.B. 

156 

^^BwLit 

132 

^^B!kw 

130 

^^BSfSL 

to 

^^fttfM 

01 

HBSkii- 

02 
56 

^^H^^SCh 

g 

^^I^^S^la 

53 

^B\-»„k-. 

127 

|p           Toul 

236 

102 

877 

7,643 

8.7GB 

i.4(n 

2.103  1        M2 

000 

1.101 

H           Uucith. 

Dayt 

ODplof 

od. 

Iron- 
worlL 

Buket 

work. 

Tnrf 
die- 
gtnr 

BuUd- 
Ins- 

Day 
labor. 

Impmn- 
menu. 

^SlS"-      ToU,. 

Onmd 
toul. 

Janunrr 

February 

1        100 
'         97 

' .,^ 

430 

709 
liB 
36 

£48 
154 

fisa 
100 
m 
m 
us 

108 

io' 

30 

u 

1 

1 

U8 
200 

U7 
3(0 
SQO 

3 

70 

2.751 
3,104 
3,500 
3,«6B 

t.aco 

'  2.570 
3.265 
2.004 
3.301 
3.001 

3.«n 

3.870 

4.110 
3.843 
4.052 
3,303 
3.058 
3.  £05 
3.490 
3.461 
3.2S5 
3,565 
3,7Sl 

a.  mo 

5^001 

4,570 

UAFffh 

,         119 
106 

18 
00 
OS 

m 
ift 

70 

00 

9 

iiS 

K  April 

laoo 

■l^.i  .1  ..    . : 

i' 

IS 

414 

210 

44 

4,428 

^Jw..:::::;:::::::: 

4,117 

July 

4,X14 

Angusc 

4,023 

& 

4I151 

Octobtrr 

Novrnilwr 

6 
» 

i" 

2421 

Doccmbcr 

* 

iTTa 

Total 

'J 

W4 

as 

735 

3,042 

1    m 

LW 

m^etu 

43  MA 

52.101 

■ 

The  colonies  around  Witzwvl  are  mainly  smnll.  but  the  following 
quottition  from  Mr.  Kelly  regarding 


thorn  IS  interesting 


ItrLKH  .VXD  nEC3ri«\TIONa  OF  MPSnOF  COLONY. 


» 


1.  Tho  Wtowyl  colony  hns  a  Imme  at  Xiiashof  for  dlsclinrcptl  Iniuntes,  the 
object  of  whfrh  H  ti>  pr<ivlilo  tli<i«t»  nmonp  tlio  liUter  who  \v\n\\  to  nitike  better 
use  of  their  liberty  with  a  home,  to  be  eonslderwl  as  an  Intermediary  stnge  be- 
tween tlir  forotnl  labor  col*>[iy  tind  Hit*  oiitor  world. 

As  long  aR  there  Is  room  nncmpJoyed  workmen  ore  free  to  enter  the  Itome 
»nd  to  wf>rk  there  on  the  Mime  lines  ns  the  other  rolonists. 

2.  Employment  Is  given  and  n  contraet  entered  Into  between  the  foreman  and 
the  colonlftls. 

3u  Colonists  nin»r  furnish  proof  that  their  Uili*  eondnrt  hna  been  fiiitUfiietory. 

Crlpldeji  or  workmen  pufferlnc  from  lnf*M.'tluna  diwiises  nrv  not  Hdinitted, 

4.  Colonists  mnst  obey  the  mica  of  the  establishment. 

I»rnnkenheKfl  attd  nnrnly  belmvlor  are  followed  l»y  lTnn»e<llate  lUsmlssal. 

r».  (^'olontrttB  are  not  ollowcd  to  leave  Wltxwyl  wtthont  on  antherlzattun  from 
[the  dlrtx'ior. 

fl.  CoIonlHis  who  have  shown  Indnstry  and  enpaolty  can  attain  positions  of 
rust. 

7.  TolonlstJ*  reeiMvp  free  bmird  and  lo^lRlnK,  and  working  oMhes. 

Special  ngreements  ar*  entered  Info  with  akllled  Inhorera  ae  repirda  remu- 
ineratlon. 


930 


BULLBTIN   OF  THE    Bt'RKAr  OF  LABOR. 


ft.  rolonl»U  wbo  mtvr  Hf  -^'-i''  '.■--■■»  i-    »» ^-  '.-r  (DocMikb^r  1  lo  tto«  tofl 

of  Kohrnnry)   riNoh**  rn»  w  .•  who  toiler  In  tbe  •BOM 

HUT  tit*  iiutuitiii   <. March  J  _;iiil  wtiose  vf'cirk  fs  emtm 

facirtry,  rw«elve  redtic*^!  wa^ios  during  ibe  *»U»ter  niontlis. 

It.  \Vap-V4  viiiy  from  t'H  ceiiilnH-M  In  IJifi  fraiirH  [10  (n  29  oentjil  i»r  dny.  Tlte 
fbrniiru  Ox  the  wit^es  \n  Un"  UeKliinliig, 

VK  l>iirtnx  the  Muiv  of  the  o^itroct  tlw  itmnnfirer*  &x  tbe  amoant  of  wnge^ 
A  r^nrl  of  tht?  niPit'E)  wntrt^  In  a|>ent  mi  rlotlies  and  llnm:  the  refit  Is  placed  to 
tLi'lr  rrctlJt  nnlfw*  cmkI  i»til  fur  tlic»  luuinteniince  of  tUi?  colonist'ft  fiitnlly. 

The  following  is  the  contract  th«  colonists  sign : 

Cvntmcf  helwei*i»  Ibe  coJmiy  «f  Nnawbof,  nmw  Wltzwyl,  of  the  urH  jmrt,  nit^ 
—   -,  fofftnlf'f,  of  ilii*  HiM*on«l  jKirt.  j 

1.  Th€  niuirrKlKtiwl,  who  cnlera  the  colony  "''  ''-  •■""  '''■—'  '-"f  '*^r  the  pnl*J 
IMIHJ  cif  working  tlwrt',  ax»'<is  tw  o!»cy   th<:*   i  thi»  etiiMD 

colony,  to  BtMy  at  liiiMt  two  uiottrtw,  and  to  iiiT  >  -  tutpatl€«^ 

To  loave  at  |pa^t  ii  wpck  tn  advaoct». 

'J.  Arth-li^  of  chktbhm  which  have  iwit  U«ii  iKlld  for  Vy  tbe  coloiilM  tnuaC 
l>«  l(>ft  LR*hhMl  oil  l«4iTli)g;  tie  Is  only  ffrtltlt^l  to  sticb  i*!otli«fi  as  h»  brodiebt  frtfH 
Ulni. 

3.  Kvory  Ininnto  Is  Riven  ]oil;ilnK,  HiifTlolont  ti**n\,  nnd  <  " 'K,  **<»  fhnt 
b*  hnK  no  cirw^'*'^  whnff*v(»r.     II<>  nUaU  Fm*  rarod  for  in  msK»  of 

tpni"-'"'''    "M-'knt'ss  (ti-i'  *•-  '''"oiiht  on  through  the  ItttUuU  .-  .«.. if. 

i  vnry  fron  nes  lo  l.'^i  francs  1 10  to  21)  emits]   pin*  Uhj.  hi 

iirr        '         with  nrti'  .  I  \t  of  ili/»  ml****. 

K  the  lunmtt*  In  f^[KHllM]  dtirtuK  the  tlmt  two  months  (ntticlfl  4  of  the  rultf^i), 
be  l«  not  iTitllU'*!  to  r»vrl\e  nny  wnpwi. 

^  8k  Ah  tv^anltt  [xiyntrnt  tif  wagc^i.  urtlch*  10  of  iho  ruk*i!i  iipplles^      Kv«ry  b»- 
(istf!  iip<ni  hi'ln;;  nfimlltrd  to  the  i-otony  is  infomHtl  of  the  nilPK. 

T  "    "  Mioiit  tho  ftntMitlon  »hnll  be  brought  In'ttnv  tnul  i»*tlk*d  l»y 

til.  , -n. 

V, J tiny  uf .  11)0—. 

Taken  thiiH  in  connection  with  the  pnrtly  free  colonies,  it  i^  .stft 
tbiil  Wtzwyl,  in  i»rt>portion  to  its  size^  prolwbly  suves  nioro  of  its 
inniutes  thnn  nny  labor  colony  in  the  irorld,  and  also  comes  nourest, 
if  it  docs  not  Hncrt't»d,  in  niwting  all  its  expense^. 

Mr.  Kell}'  givofe  the  following  statement  of  concluRions  at  which  ]w 
has  arrived  in  rej^ard  lo  lalxir  colonies :(«) 

1.  It  is  prefeniMe  to  create  several  sniall  agrictiltural  coftmirs 
radier  than  a  few  large  ones, 

2.  It  is  ndrisable  to  Kpecialize  industries  in  the  colonies  best  fitted 
tlwrvfor. 

3.  A  free  colony  ou«fht  to  be  inntitnted  by  the  side  of  every  forced 
colony  in  order  to  faeilitutr  the  transW  of  the  ininfttes  froin 
colony  lo  the  other.  This  plan  wonlcl  jM^nnit  the  magistrnte  rommi 
ting  every  case  of  Yagrancy  thut  cuuo  U'foro  him  to  a  hilwr  rolnMy. 
It  would  relieve  him  of  the  h-  ^mining  :^ 
caw  1m*  one  lo  whii'Ii  l)lnme  nhoi.  i  nol— m  i  i, 
in  VM5W  of  the  defi'^tcncT  <»f  evidence  b<'fore  him,  it  i*  iinpo^  r 

liini  to  do,  >vlHTeas,  on  the  contrary,  it  wonhl  jM'nnit  of  a  piopt.. i- 

tiealiftu  within  the  coloniesi  after  all  the  iufoniiution  has  been  secured 
tlut  would  in^titre  such  claj<sritication  being  correct  ami  jnst, 

4.  A  mdficiently  liirge  amount  <»f  land  ought  to  b«»  Bocnred  at  once 
lo  enable  tlic  '  '  rotmd  f  Hit  cohmj  of  '  '  *  •. 
which  will  gr:                     ,  irv*  tlM»  far  nr>m>al 

liont. 


loyablen,  jt.  :U{. 


THB  UVSMPLOVEO  IN    EUBOPKAN   OOUKTBTES. 


931 


I 


5.  No  penuanent  Imilding  should  Ix;  coniitruc^cd  in  advAncc.  The 
system  oughl  to  cuiiic  m  oytevMiaii  (■arly  in  tlie  spring,  su  as  to  enable 
llie  inmates  to  occupy  tempornn*  cabins  and  build  their  own 
buildings. 

6.  Every  coUmy  ought  to  have  at  its  head  a  skiiitHl  farmox. 
'    7.  Surveillants  oi»flrnt  tA»  vrork  l«^»tlu*r  with  tJio  inmates. 

To  thei«  general  principles  it  may  bo  wcdl  to  add  one  or  two  sup- 
plenientary  obacrvatioii^ 

Thei**  does  not  seem  to  be  at  Wltzwyl  tlw  system  of  reward  which 
is  such  an  exoelKuit  feature  of  the  colony  of  Merxplas,  and  there  swans 
no  reiis<m  wliy  this  exoellent  pmnsiuii  shoidd  not  U'  iHjrrcnved  from 
the  B»!lgian  institution.  Moreover,  it  ought  to  l>e  possible  to  give  the 
innia(<\s  of  every  eoh>nv  n  direct  inti^rest  in  its  pnjsperity  by  creating 
6e]>arHte  tabUvs  to  whicli  a  differejit  dietary  would  l»e  applied*  the  l>eiit 
furnislie*!  tables  i)eing  olforefl  a?  a  reward  for  tiie  best  work.  Sucli 
a  systeni  would  give  to  every  inmate  a  direct  interest  in  tlie  growth 
of  vegetables,  fn::t,  and  all  such  things  as  give  variety  to  foodl 

^Vgain,  there  is  no  reason  why  the  anfortunate  ugeil  should  any 
longer  Ik»  sequestered  as  they  now  are  in  asylums,  when  they  can  jusi. 
as  well  forni  a  part  of  fnn?  colonies  when»  they  will  have  the  benefit 
of  social  life  ana  can  still  render  considemble  service. 

Dknmakk. 

While  Denmark  has  no  penal  colonies,  her  treatment.of  the  vagrant 
may  be  considered!  here.  It  must  Ix'  considered  in  comiection  with  her 
whole  poor-law  s>'stem,  which  is  very  progressive,  especially  as 
regards  the  aged  p«>or. 

Agi'd-poor  relief  is  not  considered  poor  relief.  The  recipient  must 
be  free  from  eei-tuln -criminal  convictions,  from  debt,  muf4  be  GO  yeaxii 
old,  have  lived  in  IVnraark  the  last  ten  yciirs  prior  to  application, 
ami  must  n»»t  have  rei.'eived  poor  relief.  Aid  is  given  in  kind  or  in 
cash,  or  in  the  provision  of  institutions  (not  poorhotLses) ;  for  such 
aid  the  Pttito  levies  a  fund  from  which  the  commune  may  receive  one- 
half  its  exj'tenditure  for  the  aged.  Tlie  homes  for  the  aged  are  made 
very  attractive,  and  to  become  n  pensioner  is  no  disgrace.  There 
were  30,057  persons  jn  re<?eipt  of  old-age  relief  in  January.  lSi>3.  and 
44, nS  in  Janiniry,  l^iYl,  The  law  is  almost  universally  believed  in 
Denmark  to  have  worked  well.  It  has  tended  to  keep  people  from 
rommittinp  crime  and  aNo  from  applying  for  poor  relief,  so  as  to  be 
entitled  to  the  old-age  insurance.  Its  cost  is  thus  fidly  saved  by 
n.'dxn.'ed  poor-relief  c<ist,    Tlie  cost  in  1901  was  about  $1,500,000. 

There  are.  however,  as  in  R«*lgMim,  work-hops  of  nil  kinds  rarefnlly 
organize<l.  Expert  managei>  and  foremen  diivcl  tailoring,  shoen»ak- 
ing,  curpentering,  l^ookbinding,  weaving,  glnsvs  blowing,  and  metnl 
working,  which  is  always  going  on,  luul  in  afldition  theix*  is  a  giKnl 
deal  of  building,  painting,  etc.  Thus  ii  ^kilUxl  arlisau  has  no  nee<l 
to  break  .Mones,  and,  as  in  Belgium,  he  ia  practically  no  loss  to  th< 
icommuoity. 


I 

4 


BITTJ.KTtV    aV    THF.    ni'RKAr    OP    l.AltOll. 


Thesr  woi'k.siiop.-^  jirn  not  |m'I1jiL  but  liioiv  uicr  penal  wurk-^Jiop-,  ffle 
Tvangsarlx^jilunstalt.  Rej^anling  these  penni  workshops  ihr  foHuw- 
ing  is  quut^d  froni  Mr.  Percy  AJden:('') 

By  the  hiw  of  18!)1  the  poor-hiw  authorities,  acting  in  cnnjunotion 
with  the  police,  may  send  to  (Im-  pena!  workhouse  ull  who  have  \HH*n 
"guilty  of  breaches  of  order  or  of  morals,  or  of  diBobedicnce,  insub- 
ordination, drunkenness,  quiirrel^iomenoss,  idleness,  leaving  the  work- 
house without  permission,  damage  to  property,  or  otlier  ir^eK^la^i- 
ties,  public  or  private."  But  Dennuirk  is  wise  enough  tliorouglily  to 
classify  not  only  tlie  unemployed,  but  also  the  unemploynble,  iind  the 
moment  a  man  shows  himself  willing  to  work  and  Ix^haves  in  a  <iuiet| 
orderly  manner  his  ti^entmont  is  improved.  lie  is  transferred  to  one 
of  the  upper  classes  and  finally  removed  from  the  p**nal  workhouses 
to  the  orclinary  worlchouse,  where  he  is  better  fed  and  much  more 
comfortable. 

In  VJOM  the  cost  of  Ladegaard  penal  workhouse  at  Copenhagen  was 
only  lid,  |^t>  cents]  per  head  per  day,  while  the  net  prolits  amounted 
to  about  £3.900  ($ie,»79). 

WORKHOUSES. 

Under  this  hca<l  tlie  German  workhouse  only  is  considered,  L>ecau.*-:e 
it  alone  bears  in  an  important  way  upon  the  present  subject.  The 
English  workhouse  or  poorhouse  docs  not  undertake  to  any  appre- 
ciable e-vtout  to  provide  work  for  the  unemployed.  The  English 
vagi'ant  may  find  shelter  for  a  night  or  two  in  the  casual  wards  of  the, 
workiiouse,  but  he  is  not  as  a  nde  given  employment. 

Belgium.  Holland,  Denmark,  and  Switzerlaiul  have,  iin  has  lK»en 
neen,  developed  penal  colonies  rather  tlum  workhouses.  In  Franco 
and  some  other  countries  there  are  workhouses  (in  France  called 
"depots  de  mcndicite ").  but  they  are  p*»orIy  developed  from  thw 
htand|x^int  of  giving  employment,  and  their  organi/^atiou  generally 
is  defective.  The  work  they  give  is  frequently  most  elementary — 
usually  not  much  more  than  the  picking  of  oakum  or  the  sorting  of 
rags.  France  is  going  tlirough  a  period  of  transition  in  this  line, 
and  has  on  tins  subject  comparatively  little  to  teach. 

The  German  wtirkhoiise,  however,  plays  a  s<:imewhat  important 
part,  aud  is  not  (o  be  confounded  with  the  English  workhouse-  The 
i-ystem  varies  in  different  portions  of  the  Empire,  but  workhouses 
of  one  ,m)rt  oi*  another  ai-o  found  iik  almost  every  Province,  and  mor« 
than  one  arc  found  iji  some  Provinces.  Prussia  has  21  workhouses 
(Arljelterhans),  Mr.  W.  H.  Dawson,  in  his  evidence  liefore  the 
English  vagrancy  commission,  defined  them  ns  institutions  for  va- 
grants, loafers,  auil  people  of  irregidar  lives.  Tlieir  occupants  are 
committed  to  them  by  a  magistrate  or  court.  In  11»03— 4  thew  were 
10,3(13  persons  sentenced  to  the  Prussiiin  workhouses;  in  1884  there 
were  15,474. 


"neiiir'Ioyr'd.  |i|t.  2K.  2(i. 


THE  UNEMPLOYED  IN   EXTROPEAN   COUNTBTES. 


933 


The  Berlin  workhouse  is  most  efficiently  condnctod.  In  nppoint- 
lents,  cleanliness,  hygiene,  and  general  iittractiveness  it  f«r  ex- 
ceeds any  of  tlie  so-culletl  hibor  ctdonies,  excrept  so  far  as  that  they 
.are  in  the  country  and  rtgrifiiltural,  while  the  Berlin  workhouse  is 
in  a  suburb  of  the  city  (RuuuneLshurg)  and  llierefore  occupies  less 
space,  and  is  industrial.  The  following  statistics  from  the  report  for 
11*07  show  the  character  of  this  workhouse: 


INMATES    OF    EACH    r>EPARTMENT    OP    THP:    nERMN    WOUKnOrSR    FOR    YEAR 
ENni.N'i;   MAUOH   31,   im»T,   ANI>  AVKRA<;E   rOR   EACH    YEAR,    IROT   TO    IIWO. 


1 

D«p*rtni«iit  of  oorreft* 

HofptUl  dopartmenc. 

JUAn- 
lekcn- 
dort 

plUiL 

Gnad 

Men. 

Won- 

flO. 

Total. 

Hon. 

Wom- 
en. 

ToUL 

lotoL 

^,TnninU-i  Vnrrti  11,  IWff,     < 

I, Ml 
11625 

1S3 
UU 

1,M4 

1.730 

441 

419 

13S 

107 

soe 

195 
90 

3,735 

^K^ntf  rnt  ttiirltHT  ytiT 

3,805 

^p          Trtnl             

3,466 

378 

,^T44 

WU 

333 

1,193 

3M 

ji>330 

l,fl32 
17 

170 
4 

2.002 
21 

411 
So 

193 
23 

107 

96 

'•IS 

Dli^  durti^yivr. ...............<... 

■             TouU 

1.939 

174 

2,113 

400 

216 

711 

98 
190 

io' 

in 

193 
185 

3,023 

1 

■  InmAtM  klATch  31.  1S07 

l.SW 

1.080 
1,QM 

i,a» 

1.107 
1.138 
1,000 
l.flOO 
l.tM 
1,849 
I,fl84 

104 
124 

lis 

124 
161 
ISO 
IK 
117 
145 
130 
117 

1,631 

1.2U 
I.IGO 
1.204 

1,278 
1.783 
1,777 
1,H30 
1.97H 
1.802 

3M 

323 
IS7 
427 
884 

450 
444 
439 
433 
430 

117 

01 
M 

108 
lOA 
106 
113 
t3£ 
133 
130 

481 

4U 
40 
835 
48B 
541 
808 
509 

sn 

963 

3.3M 

■  Aven^  nunibrr  Innutci: 

1.837 

"         isgg                

l.ttSS 

IflBB 

1,7a 

1900 

I'H! 

1901 ^ 

I«2 

1903 

1.819 
2.330 
3.383 

1904 

2,m 

1105 ,„„,„...„., .^. 

1900 r.. 

iSJ 

3L5SB 

The  following  table  gives  statistics  of  work  done  at  the  Berlin 
workhou.so  for  the  yeai'  ending  March  iil,  15*07: 

DATS  WORKED  BY  INMATES  OK  BERLIN  WOBKHni'BE,  AND  AMOUNT  PAIU  TUB 
WORK.  YEAR  ENDING  MARCH  31.   1007. 


Oat*  worked. 

Total 
amount 
liald  fur 

work. 

AVCnCQ 

Men. 

TotaL 

payper 
pereon 
per  day. 

PAJD  WOttK. 

OaUl(]oUi«inBtUutlon: 

Uiit-ol-^loor  work,  April  to  October 

190.190 

3tA15 

83 

100,190 

3,515 

83 

3,381 

3,813 

M.fEl4 

4.S«2 

l.OM 

881 

5.543 

10) 

V.OI 

4.KZ5i 

flAlOfinO 

419100 

ia87 

345.33 

0.817. 1« 

l,f74-;^ 

CMC  71 

L76 

14DL47 

0.10 

ia086 

Ql J  dcfMUtniPDio 

.107 

City  oiidiiuiafc*  ood  •«tIiiiiis 

.w 

Indole  tbtt  UiMit^ou,  lor  cilj  dep&rtjncnU: 

SrwInK 

2,381 
3,8U 

.103 

i,(i'in*iT             

•.389 

\\.      !     ■    ■                .    .          .                                 

KU4 

.M6 

<  >                     '  work 

.107 

A                      ...rk 

.147 

fi^'                         Miiionj — IftuiKlO' --. 

«B1 

-.3110 

•"To. 

f,4»r 

4.03i 

.  119 

.107 

LilfKHIOin'llllC i.. 

.013 

Making  linl  f^irmv...  « 

.007 

Total  p«l<l  work ,... 

343.080 

7,074 

aR0.1M 

30,£A7.4a 

a.  123 

•  Tills  In  not  ttiv  corrvct  avcmc*  ncvoRtlac  to  tb«  Itrmii  shown,  but  U  la  the 
lalvuleol  of  Ibe  afrtrnge  iginn  la  lli»  art^Dat  offlclnl  rc^rt. 


iiH4 


¥-r 


•f    THI    FTKEAT    0¥  LABOft. 


1»A> 


w  »uK'..".   j'T  .v»:.*"T>    'T  iaa:«:\  vcKiaorfix.  ^asr  amotst  paid  nm 


iih. 


7w 


*  *ni    r-r— !> 


3'L 


:s4«- 


r'  SJ- 


.■«-  •■-     tr. 


»:;:« 


•vV'r:-,.r.vT  axt- A-r,  is*-* 


^r 

.1-* 

« 

rv 

s 

HI* 

» 

» 

i.>3 

DECENT   REPORTS   OF   STATE   BtTKEAUS   OF   LABOR   STATISTICS. 
MAS8ACHUiSKTTS. 


^Tkirty-scoenth  Anmial  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  Labor, 
■    Jiitiimry,  11)07.    Chas.  F.  Pidgin,  Cliief.     xxx,  G<V1  pp. 

B  This  report  (following  a  general  review  of  the  work  of  the  bureau, 
»  etp.)  is  madn  up  of  six  parts,  ns  foHows:  Part  T,  Tlio  Apprenticeship 
iSV-sleni,  85  pages;  Piirt  II,  Truinecl  and  stipplemental  i^inplovees  for 
^■lomestic  scm'ice,  37  pages;  Part  Til,  Tiie  inrorporation  of  trado 
Opinions.  nf>  pngfv;  Part  TV.  Statistics  of  ninnnfordire*;,  IfK>l,  IfK)5, 
^R3  p;»gej«;  Part  V,  Liil>or  Inwa  of  Massucliusetls.  TfO  j>agtvs;  Part  VI, 
^■iahor  and  industrial  chronology  for  the  year  ending  September  30, 
^l»Ofl.  250.  pap-.\ 

TiiR   ArpRRNTifFfliiip  System, — ^This  subject  is  inti*orluced  by  a 

Vbrief  i*onsideration  of  the  apprenticeship  syvtem  in  generaL     In  order 

"to  itsrertain  pttblir  opinion  concerning  the  apprenticeship  system,  the 

bureau  i^s^ued  circular  l*'tters  of  inquiry  to  employers  repre.-'enting 

Kflome  of  the  largest  industrial  establishments  in  the  State  and  to  trado 

nnicm  officiiils  conncctod  with  the  UTost  iuHuentinl  lnl>nr  nrgnnizntions. 

Jleplies  wen?  received  from  58  employers  and  104  officei-s  of  trade 

lions.     There  were  20  specified  lines  of  industry  and  1  miscellaneous 

fgroup  n»presented  in  the  replies.     From  Cfmsolldnting  the  inqnirios 

ind  the  replies  to  the  same  the  following  ^^tntement  is  obtained: 

OPINIONS  OP  KMPI.OTGRR  AXIl  KMPI^VKfrS  IlESrECTIJfO  APPRBNTICWSniP. 


1                                        InqnlrlM. 

RepUcMfrom 

rniloo  nfllrtBU. 

r«6. 

No. 

Not 
■wud. 

Von. 

Ko. 

Ni>t 

J                                                                       .  ■■  ■           ^^' 
el                                 ._.                   

Wud!                     V  a)rprR»Uc«a  to  tb»  estttuslcm  al 

lull,'    1 

21 
4 

n 

17 

■  ■••■*— 

IS 

15 

a 

4$; 

71 

M 

ifl 

8 

u 

]7 

A  (nble  is  also  given  showing  tor  IM  n«me<1  local  and  international 
mioiis  the  written  and  unwritten  regiilatious  or  restrictions  in  re- 

ktd  to  apprentices,  enibmcing  the  len^h  of  iJie  term  of  apprentice- 

ip  aa  restricted  by  the  unions,  the  "jttions,  and  the  limita- 

lons  as  regurdr*  the  nundKT  of  aii|  that  thi-  eiuploj 

'miittcd  to  eojploy. 


986 


BULLETIN   OP  THE   BCBKAU   OF   iJiBoa, 


Spwinieii  ui)j>rtMUici*shii>  agiTt^monls  umm]  by  somft  of  the  manu- 
facturing eHtnlilishiuents  of  the  Stuty  and  the  provision  nrnJc  for 
Ihc  employment  of  apprentices  in  the  niivy-ynrds  of  tlie  country  are 
given,  together  with  the  opinions  of  oniployors  anii  trade-wnion  offi- 
cials on  restriction  of  apprentices.  Snppleiiienliiig  the  subject  of 
apprenticeship,  descriptions  arc  given  of  11  of  the  trade  schools  of 
the  State  wliicli  give  instruction  iu  self-supporting  tradcis. 

Trained  and  Stitlemkntal  Employees  roit  DoMearir  Servtck. — 
In  January,  1807,  the  employment  committee  of  the  Women's  Edu- 
cational and  Industrial  Union  resolved  to  make  an  attempt  to  get 
nearer  the  st>urce  of  the  dilHcultie.s  recognized  as  existing  in  domesti« 
service  in  this  country.  For  this  purpose  they  organized  the  Do- 
mestic Reform  T^-ague.  The  league  in  ll^Ol-ii  sent  out  5,0(N)  ques- 
tion blanks,  emi>odying  certain  inquiries,  to  the  officers  of  each  of  the 
Fe(h*ralcd  Clubs  of  Massachusetts,  and  to  nil  branclicis  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  Collegiate  Alumna?  throughout  tlie  United  States,  with  a 
letter  asking  that  the  blanks  In?  distributed  to  the  best  advantuge 
among  such  membei's  of  the  organizations  in  question  as  would  be 
most  apt  to  be  interested.  There  were  only  '200  replies  received, 
which  are  given  in  whole  or  in  part  in  the  present  report.  The  report 
is  in  two  divisions,  one  relating  to  trained  workers  and  the  other  to 
supplemental  workers.  One  of  the  most  conjplete  sections  of  the 
re|>ort  is  that  relating  to  living  expenses  and  wages  paid,  from  which 
was  deduced  the  total  cost  per  family  for  families  employing  1  ser- 
vant, 2  servants,  and  so  on  up  to  8.  There  were  tlM  families,  employ- 
ing 425  domestics,  represented. 

The  following  statement  presents  the  average  weekly  per  capita 
cost  of  each  domestic  employee  to  the  employer: 

AVSRAUK  WKKKLT  PEU  CAPITA  COST  OF  EMPLOYEES  TO  EMPLOTERS. 


FamiUMirlth— 

KftmiUM, 

Emplox- 

AvpracTP  co»t  par 
cmployw  for— 

ToUU 

Uvli«. 

Wngoi. 

CO) 
4.U 

4.fT7 
MS 

e.«s 

fL04 

0: 

114 
77 

27 

114 

IM 
81 
36 
35 
1 
« 

SS.M 

4.00 

&f»4 
4.40 

t7.M 

a                  -.^ -.., ,^,. 

li4l 

T;                        ■« 

n-M 

F.                                ^ , 

ftn 

I-                ^ 

Etgltl  'mipltiytira . 

14.04 

Tol»J 

384 

436 

xta 

4.tt 

as? 

TJie  Domestic  Heform  Lengtic  has  constantly  ad^nwd  the  employ- 
ment of  day  worken^  as  a  means  toward  the  solution  of  the  perfdex- 
ing  dotrii^tir  problem.     While  not  in  n  position  to  fslabli*^h  a  training 
lool  fox*  day  workers,  the  league  is  in  position  to  supply  deinandfl 
>r  that  class  of  hdp.    lite  growing  demand  for  day  workers  is 


ii  BEPORTS    OF   STATE   BUREAUS   OF   LABOR MASSACnUSETTS.    937 

eliown  in  the  nin»l>ers  supplied  by  tlie  leagtie  during  the  years  1898 
to  U)05,  and  is  us  follf)W)^:  5H0  in  1898,  700  in  1899,  7:31:  in  1000,  83G 
in  1001,  931  in  1902,  1^89  in  1903.  1,6^9  in  UK)4,  and  2,418  in  190r>. 
;  The  n?.sulls  of  the  invi^tigation  intiiratc  lliat  "one  of  tho  most 

^■Striking  facts  contributing  to  the  pi-escnt  chaotic  conditions  in  do- 
^Bmestic  sorvici\  is  upathy.     »     •     ♦     WTicn  the  interest  of  womon  is 
^Bsroused,  either  by  education  or  through  necessity,  tlie  domestic  prob- 
lem will  be  solved." 

»The  IxcoRrMRATiox  ctF  Traue  Unions. — The  object  of  this  invt»sti- 
gation  WHS  to  obtain  the  opinions  of  eniployerH  of  labor,  officials  of 
trade  unions,  members  of  tlie  legal  profession,  and  of  public  indi- 
viduals, either  us  (employers  of  labor  or  as  workingnicn,  on  this 
i question.  I^tten-  of  inijuiry  were  mailed  to  903  persons,  to  whicli 
301  replies  were  received — flC  from  employers  of  labor,  81  from  labor 
leaders,  71  from  jjnljlic  individiuils  (college  professors,  editors,  etc), 
and  63  from  members  of  I  he  legal  fraternity. 
The  following  six  inquiries  were  submitted  to  the  persons  ad- 
dressed : 
First,  would  the  incorporation  of  Inide  unions  luider  general  law 
similar  to  the  general  corp<iration  Jaw  be  inimical  to  their  mtercsts? 

Second,  would  the  liability  of  individual  members  of  incorporated 
trade  unions  exceed  their  actual  financial  interest  in  such  incorporated 
organizations? 

'riiird,  would  it  be  legal  (if  possible)  to  have  the  strike  funds 
^K  phu'ed  in  the  hands  of  trustees  and  thus  kept  from  attachment  in  caae 
^1  of  le^^al  process  ngjiinst  the  organization'!? 

Fourth,  if  oreanize<l  labor  and  organized  capital  are  to  settle  their 
disputes  bv  industrial  agreement,  is  it  not  anomnlous  to  have  one 
party  to  the  contract  with  its  financial  responsibility  fixed  bv  law, 
while  the  other  party  to  suck  agreement  has  no  financial  limitation  ? 

Fifth,  if  trade  unions  are  incorporated,  should  not  the  manufac- 
turers' an<l  dealers'  organizations  come  imder  the  same  law?  Could 
not  such  a  law  contain  provisions  as  to  the  enforcement  of  industrial 
[agreements  that  would  put  such  controversies  as  might  arise  on  a  legal 
'^)asis  and  (bus  provide  tor  the  settlement  of  such  questions  as  come  up 
between  employers  and  employees  within  the  provision  of  an  equitablo 
Jaw? 

Hixth,  cjin  you  suggest  a  just  and  equitable  form  of  corporation  for 
[trade  unions  which,  a.s  regards  financial  responsibility   for  broken 
contracts,  will  be  fair  to  both  labor  and  capital? 

The  replies  received  to  the  inquiries  ore  given  in  whole  or  in  part, 

tiany  of  them  being  too  long  for  full  reproiluction.    Among  the  gen- 

d  conclusions  derived  from  the  various  replies  the  following  mav  be 

id: 

Employers  believe  that  trade  unions  should  incorporate,  l>ecause 
the  bett<*r  class  of  memlM'rs  would  be  individuallv  active  in  the  man- 


3 


• 


[agemeut  of  the  union  for  the  purpose  of  conservative  action  leading 


988 


VUU.RT11X   or  THB   BURFAtr   OT   UkBOR. 


to  ccintinnaHy  ii)rrwi«eU  fiirengih  in  their  standing  l«-f»»ri  tK  r^M 

niuiuty.  ■ 

LalMjr  1wi(Ut»,  «u  ihft  other  hand,  beliere  t)t-*  •—  ■ 

lint   1^*  iiH'oriMii'rtted.  Ikmhusp  tin*  itttli«  iiliiiil    <  I 

ri  ''*   for  tht'  nations  of  tb  ^^1 

m'^  iiiiis  wonhl  bo  held  ^**^p»■  ''^^1 

riduiil  nicint>t*r.  or,  \t\  iilhrr  wonis.  ih«'  ri-s;  ^^1 

tiahlo  on  a<'(H>ujil  of  Ihe  irrettpuiufible  ones*       i      .  .  >p|i^| 

to  irii-orporation  for  the  reasons,  as  (hey  advance,  that  tiii-ir  bofl 
\rntiM  1m:  hable  lc>  atttirhmi^nt.  ^ 

Tlie  |MihIir  view  is  thjit  incorfK^rotion  is  dpsimble  both  fnnn  m 
standpoint  uf  the  pnhlit-  »i\t\  the  unions,  for.  whilf  it  mipht  Imhfl 
a  eertain  detjree  the  fn-vduni  »(  uciioti  of  th**  itninnn  in  ways  vWfl 
ilo  tii>(  now  i'xiM.  un<l  ut  tinier  the  un  itmAidlfl 

Irgal   pr(K'ee4lin;^  direrti*d   ii^aiiist.  the.  '^Sy^  wz^^ 

Ih*  inort*  than  off^i't  by  the  grviitor  wiliinjj^io>i**  of  thi'ir  •■.  J 

deal   with  the   iir.ions  when   they   feel   that    the    unitins  .4:^   -^*-n 
ri'sjjonsible  bo<li<vt.  1 

Tlie  hmd  profession,  which  is  perhaps  in  ft  better  pc»iticm  toju^l 
itupurlJaUy  of  tlie  matter  thaii  any  oilier,  fur  the  rL^sofi  dial  it  list 
have  a.s  clients  bolli  employers  and  eiMploy«x'=*,  is^  of  t-  <'n  tU  I 

it  would  not  Im>  ininiieal  lf»  the  interests  of  trndo  unioii  nff^n 

rated.     The  lejjal  profes»<itin  deilnres  the  diffiriilty  Willi  U'aikt*  tmn* 
nt    pn».*tent    to  be   their   irresponsible   rhaructor.      •      •     •     fn^nr- 
ration  wnidd  mean  responsibdity,  and  netions  by   rt*^ 
would  t>e  netvpted  an  a  pled^i'  of  ^w)d  faith  by  rc»poii  .-^  *  .wiJ.i.-L 

In  addition,  the  report  pre^ients  a  brief  biAiory  of  the  ori|Cti.4i>' 
velopmenl,  and  prrmmt  MutUK  of  trade  uiiJuns   in   £n^and  aad  a 
Anierira,  the  corp*»ration  laws  of  the  tTnit«d  Stntvs*. 
the  Union,  and  Ihe  foreign  countries,  the  Taff-Vule  -, 
hiblio;^niphy  of  works  relating  to  the  origin,  cle%*«Iopinent,  and  n 
ent  »tutuj4  of  trade  uniona.  I 

STATumca  or  MANrrACTniwa,  IttM,  1905. — This  in  the  IwMrifl 
of  a  series  of  anmial  reports  on  nmntifacturin^  f(t4iti?ctios.  Hbvfl 
tisticf*  pre.si»nted  are  erntipiled  from  the  rettims  of  .%,01?»  4'!<tabn 
nieul.s,  each  of  which  maile  a  re|>orl  for  the  two  jrrars  under  crufl 
oration^  Contpurative  lablcH  are  ifiven  allowing^  for  tlH?  years  M 
and   M>0,»,  the  number  of  eslablishniei't  ''    "     »    l  ,9 

by  coq>oration«i,  and  by  indnstrial  rin  I 

nnniber  of  partners  and  stoekholdcra  intere.s!ed  therein;  the  tan 
inve,sted  (  f(»r  lOiM)  an*]  the  cupitii!  devote<l  to  prod-  —  r^mU 

the  eo!«it.  value  of  st<x'k  and  msteriaN  ustnl  and  tb-  _    ^li^l 

the  gofnh  made;  the  f^mallent,  ^'enteat,  and  avet*a|;»v  nutnlMtr  of  fl 
Mons  emplc»yed.  and  a pp'e^nte  employees,  bv        i    '        r"  .  a 

paid  riming  each  year,  average  yearly  eai  .  ,    .       ^  J 

cla««ine<I  weekly  wage«  in  ^oleoted  induirtriea,  by  mix  And  iiii«r  J 
day*  in  operiilirFn    V   '  '     ^ 

done,     yeventy-nih  J 


REPORTS   OP  STATE   BrRKAl'S    Of   X-ABOR — MA38ACHreKTT8,    989 


Tlie  principal  fncU  as  to  owuersliip  are  sliown  in  the  following 
Ubie: 

rtllMP.     fORI'OHATtONS.     AM"     INmSTRIAI.     roMH!  VATIOXS.     AXD     PARTNKR8 
AM>  HTOOKHOI.IiKRS  IX  ^wOl^  IIUCNTICAL  EJSTABLISHMKNTS.  IfHil  AND  1003. 


Ymt. 


"^-  ^:^. 


1.T6I 


tHat 
combl- 
mttoiu. 


Stoek- 


4.wa       ML070 


Kvtnga  I   cfodc- 

narftwra      hol<ti*r* 
to  B  firm     to  u  w»r- 

,  pontKi«. 


f.M 
LM 


33  7« 


From  the  above  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  tendency  contiunes 
to  \ri^  towurd  an  incnMise  of  nnmlwr  nf  c<iab1ip^hments  rontrol!<^l  by 
corjMiration^  and  a  docrejiye  <»f  t^stablisliuientb  under  private  cuntrol. 

Tlic  following  tHble  presents  statistics  separately  for  9  principal 
indiislrie*!,  in  H^%*tcgHir  for  70  oliuM*  indnslries,  and  totals  for  the  7ft 
iudustt-icb  reported  on  for  the  years  11)04  and  11)03: 


'  M,  14'J  .    I,U!W,;^j1.  WU  1    -f-lILM  I     ItK},  ;I7  J,  in*t  I     '.'t;,WH,3H 


In  the  al>ove  toblp  ilio  0  specified  indnstries,  the  ngprrogftte  for  70 
other  industries,  and  the  total  for  tlie  71*  industries  all  show  an  in- 
("I'case  in  value  of  niatertuls  and  products  and  in  watr(.'s  paid  in  1905 


940 


mrLLBiTS  or  the  buksau  or  lasok. 


orrrr  «'-^r  The  grc«t»^*  i^..-..^..  .  — ^-^  parj  in  ihe  0  sperifird 
i;.  appear  in  w-  -,  ami  umcLincry,  metab 

and  iiicullir  goods,  aou  br>ois  and  siioe&  Tlie  greatest  incmse  in 
value  of  stock  us#J  niwl  in  ipiods  rnAd(P  was  in  ihv  k:^''    -       v  Tty, 

lu   l$K>i   Ih*  capital   invtrsled   in   the  79   iuduMi  J    lo 

$801:271^^0,  and  in  1005  the  capital  devote^l  to  pFoductioo  tn  i\w  79 
mdii^trie-^  amounted  to  $r.<> \  ' -^^  " '\ 

Data  relative  lo  Ptnplovt^.  .ig¥i,*anil  dayg  in  o(>ornlion  are  pre- 

Mnled  in  t]i«  tahle  following',  lli«  v«tabliehin«(it«  considere^l  Ixnng 
the  nine  ma  in  the  table  prpceding^: 

/^  T'MOEB  or  CMPIjOTESSw  AVEIL^GE  Y" 

-  IN  OPEkATlOX  IN  a  PRIXCirAL  KVDl  -. 

T;;:!^.  and   IN'  AIX  CXDCBTRIES.   IMM  and   li»05. 


Boot*  and  Ao 
Cotton  (ood«. 


At^igt  Bimitf  of  CSS- 


SSQl 


1M6. 


To? 


S«ul3r  csra-  ^  A*«r^»il«}r»  la  of<erft- 


Mw4ihwo  and  madUaarr. . 
Ifetai*  aad  BMTtaUlc  cpodB 

Fapar 

WotflniKWHl*-... 

WorttHModa. 

OUur  IndiwrnM  (70) 


Vrr 


ordM- 


»,«oo  ^-f  V  T«  tsu~f€  tsaaM    -»-i.a 


,er*  (nj     ^n;  Ti.i     -^  r 


UM. 


>C- 


i«o    4M.;»    «sfi3    -^.7«;a&» 


TOtAt. 


VH.ltJ  ,*-_!.  l'>'  >  7.t«  ,  4B&.i 


CTO-tf  i   -fttt  1  SO-M 


yii  r 


-Q.tt 

-  .a» 

-  -la 


•f .« 


All  of  the  principal  industries  f^how  nn  increatie  in  the  average^ 
niimlx^r  of  crnployce,«^,  nnd  all  but  one  an  increai^  in  average  yearly 
earnings  in  1905,  as  compared  with  U>04.  while  bur  thitw  of  ilie  indu! 
tries  show  an  increase  in  average  days  in  ojxrration.    In  all  industries 
an  increase  is  shown  in  (he  three  items  of  average  employees,  average 
yearly  earningv,  and  average  days  in  o|)erH(i(»iL 

For  the  total  7fi  industricvS  the  proportion  of  biisine;^  done  of  full 
or  ntaxinitini  [irndiiciior^  was  GD.H  per  ci'^nt  in  1004  and  70.1>"2  ptn*  f*ent 
Ui  1005;  the  pni|>orlion  of  actual  running  time  of  pos&ible  working 
time  was05.0fi  per  cent  in  11*04  and  Ofi.08  per  cent  in  1005. 

The  t»l>Ie  following  shows  the  nunil»cr  of  employees  (wage-earners] 
earning  the  indicated  weekly  wagos.  The  number  of  cmployccp,  given 
is  the  numlMT  reported  in  each  industry  for  the  week  in  which  the 
largest  number  was  employed,  nnd  does  not,  therefore,  agree  with 
the  number  shown  in  the  table  preceding. 


REPORTS    OF   STATE  BUREAUS  OF   I^BOR MASSAC HUSET115,    941 

rMBKR    OF    MALE    AND    FEMALE    ADULTR    AND    OF    YOUXO    rEftSONS    IN    19 
INDUSTRIISS,  BY  CLA8S1F1BD  WEKKLY  WAGES.  1904  A^^)  1805. 


^n«.utnail  weekly  w«g*)i. 


1901. 


PemniB  16  y^An 
of  Kg«  or  Dv«r. 


IfAles.    I  Fein&les. 


VoilerS' 

'  C>  or  iiiiilT  Pi.. 
>■  or  iiii-l-r  *7... 
$7  i>r  iiti'Jvr  $S. . 
%i  or  lUiJcr  |0... 
10  nr  imttpr  flO. 
910  or  UD<ler  113 
tlJor  iiifk'rSlS. 
fl.i  nr  umlcr  |30, 

IpOorovor 
L 


14,  n? 

SZ.6B0 

38,030 
SO,  070 
30, 200 
W,404 

SO.  DM 
47,  MS 
IVS71 


28,870 

24.807 

39.823 

33,130 

18,070 

13,706 

10.880 

4,803 

1.404 

140 


YooDg 

penHMu 

ftindar 

W). 


ToUL' 


u.aoo 

3.433 

tioo 

304 
120 
41 
31 

8 

a 


ToUl X23,OU       1AA.81D        10.303 


67,011 
41,8311 
63,481 
63,334 
48,387 
53,050 
«1.334 
01,637 
40,  MS 

ifi.fao 


19QS. 


P»noiu31  ytATs 
of  agt  or  over. 


Ualeo.     Fvaukka. 


s.iao 

K,G73 
17.347 
27,4S3 
38.140 
40,252 
M).8BS 
60.10S 
M.573 
10,214 


404.104  I     314.881 


is.oia 

17,061 
34.355 
21,031 
17,000 
13,040 
U.OOO 
ft.GN 
3.179 
244 


130,851 


Young 

penKinB 

(under 

21). 

36,638 

16.604 

13.343 

7.006 

3,511 

2,428 

1.347 

454 

128 

7 


Tout 


49, 379 
43,237 
54,944 
56.439 
40.  M8 
5A,flaO 
64,]tt 
46,369 
56,879 
19,478 


70.000  I  Sl£,l 


The  figures  in  the  above  table  are  not  comparable,  except  as  to  tho 

tals  in  the  last  column  under  each  year,  due  to  the  fact  that  a 

broader  classificiition  for  young  pei-sons  was  used  in  1905  from  that 

^  used  in  1*J04.  Comparing  the  totals  for  each  claims  it  is  seen  that 
there  was  a  material  fulling  off  in  1005  in  the  number  earning  under 
$5  per  week  as  oouiparod  witli  11*04.  while  the  nuuibi-r  in  each  of  the 

pother  wage  classes  showed  an  increase  in  1905  as  Cijmpared  with  1904. 

^M  In  order  to  show  the  actual  result  of  the  productive  forces  of  in- 
dustry, tlie  element  of  cost  of  material  must  be  deducted  from  the 
total  value  of  product,  and  the  remainiler  will  show  only  the  in- 
dustry product,  or  the  new  values  created.     This  has  been  done  in 

■  the  case  of  liie  nine  leading  industries,  also  the  division  of  industry 

™  product  between  the  wage  fund  and  the  fund  devoted  to  profit  and 
minor  expenses,  as  insurance,  interest,  rent,  freight,  commissionS| 
salaries,  etc.  Tlie  insults  for  the  years  1904  and  1905  appear  in  the 
table  following: 


ilNUUBTKY    raOlMCT.    WAOKS.    AM)    fHOKlT    AM)    MINOK    KXrENSES    IN    MNB 
SELECTED    IXOrSTRIES.    1004    AXD    1005. 


Ptrosnt  of 
Industry  pnxloel. 


Profit  lUMl 

minor 


Paid 
to 


I>ffTotied 

to  profit 

and 

mlJtor 


C<V44C.'«: 

r.v  31 

l,iw.,  i'l.i 

rA.77 

17.H46,U;4 

M.03 

4.114.7*1 

40^78 

14.  aw,  877 

53.33 

u.ooa.aas 

so.  07 

»,  403. 033 

30.03 

lans.oes 

«.96 

8  381,  l«l 

4L21 

4419 
34  23 
35.05 
5121 
47.67 
4BLSI 

oase 

Ml  01 

53.79 


BtriXKTIN    07   TUB   BITVBAU   OV   LABOB. 


INUrSTttT   PaODtrCT.   WAO^.   ASU   PKOFIT   and   Mt*«OR    tXrSNSKS    tN    mKB 

SBLECTCO   tNDUHTRIBtt.   I»04  AKt>  ItMS— Coacloilml. 


ludtiitrj*. 


BooU  (.nil 

C«rp«iiiM^ 

CoituM  »Htiim 

'   Uher 

tTf^  And  inActainary. . 
Hiiil  mclullic  Koudfe 

Wuol»n  ttoodiL 

NVorfil^a  poodi 


mdustcr 


9).  KIT,  74:1 
tl.  iOi).  -Mi 


WacBs. 


ProAlMut 


TttUl 
III 


17 

'J 

SI.  61 
40LS 
M.(U 


[VT04I 


(ULM& 


Tn  five  of  the  nine  industries,  in  1904,  more  than  one-half  of  tl 
industry  product  wus  paid  out  in  wages,  the  largest  showing  beinj 
XD  carpetings,  with  65.77  per  cent,  followed  by  cotton  good»,  wiUi 
64.0*)  per  cent,  and  boots  and  shoes,  willi  Ti.'j.ai  per  cent  The  irduj 
try  devoting  the  h>\vei;t  proportioD  of  the  industry  pro*hict  to  Inhor" 
wait  paper,  with  30.02  per  ceut.  Tn  1905,  likewise,  ^\e  industries 
paid  out  more  than  one-half  of  the  industry  product  in  wages.  Th<? 
IkmjL  and  s1kx»  industry  {)aid  the  highest  proportion,  00.17  per  cent, 
and  the  leather  induntry  the  lowe.st,  3S.I5  \)ev  cent. 

Labor  Laws  of  MAHSACHUsrrrs, — This  part  of  the  report  contauis 
^m  the  sttttntes  in  the  revised  laws  of  the  State  relative  to  labor,  (t>*j 
^etJier  with  all  laws  passed  since  1W>2,  with  Uidications  of  anieudi 
laws  and  an  extemled  index  witli  copious  cross  references, 

Laiior  and   IxDiSTBiAL  CuBOxoiAHir. — This  chronoh>;jy  pittsenl 
for  each  of  tlie  cities  and  towns  of  tlie  State,  for  the  year  endlnj 
September  30»  100(5,  data  relative  to  strikes  and  lockouts,  wageb  and 
hours  of  labor,  trade  unionH,  industrial  changes,  and  welfare  work. 

Fnder  the  section  relntinj^  to  strikes  and  hK'kouts  have  been  re- 
corded all  labor  disputes  engaged  in  during  the  year  which  .^eeuied 
to  bo  of  suflicient  impoi'tance  to  consider.  Slight  dii*pntntions  cause< 
on  account  of  eniployntent  uf  nonunion  workmen,  or  other  trade-fl 
union  principles,  where  only  a  few  w*re  directly  involved  and  their 
leaving  work  did  not  affert  otbtTs  or  cinisi'  any  ^'^^s^?ll^ion  of  work, 
have  t»een  inrliidcd  under  t}»e  section  devoted  to  trade  unions. 

In  wageo  and  hourn  of  labor  the  changes  showed  a  still  further 
tendency  for  a  shorter  workday,  the  nine-hour  day  bein^  sm^'  1 

for  the  ten-liour  without  change  in  wages,  and  the  eight-b  .  y 

for  tli«  nine-hour  scluxiiile.    The  weekly  half  holiday  durini*  tbo 
RuninuT  iMontfirt  has  b«M*ome  alnuv<t  p^neral  in  the  vnrion.'^  if 
•Mul  itH.I..,.     Thr  .Miflv..  Inking  movemeutT  so  long  urgied  by  wi^ ^d 


REPORTS   OF   &XATK  BUREAUS    OP   LABOR — MASSACnrSETTS.    94« 

ir.  met  with  more  generous  response  from  employers  ihna  for- 
>rly.    DurinjEt  the  year  marked  inci^eases  in  wages  took  pluee, 
it  |>roiiouiire<l  of  whirb  were  in  the  wrto;es  paid  to  employees  e 

il  in  tranhiportation  and  in  the  textile  industries. 
Tiuler  the  section  relating  to  trade  unions  is  given  infomiatio 
Indirativt'  of  llie  rurrMit  movenipnt^  of  orvanizptl  IuIkif  *luriii^  the 
ywir.  The  new  unions  formed*  new  aliiliutions,  dLsbanding  of  old 
uniou-s,  pre-soiitation  of  new  trade  agn*eiiit'nts,  and  resolutions  passed 
on  itTUiiu  sijbje<:t*s,  (roinmeridatory  or  otherwise,  as  the  case  may  be, 
form  part  of  this  compilutioii. 

Of  iudubtinul  changes  during  tlie  year,  t^fOO  new  e.'^tahlishments 
wei-e  incorj)orated,  with  an  authorized  capital  stock  of  i?i;i.*Ul,t>0<>; 
181  private  Hnns  were  changed  to  corporations,  with  un  authorized 
capital  stock  of  $9^14.200,  and  there  were  5G  reorganijsations,  with  an 
authorized  capital  stwk  of  !6ll),931,100,  niiiking  u  total  of  417  tuanu- 
facturing  establishments  incorporated,  with  an  authorize<l  capital 
stock  of  $4^75tS,S)00.  Considering  the  incoq>o rations  by  industries, 
machines  and  machinery  lead  witli  60,  followed  by  metals  and  metal- 
lic goods  with  41«  boots  and  shoes  with  30,  and  clothing  with  1^0.  the 
remaining  *J76  incorporations  l>eing  distributed  among  some  00  in- 
duHtrinl  groups. 

The  section  dev<itc<l  to  welfare  work  recounts  the  actions  taken 
employers  to  benefit  the  condition  of  their  employees*  or  meas 
taken  l>y  trade  unions  or  employees  them.selve*s  for  the  betterment  of 
the  social  and  intlnstrial  condition  of  the  workingmen.    Some  of  the, 
flibjects  embraced  in  the  welfare  work  relate  to  improving  the  sani' 
tary.  working,  and  other  conilitions  in  mills,  factories,  and  shops, 
various  forms  of  recreation,  to  educational  classes,  to  housing,  and 
provident  funds. 

NORTH  CARtJLINA. 

Twenileth  Annual  Report  of  tlie  Bureau  of  Labor  mid  Printing  of  th& 

St<iff  of  Surth  Carolina  for  thf  ytar  1906,     IL  B.  Varucr,  Com 

mistioner.     350  pp. 

This  report  consists  of  seven  chapters,  as  follows:  Condition  o 
farniers.  OS  pages;  condition  of  the  trades,  20  pages;  misceJlaueou 
fuctorieSf  72  pages;  cotton,  woolen*  and  knitting  milla,  50  pages;  fur 
nituix)  f»cti>ries,  IS  pages;  newsi>Hpcrs  of  the  State,  47  pa^^'s;  ruilroa 
employeoh,  0  pages. 

CoNornox  or  FAJOiiata. — The  report  on  this  subject  is  ctimpil 
from  returns  made  by  represcntati\*e  farmers  residing  in  different 
sections  of  the  State.    The  data  is  piv.*scritcd,  by  counties,  in  five  labhw 
which  sliow  condition  of  bind  ami  lulKir,  wages  and  c«*t  <•' 
cotii  uf  productiou  of  principal  cropts,  markoi  price  of  c^ 


uieiH 


B£ifia 


i 


BULLATIX   OF  THE   BUHIUT?   Of  XiABOtt. 


Oil  production.     In  all  (97)  counties  labor  x^»9  reported  Ecarce;  1>B 
countief<  re|)ortiHl  tlint  negro  liiUir  was  unr<^lioi)l<*  and  1  that  there  was 

no  negro  labor:  fiO  counties  r<^portpd  that  employment  wac  rej^iilar 
and  31  tluit  it  was  irregnlar;  57  counties  favored  iuimigraliont  iS7 
opposed  it,  and  3  did  not  report ;  cost  of  living  was  reported  us  having 
iucreahcd  in  !»"»  conntit's  and  in  '2  us  not  having  increased.  The  high-^ 
est  and  lowest  njonthly  wBges  paid  farm  hiUirers  in  each  county  wcrd* 
reported,  and  for  men  thu  average  of  tiie  highest  wages  so  reported 
w«s  $iil.71,  iii»d  cif  ibe  lowest  $13.0i>;  for  wiiuirn.  like  nvenigi*s  were 
$13.18  and  ^S.O.'V.  and  the  average  wages  of  children  were  $8.01.  For 
all  classes  of  farm  labor  an  increase  of  wages  was  reported. 

CoNumoN  ay  THK  Tmades. — The  data  from  which  the  tables  pre- 
senl*.'<l  under  ihis  title  were  compiled  weiv  secured  from  n.'pretientu- 
tive  men  engaged  in  the  various  trades  considered.  These  reports 
from  ihe  wuge-enrners  of  the  Stale  show  dnily  wages  and  wago 
changes,  working  condition^}  and  cost  of  living,  hours  of  labor,  con- 
ditions of  apprenticeship,  etc.  Of  the  wage-earners  making  returns, 
02  pel*  cent  re|KU*ted  lui  inerear^e  of  wages.  3  per  cent  a  decrease,  and 
Sr>  per  cent  no  change;  01  per  cent  made  full  time  and  3i»  per  cunt 
j>art  tinje;  84  j^r  tK*nt  re|)orte<l  cost  of  living  increase<l,  1  per  oeat 
decreased,  and  15  jut  cent  no  change:  31  per  cent  favored  an  8-hour 
day,  13  jxt  cent  a  i>-hour  day,  TiO  per  cent  a  10-hoiir  day,  and  I  per 
cent  a  12-hour  day;  B8  per  cent  favored  fixing  a  day's  work  by  Uw 
and  12  per  cent  opposed  it;  'JO  i>er  cent  favored  inmiigriition  and  80 
])er  cent  opposetl  it.  The  average  wages  paid  jxt  day  in  the  dif- 
ferent trades  were:  Blacksmiths  $2.09,  boilermakers  $3,  brass  and 
iron  molders  $2.75,  briokniasons  $3..i0,  cJirpenters  $1.85,  electricians 
$3.50,  harness  makers  $1/23,  lumbonnen  $2.^0,  machinists  $2.44, 
miners  $1.75,  painters  $2.33,  plai*terers  $4.05,  printers  $2.02,  stone- 
cutters $1^.50,  textile  workers  $1.40,  and  wheelwrights  $1.75. 

MiKxujVNEctfs  Fa(-tokjes. — Under  this  clussiHcation  the  ntimber 
of  factories  reporting  wojj  541,  of  which  467  reported  an  invested 
capital  nuKMrnting  to  $31,2311,510;  43t5  reported  the  nnml>er  of  em- 
ployees as  22,438,  and  530  the  number  of  jwrsons  dejH*ndent  on  theiu 
for  a  livelihood  as  75,243.  ^Vn  8-honr  day  was  reported  by  4  fac- 
tories, II  0-h(Mir  <hiy  by  ft,  a  O.Uhour  day  by  3,  a  lO-lionr  day  by  389, 
a  l(i]-hc>ur  day  by  4,  an  11-hour  day  by  48,  a  12-hour  day  by  70, 
while  the  renuiining  factories  did  not  report  as  to  the  workday, 
.\n  increase  of  wages  was  reported  by  .74  per  cent  of  the  factories, 
no  change  by  17  |>er  cent,  while  l»  i>er  cent  nuide  no  report.  Of  the 
adiilt  employw^  ft2  per  trent  were  able  to  read  and  write  and  of  the 
children  84  i>er  cent.  The  highest  daily  wages  paid  was  $2.2i»  andi 
Ihe  lowcj!Jt  $0.84.  In  CA  per  cent  of  the  factorie.s  wages  were  paid 
we<?ldy,  in  17  per  cent.  Hemimonthly,  in  11  per  cent  mnnthly*  in  I 
pt*r  cent  daily,  while  the  remaining  7  i>er  oejit  Uiude  no  report.    The 


REPORTS  (»r  STATE  BUREAUS  OF  LABOR NORTH  CAROLINA.    945 


I 
I 
I 

I 


tables  presenteil  show  for  oai-h  estiiblLshment  thp  product  rhanu- 
factured,  capital  stock,  horsepower,  days  in  operation,  hours  of 
lalK»r.  lumilx'r  of  employees  and  number  of  persons  dependent  on  fac- 
tory, highest  and  lowest  wages,  etc. 

Corrt»s,  Woolen,  and  Knitting  Milus. — The  number  of  mills 
covered  by  this  presentation  is  318,  with  an  aggregrate  inve-sled  capital 
i»f  fim^T8,l*J().  The  niunl»ci'  of  spindles  in  oiK'nilion  was  2,558,114, 
of  looms  52,747,  of  knitting  machines  5^7,  together  requiring 
115,071  horsepower. 

The  number  of  employees  reported  by  OC  per  cent  of  208  mills  (265 
cotton  and  woolen  and  3  silk)  was  22,878  adult  males^  18,558  adult 
females,  and  7,188  children,  a  total  of  48,024.  The  number  of  persons 
dependent  upon  82  |)er  cent  of  thes(>  mills  was  112,427.  Of  the  adult 
employees  87  per  cent,  and  of  the  children  79  per  cent,  were  able  to 
read  and  write.  Tho  average  hours  constituting  a  day*s  work  wore 
lOJ.  The  average  of  the  highest  daily  wages  (based  on  the  highest 
wages  paid  to  any  employee  by  each  establishment)  was  $2.42,  lowest 
$0,77,  for  men;  for  women  the  average  highest  wages  were  $1.18, 
lowest  $0.04,  and  for  children  the  average  wages  were  ab<^)ut  $0.54. 
An  increase  of  wages  was  reported  by  81  per  cent  of  the  establish- 
ments, 8  per  wnt  reported  no  change,  and  11  p<»r  cent  niade  no  report. 

The  number  of  employees  reported  by  the  50  knitting  mills  was 
1,100  adult  males,  2^75  adult  females,  and  820  children,  a  total  of 
4,2?*7.  The  number  of  persons  dej^^ndent  u|>on  74  per  cent  of  thesrs 
mills  was  5,980.  Of  the  adult  employees  IMJ  per  cent^  and  of  the 
children  95  per  cent,  were  able  to  read  and  write.  The  average  hours 
constituting  a  day's  work  was  lOJ.  For  men  the  average  of  the  high- 
est daily  wages  was  $1.1)0,  the  lowest  $0.70;  for  women  the  average  of 
the  highest  dally  wages  was  $1.20,  the  lowest  $0.50.  while  for  children 
the  average  daily  wages  were  $0.53.  An  increase  of  wages  was  re- 
jKirted  by  05  per  cent  of  the  establishments,  10  per  cent  reported  no 
change,  and  10  per  cent  made  no  report. 

Relative  to  the  en^ployment  of  children  under  12  yeai^s  of  ago  in 
the  factorie.s,  H4  per  cent  of  the  cotton  and  woolen  mill  employers 
were  opposed  to  it,  while  3  i>er  cent  favored  it  and  13  per  cent 
expres-^d  no  opinion;  S4  jKn*  cent  of  the  knitting  mill  emploj'ers 
were  opposed  to  it,  while  5  per  yent  favored  it  and  11  per  cent  ex- 
pressed no  opinion. 

FiitNiTi  RE  Factories. — Tliere  were  105  furniture  factories  which 
reported  capital  stock,  j)ower,  class  of  goods  nuinufactured,  wages, 
hours  of  labor,  days  in  operation,  number  of  employees,  pej*sons 
depenilent  on  factory,  etc.  Tlie  105  fa<'tories  had  an  aggregate  capi- 
tal of  $2,908,201,  use<l  10,040  horsepower,  and  employed  0,104  wagc- 

i*ners.     The  average  of  the  highest  daily  wugl^s  paid  adults  was 

r.27;  the  lowest,  $0.85:  the  Average  daily  wages  paid  children  was 


946 


BU1.LKTTN   OF   THE  BtrVSATT  OT    XJiBOtL 


|0.5l.     Of  the  adult  employee**  87  |>fr  cent  and  of  iIm»  children  « 
cent  ir«n2  Ma  ti>  n^ail  und  write.     An  increoMr  of  waipeft  wt» 
by  S6  [wr  wnt  of  tin*  factor!  p-<.  W  \wr  vf  siig»,  ud; 

[MM*  t'<*i»t  niadi'  no  n'jMH'l.     Ki'liilive  t<i     -.  ,      .  .*£  dult 

iindrr  14  years  of  apo,  08  per  cent  of  the  employers  wtr«  oppon^ 
it,  while  18  per  cttni  favorwj  it  nml  H  pvr  -ed  no  opi 

Haiuioao    E^itoTKits. — In    this   chnplor      ..  am 

showing,  by  occupations,  for  oacli  riulraii<l  rt*portiDfrt  iht  oamWw 
eniplt»yi'fs  nrnl  Hv»*nijrf'  \V!ip*s  paid.  The  ftWIowinjET  t«bl»  ?clMVirM^ 
number  and  avora^?  daily  wages  of  persons  atiipli'Vi'^il  i>n  tiii*  titm 
railroads  of  the  ^7tate: 


TATIOIfa,    IHW. 


OcDUpHttaa. 


BuUnn  aMtU 
OUmv  slfttlofi  I 
KnslMoTi.. 


Mnnhvr 


CtifHltfc-toM 

inUt*T  t  nUn  mm . 

MttvUliiliU 


1.(174 

TOO 


1«0 


I.4M 

fin 


ftftlly 


Oc«utmcb9«. 


$1  _i'      oihrr  ■hopmm- 


ttmekxamxi 


L« 


-,M 


Ramdtinpr  from  th#  mov<»mont  of  train*:,  thcn-e  wen*  dnrtng 
year  1;VJ  accident*  to  passcn^fers,  1  fiital  and  l^^  nonfatal ;  i^| 
pobtnl  clerics,  express  mcKs^npcrs.  and  I'ullniiin  employees,  1 
and  28  nonfatal;  711  to  employees,  42  fatal  and  iMlO  ULmfatoL 
281  to  other  i^ersons,  K'J  fatal  ami  171*  nonfatal,  ninkin|r  «  total  of 
fatal  antl  1,031  nonfatal  accidents.  From  caiiM^  other  t.hftB 
wioveniout  of  trains  there  were  CtiM\  accidents  to  j»f»psftnH.  ]  fntnl 
OUr»  nonfatal. 

A  preflentation  \h  alM>  madi^  cfincernin;;  the  tijuT-rtr  i<>n   of 
nine   wtrcut    railways*   privin^   mileage,   mpitnl    stock,    firndi 
frrom  onrnin^  o]K»ratinjsr  expenses,  incwne  fram  op^frntion  and 
other  sources,  number  of  passengers  earriad,  and  pa^iBeffigprs 
pt-r  mill!  of  track. 


KECEWT  FOREIGN  STATISTICAL  PTTBLICATIOirS. 
AUSTKLV. 


JJie  ArbeitHtnnstellititfjen  mul  .ItfMMfft  rruttj/rn  in  Ontrfrti'  h  tr^ihrend 
dett  Jahre*  ifXMi,  Hera U!-gegcbtMi  von»  k.  k.  Arbeitst^t^tlisti^hca 
Auitr  un  Httfiilebmiiui»irriuni.     715  pp. 

This  vohiEDc  conUins  the  thirteenth  annual  report  of  the  Austrian 
Govcnimont  on  strikes  and  hn-koiits.  Thr  information,  which  ia 
oompilMl  by  the  Austrian  bureau  of  labor  statistics,  i.s  /i^iven  in  the 
form  of  an  analysis  and  six  tables  showin^j:  (I)  Strikes  according 
to  ^Ni^raphical  distrilHition;  ('2)  strikes  according  to  industries;  (H) 
genmil  surnmarT  of  strikes;  (4)  comparative  snmniniy  of  strikes 
for  the  ten-year  period  I81>7-1906;  (.'>>  details  for  each  strike  in 
IWCt;  (H)  details  for  each  lockout  in  I1H)H,  Ad  appendix  ^ire$  a 
brief  review  of  industrial  und  l4ilx>r  conditions  in  Austria,  statb^ics 
of  trade  union>.  and  notes  concvrning  the  jstrikes  and  t(»ckoot^  re- 
ported in  the  prece<Ling  pagts  of  the  report, 

Stkikes  i\  11*00, — The  mrad^er  of  strikes,  tlie  nunilter  of  estahlish- 
menta  affecte<U  and  the  nmnber  of  strilvers  in  11)06  showed  a  inarkoit 
increase  over  the  preceding  year.  There  were  2,1!>1,S15  days  !of*t 
by  the  persons  direct]}*  affected  in  1SKH\  on  account  of  strikes,  or  UO.-t 
per  cent  more  than  in  the  year  U»05.  During  the  year  there  were 
1,083  strikes,  which  affected  0,049  establisluiients.  Of  a  total  of 
27G,4'24  employees  in  the  establishments  affected,  irj3,C88  partici- 
pated in  the  strikes  and  13,008  others  were  thrown  out  of  employ- 
ment on  Dci'ount  of  tlu*nif  the  strikers  representing  7n>Si  per  cent  of 
the  tolnl  number  of  emplo^'oes  in  the  establLslunents  affected.  The 
averagi»  nundmr  of  strikers  in  each  strike  was  142.  After  the  strikes, 
140,414  strikers  were  reemployed  and  0,924  new  employees  took  the 
places  formerly  occupied  by  strikers. 


948 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  LABOB. 


The  following  table  shows,  by  industries,  the  number  of  strikes, 
establishments  affected,  strikers  and  other  employees  thrown  out  of 
work,  etc.,  during  the  year  1000 : 

BTKIKES,    KSTABLfSHMKNTS   AFFECTED,    STRIKERS.    AND   OTHER    EMPIX>VEE8 
THROWN  OUT  OP  WORK,  BY  INDUSTRIES,   1006. 


Industry. 


Mining  and  metaUnrglcal , 

Quarryins ,  prodticts  of  stone,  clay, 

glafls.  eic 

Metal  working 

Machinery,  Instruments,  appam- 

ttifl,  etc 


lEstab- 
Uab- 
Strikes. '  ments 
I    af- 
,fected. 


Woodworking,  cnoulchouc,  carved 

matcrlalR,  etc 

Leather,  hides,  hair,  feathers,  etc... 

Textiles 

Vpholsterlng  and  paper  hanging. .. 

Wearing  apparel,  cleaning,  etc 

Taper 

Foods  and  drinks  (including  to-  I 

baoco) 

Chemical  products I 

Building  trades | 

Printing I 

llcat,  light,  and  power  plants 

Commerce ' 

Transportation ' 

Other [ 


108 


iia' 

35  I 

130  '■ 

5  I 

105  . 

18  ; 


15  ■ 

184  ' 

24  1 

1  ! 

19  ! 


135 
158 


Total 
em- 
ploy- 


72,0(3 


ifi,7eo 

25,840 


57  1  15.715 


563 

77 

294 

302 

2,376 

51 


15 
799 
50  1 

1  1 
25  I 
152  I 

23  1 


7,360 
2.654 

02,423 
1,500  I 

19,445  I 


Num- 
ber. 


2,845 

14,432 

1,998 

23,934 

1,432 

383 

1,232 

4.t(37 

<i71 


38,706 

10,770 
16,373 

5,G41 

5,598 
2,244 

28,970 
893 

13.018 
1,522 

6,924 
1,529 
15,410 

•■""J  I 

1.108  I 

3.341  i 

617 


Strikers. 

[  Other 

Per    j    em-    i  Btrik-  Newenv- 
oent  of  ployoes  era  zo-  '  ployeee 
total    thrown  I    em-    '    ftfter 
em-    :  out  of  ,  ployed,  strikes, 
ploy-     work.  I 
ees.    '  I 


53. 0 

643 
03.4 

35.0 

7a  1 

84.6 
46.4 
S9.fi 
06.9 
53.5 

48.0 
70.5 

r>4.4 

70.3 
1.6 
89.9 
09.1 
92.0 


606     30,960 


1,078  I 
568 


10,017 
15.392 


303  I    5,004  I 


Total. 


1,083  '  6,049  ^276, 424  il53,688 

I  1  I 


55.6 


188 

87 

4,300 

15 

1,150 

671  I 

974  I 

35  I 

3,117  , 

38  I 
I 


4,021 
2,058 

27.134 
860 

U,407 
1,345 

5,439 
1,466 
13,278 
921 
6 
1,008 
3.000 


13,086    140,414 


400 

408 

4<B 

114 
642 
34 
780 
120 


1,210 

73 


65 
380 
180 


6,«24 


The  building  trades  Iiad  tlio  largest  miinlx^r  of  strikes,  184,  in  1906, 
while  the  hirgest  minilx?r  of  strikers,  38,705,  was  in  the  mining  and 
metaUurgioal  group  of  industries.  Next  in  importance  with  regard 
to  the  number  of  strikers  involved  was  the  textile  industry,  with 
ii8.i>70  ])ersons.  Of  all  the  strikers  during  the  year,  44  per  cent 
were  engaged  in  tlie.se  two  groups  of  industries. 

The  following  table  shows  the  causes  of  the  strikes  for  1900,  by 
industries: 


FOREIGN    STATISTICAL   PUBLICATIONS — ArSTRIA, 


949 


8TBIKES.  BY   INDUSTRIES  AXD  CAUSES.   1000. 

[tItTlkwi  dm*  lo  two  or  n»or«'  cnn«i'*  hnvi-  )HH>n  ttilmlBti-d  uii(1t>r  ••neh  crus»  ;  bfocp  ihe 
lAduAlry  totals  for  thin  taMe.  If  camput<'tl.  iruiiM  Dot  agree  with  tbow  for  the  nreccdins 
Ubie.  1 


1 

Agelnst 
rediKS 
Uono< 
wa«M. 

Forin- 
creaw 

or 

wacM. 

For 

change 

in 
method 

|Fordl»-! 
-       'charge   Agalnrt 
'., '      of  fom-   oTinoji- 

IwSii'  *<""'^-     '«»*- 
etc. 

.KgtklMt 

dii- 

charse 
ofera- 
ployees. 

.VcalDM 
ohnox- 

ItiUn 

OtlMff 
OauaM. 

Mini ag  And  m«t*Uurvk:Al..             1 

U 

73 
U 

a 
n 

IS 

88 

A 

74 
U 

« 
10 

lie 
It 

1 

1 
> 

i' 

15 

M 

3D 

48 

U 
34 

4 

88 
6 

U 

s 

7 

S 

IS 

31 

U 

U 
« 

1 

7 

s 

"      QuarryiDS,     products    of 
•tuin.  oUy ,  |^»,  etc ... , 

*    Mrtal  woiiililg 

3 

1 

e 



2 

llachltMry,    Tattrumenta, 
•PPttTatus,  etc 

4 

8 

3 
7 

S 

4 

WcMMlwurking,       caout- 
chouc, cj»rved  materiala. 
etc 

1 

t 

Leather,  hides,  b&lr,  feath- 

J 

1 

s 

10 

^^^^Klartns  •"'^  papers 

^^■Sifog  apparal,  deaolng. 

5 

1 

1 

17 
3 

1 

1 

u 
* 

u 

4 

88 
6 

4 

> 

S 

1 

^Kxxla  and  driDks  (hiclad- 

'1 

^HB>*niLv«l  nvAHiMtl* 

^■KgM^^ ;«.!... 

4 

1 

1 

; 

^H|B  light ,   and   power 

^^^Rn*n  .nmnstt 

u 



4 
T 
3 



t 

1 

^^B^PBnapnp1iitlnt| 

S 

u  

•t 

i 

'4 

"*     Otlwr,.., 

1 

1 

^ ToUl 

u 

•M             4 

SOB            73                4  ,          IDS 

ai 

88 

As  ill  previous  years,  the  most  frequent  causes  uf  strikes  \vero  the 
denmiKis  for  inci-eused  wages  and  for  reduction  of  houi^s.  The  de- 
mand for  iru-reased  wajres  alone  or  in  conjunction  with  other 
demands  fig:ured  in  t3ti4  strikes,  and  that  for  reduction  of  hours  in 
»98  strikes. 

The  following  table  f?hows  the  number  of  strikes  and  of  strikers  in 
sacli  group  of  industries  in  10(H),  by  results: 

KTRIKE8  AM)  STDIKERS.  BV  INDl'STRIBS  AXD  RBSl'LTS,   IWHJ. 


ludUfltry. 


StxikM. 


SCrikers. 


Intng  ant]  metidliirgfciU — 

taarr>'lng,  prodticta  d  stone,  oUy, 

gtAas.  vie 

MctaJ  working 

Ifiufaiuory.  limtrumwita.  appuratus. 

etc .,. 

Woodworking,    moutchouo,    oervod 

iriala.  oic 

r,  htdea,  hair,  fualtacni,  etc.  .... 


rtrv  and  pApcrhanjriag. 
apparvl,  cleaning,  rtc. . . 


drtnka  (including  to  barren 


.  and  powvr  pliuita. 
rtatlon. - 


o,w*^       8tie-  )  o,— _ 

,1^    <w6d«l    Failed,  Toial.  „**£, 


» 
U 

=11 

IS  ' 
4  i 

w 
1  - 
'J 
8  ' 


lOS 

80 


118 
35 

130 
5 

105 
18 
83 
lA 

184 

24 

1 

19 

d« 

n 


3»oa 

3.0(0 

1,066 

453 


714 
521 

:r.i43 

W».1 

ZTT 
l.ft&S 

461 
3.ru 

IW 
G 

ISl 

Ml 


r*^ed 
partly. 


23,763 

5.823 

13,  £» 

3.G04 

4.210 
I.S49 

M 
U.:S6 

7H 
3.;C5 

MS 
D.»4 


t.719 


I 


Fatlod.   TotaJ. 


12.  «W 


3.651 

i.im 


1,SM 


38.705 

10,776 
16,  .173 

5.641 


674        5, 

144       2.3«4 

8,733     36,070 


637 

531 

1,304 

300 

tsir 


1.1,018 

1,533 
6.1134 

],A3I 
l.V4m 
I.OOT 
6 
I.IUH 
3.  Ml 


950 


BULLETIN   OF   THE   BUBEAX7  OF  lABOB. 


Of  the  total  niiml>er  of  strikes  in  1906,  22,2  per  cent  succeeded,  47.4 
per  cent  succeeded  partly,  and  30.4  per  cent  failed.    Of  the  total 

number  of  strikers,  12  per  cent  were  engaged  in  strikes  wliich  suc- 
ceeded, (»(>.4  per  cent  in  strikes  which  succeeded  partly,  and  21,G  per 
cent  in  strikes  which  failed. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  strikes  and  strikers  in 
1900,  according  to  duration  and  results: 


STKIKi:S    A.\I>   STRIKERS.    BY    DURATION    AND   RESULTS,    1906. 


Diiys  of  diinitioii. 


1  to.*> 

6  to  10 

n  to  15 

into:^ 

2ito:yj 

26tO»t 

31  to  40 

411O50.... 
51  to  100. . . 
101  or  ovf  r. 


Totiil. 


Strikes  DiniNr.  Tiiirtken  Years. — The  summaries  for  the  years 
1894  to  11)0(1  were  compiled  partly  from  the  report  for  1906  and  partly 
from  previous  jvports.  The  following  table  shows  the  number  of 
strikes  and  strikers,  estahlishiiients  affected,  and  working  days  lost  in 
Austria  for  Ihe  peritxl  during  which  the  Ministry  of  Commerce  has 
})ubIisli<Ml  reports  on  strikes: 


STUIKKS    AND   STKI KKltS.    KSTAULISIIMKNTS   AFI'Et'TKD,    AND   WORKING    DAYS 
LOST,    BV    VI:ARS,    1SJ)4    to    1!H)0. 


The  nnmlx'r  of  strikes  and  the  numlxn'  of  strikers  for  each  year  of 
the  thirteen-year  i)eriod  are  shown,  by  industries,  in  the  following 
table: 


FOREIGN   STATISTICAL  PUBLICATIONS — ^AUSTRIA. 


951 


STRIKES  ^VND  STRIKERS,  BY  INDUSTRIES  AND  YEARS,  1894  TO  1000. 

STMIKKS. 


Year. 

Mining 

and 
metal- 
lurgical. 

Quarry- 
products 
of  stone, 

clay. 

glass, 

etc. 

MeUl 
working. 

Ma. 

cftiinery, 
Inslni- 
ments. 
appa- 
ratus, 
etc. 

Wood- 
work ing. 
caout- 
chouc, 
carve'i 
materi- 
als, etc. 

Textiles.   B^^f 

Other. 

Total. 

2894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

WUB 

1809 

1900 

1901 

1008 

1908 

1904 

1905 

1901 

13               22 
4  ■              29 
11  ,             29 
25                 27 
29",              27 
20                 21 
40                10 
40                 29 
03                 24 
40  .               18 
30                38 
43                70 
08  ,            108 

23 
37 
33 
20 
20 
33 
20 
22 
18 
34 
44 
05 
80 

7 
0 
14 
20 
13 
24 
13 
15 
16 
13 
27 
45 
50 

23 
38 
55 
28 
28 
35 

20 

48 

US 

34 
29 
43 
28 
28 
84 
50 
28 
34 
44 
37 
54 
130 

11 
24 
42 
34 
49 
33 
23 
24 
22 
37 
80 
188 
184 

39 
42 
78 
58 
65 
56 
92 
85 
68 
90 
111 
102 
339 

172 
200 
205 
240 
2S6 
311 
308 
270 
204 
3M 
414 
880 
1,083 

ToUl.... 

438               467 

400 

208 

548 

020  !           751  1        1,275 

4,842 

STBIKBIIS, 


tt04 22,1W0 

iat& 0S6 

1800 ra.l20 

1»7 ,  J.OXJ 

18BS ,..  7.04«i 

laao 3,477 

1V0O „  71.7S1 

ISOI.......  7^400 

im J  13,573 

1903 !  12,JM1 

IMM. ...,_.  tO,B14 

]9a& I  lO.lOO 


Totar 


0.415 
0.H3 
3,217 

4.491 

2.113 

l.fiOH 

2,740 

4^7HH 


SN.TOS  10.779 


3,7K* 
J«fl04 
2.973 
1,S0S 

sell 
2,450 
1.977 
l,:«3 

741 
J.OJO 
4,21L 
7t4ftt 


104 

2.471 
5L9 

im 

^.013 
V40Q 

4.aoo 


24H.SffT         01.438  ,       49,474         2a,K4S 


0,733 
5.972 

hwa 
;(,i9e 

l,.'?91 
2,025 
l,3i2 
2,»40 
l.TSO 
^,736 


42,063 


0.317 

4,a« 

9,791 

11,275 
3,171 

]2,o:o, 

2,075 
2,699 

2H.B70 


14.975 
^361 
5.414 
4,906 
13,Wll 
7,84a 
4,349 
3.214 
ltf.4(fl 
0,04;^ 
15,947 
»5,«l^ 
15,41C 


2,3&4 

Q.fm 

0,309 
4,070 
fi,m7 
4,SB& 
0,098 

9,7eu 

13,0I3S 

23,Mt7 
32,3OT 


125,711       liJ,m       l^CXlTi 


BIhOOI 
28,663 
C«,234 
36.407 
39,058 
54.703 
I0S,128 

37,471 
40, 2U 
04,227 

153,088 


s2e«a2A 


The  causes  of  strikes  for  each  year  of  the  period  are  shown  in  the 
following  table,  the  cause  and  not  the  strike  being  made  the  unit: 

STRIKES,  BY  CAUSES  AND  YEARS,   1804  TO  190C. 

[Strlk<>s  due  to  two  or  more  causoH  Imvo  boon  tabulated  under  each  cnuBe  ;  hcn<*e  the  yearly 
totals  for  this  table.  If  computed,  would  not  agree  with  those  for  tlie  preceding  tables.] 


Yaar. 

Against 
reduc- 
tion of 

For 

inCTBOSB 

of  wages. 

For 
chango 

in 
method 

For 
reduc- 
tion of 

For  dis- 
charge 

foremen, 

Against 
obnox- 
ious 
treat- 
ment. 

Against 

dis- 
charge 
of  em- 
ployees. 

Against 
obnox- 
ious 

Other 
causes. 

wages. 

of  paj- 
meut. 

5 

hours. 

work- 
men, etc. 

rules. 

M04 

23 

53 

19 

12 

5 

35 

16 

31 

MOO 

19 

80 

31 

22 

2 

31 

8 

37 

1800 

28 

140 

07 

32 

5 

40 

12 

34 

1897 

20 

116 

47 

20 

13 

32 

18 

4ft 

1898 

33 

124 

54 

'29 

9 

30 

20 

39 

U9» 

29 

143 

73 

17 

5 

40 

18 

40 

1000 

20 

132 

60 

13 

10 

36 

14 

S3 

ion 

28 

110 

40 

28 

4 

36 

15 

33 

1000 

28 

127 

52 

9 

2 

37 

25 

30 

ma 

30 

151 

g 

61 

30 

2 

51 

15 

33 

Jim 

23 

213 

01 

20 

0 

70 

30 

43 

1005 

24 

400 

151 

40 

3 

130 

10 

58 

1900 

13 

G94 

298 

73 

4 

193 

31 

59 

Total... 

320 

2,620 

77 

1,050 

303 

70 

707 

238 

536 

95S 


BClXBTtK   OP  THE    BUJiZAVf    or    UkBOK* 


each  yi-ar  t)f  tliv  iM?riod,  the  resnlts  expnssfipfd  in  pt^roentA^: 

26M  TO  190^. 


SirfkH. 

SMI 

■»». 

Ymt, 

Kntntwr. 

■Uft' 
WMted 

IWowt 
«.i 

4i.« 

42.« 
4&fi 

40L0 

*X4 

KitmkHJ; 

ttM. 

171 

U« 

MB 
3V 
SJI 

770 
SM 
KM 

411 
«M 

a&8 

21.  b 
17.  a 

1&« 

1    Ji5 

1      at* 

1   «, 

27.  a 

K4 

sv.o 

41.2 
4M? 
419 
JdA 
IBLO 
«k« 
«i« 

a.i 
fr.4 

as 

Ml  MB 
#4vt« 

lO«vt3K 

•4.a7 

41 

4.4 
«.4 

47 

»1 
U« 

UL« 
IS.* 

1«« 

]X0 

SI         u 

S5  ' 

•.1      S 

S?' ' 

CI        S 

iMi' ' 

«t«    z 

MM r 

JS5"— ■•••• 

MB •<,«..•. 

Tit         D 
4J-*          ti 

IBH    ,....,,,., r] 

4LI           44 

im& 

n.i|      ki 

1VM 

«•      11 

rorKorTfl.^T1ifrp  wei-e  50  lockouls  report<*d  in  1906,  Ow  «i 
<lu«  lo  thf  refuHiil  of  t^riji»lf>ycoft  to  work  oveitinie:  1  to  the  arfaikis; 
rediuHicn  of  hours  by  einployws;  1  to  the  rffusial  of  ciupturmn 
comply  with  lhi3  rtilcK  of  (ho  establiKliment ;  ^  to  oe^^aMtion  of  wvi 
\\y  L'm\)\o\vvh  wit  limit  ihv  tHinsfnt  of  fniipIuy^Ts;  2  boycotu  hf 
i«mpJoyee«  againM  other  e*?(abliH)imeiitH;  2  n^foinst  Titiionkm;  :!  u 
nntiripiitp  tlirc^Jiti'ru'fl  strikes:  -J,  nn  nrconnt  t^f  Itx-koiits  exiviins;[s 
(illit'r^  t'- l:tlil i^liijiriii-.;  s  u>  llir  ilt'jiiii!i*ls  of  ii*iii|>ltjyou?%  far  iurn^i.'^ii^ 
v\)ij^'f^:  i;'  Hi  finni'di  tin'  ^itriNnlin^  of  existing  .strikes;  and  Ifi  »fff 
y\nr  111  I'lMitliiyi*'-  tiikiti^^  St  ln«liilay  vvliliuii(  obtaining  ]^rnussiojiuf 

tlir  rtitfiluyi'l-^, 

I  III'   ^^'llM\^!Jl<f  i;iltk  ^lion^  ilh'  miriilM-r  «ff  l<M'kouts,  cHtahIi»l»{>eiiL' 
sHrt'f'tid.  \itul  f'iii|if(>yrp-   Ioi'LimI  out   fur  ciK'li  yt'iir  of  the  perloJ.  b'- 

1u   ]!'*M1: 


liPrKit   I  r*,    l'.f*JAhI.|KllMi:Nrs   aVJ-I:*  'n-'.l*,   am*   KMI'U>VEKS    LOCKEn   ot  i,  n 

vi';aws^  iHfi.'i  Til  !imii, 


^ 


Ym^K 

1   —1.                 Iv'-tMl- 

'  *J"     li^hrt.rnt- 

InOkcrJ 
out. 

IVre*iU 
f*t  fnn- 

pjiU'nr«i 

i>Ut  nf 
Totjii  PTH' 

M  i             1.7 

2.:ii7 

plorcij*. 

plr.i.J 

iwr.    .  ,                             .,,   ..           .       , 

SI.  a 

i,W 

IWW.                                                                                                 t 

lin          LMl 

s,  44;. 

71tH 

i*» 

miw 

II  *            I-" 

1.712 

M.4 

1  K 

IK^IH 

IW» 

/i  ,          ;i»* 

X  1.'*7 

f*i.  0 

1« 

Hmi ,                                                                      .         . , 

Ul,             5* 

4,iXM,  1 

7M4 

131 

w  , 

a                   3 

art! 

71)  4 

X 

ilJIU  . .                      .      , 

M                   U 

i,i»5(i 

40.4 

iM 

]«V4    ,    .            . 

»(                71 

U:tl4 

Al   S 

m 

K:.;    ■:    ..LJ:::;:::.-;.::::-;-:: 

h  .          u^^ 

23.742 

9f*  J 

sJt 

i7                lii 

11.1^7 

T.'x  L' 

%« 

llTft*. .....   ,..-,..,, 

SJ  1         i.Wtt 

1*7.}*  rz 

S4  3   1 

h3 

FOREIGN    BTATISTICAL  PUBLICATIONS — BELGICM, 


963 


I 


BEUJIIM. 

Stati»fique  des  (^rercs  crt  Bclgique.   1001-1905.     Ofiico  du  Tmvoil, 
Ministere  de  Tlndustrie  et  du  Travail.     1907.    lix,  243  pp. 

This  is  ihe  secoiul  quiiKiuenniiil  report  on  strikes  issued  by  the 
Bplgian  labor  bureau.  A  suiumarv  of  the  data  contained  in  the 
first  re[)()rt,  embracing  the  period  from  ISOfi  to  1900.  is  given  in  the 
Twenty-first  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Lal>or,  pages 
812  to'siT. 

The  present  vohime,  which  is  substantially  in  the  same  form  as  the 
first  report,  consists  of  an  introduction  and  analysis,  giving  tlie  main 
results  and  a  description  of  the  methods  used,  general  detailed 
tables,  summary  tabk*s,  and  notes  in  regnrd  to  the  most  important 
strike-s.  In  the  detailed  tables  n  list  is  given  of  all  strikes,  classified 
for  each  year  by  main  branches  of  industries,  and  for  each  sirike  is 
given  the  following  information:  Industry,  locality,  cause  or  object, 
number  of  establislnneuts  involved  in  the  strike,  total  number  of  per- 
sons employed  in  the  establishments,  number  of  strikers,  numlx^r  of 
employees  force<I  out  of  einployment  by  strikes,  the  dates  of  the  be- 
ginning and  ending  of  strikes,  the  duration,  method  of  settlement, 
and  result.  Summary  tables  are  presented  showing  (I)  the  number 
of  strikes,  establislmients,  persons  eniph)yed  and  strikers,  by  indus- 
tries; (2)  the  same  information,  by  causes  or  objects  of  strikes;  (3) 
results  of  strikes  ami  niimlier  of  strikers,  by  industries;  (4)  methods 
of  settling  strikes,  by  industry  groups;  (5)  resiilts  of  strikes  by 
causes  or  objects 5  (6)  duration  of  strikes,  by  industries;  (7)  duration 
of  strikes,  by  causes  or  objects;  (8)  duration  of  strikes,  by  results; 
(0)  strikes  and  strikers,  hy  months  of  tlie  year  and  industries.  Ix>ck- 
outs,  which  ai*e  stated  to  be  very  rare  in  Belgium,  are  not  included  in 
the  statistics  presented  in  this  report.  During  the  five  years  embraced 
in  this  report  474  strikes  were  registered,  affecting  l^Sl  establish- 
ments employing  .'^21,031  pei-sons,  while  the  total  number  of  strikers 
was  14!I,J)87,  or  4G.0  per  cent  of  all  the  employees.  In  addition,  CG,520 
employees,  or  20.7  per  cent,  were  thrown  <»ut  of  enijiloyment  by  tho 
strikes,  making  the  total  number  thrown  out  of  employment  210,507, 
or  07.3  pi-r  wnt  of  all  the  employees  of  the  establishments  atfected. 
For  the  i^riod  covered  by  the  report,  11)01  to  11)05,  the  uumber  of 


964 


BULLEXm   OF  THB  BUBKA.Tr  OV  L4BOL 


strikes,  number  of  e.stablishmentK  a£fected,  and  the  number  of  strikers 
are  given  in  the  following  table: 


HTKIKEH   AND    KTRIKKRS.   AND   KSTABLI»IIMRNT8  AFFBCTBD^   BT  YBARS.    1«01 

TO  1905. 


Strike*. 

Ush- 

menta 

affected. 

Btdkacw. 

Yeur. 

TiUim. 

Fttoudn. 

Tot«l. 

190)                       

117 

214 

42,479 
9.8»4 
G,9B3 
11.735 
09,  too 

1,316 
SB3 

fttt 
G,QB 

43.H14 

1902                               

73              116 
70              131 
81            .280 
133  1           SSO 

10,  AT 

1803                             

7;A49 

1904 

12,375 

IBOS 

75,679 

Total 

474  1        1-2SL 

1«0,711 

9.276 

148,987 

' 

In  IOC)  the  smallest  number  of  strikes  occurred.  This  year  also 
shows  the  smallest  number  of  strikers,  while  the  year  1906  shows  the 
largest  number  of  strikes  and  the  largest  number  of  strikers  during 
the  period. 

The  following  table  gives  for  each  of  the  five  years  the  number  of 
strikes  and  strikers,  by  industrial  groups: 

STRIKKS   .WD    STItlKERS,    BY    INDITSTUIES   AND    YKABS,    1001    TO    1003. 


strikes. 


Striken. 


Industry. 


Mtninff 

auiirryiij({ 
ctiilltirKiCHl,  iiif'tiil 
working,    and    luii- 

rhini'r\' 

O'rumic 

CilHSS 

Oit'iiiu'iil  nnxlufts 

FockJs  ona  drinkfl 

'I'lixtiltfS 

WpjirfnK  nppnr>'i 

DuiMiiig 

WortlworkinK 

1/?iitht'r  and  hideH 

Tnhacwi 

Printing 

Art  trades  and  m-xo.u- 

tjfic  instruments 

SryctiU 

1  runsportiition 


1901.  1908.  1903.  1904.  I90S.  Total.;    19(M.    '    I9U3.    i  1903.  '  IVH.  \  IflOfi.     ToUl. 


IS 


1 

2ri 

IS 

■M 

.'1 

4 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

M 


I<6 

20.81.1 

5.940 

(«7 

fi.tk59 

59.168  i 

92.fil7 

25 

710 

■m 

•JUJi 

38 

tWO! 

2.508 

M 

.W> 

9Sft 

542 

771 

fi39  i 

3.526 

Ti 

2.5I« 

oca 

282 
277 

3.101 
1,627 

5.961 

17 

3,r.ri 

1.18 

«i.375 

9 

5(3 

m 

213 

S44 

2 

u» 

50 

159 

IM 

1.147 

i.ms 

1.2*7 

2.0fiO 

7,976  , 

14.0S2 

1.1 

fi8  ' 

m 

921 

140 

' 

815 

15 

421 

52 

09 

346  . 

tm 

12 

9! 

1412 

7H 

47« 

807 

IS 

■y  , 

26 

147 

H2 

341 

075 

H 

419 

zm 

12 

2 

7**I 

h 

(i  ' 

158 

41 

20 

27 

2^ 

1.1 

:i30  ' 

49 

2fiO 

2.400 

1,042  ' 

4.110 

H 

W*  1 

44 

ft2 

1(16 

35  , 

433 

(i 

I5.W3 

m 

80  1 

15.193 

Totul.. 


81      i;u  I       474     43.SI4      10.477    7,('49    12,375  .75,072  {  149^98? 


Over  one-half  of  tho  471- strikes  roportod  during  tl»e  five-j*ear  period 
oo'urrod  in  the  mining  iiiul  to.xtih*  induslrit's,  namely,  10'2,  or  21.5 
per  cent,  in  the  former  and  151^,  or  JV2.;i  j)er  cent,  in  the  latter.  Dur- 
ing the  sjime  period  the  industries  in  which  the  largest  number  of 
strikers  were  engaged  were  mining,  with  i)2,*)17  persons,  or  G1.8  per 
cent;  transportation,  with  15,li)3  pers(ms,  or  10.1  per  cent;  and 
textiles,  with  14,052  persons,  or  9.4  per  cent. 


FOREfGX  STATISTICAL  PUBUCATIONS — BGLGTrM.  955 

The  follotving  table  shows  fw  eacli  of  the  five  visits  iUo  ininiln-r  i>f 
strikes  :inU  strikers  hy  caibies: 

STRIKK8  AXD  8TIHKRHS.  BY  OAlftES  AND  YRATIR.   IftOI   TO  1»0». 


» 


runmhrciijfiift. 

SCrikM. 

BtHksfB, 

iSOL 

«« 

1903.  1901 

34       S 

u;    B 

I... 

1M6. 

T4 

10 

..... 

1 

Total. 

IWL 

1008. 

1M» 
•M 

INI 

Wli 

T««ik 

!-'or  tncr«»--i«»  ttl  WttgVS. 
AS'intit     railuctlou    ol 

n  -B^    

•it.rr  nuifujalvnuie 
■<  4»:r« 

i 
1 

I 

I 

14 
i 

U 
i 

S 

3 
L 

IM 

• 

T 

• 

\ 

m 

4 

T 

• 

M 
34 

A 

I2ft 
3» 

200 

» 

s 

um 

Ml 

373 
301 

4.041 

1.730 

M.M1 

BOO 

1  ■  :  n"i\i>-Lionu/ Itours. 
omue    of 

004     i'777 

no 

44 

4.» 

BPt 

■  ulTwtiftg 

91 

W 

X 

• 
1 

% 

17 

m 
la 

442 
4» 

380 

t,3B0 

044 

10 
4 
S 

i 

0 

IT 
2 

., .. . 

],0U 

10ft 

1,133 

am 

1,32S 
IB 

4U 

vt'i.!..lllmii 

i  ';i<iMirtmisR  olsuper- 
lOMfidanu  or  oiHor 

Skw  iMtnaOfetMnftnt  i.t 
Tnde  luilunitni 

Othtfr  t-niMM 

• 
u 

4 

3 

1 
% 

2t0 

'■g 

74 

130 

1«1 

803 

2,007 
II.IM 

••is 

,   , 

Tout 

«7 

33 

70 

St 

lar 

« 

41.814 

10,  «n 

7,040    ta.S7S 

TS,«73 

J4BII0F 

■ 

Questions  of  wageii  caused  more  than  half  of  all  the  strikes  in 
Igiiun  during  the  period,  namely,  201,  or  T),**.!  j>er  cent  of  nil  the 
strikes,  involving  119,697.  or  TO.S  per  cent  of  all  the  strikers.  Olher 
fre<^nent  o«ufies  were  demands  for  modification  of  conditions  of 
work  (OS  strikes  and  5/28'2  strikers)  and  demands  for  reinstatement 
of  discharged  emplojeoe  (58  strikes  and  8^154  strikers).  Disputes 
us  to  hours  of  lulxir  caused  2*2  strike.s  with  5^*23  .strikers. 

In  the  table  which  follows^,  the  strikes  and  strikers  are  classified 
according  to  duration  of  strikes: 

KTBtKEa  AMI  STKIKHKS.   DV  Ut'RATlOV  AND  YEABS.   IMU   TO   1003. 


Dwr*  of  duofttlon. 

SUttm. 

StrtkUL 

190L]lOa2. 

«i     » 
C    34 
31  •     16 

3  10 

4  4 
3        3 

a\    9 

-w 

kODS. 

Tot»l. 

WL 

MB. 

1003. 

573 

t.&TI 

Koa 

3.073 

in 

IfiO 
1,4M 

1001 

1005. 

TotoL 

UiKfer2 

«l     7!    M 
3T      3S       3* 

n 
tap 

M» 

30 

a> 

21 
01 

1.404 

T.3» 

X7IH 

TO 

17,  sn 

1.000 
%4» 

4.oa 

207 

&4A 

oa 

3tf 

4.121 

3.400 

7D8 

t«] 

L»l 

3,800 

9,  MO 
6,417 
3,  AM 

in 

410 
1.413 

0,tOf 

2U>6 t 

21,300 

Olo  10 

11  I     l?I 
i.      9 

V-  ! 

9|     9 

3D 

11 

4 

8 

30 

izaiK 

U  to  Ifi 

S.1U 

Mto30 

31  to  JO 

10,190 

3.6fiH 

Onraa 

86.305 

r«tai 

m!  7» 
I 

1 

133 

474 

4S.IU4 

lo^cn 

T.MO 

•13.3711 

73.072 

140. 97 

Tbe  Kim  of  the  Items  (13.075>  doM  not  o«r««  wUh 
rvprwluciHl  as  touad  tu  ihw  rviKirt. 


loUl,  but  tht  fltfii»s  opo 


956 


BULLETIN   OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  LABOR. 


The  majority  of  the  strikes  is  found  to  be  of  very  short  duration, 
336  out  of  474  strikes,  or  70.9  per  cent,  lasting  fewer  than  10  days.  It 
appears  from  the  table,  however,  that  these  336  strikes  included  only 
39,723  strikers,  or  26.5  per  cent.  Of  the  total  number,  77  strikes,  or 
16.2  per  cent,  lasted  from  11  to  30  days  and  included  24,969,  or  16.6 
per  cent,  of  the  strikers,  while  61  strikes,  or  12.9  per  cent,  lasted  over 
30  days  and  involved  85,295  strikers,  or  56.9  per  cent.  By  dividing 
the  strikes  according  to  their  duration  into  these  3  large  groups,  it 
is  found  that  the  average  number  of  strikers  per  strike  in  the  first 
or  briefest  group  is  118,  in  the  second  group  324,  and  in  the  last 
group,  of  longest  duration,  1,398  men  per  strike. 

Of  the  474  strikes  recorded,  83,  or  17.5  per  cent,  involving  11,205 
workingmen,  or  7.5  per  cent  of  the  total,  resulted  entirely  in  favor 
of  the  workmen;  325,  or  68.6  per  cent,  with  125,974  employees,  or 
84  per  cent,  resulted  in  favor  of  the  employers,  and  66,  or  13.9  per 
cent,  with  12,808  employees,  or  8.5  per  cent,  were  compromised.  The 
proportion  of  the  strikes  resulting  in  favor  of  the  employees  in  1901 
was  11  per  cent,  in  1902  12  per  cent,  in  1903  14  per  cent,  in  1904 
20  per  cent,  and  in  1905  26.3  per  cent.  The  large  strikes  were  gen- 
erally unfavorable  to  the  employees,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
during  the  five-year  period  the  average  number  of  employees  per 
strike  ending  favorably  for  the  employees  was  135,  per  strike  com- 
prouiised  was  194,  and  per  strike  resulting  in  favor  of  the  employers 
was  387. 

TIio  following  table  shows  the  mimlx^r  of  strikes  and  strikers,  by 
results,  in  eacli  year  of  llie  five-year  period: 

STItlKKS   AND   STUIKKUS.    I(Y   ItKST'l.TS   AM>   YKARS.    1001    TO   lOOo. 


Year. 


1901. 
1905. 


Tfttal. 


St  rikes.  the  results  of 
I  which  were — 


Strikers  in  strikes,  the  results 
of  which  were— 


''*<**"'     In  fR.  I  In  ffl.  ,  Total    I 

strikep.   .."    „f     '°  "f     Com-     strikers.    In  favor    In  favor 

ployeos.  ploycrs.:  ^^^^- ; 


pXoyt 


ploycrs. 


474 


83 


43,fil4 
10. 477 
7.M9 


-r    I 


12. 37.') 
7.').  07; 


d56 
l.lKiO 
3.1S2  I 
2.230  I 
3.807  I 


40.640 
8.287 
3.827 
7,180 

00,040 


325 


149.  «>7 


11.205  '     I25.d74 


Compro- 
mised. 


2,318 
1,130 
.  tfTO 
2,965 

5,825 


12, 


B                         FOREIGN   STATISTICAL.   PUBLICATIONS — BELGIUM,                957     ^J 

^k     The  miiiibcr  of  strikes  und  strikers  in  various  branches  of  industry   ^H 
Hduring  (he  iive-ycnr  period   are  shown   in   the   following  table,  by  ^H 

K^ults:                                                                                                                  ^M 

^B         STRfKKS  AND  STRIKERS.  BY  INOrSTBIES  AND  RESULTS,   1001  TO  1005.             ^H 

StrlkM.  therMuItBof 
which  www— 

ToUl 
itrlkerf. 

STrfkftTfl  In  MrikM.  the  raaalla    ^H 
of  which  w«7o—                 ^^M 

Xnttr 

vorof 

«ni> 

Indi- 

vorof 

«m- 

ployewL 

Com- 
pro- 

miMd. 

In  fATor 
olem- 
ploy«M. 

In  f»ror 
of  om- 
ployvn. 

Compro- 
mlMML 

^Hwfnlnv              

Htt 

ft 
ft 

ft 
3 

4 

ji' 

-  a 

8 

ft 

1 
1 

4 
3 
2 

•0 
13 

37 
3 

10 
ft 
3 

M 
8 

10 
7 

10 
ft 
7 

I 
11 

ft 

ft 

8 

8 

a* 

a 

« 

3 
3 

3 
3 

1 

3 

ia.«I7 

3,fiDB 

3,53ft 

5,361 

fi.m 

844 

150 

i4,osa 

815 
888 

807 
C7fi 
701 

353 

48a 

ift^ioa 

1,87ft 
273 

1.138 

8.044 

808 

80,783 

1,154 

1.001 

3,307 
5,538 
370 
150 
0.110 
OB 
808 
430 
403 

lUI 

I.IM 

1,073 

307 

B    (  : 

2i 

64 
ft 
17 
• 
3 
IS 
U 
1ft 
13 
U 
R 
ft 

IS 
14 

« 

■  ."                  >l.  mrUl  work- 
^^          i.iachlQcr; 

534 

505 

^^^^^^^banH  ffrlnVa 

^^^^^^^^^f 

2««aB 

70 
31ft 

fl8 
I4« 

ffift 

5.4118 
107 
878 
818 

387    ^H 

^^^^E^.Vl«rf 

^^^^^^^K*v            FilitoM 

^^■y^nTfnrr 

88  '            IM 

.     ...T,    ^H 

^■jLrl  tnulofl  ud  idiiiitlflo  in- 

fits 

OS 

lift 

1ft.  078 

^4U  ^1 

^^^E!Bqwt*».ri«« 

^^^H 

^V 

^^^^^H 

«4 

83 

82S 

«8 

I4»,flft7 

11,30ft 

12ft,  074 

13,808    ^m 

H     A  classification  of  the  strikes  and  strikers  during  the  five-year  ^H 
Vperiod  with  reference  to  causes  and  results  is  given  in  the  following   ^H 
■table:                                                                                                                     S 

^B            STRIKES   AND   STRIKERS.    BY   CAI'SKR   AM>   RESULTS.    1001    TO    1005.                ^H 

^V           CauM  or  object. 

Total 
■trlkm. 

StrtkM.  the  nwults  ut 
wUtch  wen— 

ToUl 
alrfkorv. 

Strfkor«)n«trik<M.  Iberwulta    ^^M 
ul  which  wen—               ^^H 

voro/ 
«n- 

plojM*. 

vorol 
ployers. 

COID- 

pro- 
mlMd. 

In  (nvor 
ofem- 
ployeea. 

la  favor 
nf  em- 
ployer*. 

Compro- 
mfwd. 

^fcor  taonMe  of  WAKM . . . .  < . 

^ntpLtniC  nductlou  of  wKg««. . 
^■Othur c*u9M aHvilXag  wn^eft. 

^■KguediKUon  of  tiourH 

^^^^BM  Incrcaw  of  hour* 

^^^^■fcnusra  afTccttng  boura 

I8ft 
fl» 
7 
IS 
6 

1 

S8 

4 

7 
0 

25 

SB 

1 

47 

la 

t 

1 

ft 

1 

3 

t 

1 

a 

a 

1 

113 
4ft 

ft 
II 

4 

1 

30 
1 

S 

8 

a 

40 
10 

4 

i 

1 

n 

3 

3 

B 
3 

I 

83,011 
37,180 

500 
4.388 

8M 

38 

8.383 
M4 

441 
2, 709 

3,007 

8,IM 

ft,»l7 

308 

7.801 

TOO 

08.787 
35.078 

ftflS 
1,718 

286 

30 

3.011 
41A 

S7T 
3.000 

l.OM 

7,2S0 
4.180 

188 

5,373 

TOO 
48 



87 
401 

^PVar  or  aBOost  modlflcaUon 
H    ofconiflUoaaorTork 

401 
118 

M 

Ttn 

80 

108 
044 
203 

1.810     ^H 

^vfor  or  agBlnst  modUkcatioQ 
^H    of  sbop  rule* 

^VAcnlnrr  flrvrr 

^■Tor  dfNrhurKti    uf   vuprrln- 
^P     tendcDts  or  otbcr  employ* 

.1 

751      ^M 
314     ^H 

For  niniUtniMot  ol  dia- 
rhaifKd  eixiploy«ea 

^Kn*>t^f  f-^fi;*,^         

^H          TotAl 

474 

ta 

m 

08 

I4ft.fl87 

11.3(15 

135,074 

13.808   ^^J 

H            40120— Bull.  7(1— fts 20                                                                                    ^^^| 

958 


BULLETIN   OF   THE  BUBEAU  OF  ULBfM. 


As  will  be  seen  by  the  table,  of  the  strikes  resulting  in  faTor  of  the 
employees  more  than  one-half  were  undertaken  for  the  purpose  of 
incrensing  wages,  while  of  those  against  increase  of  hours  for  their 
purpose  one  strike,  in  which  401  eniployees  were  engaged,  resulted 
in  favor  of  the  employees.  Also,  more  than  one-half  of  the  strikers 
struck  for  increase  of  wages. 

Tlie  following  table  shows,  for  both  strikes  and  strikers,  the 
methods  of  settlement  of  the  strikes  during  each  year  of  the  five- 
j'ear  period: 

STRIKi;.S    ANI»    STRIKERS.     BY    METHOD    OF    SETTLEMENT    AND    TRABS.     1901 

TO  1005. 


Method  of  M>ttIoincDt. 

IMl. 

10 
80 

I 

fi  , 
1 

l«fi. 

1903. 

1904. 

1906. 

Tout 

Btrikos  settled  by— 

SiibmiMion  of  oropiovfvs 

23 

78 

i" 

10 
22 

19 

3 

21 
31 

11 

3 

38 
57 

5 

vxt 

Negotiations  between  employers  and  employee. . 
Negotiatkins  in  which  tho  onsanizatloD  of  one  of 
the  nartlea  partlcipnted 

318 

56 

Negotiations  conducted  by  the  organirationa  of 
tnc  two  parties 

6 

The  council  of  induatry  aodUbor 

1 

Arbitration 

1 
if 

3& 

3 

C<meiHation 

3 

i" 

1 
15 

12 

Exctuaion  of  etrikcra , 

77 

Totalfltrlkea 

117  1 

73 

70 

81 

133 

474 

Strikera  In  ttrfken  setthnl  by— 
Kuhiniaflion  of  employees  ..  . 

12,500 

1 
249 

5,840 
2,848 

1,579 

"ijo' 

908 

1,218 

1,724 
S,058 

3,550 

4,745 

2,499 

61,351 
7,721 

441 



101,350 

Negotiations  between  employers  and  employee*.. 
Nfgntiiitifnis  in  which  the  organization  of  one  of 

the  piirtivrt  irHrttcipiileil 

N'-K"tiiilions  (■(.ntiiu-tf'i  by  the  organizations  of 

ttf  two  |)nrli«*« 

29,682 
4,522 

5,K77 

'Dm  cuinicil  fit  indiistrv  un-1  labor 

140 

ArbiirHti'in 

30 

320 

30 
4.034 

2,085 

CO 

(  onclliittidn 

134 

9113 

tJi" 

87 

ta4 

4.945 

K.xcltision  vl  strikers 

4,052 

Tntal  t^irikers 

43,8U  j 

10,477 

7,049 

12,375 

76,672 

149,987 

During  tho  poriml  102  slrikofi,  with  lOl,?*.*)!)  strikers  were  termi- 
nated by  an  uiicoiiflitional  roturn  to  work.  In  addition  77  strikes, 
witli  kO.VJ  strikoiv,  avoh'  terniiuatod  by  the  exclusion  of  the  strikers 
from  the  ('st;il>li.-linioiits.  In  other  words.  179  strikes,  or  37.8  per  cent 
of  the  total.  i!i  Avhieli  l()r>.-ni  Hti'ikerH.  or  70.;i  j^cr  cent  of  the  total, 
were  en<;n*r<'d.  were  turiniiiated  oiluiwise  than  l>y  neji^otifitions  of  an}' 
kind  lielween  the  pjirtios  to  the  disputes.  The  next  laro:est  group  is 
(hat  in  which  settlement  was  brouglit  abom  by  direct  negotiations  be- 
iween  the  employers  and  tlie  workmen.  This  group  incltided  218 
nlrike-t,  or  40  per  cent  of  the  total,  and  '2i)y0iy2  strikers,  or  19.4  per 
coal  of  the  total. 


FOREIGN   STATISTICAL   PUBLICATIONS — FRAKCE. 


959 


FRANCE. 


I 


SiatUtique  de9  Greees  ei  des  Recours  a  la  Concilia/ ion  it  o  VArhttrage 
Survenus  Pendant  rAn7iee  19<)(>.  Direclion  tin  Travail,  MiuisU>re 
du  Travail  et  de  la  Prevoyanre  Sociale.     xxi,  824  pp. 

The  present  voluTne  is  the  sixteenth  of  a  series  of  annual  reports  on 
strikers  and  conciliation  and  arbitration  issued  by  the  French  Inlwr 
bureau.  The  information  is  presented  in  the  same  form  as  in  pre- 
vious reports. 

Strikes. — During  the  year  \^0^\  there  were  1,309  strikes,  involving 
19,G37  establishments,  438,4Gfi  strikers,  and  '>!),305  other  i>ersons 
thrown  out  of  work  on  account  of  strikes.  Of  the  strikers,  80.76  per 
cent  were  men,  9-43  per  cejit  were  women,  and  3. HI  per  cent  were 
children.  The  strikes  caused  a  loss  of  8.01)2,104  working  days  by 
strikers  and  740,45)0  by  other  employees  thrown  out  of  work,  a  total 
of  0,438,504  working  days.  In  1005  there  were  830  strikes,  in  which 
177,(56t>  strikers  were  involved  and  18,140  other  employees  were 
thrown  out  of  work,  causing  an  nggi'egate  loss  of  2,74^,684  working 
;d»ys.     The  average  number  of  days  lost  per  striker  in  I'.KX)  was  19, 

compared  with  14  in  1005. 

Of  the  1,300  strikes  in  190G,  830  involved  but  1  establishment  each, 
137  involved  from  2  to  5  establishments,  87  from  6  to  10  establish- 
ments, 116  from  11  to  2ri  establishments,  40  from  20  to  50  establish- 
ments, and  32  from  51  to  100  establishments.  Of  the  remaining 
strikes,  35  involvetl  over  100  estal)!islimcnts  each,  while  for  3  strikes 
the  numl>er  of  establishments  involved  couM  not  l>e  ascertained.  In 
1,003  strikes,  all  or  a  part  of  the  striking  emp!oyet»s  were  organized. 
Tlie  employers  were  organized  in  530  strikes.  Sixteen  workingmen's 
unions  and  6  employeiV  associations  were  organized  during  the  prog- 
ress of  or  immediately  following  strikes.  In  128  strikes  regular  aid 
was  given  by  labor  organizations  to  their  striking  members  and  in 
some  rases  to  strikers  not  mcmbei^s. 

Of  the  1.300  strikes,  278,  or  21.2  per  cent,  involving  31,148  strikers, 
succoede<l;  530  strikes,  or  41.2  per  cent,  involving  253^64  strikers, 
.succi»eded  partly,  and  400  strikes,  or  37.4  per  cent,  involving  154,010 
strikers,  failed;  2  strikes  had  not  terminated  July  1,  1007.  The  per- 
centage of  strikers  involved  in  the  thwe  classe-s  of  strikes  was  7,1 
l>er  cent,  57.8  per  cent,  and  35.1  per  cent,  respectively.  In  575  strikes 
the  striking  employees  wert^  time  workers,  while  in  204  the}-  worked 
by  the  piece,  nnd  in  the  rem.iining  440  by  both  time  and  piece. 

The  tnble  following  shows,  by  grou|>s  of  industries,  the  number 
of  strikes,  strikers,  and  e.stablishments  affected,  acx'ordiug  to  the 
results  of  strilces:  also  the  days  of  work  lost  by  all  employees  and  the 


i 


BrXLETlX    OF  THE    BlTBEAtT  OP  LABOR. 


number  of  strikers  jser  1,000  woikuij^  jM»«ipI**  in  vnch  group  of  indus- 
tries, for  the  yeur  11)06: 

8TI1IKES.    K8TABIJ9IIMEN*T8    AFFF-CTKH,    AND    BTHIKKtti?.    BY     fiEStXTft.    ASV 
WtJUKINt;  l»AVS  I.08T.  IXJtt  EACH  tiROi:i»  OF  INDt'HTKIKS.   lllOti. 


Industry. 


Stdku. 


Agrleiiltura,  foreitiy,  anU  flKbcriet.. 

Milling   

Oiwfr>lnM 

FoMjHun<l  drinks 

CbcmlcoJ   prodiicu   (iDduding  to- 

biufol , 

Piipfrand  printing ,. 

Lt-Viiber  (iiid  hides 

T^xtii.  -    _ 

W.r;  r.- 

W  <  I'Of.otc 

Bud-.  - 

MrUilltirKii-'iil 

MMiiI  wnrWfiig,  mochinnry,  Irutni- 

ni'Mii  s   .iKtKiniLus,  etc ... 

Jew  !  t  rilviT  worklug — 

Stti  I  roductj    tit    Bloue, 


Buoowdod. 


I'l 


[ltilKhut£   Lrit^lta   (stone  hikI  cutrth 

worV  

TmiiffHtrtutlou,  coDUDcroo,  otc...... 


Total. 


278 


Estub- 

Uflh- 

moota. 


EiUb-  ]  BstftlK  { E«Uli- 

mefiUu  I  Rienta.  noat*. 


4 

77 
06 
«7 

ino 

37 

3 

73 


Snocnnlcd 
p*rUy. 


FaOod. 


TotaL 


31 


IW 

133 


86 

16 
73S 

21 
001 

«Q 

161 
7W 
27» 
31 

1,010 
MZ 

80 

3.  see 


638       8,067 


430 


SOD 
16 
JO 

an 

ifi 
loa 

67-J 
161 
47 
Iff? 

1,346 

la 

1,HO0 

a 


3.747 
10» 


l.«14 
TS 
71 

1,488 


S3  I  43 

lift        Kn 

76  7K 


•  Oft 

aa 

IM 
» 


8,866  ,■!,; 


•I.I 


I.I 


107 


Iiulustr^. 


AgrlciiUurv.  (onttrj,  and  OslwrlM 

MIiiliiK 

(Jon 1 1'.  iiiL' .................. 

Pv  '  * 

Cli*  19  (Including  toboMO) 

Pni-  ,  "K 

Lvnthui  •kitei  biticj -.,...—,...„-,.,■,. 

Tcxllltti 

Wffirlnk'  iiriiijirii|,  ploanlnf,  <<IC.. ..•........■■«■.. 

Win  'Mp.t'd  mnlvrlalB, flto. 

Iliti  wuodworki 

M.f  1     -  ,       .    -        

MvUu  Morklt>K,  luaitbluory,  lofltrmueola,  app»- 
rHtii>,  '-tr.    

Jtnvi'Ir\     t'cM  ii  till    .11  ".iT  u  MfLliiL'         ,, ...,., 

st.'t                                                '  .v.gliM.ete.. 
DiJi  .Tki 

TtftL    .  


Total. 


Strlkora  In  strika 
wlUcli— 


iMcded. 


i<i7 

778 

6S7 

1,344 

9N1 
i.XM, 
3.«t9 
4,  KID 

IM 
I.OTn 

635 

I.<38 


Sixv 

pttrtJy. 


7.9M 
76  600 

1.81U 

2.  41fi 


X.COa 


FoUqiI.' 


Total 
■trilcr*r«. 


1.880 

io,iai 


33,037 

101 

3,ffl9 

43,84« 

8,814 


wurk* 
Ing 

id  enrli 
indus- 
try. <*) 


»19,Uf7 


rkttig 

days 
lA5t  tiy 

|»|oyre« 

tJirowti 
nut  t(f 


m,  47'j 

2.  '.71' 
4.1^1 

■Jl     4-11 


31.14S  ;2KI,304   164,010 


tVS7 
47A. 44 
«.7« 
7. 3D 
ftO.37 
)O3.40 
U:4.43 
79,10 
0.44 

(') 

.114.  m 


A4,A)0  I  n7.« 


4SS,<1 


fl4m,4t1«    rM.Oa     9.4»,S4 


*IU(ludlug  '2  Ntrlkc.i  out   t>Tmlnal*'il  .l*il>-    1.  ino7. 
»  hi.I.Hjiiii:  :;  '^tiM.lUtimciits  In  !•  slrlkra  not  trrmlnoted  July  I.  IWT. 
of   HHH. 
In  2  Mtrlkffl  not  tftmlnwtt-d  .Tuly   I,  1W)7. 
^   irndc'ii   Intone  and  earth  workf. 
^  lii«.luding  ituiUUiiM  (rndcfl  iwoodworkl. 
'  llaHFd  an  tlitt  tuial  oumttcr  of  lodutitrial  worklDR  |M>ott|p  in  Krutine*  Is  1001. 

Of  the  17  frrotips  of  industries  ul)ove  nhown,  3,  namely,  textilm, 
building  trades  (^tone  and  earth   wi>rk).  and  metal  worlcing,  etix, 


FOREIGK   STATISTICAL  FUBLICATIONS — FRANCE. 


961 


together  furnislicd  43.9  per  cent  of  the  total  mimber  of  strikes  durinj 
the  year.     With  regnrd  to  the  number  of  strikers,  thei?e  3  grou] 
furnished  44.1  per  cent.     The  principal  data  as  to  strikes  are  shown^ 
by  caubes,  in  the  table  following: 


HTRIKER. 


ESTABLISHMENTS    AFFECTED.    AXP    8TEIKERS.     BY     IlEKrLTS. 
WORKING   I»AT8    LOST,   FOR   EACH  CAUSE.    llHWJ, 


ANl 


(Strlkvn  du<*  to  two  or  mon*  ctiufleR  liA?e  bcvn  tabulated  undor  each  rauiie ;  hener  th«  totals- 
for  this  table,  if  computed,  would  not  agwv  with  thone  for  prec^dtoK  iat>l««K. | 


CftUM  or  object. 


ForlnomAM  of  wn^m 

Agalnat  reduction  of  wana 

For  rvduotloa  of  boun  with  pmnnt 
or  lucreodod  »«£»}( 

Relating  to  tUne,  method,  etc.,  of 
wago  payments , 

for  or  aculDsl  modlftmtiou  of  con- 
dition* of  work 

Against  piecework 

For  or  against  raodiacatlon  of  atiop 
rule* 

For  almUtlon  or  nnluctlon  of  floea. . . 

Against  diM*liarge  or  for  ralnatatA- 
ment  of  workmen,  (onmen,  or 
KiperlntondeDts 

For  alaoharKO  of  workram,  fortmm, 
or  superintondentfi 

For  limitation  of  numbar  of  apprea- 
tJoe# 

Relatln;t  to  deductions  from  wagaa 
for  oiippott  of  Insurance  and  aid 
fiiiido. 

Otber 


finoQesdad. 


Strtkea. 


IflB 
87 


EiUtv 

Uab- 
mentm. 


40 
l.ttU 


17a 


40 


IM 

7* 


S3 


Suoeeadad 
partly. 


StrUcea. 


3as 

9 


EaUh- 

Uab- 
menta. 


0.1M 

78 


4,2» 
fil8 


ao8 


SIS 


u 

tS7 


Failed. 


Strlkm. 


IS 
IS 

73 

31 

U 

S3 
14 

94 

M 

7 


Eftab-;  IKbUIk 

Uiih-    Strikes.,  UA- 
maata. 


4.107 

13 

8,688 
l.US 

COS 

A.  911 

1.216 
10 

317 
031 
05 


Caaae  or  ob)aot. 


lorrvaapof  wa«es 

ilnst  reducUnn  of  waftea , 

nductton  of  bours  witb  preaent  or  Uiereaaed 


Ling  to  time,  metbo*!,  elc.,  of  wue  paymanta. . 
For  or  against  modification  of  condltTona  of  work. . 

Against  pteeawork... 

For  or  agmlnst  modldcatlon  of  t<bop  niku 

Foraboutlon  or  ndiirtloo  of  Ones 

Acnlnut  discbarge  or  for  raJnxtatemeiit  of  workman. 

foremen,  or  mperintendenta 

For  dischaigo  ol  workman,  foremen,  or  superln- 

tandenta. 

For  limitation  ol  number  of  apprentlcea 

Relating  to  deductions  from  wages  for  support  of 

tn«imD«e*Dd  aid  tunda 

Otber 


StiUcers  In  strfkoa  wfaicfa" 


Sdq- 
OBBdad. 


33.  SIC 
1,100 

iA,at6 

15,  M3 
3,40ft 
X414 
4.011 
1,&44 

<VTas 
ioao 


36,  MS 


Sue* 
Deeded 
partly. 


310. 43& 

010 

M,14» 

r4.W(7 
3»14B 
9,VA 

4.77* 

G,(U4 

<I34 


Failed. 


Total 

strikers. 


97.708    «30L063 
&M  2.600 


e,«a 


190.003 
27,170 

5.354 
68,  If  11) 
14.38n 

8«815 

94.  B« 

34.100 
a.  001 

8.010 


220.438 
117.090 
10.808 

23.(30 
15,137 

38.  AM 

/32,3M 
3,001 

4,«H 
U3,4n 


Working 

daya 

lost  by 
all«m~ 
tUoycea 
thrown 

out  oC    < 

work. 


7,517,44 

ia> 


oao. 


•  Including  2  atrlkc^  nor  termloalpd  Joly  1.  lOOT. 

•  Incliidlnx  -  »■•''  'I"  'o   -  •^trtkr-H  not  t<>rmlnatt>d  Jnly   1,   1S»07- 

•  IncliidInK  1  Rt  Jilnat.-d  July  1.  Hi07. 
<  IncludlnK  1  c^i                  ■■>■   In  1  strike  not  li-roilnalcd  July    1.  11)07. 

•  including  44  ettrLkcr>  lu  ::  Mrlke't  not  |pnninati>d  Jiit>-   1.  llKfT. 
'  Including  14  slrlkera  In  1  dirlku  not  terminated  July  1,  1007. 

Hie  most  frequent  caitseH  of  strikes  during  the  year  were  wage  dis 
putes,  the  demaods  for  iucreiised  wages,  alone  or  in  conjunction  with 


962 


BULLETIN   OF   THE  BUREAU  OF  LABOB. 


other  demands,  having  figured  in  797  strikes,  or  00.9  per  cent  of  the 
total  number  of  strikes  for  the  year,  involving  301,083  strikers,  or 
G8.7  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  strikers,  and  causing  a  loss  of 
7,517,442  working  days,  which  include  days  lost  by  persons  other 
than  strikers  who  were  thrown  out  of  employment  on  account  of 
strikes.  Of  these  demands  (excluding  2  strikes  not  terminated  July 
1,  1D07,  involving  44  strikers)  19*2  were  successful  for  22,810  strikers, 
335  partly  successful  for  210,425  strikers,  and  2G8,  involving  07,798 
strikers,  failed.  The  next  two  tables  show,  for  both  strikes  and 
strikei*s,  the  results  of  strikes  by  duration  and  the  results  and  dura- 
tion of  strikes  by  number  of  strikers  involved: 

STRIKES   AND   STRIKERS.   BV   DURATION    AND    RESULTS,    1W)6. 


Days  of  duration. 


7  or  under. 

8  to  15 

16  to  30 

31  to  100... 
101  or  over. 


Total . 


Strikea  whldi— 


Suc- 
ceeded. 


Suc- 
ceeded. 

partly. 


210 

37 

23 

7 

1 


278 
100 
83 
02 
10 


278 


539 


Failed. 


254 
02 
77 
48 
9 


490 


Total 
strikes. 


7S2 

235 
183 
117 
a22 


Strllrers  In  strikes 
wfaidi— 


Suo- 


1^  \  oeoded.;  Falied. 
******" 'partly. 


23,134 

2,670 

3,012 

832 

l.SOO 


50,750 
21.996 
37,781 
122,268 
20,474 


30,702 
19,155 
43,515 
57,547 
3,091 


o  1,309     31,148  253.284  154.010     »43S,4C6 


Total 
•trtkers. 


KM,  588 
43,8a 
84,308 
180,642 
>25,ia» 


•  Including  2  strikes  not  torminnt<»d  .Tuly  1,  11)07. 

*  Including  44  strikers  in  2  strlki*K  not  termlnnti'd  July  1,  1007. 

STRIKIiS.  UY  M'.MBICU  OF  STRIKERS  INVOLVED.  RESULTS.  AND  DURATION.  IIWO. 


Strikes  which  - 


Strikes  which  histed- 


Tot.il 


Strikers  involved  in  each  ,    o         1  ...i...       7  h^va 

strike.  ,    RiK-    I  owHled  '  FiiilDd.    strikes.  ,  '  *i".>^  |  8  to  15  '  10to30 


cGcded. 


pnrlly. 


25  or  under. . 

•AitoSi) 

51  to  Iff) 

Itjl  to'J«« 

'Mitoro).... 
an  to  1,000.. 

l,0()l  or  over. 
TotiiL. 


7*1  ■ 

IW  1 

1.9» 

033H 

VA  ' 

95 

ni 

«  271  1 

51 

1(H 

72  1 

231  1 

4:j 

M 

('>4 

191 

ai  . 

fC  1 

47 

IfC 

I   : 

*_'5  1 

IJ 

42 

4 

37  I 

33 

74 

under. 


221 

ISO 
143 


days.  !  days. 


27H 


-IIKI       M,30t( 


752 


235 


31  to    I      101 

100     :  days  or 
days.      over. 


20 


117  ( 


"  luclndlnK  1  srrlk«'  not  icrniJnaN'd  .lulj  1.  1007. 
*■  Including  '2  strikes  iiut  terminated  July  1,  liK>7. 

Consitlerod  by  their  duration,  the  larfre^t  percentage  of  successful 
strikes  Avas  found  in  strikes  which  histed  7  day.s  or  under.  In  strikes 
of  tliis  chiss  ifT.l)  per  cent  were  siicoessfid,  while  of  tliose  which  con- 
tiime<l  for  more  tliau  7  days  only  lii.2  i>er  cent  terminated  favorably 
to  the  strikers.  In  the  classes  8  to  15  days  and  16  to  30  days  the 
pei'centap's  of  successful  strikes  were  15.7  and  1*2.6,  respectively. 
Of  strikes  laslinp:  more  than  30  days  5.8  per  cent  were  successful. 

The  following  table  gives  a  summary  of  the  most  important  strike 
<^tistics  for  each  of  the  years  1894  to  1906.    The  figures  for  the  Teara 


FOaElGK   STATISTICAL  POBLTCATIONS nti^NCE. 

to  1$K)^  Lave  been  compiled  fi-om  previous  reports  und  thot>e  foi 
1006  from  the  presooi  report: 

RTttlKEH     AVT»    STUIKKRft.     HV     RBSrLTB.     RaTABLI^MMFNTH    ArKKCTRO.    AH\ 
WOXCKI.NU   L>AVS   LOST.   FOU    liLlCll    \iiAiL,    18»4   TO    lUOO. 


VMr. 


St 


BJUti- 

Hab- 


•flert*4. 


391 

475 
3M 
408 

79 
002 

as 

£13 

m 
i,au 

•  i.aos 


3,7M 

a!  ITS 

2.8B8 

l.tNTT 
4,WS 
10.a£3 
6,030 
1,100 

n.iso 

5.808 

ftlU,S37 


WorlrtTUff 

E^rtknn.    eiaployiiQa 
turavn 
out  of 
work. 


^ 


sn 


■2,  OSS 
ITft,77a 
232,714 
111.414 
212.704 
tXl.lM 
271.097 
177. 66B 
^438.406 


«r7.4M 

o44«168 

i.sio.aDA 

3.7«).»7 
1.M2.090 
4.  ff7A,(Kl 
2.441.VH 
S.0»4.aM 

«.  4ifl.aJ4 


BiTikMwhkh— 


CMded. 


84 
Mi 
U7 

m 

75 
1» 
30S 
114 

ni 

122 
297 
194 
27S 


PMtly. 


139 
117 
132 
131 

las 
as 
aao 

1«6 
184 
8S2 
3M 
Ml 


F«iM. 


178 

la 

237 
lOA 
ITtt 
377 
3S7 
314 
317 
33S 
S15 


Strften  la  vulkM 


Sot- 


Bur- 

v:mtM 
pMtly. 


12,897 

U.8S8 
10,  SM 

21,  in 

M.31d 
9.384 
33,533 
13.306 
U.tfft 
23,873 
31,148 


34,784 
I  aD.S73 
I  I7.0A7 

I  a».7u7 

,  33.6411 

|l?4,7f7 

140.3a 

44,38a 

1 '180,830 
108,084 
ltt.OU 
lSl.aB4 


FoUrd. 


•  laeliKllnc  2  Atrtkei  Q«t  temlDATed  Jvly  1.  1907. 

*  IneludlDK  -  pi/itahllKbDipnta  In  2  strlkPH  doc   tcrmlaatf'd  July   1,   1007. 
*'  Includlog  44  striken  In  2  tirlkev  not  lermlnateU  July  1,  1907. 

The  Tiiimber  of  strikes,  establishments  affected,  strikers,  and  aggre- 
gate working  days  lost  during  ll>00  show  ii  large  increase  over  eaci 
of  the  preceding  years  of  the  jjeriod. 

Conciliation  axd  Abbitration. — During  the  year  recoui'se  to  th< 
law  of  December  27,  1892,  relating  to  the  ctmciliation  and  arbitra- 
tion C)  of  liibor  di.spules,  was  Imd  in  3f>J  disputes.  In  Hi  cases  i*e- 
course  was  liad  to  the  law  l>efort»  entire  cessation  of  work  had  txcurredi 
in  S  of  which  a  conipn:>niise  was  etfecteiL  while  in  1  case  the  employ* 
receded  from  their  demands.  In  1  c^ise,  upon  the  refusal  of  the  ein- 
plovers  to  present  themselves,  a  strike  was  declared  which  residted  in 
failure.  In  the  remaining  fi  cases  committees  of  conciliation  wen* 
formed*  but  in  none  of  these  was  a  strike  averted.  Of  the  G  strike 
which  followed  the  failure  of  conciliation.  3  succeede<l,  2  after  uewj 
meetings  of  tlie  committee  and  1  after  direct  negotiation  between  tlu 
parties.  The  3  remaining  strikes  were  settled  by  compromise  nft< 
new  meetings  of  tiie  committee  had  occuitciI. 

The  numl>er  of  disputes  in  which  the  application  of  the  law  wa< 
requesletl  in  lf>(M>  is  wpial  to  23.1  per  cent  of  the  number  of  strikei 
that    actually   occurred    during   the   year.     During   the   preceding! 
thirteen-year  period  such  rrcoui'se  was  had  in  l,8ltS  disputes,  or  24.d| 
per  cent  of  the  total  strikes  for  the  perio^l.    Reijuests  for  the  applica- 
tion of  the  law  during  lOOG  were  made  by  employees  in  141  disptiti 
by  employers  in  8  disputes,  and  by  both  employees  and  employers  in 


■  Vor  th^  itrn^isloofl  of  this  law  «ev  Bulletin  of  tbe  l>«piirttnf?Dt  of  iMitnr  N( 
Xh  Pit.  8&i-«&U. 


964 


BCLLETIN   OF   THE   BITtEAU   OF  LABOR. 


disputes.  In  the  147  other  disputes  in  which  recourse  >v»s  had  to 
le  hiw  the  initifttive  was  taken  by  justices  of  the  i)eace. 

As  for  results,  it  wus  found  that  13  strikes  had  teriuinaled  bv  direct 
fl^reenient  bKwcen  eiupl(»yers  and  employees  lM»fore  roniiniittvs  of 
conciliation  were  fonned.  The  olTer  of  conciliation  was  rejected  in 
[119  of  the  2.S1)  remaining  dispute.s,  the  rejectitMi  coming:  inmx  employ- 
ers in  100  cases,  from  einphtyeos  in  3  cases,  and  from  both  employers 
and  employees  in  1(1  cases.  In  10  of  the  119  cases  in  which  ccmcilin- 
[tion  was  rejected  the  disputes  were  terminated  by  the  employee;? 

ithdrawing  their  demands  or  acceptintr  conccissions  previously  of- 

red,  wliile  in  the  109  other  cases  strikes  were  declared  or  continued. 

Committ4?es  of  conciliation  were  constituted  for  the  settlement  of  the 
renniining  170  disputes.  Ninety-four  af  thes<*  disputes  were  settled 
iirectly  by  such  committees,  and  of  the  70  disputes  remaining  8  were 
[settled  liy  arbitration  and  5  were  settled  by  the  parties  themselves  after 
liaving  appeaitnl  without  success  before  comniittces  of  conciliation. 
iStrikcs  were  declared  or  continued  after  the  failure  of  concilialioa 
and  arbitration  in  the  (53  remaining  disputes. 

The  following  is  a  summary  statement  in  x*egard  to  disputes  in 
which  recourse  was  had  to  the  law  concerning  conciliation  and  arbi- 
itration  during  1906  and  for  the  preceding  tliirteen  years  taken 
■collectively ; 


>«t:MMABV  OF  CASES  IN  WHICH  BBCOURSE  WAS  HAD  TO  TUK  UiW  CONCCttNtXa 
CONCILIATION  AND  ABBITBATION,   1893  TO  1U05  AND  2000. 


Items. 


irt. 


lVoImI  imniber  of  siriku 

^i:fl»putM  in  which  iwourae  ws»  had  to  tlm  Uv  of  IMQ. 

ilajiut«fl  Milled: 

llcr>.r<i  ilir  oTBatlonoteaminltteMiof  oonoiUation.. 
\'  ■r  romiMt  for  coDcilioOon 

1 1  iiiiuitteefl  of  condUHtion............. 


H  II 

DlrtLLl)  by  itio  {NiTties,  alter  liaving  hii4  nooum  to  cuncHUilou. . 

Total  cuMft  aettl«d  through  tha  applintton  of  thn  l^w 

KtrtkBs  rvsuaing  or  contfimlofc: 

A  Iter  Tvfnw  of  requwt  for  conctlUtlon 

After  failure  of  r«(M>ur«B  to  ront'UUlion  and  urbilrrLtioii 


TutjU 


ot  r&tluro  a.ft«r  Hpplicatian  of  llie  Uw 


T.T3I 

um$ 

i.m 

na 

"« 

^^msm»t 

07 

13 

W 

10 

tm 

M 

tM 

8 

66 

t 

871 


■:i| 


130 


tov 
IS 


TTie  above  summary  shows  that  of  802  disputes  considered  in  IWG, 

;J0  were  settletl  din*ctly  or  indirectly  llirongh  the  ai>pIicatton  of 

jtlie  law  of  1892,  and  in  the  case  of  172  the  recourse  to  the  law  prove<! 

fruitless.     Of  the  UU)  disputes  Hcttled,  1!)  were  favorahle  to  the  de- 

jnandft  of  the  employees,  t>3  i-esulted  in  a  compromise,  and  18  were 

[Unfavorable  to  the  employees.     In  the  172  dispnti*s  which  conlinuwl 

fter  the  failure  of  attempts  a(  conciliation  and  arbitration  the  em- 

sniccccded  in  16,  partly  succeeded   lu  8;J,  and  failed  iu  74 


FOREIGX   STATISTICAL   PTBUCATTONS GERMANY. 


065 


GERMAN  V. 

StreikH  ufiti  AuttHpfrrunf/tn  hn  Jahrv.  lOO^t.     Beurlioitet  im   Kaisor- 
lich<!ii  Sintistischcn  Amt.     300  pp. 

This  is  the  eighth  annual  report  on  strikes  ami  lockouts  issueJ  by 
the  German  Imperiiil  Statistical  Bureau.  The  report  contains  anuly- 
Hcs  and  sumnuirtos  of  the  strikes  and  lockouts  in  1000.  copies  of  sched- 
ules of  iiii|uiry,  an  outline  of  the  nietliods  pursued  l>v  the  bureau  in 
the  collection  and  compilation  of  strike  and  lockout  data,  a  series  of 
diagi'ams  presenting  tlie  principal  features  relating  to  strikes  nnd 
lockouts  in  Gernianv  and  otlit^r  countries,  ami  tables  .showintr  iti 
detail^  by  locality  and  industry  for  each  dispute,  the  establishments 
affected,  total  number  of  eui}>loyees^  strikers  and  others  tlirown  out 
of  employment,  causes,  results,  mannor  of  settlement,  etc.  The  data 
relate  to  disputes  ending  in  1900. 

&rRiKES. — During  1000  thei-e  were  3,328  strikes  reported,  affecting 
16^40  eslablislimcuts.  Operations  were  completely  suspended  in 
5,068.  Of  a  total  of  083,530  employees  in  the  establishments  affected, 
272,218  participated  in  the  strikes  and  21.433  others  were  thrown 
out  of  employment. 

The  ftdlowing  table  shows  the  number  of  strikes,  establishments 
affected,  strikers,  and  other  employees  Ihi'own  out  of  work,  by  results 
of  strikes,  in  UK)0: 


STRIKKK,    KKTARI.IRUMKNTH   AFITSCTRn.    STRIKKHR,    AXIl    fJTHRU    KMI'UlYEKS 

rnnowN  orr  or  wokk.  nv  uesilts,  looo. 

{Thu  eolutno   hfiiilt'U   "Ktrlkrrn"   shows   tb«   inaxlmiiin    numtxr  of   f)irlkfr.'«   ni   hd;    tjitio 

(luring  Ktrik>>.  1 


RMtllt. 


8tJCC««4M 

S(i«'«erle<l  imrtly. 
FttlM. .......... 


Total. 


StrikM. 


MS 

1.217 


8,n 


TotAlara- 

llsbnwotfl  In  Mtttt>- 
nflfviefl.  lichmentn 
•ll«cl«]. 


n,3fl3 

1.723 


1«>M8 


83.153 

*£I7,KNt 


OtLcr 

I    out  of 
work. 


82.  T» 
177.047 
113.442 


3,910 
15,  (C5 
tl.4W 


a03,«3»  I    273.318 


H<3S 


The  nnmWr  of  strikes  that  failed  was  36.0  j>er  cent  of  the  total, 
while  the  proportion  of  persons  participating  in  unsuccessful  strikes 
was  22.1)  per  rent  of  tlu'  total  numlwr  of  strikers.  Only  12  per  cent- 
of  tlie  fetrikei's,  repre.s4*ntin;^  1J>..'»  per  cent  of  the  establishments  af- 
fected, wei^  engaged  in  successful  strikes. 

The  following  table  .shows,  by  principal  groups  of  industries,  the 
ntunlier  and  re.sults  of  strikes,  the  uumber  of  establishments  and 


966 


BULLETIN   OF  THE  BtTKEAU  OF  LABOR. 


strikers  involved,  and  the  number  of  other  employees  thrown  out 
of  \vork  on  account  of  strikes  during  the  year  1906: 

NUMBKR  AND  R.rSTTLTS  OF  STRIKES.  ESTABLIRHMEINTS  AFFECTED.  STRIKERS, 
AND  OTHER  EMPLOYEES  THROWN  OCT  OF  WORK,  BT  INDUSTRIES,    lOUO. 


[Thu  column  headed  "  Strikers 


showR  the  mflxlmum  number  of  strikers  at  any  Ume 
during  strike.] 


Strikes  Tblrb- 


Industry. 


Suc- 


i  TotAl  ! 

strikes.  ■    Sue-    r  ^^^^^  ■■  i?„n,^ 

'  .  ceeded.j  ^^^^^  \ 


Gardening,  florist,  and  nuraco'  trades —  12 

Fisheries '  3  I 

Mintng.  metallurgical ,  salt,  etc lOG  | 

QuarryiDg,prDduct8or,8tooe,clsy. glass,  I 

etc 242 

Metal  working !  310  ■ 

Machinery.  instrumcDts,  apparatus,  ete. .'  206  i 

rhemteal  products i  33  ! 

Oil,  fat.  soap,  gas,  etc 18  , 

Textiles IM  ' 

Paper I  4H  i 

Leather ,  tW 

Woodworklnc,  carved  materials,  etc I  436  j 

Foods  and  dnnks  ( including  tAbaoco) 144  ' 

Wearing  apparel,  clcantng,  etc |  133  i 

Building  trades 1, 079  I 

Printing 51  . 

Art  trades 5 

Commerre ■  1G4 

Tmnsportatlon 94  i 

Hotels,  restaurants,  eto 1  ' 

Other 1 

Total '  3.; 


.11 

51 

29 

4 

2 

22 

13 

13 

77 

35 

27 

233 

8 

1 

33 

14 


10 
1 

58 

87 
145 
83 
16 
10 
75 
13 
43 
193 
64 
74 
490 
26 
3 
70 
37 


Eatab- 
Uidt- 
nients 

a(-    i 
fectfd. 


Strikers. 


Otber 

em- 
ployers 
thrown 
out  of 
work. 


30 

104 
114 

22  ) 


166 

55 

32 

357 

17 

1 

61 

43 

1 

1 


613  I    1,' 


1.12 

656 

20 

50 

307 

97 

30tt 

21,301 

4,W7 

590 

13,367 

1,025 

952 

S,724 

1,1  lit 

sn 

19,046 

9H 

41 

4.m 

179 

18 

546 

3S4 

29.215 

5,064 

106 

7,133 

133 

M4 

7,911 

560 

1.916 

21.141 

ol9 

310 

7.703 

257 

l.flM 

10,71tf 

J26 

7.eaB 

79.076 

8.494 

116 

2,251 

307 

24 

117 
12.7i» 

540 

IS3 

406 

ii,oee 

1,075 

1 

St 

1 

1,217      16,246  i    372,218  |      24,433 


The  group  of  building  trades  had  the  largest  number  of  strikes, 
.strikers,  and  ostablishnients  affected — 1,079.  or  32.4  per  cent  of  all  the 
strikes,  79.0TG,  or  20  per  cent  of  all  the  strikers,  and  7,626,  or  46.9 
l^er  cent  of  all  the  establishments  bein*^  in  this  industry.  Of  the 
strikes  in  the  building  trades  33.1  |)cr  cent  were  failures.  Next  in 
iinportiince  with  regard  to  the  number  of  persons  involved  were  the 
groups  of  textiles,  metal  working,  mining,  nielalliirgical,  salt,  etc., 
and  woodworking  industries,  resptctively.  The  strikers  in  these  dyo 
groups  of  industries  constituted  03.8  per  cent  of  the  total. 

Tlie  next  two  tables  give  statistics  of  strikes  according  to  their 
duration  and  according  to  the  number  <»f  strikers  involved: 

Xr.MI'.KU  ANI>  UESI'LTS  OF  STKIKIOS.   I:staI;L!SIIM1:\TS  AFFECTED,   STRIKERS. 
.\SU  OTIIKK   KMI'LOYEES  TIIItiiUN  OFT  OF  WORK.  IIV  DI'RATION.   IfWC. 

ITlif  (-(.liimn  headed  "Sfrlk^Ts"  sliow**  (ho  mnxlmnm  nunihor  of  strikers  at  any  time 

(liii-ini:  strikt>.  | 


I>ftyn  of  diiriiti««ik 


Ti.J.iI   i 
At  rt  ken.  I    Puc- 
I  rr(.'dcd 


l..'H>.  thiin  I , 213  J 

I  to.l 1,13a  E 

»ito  10 „...  4A3  I 

II  to  ill ., 475  I 

21  to:p „..  ™  ' 

31  mm ,,.,,. 

M  to  \m 

or  over **....* 


'OtP» 


3H  I 
UH  I 

"a;"m|" 


strikes  which-  -         '■ ..      , 
_    _-    _  KsUb- 

Hm--  I  n)r:ntA 

<^e^'kd    Fiitliil.      a[- 


i«  I 


va 
-Oft 

2  [9 

24t 

mi 


613      1,496 


94 
400 
]4lt 
]62 
113 
12^ 
120 

44 


2,Sft7 

4,2&^ 
liOll 
1,710 
2,520 

7W 


1,217      iap24« 


tJLriki>nk 


45,2S4 

*7,973 
19,061 


£73,21$ 


34*439 


POBEtGN   STATISTECA14  PUBLICATIONS — GKUltAKV. 


967 


'MBBR  AN'I)  UE:8i;LTa  or  STRIKBH.  B8TAnM8nMBNT8  ArKK^'TKI*.  8TH1KRIIK. 
ANU  OTIIKR  EMPLOTEK«  TUROWN  OVT  OF  WORK.  BY  XITMBHR  OF  STRIKKHH 
I.NVOI.VKD,    HM»e. 


colamn  beaded  "Strikers"  dbowa  the  maximum     numtMn'  of  atrfh^Tn  at  any  tloM 

during  Ririke.l 


Total 
atrUEii^ 

8trlka>  whtel^ 

EsUb- 

Other 

«trika»  iaTohrM  tn  wush  MrlVfl. 

twrtnrt 

oMd«I   Fttikd. 

1 

liab- 
uwnu 

al- 
Imted. 

Strlkor*. 

thriiwn 
out  of 
flrorfc. 

10  6 

306 

» 

101 
135 
108 
76 
81 
M 
23 
7 

M 
IM 
231 

m 

335 
30t 
3U 
IM 
47 

M 

IB 

m 

151 
183 
174 
78 
M 
U 

317 
MB 

915 
1,387 
2.3U5 

a.w7 

a.  734 

a,TK7 

7«7 
3.I3S 

11,190 
10.&4S 

«^875 

77.161 

127 

|0  10 ■ ,^ 

UM 

toao 

ns 

to  30 

1.3S 
2.3S 

IftSO 

io  10) -»,...„-....,-.«.*„ 

1  lo  a» ^ „ 

Itaun 

^^^^L* 

^B^* 

3.»i 

tttS 

1.491 

U317 

U^2M 

273. 218       3^  AS 

WF^' 

w 


The  following  table  shows  the  results  of  strikes  in  lOOG,  by  aiuse  or 
object: 


STUItwES.   BY   CAtSeS   ANU   BlSf»t'L.TH.    1000. 


IBirlkps  due  u>  two  ur  more  caonea  bavo  bren   laltulitioO  uodT  oacb  cnuve :  bcaef"  toUls 
for  thlft  table,  tf  nnnputed,  would  not  ap-rp  wllli  thnw  for  the  pm^mllng  tables.] 


Cuue  or  object. 


onrtlme 

•stn  pfty  for  aMondarr  vork 

^theri'Au-vs  aflectins  wugea..: 

lust  iiicroaao  ot  hours 

luctiou  ol  bours 

klitlon  or  UmitatioD  of  OTerCimewark.. 

;loo  ot  taour*  oa  Siitiirdfcy , 

btfurs , 

oauMH  aflorUiiK  boor*  of  labor. 

clu.nKe  lametbod  ol  paj^mMit 

'    il  enanee  in  mrthoi    '  :    -  -  '^t 

roinataUnutnt  of  di-*^  I'^yem 

Tor  di«cluirg«  or  A^lnft  •  i  of  certain  panotis. 

dlivbarpBof  rorwnim.  rtr , 

jaln^i  being  eompeUBd  to  work  on  holklBjra 

yWi^r  twttaraaiiitary  condltloDt.  eta , 

Aitaiast  UM  oi  material  fmcn  ••iat>llabiiniii  in  whfcb  strike 

mspeodlag. 

For  bet  ter  treat  mmt. 

FomcoKnllton  ot  roramJttee  of  employees 

For  adoption,  retexitioa,  or  cbaoge  of  vo^ 
QUwreaiusM 


SirUBMWhtefr- 


Total 


oaedad. 


TO 
2.343 

4S2 
]«• 
323 

13 
WH 
112 
130 

61 
1*4 
131 

17 

iu 

IM 
« 
M 

lift 

ao 

65 
301 


an 

43 

3i 

34 

2 

Utt 

6 

11 
S 

13 

13 
5 

74 

46 
4 
6 

14 

fi 
S 

17 
A3 
7ft 


fiUB- 

eaaded 
portlr. 


17 
,312 
3O0 
144 

195 
0 

m 

70 
85 
37 
73 
«4 
6 
UO 
33 
1» 
M 
70 

n 

37 

120 
3M 


r*iM. 


31 

tUiS 

W) 

35 

03 

6 

101 

30 

21 

W 

33 

34 

A 

310 

as 

3ft 
fi 
33 

IS 

ao 
so 

33 


968 


BULLETIN   OF  THE  Bt^EAU  OF  LABOB. 


The  re.sult.s  of  .strikes  for  each  j'ear  from  1S99  to  1906  are  shown  in 
the  following  table,  together  with  number  of  strikers  and  establish- 
mentis  affected : 


MMBER 


AXIr     RE.SILTS     OF     STRIKES.     ESTABLISHMENTS     AFFECTED, 
STRIKERS,  BY  YEARJ*.  IfeOll  TO  VJ*}ti. 


AXD 


Total 
st  rikf-9. 

Sum 

Strikes  which- 

EsCAb- 

lisb- 

mmts 

■Dated. 

T9t*l 
pioywa 

wded. 

Succeeded  partly. 

Faa*d. 

Y*ar 

nunCa 

affettm. 

Strikers. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent 
of  total 
strikes. 

Num- 
ber. 

Percent 
of  total 
strikes. 

Num- 
ber. 

Perceot 
allmal 

atrikva. 

1W9 

1.2fiS 

.^1 

25.7 

42» 

313 

52S 

41,0 

7,121 

25fi.e» 

9»,3S 

IWt 

i.ts 

275 

1».2 

505 

35.2 

653 

^.6 

77« 

2».«9 

122,803 

I«il 

l.(ij» 

20(1 

18.9 

285 

27.0 

571 

M.1 

4,561 

141. ao 

56,382 

VMn 

l.M) 

228 

21.5 

235 

22.2 

507 

%.3 

iM7 

1A1,0« 

53,912 

19«3 

1.374 

."MO 

21.8 

444 

32.3 

630 

45,9 

7,«0 

13S.SA 

85,608 

1WJ4 

i.tco 

440 

24.0 

688 

3&8 

rs 

39.2 

M«3» 

273,3M 

113,480 

I'tfJ.I 

i      2.4(fl 

b2H 

22.0 

971 

40.4 

904 

37.0 

ij:4es 

TT^.flM 

408.345 

IVPi 

1     :i,z-jsi 

1.13 

18.4 

1,498 

45.0 

1,217 

3C& 

W,240 

€S&,S» 

273,218 

T»CKOt'TS. — During  1900  there  were  298  lockouts  reported  affect- 
ing 2,780  establishments.  Of  a  total  of  152,449  employees  in  the 
establishments  affected  77,109  were  locked  out  and  2,655  others  were 
thrown  out  of  employment  on  account  of  the  lockouts. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  lockouts,  establishments 
affected,  employees  locked  out,  and  other  employees  thrown  out  of 
work,  bv  results  of  lockouts,  in  1900: 


I.nCKol  TS.     KSTAnLISIIMENTS     AFFECTE1».     EMPLOYEES     LOCKED    OUT,     AND 
OTIIEU  EMPLOYEES  TIIROWX  OIT  OF  WORK.  BY  RESULTS,  1906. 

I  Jill-  <i»inrnn  iH-adt-d  "  Emftbivi-os  locked  out  "  shows  thp  maximum  number  of  employees 
lork<>d  out  at  any  tlm^-  during  lockout.) 


KffluU. 


1 

'     Look- 
1     outs. 

Estab. 

Ii9h- 

mi-nts 

affected. 

Total 
employ- 
ees m  e»- 
tablish- 
mentn  af- 
fected. 

Employ- 
ees 

locked 
out. 

other 
employ- 
ees 
thrown 
out  of 
work. 

1              M 

1.751 
3U9 

20,224 

112,413 

19.812 

10,779 
56.524 
9.800 

86 

i             174 

2,057 

:::::::::;::!       ^ 

512 

298 

2,780 

152,449 

n,i09 

2,655 

SiK-C'-filcil , 

Kin-(iT<l<'(l  jpiirllv 
FhMi-'I '.. 

TmIhI 


Of  tho  lookouts  in  1000,  20.5  per  cent  were  successful  from  the 
stinhlpoinl  of  tlie  oinployors,  58.4  per  cent  were  partly  successful,  and 
I"i. I  per  ci'iit  were  complete  failures. 

Tlic  following  tal>Ie  sliows,  by  principal  groups  of  industries,  the 
nunibrr  uikI  results  of  lockouts,  the  number  of  establishments  and 
persons  involved  in  lockouts,  and  the  number  of  other  employees 
thrown  out  of  work  on  account  of  lockouts  during  the  year  1906: 


FOREIGN   STATISTICAL   PUBLICATIONS GERMANY. 


969 


NUMBER  AXn  RESL'LTS  OF  LOCKOITTJI.  ESTABLISHMBNTS  AFFECTKD,  EM- 
TLOVKES  I.O<KKn  OPT,  AND  OTHKU  EMPLOYEES  THROWN  OUT  OF  WORK, 
BV  INDUSTRIKS.  1006. 

tTbi*  cutnma  hpadrd  "  Employees  locked  onl  "  iihnwM  ibp  moxlinnm  ntimb«r  of  ptnployocft 
lo<-ke(j  out  At  any  ilnic  durlac  lockout.] 


lndi»try. 


UlniriK.  metiiUiirKkwl,  mH,  ete. 

3IU  rryiup,  nro«lucU  of  stone,  cluy .  gUuM,  etc 
eUl  working 

Maclilnery ,  lost  ruraeniit.  App«ntiu,  ete 

Cbetukial  pnxlucts 

on,  fat.  soap,  gas.  «(c. 

Texcitet 

Paper 

Leather 

Woodwork! nfffCarved  niatertala.  ou? 

FoodsanddnaksnaeludingColMCOoj  ,..„.. 

Wearing  apparel.  cletinlog.eUi 

BuIldiriK  trades , , , 

Printing 

Commerce .,_,....,.... 

Transportation «,,,r»— .<-».•— . 

Hotels,  restaurants, «to.. ».•».••«... t«*a«> 

Total 


Total 
kiek- 
outa. 


Lockouts  which—      | 


8up- 
tweded 


partly 


11 


FaUed. 


i7« 


EsUb- 
llsb- 
ownts 

a/, 
tcrtad. 


1 

223 

I 

1 

82 

34 

49 
827 
10 

Si 

213 

12 

1 

1 


Em- 
ployee 

locked 

om. 


loa 

5,066 

30.  SIT 

fMtt 

U9 

10.93 

1,003 

473 

3,014 

573 

1.800 

14,V00 

4,067 

^22 

19 

U 


Other 

eni- 
ployces 
ibrowD 
out  of 
work. 


3ft  1    3,TB0  I  77,100 


340 

33 

.381 


14 


(09 


8.0U 


Tlie  group  of  building  trndes  lintl  ibe  largest  number  of  lockoutK 
find  establishments  affected,  "JMii  p<T  cent  of  all  the  lockouts  and  41.9 
per  cent  of  all  the  e^ilablisluneiits  affected  Ijelonging  to  thi.s  industry. 
Of  the  lockouts  in  this  group  of  trades,  31  per  cent  were  successful, 
54  i)er  cent  were  partly  succe.ssful,  and  15  jut  cent  wore  conij^lete  fail- 
ures. The  Inrgest  number  of  employees  locked  out  is  found  in  the 
^Toup  of  machinery,  instruments,  apparatus,  etc.,  30,317,  or  39.3  per 
cent  of  the  total  number  of  employees  locked  out,  being  engaged  in 
these  industries.  Next  in  importance  with  regard  to  the  numlKU*  of 
persons  involved  arc  the  groups  of  building  trades  and  textiles.  Of 
all  the  employees  locke<l  out,  72.7  per  cent  belonged  to  these  three 
groups  of  industries. 

The  results  of  lockouts  for  each  year  fiom  ISOD  to  1(K)0,  together 
with  establishments  affected  and  employees  locked  out,  arc  shown  in 
the  table  following: 

i>'l*MBER    AJJD    RESIXTS    Of    LoCKOl'TS.    ESTABI.ISliilEN' TS    AFFECTEl*.    AND 
EMPLOYEES  LOCKED  OCT.  BV  VEARR,  180U  TO  lUOO. 


Loekouu  wbleh- 


Stvoeeded* 
partly. 


TWImL 


Percent 
ariolal 
lockouts. 


Num- 
ber. 


0 

ailLl 

17 

«Le 

« 

ao  1 

r 

15,2  ' 

i& 

21.4  1 

ss 

r.6  1 

147 

578  1 

174 

^4 

1 

EsUb- 
llflh- 
inents 
Perwmt  i»ff«?<«l- 
oftoul 
lockouts. 


31 B 
14.3 
31.4 
10.  A 
37.2 
35.8 

ma 
r^.1 


4Z7 
007 
33S 

948 
1,714 
I.IW 
3.M0 
2,780 


Total    I 

e.u»j-  '  p***y" 

llflh- 

tnrnts 

affected. 


B,2W 

3Z.4A3 

7 

IR.TOT.  i 

30.312 
1»..'<!« 
1^,410 


970  BUIXKTIX   OF  THE   Itt'REAU  OF  LABOB.  ^H 

GREAT  BRITAIN,  " 

Report  on  Strikes  and  Lorhntttf  and  on  Concilicrtton  and  Arhitratton 
Bottnh  in  the  I'nited  h'tfu/dam  m  IDOG.  1907.  ir>2  pp.  (Pul>- 
lisised  bj  the  LaJxir  Department  of  the  British  Board  of  Trade.) 

Tliis  report  is  the  nineleentli  of  a  series  uf  nnnaul  reports.  l>egiin 
in  1888,  oil  strikes  nml  lockoiibi.  It  presents  slntisties  for  strikes  aiii] 
lockotitii  beginnin^r  in  ll»>0  and  of  trade  disputes  settled  hr  concilia- 
tion or  nrltitrntioii  lw*nrtls,  Sunimnry  tnhles  are  nl*o  jriven,  mnldiig 
general  oi>nipariM>u  uf  results  in  190(>  with  the  i'e.sult«>  uf  each  of  the 
four  previous  yeare^  1902  to  1005. 

Fifftires  are  given  showing  by  industries,  C4iuses,  and  n^sulls  the 
nnnilwr  of  strikes  and  lockouts,  persons  directly  and  indirectly  in- 
volvetl,  and  days  lost,  A  list  of  trade  disputes  (involving  ce^^saUoo 
i>f  work)  settled  in  190C  by  conciliation  or  arbitration  i^  piven,  and 
tables  are  presented  summarizing,  by  industries,  tlie  work  of  the  per- 
manent and  ilistriet  conciliation  and  arliilration  l>oards. 

Strikes  and  lockouts,  in  which  the  number  of  persons  involved  waa 
fewer  tlian  10  or  which  lasted  less  than  one  day  unless  the  aggregate 
days  lost  exceeded  100  daj-^.  are  not  included  in  the  report. 

Appendixes  slum  the  metliod  used  in  cIsf^Hifyinp  eaiisrs  of  trade 
disputes,  trade  dispiUe  statistics  for  each  year  of  the  period  18^3  to 
1900,  great  labc)r  disputes  1SS8  \o  1005,  etc. 

As  in  previous  years,  disputes  relative  to  *wa«rt*s  were  the  ninfvt 
numerous,  forming  (>8.3  pei-  cent  of  all  disputes  for  the  year  and  in- 
volving 55.7  per  cent  of  all  striking  and  locked-out  emf>loy«»^  Of 
this  class  of  disputes  58  per  cent  resulted  in  favor  of  emplrrvees.  JH.fl 
per  cent  in  favcrr  of  cinplo\~ers,  30.5  per  cent  were  conipromiwd,  nml 
m  three  (fises,  or  0.f>  per  cent,  the  results  weiv  indefinite.  Of  the 
total  employees  e*ngaged  in  wage  disputes  17.7  per  cent  were  in  dis- 
putes settled  in  favor  of  the  employees,  35  per  cent  in  those  settled 
in  favor  of  the  eraploj-crs,  and  40,7  per  cent  in  those  that  irere  cotn- 
promised.  Of  disputes  relative  to  hours  of  labor,  4fl,l  per  ci-nl  were 
settled  in  favor  of  the  employees,  30.8  2)er  cent  in  favor  of  the  «Tn- 
ployrrs,  and  23.1  percent  were  compromised.  Of  the  disputes  relative 
to  trade  unioni.<sn  and  employment  of  |)Mrticular  clai^^ies  or  f>en<»n6, 
42. ?i  per  cent  were  settled  in  favor  of  employcc.s,  40  per  c<'nt  in  favor 
of  employers,  16.5  j«»r  i-ent  were  cdmpromiseil,  and  l.:i  jK-r  cent  were 
indefinite  or  unf^ettled;  while  88.5  per  cent  of  tlw  cmplox'wa  involved 
■\K>        "       '        '(i»s  settled  in  favor  of  the  eiiiplo'  "  -'   i     ■       ;M    i:. 

til  .  favor  of  the  employers,  and  5.7  ]  .     i  ,  ,; 

wci^  comproroised,  indioiting  that  the  disputes  in  which  the  em- 
ployees were  -  'm1  wi*re  >  ^  d  by  tiaions  h.i  '  *  ts, 
tneuiber^p.     *             ring  all                  31.5  per  tout  v.  n 


stea 


FOREIGN    STATISTICAL  PUBLICATIONS GREAT  BRITAIN. 


971 


fa^*or  of  the  eTiiplovees,  3«).S  per  cent  in  favor  of  the  einpK\ver^,  ^^0.9 
p<T  cent  were  compromisod,  and  O.S  |>er  i-ent  were  inrlctinile  or  un- 
settled. 

Strikes  and  LocKorTs  in  1906. — The  number  of  strikes  and  lock- 
outs, the  nnmber  of  work  people  uffocted.  and  the  iip*^ppate  days  lost 
[Vere  irreater  in  IDOtJ  than  in  anr  year  since  11M>2.  During  the  year 
there  were  480  strikes  and  lockouts  i"erorded,  atTecting-  :}l7,77u  i>ersons 
«nd  entailing  an  H^gregnie  loss  of  S.fKiS.Slfi  working  days.  Th<*.se 
items  are  considerably  above  the  avei-ages  for  the  five-year  period, 
IdOl  to  1905. 

The  following  tables  show  the  nuniWr  of  strikes  and  lockouts  the 
number  of  strikers  nnd  pe^^ons  locked  out  and  of  other  persons 
thrown  out  of  work  by  reason  of  t'trikes  and  lockouts  in  lOOG,  and 
the  number  of  working  dnys  hist  by  all  rmploy»4»s  thrown  out  of 
work,  classified  accoiHling  to  principal  causes  and  by  results: 


|«TaiKEai8    AND    EMI'LoVBBS    UX'KIUt    OrT.    HY    CAUSKS    AM»    RKSULTS.    AKD 
OTHDK   KMIM^VEICS  THItOWV  OITT  OF  WORK.    }*>m 

{**  A|:fr<^|:Atc  nrorkloc  dn,v->4  )o<i(  hy  nil  cmi'Iovpfs  thfi^wn  out  ftf  vrurk  "  locludrs  the 

fnl*>  duration    in    IfMi^   of  dlMpuif«   wbicli   UfRsn    li  ' 

urstion  In  1007  oC  dispute*  wblcb  begau  In  lf»0«J 


ni*>  duration   tn   lIMitf  of  dlopuit-A  wbich  UfRsn   In   prt>vlou8  reim.  and  excludes 
dui 


Strives  nnd  InokoulJt,  Ibe  tv- 
9tilt«  of  whirti  wvTv— 

ToUl 
AtrikM 

and 
loek- 
ouU. 

WnrUlW 

hy  *ll  em- 

tbmwn  owt 
of  work. 

FrlJKlpAl  CAMMt  or  i>1iieot. 

III 

f«Tr>r 

ntmn- 

plOJCMt 

In 
l»v<*r 

ployon. 

prrK 

rolMKl. 

cHsor 
unaet- 
tlod. 

_ 

n 
« 
u 

16 

11 
1 

t 

It) 

4 

S5 
9 

i* 

3 
11 

11 

t 
I 

8 

i' 

3SS 

W 

a 
s 

33 

3 

a 

w.i* 

UI.2W 
41«,«6& 

■M^rmpnt  rit  pdrtietitairelUMvor  p*raons.... 

HBcv                 Miancv,  rulM,  naddicdpttneL.... 

HBt'              "itfti 

^fmrctuttrt                   l  jj              i      i      i  jj* 

2,0W 

ToUJ ,.,,. 

UH  1         170 

ISO 

4 

«« 

a.(».8i« 

rrurKKKs  and  Eiirix>YnEs  locked  orr.  bv  causes  and  rksdlts. 

OTHER   RMPLOTKES   THROWN  OtTT  OF  WORK,   1*06. 


VM» 


rrineipftl  oftUM  or  •bjcot. 


Strfken  and  anploytM  locked 
out  in  dl«ptit«B,  tbm  roBuIti 
at  wblcb  »»r»— 


In     *     In 

Utof  I  ravor 

of  cm-  >  of  sn- 

ployw.  l^Dycn. 


WM5M IS, 

Bonn  of  Ubor I,C» 

impUxymmnt  of  paf  UcuUr  cbuoaM  ut  cvtboiw \    l, 

tWorkinff  ^rnngRtnt-nts,  nilmaiul  )li9«~*plLna..  ...I     1.4M 
'   tinfoabrm. J  47,BU  j 

ithfftic  diaputes 

CUUMM 


». 


BU  t 

iiiL 


770 


Total. 


i^ 


m; 


pro- 
miaed. 


4i.avs 


a 


H.614 


iDdiA- 
nlleor 

URWt- 

tkd. 


10 


Mi 


ToUl 
■Ulken 
and  Bm- 


loeiEvd 

oat. 


97. 0» 
T.OM 
4,714 
«.SM 

50,780 


IS7,fr2 


Oib«r 

terovn 
ont  ol 
work. 


4D.2BS 

ni 

&.£BU 
2.7« 
3,01* 


».f4U 


Of  nil  employees  directly  affected  by  labor  dt^pu(««  42.5  per  cent 
livere  involved  in  di>  favor  of  tho  empIove«=  04.4  per 


972 


BULLETIN  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  LABOR. 


cent  in  those  settled  in  favor  of  the  emploj'ers,  32,7  per  cent  in  those 
that  were  compromised,  and  0.4  per  cent  in  those  the  results  of  which 
were  indefinite  or  imsettled. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  strikes  and  lockouts,  em- 
ployees thrown  out  of  work,  and  working  days  lost,  according  to 
classified  groups  of  employees  thrown  out  of  work: 

STRIKKS  AND  LOCKOUTS,  EMPLOYEKS  THROWN  OUT  OF  WOKK.  AND  WORKING 
DAYS  LOST,  BY  CLASSIFIED  NUMBER  OF  EMTLOYEES  THROWN  OUT  OF 
WORK,   1006. 

["Aggregate  working  days  lost  by  all  employees  thrown  out  of  work  '*  refers  exclualvely  to 
disputes  wlifch  b<*gaD  tn  \UOCt.  and  iactudes  working  days  lost  In  1007  due  to  disputes 
whicli  extended  beyond   1000. J 


Groups  of  riDployrcs  thrown  out  of  work. 


Strikes 

and 
loekouts. 


Employees  thrown 
out  of  work. 


Aggregate  working 
days  lost  by  all 
employ  ees  thrown 
out  of^work. 


5.0(:0  or  over 

2.A00  or  under  ,S,OC0 
1,000  or  undor2..WO 
.MlOor  under  1,000.. 
2)0  or  under  500..., 

100  or  under  2:=0 

50  or  under  100 

2)or  under  AO 

Under  25  («) 

Total 


4 

2ti 
31 
i7 

102 
^2 
72 

103 

iff, 


NuinlK r.  Fcrcent.    Number.     Percrnt. 


101.  (£5 
13,900 
3(i.  2G8 
2l,32<i 
18, 743 
15.978 
5,704 
2.538 
1,C3L 

217. 773 


*  Diflputes  involving  fewer  than  10  work  people  and  those  which  lasted  less  thaa  one 
day  have  been  omitted,  except  when  the  aggregate  duration  exceeded  400  working  days. 

In  lOOG  there  were  9  disputes  in  each  of  which  the  numher  of  em- 
ployees  involved  exceeded  5,000;  in  1905  there  was  no  dispute  of  such 
magnitude.  The  disputes  affecting  more  than  1,000  persons  in  190C 
were  hut  8  per  cent  of  the  total  nunilxT  of  disputes,  while  these  dis- 
putes aifected  00.8  per  cent  of  all  einploA'ees  thrown  out  of  work. 

In  the  following  table  are  given  the  number  of  strikes  and  lock- 
outs, employees  thrown  out  of  Avork,  and  working  daj's  lost,  classified 
according  to  duration  of  the  disputes: 

STRIKES    AND    LOCKOUTS.    EMPLOYEES    THROWN    OUT    OF    WORK,    AND    WORK- 
ING HAYS  LOST.  liY  J>URATION.  lOOrt. 

[".Vggrogatc  working  day-*  Io<t  by  nil  employees  thrown  out  of  work  "  n-fi-rs  exclusively  to 
disputes  which  Ih^hu  in  11mm>.  uud  Includ<-s  working  dnys  lost  in  1007  due  to  disputes 
which  extrnd'd  bcjond  11*00. J 


I»urj;tioii  of  f  triki's  or  Im-koiits. 


Aggregate 
Number  Employees  I    working 
of        thrown  out:  days  lost 
disputes.'    of  work.         by^  all 

I  eonployees. 


f'nd4'r  1  wrn-k 

1  w(><'k  or  undrr  2  wo"kfl I 

2  wrt'ks  or  un<lrr  4  we^-k.-* ' 

4  wtH-ks  or  under  G  weeks i 

0  wwks  or  under  m  wet'k.s i 

8  weeks  or  under  10  w«'ks ! . . .  i 

10  weeks  or  under  15  we*'ks 

15  weeks  or  under  20  weeks 

•w  weeks  or  under  25  weeks. 

'leksorover. I 

I. 

ToUL I 


aoi> 

97 
61 
37 
19 
lij 
2U 
5 
7 
12 


486 


73,256 
43,406 
61,307 

5,432 
18.406 
10.3(» 

2,368 
327 
622 

3,281 


217, 77» 


163.041 
316.  Ill 
AS3.362 
140.383 
711.707 
400,764 
130.824 
23,715 
48,088 
SI<.M7 


2,8HI48 


FOREIGN    STATISTICAI.  PtTBLlCATI0N8 — GREAT   BRITAIN 


973 


Tlie  niiinber  of  strikes  and  lockouts  which  lasted  less  than  two 
weeks  fonued  0*2..^  per  cent  of  nil  tlisputes.  and  tlie  number  of  per- 
sons thrown  out  of  work  in  the^»  groups  formed  53.C  per  cent  of  all 
persons  thrown  out  of  work  by  strikes  and  lockouts.  Thei*e  were  but 
12  disputes,  or  'i.r>  per  cent  of  all  disputes,  which  had  a  duration  of 
twenty-five  weeks  or  more.  While  the  numl)er  of  employees  in- 
volved in  disputes  in  this  fjroup  formed  but  1  per  cent  of  all  em- 
ployees affected  by  strikes  and  lockouts,  j'et  the  app:re|rate  daj^s  lost 
by  strikers  and  locked-out  employees  was  11.2  i>er  cent  of  the  a^gre- 
lErate  working  days  lost  by  all  employees  engaged  in  the  disputes  of 
the  year. 

The  foUowinjr  tables,  in  which  the  disputes  are  classified  by  results, 
.•-liow  the  number  of  disputes  and  of  persons  affected,  and  the  nunib<»r 
of  working  days  lost  in  each  grouj)  of  industries: 

8TRIKBS  AND  LOCKOUTS,  BV  RESfLTS.  AND  WORKING  DAYS  LOST.  FOR  BACH 

OKorp  OF  iNmrsTuiKS,  iwio. 


p*  AnnNE&Ce  workfns  iIhth  IohI  by  nil  empIoypi*tt  ihroira  oot  of  work 

*bTp  duration    la    IfKH)   of  dUputfs   which   tx'giin    I 
nmtlon  In  1907  of  disputcft  wlilcb  bc^ao  In  lllOtt.  ] 


Includes  tbc  iigsro- 
of  dUputfs   wlilch   tx'giin    Id   previous  yean,   and   cxeludeii    tb« 


IjadiMtry. 


Strikes  and  lockouti  the  rraalt 

of  which  wfre—  Total 

; : litrlkes 

In      I      In      ,  r„„_   I  lutlefl-      and 
fa-vor 


BttildlDg  trail«*a. 

HlniniE  and  quarrying  . 

v.tmI  •  nL^infviing,  and  ahtptfuDdlnB. 

I.** 

'K**. 

alon 

iCh'Ou*  tradra. 

>y«w  of  puhUe  authorltiaa. 


Total. 


(avor 
of  cSD-  I  of  eni* 
pk)7(«a.ploycn. 


Com- 
pro- 
mised- 


Aggncata 
worimog 

days  lost 

by  all  em- 

ploy(«s 


nitcor     lock- 
UDMt-  I  outa.  thrown  out 
tliNL    i  of  work. 


US 


179 


150 


19 
« 
125 

43 

Ifl 


M,JOI 

(oa.ioB 

93,13* 
10.021 
Ol.lM 
«,SBS 


4M  I      l,flaB.AIt 


I 


PTH1KI]US     AM»     i:Min-OYEK8    LOCKKP     OI'T.     HY     RKHFLTS.    AND    OTllEU     EM- 
PLOVEES  THROWN  OCT  OF  WORK,  KOB   E.\rU  OROl'P  OF  INDUSTRIES.   IWO. 


Industry. 


Strlkrrsand  funployena  loakad 
out  in  disputes,  tba  niulta 
of  which  were — 


In  In       p„_  tndcfl- 

favor     faror      ^'o-'  '^^  °' 

of  lOTi-    of  •tn-    „i^  uasrt- 

ployoBa.  ployoi^  mixQ.  y^j^ 


P-"-"--*--V-       Ml 

ing. _ 52.flOT 

:  ,aod  •hipbalUlng... .,«„.,....     2,V» 

i   ».aov 

m 

w 

li,...-  ..I,.-  •ludoa. —  '       WO 

mployws  of  pablte  authoif (tea. ... 


Total i  87,tM 


732 

m 

3.«U 

7.4» 

U.f» 

0,156 

i.>.ei9 

11,351 

l.MO 

5,S73 

l.SSt 

100 

1,4H 

l.nOB 

312 
ail,M7 

32 

&i,ai8 

IIB 
4DD 


Total 
Btrfknrs 
and  Fon- 
plovcrs 
lodccd 
out. 


other 
amploy- 

tem 
thrown 

OtJt  of 
work. 


1.383 

M.OBA 

2a,  aw 

56. «» 
7,1M 

l.fiOO 

a.  an 


5* 

iii.rTT 
iM.va 

1»,2U 
l.7«» 

tn 


ICT.STJ 


M.om 


The  nimil)er  of  disputes,  persi^n**  dii*eotly  »ffeefe<].  p(*r^<ms  indiroctly 
affected,  nnd  ii^girgale  workiug  diiya  lost  iu  the  mining  and  <|iiarry- 
•I0121h-Bull.  70— OS 21 


t  STLUmX  OF  THE  BlTBEAtJ  OF  UkBOB. 

ing^  m^tal,  «aigin«ering,  and  fihipboilding^  and  textile  groopft  of  in- 
dustries exceeded  .siniilAr  itenii^  in  CTerjr  otlirr  iudnstrial  gcoujx 
Of  the  toUK  there  Tvere  I51i  dis|>ut«»^  Ii  /  07,150  >Tork  people,, 

which  rK^uIteil  in  favur  of  i-mployc^;  11  j  •'Ws,  Invuhin^  38,M7 

work  ptHtple^  which  remlted  in  favor  of  employers,  and  150  diHpu(«», 
ia%'ulving  51.01H  work  peo|>h\  which  wtrrc  comprouLbed.  The  remain- 
ing disputes  were  indeHnile  or  uiibettled  sl-h  to  re^mlts. 

Stkikes  axd  LuCKOinrs  during  Five  Ykaba. — During  tl>^  Bve-year 
periorl,  IDO'J  lo  190*1,  tlu"r<"  was  a  yearly  average  i>f  -IOj  tlispur*  ~     '^ 
ing  an  avi^ruge  of  154,410  einpioyees  yearly,  aud  cuUtling  an         :  —  • 
yearly  loss  of  '2^00,230  working  days. 

Tile  following  t^ble  show^  the  nuiitl>er  of  »tnkes  and  l(K*kout«^| 
employees  thrown  out  of  work,  and  working  days  lost  in  each  year! 
of  the  period  named: 

MTBIKKS  AND  LOCEOLT.S.  EMPLOTBES  TBEOWN  OUT  OK  W^ORK.  AND  WORKIKO 
ILW.S  IJOST.  BT  YKAIta,  im>2  TO  lIKMi. 


[^Aflirvcatp  worklnj;  dajm  lo«t  br  alt  rtD|iloyf>r«  tbn>fra  out  o£  irot^  **  Indodu  ibe    __ 

Kitv  daratlofli   in  eacli  it»r  or  dtvtiuUre   which  bt.>na  is   prvvioiui  rears  and   ■itiMili^ 
>yond  Dim  ypar  In  which  tbor  txitAa.  sod  rKdiuir*  tW  damtloa  in  190T  u>(  dl«uuli>!ii 
whli-h  Ix^^D  m  11)00.] 


Y<wr. 

m 

StrfkFj 

ftDd 
kxfemiU. 

StrUuTs 
uidem- 

\txSDfd  out. 

other 
i<mplo>««* 
thrown 
oulol 
vocft. 

Total 

«Mlorr«> 

thrown 
out  of 
work. 

workuiic 
by  All  em- 

t  brown 

OUtoJ 

woft. 

p. 

Ml 
3SS 

IM.CH 

n.ns 
s&.3ao 

117.  «S3 

isr»s73 

30.  ASS 
2ft.  UD 

vmM 

ttM 

1  In^^B 

IMft 

VjPSm 

1«M 

•"MfrfH 

' 

The  numl)er  of  strikes  and  lockouts,  and  employees  thrown  out  of 
work  in  each  year  from  IJ>02  to  190G,  are  shown  in  the  following  table, 
bv  industries: 


KTR1KK8  ANl>  LOCKOin*8  AND  EMPIX>VKRS  THHOWN  OITT  OF  WOnK.  BT  INDUS- 
TttlRR  ANT>  YRAHH,  ini>2  TO  190il. 


loaofirr- 

Stdkes  aad  lockouts. 

Eiupto>w«  «hl«>vii  out  of  iroik. 

m 

71 
» 

as 

H 

IMi. 
44 

«3 
U 

»5 
lA 

4 

19M. 

IM& 

1000. 

1W2. 

tma.     1604. 

1900^ 
44.794 

u.raa 

J.&itt 

19W. 

IftilMintr  Indtt 

SI 

19 
96 

124 

134 

42 
1ft 

,'.s 

S.35A 
208.06 

15.914 

ia.7rR\ 

J 

:i 

32.  M> 

4«,a8T 

w.uo 

U.04ff 
1,448 

i*«aj 

MhUBft  tuHt  qoarrrUMf 

IBiir^pgtiwwaiK.  «wl  ■hlpbutfd- 

lU 

7S 

a 

M 
10 
41 
1 

IM 

47 
» 
il 

4a.MCi 

^^Bk  *wm*LL 

uliil 

^^^HsC|g!>t 

v.ftti 

^^^^^^ESZ^ 

1,7541       2.112 

3,7M       T.IJU 

4fr           72t 

t.iat 

'•3 

T.rt*l 

Ml 

an 

Jtf 

- 

$7,vs  13.903 1  tiT.na 

Th^  folIf»wing  tahic  ^1 
Working  davFi  lost  by  all 
w  period  1002  to  IttOO : 


of  indu.striets,  ili 
u  out  of  work  1' 


FOREIGN    STATISTICAl.  PITBLICATIONS GREAT  BRITAIN. 


975 


AGGREGATE  DCEtATlON   IN   WOKKXNQ    DATS   OF   STRIKES  AXD   LOCKOTTTfS,   BT 
INDrSTRIKS   AxNI)   VKAHS.    IIWJ   TO    IWMJ. 

f'AKKTpRnt?  worklnc  days  lo«t  Iir  Hit  t'inployfofl  thrown  out  of  work"  tncludi*-!  Ih.^  a^^re- 

Ki«  dumttmi   iu   each  year   of  dUputus   which   \>*gaa  In   previous  T^on  «Dd  rstt>Dd«H| 
yood    thi>  year   In   ublcli   tbi^y   bt-gan,   and   cscludL's   llit:   duration   In    1907   ot   tUsuiiivn 
m^cb  be«&a  la  lUOO.] 


laiiiMtvy. 


'  BuOdlne  tndM 

'  yinlnfl  And  Qaairytoc 

MKsI.  vnginaertnf ,  and  shtpbtifldlnB. 

TnxtUf  trade* 

Clothlnf:  tr*dea 

Tnuin>ortiiiUon , 

■oraajifous  trades 


mploynea  prfubUc  autboctUos. 


Total. 


An^ragat*  wqtUdc  <U]rs  lost  br  aB  enploycw 

tlUOWH  out  of  WOK. 


64,  ON 
SilSS 

e.iDS 


t.«n.iu 


iWM. 


n<37i 

Kfl.ttS 

ai.rre 

«3 


L^aMifi 


Stt.BlS 
U7.3S5 

Ul.&M 
13.202 

90 


wn. 


413.  &sa 

417,571 

71.435 

fiT.OW 

64, 2W 

&.174 


SB.  an 

fltt.UB 

762.999 
93.130 
10.  UU 
«3.1lM 

•iStt 


I.4M.22I>   Z.4«0.ia0  t^.QS^ftU 


tTIiere  were  more  strikes  iind  lookouts  during  1906  than  during  iiny 
bthiT  year  of  the  five-year  period,  and  more  employees  thrown  out  of 
work  and  more  working  days  lost  by  employees  except  during  the 
fii'st  3'ear  of  the  five-yenr  period.  During  the  four  years  190'2  to 
UK)5  the  greatest  number  of  dispute.s  arose  in  the  uiiniiig  and  quarry- 

Ping  industry,  but  in  lOOtt  this  industry  ranks  third  as  to  number  of 
disputes,  the  greatest  number  (li2">)  during  the  year  being  iu  the 
metal,  engineering,  and  shipbuilding  group  of  trades,  followed  by 
^24  in  the  textile  trades.  On  the  ether  hand,  mining  and  quarrying 
shows  during  1900  the  largest  nimil>er  of  employees  thrown  out  of 
work  and  ranks  second  as  to  aggregate  working  days  lost  by  em- 
ployees. Tlie  building  trades  during  UX)C,  as  compared  with  each 
^of  the  fmir  preceding  years  of  (he  [>eriod,  s1k>w  a  material  falling 
Voff  in  number  of  disputes^  employees  tlirown  out  of  work,  and  aggre- 
gate working  days  lost  by  employees. 

The  number  of  strikes  and  lockouts  and  the  number  of  strikers  and 
employees  locked  out  for  each  year  of  the  i>eriod  1902  to  11*00  are 
B shown  in  the  next  table,  by  principal  causes: 

STRIKES   XSD  LOCKOl'TS  AND   STaiKHftS   AND  EMPLOVEIES   LOCKED  OUT.  »T 

raiNrir'AL  causes  and  years.  iih»2  to  i»oo. 

Strikm  aod  omployMi  looksd  omL 
1906. 


BrLLETIN   OF  THE    BrREAtT   Of  LjLBOB. 


Wliile  the  number  of  disputes  relative  to  wages  remained  compara- 
tively the  same  during  the  j'enrs  IJ»03  to  liW),  there  wns  a  ninterial 
inrrease  durinj^  li>0<»  a^  comjmred  with  each  of  the  precedin|j  years^ 
of  the  live-year  jKiriod.  The  number  of  strikers  and  employees  locked 
out  also  shows  u  large  increase  during  lOOfi  over  preceding  years, 
nie  nuiiilx^r  of  disputes  relative  to  hours  of  lalx>r  follows  closely  that 
for  each  of  the  three  precedinff  years,  while  the  numl>er  of  employees 
in\'olved  sliow.s  a  large  increase  over  each  of  the  four  preceding  yejirs 
of  the  i>eriod.  Disputes  in  ll'O*)  on  account  of  trade  unionism  num- 
l>cred  IVJ^  as  compared  with  20,  the  greatest  number  during  any  pre* 
ceding  year  of  the  period,  while  the  number  of  employees  involved 
was  r>0,7i50,  as  compared  with  25,489,  the  greatest  number  rcj^ortcd 
during  any  preceding  year  of  the  five-year  i>eriod.  Disputes  arising 
from  like  remaining  named  causes  show  for  1906  a  nH.u)rd  not  strik- 
ingly ditTerent  fronj  that  of  the  four  preceding  years. 

Thi'  following  table  sliows.  by  results,  the  number  of  strikes  and 
lockouts  and  employees  directly  affected  during  each  year,  1^02  to 
l»(Ki: 

BTIUKES    AND    I^OCKOUl'S    AND    STKIKKUS    ASV    KHFLOYEKS    LOCKKU    OUT,    BT 

KKSn.TS  A.Vn  YEARS.  IP02  TO  li>05. 

I'Vhr  tiguTfrn  for  yrtm  pri'vluaR  In  HHHt  hart*  lMH*ti  rrvlM'd  to  tacludc  ttt<>  r^milt*  of-dlirptitoa 
icrmlDfiied  aftor  tho  r^tKiru  of  il)o»o  ycar»  were  pabMsbed.] 


I     Strikes  nod  lockoutt. 


Sirllrara  luitl  onpUiyna  locicad  oat. 


RecuJl. 


1002.  1901  1904.  IMIfi  .l«».     UtO.    !    SMft.        1001.    i   in&.    '  IO0& 


In  Uvor  of  employee* '  lOB      00  ,    (12 

In  tiivorurernployem 300  I  1K&     IW 

Coinpr.ijuiiiml I  |35     m      HJ 

iDdennite  or  tiuMKUled |      3        11 


Total I  412 


387     355 


70     153  I  S7.187 
IM  I  ITV     Xi.lSJ 


U9  ;  120 

I         4 


»B     «ft 


42,141 
300 


ll«,fQ4 


».lfl"  15.  <! 
44.W.Vi  ■£*,:■ 
19.370      17,-1 

22  j         -. 


«3,M5  I  »..-Wi 


Thi.c  table  .shows  that  for  each  year  during  the  five-year  period 
the  nunilHT  of  disputes  i*esulting  in  favor  of  the  employees  was  less 
than  the  number  in  >vhich  the  employers  were  successful.  Tlie  num- 
Wr  compromise*]   (except  in  1IX)0)   also  exceed.s  the  nunil>er  which 

were  jsetlled  iii  favor  of  the  emi)lov(x»s,  but  is  less  in  each  i^eur  than  the 

I     •  ^ 

number  Betfled  in  favor  of  the  eiiijdoyers.  The  total  number  of  dis- 
putes during;  the  five-year  period  was  2.0i!8,  of  wliich  483,  or  23.8 
per  cent,  were  settled  in  favor  of  ihe  employees;  010,  or  45.*2  per  cent, 
in  favor  of  the  employers;  OHl,  or  JW.4  per  cent,  were  eompronii»ed^ 
and  i;^,  or  0,0  per  cent,  were  intlefinile  <»r  uusettk'd.  In  IIKXJ,  of  the 
480  diRputes,  MJt  per  cent  were  favorable  to  the  employees  and  ^H^S 
per  cent  to  the  employers,  JiO.O  per  cent  were  comproruiised*  and  0,8 
per  cint  were  indefinite  or  unsettled  at  the  end  of  (lie  year. 
Inuring  the  five-year  j>eriod  there  were  in  the  aggregate  4S*2ji44 
>loyees  directly  affei'ted  by  strikes  and  Uwkout.s,  Of  llii^  number, 
028  employees*  or  33,0  per  cent  of  all  employees  directly  affected. 


FOREIGN   STATISTICAi,  FUBLICATIONS GREAT   BHITAIN, 


were  involved  in  disputes  in  which  employees  were  successful; 
167,21f>,  or  34  per  cent,  in  disputes  in  which  the  employei*s  were  suc- 
cessful ;  ir)R,4(>4.  or  32.12  per  rent,  in  disputes  which  were  compromised, 
and  933,  or  0.2  per  cent,  in  tliose  of  which  the  settlement  was  indefi- 
nite, or  which  were  unsettled.  The  corresponding  percentages  for 
1906  were  42.5,  24.4,  32.7,  and  0.4,  respectively. 

In  the  following  table  the  number  of  strikes  and  lockouts,  and  the 
number  of  strikers  and  employees  locked  out,  are  shown  by  methods 
of  settlement  for  each  year  of  the  period  1002  to  1906: 


I 


STRIKES    AND    LOCKOUTS    AND    STRIKERS    AND    EUPLOYEES    LOCKED     OPT, 
METHOD  OF  SETTLEMENT  AND  YEARS.   1902  TO  llWtt. 


BY 


I 


IThc  ftifurcs  for  the  yrars  prevlou* 
disputes  termiaatiHl  artrr 

to  inno 
tile  rt'iwr 

haro  Itcr-n   rerifiod   to  loi-lode  tht*   results  of 
s  (or  ttieac  yetin  were  piibliabedj 

MetboaolMtUemfint. 

Strlkoi  anU  lockouts.         StrilEcrs  and  emplorees  locked  out. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904.  10O5 

1906.;    1002. 

1903. 

1S04.       11I0&. 

IW6. 

ArWtratlon 

Ifi 
13 

310 
« 

sti 
s 

IS 
8 

270 
36 
M 
S 

IS 
13 

zn 

27 
67 

a 

0 
S3 

47 

53 

3 

4 

1« 

as 

340 
39 
£0 
3 

Q 

0.310 

20 

IS.  047 
1,401 

H4se 

6,988 

3.378 
241 

1.839      3,334 

3.179       8,Tj2 

43.00     48,155 

4.ft6      &,&fiO 

3,5S7       3,136 

673           714 

2«          132 

4.391 

8,4M 

ConcllUilon 

Direct  orriiasemoiit  or  negoiutloa 
lielw«en  partlaa  or  Omt  repre- 
MQtatlv^s 

120,614 
17  398 

SnbmlMloB  t>t  Dmployfef . 

Raplueineol  of  employeos 

3,377 

CInaing  ol  worlu ,..'..  I 

138 

Indefinite  or  unsetUed 

£75 

Total 

443 

887 

«6 

3&8  1  <» 

m,SM 

91,Slfi 

M.3S0 

67,653 

157,873 

I 


In  each  year  nio^t  of  the  disputes  were  settled  by  direct  arrange- 
ment or  negotiation,  the  |>eivcntage  of  disputes  settlod  hy  this  method 
being  72.2,  6i».S,  63.9,  01.5,  and  70.0  per  cent  of  all  disputes  for  the 
respective  years  1902  to  1906.  The  number  of  disputes  settled  by 
submission  of  employees  and  by  rephicement  of  employees  in  1906 
ronipares  closely  with  the  averages  for  the  preceding  four  yeai^s.  In 
only  three  instances  was  there  a  closing  of  works.  Disputes  settled 
by  submission  of  employees,  i-eplacement  of  employees,  and  closing 
of  works  together  formed  21.0,  2.*^.^.  28.2.  28.8,  and  20.8  per  cent  of 
nil  disputes  for  the  respective  years.  Only  30  disputes,  involving 
.5.0  |>er  rent  of  all  persons  directly  affectwl,  were  settled  by  arbitra- 
tion and  conciliation  during  1906.  The  numlier  of  disputes  so  settled, 
however,  is  greater  than  the  average  for  the  preceding  four  years^ 
which  is  but  28. 

RUSSIA. 

Stotl»t'ich€»kyih  6ved*'riia  o  Starhkahh  Rabochykh  na  FahrikaJck  i 
Zfirodakh  za  desfafillftw  IS95''1904  goda  (Statistical  data  relating 
to  strikes  of  workingmen  in  factories  and  mills  for  the  decade 
1895-1901).  Published  by  Ministerstvo  Torgovli  i  Promyshlen- 
nosti,  Oldiel  Promyshlennosti  (Ministry  of  Commerce  and  In- 
dustry, Bureau  of  Industry).    1905,    79  pp.-f  38  pp. 

This  is  the  tii-st  citliciul  report  on  strikes  in  Russia.  The  reijort.^ 
which  covej-s  only  European  lluss\a.i  e\w\>Y^ws%  >^ftft  ^it«:^\'fe  "V^'»a->SJ^^ 


4 


4 


4 


BCixrnK  ov  thr  BxnrcAr  or  ukBom* 


end  inchiiles  cmly  ibin^je  fnrtone^  anrl  rniUs  which  are  fiubjfrt  lo 
ftctorr  in>pection  and  to  t)ie  sHjjerrL'noii  of  the  Ministnr  of  Finance, 
The  smaller  inda^rial  establiBlinients,  having  fewer  than  10  and  in 
some  cases  15  employees,  are  excluded,  as  are  mines  and  ni  •  "  ^  -  -I 
cstablii*hmpnt^.  which  are  Fulgect  to  the  Jkliiii'^trT  of  *Vgi  1 

State  Domains,  all  ^ate  factories  atid  mills^  a&t]  «ll  iiuiti^rial  estab* 
Itfdiments  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Ministries  of  War,  of  the 
XavT,  and  of  Wny^  of  Communication.  While  accurate  datii  for  all 
the  years  are  lacking,  it  i^  stated  that  during  the  period  about  one- 
half  of  the  indtistrinl  establishments  and  about  sevr-  *,  - -^  -  of  ||^ 
woricin^iuen  employed  vrcre  subject  to  the  factory  *q  Idw&i 

For  th«  entire  decade  the  number  of  indoslrial  estabtLshments  in- 
spected is  estimated  at  1S,0(X)  and  tlie  number  of  workingmen 
tiuployed  in  th**iu  at  1,000,000.  Tlkroughont  the  re^wrt,  by  "  nutn-^ 
ber  of  strikes  **  is  meant  the  number  of  establishments  in  which 
fltnkes  ba%'e  taken  place.  All  the  labt^r  disputes  included  are  termed 
**  strikes*'  in  the  rejxirt,  and  it  is  explained  that  •'lockouts"  MXW 
pructically  uukiK>wu  in  Itu&sia,  on  account  of  pecidiar  local  condi- 
tiot»fi  of  t-niployment,  requiring  a  two  weeks^  notice  "'  '  '  «ige,  ati^J 
aLu   on   account    of   the   absence   of  eraplo^erh'   a-  .-,     DLs-^ 

charges  of  large  bodies  of  employees  are  sometimes  resorted  to  after  a 
Mnke  is  declared,  and  the  nearest  approach  to  **  IcK^kouts  "^  might 
lie  found  in  strikes  brought  on  by  aggres>ive  actions  of  eu^ployers. 

Tlie  report  contains  70  pages  of  text  with  summary  tablt^  and  U 
tables  giving,  for  the  yeai-s  18f).>  lo  lOOl,  the  foHowing  infot:  : 

(1)  Strikes  and  strikers  by  geographical  distribution,  for  ta  .; 

(2)  strikes  and  .strikers  by  months,  for  each  year;  (S)  proportion  of 
gtrikers  to  total  number  of  factory  workers  for  the  period ;  (  ^ 

l>er  of  establi^Uluents  having  more  than  one  strike,  V»y  geo^i    ^        .1 
distribution,  for  the  period;  (5)  group  strikes  (L  e.,  embracing  more 
than  oiie  establishment),  by  years,  ge^jgniphical   distribution,   and. 
groups  of  industries;  (fi)  strikes  and  strikei-s,  by  yeai>  and  groups^ 
of  industries;  (7)  strikes  and  birikers,  by  months  and  groups  of  in- 
dustries, for  the  j>eriod;  (8)  strikes  and  strikei-s,  by  in'  for 
the  period;  <!))  duration  of  strikes  and  nimiWr  of  worki               ':  hj 
years  and  groups  of  industries;  (10)  strikes,  by  main  and  subsidiary 
n»i              '  '              -;  (11)  strikes  aii<l  strikers,  by  c:i               '  ; 
(1j                            fikers,  by  causes  arid  gi'oups  of  in 
periorl ;  ( 13 )  causefi  of  strikers,  due  to  action  of  employi^rs ;  ( 14 )  strikes, 
by  can>«4  and  v            *  r  the  f>eriod;  (16)  strikes  in  which  extraordi- 
iwry  menUK  w«  r               ,  by  years. 

Mfl*he  total  nnml^»«r  of  atrikex  during  the  ten  years  was  1,765,  ia 
4  431,i!W  tdrikers  were  engaged.    This  gives  an  annual  average 


FOREIOK   STATISnCAL  PrBLTCATTONS — BU6SU. 


979 


of  176.f>  strikes,  or  0.98  per  cent  of  all  cstabli-shments,  and  43,125 
strikers^  or  2.T  per  rent  of  all  workingroen  employed  in  all  ostab- 
Itshinonts.  By  iiidividiinl  yeai**!  the  strikes,  strikers,  and  days  of 
work  lost  were  distributed  as  follows: 


ftTRIKKH.  STBIKKnS.  AND  WORKIXO  IfcAYS  LOST.  BV  YE.\R8.  IFOfi  TO  11*04. 


^^K 

StrilCM. 

Birihera. 

Total  em- 

plOTQM  ID 

eiUUisb- 

IDKlU 

ftOoelcd. 

Per  cent 
of  Ari  le- 
ers ul 
totjdem- 
ployw 

Itohmecti 
Affoeted. 

Working  days  lost. 

Tout. 

Avoragv  Dumber 
jwr- 

81  like. 

atrikMi 

^K^' 

as 
lis 

14$ 
2U 

lfl» 
las 

104 

123 
£50 

as 

Sl,t95 

a.fiZ7 

W.STO 
4S.U0 

S7.4M 

29.aao 

I2.21S 
10.071 
as.  833 

001587 

47. 070 
Ul.TM 

S8,M0 
IW.2«8 

77,3S2 

«a,7a5 

M.1M 
138,877 
fil,M3 

SI.  40 
6LM 
MW 
4A.10 

fit.n 

37  W 
51.30 
57.  U 
62  M 
4&23 

1.U.IU3 
180.213 
331.340 

204.850 
119  S25 
110  103 
L38.aOO 
444,  UH 
1^4U 

2.307 
1.C04 
2.216 

730 
t.  4(11 

956 

072 
1.012 

sno 
2.737 

LO 

BIJ:::::::::::::::::::::: 

L4 

17 

^^^^Qka 

4  B 

^vSg^- 

4  1 

'        iDol 

a« 

1002.......... . , 

35 

lOOa 

5. 1 

Kf^ 

7.4 

^m           <r«.-f 

1.755 

431. 35« 

aZl,OU|        5£S3 

2,070,408 

1.178 

4.8 

p 

4 


I 


Tliere  seem  to  liave  been  two  well-defined  waves  in  tlie  strike  move- 
ment, the  fiiNt  in  the  period  1897-1809,  and  the  second  in  1903. 

The  di^ribution  of  the  strikers  and  strikers,  by  months,  sliows 
a  concentration  of  the  strike  movement  within  the  four  months  of 
April,  May,  June,  and  July,  which,  during  the  10-year  i>eriod, 
claimed  1400  strikes  out  of  1.765,  or  G2.3  per  cent,  and  227.037  strik- 
ers out  of  431^54,  or  52.7  per  cent.  The  following  table  shows  the 
aggregate  number  of  strikes  and  strikers  and  the  averafre  iiuinl)er  of 
strikers  per  strike  during  the  x>oriod,  1805  to  1904,  by  monthi^: 

M'MBEU  OK  8TBIKF:R   ANT>  STRIKERS.   AMD   AVERAGE   STRIKERS  PER  STRIKK, 

BV  MO.vraa,  fob  toe  rERion.  isoa  to  loot 


W                                Uanth. 

atriicM. 

acrtlmn. 

AverAffe 

nuraber 
oi  •tnken 
pe/  slrifce. 

Nuinbar. 

Bar  cent 

Numbor 

Per  not. 

JantiAry  .....■■•.•...•.....«.«..._ 

102 
M 

as 

168 
107 
330 
47« 
107 
I3& 
01 

aa 

58 

11.4 

27.0 

3.3 

43.108 

M.aoo 
ir^soi 

SS.M3 

as  006 

30  000 
74  0O3 
28,3BB 
31.&87 
19  71U 
1ft  52w 

77  aao 

mo 

17  2 

4SS 

Pebru*r7 ^ , 

Mnjvh • 

430 
448 

April ; 

MS 
432 

163 
155 

Mv • ::..;::::::::: 

^_  .>ttnit            ,, 

^M  Attfllfit 

217 
173 

317 

^^^^^Bnh^ 

aso 

474 

^^^pSSibof 

Total i. 

1  745 

lOO  0 

iJl  2»t 

IHXO 

344 

980 


BUIXETIX  OF  THE  VVBZJkV  OF  lABOB. 


The  next  table  shows  the  distribution  of  strikes  and  strikers  during 
the  period,  by  indus-tr}'  groups: 

8TBIKE8,  STBIKERR.  AND  WOBKING  DATS  LOST.  BT  IXDUSTBIES,  1895  TO  1904. 


Indtutry. 


Cotton 

Wool 

SUk 

Flax,  bemp,  and  Jute 

other  MxtUM 

Paper  sad  prlntiog 

Woodworking 

Metal  working 

Stone,  earthen,  glasi.und  china  ware 

Animal  prod  ucts 

Foodproductt..   

Cbemical  product* 

Total 


Strika*. 


Xumher. 


Percent 
of  totaL 


Strikers. 


Workinc  daya  loet. 


Number. 


Pereeat 
of  total. 


Total. 


ATerage 
per 

striker. 


3SM 

14.1 

]ȣ,liM 

42.9 

945.686 

2Z5 

1£& 

SKlfiB 

4.7 

155.843 

fi 

3 

l.frl9 

.4 

7.273 

64 

iS 

19,  WT 

4.4 

62.549 

4t 

2  5 

10,738 

35 

51.688 

]» 

77 

B.l£l 

21 

33,878 

m 

A  1 

7,(HC» 

l.« 

24,860 

tM 

1ft,  0 

11«,»71 

27.1 

541.960 

lA 

7.1 

L5,TBl 

3-7 

60.581 

i» 

to& 

lOjW 

2  5 

79.834 

177 

10  0 

23,  IM 

5  5 

71,046 

130 

t  A 

ll.S&l 

2.6 

43,610 

hm 

IWO 

431, 2M 

100  0 

2.0:9,408 

5-1 
7.7 
4  4 
3.3 
C8 
37 
3.5 
4.6 
3  8 
7.4 
3.1 
3.9 


4.8 


The  table  shows  that  strikes  were  most  frequent  in  the  textile  in- 
dustry and  in  metal  working  (mainly  the  iron  and  steel  industry), 
the  first  group  comprising  592  strikes,  or  33.6  per  cent,  and  236,812 
employees,  or  54.9  per  cent,  and  the  second  group  336  strikes  or  19 
per  cent,  and  116,973  employees,  or  27,1  per  cent. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  strikes  and  strikers,  for 
each  year  of  the  period,  by  industry  groups: 


Year. 


imr,... 

IMM... 
IW7... 
1H9H... 

itm... 
itwu... 
looi... 

IWW ... 
IIKH  .. 
19U4... 


STUIKK8  A.NI)  STRIKERS,  BY   INDUSTRIKS  AND  YEARS.  1895  TO  1901 

STRIKES. 


Cot- 
tdii. 


l.'i 

•2* 

:ti 

:ii 

07 

:t 

:« 

105 

i'.» 

lf> 

17 

10 

2l> 

(> 

17 

i 

IK 

11 

4 

u 

Wool.  Silk. 


TotHl...'      253       ■<«& 


Flax 

Other 

Paper 
and 

print- 
ing. 

Wood- 

Metal 

Stone- 

An- 
imal 
prod- 
ucts. 

Food 

Chem- 
ical 
prod- 
ucts. 

and 
hemp 

lex- 
tites. 

work- 

work- 
ing. 

ware, 
etc. 

prod- 
ucts. 

Total. 

1 

2 

1 

R 

7 

4 

3 

3 

C8 

4 

6 

1 

2 

8 

8 

16 

3 

2 

118 

:i 

G 

ri 

■T 

IJ 

7 

28 

( 

1 

145 

2 

2 

5 

G 

21 

17 

4 

11 

4 

215 

12 

12 

2 

M 

09 

14 

12 

14 

5 

180 

12 

1 

2 

4 

17 

10 

18 

27 

1 

125 

7 

0 

2 

4 

20 

27 

37 

17 

5 

164 

2 

1 

7 

12 

36 

10 

0 

23 

4 

123 

10 

8 

110 

38 

119 

17 

00 

07 

91 

550 

11 

1 

4 

ti 

17 

6 

1 

5 

4 

68 

04 

44 

130 

89 

330 

129 

180 

177 

120 

1,765 

FOREIGN    STATISTICAL  Pl'BUCAlTONS — RrSSIA. 


981 


STRIKKS  AND  STRIKERS,  BY  IXDUSTRIKS  AXD  YKARS.  ISns  TO  1004— Cooclud«L 

HTRIKERS, 


I 


Y*»r. 

Cotton. 

Wool. 

Silk. 

Ffauc 

and 
bemp. 

Other 

Uutikw. 

Paper 

and 

prtDtinB. 

Wood- 
work- 

mmt 

1A,9B3 
31.038 
46.<» 
i4.A42 
15.474 
11.038 
7.S41 
15,100 
18.810 

7.3S7 

543 

54 

3.519 

4.403 

1,3£1 

667 

8H0 

007 

1.W7 

4.<» 

3» 

3.  SOS 

2.036 

16S 

3.5U 

50 

300 

02 

3,109 

24 

■H 

472 

1        055 

4D0i    4,044 

1.975 

110  :    2.403 
.WO           IM 
840       5.471 

2,044 

10 
820 
T12 
125 

24 

as 

343 

7.1^ 

4P 

200 

BB;;;:;;:::::.:::.:.:::...: 

120 

^!:i"::".."::"..\..i... 

4n4 

ism «.... 

1000 

2.151 
453 

-Mtl , 

453 

BS 

902 

mm, 

1,678 

BS;;:;      .  .:...:.;;:ii,..;;;;.: 

cm 

ToUl , 

US.  101 

20.100 

1,040     19.157 

10,790 

0.154 

7,0^ 

Year. 

Ueul 

worktop. 

StODf^ 

etc. 

AnlroiU 

pRNlUCtll. 

Food 
productft. 

Ctwmkwl 
product*. 

Total, 

m=-=-::: 

a.  301 

2. 350 

3,157 

-.iiu 

19,003 

0.045 
15.B37 
13.063 
30.035 
14,3S7 

053 

719 

sao 

1.714 
3. 230 
1.4B6 
1.307 
3.240 
3.437 
1.107 

101 

201 

2TI 
1,487 

365 
1.407 

3M 

^12 

1,450 
300 

3,380 

?'^ 
1,400 

1,723 

1.456 

2.042 

6.719 

l.fi03 

145 
100 
110 

,,« 

1.149 

1,060 

4,299 

330 

31.155 
•J9.527 

B?;;:.:.:.,........ 

50.»7U 

U88 

43,150 

fiS:::::::;;::::;.:::^..::..,..... 

uno 

57.486 
20. 3M 

uoi 

33,218 

1003 

30,671 

HKB 

80.833 

1904 

24.004 

TotoL 

116.973 

15.  "nil 

W.  751 

23.479 

11.254 

431,354 

i 


It  appears  that  for  the  first  half  of  the  decade  covered  by  the  report 
the  strikes  wero  iiuiinly  in  the  textih'  industries.  In  181H)  the  metal 
industry,  and  in  ll»03  both  this  and  the  printing  industries  were  those 
■  most  severely  affected. 

In  the  next  table  the  number  and  per  cent  of  strikes  and  strikers 
and  the  working  days  loht  during  the  jwriod  are  shown,  by  causes: 


STRIKES.  STRIKERS.  AXD  WORKING  DAYS  U>8T.  BY  CAUSBS.  1805  TO   1004. 


Caa*e  vr  ulijn-f. 


I 


Tor  Incroaw  of  wages 

Aniatt  ndijctloo  ol  wae«« 

HMbodflot  wagtt  paymofit ,. 

For  roduotton  ol  hours 

ACftiiuC  lnc^*w  of  houn 

Arrungeroent  of  working  bourn, 

Agaiiut  impoiitlon  of  Ahm 

DuaatutAcitnn  w(th  fon>moit.  suporin- 

tendontA.  olp 

Dlnattatactlon    with    (juonnn   and 

board 

UlKwIlaneouB  aod  •>'ntpatlM*tio 


Total.. 1,705 


Scdket. 


Noin- 
ber. 


754 
138 
188 
V4 
41 
tti 
30 

n 

38 

178 


Per 

OBDt. 


43.7 

r.3 
la? 
i&i 

Z3 
3.4 

1.5 

4.3 

1.6 

lai 


Striken. 


Kombm. 


98,767 
61.371 
48,523 
81.000 
23.460 
25,880 
14.737 

40,977 

3.028 
M,703 


IVr       ^'^'• 


lUau       431.354 


22.9 
14  3 
11.3 
l&S 
&.3 
6.0 
14 

9l5 

.6 

&1 


ISl 
470 
357 
385 
54S 
431 


532 


106 
195 


Working  days  lost. 


Total 


I  Aver- 
■nper 
•triker. 


404.814 
283. 8S0 
206.361 
433.740 
166.  BG2 
47.010 
101,373 

188,  on 

3. 866 
lM,5tf 


100.0 


344      1070,408 


Questions  of  wages  and  pay  caused  t>0.7  per  cent  of  all  the  strikes, 
and  48.4  jier  cent  of  all  hitriking  employees,  while  questions  of  honrs 


vcnxntx  of  thk  BrxsAr  or  labor. 

of  work  caused  21.8  per  rent  of  all  strik*^^  tnlh  30  fier  rvnt  of  all 
strikers. 

Di-rnnntls  fur  highor  wagv*s  and  shorter  hours,  i.  c,  • 
bettLTiuenl  of  the  conditions  of  thr  lalior  cfmtmct,  wrin-     -    |^  ■-  ts' 

for  alm<jst  thn^e-fifths  (58.8  per  cent)  of  tlie  strikes,  and  over  two- 
liftlLs  <41.7  fier  fxnii)  of  the  numlH-r  of  strikers.  But  «n  interestii 
filature  is  tJiat  the  largest  strikes,  us  indicated  bv  the  largebt  avvraj 
iniiaber  of  atrikers,  vrepe  caused  bj*  grievances  rBther  than  de^nmndfi, 
nnmely,  by  fines,  resistauce  to  lengthening  of  hours,  di  '  '  tion 
wilh  ftuperinlendeijce,  or  to  reduction  of  wages,  so  that  r  all 

'ikes  tlic  average  number  of  dajs  loi^t  per  striker  was  4.S,  in  cases 
of  strikes  cau^^l  by  lines,  it  was  (L9,  and  in  cases  of  resistance  to 
Jon^r  hours,  T.i. 

The  following  table  .shows  the  number  of  strikes  and  strikers, 
rv9poi*tt\^Iy.  for  vuch  jear  of  the  period,  claasifiod  according  to  the 
cau-en  of  liie  strikes: 

RTniKRH  AXD  HTRIKKFCK,  BT  CArSCS  AND  TEARS.   IftffS  TO  XM4. 


Year 


IMD 

IMI    .... 

IKB 

lOM . 

ISM 

ToUL. 


21 
80 
SI 

ISO 

» 
flu 
» 

37tt 

at 


7M 


U8 


Atfftinat  '  ■"'^"*"       For 
"^     tlollof      '^'^  ' • 


IW 


Agnliut 
Itt- 


2SI 


a 


ot 
vork* 

boura. 


Against 
imposi- 
tion ot 
flnet. 


■aCU- 


Dl»- 


wtth     (anion 

fnrp-         with 
dull        iiiur- 


ou:. 


n 


uri. 


38 


antl 


TotaL 


s 

2 
6 
It 

"i 
fl' 
11 

1 


175 


lis 

1<S 

as 

u 


1.7(15 


9TRIKKR1K. 


tR05    ., 

A.9(M 

6.108 

11  nil 

4.  WW 

•S.71J7 

15  v'<     *  '/rti  1     gn 

1                        "      17,  Ml 

T                        J      ia.X74 

S.4U 

1      IIIW 

11   (K| 

■11 

■  'A 

ei,'i7i  1  «,2Kf    81, on 

140 

MOrt 

l.CttS 

a.32i 

R33 

MK 
I.WB 
3,&SQ 

OM 
l.&tt 

1.SZ7 
9M 
710 
CSS 

u 

rr 

1.810 

i.im 

2.278 
ft.  717 

a.«ot 
r>,ii04 

0.MS 
7.4i» 
l.«S 

M 

n> 

o 

1.177 
IIS 

ai 

lai 

SB 
CM 

78 

1.M0 

a.MS 

M 

Sl.tUS 

MM)    .... 

I»7 

13.  nu 

wo 

I^C7 

a.CTO 
a.uo 

sr.«t 

l::i 

CAM 

2i0 
dfA 
S70 

M.VI4 

Total.  . 

a.«o 

fl,0e0 

HTX^ 

m,vTj 

>,ns 

HTOI 

Ol ,  254 

Jn  Ku99in  the  duration  nf  strikes  is  usually  brief,     Tt  has  been 

that   the  average  number  of  days  lo!<t.  per  striker  was  1.8. 

^hnlf  of  all  the  strikes  (48.5  per  cent)  lasted  three  days 


FOREIGN   STATISTICAL  PITBLICATIONS KUSSlA.  i 

Iws,  and  over  five-sixthij  (84.6)  not  more  than  ten  days.    Tlua  is 
thown  in  the  followin;^  table: 


KTU IKGS. 

IXV  DUUATIOK  AND  YEARS. 

18D5 

TO   IJKW. 

} ,. 

than 

4d«v 
to  2 
days. 

310  3 
dayL 

310& 

days. 

5  to  1(^ 
days. 

lOtOlA 
days. 

20  to  3(1 
days. 

30  or 
murv 
dAys. 

I'ti- 

knowD 

Ko 

lOM  Ut 

Uma. 

Totttl. 

IBff 

s 

s 

10 
15 
1ft 

6 
2D 
17 
17 
IP 

» 

SI 
48 
73 
ftS 
81 
IS 
«7 
107 
U 

9 
« 

12 
21 
41 

» 
1ft 

N 
IS 

A 
11 
21 
10 

S 

u 

i& 

SN 
U 

13 

as 

21 
8 
W 
11 
34 
10 
100 
10 

3 
0 

10 

1 

• 

68 

^gn 

1 
in 

I 
I 

1 
1 

lis 

^Bl- 

1 

1«S 
118 

^^E 

^^k" 

10 

s 

IS 
10 
4 
1 

8 
1 

34 
2 

14 

I 
"  1 

a 

2 

1 
2 

1 

i* 

180 

^^m. 

1 
1 
1 
1 

Ul 
7.4 

2" 

1 
I 
I 

UK 

Hk 

M4 

Ib' 

128 

Hb*  ' 

iJO 

^Bt 

48 

^^^Hl^ 

^^  Per  CMC. 

137 
7.8 

473 

a&8 

940 
1S.» 

307 
17.8 

•7 
8.8 

46 

2.4 

14 

as 

7 

a4 

7 

a4 

1.706 

loao 

The  number  of  strikes,  strikers,   and   working  days  lost  for  the 
Tiod  are  shown,  by  results,  in  the  following  table: 

STRIKES.  STniKGCS,  AND  WORKING  DAVS  LOST,  BV  RESULTS.  1805  TO  1904. 


■ 

BMfcM.             \ 

SUflura 

forking dayi  lost. 

StfikM  wblcti- 

Kumbw. 

Pwowi. 

Nuab«r. 

PVOVOL 

Avemgr 
n  urn  Iter 
perestKi>- 
liibmcDt. 

Tot«I. 

par 
striker. 

Sucoivd«d 

JB4 

sot 

81 

2R.3 
2L8 
45.4 

4.41 

ll«.8aB 

R4.oai 

222,879 

7.877 

27.1 

ItLt 
£L0 

Lfl 

294 
210 
278 

447.458 

437.170 

1.  148  Till 

&8 

fiUMCedMl  DftrttT  .  ....     .   .... 

&.S 

5.S 

Btwiiti  unknown 

97  '       «i.n2l 

S.8 

I          Tout 

t  7SA         ion.  A 

431,  K4           ittLn 

3M     Q-CnLioi 

4.8 

A  HtUe  over  one-fourth  of  the  strikes  resulted  favorably  to  the 
(mployee.s,  about  one-fifth  in  compromises,  and  about  one-half  in 
favor  of  the  eniployei-s.  In  case  of  the  other  strike.s  the  results  were 
lot  reported. 

The  table  following  shows  the  results  of  strikesi  for  strikes  and 

rikers,  for  each  year  from  1805  to  19Q4: 

[UMBER    AND    PER    CENT      OK    STRIKES     AND    STRIKECRS.     BV     RKSrLTS    AND 

YKARS.   IBI).'.   'JO    11MI4. 


984 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BITRTJAU  OF  LABOB. 


NUMRKH  AND  PER  CENT  OF  8TUIKK8  ASU  8TRIKRR».  HY  RESri-TS  AND  YKARfl, 

ISOS  TO  1904— CoDclutled. 


Strikera  In  strikea  wbicb— 

SlrlkiT::^  .t 

1  itnivi'-" 

Year. 

Suocoadad.        SoccsKled  partly. 

Failed. 

uukiu>wti. 

Tolul 

•Ulkera. 

^^^^^ 

NiunbW. 

Per 

oat. 

Kurabar. 

Per 
eent. 

NombBT.!  ^ 

1    CMll. 

Number. 

Per 

cent. 

18V9 

12,407 

4,005 

23.529 

ia,i75 

6.H73 
11.081 

0,550 
25,080 

3,380 

40.0fl 
)U.S2 
37.113 
38.23 

2aii 

10.00 
3M0 

13.S00 
1.903 

12.011 
6.992 
12.128 
lO.iVU 
2.aw 

43.47 

4  71 

31  57 

20.84 

31.00 

atv.it 

R.26 
13.71 
17.05 

5.138  1    1A.47 
33.004  1    7S  21 
34. 415   ,     4a  7^3 
31.830        50.61 
33,S07        58.80 

u.tm     ao « 

17.577   :     54.50 
3S,O0O       IJ8  34 
4U.MI2  <     4(170 
10,544       7R4» 

.?!   105 

]80ll 

45 
15 
144 

0.1(1 
.03 
.33 

29  S77 

JW7                

50  K70 

ISM 

43,  ISO 

1^90          

57  4W 

JWO            *.  ...... 

1,300 

4.42 

20  380 

1901 

32,318 

itta 

1903 

17,  Hi          5,006 
38.80  1       14.807 

35 

0,337 

.00 
730 

3fl.«71 
24  004 

lOM 

13.S7           1  «D         7.fiK 

«.,                         ,         ,     ,     J       . 

ToUl 

Ua.02»      27.04        M.OOOj    19.40 

nsz^an    51.04 

7.W7 

1.S3 

431.254 

In  the  followiiiic:  table  the  minilier  aiul  per  rent  of  strikes  which 
succ-eeiled,  succeeded  partly,  and  failed  are  shown  for  the  jwriod,  by 
causes : 


STRIKES.  BY  CNTSRS  AND  RESULTS.  1805  TO  1004. 


Sirlkea  wbteb- 

airtkfaih^re- 

•uita  or 

whicb  wore 
unknown. 

Cauee  or  object. 

Succeeded. 

Succeeded 
parity. 

Kalte.1. 

TflAl 

» 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Xuin- 

iKT. 

PiMT 

emit. 

Ntini- 
brr. 

cent. 

Notn— 
ber- 

Prr 

eest. 

i 

For  ( nrivasc  of  wage* 

Aguliiat  roducilonoi  wa^rs  . 
MechoUk  oi  wage  paynient . . 

137 
00 
110 

I&3 
40.0 

01.4 

237 

31  4 

23.4 
12.3 

302 
38 
50 

4ai 

29.7 
aiL4 

78 

las 

7S4 
1SS 

180 

Total 

313 

29  2 

05 
S 

6 

27.1 
32.0 

lis 

10  0 

380 

UO 
10 

27 

30.4 

53.8 
344 

4&0 

78 

73 

1,071 

For  rnlocllnn  d1  liotin .. . 

GO 
23 

34.3 
03  4 

45.0 

384 

Ag»>n«t  incmim<of  liouro... 

Arrungpuwnl    ol    working 

bouni  

41 

flD 

ToUl  ..... 

122 

31  7 

70 

19.  T 

IW 

48  0 

SB 

==-«• 

Aff^iiiisi  imiio«itionoffln*».. 

1                         1 1  n'lnnl.i  rlc. 

0 
21 
IB 

23  1 
773 

2 
It 

1 

7.7 
113 

3.0 

18 
43 

8 

GO.  3 
584 

38  5 

IBB 

77 

Pi- :.   :i  wltto  quar- 

l«f3  Htid  buitrd\.... ■■■.... 

1 

a.n 

SB 

ToUl... 

45        34.3 

14 

10.  T 

71 

64  2 

1 

■  8 

191 

HhBiPlUinaoas  and  a^nipa- 

18  1      10  1 

4 

^% 

154 

MS 

S 

1.1 

178 

GraotS  totAl 

498  1     n  Z 

384 

3t8 

802 

45.4 

81 

4ft 

1,7« 

Combining  the  s;trikps  tliat  succcodod  with  those  that  succeedwl 
partly,  it  appears  that  strikes  in  resistance  to  lower  wages  and  lonjrtT 
hourw  resulted  more  favorably  to  employees  than  those  for  higher 
wa^res  and  shorter  hours. 

The  report  n\ho  contains  data  hr  to  dispute.^,  accompanied  by  ex- 
traordinary lueasiires  and  o<Tnrn'nre.s.  Since  \\u}  Rns-^iian  farlory  law 
"^  188(1  rei]uirca  two  wceki:^  uoliL-e  bv  fitber  iiailv  for  u  disbolnliitn  of 


_i 


B 


^ 


POBEIGN   STATISTICAL  PUBLICATIONS — ^RU$SIA, 


985 


the  contract  of  employment,  most  strikes  lasting  fewer  than  fourteen 
days  do  not  constitute  a  dissolution  of  a  labor  contract,  and  hence  do 
not  result  in  dismissal  of  the  strikers.  Dismissals  of  part  of  the  em- 
ployees occurred  in  190  cases  and  dismissals  of  all  the  workers  in 
137  cases.  Arrests  and  deportations  of  strikers  to  their  homes  (the 
legal  residence  of  factory  workers  being  usually  some  village)  took 
place  in  269  cases,  destruction  of  property  took  place  in  71  cases,  and 
the  military  forces  were  called  out  in  340  cases.  Both  destruction  of 
property  and  use  of  the  military  forces  occurred  frequently  during 
the  strikes  of  1903.  The  conflicts  were  most  numerous  in  the  metal 
industry  and  in  the  oil  industry  of  the  Caucasus. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  strikes  that  were  accom- 
panied by  extraordinary  measures  and  occurrences: 

STRIKES.  ACCOMPANIED  BY  EXTRAORDINARY  MEASURES  AND  OCCURRENCES, 

BY  YEARS.   1805  TO  10()4. 


Strikea    icsulting 
in— 

Strikea  accompanied  by— 

Yew. 

Dlsmls- 
aalo! 
part  0/ 
theem- 
[doyeea. 

Dlsmls- 

aalof 

aU  of  the 

employ. 

ees. 

Aneats 
or  depor- 
tations 
to  work- 
men's 
homes. 

Use  of 

themlU- 

Ur>-. 

Destruc- 
tion of 
property 

1806 

12 
39 
22 
20 
16 
17 
13 
30 
29 
3 

2 
3 

12 

n 

12 
10 
12 
11 
fi3 
11 

10 
24 
34 
19 
87 
12 
27 
22 
19 
15 

4 

2 
20 

8 
30 

8 
31 
23 
2U 

3 

4 

189G 

7 

1»7 

4 

1806 

4 

1809 

3 

1900 

1 

1901 . .     . 

14 

1902..     , 

2 

1903 

32 

1904... 

Total 

190 

137 

209 

340 

71 

BECISIONS  OF  COTTETS  AFFECTING  LABOB. 

TExcppt  In  cnfv^H  nf  si»ectril  fiiterest.  the  tlecl«Ifrt>s  liere  presentp*!  »re  rpstrirted 
to  thou**  rrtidrnii  t>y  the  Kmlenil  tt»nrt»  uud  tbc  higher  conrls  of  thp  States  aiitl 
Terrltorle*.  Onlj  ntatviiul  portloiut  of  Kuch  ilpflshiriB  «re  rrproilHocd,  lntr«la<^ 
ti>r.v  iiixl  fxjilniintitry  nmtti*r  helug  ^Wew  hi  tli*^  wnnlH  i»f  tbe  editor  rKvL^ods 
under  stntute  law  «ro  Indexed  under  tlu«  prtH>or  bctulineci  in  tlie  euroulatlvo  In- 
dex, |»aite  HW7  **t  stMj.] 


DECISIONS  FNDKR  STATUTE  LAW. 

EmFLOI-ERS^     Ll.\BtI.ITY StTFKRIXTElCDE^CT    ACTTTCO     AS     LAmmCR — 

CoxTi>LiN(;  Drry — Pakexts'  Richt  to  sue  for  Jjo&s  of  Min*or*9 
Sekvxcea — Jordan,  v.  Siw  ICngluml  Sfrueturol  Compnny^  Supremr 
\l  Court  of  MoMachusetta^  S3  NorfJieatftern  Reporter^  page 
L-=— Tliere  were  two  rases  imdcr  this  title  before  the  court  on  apjxml 
fi^»fn  the  sniwrior  ronrt  of  Suffolk  County.  A  minor,  T.  F.  Jordfiii^ 
was  suing  by  his  next  frieuil  to  rwrover  dainug^s  for  injarie^  re- 
ceived while  in  the  employment  of  the  conipnny,  and  hi^  father  was 
suing  for  loss  of  services.  Judgiuent  was  for  the  plaintitfs  in  Iwth 
cases  in  the  court  Ijelow.  On  appeal,  however,  it  was  held  that  the 
*'  Fellow-servant  law,*'  under  wliieh  alone  the  nrtion  coidd  be 
l>i'iiu«^dit,  did  not  give  the  fallier  a  right  to  sue.  The  jud;;inen1  in 
behalf  of  the  f<uo  was  affirmed. 

Tlie  facts  appear  in  the  opinion,  which  was  delivered  by  Judge 
Ivnowlton  and  is  in  the  main  a^  follows: 

In  t!ie  defendant's  shop  there  was  a  large  crane,  estimated  to 
weigh  about  20  tons,  which  passed  in  and  out  upon  an  iron  Inirk 
nearly  '10  feet  aUiVe  the  gmujid,  which  track  was  supported  by 
girders.  The  track  and  girders  were  taken  down  and  repliu'cd  |»y 
new  ones.  AVhile  the  work  was  going  on  and  before  the  old  track 
wa-t  entirely  removed,  the  crnne  ran  in  and  out  over  ihat  part  which 
was  in  ]>ositloiu  tind  as  t>o<ui  as  the  Jiew  track  was  in  place  and  safely 
supported  it  began  to  run  in  and  out  occasionally  over  that,  Tho 
niHior  plaintiff  was  an  iron  worker.  He  was  sent  with  another 
man  to  put  in  a  bracket  underneath  the  girder,  between  the 
pillars  thai  supi>ortetl  it,  and  in  doing  the  work  he  st(K)d  upon 
u  narrow  piece  of  iron  and  steadied* himself  by  taking  hold  of 
the  track  alK»ve  the  girder  with  one  hand.  Ills  companion  went, 
ttwav  temporarily,  aiul  Julm  Flynn,  n  forenuin  who  directetl  the 
work^  came  up  to  take  bin  place,  standing  in  a  similar  way,  with  one 
of  his  haiul.'*  holding  the  mil  of  thi*  track.     The  crane  came  along 

'er  the  truck  and  cut  off  the  ends  of  two  of  the  plaintiff^s  Rngers. 
060 


DECISIONS  OF   COUHTS  AFFECTING  LABOB. 


987 


Ttiere  was  ample  evidence  to  warrant  a  (iniling  that  Flynn  was  a 
superititendeut  within  the  meaning  of  the  slalute.  The  jury  might 
well  find  llint  it  was  a  ])jirt  of  his  duty  to  wnni  workmen,  who  wcrc^ 
in  exposed  positions  of  the  rornin^  of  the  rnuie,  if  they  were  where 
they  would  not  be*  likely  to  see  it.  There  was  testimony  thut  he  had 
^iven  surh  warnings  n'j)eatediy  during  the  projn'ess  of  the  work. 
It  appeared  that  tlie  place  was  very  uoim',  and  that  the  plaiutitY 
could  not  hear  nor  see  the  approach  of  the  crane  while  he  was  work- 
in*^  1h*U»w  the  girder.  His  bark  was  towards  the  erane  as  it  ap- 
proarhed,  while  the  superintendent  was  facing  it.  There  was  testi- 
inonv  that  the  superintendent  could  have  seen  the  crane  as  it  was 
coming,  although  this  was  disputed.  The  sui>erintendent  was  not 
relieved  from  the  <»bligation  to  ust*  due  care  for  the  safety  of  the  em- 
ployees hy  his  taking  the  plan^  of  the  plaintitf's  ecnu|)anion.  temf>o- 
ranly,  to  assist  in  the  work  of  putting  in  the  bracket  It  was  a  ^|ues- 
tton  for  the  jury  whether  the  superintendent  was  negligent  in  fail- 
ing to  discover  the  approach  of  the  crane  and  to  warn  the  plaintiff 
of  his  danger.  It  was  also  a  question  for  the  jury  whether  the  plain- 
tiff was  in  the  exer<'is<>  of  tlue  cure.  In  this  case  the  di-fendant's  ex- 
ceptif»ns  must  be  ovrrniled. 

The  claim  of  the  father  yireaents  a  different  question.  This,  like 
the  other,  is  hnuight  under  the  employer's  jinbility  act,  and  no  ru»gli- 
genre  is  charged  except  that  of  tho  sui)erintendent.  At  common  law 
neither  of  the  plaintiffs  could  recover,  as  the  only  negligence  com- 
plained of  was  that  of  a  fellow-servant.  The  employer's  liability 
acX  cannot  be  availe*!  of  by  the  father  to  rewjver  for  loss  of  ser\'ice 
or  for  ex|)enses,  inasmuch  as  this  statute  gives  a  right  of  action  only 
to  the  employee  or  his  legal  repres*Mitatives,  or.  if  he  is  instantly 
killed  or  aies  without  consciotis  suffering,  to  his  widow  or  next  of 
kin.  (Kev.  Laws,  c.  10<1,  sees.  71-7;V)  "The  employee  ur  his  legal 
represent^! lives  shall  *  ♦  *  have  the  same  rights  to  compensa- 
tion and  of  action  atrninst  tlie' employer  as  if  he  had  not  been  an  em- 
ployee/' etc.  If  he  IS  a  minor,  this  enlargement  of  his  rights  at  com- 
mon law  does  not  extend  to  his  father,  suing  in  his  own  right- 


EMPijorEHS'  Lunu>iTV — Superintendent  acting  as  L.\ik»heh — 
QcESTioK  Ftm  Ji'Kv — Gollagker  a,  Ncwvian^  Court  of  Appetilsof  New 
yffrA%  S<J  Nftrthrantern  Rrportt^\  p^Qf  h^^^ — Annie  Gallagher  suwl 
to  recover  damages  for  the  death  of  her  husband,  caused,  as  allege^l, 
by  the  negligence  of  one  Brady,  who  was  Newman*s  foreman.  Judg- 
ment was  for  the  plaintiff  in  the  trial  court  and  the  appellate  division 
of  the  supivmc  riiin-t.  Kiit  was  ipvci-scrl  on  fiuih»'r  appeal  and  w  new 
trial  ordered. 

It  appears  thai  tlie  foi-eman  called  on  the  decease*!. and  a  fellow- 
workman  to  assist  in  replacing  a  l>elt  that  had  slipped  from  its  place, 
and  that  while  they  were  so  emploj'ed,  Brudy,  with  the  apparent  pur- 
pose of  furthering  the  undertaking,  threw  on  the  power  at  such  time 
AS  to  inflict  tlie  injuries  that  caused  GullagherV  death.  The  instruc- 
ftion.*!  bj  the  trial  judge  were  held  not  to  have  properly  submitted  to 


"^- 


988 


BULLETIN   OF   THE   BtJBEAU   OF   LABOR. 


llie  jury  the  queafion  of  the  nature  of  the  act  of  Braii}',  whether  he 
was  at  the  time  a  superintendent,  so  that  the  employer  was  bound  by 
his  action,  or  whether  tho  net  was  one  of  mere  coservire  and  so  not 
within  the  provisions  of  the  employers'  liability  law  of  ltK)2,  under 
which  the  suit  was  brouglit. 

The  constniction  of  the  Inw  adopted  by  the  court  of  appeals  is  set 
forth  in  the  following  excerpt  from  tho  opinion  of  tho  court,  which 
was  delivered  by  Judge  Hiscock; 

The  eniphiver's  liability  act  provides  for  n  recovery  by  tho  admin- 
istrator of  a  deceased  employee  the  same  as  though  the  intestate  had 
not  l>cen  an  employee  where  the  injur}'  was  caused  "  by  reason  of  the 
neglr^nce  of  any  person  in  the  service  of  the  employer  intrusted  with 
and  exercising  superinten<lence,  whose  sole  or  principal  duty  is  timt 
of  superintendence."  As  was  said  by  this  court  in  Harris  i\  Balti- 
more Machine  &  Elevator  Works,  188  N.  Y.  144,  80  N.  E.  1028,  this 
statute  *'gave  an  additional  cause  of  action;  because  it.  nrcst-riljed 
that  a  master  shall  l>e  liable  for  the  negligence  of  the  supermtendent, 
or  the  person  acting  as  such.  *  *  *  At  conuuon  law  s»ich  a 
liability  was  not  recognized,  unless  the  sui>erintending  servant  was 
the  alter  ego  of  the  master  with  respect  to  the  work/'  This  court  may 
be  regarded  as  having  formulated  under  this  act  the  principles  that 
an  employer  is  not  liahle  for  the  negligent  act  of  an  employee  simply 
because  the  latter  ordinarily  is  engaged  in  discharging  duties  of  su- 
perintendencCj  nor,  on  the  contrary,  is  the  employer  exempted  from 
liability  for  sucli  act  simply  because  it  is  one  which  may  be  descril:)ed 
in  some  sense  as  "  a  detail  of  the  work ;  "  but  the  employer  is  liable  or 
not  accordingly  as  tlie  negligent  act  is  one  of  or  pertaining  to  super- 
inU'ndence,  or  is  one  which  is  the  subject  of  performance  by  ordinary, 
subordinate  employees,  and  including  no  element  of  superior  duty, 
supervision,  or  command. 

These  j>rinciples  were  last  discussed  and  approved  by  this  court  in 
the  case  of  Guilniartin  t\  »Solvay  Process  Company,  ISO  X.  Y.  41K), 
62  X.  E.  725.  In  that  case  soiuvt  of  the  defendant  s  employees  were 
engaged  in  reatljusting  a  U'lt  on  u  i>ulley.  One  Atullin  was  the  fore- 
man of  the  shift  or  gang  to  which  the  plaintilT  belonged,  and  had 
f)ower  to  stop  the  machinery  in  ease  of  accident  or  emergency,  (^n 
»eing  informed  of  the  accident,  he  caused  the  movement  or  the  engine 
to  be  slowed  down,  and  then  directed  the  plaintiff  with  other  work- 
men to  cut  (he  lacing  of  the  iH'lt,  he  [>ens«milly  jtiining  in  the  work. 
After  the  Im^U  was  cut  he  directed  one  of  the  workuion  to  throw  the 
loose  enil  on  the  i\ntn\  The  shaft  pulley  l>eing  relieved  from  the 
atrain  of  the  taut  Ixdt  again  revolvea  with  the  shaft  and  caused  the 
loose  end  of  the  belt  to  strike  and  injure  the  plaintiir.  The  nlaintiff 
re<x)vered  a  judgment  in  the  trial  court,  which  was  revei*seil  by  the 
appellate  division,  on  the  «;round  that  the  negligence  of  Mulliu  in 
failing  to  wtop  the  engine,  if  negligence  it  was.  was  the  negligence 
of  a  ielh)\v-.Hervant  in  a  detail  of  the  work  for  which  the  nutster  wa.s 
n(»t  liable.  Judue  Cullcn.  writit»g  in  behalf  of  this  court,  for  a 
reversal  of  the  ncH-lsion  of  flie  ap|H'Ilate  division,  said:  "To  render 
Ahe  master  liable,  tin-  nrgliiri'tice  mu^t  not  only  !><»  on  the  part  of  the 
BIprson  who  is  acting  as  superintendent,  Iml  nlsii  in  an  act  i>f  su|K*rin- 
\mce.     But  if  tne  act  be  of  that  character  the  fact  that  in  a  sense 


DBCI8T0NS  OF   COUBTS  AFFECTING   T-ABOR,  989 

IS  a  detail  of  the  work  will  not  relieve  (he  master  from  liability. 

the  prosecution  of  many,  if  not  utost,  works,  superintendence  is  a 
detail  of  tlie  work,  iu  tlie  aeeurate  use  of  that  term.  It  is  often  so 
denominated  in  the  older  cases,  and  properly  so,  because,  liefore  the 
bttitute,  it  was  unnecessary  to  distingtiish  between  negligenc^e  of  a 
superintendent  and  that  ot  a  colaborer  of  the  same  p*a(!e  as  tliat  i»f 
the  pei*son  injured  so  far  as  any  liability  of  the  master  was  involved. 
The  statute  has  chant^ed  this.  In  the  *IcIIu»^h  case.  17l»  N.  Y.  378, 
7'2  N.  E.  312,  the  dt-icndant  was  held  liable  for  the  negligence  of  a 
train  dispatclier  in  starting  a  train-  The  dispatcher  performed  that 
act,  doubtless,  scores  of  times  a  day,  and  its  iK^rfornuince  was  a  mere 
detail  of  his  ordinary  day's  work.  Tlierefore  the  question  in  any 
case  brought  under  tfie  statute  is  not  wliether  the  negligofit  act  is  a 
detail  of  the  work,  Ijut  whether  it  is  a  detail  of  the  sui»erintendent's 
part  of  the  work,  or  of  the  subordiniile  emplt>yees  and  servants.  In 
the  present  case  had  the  foreman  Mullin  attempted  to  stop  the  cugiiu! 
himself,  and  so  carelessly  done  the  work  as  to  cause  iiijuiy  to  the 
other  employees,  that  might  very  Avell  l>e  deemed  tlie  negligence  of 
a  coservant  for  which  the  master  would  not  be  liable,  I)ul  the  deter- 
mination of  tlie  question  wliether  the  machinery  should  be  stopped 
liefore  the  men  were  put  to  work  on  it  was  t*f  a  very  diifereut  char- 
Hct4'r.  None  of  the  other  workmen  could  direct  the  engine  to  be 
Mopped,  He  ahme  had  tliat  power.  His  direction  in  reference 
thert^to  or  failure  to  tlirect  was  an  act  of  superintendence.  At  least 
the  jury  was  authorized  to  so  find/' 

In  the  prpvent  case  the  act  r»f  Bradv  which  resulted  iu  the  intestate's 
death  is  doubtless  near  the  border  lino  which  separates  superintend- 
ence from  mere  employment  and  manual  labor.  If,  without  taking 
f\ny  part  in  the  actual  adjustment  of  the  belt  on  the  pulleys,  he  had 
jni>erintended  the  oi)eration,  and  had  directed  the  shifting  of  the  lever 
which  put  the  shan  in  motion  and  injured  intestate,  there  could  bo 
little  douI>t  as  to  the  character  of  his  act  as  being  one  of  sui>erintend- 
ence.  That,  however,  is  not  tlu*  case,  lie  tixtk  actual  part  with  the 
others  in  the  manual  labor  directed  toward  the  readjustment  of  the 
belt,  the  others  working  at  one  end  of  it  and  he  at  the  otlier,  and,  as 
we  hare  already  said,  it  M?ems  permissible  to  infer  that  his  act  in  put- 
ting the  shaft  in  motion  was  a  mere  continuance  of  las  lidM»r  for  the 
purpose  of  permitting  the  Ijelt  to  be  still  further  rolled  onto  the  pul- 
le}'.  It  fairly  may  be  contended,  in  the  language  of  Judge  Bralev,  in 
Meagher  ;•.  Crawford  LaundiT  Co.,  1S7  Mass.  t*m.  7?.  X.  E.  R:i:;/that 
he  was  "engage«l  with  the  men  in  a  common  task  of  manual  labor," 
and  we  thiiik  that  the  appellant  was  entitled  to  liavc  the  jur^'  say 
M'hether  his  net  in  moving  the  lever  was  compreht^ndcd  within  the 
Jines  of  his  duty  as  sup*Mintenilent  or  was  the  act  of  an  onlinary  em- 
ployee engaginl  with  others  in  a  common  joint  attempt  to  readjust 
the' belt. 


I 


E3iri/)VMRNT  or*  "WoAiEX — Horas  of  Labor — I)ele«.vtion  of  Leo- 

llSl-ATIVE    AtTTHORITY CoNSTITUTIONALITr    OF    StATLTTE — B Urcker    XK 

People^  Supreme  Court  of  Colorado^  03  Pacific  Reporter,  page  IJf, — 
Frank  Burclier  and  others  were  convicted  of  employing  a  woman  in 
40120— bulL  70— OS 22 


090  BtnxETTN-  or  the  BirBKAtr  of  labob.  ■ 

violntion  of  the  act  of  1903  (cUapUT  13&),  which  limits  employment 
to  eight  hours  per  day  in  ocrlain  designntod  indoKtries  and  in  othor 
oraployments  "at  the  discretion  of  the  court.''  The  consttttUii»ufllity 
of  the  act  was  attacked  on  vnriniis  grounds,  hut  two  of  wluoh  were 
ooasidored  by  the  court,  as  on  both  of  them  the  law  was  held  to  b« 
nnc(»nstitutionfv1. 

11k»  first  ground  ivlated  to  the  agreement  of  the  title  and  the  body 
of  the  law,  and  need  not  ho  considered.  As  to  the  second,  Judge 
CaniplMfll,  wlio  gave  the  opinion,  refeiTed  to  the  following  provisiou 
of  the  L-unslitiition: 

•*  The  general  nJisembJy  shall  provide  by  law,  and  shall  prc^crihw 
suitable  penaltteH  fur  the  violation  thereof,  for  a  jx^riwl  of  mii[>1ot«| 
mt'iit  not  to  exeeed  eight  (8)  Umin-.  within  iitiy  twenty-four  (-iJl 
hours  (exoept  in  cases  of  emergency  wheiv  life  or  proporty  is  in  im- 
minent danger),  for  persons  employed  in  underground  niine-s  or  other 
underground  workings,  blas-t  furnaces,  smelters;  and  any  ore  rcduc- 
lion  works  or  other  Itranch  of  industry  or  hil:>or  that  tlie  gi*nera! 
assembly  may  consider  injurious  or  dangerous  to  health,  life,  or 
limb."  *  "  , 

He  then  said ;  1 

The  %cond  assignment  we  think  is  well  laid,  and  it  matters  not 
whether  the  source  of  the  power  of  this  legislation  is  to  be  found  in 
tlie  expivris  connnaud  contained  in  the  coitstitutional  ameuduM.*nt,  or 
is  Inherent  in  the  police  ])ower  of  the  State.  The  question  as  to 
whether  the  general  assembly''  by  this  amenLhnent  is  given  any  greater 
poAvcr  in  making  reguhitions  concerning  the  unciiumernted  b^uIlcll<*^I 
of  "industry  or  labur'"  than  lh;it  Ixidy  theretofore  and  always  hftj* 
possessed  us  a  part  of  its  general  legislative  power,  and  certain  other 
questions  argued  by  counsel,  we  find  it  unnecessary  to  dctermina 
upon  this  review.  And  upon  all  questions  not  included  in  the  two 
ussignntents  determined,  and  as  to  the  enforceability,  meauinsr.  scopes 
and  applicrtiulit  V  of  this  constitutional  amendment,  we  withljold  cm 
pri'ssion  of  fipinion  until  a  cause  involving  tliem  is  before  us.  If  tha 
power  to  enact  sueli  legislation  as  this  n^poses  in  the  amendment,  or 
IS  inherently  a  part  of  th<»  general  legishiti\e  power  beloue^iug  to  the 
general  assembly,  it  is  entirely  clear  that  the  power  itself  nitist  Iks 
cjtercii^d,  in  tlie  first  instance,  by  that  lawmaking  body.  With  tht» 
ultimate  authority  of  the  courts  as  was  held  In  n>  Morgan,  2^i  Colo« 
41a,  .^8  Pac.  1071, 17  L.  R.  A.  .VJ,  77  Am.  St.  Rep,  2G0,  to  <]p|erminc  «■ 
to  the  validity  of  the  exerci^ic  of  the  police  power,  !x)th  as  to  the  sum 
ject  selected  and  reasonableness  at  the  regululion,  xve  nx-a  iuit  now 
concerned.     Hut  it  is  unquestionably  true*  and  can  not  b  ',1 

controverted,  that  tlie  legisliitivc  branch  of  government  ;  i] 

authi>rity,  and  is  chniTred  with  the  duty,  of  ennctinp:  sulIi  re^ui4iJ 
tions,  and  can  not  relimpiif^h  or  delegate  it  to  either  of  the  other  'jniS 
coordinate  departments  of  govenmient.    That  this  is  the  coi  > 
triri"  i-  <l''t'lai'»Ml  by  all  the  cuses,  an-l  *'*^  ov.-i  r  ..ntl.or  nm]  j'<  i 

h:i  II  on  the  subject.     l*he  nit  '/.cs  thi.-  'J 

Wh-  -r,  ..  ..fi'  sj»ecifying  particular  im  c-,,|.,iin.i.-  m  wiiich  the  j  f] 

employniejjt  is  prescriU'd,  it  adds  "or  other  br-anch  of  im  r 

labor  that  the  general  assembly  may  consider  injurious  or  duagciouj 


„i^.^ 


DECTSIONS  OF   COrBTS  AFFRCTTNO  I*.^BOR. 


991  ^H 


to  health,  life  or  limb.''  Here  we  have,  as  to  unnnmed  branches  of 
industry'  and  lal>or,  (he  express  limitation  Ihat  rqfiilationH  concerning 
hours  of  eniploynitMit  iu  theiu  ninst  bo  restricted  to  those  which  tlw 
gcnrrHl  u^^enilfly  may  consider  injurious  or  dangeriMis  1o  luMilth,  life, 
or  Hnib,  We  li>ok  in  vain  to  lind  that  the  general  aHseintily  in  section 
.'I,  or  iu  niiy  part  of  lliis,  or  any  otlier.  net,  has  considered  or  declared 
tlie  laundry  busine^.s,  or  even  lutK»r  therein  of  any  kind,  either  in- 
jiu'ious  or  ilan^erous.  The  mere  genera!  prohibition  of  en>ployment 
in  harmless  occupations  Ixiyond.  or  in  excess  of.  b|K'cilied  hours,  is 
not  tl>e  equivalent  of  a  solemn  Ending  and  <leclaralion  of  the  general 
assembly  that  such  occnpatiou-s  arc  injuritwis  or  dangerous.  The 
amendment  contemplates  that  not  until  after  the  general  as^sembly 
ha-s  consiilerctl  and  enacted  that  they  are  of  that  character  can  regtda- 
tions  of  employment  therein,  and  prohibition  of  labor  beyond  a  cer- 
tain time^  be  made  effective^  or  violations  thereof  punished  as  a  crime 
or  misdemeanor. 

In  marked  contrast  with  this  act  is  the  act  of  the  fi ftceulh  general 
asscntbly,  found  in  Sess.  I^ws  1005,  p.  '284,  c.  111).  In  that  act  the 
gejieral  assembly  was  evidently  intending  to  carrv  out  the  mandate 
of  the  constitutional  amendment  tlmt  is  liere  invoked.  That  title  is: 
"An  act  to  declare  certain  euiploynienls  injurious  ami  *langcrous  to 
health,  life  and  liml);  regulating  the  hours  of  employment  in  tmder- 
groiind  mines  and  other  untlergronad  workings,  ai  smehers  and  onj 
reduction  works,  in  stamp  mills,  in  chlorination  and  cyanide  hiill:-^, 
and  I'lnployment  alKJut  or  attending  blast  furnaces,  »im\  proviiling  a 
penalty  for  the  violation  tliereof."  The  occupations  named  in  section 
1  of  the  act  of  U^O't,  whidi  include  all  of  those  exjjressly  enumerated 
in  the  constitutional  amendment,  and  several  others  assuiue<l  by  tho 
general  assembly  to  be  of  similar  character  and  hence  within  tho 
laiigtuige  of  the  nmendment '' any  other  branch  of  industry  or  labor/' 
are  by  the  gencnil  a8seml»ly  exprt^sslv  "  declared  dangerous  and  injuri- 
ous to  lifallh,  life  and  limb.'  and  this  declaration  is  immeiiiately 
followed  by  a  provision  that  (he  period  of  employment  for  all  persons 
empl<iyed  in  such  occupations  shall  l»e  eight  hours  per  liay.  Meru 
we  lind  that  the  general  assembly  conceived  that  its  duty  under  thin 
amendment  was,  lirst,  to  declare  certain  oirupations  to  he  dangerinia 
or  injurious,  and  then  to  make  the  de>ircd  regulations  concerning  tho 
hours  of  employment.  This  niclhod  was  entirely  ignored  in  the  act 
which  wo  are  considering.  Keading  the  act.  of  1!>0.3  in  its  entirety,  it 
is  plain  that  our  gi*neral  ass**nd>ly  did  not  purport-  to  say,  and  did 
not  intend  to  declare,  what  occupations  were,  in  its  judgment,  danger- 
oiLS  or  injurious,  and  therefore  occupations  of  such  a  character  as  lo 
lustify  ivgulatious  of  hours  or  hibor  therein,  for  in  section  2  it  said: 
"All  paper  millis  cotton  mills  and  factories  where  wearing  apparel 
for  men  and  worrien  is  n\ado,  ore  reduction  mills  or  smelters,  factories, 
sliops  of  all  kinds  and  vstores  nmy  be  lield  to  l>e  unheaithful  ancl 
dang^L'rous  occupations  wi(hin  the  meaning  of  this  act  at  the  discretion 
of  the  court."  It  miist  U*  l>orne  in  mind,  as  the  attorney-gcnpral  must 
concede,  that  under  our  ■  iion  the  right  of  contracting  for  one's 

lalKir  is  reserved  aiul  gu  I  tn  even'  citi/.cn-     It  is  subjc^ct  to  no 

restraint,  except  where  tiie  public  safety,  health,  peace,  morals,  or 
general  welfare  ileinands  it,  and  then  only  where  the  legislative  de- 
partment of  the  State  govenimcnt,  in  the  exeicise  of  its  police  power. 


2  BULLETIN   OF  THE   BrBEAU  OF  LABOR. 

selects  a  pr<)]>er  subject  for  its  exercise  and  prescribes  reftsonahle  and 
appropriate  re^ilations.  In  tlio  nbsence,  ihorefore,  of  a  If^gitiinate 
exeix'ise  by  the  gt'iieral  asKembly  of  this  power  by  a  dechiration  to 
the  contrary,  the  defendants  might  hnvfully  hy  contract  require  a 
woman  to  work  more  than  eit^ht  lio\irs  [mt  dny  in  their  laundry.  Yet 
here  is  an  attempted  relinquishment  by  the  lawmaking  body  of  that 
very  power  of  lej^istation,  and  a  futile  effort  to  confer  upon  llie  courts 
the  authority  to  make  such  laws,  by  sayin^j;,  in  their  dihcreti<>n,  and 
in  the  first  instance,  and  with  no  previous  declaraliou  on  the  subject 
by  the  general  assembly,  what  o<'cupa(ions  are  unhealthfnl  and 
dangerous.  This  is  a  jialpable  evasion  of  duty,  coupled  with  an 
abortive  attempt  to  give  to  tlie  courts  legislative  power  to  make  criujes 
and  misdemeanors  out  of  the  acts  which  are  not  in  violation  of  any 
Talid  legislative  enactment.  It  is  manifest,  therefore,  that,  as  to 
section  3,  at  least  one  essential  condili*tn  prt'cedent  to  the  valiilitv  of 
eiuu'tnients  of  this  kind  is  hickijig,  namely*  the  considering  or  finding 
by  the  general  assembly  that  the  «K'cupatlon  in  <piestion  is  of  a  char- 
acter concerning  which  only  can  it.  in  any  event,  adoj)t  such  regula- 
tions as  are  assumed  to  bo  contained  in  this  act.  It  this,  however. 
Mere  not  so»  this  judgment  nmst  Ik*  i*eversed:  for,  if  the  courts  have 
the  power  which  section  2  inetTectually  tries  to  give  them,  the  laundry 
business  must  be  considered  healthful,  for  counsel  tliemselvcsj  in  their 
stipulation  of  facts,  on  which  the  record  shows  the  cause  was  decided, 
are  in  accord  that  such  occupation  is  healthful.  Upon  the  two 
grounds  discussed,  we  hold  section  3  to  be  unconstitutional  and  void. 


Examination  and  Licensing  of  Barhers — Constitutionality  op 
Stati^te — State  v.  WaUcerj  Svprrim  Court  of  M'nshington,  92 
Pcrific  Reporter^  page  775, — ^This  case  was  before  the  supreme  court 
on  ap|>eal  from  the  superior  court  of  Pierce  County,  in  which  the  law 
((!hai>ter  172,  Acts  of  1001)  nKjuiring  barbers  to  be  examined  and 
procure  a  license  before  practicing  their  trade  was  declared  uuconsti- 
tutionah  The  supreme  court  reversed  this  ruling,  holding  the  law  to 
1»o  constitutional,  with  the  exception  of  a  f^ingle  provision,  as  appears 
from  the  following  quotation  from  the  opinion  of  the  court,  as  de- 
livered by  Judge  Mount: 

The  only  question  in  the  case  is  whether  the  act  is  valid  under  th6^ 
State  and'Federal  constitutions.  In  the  case  of  State  /*,  Sharph'ss, 
31  Wash.  191,  71  Pac.  737,  00  Am.  8t.  Rep.  8lKi,  the  validity  of  this 
act  was  questioned  upon  sevend  grounds,  and  wo  there  held  that  the 
act  was  not  unconstitutional  upon  anv  of  the  grounds  claimed.  Re- 
spondent now  seeks  to  justify  the  ruling  of  the  lower  court  upon  the 
gnaind  that  the  act  i.s  an  abridgment  of  the  liberty  and  natural 
rights  of  the  citizen,  which  point  was  not  paa;ed  upon  in  the  Sharp- 
IcHR  caw,  Tlie  ease  of  State  ex  rel.  Riehev  e.  Smith,  4ii  Wash.  *j;J7, 
84  Pac.  861,  T^  L.  R.  A.  (N.  S.)  (174. 114  Am!  St.  Ren.  114  [siv  bulletin 
Xo  Pit.  p.  ft7r)],  with  the  authorities  therein  cited,  is  nMi^-d  u?i«hi  »« 
ruling  r>f  (he  hiwcr  rourt.  T\\\\i  wn 
'  ng  an  act  to  regulate  plumbing  in  cei 


DECISIONS  OF   COURTS   AKFECTIXO  LABOR. 


998 


I 


State.  We  there  said:  **  The  power  of  the  lefjislaluro  to  make  all 
needful  rides  and  rejjidations  for  the  health,  c<nnforl,  and  well-being 
of  sociely  can  not  be  questioned,  but  theiH?  are  certain  limits  beyond 
which  the  legislature  can  not  go,  without  trenching  upon  liberty  and 
j)roperty  rights  which  are  safeguarded  by  the  State  and  Fe<leral  con- 
stitutions." We  also  said:  "Arts  of  siniihir  import,  but  relating  to 
different  professions,  trades,  and  occupations,  have  often  Ixvu  before 
this  court.  Thus  in  Slate  c.  Can^v-  4  Wash.  4:24,  30  Pac.  7*20,  an  act 
regulating  the  practice  of  uicdicine  and  surgery  was  sustained.  In 
State  ex  rel.  Smith  r.  Board  of  Dental  Examiners,  31  Wash.  4'>2,  72 
ipac.  110.  and  In  re  Thomps4in,  30  Wnsli.  377,  78  Pac.  809,  a  similar 
act  regiiiating  the  practice  of  dentistry  was  upheld.  In  State  i\ 
Shnrpless,  31  Wa.^i.  101,  71  Pac.  737,  9G  Am.  St.  Rep.  893,  involving 
the  validity  of  the  act  regulating  the  business  of  barWring,  a  similar 
ruling  was' made.  But  In  iv  Aubrey,  3C  Wash.  30S,  78  Pac.  900,  104 
Am.  St.  Rep.  yr>2  |si^e  Bulletin  No.  58  p.  9941,  ">i  "*"*  regulating  the 
business  of  horseshoeing  was  declared  unconstitutional,  and  without 
the  police  power  of  the  State.  S(uiie  of  the  acts  considered  in  the 
above  cases  were  manifestly  needful  and  proper  for  the  protection 
of  the  p»d)lic  health:  others  were  on  the  border  line.*'  By  (best*  last 
words  the  writer  of  that  opinion  e-iddcntly  i*ef erred  to  the  act  relating 
to  barbering.  After  further  discussing  the  authorities  and  particu- 
larly considering  the  case  before  us,  we  concluded  as  follows:  "We 
ore  satisfied  that  the  act  has  no  such  relation  to  the  public  health  as 
will  sustain  it  as  a  police  or  sanitary  measure,  and  that  its  interfer- 
ence with  the  lilierty  of  the  citizen  brings  it  in  direct  conflict  with  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States.''  AVe  adhere  to  the  rule  and  rea- 
soning of  that  case.  But  there  is  a  clear  distinction  between  that  ease 
and  this.  The  business  of  plumbing  only  remotely  aifects  the  pid)lic 
health.  The  skill  or  cleanliness  ot  the  pluni!>er  himself  d<x\s  not 
immediately  affect  the  public  any  more  than  the  skill  or  cleanliness 
of  the  ordinary  scavenger  affects  it,  liecntise  the  business  of  plumbing 
does  not  bring  the  plumber  in  pereonal  contact  with  the  puolic  But 
the  physician,  the  surgeon,  the  dentist,  and  the  barber  operate  di- 
rectly on  the  person,  and  therefore  affect  directly  the  health,  com- 
fort, and  safety  of  the  public.  We  think  this  nuirks  the  principal  dis- 
tinction betw(*en  that  cla.ss  of  trades,  professions,  or  callings  which 
may  l>e  regidated  by  law  for  public  health,  comfort,  and  safety,  and 
that  class  which  can  not  be  so  regulated  without  depri\4ng  a  citizen 
of  his  natural  rights  and  privileges  guaroJiteed  to  him  by  funda- 
mental law. 

Respondent  further  takes  the  p)08ition  that  the  act  is  void  because 
it  is  manifest  therefntiu  that  the  same  was  imt  passed  as  a  measui*e 
to  insure  the  public  health,  but  s*)Iely  to  create  a  monopoly  of  barbers 
in  this  State;  and,  as  supporting  that  position,  our  attention  is  culled 
to  that  part  of  section  10  which  |>rovide-s,  as  a  prerequisite  to  obtain- 
ing a  certiticate  of  ivgistration,  that  thi*  applicant  "*  has  studied  the 
trade  for  two  years  as  an  appi^entice  under  or  as  a  qualified  and  prac- 
ticing barl)er  m  tliis  State  or  other  States."  It  is  claimed  that  this 
provision  was  made  to  destroy  schools  where  barbering  was  tnuglit 
m  this  and  other  States,  and  permitted  practicing  barljer^  to  limit 
the  number  of  a]>plicanls  by  refusing  lo  re<vive  apprentices.  Tliis 
]}rovii>ionj  uu  doubt,  givers  strong  color  lo  the  charge  mudej  but  we 


BrXIiETTX  OF  THK  BTTlKATr  OF  LABOB. 


think  it  is  not  of  itself  enough  to  avoid  the  whole  net.  TTie  legis- 
lature or  the  Uiard  of  exiiiMinersf  wl»en  authorized  so  to  do  mny  in«lrs 
and  enforce  reasonable  ndes  and  regulations  in  onler  to  determine 
the  qualificiition  of  appUciints  to  pnu:tice  tliat  occupation.  Tin- 
reii«>nable.  arbitrary  provisions  can  not  be  enforced.  We  think  Ibo 
provision  tjnoti^d  is  fx>th  unreasonable  and  arbitrary.  What  the 
public  is  interested  to  Icnow  is  that  the  buriver  is  rompetent.  How  he 
has  ac<juiriHl  IiLs  skill  or  knowledge  in  of  minor  importance.  If  ha 
has  qualifietl  hunself  by  attendance  up<in  Mime  school  for  that  p»ir- 
pose,  or  by  his  own  ettorts  unassisted,  or  by  having  sci*v«l  an  ap- 
prenticeship under  siime  (|uulifieil  barber,  or  in  sou>e  otiier  e<jually 
efficacious  way,  that  is  all  that  can  ivasonably  \>g  required  of  him. 
To  liniii  the  qualificatious  to  one  particular  way  or  to  one  particular 
place,  where  there  are  many  universally  recognized  as  equally  g<x>d, 
and  provide  that  none  others  i»eod  apply,  is  no  doubt  nure:isonable- 
The  result  is  that  this  requirement  oi  the  act  is  void.  But  that  <loe3 
not  render  the  whole  act  void.  In  order  to  sustain  the  judgment  in 
this  case,  it  is  necessary  to  avoid  the  whole  act,  which  we  can  not  do. 


Labob  Obgamzatioxs — Statcs  op  Uxincorpobated  Aarocia* 
TI0X8 — Suit  for  Dissoi-utiox — Unlawfttl  OucANix.moxs — AV'f/ry 
ft  uL  r,  Faulkner  et  aLy  Court  of  Common  Phaa  of  Cuyahoga  County^ 
0/iioj  28  Superior  and  Common  Pitas  DecisioTv^y  paijc  JfiS, — ^This  case 
was  first  hoard  on  the  demurrer  to  the  petition  of  John  A.  Kcaley 
an*!  his  associates,  rei^resenting  the  flatteners  and  cutters,  members  of 
the  Amalgamatetl  Window  Glass  Workers  of  America,  who  asked 
for  a  di^olution  of  the  association.  The  defendants  weiii  membora 
of  the  s»me  association.  The  ptaintitTs  claimed  that  they  had  not 
received  fair  treatment  from  the  hands  of  thft  organizolion;  that  th© 
organization  itself  was  illegal,  and  that  there  were  funds  on  hand 
in  excess  of  $100,1)00  to  which  they  had  contributed.  TI»ey  asked 
that  the  association  l)e  dissolved  and  a  receiver  appointeil  and  that 
the  fund  be  distributed  among  the  members  of  the  or«riinization  ac- 
cording to  their  n*sfrt*ctive  rights.  The  defmdants  ileniurreil  firat 
on  tlie  ground  that  they  were  not  sufficient  parties  to  tlie  action,  Th« 
plaintiffs  rcprcsouted  a  large  portion  of  the  meu»l>ei'S,  although  a 
minority  whose  interests  were  identical  with  tlieir  own,  while  tlio 
defendants  named  were  representatives  of  a  class  of  persons  too 
nunuTons  to  l»e  individually  pn>eiit  or  make  pailios  to  the  suit.  Tha 
court,  discussed  this  question  tir^t  and  decided  that  under  the  law* 
of  Ohio,  lU'^'ised  Stfltut*«  50<)8,  the  parties'  interests  were  properly 
rcpre-sented,  the  statute  providing  thnt  wliere  a  qu'   :'       ■  r 

eouuuon  or  general  intcrei4  of  many  persons  and  it  i        . 
to  bring  them  all  U^fore  the  court  one  or  more  may  sue  or  defend 
*•■-''     '■  --.r.fitofall.    T  ..-..-.. 

i    by   Ihc   pBi 
wtl  UaU  wtttrol  of  the  fund^i  of  the  nawciation,  and  that  making 


: 


DBCISXON&  OP   COtTBTS  AFFBCTI5G   LABOR. 


I 

t 

I 

I 

I 


I 


ibem  parties  as  was  done  iu  the  suit  was  sufficient  noiicc  to  tbti  nholo 
membership.  The  stTond  demurrer  was  based  on  the  substance  of  the 
petition.  The  pvetition  claimed  that  the  Amalnfamated  Window  Glass 
Workers  of  America  is  in  its  purposes  and  uiethods  a  menace  to  the 
public  welfare  and  should  be  dealt  with  as  an  organization  that  is 
opposed  lo  the  public  policy  of  the  country.  Judge  Pbillipp,  Ix'forG 
whom  tliG  caso  was  hearti,  stated  that  l>efore  passing  on  this  point 
it  would  be  necessary  to  consider  the  principles  upon  which  such  a 
petition  should  be  based  and  to  discover  as  far  as  possible  the  true 
standard  by  which  to  determine  a  questiou  of  public  policy.  Among 
other  things,  he  said : 

One  of  the  diief  reasons  for  the  creation  of  government,  and  there- 
fore une  of  the  chief  functions  of  govmiment,  is  to  prevent  extortion 
and  oppression,  and  to  foster  a  nrrKiuctire  industry  by  maintaining  a 
just  division  of  the  fruits  of  inaustrv. 

Every  one  is  p*.Tfectly  free  to  bnng  his  capital,  or  his  labor,  into 
the  market  on  such  terms  as  he  may  deem  best.  This  is  a  fundamental 
postulate,  and  as  an  inseparable  corollary  therefrom,  no  one  may,  of 
riirht,  impair  or  impinge  u\mn  this  individual  freedom  to  use  one^s 
labor  or  capital. 

This  individual  freedom  a- to  the  marketing  of  one's  labor  or  cnpital 
belongs  e*|ually  to  an  aggregation  of  labor  or  of  capital ;  and  the  duty 
not  to  impair  or  impingi*  upon  this  freedom  of  hu>or  and  of  capital 
rests  equally  upon  auA'  aggregation  of  men.  In  other  words,  the  right 
is  not  enlarged,  nor  is  the  duty  lessened,  by  the  association.  Stated 
differently  again,  this  right  and  this  duty  do  not  arise  from  the  com- 
ing together  of  men ;  they  inhere  in,  and  attach  to,  the  individual,  as  a 
member  of  the  community.  And  when  lalmr  or  capital  is  united,  for 
the  iidviintngeou^  marketing  tijereof.  this  individual  right  of  freedom, 
and  this  iuffividua!  duty  to  desist,  attach  to  the  aggregation,  whether 
it  be  of  capital  or  of  Iab*>r. 

I  road  an  extract  from  an  opinion  in  Purvis  /\  United  Brotherh(H»d 
of  Carpenters  &  Joiners,  214  l*a.  St.  34S,  357  [63  Atl.  Rep.  585;  112 
Am.  St  lUp.  757]: 

'^Tlw  right  of  a  workman  to  freely  use  his  hands  and  to  use  them 
for  just  whom  he  pleases,  ui>on  just  such  terms  as  he  pleases,  is  hi.s 
property,  and  so  in  no  less  degree  is  a  man's  business  in  which  he  has 
n»vcsted  his  capita!.  The  right  of  each — employer  and  employee — is 
an  al»solute  one,  inherent  and  indefeasible,  of  which  neitlier  can  be 
depnvt»d,  not  even  by  the  legislature  itself.  The  protection  of  it, 
though  as  old  as  the  common  law,  has  been  n-guannitiH'd  in  our  bill  of 
rights.  'All  men  aVe  lx>rn  e<]ual]y  free  and  indei)endent,  and  have 
certain  inherent  and  indefensiblo  rights,  among  which  are  those  of 
enjoying  nnd  defending  life  and  liberty,  of  acquiring,  possessing  and 
protecting  property  ami  reputation,  and  of  pursuing  tneir  own  hap- 
pinesf=i.''  ♦  •  •  -Tlie  principle  upon  which  the  cases,  English  and 
American,  proceed,  is  that  every  mnn  hn-^  the  right  to  employ  his 
talents,  industrv,  and  capital  as  he  free  h'om  the  dictation 

of  others;  and  »f  two  or  moiv  p^-rsoii  ;ie  to  coeriv  hi.^  choice  in 

this  bclialf.  it  is  a  rriminal  ronspirury.  'Ihp  l:d)or  :u»d  skill  of  tlio 
workman,  bt»  it  of  high  or  1"W  degree,  the  plant  nf  the  nuinnfuctntvr, 
the  equipment  of  the  farmer,  Uie  investments  of  conmieri 


4 


tfe 

cwfc.    Emj  pmM  ha 
hmtmiff  to  cftTTT  on  liit 
cm  diacnOoB  aad  cboi«CL  with  waj 
f  oL  sod  to  em^oT  tbnvn 
Thtsricbt  erf  cos 


wfu]  interlcT- 
aod 
Ic^kI  iiantfi^  aeturdiBf  to  kb 
lae  dttt  ftR  £Kfp  mndlMftUb- 

Ibw  mfTBStcd  antj'  to  loF- 


ive 


and 


?ch1( 


l^e^r,  and  the  ovicm.  the  Kope,  sad  the  ji»g|w  ihenat,  mont  be 

lufA  well  ia  nsoiC  Cv  Ihe  doe  in—iihiaHim,  and  the  aafe  detcxnu- 

aation,  oi  the  qofirtintn  that  here  eoohum.  v^    If  I  maj  venture  a 

Modwt  eritictiiB,  il  vat  £ulare  u»  properir  advvn  to  these  oonsiden- 

fiooa  tluU  lad  aaaae  of  the  oomts.  in  the* earlier  .caaK.  to  niAJce  an- 

ntmnotmumta  tliat  hare  oofoe  to  be  icgaided  m  of  dool  lioritj. 

AmaleunAted  Wiadov  Gla^  Wotioefs  of  At  -  ooni* 

of  «kuled  workaen — artJMrw,  max  trmioed  i  ity  in 

'maicin^  of  window  ^asB.    Becaase  these  men  an?  -jvuttHi  in  the 

lufa^Hure  of  an  important  article  of  cotnmcrre,  iher  nr?  able  to 

ilribote.  in  a  special  war,  ant]  in  special  KKasme,  '  '  roduc- 

indui^ry  of  the  cutxiiuunitv.     Therefore  the  coih  has  a 

\iet:'tnl  tatcrest  in  the  indtietrial  freedom  of  theae  men.  and  eaich  of 

*m.    One  of  tbew  men  could  not  oblifate  himsrif  not  to  work  at 

in  trad**.     Hr  mi^lit.  of  clioioe.  decline  to  pursue  his  trade;  but  he 

luld  n<jC  obligat*^  bimeelf  not  to  work  at  his  trade;  and  if  Ike  should 

into  a  contract  never  again  to  work  at  his  trade,  the  courts 

otdd   not  cnforoe  Ih^  contract,     Sn- '  li^ct  wonld   be  against 

iblic  policy.     It  would  impair  the  i:  1  freedom  in  which  tl>e 

'^"    i«  interested],  and  whicli  it  U  tlie  duty  of  ^vemns'  •  -o- 

proniote.     It  Is  thii^  indicium,  the  impairment  oi  tu] 

turn,  lliat  discriminates  and  vitiates  such  contract. 

Our  HUpreme  couil  has  Haid  of  ^uch  engagement*  that  it  tend^  to 

pjm->i-ion  bv  depriving  the  individual  of  the  riglit  to  pur^e  a  trade 

i(b  which  he  is  most  fnntiliar  and  bv  depriving  the  conununitj  of 

be  M-rviccH  of  a  j^killed  laborer:  and  ft  tends  indirectly  to  affect  the 

iHre  of  Hudi  things  an  woidd  1h-  proflnced  by  bis  labor. 

And   for  (lic  Munr  n'asoin  I  hat  cuio  man  may  not,  by  contractual 

■u,  impair  or  limit  his  industrial  fret-dom,  any  number  of 

I  .    not*     Anil  (hi^  in<li\i(bial  miiv  not.  by  union  with  others. 

lurendor  hiH  right  of  industrial   freeJom  to  tho  a^^-sociation.     The 

■iidcncy  of  surli  impuirmcnt  of  tho  right  of  indnstriiil  freedom  i» 

tgainht  th»'  g<»nernl  welfare,  and  is  therefore  against  the  public  policy 

liich  i*^  i>romolivo  of  the  pu!>Iic  good. 

Clui^f  Jnt^ticf  Wilmol  snid  (I  n'ad  a  quotation  found  in  Crawford 
h  Wick,  18  Oino  St  IDO,  20:^  (im  Am.  D.^c.  105])  : 
"  WhHl-^o^vcr  u  man  may  lawfully  forlwar,  fhiH  he  may  oblige  him- 
'  t^xrcpt  v^here.  a  third  person  in  leronged^  or  the  p^thUo 

1  by  it." 
lit  (h(*  liglit  (if  wliat  huH  iNvn  Nnid,  and  in  tho  light  of  ilie  author- 
t**K  tci  Iw'  rrf*»rr»Ml  tc».  lot  us  wv  what  i«  the  legal  character  und  status 
_^(hn  Aniiilgnmalcd  Window  (ilnss  Workers  of  America. 
ll.  i»  clear  ihiit  thi-  thing  thnt  vitiatfrs  u  contract,  under  a  principle 
llie  law  whieh  we  call  ''  nublio  policy,"  is  not  an  intent  to  injure  the 
aitdici  bul  a  f*'i\tfrnry  to  tlie  prejudice  nf  the  public     Aii '     '       '    ry 
''«|nired  to  !«•  xhown;   il  is  (he  tendency  to  the  \n  <if 

good,  uhiuU  viliutecf  coutructuai  rehiduns.  / 


I 
I 


DEOISIOXS    OF    COITRTS   AJ^FECTTNO   LABOR.  997 

Witliin  the  limitations  I  have  stated,  men  nmy  combine  ami  coop- 
erate, for  the  advanta^ous  niarkelingof  thoir  skill  luul  IalM)r,  or  their 
capital.  But  this  right  is  limited  to  an  advantaffoous  marketing  of 
labor  or  capital,  and  it  is  limited  by  the  right  of  llu».  public.  t(»  have 
indiiiitrial  and  commercial  freedom  maintained  and  promoted.  AVIiat- 
ever  of  purpose  or  of  method  tranx^endn  llie.se  bounds,  if  in  its  ti*nd- 
encv  it  is  ojiiM)sed  to  tlic  public  welfare,  is  inider  the  l^an  of  tiie  law 
antt  its  administration- 

The  undoubted  trend  of  modern  business  is  for  the  combination, 
both  of  capital  and  of  labor.  Combinations  of  capital  have  become 
a  necessity.  The  ^reat  business  undertakings  of  these  times  could 
not  be  carried  on  without  it.  And  most  of  the  labor  is  now  employed 
in  large  aggreg^ilions  of  men.  There  is  as  murh  right,  and  I  think  as 
much  reason,  n)r  labtuviN  to  combine  f(»r  their  ])roteclion  and  l>enefit, 
as  fi)r  (•a]>ital  to  eombine.  This  inevitable  iHiideiK-y  to  combine  can 
neither  be  ignored  or  repressed,  nor  should  it  Ik*. 

There  is  no  law  to  compel  a  man  or  a  body  of  men  to  work,  and 
there  is  no  law  to  prevent  a  man  or  a  body  of  men  from  refusing 
to  work.  If  there  wore  such  law,  it  would  violate  fundamentiu 
property  rights.  Any  man,  and  any  body  of  men,  may  work  for, 
or  refuse  to  work  for,  whom  they  will.  And  the  sume  freedom  be- 
longs to  the  employer  of  labor.  These  are  fundamental  principles, 
recogni/etl  in  all  tlie  decisiiuis  that  ait.'  autliorilative. 

It  is  noticeable,  that  nowhere  do  the  by-laws  of  this  organization 
state,  in  terms,  its  aims  and  purposes.  These  are  to  be  gathered 
from  (he  several  provisions,  and  the  general  trend  of  the  by-laws, 
and  from  the  averments  of  the  petition,  which,  for  the  purposes  of 

is  demurrer,  are  admitted,  so  tar  as  they  are  well  pleaded. 

I  tliink  the  leading  general  j)urpose  of  the  association  is,  to  protect 
and  promote  tJie  interests  of  sueli  window  glass  workers  as  may  be 
members  of  the  assoriation, — a  purpose  that  is  not  only  lawful,  but 
commendable,  if  the  atixiliarv  purposes,  and  the  metiiods  to  be  em- 
ployed,  are   likewise   lawfulj 

lirsl.  It  is  one  of  the  auxiliary  purposes  of  this  organization  to 
prevent  any  one  not  a  menitK»r  thereof,  or  an  appi'entice  autliorized 
thereby,  from  working  at  the  trade  of  window  glass  blower,  gatherer, 
flattener  or  cutter.  And  I  read  from  the  by-Taws  that  are  maile  a 
part  c»f  the  petition,  sec  ii,  page  18,  of  the  copy  that  has  been 
furnished  me: 

"  No  one  not  a  member  of  the  Anuilgiunuted  Wiiulow  Glass  W(»rk- 
crs  of  America  shall  be  allowed  to  work  at  any  of  the  four  trades, 
excepting  our  own   apprentices," 

Of  course,  this  policy,  if  enforced,  would  promote  the  individual 
advantage  of  the  meinlx^rs  rf  the  association,  l^ut  how  as  t»)  the 
other  side  of  the  equation?/ If  this  jxilicy  is  enforced,  the  right  of 
industrial  freedom  is  tlierebv  limited  ancf  iinpaire<l,  and  tlie  public 
is  deprived  of  the  right  it  has  in  the  full  and  free  eoioymcnt  of 
industrial  freedom  by  every  memlM.M'  <tf  t]»e  ctmimunity.  1 

Second.  This  organization  undertaken  to  limit  the  nuim»er  of  glass 
workei*s  in  this  country.  And  I  rea<l  from  pages  8,  *J  and  lU,  sees.  3, 
4,  .5,  13  and  20: 

"Sec.  3.  That  aside  from  sons  and  brothers,  not  to  cxcee<I  an  ad- 
ditional 10  per  cent  of  apprentices,  per  actual  |>ot  capacity  in  opera- 


998 


BUIXETIK    OF  THE   BVHEAC   Of   l-ilB<.»H. 


tion,  shall  bo  graiitcil  to  leiu*n  the  trade  of  gathering,  for  blast  of 
1906-07. 

^  Sec.  4.  That  not  to  exceed  10  per  cent  of  the  meinlx^rship  of 
flaltenerb  shall  be  frruiited  to  learn  to  llattcn,  f*»r  blast  of  UWh-07. 

'•See.  5,  That  not  to  exceed  10  per  cent  of  the  nienibei^sKip  of  the 
cutters  shall  U*  granted  to  learu  to  cut,  for  blast  of  iyOiM)7. 

*•  Sec.  13.  Any  member  attempting  to  leuru  either  of  tlie  four 
trades,  or  making  npplimtion,  witliont  the  pro|H'r  ihtiuLssLoo  and 
papers,  .shall  lje  lined  $25. 

^  S»v.  20.  No  approjitice  certificate  shall  bo  franteil  to  «ny  of)« 
who   i^  not  a   white  mnle^  and  has  not  attained   Ihe  ago   '  al 

yeai>;.  oiid  must  l>e  of  gttod  nionU  character  and  able  to  '  id 

write."'  I 

Judge  Pliillips  then  read  an  extract  from  the  opinion  m  th*'  caafl 
of  Gray  r.  Ruihiing  Trades  Council.  01  Minn.  171,07  X.  W.  Rrp.  (WM 
the  last  .sentences  being:  1 

*'  Labor  may  organize,  as  capital  docs,  for  its  own  protcclion  and 
to  further  tlie  inten^sts  of  tlie  laboring  class.  They  may  strike,  nod 
persiiiuh*  anrl  iufbice  *>thers  to  join  them,  but  when  they  resort  to 
unlawfid  means  to  cause  injury  to  others  with  whom  they  have  no 
relation,  contractual  or  otherwise,  the  limit  permitted  by  the  law  is 
pHssr<b  iiiu!  they  may  Jm>  restrained." 

He  then  suid : 

Now,  the  provisions  that  I  have  read.^  reach  Ijeyond  the  member- 
ship of  this  t>t  'Oil.  They  iindertiike  to  proliibit  others  outsiiie 
of  lis  own  meih  »  fnmi  loirning  the  trade  of  glass  worker.  That 
is  interfering  witli  fundamental  rights.  It  is  agaiiiftt  thn  public 
policy,  because  it  is  for  the  public  good  that  all  men  should  li  free 
to  select,  adopt  and  lenrn  whatever  trade  thoy  may  tlcsire,  and  then 
Ito  pursue  it.  Now«  interference  with  that  is  unlawful  because  it  is 
'against  the  public  interest. 

Then  this  organi^tation  places  restrictions  upon  the  labor  of  its 
own  members.  And  1  read  several  sections  on  that  point-.  l*age  10, 
sec.  25: 

"  \o  mend»er  of  Amalgamated  Window  Glass  Workers  of  America 
shall  be  allowed  to  work  at  an\  nonunion  works,  I-'or  the  violation 
of  this  law,  thev  shall  be  subject  to  a  line  at  the  discretion  of  the 
executive  board. ' 

Page  li),  -sec-  7: 

"  Any  member  signing  an  agreement  of  any  kind  to  secure  employ- 
Tiir  ^  -'ill  be  fined  ^'U'*  for  tir.-t  otTcnse.  f*^6  for  second  olTcnse,  ami 
|m  U'd  from  menibership  for  third  offense,'^ 

I'agc  -1,  sec.  20: 

**  No  mend»er  of  this  aspocialion  shall  work  for  monthly  wi 
nnl«'-s  it  be  for  g)  '   himself  ugaiui^t  lohti  or  to  tetutn 

liiiii-1'lf  in  an  un<.  ;  n/* 

I  rejid  a  shoi-i  extract  from  a  case  in  2  Law  Ueporls  ^2'2: 

"Every  workman  is  entitled  to  dispose  of  his  labor  on  ^'-  ^ 
terms;  but  llud  right  is  c<mdilioncd,  by  tlie  right  of  e\i*ry  oti 
man  to  do  the  like.     In  piirlicnlar.  f*ach  employee  i^,  as  I  lijmiv.  ai 
liberty  to  decide  for  himnlf  whether  ho  will  or  \iill  not  work  nh 
'  another  individuul  in  the  some  employ.'^ 


DECISIONTS  or   COXTHTS   AFFBCTIJIO  lABOB. 


999 


Page  25,  sec.  18: 

**  Ju)  Wower  or  gatherer  sliall  work  faster  than  at  the  rate  of  nine 

Hers  per  hour,  excepting  in  case  of  roller  fulling  olf  or  [)ip*.*s  h!v:ik- 

\g.     No  blower  or  gatherer  shall  be  alloTved  to  start  im  the  ninth 

jtRer  until  fifty  minutes  are  up;  tins  iu  iilso  apply  to  the  !>.  S.  blower 

id  ^thcrer  according  to  thieir  limit  per  hour,  and  that  a  fine  of 

be  imposed  on  any  and  all  pi-eceptors  for  the  nonenforcemeut  of 

Liw." 

Pitjre  '27,  sec.  M : 

L  "  No  cutter  shall  bo  allowed  to  ciit  for  more  tlian  3i  pots  of  S.  S. 
bid  3  pot-f  of  D.  S:' 
■  Pftgc3.;Jl,  sec.  GS: 


—  ^>- ^ 

-  Any  blower  or  gatherer  working  more  than  forty  hours  per  week, 
lall,  uir  the  first  otl'oi 


'nse,  lie  fined  $50,  and  for  the  second  offeiise  bo 
expelled  from  the  organization." 

tl  n-a<l  frc)!n  the  case  of  O'lirien  r.  People.  216  111.  354,  372  [75 
.  E.  Rep.  lOSl : 
"Every  man  has  a  right  under  the  law,  as  between  himself  and 
h«»rs,  to  fall  freedom  in  disposing  of  his  own  labor  or  capital  ac- 
cording to  his  own  will,  and  any  one  who  invades  that  right  without 
iwful  cause  or  justification  commits  a  legal  wrong,  and,  if  followetl 
an  injury  caused  in  consecpience  thereof,  the  one  whose  ri|^t  is 
■i  invaded  has  a  legal  ground  of  action  for  such  wrong.  *  *  * 
%t  now  well  settled  that  the  privilege  of  contracting  ia  both  a 
fiT>erty  and  a  |)roperty  inght.  Liinu'ty  includes  the  right  to  make  and 
enforce  contracts,  because  the  right  to  make  and  enforce  c*ontracts  is 
included  in  the  right  to  acquire  property*  Lal>or  is  proi3ertv.  To 
deprive  the  lalK>rer  and  the  employer  of  this  ri^^ht  to  contract  with  one 
another  is  to  violate  sec.  '2  of  art.  2  of  the  coastitution  of  Illinois, 
lich  provi<les  that  *"  no  perstm  shall  lie  dejjrived  of  life,  lil)erty  or 
perty  without  due  process  of  law.'  It  is  equally  a  violation  of  th« 
h  and  fourteenth  aniendments  of  the  Ctmstitution  of  the  Ignited 
ites,  which  provide  that  no  person  shwU  be  deprived  of  life,  lil>erty, 
prnpe*rty  without  due  proce!<3  of  law,  luid  that  no  State  shall  de- 
;ve  any  perM)n  of  life,  libei'ty*  or  property  witliout  due  process  of 
F, '  n<»r  dvtiy  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protec- 
m  of  the  laws.'" 

On  pa^es  20  and  30,  sees.  45  ami  58,  are  other  restrictions  which 
Lve,  by  pome  courts  been  held  to  lie  lawful,  but  by  the  majority  of 

>iocis  held  lo  be  illegal^  I  will  not  take  time  to  read  them. 
On  page  30,  sec.  53,  this  organization  places  limitations  upt>n  its 
^endx^rs  as  lo  working  in  factories  where  machinery  is  usctl: 

That  no  member  of  this  association  will  Ik*  allowed  to  assist  or 

to  operate  any  iron  man.  macliine  or  invention,  for  the  purjwse  of 

king  wimhtw  glass,  except  it  Jk»  imder  the  ]»nit(»ctinn  of  the  exocu- 

board  or  with  the  consent  of  the  same.     For  violation  of  the 

»ve  a  member  or  members  sliall  be  fined,  stispended  or  expelled 

the  association,  as  the  executive  Ixiard  may  decide," 
The  use  of  machinery,  when  it  multiplies  the  |iro<lTict^  of  labor,  is 
the  interest  of  hil)or,  and  is  in  the  interest  of  the  general  ; 

IV  provi.^ion,  any  contractual  obligation  which  stands  ati.  4 

'inciple  stands  athwart  the  policy  that  the  law  enforces  fwr  the 
ihlit!  wclfniT. 


1000 


BULLETIN   OP  THE  BCBEAr  OF  LABOR. 


I  hare  heard  it  stated, — I  do  not  Imovr  how  tnie  it  is, — periiupe 
approximately  right, — that  the  mtchizie  energv  in  use  in  the  United 
States  amounts  Xo  one  hundred  millions  of  horsepower,  doing  the 
work  of  t^'ighi  hundred  millions  of  men,  and  that  this  machinery  is 
operated  by  twenty  millions  of  men.  So  that,  bv  the  use  of  ma- 
cninerv  one  mun  is  enabled  to  do  the  work  and  malce  the  production 
of  forty  men  without  machinery'.  This  is  in  the  interest-  of  every- 
IkxIv,  iK-vauso  it  auginenis  the  fund  total,  that  is  the  product  of  labor. 

Then  tJiis  or^ani^sation  undertakes  to  control  the  manufacturers.  I 
read  sec.  S)  on  page  4  of  the  by-laws; 

•'Every  manufacturer  engaging  members  of  the  Aniu1guinai<!d 
Window  Glass  Workers  of  America,  shall  sign  the  agreeiueat  of  the 
association  before  the  member  will  be  allowed  to  work," 

Page  '27.  sec.  oO ; 

"  Lach  manufacturer  shall  be  compelled  to  employ  a  boss  cutter; 
and  saiil  boss  ciitter  to  be  a  member  of  tlie  Amjilgiirnaletl  Windo 
Ghiss  Workers  of  America,  and  he  shall  divide  and  distribute  t 
orders  among  the  cutters." 

Kvery  manufacturer  is  compelled  to  employ  a  boss  cutter  who  is 
ti)  be  subject  to  the  direction  of  this  association.  And  on  page  26^ 
sees.  40  ond  41 : 

"Any  manufacturer  introducing  into  his  flattening  house,  blow 
furnace,  tanks,  (»r  j>ots,  new  inventions,  supposed  improvements,  shall, 
so  long  as  said  inventions  or  improvements  continue  lo  be  an  experi- 
ment, or  until  it  shall  have  Ijeen  demonstrated  that  it  will  not  be 
a  loss  to  the  workmen  whose  work  is,  or  may  be,  affected  by  said 
machine  or  invention,^  etc. 

Sec.  41 : 

"All  ten-fX)t  furnaces  fihall  be  required  to  employ  three  flatteners, 
and  no  ilattener  shall  ilatten  more  than  four  |>ots,  unless  the  pi'csident 
ami  executive  Ixiard  deem  it  absolutely  necessary." 

\ow,  these  provinions,  if  enforced,  would  impair  the  rifirht  of  the 
employer  to  conduct  Ins  b»isiness  according  to  his  own  notion  of  fit- 
ness. And  it  impairs  the  commercial  freedom  that  belongs  to  the 
employer  just  as  intliistrial  freedom  WNtngs  to  the  individual  InWrer. 
This  is  outsido  (»f  the  mombei'shijj  of  this  association,  and  beyond 
any  legitimate  pur|Kise  that  it  can  have,  to  wit,  the  U^nefit  of  its 
mcnilx'rship. 

I  have  noted,  and  intended  to  read  fmin,  hut  I  will  not  take  tlie 
time  to  do  sf),  Curran  v,  Galen,  152  N.  Y.  33,  3G,  38  [4C  X.  E.  Rep. 
168;  37  L.  R.  A.  80ii;  57  Am.  ,St.  Rep.  4»0] ;  Erdman  t^.  Mitchell, 
207  Pa.  St.  70,  80  (.^C  Atl,  Ren.  327;  (13  L.  R.  A.  534;  Ol»  Am.  St.  Rep. 
7ft31 ;  Picket  r.  AA  alsh,  102  Mass.  572,  580  [78  X.  K.  ~~        ~     ~ 


t31; 
The 


Rep.  75;i]. 


by-laws  of  this  association  ccmtnin  a  multitude  of  provisions, 
luii  refiTre<l  lo  by  mc  because  it  would  take  too  long,  that  give  the 
orgiinization  absolute  control  of  evi»ry  mcfiiber  as  a  ghihs  worker, 
nnti  placets  hiiu  in  eiunplete  Bervilitv  to  it.  Every  member  of  this 
b(»(ly  luis  Huri-endered  his  individunfity,  and  his  iuduslrial  fre<rdom, 
and  is  no  lunger  a  fjersonal  factor  in  the  industrial  world.  This  is 
violative  of  run<lanii*ntal  jiersonal  rights,  and  of  public  rights,  ond 
is  therefore  urdawftd. 

assm'iution  uridcrtakcR  to  exclude  all  glass  v'orkers  not  me 

_ind  to  limit  manufnciurers  to  employna'nt  of  none  but  its  m 

*  This  is  deeiued  to  comttitute  a  monopoly. 


] 


DECISIONS  OP   COURTS  AFFECTTKG  LABOR. 


1001 


On  the  basis  of  these  considerations  Judge  Phillips  ruled  in  favor 
(  the  contention  of  the  phiintilTs.  holding  that  by  its  express  pnr- 
Oses  and  its  con*^ded  methods  the  assorintion  exerts  an  influence 

d  has  a  tentlency  against  the  public  policy  of  the  State  and  is 
Lerefore  an  illegal  organization. 

The  question  then  ai"ose  as  to  the  rights  of  the  plaintiffs  who  were 
lembers  of  the  organization  and  had  subscribed  to  its  by-laws  and 

ined  in  the  actions  which  were  condemned  by  the  court.  Judge 
hillips  stated  in  this  connection  that  "  it  is  too  plain  to  require 
nnment  or  the  cilufion  of  authorities  that  the  plaintiffs  are  in  pari 
fUctOy  and  that  they  do  not  come  into  court  with  clean  hands."  On 
lis  point  Judge  Phillips  said  further: 


Such  attitude  of  plaintiffs  does  not  commend  them  to  the  court; 

of  this  case  is  lintitcd  to  the  gi'anting  of 
laintiffs  they  must  go  out  of  court,  and  must  be  leu  to  bear  the 


id  if  the  scope 


lis  case  is  lintitcd  to  the  gi'anting  of  relief  to  the 

ills 
whicli  tlieir  own  wrongs  have  ht'lpetl  to  bring  upon  them. 

kBui  it  is  claimed  that  inasmuch  an  this  action  is  iu)t  to  enfoive  an 
egrtl  contract,  but  is  in  disiiffirmance  of  an  executory  contract,  the 
court  should  entertain  the  action,  not  for  the  l^enefit  of  the  plaintiffs, 
but  in  the  interest  of  the  public, 

■  Anomalous  and  paradoxical  as  it  would  seem  to  be,  to  require 
Kctions  to  be  brought  in  the  name  of  the  real  party  in  interest,  and 
limited,  as  to  parties,  to  those  who  are  interested  in  the  subjtK^t  of 
|he  controversy,  and  limiting  the  judgment  to  the  parties  that  are 
Before  the  court — I  say  anomalous  and  puradoxical  as  it  would  seem 
To  iu»p«ise  these  requirements,  and  then,  finding  that  tlie  pnrties  to 
the  action  arc  not  entitled  to  relief,  to  carry  on  the  action  in  the  in- 
st  of  the  public,  I  think  it  is  a  well-settled  principle  t»f  judicial 
edure,  and  of  e(|uily  jurisprudence  that  this  may  be  done  in 
per  cases, 
I  read  an  extract  from  an  opinion  in  Congress  A  E,  Spring  Co.  v, 
owlton,  103  U.  S.  49,  58  [2C  L.  Ed.  347] : 
**And  this  distinction  is  taken  in  the  books  that  where  the  action 
in  afliruunice  of  an  illegal  contract,  the  object  of  which  is  to  cn- 
brce  the  performance  of  an  engagement  prohibited  l>y  law,  clearly 
such  an  action  can  in  no  case  !»e  maintained,  but  where  the  action 
oceeds  in  disaffirmance  of  such  a  contract,  and  instead  of  endeavor- 
g  to  enforce  it  presumes  it  to  l>e  void  and  seeks  to  prevfut  the  de- 
ndant  from  retainijig  the  benefit  wliich  he  derived  from  an  unlawful 
t,  then  it  is  consormnt  to  the  spirit  and  policy  of  the  law  that  the 
aintitf  should  recover/' 

I  think  the  ^a^^.e  made  in  this  petition  comes  within  that  doctrine, 
stands  as  an  exception  to  the  general  rule  that  parties  in  pari  de- 
icio  can  not  have  relief  in  a  court  of  justice.  This  contract  is  still 
ecutory;  the  whole  tliinc  is  in  firn — the  wrongs  that  may  be  coin- 
itted  against  public  policy  are  still  to  Ik*  committed;  it  is  to  be 
Mpetuated;  it  is  executory.  And  this  action  is  not  based  upon  any 
ight  of  these  plaintiffs  as  meinlwrs  of  this  association,  it  is  not  to 
rpetuate  or  l<i  recognize  or  enforce  this  contract  between  the  mem- 
i  of  a  society;  it  is  in  disiiflinnance  of  a  contract.  It, is  to  accoin- 
h  its  destruction  and  tl'**""*  *he  public,  as  well  us  these 


1002 


BUtXETIIC  OJf  THK   UCKEJIU  OK   laiMJU. 


plaiutifi's,  from  the  consequences  of  a  continuation  of  thiB  societT  and 
the  iK'r{H*ttiiUion  of  the  wrongs  Against  the  public  that  ils^  proviziions 
would  work. 

While  t!»e-se  pluinlifls  can  not  have  relief  in  favor  of  thoir  indi- 
vidual rights,  I  tbink  that  the  court  may.  in  a  case  of  this  kind,  and 
in  this  case,  griuil  that  relief  betuuse  tiKnvbv  th*'  jHiblio  iuMn]  may  fw 
promoted.     1  think  it  is  an  organization  o^  snch  sc*'i' 
ter,  (hat  tlie  rourt  when  it  gets  jiiri.sdirtiun  of  Uie  n;  I 

its  membership,  it  should,  in  the  interest  of  the  public,  eaUi 
action  and  grant  such  relief  as  will  promote  the  public  good — ^ 
the  public,  even  though  it  results  in  giving  to  these  phiintitfa  relief 
that  as  phiintitFs  they  are  not  entitleil  to. 

Now,  just  what  relief  may  1k»  given  under  this  petition — wha^ 
I'elicf  ought  to  be  given,  what  decree,  or  judgment,  oMght  to  l>e  ren-< 
dorod  in  the  case  I  do  not  think  I  am  called  upon,  in  the  considcratioa- 
of  this  demurrer,  to  determine.  The  court  tliat  tries  the  case  >villJ 
have  that  <iiiestion.  if  the  action  is  entertained,  and  I  leave  that  ques- 
tion for  the  court  when  the  case  is  tried,  if  it  t^liall  be  tried.  j 

For  these  reasons  the  demurrer,  in  both  branches  1^=  overruled. 

At  a  later  date  the  ease  come  on  for  trial,  the  plaintiffs  moving  fur 
judgment  on  the  petition.  No  defense  wa3  submitted,  so  that  the  only^ 
questions  that  arose  were  as  to  the  etfect  of  tl»e  derroe  on  th#^  orgnniaw- 
tion  itself,  and,  second,  as  to  the  funds  in  its  treasiiry.  Judge  PluDips 
decided  that  dissolution  was  necessary  and  that  a  receiver  sliould  b^ 
appointed  for  the  distribution  of  the  fund.  The  grounds  of  tbeae 
conclusions  appear  in  the  following  extracts  from  his  opinion:  { 

It  is  claimed  nn  behalf  of  the  dffendanls  that  all  *hat  the  court  is 
interested  in.  and  all  that  the  court  is  authorized  to  do,  lookinp  now 
to  the  public  interest,  may  be  accomplished  by  eliminating  the  illegal 
features  of  this  contractual  relation,  by  injunction,  and  leaving  the 
society  intact. 

At  (he  former  hearing  certain  provisions  of  the  by-laws  w<*ro 
pointed  out  as  illegal,  and  as  gi\-ing  chnmcterto  the  whole  contractual 
rehition — not  all  that  were  held  to  be  illegal  or  found  to  be  illcgaL 
were  adverted  to  at  that  time,  and  ne«xl  not  I>e  now.  Of  course,  thertr 
are  provisions  in  the  articles  of  amalgamation.  an<l  there  are  provi- 
.'■-inns  in  the  by-Inws,  that  are  entirelv  h*gal.  It  is  suggi'sled  llint  if 
these  provisions  be  left  standing,  and  only  the  noxif>n'^  provisions  b© 
eliminated  by  enj«»ining  the  society  from  opf rating  under  them,  or 
anj  of  them,  that  will  accomplish  all  that  is  now  sought  to  be  accom- 
plished by  a  decree, 

I  do  not  think  this  can  bo  done,  and  for  several  ren^on^^.    !  think  it 
would  l)c  in  eife<'t  the  making  by  the  court  of  a  new  contract  for  tlia 
members  of  this  organi/atioit.     A  contract  expurgatcfl   in   that  way' 
would  not  Yn*  the  contiact  that  they  entered  into.    T  Id  then 

Ntaud  only  a  fragmentary  part  of  the  cohtra<'(  that  w.:  i  t*..     Tn 

would  la*'k  the  consent  of  the  members*  whicli  is  an   i' 

prrreouisitc  to  a  contract.    No  member  uf  this  o ■"•'"ti 

wnteif  to  enter  into  the  contractual  relations  tb;  (hen  existpj 

tht  •■        '  '  not  he  bound  by  it  as  their  4X>nti*n<'t.     i  n<'  nmy  jural  rfla«] 
rucmhers  have  i«  a  contractual  relation,  arisiu;;  fr<nu  thtfi 
and  conditions  coutained  in  the  documents  to  wliich  they  have 


DECISIONS  OP   COURTS  AFFBCTINQ  LABOS< 


1003 


•onsentcd.  T  think  it  would  destroy  the  contnirt.  uiid  what  moiiKI  re- 
main, tts  I  have  said,  wouUl  lack  the  indispensable  contraciiial  ek-ment 
of  coDiiont  of  whe  [>arties.  The  court  is  never  aiithorizod  to  niuko  u 
ciiiitrMct:  the  rourt  iiuiy  enforce  n  legal  contruet;  the  court  may  undo 
an  illegal  contract;  and  that  i.s  ns  far  as  it  can  go. 

Another  objtretion  li»  such  fonn  of  decree  would  \h%  that  there  is 
uo  legal  and  valid  part  of  tltis  contract.  The  ctinlract  was  entered 
into  as  an  entirety.  All  the  (Ux*nnients.  resolutions,  etc.,  adopted  and 
agreed  to,  enter  Ji»to  it  and  form  the  contract;  on  all  of  Iheiu  rests 
the  contractual  relation  among  the  memlwrs  of  this  association.  The 
illegal  features,  tJie  illegal  pnivisions  in  this  entire  contract  are  so 
nuuien>ns,  and  they  sf>  permeate  the  ^vhole  contract  that  the  entire 
contract  is  vitiated.  It  can  not  he  .'^aid  that  sc»me  of  these  things  nndce 
n  valid  contract.  There  never  has  l>een,  nnd  there,  is  not  now,  any 
legal  contract  or  part  of  a  contract  existing.  Theii*  is  no  legid  con- 
tractinil  rehUion  here  to  l>e  left  undislurlx^d.  There  was  no  legal 
contract  in  the  beginning;  ert/o,  there  was  no  ct>ntract  in  the  begin- 
ning, and  there  is  therefc»re  no  contract  to  leave  in  force.  If  any 
material  part  of  this  contract  should  bo  eliminated  by  injunction, 
then  there  is  nothing  left  to  which  the  niemlxrs  have  consented; 
there  is  nothing  left  that  ever  had  in  law  any  validity.  Yon  can  not 
inspire  this  contract  with  validity  by  eliminating  some  parts  of  it. 
If  such  disposition  of  the  case  could  be  made,  if  I  believed  it  could 
be  made»  I  would  be  ghid  to  leave  such  jxirlions  of  the  contract  as 
nre  not  vulnerable,  stand,  and  leave  the  organization  intact,  resting 
unon  such  parts  of  nn  attempted  contract.  I  can  se(*  no  ground  upon 
wliich  that  can  la?  dttne  legally.  It  is  not  the  illegal  features  of  tlia 
contract  that  the  law  condemns,  it  condemns  the  contract  relation, 
becausT  of  its  illegal  features.  As  I  said,  these  illegal  features  per- 
meate the  whole  contract,  and  give  to  it  its  illegal  character. 

So  I  do  not  see  how  I  can  do  othenvise  than  to  dissolve  this  org;UJ- 
ixalion.  I  would  not  iiiake  such  deenv  if  I  (lid  not  feel  compelled 
to  do  it.  Taking  the  view  of  this  case  tliat  1  have  taken, — and  I  have 
arrived  at  it  after  full  argunirnt  and  careful  consideration, — I  think 
it  is  the  only  decree  that  can  be  made*  Nothing  short  of  this  will 
maintain  the  law;  nothing  short  of  this  will  promote  public  policy 
in  tliib-  instance. 

Then,  subject  to  the  hearing  of  proof,  aud  if  the  proof  shall 
support  the  nuiteriwl  allegations  of  tne  petition,  the  decree  will  l)c 
that  this  organization  is  diss^dved. 

There  remains  the  disposition  of  the  funds  found  within  this 
organization,  if  tlu-y  are  (o  hr  dealt,  with.  This  is  a  matter  tn  which 
I  have  given  much  less  consideration  than  to  the  other  questions. 

One  of  two  courses  must  be  taken.     Either  the  court  must  take 

Eiissession  of  this  fund  and  dispose  of  it,  or  it  must  l>e  left  in  the 
ands  of  whomsoever  may  now  have  the  possession  of  it. 
In  the  last  analysis,  what,  in  fairness  and  reason.  (Uight  to  l>e  done 
with  this  moneys  The  bunks  have  no  right  to  keep  it;  the  ofticerai 
have  no  rigiit  to  kee]i  it.  The  only  persons  wh<i  can  have  any  right 
to  it  are  (he  j)ciM)ns  wlui  paid  it  in.  Ami  such  right  di>es  not  arise- 
by  virtue  of  any  Icgul  effect  that  the  orgimization  ever  had:  it  is 
outride  of  that.  They  an*  not  entitled  to  it  hccausi*  they  an»  members 
nr  were  nwrnbers  of  the  society,  when  it  was  dissolved;  that  is  not  (ho 
basis  of  their  right.    The  basis  of  their  right  is,  that  they  have  con- 


1004  BX7IXETTN   OF  THE  BURSAV  OF  I^BOB.  ^^ 

tribiitod  to  it.    It  was  their  money.    It  was  paid  over  in  got»d  faith, 
Init  for  a  purpose  that  is  found  now  to  be  unlawful. 

I  have  no  uoubt  ll»ei*e  may  be  obligation?)  in  favor  of  persons  who 
have  a  legal  ri^ht  to  payment  out  of  this  fund.  AVhat  the  charaeter 
of  such  obligaMons  may  be,  1  do  not  know.  Bni  ihere  may  l)e  ohli- 
gat  ions  that  have  a  rigid  to  [iny  ment  ont  of  this  fund.  Then, 
whatever  is  left  ought  to  be  distributed  to  the  peojde  who  produredj 
it,  in  some  e<|uitabl(?  pi'oportion;  probably  in  the  ratio  in  which  they* 
conlritniti'd  to  it. 

"Wliether  this  is  a  pn»i>er  case  for  tlie  allowance  of  attorneys'  fees 
out  of  this  fund.  I  do  not  decide;  it  is  not  nece^isary  now  to  decide 
that. 

If  the  pr<xif  to  l>e  offere<l  shall  sustain  the  material  averments  of 
the  petition,  there  will  l>e  a  decree  dissolving  this  organisation,  for 
reasons  that  ought  to  be  staled,  of  coui*se,  in  the  deoi-ee,  and  appoint- 
ing s<une  |>erson  lo  take  charge  of  the  frm<l  in  the  hands  f»f  the  s(K'iety« 
and  to  nuike  disbursements  therefrom  and  distribution  thereof  under) 
order  of  the  court, 

I'pon  the  hearing  of  evidence,  the  organization  was  dissolved,  and 
a  receiver  aj)j>ointed. 

DKCISIOXS  UNDER  COMMON  LAW.  1 

EiMPu:»vKHs'  Liability — Acts  of  ViCE-PRiNciPAi-a — Scope  of  Em- 
iM-ov MKNT — Coinpher  r.  MisHOuri  tf*  Kanftan  Telephone  Cotapantf^ 
Kansas  Citt/  Court  of  Appeah,  lOG  Southwestei^  litcporter,  page 
636. — In  this  case  Eva  Cook  Compiler  had  recovered  a  judgment  for 
damages  against  the  company  on  account  of  personal  injuries  in- 
flicted by  her  superior  while  she  was  in  the  company's  employment. 
She  was  serving  as  (elepluinr  girl  and  liad  turned  away  from  the 
board  in  a  moment  of  unemployuient  in  violation  of  the  fon^man's 
orders.  These  had  been  transmitted  a  little  time  before  by  means  of 
a  note  passed  down  tlie  line  of  operators  which  the  plaintiff,  l)eing 
busy,  did  not  see.  The  injury  was  cans(*d  by  the  forenum  angrily 
whirling  the  cluiir  in  wliirh  the  plaintitT  was  sitting  and  causing 
Iier  knees  and  body  to  strike  against  the  lower  part  of  the  switch- 
board, Tlie  ju*igment  of  the  lower  court  was  affirmed  on  this  appeal 
on  grounds  which  appear  in  the  following  i|Uotation  from  the 
opinion  of  Judge  Johnson,  who,  having  slatecl  the  facts,  said: 

It  is  conceded  ihat  the  chief  oi)erator  was  the  vice-j)rincipnl  of 
<Iefendant  for  the  purjwse  of  maintaining  discipline  in  the  r<K»m, 
but  it  i^  (h'nicd  that  he  had  authority,  either  express  or  implied,  to' 
cmjiloy  physical  force  to  secure  oU»ilience  to  the  rules  of  the  coni- 
panj';  and  it  is  argued  that  since  defendant,  as  plaintiif's  master, 
had  no  right  lo  resort  to  physical  chastisement  ff»r  the  enfonvment 
of  itfi  orders,  it  could  not  delegate  such  right  to  its  vii-c-piincipal, 
Hnd,  conM'(iucnlly,  thnt  the  excessive  act  of  the  chief  (»p(M*iitor  iTinst4 
\n}  rcgardoti  as  his  own,  nnd  not  as  one  for  which  the  !i:  1 

N*  held  liable  under  the  rule  of  n*s|>ondeat  superior,     \A  <  i 

Wciidaut  that  the  ancient  rule  of  the  common  law  whicli  |>enuitte<l 


a 


DECrSIONS   OF   COT7RTS  AFPECTIXG  LABOR. 


1005 


ma??<er  to  chasti.se  his  servants  has  no  place  in  tlie  jurispnulonoe  of 
iia  enlightened  civiliziition  iinil  i.s  not  recognized  by  Anieriom  eoiirt.s. 
But  it  docs  not  follow,  as  »lefen(hint  appears  to  think,  that  the  ab- 
sence of  any  right  in  defeudnnt  to  aKsjtult  phiintitT  for  tlie  imrpuso 
of  cwrcing  her  Into  olieying  its  orders  relieves  it  from  liabilitv  for 
the  tortious  act  of  its  vice-principal  in  emphiving  phynical  ?t»reo. 
Oh!  eases  are  to  be  fuiind  in  Englaml  an<l  a  few  in  this  country 
where  a  master  has  b.'en  helrl  not  to  l>e  liable  for  the  torts  of  his  serv- 
ant, in  the  id)H'M<'e  <»f  proof  of  an  express  diivction  or  sunction  by 
the  master  of  the  wrongful  act;  but  no  principk  is  now  more  firmly 
established  than  that  which  Ijohls  the  master  responsible  for  (he  torts 
of  the  servant  committed  williiu  the  scope  of  his  employment  and 
RH  pait  of  Iiis  service.  The  principle  is  based  on  the  maxim  that 
"what  one  does  by  ancither,  he  doi's  liimself/'  and  we  find  the  ndcs 
by  which  it  should  Iw  ap]died  to  tlie  facts  of  a  given  case  to  be  most 
aptly  expri'sscd  in  I  he  following  ([notation  from  Wood  on  the  Law 
of  Master  and  Servant,  see.  ;j(J7:  "  It  is  i»ot  necessary,  in  order  to  fix 
the  master's  lial)ility,  that  the  servant  sluMild.  at  the  time  of  the  in- 
jury, have  been  acting  under  the  nuister's  onlers  or  directions,  or 
that  the  master  should  know  that  the  servant  was  to  <lo  the  particular 
act  that  produced  the  injury  in  question.  It  is  enough  if  the  aet  was 
witiiin  the  scope  of  his  employment,  and.  if  so,  the  nnister  is  liable, 
even  though  ihe  servant  acted  willfully  and  in  direct  violation  of  his 
onlers.  A  master  can  nitt  screen  himself  frruu  liabilitv  for  nn  injury 
committecl  by  his  servnnt  witliin  the  line  of  his  empfoyment  by  set- 
ting np  private  instructions  or  orders  given  by  him  and  their  viola- 
tion by  the  >erv'ant.  By  putting  the  s<»rvant  in  his  place,  he  becomes 
responsible  for  all  his  acts  witliin  tlie  line  <»f  his  employment,  even 
though  they  are  willful  and  directly  antagonistical  to  his  orders. 
The  simple  test  is  whether  they  were  acts  wit!»in  the  scope  of  his 
employment;  not  whether  they  were  done  wdiile  j>roseculing  the 
master's  business,  but  whether  they  were  done  bv  the  servant  in  fur- 
therance thertMif,  nnd  wei-e  snch  as  nniy  fairly  l)e  said  to  have  l>een 
authorized  by  him.  By  '  authorizeil  '  is  not  meant  authority  ex- 
pressly conferred,  but  whether  the  act  was  such  us  was  incident  to 
the  perfornumce  of  the  duties- intrusted  to  hiju  by  the  nnister,  even 
though  in  opposition  to  his  exiu'css  and  positive  orders." 

The  test  to  be  applie^l  in  IIk*  pivsent  case  is  to  ascertain  whether 
the  tortious  net  of  the  vice-principal  was  one  wdiich  reasonably  and 
fairly  niay  be  sai<l  to  have  been  an  art  of  superintendence,  arul  ni»t 
one  which  was  so  disassorialed  from  the  duties  of  the  {Misition  {»f  chief 
operator  that  It  shonhl  ho  reganled  as  nrotnpled  alone  hv  Ihe  umlirv 
or  willfulness  of  the  actor.  We  arc  of  opinion  that  the  act  clearly 
was  oni>  of  superintendence*  and  therefore  within  the  scope  of  th« 
chief  riperator's  employment :  and  we  ^ml  this  conclusion  to  be  sus- 
tained abundantly  by  (he  authorities  in  this  Stato  nnd  elsew^hert. 
[Cases  cited.] 

It  follows  tlmt  the  learneil  trial  judge  committed  no  error  in  refus- 
ing defendant's  rcipiest   for  a  peremptory  instruction,  and  accord- 
ingly the  judgment  is  nflirmed. 
^ciLtt'  ''."ii   Ti;  -ox 2a 


BULLETIN    OF  THE   BUREAU   OF   L&BOB. 


EmTU^^'F.IIS*'  LiABII.ITV — FElXOW-SEKVAXTh — DlIFAKTlIKNTS  OT  ^EBV-i 
ICE — EviDENCE ExclM>«irK    I)AMAGl£d Louhi^iUr    ct'    StlMh^ilh'    Ratl-\ 

road  Co7n>pany  v.  Broicn,  Court  of  Appeah  of  Keniitcky^  106  Stwi/t- 
tcestcm  /Reporter,  pftfjf^  79'j, — This  <as6  was  l»ofoi'e  tho  court  of  »}>*■! 
|>eulij  OH  ap[>oal  frtun  the  fircuit  auii-t  of  IIoj>kins  Coiinly  ui  which* 
the  niilrond  company  iuuikh]  hu<1  l>oen  held  linhlv  iu  daninge^  in  Uie 
amount  of  $10.0(HJ  for  injuries  leooivtHj  by  Hnny  Bi'owa  while  aot-j 
in^  Jis  hrakemiui  in  The  empKiyment  of  the  company.     The  injur]^ 
was  inflicted  by  the  collision  of  the  fivight  train  on  winch  Browu 
was  eniploye<l  nnd  a  work  train  which  was  stnnding  at  llic  time  on 
tht»  main  track  of  tlie  road.     The  question  of  fellow-service  and  Uie 
admission  of  photojrraphs  as  evidenoo  are  points,  of  intere,^  that  woiv 
presented.     There  wafi  also  a  c<^nltMition  that  the  amount  of  diirnagca 
awarded  was  excessive  inasmucli  as  it  did  not  appear  thul  the  injury! 
WHS  H  imrnianent  one.     Other  ^rt>ijn<Is  of  api>ejil  weir  olFered,  but 
it  was  only  on  the  last  one  named  that  the  decision  of  the  lower  court , 
vas  reversed.     The  ]irincipal   points  iu  the  opinion   of  thei  co»rt)| 
whicli   was  delivered   by  Jud^e  Carrolh  are  reprodueed  herewith. 
After  making  a  statement  of  the  facts  iu  the  ca.se  the  court  said: 

The  conductor  and  enpin*»er  were  in  control  of  the  work  train,  and 
were  charge*!  with  the  diity  of  taking  every  po>siljIe  precaution  to  ^^34^ 
to  it  that  timely   warning  was  given   to   tlie   approaching   freightJ 
Thev,  a.s  well  as  the  brakeman  (who  was  ordered  to  Hag  the  train] J 
were  guilty  of  gross  negligence.  Hldiough   the  company   would   iiP 
liable   to  appellee  if  they,  or   the   brakeuuin   alone,   had   only   bi>en 
guilty  of  onlinary  neglect.     Neither  the  conductor  nor  engineer  iiti_ 
tlic   work   train,  or  the  brakeman    wh<»  participated    u\   th<'i?*   f"*""!!-! 
gence  and  equally  with  them  was  guilty  of  a  failure  to  - 
duty,  were  fellow-si'ivant^  of  apjK.dli*4'  in  ihe  s*ii-^  that  aj  , 
not  recover  for  their  negligence.     It  has  been    frenueiuly   rtileti   by 
this  c^jurt  that  a  s*^*rvanl  for  injuries  not  re^^ulting  ni  dealli  •=  "  '•'•( 
ivcover  from  the  nuister  for  the  ordinary  negligence  of  hie^ 
offitvrs.     l?ut  this  doctrine  \s  limited  in  its  application  to  •.  1 

which  the  servant  is  injured  by  the  negligena*  of  the  superl  - 

who  has  immetliale  control  of  or  ."supervision  over  him.     To  i' 
Jf  a[jp*'llee  had  l*eeu  injured  by  the  neglitr<^rK'p  of  tho  i^uv  1  I 

conductor  lui  his  train,  he  could  in*i  recover 

pany  unless  they  wexv  guiltv  of  gro?h  negi  i  , 

rule  is  that  the  servant,  when  he  engagi'cl  to  work,  w 

will  assume  the  ordinary  risks  incident  to  the  empl", .-,  .i..  .   .  .i! 

not  hold  liiti  unoster  liable  for  tho  ordinary  uegligeucu  of  tho-e  cm- 
ployc4's<  with  whom  he  is  cngagtMj,  whose  actions  and  t'onduct  he  vMU 
otwscrve  and,  if  neccKsary,  ginird  against. 

Thi^  dfKirine  of  ash\ini»sl  risk  by  the  '  ^,     * 

trtuled  l)y  this  court  until  now  it  is  w-  ■    \ 

can  not  rec<>ver  from  the  master  for  ini^lnt"^  r  I 

gence  of  a  felIow--<'rvant  in  the  same  grade  of  -     ^  ■  !  | 

the  <nv\o  fii'ld  nf  labor,  and  a-.socititcd  or  workiiiir  with  rh-  i  J 

;i*iit,  luiwever  gross  the  neifligeni-e  of  the  fellow -siTvnnt  . ' 

if  appellee  had  been  mjnrwl  by  the  negligence  of  a  fellow- 


DECISlOKiS  OF   COCBTS   AFPBCTINO  X>AJIOK, 


1007 


brakenian  on  tli4?  truiii  he  was  working  on,  without  any  fault  on  ihe 
part  of  ihe  conductor,  or  ejig^inecr,  or  olhtr  superior^  or  breach  of 
duty  on  the  part  of  the  company,  he  could  not  recover  in  this  action. 

But  when  tl»e  servant  is  injureW  by  employees  of  the  suiie  master, 
who  arc  not  directly  associated  with  him,  and  with  whom  he  is  not 
JiiinuMliately  employed,  and  whtjse  qiialilicatious  for  the  place  they 
;occnpy  he  has  no  means  of  knowinn^,  and  in  who<e  sclei^ion  he  has  no 
ivoice,  and  over  whiit*  conduct  and  actions  he  has  no  control,  and 
cg)iinHt  whose  negligence  and  carelessne.ss  he  can  not  prot«vt  hinisidf, 
jie  may  recover  damages  fi*om  the  master  for  injuries  received  through 
llieir  hcglit^cnfx*.  wheilicr  it  l>e  ordinary  or  grosi^,  and  witlioiit  any  ivf- 
icrence  to  tlic  position  or  place  the  servant  causing  the  injury  holds. 
Aiid  so  ani>*dKM?,  whose  injuries  were  directly  canned  by  the  negli- 
Igence  of  the  employees  on  the  work  train,  may  recover  froin  the  com- 
ff>any,  without  regard  to  which  one  of  them  was  guiUy  of  the  neglect 
Sbat  resulted  in  his  ininries, 

'  Api>ellce  was  p(»nmtted  to  testify  that,  while  he  was  pinioned  in 
the  debris  of  the  wreck,  he  knew  it  was  on  fire  and  Avas  tearful  that 
he  wonlil  bi*  burned  to  death  lK»foi'e  he  could  l>e  extricated ;  and  otlier 
p^vitncr^scs  were  allowed  (o  sjiy  that  they  saw  the  fire  burning  <'lose  to 
Ihim.  In  our  oninion  it  was  competent  to  |»ermit  appellee  to  testify 
US  to  Ihe  mental  anguish  and  ]>ain  tlial  he  suffered  Avhile  he  was  fas- 
tened in  the  wreck.  If  he  iunl  not  snstnimMl  any  physical  injury,  he 
could  not  recover  at  all  for  the  mental  sulFering  he  endured,  as  was 
isaid  in  Moi-se  r.  C.  &  O.  Ky.  Co.,  117  Ky.  11,  77  S.  W.  3(11:  **  I)am- 
«gi*s  ran  not  be  re<"overed  for  mental  sutleritig  alone  in  an  action  for 
>]>ersonal  injuries  basisl  on  negligence,  unaccompanied  by  some  direct 
rontemporaneons  injury  to  the  jvepson.'"'  But  where  there  is  a  physical 
injury  there  may  be  a  ctnovery  fur  it,  as  well  as  the  mental  pain  and 
suirprinp  occasioned  by  and  accompanying  it.  Mental  as  well  as 
physical  snifering  directly  caused  by  an  injury  is  a  part  of  the  com- 
p<Mis:iiion  to  which  the  injui"ed  person  is  entitled:  and  in  tho  cases, 
without  exception,  thiit  Inive  come  under  our  notice,  the  jury  hnvc 
«!ways  be<nj  instructcil  that  they  might  compensate  for  ment^il  as  well 
«a  physical  pain.     (Alexander  c.  Hunil»er,  8t>  Ky.  505,  G  S.  W.  45S,) 

s  it  was  comjH'tent  for  appellee  io  descrilK*  fidly  and  accnnitely  his 
pain  and  sutfering  after  he  was  cxtricnteil  from  the  wreck  and  during 
ihe  time  Ihe  ruri»  wns  Inking  a tfecttnl,  and  in  fiict  up  to  the  time  of  the 
trial,  we  an*  unable  to  understand  upon  what  theory  it  ciin  be  main- 
tained that  it  WHS  not  comjx'tent  for  liim  to  reltite  th<*  torture  he  en- 
^Inred  when  under  the  wreck  and  in  nn»mentary  danger  of  being 
burne<l  to  death.  In  our  opinion  il  is  not  ai  nil  nialerial  or  impoiianl 
wheliier  tlie  tnfMital  ^uffeI^ng  is  contemnoraneons  with  the  reception 
of  the  injury  or  snlv^equent  to  it,  if  it  is  the  din^ct  rcsidt  of  it.  In 
tJie  aide  and  exliaustive  opinion  in  Denver  &  Rio  (Irande  K.  Co,  v. 
Holler.  100  Vvk\.  7:;h,  41  C.  i\  X.  2ti,  4*>  L.  K.  A.  77,  this  finestion  was 
fidly  covered,  arnl  the  condu-aon  reached  that  evidence  of  this  charac- 
ter IS  coiiijM'tent- 

It  was  also  admii=^ible  for  appellee,  as  well  as  those  who  saw  him 
tinder  the  wnn^k.  to  deserdie  tlu*  surroundings  anil  cruiditions  that 
^xi*"!'"'-  ^o  ilifii  I'lf  nir\  nii<dii  I.iimv^  -ill  (Im-  f-.iti-.  aiii\  circumstances 
jOf  of  the   pholo- 

;"■  '^  it-  )»  -vMi'i  t«»  i'>   111.-  iM  )  I  ir  v.iin  i"«.K  --.-I  *i*i-y  fiir- 

•  file  jury  a  more  complete  fti\<V  t^  ^^  xbtw2*s 


a 

4 
I 


1008 


BCIXETIN   OF   THE    BURR.\U   OF   ULBOR. 


^ 


of  the  colliding  enginas  than  could  U*  ohlAinod  fi-om  any  othpr  - 
The  wnu'k  could  not  W*  stvu  hy  the  jury,  nor  coiiM  it  Im?  jk  . 
descrilied  hy  the  \vitness4>s;  hot  from  an  in«q>ertion  <if  the  iihitio- 
graphs  thr  jory  oniild  ohtain  n  more  corivrl  impression  and  n  lv»ller 
iinuerstanding  of  the  sitinilion  than  in  any  other  way.  (I>enver  & 
Kio  (irande  R,  Co.  i\  KoIKt,  supra;  11  Am.  *St  Eng.  Eney.  of  T-nw, 
p.  5:^0;   17  Cyc.  414.) 

Althoiigli  there  was  no  error  in  <h«?  admission  of  evidence  or  the 
inst ructions  given  by  the  court,  we  feel  constrained  to  revervr  the 
judgment  upon  the  ground  thnt  tlio  verdict  is  excessive.  If  there 
was  snflicient  evidence  to  -^how  appellee's  injnne.s  were  permanent, 
wo  wotild  not  interfere  with  the  finding  of  the  jury  upon  thi**  point: 
hut  there  is  not.  Tliat  he  sn*;tainod  severe  injurv<  not  only  to  his  f(Ki< 
liiit  other  parts  of  his  lM)dy.  there  is  no  doubt;  but,  whether  they  are 
penniincnt  or  not  is  another  qin»slion. 

After  reviewing  the  evidence,  the  court  said: 

It  will  he  observed  that  llu*  physician  wlio  testified  for  appellee 
made  ordy  one  examination,  and  tiiat  without  using  the  X-rars,  and 
his  conclusion  that  the  foot  was  permanently  injured  was  hasen  on  the 
fact  that  in  hi?,  opinion  the  Ixaies  of  tlie  foot  were  diseased:    while 


the  nhysiiians  who  treated  liim  for  the  injury,  and  who  examined 
his  TOO*  frenuenllv  anil  with  tin 


X-rays,  sjiy  thai   the  Uaies  aiv  not 
ftjot  will  Im?  restoi-ed  to  its  nonnni 


injure<l,  and   that   in  time  the 
condition. 

We  are  not  aware  of  any  case  in  which  the  court  has  sustuinod  A 
verdict  as  large  ns  this  one  unless  the  injuries  \vere  i>ermanent.  The 
fact  that  the  negligence  was  gi'oss^  and  that  punitive  damages  were 
allowe<h  and  that  appellee  was  entitled  to  more  than  mere  com|>en- 
siition  for  his  mental  and  physical  suffeiing,  <loes  not  imply  that  a 
jury  are  at  liL»erty»  iini*eslrnined,  to  award  by  way  of  punitive  dam- 
ages any  nmourit,  however  large  it  nniy  Ih\  This  court  has  the  snme^ 
power  and  discretion  to  a't  aside  a  verdict,  when  excessive,  in  cnsea 
invfdving  pmiili\e  damajjies  ns  it  lias  wliere  oidy  compensjiiion  is 
recovered.  In  every  cast*,  if  the  verdict  appears  to  have  lx*en  given 
umler  the  intluence  of  passion  or  prejudice,  a  new  trial  will  be 
granted. 

It  will  readily  l>e  conceded  that  it  is  pecidiarly  within  the  province 
of  the  jnrv  to  tix  the  amount  of  damage  tiuit  a  iii'ivon  is  entitled  to 
for  ineiitnl  iind  phyjjiijd  suiFcring,  and  will  also  Ix*  agreed  that  there 
is   no  rule   by    which   tlie   amount    thiit    should    Iw   nvviirded    cnn   be 
measured.     For  lhes<r  rensons  this  court   has  always  been   reluetaut 
to  interfere  with  the  linding  of  a  jury  upon  the  fptestion  of  dainage^s,] 
and  esiM'cially  is  this  true  when  tJio  injui*y  is  permanent,  or  of  such 
n  character  as  to  disable  the  injui-ed  person  fnaii  [)nrsuing  his  u>^ual 
rxvupation  or  employment,  or  one  that  will  cause  hirn  to  sutfer  fieri- 
fius  pa  ill   probably   ihniu^h   life.     Ihiiy  if  Hppellee's   fool   should   V>e 
fully  restored,  and  there  is  a  (■omi)lete  n^covery.  nnd  he  is  j'l 
the  same  phy^»ical  condition  as  he  wns  iK'fore  the  injury,  it  ; 
to  us  at  firNl   blush  that  the  verdict  is  too  large.     The  future  eiiert, 
of  the  injuty  should  be  shown  with  reasonablo  a-rtainty  to  nnthorixa 
danuigOH  upon  the  siorc  of  pernmnent  injury. 

tlie  error  in  the  amount  of  damages',  the  judgment  iiinst  Imi^ 
'd,  with  tlin'ctionn  for  a  new^  trial. 


or 


DECISIONS   OF   COUBTS   AFFECTING   LABOR. 


1009 


Empi.overs'  IjIabilitv' — Inffction  moM  I)ise.*skd  Animal — Gov- 
IXMENT  Inspection — Duty  of  Empi^jyehs — O'Connor  v.  Armour 
acking  Compony^  United  StaUtt  Circuit  Conrt  of  Appeals^  Fifth 
irciiit^  JoS  Federal  Reporter^  pnge  QI^L — This  case  was  Wfore  the 
Ourt  ou  appeal   from  the  circuit  court  for  tlie  sontlicrn  district  <»f 
'exas,  in  which  O'Connor  had  sued  to  recover  damages  for  injuries 
Rceived,  as  alloijed,  while  employed   in  the  defendant   company's 
augliterliouse.     Recovery  was  deoicd  in  the  circuit  court,  but  the 
court  of  appeals  held  that  the  case  should  go  to  the  jury  and  re- 
manded it  for  a  new  trial.  "^ 
Tlie  injury  was  alk'gc<l  to  be  the  result  of  handling  a  carcass  that 
dnveyed  anthrax   infection,  causing  serious  disease  and  suffering, 
lie  <luty  of  the  employer  was  held  to  l>e  the  same  as  in  furnishing 
^fe  places  and  appliances,  and  the  court  ruled  that  lie  would  not  be 
Jlowcd  to  offer  the  inspection  by  the  United  States  Department  of 
igriculture  as  evi<lence  of  a  discharge  of  this  duty. 
The  opinion  of  the  court  was  delivered  by  Judge  Shelby,  Judge 
^rdee  dissenting.    Judge  Shelby  spoke  in  part  as  follows: 

It  may  be  stated  as  a  general  rule  that  a  master  is  bound  to  take 
)rdinurv  and  reasouable  curt*  not  to  subject  his  servant  to  unreason- 
able or  extraordinary  dangei>  by  putting  him  to  work  in  dangerous 
building,  ou  dangerous  preniises,  or  with  dangerous  tools,  machinery, 
pr  appliances.  If  the  master  fails  in  his  duty  in  this  resjHM't,  and  the 
Servant  in  consequence  of  such  failure  is  injured,  without  fault  on  his 
part,  and  without  having  assumed  the  risk  of  the  master's  pegligenco, 
DC  may  recover  damages  of  the  master.  \\  Thompson  on  Negligence, 
Pactions  ;U"»1), 308*1.)  The  same  principle  is  appliralile  where  the  ser- 
vant is  put  to  work  on  material  tnat  is  dangerous  to  his  health  or  life. 
Tht'  duty  of  the  master  in  this  resf>ect  is  primary  and  itnassignable; 
that  is  he  becomes  responsible  for  the  negligence  or  inexi>erience  of 
nytiue  to  M'hom  he  delegates  the  perf(»rmance  of  it.  (4  Thompson  on 
"egligence,  section  3088.)     Thompson  says  that: 

No  general  definition  of  negligence  can  lie  of  much  value  in  the 
ictical  administration  of  justice.  ^ 

The  same  ol>sorvation  is  true  as  to  the  definition  or  statement  «>f  the 

degree  of  care  retpiired  of  an  employer  in  protecting  his  emplovees 

from  injury.     It  may  1m*  stated  generally,  however,  that  he  is  required 

^o  adopt   all  rcasonai>le  means  and   precautions  to  provide   for  the 

fely  of  his  servants  while  in  the  performance  of  their  work;  and 

inl  he  is  re(]uired  to  exercise  such  care  as  an  ordinarily  prudent  man 

'ould  exercise  under  the  circumstances.     He  is  not  an  insurer  of  tJie 

fcty  of  his  servant,  but  is  required  to  exercise  ordinary  and  reason- 

[ble  care  for  his  safety.     (1  Labatt  on  Master  and  Servant,  section 

14,  and  notes.) 

The  defense  relied    on   by  the  defendant  is  that    he  did    exercise 
reasonable  aixl  ordinary  care,  and  that,  if  it  be  true  that  the  plaiutitf 
•ame  infected  as  alleged,  it  was  not  by  reason  of  negligence  on  the 
art  <»f  the  ilefendant-     There  was  no  inspector  of  cattle  !»r  meats 


the  defendant's  plant  in  (ialvestoi..     The  ev 


,1.M 


-l.M' 


1010 


BULLETIN   OF   XH£  BUBBAV   OF  LABOB. 


that  tho  cflif  which  the  plaintiff  claimfi  was  infectod  waa  slau^htpre*! 
at  the  (lefeadaiirs  plant  in  Fort  Worth,  ami  sliiopetl  to  Gnlvrsloti 
lo  be  skinned,  sold  to  butchei^,  and  by  therm  sold  hv  retail  to  roa- 
snniPi*s.  The 
reiLSounhle  eiiro,  in  that  all  cuttle  sliiughtored   in   Mav 


ileffndiinl    comenils    tlial    it    exen'iK*<i    ordinnry    and" 

l'.H>.Vat  its 
Fort  Worth  phmt  was  iTispccted  l»y  iiivn  employed  bv  thiMn  to  pur 
chat'm'  cattle,  and  especially  that  the  United  States  tioveminent  in- 
spectors inspected  all  cattle  purchased  and  slau^htei'ed  at  h-  "I-mi 
in  Fort  Wortlu    The  contention  is  tluit  tlii.s  evidentv  of  in  u' 

is  such  that  it  shows  without  conflict  the  exercise  of  reasf»iiai'ie  ruidg 
ordinary  CQi*e,  and  ll»eroforo  the  ab^^-nce  of  iie^cjIijEjeiice.  The  eviden<^ 
of  inspection  nn  the  jmrt  of  the  defeudunt^H  a<ren(s  is  not  r  '  si 
l>einjr  ill  itself  »iiflicient.     J.  E,  McCiu'thy  te^tifie<l  tliat  he  !-  u' 

defendant  s  cattle  buyer  at  Fort  Worth  for  four  y^Hrs.    **  They  are 
examined  <tarcfully.     ♦     *     *     '\y^  aiux  to  buy  something  thai  will 
make  go^td  veal  or  beef,  and,  if  it  looks  at  all  doubtful,  we  ouy  subject 
to  (lovernmcnt  insi^ection.    If  the  animal  seems  to  Lave  nnythinp  iit 
all  the  matter  with  it,  we  buy  it  sGi>arate,  and  it  is  held  separate  an<! 
the  (iovcinmcnt  nnin  lakes  it,  etc.     If  it  is  all  ri^ht,  it  is  p:ie«e<l,  aiuj^ 
if  not,  it  is  tanked.     When  it  is  tanked,  it  is  boiled  up  and  ^<»e^  inlcl 
grease  for  feriilizing/'     His  plan  was  not  ti>  reject  cattle,  althou^ld 
it  ini^^ht  seem  to  be  diseased,  but  he  would  let  tt  lake  its  chance  t<r 
pass  the  Government  inspectors. 

The  contention  of  the  nlaintitf  is  tliat  the  defendant  has  nejrligonily 
failed  to  perform  this  <nity,  and  the  cnnleolion  of  the  defendant  is 
that  the  inspection  l)y  the  (iovenmient  was  all  that  could  be  required, 
and  tluit,  under  the  circumstjvnces,  the  master  was  not  ch»rjn'Hhl« 
with  the  duty  of  making  any  inspection.    It  was  i^ot  denied  that  tlia 
doctrine  pe<nurin«f  inspection  was  a]>]ilicable  to  the  cnsi*,  bvtt  the  r*>ii«^ 
(ention  is  that  tlie  insjiection  provided   was  sufficient,  as  matter  of 
law,  to  relieve  the  defendant  of  the  char*re  of  nc^li^'ncc. 

Tho   o!»jecl    of  the    Federal   statutes   retjuirin^   inspeiction    was   to 
provide  additional  sj»feguarils  a^^rtinst  llie  trallu"  in  sp*iiled  or  diit-, 
ensed  cattle  and  meats.    They  should  not  bo  so  construed  or  applie^ 
as  to  deprive  anyone  injured  or  damn^'d  by  the  ncfrli^Muv  or  wrouM 
doing  of  a  dealer  in  or  a  vendor  of  cattle  or  meats  any  remedy  whieM 
he  ha<l  muler  laws  existing  wIh'u  the  statutes  were  enacted.     We  ui'd 
nol  of  o[)inion  that  the  inspection  by  (to^•ernment  (tilicials  of  a  placed 
macliinery,  instrumentality,  or  material  ner-essarily  autl  as  nintler  <»f 
law  releases  the  master  fp>m  his  duty  U*  make  such  e.\auiimit ions  and 
in!!'t>ections  as  are  re(juii'ed  of  him  L»y  the  rule  which  demand*)  that 
he  exercise  ordinary  and  reasonable  care  for  the  safrtv  of  his  servant, 
ThiH  duty  of  the  master  is  absrdute  and  imilienabfc.     He  can  not 
transfer  it  to  anollier  so  as  to  avoid  responsibility.     (4  Thompsijiij 
on  Neglipenci\  ?W'ction  ;i7J)l.)     It  would  s<hmu  to  folhiw  that  the  rourtJ 
in  the  absence  of  a  statute  rcfpiiring  tltat  course,  can  not  permit  an^ 
other  to  asstime  the  res|>(>nNit)i!itv  for  him.     Tr»  McGr'^iror  /».  Keidil 
17«  III.  4tU,  i^;3  N.  E.  :i-j:t,  01»  Am",  St.  1  i  that  in- 

spection of  frei^dit  elevators  by  city  oi  \    conipa- 

nu*s  did  not  as  rmilter  of  law  relieve  tho  owner  of  the  elevators  froufl 
liability  for  their  defective  condition.  C*ontm^' ■'  •■"  'T'  '*•-  -'T-.-^ 
of  the  inspection  of  others  than  the  proprietor  ' 

"  It  IS  diffKult  to  admit  tluit  the  f     '     '  n 

[jmfiioiuicvd  stniml  by  uii  official  in 


DKC1810NS   OP   COURTS  ATFECTTNO   LABOR. 


lOlli 


elude  the  jury  fn>m  consitleriiifir  wli«»(bcr  his  inspection  wns  renlly 
an  Ht;UH|U)ite  one.  8uch  an  inference  seems  to  l>e  unwHrrnntnbl^ 
without  flssiiniiii;^  the  possession  by  siu*h  inspectors  of  u  inuch  liirger 
uieuHure  of  skill  and  diligence  than  rnu  he  ftiirly  ereditetl  to  unv^ 
class  of  emplo3'ees,'' 

And  the  h>ame<l  author  adds: 

^Another  objei*tion  to  holding  the  mftfiter  not  liable  as  matter  of 
law  is  that  the  dtntrine  of  nondelegable  duties  is  virtually  ignored.*' 
(I  Labutt  on  Muster  and  Servant,  section  lOo,  See  also  3  TIioiujjMni 
on  Nef/li^a-m-e,  section  3700.) 

Granting  the  <'onten(ion  of  the  defendant  that,  to  show  the  exer- 
cise of  reasonable  anil  €»rdiriary  cai^»,  it  may  avail  itself  of  the  in- 
spection proved  to  have  been  made  under  the  super\'ision  of  the 
Ciovernment,  it  must  of  necessity  follow  that  the  rfefcndant  is  bur- 
dioietl  with  the  deficiencies,  if  any  are  sliown,  of  such  inspection. 
The  defendant  can  not  ask  moi-e  than  tl>at  the  case  should  l»e  ex- 
amined as  if  the  (lovernment  insT)ectoi*s  were  its  own  inspectors.  It 
is  clear  that  the  master's  entire  uuty  is  not  perfonued  when  he  em- 
ploys competent  and  skillful  inspectors.  That  is  only  the  first  step 
neci'ssary  to  secure  the  reasonahle  safety  of  his  servant.  There  must 
be  a  reasonably  careful  and  skillful  insfKHtion.  Although  the  master 
may  have  engaged  oHup'tent  and  skillful  inspectors,  if  a  servant  hi 
injun'd  in  citnset|uence  of  a  defect  which  would  have  been  discovered 
by  n  reasonably  careful  and  skillful  ins|)ection,  but  was  not  discor-; 
ci'ed»  the  master  will  be  liable, 

AVas  there  evitlence  in  the  case  fron)  which  the  jury  nii^lit  have 
ctrncludetl  that  no  insi)ectiorj  of  the  calf  in  question  was  made;  or.  if 
niade»  that  it  was  nuide  un.skillfully  and  neglit^'nlly  ?  Dr.  W.  A, 
Knight,  a  witness  called  for  the  defendant,  testilie<l  that  anthrax 
wouh]  not  necessarily  Ix*  dis<'overe*l  by  an  inspiM-tion  of  the  animal 
ou  foot.  It  might  escajie  detection  if  it  had  Jiot  **  broken  out,"  but 
that  after  the  aninud  is  slaiightereil,  nod  a  post-mortem  examination 
Ls  made,  "  the  entire  relations  woidd  Ite  such  that  it  could  not  jiossibly 
slip  an  inspector.''  The  witness  gives  a  full  description  of  the 
effects  c»f  the  disease  in  enlarging  the  organs  of  the  animal  and  in 
causing  **  lnMnorrhagic  s|X)ts."  No  one  can  read  the  description  ami 
fail  to  see  liiat  a  reas<^»nably  careful  inspection  by  a  reasonably  skill- 
ful ins[M»clor  «i)uhl  easily  disco\*M'  the  existenci'  of  discas<.'. 


fKCTmX  —  OnorNDS  —  PKOI-klirrv         KiCHTS  —   iNTBRrERFNr 

Saiiorg"  Union  of  the  i^tuific  i\  llammoud  Lumbrv  (ompunyy  Vuli 
States  Circuit  Court  of  App^oU^  }'t6  Fedrvnl  Report tr^  patje  J^oO* 
In  the  circuit  court  of  the  Unite<I  States  for  the  noiiheni  district  oi 
California  an  injunction  had  lieen  granted  against  the  Sailors'  Union 
of  the  Pacific,  prohibiting  interference  with  the  business  of  the  Ham- 
mond LumlxT  (\mipany.  The  injunction  was  grautt-d  on  repre-^'ntu- 
tioos  of  acts  of  violen«_x»  i*<immitled  by  the  ujiion  in  futherance  of  xia 
purpose  to  secure  an  increase  in  rale  of  wages  fidlowed  by  a  strike, 
A  ctrike  coauniUce  h«d  Ix^n  orgBOiKef'  of  members  of  tho 


BUU-ETIN    OK    IHE   BUttEAU   OF   lABOB. 


"SHilors'  ITiiiori  of  tho  Pacific,  Pacifio  Coast  Mnrine  Firomon's  Union, 
nnd  tlie  Marino  Cooks'  an<i  Stewards'  Association.     IMiis  rriTiiniittee 

[Lad  the  services  of  two  launches  wliich  weixi  !i*ed  as  picket  boats,  and 
the  water  front  was  also  picketed  l)y  strikers.  Tlireats  of  bodily 
injury,  use  of  profane,  insulting,  and  obscene  language  and  the  coni- 

hmission  of  brutal  assaults  upon  crews,  firemen,  c<M)kB,  and  stewards 
were  alleged  in  the  evidence  and  specific  dates  given.  The  union  ap- 
pealed, luaking  various  coi»tentions  as  to  the  legality  of  fonn  of  th© 
injunction  and  the  power  of  the  court  to  issue  the  same.  The  injunc- 
tion was  sustained  by  the  rircuil  court  of  appeals  in  an  opinion  which 
was  delivered  by  Judge  Gilbert,  the  principal  parts  of  wbich  are  as 

I  follows : 

Tt  is  urged  that  the  injunction  was  violative  fif  the  rights  of  tho 
appellant.^;  tliat  the  defendant  unions  and  their  uienitH.>rs  had  tho 
rignt  to  endeavor  to  improve  their  condition  and  to  organize  for  that 
puriMise,  and  bad  the  right  to  conuminicate  their  desires  to  othei'Sj 
whether  they  were  in  the  employment  of  the  appellee  or  not,  and  to 
explain  the  differenci's  that  existed  between  their  former  employers 
and  themselves;  and  that,  if  it  Ijeenme  necessary  to  employ  launches 
to  carry  out  these  purposes,  they  had  the  legal  right  to  do  so,  as  the 
waters  of  the  bay  of  San  Francisco  are  free  to  all.  Concetling  that 
the  appellants  had  jdl  of  these  rights,  the  argument  ignores  the  salient 
facts  brought  to  the  attention  or  the  court  oy  the  bill  and  the  nttida- 
vits.  It  was  not  to  prevent  the  exercise  of  any  of  such  rights  that 
the  injunction  was  sought  or  obtained.  Its  purpose  was  to  prevent 
acts  of  lawlessness,  of  violejice,  of  insult,  and  of  intimidation.  No 
one  can  read  the  affidavits  without  arriving  at  the  conclusion  that 
nieml>ei*s  of  the  tuiioiis  went  far  l>eyoud  the  peaceful  cotnmunicution 
of  their  riglils,  iheir  attitude  toward  their  former  employers,  their 
puriK>so  of  self-protection,  and  the  objects  of  their  combination.  It 
may  l>c  true,  in  tlu*  present  cas«\  as  in  many  others  of  a  similar  char- 
acter, that  tiie  disorders  (»f  the  strike  were  deprecated  by  the  officers 
and  leaders  of  the  unions,  but  (hat  fact  does  not  relieve  the  appellants 
of  responsibility,  nor  render  the  court  powerless  to  deal  with  them  in 
their  collective  capacity  for  the  violent  acts  which  in  the  present  casu 
are  shown  to  have  been  conmiitted,  and  which,  according  to  the 
affidavits,  were  threatejied  to  be  continued. 

It  is  contended  that  the  co\irl  erred  in  issuing  the  injunction  for 
the  reason  that  the  appellee  had  tio  [)nip4-rty  riglit  in  that  in  which 
the  court  protected  it,  and  it  is  argued  that,  while  the  appellee  had 
a  property  right  in  its  vessels,  it  Innl  none  ju  the  Inlxu*  <»f  its  em- 
ployees, as  tho  latter  could  leave  its  eniployujeut  as  they  saw  fit.  To 
Mistain  that  intention.  Northern  Paiiiic  K.  K.  Co.  c.  AVhalen,  110 
IJ.  S.  157,  13  Sup.  Ct.  8i>2,  a:  L,  Ed.  (580,  is  cited.  In  that  case  iJie 
court  lielil  that  the  only  grouml  on  wliieli.  independently  of  nn  e.\- 
pres-s  statute,  a  court  of  equity  could  grant  an  injunction  in  a  private 
iiction  for  nuisance,  is  spei-inl  injury  to  properly.     The  court  said: 

"  No  eniployer  has  such  a  pro|H»rty  in  his  woikmen,  or  in  their 
w*rvice>;,  that  he  cntK  uruler  the  ordinary  jurisdiction  of  i    of 

rhanrery,  maintain  a  suit  as  for  a  nuisance,  against  llie  i  ,  d  a 
[Jmuse  at  which  they  voluntarily  buy  intoxicating  liquors,  and  tliereby 
r.-/  .o  ./r/Mi/i  «=  it)  lie  tiafit  fur  work." 


DEcnsross  of  roiTRTB  APFErnNO  i^abor. 


This  lrtMf^un»re  of  llio  opinion  is  espwially  relioJ  upon,  but  the  dis- 
tinction belwwn  thnt  case  and  the  case  at  bar  is  elsewhere  clearly 
stated  in  tl»e  opinion,  whore  the  court  pointed  to  the  fact  that  the 
defendants  had  not  conspired  or  intentled  to  injure  the  phiintitf*s 
property  or  businesj;,  or  to  prevent  the  plaintiff's  workmen  from  per- 
forming their  rontnicis  of  service.  The  bill  in  tlie  Clll^e  at  bar  alleges, 
and  the  atfidavits  prove,  that  tlie  appellants  luul  conspired  to  injure 
and  destroy  the  ai)pellee's  business  and  to  prevent  its  workmen  from 
performing  tlieir  contracts  of  service.  The  appcllot^'s  property  la 
not  only  its  vessels,  but  the  business  of  carryinjr  frti^dit  and  passen- 
g^ers,  without  which  the  vessels  would  lose  their  value.  The  njrht 
to  operate  vessels,  and  to  conduct  busines-s  is  as  much  nroperly  as 
ni*e  the  vessels  themselves.  All  tlie  rights  xvhicb  arc  incident  to  the 
use,  enjoyment,  and  4lisposition  of  tauf^ible  thinfl:s  are  proi)erty. 
"  Property  is  everytliin*r  tnat  has  an  exchange  ible  value/'  (Mr.  Jus- 
tice Swniii,  in  The  Slaughterhouse  Cases,  10  AVnll.  Iti7,  '21  L.  Ed, 
3i>4.)  "  Property  tiu\y  he  destroyed,  or  its  value  may  be  annihilated. 
It  is  owned  and  kept  for  some  useful  purpose,  and  it  has  no  value 
unless  it  can  be  uHcd/'  (In  re  Jacobs,  J>8  N.  Y.  105,  50  Am.  Rep, 
C30.) 

Rut  it  is  said  that  the  injunction  goe^s  further  than  the  law  j>enuits, 
in  that  by  its  language  it  orohibits  the  !]pi>ellauts  from  (hun^  that 
wtiich  they  have  the  lawful  ri^ht  to  do.  I>y  the  order  of  the  <'ourt 
the  appellants  are  enjoined  "  from  in  anywise  interfering^  with  llio 
ci-ews,  foremen,  cotiks,  stewarrls,  seamen,  or  cither  of  them  or  any  of 
the  servants  or  employees  of  the  said  sleuni  sclux^ners  or  steamship  or 
either  or  any  of  them,  without  due  process  of  law;  *  *  ♦  from 
in  anywise  interfering  with  the  business  of  the  said  steam  schooners 
and  said  steamship  excejU  by  due  process  of  law,  with  the  business  of 
complainant  or  orator  of  an<l  concerning  the  said  steam  schooners 
and  the  said  steamship;  •  •  •  f^l^^\  fiom  in  anywise  cons|)iring, 
colluding  or  confederating  together  for  the  purpose  of  preventing 
the  saitl  steam  schooners  and  steamship  from  receiving  and  discharg- 
ing freight  and  pas«H'ngers."  It  is  said  thnt  under  this  injunction 
the  appellants  would  be  in  contempt  if  they  asked  one  of  their  I'ela- 
tives  not  to  go  as  a  passenger  on  one  of  the  appellee's  steamers,  or  if 
they  made  comj>laint  of  the  violation  of  navigation  laws  of  the  np|>el- 
lee  s  vessels,  or  if  they  exercised  their  right  to  discriminate  against 
the  iippellee  by  shipping  caigo  on  other  vessels  than  those  of  the 
appellee.  The  lauguagf  of  the  injunction,  however,  is  to  be  inter- 
pi-eted  in  the  light  of  the  allegntions  and  prayer  of  the  bill,  and  these 
mav  make  an  otherwise  indetinite  order  sufficiently  spe<'ific.  (Hamil- 
ton /'.  Stale,  32  Md.  ;^48.)  It  is  the  nets  set  forth  in  the  bill  that  the 
appellants  are  enjoined  from  doing. 

It  is  urged  that  there  is  no  showing  that  the  alleged  damage  is 
irreparable,  but  that,  on  the  contrary,  the  showing  Is  that,  if  the 
appellee  was  suffering  any  diuuage  tor  which  the  appellants  were 
liable,  it  was  easy  of  estimation  and  could  have  been  recovereil  in  a 
tingle  action  mramst  lujy  of  the  apfwllants,  who  are  abundnntly  able 
to  respoiul  in  il»mag«/s.  It  is  true  thnt  the  iinswer  to  the  bill  idleges 
tliat  the  appellants  are  not  insolvent,  anil  that  they  pi>SHess  $150,000 
in  cash  in  bank.  Bi»t  it  may  lx»  said,  in  general,  that  ground  is  pre- 
sented for  injunctive  ndief  whenever  there  is  actual  and  threatenetl 


1014 


miLLETIX   OF  TFTK  BURF.AU   OF   I.AHuii. 


injury  to  property,  coupled  with  invi^  bnniriiig  tlie  cii-^  -  tip 

of  the  r*x'OjjfTiiztMi  ^roiiinls  tif  cfiuitattle  jurisfiicluin,  aiul  shi  i4t 

Ujoiv  is  no  plain,  uik'qttnte.  or  complete  nnnc<iv  ut  Imw. 

Sai(i  the  court,  in  ^^'alla  Walla  C'itv  r,  \Vn\U  Walla  WiiUr  Ca, 
17^  U.  S.  1.  19  Sup.  n.  77,  4H  I^  Ed.  Ml : 

'•The  n'mc'dy  at  hiw,  in  onler  to  exrlnde  u  ctinnirrent  romwly  at 
e<jni<y.  must  l>e  as  complete  as  practical,  and  as  elTicieul  to  the  ends 
or  justice  an^I  its  promnt  adininistratinri  as  the  i*cnie<ly  i  •  " 

<)ne  ground  of  eqnitaole  jurisdiction  in  cases  of  c»»ntiii.  rs- 

pass  is  the  fact  that  the  mcJisiire  of  (hinia/;es  h  exceedingly  dilUcult 
of  nst'eitainmcnt.  In  such  a  ca.se  the  sirl\ency  or  insolvency  of  the 
wronjL'cloer  is  an  inmiaterial  fact.  (Kellogg  v.  Kin^,  114.  CaL  ;i78, 
4C  I'ac.  166,  i».j  Am.  St.  Kep.  74.)  And  relief  by  injunction  may  b*? 
invokefi  «s  a  remedy  for  the  destruction  of  one's  btisinci?s,  if  in  such 
a  cuse  no  action  at  law  \Vi»uhl  atfoni  as  c«)tiiplete,  prompt,  and  effi- 
cient a  remcilv.  <  North  i\  Peters.  13s  U.  S.  27U  11  Sup,  Ct.  3-lC,  34 
L.  Ed.  l»:ir.;  Watson  tu  Suthfrliind,  ;'■  Widl.  74.  IS  L.  Ed.  "►sO.)  It 
is  made  siifficici»tly  clear  by  the  allcjralions  <\f  the  hill  and  the  facts 
proven  th:it.  not\vithslan<lin^r  tlnit  Ihe  appellants  may  r>o^^K•s.s  I^IM.- 
<.)00,  the  remedy  at  law  is  not  as  nunplele.  pr«*mpt,  ana  adequate  aa 
thi»  i*eme<ly.  in  equity.  The  renie<Iv  at  hivr  wouM  involve  a  multitude 
of  suits  and  delay.  ]>endin^  whicli  the  injury  to  the  appellee's  busi- 
nesjs  might  procetnl  in  idtimate  destruction.  The  r)u*'Nt!<>n  of  with- 
holding or  grunting  the  injunction  was  one  which  rested  in  the  sound 
iliscretioii  of  the  circuit  i-ourt.  We  find  no  givuud  for  sayiug  llmt 
there  was  abu^  of  that  discretion. 


iMTERhEHBXCK    WITH     EmM>:»TMENT — MALKrlOCTB    l*IH>rn«F.MK>T    OF 

DiscfiABrTE — Damacf^ — Gtf)sm»  v.  Fhhtttij  aitd  Cftsualiff  CompaHy^ 
St/prrj/it    Conrt   af  in.initij*^  H3  XniihrftAtcrn    ftfjiorfrt\   pf»fft'  --^.W, — 

This  was  an  action  In'  Jacob  N.  Oibsou  against  the  company  niuned 
for  danuip's  for  wrongfidly  prtH-uring  his  dischnrgi"  from  employ- 
ment. A  judgment  for  $1,J00  was  given  him  in  (he  circuit  court  of 
Cook  County,  which  was  afRnned  by  the  appellate  court  «nd  again 
by  tho  Huprenu-  court.  Thr  defendants  hud  jnsVviX  the  trial  judc*^  to 
direct  a  verdict  of  not  guilty,  aiid  afterwards  to  give  an  iui^truction 
to  the  same  effi'ct,  apd  it  wa.s  the  refusal  to  do  this  that  wts  com* 
plained  of  in  the  np|?enls. 

The  (»osition  of  ih<*  trial  court  was:  TtuKtairtt^l  for  reasons  thui  apiH*ar 
h\  the  opinion  of  the  court,  which  nlso  stales  the  fact.M.  This  was 
delivered  by  Judge  Cartwright,  and  is  as  follows: 

'Hie  plaintiff  was  a  die  maker  in  the  employ  of  the  Union  Drop 
I'Vu'gi*  Couipany.  at  ^\iXui  a  thiy.  He  met  with  an  injury  to  one  fsj^ 
on  A  —  '  ■'*'.  1SSI7,  from  which  1m»  w;i     !      '  fit  ''i't     - 

A  fit-:  ittff  \\is  returned  to  Ids  v 


\V  illmm  <K  11 

At   {\\>.^  t\uu:  \^ 


us. 

le 

nf 


m 


DBCISIONfi   OF   <:OURTS  AFFBCTINO  UiBOR. 


1015 


ibout  ten  yeiu's;  but  liis  omployiiu-iil  was  at  (lie  will  of  the  parties 
«n<l  lie  liad  no  contract  for  futuro  eniploymont.  llo  was  witJiout 
employment  until  tiu*  tirst  part  uf  Dcwniber,  I81U),  when  he  sccun.'d 
work  I'lwt'whei'e.  In  his  snit  lie  chiinicd  $10,000  (lama;i:es,  and  tJio 
Uni'Mi  I>rop  Forg:<'  Company  ^v**"»  inMuvd  hy  tlio  'Ic-fendcuil  tipiin: 
BCfidi'nts  Mill]  ifijiuii's  of  (Im*  churacU'r  for  whicli  iho  suit  wus  hroii^lifc. 
By  ih*'  policy  of  iiir^urnuci*  tho  dofcndnnt  h:id  agiwd  lodrft'ud  npiin^it 
biidt  rlaiais  und  would  U'  VuihUr  to  [hi*  iiniount  of  $.*»,000  in  i*:i---v'  of 
recovery.  The  cttntrnviTtod  nue^tiou  of  fact  was  whctlicr  the  defend- 
unt  i^iujsed  iJie  diM;)n)rjt;e  of  the  phiintiiT,  iind  tiu'.  only  evidonce  tend- 
ing in  %ny  niunnor  to  counwl  the  defendant  with  i\w  dist'lnirge,  or  to 
prove  tliwf  it  indiieeil  the  Tuion  Drop  Foi'i^e  Company  Ur  <IiH^hari;e 
tlu*  plaintiff,  coasistod  of  testimony  tliat  John  A.  Post,  the  ^tneiul 
ninna^er  of  Ihe  deftMuhint  in  ('lu»*jif;<»,  and  HojlM'ook,  made  wlaU^ 
inent^  or  adnus.'-jon:*  to  that  cirect.  Tlje  plaintiff  U*lo!i;;red  to  a  labvtr 
union,  »nd  he  weiir  with  a  i*onniii(it»e  of  that  union  to  se*i  IIoIhriKik. 
Tile  phiiulilf  and  two  nieiuU-rM  of  tin?  conindKee  testitiinl  that  Hol- 
brook  sail!  hisrumjinny  was  satisfiiil  with  plwintiirs  work,  and  wo»dd 
be  willing  to  put  luni  back  at  work,  but  could  not  4I0  it;  that  hiK 
company  had  an  w^nviuent  with  tlie  defendant,  and  if  lln'V  woidd 
gpt  a  letter  from  l^ost  he  would  rreniploy  plaintiff.  They  further 
testified  that  they  then  went  to  siv  Poist,  and  Post  saiil  that  they  had 
e«UM;d  the  discharjffe  and  did  not  intend  to  ht  plaintiff  work  to  earn 
nio7iey  to  tight  them  with,  und  that  he  did  not  proiKtsc  to  haxv 
plnintiff  go  to  work  there,  fir  anywhere  eihc.  if  he  could  prevent  it. 
Therv  was  evidence  fur  defendant,  hy  lI<t|bro(ik,  that  when  hLs  com- 
piinv  was  Huetl  lie  callini  up  PuM.  (he  manager  of  (he  defendant,  ami 
iidvisexl  with  him  bj^  to  whetht-r  it  would  Iw  iHMVssar)'  or  udvisa1>h*  or 
expedient  to  keep  the  plaintiff  in  their  wnploy  under  the  circum- 
stances; thjit  PoM  Hiid  they  could  usr*  their  own  jud^nent;  and  that 
it  waii  on  their  own  judgment  and  on  their  own  motion  that  the  dis- 
churge  was  made.  The  Ietter>  which  pBrse<l  lictaeen  Ilolbitu^k  and 
Po*-t  tc'nd*'d  to  sul>Mtanli:ite  that  version  of  the  affair,  and,  of  course, 
it  is  conc4'<]iM|  (hat  the  t'nion  r)rop  For»:e  Omipany  cc»uld  di*»charge 
(he  plaintitF  whenever  it  naw  lit,  U-(  au?<>  he  had  brought  a  m\t  against 
it,  or  for  any  other  reason,  or  for  no  ron.son  at  all  and  through  malice. 
U  the  Union  I)n»p  Forge  Cotupanv  ilisM*hargtHi  the  plaint ilf  lA^*a»)s©j 
be  had  brought  the  suit,  or  liecau.se  it  did  not  choo^^e  to  pay  hin»  mone^ 
with  which  lie  could  carry  on  the  suit,  no  niu:^e  of  action  would  arin 
in  his  favi>r:  but  under  the  doctrines  annoum-ed  in  tho  case  of  Ijoudoi 
Guarantee  .Sc  Accident  (%».  c  Horn,  tiOr.  111.  4tKi,  iV.*  S,  E.  5:20,  Uit  Am. 
St.  Itep.  l'^."*.  there  would  be  a  cau>e  of  action  against  the  def<*nd:iiit. 
if  it  pnx'ured  the  discharge  of  (he  plaintiff  with  the  motive  of  injnr- 
inc  him.  Post  and  another  witness  denied  tltat  there  wa^i  any  tiuch 
•ubuis^ion  made  by  Post  ns  was  testified  to  by  plaintiff  an<l  the  two 
n»enil>ers  of  the  hil>or  committee.  Their  evidi-nce  wn>;  I  bat  Post  tJai<l 
it  did  uot  nnikn  any  purticidur  diffenmftc  to  the  defendant  whether  (lu^ 
Union  Drop  Forgi'  Company  nsMujilov*^!  plaitiliff  or  not;  that  he 
made  no  staU'MU'ul  or  adniis.sion  that  he  or  the  dcfi'udunt  had  pjo- 
CHire«l  the  '*  of  jdaiutiff;  and  that  the  conversation  consi-tcd 

only  of  a  'M  liclwcon  him  jonl  (he  connuittet*  as  to  (he  pro- 

prii'ly  of  ail  emplcn'T  keeping  a  bd>'in*r  in  bis  etuploy  w!io  had  a  -uit 
peildlDg  Ut."dfi -I  h'xm  uliicli  lb«'  I'litplowr  t>eJieVfd  (o  f>e  without  mf-rit. 


ifllG 


BILLETIK  OK  THE  BUREAU  OF  LABOR. 


aiul  us  to  what  course  the  niemhciv  of  the  committee  would  tbenwelv« 
tnkp  iiiuh'r  llie  siimr  circuinstanci's. 

Tlio  oourt  was  not  aiitliorizrd.  in  passing  on  iht*  niution  to  tlire*"t  a 
veniict  aii<l  lh<'  instruction  ti^nderctf  wilh  the  motion,  to  wi'ich  ihr 
conflicting  evidence  and  determine  on  whicli  side  the  pre]>«T'  ^1 

wns.     Only  the  evidence  favorable  to  plaintiif  cnnUl  W  coii^.w*.. *  iLj 
and  if  such  evidence,  witli  all  tlie  reasonohle  infcrencea  to  be  drawnj 
tliorrfrotn,  wotdil  Ik-  sufficient  to  sustain  a  j»idpinent  for  tlie  plaintifCJ 
it  was  the  duty  of  liie  court  to  deny  the  motion,  refuse  the  instruction! 
and  sul)iuit  llie  <iuesli<»n  to  the  jury.    TUv  t<*stiuMiny  alxive  detailcdj 
given  by  tlie  plaiiititf  and  the  two  meiulwr-^  of  tin-  conunittee.  of  thcr 
ulIuii^fM]    stilt  emeu  ts   and    ud  missions   of    Hoi  brook    and    Post,    fairly 
tended  to  prove  the  catis<»  of  action  allo^'cd  in  the  declaration,  and 
therefore  the  court  did  not  err  in  refusing  to  direct  a  verdict.     The 
controverted   question   of   fact  as   to   whether   the   discliarjre   of   the 
phiintitf  was  caused  by  tlie  wi'ongful  net  of  the  defendant  has  been 
settled  by  the  jud^uiniit  of  the  a}>pellate  court. 

The  next  p^round  of  comi>Iaint  is  that  the  attorney  for  the  plaintiiff 
in  his  closing  arffimieut.  made  irn]>nip*T  and  prejudicial  remarks  tOi 
the  jury  for  the  ]>ur|)ose  of  intiamin^  tlicir  nunds  and  biasinir  iliciri 
judgment,  and  tluit  on  objection  bpiti;j^  made  the  court  ovi*rruled  the 
objection.  In  the  course  of  his  argument  tlie  attorney  for  pluintitf 
said  that  the  defendant,  in  what  it  did,  was  trying  to  starve  the  jdaiu- 
(iff  into  a  settlement  of  his  suit  against  the  Onion  Drop  Forge  Com- 
pany. This  argunu-nt  was  foun<led  on  the  testimony  for  the  plainliff 
as  to  statements  made  by  Post,  and  the  attorney  was  conlomling  that 
the  motive  of  the  tlefemlant  was  an  impn>per  and  malicious  one. 
Tlie  argument  did  not  exct»ed  the  proper  and  reasonable  limits  al- 
lowed in  the  discussion  of  evidence  iM^fore  a  jury. 

It  is  also  argued  that  the  evidence  di<l  not  warrant  an  a.s'^ssmeut 
of  exemplary  damagt»s.  Then*  was  no  instrucii<ui  given  to  the  jury 
which  authorized  an  asHCHsment  of  exemplary  damages,  and  the  ques- 
tion of  the  amount  of  actual  <]aniage  is  one  of  fart,  wliich  we  aiv  not 
authorized  to  review.  The  evidence  was  that  the  plaintiff  was  only 
out  of  employment  a  very  shorl  time,  and  at  the  time  of  the  trial  was 
receiving  much  larger  wages  than  when  in  the  emplov  of  the  I'uion 
Drop  Korgt^  Company,  and  perhaps  the  verdii't  <'an  only  Iw  accouuttKlj 
for  by  assuming  that  excniplnry  damages  were  inchided.  If  that 
so,  then*  is  evich'uct*  in  the  record  which,  if  believed  by  the  jury, 
would  justify  exemr>lary  damages. 

The  judgment  of  the  appellate  court  is  aflinned. 


I--\BtiB  OROANIZATIOJia — CaI'ACITY — LlABIUTT  FOR  YlOiaTION  Of  Ix- 
.11  NrjMON — AppKAiJi — J.  y?.  Uarrit>H  <('•  Co,  t\  Chinttjo  Typou  '  '  I 
V  ft  tun  No,  IG^  iSuprejnc  (.■ourt  of  fflittftt'*^  JiJ  Xorfhf'iMtfrn  V- 
pat^if  9^i2. — The  firm  named  was  a  njember  of  the  Chiciigo  TypoUietiP, 
nn  utdncorporated  association  of  employ intr  printer^,  rtn<l  ^  '  - 
cured  an  injunction  against  the  defcndarilN  forbidding  the  i 
of  Ihetr  prendwrs  and  otjiexwise  interfering  with  their  eniployecs  ij 
the  conduct  of  their  bu.siuej'^.s.     From  tliirt  injiuiction  an  appeal  wa^ 


3 


Hi, 


DEC'StONS   OF   COURTS  AFFECTING    LABOR.  1017 

taken  and  (he  pniper  bond  filed,  nnd  the  nioinbers  of  the  union  nm- 
tinued  to  perfarm  acts  of  the  sanie  nature  as  those  complained  of. 
The  plahititTs  then  began  proceedings  to  pnx'ifre  piinishnienl  of  the 
offencters  for  contempt  of  court,  and  a  fine  of  $1,000  was  assessed 
hgninst  the  union,  which  action  was  nffirnted  by  the  appellate  court, 
ind,  on  further  appeal,  by  the  supreme  court,  Judges  Scott  and 
anner  dissent ing^. 

Various  points  of  interest  were  involved,  as  the  status  of  the  union 

IS  a  party  to  an  action,  the  power  of  the  appellate  court  to  punish  dur- 

[inp  the  pendency  of  an  appeal  antl  tlie  matter  of  the  collection  of 

;he  fine.    Thefie  were  taken  up  in  order  by  Judge  Cartwripht.  who 

lelivere<]  the  opinion  of  the  court*  and  who  spoke  in  part  as  follows: 

The  first  point  made  by  counsel  for  the  appelhint  in  his  argument 
IS  that  it  is  neither  u  natural  nor  an  artificial  in-rson,  and  thcrefon?  it 
could  not  l)e  made  a  defendant  in  this  proceed intj;.  The  bill  of  com- 
plaint in  tliL*  suit  for  an  injunction  in  which  the  decree  was  entered 
llege<l  that  appellant  was  a  laI>or  union  organized  an<l  existing  in 
the  city  of  Cliinigii;  that  it  had  presented  to  appellees  a  contract  to 
be  executed  by  them  in  which  appellunt  agreed  lo  do  certain  things; 
that  it  had  an  executive  committee,  issued  circulars,  publishea  a 
flirectory,  exercised  control  over  its  members,  furnished  money  to 
induce  employees  of  appellees'  to  leave  their  service,  and  as  an  associ- 
ation interfered  with  their  business,  and  did  various  acts  cluirgetl  in 
the  bill.  The  appellant  caitie  into  court  and  denmrretl  to  the  bdl  and 
appealed  from  the  decree  to  the  appellate  court,  giving  its  bond,  and 
not  niiHiiig  any  *|uestion  as  to  its  legal  capju'ily  to  be  suimI  or  ns  to  its 
legal  status.  In  this  proceeding  the  an[>el]aMt  ciune  into  court  and 
IBnsweivd  as  an  organization  having  a  legal  existence,  with  a  consti- 
pation, by-laws,  and  officers,  and  doing  business  to  carry  out  the 
objects  oi  the  organization.  The  time  and  place  to  raise  the  question 
by  what  name  and  in  what  nuinncr  the  association,  or  the  agirregation 
of  individuals  of  which  it  was  con»pos<vl,  might  Ix'  made  uefendant 
in  a  suit  in  cipiity,  was  in  the  original  suit.  Whether  it  was  no  more 
than  a  n^ere  partnership,  with  the  rights  and  lial>ilities  incident  to 
that  relation,  or  whether  it  had  any  definite  legal  status,  was  a  ques- 
tion to  be  considered  then.  Joined  Avith  appellant  wen*  various  offi- 
ers  in  iheir  cajjacity  as  representing  appellant,  and  it  does  not  appear 
uit  any  objection  was  made  that  the  assficiation  was  not  properly 
fore  the  court.  If  it  would  not  be  regarded  as  a  legal  entity  in  the 
net  ion  lit  law,  it  does  not  follow  that  the  decree  was  a  nullity,  or  that 
the  association  could  vitdate  the  injunction  with  impuriity.  It  is 
holly  inunaterial  in  this  proceeding  whether  the  de<Tee  was  errcv 
eons  or  not,  and  the  association  is  amenable  to  the  court  and  the 
w  for  any  violation  of  it. 

Thf  importutii  (juestion  in  the  case,  and  the  one  to  which  the  argii- 
ent  is  almost  wholly  tlevotctl.  rcliitr»s  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  .su- 
erior  (Y>urt  to  entertain  this  proceeding  and  punish  appellant  for 
iolating  the  injunction  after  an  appeal  had  bi*en  taken  from  tho 
ecree.  Tho  law  is  that  an  a[>peal  enjoining  u  (h'fcndant  from  doing 
n  act  does  not  suspend  the  operation  of  the  injunction,  stay  it  in 


1018 


BULLETIN    OP  THK   BlREAr   OF   LA80B. 


an}'  uianiier.  or  diMurU  its  operative  foive.  The  appeal  (lo(*s  ndV 
have  the  eiTect  of  dissolving  or  suspending  the  injunction  and  Lhe 
dcfeiidnnt  n(H|Min',s  no  right  l(»  disregjinl  it  hv  tlie  e.xorution  of  on 
apfroal  bond.  The  doing  of  the  act  onjoinptl  may  l^e  juinlshod  :is  a 
ciujiempt  uoivrithstimdin^  the  Hppeal,  mid  the  f'onient]>t  i<  a  awi- 
tenipt  of  the  court  which  granted  the  injunction.  The  question  bring 
by  what  court  the  oontcmpt  can  lie  punished,  the  natural  answer 
wouhl  be  by  the  coui't  whose  order  is  disobeyed,  aiid  whose  di^nitj 
and  authority  are  delied.  And,  indttd,  it  does  not  seem  to  be  di^ 
puled  tlntl  if  the  proceeding  is  in  the  niwne  of  tlie  rieople,  for  Ihr 
pin'pose  of  niinntnnun^  the  diprdty  and  authority  of  th»  oonrt.  an 
aprM'al  w<»uhl  present  no  obstacU*  to  it.     Such  a  pr<  'y 

in<iependent  of  llie  appeal  or  any  question  to  l>e  >  ,       >•) 

ap|H'llate  Iribuiuil,  ana  we  sec  no  substantial  distinction  iietweei)  a 
[jrtji-^'cution  for  contonjpt  instituted  for  tlio  purpof^e  of  punishing  a 
person  for  disobeying  an  order  of  the  court  on  the  ground  that  ita 
authority  or  di^iity  is  in  question  antl  one  which  is  instituted  to 
enforce  the  authority  of  the  court  in  the  atlministi-ation  of  justice 
l)elwe«*n  litijrjmts.  lh<Mnu»slion  w'hether  the  injunrtii»n  was  m*<iiKTly 
awarded  or  wliether  tlie  decree  was  erroneous  in  not  involvecl  in  either. 
A  defendant  can  not  refuse  to  obey  an  injunction,  however  iiiifuov- 
i<lently  or  erroneously  munted,  but  he  is  bound,  at  his  peril,  to  olK»y 
it  while  it  i*euiains  in  force. 

To  fidopt  a  rule  t-liat  the  court  granting  an  injnnction  mast  Ktand 
idly  by  and  i-ee  it  violated  while  an  appeal  is  pendingr,  and  after  the 
case  is  reinstated  in  that  court  may  then  prw*^  to  minish,  woidd 
ho  attended  witli  evil  consequences.  All  that  it  wouhl  be  mn-es^ary 
f«ir  a  defenihint  to  do  to  secure  iinmunity  until  the  case  should  lk» 
reinstated  in  the  court  i^oidd  Ih»  to  pray  an  appeal  und  file  n  l>i>nd. 
If  the  court  shindd  be  denied  the  ri^it   (o  i-ouipej  oh  '<>  tbo 

])rohibitioii  of  the  decree  until  the  original  case  has  .  d  itJi 

rounds  ihrouglj  the  courts  the  ap|H?llees  niiglil  lose  all  ili*-  i)eneti(« 
of  their  litigation  and  have  their  business  ruined*  although  the  diHiree 
{•'hould  fiuallv  be  afHnued.  We  are  not  pi*epared  to  adopt  or  declaru 
Mich  a  dcK^trine. 

Hy  the  final  order  of  the  superior  court  impi^sing  the  fine,  appel- 
huit  was  or<lered  to  pay  the  same  to  the  clerk  of  tlie  court,  and  it  was 
further  nrderef!  thill,  if  such  puyn»et»t  should  imt  lie  made,  execution 
should  issue  for  the  collection  »if  Ilie  tine  in  the  naiue  of  (he  pi-«iple 
for  the  nso  of  the  ap^x'llei's  (Barnes  ^  Co.],  The  judgment  was  in 
proper  form,  and  the  court  [u-opcrly  onlered  cxecniiou  in  defaidl  of 
j)»yment,  but  the  execution  should  not  be  in  the  form  din'  (<<1  If 
the  line  shall  be  paid  to  (he  clerk,  an  exivution  will  not.  l»e  i 
but,  if  it  becomes  necessary  to  ise^ue  an  execution,  it  will  n«M  »»■  t-.i 
the  uso  of  the  api><'lli»es,  and  the  order  will  Ik»  nioditied  by  striking 
out  that  foatui*c.  lliere  ia  no  statute  in  thin  Stute  which  -i  '  .  -i 
lhe  npjiropriii(i(iri  of  a  Jirje  imposed   for  a  contemjif,  of  co-  i* 

p  ^  by  the  •'  'tuting  iJie  eonteiiipt  or  who  j>ro&t*cute^ 

t'  .rj_  for  th.  t^t 

'  ui  of  tlic  order  itioii  being  intNliited  i-i 

1  .  error,  and  the  '  nf  lit.*  in^ni'II  >r  ■  cmi  ,   ,        f 


DECISIONS   OF    COUBT8  APFECTINQ    LABOR. 


1019 


LXAtiR  OrOANIZATIOXS — TlLVDE  AcREEMKNTS — PoWER  OF  CoMS* ITTXK 
TO    CONTEACT — PAYMENT   OF   StRIKE    BENErnS — CONTRfiL    OF    FcNDS 

DT  iNJtfNCTJOx. — A*  R,  Bmnus  ii'  Co.  t\  Brny,  United  Siitieft  Cireuit 
Conrt^  S&uthcrii  DisMcl  of  Ohio^  Westem  DivUhv^  167  Federal 
ficporter^  page  883, — This  was  an  action  brought  by  Barnes  &  Co^ 
rneiiilH^is  of  (lu»  I'liitijcl  Tyi)cithotu'  tif  America,  ajfiiiust  lion\v  and 
McMuUcn.  officers  of  the  Intcrnationnl  Print  injr  Pre&smen  and  As- 
sistants' Union  of  America,  both  voluntary  associations,  to  determine 
ihc  effect  of  un  agreement  alleged  to  exist  lietweeu  the  two  organi- 
zntioiis,  anvl  to  prevent  its  vitilniion  by  the  uicmlKTs  of  the  union. 

The  agreement  referred  to  was  one  that  had  been  entered  into  for 
tlie  purpose  <»f  establishing  *•  l>ctween  the  pmjjloyine  printers  of  the 
United  Statl•^  and  tlieir  pressmen  and  feeders  uniffn-m  shop  prac- 
tices and  fair  scales  of  wages,  settlement  of  all  questions  arising 
tM.'tween  them,  nnd  (he  nlMilition  of  strikes,  sympathetic  or  otherwise, 
lockouts  ami  boycotts/'  Among  its  provisions  was  one  that  looked 
to  the  introduction  of  the  eight-hour  day  on  January'  1,  lOOi). 

This  agn'enient  had  l>een  enteivd  into  by  couniiittee,s  repi'esi'Uting 
the  two  Ixxlics,  and  had  bt»eu  ratiHed  by  a  special  convention  of  the 
Typotbeta\  but  was  repudiated  by  the  union  at  its  annual  conven- 
tion in  U>07,  and  a  referendum  vote  of  its  niembei's  determined  on 
the  inauguration  of  the  eight-hour  day  on  Xoveu^ber  18,  li»07.  The 
eoninjitlee  of  the  union  had  IhH'U  directed  to  i-enew  a  former  agree- 
ment whirjj  provided  for  a  uiue-hour  day.  at  the  same  time  **  to 
strive  with  all  power  possible  to  have  some  concessions  made  by  the 
Typothetn*  towanl  having  the  eight-hour  day  established  within  a 
reasonable  time."  At  the  same  meeting  a  special  fund  was  arranged 
for,  to  be  Uuown  as  the  *'  Shorter  workday  fund," 

Two  questions  were  involved  in  the  suit,  first,  as  to  whether  the 
conunittee  of  the  unioi^  had  full  and  tirta!  authority  to  make  the  con- 
tract; and  secondly,  whether  i>erformuiice  of  such  contract  couUl  l)e 
enforced  indirectly  by  enjoining  I  lie  officers  of  the  union  from  paying 
strike  benetils,  and  from  doing  anything  in  furlhei^ance  of  strikes. 

The  decision  of  the  couH,  wliicli  was  delivered  by  Judge  Thon»|)- 
aon,  was  adviTM?  lo  the  contentions  of  the  phiintilTs,  Barnes  &  Co., 
on  both  questions,  as  appears  from  the  following  extnicts  from  hb 
opinion.  Ilax'ing  diM-'us^ed  in  souie  detail  the  ctTorts  of  the  union  to 
secure  the  adopticm  of  the  eigl»t-hour  day.  Judge  Thompson  said: 

*he  Typothcttc  hud  ihrretofoi-e  refused  to  consider  the  adoption 
the  *"  eight-hour  day."'  anri  the  convention  of  the  imion  hau  de- 
cLired  in  favor  of  its  adontion  immediately  after  the  expiration  of 
the  C-si  ''  reemcut,  un!e>s  the  two  associations  could  agree  upon 

somp  1  •'  tifne  thercnfter,  and  the  directors  were  instnu'ted  to 

obtniii  iiMui  (It*'  Typothctn-  ii  derlarution  as  to  whether  it  would  ugrco 
lo  the  '*  eight-h<nir  day;  "  thiit  iy.  whether  the  Typothetic  would  con 


1020 


BULXETrN    OK   THE    BCKEAU   OF  LABOR. 


sidfT  tho  (leniaiul  for  it,  nnd  nt  sonic  t'lmo  npree  to  it.  Tlie  flirectois 
wero  not  uuthorized  in  s(»ourinnr  (he  ivni'wal  of  the  existing  MgriiMnmit 
to  add  new  terms  tlieretu;  nor  were  lliey  instructed  to  determine  what, 
wonhl  be  a  reusoinilile  liine  after  (he  fxninition  of  (lie  exi>-(inf^  agree- 
mont  within  wliich  to  inaugurate  tho  "  eijjht-hour  day,'*  nor  ^^-ere  they 
empowered  tn  conelude  n  new  agfreement  with  the  Typotheta.'.  If 
Ihey  »^ucceeded  in  hecuring  the  consenL  of  the  Typothetae  to  the 
renewal  of  tlie  okl  agreement,  with  n  declaration  us  to  whethitr  op  not 
the  ''eight-liour  day  *  woidd  l)e  agreed  io^  the  in>-trnL'tions  given 
them  wo»dd  l>e  fulfilled,  and  tlieir  only  remaining  duty  would  Ix^  to 
report  their  notion  to  the  next  eonvetuion.  In  their  report  it  would 
have  been  pmper  to  reconnnend  what  rn'tion,  in  their  npinion,  should 
l>e  taken  by  the  convention,  giving  (heir  reasons  therefor,  but,  under 
the  instructions  given  thtrni.  Hnal  action  coul<l  Ik"  tiiken  only  by  the 
convention.  The  U>ard  of  directors  exceeded  its  authority  in  per- 
mitting new  nuitter  to  l>e  ad<led  to  the  renewal  agn*ement,  ana  in 
nssnming  power  to  bind  the  union  by  the  agreement  entered  into  by 
them  with  tlie  Typothetft*. 

As  to  the  second  point  the  court  spoke  as  follows: 
If  the  boani  of  directors  were  nuthorized  to  enter  into  the  a 
mcnt  on  behalf  "f  the  union  can  performance  thereof  by  the  men  of 
the  nnion  be  enforced  l>y  injunction?  The  agreement  js  not  a  con- 
tract of  employment  l>etwccn  nienil>ers  of  (he  Ty|>othettc  and  men  of 
the  union,  but  is  a  contract  lM?lween  (he  two  associations  for  the  pur- 
poses hereinbefore  stated.  We  are  not  advised  of  (he  terms  of  the  em- 
ployment of  tmion  men  by  meniWrs  of  tlie  Tyootljefa',  except  as  to 
hours  of  lalwr.  So  frtr  as  we  are  advised  by  the  pleadings  and  tlie 
evidence,  they  might  at  any  time,  without  breach  of  the  contract  of 
employment,  withdraw  from  the  service  of  the  Tvpothette.  It  is  not 
shown  tlnit  they  agreed  to  work  for  an}'  definite  time,  nor  is  then*  any 
provision  in  the  agreement  between  the  two  associations  fixing  the 
time  of  service,  and  if,  therefore,  they  should,  at  any  time,  with  or 
without  cause,  withch'aw  from  the  service  of  members  of  the  Typo- 
theta*,  they  would  Im?  within  their  rights.  As  heretofore  s(aled,  the 
agreement  was  rei»udinted  by  the  union  at  the  Brighton  Beaoh  con- 
vention, and  thercHftcr  the  men  of  (he  union,  by  a  rcferenchini  vote, 
declared  in  favor  of  (he  imiuguration  of  the  "'eiglit-honr  day"  on 
November  18,  1007,  and  its  nunnienance  is  now  the  e^tablislied  [wlicy 
of  the  nnion,  and  (he  defendants,  its  officers,  are  charged  with  the 
duty  of  carrying  it  out,  and  innuling  (he  strikes  incident  (heielo  may 
tlie  men  employed  by  (lie  TyiM»theta^  Ix*  deprived  of  the  advice  and 
assistance  of  their  offiit-rs  and  of  strike  benefits?  The  strike  beuefii 
ftmd  is  civated  by  moneys  deposited  by  (he  nien  wi(h  the  gen*^r!il 
officers  for  the  support  of  (hemselves  and  familii»s  in  times  of  sti 
an*l  the  court  h»s  no  more  c<Jutrol  of  it  (hiin  it  would  have  ov»  i 
posits  nnide  by  them  in  the  banks,  an<l  (he  attempt  to  enforce  spe(*ilio 
perfornujnce  of  the  agreejijent  by  enjoining  ti»e  ofticiMs  from  perfonn- 
mg  their  functions  can  not  l)e  entertained.  The  court  will  not  by 
indirect  methods  conijad  (he  men  to  continue  in  ll  '     ' 

Typothetae  and  wt»rk  nine  lioui-s  a  day.     The  agreeiu 
thai,  if  they  work  iil  nil,  they  shnll  W(»rk  nine  liour>  .i  tU\. 
no  agreement  th:d  tlwy  '-hall  continue  in  the  s-ervin*  of  the  T' 
until  Jantuirv  I,  t'."H»." 

T/jt*  /;///   \vi}\  be  di>;iiiihsfil.  ul  tUe  cuu\\>lAiiLalLts'  cost". 


.WS  OF  VARIOUS  STATES  RELATING  TO  LABOR.  ENACTED  SINCE 
JANUARY  1,  1904. 

tThc  Ti^oth  Sprclal  Rfport  of  ttilx  Rurenii  couIhIdk  all  rnwit  of  thi'  trtIoii:*  StatPii  aod 
r^rrllorleM  nnd  ut  rlio   rnttcd  Stat*-*  rflalliiit  tu  liihor,   in   forrt*  .Inntiury    1,    \'MH.      Ijih-r 

iK'tmrnu  arv  r^producod  In  «ucci-8sl?<>  iKsue«  u[  tbe  Bulletin,  b^^nnloK  wUb  Bulletin 
to.  Ai,  tbf  Isaue  of  March,  JOO.V     A  rumtilntlvo  Ind«x  of  thirse  later  ca«ctmeata  la  to  be 

tuBd  on  page  l<KtT  et  aei),  of  thla  l!t!iiii>.] 

DELAWARE. 


ACTS  OF  1W7. 
Chapter  116. — Boarti  of  immigrniion — Votitrnct  hiboren, 

Sfottox  3.  Tbe  duties  of  sjild  [Inwnljrrntlonl  cniunitsslonerH  shnti  be: 

First.  To  contnu't  with  uiul  aiipniut  an  iigciit  tir  itceiits  In  Eurni>e  and  elae- 
'bere  iiiul  Huhject  to  fbv  nii*tbodK  ii.s  tbelr  JiulcuuMit  niny  direct.  Invite  niid  eii- 
mrnife  Inindsrratlon  to  tliis  Statf.  Also  tn  tM^ntract,  In  tbe  name  of  tbe  State, 
'Ith   laborers  In    fiirelgn   c-oimtrleH  for   ibo  |nir|w»se  of  bringing  Kald   laborer* 

tbU  Stale  for  iiKrlculturul  puriiuHeH. 
•  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Approved  ApHI  4,  A.  IK  1007. 

MINNESOTA. 

a(t:*s  of  1II07. 

Chaptkr  ISO. — Frtfr  puMic  finpbt\imvnt  offtcet. 

Rectiox  1.  Tbe  oouimlRsIoner  of  lab^jr  of  tbe  State  of  Minnesota   la  hereby 

direete<l  to  orcnnlze  niid   establisb  In   all  cities  In   this  State  oontulning  SCty 

tbousand    (50,0(X»)   Inbabitnnt.s.  or  more,  free  pviblic  employment  bnreaus,  for 

■pie  purpose  of  receiving  appltcations  fronj  |»erHons  t^eeklnc  eDiplo.roient.  and  u|>- 

BJ buttons  from  employers  desiring  to  employ  labor.     Tbere  shall  be  no  fee  or 

Kooii^enBittlon  charged  or  receive<I.  directly  or  Indirectly,  from  i»erson8  applying 

npr  employment,  or  fnnu  thow  desiring  to  employ  labor  through  said  bureana. 

^*here  pb.'iH  he  apr»oint(Hl  by  tbe  oommlsslouer  of  bilKir.  for  such  burefins  one 

BniHTlnteiuIeiit,  who  may  be  rcumi^Kl  by  tlieconimlHsloner  for  giKHl  Jiiid  snffi- 

^cnt  cause,  micb  iipiwlntinent  to  be  made  Immediately  after  this  act  Imh'uuk's  n 

■taw,  and  thereafter  «t  tbe  commenceiuent  of  tbe  biennial  aessfon  of  the  legls- 

Btture,  the  salary  nf  Riicb  »ni)erlutendent  Kimll  not  exceed  ($l,-"txi)  tt^-elve  buti- 

Hred  dollars  (ler  annum. 

■  Sec.  2.  Tbe  superintendent  of  such  bureaus  shall  cause  to  bo  roeelvotl  and 
Recorded  In  books  to  be  kefit  for  that  puriMxie.  the  names  of  all  per^wms  applyinc 
Hbr  employment,  as  well  as  tbe  name  and  addri'ss  of  all  persons,  firms  or  eor- 
Boratlons  applying  to  employ  bibor.  designating  np[M)stte  tlie  name  and  address 
Hf  earb  aiM'Hcant  the  cbarncter  of  employment  deRlrt-d  or  ofTeretl.  Such  stii»er- 
Bhtendent  sbnll  also  perform  snch  utber  duties  in  the  «v»lk»(.'tlon  of  labor  stn- 
HfiticR,  and  In  the  keeping  of  books  and  accounts  of  8uch  bureaus  iis  The  comnils- 
Honer  may  dlre<.t  or  re<pilre,  and  shall  rep«.>rt  monlbly  all  btislness  Iransacted 
ma  such  burenua  to  tbe  office  of  the  commissioner  of  lattor.  at  the  State  capttol. 
K^Sec.  3.  Every  nppliciiilon  for  emiiloymeiil  by  employer  or  employee  wbleh  It 
Huade  to  the  free  empl<^yment  bureaus  shall  i*c  void  after  thirty  days  from  Us 
■•celpt,  unless  the  same  be  rencweii  by  tbe  applicant.  U'ben  an  applicant  for 
Hsbor  has  seiMired  tbe  same,  be  sball  wllbln  ten  days  tbereafter  notify  tbe 
Bnpcrliitondent  i>f  Kocb  txircans  n[KMi  a  nntlflc*atinii  cai'd  iirnvbhsl  for  that  pnr- 
Bose,  If  any  sneh  applicant  neglects  to  notify  such  sui>erintendeiit,  he  or  tbey 
■lull   be  Itnrred    from   all   fnture   rights   and   privileges   of  such   eniploymeni 


4612S^BulU 


1021 


1022 


BULL.ETIN    OP   TBE    BUREATT  OF   UVBOn. 


burortiia  at  Ibt?  rttw^rotlon  nf  the  oommi.'^sfoimr  i>f  Inbnr,  t"  whoii»  tiifi  oiiperln- 
tendeiit  Hhiill  report  sucii  ut^jrliK-t. 

SKr.  I,  TlH-ri"  is  lM'n*li,v  Jiiimiiilly  apiiruiirliiloil  on!  nf  niiv  iiioiiry  In  "■■-  ^'  -v 
tffftsury  not  Mhorwd***  iii>|ii<M'rlMt»^1,  thi*  Himi  nf  fi»u  ihoiiKiml    (:JU»  :- 

InrR,  or  so  much  tlier<M>f  ns  niay  lie  ncrt'SKiiry   to  mrrv   uiit   llif  piov 

tfaU   UC't. 

Aj>{>rOirea  April  33.  lt>07. 

CiiAJTEB  2CS. — Stifrty   ttttjtUaiirrn   rui    raUroadit, 

lOK  1.  On  and  nffer  the  fiCAt  ilny  uf  July,  ntnetcHvi  Uani1r«d  and 

shall  *w  nnlawfnl  for  nny  milwny  cdmimny  or  (^^lotmou  cnrrliT,  in  itkiv1p| 
frelfiht  iK'lwoc'ii  i»i>iii1^»  hi  lbt«  Stnip.  t«>  Imiil  or  |«*rralt  to  N^  tiniilc*il.  op  ns*i 
cm    its   line,   liny   rnr   not    ciinI|>|H*<l    with   t^MiplerH.   coupUni;  taitouiHlhiiny   hy- 
Impiiot,  an*l  which  a»n  ho  nncoupkij  wlthoHt  the  ueirr^^lry  of  lucn  jjoluj:  In'twcon 
tilt!  endH  of  th(>  earH, 

8w.  2.  On  and  nfter  tho  first  day  of  July,  nhu-ti^n  huodreil  and  olght.  It 
shull    he   Mtdawrnl    for   any   riillwHy   (imiTmny   or  Summon   carrier.   In    mfi\ln^ 
frelKht  lic'twwn  jtolntH  In  the  Stiite.  to  uso  any  car  tlmt  U  not  provld»'<J  wli' 
wcnre  >rr«h  InuiH  or  hand  holds  hi  the  cndH  and  »ldc«  of  each  ciir  for  the  great* 
K(>cnrlty  to  men  tn  coupling;  and   uucoiiplinj,'  cum. 

Stc.  3.  Any  railway  cimiiiany  or  cfiiumnn  enrrlor  vIolatUiR  any  of  tbf  priv 
vl8iou0  of  this  act  shall  forfeit  lo  the  i^tato  one  hundreil  dollars  (^<10>  ft»r 
each  and  every  »uch  violation. 

Approved  A|»ril  35,  1IK)7. 

Chapter  2rui. — flrmrtt  of  hihur  of  tmithiftrts  un  ruilroadtt, 

.SixTioN  1.  It  shall  ho  nnlawfnl  for  any  railroad  company  wltliln  the  Hbilo 
of  Mhint»s<itJi.  or  any  of  Its  offli-ern  or  ni^Mita.  to  require  or  iktuiU  any  era- 
ployee  enjniKetl  In  or  eonne<-tLM  with  the  movement  of  any  roJUny  8t<X'k.  ongli 
or  train,  to  remain  on  duly  more  than  hIMwhi  eonseentlve  hours,  or  to  requh 
or  permit  any  snch  employee  who  hat^  heon  on  dnty  sixteen  <onsi'ctUlve  iJoni 
to  perform  any  furtlier  aervhv  withunt  bavinc  had  at  leant  elcht  honra'  reKt 
or  to  recpilre  or  permit  any  kmcIi  employee  to  |»e  on  duty  at  any  time  to  ex<v** 
Hlst^in  h(tnr.s  la  any  cunsiMuttve  tueiify-r<iur  lumrs:  I'mvitlttt,  tttmrnr,  TUnI 
ihiB  swthin  Rliall  not  apply  to  work  perfornnKl  In  the  iimtet^tlmi  of  life  or  proj 
crty  in  euKes  of  atridenl.  wreeU  or  olher  imavoiduhle  cMsnaUy:  Antl.  f/un-irtr4 
fitrttn  i\  Thai  U  Hhall  ant  apply  lo  the  (Inie  necessary  for  trainmen  to  reaeh  a 
resting  place  when  an  accident,  wreck,  waKhoul.  huow  htockude  or  other  UO- 
uvoldahle  eansc  lias  delay4Hl  their  Irnin, 

8kc.  ^  Any  ufll<.*er  of  any  railroad  comimny  In  the  St&te  of  Minnesota  tIo- 
latint;  any  of  the  provisinns  of  this  act  Hhnll  he  ^tiilty  of  n  mlMlenH^inur,  and 
upon  ct»nvle|ion,  hhall  l»e  pnnisheil  hy  u  fine  of  not  Ivst*  Ihnn  ono  bundre*!  dol- 
lan)  (IKMJ),  and  not  more  than  fl\c*  hundred  ($500)  for  uach  offeuHe,  or  hy 
iDipri.sonmpnt  In  the  o^nnty  Jail  not  more  than  tilxty  iluys,  or  holh  flne  and 
iuilM'lMaoiH*nt  In  the  dltKTellou  of  the  oi>urt. 

it  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  S(ate  railroad  and  warehouwe  enmmlssioii,  oix.io 
eoiiii.l:<inT  oroperty  tiled  with  it  alleging  n  violation  of  thin  art.  to  make  n  full 
lu^  ■'  in  relation  thereto,  and  for  «ueh  |>ur|'oM.*  It  ehall  have  the  |Mjwerj 

to  r  onth«.  Inlerm^ate  wltnei«e8.  take  tesitlmony  and  rtnpilre  Ihe  pi 

ducttoij  of  iKiok^  and  ]Mif»erH.  and  if  bucU  refMtrt  shall  »ili<pw  n  \iohitlon  of  Ilia] 
provlttiiiiM  of  this  »et  the  eommlKfihin  shall.  thron;:h  the  atlorney-ifenenil.  lM-irl«1 
tb'-  t inn  of  all  luirlles  aualn«t  whom  evidence  of  vUthilio; 

Ti<-  iiH  act  U  found:    hut  IhU  act  Mhall  not  be  cmistruv.'d  ' 

Qtht-i    |Mi.-«>u  fnini  l>o);lnuinfi  proiM^eutluQ  for  vlulatltm  of  the  pru^i.-,iwj]-.  L.ii-^-^>i, 

ApprovtHi  April  V,K  1007. 

CnAJTCX  271k — Safrtp  nppUantxit  on  raUmads, 


tr-noN  1,  Whmevcr  In  the  jndjnnenf  of  the  rallnmd  and 
U  Ik  TiPTMsrvury  fr^r  the  pahllr  Rnfety.  wild  -'ornitUK! m 
clhuiH  aud  drawhrld»r»^ 
of  .or  such  other  safely  m  , 

prou-.u  (ciy  of  the  travelliit;  puhUc. 


LA30H    LAWS MINXESOTA — ACTS   OF   1907. 


10t>3 


Where  two  or  nmre  railntad  romiwiiieH  Are  Uitere8te<l.  tbe  divlRioo  of  Uie 
exp«iis<-  of  ]tit<tnlllii^,  uiiiiiitnliihi^  ami  o|terfltiug  salcl  intorUickiug  ptunt  or 
wifely  device  shall  he  H;.'reod  iiikhi  by  the  rt?»|teetlv€  cuiiiimtiteH  rwjuirwl  to 
initljill  IbeMuuie;  in  oih*'  tt.r>  nin  not  njirt'o.  lUoii  ^\ulx  liivisinn  xhalL  ho  flctei* 
uihivfi  ti.v  lh(^  niUrouil  atui  \vni'oli<)iiHo  c-imiiuiHHion  lifter  a  UeHriu^. 

fiw..  2.*  The  fuumii«t*ioii  luny  rwjiilre  any  nillroat]  coiuimny  ou  any  piirt  of  ItJi 
liii<*  or  lluet*  upenitwl  *ii  thl*;  Stiite.  to  install  and  <»i»c*nile  n  "l»I<H-k  signal 
^Htrui  "  or  liny  olhtT  di-vlsp  Idevlcel  or  ui»i>iinnce  that  lu  Its  jtidginent  will 
hwit  |ttH»n»oic  the  pnltJlr  Rjifety. 

Kfi;r.  3.  Any  rtiilrond  roDiptiny  neelecthi^  to  cciniply  with  auy  order  of  the 
pomiuls«Ion  tuudt*  under  this  net  »tu»II  lx»  llahle  to  «  i>eui»lty  of  twonty-lhe  dol- 
lars l,S2£«)  for  each  day  Bticli  neplivt  Klinlt  lontinno,  l*i  b**  reeovefod  in  a  fivll 
action  In  the  name  of  the  State  aud  t»ald  latt)  the  Hrenerul  fnnd  of  Uie  Slute 
treiisury. 

Api»n>ved  April  22.  1907. 

Chaptkr  t!lM».^ — Aiy'ittt'nl*  on    milrvattjt. 


SKmow  1-  Rortion  1,  chapter  V2'X  <lr«cTttl  Ijiwb  of  IfMiJj.  Ih  herelty  uineudeil 
so  OB  to  rfia<l  hb  fi»IU»\v8: 

S*^*ttm  1.  It  shall  l*e  the  duty  of  every  rnllroad  poropany  oiieratlng  a  line  <rf 
mllnifid  lu  thlH  State  lo  r*>iM>n  all  mtiileiiTu,  wriM-ks  or  euHuiiltfi^  ocfnrrinj?  Ill 
this  State  to  the  rullniad  and  warehouno  cmniniwiiou.  Thix  is  InteJided  to 
iiielndc  ail  afrideiitH,  vrecks  or  ctiKnaltle**  fKH-nrrinc  lu  the  oj>eratlon  of  tnilnB 
wr  enelnes  on  km  id  line  ttr  Ilnt'M  of  railway  witidn  this  Stale,  and  all  olhipr  a«*ci- 
ts  iir  esiHnaIfU»s  of  whatever  nature  as  may  t>e  reipilreiJ  under  rnlea  adopted 
the  i.oaiuiiKKb#n.  Any  reiH»rt»  to  the  comuilssioa  hereto  retinlred  shall  not 
for  laihlic  Ios|*eetlon. 

All  arcidentR  or  witi'ks  irt'Ciirriiig  In  the  operation  of  iratnK  or  enidncs  iu- 
ToiTlii^  UtHS  of  life  or  |»ersoijal  injiirj',  shall  be  Iniiwwl lately  ieiM>r(eil  t«i  the 
coriiuiiwiloii  by  teleKrapL  or  telephone  mesjiape,  and  the  coin|*«ny  Btiall  fnrth- 
with  jiend  a  written  reiiort  lu  detail  g^ivluft  full  partienhira  available  la  aneh 
foroi  lift  the  eoiniiiiHHlon  may  retiiilre.  All  other  a(vbU*nts,  Inelndtnc  aecldents 
re«nJthiir  lu  iM^rnonnl  injury  or  death.  cLher  than  train  aerldeotH,  «bal1  be  re- 
p(>rted  t'l  (he  etkninjifmiou  on  thv  tirat  day  of  each  luouth,  covcrlug  the  pre- 
eedhig  month. 

Sec.  'J.  Kectlou  2,  chapter  1:!Z  if?  hereby  nnsfmled  w»  m*  to  rend  n«  follows: 

Sei'.  -.  Whenever  any  re|Hirt  Is  made  t«f  the  «ouimis**loii  InvoIvUig  a  wrvek. 
aceblent  or  casualty,  and  the  ronimissinn  deeniH  it  neeesBnry.  It  shall  forthwith 
oxnmlne  inio  the  oaiiws  ami  eIrrumsiaiK-CH  of  the  same,  and  it  shall  llieroMp*m 
l>e  the  <luiy  of  the  eommls«luu  to  order  such  railroad  tom|«iuy  to  comply  with 
any  rensouable  r<iin!remenf  pre»eribe*l  t>y  the  coiundHsiou,  calculated  tn  prevent 
the  rerurrenee  of  any  sncb  wreck,  at'cldeut  or  casualty,  and  It  Hhall  be  the  duty 
of  the  eounnlKHloa  to  report  1o  the  lenlHlatnre  biennially  a  Hntamarlzetl  state- 
ment of  nil  wreekM.  aeridents  or  ca«iialtien  iV|K^rieil.  tiipether  wltb  a  r»vom- 
mendatiuu  of  sueh  aildltloual  lejriKlatloa  as  It  deeniH  pmper  for  the  greater 
proteetluu  of  ita.«seu^<r»«  and  employee}^  of  railroad  e«>mpanles. 

Approved  April  lit;,  IIH.17 

Sgction  1,  Any  cooiwrnthr  asBoctatlou  may  be  fonne<i  for  fbe  purpose  of 
aelUstf;  timJ  oilierwist-  -  of  any  product  of  any  m«nofartnrlnR  or  agi 

niltiirnl    (-twjperatlve  -n.    rtrpanlKetl    under    the    j>rnvisionB    of    Beelfo 

3f»7"  "(1  Ijiirs,   I'.Ntr),  "I   I'linpier  '2V\  or  ^iVA,  (Jeneral  T-awa.  MMKk  and  an 

at'  Ihcrelo,     Iti>  e^-rtilieale!*  of  bieorjioratlmi   shall  be  fliefl  for  rceoi 

Wtiii    MM-   r^t-.-retnry  c»f  stnte.  ami   thereupon   II    slinll   become  a   eori>*»ratlon.     A 
majority  of  the  lui-orporator^i  there*>r  slialt  be  renldentH  iif  thlA  State,  and  ll» 

durat  loU,    iviflii  Hit     r.'iKM  11 1      vlin  M    I  Kit     ><\  .  't*«>i)    1  ix'.Mit  ^-    t'*»MrS, 

Htc,  2.  11  Ml,  u   ireaJHii^T  aud   not 

li"SR  tbiM    1!  jie  a    lioard   of  manapers 


a:<<' 

t,,. 

'M. 

Di." 
Ihcir 


.'■eieenou. 


II 


ii'BK.     Stieh  ollirers  Hbnit  be  i-hoKen  aitMually  by  tlie  alnek- 

'1  thdr  ofti'efi  imtil  others  shnll  l»e  etatsen  and  qnnlllled, 

■  itH  own  by-hiwn,  ii<it  IneoriKlstent  with  the  law.  and 

ly  fither  nttleers*  diiined  nLTeH«ury,  and   the   riaide  of 

II)  i\    umeud  Us  artlclee  of  lncoriM>ratS«n  at  any  seut 


1024 


BUIXETTN    OK   THK    Bt^REAXT    OF    LABOR. 


KlwkhoUlers'  ineoUngr,  or  nt  nny  jqiet'lnl  uieetlnic  CHlle*!  fi>r  thnt  [>iirr»«>«'-  «"-'" 
tPii  tluy^'  norfr*p  to  the  sdK'klioUlcrs,  TIk*  nmomit  of  i'npil:il  stock 
fixed  by  the  articles  of  ItRMiriKiniiJnn,  wlik-li  nnKumt  iind  the  iiuiubor  ■■ 
inay  he  iiKTonsert  or  dliniiiit^h'd  nt  a  ntf»ckbnl(ior»*  nieetinff,  siieclnlly  cjilUii  for 
that  purpon^,  but  tbe  wliole  ninoiint  nt  stt^H^k  Rhall  novor  exoootl  one  biiiulrod 
thoufyind  dollnrs.  Wltlilii  thirty  days  nftor  the  adoption  of  the  amendiuvnl  lu- 
creasliijc  or  dinduUIdnK  Its  cnpitnl  tet'M-k.  It  slinll  oniisc  the  votp  so  ndnpf  in^  It  to 
be  ro<*ord<Hl  In  the  rittice  of  the  swrelary  of  st.'ile.  No  share  Fthall  he  IftAiieil  for 
lejw  than  Its  jmr  vahie,  and  no  member  shall  own  ehnres  uf  n  ^renter  t»ar  value 
than  <Mie  Ihonsjind  doMuiH,  or  be  entitlvd  to  more  Ihiin  one  vote.  It  nuiy  ei'in- 
lueuee  bvisiness  wiienevor  "JO  per  cent  of  the  nnthorlzw!  stock  Iuih  been  siitiSiTibed 
for  and  paid  In,  hut  no  eerllflcate  of  BhAres  shall  be.lssutil  (o  any  iht^^u  until 
(he  full  amount  of  Hueh  suhscrlirtlon  therein  has  been  |«ild  in  eaHh.  nnd  no  |»er- 
Bon  Khali  beeome  a  shareholder  therein  except  by  the  consent  of  the  mnwip^ra. 
If  Huch  board  of  managerH,  or  the  dlre<'tor8  or  otHeerR  havlnj;  control  of  such  ii»- 
Boc'lutlon,  for  five  eonseeutlve  years  iifter  Us  orgjinizjition  sUnll  fall  to  de«*hire  a 
dividend  U|>on  Us  capital  or  shares,  five  or  more  stuekholdern.  by  |»etltlou, 
selltn^r  forth  such  fact,  may  apply  to  the  district  <*<Hirt  of  the  county,  wherein 
Is  BltUMteil  Its  principal  place  of  busineKS  In  tLI»  State,  for  Us  dissotutlou.  If. 
upon  hearing,  the  allegations  of  the  ix»tltlon  are  found  to  be  true,  the  ctuirt 
may  adjndpe  a  dissolniloit  of  the  assix-ialioa.  The  ]ir«tritrt  on  the  cnrnlnjes  of 
saeb  asKfK'iatton  shall  be  distributed  to  those  entUltnl  thereto  by  its  by-l^wa 
and  In  pro|K>rtionH  and  nt  the  times  therein  pre«cril>e«I.  which  shall  l>e  ns  often 
as  once  iu  twelve  mouths.  Every  cor[>oratiou  orKiiniKed  under  the  terms  of  this 
act  shall,  on  or  before  Uecemt»er  .'W)th.  In  each  year,  make  n  rej^ort  to  the 
8tate  dairy  and  foml  conunlKRloner:  such  re(H»rt  »«h«Il  contniu  the  name  of  the 
corttoralioii,  Us  principal  place  of  business  In  this  State,  and  generally  a  atate- 
ment  as  to  Its  business,  nhowlng  total  amount  of  bUHlneNH  trauRactod,  Itfl 
I>roHts  and  losses. 

Sec.  3.  Any  corfWiratlon  heretofore  or  hereafter  organlj^Hl  under  the  |>ro- 
vtslotis  ot  seclluti  Cioin.  Itevlsinl  Laws,  Uiijr*,  or  chapters  270  or  313,  (lonerni 
XjIIWS,  UHKi.  Is  hereby  authorized,  la  addlllou  to  those  other  |H»wer«  to  It  tctautiHl, 
uiKin  an  aflirniative  vote  uf  a  majority  of  Us  stockbolders,  had  nt  niiy  regu- 
larly calletl  annual  or  sitecial  meeting,  to  siibw-rlbo.  tbrouyh  Us  oIIIeerM,  to  the 
cnpitnl  Blo4*k  of  any  tNiriKirntioii  orpnilr^ed  under  the  firovlslnns  of  this  net, 
pay  for  the  same  and  tberei\fter,  in  like  manner,  vote  the  same  and  exen-lw 
all  the  usimi  pi»wers  of  a  Mtockholder  in  n  conx»ratlon,  subject  to  the  llmltntlona 
herelnltefore  set  forth. 

Approveil  April  liL!,  iwn. 

Chaitkb  2fi!>- — Kmjitoj/mciit  of  cliihtn-n — Ofnirat  jirovinions* 

(See  Bulletin  No.  73,  pp.  724-727.) 

Cbapteb  3WJ,— /?«r«Jtt  of  tiMbur  indutiMeii  and  cftmmmx; 


(See  BuUetIn  No.  73,  pp.  SSR.  8SD.) 
Chaitkb  3US. — Kmphiymrnt  offlcrs, 

HKCTtny  1.  .**ection  one  IhouRnnd   eight   hundretl   and   twcnly-ttvi-   (1^?»>    of 
the  Kevlsi'd  Ijiws  of  Minnesoia,  U  Ijeteby  amended  to  reail  as  ft»llows: 

Section  182rt.  Any  jierson  di^lrln^  to  coiuUict  an  eiii|'btyi*ieiit  bureau  or 
agency,  and  to  receive  compen5uition  for  his  servloen.  shall  be  tntitUHl  to  a 
license  therefor  U(Hin  eompllance  with  the  cfnuUtlfms  of  tliiti  serTion;  but  thlH 
BuUIIvislon  shnU  aiiply  to  the  employuicnt  of  mnb-s  only.  Application  for  such, 
IlcetiKC  shall  l»e  made  to  the  council  of  the  city  or  villiiee  In  which  tfio  n^nmcy 
ie  to  In-  lied,  or.  If  outside  a  city  or     i  i 

the  app:  1  pay  iuio  the  trwteury  a  fee 

lie  »1imU  .!.-■•  iii-ii\  cr  Iii  sitch  (xuinclj  nr  board  n  innui  h  •  tin-  .-m.-h  i-  i  n  •  <  '' 

two   tbouK;itul    (I'J.fNMi)    dollars,   ciinditlouiNl   for   the   paymeni   of  all 

sustained  Ity  any  iM«rson  eni?iik'<'d  by  '' l.ll^'.>r  to  IatM>r  for  oihern.  I  ' 

of  any  anthorljwM  act,  fraud  or  mKi  'ion  of  the  ohlli;or  or  :>• 

nennts  or  servants.     The  bond   kIui  i  i   with   the  city   derU,   vi 

eorder  or  county  auditor,  as  tlie  mse  may  Im-.     So  long  ns  the  Hcen^foe  iiiailuu***! 
re«tde  or  nudntnln  hfs  oinee  at  the  pIhc**  uieiitioued  hi  Ujc  licemw.  ho 
life  In  Kiich  btislneitM  in  any  [wrt  of  the  StUtg^ 
)pryvcd  Aj»rU  23,  UK>7. 


LABOB   LAWS — MINNESOTA — ACTS   OF   11J07. 


1025 


^m  Chapteb  il50. —  Facioricg,  work«hop4t,  etc, — Ft'mair  imtfiectftr.  , 

^^^K  (Keo  HuDellii  No.  L't.  p(i.  SSIt.  KIN).)  4 

^^K  sixssoirRi.  J 

^^^K  Acrrs  OF  11)07.  I 

^^^H  FiTC  pMb/ir  vntitloyment  offkfea,  1 

Skitiox  21K  •  •  •  A  fi-HL'  riiii'lt'.vnuMil  liiirwm  sljnil  ln»  umliitnlitoil  nt  St. 
I^ini«,  Kiin»nH  <;i!y  nnd  Kt.  JnMi'iih. 

A|ipi*oved  Mfly  13.  1(KJ7.  ] 

^  'I 

^b  Kmjifttifim^nt  o/  vfiifdrm — ,4i;r  Hmrfi.  I 

^^^K                                                              (Page  8(1.)  1 

^^H                             iSe^  Httlletiu  Xo.  73,  pp.  732-T35.)  | 

^^^V  BUiVh-iug  of  ffOQJt,  ittritchcn,  r/o.,  on  rtiilrfniita.  1 
^^^V                                                        (Page  lAl.t 

SKtTioN  1,  All  mmpanios  or  rorporatlons,  Jeflste*>P  or  nthor  perfions  ownlnp:  or 
oiMTiitins  any  i-alhinul  nr  iMirt  of  nUInunl  (n  tlil«  Slntf.  «rt»  b**rt»liy  reijulred. 
on  or  liofore  tho  Hrst  thiy  of  Septeniher.  iiliiPtciMi  liuiulr<><i  and  seven  0^07),  to 
ndopt,  piif  tn  use  nnd  uinlutnln  the  Ik'ki  known  upplfiinrt^  or  Invifitions  to  f11) 
or  bl'N'k  nil  Huiti-lifs.  fro^'M  nntl  ^.'ininl-niilH  on  tbi'lr  ro.uls.  In  nil  ,vnrdH.  dlvl- 
iilonal  ivn\  tcmdintl  I^tntionIC,  ami  wIumv  trniuM  niv  niiido  np,  to  pi-cvirrit.  an  far 
as  iwtKHildo.  tlie  feof  of  employoos  or  other  jiersons  from  helnx  can;:lit  Ihoroin. 
Any  conipiiny  ttr  i*<n'\»tri\\Uti),  h'Sfoea  or  otbor  i-crrtonK.  owning  or  oporadnR  any 
railroad,  or  jmrt  of  a  rallnind.  bi  tbig  Stale,  who  Kball  f:ill  !o  do  any  jift  or  thine 
In  tbiR  swtlon  roqiiire<l  to  N^  done,  or  rIiuM  catnie  any  act  or  thintf  not  to  Ite 
done,  or  Bball  aid  or  altrt  any  Riicb  omission,  sljall  be  dw'UU'd  (nailty  of  a  viola- 
Ibm  of  this  Inw,  and  »*ball  forfeit  and  pay  tbe  num  of  ten  doUara  ($10.tK>)  for 
ev»M'y  «nrb  ofTt'nMo.  and  «'nrb  day  sball  oonsilliito  a  w*pnr«t»*  nnd  distlrwt  ofTonse. 
At  <nory  toruj  of  a  conrt  of  rword  nf  this  Siatf  Iiavlng  criminal  Jnrlsdiotiou. 
tbo  Jndp*  tbcrcof  sbnll  dirtvt  and  cbarno  Krand  Jnrkw  to  make  8iK.*tial  infiiili-y 
as  to  vIolntloD  of  this  Inw. 

Sk**,  2.  Wbon  any  employee  or  other  person  shall  \>e  injured,  malnietl  or  killed^ 
by  niiHon  of  lln*  nonrotnpllancc  with  Itio  provisions  of  tblt*  act,  then  lu  any 
nHlon  f<»r  dnniaKes  wbU'b  nniy  be  lii<ttUnled  a];rainKf  any  railroad  couipany,  cor- 
jKirotlon  or  Itrssee  for  Bucb  injuring,  maindnc  or  killing,  proof  of  contributory 
n<»Blli:pnct?  or  carelcKWicKs  on  the  part  of  any  employee  or  other  |)erson  »*> 
Injuretl.  niainieil  op  kllletl,  9ball  nt»t  relieve  sncb  rallruttU  eouipany.  (cui'iNtrationl 
or  lefwee  from  ILiblllty. 

Approved  February  2S.  100T. 

^.  Httfrtu  ajiiiiltinrtit  on  ntilriiiitltt, 

V  {Pnet^  183.1 

Secttok  1.  From  and  after  the  first  day  of  Jnnniiry.  IftOfi.  It  shnll  h^  unlawful 
for  any  fH»i'»on,  iH^rwaifl,  i»ai*tner9blp  or  cort>oratIon,  operadnii:  any  line  uf  rail-, 
road.  In  whole  t>r  In  purl,  within  tills  State,  either  as  (twner,  les.«ee  or  reo«-'iver» 
for  the  pnrpoBo  of  movlni:  frelt'ht  or  pjissenyprs  between  iN>Ints  wholly  within 
thlK  .'<tnl»\t"  use  upon  such  Hoc  of  niUroMd  nriy  IiK-MUjolIve  or  engine  to  move 
Buchfr/ilnof  rnrs  over  :*it('h  rnllrond  wllbont  j  having;!  snrb  bH*omot!vnor  enplne 
oijulprH'd  with  i^twer  drive  wheel  braki'S  and  fnlly  and  pro|>erIy  p<]nlp[»etj  with 
air  brake  apr>IIane**H  so  thnt  Ihe  enirlncfr  operatlnc  surli  hiconintive  or  engine, 
shall  have  the  means  of  fnlly  and  coniph-tely  controltint;  the  air  brakes  on  the 
rnrs  atlrtchHl  to  mihl  locomotho  and  online  without  recourse  lo  hand  brokea, 
vxcifpt  lu  cuMeH  of  emergvucy. 


BULtiETTN    OF    THK    BUKKAtT    OF  UUSOtt. 


Sec.  2.  From  and  after  the  find  dny  nf  JAUunry,  1!^(»K  U  vhnU  be  *'■•'•■ —  '.'i 
for  Hiiy  iM>r.s<tn,  ihtsoiis,  louii^'iny  "''  •■*»i'|m»i*itIIi"Ii.  oii'Tufiiti:  nny  line  »•' 
in  whulo  or  in  imrl.  In  thts  State,  either  us  uwner,  lesiiee  or  receiver,  l  r 

licruilt  lu  be  n?»ed  or  huuleil  iH'tween  Ktntl<«nn  \vlthli»  tills  Stnte.  on  tuxUi  line  of 
raUp'tul,  nny  kx'ouiotlve,  lender,  o»r  or  other  veblele  f**r  niovlii);  (ttTMrns  i>r 
freiKbt,  wliioli  sLall  not  l)e  Oiinipinx!  wUh  Iinnd  liolds,  grnlt  Jron»i  nnd  ci»u|»U.'rR» 
cniijiMn^  iiiituiiintlnilly  Kv  lini«ucl.  and  w  liirli  vuii  Ih'  wjiiiiIihI  without  the  n«*vt«s- 
Btty  of  uieii  going  l>etwoeu  the  ends  of  the  carH  for  tlie  pnri>oee  of  effecting  sueh 
eoupUug. 

Sia',  .H,  rpiMi  nnd  after  the  flrrt  day  of  January.  11K>S,  It  kIuiU  I»<»  nnhiwful 
for  any  |ierHoii»  |>erMoiiH,  roniimny  or  coriNiratloii,  oiM'iiithi^  any  Une  nt  rftllriuxU 
In  whole  or  hi  [wrt  within  thin  Stale,  whether  as  owner,  lessee  or  r*'<«ii"r-  to 
«He  nny  liwonuitive,  tender,  rnr  or  jciinUar  veliifle  for  the  [nir|Miw  of  ; 

|)erj*«niH  or  fivijiht,  on  itK  line  of  raMioad,  lietween  Htutloiitt  wholly  V' 
Mtnte,  nnlei^H  mirh  UK*ouioiire.  tender,  ear  or  otln^r  Hlmilar  vetilrle  hU»U  he 
c<|Ulp)»e4l  with  Htandard  drawhars;  that  the  standard  height  of  drawbars  on 
alt  Htaudard-Kun^ie  roadit  Hliall  [w  thirty-fotir  niid  tnie-balf  Ini'lK'^t,  nH'annrhis 
from  the  tfiji  of  the  (rark  rail.s  tn  the  conter  of  the  driiuhar;  and  n|ion  uarrow- 
leanp*  roads  Hiieh  ^nndard  drawbar  ahnll  hp  twenty  nix  ha*!if*s  from  the  top  •»£ 
llie  traek  rallH  ti»  the  renter  of  tlie  drawbar,  and  the  niaxininni  varUition  from 
siit'h  tftandard  ho|);l)t  to  Ik*  allowed  between  empty  tandj  lt>aded  ear«  Rbnll  t>e 
thnM»  inrlipR,  whether  or  not  the  dmwliara  bronglit  top^lher  are  of  the  suiiie 
kbuK  make  or  ty|>e. 

SiEt.  4,  From  and  after  the  tlrst  day  of  Jari\iary.  MK^H,  It  shall  hi*  nnlawfid 
for  any  fterHmi,  persons,  (-ompany  or  ('oriK»rati<«i,  o|>eratlnc  nny  Mne  of  railroad. 
tu  whole  or  In  part.  In  thin  State,  either  as  owiht,  lessee  or  neelver,  to  ojrorate 
nny  train  of  rarfi  over  f^iidi  line  of  railroad  between  ettutUniK  withlu  thlK  Stare, 
tiulrNrt  at  leiiKt  75  ptT  ri*nt  cf  thp  i-ars  eom]Kpsln);  siub  trnUj  Hliall  b<-  1 

with  air  «>r  jw^wer  laaUes  and  |lf  |  any  of  the  renialnln^  twiiity-five  \"  i 

of  Fwh  cars  r(»mixjHiuj:  nuih  train  Bb;ill  be  po  eijtilpped  with  8Urii  air  •>[  i- •^^.  r 
brakes  they  shall  be  no  aswKint<»d  and  connecte*!  that  brukev  thHri*on  eiiu  lie 
BJied,  managed  and  oi>eruled  by  the  en^lueer  of  the  loctniiotJ^c  drawing  pach 
trnln. 

Sf!c.  5.  WTienov^r  nny  pers^^ii.  personR,  company  or  eonwtmtlon  npemtlng  any 
rnilronrt,  In  wlinb?  or  in  part.  In  thi*  Stale,  either  as  t»wner,  lessee  or  receiver, 
«haM  havi?  iHjnipped  tin*  locouiotivf^.  leudera,  eant  and  Bhnllnr  »etdele»  op«^  for 
the  earrylntr  of   pereouB  and  frelglit    lu'tween   any  slatl'mH   witldn    I'- 
In   the  mannor  nnd    with    {hv  appUaat*es   and  devU-^'B  pr**K<  ribtsj    by 
Htich  rallrond  may  rffose  to  receive  for  Iransiiortation  over  lis  line  <'i 
Toud  nny  ear  or  mrw  froni  itaiJiertint:  lini*n  which  are  not  equlpp^'d  lu  :i 

with  the  provietlonB  of  IhlH  nrl.  without   Inrnrrluij  any   llabUlly  as  ;i   imkmI 

carrier  on  nrronnt  of  wuh  refiiKil. 

flKc.  n.  The  provisions  and  retpdrenifnilH  of  this  net  relating  to  [wwer  drho 
wheel  brakes,  train  ttnikeH,  niitonuifle  ei»nplerH.  p'nb  InniH  and  tlie  ulrmdnrd 
height  of  drawbars,  shnll  iw  held  to  apply  to  all  traiua,  U»eomoti%'es,  lend*>ra^ 
cnrH  nnd  gindlnr  devicps  nwd  on  or  by  any  railroad  oupapod  lu  the  trauuimrla- 
tliHi  of  i>en*iii!t  nnd  freight  botweeii  jHthits  within  the  Slute  of  Missouri:  Pro- 
rirJrrt,  huirrrrr,  Tliat  Ilie  i»rovlslnnR  of  tlilx  ad  Hhalt  not  apldy  to  Htreet  rail- 
roads nor  to  trnni  railroadn  emphtyetl  In  tlie  tr:in8pt>rtiLtlrtn  of  Iokks. 

Sw.  7.  Any  anch  iverson.  ix'rwins.  eonipniiy  nr  rorimration  nporntinff  any  rnll- 
road,  In  wbnio  or  In  part,  w  Jtliia  thiH  Stale,  wlii'dn'r  a»  owner,  k'Hw.»e  or  nvelvor^ 
who  Hiiaii  vioiale  any  of  1h»«  provlHlona  of  thl(*  net,  nhall  Ik*  lial)le  to  the  Stut#. 
of  Mifl»)nr1  In  n  penalty  nf  not  leaH  tlinn  one  himdn-d  nor  more  than  llvo  bilfl 
dred  dollarn  for  eaeh  nlTenKe.  and  8urb  penalty  »h:ilt  be  rfffni'red  and  KtjU  thf 
for  J»hall  i»e  brought  In  llie  name  of  the  State  <»f  M  i  nny  roo'  ■ 

|H*(ent  InriwlW'tliKi  In  any  eimnty  In  th<*  Htate,  Int"  -.U  widcb 

w.-i ' 
Cu- 
rip«i  .1  n->i 

Injure«l  b 

fo  the   -. 
thrret" 
Of 
dm 
cur  '-r 


Any  en 


snrh  niilnaid 

II >[  i \  >■     f  t'litli-r' 


in   Uje  ■ 


I 'all   IiU\ 
,  11>07. 


nndt'r  h^^  'i  i 

I-  Into  or  <»nl   • 

I  attorney  in  i 

Ko  oj»erateii  n 

iir  nr  tiinillai 

'i-emed    If 

i  ri»ntrlbii 

railroad  or  In 

ul  U">io  <»f  nueb  I 

been  brouglit  to  bin  know  lodge. 


I*ABOR   LAWS — ^MidSOUSl — ACTS  OF    190" 


1027 


Liabiiit)f  nf  min<'  nprmtWM  for  htjttfitjt  tn  vrnpinyv^t. 

(See  ttulltttlii  No.  74.  |t.  70.) 
AcliOHJt  for  prriiouol  injurira — AurrfiMtl. 

KrcTioK  1.  Oiuif*pB  of  netioD  iijioii  wb!oh  8uii  has  btH?n  or  may  lierwiftcr  Ik* 
bnuiKht  by  tbv  iuj^ri-d  jiarly  for  |»en(i«inl  iiUnrits,  olber  tbnu  tbi>s*;  ivs\iltlii« 
111  tIeiilU.  whether  ninh  injuries  \te  to  the  heiiltb  or  to  the  iHT»in  of  the  Iiijureit 
|»nrty,  Hhalt  not  nbnle  by  rensoii  of  his  dpnth,  nor  by  renson  of  (he  dciith  of  the 
perBon  apilnHt  whom  such  eniiHo  nf  aiMon  shiill  have  awrued;  but  In  ense  of 
the  ilwith  of  either  nr  Ixjlb  such  imrti*-s,  snoh  cnnse  of  udion  shiiJI  siinive  to 
the  persouol  reprttfeiitatlve  of  such  iujure«l  r«»rty,  «nd  upalnst  the  i»er8(«i.  re- 
ectver  or  corfM>niti«>M  linl»le  for  aurh  injnrles  hikI  hl8  iogal  rei^reseiitJitlves^  and 
the  linbUlty  ami  the  ni«i8ure  uf  tbininnni*  i^biill  t>e  the  same  as  if  such  drnth  or 
desitb:^  hnd  uot  (xvurrtHl. 

Ai>i)ro\-vd  March  10,  1907. 

(f^ee  Bulletin  No.  73.  pp.  807,  6»S.) 
liuifttu  of  labor. 

»wl.  Section   1«VI73.   HprlH.'^t   Stntiites  of  Mb«onri   of  IS!©   t*  ht^rvhx 
•     •     so  thHt  wiibl  sectioix,  when  auionde*!.  slinll  i-enrt  as  follows: 

B<<rtlr»n  10073.  There  is  hereby  eKtnbU^lii'd  a  eeimrale  :tui1  diKthirt  deimrtiuent 
In  tills  iState.  to  be  Icnowii  us  llie  *'  Hurejiu  of  Ijibor  Stntlslios." 

Sro.  2.  Se<'iluu  U«*7».  •  •  •  I*  hereby  nmendtHl  •  ♦  •  ao  that  said 
pe<!tion  when  nmendetl  sbjill  read  as  folbnvs: 

S»?c.  TK>74.  The  rtbj«»rt  of  this  d»'partun'Ot  shall  be  to  collect,  ans<»rt,  ?:.V!»- 
temalixe  and  prt*s*^it  in  ntiiiuAl  report  to  the  pnvenior  tn  be  by  him  tnuiNiiilTleil 
h!i*fml:)1ly  to  tiie  penernl  nKi»enibly,  sTntlRtienl  details  am)  inforiuatiou  relating  In 
nil  dt>pnrtQi*^n(!i!i  of  lalmr  in  the  State,  i"a|K«c*lnIly  in  its  reiallous  to  the  i-owuner- 
eiiiU  induHtrl.il,  !«>rjal,  r<lucAtiminl  and  Hanttar>- condition  of  the  laboring  clasnes 
and  to  the  [ifnnanent  prosperity  of  the  pr^KtUftive  Indnstrie*  of  the  State. 

Skc.  3.  JU-ctlon  Irtrrri.  •  •  •  i8  hereby  amended  •••«.»  that  aald 
He<-tlon  wIh'Ii  aini'nd«Ml  sball  read  ni*  fnI1n«H: 

S«*,  ltK»"r».  Tile  p»vernor  shall,  witli  the  ailviee  and  con»mt  of  the  senate. 
ap|H>int,  lnime«1tately  after  this  article  R<»es  Into  effet-t,  and  every  fonr  ywirs 
therwifter.  s«»uie  stiltnble  iterwm  to  (lerfurni  tlie  duties  lierein  n-qnlre*!.  who 
Khali  \w  liitown  as  cumnilssluner  of  lalwir  stallstin*,  and  who  shall  keep  an 
office  in  such  place  jis  may  be  deslgriated  !>y  the  ^ov^'mor, 

Skc.  4.  Secti«»n  l<M»7n.     •     •     •     !h  hereby  amended     •     •    •     »o  that  aald 

•tirtli  when  amended  shall  read  as  fnllows: 

S«*c.   t()l»Tt».  The  r«minilsHi«»ner  shall,  annually,  on  or  brtVjw^  the  5th  day  of 
rovonibf-r,  present  a  i^i^^rt  in  wrifii  "  <■  jjox-emor,  which  Bhall  rontaln  8ta- 

tisti<'nl   detnllH    lr*Hatbip]   to  all   ii.  "*  of   latior   in   tht*  Stale,   togrther 

with  surh  orlw»r  inf^trnintion  as  Is  »iMiMiiijMiitr'd  by  serlion  1«J074. 

Sri',  o.  Si»«tiun  lin}7K  *  •  •  Is  hereliy  ret^ealerl.  and  the  rolVowluir  section 
ena^:^rd  In  IIpu  tliereof: 

Se<\  HK>Tx.  The  ri>nnnl3sioner  "f  Intnir  statistics  sbnll  t>e  antborirrd  to  hare 
prlntj'd  not  to  ex'veij  three  tlHinsnnd  copies  of  bis  annna!  rei»ort  for  Rcneral 
'1  ti.   and    all    prinfinc,    binding.    bnlMins,    blanlts,    statioi»ery   nr    map 

lA  '  tM*  done  under  any  cnutract  which  the  State  now  has  or  «hnH  hnv<* 

nijil  tbi*  r.\iK»ns«'  ili**T<\if  shall  bo  nndltcd  itnd  \m\<\  for  in  the  aame  ' 
for  ifhnilar  Iworkl  fnr  the  Statf,  out  of  the  uitproprlatloa  for  the  v 
material,  prlullng  aud  publishing  documcnrs  for  the  State. 


1028  BULLETIN    OP  THE  BUREAU  OF  LABOB. 

Sec.  «>.  Section  10l)7!>,  •  •  •  Is  hereby  amemWd  •  *  ♦  so  that  anUl 
Rcction  when  umended  shall  read  hs  follows: 

Se<*.  UiOTl).  Any  owner.  oi»erator.  lUnuager  or  lessee  of  any  nilue,  factory, 
workshop,  warehouse^  elevator,  foundry,  machine  shop  or  other  manufaoturlug 
ostablishnieiit.  or  any  other  employer  of  labor,  or  any  ajrent  or  employee  of  such 
owner,  oi»erator.  uianai^er  or  lessee,  who  shall  refuse  to  satd  commissioner,  when 
re<im'sted  by  htm.  ;iny  statistical  or  other  Information  relative  to  his  duties 
which  may  be  lit  their  iKtssession  or  under  their  control,  shall  for  every  such 
ne};ie<-t  or  refusal,  be  deemed  pillty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall  on  conviction, 
be  ttueil  ill  a  sum  not  less  than  twenty-tive  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars. 

Sec.  7.  Swtloii  liH)sO,  •  •  •  Is  hereby  amended  *  •  •  so  that  said 
s4K-tiou  when  amcnditl  shall  read  as  follows: 

Sec.  liM>so.  The  (.•ommissioner  ttf  labor  statistics  shall  receive  au  annual 
salary  of  two  thousand  dollars,  payable  monthly  and  said  commissioner  Is 
bercliy  authorized  to  employ  such  iissistance  and  incur  such  exi>en8e,  as  may 
be  necessary  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  article,  such  expense  to  be  paid 
on  the  vourluTs  prt-sentwl  Ity  the  c*»mmissloiier:  Prorhtvd,  ftoicet'cr.  That  ssild 
expenses  sliiill  not  exceed,  in  any  one  yi'ar,  the  amount  appropriated  therefor; 
said  <*onuiiissioncr  sluill  before  cnterin};  ui)on  the  duties  of  his  office,  execute  a 
bond  to  the  State  of  Missouri,  in  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars,  with  two 
or  more  pKtd  ami  sutlicient  sureties.  C(»ndltloned  upon  the  faithful,  honest  and 
Inipartiiil  perf(»rm:uice  of  his  duties  under  this  article,  which  bond  shall  be 
:ipprovcd  by  the  State  auditor  and  flUnl  In  Ills  otUce.  Said  commissioner  shall 
include  In  his  annual  report  to  the  ijroveruor  an  Itemized  statement  vf  the 
expenses  of  the  bureau  incurred  by  him. 

Sec.  .s.  Section  liWSl,  •  •  *  Is  hereby  reiHMiled  and  the  following  section 
enacted  in  lieu  tliertH)f: 

Sw;.  KM.isi.  The  con>niis,s|rtner  of  labor  statistics  Is  hereby  directed  to  col- 
IcM.'t  any  inforniatitui  be  may  d^M-m  neceswiry  to  carry  out  the  objects  of  the 
bureau  as  set  f<ii*tU  in  stn-tiou  l»w.t74.  and  is  hereby  aiithorlEAl  to  furnish  suit- 
able blanlis  to  maiiajrers  of  puiilic  s*»rvicc  corporations,  county,  city  and  town- 
slilp  otticers,  iind  t(»  tiie  ollicers  of  prisons,  i»enal  and  reformatory  Institutions, 
ami  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  such  nianaKtrs  and  otUcers  to  furnish  such  In- 
foriiiatitm  as  tlie  coniuiissioiier  may  re<piire  and  which  may  he  in  their  posses- 
sion Willi  Iho  least  (M^ssible  delay. 

Skc.  !>.  Sirtiou  HM.is't.  *  *  ♦  is  herel>y  aniendetl  *  •  •  so  that  said 
seiiion    wlien   auieiiiieil   sliall   read  as  fttJInws: 

Sei'.  KMisrj.  It  sliall  be  tile  duty  of  every  (twner.  operator  or  lessee  of  any 
factory,  fonudry  or  iiiarhiue  sliop  or  other  nianufaeturhi}:  establishment  doing 
business  within  tliis  State  to  report  annually,  on  or  l>efore  the  first  day  of 
March,  to  llie  coiiiinissiniK'r  itf  the  bureau  of  labor  statistics,  the  name  of  firm 
or  rorpnraiinii  jitiii  the  nn]iil>er  of  luenilii'i's.  male  and  female.  crnistltutinK  the 
same:  uliert'  I(i<ateil ;  capital  investeit  in  jrrouiids.  l>ulldiuKs  and  machinery; 
class  and  value  nf  piods  luaiiufactured :  a;^ure^rate  value  of  raw  material  used; 
toljil  nnuiher  of  4la.vs  in  operation:  ainonut  paid  yearly  for  rent,  tax  and  In- 
surance; total  anioiiht  paid  In  wa^es :  total  nunilier  of  employees,  male  and 
fei)i:ilc:  number  eii;:a;:<Ml  in  cli>rical  and  manual  labor,  with  detaiUnl  classifica- 
lioii  of  the  nuuitter  ami  sex  tti'  cuii»loyees  enpiirtil  in  each  class,  and  average 
*lnily   wajjcs  paid   to  each. 

Si;c.  Id.  SiH-tioii  l<wts*,  '  '  *  is  hereby  amend«*d  •  *  •  so  that  said 
s<H-iir>ii,  whiMi  anieuded  shall  read  as  fullo>vs : 

Sec.  HK)s4.  Tiie  "ontiiiissioiicr  of  the  bureau  of  lalM>r  statistics  Is  hereby 
authorized  to  fnrnisli  suitable  blanks  to  i1h>  owner,  operator,  manaifer  or  less(>e 
of  any  factory,  workshop,  elt>vaior,  foundry,  luacliine  shop  or  any  other  maun- 
facturin:;  estahlishinent.  to  enabb'  said  owner,  operator,  manager  or  lessee  to 
intelM;.'ently  c<»niply  willi  the  iirovishais  of  section  UMi.s;j  of  this  article;  and 
any  sm-b  owm-r,  o|i<M'ator.  iiiaua;:er  or  lessee  wlio  shall  neglei't  or  refuse  to 
comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  article,  or  wlio  slwill  mitruthfully  answer  any 
(|Ueslloit  or  <piesiioiis  put  to  hlin  by  ttie  conunissloner  of  labor,  in  a  circular  or 
<itlierwis».'  In  furllu'rance  «tf  the  provisions  of  s<H'tlons  Ittosl  and  ltK»S.'{,  shall  be 
d^-^'UUHl  Kuilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  on  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by 
a  fine  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  nor  more  thau  two  hundred  dollars. 

Ap[>roveil  Manh  1!),  1UU7. 


LABOR  LAWS — MISSOURI — ACTS  OF   1907. 


1029 


UoutK  •/  labor  of  railtcay  tc}cgt'«nihvrH. 


I 


t  ruse  :ui2. » 

Section  1.  It  ehall  be  unlawful  fur  any  iktsuu,  iH>ri>oratU»u  or  receiver  4i|)er- 
atiiig  a  liue  of  rullrimil  In  whole*  or  In  luirl  In  ibe  Stale  of  Mi8S(>uri,  or  luiy 
officer,  ftKeut  or  represenlatlve  uf  sucU  i>er*M.«n,  coriKiratlon  or  receiver,  to  roqultti 
or  jH^ruilt  any  telegraph  or  telopUoue  oiH^caior  wbo  8|tacea  irulns  by  the  uae  of 
the  teU'Kniph  or  telephone  undei'  whul  \»  known  anil  termed  the  "  bk»ek 
syHteui  "  (detliied  as  folI«.»ws)  ;  UeitorthiK  trains  to  another  office  or  olticet*  or  to 
u  train  dls|uitclier  4)|>eriLtinii;  one  or  r.iore  trains  nnder  stpials,  and  telt-^rniih  or 
telephtme  leveriuun.  who  uianlpnlute  InterlorUInK  ntaehhies  lu  rallnmd  yards  nr 
on  uialu  tracks  ont  on  the  lines  citnnectin^  aXxXv  tracki^  or  Kwi(t.'Ut*M,  or  train 
dlsimtcbers  in  its  service  ivbi>se  duties  substantially,  as  hereinbefore  set  forth, 
pertain  to  the  inuveuient  of  cartt.  enfrincH  or  trains  on  Its  niilroad  liy  the  use  of 
the  teicKraph  or  telephone  In  dispatching  or  re|>ortinp  tniins  or  receiving  or 
transmitting  train  orders  as  interpreted  in  this  section  to  be  on  duty  for  more 
thnn  et^ht  hours  in  a  day  of  twenty-four  hours,  and  it  is  hereby  declared  that 
eight  hours  shall  constitute  a  day  of  employment  for  all  htiHircrs  or  employees 
enpiged  in  the  kind  of  labor  aforesiiid:  Proriiicd,  That  at  stations  that  are 
kept  open  only  durint;  Ibe  day  lime  where  only  one  telegrapli  or  telephone 
openitor  iw  employe*!,  ilicy  uniy  work  twelve  hours  in  a  day  of  iwenty-four 
hours,  and  that  the  hours  of  service  of  telegraph  or  telephone  u|>er:itors  as  in- 
terprelwl  in  tltls  section  shall  Im»  c*»nseentive.  including  one  meal  hour:  Tro- 
riiicd  further.  That  in  case  of  sickness,  death,  wrecks  or  washouts,  telegraph  or 
telephone  o|>erators  may  be  lield  on  duty  iiot  to  exceed  sljdeeu  hours  lu  n  day 
of  twenty-four  hours. 

Skc.  2.  Any  person  or  persons,  comitfliiy  or  corfioratlon.  who  shall  vinljite 
nny  of  the  provisions  of  the  preceding  section,  Hhall.  ou  couvictlon,  be  lined  not 
more  than  one  thousand  dollars, 

Approved   April   V2.   IftOT. 


Vin 


rrgulotlonn, 
iPag^  .143.1 


he    ameiuleil 


k 

^m      BKcnoN    1.  Se<"llon    SS23.     •     •     •     |  Hevlseil    Statutes    slmlll 

^^  •     •     •     flo  that  said  net  slmll,  when  nmendeni,  read  ns  follows: 

1^^        Section  8K2iJ.  The  owner,  ugeut  or  o|»enitor  of  any  coal  mine  in  this  Stiite, 

empif'ylng  the  or  more  persons.  If  stild  mine  Is  workwl  on  the  ro«im  and  pillar 

jilan.   shall   nuis*?   tin*   work    In   such   mine   to   be  pn»8ecuteil   in   the   f«j!lowing 

manner,  mid  none  other.  lo-wll:  Two  entries  must  he  driv*M»  parallel  f«»r  the 

^_    ingress  and  egress  of  the  air.  and  crosscuts  niiisl  Ik?  made  at  intervals  not  to 

^B   exceed    tlfty    fe4*t   a|>nrt.    and    no   riM>niSv    entries   or   other   openings   shall    be 

^V  ntlowed  to  start  insble  of  the  last  crosscut  until  ibe  next  one  be  ntade:  and 

^         ftirther,  that   It  shall  be   unlawful   f<»r  any  owner,  opemtor  or  agent  for  any 

(lerson,  |»er»on8,  cor|K>ralion  or  comimny  to  [ternilt  the  mouth  t»r  months  fof| 

worketl  out  or  iibandoned   rooms  or  entries  in  any  ci^l  mine  to  remain  o|>en 

for  a  pcrb»<l  ex<*epillug  one  n^onth  from  the  date  of  nbandonment  of  any  such 

n»om.  riKims,  entry  or  entries.     All  such  nlmDdoued  work  iis  ileslgnuted  must  bo 

so<Mn-ely   sejiled    in   unvh   nninncr  its  uiM    (>fre<*tu:illy    prevent    the  escnpe  of  all 

gas4^s  or  other  lm)iui-)ties  calcutatetl  lo  vltinte  the  vtMiIiliitivc  curn»nt  of  a  mine: 

J'loiidtd,  Thiit  the  sealing  of  rinuns  :ind  entries  herein  provhbil  for  shall  only 

he  rKjulred  in  such  mines  and  places  iherein  as  the  mine  inspector  shall  iu  his 

discretion  deem   necessary   for   InsurloK  tlic  heulth   and   safety   of  workmen 

therein. 

A  Improved  fttarch  22.  1007. 

trnf  3S4.) 

Section  1.  The  State  mine  lns|»ectors  of  lead  mines,  xinr  mines  and  mines 
other  than  coal  an-  hereby  anthorixed.  eui|Wiwere<l  and  dirwl**!!  to  thoroughly 
ius|toc(  oil  underground  excavations  In  all  lend  mines,  jttnc  mln<»f»  and  mines 
other  than  oojil.  as  often  as  the  Inspector  niny  dr*enj  proiwr  :  '  --ige 

and  iip|>roval  of  this  net.  to  HSt^'crtaln  the  rondtllon  of  sjiid  um  va- 

tlons  with  I  respect  I  to  the  sjifely  of  all  employees  working  hi  -.m.  n    uMKr-i.'iind 
excavailouB;  and.  If  after  sncli  exumlmitlon.  the  Inspi.-ctors  sbnlt  Hod  that  tlu; 


I 


1030  BULLETIN  OF  THE  BUKEATT  OF  LABOB. 

8ufety  of  the  employees  cn^if^otl  in  working  in  fiuch  excavations  Is  Imperiled 
by  reason  of  [tlierel  being  only  one  shaft  or  outlet  by  which  a  distinct  means 
of  ingress  nnd  egress  is  always  nvatlable  to  such  employees,  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  sucli  inspectors  to  iinuiedlutely  notify  the  owner,  agent  or  oi)erutor  of  such 
mine.  In  writing,  sitecifylng  tlie  iMtrtlcnIar  underground  excaration  bo  foand  to 
be  unsafe  or  dHiigeroua,  and  direct  the  owner,  agent  or  operator  to,  within  thirty 
days  after  receiving  such  notice,  oonmienoe  to  sink  another  shaft  or  outlet  for 
such  underground  excavation,  at  [some]  point  to  be  agreed  to  by  snch  Inspector, 
and  pi*ose(.-ute  the  sinking  of  such  shaft  or  outlet  with  all  due  diligence  until 
the  sjime  is  completed.  And  tlie  State  mine  iusiiectors  aforesaid  shall  have 
l>ower,  if  lliey  deem  It  for  the  safety  of  the  employees,  to  order  all  employees 
engageil  in  working  in  such  underground  excavations  so  fonnd  to  be  unsafe 
or  dangertuis  to  quit  work  until  such  otiier  shaft  or  outlet  shall  ba^'e  been  com- 
pleted, itr  until  further  notltiod  ity  such  lnst»ector. 

SE(^  2,  The  State  mli>e  ins|>ectors  for  lead  mines,  xinc  mines  and  other  mines 
other  tiian  coni  are  hereby  authorizetl,  emiK»wored  and  directed  to  thorongiil>' 
]nsit(H*t  nil  underground  excavations  in  all  lead  mines,  xinc  mines  and  mines 
other  than  coal,  as  often  as  the  insi>ector  may  deem  profwr,  from  and  after  the 
|ta^s:igc  and  appiitval  of  this  act,  and  nsct!rta1n  the  condition  of  such  undci-- 
ground  excavations  with  rwiwct  to  the  health  of  ein|>loyeea  engaged  In  working 
in  such  nndergr<»inid  excavations;  and,  if  after  such  examination,  the  Insiiector 
shall  find  that  the  health  of  the  employees  is  imi)alred  by  reason  of  there  not 
being  suUicJeut  cli-culation  of  nir  or  ventilation  for  such  employees.  It  shall  bif 
the  tiuty  of  such  1ns|»ector  to  Immediately  notify  the  owner,  agent  or  operator 
of  such  mine,  in  writing,  si>eclfying  the  nndei^rround  excavation  so  found  to  be 
iinhealthful,  and  direct  such  owner,  agent  or  operator  of  such  mine  to,  within 
flftetMi  days  after  receiving  suih  written  notice.  c<«umeuee  to  drill  n  sufUclent 
number  of  air  holes  for  such  underground  excavation,  at  some  iK>lut  or  points 
to  be  agreed  to  by  such  insfieclors.  and  prosecute  the  drilling  of  such  air  hole  or 
lioles  Willi  all  due  diligence  until  they  are  completed.  And  the  insi>ector9  shall 
have  power,  if  they  dei'Ui  it  for  the  Interest  <»f  the  employees,  to  order  all  em- 
ploycifti  engagwl  in  working  In  such  mulerground  excavations  so  affected  by 
said  notice  to  quit  work  until  such  air  hole  or  holes  sliall  have  l)een  comi>leted, 
or  until  further  notilie<l  by  such  inspc<*tor. 

Si:c.  :\,  Every  persiai,  owner.  ag<M»t  or  o|»erator  of  any  lead  mines,  zinc  mines 
or  mines  tttlier  tlian  eoal,  wlio  shall  violjite  any  of  the  jtroyisions  of  this  act, 
sliall  Ih'  (UM'uied  guilty  of  a  ndstlemeauor,  and  niKin  (.■onvictibn  thereof  shall  l>e 
punisln-ii  by  iniprisonmenl  in  the  couniy  jail  for  a  term  not  exceeding  six 
nionihs.  or  by  a  tine  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  offense,  or  by 
lK>tli  siuh  tine  and  ini[»riNonuHnit. 

Approved  March  IS,  1{»07. 

l-.'wplotnnrnt  tif  chililiT/i — i^chfto?  attrnUancr — *S7.  Louis, 

(P:i;x«'  -iL's.  I 

(S*v  bulletin  No.  7:^.  pp.  7:MJ-T3S.) 

NEBRASKA. 

ACTS  or   1JM)7. 

C'liAiTKK     is. — l.inhility    o/    rmii1nf/rr.t    for    injitri*'!*    to    etntilojtcc9 — Raitroad 

com  panics, 

(See  Rulletin  No.  7i.  p.  72.) 

CnAiTKR  ."lii. —  Tiiiir  if*  rotr  io  he  nUfuml  vmployecs. 

Section  34.  Any  iH»rs<»n  entltlinl  to  vote  at  a  primary  election  shall,  on  the 
day  of  such  election,  be  entitled  to  ai»wnt  himself  from  any  service  or  employ- 
UM'nt  in  wlilch  he  is  then  engaged  or  employe*],  for  a  ]H>rtod  of  two  hours 
belwec?n  the  time  of  o[)en1ng  and  closing  the  iiolls,  and  such  voter  shall  not,  be- 
cause of  so  absenting  himself  be  liable  to  any  i>enuUy  nor  shall  any  deduction 
be  made»  on  account  of  such  absence,  from  his  usual  salary  or  wages:  Prwided, 


lABOE  LAWl 


-NKBBASKA — ACT6  OF   1907. 


1031 


hovtver,  TluU  apjtUailittii  for  snrU  leaio  <if  nhnence  HdiuM  !«•  niude  prior  to  tho 
dio'  of  the  primary. 

The  oiupltiyer  may  siwvify  (In*  htiupH  ilurliiu'  wlih-h  tUf  fiii|ili>y(>i*  tuny  ubueut 
lUiiisclf. 

Sed  April  3,  lUOT. 
Chaptkb  GG. — Smifloyiucitt  of  olUldren — Oenerul  ftrox'UiioH^. 
<&ee  Bullettn  No.  7\  pp.  742-747.) 
Chaptkr  112. — R^e9  of  wagf«  on  public  roads. 
"c  2-  •     •     •     W'lu'ii  iJtH'fssarj-  in  liU  Jndh'iWMit,  «nrh  officer  [hi  cbiirRe 
..  .I'orkl  limy,  U|i«>u  one  day's  luitiee.  wriiteu  ur  vorbiil,  cotuiniiuicuUtl  tii 

|M'rHiiii  4»r  hy  ti>li>|ihonn.  mil  out  iiiiy  ablt^-liddicil  innii  nnd<'r  Hfty  yi'Mtt*  of  iu*4', 
or  any  ti*iiui  or  icauiis  owued  by  any  |*pr8oii  iu  tbc  dislrkt.  to  iH.*rforiii  t«ucb 

»trurk  lUKJu  iiuy  rond.  bridge  <»r  culvert  Ui  bis  district  an  be  may  direct  not  ex- 
riH^ltiit;  two  itnys  at  auy  one  time.  C!oln^  wn^es  lo  be  |uiid  for  8Urh  tueu  and 
teuais  for  tbe  lime  aelually  worked.     ♦     •     * 

Stc.  3.  •  •  •  Such  bi»;bway.H  lused  for  rural  free  delivery  mall  routesi 
Aliall  br  kept  properly  drulm*il  and  dracired  and  free  from  all  obstrnotionR, 
liieMKliii?  8iiiiw<1rift:4.  so  us  to  be  at  all  liuies  in  mwHl  eundilton  fur  ordinary 
travel,  and  he  Ithe  utticer  iu  charge  of  road  work]  stiall  |»ay  for  tbe  sbovclluK 
out  of  snowdrifts  nt>t  to  exc(>«Ml  2t)  (-ents  |»er  Itunr  for  one  man,  and  not  to 
exceed  40  centn  iter  hour  for  a  mnn  with  team  and  scraper. 

Approved  April  0,  IWT. 

CuArtm  131.  -A'Mip/fiifiMrii/  of  r/iWrfrm — Schtiot  nltcn4nttcr, 

(Se«^  UuHetin  No.  73.  |>|i.  741.  742.) 

CnjiPTem  154. — Apr  of  rmitiof/mtnl  of  ntifht  fftrffniptt  oiwrulws,  rW,.  on  raHroaiit, 

Kicmojf  1.  It  shall  be  nnluwfnl  for  any  common  carrier  within  this  State  to 
put  In  ciiarge  of  any  telenniph  oltiee  <»r  signal  lower,  b^'lwepu  the  himrs  of 
seven  o'clock  iu  the  evetilug  and  seven  o'clock  in  tbi*  morniatc  auy  telegraph 
ofierator  or  towerman  whose  duly  it  slinll  In*  lo  assist  Iu  tlie  movement  of 
trains,  unless  such  telegraph  o|ierator  or  towermnu  slntll  luive  reuche<l  the  nge 
of  at  least  twenty-one  years:  Vruvidrtl,  This  act  shall  not  npiHy  yslien  sucU 
common  carrier  is  engaged  in  rellevlog  its  tracks  of  a  train  wreck,  an  act  of 
<iod,  or  some  pid»lic  calamity. 

Sec.  2.  Any  coiuuion  mrrler  within  this  Stale  who  shall  violate  the  pro- 
visions of  station  oin?  of  this  act  shall  be  dei'uied  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor, 
mid  n|H»n  coiivictlttii  by  any  court  i»f  i*ocn|»eteitl  JnrlMdlclioit.  shall  be  titied  In 
■ny  sum  of  not  lees  than  live  nor  more  tliHii  (ifty  dollnrfl  for  every  night  any 
KMch  minor  t>*^nH>u  Is  no  eiuplo^'ed  In  clunrge  of  ^^vei'y  wicb  railway  slutlou  or 
tower. 

Approve*!   Marcli  2!»,  11«»7. 

CHAmni  Iflll. — ErrmpUnn  nf  %ntpr$  from  ttftarhmrnf,  rlr. 

SrcnoK  1.  Serllon   l.'£li   frode  531nl  of  <^V»i»bey's  Amiotaled  Statutes  of 
braska  of  liKKi  Is  bere*o'  anieiu]i*(l  (o  road  as  follows: 

S4Ttion  l.'int.  The  wages  ot  all  iiorsoiis  wlio  are  bends  of  fflndlios.  In  the 
luinils  of  tbiwe  by  wbmn  such  iterwuis  umy  Is*  nnployifl.  liofb  before*  ami  after 
Biieh  wages  shalJ  l>e  due,  shall  i»e  exempt  from  tlie  ttfierutiou  of  attatbment, 
exiH-ntkin  arid  garnisln^  protMSft  to  the  extent  of  ninety  jior  cent  "f  the  amount 
of  sneh  wag«*s  :  Proridtd,  That  nothing  in  this  net  slmli  l>e  so  conslnied  as  to 
pn»tf<ct  the  wages  of  |H>rsons  who  lusve  or  are  alwiut  to  abscond  or  leave  tbe 
Rtate,  from  (be  prurlslons  of  law  now  In  force  uimju  (but  subject. 

Approv«!  Airtil  ti,  lOOT, 

riiAiTKii    371. — Hribrry.    rfr.,   of    rmjdoift^it. 

lOH  1.  WbocHri.^  (EhcH,  offcnv  iir  prouildps  to  an  agent,  employee  or  i 
iiy  gift  or  griilulty  whatever,  wlllioul  the  knowledge  and  ci"*—  "i 


I 


iaa 


1032  BULLETIN    OP  THE   BUREAU  OF  LABOR. 

priiiclitfti,  employer  or  mnster  of  such  agent,  employee  or  servnnt.  with  Intent 
to  UiHiteiiec  bis  action  In  relation  to  his  princliml's,  employer's  or  master's  busi- 
ness; or  nn  agent,  employee  or  servant  who  without  the  knowledge  aud  con- 
sent of  his  prlncliml,  employer  or  master,  requests  or  accepts  a  gift  or  gratuity 
or  n  promise  to  make  a  gift  or  U>  do  an  act  beneficial  to  himself,  under  an  agree- 
ment or  with  an  undurKtamling  that  he  shall  act  In  any  particular  manner  to 
his  principars,  employer's  or  master's  business;  or  au  agent  employee  or  ser- 
vant, who,  being  authorize<l  to  procure  nmterlals,  supplies  or  other  articles 
either  b^  purchase  or  contract  for  his  principal,  employer  or  master,  or  to 
emphiy  Rervioe  or  labor  for  his  princl|Mil,  employer  or  master,  receives  directly 
or  indirwtly,  for  himself  or  for  another  a  commission,  discount  or  bonus  from 
tlie  person  who  mak(^s  such  sale  or  contract,  or  fumlshes  such  materials,  sui>- 
plieM  or  other  articles,  <)r  from  a  person  who  renders  such  st»rvlce  or  labor;  and 
any  iK*rs<Mi  who  gives  or  offers  such  an  agent,  employee  or  servant  such  commis- 
sion, discount  or  bonus  shall  be  guilty  of  a  mlsdenu*nnor  and  shall  be  punished 
by  a  fine  of  u<»t  less  than  ten  dollars  nor  more  than  five  hundred  dollars,  or  by 
such  tine  and  by  Imprisonment  In  the  comity  Jail  for  not  more  than  one  year. 
Approved  Feliruary  2C.  1007. 

NEVADA. 
ACTS  OK  1!)07. 

CiiAPTER  44. — Accidents  on  railroads. 

Section  30.  Kvery  railroad  shall,  whenever  an  accident  attendant  with  loss 
of  human  life  occurs  within  tbis  State.  uik)u  its  Ihie  of  road  or  on  its  depot 
grounds  or  yards,  give  immediate  notice  thereof  to  the  [railroad]  cotumls- 
sion.  In  the  event  of  any  such  accident,  the  commission.  If  it  deem  the  public 
interest  refjulres  it,  shall  cause  an  Investigation  to  be  made  forthwith,  which 
investigation  shall  be  held  In  the  locality  of  the  accident,  unless,  for  greater 
convenience  of  tliose  concerned,  it  shall  order  such  investigation  to  be  held  at 
some  other  place,  and  said  investigation  may  be  adjourned  from  place  to  place 
as  may  be  found  necessary  and  convenient.  The  conmilssion  shall  seasonably 
notify  an  offii.-er  or  station  agent  of  the  company  of  the  time  and  place  of 
the  investigation.  The  cost  of  sn<'h  investigation  shall  he  wrtlfled  by  the  chair- 
man of  tlie  loinmissidii.  an<l  the  same  shall  Im'  andilod  and  i»aid  by  the  State 
in  the  same  manner  as  other  expenses  are  audited  and  paid  and  a  record  or  file 
(if  sniil  proci'ediugs  and  evidence  sliall  be  kept  l>y  said  commission. 

Approve<l   March   .',   V.HIT. 

CiiAi'TKu  1S<).-    TrmU-inurks  uj  fradr  unions. 

Suction  1.  Every  person  or  assmintion  or  union  of  workingmen  or  others 
that  lias  ndoptrd  or  shall  .-idopt  f<ir  their  i)rote<II<Mi  any  lal>el,  trade-mark  or 
form  of  advertts^MMcnt.  may  file  the  sjnne  for  rei*(»rd  in  the  office  of  the  secre- 
tary (»f  slate  liy  leavhig  two  copies,  counterparts  or  facsimllies  thereof  with 
the  sc<i'etary  of  slate.  Said  se<-rclnry  sliall  thereupon  deliver  to  such  i»erson, 
assiiciatloM  or  union  so  filing  tlie  saua*  a  duly  attested  certificate  of  the  record 
of  ihe  same,  for  which  ite  shall  rit-elve  a  fee  of  two  ($2)  dollars.  Such  certlti- 
{■nte  i»f  re<ortl  sliall  in  all  actions  ami  pniswutions,  under  tiie  following  three 
Sill  ions  lie  snllicicnt  proof  of  the  adoption  of  such  lal>el.  trade-mark  or  form 
of  advert iseniciit.  and  tlie  right  of  said  pers<m.  association  or  union  to  adi>ot 
tlic  same. 

Skc.  :*.  Kvery  person,  association  or  imhm  adoptittg  a  label,  trade-mark,  or 
form  of  advert iseuH'ut,  as  sp(Hjfie<l  In  the  precwling  section,  may  proceed  by 
ncti<Mi  to  enjoin  tl»e  manufacture,  use.  display  or  sjtle  of  any  counterfeit  or 
imitatiiai  llierettf ;  and  all  courts  having  Juris^Victlon  of  such  actions  shall  grant 
injunclitais  to  restrain  sncli  manufacture,  use,  disjday  or  sale  and  a  reasonable 
attorney's  fe*-,  to  be  t\xiH\  by  the  court,  and  sliall  retiuire  the  defendant  to  iwiy 
to  such  iterson.  association  or  union  the  profits  derivetl  from  such  wrongful 
manufacture,  use.  display  or  sale,  and  a  reawaiable  attorney's  fee  to  be  fixed 
by  the  court,  and  said  court  shall  also  order  that  all  such  counterfeits  or  Imi- 
tations in  the  |Missesslon  or  under  the  control  of  any  defendant  In  such  case  be 
delivered  to  nu  officer  of  the  court  to  be  destroyed.    Such  actlous  may  be  proae- 


LABOR    I^W! 


NEVADA — ACTS   OF    1907. 


1033 


f*d  for  the  lH*iielU  nf  any  uFvoclntiuu  or  union  by  nny  otBocrs  or  tueuilteru 
lereof, 

Sm'.  .1.  II    bUiiI!   lu*  niilnwful   for  any   |>or«tn  or  conKjrutlon   to   Imltntf  nny 

hilMil.  iniile-nintk  or  form  nf  n\lverliMMm*n(  lulopteil  iin  provided  hi  Ww  siimmiiI 

l»rtvtHllUK  ftx'tioti.  iir   lo  ktMUvlnjrly    um'  any   <ottuli'rft»lt   or   iuiltallun   thorcwf, 

or  to  use  or  display  HUch  }:<Hlnlnl^  label,  tnob^nairk  or  form  or  |of|  ndvertise- 

Hjeut  or  tJie  iinme  '»r  (wal  of  wirh  imtwmi,  union,  nr  awfm'lallou.  or  of  any  iiflltvr 

tlieteof,  inilci'H  antlinrlzed  ko  to  do,  or  hi  any  nninuer  nut  anthnrlzeil  hy  bini  or 

Any  |>erwM!  vltdatliij;  any  provlalum*  of  lbij>  section  Hluill  l»e  lmprh»oiied  lu 

u*  eounty  Jail  nol  more  iban  tbirly  dnya  or  be  flued  uut  less  than  tweuty-Hve 

ur  more  Ibtut  onp  tinndivd  dolhirs. 

Approved  .March  2D,  1007. 

rnAPTEB    IM. — .{ibitmtinn    uf    lahnr   ttinputrt. 

SKtTio?;    I.   Whenever   a    controverny   eonoenilnp    wnjre«.    boiira   of    lalior.    or 

ondllioiitt  <if  fhiployno'nl  mIuiII  arlfH*  bftweiMi  aii  enipl«tyer  and  hiR  einployeim, 

Tloiisly  hiTcrriipthig  or  tbntitenlni;  to  internipt  the  htiHineHS  of  the  employer, 

ie  governor  shall.  u|K>n   the  reiinest  of  either  party  to  the  eontroversy,  with 

ill  pnteticalili'  i-xpedlllon,   put   hlniMf  In   eommunirntlon   with   the  iwrtU-H  to 

ueb  eonlroversy.  and  shall  use*  his  beat  efTortp.  by  nietliatlou  and  e*au'in«tion, 

f>  aiideably  wtlle  tbr  wime.     He  may  either  rxereise  sueh  p*iwer8  of  iHinrllla- 

tloii    hlniHflf,    or   ap|H>lui   n    4'onmil8slo[i    for   sueh   tMlr^K^se.     If   such   efforiB  of 

MK-Uliitioti  hUjiII  l»e  uuftUC-eKsfuI,  the  (governor  shall  at  onre  endeavor  to  brtnf; 

llMiut  an  arbitration  of  sneb  controversy  lu  aeeordanee  with  the  |(rovlf«lonH  of 

da  act. 

Sec,  2.  That  whenever  8Ucb  controversy  sluiM  arlsv  between  nn  employer  and 

llfi  enipIoy«vs  which  enn  not  l>e  aettUM  hy   nie<thitlou  and  conciliation    in   the 

rinnner    provldiil    In    the   pr<H*e<IIn)?   sivtlon,    hucIi    c<^aitrttverpy    may.    with    the 

imwnt  of  the  iMirtlcs  to  the  controversy,  be  submitled  to  the  arbitration  of  n 

nard  of   tbre«>  i>ers(ais  who   shall   l>e  choM^i   in    the  manner   following:     On« 

Imll   he  mimiMl   hy   the  eniph»y*'i'  cHr^ftty    iulercKteil:    the  other  by   the  liilM»r 

rptnlx}ilIon  to  which  (he  euipIoviH.*  dirwtly  Intcrpated  belong,  or  If  llicy  belong 

|o  more  than  one.  unch  arhllnitor  shall  be  a(rri*cd  Ti|«m  and  dcilpnated  by  the 

mcurrent  action  of  nil  such  labor  orpini7.atlon.><.     The  two  ihuA  cbonen  abul! 

►leet  the  third  commlsBlouer  of  arbitration,  but  lu  the  event  of  their  failure 

mime  mich  arbitrator  within  five  days  after  their  first  meeting,   the  three 

irbitratora  shall  in*  named  by  the  pt»vernor.     A   majority  of  aald  uridtrators 

Rball  be  coiupMent  to  uuike  a  hlndlni:  and  valid  award  under  the  provlslona 

hereof.     The  Huhndfit^ion  shall  W  hi  writinc  shall   be  dlfiued  l>y  the  employer 

ntid   by   the  lalntr  orj^nnlzatton  or  oricninLxations  representing  empIoyeeR.  shall 

i<;p«N'iry  the  time  and  plai-e  of  meeting  of  8urh  board  of  arbitration,  shall  atate 

the  qncsthins  to  In*  d(*t'lcb*il.  and  shall  ifMitalii  appropriate  provisions  by  wblcb 

the  rtxin-eilvf  parties  sihall  Mtipntate  as  fulltfws: 

First— That  tlie  imard  of  arltllrailon  shall  connuence  their  henrluca  wlthlu 
ten  (btya  from  the  date  of  the  api>oiutnient  of  the  third  arbitrator,  and  shnll 
find  rtiul  file  their  award  within  thirty  days  from  the  date  of  the  ap|M»int«ieut 
of  the  third  arbitrator;  and  that  itendin^  the  nrhltr.ition  the  status  existing 
ImnnHllately  prior  to  ll;e  dlNpnte  shall  not  Ik*  chauKeil;  t'mvUtctl,  Thait  no  em- 
ployee Bball  be  t-ouiiH*ll«l  to  render  (nTSfinal  wM'vice  without  his  citn^'ut. 

Second — Thiit  tlie  awartl  and  the  pafters  and  proceediiiifH,  including  the  testl- 
niMiiy  relailiijj:  thereto  ierllMe«l  under  tlic  hands  of  the  nrMtratorR.  shall  bo  !lle<l 
in  the  c'IfTk's  ofticc  of  the  dlKirlct  ••ourt  for  the  district  wherein  the  controversy 
iiris«'S  or  tile  arbitriiti«»(i  is  entfr«Hl  Into,  .ind  shjill  be  tinal  and  •■onelnsive  uivju 
l>otb  iKirttcH,  unless  set  nslde  for  ern»r  of  Inw  apparent  on  the  rtsMinl. 

Third  -That  the  re^invthe  iiartle*  to  the  award  will  wich  fallhfully  exe*Mite 
the  Kaiue.  and  tluit  the  Mime  uuy  lie  ftfteclflcally  enforced  hi  eijulty  so  fur  aa 
the  powers  of  a  court  of  iipilty  |ierndt :  rrorhUif.  That  no  injunction  or  i>ther 
I'  -I  I  pnx*csH  shall  bt"  iRsmnl  which  shall  comi»el  the  iH*rformnuce  hy  any  laborer 
.  -:  iiist  bis  will  of  n  contract  for  i»erj«iuial  labor  or  wrvlce. 

I'ourth — Theit  rnu'lo5-ee»t  dlfsjitlsfleil  wltli  the  award  shall  not  by  reastai  of 
snch  dlHSjitlsfacthMi  quit  the  service  of  the  ctnploycr  before  the  explnitbm  of 

tV"  iths  from  and  after  the  makinc  nf  ' -•  ■    ''-.iit  «lvlnn  ililriy 

'  c  in   wrltliu;  of  tlielr  hitenllon    -  nil    the  eiupUiyer 

rl   uUli   Sill  h  .'iwiirit  illsiitiSM  nuv   I  .  'S  titt  n(*<-uiiiif   of 


i 


103^ 


BTTLLKTIJff    or   THK   BtTlRATT    OF    UABCML 


such  (llHWitlsfaftloii  b^^•^e  Xbt*  explrnliom  of  lUree  nHmtlis  from  ttml  nflrr  ttm 
imikliij:  «>f  snrb  awiinl  wMhuiit  ifivliij;  llilrty  ilnye'  noUty?  In  wrlllng  of  hU  kntm- 
tlou  Bci  to  tllKi'liarp*. 

Kiflh-  Tbnt  8ul(l  nwarrl  hUiiII  roiiliiine  lu  for»v  »h  \*v\we*  " 

for  i\%e  \H-'V\<n\  <»f  **nv  yonr  tifter  the  hiiliio  slinll  >;<»  1"!*'  pf"  '5 

mi  new  arbllrutioii   uihmi  tlic  wiHie  siiUjt^ct  iM'twvcu  thi*  nanw  oi 
8»nii.'  t'lHHK  of  niipln.viv'fi  Hhtill  be  bad    until  lUv  expiration  uf  '-  T 

tbv  uwanl  U  iml  i»t't  nsuJo  HR  pro\  iiltiU. 

Sw:.  ;i.  Tliiit   the  nxvnril  bchij:  rilrd   In   tbt-  rli-rk'a  nfflcv  i*f  the  ilMrlct  cvnit. 

D8  biTehibt'forv  pi'o\  UbHl,  tUinll  ko  i  ilo  priiftioal  ojion't' '    '  ■  ' -  '   ^ 'iMi 

bo  ontt'itHl  Uh'Ummi  a<c<'nlb»t;l.v  «t  tin*  fvplratloit  of  i.  i:d 

unlu'ss  witbin  siu-b  !*'«  iliiyH  eUhtn*  pjn-tv  -:)i:ii|  hIl*  oxt-fi    .  '*3 

of  law  upluirrnt  on  llif  riM.unl.  In  \v  ^alil  award  k!i  1 

opcTulluu  uiiil  JiJilKlueut  Ih'  fiilernil  ly  w  hwi  Hflrb  t  .   .  r 

lH*eii  fnially  OlspoHtnl  of  rilber  t»y  huid  iUstrb'l  court  <»r  on  api«hil  Uniifioui. 
At  Ibe  e\|»iralioii  uf  ten  Uuys  from  Hh*  iI^'IhIou  «f  tLt»  illsirlW  «»urt  niNMi  4>)ir«»f^ 
tbiii  lAkeii  lo  KiUl  uwnrd  an  jiforrwiUl,  Jntb^nitnit  kUuII  Ik*  eulertil  iti  :  *• 

wlUi  Kiiid  iU*4-tMiiiti.  nnlOHN  ilnrln^  unbl  ten  ibiyj^  inrlicr  party  kUuII  ni' 
froui  I*)  till'  KUprcuii*  iiurt  of  tbi'  Slalt-  uf  Nevuda.     In  hui'Ii  nihv  - 

ItiMi  (if  tbt;  riM'iir4l  hhall    tn*  traitNuilltt*«l   to  tbc*  KupiciiH?  court  v 

to  i\  pru]K.'i'  uiKbrriluntlbit;  and  consldoratlon  of  tbf  quf>itb»nR  <>\  <\ 

by  Raid  ox<--«'^ptlonH  and  to  bt-  di-cldiHl.     Tbt<  lictcrnilnallon  of  Kun  :t 

upon  sjiid  Lpi4^tl(tnH  sball  1h>  tlnitl,  mu\  Wiun  cvrtiljtil  by  thi*  '  >•> 

|niU  diHirict  contt.  Jndpuieut  purttuaut   ibi*i-t*to  nbull  tbcn'niMn  be  '  > 

ibid  dlKlrift  court,     if  exceptions  l«>  nn  award  nrc  tinally  riiiKtatutfvl  >t 

«h*ill  bi'  enlerwl  setting;  ntddc  Ibt*  iiwanl,  but  in  8inb  citm.'  Ibe  parties  -* 

ui»t»n  a  judKHU'Ul  to  be  entcrwl  dl^iwisin;:  of  tbe  8ubJ«H*t-miiltfr  of  : 
versy,  wbicb  Jml^ncnt  witfii  cnl«*rtMl  Mitall   bavf>  the  Banu*  force  iiihi    rtuci   »» 
jud;:nimt   cjitcrtni  uinm  uwiinl. 

S»:c.  4.   Tbiit   ft*r  tbf  piir|N)SCf<  of  tbiH  ■  ■'   "'"■  <■•  i«i?rM*.<i  i;  i,."-*'"    ("--.'  '■t.'«l  f 
or  cUUcr  of  tiiiMu,  Hball  bavc  ]»o\vcr  to 

aubjMj'niiH.  re(]uln' (be  attcndiinci*  and  t>-^  lu 

of  Huch  iKHtkxi,  p.*)iM*rM.  coiitruct*^.  iiKrtHMni*u(H,  and  d'.>cuuicn(B  uuileriui  to  ii  jost 
drlcrniUintiitn  of  Ibc  matterK  under  Invrsli^nition.  us  »my  i»e  ordermt  bjr  tbe 
coni'ts:  Hhd  may  inv4»kf>  tbe  iiid  of  tbc  Raid  c«MirtN  lo  comiiol  uritn«<(Men  «>  at- 
tend and  tcHtify,  luid  lo  pro*lnce  Kucb  bookn,  iin|H>rti.  contrui-tK  nin'«H*usmitit  simI 
|ri(*cnnioDt»«  a)t  tbe  courttf  sbull  determine  pt  b4>  nnitcrial  ami  ••. 

K  SicT.  fi.  Tbiil  every  Ht:rLH<uifnt  of  iirl»iiMiilou  nndcr  iblK  ;  > 

Aliped  by  tbc  jMirtlcn  bef*" '■'"      -'.i-i  ,■  or  i/lork  uf   i...  •( 

tb«*  8tnte.  iMitl  wbci)  w*  :i  <>f  fbc  Hiintc  Hindi  i  >  -I 

rw«>rdetl   l»y    Ibc  counly  Minly   in    wblcb    lb-  l* 

entered  into,  nnd  n  copy  Khnll  also  be  t^mit  to  tbe  Kovomor  wbo  nUnll  iMl*  lUo 
«inie  In  (be  ulHci>  of  tlic  »tM.*r^»tury  of  stale,  wbo  tdiall  ciniHt^  u  uolioe  !n  wrJtlnn 
to  be  iiM'rveil  npon   tbo  nrbltnitorft,  fixini?  lh«  timp  and  pluce  for  o    i  'f 

«nld  botird,  wblcb  nbiill  be  wliblii  tlftccn  tbiyn  from  tbe  i"c.M'iiiion  t*f 
uiout  of  arbilratioi)  :    I'rnriihti,  huiraur,  TIntt   lli<  It 

n   meeting  of  llie  iirtiitralorM  nudor  siicli  ajrrf^^m  s 

Kai(lHfu''lirin   Ibal   liic  cuipb>y!H*K  *d;: -   '"■•  ^i(biiii^--M-:i    i.,  ,i 

majority  of  all   tbe  cmi''"yee*i  In  i^  >>f  tlie  same  <• 

Mame   crude  iind   chiss.    and    tlial  ;i  ;    .  i.ij^niu.i    lo     ,; ..u 

JuKtIy  1»e  rM^'ardfxl  i\n  binding  U[Mm  ail 

Kbc<<1.  TliJit  duriujr  Ibc  iK'ndcncy  of  ju  '  'T  this  act  U  nbnll  nnT  !m» 

lawfnl  for  tbe  employer.  |wrt3'  lo  HUcb  aibiUatiim.  lo  dltsclmrirc  tbe 
luirllen  tbereto,  e.vcept  r*M'  Inein^'icm-y.  vi4tltttlnti  of  hin*,  »»r  ti4'i;l<v't  i.f  r 

for   tlh>   orpinizutlon    re)»rc»**mtlut'  ■'     '  i- 

pli>.\«>(*iB  lo  nniie  lu,  aid  or  «lK«t,  .-'  ^ 

perliJtl  of   th  ■  '■  -:iii  i]    nil 

ployer  pi  ii  .(  for  ibc                                               it 

t:lvlu»r  tii'i              .        . i't   -'  '"  ■                                                t 

sn«'b  '                     dnrinj:  ii  Ilkt*  per!-  i- 

ont  Ji:                  wllbout  tiliiuj:  to  -  f 

nn   Inlcnt  w  to  do;  nor  fov  Hneb  orcnn  o 

onler,  nnifiwl,  or  uiIvIm*  otberwlM\     Aii  t 

Ibe  offi^ndlnu  (jurty  I*t  PablUly  for  diitiiuti  k  J^n^i  uii  U,  Tbal  uoi                             i- 

tiimnl  Hliall  be  ct>lt«trurU  lo  prevent  uuj  vuplnyer.  finrly  lo  i. 


UiBUR   LAWS— NKV.^DA — ACTS  OK    1W)7, 


1035 


fmux  mlueinK  tlio  Dimiber  of  itti  or  liU  i*ui|il«:>y(<«»  whenever  lu  lt«  or  h\»  Jiidg- 
iii^nt  hiiiUneKS  nrcc^sliipe;  n^iiiire  Kiicii  a  rrtiuctiou. 

Sec.  7.  Tbt*  nKn-euKHii  of  urbilrulido  sliNll  i»rovldi*  f<»r  Uk'  rmufioiitifitUHi  uf 
irtiltrutors.  nnd  lliflr  liiivcrlltiK  itrnl  ntlior  in'<vH»iiry  exi(eiiKe«. 

Approvctt  Mnrch  'Jii.  11(07. 

ChaptKB  rS4. — EJ'Htninotifin.  elf\,  of  uteitni  *'i*{jim'ryft  at  uiittrn. 


now  2.  Heetion  une  of  the     •     •      ►     act   |of  March  17,  IWOJ   iji  hereby 
immdi^d  «o  n8  to  rend  qh  follows: 
Kei'tion    1.  In  addition  to  (be  vnrious  tttbpr  powers  and  duties  providdi  by 
iw   for   (be  iNiardH  of  aMiiity   roaiuiissiouers  of  tbe  Kevornl   rountloB  of   tbU 
ttate  snid  bottrds  kIuiII  bjivo  tin*  |M»wer.  ami  it   \»  boreliy  made  lli«''ir  diit3',  (o 
IrHf^iilate  tli*>  o|»eratioii  of  Hlatloiuir^  i-niriio^.  Ftrnni  nppnratiis  <»r  ntber  hol8tUi£ 
Itiiuobiiiery  u^od  fiir  ibo  puriKiju*  of  hoL^^llnK  t>r  U'vveriuif  nuMi  «>r  uiutcriiil  fmm  a 
[elwft  or  mine  subjott  to  niul  iu  otiufi*rmtt)'  uitli  the  prtnisious  of  this  uct. 
SBC.  :i.  Kectioa  tbree  of  tlie     •     •     •     net  U  hereliy  anienUed  so  as  to  reul 
iH  follows: 

S»<".  :i  No  liriMiso  sliiill  In'  arnntiMl  or  i»siii'd  In  any  p^r5M>n  to  opprnte  nny 
Rlatlonitry  en^liK'.  Kt<*ani  bolltM'.  bolHt,  apiuinitiis  or  tiiarhliiery.  until  the 
jippllofiiit  tbtTofor  Khnll  hiirp  t:ikt*n  niul  PiibK(*ribed  to  an  oatb  (hjit  be  hnH 
bad  at  loiiHl  out-  yoar'f  oxperlumv  iu  tht*  o{w>ratio»  of  stoam  bnllors  and 
uiaclilnery.  nr  wIh»jm»  kanwkslee  and  o»iK»rieiu'o  is  not  «ucb  aw  lo  justify  the 
^b«mrd  Ix'fnro  whom  such  api'llcation  is  mado  in  the  belief  that  be  Is  contiH^teiit 
[to  take  L'hitrer  of  h)1  classes  of  steam  bollertt  nud  other  stuttouarj-  hoisting 
inohinory. 

Sec.  4.  Si-clloii  seven  of  the    •     •     •    nrt  1b  hereby  amended  so  ns  to  read 
ins  followH : 

8ko.  7.  Any    pemon    o|ierat1tip;    any    stutlonory    enietne.    Meiim    boUer,    holnt 

»r  other  statloiiiiry   mtieblnery   or  nppuratiiH  or  lioiKtin^   marbinery   uhihI   for 

le  pur|>oKo  of  ImiittinK  or  I(»weririK  men  <*r  material    from  n   nbuft  <*r  uihte. 

here  the  livps,  health  or  llnibK  of  mn\  may  Ite  invoheil.  wIjo  has  hot  ilrst 

!I>TtKiiriHl    the    llreuHo   herein    prtivldi^l    for.    shnll    \*e   deemed    pillty    of  n    ml»- 

itteniranor.  nnd  njMin  eonvlcllon  lhertH»f  in  any  rourl  of  comiH^tenl  Jurltulletioti. 

fihnll   Ih*  flned   lu  a   sum   not    less  than   tifly    ($r*<Jt    dollars  nor  more  than   two 

Ifiuiidml  and  fifty    <$2.X))    dollars,  or  by    Imprisonment  In  the  county  juil  not 

^88  ihnn  thirty  nor  more  than  one  hundred  and  twenty  driys.  or  bj'  lH>th  Huch 

^Une  and  Impriwuiment.  hi  tbe  dlserelittn  of  tlie  ei>ur1 ;  /Vorii/rd,  That  nothing 

In  tbiB  aet  eontnhie*!  shall  be  held  to  apply  to  thivKt*  oper^Uin>;  In  perstm  their 

own  (U'lvate  apimrntUH  nor  to  penwins  oiH^ratltt^  any  Ktntlonary  on^'ine.  steum 

.holler  or  other  apimrutUH  or  uiuchliiery  for  town  or  elty  rHl^|*w^^, 

Apiiroved   Mnreh  L*t»,    1;h>7. 

CUArTEB  19(1. — Kourfi  of  faUur  of  /r/rproji/i  o/WT<;/or«,  r/r..  om  ruiVronrfji. 

'lOTT  1*  II  Hhall  be  unlawful  for  any  i«erw»u.  ••or|>«>riitlon   or  nHHoolntlon 

itini;  n   niilroiul   within   this  Stale  to  p«»milt   nny   teh«;:raph  or  telephone 

u|M'ratiir  who  8pj»<;4-s  trains  by  the  u>h'  of  tbe  teloiniiph  or  telephone  »nider  what 

Is  kmnvu  and  termtnl  **  bUxk  8yat*»m  *'    ideflned  as  follows;:   Upi«>rthig  trains 

'to  another  offire  or  otnres  <>r  to  a  troln  dl«p»trher  opemtinp  one  or  more  trnhis 

inder  Hifoiulii.  and  tele^aaph  mid  telPi»hone  1e\'«*rnien  who  manipulate  Interlock- 

n^r  mnrhlnefi  In  railroad  yards  or  on  main  tmrlis  out  on  the  lines  mnnerting 

id   trui'U«  or  swllehes,  or  train  dispafehers  hi   Its  service  whose  dutteH  mib- 

itantinlly  aw  herendiefore  s*«t  forth,  pertain   t<>  the  movement  of  eiin*,  engines 

►r  trainri  ou  it»  railroad  by  the  use  of  telepra|ih  or  telephone  In  dispatehing  i»r 

'iHirting  tralufl  or  ret'^'lvlni;  or  trunHmittlng  triiiu  onlerfl  ns  Interpreted  In  this 

ion.  to  be  ou  duty  for  more  than  el^ht  hours  In  any  twciity-four  eimsecutlre 

lour*. 

Stc.   li.  Any   perstin,  o»ri>oralloii    c»r  ns.s<Miation   thnt  shull    violate   section  1 

tblR  net.  Mhnll  fuiy  a  tine  of  one  hundrcil  dollars  for  enoh  vlolntlon  i»f  this  act. 

Sko,  3.  Tlw*  Car  uieutlonod  in  seetioii  2  of  (biK  uvt  Ntuill  be  re(*oven*d  by  an 

lu'tlon  of  debt  in  the  mime  of  the  St^to  of  Nevnda  for  tbe  UKe  of  tbe  Stufe.  who 

ibail  sue  fttr  It  ajtaln^l  Hiieh  jternon,  eor|K>rathMi  or  asMM'hition    \'  ■  ^iln 

let.  sjild  Hiilt  to  be  InMlluted  In  any  eonrt  In  this  8tnte  bnrln^  iie 

'Jurisdiction. 


1036  BULLETIN  OP  THE  BUREAU  OF  LABOR. 

Sec.  4.  The  said  fine  when  recovered  as  aforesnid,  shall  be  pnid  without  any 
deduction  whatever,  one-half  thereof  to  the  informer  and  the  balance  thereof 
to  be  paid  in  to  the  public  school  fund  of  the  State  of  Nevada. 

Approved  March  29,  3907. 

CuAPTEE  202. — Rate  of  icages  of  laborers  on  public  icorks. 

Section  1.  On  all  public  works  carried  on  In  the  erection  of  public  buildings 
by  or  for  the  State  of  Nevada,  or  by  any  iudivldual,  firm,  company,  or  corpora- 
tion under  contract  with  the  State  of  Nevada,  unslciUed  labor  shall  be  paid  for 
at  u  rate  of  not  less  than  three  ($3)  dollars  per  eight-hour  day  for  each  male 
])erson  over  the  age  of  eighteen  years  who  shall  be  employed  at  such  labor. 

Sec.  2.  Any  person  or  persona,  firm  or  corporation  conducting  or  carrying 
on  any  pul>Hc  work,  as  specified  in  section  1  of  this  act,  that  shall  violate  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  upon  conviction  of  such  violation  in  a  court  of  compet^t 
Jurisdiction,  shall  be  fined  the  sum  of  fifty  ($50)  dollars  for  each  man  em- 
ployed at  Huch  labor  for  not  less  than  three  ($3)  dollars  per  eight-hour  day. 

Approved  March  29,  1907. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

ACTS  OF  1007. 

Chapteb  04. — Hours  of  labor  of  toomen  and  children, 

(See  Bulletin  No^73,  pp.  748,  749.) 

Chapteb  113. — Electric  railways — Cars  to  hare  poxccr  brakes. 

Section  1.  On  or  t>efore  May  Ist,  1910,  all  eight-wheeled  or  double-truck  cars, 
so  called.  oi)erated  by  electric  power,  for  the  purpose  of  conveying  passengers, 
by  any  street  railway  in  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  provided  with 
IK)wer  brakes  of  a  standard  of  efficiency  to  be  approved  by  the  railroad  com- 
missioners. 

Sec.  2.  Any  street  railway  failing  to  conijily  with  the  provisions  of  section  1 
of  this  act  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  of  ten  dollars  ($10)  i>er  day  for  each  car 
operatetl  without  such  equipment. 

ApprovtHl  April  4,  li:<»7. 

Chapter  142. — liaibrr  nhojiH — Jiispcction,  etc. 

Section  1.  Boards  of  health  of  towns  and  cities  are  hereby  authorized  and 
directed  to  proiuulKate  the  following  rules  and  rt»guIations  for  the  management 
<tf  barber  shops.  Harber  shops  or  i>hn'es  where  the  trade  is  carried  on  slmll  be 
keiit  at  all  times  in  a  cleanly  condition.  Muj;s,  shaving  brushes  and  razors 
shall  be  sterilized  by  Immersion  in  boiling  water  or  swime  sterilizing  solution 
after  every  separate  use  thereof.  A  clean  towel  shall  be  used  for  each  person. 
Alum,  or  other  material,  used  to  st<tp  the  flow  of  bhxHl  shall  be  used  only  In 
|K)W(U'red  form.  The  use  of  iHiwder  puffs  and  s|K)nges  is  prohibited.  Every 
barber  shop  shall  be  provldetl  with  hot  water.  No  person  or  persons  shull  be 
allowed  to  sleep  In  any  room  used  wlM>lly  or  in  part  for  tousorlal  purposes  nor 
shall  the  business  of  a  barber  bo  carrkHl  on  in  any  room  used  as  a  sleeping 
apartniont.  Kvery  l>arlier  shall  cleanse  his  bands  thoroughly  immediately 
after  serving  each  customer. 

Skc.  2.  Any  pors<m  violating  any  of  the  rules  and  regulations  prescribed 
horein.  or  any  other  rules  and  regulations,  iirescribwl  by  the  boards  of  health 
f(»r  the  protection  of  the  pub]i<-  health  in  barber  shops  shall  be  fined  not  less 
than  ten  dollars  for  eaeh  offense. 

Sec.  .^.  From  and  after  the  passage  of  this  oct  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  boards 
of  health  in  the  several  towns  and  cities  to  regularly  hisi)ect  all  barber  shops 
and  prosecute  sueb  violation  of  the  rules  and  regulations  as  may  come  or  be 
brought  to  their  notice. 

Approve<l  April  o,  1907, 


MTTLATIYE  INDEX  OF  LABOR  LAWS  AND  DECISIONS  BELATINO 

THEBETO. 


Indrx  inchitlcs  ull  liibor  Inwscnnrt^'j  ^iniv  .'iiniinrv  1.  }WA.  ftTi'.l  puMi 
KtlM,  tx'gtnninK  with  UuUclin  No  .'.7,  Ttir  l<<.«i<<  ->r  Murch,  nn}S. 


"■'£;: 

nth  SiHt-iiil  Itfp4'rt  ft  till'  CoiiinitHtiintK-r  "I  l.ni'or.     1  ho  tlwlt"iuii>  i    ■        ■  m 

llngK  rplntF  tn  thr  Uwh  on  the  Kjtinp  itiil>i<H'i.<t  wiltinitl  n'f;ttr<l  tn  their  duU>  ul  eiuixtiiu  iil  .:iij  am 

lraU>«l  ty  the  IcttT  "0"  in  parrnihcsts  (nllowuig  the  iianip  nf  the  State.     Ontntons  of  the  Attom^y- 

*nilon  thecun5tn!ctloTt,c(c.,Qf  lAbvrUw»  ^m  sUiiil»rty  indexed,  and  arc  iuaic«t«d  by  the  ■ttl>rcvla> 

''Op."  In  [MrantliGals.] 


i\t\t'i\t  hisiinuitic.    {See  Inmtr* 

ifti    '  '   '  lit.) 

I  it'torio: 


N\-»  V..rk 

I'ennHVtviuiU 

lidrnts  In  mlnea: 

Ohio 

I^Dtn  on  nUro*di: 

AliitMiina 

Colorado.... 

lodlana 

low* 

JiauochusBtU 

Ulnzwiou 


BoHmIii. 


No.      Page. 


Montana ..«. — 

Nevada 

Ohio 

South  farollna.. 

Vermont 

'IdciiiA  Co  i'inplor«e«: 

UlluoU 

rnnrr<9    m»<lo    by    pmploycni. 
Ut  Employew'  advAiv^^A.t 

ot  employnw^nl  ol  chlldmn. 
ier  l"hlI"Jivn,  riiiplovnii'iil  of.) 

of  pinployinent  of  U'lrgniph 

tratora  on  railroada: 

NebrMlai 

coDlruct  labor: 

Drlawarp 

I'nlU'd  Siatoa 

United  SUtea  (D) 

United  SUtes  (Op.l 


AntUrtiBt  act: 
K     Tcuik(D), 


roltod  SUtaa  (D) 

ifltrallon  ot  labor  dlipatoK 

Colorado 

Uarylond 

UaMacbuaetie 

Nov.ida , 

United  StatM  (D) 

imcnt   of  clalma  to  avoid 
ixcinptlon  Ihws,     (See  Earmp- 
[lioti  u[  «df(i'i>.  asaiipimuitti  to 

imi^nt  of  va^a: 

''olontdo 

Conn'vtiout. ,..., — 

Iltlnola 

Iowa 

Louis  Una ,,....... 

Uar>-buid ««.«....-. 

Mavsochuaftttt.......... 

MlnnrMia 

New  ^'orlt,,,,,.,...^.",,...,,. 
It 


Qt 


7ft 

7tt 

71 
08 
(08 

xu 
lis 

79 

ST 

'  7« 
t  7« 


73 


lOlS 
461 
3fi0 

379 

1043 

1040 
374,27fi 
276 
771 
581 

1023 
G47 

1032 
770 
3G0 
397 

262 


1031 

1031 
3DT-300 
183-183 
173-17A 

aoo-30ft 

fi33.fl34 
710,711 


1040 

707.708 

708-710 

1033-1035 

300-313 


ltM»-10(il 
331 
1075 
230 
7fl3 
7«7,7«a 
1067 
TW.TTO 
5M 
712 
300 
915 


Balcert(>i8,  boorr  of  lalior  of  am- 

Eloyras     in.    {Sef     Houra    ot 
ibor.) 
Bakortes,  lUBpcwtion  of.     (Stt  In- 
spection. fTc  I 
Barber  AbopA.  Uist)rctloD.etc..  of: 

New  llainpaliin* 

Barbers,    cKamlnation.   otc..   o(. 

{See  Examination,  rtc.) 
BUcUlsting: 

ArkHUKas ,. 

Colorado 

MlnncaoU  (D) 

Nevada 

Boycotting: 

Colorauo 

iS«  aUo   iDterformoe  with 
ftmpioynient.i 
Bribery,  vie,  of  i.-niployma: 

Connecticut...., 

iDdLana 

Iowa 

MaaiachuMtta 

Ifichl^m 

Nebraska 

New  Vork 

Rbodo  labind 

South  Carolina 

Vlrjfinia 

WAflhtngtoo 

Wisconsin 

B  rlljery    of     rppfww»nt»tlT««    of 
labor  oreitnleattons: 

New  York 

finreau  of  labor: 

CoUfDmla 

Iowa 


Mtehlgan 

Miasourf 

New  JeraRT. . , 

VlnrinU 

United  SUtM 
Banuu  of  minet; 

West  ViTjInia 
C«u»p  of  'IKthii 
chi.  , 


r».     {S€t    DLb- 

lli  of  (UtUHC  of.) 

1  nal  committee 

I'H  of: 


Chll^' 

on, 

1  

Chili  I >  n , cmploymrat 

of.  »^  '■.  Islonn: 

Lv">lU^LiiIli.  ,  .      

MiMourl  {!» 

Children  and  women, employiaent 
ot.  In  barrooms: 

Aiiaona 

New  UaznpBhire 

Ve  rmoot 

Child rr-tt  and  women, flmploymrat 
of,  la  mlnea; 

Illinois 

Indiiuiu 


Bunptin. 


No.     rasa. 


06 


1U36 


331 

330.331 
700.710 
»8>660 

330,331 


339 
300 

777,378 

710 

^\ 

IOC^l.1033 

005,«W 

tNJH.Ono 
300 

7»l,7a2 
013 

014.015 


7M 

82(1 
713 
235 

CA5,6M 

iQOT.ina 
1018.  mio 

7S1 
7W 

013,013 


390. «00 


704 
100.187 


•38 

580 

715 


inr7 
5:c 


48120— Bull  76-08 25 


1038 


BVVLETIS   OF  THE  BUBEAU   OF  LABOR. 


Cumulative  indar  of  laHx^r  loir*  and  decisions  relating  thereio — ContiDQed. 


BaDetfn. 


So.       P««c. 


BoOrtm. 


Cone(ij4e<l 


«1 


oL  In  miDefr- 

Ne«Y«rk.  » 

CbQdiRQ  uhd  vonKo  iCmpkrjrmsit 
«f,  teTHtlAti^Q  Of: 

Unit**!  m^tM >   71 

Clill'livn  »ad  women,  Jtoan  of  1«-  : 
borof:  ' 

Connectlctit 7% 

LouIkUd* 70 

Miwirhinctn 57 

NewYork « 

ChUdrm. eftmiogiof.    (5«« Emfii- 

(nn  of  minor*.) 
Child  rm,  emplojrinent  ot.  »gt  limit, 
for: 

AUhftmA 73 

Arkmcsaa |  73 

CallfoniU '(§ 

C»iffomU  (Dj '68 

Delaware 88 

Florida ;  73 

Oeor^a I  <B 

Idaho '  72 

Illlnolii(D> '  6» 

Iowa fiS 

Kanioj) I  (Q 

Kentucky [  70 

LoidaUaa '  70 

Maine i  72 

Maryland ;  70 

Mauachaaetts j/JJ 

Michigan j  02 

Michigan  (D> !{^ 

Mfswurt I  62 

Mont  unit ;  72 

Nflw  Jersey fiS 

North  Curollna  (l)> 1*11 

ill 
Oregon 02 

IVmiHylvunUi (12 

Pennnylvflnld  f  !>' 74 

Khodc  Islim'l 62 

V'prmont ;  71 

WiiHhineton  (U) fil 

WVftt  VJrgliiltt '  (-.2 

ChlMn^n,  oniploymcut  of.  genrnil 
provlMlonn; 

Aliibaiiifi '  73 

Arl7.ona 72 

A  rkiiiLsus ;  7;i 

C'allfomiu \*^ 

Connect Icut '  *12 

Doliiwiin' '  02 

!>l«trlfrt  of  (VJiimhta :  08 

Florldu '  73 

<tp«>rKlti I  tiS 

I'luho 72 

Illinois I  73 

Town tm 

Kentucky '  70 

Mnlnv 72 

MaryliiiKl 70 

Mii.HNurhiiwttJi [*^^ 

MlKHntirf ■  02 

Moiitiiiiii 72 

NfW  JiTW'y '  (2 

NewYork Q2 


Ohio... 


ivaola. 
'■land. 


.    63 

.|«2 


397 


en 

764 

711 
460,470 


657 
660 

aoo 

641,641 
19^308 
a07,20S 

ere 

234 

643,644 

335-337 

235,236 

217,218 

760 

764 

644,645 

76^-767 

226 

772 

231 

8S1,S82 

607 

237 

640,650 

243 

863,  AM 

:?73-3r6 

2Jft~2C0 

203 

20^-268 

2W.240 

2t*-271 

395 

10>1,1065 

2H0 


057-059 
638,6:19 
OGO.ttil  ! 
200-202 
041,642 

206  I 
207,208 
230,231 
678,1(79 
234,235 
fH.%&44 
(»4,C85 
235,236 
71W,761 
044,643 
7115-767 
224-226 
708,772,773 

2:«i,237 

ti47 
243,244 
245-248 
250,251 

255 
2^7,258 
258-260 
206-2(i8 
260-271 
276,277 

805 

279 


So.      Page. 


CMMw.  Miploy  fciLrt  qfc  i 

pnPTMlDSft-Ccododed . 

iTeat  \lpfljila._.. 62 

WiaccmMii. ....*.,,., ta  ■ 


62 


J*  I  ■  1. 1   ail    a 

vODnenmn ............ .. 

QtorgiM 

HftvaU 

LIhIio.  _,., , j_.,_._ 

Mfcifjl^IM)  

fitw  Usam^bUr 

9mAb  Dafcptft...-, 

VmnoDt 

ChQdfoB.  employincflt  oU  la  cer- 
tain QBeopMloBi,  torb4d'ilea : 
CalUomia. ..,_._._..__ €2 

CattlonilA  fDj -- «8 

lrt*hft  ^, 72 

I<>WH,. 68 

itainf. «B 

Chfldren,  empliniBent  of,lii  miim: 

Illinois '  62 

Ipdift.n4t '■  62 

Missouri 62 

Montana •■  62 

Oregon ■  €3 

Penasylvanla '  68 

I  ■■!  -  -j.j,*  /D- 64 

V^'ij-t  \  iTKliilH 68 

ChQd  rrnji^mptoymcnt  ol,in  street 
trM'i-^: 

Massjvhnsotis.  .   70 

K«*«"  York ■  62 

ChQdrTMi,  hiring  out,  to  support 

Atfthanm... '  73 

Georgia €2 

Louisiana 62 

Mississippi 62 

North  Carolina {^ 

Child  ren,  hours  of  labor  of: 

Aliiljiinia 73 

Arkansas 73 

Calllomla '{^ 

IVlaware 62 

Florida 73 

Idaho 72 

Indiana CS 

Iowa 68 

Kentucky 70 

Massachusetts 62 

New  Ilampahlre '  (2 

New  Jersey 62 

Oregon 62 

Oregon  (D) '  08 

Pennsyl  vanla I  62 

Children,  night  work  by: 

Alabama i  73 

Arkansas 73 

I|fi2 

(72 

Florida 73 

Georgia f»8 

Idaho 72 

I  o  wa m 

Kentucky 70 

MaRsachnsetta 62 

Michigan 62 

New  Jersey 64 

NewYork 60 

Oregon •  62 

Pennsylvania 62 

Rhode  Island •  62 

Vermont '{^ 

Children.    (Stf  atw  ChUdren  and 

women.) 
Clilnew.  exdnalon,  etc..  of: 

United  States 57 


California. 


306 

29 
210 
XI 
643,644 
223 
241 

2:4 

276 


190,200 

202,203 

613,644 

235 


211 
216 
136 


897-8H0 


768,771 
251 


657 
300 


235 

253 


657 
660 
200 

641,642 
207 
678 
643 
216 
235 
-CO 

225,226 
241 
244 
250 

203,204 

206,267 

C57 
660 
200 

641,ti42 
678 
234 
643 
235 
760 
226 
231 
905 
«'>9 
259 
267 
269 

276,2n 


no.  730 


H                                     CUaiULATIV£  I2SD£X    OF  LAIK>B  LAWS.                          1089'    ^J 
H            Cummia^iw  imden  t^  labor  Utw»  ootd  deeimona  relating  tVrdo— Continued.               ^H 

BdUBtlB. 

BuDotUL         ^1 

No. 

f^ 

No. 

raea.        ^1 

citizens  iirclernsl  foremplOTnmit 
^H     on  public  worlv: 
^h       ICuMcbiuaU* 

sr 

01 

73 
70 

«7 

67 
09 

m 

67 

73 
7* 

at 
n 

M 

OS 

73 

» 

03 
03 
fl» 
70 
01 

m 

70 
» 

oi 

37 
» 
57 

a» 

as 
I7n 

703 
lOM 

\0¥S 
780 

(H8 

70* 

401,40} 
ISI-IO 

»1 
loa 

3t3-ai6 
7U 

10B3,[OM 
lOftZ 

as3 

381 

a»r«o 

331 

46»-IAA 

773 

low.ioa 

«a&.580 

7U-7U 

no 

470 

037,088 
.^ 
«MW7 
4U-467 
338 
7T4-717 
339^867 
175-180 
ISMOO 

318 
334 

OBH 

1044.1045 
1004 
Ml 

714 
Ifl83-10S 

Employers  to  fomlah  names  of 
eaiiplo)-c<ea  to  olUciHia: 

ftovt  Mexico.   - 

k 

73 

OB 
57 

lOM            1 
1004,  tow              1 

048 

339 

OM^iOO 

1048.1043 

223 
2n-94 

JM 

»t 

U4A,a« 

TH 

577 
CS4,flBS 

584.583               1 

1  1021.1023 

\           IQM 

lOOO 

1035 

713-715 

/             ^ 

I      413^407 
aB0,3M 

{  sts 

710 
733.733 

3S4 

704.706 
33»-34a 

3B.3n 

lOBO 

700-707 

333-340 

4M 

fiOMfrl 

003404 

3M 

904. OOA 

3V.300 

730-733 

UM 

339.323 

301.300 

wmvo 

37ft.«7 

770     ^J 
033,063    ^M 

1037,1088     ^H 
770      ^H 

5«7..Vi8     ^H 
1035     ^H 

sm.ooi    ^^M 

7711    ^^H 

3;X,379    ^H 

350.357    ^^1 

J07    ^H 

Colorado -,-..,— 

1          WyorabiR 

oraclng  1K9  for  tumlablxi(: 

PvuuuylTftni* 

ft               W^lM'ODslrt 

1"       Coal,  wt'iglitii^.     (8«t  WHgfalng 

1              OOftl.) 

e      C^nbUullons  to  fix  wages: 

Loulslon*. 

1  Eniplo>'nient  ofllraa: 

1         CallfomlA 

C-aUfonila  (D) 

Colorado.,*..' 

ConitiiiH9t>>nrro(Ubor.     {SeeBu- 

WBii  of  labor.) 
Company  atom: 

New  Vork              .                 .  . 

Pnnnra'TlmT 

District  of  Cotumbla 

{?r 

74 
74 

73 
70 
f«B 
7B 

a 

70 

01 
TO 

a 

m 

04 

Hawaii 

Iowa. ..          .................. 

1       Conapiiiu-y,    labor    a^rmmenU 
hoi: 

CaUfomfa  (P>.... 

MasssrhUBfttflL  J..  .^......... 

(8tf  aiio  InttrrfMvnce;  lDtlml-i 
dalloa.1 
CoDtrapt  Ubor,  all«ti.    (See  Alka 
1           eoDtract  Ubor.) 

Contractora*  bonds.     {Sfe  Prot«v 
tton  ol  wuM.) 
'        ContracU  oramployinenl,  rcgitla^ 
^L      tiun.  rtc,  u(: 

Uloblgaa 

lllHi»ffntft 

Mlasourt 

Naw  York. .--.,.„.... 

^LCmuuu  orcxaploynunt  vtUi  lir- 

NewYork(B) 

^V       fli'nnrift  fPl 

Oblo m 

\1»(Ctnia «ft 

^B        CiMi«h  r«Miin*. 

Virginia  (D) 

70 

05 
70 

m 

{Set  aiso  EmfRrant  agonla; 
Lodgiag  boimw.  suUots'.) 

(Set  KxafaLnatUju.  nUui 
Bntlctng  «inploT«ea: 

ArkansM         .    ............. 

^V  Death.    (Srr  Injuries  cauiing.) 
■  Dteaharcr,  staremnit  of  caoae  oti 
^         lllsaourt  

tnvorM.  etc.,  sUtlatloa  o^  to  ba 
pcDCuml: 
C-allfonUa 

loonlalaiui . 

Earnings  of  maniod  womea: 
New  Uexkw. 

Wi»t  VlrRinta  (D) 

RamlngB  of  mloon: 

Wlsronatn 

Connoflfcul OS 

Kansas (  01 

MaryUnd |  57 

Uarylanri  (D> !« 

New  York                                    n 

Blgtit-bimr  (Ut- 

Califonria 

CCdsrado 

Colorado  (I*) 

Omnm  f  P> , , 

S! 
na 

Maasacbusetta. 

UiBSourl , 

WaahlugtOB  (D) ^^ 

Uontana 

Kranritiatlon.  etc.,  of  honwahoersr 

Uawail 

Washington  <D) 

» 

71 

70 
01 
03 
08 
«7 

Montana  (D) 

Nevada 

Nwoda  (D) . 

Bxamiiiatlon.ecc. ,  oi  miners,  mine 
fon'ioin.  'no.: 

N«r  York.. 

New  York  (D) 

Porto  Hwn 

■;m  fD) 

Wti--iliiiii:i'ii  1  D) 

lUlneia  jD) .' 

1" 

HIiUMaoU(D) 

^" ■    ^'' iTi 

Tvvas  fp> J 

in 

so 

57 

73 

or 

01 
60 

73 

Woahinfiiiii 

EinljEnutt  ae<3itfl: 

WaalituKlon  <D) 

Examination,  pto>.,  oi  stotionary 
flnnn: 

or 

Hawaii ! ;.„ 

^B            Nnrth  i      - 

HXnptoyooe.                       .L  C3et 
H     Bribarr,  .•■■                  ■■>«»-► 

^B        *r(m'-T 

Kxatninatinn.  etc.,  ot  stvaa  cng^ 

naprs: 

Uaasacbuaatta .^.. ,.-.... 

NrTnda 

U 

01 

70 
Tfi 

m 

H 

■ 

^m 

Nr*v  n«j\it«hlrp i  'fti 

'•    '  70 

1  An 

^H 

^M                        1  f^> 

■^-r::::::::::::::::' 

f« 

1040 


£ULXJ:TXN   of  the  BUBEjIU  of  UU30B. 


Cumufotivff  Mm  of  Ubor  lawn  and  dieciaiomi  relalintj  thgnUt — Contiauml- 


Exmnption  of  wages,  aaatgnmiviU 
10  avoid: 

UaryUnd 

Exemption  of  wage*  from  axeco- 
Uon,  etc.: 

Alabiuuu  (O)., 

Arlzoiui „ ,,••-••••• 

Iowa 

Kuilflaii 

LOtUsULD/k  . 

NeliruflkA 

Forto  Ilico 

Tftniiawiee .   .  ...    

Factories. etc., lnsi>ectloti of.  {See 

Iiur-cccion-j 
Fees  lor  furiiJslilDB  employment. 
{Sf£     Emploj-mi'til,     forempo, 
etc  ,  licceptlng  Ices  for  fumlab- 
inp  ) 
KuUow-aen'onts.     \8ee    Liability 

nf  employers. ) 
Klnaacapcs  on  factories: 

District  of  Columbia 

I0W3 

Nflw  Jer-tcy 

P«nn«y)Tanlfl 

W'Mt  Vlrjdnlu 

Flreuwn,     irtottouur\.    »xaiiilna- 
tion.  et^* .  of.    (.Stc  Kxumiaa- 
tlon,  elc".  I 
Found'itirm  for  tba  Promolloa  of 
lDiliii1rt«l  Ppbw: 

fni;:     ■      ■-      •■  

Ktw  ;  '  mcni  oIDcea. 

(8ef   I  1   otflccK.) 

OamlthiTK'iH  VI  wnftM  ot  public 

emplo>-cea: 

ruh 

GuaMs  on  threshing  machloo*. 
Bt«.: 

Wliiconsln — 

Honeahocra.    pxumiruttion.   ft£.. 

of.     fSrr  Exatnlniitlon,  etc.) 
Hours  of  lMl>or  of  etilMrpn  ami 

women.     iStr  ClUldrvn.  etc.) 
Hours  of  labor  of  drug  cUrku: 

California.; 

Hours  ot  labor  of  employaaB  in 
hakfrlea: 
N«*w  Jersey 

V«w  York  (O)-.  

Rotirs  of  labor  of  pmptnyeiw  in 
IIPBrrnl  prnploymenta: 

Arkitn>iju -   

Hotirs  ol  Ubor  of  employaaa  lo 
miniw,  iimnltera,  etc.: 

Colorado 

Idaho... 

Miaaoiirl 

MoDtaiu 

Nwada  iD) .      

WyomluK  (D) 

noun  of  talK>r  of  employfws  no 
rallroo'lv: 

Arleona  ( Di 

Arkanuii.    ... 
ContwctioTil . 

Irallaua . 

Iowa . . 
Kaaau. 

lllnnaMtii 

MlaKtitrl 


BoOfltlB. 


No 


70 


n 


r«Bik 


WT 


712 
lOBS 

704 
lOSl 

3BS 


aaft.»o 

712.713 

1010-1018 

SAO 

914 


100,401 

154 

010,017 


904,006 

fl0»-700 
S40-3U 


S30 


asi 

•43 

10D3.1003 

too 

334,Ufi 
4&ft-457 


lOifi 
lOM 

sr; 

370 
27fl 

twi,iota 
an 


No.      ra«v. 


(5m 


Hours  of  labor  of  woman. 

WomMi.  etc.  J 
Hours  of  \a)iot  on  public  roads: 

IndLiiiii . ..  

Plilllppiup  Iblandit 

Hours  of  b:tK>T  on  public  wortta: 

Calif  omiii 

Caloru'io  I  £>) 

Hawaii 

tf aaaaohusetta .... 

Hon  tana... 

Nevada 

New  York 


BUUotHL 


Porto  Rico 

I'nlteU  SUWM  i.D) 

Immlgnitioii,  regulation,  eto.,  of: 
l>l)iwan' 


Tnltod  SUtes. 


ImmlfrmMnn. 


{See  iiho  AUoa 
-r.i 

If*.  (S«  Protwv- 
"«fl  OD  fttnwl  Tbll- 


Iticl- 
Wn\  >  J 

Industrliil  roKOO,  f'oundatloa  fof 
Ihfl  Promotion  of: 


IiUi 


■•s.  pul.illc: 

)  -liDdii 

Injuni-'i  (jiij'^ing  deatb,  right  of 
BCUon  for: 

Alabama  (D) 

Missouri 

Nevada 

Itotith  Pnrolhia  (0> 


m 

'  7A 

170 
I '5 

i..:t 
(>J 

oa 

70 
/S7 

in 

1 


loin:. 

for: 
Hawaii 

Mlaaourl 

Novada 

Hiouth  Carolina 

InspfwMnn  of  ttakerles: 

NfW  Jorwy , 

Nrw  York 

rcuDtfiiivaiita 

TnUMMMW 

luspectltm  of  faotorlaa: 
Alatiama  . .     ..... 

ContiPCtlnit 

lUlnoIii 

ln<I.'.inH  '(»>...... 


!•>.. 

I.  rlgUt  of  actlOQ 


61 
u1 

>  00 
04 


Uassacbuaatts. 
New  Jersey . . . . 


New  York, 


Pennsylvania 
Rhode  Island 
Waalilufttun.. 


Washlnpton  fl)).. 


^VIsPo^ftto.. 

tniwctlon  ol^*um  l«otlPn»; 

MAaHM''lii)Hittt«    . 


sn 


sas.aao 

45S-4S5 

aiu 

773 
Ul 

470 

MS 

714-717 

utn 

730 


400,401 


1090. 1001 

4.iO,  4A1 
44»~444 


74 

201 

7* 

1037 

03 

5W 

66 

900 

04 

004.005 

00 

4i».*r» 

AA 

3ai.3SB 

06 

303 

7J 

R17.81S 

m 

33a 

n 

KS4~«36 

ta 

U2-U4 

73 

ioi;^toi£ 

70 

700,701 

70 

764 

W 

00^1003 

ttJ 

711 

70 

708 

W 

101^1010 

a? 

/      713.713 

\      715-718 

CO 

f      4.W-#01 

(       <ti7-40O 

ttfi 

ssi-mc 

(ID 

713.714 

ff7 

WO  01) 

£0 

o»wo 

to 

OT,»22 

n 

3»l.3ti3 

07 

0W.IH7 

M 

109 

n 

f             TM 
i      771.^4 

71 

040 

l>4 

007 

.Mill.  A01 
774-7T0 


CUMXn-ATIVE  INDEX   OF   LA-BOR   LAWS.  1041 

CiuMtlaiivt  ituUx  of  labor  lawt  and  dee%non$  reltUiny  thereto — Continued. 


loapeetton  ot  ateam  rwBflli— Con. 

L'oltad  States 

Iiupectors,  lactory: 

Coiuwetlcut 

Illinois .,„.. 

ItlWA ,. 

Louisiana 

llftSMChlMPtU , 

New  Jrrany.... _.... 

Ohio 

Rhode  Island 

Iaii|irctoni,  mine: 

Arkanws 

Colorado 

lUlDOti 


iBdiUM... 

Kjuibm... 

Kentucky. 
Uichlgui.. 
Ulnncaota. 
Moauuu.. 
Wo«t  Vii^nia. 


Intpeetora.  ratlroAd: 
lUln 


lUlnols 

iDaiiranco.  aoddeat: 

lUinols 

Tnmiranoe.  cooperative: 

Maryland  (D) 

ijilemiKralc  omploycea  on  pabUc 
carrfi-ra: 

Vn-mnnt 

Inlrmp<Tnto  f»mployooa.  {SetaUo 

Int-  ■ 
Int>  t  I  oiDplosnnent: 

D) 

Illln'  1%  I  !'■ 

Louisiana 

WIflconain  (0) 

IntlmhSatlan: 


Connecticut  (D) 
Ctoh. 


InK'xIcutlngllaaor.  (Snhiqvor.) 
Intoxicutlan  of  employres: 

Indiana 

Vermont 

Wyoming 

Labeling  KoMa  unlanrfuily  roanu- 
factored: 

New  York , 

Labor  ac«nta.    {Set  Employnmnt 

oHUf*.) 
LalKtr,  Iturcan  oL  IStf  BurMo  of 

laVkor  I 
Labor  Day: 


MlasiaalppI 
wr  nrmmli 


Labor  nrKanlutlona,  bribery  of 

nrpr*'»cniath-e»  of: 

Nr-w  York 

Lalv^r  nrpAnirntiona,  inoorpora^ 

tir.'    -   i.ctc.ol: 


No. 


Bulletin. 
Pace. 


57 


57 


71B-730 

217 

ft2& 

712 

703. 7M 

«53 

lOIS,  1019 

383,  aM 

908 

353, 3A3 

1045-1048 

1070 

fl74-570 

872,273 

S7»-2St 

701-763 

678 


660-«n 
9U.913  ) 

1078 

1079. 107O 

689.1110 

390 


73}-n4 
£53-658 

7ft5 
«7»-0B0 
734-7i3 

081-684 
88^880 

73^734 

304 


375 

3011 
1095 


«1 


713 


718 


Liability  of  lunployvTB  for  injuriea 
to  oioployrca  — Cxindudwl. 

IlUnob  (D) IJJJ 


Indiana  (D) 

Iowa 

Io**(D) jSs 

m 

74 

OB 

73 
(M 
70 
76 


(D) 

K«ntacJcy  (D) 

MaoaochuaettB .... 
Masaacbuaeita  (D) 

MlnnoaoU  (Dl I  M 

HisalHlppl  (D) m 

MlanoHrf , M 

UooUna - 68 

New  York I  68 

fei 

Nrw  York  (D) 


Nortli  Carolina  <D}. 
Ohio 


Ohio  (P> 


Itilllpplnf  Iiiliinda.. 
South  raroUna(0] 

TenAeaiM(D> 

Tezaa 


TeJtaa(D). 


Virginia  (D) '(S 

Waahln^on  (D) \^ 

WmI  Virginia  (D) I  IS 

Wmconatn  <Ui 88 

Unlicd  fitatoa '  04 

1 108 

70 
UnitMl  SUtM  (D) '{71 

73 


iir.i...)  nompanleato 

■i'-ywfi: 


LiabUlTv.r 

worki 

Pn.i  '» 70 

LicMiai' ;  ■ '. piionof  mocluui- 

Icp,  "tv..  In»m: 

I<niil«iAna 57 

Liquor.  Nile  of,  to  cmi^yeot:        \ 

Hawaii j® 

Npw  llumpebira [  03 

Vtnnoni ,  60 

Locomotive  hnikTs,  loapection  of: 
Np^'  '   -■■■  I  64 

I^odcrtn-  'Ti' 

rni  ST 

Ifanufm  i'li'^i  :iiiiLk^  marking: 
('itlif<.miH   

!4(trr)Aj;i>.  ftc.  staiinttcs  of,  to  bo 

')rnti  - 

1  wom*>n  «>rtmlnga  of: 


>n   of,   from 


59 


748-746 


701 

334.338 

308 
568.  MO 

rvk 

907 

718 


4 


IV3 


li^2'  BULX^TIK  Oy  TH£  BUBEAU   OF  LABOB. 

Cumulative  index  of  labor  laws  and  decinons  reUuinff  thereto — Continued. 


BaUattiL 


No 


ULdc  rrs'iilatlotu: 

ATiE.013ft.,,-^--.^". -■'     T2 

ArlciLQH«#- :  1* 

urn 


mtnols. 


llUDOLft(D> 


ladiuu. «... 
IpdluaB  (D). 
lo« Ik, 


K«i£a£> 


KfiBtUClET 

Kentucky  (pj 

Miehjgan ^ 

UUlKllITi 

Nevada...... . 

Now  York,.,. 


05 
63 

in 

65 

67 
72 

QL 

71 

173 


Ohio 

OWo  {T». 

rennjiylvAitU  (D.i ............ 

TenDGsau  (D (..........._,. 

UUh. 

Weat  Virginia 

Wqat  Virginia  (Dl ,.,. 

Wjroniliig;.. ....,..__, 

WyoTtiiag  (Dk ....,., 

(See  ntso  Acrldmlfli  In  mlDoa; 

Inspeetors.  mltt^J 

Mia»!^  et?^,,  hours  Ml  liitn;»i'  of  em- 

n»oveeflIu.  (Sf*^  Hours  of  UTnor.) 

Uiaan.  *tc,.    Intoxlcfltlon   la   or 

Wyomlnjf. 

Kewjiboy  Jmv.    (Sre  rhlJdrpti,  em- 

pIo^Tn'ont  iif.  In  slffct  trudPHj 
Pft>Tfi*ni  of  wnges  duftUlst^liiirgfed 
empLn^'ves: 

ArkiinnMi  rn^ 

Paymeat  ot  waf^a  In  ecrip: 

Arlian^uft 

IndLiina I  Vi3 

M*»fl'puri(D) fl» 

Nevudji. la 

New  Moxleo...,, ■  72 

KflV  Yoric ii» 

fioath  C&rolifia...,.,. (iO 

T^X^f ,..,  I  (ra 

"WjiBhlnRtijD I  tir 

tlniPii  of;  I 

Ttidl^nJia** l~\ 

MMryUad....... ■  57 

Miis!i;ii-hii*etla..., {^ 

Ne*-  .Tpr^ej*. ...... ,__J  SS 

'I'cnriant . . , , , ;  71 

riiltftil  States  (D> tjO 

CoUpffldft .1  ne 

FtitnilMtr*.  eiiftiDlaSittdD,  eU\,  dF.  ^ 
(Sff-  fi:jCiL;tillluaitutl,  ntr.i  ' 

Preforunee  «ir  vtu^^va,    [Sef  W'^gtm 
VnjihtiK,    public,      (Se-:    I'nljUp 


FiMpe. 


QS.ttM 


214^216 
444-44Q 


5lje^^77 
aW^2T3 

TBl-TfiS 

579-£W 
1093 

A87 

«;ft,t70 

370 

77fl 

337 

318,319 

334-337 

1030, 1021 

«OS-filO 

tOBS 

3SP-^1 


1093 


GB0.70O 

3i^,3^1 
ItV43 

£711 
3£S»-3I1 

S«7 

4;i.*'2 

TH,715 

3^ 

ail,»12 


7D4.7nS 

77n 


330 


ProtActlon  of  fimplo^roea  &a  mam- 
bwfl  of  Ubor  otkiuiIchUoiu: 

Kansas  tD> ,._._., 

New  Yort  tD>... 


Uidt«d  5Ut«i  (Dl 


ProtAottoD  dI  »npto>'«ea  ua  volef  b: 

New  JeTMV--,, , ...,,..,. 

Praieelkto  of  0mplo>'v»  on  bulld- 


Crtnoedileiit 

lUlnoId.. , „.„ 

Kaji^As 

Ksw  York  (D) „.,,.. ....,,,.. 

WI«COOittl 

Prtitaetloo  of  Hoplo^eBi  on  etn»t 
r»llmy«; 

Dtitrkt  ol  ColumbU. . ........ 

LoiuistftOa 

UiJne. 

Uu8Hrhiiiett» 

llont  Ana ,.,..-.,...,...,....., 

New  Yorfc 

Ohio  .......    ., 

eoiJth  CnrDlttu 

Protcctlrin  nf  wtgiB»i 

Unltftd  ir^iutftA 

Ptibllo  print  log  office,  eraploj-ees 
Lq: 

KinnBafv. 

Fulillc  nrln([Djf  tP  1w  done  wit  bis 
tbe  8 late: 

Arlfflnau.. ...... 

PuliJIc  ^'nrlrn,  injurtw  of  eEniiLny<^ 
msofi: 

PhUlppinc  Iiilftnd!!....,_._  __,__ 


BoZtoUo. 


No  I     Pige, 


64 

70 
GO 

57 


New  York. 


rii1il!c   wnrka,  prpfi-trnt*   rf  do- 
nuistis:  luntfTlAls  tor: 

tfkunnri  (D*. 

New  Mexieo ....,.,.., ,  , , 

PiihUt  Wfirks,  prefenanc*  nf  ra-sl- 
dem  liifitirers  ou: 

M  n.^s]u;husGtta 

New  jUrin^lei^. .........__. 

Public  works,  T«i6mioii  af  ws^s 
al  eiiiployeas  on: 

CmlllnrTilii..,. 

Piiblii'  works,  vecrinafion  itf  t^it- 
ploTpp*  OH : 

Virginia 

UailroLLfJ  liriflKeSi,  elc; 

Vermont , ,, , .. 

Unllrnad  ■can7pnTiliM,  Ujildlity  nf^ 
fof  InjuriM  Irt  employeeiK    (Srr 
L]a!>lltty  M  employpra,  i 
Huilron'i  riBployi**,  rulBs  lor: 

Iniilnnn. 

HnilroHil  trtliift^  aiilliflaut  crew  re- 

qiilrpd  on: 

ArkiitiRftS 

IiirltiLmt... 

RuilrnjiiU, tttrldcnt!" on,    \Srr.  A<v 

Ra  Llrtiftd  K.  rt:»njH  riJPl  Ion  of  t*!!  1  lOfiM 
Mrs  cm; 

MnntiLTu 

Raltrftddj,  height  of  hrlilgestr^irps. 
c(r.,  over; 

Arhanau ,,«..,..... 

I«laho 

Iowa, ,...,,_,....,._,..._. 


311 

31?i-3Zl 


10^2.1063 

JOSS.  1084 

313.320 
915. 9i€ 


7ia 

703.704 

lOM.lO^ 

906.907 
777 
714 

711 

717, 71S 


ion? 

3M 

905 

470 


fi07-i"fl9 


lis 

330 

717 
715 


27^. 


1044 

21^.207 


U4» 


m4 

?T6 


OUirUlATlVE  INOKX  OF  LABQB   U^WS.  1043 

CuMitdaiivi  indtx  of  lahw  lawi  and  duitions  nhting  thereto — ContlniMHl. 


ids»    be^t    ot    brtdfai, 
I,  rtc.,  OTcr— CtfodtuMT. 

Kansfti 

Wrtiiont 

Wyoming 

RmUroAda,  hours  of  Iftbor  of  «m- 
ployou  on.     {See  Uours  of  1*- 
bor.l 
RnllroAds,  lUiterateemplftymsoii: 

Ohio 

Rallrottttfl,  lotoiupar&Uieiiiptojess 
on.  ( Srr  I  nt0iipc>ra1«  vmpkiymB 
on  public  c*nicr».  i 
JUlh-o«tls.  ufoty  applbuwM  on: 

Arkiinms 

Colorado  (Di 

UUaols 


IndUiUh... 

Utchlfr»n.. 
UituwMtt. 
llUsourt.. 


Ohio 

TCXA* 

Vennaal . . 
WtscoDBla, 


United  aut««(D) 

lUnroads,  ^eltars  for  worknua 


Arkuiau. 


RaOroads,  stnicturos  near  traoln 
of: 

Ohio 

R«Um  of  waiiiM  ot  emplojeea  of 
public  prtntlne  of&oe: 

IC»naw 

Bite*  of  w»ae»  of  uaplojrM*  oa 
public  woru: 

H«w»U w 

Nohnslca , 

NcrnfU 

New  York 

'VWit  of  Hotlon  for  Injuries.    (ffM 

inJiirlcA.) 
Sftfpty  ■ppllonrcs.    (Sre  Fire  e»- 
ckpo«  oa  foetorh^s:  Gitardii  on 
thrrehing    morhtnes,    etc.;  In- 
■prrtlotiof  fsctoriM;  RiiUroAfls, 
B&foty  appliancpj  on.) 
Saloons,  amplormfint  of  children 
and  arotnen  (a.    [Ste  Children 
uid  womrn,  rto.) 
Scrip.     (See  Fttynicot  of  wages.) 
Seamni: 

Philippine  Islands 

rnil*dtiUt<« 


Bollvtln. 


No. 


for  fcmolo  employeei: 

XenUicky 

Ixnildlona. 

Maryland 

PoiuujrlvauU 

'!''•' '"'•■C*!'*  .  , 


I 


I 


Slac 

r 

In- 
On 

mftlvn*U  for.) 


'nn  of: 

t<cctIonof.  iSer 
oxamlDntlon, 


Pa«». 


IftO 
7U 
1006 


J79 


l(l7S-lQm 

3ri7-aiMl 

27S.274 
1022,1023 

1035, loan 

384 

777-77» 

ae3 

715 
gt7.V18 
3W-309 

SS9-XI1 


8M 

aw 


sat.  381 


108S 


3B1 
1081 
1088 


304,»l& 
719 

237.288 
400 

TCI 

Till 


Bollfltiii. 


No. 


Stmt  railwayB.  boars  ot  labor  ot 
emplojefs  on.    {See  Ilmirs  ol 
labor,  et£.) 
Stiret  riillwayi.  prolKtlon  ol  eni- 
plojMs  on.    (Set  rrotMllonol 
employws.) 
Strwt  rallwttyc.  aatf  tr  spptlanora 
on: 
New  Hampshire 
Salts  for  wacea: 

CallfornCrr. 

Georgia 

New  York ,._.- 

Sundsj  Ubor: 

ConoeetScoi 


OwrglB  (D) . 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Indian* 

MAlne  (  D> . . 


Uasaarhuastt*. 


nhod«  Islimd  (D) 

Vlriflnla 

Sweating  system: 
M&rylmnd  (D)...* 
liaaaach  uaetts . .  .. 
New  Jeraer 


New  York. 


PonnsylranU 

T«l«ffTapb   operators,  etc.   rall- 
roid,  a^  of  employmcat  of: 

Nebraska 

Tvlefcraph  operators,  etc.,  rail- 
road. Iiotira  of  Uhor  of.  (See 
Hours  of  Ubor  of  employeea  on 
railroads.) 
Teli'graph  poles,  size,  height,  etc., 
of: 

W  yomlnp 

Tenant  tm!torlM.  (S»  IiupectloB 

n(  fartorica.) 
Tlmo  for  mrala  to  be  aUowec]  «»• 
ploypos: 

Louisiana 

PonnsylvBJiia 

Time  to  vote  to  be  allowed  em- 
ployeesr 

Arkansas 

Uosaachuaetta. . 

N«tiraskA .  - 

Ohio 

Tra<l«-marks  of  trade  unlona: 

Arkansas.. 

CalUomU 

CODDCCttCUt 

ConnDCtkrat  (D) 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

Now  Jersey. 

New  Jerfey  (D) 

OTk 


73 

M* 

«» 

3» 

64 

808 

n 

1053 

{S 

4S7 

343.344 

«z 

333,934 

72 

MS 

74 

V7 

(18 

221 

/57 

711 

aM 

87- 

881,883 

ao 

718,717 

SB 

OW-IOOS 

61 

108* 

88 

1015, 1018 

157 

T15-71S 

m 

4SM81 

05 

70 

J 

New  Ynl 

T■'■TlJ^ft•a^J» 


>  f  employoca  on  pub- 


f>>mMl  rlatms: 


n|,    (5m  A»- 


latlcMU  to  fix: 


.^        .  .     iptloo  of.    f.^**'  Vx.  \ 

KlUpUOU,  fCC.) 


— '  J^' 


Pave* 


IS 


icaOiK 


ioaa.u 


1044  BULLETIN   OF  THE  BUREAU   OF  LABOB. 

Cumulative  index  of  labor  law$  artd  dedtions  relating  thereto — Oonciiidet]. 


Bulletin. 

- 

Bulletin. 

Nd. 

Page. 

No. 

Page. 

"Wages  of  employees  on  public 
works,  retention  of: 

82 

72 
65 

330 

<t52 
851 

Woman  and  child  labor,  investi- 
gation of  : 
United  States. 

71 

63 

76 
(67 
175 

60 
72 

397 

Wages,  payment  of.    (See  Pay- 
ment, etc.) 

Wages,  rates  of.    (See  Rates  of 
wages.) 

-Warns,  refusing  to  pay: 

Women  and  children.    {See  Chil- 
dren and  women.) 
Women,  employment  of: 

Michigan..: 

o81 

Women,  hours  of  lal>or  of : 

Colorado(D) 

988-993 

Wagra,  suits  for.    (Sec  Suits  for 

wages.) 
WeU^lng  ooal  at  mines: 

Oregon  (D) 

877-«79 

Women,  night  work  by: 

New  York 

631-633 
469 

New  York  ( D) 

611-613 

INDEX  TO  VOLUME   16, 


'BrtttshTrartf  DIspotes  ActoflOOO IflB.lW 

1              '     rkmon's  CoiDpcotation  Act  of  1008 144-IJ8 

I  iliistrlal  Dlsputei  InvMtigiLtlon  Actof  |g07 l8»-ie7, 057-740 

'                   .on  Act  of  l«ai.  British  Wortawm'a 144-l« 

i'oniiM  n^'ilion  iicts.  fomign  workman's,  snmnuiry  of. ... .           ., .......,..-* 121-148 

Prrlslonfl  of  courts  affecting  labor: 
Antitrust  law— 

•-.   eomt'ituiUnnn  In  rPHtimlnt  of  !nt<>mtiiU>conim(  irf— lioyi-ott*. 622-A90 

"^^  PiEcvptlnn*  lis  to  Ubor  otiganUAtlons— const Ituilonaltty 633, AM 

r^*NvArMtrAtloQ  of  ibiwr  dlsputos— construction  or  Ag^rit^inNitf— vcope— JiKlgmcDt — conttrac^ 

Uonot  •trttule a06-J12 

Boycotts.     (Sre  Lm\>ot  organtuitioDs.) 

Contract.*)  of  4)inplo.<niu>nt- fruitfluh^Dt  ivTire6pnt«ttoD—«IToct  on  employrn' lUblltty MfMUQ 

ContraclK  of  pmptoyniriit  with  Intent  to  dofrsud— «dTaxicv»— pixouhmcnt  for  fRUun>  to 

repay— conrt  it  lit lonality  of  ^tattite 313-21V 

Eniploy(>r  and  einplovt-«'--rolAlloa  -studont    Hienuui— fraudulent    n*pn>Acnt*tlon»— vflicl 

of  lUWllty MMifid 

Eiiiplovon'  advancM,  rrpaymoot  of— fr»udalpnt  contracts— convlftatlonoJlty  of  atatutr..  2X3-218 
Employors'  llftMllty— 

ftotsof  vice  principals— sropi*  of  cmployTiicnt 11*04,1005 

employment  ol  ohUdren-agv   limit— dangerous  omployiaentt— eoaitltutlonaltty  of 

sUtut4j.. 2:».2« 

fcDow-wrvsnts — departmont-     '  -I'^idcnci^— cxctmIv^  danuigr* 1O(X>-1OO0 

Infection  fromdl9ea6rdiLnfnt.  ^'nt  Inspection— duty  of  cmployors lOOD-1011 

pan-nts'  right  to  sup  for  Idpv^  •  nicrs (iMi,067 

railroad  compimlc«— powers  <»i  fcfi.'nn  t^tovenunent— lnterstst«  coinn»pn»— conrtllu- 

UonaUty  of  rtatwlr . .  _ _ 216-230 

superintendent  acting  as  laborer— continuing  duty— parents*  right  to  sue  tor  lost  ol 

minor's  wrvkvH SMA.fiST 

•uperinteuilenl  acting  hs  laborer— question  for  Jury • ttC7-0N 

vice  principnl*— rharnct^r  of  act  as  tiwt.. -. * SSfi.Sn 

E:ianilnstton  and  llc«;n«lng  ol  barlMirs— constitutionality  o(  fltaltito 

Tloun  of  tabor  of  u'om^'n — 

delf<giitloii  of  U'(ct.«lutlvp  authority— constitutloDalUy  of  statute 

po>(c«powpr— constitutionality  of  Stat  utA flai-633 

In  jiiDct  ions- 
ground  s—proportv  rightfi— Interference lOll-iiiM 

mo«k>f>f  modlflcHtlon—vloUtlon— contempt— appeal 240-242 

publications  Inciting  violations— freedom  of  the  prpss 3iV>-2S8 

Intcrfermcc  with  employment  -  malicious  procurement  of  discharge— dama^M 1014-1010 

Lalior  organisations— 

^^^^njipllmtlon  for  ninmlwrslilp— qiullflcatkms — protsctloo  by  union -...,,..,.,,.,...  3Sfl 

.,„^^^  boyrof  (    <-oi''plnicy— injtmctlon „.„,..„ 244-340 

bov     —  '  nicy— "unfair  list«"-iniunctIon M-IM 

l>oy  Tiiition!«ln  n-Btrnint  of  Interstate  cninmerDe — antitrust  lav tt2-6M 

cspj.  ,:  \  for  vloLdtinnnf  Injimolton-  /ippt-als l(nfr-IOI8 

InjiiiK  iH'i)     t:n>uiids    proprrtv  rlfrdt  •    r^   -iricii 1011-1014 

InJiincitoTi— ino*Ic  of  raodlhcatlon-  nt** rapt— appeal 24(»-243 

— —  nvtraint  of  tni-lf — unlsTrful  assmi.^  ■ '1111(00 W4-I0O4 

right  to  organiM^— antltnist  law— cnii''i:tiiri..n.iHty _ ti3&,ilM 

^-^  Rtat<iHOf  unlucorporaled  assot^lAilons   suit  rnrdliaolutioa— utUawfulorgaiiiutioiis...  9M-iOM 

'^~«.  trudo  ogivmcntK — onfr»rpnTn<»nt— strikes— Injunctions 3SC>,3Q0 


4 


f  commit  Lee  to  contract— pa^Tnent  of  strike  benefit*— «on- 

1010.1000 

dsr— constltuttonallty  ol  statute ,.  243.243 

-    MnbororganlzatloDi— constilutloiulltyol  fUKUM...  GM-e4a 

Mce M8,344 

:i(ins: 


tntlv  agrv^'m^rtt  •- 
irrtl  of  liuxls  1. 
Payment  of  Wllgl^«-  . 
Protection  of  *«mplo\- 
Sundsy  lal)or— barb 
igRst  nf  mvnt  fon-lgn  stalls; 
Austria— 

Die  Arbeit sntnstcllunfrnn  imd  Anssperrungen  In  Ostorreich  wBhzvod  di«s  Jahres  1000....  M7-ft&9 

Die  VcrhiUtuLiso  in  d«T  KJelder-  und  Wisehekonfekilon IM-lfiO 

Belgium  - 

^Utlstlque  dea  OrtTosen  Bclgique,  1001-100& Wi3-W6 

Balgarfft— 

RtatUtlquo  des  PrLi  Uoyens  dns  Anlmaux  Dotneatlqim.  des  Prlncipanx  Articles  All- 
m^ntoinui  etdcw  SaJalres  dds  Onvrirrs  en  Bulgari*^  pendant  la  p^riodcdAcrnnale  \f&3^ 

IWa IW.,187 

Cansda— 

Rr  port  of  thH  Pepartraetit  of  Labor  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  for  the  year  ended 

.luiw.To,  loffi onB-mi 

lEeport  of  the  Royal  f  omintwion  00  a  Dispute  Rrapectttig  Uonrsof  Employment  b^ 
twrei)  the  l\cU  Telophnne  Company  ol  Canada,  Ltd.,  and  Operators  st  Toronto, 
Ontario Otl-«13 


1046  INDEX   TO    VOLUME   16. 

Digest  ol  recent  foreign  statistical  publications— Conduded.  _ 

France—  '^^8^ 

Los  Associations  Professlonnelles  Ouvriferos 199 

Rapports  suri' Application  des  Lois  Kf^lementant  le  Travail  en  1905 188-11)2 

Statlstique  des  Greves  et  des  Reoours  k  la  Conciliation  et  k  I'Arbitrage  Survenua  Pen- 
dant lAnnoe  1906 9S9-9M 

Germany— 

Jahrosberichte  der  Gewerbe-AulsichtslM&mtcn  imd  Bci^beh5rden  (tir  das  Jahr  1005 . . .  103, 194 
Relacbcri elite  Uber  Nordamerika  erstattet  von  Kommissarcn  des  K6nigiich  lYouszischen 

Ministers  f  iir  Handd  und  Gewerbe 613 

St reiks  und  Ausspemiagen  im  Jahre  1906 9G&-9ee 

Great  Britain- 
Accidents  that  have  occurred  on  the  Railways  of  the  United  Kingdom  during  the  year 

1905 Cia-61S 

Annual  Report  of  ihe  Chief  Inspector  of  Factories  and  Workshops,  for  the  year  1906. . .  G15-G1S 

Illustrations  of  Methods  of  Dust  Extraction  In  Factories  and  Workfhops 615 

Report  on  Strikes  and  Lockouts  and  on  Conciliation  and  Arliitratlon  Boards  In  tbe 

United  Kingdom  in  1906 »T(^•«77 

Safeguards  for  the  Prevention  of  Aoddants  In  the  Uanufacture  of  Cotton 619 

lUiy- 

Casa  Sane,  Economiche  e  Popolari.    Comune  dl  Veoesla 106,i9>7 

Statistica  Industrlale.    Riassunto  delle  NotUle  suUe  Condlitoni  IndostriaU  del  Regno.  194-196 
New  South  Waiea— 

Tenth  Annual  Rq)ort  of  the  Department  ot  Labcx-  and  Induatrr.  for  tbe  ^ar  andad 

December  31, 190B 610-621 

Ruasift—  ^ 

Statisticheskj'ia  s'l'edema  o  Stacbkakh  Robochykh  na  Fabrikakh  I  Zavodakh  sa  desi&- 

tllletle  1895-1904  goda 977-965 

Western  Australia- 
Report  of  the  Royal  CoounUsl<Hi  on  the  Ventilation  and  Sanitation  of  Mines 621 

Digest  of  recent  reports  of  State  bureaus  of  labor  statistics; 

Illinois 592-594 

Iowa 170-172 

Maine 173-174 

Maryland 178-177 

MassachusetU 935-943 

Michigan 177-181 

Missouri 505-507 

New  York 507-003 

North  CaroUna 943-946 

Ohio 181-18S 

Pennsylvania G02-fiO6 

Virginia «)&-«« 

Employers' llabUIty  in  the  United  Stales 1-120 

Induatrial  Disputes  Investigation  Act  of  1907,  Canadian 159-107,657-740 

Industrial  hygiene 472-^501 

Laws  relating  to  tabor.    {See  Cumulative  index  of  labor  laws  and  decisions  relating  thereto, 
pages  1037  to  1044.) 

I>egal  liabilitv  of  employera  for  injuries  to  their  employees.  In  the  United  States 1-120 

Opinions  of  t>ie  Attorney-General  on  questions  ailectlug  labor: 

Eight-hour  law— extraordinary  cmei^nclos— jetty  work 198-200 

Immigration— 

contract  labor— skilled  laborers- Insufficient  supply 200-202 

promise  of  employment— payment  of  passage — State  intervention 202-305 

Prices,  wholesale,  1«C0  to  1907 283-471 

Strikes  and  lockouts: 

Austria,  190f. 947-952 

Belgium,  1901-1905 953-9G8 

France,  1906 9oit-9(i4 

Germany,  190«i 9i.3-9tl9 

Great  Britain.  ICOii 970-977 

Russia,  1H95-1904 977-9H5 

Trade  Disputes  Act  at  lOOfi,  British KiH.  IW 

Unemployed,  what  is  done  for  the,  in  European  countries 741-934 

Wholesale  prices,  1««  to  liW? 2K3-471 

Workmen's  Comiwosaiion  Act  of  I90«i,  British 1 44-158 

Workmen's  oompeosatloa  acts,  foreign,  summary  of 121-143 


LEADING  ARTICLES  IN  PAST  NUMBERS  OF  THE  BULLETIN, 


No.    1.  Private  and  public  dt^bt  lu  the  United  States,  by  George  K.  IIt>lines. 

Employer  aud  euLdo^-ee  under  tha  cdqiuiou  law.  bj  V.  11.  (.Minsted  aniX 

a.  D,  I'VsiitMiden. 
No,   2.  The  poor  colonies  of  Ilollaud.  by  J.  Howard  Gort'.  Pb,  D. 

The  industrliil  rovolntiou  lu  Jaimn,  by  Wlllium  Kk-rny  CurriR. 

Kotrj*  ro[n'fniiii|f  the  mouey  of  the  rnitwl  Smtes  ami  other  countries, 

by   \V.  ('.   Hunt. 
Tb«'  wwilth  and  receipts  and  e^tponnes  of  the  Vnlted  Mfates,  by  W.  M. 

Steuart. 
Industrial  comumnitles:  Conl  Mining  Co,  of  Anzln,  by  W.  F.  WlUougbby, 
ludustrUil   coniiuuultles :   Cool   Bflutng   Co.  of   Blnuxy.   by   W.   P.  WU- 

louBhby.t") 
The  sweat  inK  Hysteuj,  by  Henry  Wlllte.C) 
Convict    hii»or. 
IndiiHtrlni  I'tiuiiuunltles;   Krupp   Inw  and  Steel   Works,  by  W.  P.  Wll- 

iuii^l>y. 
Indu-^rUl   cnnunimlfles:   FainlUsi&re  Society  of  iintae,  by   W.  P.  WU- 

I'>utfhby. 
Cooperative  dlstril^ntion.  l»y  Edwa|-d  W.  Heiul».  Ph.  I>. 
InduHtrini  coiuuiiinitieH:  N'arious  commuulUes.  by  W.  K.  Wlllougliby. 
Rtxtffl  of  watp.'ft  IMiid  under  public  and  private  (^Mintract,  by   Blthell^ert 

Stewart. 
Conciliation  mnl  arbitrntlou  In  the  Iwot  and  shoe-  iTidnflfry,  t>y  T.  A. 

Carrnii.C) 
Railway  relief  departiiietit^,  by  Kniory  K.  Jobnwin.  V\i.  !>.{'*) 
The  padn'no  system  and  paOmne  t)ank.s,  by  John  Koren.l") 
The  Dutch  Soi'letT  for  General  Welfare,  by  J.  Howard  Hore,  PU.  D.(«) 
CondltS'iu  ("f  ibe  Nejrro  In  vari(»ii5i  cities. (*») 
Bnlldlu*^  and  l»un  aswK'iatlons.C') 
Workers  ai  KaLuful  occupations  at  ceiiflusea  of  lfl1X>,  ISSO,  and  1800,  hj 

W,   C.   Hunt. 
Pnbllc  bnths  In  Riiroi>e.  by  Bdwnrd  Sfnasey  Hnrtwell,  Ph.  D..  5T.  D. 
!No.  12.  The   iuKpoi'tUm  of   ftieiurles   and    workBhops   In   the   Tultefl    StxiteH,   by 
,  W.  P,  Winouwliby.(^» 

I  Mtitua!   rljchtB  and  dutli-s  of  parents  and  children,   gnardlanBhIp»  etc, 

I  under  the  law.  by  P.  J.  fltlm.son.t") 

I  The  mnriiripal  or  ct»opei-ative  rosiauiimt  of  ijrenolde,  France,  by  C.  O. 

I  Wai*d.<") 

The  untbrucUe  mine  laborers,  by  O.  O.  Virtue.  Ph.  D.(«) 

The  Nejfioe*  of  Parmvnie,  Va. :  A  »oclaI  study,  by  W,  E,  B,  Da  Bois, 

Ph.  n.cn 
Incon  .  and  ren1?»  In  MontTH*nl,  by  Herbert  Pirowa  Ames,  B.  A.(*) 

Unanl  .md  tlubs  for  woriiing  wnnnMi.  by  Miiry  S.  FerguKSKtn.C) 

The  ti- ...I  label,  by  Jobti  <!raham  HrnnkH-t") 

Alaskan  gold  fields  and  opiKirtnnltie**  for  cnpltnl  and'  labor,  by  9.  C 

Dunham. 
Brotherhood  relief  and  Insurance  of  railway  employees,  by  E.  U.  John- 

Hon.  Ph,  I), 
The  nutlouH  of  Antwerp,  bv  .T.  Howard  Gore.  I'h.  I>. 
Wnjrrs   In   the   t'nlted   Staten  and    Hnrope,   ISTO   to   180S.(°) 
AlaHknn   i:old  fields  and   opportunities   for  capital  nud   inlMir,  by  8.  O. 

Dunhaun") 
V,.«  ■•'   ■  -Mof  and  benefit  nssoclaiTons  In  the  prltitlng  trade,  bv  W.  S» 

S'a^20*  C"  ■  ''f  railway  Inbor  Id  Burojfe.  by  Waller  E.  Weyl,  Ph.  D, 


Na 
No, 

3. 
4. 

No, 

5. 

No. 

tJ. 

No, 

7. 

No. 

8. 

No. 

IK 

No.  lO. 

>:o. 

n. 

No.  13. 
I*o.l4. 

No.  in. 

No.  10. 

No.  17. 

No.  18. 
No.  10. 

«  BuUviUi  out  of  ptiat. 


-  0-21.  ^^broktns  to  Earope  and  the  United  States,  by  W.  H.  Fatteraon, 

-  o.  22.  ^efit  features  of  AxQerican  trade  nnious.  by  Edward  W.  Bemia,  Ph.  !>.(•) 

^ne  Negro  io  the  black  beJt;  Soine  social  sketches,  by  W.  E.  B.  Dn  BoiL 

Xo  2a    ?**?**  *"  ^-^**"'  France,  1870  to  389G.(«) 

*    ■«•  Attitude  of  women's  clubs,  etc^  toward  social  economics,  by  £Uen  IC 
Heurotin.<«) 
The  production  of  jaiier  and  pulp  In  the  United  States,  from  January  1 
,.^  o*    «  *^  ^""*  3^'  18SI8.(«) 
V    5r'  *^*at*««cs  of  citie8.(«) 

x-ft  ^*  f,'*'"^*«»  'abor  laws:  Great  BriUin  and  France,  by  W.  F.  WUlougaiby.(«) 
AO.  JO,  Protection  of  workmen  lu  their  employment,  by  S.  D.  Fessenden. 
-,     „    Foreign  labor  laws :  Belgium  and  Switserland,  by  W.  F.  WUloughby. 
^o.2i.  Wholesale  prices:  18«0  to  1801).  by  Boland  P.  Falkner.  Ph,  D. 

Foreign  lnl>or  laws:  Germany,  by  W.  F.  Wlllonghby. 
A0.2S.  Voluntary  conciliation  and  arbitration  in  Great  Britain,  by  J.  B.  Mc- 
Pherson.C) 
System  of  adjusting  wages,  etc^  In  certain  rolling  mills,  by  J.  H,  Xatt-(«) 
Foreign  labor  laws:  Austria,  by  W.  F.  WlUonghby.<«) 
A0.25).  Trusts  aud  industrial  combinations,  by  J.  W.  Jenks,  Ph,  D, 
The  Yukon  and  Non»e  gold  regions,  by  S.  C.  Dunham. 
I^bor  I>fly,  by  Miss  M.  C.  de  Graffenried. 
Ko.  30.  Trend  of  wayes  from  ISOl  to  liXK). 
Statistics  of  cities. 

Foreign  labor  laws :  Various  European  coimtries,  by  W.  F.  Wlllougbby. 
Ko.31.  Betterment  of  industrial  conditions,  by  V.  H.  Olmsted. 

Present  status  of  employers*  liability  in  the  United  States,  by  S.  D. 

Fessenden. 
Condition  of  railway  lal>or  In  Italy,  by  Dr.  Lnigi  Einaudl. 
^0.32.  Accidents  to  ]al>or  as  regulated  by  law  In  the  United  States,  by  W.  F. 
WUloughby. 
Prices  of  commodities  aud  rates  of  wages  in  Manila. 
The  Negroes  of  Sandy  Spring,  Md.:  A  social  study,  by  W,  T,  Thorn, 

Ph.  D. 
The  BiitlKli  workmen's  comi^ensation  act  and  its  oiwratlon.  by  A.  M.  Low. 
No. 33.  Foreign  labor  lawn:  Australasia  and  Canada,  by  W.  F.  Wlllonghby. 

The  Hrltlsli  conspiracy  and  protection  of  pr<>i)erty  act  and  Its  o|>eration, 
by  A.  M.  Ix)w. 
No.  34.  Ijilxir  conditions  in  Porto  Klco,  by  Azel  Ames,  M.  D. 

Social  ecronomics  at  the  Paris  Ex|K»sition.  by  Prof,  N.  P.  Gilman. 
The  workmen's  comi)eu8ation  act  of  Holland. 
No.  35.  Cooperative  conminnlties  in  the  United  States,  by  Rev.  Alexander  Kent. 

The  Negro  landholder  of  (Jeorgia,  by  W.  E.  B.  Du  Bois.  Ph.  D. 
No..%.  Statistics  of  cities. 

StutlKtics  of  Ilonohiln.  H.  I. 
No.  37.  Itiiilwav  employees  in  the  T'nited  States,  by  Samuel  McCune  TJndsav. 
Ph.  D. 
The  Negroes  of  IJtwalton,  Va.:  A  social  study  of  the  "Oyster  Negro," 
by  William  Taylor  Thorn,  Ph.  D. 
No.  38.  Tjihor  conditions  In  Mexico,  by  Walter  E   Weyl,  Ph.  D. 

The  Neproes  of  CInclare  Central  Factory  and  Calumet  Plantation,  I-a,, 
by  J.  Bradford  I,aws. 
No.  30.  Course  of  wholesale  prices,  1S90  to  1001. 

No.  40.  Present  con<litlon  of  the  hnud-working  and  domestic  Industries  of  Ger- 
many, by  Henry  J.  Harris.  Pb.  D. 
Workmen's  comi>ensjition  nets  of  foreign  coimtries,  by  Adna  F.  Weber. 
No.  41.  I^bor  conditions  In  Ciibn.  by  Victor  S.  Clark,  Ph.  D. 

Beef  prices,  by  Fred  C.  Croxton, 
No.  42.  Statistics  of  cities.(«) 

Ijibor  conditions  of  Cuba.(°) 
No.  43.  Ileiwrt    to   the   President    on   anthracite   coal    strike,    by    Carroll    D, 

WrlRht.C) 
No.  44.  Factory  sanitation  and  labor  protection,  by  C.  F.  W.  Doehrlng,  Ph.  D. 

•Bullethi  oat  of  print. 


?io.  52. 
No.  53. 

No.  5J. 


No.  CO. 
No.  01. 

No.  Q2. 


No.  (W. 
No.(W. 

No.  00. 

No,  C«. 
No.  07. 


No.  OS. 


Cnurso  of  wbolewilp  prices,  1800  to  lf»02.  [ 

Keport  of  .•Viithrnt'ite  ConI  Strike  C'-^ntinlKAlon. 

Keiiorc  of  tli*?  rouimlBsioner  of  Labor  ou  llnwoll. 

Farm  colouies  of  the  SalvAiiou  Army,  by  ('oiiiuiaiuler  Bootti  Tucker. 

The  Negrr^es  nf  Xeiiia.  Ohio,  by  Klchuid  It.  Wright,  Jr.,  B.  D. 

Cost  of  living. 

I^iibor  conrUtiouB  In  New  Zenland,  by  Victor  S.  Chirk,  Ph.  D. 

T,Mln>r  unious  and  Uritlsh  indiiBtry,  by  A.  M.iurltx*  l^tw.C* 

Ij>u<1  vnlwos  iiiul  ownerKhlji  In  I'hlladelphla,  by  A.  F.  rMvles.C) 

f'oiir«*.'  of  w'bnlofyUe  prlcoR,  l^'JK'  To  IIHXJ. 

The   nniou   mnvemeut   auioug  coal-miue   workers,   by   Frank  J.    Wnrue, 

Vh,  D. 
Child  labor  lit  the  t'alted  States,  by  Hauaah  R.  Scwall,  Ph.  D. 
Wages  and  cost  of  living. 

The  working  of  tbe  United  States  Bureau  of  r^hor.  by  Carroll  D.  Wright. 
Bureaus  of  Htatlstics  of  Inbor  in  the  I'nlted  States,  by  O.  AV.  W.  Hanger. 
Bnreaua  of  ytutlHlk-K  of  Inbor  in  foi-eign  coiiutrlen,  by  O.  W.  W.  linnger. 
The  value  and  intlnence  of  Inbor  statistics,  by  Carroll  V.  Wright. 
strikes  and  lw.*koats  in  the  United  States.  1881  to  1000.  by  G.  W.  W. 

Hauger. 
Wages  in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  1890  to  1003.  by  G.  W.  W. 

Ilnnger. 
CoHt  i.f  living  and  retail  prices  iu  the  United  States,  ISOO  to  llKW,  by 

O.  W.   W.   Hanger. 
"Wholrsule  prlees  in  the  United  States.  If^Hi  to  1903,  by  G.  W.  W.  Hanger. 
HuMKlng  of  tbe  working  iieo|)Ie  lii  the  United  States  by  employerst  by 

a.   W.   W.   Uaugor. 
Public  bnthR  In  tbe  T'nltwl  Stntea  by  G.  W.  W.  Hnnger. 
Trnde  and  tetlinlcal  ediieatlon  iu  the  United  PtateH. 
Hnnd  and  machine  labor  la  the  Unlteil  States. 
Labor  legislation  In  tbe  United  Stati-s.  by  G.  A.  Weber. 
T^bor  conditions  In  Hnwitll. 
Bnildlug   tind   louu   a^^H.iatIous   In   the   United   Siaten,   by  G.   W.   W. 

Hanger.  C) 
Influence  of  trade  iiulous  on  Immigrants,  by  Carroll  D.  Wright. 
I^bor  conditions  in  Australin.  by  Victor  S.  Clark.  Ph.  D. 
Course  of  wbolesrtip  prices,  181M)  to  IIIO-I. 
Street  railway  employment  In  the  United  States,  by  W«It**r  K.  Weyl, 

Ph.  D. 
State  Co*ii»erative  Accident  Insurance  Fund  of  Maryland. 
I^bor  conditions  In  the  I'hlMpplneft,  by  Victor  S.  Clark,  Ph.  D, 
Labor  coudltlous  In  Java,  by  \  Ictor  S.  Uliirk.  I*b.  D. 
The  new  RtiPSian  worktnguieu's  compensiillon  act,  by  I.  M.  Kublnow. 
Wnge8  and  hours  of  labor  In  manufacturing  industries.  ISVMt  t'»  1!M!M. 
Hetail  prices  of  food,  ISIM*  to  KtfM. 
Tjiw8  relating  to  chilil  labor  iu   Kuro|>ean  countries. 
Goveniment  Industrial  arbitration,  by  Leonard  W.  Hafch,  A.  M. 
T^bor  conditions  hi  Porto  Ui(0.  by  Walter  R  WeyK  Ph.  D.C») 
Karly  organlzntionR  of  iirinters.  by  Ethclherl  Stewart. C*) 
Munlciiml  o>Tiiersbip  In  Great  Britain,  by  Frederic  C.  Howe.  Ph.  D.(") 
Conciliation  In  the  stove  Industry,  by  John  P.  Frey  and  John  R.  Com- 

UlOMH.t*') 

Ijiws  relating  to  the  employment  of  children  Iu  the  United  Statea.(°) 

Course  ((f  wliolesale  prU'es,  ISOO  to  1!X)5. 

Conditions  of  living  among  the  iK>or.  by  S.  E.  Fortnan. 

Benetit  features  of  British  trade  unhins,  by  Walter  E.  WeyK  Ph.  D. 

Wages  and  hours  of  Uihov  In  niaiinfactorlns  Industries,  ISOO  to  11K)5.(") 

Retiill  prices  of  food.  iSJtO  to  1!:k>5,(«) 

Third  rpiK)rt  of  the  Commissioner  of  I^bor  ou  Hawaii. 

Conditions  of  entrance  to  the  principal  trades^  by  Waller  1*1  Weyl,  Ph.  D., 

and  A.  M.  Saknlski.   Ph.  H. 
Cost  of  Industrial  insnrnnee  In  the  DiBtrlot  of  Columbia,  by  8.  E.  Forman. 
Free  public  employment  offices  h»  the  United  States,  by  J.  E,  Conner, 

Ph.   D. 
Laws  of  foreign  conntries  relattug  to  employees  on  railroads,  by  I.lndlcy 

D.  Clark,  A.  51^  LL,  M. 


■  Ballcttn  out  of  print. 


No.  69.  Wholesale  prices,  1890  to  1906. 

No.  70.  The   Italian   on  the  land:  A  e^dy  In   Immigration,   by   Einlly   Fogg' 
Meade.  («) 
A  short  history  of  labor  legislation  In  Great  Britain^  by  A.  Maurice' 

Low.(«) 
The  British  workmen's  compeusatton  acts,  by  Launcelot  Packer,  B.  Ii.(*) 
No.  71.  Wages  and  hours  of  latnyr  in  mannfacttirtng  Industries,  1890  to  1006. 

Retail  prices  of  f6od,  1800  to  1906. 
No.  72.  Italian,   Slavic,   and  Hungarian   unskilled  immigrant  laborers  in   the 
United  States,  by  Frank  J.  Sheridan. 
Economic  condition  of  the  Jews  In  Russia,  by  I.  M.  Rubinow. 
No.  73.  Laws  relating  to  the  employment  of  women  and  children. 

Laws  relating   to   factory   inspection   and   the   health   and   safety   of 
emploj^ees. 
No.  74.  The  legal  liability  of  employers  for  injuries  to  tiieir  employees.  In  the 
United  States,  by  Lindley  Di  Glark.  A.  M..  LL.  M. 
Foreign  workmen's  compensation  acts. 
No.  75.  Wholesale  prices,  1890  to  1907. 

Industrial  hygiene,  by  George  M.  Kober,  M.  D. 

•  Bulletlti  oat  of  print. 


DEPARTMENT  OP  OOMMEUOK  AN1>  I.ABOH 


BULLETIN 


OF  THK 


BUREAU  OF  LABOR 


No.  T6-MAY.  1908 


ISSl'KI)   KVKRY   OTHER  MONTH 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMBNT    PBIXTINa   OTFIOB 

1908 


CONTENTS. 


Page, 
rriie  Caundiau   Industrial   Disputes   luvestlgntion   Act  of  11J07,  t)y 

Victor  S.  Clark,  Ph.  D (i57-740 

"What    Is    done    for    tbe    uueuiployed    in    European    couutrU's.    by 

W.  D.  P.  Bliss 741-034 

I)ipest  of  recent  reiwrts  of  State  bureaus  of  labor  statistics: 

Massachusetts !»35-!M3 

North  Carolina m3-»40 

Diciest  of  recent  foreign  statistical  iml>Hcations 1)47-085 

Decisions  of  courts  affecting  labor 1KSO-102(> 

I-a\vs  of  various   Stjites   relating   to   labor.   enartLiI    sint-e   January 

1.  10O4 1021-1030 

Ounuilative  index  of  labor  laws  and  decisions  relating  thereto 1037-1044 

Index  to  volume  10 1045, 1040 

III 


3   tA  J   ' 


'   M 


.  •  i» 


4DIAN    INDUSTRIAL    DISPUTES   ACT   AUG  gf  19v. 
iHPLOYED  IN  EUROPEAN  COUNTRIES 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE  AND  LABOR 


BULLETIN 


OF  TBS 


QREAU  OF  LABOR 


No.  TG-MAY.  1908 


]«ftl-El>  EVERY   OTUBR   MONTB 


WASHINGTON 

GOTERNHENT   PRINTING   OVFICB 

1908 


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