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BUHR B

PROTERTY OF

ARTES SCItNIiA VERITAS

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„. 1

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Bulletin No. 3. 1902. Mycological Series, No. i

BULLETIN

of the

LLOYD LIBRARY

BOTANY, PHARMACY AND

MATERIA MEDICA

J. U. & C. G.^ LLOYD
CINCINNATI, OHIO

MYCOLOGICAL SERIES, No. i

THE GENERA

GASTROMYCETES

»
Illustrated with 49 Figures

By C. G. LLOYD

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INTRODUCTION,

feleiiee Ubnry

laOO

Fungi, the larger fungi, are divided into two
classes, 1st, the Basidiomycetes, which have the
spores borne free on a basidia ; 2nd, the Ascomy-
cetes, which have the spores borne in a sack called
an ascus. In this pamphlet we have to deal only
with part of the first class.

The Basidiomycetes can in turn be divided

into two very natural classes, 1st, the Hymenomy-

cetes, those that have the spores exposed and free

from the beginning, or at least from a very early

state ; 2nd, the Gastromycetes, those that develop

the spores in cavities or chambers 7m'Mn the tissue of

the plant. We are aware that these divisions are

not in keeping with the very latest authorities which

primarily divide the Basidiomycetes into sections

based respectively on septate or nonseptate basidia, but we believe that

these latter divisions while possibly theoretically correct, tend only to

confuse matters excepting to the advanced and expert student.

It should not be inferred from the above that in order to recog-
nize the Gastromycetes it is necessary to study the nature of the ba-
sidia, or make other minute anatomical examination. As a matter of
fact, the merest tyro soon learns to recognize on sight the various
phalloids, bird-nest fungi, and various kinds of ''puff-balls" consti-
tuting the GastroT'iN ' etes .. .li iliey were well classified before their
anatomical ^triiv'M'c-^ w^rc '. >\vn

Terp^.- isi'i i;i ilu. (:esm])tion of the Gastromycetes.

Fisr. 1.

ft — k bftsidioin, b«ftring spores,
b— in ftscus, contaimng spores.

Pi'inDIUM.

"^•'t 1 oil (.1 ' Ji, tn ' • '; o the spore mass of a gastromyces
'St\';K ! >i, -^ ..\''\ '.;. T , : . - ,n the different genera, the simplest
Ij '^<. xo a simple, uniform layer such
as surrounds the spore mass in the
accompanying cut of Scleroderma.
(Fig. 2.) Usually however, the peri-
dium consists of two distinct layers,
called the outer peridium or exoperi-
dium and the inner peridium or endo-
peridium. In Geaster, the outer
peridium is thick and when the plant
(*) ripens it splits in a stellate manner
separating from the inner peridium
and becoming more or less reflexed.

(*) In speaking of the "plants" it will be observed that we do not use precise language for
what we call the "plants" are really the fruit bodies, compound spirophores, of the fungi, corre-
sponding to the fruit of flowering plants, but it seems more natural in a work intended largely
for general distribution to call a "puff-ball" or a "toad-stool" a plant than a fruit body. The
vegetative portions of fungi, corresponding to the stem of flowering "plants" are thread-like
growths called the mycelium, that permeate the soil or rotten wood, and which in reality bear
the fruit bodies, or sporophores, that we have chosen here to call plants. '

Section of ft Sclerodermft.

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(See Plate 8, figures.) In Lycoperdon, Bovista, and many genera, the
outer peridium is a thin, friable coat, often bearing spines or warts.

As the plant matures this membrane usually
peels off and disappears. (See Fig. 3.)
When the outer peridium is of this nature
it is called the cortex. In the genus Mi-
tremyces the outer peridium is a thin mem-
brane covered with a thick gelatinous mass.
(See Plate 5, Fig. 29.) As the plant ripens
this thin membrane breaks into little pieces
which curl up and fall off carrying the thick
gelatinous coat with them. Allphalloids
^ are in the young state enclosed in a thick,

^ gelatinous membrane corresponding to a

Fijc. 3. peridium, and called the volva. The outer

A Ljooperdon with the cortex pwiing off. peridium of Mitremyccs is also usually
called the volva. The phalloid is only enclosed in its volva during its
young or ''egg'' state. (See Plate 1, Fig. 16.) When the plant grows
the volva is ruptured at the apex, and remains as a cup at the base of
the plant. (See Plate 1, Fig. 15.)

THE STEM OR STALK.

Many genera of Gastromycetes, (Lycoperdon, Bovista, etc;,) are
entirely destitute of any stalk or stem, but other genera (Tylostoma,
Queletia, etc.,) are characterized by having the peridium borne on a
distinct stalk. The base of the peridium of Lycoperdon, (see Plate 10,
Fig. 45,) or Calvatia, is often contracted into stalk-like appearance, but
must not be confused with the true stem of such genera as Tylostoma.
Stalked gastromycetes are readily divided into two tribes : Tylos-
tomeae in which the stalk is entirely distinct from the peridium
and Podaxineae in which the stalk is continuous, forming an axis
reaching the apex of the peridium.

THE GLEBA.

The inside of an immature puff-ball is filled with a white fleshy
mass of soft cellular matter called the gleba.

Our study of the Gastromycetes has been confined to the mature
specimens in our collection, but it will not be amiss to give the de-
^^elopments as recorded by De Bary, (whom we have for the most part
copied in some sentences literally) Tulasne, Corda, Berkeley and others
to whom we are indebted for our knowledge of the minute structure
of the gleba. At first it is simply a cellular mass, but as the plant
grows it gradually assumes the form of a tissue of minute chambers.
The chambers of the gleba are in countless numbers, usually too small
to be seen by the naked eye, and are narrow, irregularly curved,
branched cavities, separated from one another by their curved plates

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of tissue which anastomose with^one another in every direction. In
the accompanying cut (Fig. 4) the chambers of the gleba can be seen
with the eye (if the printer does justice to the cut); the chambers
of the sterile base are very large and evident. The walls of the

Fisr. 4.

Section of a jonng Ljcoperdon.

Fi^, 5.

in ideal enlarged chamber of the gleba of Geaster.

chambers consist of layers of branched hyphae bearing a hymenial
layer on both surfaces which line the interior walls of the cavities.
The hymenial hyphae terminate in basidia bearing usually foiu- spores.
The figure which we give herewith (Fig. 5) taken from Engler &
Prantl, (originally from Tulasne) of an enlarged gleba chamber illus-
trates this structure. In this figure the hyphae constitute the thread-
like tissue forming the walls of the chamber, the basidia are seen to
bear four sessile spores.

In Scleroderma, Geaster hygrometricus, Polysaccum, and in
certain other genera, all the hyphae which enter a chamber are elon-
gating, copiously branched, and woven together into a loose mass fill-
ing the chamber. (Fig. 6.) Plants possessed of this structure form

Fis. 6.

Basidia (enlarged) of Scleroderma.

the order Plectobasidineae of Fischer, but we think even if theoretic-
ally correct, it is not a matter of policy to classify plants by minute

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anatomical differences which only an expert microscopist can trace and
concerning which the ordinary student knows nothing excepting that
which he reads.

BASIDIA.

If we believed in the German
scheme of classification we would con-
sider the basidia the most important
part about a gastromyces and all
other characters subservient to them.
We are told that the basidia are of
various shapes and that in some plants
they form a lining to the gleba cham-
bers. The way the spores are borne
on the basidia is also characteristic;
in Geaster they are almost sessile ; in
Bovista the spores are borne on long
stalks called sterigmata ; in Tylostoma
and Mitremyces they are almost ses-
sile and lateral. The number of spores
also vary from four in Lycoperdon
to a dozen or more in Mitremyces as
shown in our cuts. These cuts copied
Ftg. 7. Basidia. f rom Eugler & Prantl were originally

SZcttr d-MiSSS'jces. from several authors. {*)

THE RIPENING OF PUFF-BALI^.

One of the most curious phenomena in connection with these
plants is the change that takes place when the spores ripen. As the
young plant grows the interior is a solid, white, firm, fleshy mass. When
it reaches full size and ripens the tissues deliquesce, become moist,
discolored, the tissues of the tramal chambers are absorbed and disap-
pear, and finally the water dries away, leaving the peridium filled with
a dry, dusty mass, usually consisting of slender threads and countless
multitudes of ripe spores. This is now called the spore mass and the
threads capillitium. The phenomenon of ripening in all Gastromycetes
I believe is attended with deliquescence and absorption of more or less
of the hyphal elements of the gleba, but the walls of the chambers do
not in all genera disappear.

(*)We have given thus the detail of the minute structure of Gastromycetes a* it is the basis
of modem classification. Personally we do not approve of it. Assuming that it is the correct
theory the time is not ripe for it. The basidial structure of comparatively few species is known.
With by far the greater part of them and many genera the basidial structure is only conjectural.
It seems to be the tendency of some writers to select the most obscure and difficult points on
which to base classification. This has one advantage, it gives an air of greater learning. For
our part we feel that a system based on points of difference of the mature plant obvious to the
student, is more satisfactory and rational. To our mind there is no room in any Statural system
of classification for the Nidulariaceae between Astrseus (admitting the genus for argument) and
Geaster. no matter what their basidial structure may be.

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PERIDIOLES.

In the Nidulariaceae or * 'bird-nest fungi' ' the walls thicken and
each chamber remains as a separate, little seed-like body enclosing the
spores. This is called a peridiole. (See Fig. 8.) In Arachnion the

Fig. 8.

Seotion (enlarged) of a Gjathus,
showing peridioles.

Fig. 9.

Poljsaceam with npper portion broken off,
showing peridioles.

* *puff-bair ' is filled with sack-like peridioles appearing to the eye as
grains of sand. In Polysaccum (see Fig. 9) the peridioles are large
and only partially separated from each other, the interior of a broken
plant having the appearance of being honeycombed. In Scleroderma
the walls of the gleba chambers are more or less permanent in the diff-
erent species. In some specimens of S. bo vista they remain almost
perfect and approximate Polysaccum. In most species of Scleroderma
however, only fragments of the walls are mixed with the spores.

CAPII^UTIUM.

The threads that are contained in the spore mass of various
Gastromycetes, though absent in many genera, are characteristic in
each genus that has them, and are important factors in classification.
How much longer I do not know, but certainly as far back as 1876, the
peculiarities of the capillitium of the different genera were described
and illustrated by Hesse.

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There are two distinct types of capillitium threads. 1st, the
threads are long hair-like strands, simple or more of less branched

and interwoven, (see Fig. 11) pro-
ceeding from the inner walls of the
peridium or the columella of the
plant. 2nd, the threads are rela-
tively short and branched, each
entirely separate and distinct from
the other (see Fig. 10), though
the branches are usually inter-
woven, and have no connection
with the peridium or columella.
The latter type is characteristic
Fig. 10. of Bo vista, Bovistella and Myce-

A capiUitium thread (mapiified) of BoTista. nastrum. Threads of the first type
are usually broken into short fragments in the ripe spore mass, but
are readily distinguished from those of the second type by the blunt
ends of the fracture. Threads of the 2nd type when perfect run out
in all directions into sharp pointed branches. (*)

Fig 11.

Gapillitiam of Tjlostoma. (magnified.)

Capillitium threads have varying character in different genera.
In Calvatia they are long, branched, and interwoven. In Catastoma,
mostly broken in short fragments. In Tylostoma often septate. In
Mycenastum they bear little spiny processes. Usually they are col-
ored, sometimes hyaline.

The hyphal strands that persist as capillitium are shown by
Tulasne as penetrating and passing through the walls and chambers
of the gleba. We can readily understand this structure in such
genera as Lycoperdon where they are attached to the peridium or
columella, but the exact attachment is obscure to our mind where they
are ' ' separate threads ' '

(*) Capillitium threads are relatively large microscopic objects, often visible to the naked
eye and reaaily examined under low ( i inch lens) magnifying power. By simply pressing a frag-
ment of spore mass on a slide the nature of the threads can usually be readily made out. To se-
cure separate threads of Bovista type put a little spore mass in a small vial half filled with
alcohol. Agitate violently and pour the alcohol over a clean slide, and separate threads can be
readily floated out.

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SPORES.

The ripe spores of Gastromycetes are readily examined under a
microscope (}^ inch power is the best) and afford characjters useful in
distinguishing species. Some spores are smooth, k)me spinulose;
more are globose but some are oblong or oval. They vary also in size
and in color. Some spores are borne on the basidia on long sterigmata
(see fi^. 7c) which as the spores ripen persist attached to the spore and
are known then as pedicels. (See Fig. 14.) The value of pedicellate

Globose spores of Mitremjoes
latescens.

Fig. 1.3.

Oblong spores of Mitrem jces

Fjgr. 14.

Pedicellate spores of Bovista

cumftDariniis.

spores as a specific character is a disputed question. I am convinced
that in some species the persistence of the pedicel depends on the stage
of development when the plant is collected as I have found pedicellate
and non-pedicellate spores in different plants of same species and of
same collection. Massee says the pedicels of spores of old herbarium
specimens are always broken off, hence the character of no value. We
know however, that there are certain species such as Bovistella
Ohiense, Bovista plumbea, in which the pedicellate spores are con-
stant and persist for years, and we feel that in such cases the character
is of value, even if it does disappear with age.

STERILE BASE.

In Lycoperdon, Calvatia and other genera, all portions of the
gleba are not fertile and spore bearing. The lower portion called the
* 'sterile base" consists simply of sterile cells or threads. The ''sterile
base" has been made a character to distinguish genera, Globaria of
recent writers being simply Lycoperdon devoid of a sterile base. While
it is a good primary character to divide the genus Lycoperdon, there
are all shades of development from species with none at all, through
species with very little, to species with it strongly developed, and I
feel that it alone should not be held of generic importance. Several
species shed their spores but the sterile bases persist through the win-
ter and are often picked up for perfect plants. Bosc described and
illustrated Calvatia cyathiformis on such a remnant, thinking it was
a perfect plant.

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HISTORICAL.

As previously stated, we do not believe in the recent German
classification of Gastromycetes based on minute anatomical differences
such as basidia. A natural system drawn from characters found in
the mature plants has been evolved gradually, can be readily under-
stood, and plants can be identified by anyone with little trouble. There
is no department of mycology where there is so much confusion as in
the Gastromycetes, and it is a most puzzling task to try and trace the
species through the writings of the various authors. While it is ne-
cessary for us to study the history of the plants, we do not attach the
importance to solving these old time puzzles that we do to the study
of the plants themselves. Saccardo's Gastromycetes is probably the
poorest compilation of all his volumes. Sclerodermas, Mycenastrums
and Bovistellas; Bovistas, Catastomas and Globarias,* are all jumbled
indiscriminately together and often the same species appears under
two or three different names. Absence of illustrations, or crude at-
tempts at it on the part of authors, are responsible for much of this
trouble. Endeavors on the part of authors, such as Fries and Persoon,
to classify species that they know nothing of, on these crude illustra-
tions further contributed to the confusion. In our pamphlet we shall
make no attempt to compile genera or species that we have not in our
collection or have not seen and studied. Most of our specimens have
been submitted to Bresadola and Patouillard, in our opinion the best
authorities in the world.

In our country there have been three important workers with
the Gastromycetes, Peck, Trelease and Morgan. Prof. Peck wrote an
account of the New York species of I^ycoperdon which appeared in the
32nd Report (1879). This is a very plain description of the species
that he had seen and studied as they grew, and is one of the best ac-
counts that has appeared. Those who live in the Eastern section of
our country, can take this old monograph and make out most all the
Lycoperdons that they find. Practically the same paper, to which was
added a compilation of species described which he had not met, was
published in the Transactions of the Albany Institute under the title
of * 'United States Species of Lycoperdon." A paper on **The morels
and puff-balls of Madison (Wise.)," by Prof. Trelease, appeared (1889)
in Transactions of Wisconsin Academy of Sciences. This article gives
evidence of great study and research, and the conclusions Prof. Trelease
reached are mostly maintained at the present day. Unfortunately, the
paper is illustrated by most miserable figures.

Prof. Morgan has probably done more work on the Gastromy-
cetes in this country than any other man, wrote four papers on the
subject that were published in the Jotirnal of the Cincinnati Society of
Natural History (1889 to 1892). The field was not completely covered
as the work was not completed. Morgan made a critical study of the
internal structure, especially the capillitium of **puff-balls," and estab-
lished several new genera that are universally recognized.

(♦) Using the term for convenience for I^ycoperdon without sterile base.

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OLASSIFIOATION.

Gastromycetes can be readily divided into four families widely
differing from each other as to the nature of the mature plants.

FAM. 1.— PHALLOIDEAE.— PHALLOIDS. • Plant fleshy,
enclosed in a gelatinous volva when young. The gleba deliquescing
and becoming a mucilaginous (generally foetid) mass.

Phalloids are noted for the foetid odor that they have and for
their bazarre shapes. They force themselves to the attention of the
most unobserving and are often called such appropriate names as Stink
Fungus, Stink Horns, Dead Mens' Fingers. Our most common spe-
cies are Phallus duplicatus, and Phallus Ravenelii. In the South,
Clathrus columnatus.

FAM. 2.— NIDULARIACEAE.— NEST FUNGI. Plants
shaped like little cups, opening at the top, and containing a number of
little seed-like bodies (peridioles) . They look something like little
birds' nests and are often called * 'Birds-nest fungi." Crucibulum
vulgare and Nidularia striatus are our most common species.

FAM. 3.-HYMEN0GASTRACEAE.-HYP0GEAI. FUNGI.
Peridium indehiscent; gleba cavities permanent, not resolved into a
mass of spores; capillitium absent.

This family is mostly subterranean like the true tubers or truf-
fles. Harkness has recorded many species from the Pacific Coast, and
we have seen three from the section east of the Mississippi. It is
probably that many occur but have been overlooked on account of
their subterranean habits.

FAM. 4.— LYCOPERDACEAE.— PUFF BALLS.— Ripe peri-
dium enclosing a mass oi dry spores, often mixed with capillitium.
Sometimes the gleba walls persist forming peridioles, but in those
cases the peridioles are filled with a mass of dry powdery spores.

The largest and most frequent tribe of Gastromycetes and em-
bracing all the families known as * Tuff-balls."

GENERA OF LYOOPERDAOEAE.

For the time being we will pass over the genera embraced in
the first three families and enumerate the genera with which we are
familiar, of the ''puff-ball" family. We would divide the plants into
four tribes.

TRIBE l.—TYLOSTOMEAE.— Plant stalked. Stalk dis-
tinct from the peridium. Capillitium present.
Peridium opening by an apical mouth,

Volva indistinct, adherent, Tyi^ostoma.

Volva cup-like, Chi^amydopus.

Peridium circumscissal, Battarrea.

Peridium opening irregularly,

Volva none, Quei^KTia.

Volva thick, permanent, Dictyocefhalos.

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TRIBE 2.— PODAXINEAE.— Plant stalked. Stalk con-
tinuous to the apex of the peridium forming an axis.
Gleba with irregular persistent chambers,

Peridium, club-shaped, Cauloglossum.

Peridium, round or conical, Secotium.

Gleba with sinuate, lamellate plates, . . . . Gyrophragmium.
Walls of the gleba chambers not persistent, , . . . Podaxon.

TRIBE 3.— SCLERODERMEAE.— Plant not stalked, or stalk
short, confluent with the peridium. Capillitium none.*
Peridium of a single layer,

Walls of the gleba chambers persistent forming per-

idioles, Polysaccum.

Walls of the gleba chambers most disappearing or

only partially persistent, Scleroderma.

Peridium, double.

Outer peridium, thin (a cortex) Arachnion.

Outer peridium, thick, gelatinous, .... Mitremyces.

TRIBE 4.— LYCOPERDEAE.— Plant not stalked. Spore mass,
dry spores mixed with capillitium.

Tribal Alliance 2. — Geastrae, — Earth Stars. — Peri-
dium double, outer peridium thick, persistent, splitting into seg-
ments and recurving.

Mouth, one, Geaster.

Mouths, several, Myriostoma.

Tribal Alliance 2. — Bovistae, — Tumblers. — Outer peri-
dium thin (cortex mostly peeling off). Inner peridium firm or papery.
Mature plant loosened from place of growth.

Capillitium of separate threads, with slender pointed

branches, ... Bovista.

Capillitium of separate threads bearing spiny points,

Mycenastrum.

Capillitium threads broken into short fragments with

blunt ends, Catastoma.

Tribal Alliance 3. — Lycoperdae. — True Puff Balls. —
Outer peridium thin (cortex, mostly disappearing.) Inner peridium usu-
ally flaccid. Plants normally remaining attached to place of growth.
Capillitium of separate threads with slender pointed

branches, Bovistella.

Capillitium long threads more or less broken in fragments,

Peridium, opening by definite mouth, Lycoperdon.
Peridium, irregularly ruptured, no lining mem-
brane ... . . Calvatia.

Peridium, irregularly ruptured, furnished with a

lining membrane, Hypoblema.

*Basin£r the Tribe thus for convenience on the absence of capillitium. it embraces widely
diverging genera, but we prefer to do this at least for the present rather than to multiply the
tribes. Mitremyces is the type of a good tribe, Arachnion perhaps of another.

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ILLUSTRATIONS.

We present herewith eleven plates illustrating the various
genera. We expect to publish from time to time, pamphlets describing
and illustrating the species of each genera.

Acknowledgement of Sources of Illustrations.

Fig. 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, copied from Engler&Prantl, (originally from various
sources.)

Fig. 20, copied from drawing by V. S. White.

Fig. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 42, Microphotographs by Dr. Edward Thompson.

Fig. 9, 36, 87, Specimens from Mrs. Delia Sams, New Smyrna, Florida.

Fig. 17, 18, 85, Specimens from Simon Davis, Boston, Mass.

Fig. 21, 40, Specimens from A P. Morgan, Preston, Ohio.

Fig. 22, Specimen in collection of L. M. Underwood.

Fig. 23, Specimen from Dr. Wm, Herbst, Trexlertown, Pa.

Fig. 24, 26, 32, 49, Specimens in ElUs' Collection, New York Botan-
ical Garden.

Fig. 25, Specimen from C V. Piper, Pullman, Washington.

Fig. 27, Specimen from 1,. A. Greata, I/3S Angeles, Cal.

Fig. 30, 46, Specimens from Fred. J. Braendle, Washington, D. C

Fig. 31, Specimen from Prof. A. J. McClatchie, Phoenix, Arizona.

Fig. 38, Specimen from Caroline A. Burgin, Philadelphia, Pa.

Fig. 39, Photograph from Fred. J. Braendle, Washington, D. C.

Fig. 41, Specimen from E. Bartholomew, Rockport, Kan.

Fig. 48, Specimen from Mrs. Eugene Wright, Hubbard Lake, Mich.

Fig. 4, 48, Specimens from Geo. E. Morris, Waltham, Mass.

Fig. 2, 3, 15, 16, 19, 28, 29, 33, 34, 44, 45, 47, Specimens collected
by author.

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PLATE 1.

Pig. 16.

Section of 9^. Mutinas slegans.

Fig. 17.

Section of Rhizopogon Inteolus.

Fig. 16.

Mutinas elegans.

Fig. 18.

Rbisopogon Inteolus

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PLATE 2.

Pig. 20.

GhlMnjdopus claTativ.

Fig. 19. NidulariA striatos.

Pig. »l.

Tjlostoma Terracosum.

Fig. 22.

Battarrea GriffitlLsii.

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PLATE 3.

Fig. Sfi8.

Queletia minbilis

Fig. 24.

Caaloglossmn transTersariiun.

Fig. 26.

Secotiiun aouminatum.

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PLATE 4

Diotjocephalos earratos. (Reduced one-third.)

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PLATE 5.

Fig. 27.

GTrophrag^iain Delilei. (Not perfect, vanting Tolra.)

Fig. 28.
inclinion albam. a— plant, b— teetion.

Fig. 29.

Hitremyces oinnabannos.

if^'.^i

Fig. 80.

Hitremyces lutescens.

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PLATE 6.

rig.8«.

Catastoma subtorranea.

Fig. 88.

Catastoma drcomscissa.

Pig. 81.

Podaion Farlovii.

Fig. 84.

BoTistelia Ohiense.

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PLATE 7.

^"W

Fig. 86.

Soleroderma Terracosom.

Fig. 86.

Poljsaccnm crassipas.

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PLATE 8.

Fig 37. Hjriostonui coliforme.

Fig. 40. Geaster hygrometricus.

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PLATE 9.

File. 41.

Hjoenastnun spinnlosiuD. (Section.)

Fig. 42.

Gapillitiam of Borista. (Magnified 80 diam.)

Fig. 43.

Bomtapila. (Mature.)

Fig 44.

Bovista pila. (Young.)

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PLATE 10.

Fig. 47.

Lycoperdon oruciatam.

Fig. 4&.

Lycoperdon musoorum.

Fig. 46.

Lycoperdon pseudoradicans.

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PLATE 11.

Fig. 49.

Hjpoblema pachjdei

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INDEX TO FIGURES

Illustrating: Families and Genera.

Family Phalloideae, Plate 1, Fig. 15 and 16.

Family Nidulariaceae, *' 2, ** 19.

Family Hymenogastraceae, . . . . . . . " 1, ** 17 and 18.

FAMILY LYCOPERDACEAE.

Arachnion, Plate 5,

Battarrea, . . . .
Bo vista, ....
Bovistella, . . .
Calvatia, ....
Catastoma, . . .
Cauloglossum, . .
Chlamydopus, . .
Dictyocephalos, .
Geaster, . . . ' .
Gyrophragmium ,
Hypoblema, . .
Lycoperdon, . .
Mitremyces, . .
Mycenastrum, . .
Myriostoma, . .
Podaxon, . . . .
Polysaccum, . .
Queletia, ....
Scleroderma, . .
Secotium, ...
Tylostoma, . . .

ite 5,

Fig.

28.

" 2,

( (

22.

" 9,

< <

42, 48 and 44.

" 6,

( (

34.

" 10,

( (

48.

" 6,

'< I

32 and 33.

" 3,

< (

24.

" 2,

( (

20.

" 4,

< (

26.

" 8,

( (

38, 39 and 40.

" 5,

( (

27.

" 11,

( (

49.

" 10,

( (

45, 46 and 47,

" 5,

29 and 30.

" 9,

< <

41.

" 8,

< (

37.

" 6,

((

31.

" 7.

I (

36.

" 3,

( (

23.

" 7.

( (

36.

" 3,

( (

26.

" 2,

((

21.

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t>oo

Bulletin No. 5. June, 1902. Mycological Series, No. 2

BULLETIN

of the

LLOYD LIBRARY

BOTANY, PHARMACY and

MATERIA MEDICA

J. U. & C. G. LLOYD
CINCINNATI, OHIO

MYCOLOGICAL SERIES, No. 2

THE
GEASTRAE

Illustrated with 80 figures

By C. G. LLOYD

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GEASTRAE.

We have classed the Geastraeas a sub-tribe of the Lycoperdeae,
the essential^jchjf acters of which are plants sessile, spores mixed with
capillitium. (See **The Genera of Gastromycetes, p. 11.)

Geastrae differ from the other Lycoperdeae in having the outer
peridium thick, permanent, and when the plant ripens the outer peri-
dium peels away from the inner, splits into segments and becomes
more or less recurved or spreading.

THE MYCELIUM.

There are two distinct types of mycelium. Most Geastrae de-
velop under the ground and the mycelial threads proceed from every
portion of the outer peridium binding it to the soil. This is the usual
type of most Geaster mycelii. In some species however, (see Fig. 57)
the mycelium proceeds only from the base of the plant, and has the
appearance of large cord-like roots.

THE OUTER PERIDIUM.

There are three distinct layers forming the outer peridium of a
Geaster and they are quite evident to anyone who will closely observe
them.

1st, the mycelial or outer layer,

2nd, the fibrillose or middle layer,

3rd, the fleshy or inner layer, also called the CoUenchyma.

The Mycelial Layer. — This derives its name from the
fact that in many cases in the growing plants, mycelium threads
proceed from all parts of it and bind the plant to the surrounding
soil. In plants of the section Rigidae it is fragile, and so closely
attached to the soil that as the plant expands it tears away from
the mycelial layer which remains attached to the soil. In herbar-
ium specimens (see Fig. 8) of Geaster hygrometricus and others of
the Ri^ldae^ the outer peridium appears smooth, the mycelial layer
having entirely disappeared. In most Geaster s however, the mycelial
layer remains more or less firmly attached to the fibrillose but the de-
gree of attachment in different specimens, otherwise the same, is of no
importance, merely a condition. In Geaster limbatus, most of the
specimens have the two layers adnate but we have specimens that have
the mycelial layer only slightly attached at the extremities of the seg-
ments, and specimens also where it has entirely peeled off. In some
species, (fornicatus coronatus, radicans in particular) the mycelial
layer remains as a cup, the fibrillose layer separates and arches up,
tearing away, except at the tips of the segments which remain at-
tached. Species with this character are called fornicate, and as it
seems to have been supposed to have been the character of only one
species called fornicatus, several have been confused under this name.
As a matter of fact quite a number of species have this character in a
more or less perfect degree. All Geaster s have an outer layer which

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for uniformity we call the mycelial layer, though inaccurately so-called
in cases like G. radicans where the mycelium is basal.

The Middle or Fibrillose Layer. — This is usually the
thickest and principal layer of the outer peridium and in many her-
barium specimens is the only one that remains, the outer and inner
layers having peeled off and disappeared. Its nature varies much in
different species. In the Ri^idae it is firm, thick, strongly incurved
when dry, and strongly hygroscopic. When the plant is moist the
segments reflex, and they curl in again when dried, and the process
can be repeated as often as the plants are moistened and dried. Fig.
5 represents a dried plant as found in the herbarium, Fig. 6 is the
same plant after having been moistened. All Geasters are to an ex-
tent hygroscopic and the simplest way to make a crushed specimen
assume its normal shape is to place it a few minutes in a jet of free
steam which puffs them out plump and natural. The photographs
of many of the specimens we present would not be supposed to be
the same specimen we received. In most species of Geaster the
fibrillose layer instead of being firm as in Rigidae is to an extent
flexible and in the only specimen we have seen of **G. turbinatus" it
resembles parchment paper.

The Inner or Fleshy Layer — ^This layer differs very much
from both of the preceding. When the plant opens it is thick, soft,
fleshy, usuall}^ white or pinkish. As it dries it almost always turns
dark reddish brown, dries down to a thin adnate layer, or splits up
and peels off entirely or partially. A photograph of a Geaster taken
with this layer fresh is quite different from the photograph of the dried
specimen of the plant. Sometimes instead of drying down to a
thin layer, if exposed to the weather it thickens, becomes spongy,
torn. This is particularly the character of the fleshy layer of G. ru-
fescens. In many species if specimen of the plant be dried when it
first opens, the fleshy layer remains as a thin red adnate layer, whilst
if left exposed to the weather the layer peels off and disappears entire-
ly. Specimens collected in these different conditions appear like dif-
ferent plants. Sometimes the fleshy layer separates from the fibrillose,
and remains as a kind of cup at the base of the inner peridium. This
is purely an accidental character and while present in many specimens
(see Fig. 47) is absent in others. It is the basis for such species as G.
triplex, and made the key character in Saccardo. While we consider
G. triplex a good species, it is on entirely different points from this
feature, from which it receives its name.

Fig. 60 shows a specimen of G. coronatus in which a portion of
the fleshy layer in peeling off has chanced to tear in a circumscissile
manner and dried as a separate ring, which being too small to slip over
the inner peridium remains as a loose collar at its base. It is needless
to say that this is purely accidental and might never occur in another
specimen.

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THE INNER PERIDIUM.

The inner peridium of Geasters is generally dull, flaccid, soft.
It is either globose or more or less ovate, often tapering to the base.
Sometimes it is pedicellate, sometimes sessile and this feature is a pri-
mary character in several authors' classification. I do not however,
feel that it is of primary importance for I think the length of the pedi-
cel, in some species, is dependent largely on the extent that the outer
peridium is reflexed or drawn away from the inner. Geaster rufescens
I believe varies in having the inner peridium sessile or distinctly
pedicellate.

The Mouths of the Inner Peridium are of three types. 1st,
not defined but simply a torn aperture; 2nd, distinct, usually conical,
but even. 3rd, strongly sulcate. I think Geasters are more strongly
characterized by their mouths than by any other feature. In addition
some Geasters have the mouths seated on a definite circular area
strongly marked, and differing in shade of color from the balance of
the inner peridium. Such mouths we call definite. In others the
mouth is conical and distinct but is not marked with a definite area. Such
we call indefinite. While the various species are characterized by
having in general definite or indefinite mouths we think it is not rare
that individual plants of a species usually having indefinite mouths
may have a definite mouth or vice versa.

In addition to these characters above we read of * 'dentate"
mouths especially in connection with G. rufescens, and such a mouth is
clearly shown on Schmidel's drawing. We believe however, that it is
purely in error, and as that error has been handed down in our descrip-
tions for 150 years it is time we were rid of it.

We also read of fimbriate mouths, especially in connection with
G. fimbriatus. Most Geasters of the even-mouthed series have ap-
pressed hairs around the mouth, and when the plant is old and weather
worn these hairs become frayed and take on a fimbriate appearance,
but that it is a character, I do not believe.

We have seen specimens with an even mouth, rimose, and ap-
pearing at first sight as if sulcate. That is simply the result of the
way the plant dries and its occurrence is rare. It was from such a
specimen Schaeffer (1761) drew his figure on which G. coronatus (forni-
catus of many authors) was based, and hence the error that persists for
140 years that ** Geaster fornicatus has a sulcate mouth." No forni-
cate species of Europe has to my knowledge a sulcate mouth.

** Pectinate" mouth is a term used in connection with Geasters.
A pectinate mouth would be composed of narrow segments set parallel
like the teeth of a comb. Such mouths are often shown in illustra-
tions, as in Chevallier's cut of **G. minimus" and in Massee's beautiful
but inaccurate figures of Geasters in the Annals of Botany. We do
not think that such a mouth occurs in nature but are exaggerated
conceptions of sulcate mouths. A plant with a sulcate mouth might
have the divisions broken apart and thus become ''pectinate," but we
have never seen one and do not believe they occur.

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CAPILLITIUM.

With the exception of the anomalous species, hygrometricus, the
capillitium of Geasters consists of long unbranched threads that pro-
ceed from the columella and inner surface of the peridium.

The capillitium, in some species at least, is more firmly attached
to the peridium and columella than usual in most Gastromycetes. Cut
open a Geaster, shake out the spores, and with a hand glass abundant
capillitium can be seen proceeding from both columella and peridium.
Fragments of these threads are mixed with the spores, and these frag-
ments as seen under the microscope are usually simple, cylindrical and
tapering. The relative thickness of the threads as compared to the
spores, we give in our descriptions as a matter of form. We place
little value on it however, as the threads as well as the spores may
vary in thickness.

SPORES.

With the exception of the anomalous species, hygrometricus,
the spores of the species we have examined are very similar, all glo-
bose, all slightly warted, all about 3-5 mc. in diameter. Some are
slightly larger than others, some slightly rougher than others, but the
differences while evident by contrast are not sufficient to determine
specific characters. Cooke describes species from Australia with
"smooth" spores. We have never seen a perfectly smooth spore in a
Geaster. G. hygrometricus can be known at once by its large rough
spores 8-12 mc. in diameter.

The color of the spore mass of Geasters affords no distinction as
it does in other genera. We find no species with pronounced olive or
purplish spores. The usual color is a dark brown deepening to black.

COIvUMEIvLA.

In our opinion one of the most striking points of difference be-
tween species is the shape of the columellae, which varies from ovate,
globose, or filiform. To study the columellae however, the plant should
be examined just before it expands. After the spores ripen the colum-
ellae usually become indistinct. Vittadini seems to have been the only
author who has observed and illustrated the columellae in his plates.

SHAPE OF UNEXPANDED PLANT.

If we knew the shapes of the unexpanded plants, the best pri-
mary division of the genus would be in two sections. Plants with un-
expanded forms, globose (see Fig. 41) and plants with unexpanded
form, acute (see Figs. 48, 77). Unfortunately, however, we only know
the unexpanded form of a few species, simply from lack of observation.
We call attention of collectors especially to this point that in gathering
Geasters it is particularly important to secure a few unexpanded plants
or to make a note of their form. We hope should we issue a second
edition of this pamphlet that we may have the data, and not be forced
to admit our ignorance on this character of many of the species.

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CLASSIFICATION.

The Geastrae consist of only two Genera, Myriostoma with but
a single widely distributed species, and Geaster of which we are fa-
miliar with 22 species, and know imperfectly several others.

Geaster hygrometricus differs from other species widely in its
internal structure It has no columella, (neither has other species)
the capillitium is branched and interwoven and in mature specimens
scanty as compared to other species ; the spores are larger and approx-
imate the spores of Scleroderma, and the spore mass closely resembles
to the eye that of a Scleroderma. In De Bary's Morphology (English,
1887, pp. 313 and 314,) the points are clearly brought out. Morgan
(1889) proposed for it the name Astraeus. Desveaux had many years
before (1809) proposed the same thing andCorda (Icones Vol. 5) elabor-
ated it, only they retained the name Geaster for this species, proposing
to change the other species to Pleastoma. We do not feel that Geaster
hygrometricus ought to be separated from other species which it so
closely resembles in general appearance that it was for years confused
with them, and which to-day frequently requires the use of the micro-
scope to distinguish from other species We certainly do not think it
ought to be put in a different order (we do not use the word natural)
as Fischer proposes, and if we did we would not put Nidulariaceae
between it and Geaster.

KEY TO GENERA.

Mouths and pedicels several Myriostoma.

Mouth and pedicel one Geaster.

MYRIOSTOMA OOLIPORMIS.

Exoperidium usually recurved, cut to about the middle to six
to ten lobes; if collected and dried when first open rather firm and rigid;
when exposed to weather, becoming like parchment paper by the peel-
ing off of the inner and outer layers. Inner peridium, subglobose. sup-

Fig. 1. Fig. 3.

Mjiiostona coliformis. Mjriostoma ooliformis.

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ported on several, more or less confluent, pedicels. Surface minutely
roughened ; mouths several, appressed fibrillose, round, plain or slightly
elevated; Columellae several, filiform, probably the same in number as
the pedicels ; spores globose, roughened, 3-6 mc. ; capillitium simple,
unbranched, long, tapering, about half diameter of spores.

• ♦ •«

Fiff. 3. Fiff. 4.

Mjriofitonu eoUformis (section showing columallu.) Myriostoma ooliformis, (spores magnified.)

The inner peridium with its several mouths can be, not inaptly,
compared to a '* pepper-box." The specific name is derived from the
latin colum, a strainer, and the old English name we find in Berkeley
**Cullenden puff -ball" refers to a cullender (or colander more modern
form) now almost obsolete in English but meaning a kind of strainer.
This plant is first mentioned by Doody (in the appendix to Ray's
Syn. 2nd Ed., 1696.*) Dickson (f) 1785, beautifully illustrated the
plant and as it is such an odd plant it has never been confused in litera-
ture. Dickson called it lyycoperdon coliforme. Persoon (Syn. 1801) re-
fers it to Geaster, and Desveaux (1809) proposed for it the genus
Myriostoma. At the present day it is generally known as Myriostoma
coliformis, though some writers (strangely to our mind) still continue
to call it Geaster coliformis.

Geo^raphioal Distribution.

In Europe the plant is reported from England, Holland, Germany, and
Poland, and develops abundantly m the sandy plains of Hungary. In England it
is a very rare plant. In this country species were sent to Chas. Peck from Colo-
rado. We have it from Dakota and abundantly from Florida.

Specimens in our Collection.

Florida, (many specimens) Mrs. Delia Sams.
Dakota, Black Hills, Prof. T. H. McBride.
Hungary, magnificent specimens. Dr. Iv. Hollos.

Explanation of Figures.

Figs. 1 and 2 plants natural size ; Fig. 3 Section showing columellae; Fig. 4
Spores magnified 450 diameters. Specimens all from Mrs. Delia Sams, Florida.
All figures in this pamphlet are natural size unless otherwise specified. All
micro-photographs are by Dr. Edward H. Thompson.

(*) The previous citations of Ray to Merrett (16(57) is more probably a Geaster.
(t) Fasc. Plant, Cryp. Britaniiiae.

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GEASTBR.

Exoperidium thick, divided into sections and usually recurved
away from the inner peridium. Inner peridium sessile or stipitate with
a single pedicel. Mouth only one. Capillitium (mostly) simple, un-
branched. Spores globose, rough. We would divide the genus pri-
marily into two sections.

Rig^dae (see following).

Non-Rigidae (see page 14).

SECTION 1. RIGIDAE.

Exoperidium rigid, strongly incurved when dry, strongly hy-
groscopic.

This section is a very natural division of the genus readily
recognized by the rigid incurved exoperidium segments of the dried
specimens. All species of Geaster are hygroscopic to a more or less
extent, but these are strongly hygroscopic. The mycelium covers the
entire young plants and the layer is thin. When the plant expands
the mycelium layer tears off and remains as fragments attached to the
soil, hence the plants of this section as found in collections are smooth
externally, and entirely devoid of mycelial layers.

Spores large, (8-12 mc.) (1) hygrometricns.

Spores small, (4-6 mc.)

Mouth indeterminate, (2) delicatus.

Mouth strongly sulcate, (:-«) Drummondii.

Mouth definite, even, (4) mammosus.

1. GEASTER HYGROMETRIODS.

Unexpanded plant globose. Mycelium layer, thin, tearing away
as the plant expands. Fibrillose layer thick, rigid, strongly hygro-
scopic, splitting into six to twenty segments becoming reflexed when
the plant is moist ; strong incurved and rigid when dry. Flesh layer
thin, soon separating and often absent from herbarium specimens.
Inner peridium globose, thin, opening by simply a torn aperture; col-
umella none. Capillitium threads long, branched, about half diameter
of largest spores. Spores large, globose, rough, 8-12 mc.

Pig. 5. Fig. 6.

Gflastor hyiprometrioas (dried sp6eim«iL) Geastor hjgrometrioas (expanded specimen.)

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This plant is fond of sandy localities and very common in many
places. It develops under the ground and is of slow growth. Young
plants received from W. N. Suksdorf grew in clumps, (see fig. 10)

^.^

Plff. 8.

6«ast«r EygromAtrioiu (iiii«xpanded.)

Fig. 7.

G«a8ter hygromAtricus (as it grows.)

Fig. 9.

Geaster hygrometrioas (section, unozpanded.)

Fig. 10.

Geaster hjgrometriciis (anezpanded, oaespitose plants.)

Pig. 11.

Geaster hygrometricus (spores magnified.)

but that this is exceptional, or usual, we do not know. The young plants
are liable to be taken at first for a species of hypogaeal fungi, or on
examination under a microscope for an undeveloped Scleroderma. The
genus Diploderma was based on unopened specimens of this plant and
Cycloderma on unopened specimens of other Geasters. The general
resemblance of the spore glass to that of a Scleroderma is close, for the
large rough spores are very similar, and the capillitium is so relatively
scanty, that when a piece of gleba is pressed on a glass of ten only vSpores
can be seen. The capillitium however can be readily floated out by
method described in foot note on page 7 of **Gastromycetes Genera."
The plant ripens in late summer or fall of the year, and the thick
outer peridium splits into segments, sometimes as few as four, some-
times as many as twenty. They are strongly hygroscopic and in moist
weather recurve and standing on their tips lift up the inner ball. In

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dry weather they closely curve in, clasping the ball, and they will re-v
peat this as often as the conditions become moist or dry. Hence they
are called * 'hygrometricus" and frequently by children * 'poor-man? s
weather-glass." Miss Marshall in St. Nicholas states that in the
closed condition they are carried along by the wind and applies to them
the name of ** Fair weather travellers." Plants persist often during
winter and one observing them in the spring expanding under the in-
fluence of moisture may take them for growing plants. They become
* 'weather-worn," the inner surface of the exoperidium cracked in nu-
merous areas, the surface of the inner peridium frayed and fibrillose.
It is a weather- wprn specimen that Schweinitz named "Geaster
fibrillosus."

Geographical Distribution.

The plant is cosmopolitan. Common throughout Europe, it is more rare in
England than on the continent. In this country it occurs from coast to coast and
from Canada to Mexico. Ivocally however, it has never been found in the imme-
diate vicinity of Cincinnati.

Specimens in our Collection.

Massachusetts, Miss Cora Clarke, Mrs. Chas. Cheney, Simon Davis, Walter
Deane. Connecticut , James B. Rorer. New Yorkt Ella K. Hays. Pennsylvania^
Ellen M. Dallas. Maryland^ C. Iv. Shear. Minnesota, Minn. Bot. Survey. 7m-
nessee, S. F. Corly. Georgia, Roland M. Harper. Florida, Mrs. Delia Sams, H. C.
Culbertson, P. H. Rolfs, C. G. Lloyd. Colorado, C. F. Baker. Washington, W. N.
Suksdorf. iWinois, L. H. Watson.

France, N*. Patouillard, F. Fautrey. Tirol, Rev. G. Bresadola. Hungary^
Dr. Iv. HoUos.

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 5. A plant of our collection from Walter Deane, Cambridge, Mass.
Fig. 6. The same plant when moistened. Fig. 7. Photograph of plant in situ,
by F. J. Braendle, Washington, D.C. Fig. 8. Unexpanded plant. Fig. 9. Sec-
tion of same. Fig. 10. A cluster of unexpanded plants, from W. N. Suksdorf,
Washington. Fig. 11. Spores magnified 450 diameters.

GEASTER

HYGROMETRIOUS

VAR.

GIQANTEUS.

A large form, differing from
the ordinary plant only as to size,
frequently reaches us from the
Western States. It is so much
larger than the usual plant that
we think is entitled to a dis-
tinctive name. This large plant
does not grow in Europe to our
knowledge.

Fig. 13.

Geaster hygrometricns var. gigantous, (unexpanded )

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Fig. 13.

Geaster hygrometricos var. gigantoiis (expanded.)

Specimens in our
Oollection.

California f L. A. Greata.
Washington, W. N. Suksdorf.
Iowa, T. H. McBride.

Explanation of
Figures.

Fig. 12. Geaster hygromet-
ricus var. giganteus, specimen,
from Iv. A. Greata, Los Ange-
les, Cal.

Fig. 13. The same after ex-
panding by moisture.

2 -GEASTER DELIOATUS.

Outer peridium thin, smooth, firm, hygroscopic, cut (about Vs
deep) to 8-10 segments. Spreading when moist, incurved when dry.
Inner peridium subglobose, opening by a plane, indefinite aperture.
Columella none. Capillitium slender, interwoven, simple or sometimes
slightly branched near the end, slightly thinner than the spores.
Spores globose, minutely war ted, 5-6 mc.

This elegant little species is known only from the Northwest.
It was described by Prof. Morgan from specimens received from Ne-
braska. Hollos considers this plant a synonym of G. lageniformis of
which he sends specimens. (*) It seems to me however that the plants
while very dose are different. Lageniformis has a protruding mouth.
Delicatus the mouth is indefinite, plane, merely an aperture, the same
as G. hygrometricus. We admit that the two plants are very close,
probably the same, but for the present would keep them distinct. Had
Morgan had access to Vittadini's figure we should not have blamed
him for describing the plant he met as a new species. The figure is an

^ .^m.
"W ^

^Bb

Fig. 14.

Geaster delicatus.

Fig. 15.

Geaster delicatus (unexpanded.)

(*) See Appendix.

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elongated, oval plant with a protruding mouth. Delicatus is a de-
pressed globose plant with no protruding mouth.

From G. mammosus which this plant closely resembles in gen-
eral, having the same thin hygroscopic peridium, it can be distinguished
by its mouth. From small specimens of G. hygrometricus with which
it agrees as to its mouth, it can be at once distinguished by its thin
peridium and small spores.

Specimens in our OoUection.

WashingtoUj W. N. Suksdorf. Nebraakay Chas. E. Bessey, (given us by A.
P. Morgan).

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 14. Geaster delicatus expanded. Fig. 15. Same unexpanded.
a — Specimen from Chas. E. Bessey, Nebraska,
b — Specimen from W. N. Suksdorf, Washington.

3-aEASTER DRUMMONDII.

Exoperidium rigid, hygroscopic, strongly incurved when dry,
cut (about Yz deep) to usually ten linear segments. Mycelium and
fleshy layers absent in all specimens I have seen. Inner peridium
globose, smooth, firm, sessile, having a short, conical, strongly sulcate
mouth, not seated on a definite area. Columella linear (?) (*). Capil-
litium simple, tapering, about thickness of spores in thickest part.
Spores globose, rough, 5-7 mc.

Fig. 18. Geaster Drummondii.

The little plant is apparently rare. I first received it under the
name striatulus from Dr. Hollos, Hungary. Afterwards I found it in
Ellis' Exs. (No. 110) in Washington, Philadelphia and New York,
labeled mammosus, (cfr. Myc. Notes, p. 71, No. 162, where however,
the reference to Ellis* exsiccatae is given in error as 109) . Hollos who
is familiar with this small plant in Hungary, has examined specimens
of G. Drummondii of Berkeley from Australia, and pronounced it the
same plant, only larger specimens. We really see no essential differ-
ence in Cooke's description (save size) of the two plants in "Australian
Fungi", and we believe Berkeley's illustration in Hooker's Journal is
this plant. We think there is no question but that Kalchbrenner had
the plant in view in his description of striatulus, (Grev. vol. 9, p. 3,)
though he gives a wrong synonym. Henning beautifully illustrates
the little plant from South Africa under the name G. Schweinfurthii,
(Eng. Bot. Jahrb. Vol. 14, t. 6, f. 7.)

{*) Very indistinct in specimens examined and not clearly made out.

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Q-eo^raphical Distribution.

Hungary, (Hollos). Australia, (Kalchbrenner) . South Africa, (Henning).
New Jersey, (Ellis).

Specimens in our Collection.

Hungary y Dr. Hollos.

Florida, Specimens from A. P. Morgan, (I am in some doubt as to these
specimens, they are not so typically hygroscopic as all others I have seen.)

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 18*. Geaster Drummondii. a — Expanded, b — Unexpanded. Speci-
mens from Dr. Iv. Hollos, Hungary.

4— GEASTER MAMMOSUS.

Exoperidium thin, rigid, hygroscopic, smooth, divided almost
to base into about ten linear segments, often umbilicate at the base as
shown in fig. 17b. Inner peridium globose, smooth, sessile, furnished

a b

Fig. 16. Fig. 17.

Geaster mammosus, (expanded.) Geaster mammosos (anexpanded.)

with a conical, even, protruding mouth seated on a definite area.
Columella short, globose, evident (though indistinct in mature plants).
Capillitium simple, tapering, hyaline, often flattened, slightly thinner
than the spores. Spores globose, roughened, 3-7 mc. (*)

This plant differs from other hygroscopic species by its even
conical mouth. The plant was early (1809) beautifully illustrated by
Sowerby (t. 401). Fries (1829) gave the name Geaster mammosus to
some plant, but not to this, as he describes it as drying with the exo-
peridium reflexed, and refers Sowerby' s characteristic plate, doubt-
fully, to Geaster hygrometricus. Chevallier (1836) clearly describes
and characterizes its difference from hygrometricus by its mouth. He
is usually (and justly in our opinion) cited as the author of the name.
Vittadini (1843) gave a fine figure of the plant, but strangely in his text
states that it is the Friesian interpretation of the plant and "not
Chevallier."

(*) Morgan states 5-6 mc. We have specimens from Canada where the spores vary in the
tame plant from 3 to 7 mc. in diameter. Our English specimens run more uniform, 3 to 4 mc.

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Q-eofirraphioal Distribution.

This plant is distributed through Europe and United States. (*)

Specimens in our Oolleotion.

Canada, Wm. Dearness. Minnesota, Minn. Bot. Survey. lotva, W.J. Teeters.
Pennsylvaniay Dr. Wm. Herbst. Calif omiat L. E. Benton, (specimen from A. P.
Morgan).

England, Chas. Crossland. Hungary, Dr. L. Hollos.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 16. Geaster mammosus, expanded. Fig. 17. Same, unexpanded. Fig.
16 and 17b. Specimens from Chas. Crossland, England. Fig. 17a. From John
Dearness, Canada.

SECTION 2.— NON-RIGIDAB.

This section is readily recognized from the previous by the segments of the
exoperidium not drying strongly incurved over the endoperidium. Two species
which we include in this section (Smithii and arenarius) have a strong tendency
toward the previous section, but the tips only of the exoperidium segments dry in-
curved, not the entire exoperidium. We divide the section into two subsections.

Mouths sulcate (see following)

Mouths even, (see page 22.)

SPECIES WITH SULOATB MOUTHS— NON-RIGIDAE.

Plants of this section are distinguished from the following section by the
sulcate (not even) mouths. It is a question if the same plant under different con-
ditions cannot have a mouth that varies, sulcate or even. If that is so then Geaster
Morganii becomes G. lageniformis and Geaster arenarius becomes G. Smithii. We
think while it is possible it is not proven, for our observation is that plants of
the same collection have mouths either all sulcate, or all even.

Omitting from discussion at present G. Morganii (which differs in being
truly sessile and usually saccate) and G. Smithii, (which is unique in itself,) there
remains in this section G. pectinatus, G. Bryantii, G. Schmidelii and G. asper.
These four plants no doubt should be truly considered as forms of one species, but
as they never run into each other so closely that there is trouble in naming them,
we think it better to present them as distinct species. At the same time they have
been so confused in literature it is almost a hopeless task to straighten out the
tangled threads. All have strongly sulcate beaked mouths, all pedicels either
short or long, all exoperidia usually revolute. All are covered partly in the text
and partly in citations of Fries "striatus" and no doubt that conglomerate species
of Fries is responsible for the confusion that has since existed.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Mouth long beaked, pedicel slender, inner peridium usually

striate beneath, (5) pectinatus.

Mouth long beaked ; pedicel slender ; inner peridium with a cir-
cular groove beneath, (6) Bryantii.

Mouth short beaked ; pedicel short, thick ; peridium neither

striated nor grooved, (7) Schmidelii.

Mouth short beaked ; inner peridium short pedicellate, asperate (8) asper.

Mouth conical, inner peridium sessile, (9) Morganii.

Mouth flattened conical, depressed, (10) Smithii.

(*) Notwithstanding Massee's statement "The North American specimens under this name
are certainly not the true species."

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5— GEASTER PEOTINATUS.

Exoperidium revolute, cut about to the middle into 8 to 10
segments. Mycelial layer generally adnate, carrying with it soil.
Fleshy layer thin, finally peeling off, and partly peeled off in most
specimens giving them a ragged appearance. Pedicel slender. Inner
peridium subglobose but somewhat tapering into the pedicel and marked
with striae at the base, either faintly or strong enough to be called
ridges. Mouth strongly sulcate, beaked, or slender conical. Capillitium
slightly thicker than spores. Spores globose, rough, 5-6 mc. in
diameter.

Flsr. 19. Coaster pectinatus (large plant )

Fig. 30.

Geaster pectinatus.

Fig. 21.

Geaster pectinatus.

Fig. 22.

Geaster pectinatus (small plant.)

Schmidel (1747) gave four figures (t. 87, f. 11-14) excellently
illustrating this plant Persoon (1801) called these figures Geaster pec-
tinatus. Fries mixed it up with three other species under the name G.
striatus and since Fries' day it has been so badly confused that we can
only refer our readers to the references in appendix for details.

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Hollos states that G. pectinatus is **a fungus of so rare occur-
rence it was quickly forgotten." It is undoubtedly a rare plant, we do
not remember having seen a specimen in any of the Eastern collections,
and yet we find we have five different gatherings, in our own collection.
Miss Caroline A. Burgin of Philadelphia and Mrs. Delia Sams of Florida
are the only collectors of the plant in this country to our knowledge.

Q-eo&rraphioal Distribution.
Europe and the United States, rare in both countries.

Specimens in our Oolleotion.

Pennsylvania J Miss Caroline A. Burgin. Florida^ Mrs. Delia Sams.
Tirol J Rev. G. Bresadola. France, B. Boudier. Sweden, L. Romell.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fijr. 19. Large plant from L. Romell, Sweden. Figs. 20 and 21. Speci-
mens from Caroline A. Burgin, Pennsylvania. Fig. 22. A small plant, specimen
from Mrs. Delia Sams, Florida.

6— GEASTER BRYANTII.

Exoperidium similar to preceding species. Pedicel slender.
Inner peridium subglobose, or somewhat abrupt at base, marked with
a circular groove at the base. Mouths sulcate, beaked. Capillitium
and spores as in the preceding.

Fig. 95. 6«aster Bryantii.

Fig. 24. 6«aster Bryantii.

Fig. 26, 6«aster Bryantii.

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This plant is so close to the preceding that I am convinced it
might more properly be considered a variety of it. Its distinctive fea-
ture the groove at base of peridium, is formed by the pedicel expanding
to a disk shape top supporting the inner peridium, which being smaller
where it is united forms a groove. It is the original of De Candolle's
Geaster striatus, particularly as regarding his citations, but he does
not mention in his text its distinctive feature, the circular groove.
Hence there is a doubt whether he had this plant or the preceding.
Fries, as previously stated, confused this plant with three others under
the name Geaster striatus. Berkeley (Eng; Flo. p. 301) apparently
drawing his conclusions from Fries, applied the name G. striatus to
the preceding plant and renamed this G. Bryantii, citing the same
references for it that De Candolle had cited for striatus with the ad-
dition of one citation, (Schmidel, t. 37, f. 11, 12). The last citation
is an error, Berkeley having confused a ring shown on the pedicel of
the cut, in reality a remnant of the fleshy layer, with the groove that
this plant properly has. Berkeley's idea of a distinctive groove, the
essential feature, is the first clear conception of the plant and we adopt
his name, there never having been any confusion about it. The name
Geaster striatus which priorists will no doubt use, is subject to the
objection in our mind of not having been clearly defined in the first
place, and having been applied since to six different plants by six differ-
ent authors. Our specimens show another difference between this
plant and pectinatus. The peridium is lead color, due to a kind of
pruinose covering which may be rubbed off, and usually is on the
exposed parts, giving the peridium a variegated appearance as shown
in our photographs. (*)

Misconception as to the value of the fleshy layer is the source
of at least two species based on this plant. Geaster orientalis (Grev.
vol. 6, pi. 98, f. 12) is the plant with fleshy layer still remaining and
forming "a tube in the shape of a ring at the base of the interior per-
idium." Geaster Kunzei (Winter in Rabenhorst's Flora) is the same
plant, the fleshy layer having peeled off, hence "Stiel ohne basale
Scheide. ' ' I judge from literature that the species is more common than
pectinatus, yet it has reached me more rarely and fewer specimens.

Specimens in our Oolleotion.

Maine, H. C. Beardslee. Ttxas, W. H. Long, (specimen from C. I,. Shear.)
England, E. M. Holmes, Chas. Crossland. Sweden, L. Romell.

Explanation of Pigrures.

Specimens from: Fig. 23, H. C. Beardslee, (from Maine). Fig. 24, L.
Romell, Sweden. Fig. 25, Chas. Crossland, England. Fig. 26, E. M. Holmes,
England.

(*) The student will note that this is exactly the reverse of statement made by Massee on
same subject.

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7-GEASTER SOHMIDELU.

Exoperidium revolute, cut to about the middle to usually five
to seven segments. Mycelial layer usually adnate. Fleshy layer thin,
usually adnate. Inner peridium with a short thick stipe or subsessile.
Mouth conical, sulcate. Columella large, ovate. Spores small, glo-
bose, minutely roughened, 3j^-5 mc.

a b c d

Fig:. 21, Geaster Schmidelil

This little plant is characterized by its small size, and short,
thick pedicel. It is probably the plant covered in the text of Fries'
Geaster striatus, but not his citations. It is the plant we think Chev-
allier intended to represent as G. minimus. (*) We have adopted the
name used in the first illustration ( Vittadini) that represents accurately
this plant, though a large one, and although Vittadini's citations cover
other species. The plant seems to be rare and has reached me but
rarely.

Speoimens in our OoUection.

Tirolj Rev. G. Bresadola. Hungary^ Dr. L. Hollos.

New Hampshire y C. E. Montgomery. (We have seen specimens also from
Vermont in collection of A. E. Burt, and from New Jersey (unlabeled) in collection
of N. Y. Bot. Gardens.

Explanation of Figfures.

Specimens from : Fig. 27a, J. B. Ellis, New Jersey ; b and c, C. E. Mont-
gomery, New Hampshire ; d, L. Hollos, Hungary.

8— GEASTER ASPER.

Exoperidium revolute, cut to about the middle to eight to ten
segments. Both mycelial and fleshy layers are more closely adherent
than in most species. Pedicel short, thick. Inner peridium subglobose,
verrucose. Mouth conical, beaked, strongly sulcate, seated on a de-
pressed zone. Columella prominent, persistent.- Capillitium threads
simple, long tapering. Spores globose, rough, 6 mc.

The character of this plant is the verrucose inner peridium.
Under a glass of low power it appears as though the peridium was
densely covered with grains of sharp sand. This plant alone has this
character to our knowledge, and although it is indicated in the figures
of G. coronatus of both Schaeffer and Schmidel, we think there it is an
exaggeration of the very minute granular appearance coronatus has.

(-) Hollos refers this figure to Geaster asper.

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Geaster asper is on the plate of the first Geasters figured
(Michelius, 1729, pi. 100, f. 2;, where the plant is characteristically
shown, excepting the pedicel is more slender than normal. The word

Fig. 30. Geaster asper.

"asper" is the first descriptive adjective applied by Michelius. Fries
included it in his complex striatus. It has been described as a new
species in recent times by three authors ; as G. campestris by Morgan
(1887) ; as G. Berkeleyi by Massee (1889) ; and as G. pseudomammo-
sus by Henning in 1900.

Specimens in our Collection.

Hungary^ Dr. L. HoUos.

Kansas, E. Bartholomew. Kentucky, C. G. Lloyd. Ohio, A. P. Morgan,
(type specimens of G. campestris).

Explanation of Pigrures.

Figs. 28, 29 and 30 (section). Specimens all from A. P. Morgan, Ohio, and
the type of "G. campestris."

9— GEA.STER MORGANII.

Young plant acute. Exoperidium cut beyond the middle to
seven to nine acute segments. In herbarium specimens usually saccate
but sometimes revolute. Mycelial layer closely adherent, compared to
previous species relatively smooth. (*) Fleshy layer when dry, thin
closely adherent. Endoperidium globose, sessile. Mouth sulcate, in-
definite. Columella globose-clavate. Capillitium thicker than the
spores. Spores small, globose, 4 mc, almost smooth.

This plant is common around Cincinnati and was referred by
Morgan to "striatus." It is a reddish brown plant and differs widel}^
from other species with sulcate mouths previously described in its

(*) As in the previous species the mycelium covers the young plant but is not so strongly
developed so that the adhering dirt is not so evident on the mature plant.

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closely sessile endoperidium. It is the same plant as lageniformis, in-
deed Bresadola so refers it, excepting that plant normally has an even
mouth, and no other species to our knowledge has mouths in both the

FIfl:. 34. Ceaster Morganii.

Fig. 35. Geaster Morganii.
(ijoung plant.)

FIfl:. 36 G«a8ter Morganii
( Section of a joang plant. )

even and the sulcate series. Still we are convinced of the strong
probability of this view and have found in a collection of sulcate
mouthed specimens a single specimen with an even mouth. It is quite
common in this immediate vicinity growing about old stumps and logs,
but has never raachsd me from any other locality m this country or

from Europe.

Specimens in our OoUeotion.

OKv, Mr. Spurlock, W. H. Aiken, C. G. Uoyd.

Explanation of Figfures.

Figs. 31, 32 and 33. Specimens from Mr. Spurlock. Figs. 34, 35 and 36.
Collected by author ; all from immediate vicinity of Cincinnati. Figs. 35 and 36
from fresh specimens, others from dried specimens.

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iO— aEASTBR SMITHII.

Young plant globose. Exoperidium subhygroscopic, cut about
half way to 8 to 12 segments, partly reflexed but tips of segments dry-
ing incurved. Mycelial layer thin, usually adnate, with adhering
sand. Fleshy layer drying thin, adnate. Inner peridium subpedicel-
late, in reality almost sessile but the outer peridium drawing away
from it. Mouth flattened conical (or when old conical) seated on a de-
pressed area, regularly sulcate-striate. Color of spore mass blacker than
in most Geasters. Threads about thickness of spores. Spores glo-
bose, rough, apiculate, 4-5 mc.

Fig. 37. Geaster Smithii.

This little plant is unique as to its mouth (well shown in our
figures) from all other species. Morgan refers it to G. umbilicatus of
Fries, and if we draw our conclusions only from what is published we
should so refer it. Both Patouillard and Bresadola however, say *'not
umbilicatus" (*) and they are in better position to know than we are.

This plant was well described and figured by W. G. Smith (in
Gard. Chron. 1873, p. 469) under the erroneous name of G. striatus.
The figures have the mouth more protruding than our cut, but that is
a condition of age. His figures show the same depressed area character-
istic of the plant. He states "the striae of the mouth are so match-
lessly perfect and beautiful that no art can do them justice." We be-
lieve however, our figure will give a good idea of them.

Being unable to call this plant umbilicatus (as did Morgan) or
striatus (as did Smith) we have named it in honor of Worthington G.
Smith, who has done better work with Geasters of England than any
other mycologist.

Specimens in our Collection.
Florida, Mrs. Delia Sams.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 37. Specimens from Mrs. Delia Sams, Florida.

(if) "Not umbilicatus but a species unknown to me perhaps new."— Bresadola.

"Geaster umbilicatus of modem authors, but I am not certain that it is that species of
Fries, and in any case it is not that of Montague, neither of I^4veill6 "—Patouillard.

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SPBOIBS WITH EVEN MOUTHS.— NON-RIGID AE.

(See remarks on page 14 under head of "Species with sulcate mouths.")
The even-mouthed species can be divided into three subsections :
Exoperidium recurved (not fornicate), (see following).
Exoperidium fornicate,* (mostly quadrifid), (see p. 29).
Exoperidium saccate, sessile, (see p. 33).

EXOPERIDIUM RECURVED, (not fornicate.)
NON-RIO-IDAB, MOUTH EVEN.

The mycelial layer in this subsection is often disposed to separate either en-
tirely or partly adherent (particularly in limbatus and minimus) but is never truly
fornicate as in the following subsection.

J _ . KEY TO THE SPECIES.

I^arge species,

Unexpanded plant globose,

reddish brown, sessile or pedunculate, (11) rufescens.

black, pedunculate, ( 12) limbatus.

Unexpanded plant acute, plant reddish brown, (13) triplex.

Small species,

pedicellate, not hygroscopic, (14) minimus.

subsessile, subhygroscopic, (15) arenarius.

11— GEASTER RUFESCENS

Unexpanded plant globose. Exoperidium recurved, cut to
usually eight segments to about the middle. Mycelial layer, adnate
with its adhering dirt or sometimes entirely peeled off. Fleshy
layer mostly adnate, M/V^, porous, cracked and having the appearance
of rough reddish leather. Inner peridium sessile or usually with a
short thick pedicel, somewhat tapering toward the base. Mouth in-

Flff. 38. Geaster rafesMns.

Pig:. 39. G«a8t«r rafescens.

(*) The word fornicate meaning arched, as applied to a Geaster means arched ovr,i the cup
i-haiJt myctUal layer.

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definite, fibrillose, frequently torn. (*) Columella large, thick, glo-
bose, permanent. Threads thicker than spores. Spores globose,
roughened, varying from three to six mc.

Fig. 40. Coaster rafescens (section).

Fig. 41 Geaster rufescens (unexpanded plant.)

This is the large reddish plant, the most frequent species we
have in this country. It is sometimes sessile but usually has a short
thick peduncle. The plant from the days of Persoon has been placed
in the * 'sessile" section of the genus, hence when Morgan met the
peduncled form he naturally referred it to limbatus. Rufescens is a
reddish brown plant, limbatus is a black plant, otherwise they are very
close, though limbatus has usually a longer peduncle and a different
shaped inner peridium. Schaeffer's old figure of the plant shows a
regularly toothed mouth and Fries no doubt basing his description
largely on this figure, described it as having a toothed mouth. The
mouth is often torn but no more frequently than any other species,
and the idea that this species can be distinguished by its "dentate
peristome' ' is entirely erroneous, and should be dropped from descrip-
tions.

Specimens ijvour Collection.

OhiOf A. P. Morgan, (labeled limbatus), David L. James, Tom Bell, H. L.
True, E. J. Arrick, Tom Lloyd, C. G. Lloyd. New York, Ida M. Hays. Kentucky,
Sister Marie. Canada, John Dearness, (spec, tending toward limbatus.)

Sweden. L. Romell. England, Carleton Rea. Hungary, Dr. L. Hollos.
Tirolf Rev. G. Bresadola.

Explanation of Fibres.

Fig. 38. Specimens from A. P. Morgan, Ohio. Fig. 39. Specimens from
David L. James, Ohio. Fig. 40. Section, showing large columella. Fig. 41. Un-
expanded plant, specimen from Dr. H. L. True, Ohio.

12— GEASTER LIMBATUS.

Outer peridium recurved, cut to about the middle to eight to
twelve segments. Mycelial layer usually adnate with its adhering
dirt, often partially separate, and sometimes entirely peeled off. Fleshy
layer drying firm, hard, and closelv adnate. Inner peridium some-

(*) Hence often inaccurately described as "toothed."

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Fig. 42. Geaster limbatas

Flff. 48. Geaster limoatas.

Fig. 44. Geaster limbatas.

Flff. 46. Geaster limbatas.

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times globose rounded at the base (Fig. 42) but usually "slightlj^ con-
stricted and then swollen at the base.'* (Fig- 45). Pedicel usually
^^ distinct — cylindrical (Fig. 43) but some-

^i^^k times very short and thick, (Fig. 45).

^^^^^L Mouth indefinite, fibrillose. Columella

^^^^^^ i indistinct (in ripe specimens at least).

^^^^^^ ^/ Threads thicker than spores. Spores

^^^^^ H^^^ globose, roughened, 4-6 mc.

^^^^^^^Kt Geaster limbatus is very close to G.

^N^^^^^^V rufescens, a fact that seems to have been

A^jll^Bj^^^ noted by only one author, Scherffel. (*)

^^^^^^m ^^^ writers who usually place G. rufescens

JP^^^^^^^ in the ''sessile" section do not realize

£^^^^^^^^ that it is so close to limbatus that speci-

W ^^^^ mens occur that are hard to refer to either

M ^^* species. G. rufescens is a reddish brown

B plant. G. limbatus is a black plant but

^^ the color distinctions run into each other

to an extent. We have never seen G.
Fi:r.4«. Gewier limbatus (secuon) hmbatus with the thick porous fleshy
layer, usually found on rufescens, and we have n^ver seen rufescens
with the peculiar constricted inner peridium usually (not always) found
on limbatus. We believe that the prominent, persistent columella of
rufescens is the characteristic feature which distinguishes it from G.
limbatus. Any one knowing only extreme forms of limbatus such
as Fig. 42, from England, and Fig. 45, from Kansas, would be justi-
fied in calling them different plants, but our series of specimens shows
all grades of connecting forms.

G. limbatus is a frequent plant in this country and in Europe.

Speoimens in our OoUeotion.

Kansas, E. Bartholomew. lowaj T. H. McBride. Wisconsin, Steve C. Stuntz.
Massachusetts, F. Le Roy Sargent.

England, Carleton Rea. Tirol, Rev. G. Bresadola. Hungary, Dr. L. Hollos.

Explanation of Figfnres.

Fig. 42. Specimen from Carleton Rea. England. Fig. 43. Specimen from
Steve C. Stuntz, Wisconsin. Fig. 44. Specimen from Dr. L. Hollos, Hungary.
Fig. 45. Specimen from E. Bartholomew, Kansas. Fig 46. Section showing in-
distinct columella.

13— GEASTER TRIPLEX.

Unexpanded plant acute. Exoperidium recurved (or when not
fully expanded somewhat saccate at base), cut to the middle or usually
two- thirds to five to eight segments. Mycelial layer adnate. Fleshy
layer generally peeling off from the segments of the fibrillose layer but
usually remaining partially free as a cup at base of inner peridium.
Inner peridium subglobose, closely sessile. Mouth definite, fibrillose,
broadly conical. Columella prominent, persistent, elongated (see Fig.
49). Threads thicker than spores Spores globose, roughened, 3-6 mc.

(*) "Geaster limbatus steht dem G. rufescens ungemein nahe."

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Geaster triplex is a reddish brown color the same as G. rufescens
with which we think it has been much confused though in reality a very
different plant. It is not record-
ed from England (toourknowU
edge^ and we think English bot-
anists have mistaken it for ru-
fescens. As the early figures on
which rufescens is based show
neither of the characters by which
that plant is distinguished from
triplex, it is doubtful if the latter
plant is not really the original
rufescens. The two plants were
confused evidently by all the
early botanists. The character
generally given to distinguish
triplex, viz : — the remains of the
fleshy layer forming a cup at base
of inner peridium while usually
present should be considered in

the nature of an accidental fea- Fig. 47. G«&sier tripUi.

ture and not an essential character of the plant. It is however, the
feature from which the plant derives its name, viz : — triplex, three
fold, three layers. The distinguishing features by which the plant
can be known from rufescens are, the acute (not globose^ young form,
the definite mouth, and shape of the columella (see Figs 40 and 49.)

Fig. 48. Geaster triplex.
(B^inning to expand.)

Fig. 49. Geaster triplex.
(Section.)

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Geaster triplex seems to be frequent both in this country and in Eu-
rope, though we have no specimens from Europe.

Specimens in our OoUeotion.

Canada; J. Dearness. Minnesota^ Minn. Bot. Survey. Ohio, A. P. Morgan*
Pmnsylvaniii, Caroline A. Burgin. Massachusetts j G. E. Morris. Connecticut, E. P-
Ely.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 47. A typically expanded plant, showing the remains of the fleshy
layer from which the plant received its name, specimen from A. P. Morgan, Ohio.
Fig. 48. A fresh plant beginning to expand, specimen from E. P. Ely, Connecti-
cut. Fig. 49. Section showing columella.

14— GEASTER MINIMUS.

Exoperidium recurved, cut to about the middle to eight to twelve
segments. Mycelial layer usually adnate, usually shaggy with ad-
hering fragments of leaves, etc. , sometimes partly or entirely separating.

Pig. 51 • Geaster minimas. Fig. 62. Geaster minimas (section ).

Fleshy layer closely adnate, very light color, usually smooth on the
limb of the exoperidium but riniose on the segments. Pedicel short
but distinct. Inner peridium subglobose or tapering to base, covered
with minute granules, usually light colored, but sometimes almost black.
Mouth definite, with well marked circular area. Columella slender.
Threads slender, equal or thinner than the spores. Spores about 5 mc.

This little plant is the most common small species of Geaster we
have in this country. It seems to be rarer in Europe where it is
usually known as G. marginatus. Vittadini's cut accurately represents
our plant and the identity of the European plant is well established.
There is an earlier G. minimus of Chevallier but his figure is doubtful
and even if it could be positively identified, it would not be advisable to
replace tl\e name so firmly established for the common American plant.

While the specimens in Schweinitz herbarium are normal, he
described the plant as having a flattened base, "basi piano."

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Morgan reconstructs a cut (Am. Nat. 1884, p. 967) based on this
error.

Specimens in our Oollection.

Florida, H. C. Culbertson, C. G. Lloyd. Louwiana, W. N. Clute. t^orth
Carolina, Hannah C. Anderson. S(yath Carolina, P. H. Rolfs. Ohio, W. H. Aiken.
Pennsylvania, Caroline A. Burgin, Dr. Wm. Herbst. Michigan, B. O. Longyear.
Iowa, T. H. McBride. Canada, John Dearness.

France, E. Boudier. Tirol, Rev. G. Bresadola.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig, 50. Specimens from W. H. Aiken, Ohio. Fig. 51. Specimens from
Dr. Wm. Herbst, Pennsylvania. Fig. 51. Section.

15— GEASTER ARENARIUS.

Exoperidium subhygroscopic, cut to five to ten segments ; dry-
ing usually with segments incurved. Mycelial layer closely adnate
with adhering sand. (*; Fleshy layer closely adnate, light color, not

Fig. 58. Getster arenarius. Fig. 54. G«aster aronarius.

rimose. Inner peridium subglobose, with a very short but distinct
pedicel in some specimens, m others appearing sessile. Mouth even,
conical, acute, definite and usually darker colored than remainder of
inner peridium. Columella indistinct. Spores globose, rough, 3-4 mc.
This little plant which I collected Feb. 1895, in the sand at
Jupiter, Florida, I have never succeeded in getting named. My cor-
respondents have suggested *'G. saccatus" and '*G. floriformis," but
I am sure it is neither of these. It is very close to minimus, differing
in its shorter pedicel and more hygroscopic exoperidium. It is still
closer to Smithii, excepting its mouth.

Speoimens in our OoUeotion.

Florida, H. C. Culbertson, C. G. lyloyd, (both from the sand at Jupiter,
Florida. )

Explanation of Figfures.

All specimens from Jupiter, Florida. The segments of the one closed are
more strongly incurved than usual.

(*) One specimen alone we have with the mycelial layer peeled away except at the tips,
showing its relation to the fornicate section.

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BXOPBRIDIUM PORNIOATB.— NON-RIQIDAB, MOUTH BVBN.

The word fornicate means arched but as applied to a Geaster means arched
over the mycelial layer which separates and remains as a cup in the ground. The first
two species are thus strongly characterized, the third not to such a strong extent.

KEY TO SPBOIBS.

Mouth indeterminate, plant not rooting, (16) fornicatus.

Mouth indeterminate, plant strongly rooting, (17) radicans.

Mouth determinate, plant small, (18) coronatus.

16— GEASTER FORNICATUS.

Outer peridium strongly and typically fornicate, the mycelial
layer forming a perfect cup at base of plant. Fibrillose layer arched
above the cup, to which it is attached by the tips of the segments, cut
into four (rarely five) long segments. Fleshy layer partly adherent.
Inner peridium distinctly urn shape as shown in our figures (not glo-
bose as Massee depicts) tapering below into a short thick peduncle.
Mouth indefinite. Columella. (*) Spores globose, almost smooth, 4 mc.

While the very early botanists
(Persoon and Buxbaum) distinguished
the plant from coronatus, as varieties of
same plant, from the day when Fries
made his confusing compilation (1829) up
to last year, these two plants, so widely dif- -
ferent (see figs. 56 and 61) that even the
crude cuts are readily distinguished, have
been confused by authors in general under
the name * 'fornicatus." We have con-
cluded to retain it (f) for this plant for two
reasons. ]st, Hudson who first gave the
name to a species of Geaster while con-
fusing as to his citations, evidently knew
only this plant, as evidence all tends to
the fact that the other (coronatus) prob-
ably does noi occur in England. Every
English illustration, Bryant, Blackstone,
Sowerby, Smith, Massee,) represents this
plant It is the only one we have re-
ceived from England and English bot-
anists advise us it is the only one they Fig. 66. Geaster fornicatus.

know. 2nd, The idea of a ''fornicate" species is so strongly con-
nected with the genus Geaster that it should be perpetuated in nomen-
clature, and applied to the plant that typically represents the idea.
This plant which grows only in deciduous woods is much rarer in con-
tinental Europe than coronatus that grows common in pine woods,
hence the latter plant is the usual species that has been distributed in
exsiccatae under the name "fornicatus " These two plants are so dis-
tinct that it is strange to us how they could ever have been considered

(*) We do not wish to mutilate by cutting the few specimens we have of this plant.
(f) This is a reversal of our decision last year (see Myc. Notes, p. 71).

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varieties of the same plant much less confused under the same name.
Fries not content by including in "fornicatus" two distinct species,
further adds to the confusion by ascribing to it a sulcate mouth, a

Fiur 6H (roaster fornioatus.

character which neither plant has. We do not think that Geaster for-
nicatus has ever been found in this countr}^ and Geaster coronatus but
rarely. The specimen preserved in the Schweinitz herbarium is neither
of these species. (*) We do not know what it is.

Specimens in our Collection.
Hungary, Dr. L. Hollos. England, Carleton Rea.

Explanation of Figfures.
Fig. 55. Specimen from Dr. L. Hollos, Hungary.
Fig. 56. Specimen from Carleton Rea, England.

(*) We state (Myc Notes, p, 11) that this is probably radicans, but a re -examination since
of the specimen convinces us that it is not.

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17— OEASTER RADIOANS

Exoperidium typically foniicate, the outer layer separating and
remaining as cup at the base, not having mycelium except at the base

where it is strongly developed in a
cluster of root-like fibers. Fibrillose
layer arched, cut to five (or usually
four probably) segments. Fleshy layer
thin, dark reddish, closely adherent.
Inner peridium subglobose but taper-
ing to the base Mouth indefinite.
Spores globose, almost smooth, 4 mc
This plant related to fomicatus,
is strongly different in the basal my-
celium, and in the cup having lobes.
It enjoys the unique distinction of
being the only American species that
has never been claimed by any one to
grow in Europe. The only specimens
we have seen are Rav. exsic. No. 103,
and in the collection of Division of Veg.
Pathology of Washington, where it
was labeled ' 'fomicatus. ' ' It grew on
' *a cedar log in Florida, ' ' but the collec-
tor' s name not preserved. All its re-
corded stations are Southern and we
believe it does not grow in our North-
Fig. 57. Geaster radicans. em States.

Specimens in our Oolleotion.
Florida, (Kindness of Mrs. Patterson from the Washington collection).

Explanation of Figfuree.
Fig. 57. Specimen as above.

18— QEASTER OORONATUS.

Exoperidium fornicate, the mycelial layer forming an imperfect
cup to which the arched segments of the fibrillose layer are loosely
attached at the tips. The cup is not perfect however, as in the two
previous species, but the mycelium is so strongly developed that ad-
hering dirt and pine-needles represent an irregular mass rather than a
definite cup Segments of the arched fibrillose layer usually four,
sometimes five, deeply cut, but relativel}^ short as compared to the seg-
ments of fornicatus Fleshy layer light colored, partially adherent or
sometimes entirely peeled off. Inner peridium oblong, tapering to a
short pedicel at the base and to an acute mouth at the apex, centered
with minute granular particles. Mouth definite. Spores globose, rough-
ened, 4 mc.

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It is not necessary to repeat here what we have said under for-
nicatus in regard to the confusion of these two plants. This plant is
much closer to the minimus than to fornicatus. Indeed, its inner pe-

Fig. 58. Geaster comnatus.

Fig. 59. Geaster coronatus.

Fig. 60. Geaster coronatus.

Fig. 61. Geaster coronatus.

ridium is the same as minimus and specimens, as often found in collec-
tions devoid of the mycelial layer, might be referred to minimus if
attention were not directed to its fewer and deeper lobes of the exope-
ridium. There is really no name in use that we can apply to this plant
free from all objections. Both coronatus used by Schaeffer and Sco-
poli and quadrifidus by Persoon, include two plants in the citations.
We have adopted the earlier name of Schaeffer because it is quite
appropriate, (the plant is not inaptly compared to a crown) and there
is no question as to Schaeffer's figure being intended to represent this
plant. This species is very common in continental Europe and fre-

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quent in collections (usually under the name fomicatus). Romell
writes me that it is the most common Geaster of Sweden and hence
must have been known to Fries, though why he describes the mouth
as "sulcate" is strange if he had observed the plant instead of Schaeffer's
inaccurate figure. We have never seen but one collection of the plant
from this country made by G. E. Morris, of Waltham, Mass

Specimens in our OoUection.

Tiroly Rev. G. Bresadola. Hungary^ Dr. L. Hollos. France^ F. Fautrey.
Sveden, L. Romell.

Massachusetts J G. E. Morris.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 58. Specimen from G. E. Morris, Massachusetts. Fig. 59. Specimen
from F. Fautxey, France. Fig. 60. Specimen from Rev. G. Bresadola, Tirol.
Fig. 61. Specimen from L. Romell, Sweden. The collar shown in this figure is an
accidental remnant of the fleshy layer and might never occur in another specimen.

BXOPBRIDIUM SAOOATB.— MOUTH BVBN.

In all the previous species with even mouths the exoperidium when expan-
ded is revolute away from the inner peridium, but in this subsection the base re-
mains as a cup holding the inner peridium. We can readily conceive however,
that this would not hold true in all cases, but it is the usual condition that we find
in specimens. Fimbriatus of Europe while saccate in all our specimens is not put
into the saccate section by Fries. Lagenif ormis while we have never seen specimens
not saccate, we have of the closely related plant Morganii and conceive that if
perfectly expanded this would become revolute (as Fig. 32). Velutinus and
saccatus are however truly saccate species.

KEY TO SPBOIES.

Unexpanded plant globose,

Exopendium splitting into two layers,

velutinate, (19) velutinus.

smooth, (20) fimbriatus.

Exoperidium not separating, (21) saccatus.

Unexpanded plant acute, (22) lageniformis.

I9r— OEASTER VELUTINUS.

Unexpanded plants globose, sometimes slightly pointed at apex.
Mycelium basal. Outer layer rigid, membranaceous, firm, light color in
the American plant; dark, almost black in the Samoan. Surface cov-
ered with short, dense, appressed velumen in the American plant so
short that to the eye the surface appears simply dull and rough, but
its nature is readily seen under a glass of low power. In the Samoan
plant the velumen is longer and plant appears to the eye as densely
tomentose. The outer layer separates from the inner as the plant ex-
pands and in mature specimens is usually partly free. The thickness
and texture of the two layers is about the same. Fleshy layer dark
reddish brown when dry, a thin adnate layer. Inner peridium sessile,
dark colored, subglobose with a broad base and pointed mouth. Mouth
even, marked with a definite circular light-colored basal zone. Colu-
mella elongated, clavate. Spores globose, almost smooth, small,
2j^'-354 mc.

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Fig. 65,

Fig. 69.

Fig. 71. Fig. 68. Fig. 70.

QBASTBR VBLUTINUS.
Explanation of Figrures.

Figs. 62, 63 and 64. Expanded plant dried. Fig. 65. Just opeuing, showing the way two
exoperidium layers separate. Figs. 66 and 67. Inner and outer view of a fresh expanded
plant. Figs. 68, 69 and 71. Unexpanded plant. Fig. 70. Section of same.

Figs. 62, 63, 64 and 65. Specimens from Hugo Bilgram, Philadelphia. Figs. 66, 67 and 68.
Photographs of fresh plants from Samoa. Figs. 69 and 70. From Cincinnati. Fig. 71. Specimen
from A. P. Morgan and typ€ of "Cycloderma Ohiensis."

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This plant has a strange history. As far as we know it was
first collected by Morgan in an unexpanded form and sent to Cooke,

Fig. 66. Geaster velutinus. Fig. 67. Geaster velutinus.

who hailed it with delight as a re-discovery of the long-lost genus
"Cycloderma" (see Grevillea 1882, p. 95) and named it Cycloderma
Ohiensis. We have ''type specimens" of this plant given us by Mor-
gan. We first collected it in the same condition and determined and
distributed -it as above. In 1898 Hugo Bilgram of Philadelphia, sent
us a fine lot of a Geaster, new to us but mixed with a number of un-
expanded specimens that we recognized as "Cycloderma Ohiensis."
Comparison with ''type" specimen leaves no question. When Morgan
found the expanded plant he did not recognize the "Cycloderma Ohien-
sis" he had sent Cooke, but described as a new species Geaster velu-
tinus. During a trip I made to Samoa (winter of 1899) I gathered a
Geaster and sent it to Bresadola, which was described in Myc. Notes,
p. 50, as "Geaster Lloydii." The plant was very dark colored, almost
black, and densely velutinate, and the mouth is not definite, but a
comparison of the specimens now with our American, leaves no doubt
in my mind as to their being the same species. We are glad we are
not priorists and therefore do not have to adopt the name "Geaster
Ohiensis" for this plant, although we might write "Lloyd" after it ;
for "Ohiensis'' was based on a mistake in the first place and is a local
name not fitting to a plant that grows in Samoa.

Specimens in our Collection.

Canada, Wm. Deamess. Pennsylvania, Hugo Bilgram. Xorth Carolina, H.
C. Beardslee. Ohio, C. G. Lloyd, A. P. Morgan, (Type of Cycloderma Ohiensis)
Samoa, C. G. Lloyd, (Type of Geaster Lloydii).

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GEASTER VELUTINUS VAR. OAESPITOSUS.

A little plant growing densely caespitose, we collected and pho-
tographed at Crittenden, Ky. several years ago. We have lost our
specimens but have no doubt it was but a small caespitose form of
velutinus. The fresh plants were much darker color than the ordinary
form, approximating in that respect the plants we collected in Samoa.

Fig. 72. Geaster velutinus var. caespltosus.
(Unexpanded.)

Fig. 73. Geaster velutinus var. caespltosus.
(Expanded.)

Figs. 72 and 73.

Explanation of Figfures.

From fresh plants, Kentucky.

20— OEASTER PIMBRIATUS.

Mycelium universal. Exoperidium cut to six to eight segments
about half way, the limb shallow saccate. (*) Outer layer membra-
naceous, usually separating partially from the inner, the two layers

Fig. 74. Geaster fimbriatus.

being very similar as to texture and thickness as in the preceding
plant. Fleshy layer when dry, thin, adnate. Inner peridium sessile
globose, with an indeterminate fibrillose mouth. Spores globose,
almost smooth, 4 mc.

(*) Fries who established the s^pecies did not describe it as saccate though if we can depend
on the specimens we have, and the figfure from Europe it belongs in this section.

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This plant which I only know from European specimens I am
convinced is practically the same plant as our saccatus. (*) With the
exception of the indeterminate mouth, and the tendency of the exope-
ridium to split into two layers I can see no other difference. The idea
that fimbriatus can be known by its "fimbriate" mouth is an error.
The mouth does not differ from several other species with indetermi-
nate mouths. The plant is recorded several times from this country,
but I think determinations are based on saccatus.

Specimens in our Oollection.

France, E. Boudier. ttungary, Dr. L. Hollos. Tirol, Rev. G. Bresadola.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 74a, c and d. Specimens from Dr. L. Hollos, Hungary.
Fig. 75b. From Rev. G. Bresadola, Tirol.

21— GEASTER SAOOATOS.

Unexpanded plant globose. Mycelium universal. Exoperidium
cut to six to twelve segments about half way, the limb deeply saccate.
Mycelial layer adnate to fibrillose. Fleshy layer when dry, thin, ad-
nate. Inner peridium sessile, globose, with a determinate fibrillose
mouth. Spores globose, almost smooth, 4 mc.

a Fig. 75. Geaster saccatus. c

Although the plant differs in being more deeply saccate and
having a determinate mouth, I believe it is only the American expres-
sion of G. fimbriatus of Europe. It is a very common little plant in
this section, growing gregarious over rich soil and decaying leaves in
woods. Geaster saccatus is a name given to a South American plant
by Fries and applied to our species by apparently universal consent.
I do not know however, that anyone really knows that it is Fries'
plant. It certainly is not the plant that Spegazzini distributed from
South America as saccatus.

Specimens in our CollectioD.

FloHfla, Mrs. Delia Sams. Missouri, N. M. Glatfelter. Minnesota, Minn.
Bot. Survey. Illinois, L. H. Watson. Ohio, A. D. Selby, W. H. Aiken. Ken-
tucky, C. G. Lloyd. Pennsylvania, Ellen M. Dallas. Mexico, E. W. D. Holway.

Explanation of Figfures.

Fig. 75a. Expanded plant from fresh specimens. Fig. 74b. From dried
specimens. Fig. 75c. Reverse view of expanded specimen. All from collection
of author.

(*) Bresadola says not.

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22— GEASTER LAGENIFORMIS.

Unexpanded plant acute, ovate, (compared to shape of a flask).
Mycelium mostly basal. Exoperidium usually saccate. (*) Mycelial
layer generally closely adnate, sometimes disposed to separate, often
split into parallel lines, (t) Fleshy layer thin, usually peeling off
from the segments but remaining on the limb of the exoperidium.
Endoperidium subglobose, closely sessile. Mouth conical, definite. (J)
Columella elongated, in dried ripe specimens somewhat subglobose.
Spores globose, rough, 5-6 mc.

Fig. 77.

Geaster lageniformis.
Fig. 76. Geaster lageniformis. (Unexpanded, dried.)

The entire plant is a reddish brown. Morgan (in conversation)
suggests that it is a depauperate form of G. triplex, a view that is not
improbable. The expanded plant can with difficulty be told from G.
saccatus, though segments are more acute. The distinction is in the
form of the unexpanded plant.

Specimens in our OoUection.

Pennsylvania^ Dr. Herbst. Florida^ Mrs. Delia Sams. Connecticutj E. P. Ely.
Minnesota, Minn. Bot. Survey. Washington^ W. N. Suksdorf.
Germany, P. Magnus.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 76. Expanded plant from dried specimens in N. Y. Bot. Garden.
Fig. 77. Unexpanded plant from Minn. Bot. Survey ; the shape is no doubt
more abruptly acute than the fresh plant would be.

(*) In all our specimens and in Vittadini's figure. Smith (Gard. Chronicle 1878, p. 608)
shows it recurved and it probably is so in fully expanded fresh plants.

(t) Mentioned by Morgan as G. vittatus.

(|) In some specimens the entire mouth is lighter color than remainder of endoperidium, in
other the mouth is dark but has a light color basal line.

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APPENDIX 1.

REFERENCES.

These references are to plants and not to authorities for names of plants.
They represent our views of the classification of plants. We do not present
reference to the ownership or authority for names, as many authors do Thus
our citation under Geaster asper of "Geaster granulosus Cragin in Bull. Wash-
bnrn" does not indicate that Cragin named a plant **Geaster granulosus."
Whether he d'd, or did not, is of no pos-^ible interest to anyone save possibly to
Mr. Cragin. The fact however, that he recorded a plant as "Geaster granu-
losus" which plant is G. asper is of interest to every student of Geasters and
these facts alone we have endeavored to cite.

We give the names applied to plants since the adoption of the binomial
system, and the fact that the same name has been applied to so many different
plants by various authors we think should impress upon the student the impor-
tance of turning his attention to the study of plants, rather than the study of
names. Previous to the adoption of the binomial system, we have cited no
**names" as we consider the polyglot adjectives applied by the pre-Linnaean
botanists in the nature of descriptions rather than names. We have given a
few references on the authority of Rev. Bresadola (kindly communicated to us
in letters), and some on the published work of Dr. Hollos.

Exc- pt when stated however, these references represent our views. We
have cited very few references save where the plant is illustrated, or where
we have seen specimens, for the citations of many authors are so conflicting
that it is impossible to state what plant they have in view. Where an author
gives an illustration of a plant that can be recognized, we accept that figure
as representing the plant he had, though it may be in direct conflict to cita-
tions that he has made. We have given no bibliography in explanation of
these references, and refer those interested to the excellent bibliography of
the Gastromycetes given by Massee in Vol. 4 of Annals of Botany.

We feel and hope that most of our readers will study the plants that
they meet, and that few will care to puzzle over these references. Those how-
ever, who s 1 udy names of plants, or rather, who study misnames of plant s, should
be prepared to interpret these references without the aid of a * 'bibliography."

MYRIOSTOMA COLIFORMIS.

Doody in Ray. Syn. 2nd Ed. App. p. 340, — Lycoperdon coliforme, Dickson
Fapc. 1, t. 3, f. 4, (good) ; Sowerby t. 313 (fine); Geastrum coliforme, Pers. Syn.
p. 131, — Geaster coliformis. Smith in G«rd.Chron. 1873, p. 469, f. 86; (Reproduced
Grev. Vol. 2, 1. 15, fig. 1) ; Massee Monog. Brit. Gast. fig. 66; Fischer in Eng.
& Prantl.p.321,fig. A.

GEASTER ASPER.

Michelius 1. 100, f. 2 (more distinctly pedicellate but quite characteristic) ;
Gleditsch Meth. t. 6, (copied from Michelius). — Tjycoperdon stellaium. Purton
Midland Flora Vol.3, t. 20, (a splendid figure and rarely cited). — Geaster asper^
Myc. Notes, No. 151; Hollos Term. Fuzetek, (1902) p. 120; Geaster Berkeleyr,
Massee Mon. Brit. Gast. t. 2, f. 41 (poor) ; — Geaster campestris, Morgan's Flora,
p 14; Ellis N. A. F. Exs. No. 1940; Hollos **Kul. a Term. Koz." p. 23, f. 9;—
O easier granidosus, Cragin Washburn Bull., p. 40; — Geaster pseudomammosus, Hen-
ning Hedw. Vol. 39, p. 54, (teste Hollos) ; — Geaster pseudjostriatvs, Hollos Math.
Term. Ert. (1901), p. 505, (Specimen examined, see Appendix p. 43).

GEASTER BRYANTH.

Geaster Bryantiiy Berk. Eng. Flo. p. 300 ; Mass. Mong. Brit. Gast. t. 4, f . 56 ;
Smith Gard. Chron. 1873, p. 505, f. 94; Reproduced Grev. Vol. 2, t. 16, f. 2 —
Geastrum coronatum var. Woodwardiij Pers. Syn. p. 132. — Geaster calyculatuSy Fuckel
Symbolae, t. 5, f. 3; Zopff & Sydow Exs. No. 6; Rabenhorst Exs No. 2639.—
Geaster Bryantli form a fallax.f^cherQel Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 1896, 1. 19, f. 3 (only) ;
— Geaster Rahenhorstii, Haszl. Grev. Vol. 6, t. 98, f. 11. — Geaster Kunzei, Winter

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Kab. Flora, p. 911.— Geaster (merUalis, Haszl. Grev. Vol. 6, t. 98, f. 12.— Geaster
fornicatus var. muUifidtis, Karsten (Spec, in N. Y. Bot. Garden). — Greville states
"It is well figured in new series of Flora Londinensis." I have found no other
references to this figure.

GEASTER CORONATUS.

Schmidel, t. 37, f. 1 and 2, (mouth not good in either, but both evidently
this plant) ; Buxbaum, t. 28, f . 2, (teste Hollos) ; Geaster quadrifidum var. minus.
Pers. Syn., p. 133; — Lycoperdon coronatum, Schaeffer, t. 183, (figure inaccurate
but evident); — Geaster fornicatus, Thiimen' Myc. Univ. Exs. No. 526; Zopff &
Sydow, Myc. Marc. Exs. No. 53; Kunze Exs. No. 11; Rabenhorst Exs. No.
2013b; Krieger Fungi Sax. Exs. No. 272; Roumeguere Exs. No. 3635; Winter's
Rab. Flora, p. 896, f. 5; Hahn Pilzsammler, t. 29, f. 156; Myc. Notes, No. 153.—
Geastrum quadriUdum^ Pers. Comm., p. 75; Nees Pilze, t. 12, f 128. (copied from
Schmidel) \ — Geaster qiiadrifidus var. minor ^ Hollos Term. Fiizetek, 1902, p. 116. (*)

GEASTER DELICATUS.

Geaster delicatm, Morgan's Flora, p. 17; Ellis' N. A. F. Exs. 2nd Series,
No. 1941.

GEASTER DRUMMONDII.

Geaster Drummondii^ Berk, in Hooker's Journal, 1845, t. 1, f. 4. — Geaster
striatulus, Kalch. Grev. Vol. 9, p. 3; Myc. Notes, No. W2.— Geaster Schweirtfurthii,
Eng. Bot. Jahrb. Vol. 14, t. 6, f. 7, (fine) ;— Geaster mamm/)susy Ellis N. A. F.
Exs. No. 110.

GEASTER FIMBRIATUS.

Geaster fimhriatus, Fries' Syst., p 16 (exc. cit.) ; Smith Gard. Chron., 1873,
p. 543, f. 104; Reproduced Grev. Vol. 2, 1. 17, f. 2; Roumeguere Exs. No. 510
and No. 2317; Thiimen Myc. Univ. Exs. No. 411; Kunze Fung. Exs. No. 8;
Desmazieres' Exs. No. 956; Rabenhorst's Exs. No. 2010b.

GEASTER FORNICATUS.

Battarrea Fung. t. 39, (characteristic) : Buxbaum t. 28, f. 1 (teste Hollos).
Lycoperdon fomicatumy Huds. Fl. Eng., p. 644; Sowerby t. 198, (fine, but seg-
ments of exoperidium not relatively long enough) ; Bryant f. 14-17 (teste
Hollos) .—Geastei' fornicatus, Massee Mon. Brit. Gast. t. 2, f 42, (subject to same
criticism as Sowerby's figure) ; Smith Gard. Chron., 1873, p. 469, f.87; Repro-
duced Grev. Vol. 2, t. 15, f . 2.— Lycoperdon fenestratum, Batsch Elen. t. 29, f . 168
a. b. (teste Hollos) .—Geaster fenesiratvs, Myc. Notes, No. 150.— Geastrum quadri-
fidum var. fenestratum, Pers. Syn., p. 133. — Geaster quadrifidus var. major, Hollos
Term. Fuzetek (1902) p. 116. (*)— Geaster Marchiciis, Fischer in Eng. & Prantl,
p. 321, fig. B.—Pleostoma fornicatum, Corda Icon. Vol. 5, t. 4, f .'4:3.— Geaster
MacOwani, Kalch, in Grev. Vol. 10, p. 108.

GEASTER HYGROMETRICUS.

Schmidel t. 28; Michelius t. 100, f. 4, 5 and 6, (the last the best) ; Gle-
* ditsch Meth. t. 6, (copied from Michelius). — Geastrum hygrometricum, Pers. Syn.
p. 135; Schweinitz Fung. Car. No. 329; Nees Pilze t. 12, f. 127, (copied from
^chrmtlol) .—Geaster hygrmietricas, Fries Syst. p. 19; Smith Gard. Chron. 1873,
p. 577, t. 112; Reproduced Grev. t. 13. f. 2; Trelease Trans. Wis. Acad. Vol.7,
t. 7, f. 1, (poor); Winter Rab. Flora, p. 895, f. \-3;— Geaster vulmris. Corda
Icones, Vol. 5, t. 4, f. 42;—Astraeus stellatus, Fischer in Eng. & Prantl, p. 341, fig.
A, B and C\—Astraeus hygrometricus, Morgan's Flora, p. 19; — Geastrum fibriUosum,
Schweinitz Syn. Car. No. 330, (we have examined the specimen and it is un-
questionably an o'd weather-worn specimen of hygrometricus). .

(*) The names adopted by Hollos spem very strange in view of the statement in the text
"These two fungi are no varieties but are two different, independent species.'*

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GEASTER LAGENIFORMIS.

Boccone Mus. t. 301, f. 6; (section of young plant) ; — Geaster lageniformis,
Vitt. Monog. Lye. t. 1, f 2; Myc. Notes, No. 167; — Geaster saccatusy M-orgem's
Flora, p. 18 (exc. of illustration); Smith, Gard Chron. 1873, p. 1275, f. 266;
Reproduced Grev. Vol. 2, t. 2D, (We think the plant Smith took for lagenifor-
mis fig. 116, is a form of the plant but not so typically as the plant he called
saccatus) ; Trelease Trans. Wis. Acad. Vol. 7, t. 7, f. 2. — Geaster mimUus^ Hen-
ning Hedw. Vol. 39, p. 54 (teste Hollos).

GEASTER LIMBATUS.

Schmidel t. 46, (mouths too strongly defined); Ray Syn. 3rd Ed. t 1,
(poor); — Ly coper don stellaium, Sowerby t. 312, (good); Geaster limbatm, Fries
Syst. p. 15; Hussey Brit. Myc. t.2, (splendid and shows both slender and thick
peduncled forms) ; Zopfif & Sydow Exs.No. 103; Myc. Notes, No. 154. — Geastrum
cnronatuniy Pers. Syn. p. 1S2; — Geastrum rmdtifidvm var. B — *'Pers. bisp. meth. p.
6" — Geaster pseudolimbatus, Hollos Math. Term. Ert. 1901, p. 507, (specimens
examined, see Appendix p. 43).

GEASTER MAMMOSUS.

Michelius t. 100, f. 3; — Geaster mammos^is, Chevallier Flo. Paris, p. 359;
Morgan's Flora, p. 16; Smith Gard. Chron. 1873, p. 543, f. 105; Reproduced
Grev. Vol. 2, t. 19, f. 1; Vitt. Monog. Lye. t. 1, f. 9, (fine) ; — Lycoperdon retolli-
pn/8, Sowerby, t. 401, (fine). — Geaster hygrometricusy Massee, Monog. Brit. Gast.
t. 4, f. 70, (His text of hygrometricus is correct but his figure is that of mam-
mosus) ; — Geastrum hygrometricum var. anglicurriy Pers. Syn. p. 135.

GEASTER MINIMUS.

Geastrum minimumy Schweinitz Fung. Car. No. 327, (confirmed by exami-
nation of his specimen). — Geaster minimuSy Fries' Syst. p. 16; Morgan's Flora,
p. 15; Ravenel Car. Exs. No. 74; Ravenel Amer. Exs. No. 472; Ellis N. A. F.
Exs. No. 109; Roumeguere Exs No. 4549; Thiimen Myc. Univ. Exs. No. 13;
Myc. Notes, No. 146. — Geaster marginatuSy Vitt. Monog. Lye. t. 1, f. 6, (a small
but correct figure of the plant) ; — Geaster granulosus, Fuckel (teste Bresadola),
"I have just examined original specimens of G. granulosus Fuck. ai.d it is G.
marginatus 'tout d fait.' -"Bresadola. — Geaster SchmideHi, Roumeguere Exs. No.
3828. — Geaster Queletii. Hazsl. (teste Bresadola in letter.) — Geaster Cesatii, Raben-
horst (teste Bresadola ia letter.)

GEASTER MORGANII.

Geaster Morganii, Myc. Notes, No. 168. — Geaster striatum, Morgan's Flora, p.
17; Ellis' N. A. F. 2nd series. No. 2736. — Geaster saccatus yMorgsm^s Flora, Plate
1 f C

GEASTER PECTINATU8.

iSchmidel t. 37, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, (the "rings" shown in fig. 11 has caused
this figure to be refened, (erroneously) to Bryantii) ; — Geastrum pectinatim,
Pers. Syn., p. 132; — Geastunim multifidum var. ay "Pers. Disp. Meth. p. 6." — Geas-
ter limhatuSy Smith Gard. Chron. 1873, p. 504, f. 95; Reproduced Grev. Vol. 2,
I. 17, f. 1. — Geaster Schmidelii, Massee Mon. Brit. Gast. t. 4, f. 74; Winter Rab.
Flora, p. 910; — Geaster Bryantii forma fallaxy Scherffel Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 1896,
t. 19, f. 1, 2 and 4, (not 3) ; Geaster tenuipesy Myc. Notes, No. 155.

GEASTER RADICANS.
Geaster radicanSy Ravenel Exs No. 103; Myc. Notes, No. 159.

GEASTER RUFESCENS.

Schmidel t. 43 (mvcelial layer inaccurately shown; the "dentate" mouths
of this figure are responsible for this erroneous idea in connection with the
species). Schmidel t.43 (cont. on t.50). — Geastrum rufescens, "Pers. Disp. meth.

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p. 6"; Pers. Comm. p. 74; Pers. Syst. p. 134; Schweinitz' Fung. Car. No. 328,
(the specimen in his collection is typical but sessile). — (Jeaster rufescensy Fries'
Syst. p. 18; Smith Gard. Chron. 1873, p. 577, f. Ill, (Reproduced Grev. Vol. 2,
t. 19, f. 2). — Lycoperdon recolUgens, Sowerby t. 80, (Usually here referred but I
think more probably fimbriatus). — Lycoperdon stelJntum, Sowerby in index to
same figure; SchaefFer t. 182, (mouth very poor). — Lycoperdon sessile, Sowerby
in text under t. 401, (referring to fig. t. 80). — G easier multifidum^ Grev. Flo.
t. 306, (the expanded plant has the fleshy layer gone a^^d endoperidium dis-
tinctly peduncled, the unexpanded plant is globose). — Geaster limbatus, Morgan's
Flora, p. 15, plate 1, f. B. ; Ellis' N. A. F. Exs. No. 1309. — Geastfr mammosiis,
Rabenhorst's Exs. No. 814. — Geaster Sch>iefferi, Vitt. Monog. Lye. t. 1, f . 1, (a
small plant).

GEASTER SACCATUS.

Geaster saccatus, Ellis & Ev. Fung. Col. Exs. No. 1217; Mvc. Notes, No.
162. — Geaster lageniformis, Morgan's Flora, d. 19. — Geaster capensisy Thiimen Myc.
Univ. Exc. No. 715; Roumeguere Exs. No. 4548.

GEASTER SCHMIDELII.

G jeaster Schmidelii J Vitt. Monog. Lye. t. 1, f. 7. — Geaster Rahenhorstii, Tre-
lease Trans. Wis. Acad. Vol 7, t. 7, f. 3; Kunze Exs No. 10; Rabenhorst Exs.
No. 2011; Zopff &Sydow^ Exs. No. 7.— Geaster striatus, Peck's 38th Rep. p. 94,
(teste Trelease).

GEASTER SMITHIL

Geaster striatus, Smith Gard. Chron. 1873, p. 469, f. 88. (Reproduced Grev.
Vol. 2, t. 16, f. 1.) — Geaster umbilicatus, Morgan's Flora, p. 16, (exc. reference to-
Ellis' Exc).

GEASTER TRIPLEX.

Michelius t. 100, f. 1, (Fries refers this to fimbriatus. Smith to Micheli-
SLiius). —Geaster triplex, Morgan's Flora, p. 18 ; Ellis N. A. F. Exs. No. 2735 ; Thii-
men Exs. No. 1410. — Geaster cryptorhynchus, Hazslinszky Grev. Vol. 3, p. 162,
t. 47. — Geaster Pellotii, Rose (teste Bresadola). — ^^ Geaster stellatus Linn.^' Morgan
in Jour, of Mycology, Vol. 8, p. 4. (*)

GEASTER VELUTINUS.

Geaster velutinus, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol 18, p. 38; Cycloderma
Ohiensis Grev. Vol. 11, p. 95. — (reaster Lloydii, Myc. Notes, No. 117.

(*) Linnaeus' idea ot '"Lycoperdon stellatum" was simply ihe genus Geaster as we now
know it. He did not know any species of Geasters and referred to "'Lycoperdon stellatnm"
every figure of a Geaster he found, some half dozen diflferent species. It is absurd in our mind to
attempt to replace an established name of a species of Geaster on the owtAoriij/ of Zrinnoetw, a
man who had no idea of any species of Geaster. Mchelius who write many years before Lin-
naeus, had definite ideas of a few Geaste's, but Linnaeus did not know enough of the subject
to avail himself of the work of Michelius Linnaeus apparently was not acquainted with,
the work of Schraidel, a pre-Linnaean botanist, who well illustrated several species.

4-2

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APPENDIX 2.

SPECIMENS FROM DR. HOLLOS.

Since most of this pamphlet has been in type we have received from
Dr. Hollos, Hungary, three specimens of Geasters.

Fig. 78.

Fig. 78, a little plant which Dr. Hollos sends as G. floriformis of Vitta-
dini and considers same as G. delicatus of Morgan. We consider both of
these views probable but neither proven. If it is G. delicatus then our idea
of mouth of G. delicatus is wrong, for Hollos' specimen has a distinct and pro-
truding mouth as shown in our figure, and we have always supposed G. deli-
catus to have a mouth not protruding, being merely an aperture. It is possible
that these views, drawn from all specimens we have seen are wrong and that
the mouth of G. delicatus when perfect is protruding as shown in fig. 78. In two
of Hollos' specimens the mouths were worn off and the specimens could well
be taken for G. delicatus. Let us hope that Messrs. Bessey, Piper, and Suks-
dorf who collect this plant will notice this point particularly during the
present season.

As to the plants being G. floriformis, they do not agree with Vittadini's
figure in two particulars. They are depressed globose ; Vittadini shows an
elongated plant. Their mycelium is evidently universal; Vittadini shows the
mycelium basal, though this to our mind is probably erroneous as we doubt if
any of the rkjidae have basal mycelium.

Fig. 79. Geaster pseudostriatus. Fig. 80. Geaster pseudolimbatus.

Fig. 79 a plant that Dr. Hollos has recently described as a "new species,"
G. pseudostriatus. To our mind it is G. asper and differs but little from the
form we have in this country. The longer peduncle, we consider only a
condition, not an essential character.

Fig. 80 a plant that Dr. Hollos has recently described as G. pseudolim-
batus. We should call it G. limbatus.

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.INDEX.

Page

Myriostoma coliformis 6

Geaster arenarius 28

asper ' 18

Bryantii 16

coronatus 31

delicatus 11

Drummondii 12

fimbriatus 36

fornicatus 29

hygrometricus 8

lageniformis 38

limbatus 23

mammosus 13

minimus 27

Morganii 19

pectinatus 15

radicans 31

rufescens 22

saccatus 37

Schmidelii 18

Smithii 21

triplex 25

velutinus 33

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QuK

fe>ot>

Bulletin No. 8. April, 1905. Mycological Series, No. 3

BULLETIN

of the

LLOYD LIBRARY

BOTANY, PHARMACY and

MATERIA MEDICA

J. U. & C. G. LLO Y D

CINCINNATI, OHIO

MYCOLOGICAL SERIES, No. 3

The Lycoperdaceae of

Australia, New Zealand and

Neighboring Islands

Illustrated with 15 Plates and 49 Figures

By C. G. LLOYD

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INTRODUCTORY.

Australia is the richest country in the world in I^ycoperdaceae,
and more strange and endemic genera are found there than in any
other continent. Our knowledge of the subject is based on relatively
scanty material. Probably not more than a hundred specimens have
reached the museums of Europe and most of these are at Kew. A
majority of the species are known only from a single collection. I do
not feel that the knowledge we have of the subject is more than intro-
ductory. The work that has been done with the I^ycoperdaceae of
Australia is mostly sporadic, scattered descriptions of supposedly * 'new
species" by authors who desire to attach their names to them. The
only systematic work is in Cooke's Handbook of Australian Fungi,
which is a very complete compilation of this sporadic work. The
author of this pamphlet has spent fourteen months in the museums of
Europe in a systematic study of all the material to be found there, and
he has been enabled to study practically all the type specimens on
which descriptions of Australian species have been based. In addition
we have solicited our correspondents to send us specimens and desire
to acknowledge our indebtedness to the following who have kindly
forwarded specimens :

MISS JESSIE DUNN, Wellington, N. Z.
P. M. READER, Warraeknabeal, Victoria.
J. T. PAUL., Grantville, Vi* toria.
W. R. GUIL.POYLE, Mclht.ns n« .
ROBERT BROWN, Ciir?>t ( lnu< h, N. Z.
R. T. BAKER, Sydney, Australia.

J. G. O. TEPPER, Norv- ' « * ^

ROBERT M. L.AING, C ^
J. S. TENNANT, Aslihu
WAL.TER GIIiL., Adclai
W. W. WATTS, Sydney, .

We are alsoadvised of a shipment from D IV^cALPINn, Melb*. u» :,
sent to our Paris address (107 IIouli\-:nd c^ . ^f:ol»o! ; bn: nt 1^-. :/ *.
this pamphlet was written the package had not reached us. Spcciiiicu^s
received are acknowledged in detail under the species to which they
belong.

CORRECTIONS.

The plates and the first form were printed in the absence from home
of the author. Several mistakes have occurred.

Secotium melanocephalum page 7, correct to melanosporum.
Phellorina Delastrei page 10, correct to Delestrei.
Scleroderma verrncosum, Plate 31, correct to verrucosum.
Castoreum radical us, Plate 38, correct to radicatum.
Scleroderma aurantiacum, Plate 31, correct to aurantium.

C. G. LLOYD.

Paris Address:

107 Boulevard St. flichel, - - Paris, France.

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Issued by C. G. LLOYD.

PLATE 26.

Fi^. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Explanation of Figrures.

Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4. Plants from Robt. Brown, New Zealand. Figure 5. A
section enlarged fourfold. Figure 6. Spores (x 1000).

SECOTlUMERYTHROCEPHALU^f,^,^^GoOgle

Fig. 7. f .: >>.

Explanation of Pignires.

Fig. 7. Plant from W. H. Long, Jr. Texas, U. S A. L .-. S. Spores (x 1000).

SECOTIUM COARCr ATI.M.

Explanation of Pigrures.

Fig. 9 and 10. Type specimens at Kew. Fig. 11. Section. Fig. 12.
>res(xi0OO). ^^^^^^^^ MELANOSPORU]^-^^^^^«8^^

Fig. 5.

Fig. 4.

Explanation of Figures.
Fig. 4. Plant in Museum at Berlin. Figure 5. Spores (x 1000).

PODAXON MUEI.I.ERI.

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PLATE 25

Fig 1. Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 1 and 2. Plants from R. T. Baker, Sydney, Australia. Figure 3.
Spores (x 1000).

POD AXON AEGYPTIACUS . Digitized by Google

Issued by C. G. LLOYD

PLATE 27

Fig. 2.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 1. Plant from Algiers sent by A. Acloque, France. Fig. 2. Specimen
at Kew from Australia. (Two inches of the stipe of the specimen is cut off from
this figure). r^ T

PHELLORINA DELASTREI. Digitized by L-OOglC.

Fig 3.

Explanation of FigrurlfeitizedbyCjOOglC

Fig. 3. Type Specimen in Museum at Berlin.

PHELLORINA STROBII.INA.

Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

Explanation of Figures.
Fig 2. Plant from L. G. Yates, California. Fig. 8. Section of same.
BATTARREA STEVENII.

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IcOO

Issued by C. G. LLOYD .

PLATE 28.

Explanation of Figure.
I^'ig. 1. Specimen from L. A. Greata, California.

BATTARREA PH AI.LOIDES. digitized by GoOglc

Issued by C. G. LIiOYD.

PLATE 29.

Fig. 2.

Fig. t.

Bxplanation of Pigrures.

Fig. 1. Plant from New Caledonia, (from P. Harlot, Paris). Fig. 2. Plant
from Walter Gill, Australia.

POI.YSACCUM PISOCARPIUM

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 5. Plant from Saxony in Museum at Berlin. Fig. 6. Plant from J. T.
Paul, Australia.

POI.YSACCUM TUBEROSUM, gitized by GoOglc

Fig. 3.

Explanation of Figrures.
Fig. 3. Plant from I^. G. Yates, California. Fig. 4. Plant from R. T.

Baker, Australia.

POI.YSACCUM CRASSIPES.

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PLATE 30

Fig. 1.

Fig 2.

Fig. 3.

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 1. Mature specimen from A. P. Morgan, Ohio. Fig. 2. Young
(unopened) specimen from Simon Davis, Massachusetts. Fig. 3. Section of same.

SCLERODERMA GEASTER.

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Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig 6.

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 4. Unopened plant from J. B. Ellis, New Jersey. Fig. 5. Same
opened. Fig. 6. Specimen from W. R. Guilfoyle, Australia.

SCI.ERODERMA FI^AVIDUM.

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.11

Issued by C. Q. LLOYP,

PLATE 31

FIg.l.

Explanation of Figrure.

Fig. 1. Specimen from Steve C. Stuntz, Wisconsin.

SCLERODERMA CEPA.

Explanation of Figrures. igitized by LjOOglC

Fig. 2 and 3. Plant collected at Cincinnati. Fig. 4. Section of same.
Fig. 5. Section enlarged threefold to show the permanent cells.

r^z-AT- -rA-r»i^x^T>T> •»*• A T^Tl^-VC^XTCT^

Fig. 6. Fig. 7.

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 6 and 7. Plants from Dr. Wm. Herbst, Pennsylvania.
SCLERODERMA AURANTI^G^JM.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.
Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 8. Plant from Charles Crossland, England. Fig. 9. Plant from
Simon Davis, Massachusetts. /C/C>

SCI.ERODERMA VERR/COSUM, ,^ QoOgle

Issued by O. G. LLOYD.

PLATE 32.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.
Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 1. Specimen at Kew, Fig. 2. Section of same. Fig. 3. Spores
<xlOOO).

CATASTOMA HYPOGAEUM.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Explanation of Pigrures.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 4. Specimen from R. T. Baker, Australia. Fig. 5. Section. Fig.
6. Spore (xlOOO).

CATASTOMA ANOMALUM. Digitized by GoOglc

Fig. 7. Fig. 8.

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 7. Type Specimen at Kew. Fig. 8. Spores (x 1000).

CATASTOMA MUELLERI.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 9. Type specimen at Kew. Fig. 10. Section. Fig. 11. Spores (x 1000).

CATASTOMA HYALOTHRIX.

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PLATE 33.

Fig. 1.

Flfir. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Explanation of Figures.
Specimens from J. T. Paul, Australia. Fig. 5. Spores (x 1000).

BOVISTELLA AUSTRAUANA.

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Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 6.

frr:^'0/.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 7. Type in Museum at Paris. Fig. 8 & 9. Specimens from W. W.
Watts. Sydney, Australia. Fig. 6. Plant enlarged 4 times. Fig. 10. Capillit-
ium (X 100).

BOVISTELLA ASPERA. .

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PLATE 34.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 5. Fig. 6.

Explanation of Fifirures.

Fig. 1 and 2. Plants from W. R. Guilfoyle, Australia. Fig. 3, 4, 5 and
6. Plants from Miss Jessie Dunn, New Zealand.

LYCOPERDON POLYMORPHUM.

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Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

y^ JT

Fig. 12.

Fig. 11.

Explanation of Figrures.

Fig. 7. Young plant with cortex. Fig. 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Mature plants
Fig. 10. Section. All from Robert Brown, New Zealand.

LYCOPERDON PRATENSE-

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Issued by C. G. LLOYD.

PLATE 35

Fig. 1.

BxplaDation of Figrure.

Mature plant from vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio.

CALVATIA LILACINA.

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5lK

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 2. Specimen from J. G. O. Tepper, Australia. Fig. 3. Plant in
Museum at Berlin. Collected by Dr. Hennings, -near Berlin. Fig. 4. Plant
from Dr. Hollos, Hungary.

CALVATIA CANDIDA.

Fig. 5.

Explanation of Figure.
Fig. 5. From type specimen at Kew.

CAI.VATIA OUVACEA.

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Issued by C. G, LLOY D

PLATE 36.

Fig. 2.

CALVATIA CAELATA.

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too

Fig. 4.
Fig. 1. Plant from T. de Aranzadi, Spain. Fig. 2. Plant from E. Barth-
olomew, Kansas. Fig. 3. Plant from Robert Brown, New Zealand. Fig. 4.
Plant from C. V. Piper, (state of) Washington. Digitized by VjOiJ^lC

CAI.VATIA CAELATA.

Issued by C. G. LLOYD.

PLATE 3i

Explanation of Figure.

A small plant collected near Cincinnati, Ohio.

CALVATIA GIGANTEA.

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Issued by C. G. LLOYD.

PLATE 38.

Fig. 2.

Explanation of Figures.
Fig. 1. Type specimen at Kew. Fig. 2. Spores (xlOOO).

CASTOREUM RADICATU^.

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(o O O

Issued by C. G. LLOYD.

PLATE 39.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 4.

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 1. Plant in exoperidiuin. Fig. 2 & 3. Section of endoperidium,
showing core. Fig. 4. Capillitium (x 100). Fig. 5. Spores (x 1000). All
from types at Kew.

MESOPHELUA ARENARIA.

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I^^c, UNIV. OF MIOH;

.LTI JUNIOWO

Bulletin No. 13. Sept., 1909. Mycological Series, No 4

BULLETIN

of the

LLOYD LIBRARY

BOTANY, PHARMACY AND
MATERIA MEDICA

J . U . & C . G . L L O Y D
CINCINNATI, OHIO

MYCOLOGICAL SERIES, No. 4

Synopsis

of the

Known Phalloids

With an Illustration of Each Species

By C. G. LLOYD

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(§?(.O^U>(ua/.

In this pamphlet devoted to phallolds I am pleased to present a photograph of

Professor Ed. Fischer, Bern, Switzerland, who Is the best authority

in the w^orld on the phallold subject.— O. G. L.

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INTRODUCTION.

Phalloids are in many respects the most remarkable fungi that
grow. Usually they are excessively fetid, and persons who would
pass by an ordinary fungus without noticing it have their attention
strongly fixed when they chance upon one of these "ill-smelling things."
In addition they assume most bizarre shapes and often bright colors.
I hope these features, probably intended by nature to attract flies, will
attract the attention of those to whom this pamphlet is sent.

From the very nature of phalloids, they should be studied in the
countries where they grow. Accurate work can not be done in Europe
with such fugitive plants, and a large part of what has been written
on the subject is not reliable. More has been added to our knowledge
by the observations of Penzig, Moeller, Fetch, Long, and Cobb, in
very recent years, than from all other sources, and these men observed
and studied the phalloids in the countries where they grow.

It was with the view of summarizing what is known of the
phalloid subject and making it available to students in all parts of
the world that this pamphlet has been written. We hope to interest
observers in such unworked fields as India, Japan, Australia, West
Indies, and South America (except portions of Brazil). We should
be glad if any observer in any country where the phalloids are not
well known (cfr. page 6) would publish with good photographs an
account of such species as he observes. We believe that all the well-
known species can be readily determined from this pamphlet.

We trust, however, that this will not lead to a flood of "new
species" by inexperienced observers. The species of phalloids, like
all fungi, are widely distributed, and wherever you may be located
most of the phalloids you will find are recorded in this work. They
may differ in unimportant details and seem new to you, but we strongly
advise you before publishing to first submit a good photograph, color
notes, and a dried specimen to Professor Ed. Fischer or to myself

for an opinion.

C. G. LLOYD,

63 rue Buffon, Paris, France.
2 3

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WHAT IS A PHALLOID?

It would be out of place in a work of this kind, intended for gen-
eral distribution, to enter upon any technical, botanical discussion of
what constitutes a phalloid. Most persons know them by reputation,
and with certainty if they have met them. If not, they will know
them as soon as they look through our pictures.

Phalloids are always fleshy fungi, always fetid, and appear as if
by magic in our woods and fields. When young, they are enclosed in a
gelatinous membrane called a volva, which breaks, and the plant de-
velops so rapidly that I will not go into details for fear that some
of my readers will think I am not telling the truth. I have often'
carried home the eggs, but have never seen them develop, as my
specimens have always developed during the night. In a single night
the species observed have reached a height of eight inches. One
author has a picture showing a plant to have grown 4 cm., or an inch

and a half, in one min-
ute of time. Of course
this is not true growth
by the accretion of
cells, but rather a me-
chanical process by the
expansion of cells.

The "roots," or my-
celium, as it is correctly
called, of p h a 1 1 o i d s
grow in the earth, or
rotten wood, and take
the form of long, white
cords. The illustration
on the opposite page is
a cluster of this myce-
lium, which has devel-
oped several "eggs/' or
young phalloids. If we
cut open one of these
eggs we will find it to
contain an undeveloped
plant, as shown in the
figures herewith. But
it is best not to cut
them open, but to take them home and place them on a dish, and in
a few days you will have some perfect plants.

THE COLOR OF PHALLOIDS.

There are only three colors known in the phalloids: red, yellow,,
and white. Most species are red, or some shade of red, pink, flesh, or
orange. A few are yellow, and many are white. The yellow and red
phalloids seem quite distinct, and do not run into each other, but
the red species are apt to have white forms.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS.

In the description of phalloids it is necessary to use a few bo-
tanical terms, but they are simple and will be readily understood
from the following explanation.

VOLVA. — All phalloids (excepting one genus, Phallogaster) when young
are enclosed in a subglobose membrane called the volva. In this state a
phalloid can well be compared to an egg; in fact, it is customary to speak of
young phalloids as "eggs." The volva or shell, however, is a soft, thick, gelat-
inous membrane. When the plant develops the volva bursts at the top and
remains as a cup at the base of the mature phalloid. All our pictures of
phalloids show the volva at the base of the plant, at least all pictures that were
made from perfect plants. If there is no vclva at the base it is because the
illustration was drawn from an imperfect specimen.

RECEPTACLE.— This is a term that is applied to the portion of the plant
that bears the greenish, mucilaginous mass (called the gleba). In some
phalloids (such as Clathrus) the entire plant, exclusive of the volva, forms
the receptacle. In others, such as Simblum, the receptacle is borne on a stem.
Some phalloids are a simple, stem-like structure and bear the gleba directly
on the upper portion, then of course the upper portion of the stem is the
receptacle.

GLEBA. — This is a greenish, viscid, fetid substance with which all phalloids
are supplied. It is in fact the fruiting portion of a phalloid, for it contains
innumerable, microscopic spores which are analogous to the seed of flowering
plants. It is the gleba of a phalloid that is usually so excessively fetid.
This bad odor, as offensive as it may be to us, serves a useful purpose
to the plants, as it attracts flies and other insects that are the means of the
dispersion of the spores.

vSTEM. — The stem (or stipe) of a phalloid needs no special explanation.
It is used in the ordinary sense of the word. Some phalloids have no stems.

PILEUS. — There are some phalloids (the genus Phallus) that have the
gleba borne on a special membrane on the top of the stem. This is usually
conical or hat-shaped and is called the pileus.

VEIL. — A most striking feature in a few species that have pilei is a thin,
net-like membrane that hangs from under the pileus and spreads out as a net
around the stem. It is called the veil (or more correctly the indusium) but
we prefer to call it the veil.

HISTORY OF PHALLOIDS.

We can not write the history of the phalloids because it is not known.
There are only five countries in the world where the phalloids are well known,
viz : Europe, the United States, Brazil, Java, and Ceylon. Most of the myco-
logical writers have lived in Europe and the United States, and the easy,
conspicuous fungi such as the phalloids are well known. In Java most ex-
cellent accounts of the phalloids have been written by Penzig, and in Brazil
by Moeller. In the United States a good account of the phalloids of Texas
was published by Long, and in Hawaii by Cobb.^ Very recently — in fact, since
this pamphlet was in the printer's hands — we have had an excellent account
of the phalloids of Ceylon, by T. Petch. Aside from these five papers, however,
most of the work on the subject has been in the line of new species exploitation.

1 Mr. Cobb marred his paper by discovering some "new species" that w^re only new to him;
otherwise, his paper was most excellent.

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If a census were taken of the individual specimens that have reached
Europe from foreign countries, probably more than one-half have been dis-
covered to be "new species." Most of these new species finally gravitate where
they belong, into the trash pile known as synonyms. Professor Fischer, of
Berne, Switzerland, has done good work in disposing of a great many of them.
We shall help the subject along to the best of our ability in one of our
appendices.

NAMES OF PHALLOIDS.

Like all objects of natural history, phalloids have Latin names, and in
addition to each is usually appended a personal name, primarily designed to
tickle the vanity of some individual. Under this system they have never
acquired any stable names, for each person who writes about them is chiefly
interested in getting up new names to which to append his own. By this means
the names of phalloids (like all fungi) have been shuffled about like a shuttle-
cock. There are only forty-nine phalloids that are at all well known, and
fifty-eight more or less vague and often inaccurate accounts and forms. These
one hundred and seven species have two hundred and ninety-nine different
names. One of them alone. Phallus indusiatus, has twenty- four different names.
It is customary in "scientific" monographs to rake up all these various com-
binations, tabulate them, usually in chronological order, append with great
minutiae the various promoters of these names, and when finished the result
is so largely personal it resembles the society notes in a daily newspaper. We
present in an appendix (page 'j'j^ an alphabetical list of the names which in
our opinion have no value, to the number of 192, and in our Index (page 96)
the names we have adopted, to the number of 107. Every writer should,
of course, use a nomenclature that expresses his views of how the various
species are most naturally grouped into genera. And, where changes are
advisable in an author's arrangement, it is at best unfortunate, if he is using
a system of writing his own name after such changes, as it may give the
impression that this is perhaps the strongest reason for the change. We have
made but very few changes and have found it necessary to discover but one
new genus.

THE STATE OF PHALLOID KNOWLEDGE.

The phalloids of Europe (and there are but six species in Europe) are,
with perhaps one exception, well known. The same can be said to-day of those
of the United States, though, owing to the vague manner in which several of
them were exploited, it is only in recent years that any clear, definite idea
has been obtained of them. Taking into account those that occur in both
countries, this includes fourteen species and forms. The first foreign paper
in which the phalloids were well presented was only ten years ago, an account
of the species of Java, by Penzig. In this paper sixteen species and forms
were considered, and at least fourteen were well illustrated. Then there ap-
peared a paper on the phalloids of Brazil, by Moeller, in which nine species
were well illustrated. Recent writers, and this includes both Penzig and
Moeller, have had the benefit of photography, the best method of illustrating
a phalloid. Previously the illustrations were mostly made up from dried
specimens or copied from sketches, which gives results, sometimes very good,
but often more or less doubtful, sometimes very vague and amusing, and in
a few instances they seem to be pure fakes. 2

There have been a number of compilations similar to this pamphlet, in
which the literature has been raked over, and the supposed species arranged
with their names more or less shuffled around. This, however, is the first
in which all the pictures have been brought together. The first crude attempt
was by Ventenat, in presenting cne of the first foreign species. Then Fries'

2 We know two or three in Europe that in our belief come under this head, and one in America.

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Systema (1823) at which time nine foreign species had been figured, and
four in Europe, or thirteen in all, and one of the European was a freak. Ex-
cluding the freak, all twelve of these species are recognized in this pamphlet,
nine of them under the same names as used by Fries. The next general com-
pilation was by Schlechtendal, about fifty years ago. In the meantime, the
new species hunters had been quite busy, and Schlechtendal succeeded in finding
forty-five species, and he seems to have taken practically all of them at their
face value, nor did he indulge in inventing new genera in order to change
the names. It is an evidence of the "progress" that since that time, nearly
fifty years ago, not an iota of information has been added nor another
specimen recorded as to twenty-seven of his forty-five species. Some of them
have been discarded as being worthless on their face, but those of the twenty-
seven that are retained and known to-day are included in this pamphlet on
exactly the same knowledge (?).that Schlechtendal had when he wrote fifty
years ago. The next work was by Professor Fischer, in 1886, a compilation
of the species described and numbering seventy-six, including the doubtful
ones. Practically the same species were included in Saccardo (vol. 7) two
years later. After making these compilations. Professor Fischer began his
real study of the subject. First, he visited Paris and wrote his first Unter-
suchungen in 1890, then he visited London and Berlin and wrote his second
Untersuchungen in 1893. A third Untersuchungen, principally to include the
work of Penzig and Moeller, was issued in 1900. Professor Fischer has
studied practically all the specimens in the museums of Europe and the result
of his studies has been the rejection of many of the species included in his
earliest work, and the reduction of others to forms or varieties. Of the
seventy-six species included in his first work, only twenty-three stand as
original and good species, and twenty-eight are doubtful. In addition, twenty-
eight new species have been added, mostly the work of himself, Hennings,
Penzig, and Moeller. This makes a total of fifty-one species, recognized as
"good" by Professor Fischer, and twenty-eight doubtful, or a total of seventy-
nine.

I have worked over practically the same ground as Professor Fischer,
the same museums, and I am in very close accord with him as to the species.
As are all who have had the opportunity to see specimens from many localities.
Professor Fischer is very liberal in the treatment of species; more so than I,
for I maintain a number in this pamphlet that Professor Fischer refers to
synonymy. I have not refused to recognize any "new species" that has been
exploited in an intelligent manner and that was accompanied by a drawing
or photograph showing any material difference. The twenty odd phalloids in
this pamphlet, in addition to those recognized in Professor Fischer's latest
work, are mostly those that he has referred as forms.

I decline to recognize the alleged "new species" that have been proposed
with so much verbosity and so little illustration. No man can give any idea
of a phalloid by a mere word description, whether he writes in English, French,
German, Chinese, or Pidgin Latin, and it is time this fiction was wiped out
of our "literature." In these days of "law-makers" there ought to be a law
with a heavy prison penalty for any one who engages in such work. I refer
to them in the synonyms as "nomina nuda," although it is a paradox to so call
things exploited with so much verbosity.

THE WORK IN THIS PAMPHLET.

We have included in this pamphlet the best illustration known of each
phalloid that we recognize. We consider the study of phalloids largely a
picture study, and our readers can take these illustrations and form an opinion
as to the identity of any phalloid they find with almost as much advantage
as if they had access to the types.

In our text we have not entered into minute descriptions, believing that
in most cases it is superfluous. We have given the leading facts as to the
occurrence of the various species as far as known, the color, and have pointed
out the manner in which they differ from each other. We have presented

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the best picture possible of each species, and in many cases the copies of the
original illustration from which the description was drawn. With these facts
before him, the reader can learn just as much about the phalloid as the author
who named it and wrote the "description."

CLASSIFICATION.

There are relatively few genera of phalloids, and they are classed
by their general form, so that the classification is a very simple mat-
ter and will be readily understood by the following table and the
illustrations. As a matter of convenience we divide them into five
groups :

1st, The simple stem section. Gleba borne directly on the upper portion
of a simple stem, or on a pileus borne on top of a simple stem.

Gleba borne on the outer surface of a special pileus.

Pileus even, rugose, or reticulate Phallus

Pileus surface strongly convolute Clautriavia

Pileus of a lamellate structure, the gleba covering the plates Itajahya

Gleba borne directly on the upper portion of the stem. No special pileus.

Smooth, even Mutinus

Rugose, papillate or uneven Jansia

Gleba covering a rudimentary network Floccomutinus

2d, The lobed section. Gleba spread over or on the inner surface of free
arms or lobes at the apex of the stem.

Arms free at the apex of a columnar stem Lysurus

Stipe, a flaring tube, the limb lobed Anthurus

Stipe bearing a disk-like expansion, the limb divided into lobes or
segments Aseroe

3d, The columnar section. Receptacle consisting of simple, vertical col-
umns, united at the top and bearing the gleba on the inner sides.

Sessile Latemea

Stalked Pseudocolus

4th, The clathrate section. Receptacle in the form of a clathrate or lat-
ticed structure.

Sessile, simple Clathrus

Stalked, receptacle a simple net.

Borne on a simple stem Simblum

Borne on columns that are united into a hollow tube at the base Colus

Stalked, the net- work having knob-like projections Kalchbrennera

5th, Anomalous genus, without volva Phallogaster

THE GENUS PHALLUS.

This is the original genus of Europe and from whence the name
of the order is derived. The genus is very simply characterized by
having a pileus, borne on the top of a simple stem. All species of
the genus are very much alike as to shape, but differ in color, in
size, in smoothness or roughness of the pileus, and in various de-
velopments of a veil. This veil, which is only known as rudimentary
in the related genus Mutinus, varies much in different species of
Phallus, and even in the same species in degrees of development.
Some species have only a rudimentary veil, others a distinct but very

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short veil hidden under the pileus, or slightly protruding, others a
very conspicuous, long veil. The gleba covers the outer surface of
the pileus. In a few species this pileus is even, or relatively smooth ;
others reticulate, or ridged. Usually the pileus has an apical collar
that is entire or perforate, sometimes in the same species. Some
species are devoid of this apical collar, and one, Phallus subtilis, has
been erected into a genus principally on this account. We would
divide the species into two sections, as Professor Fischer does, though
we would not designate these sections by distinct generic names. We
think the old name Phallus should cover them both.

Section i, Veil short or merely rudimentary. Section 2, With
distinct veils. Each section is also subdivided on the character,
whether the pileus is relatively smooth and even, or is reticulate with
ridges.

SECTION I. VEIL SHORT OR MERELY RUDIMENTARY.

PILEUS STRONGLY RETICULATE.

PHALLUS IMPUDICUS (Fig. i).— It seems to me to be use-
less to use any space in describing Phallus impudicus. It is such a
well-known plant, even to every peasant in Europe, and, besides, our
photograph is the best description. The stem is white and the pileus
has strong reticulations, not shown in our photograph where they are
covered with the gleba. Phallus impudicus is the original phalloid, and
the most common one of Europe. It extends throughout Europe. In
the United States we do not have the type form of Europe, but a
pinkish variety known as Phallus imperialis. In Japan, Phallus im-
pudicus (the type form I judge from the drawings I have seen) is
common. In Australia it is rare, if it occurs at all. Only one col-
lection is known, now at Kew, which does not accord exactly with
the European plant, but is close to it. Phallus impudicus probably
occurs in other countries, but the above are all that are surely known.

Forms.

PHALLUS IMPERIALIS.— This form differs from the type form only in
having a pink volva and in its distribution. I am told that in France it has
a different habitat, and a different odor. I can not vouch for that. At any
rate it is a rare plant in Europe, widely distributed but infrequent. In the
United States it is the only form of Phallus impudicus we have. It is common
in the West — Colorado, Southern California, and Texas. East of the Missis-
sippi, I know of but one station, Washington, D. C. From its distribution it
is evidently a plant that favors a warm climate and a sandy soil.

PHALLUS COSTATUS (Fig. 2).— This species, which was described from
Java, is evidently similar to Phallus impudicus, and seems to me is better con-
sidered as a form. It differs chiefly in having more pronounced, almost winged
reticulations to the pileus, and the substance of the pileus is described as
yellowish-white.

PHALLUS TENUIS (Fig. 3).— A small yellow-species, native
of the Orient. It can easily be known from all others of the section
by its yellow color, both of stipe and pileus, and in addition by its

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r-^J

Pig. 1.
PHALLUS IMPUDICUS.

Fig. 7.
PHALLUS RAVEN ELH.

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Pig. 3.

PHALLUS
TENUIS.

Pig. 5.
PHALLUS RUBICUNDUS.

Fig. 9.

PHALLUS RUGULOSUS.

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Fig. 2.

PHALLUS COSTATUS.

Fig. 4.

PHALLUS FAVOSUS.

Fig. 8.

PHALLUS RAVENELH.
(reduced)

' (With protruding veil.)

Fig. 10.
PHALLUS GLUTINOLENS.

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small size and thin substance. The dried specimens appear like a
thin skin. Phallus tenuis was originally from Java, but must be a
rare species there, as Dr. Bernard does not record it. It occurs alsa
in Ceylon (specimens at Kew), and Professor Kusano has found it
(very rarely) in Japan. In the latter country it grew on rotten wood.
The stipe of the Javanese form is yellow, but in Japan it was repre-
sented as white. The original description makes no mention of the
plant having a veil, but one of Penzig's figures shows a rudimentary
veil hidden under the pileus.

PHALLUS FAVOSUS (Fig. 4).— This species, also known from
Java, and rare there, is intermediate between Phallus impudicus and
Phallus tenuis. With the large size of the former, it has a relatively
thin pileus and a pale, yellowish stem. The substance of the pileus
is also pale, but not so clear yellow as that of tenuis. It is only
known from the original record.

PILEUS RELATIVELY SMOOTH OR MERELY RUGULOSE.

PHALLUS RUBICUNDUS (Fig. 5).— Stem, red. Pileus, red,
smooth, or slightly rugose, covered with the greenish gleba. Apex,
perforate, or sometimes imperforate. This is the only red species of
the genus Phallus that we have, and it is widely distributed. It oc-
curs in abundance in certain localities in our Southern States and
many other warm countries. It has been named from India (Phallus
aurantiacus), Africa (Phallus sanguineus), Australia, Hawaii. I have
seen a drawing from China, and it is reported from Japan. In Hawaii
it has been shown to be the cause of a destructive root disease of the
sugar cane. When we get a better knowledge of the distribution of
our phalloids, I think that Phallus rubicundus will be found in almost
all sugar countries. I believe there is only one red Phallus. Forms
from various countries seem to differ in being slender or obese ;
the pilei, in being truncate or acute, perforate or imperforate, with
an apical collar or without, but the material is not at hand from
which to form any opinion as to the systematic value (if any) of these
differences.

Forms.

PHALLUS GRACILIS (Fig. 6).— Phallus nibicundus varies chiefly in
stature. Slender forms have been called Phallus gracilis. For a long time
the characters of Phallus rubicundus were not known other than the fact that
we had a red Phallus in our Southern States. A recent article of Professor
Long has given us a clear idea of its characters and convinced us there is no
distinction between it and Phallus aurantiacus as it has generally been known
in foreign countries.

PHALLUS RAVENELII (Fig. 7).— This is the most common
phalloid of the United States, there replacing Phallus impudicus of
Europe. In general appearance it resembles Phallus impudicus, but
has a smoother pileus and a veil, usually short and hidden under the
pileus. Rarely, however, it occurs with a protruding veil (Fig. 8).
Usually ^hallus Ravenelii grows on logs in the woods, sometimes on

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Fig. 6
PHALLUS GRACILIS.

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Fig. 12.

PHALLUS INDUSIATUS.

Fig. 15.

PHALLUS DAEMONUM.

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Fig. 16.
PHALLUS DUPLICATUS.

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the ground, and sometimes it develops in the greatest abundance on
old piles of sawdust. The species is only known from the United
States and Canada.

PHALLUS RUGULOSUS (Fig. 9).— Pileus, thimble-shaped,
almost even or slightly rugulose, with a small, globose, apiculat^ col-
lar. Color, dark. Veil, none. Stem, pale reddish. This species was
described from alcoholic material, and is known only from Japan,
where it is reported to be common. I have seen a drawing from
Professor Kusano. As I understand it, the substance of the pileus is
not red, otherwise the plant seems close to Phallus rubicundus. I
should not be at all surprised if it develops that it is a slender form
(gracilis) when the color of the pileus substance is known.

PHALLUS GLUTINOLENS (Fig. 10).— This is a unique
species of Phallus, known only from Brazil. It has white stipe and
no evident veil. The pileus is smooth and differs from all other species
in the globose shape. It has only been observed by its original author,
who gives us a good photograph of it.

PHALLUS SUBTILIS (Fig. 11).— This Brazilian species has
only been illustrated by a sectional drawing. A photograph would
not show any marked difference from any other small Phallus. It
was erected into a separate genus because the pileus has no apical
collar, and a section shows it to be formed of radiate plates. It is also
somewhat gelatinous in its nature. It is only known from Brazil and
from the work of the original author.

SECTION 2. VEIL EVIDENT, USUALLY STRONGLY DEVELOPED.

PILEUS STRONGLY RETICULATE.

PHALLUS INDUSIATUS (Fig. 12).— Pileus broadly campan-
ulate, strongly reticulate. Veil strongly developed, of small, slender
threads and large meshes. Color of stipe and veil white. This is
the most common phalloid of all tropical countries and is found in
quantities in all of the museums. We have noted specimens from
Australia, India, Andaman Island, Java, Ceylon, East Africa, Mau-
ritius, Mexico, Brazil, British Guiana, French Guiana, South Africa,
Surinam, New Caledonia, Cuba, Tonkin, Philippines, Borneo, Ja-
maica. We have received it from a number of correspondents and
have collected it (common) in Samoa.

Forms.

Phallus indusiatus varies in the tropics, chiefly in the shape of the pileus
and the veils. Also in color, I think, and I suspect that in time it will not
be found practicable to keep distinct Phallus callichrous and Phallus multicolor
as other than color forms. Usually the veil is flaccid, but at other times more
rigid. Sometimes it is united above into a distinct membrane. These forms
seem to have a geographical significance, but so little is known that at present
it is not possible to designate the distribution of the various forms. In Samoa,
where I have observed it common, it never takes anything but the type form.

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rig, ]3.
PHALLUS MOELLERI.

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PHALLUS ROSEUS.— A form with a pink veil, which is at Paris, from
French Guiana. It is also reported from Java.

PHALLUS MOPXLERI (Fig. 13).— A form with a narrow pileus and
rigid, spreading veil, as illustrated by Alfred Moeller, from Brazil. Professor
Moeller states that in Brazil it runs into the type form so intimately that it
is not practicable to keep it distinct.

In the recent article by T. Petch, it is stated that this rigid veil is not a
form even, but the normal condition of the veil of Phallus indusiatus when
first expanded and before the sun strikes it. That which I have taken for the
t3rpe form is a condition after the veil has been wilted by the sun. I have
never observed this (in Samoa) nor should I have suspected it, as they seem
so different, but Professor Petch undoubtedly knows. In the interest of truth
then "Phallus Moelleri" must be deleted, even as a form.

PHALLUS ROCHESTERENSIS (Fig. 18).— A form with an elongated
thimble-shaped pileus awd narrow, cylindrical veil is found at Kew, from
Australia. It has been illustrated under the erroneous name. Phallus memlinus.

Color Forms.

There are two very showy tropical phalloids that in shape and other char-
acters appear to be the same as Phallus indusiatus, but have bright colors. At
the present time we can characterize them by their colors, but when the
phalloids come to be well known, I think so many intermediate colors will be
found that color characters alone will not be held to constitute species. T. Petch
finds these color forms abundant in Ceylon, and states that they grade into
the white form so intimately that it is not possible to keep them distinct even
as forms. I am satisfied, however, that they have a geographical significance.
They do not occur in Samoa, and Mr. C. B. Ussher, who has observed the
species in tropical Africa, informs me that they are absent there.

PHALLUS MULTICOLOR (Fig. 14).— This was originally from Aus-
tralia, but has been recently found and photographed from Java. Pileus orange
red, veil bright lemon yellow, stipe lemon yellow, volva pink, mycelium purple.
The characters, if they are real characters, of the species are the colors as
stated above.

PHALLUS CALLICHROUS.— This appears to be different from multi-
color only in the coloration. The pileus is orange, the veil and stipe white.
It has never been illustrated, but probably could not be distingiiished by a
photograph alone from either multicolor or indusiatus. It was originally named
from Brazil, but similarly colored plants have been observed in Java, Africa,,
and Australia.

PHALLUS DAEMONUM (Fig. 15).— This, which was the original foreign
phalloid, illustrated from the island of Amboy, was published one hundred and
sixty years ago.^ AH that is known of it to this day is the original, crude
figure that we present. It seems quite distinct from the usual form in its
punctate rather than reticulate pileus, if that proves to be a character of the
plant and not of the figure only.

PHALLUS DUPLICATUS (Fig. 16).— Pileus with a strongly
developed apical collar and strong reticulations. Veil long, white, of

3 It has therefore strong claims to be taken as the specific name for the species as proposed by
Professor McGinty. There are two objections to it, however. First, it may be the "type" in the per-
verted sense that the word ''type" is usually used, but it does not seem to be the typical form as the
plant usually occurs. Second, it is not advisable to use so familiarly the name of His Satanic Majesty.

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Fig. 14.

PHALLUS MULTICOLOR.

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thick threads, which in alcoholic specimens contract and form almost
a membrane. This is a common plant in the United States and is so
close to the tropical species it may well be considered a temperate
region form of it. However, it differs in the nature of the veil and
the usual shape of the pileus, and I am convinced that it is as dis-
tinct as species generally are. The veil (which is torn in our figure)
is a conspicuous feature of the plant.

Forms.

We would be disposed to consider related plants with a similar veil as
forms of this species.

PHALLUS SUBUCULATUS, of Algeria, which was inaccurately figured,
is, we think, a form of it.

PHALLUS MAURITIANUS (Fig. 17).— This form, which we have re-
ceived in alcohol from Chas. O'Connor, of Mauritius, we feel is worthy of a
separate designation as a form. It differs from the typical plant in the nature
of the reticulations of the pileus, and is better shown in our photograph than
we can tell it.

Note. — We formerly included in this section, under the name Phallus irpicinus, the
only known phalloid with a well developed veil and rugulose pileus. It was proposed as a
new genus (or a new section) Clautriavia, on account of having the pileus minutely con-
volute. We were not disposed to consider that of generic value, until recently when we saw
at Berlin a New Guinea species with such a strongly convolute pileus, and such a marked
character that we now feel that the genus Clautriavia should be maintained. Compare Clau-
triavia merulina on the next page.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES OF THE GENUS PHALLUS.

Many phalloids are known (?) only from old cuts based mostly on dried
specimens and, in some instances, fertile imaginations. Naturally they are
of not much importance for no one ever finds them again, but there is no
way of getting rid of them. The genus Phallus has been especially favored (?)
in this regard. We give a short synopsis of them here and Jiave relegated the
(alleged) pictures to an appendix.

PHALLUS DISCOLOR (Fig. 95).— From Australia, if correctly illus-
trated (with an emphasis on the "if")j is an intermediate plant connecting
the genera Phallus and Mutinus. It was alleged to have the pileus adnate
at the base to the top of the stem.

PHALLUS CALYPTRATUS (Fig. 96).— From Australia. Appears to
be based chiefly on an accidental mass of gleba dried on top of the pileus.

PHALLUS RETUSUS.— Originally exploited as a new genus, it is re-
ported by Professor Fischer (who has seen the "type") as an obese form of
aurantiacus. The figure has no resemblance to aurantiacus, but it does not
follow that the plant has none. It was from Australia.

PHALLUS CAMPANULATUS (Fig. 98).— Known only from the figure
(Uruguay). The little cup at the base is not the volva, but the "inner" volva.
It seems to have an even pileus and be close to Ravenelii, though nothing is
known as to its veil. No specimen exists.

PHALLUS CELEBICUS (Fig. 99).— Said to grow in the Celebes and
to have a whitish pileus and a yellow stem. It appears from the published
account to be very close to Phallus rubicundus.

PHALLUS CANARIENSIS (Fig. 100).— If the figure is correct it is a
peculiar little species with a slender stipe and large, rugulose pileus. Both

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Fig. 18.
PHALLUS ROCHESTERENSIS.

Pig. 17.
PHALLUS MAURITIANUS.

Fig. 11.

PHALLUS SUBTILIS.
(Section.)

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pileus and stipe are rose colored. It was from the Canary Islands. I have
found no type.

PHALLUS FARLOWII.— This from alcoholic (or dried?) material from
Brazil has never been illustrated. It is said to have a membranous veil, other-
wise it is very close to Phallus indusiatus.

PHALLUS QUADRICOLOR (Fig. 102).— I think is probably based on
a specimen of Phallus multicolor which has lost its veil. From Australia.

THE GENUS CLAUTRIAVIA.

This genus is characterized by having the surface of the pileus
convoluted in folds, the gleba covering the folds and permeating the
interspaces between them. Our figure (which is an enlargement six

diameters) will give a clear idea of
'r*r ^^"UKUT^^IW^fl ^^^^^ structure. The original species,

h tf^P^i^mmi Clautriavia merulina, which is a fre-

ciuent plant in Java, Ceylon, and the
East Indies, in general (probably)
has very minute folds, so that the
surface to the eye appears even, but a
recently discovered species of New
Guinea, Clautriavia Lauterbachii, has
the folds so strongly convoluted that
in the egg the pileus appears to be a
crumpled veil covered with gleba.

CLAUTRIAVIA MERULINA
(Fig. 19). — This species has the gen-
eral appearance of being a Phallus.
The pileus, however, instead of being
a plain or reticulate membrane with the gleba on the outer surface,
consists of minutely convoluted folds, the gleba permeating the de-
pressions between the folds. It has long been known as a common
species in Java.* Recently T. Fetch has published that it is abundant
in the grounds of the Botanical Garden at Peradeniya, Ceylon. When
the truth of the subject is known it will probably be found to be gen-
erally distributed in the East Indies and neighboring countries.

CLAUTRIAVIA LAUTERBACHII (Fig. 20).— This species,
which has a most remarkable structure, is unfortunately known only
from some undeveloped plants from New Guinea. The pileus in the

* Berkeley named the plant Phallus merulinus, many years ago, and while he gave no
formal description of it (in pidgin Latin) he characterized it in an unmistakable manner,
it appears to me now. Fischer incorrectly referred the name as a synonjon for Phallus
indusiatus, and Cooke illustrated a form of Phallus indusiatus of Australia under Berkeley's
name. Patouillard discovered it to be a "new species" from Java, and named it irpicinus,
which name we have previously used, and would continue to use if it had any application to
the plant. W^e adopt Berkeley's name, not on the grounds of "priority," but suitability, be-
lieving that when a plant has two names, one very good and one very bad, the better should
be chosen,

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Pig. 19.

CLAUTRIAVIA MERULINA.

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egg is a strongly folded and convolute membrane resembling at first
view a crumpled veil. What form it takes in the developed plant is
not known, but it is probable that it does not change much, as the
form of a pileus is in all known instances well defined in the egg.
In addition the volva is covered with wart-like processes, which,
while unknown as to any other phalloid, is in my opinion a minor
character. The plant is only known from New Guinea, and a photo-
graph of a developed plant is much desired.^

Fig. 20.

CLAUTRIAVIA LAUTERBACHII.

Section by Fischer. Photograph of the volva, also of the folds of the inner

face of the pileus.

THE GENUS ITAJAHYA.

This genus in general appearance resembles the genus Phallus,
but is quite different in the structure of the pileus. This consists of
lamellate plates, the gleba covering these plates, permeating the inner
structure of the pileus.

^ Until I saw the specimens I had a very erroneous idea of the characters of the
plant, and I think they have been inaccurately presented in the published accounts. When
Dr. Hennings received these phalloid eggs he sent them to Professor Fischer, who made
what impresses me as a very accurate drawing of a section that he returned to Dr. Hennings
with the suggestion that it be called Ithyphallus Lauterbachii. We reproduce Professor
Fischer's section in our figure (20). Dr. Hennings did not publish Fischer's figure as re-
ceived, but modified it, showing a "hut" and an "indusium." The plant has but one mem-
brane, which should be called the "hut," as it bears the gleba and is analogous to a pileus.
There is no indusium. One of the egg sections at Berlin would at first view seem to have
a rudimentary indusium, but on closely examining it I find it is a division of the stem,
which in this instance seems to divide above and support the pileus in the manner of a Hel-
vella. The pileus in the egg is so convoluted that my first impression (until I noticed that
it bore the gleba) was that it was an indusium, and that here we had a type of a new genus
oi phalloid which had a veil but no pileus. Dr. Hennings first published it under Fischer's
name, Ithyphallus Lauterbachii. Afterwards he republished it as a new genus Echinophallus,
basing it principally on the protuberances of the volva, a minor character, in my opinion.
The main character of the plant, the strongly folded and convoluted pileus, is unique in this
species and establishes, for me at least, the validity of Patouillard's genus Clautriavia, based
on the same character, though in a much less developed form.

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ITAJAHYA GALERICULATA (Figs. 21 and 22).— But one
species of the genus is known, which is a native of Brazil, from whence
it was well described and illustrated by Moeller. It has since been
found there by Father Schupp. Robert E. Fries recently records the
plant as common in Argentina, and it is probably frequent and widely
distributed in South America.® Our photographs and the sectional
figure of the pileus are all that are necessary to enable one to recog-
nize the plant.

Fig. 21.

ITAJAHYA GALERICU-
LATA.

Fig. 22.

ITAJAHYA GALERICU-
LATA. (Section.)

THE GENUS MUTINUS.

This genus is distinguished from Phallus, to which it was formerly
united by having no distinct pileus, the gleba being bofne on the
upper portion of a simple stem. Sometimes the gleba-bearing por-

* Mr. Fries suggests, not without reason, that it may be the original of Spegazzini's
"new genus" Alboffiella, which if true is a prior name. In that case I submit, would it not be
a rank injustice and a travesty on science to replace the excellent work done by Moeller, or
his name, by the inaccurate work of Spegazzini?

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tion is distinct from the stem, taking somewhat the nature of a dis-
tinct pileus, but in other species it is not clearly marked from the stem.
The species of Mutinus are all very similar and are distinguished by
their general form. All are red, or sometimes have white forms.

MUTINUS CANINUS (Fig. 23).— This, which is the only spe-
cies of Mutinus that grows in Europe, has a short, distinct, spore-bear-
ing portion, which is sharply distinct from the stem. I do not know
whether it is a constant character, but I have seen alcoholic specimens
where the receptacle was abruptly contracted and of a smaller diam-
eter than the stem. The structure of the receptacle is always differ-
ent, being of small, thick-walled cells, while those of the stem are
large and thin-walled/ Mutinus caninus is not rare and is widely
spread in Europe. In the United States it is much rarer, and while
I think it is well authenticated, it occurs principally in the Eastern
States. The stem of Mutinus caninus is usually red, though white-
stemmed forms have been figured on several occasions.

MUTINUS ELEGANS (Fig. 24.)— In this species there is no
distinction between the stem and the spore-bearing portion. It is all
one uniform, cellular structure, with no sharp line of demarcation.
The form is generally tapering from a thickened base to an acute
apex. Mutinus elegans is the most common Mutinus that we have
in the United States. It grows in the woods around old logs or soil
rich in humus. It is not rare. The color is red or orange.

MUTINUS RAVENELII (Fig. 25).— This species has the same
cellular structure as the preceding and has been held to be the same
plant. I am satisfied it is distinct in form (usual) and habitat. The
shape is club-form, thickened above, and tapering below. The habitat
is old fields devoid of woods humus. It is a rare plant in the United
States. The color is red.

MUTINUS BAMBUSINUS (Fig. 26) . — Receptacle distinct
from the stipe, formed of small cells. Color of both stipe and recep-
tacle is red. This, which seems to be the common species of the
tropics, is very similar to Mutinus caninus of Europe. However, it
has a much longer spore-bearing portion and the color is brighter
red. It was originally from Java, but occurs in the Celebes, Brazil,
and no doubt in many tropical countries. It has been noted, adventi-
tious, in the hot-houses at Kew.

MUTINUS FLEISCHERI (Fig. 27).— The most obese species
of Mutinus known. It has a thick stem and a very short, contracted
spore-bearing portion. Its structure is that of Mutinus caninus, of
Europe, but it is a much more obese plant. It is known only from
Java and is a rare plant there. The color is red.

' This has always been my observation, and ray understanding of the essential char-
acter of Mutinus caninus. I have recently seen at Berlin alcoholic specimens of eggs and
sections of eggs of Mutinus caninus from Europe, where I can not note any difference in
the cells of the stem and gleba-bearing portion.

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Fig. 23.

MUTINUS CANINUS.

Fig. 24.
MUTINUS ELEGANS.

Fig. 26.

MUTINUS BAMBUSINUS.

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MUTINUS PENTAGONUS (Fig. 28).— All the previous spe-
cies of Mutinus have cylindrical stems, but in this species the stem
is pentagonal (or sometimes six-angled). The gleba-bearing portion
is also strongly fluted, and the gleba is borne on the channels with
free edges. In the genus Lysurus the lobes, when young, are con-
nivent, and the young plants of Lysurus Mokusin evidently closely
resemble this species. In Mutinus pentagonus I am convinced from
an examination of dried specimens that there are no arms, but that
the receptacle consists of a single piece. Mutinus pentagonus is
known only from Australia, and but scantily there.

MUTINUS XYLOGENUS (Fig. 29).— This is the smallest phalloid
known and an idea of its size can be obtained from our photograph, which is
an enlargement six diameters. It is only known from a collection made in
French Guiana many years ago, and preserved at Paris. It is a question whether
it is a Phallus or a Mutinus (cfr. Myc. Notes, p. 336). If a Mutinus, it is
not only the smallest species known, but differs from all other species in having
a globose mass of gleba.

Fig. 25.

MUTINUS RAVENELII.

Fig. 29.

MUTINUS XYLOGENUS.
(Enlarged x6.)

DOUBTFUL AND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES.

The same remarks apply here as under the same head concerning the
genus Phallus. Mutinus minimus, Mutinus borneensis, Mutinus proximus, and
Jansia boninensis may all prove to be the same plant.

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Pig. 27.

MUTINUS FLEISCHERI.

Fig. 28.

MUTINUS PENTAGONUS.

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MUTINUS MINIMUS (Fig. 103). —Known from a figure reconstructed
from a dried or alcoholic specimen. Color, red. Seems to differ from others
in its rugulose receptacle. Described from Tonkin.

MUTINUS BORNEENSIS (Fig. 104) .—Figured from Borneo, in an
Italian journal. Was said to have a white stipe and short red spore-bearing
portion. We reproduce a figure from Tonkin.^

MUTINUS PROXIMUS.— Based on a dried specimen in the British
Museum, from Ceylon. It is a small species, described as having a w^hite
stipe, but the plant is accompanied by a sketch showing an orange stipe. It
seems to be close to cauinus. It has not been figured.

MUTINUS CURTUS (Fig. 105).— Only known from one collection made
in Australia sixty years ago, which seems to be immature. The figure recon-
structed by Corda is no doubt inaccurate, especially as to the lobed volva.

MUTINUS PAPUASIUS (Fig. 106).— Known only from a figure from
a dried specimen, from Australia. It is not known whether it is a Mutinus
or a Phallus.

MUTINUS ARGENTINUS (Fig. 107).— This was originally published
without illustration and was referred by Professor Fischer, doubtfully, to
Mutinus Muelleri. The latter seems from Fischer's illustration to be Mutinus
bambusinus, and is so referred by Moeller. Spegazzini has recently published
a figure of Mutinus argentinus which seems to me quite different from bam-
businus. It has a short, thick spore-bearing portion^^ From the figure one could
not say it was not Mutinus caninus of Europe, though it is rather stocky for that.

:ell ill
••:us, '
the sti'
.lav
There
m ix

JANSIA RUGOSA.
(Natural size.)

Fig. 32.

JANSIA ELEGANS.
(Natural size.)

Fig. 35.

JANSIA BO-
NINENSIS.

fi In our account, Myc. Notes, p. 388, we confused Mutinus borneensis of Borneo with Mutinus
boninensis of Bonin Island. Both are imperfectly known, but the latter seems to be a Jansia,
and both may in time prove to be the same plant. Since we have seen the types of Jansia
boninensis we think we have inaccurately referred here (page 402) a species of Mutinus
from Japan.

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THE GENUS JANSIA.

tig

This is a genus of very small phalloids, common in Java a in
w^ell illustrated by Penzig. The general form is that of a little IVis,
tinus, but the spore-bearing portion is strongly differentiated fr<^ia
the stipe, and it is strongly rugulose or papillate. Two species occ
in Java and have been well illustrated. They grew on rotten wo*
There are two imperfectly known species, one from Bonin Island aut
one from Australia. in

le
e-
)f
n
a.
e
)t

Fig. 31.

JANSIA RUGOSA.
(Enlarged.)

Fig. 33.

JANSIA ELEGANS.
(Enlarged.)

Fig. 34.
JANSIA ANNULATA

JANSIA RUGOSA (Figs. 30 and 31).— This is a very smi
phalloid, which is common in Java. The short gleba-bearing porti*
is strongly distinct from the stipe and is strongly rugulose, as shov
in our enlargement (Fig. 31). It is the only species of Jansia that
common and well known. This little plant is white and grows <
rotten wood.

JANSIA ELEGANS (Figs. 32 and 33).— This species is al
known only from Java and is rare, at least Dr. Bernard does not r
port it. It grows on rotten bamboo stems. It is of the same si.

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nd
'u-
3m
:ur
od.
nd

the preceding little species, but the gleba-bearing
f covered with little processes, instead of being ru-

LATA (Fig. 34).— This plam Is known only from a figure
ralia. No .specimen cxisLv The stipe is white, the gleba-
ochre" atid ''annulated/' The plant is therefore probably
not surely known,

VEX SIS (Fiiyr. 35).— This tpecit\4 from Bonin Island, is

with certainly, from one colkuion in alcohol. The gleba

ghtly rugulDse, ;nid it seems intermediate between Mutinus

Hcally neither. The type collection is in alcohol in Berlin.

Mutinus minimus and Mutinus horueensis are not both

all
jn
vn
is
on

so
e-
.ze

Fio-aea.
UTi\L\S ZJiXKKRl.
g habits of phvnt.)

Fig. 36.

FLOCCOMUTINUS

ZENKERI.

(Much enlarged.)

; GENUS FLOCCOMUTINUS.

very curious and is intermediate between the pileate
^lalloids. The gleba covers a loosely attached net-
the stipe, and while similar to the veil of a Phallus,
the pileus of a Phallus. The drawing by Professor
B 36) gives a good idea of this structure. The exact

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attachment of this network I could not make out from the type owing
to the minuteness of the parts, though that it is attached (loosely) in
some manner is evident. It appears to me as a very distinct genus,
essentially different in its basic structure from both the genera Jansia
and Mutinus, with which it has been recently united.

FLOCCOMUTINUS ZENKERI (Figs. 36 and 36a).— But
one collection of this curious genus is known, which is in alcohol in
the museum at Berlin. It is accompanied by a colored sketch of the
fresh plant, made by the collector, showing well its habits. We re-
produce this drawing (Fig. 36a), though, owing to the difficulty of
photographing colors, our figure does not do the drawing justice. In
habits Floccomutinus Zenkeri is very similar to Jansia elegans of Java.
The little plants are borne caespitose on a common, mycelial pad. The
eggs are elongated in form and open at the apex. The volva is not
accurately shown in Figure 36.

THE GENUS LYSURUS.

This genus has been very much misunderstood, though of a
very simple structure. It consists of free arms borne on a hollow
columnar stem. The gleba is borne on the arms. It has been shown
that in the original species the gleba is borne on the outer side of
the arms, hence species with gleba on the inner surface of the arms
have been transferred to Anthurus, which genus does not have a
columnar stem. I think it is much simpler to define Lysurus as orig-
inally defined, viz.: a columnar stem bearing free arms at the apex.
With respect to the position of the gleba, there are evidently two
series, and a new genus will probably be made for those with the
gleba on the inner side of the arms. It has recently been shown by
Mr. T. Fetch, Ceylon, that the arms of Lysurus Gardneri^ (which was
the second species known) are not entirely free, but are united by a
delicate membrane. We would therefore modify the definition of the
genus to include species with arms free or very slightly united.

* Ever since the species was published there has been a difference of opinion as to
whether the arms were united or not, a difference of opinion that was legitimate from the
fact that the type specimens at Kew do not bear out the original statement in this respect.
Before seeing the specimens Fischer decided they were united, and changed the classification
on that account. Massee, who had the type in charge, writes: "The segments are not organ-
ically united at the tip, but during the young stage are closely pressed together, and having
been dried in that condition appear to be united. When the mucilage is moistened the tips
are found to be quite free and are normally so in several out of the twenty-three specimens
in the herbarium." Knowing the direct divergence of opinion on the subject, I went very
carefully into the question on my previous visit to Kew. Some of the specimens appear to
have never been united (see photograph, Figure 38a, from one of the types), and while in
many specimens they are convergent and covered with the gleba, I did not believe there was
any union between them, and so published. I included them in Lysurus, where I think the
plant is best classed, though as they arc united it becomes necessary to modify the definition
of this genus. Mr. Fetch, who has observed two specimens fresh, finds the tips of the arms
united by a delicate membrane, a fact that could not be told from the dried specimens at
Kew. He puts it in the genus Colus, although it has no resemblance or analogy to that genus.
In order to justify his name he changed the definition of the genus Colus, and gives it a
definition that excludes from the genus the original and only species known to belong to it.
I believe a man has a right to modify a definition of a genus to include species which he
thinks should be classed in the genus, but he has no right to draw up his definition so as to
exclude the original species and change the original idea entirely.

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LYSURUS MOKUSIN (Fig. 37).— This is the original species
of Lysurus and was one of the first foreign phalloids known. It was
figured in 1774 by Father Cibot, a missionary in China. The stem
is strongly fluted and bears free arms, which are also fluted. It has
been found in several stations in China and Japan, but is unknown
from other parts of the world. We have a drawing from Professor
Gono, Japan, that shows a white stem and red arms. We do not
know, however, that these colors are constant.

Fig. 38a

LYSURUS GARDNERI.
(Photo of a type.)

Fig. 39.

LYSURUS

AUSTRALIENSIS.

(From the type.)

Fig. 40.

LYSURUS BOREALIS.
(Stocky form.)

LYSURUS GARDNERI (Figs. 38 and 38a).— This species has
been knov/n for many years only from the original collection from
Ceylon, at Kew. It has been recently discovered in Ceylon by Mr.
Fetch, but is of rare occurrence and only recorded from the island.
Mr. Fetch's observations of the fresh plant show that the arms are
united by a very distinct membrane, which would take it out of the
genus Lysurus as formerly defined. As it was originally classed in this
genus, however, and as its relations are evidently with the genus Ly-
surus, I think it better to modify the definition of the genus to in-

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Fig. 37.

LYSURUS MOKUSIN.

Fig. 38.

LYSURUS GARDNER!.

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elude it.^® The photograph of Lysurus Gardneri, as well as the dried
specimens, has a close resemblance to the two following species, and
I have heretofore believed that in time they would all three prove to
be the same species. We must abandon this idea now that Professor
Fetch has demonstrated that the arms of Lysurus Gardneri are organ-
ically united, for they are entirely distinct in both of the following
species.

Fig. 42.

LYSURUS
CLARAZIANUS.

'<^'i

Fig. 43.

LYSURUS SANCTAE-
CATHERTNAE.

Fig. 45.

LYSURUS WOODIL
(From the co-type.)

LYSURUS AUSTRALIENSIS (Fig. 39).— One collection of a
Lysurus from Australia is at Kew, published as above. How it dif-
fers from Lysurus borealis I do not know. Professor McAlpine has
advised me of a red Lysurus in Australia, but I have not had further
details. As I think the published figure of Lysurus Australiensis is
overdrawn and inaccurate, I present a photograph of the type, which,
while not satisfactory, is true as far as it goes.

LYSURUS BOREALIS (Figs. 40 and 41).— This is claimed
to be distinct from the preceding, but I know no points of difference.

** It has been classed in the genus Colus, but for me it has no characters in com-
mon with the genus Colus, which is a clathrate genus. It might be included in Pseudocolus
according to the definition of that genus, but it is so different from all species of that genus
1 think it better not to so include it.

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Fig. 45a.

LYSURUS (unnamed).
(The limb and an arm enlarged five times.)

't^^

■s

^ ^

Fig. 44.

LYSURUS CRUCIATUS.

Fig. 41.

LYSURUS BOREALIS.
(Slender form.)

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It has a curious history in the United States and Europe and is sup-
posed to be an introduced plant. It grows in gardens, sod, and other
cultivated places. It occurs mostly in our Eastern States. In Europe
it has been found in three localities, all in recent years. First by
Dr. Hennings in Germany, then by Mr. Carleton Rea in England,
and then by Mr. Harold Murray, of Manchester, England. Mr. Mur-
ray's plant has a white stem and red arms. Professor Long also
advised me of a red Lysurus in Texas. We present two photographs,
one a stocky plant from England, the other a slender specimen from
the United States. We are told, however, that these same "stocky'*
forms occur in the United States.

LYSURUS CLARAZIANUS (Fig. 42).— This was a small plant, de-
scribed from Argentina. It is red and small, but otherwise seems about the
same as the preceding.

LYSURUS SANCTAE-CATHERINAE (Fig. 43).— This was based on
a picture from Brazil. It seems to have the gleba in a globose mass on the
center of the apex of the stipe rather than surrounding the arms. The color
is red. It may be an Anthurus.

LYSURUS CRUCIATUS (Fig. 44.)— A very small species with four
arms, the gleba forming a ball on the top of the stem. It is only known from
the original collection, which was from French Guiana, and is preserved al
Paris. We present the original drawing in our illustration.

LYSURUS WOODII (Fig. 45). —This is a small, red species, imperfectly
known from South Africa. Our photograph is made from the cotype at Kew.
The arms are three or four and are "magnificent scarlet," the stem "waxy
yellow." The specimens are from Mr. Wood and are the same as those named
and figured by Kalchbrenner as Anthurus Woodii. While it is unsafe to draw
conclusions from dried specimens, we believe the species is a Lysurus entirely
distinct from the genus Anthurus and that Kalchbrenner misconceived and mis-
drew the illustration. We, therefore, present a photograph of the dried speci-
men, which though a very poor illustration is better than an inaccurate drawing.

UNNAMED SPECIES (Fig. 45a).— We have received from F. M. Reader
what is surely an unnamed species from Australia. It is a very small species,
as will be seen by reference to our photograph, which is an enlargement four
diameters. The limb is four-angled, enlarged above, and bears an arm at each
angle. The color is red. The specimen sent us (in formalin) had evidently
been cut in two pieces and these arms all broken off, so that we could not
make much of a picture of it. We think it will be recognized, if found again
by our Australian friends, and we do not name it. We hope some one in
Australia will give a good photograph of it from the fresh plant and give it
a name. We should be glad to have a perfect specimen in alcohol.

THE GENUS ANTHURUS.

Though largely confused with Lysurus, the genus Anthurus as
originally proposed is very distinct. The stem is a flaring tube, the
limb divided into segments, and it bears the gleba on the inner side
of these segments. But one species is satisfactorily known, and that
one is due to the work of Prof. D. McAlpine of Australia.

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rig. 46.
ANTHURUS ASEROEFORMIS.

Fig. 49.

ANTHURUS CALATHISCUS.
(The original drawing.)

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ANTHURUS ASEROEFORMIS (Fig. 46) .—Professor Mc-
Alpine describes the plant as follows:

"Receptacle with hollow stem, expanding above into five arms, directed
upwards and outwards. Stem salmon pink, slightly darker at top, fully three
inches long, rugose with small depressions running more or less in lines and
shght ridges running crosswise, so that it looks as if divided into a series
of squares, about J^ inch in diameter towards the tapering base and ^ inch
at top. Arms three inches long, merging into stem and tapering to a point,
blood-red on inner face, convex and broken up into larger or smaller cavities,
on outer face there is a continuation of the color of the upper portion of the
stem and gradual darkening until toward the tip it is blood-red like inner
face with thickened, slightly raised margins and central furrow broken up into
small cavities.

Pig. 47.
ANTHURUS MUELLERIANUS.

Fig. 48.
ANTHURUS Al^CHERI.

"Gleba blackish with tinge of bronze green, extending along the inner sur-
face of each arm, but not covering the slender tip.

"Volva somewhat cup-shaped, about as long as broad (ij^ inches) dirty-
white, splitting at the apex, tapering towards the base and provided there with
turfs of elongated fibrous roots.

"Spores hyaline, cylindrical to elongated ellipsoid, rounded at both ends,
sometimes vacuolated but generally homogeneous contents, 6-8x2^^-3 mic,
occasionally 9 mic. long.

"A solitary specimen growing in a garden among violets, near Melbourne,
Victoria, April, 1907. Forwarded by C. French, Jr. It had a very disagreeable
smell. Owing to its fragile nature, one of the arms fell away and only the
arm to the right in the photograph shows the slender tip."

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This description, taken in connection with the photograph that Pro-
fessor McAlpine sends, gives a perfect idea of the plant, and it is
the only Anthurus that is really known.

ANTHURUS MUELLERIANUS (Fig. 47).— This, the original species
of the genus, is known only from a drawing supposed to be quite inaccurate.
It was from Australia, and the color was described as yellowish-red and
shown bright red. I rather suspect that it was based on the same plant as
the preceding.

ANTHURUS ARCHERI (Fig. 48).— This is known only from a figure,
and that is doubtful. It was from Tasmania. It seems from the figure to be
an Anthurus, but in the sectional drawing the arms are shown to be bifid, and
it seems to incline toward the genus Aseroe.

ANTHURUS CALATHISCUS (Fig. 49).— The original of this species,
as far as I can learn, is a crude figure found in the herbarium of Montagne
from Perrottet, India. I think it was published as Calathiscus Sepia, and if so,
then a most fantastic and imaginary figure was given of it Perrottet gives
the color as "jaune pale." No similar plant has since been sent from India,
but his figure evidently is an Anthurus.^ ^

Fig. 51.
ASEROE PENTACTINA.

r-^

Fig. 63a.
ASEROE PALIvIDA.

THE GENUS ASEROE.

Stem tubular, abruptly spreading into a horizontal limb, which
is divided into a number of long, slender, usually bifid segments.

11 Although I have hunted diligently for the original of the fantastic picture that for sixty years
has embellished our phalloid literature, I have found no other evidence than the cut reproduced
(Fig. 49.) It has so little resemblance to the published figure that it does not seem possible to have
been the source. It was from "Perrottet, India," and on a sheet with two other sketches taken by
Perrottet to be different species, but which appear to me to be forms of the same. Montagne has en-
dorsed this sheet "Perrottet Calathiscus et Aseroe pentactina Endl.," and it therefore seems to be the
source of his "Calathiscus."

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These are generally prolonged into long, slender points. The color
of most species is bright red, and they are among the most showy
phalloids. The genus is at home in Australia, where many forms
occur. It also grows in Java and the East. No species is known from
America or Europe, and it is vaguely known from Africa.^- The species

■^

. I

Fig. 50.
ASEROE RUBRA.

all are very similar and have been reduced to two by Professor Fischer.
However, the figures that are supposed to represent them seem so dif-
ferent that we would prefer to consider them distinct, at least until
more is known about them. We believe, however, that there are three
distinct species under which the forms should be arranged: Aseroe
rubra, which includes the Australian forms and has a narrozv limb;
Aseroe Zeylandica, to which all the East Indian forms should be re-
ferred, and which has a broad limb ; Aseroe arachnoidea, which is quite
distinct from both the others.

^2 At Berlin there is a very imperfect dried specimen of Aseroe from Africa!! It is
so poor that I would not wish to even venture on its form, but the occurrence of the genus
in Africa is not recorded, I think, and is of interest.

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Fig. 55.

ASEROE ARACHNOIDEA.

Fig. 52.

ASEROE HOOKERT.

Fig. 56.

ASEROE ARACH-
NOIDEA. (Section.)

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ASEROE RUBRA (Fig. 50). — This was the original form
known, and was from Australia. It has short, spreading rays. This
exact form does not appear to have reached Europe since, but ad-
ventitious plants which are exactly the same have appeared in the
hothouses at Kew.

Fig. 53.
ASEROE MUELLERIANA.

ASEROE PENTACTINA (Fig. 51).— From the specimens that reach
Europe this form seems to be the most common form in Australia. It has
a narrow limb and long, slender rays. The name, pentactina, referred to the
number (five) of the rays of the original specimen, but the number varies
and is of no importance.

ASEROE HOOKERI (Fig. 52).— This was a very small form with a
short stem and narrow rays that came from New Zealand. It is the smallest
form described and appears to me quite different from the others.

ASEROE MUELLERIANA (Fig. 53). —This form from Australia has a
broad limb and a general resemblance to Aseroe Zeylandica of Ceylon. How-

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ever, the rays are shorter and differently disposed. I think it is known only
from the picture. It seems quite different in its broad limb from the other
Australian forms, if any reliance can be placed on the picture.

ASEROE PALLIDA (Fig. 53a).— At Berlin I found a dried specimen of
an Aseroe from New Caledonia sent by Monsieur Le Rat, with a drawing
(Fig. 53a) that seems to be well made. It differs from the Australian form
not only in its narrow segments but pale coloration. The stem is "pure white,'*
the limb "pale rose." I think it is worthy of record as a marked form of this
variable species.

Fig. 54.
ASEROE ZEYLANDICA.

ASEROE ZEYLANDICA (Fig. 54).— This species is originally
from Ceylon and is the largest and most showy of the genus. The
broad limb is divided into a number of segments, and the whole plant
is bright red. It was collected many years ago in Java (and called

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Aseroe Junghuhnii), but is very rare there and was not found by
Penzig. It has recently been found again by Dr. Bernard, who has
kindly sent us the fine photograph which we publish.

ASEROE LYSUROIDES.— This was figured by Corda from specimens
from Australia. It has a long, slender stem and short, broad rays. Corda's
figures appear to me to represent two different genera, hence I do not repro-
duce it as I think there is surely something wrong about it.

ASEROE ARACHXOIDEA (Figs. 55 and 56).— This species
differs widely from all that precede. It has simple rays, not bifid,
as all others. The color is white : all others are red. It was based
on alcoholic material at Paris collected "sur fumier" in Cochin China,
by Dr. Harmand. It has since been found abundantly in Java by
Penzig and Dr. Bernard, though not on manure. The stem is hol-
low, and pervious at the top, and the arms crown the limb of the stem.

Fig. 59.
LATERNEA TRISCAPA.

Fig. 60.

LATERNEA PUSILLA.
(From the type.)

THE GENUS LATERNEA.

This genus consists of columns (usually two to five) that are
united at the top and bear the gleba clinging to the under side. It
is chiefly an American genus, being very common in South America
and Southern United States. There is one record from Africa and
one species known from Japan.

LATERNEA COLUMXATA (Fig. 57 and 58).— Columns from
three to five, usually four. When perfectly developed there is a
groove on the outer surface. Color red, or perhaps also white. White
plants have been figured from Chile and Africa that are probably
the same thing. This is the original species of Laternea, and is tlie
most common one. It is abundant in Southern United States and
South America, and is also known from the West Indies and Hawaii.

LATERNEA TRISCAPA (Fig. 59).— This was the second species named,
and is known only from the original figure. It is very much the same as
Laternea columnata except its small size, and it may be only a small form.

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Fig. 62.
LATERNEA ANGOLENSIS.

Fig. 61.

LATERNEA
RHACODES.

Fig. 58.

LATERNEA
COLUMNATA.

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It came from the West Indies. The figure shows only three columns, and
for a long time that was considered its specific character. It is well known,
however, that the number of columns varies in other species and undoubtedly
also in this.

LATERNEA PUSILLA (Fig. 60).— This is known from a single speci-
men from Cuba, preserved at Kew. The character of this specimen is the
two columns and its exceedingly small size. As Laternea pusilla has never
been found since and was never figured, we have used for our illustratinn <i
photograph of the type specimen. When these small Laterneas are known
from more ample collections, it will probably not be possible to draw any line
between pusilla and triscapa and perhaps also columnata.

Fig. 63.

LATERNEA SPEGAZZINI.

Fig. 57.

LATERNEA COLUMNATA.

LATERNEA RHACODES (Fig. 61).— In this species the inner
cells of the columns are torn and lacerated, and on that account has
been made into a new genus (Blumenavia). As the same character
is afforded by more than one Clathrus, which are not separated on this
account, we feel it better to include this in Laternea, with which it
otherwise agrees. Laternea rhacodes was originally from Brazil,
where it is reported to be common. It is not otherwise known.

LATERNEA ANGOLENSIS (Fig. 62).— This, from the picture, which is
all that is known about it, is very similar to columnata except that the columns
are more slender and reduced at the top, and the color is white. It is probably
only a white form of Laternea columnata. It is the only record of the genus

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Laternea in Africa and was from Angola. The recently described Blumenavia
itsambarensis from Africa is probably the same. The type is in alcohol at Berlin.

LATERNEA SPEGAZZINI (Fig. 63).— This, which we know only from
a figure, differs from Laternea columnata in having the surface covered with
papillate projections. It might well be made the type of a new genus. As
far as known, it occurs only in Argentina, South America. The illustration
shows only three columns, but the number probably varies.

Fig. 64.
LATERNEA BICOLUMNATA.

LATERNEA BICOLUMNATA (Fig. 64). — Receptacle con-
sists of two columns united at the top and free at the bottom. Col-
umns slightly compressed, cylindrical, tapering above. Gleba attached
to the under side of the columns near the apex. Color pale reddish.
This species is known only from Japan and is the only Laternea re-
corded from that part of the world. We are under obligations to
Professor Kusano for the photograph that we reproduce.

THE GENUS PSEUDOCOLUS.

The genus Pseudocolus consists of columns (three, as far as
known) which are united at the top and at the bottom are consoli-
dated into a stalk. In other words, it is a stipitate Laternea. The
best known species are from Java and Brazil. Other and less per-
fectly known species occur in Australia, Reunion Island (Africa),
Java, and Ceylon. All species of Pseudocolus appear to be very rare,
and most of them are only known from a single record.
5 51

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PSEUDOCOLUS GARCIAE (Fig. 65).— Receptacle consists
of three tapering columns, slightly united at the top and bearing the
gleba on the under side. Color, white. This is a rare species, known
only from Brazil (Moeller) and rare there, for Father Rick has never
found it.

Fig. 66.

PSEUDOCOLUS JAVANICUS.

Fig. 68.

PSEUDOCOLUS
FUSIFORMIS.

PSEUDOCOLUS JAVANICUS (Fig. 66).— From the illustra-
tion this seems to be very similar to the preceding species from Brazil.
However, this is of a pale red color and grows in Java. It is a very
rare plant and is only known from one specimen collected by Penzig.
We reproduce Penzig's drawing, which is enlarged twofold from
the plant.

PSEUDOCOLUS RUGULOSUS (Fig. 67).— Columns three, slender,
united at the apex and into a short stipe at the base. The inner side of the
columns are strongly rugulose, fluted. The stipe very short and included in
the volva. Color, red. All that is known of this species is a figure preserved
at Kew and made by Kurz in Java. It v^ras referred to Laternea triscapa. If
it exists at all it must be quite rare, for neither Penzig ncr Dr. Bernard has-
found it.

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PSEUDOCOLUS FUSIFORMIS (Fig. 68).— This species is based on a
figure in the Museum at Paris, made on the Island of Reunion (near Mada-
gascar). The plant is red; otherwise, our photograph of this figure (Fig. 68)
is all that is known about it. If the plant was correctly drawn, as it seems
to be, it appears to me to be very distinct from all the other species. Professor
Fischer based the name fusiformis on this figure, afterwards withdrew it, re-
ferring the plant to Pseudocolus Javanicus of Java. That does not seem pos-
sible to me.

Fig. 67.

PSEUDOCOLUS RUGULOSUS.
(From the original sketch.)

Fig. 69.

PSEUDOCOLUS

ROTHAE.

(From the original

sketch.)

PSEUDOCOLUS ROTHAE (Fig. 69).— Columns three, slender, united
above and below into a short stipe which does not extend beyond the volva.
Color, rich orange. This species is represented at Kew by two collections from
Australia. It seems very similar to the preceding from Java, but is evidently
a much more slender species. As no other illustration of it is known, we give
a copy of a crude sketch by Bailey, sent with the plant.

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Fig. 65.
PSEUDOCOLUS GARCIAE.

THE GENUS CLATHRUS.

This genus has a receptacle consisting of a simple "sessile" net-
work, bearing- the gleba on the inner side. When young, the gleba
forms a mass, filling the center of the Qgg; but as the plant expands,
the gleba deliquesces and remains attached to the inner surface of
the receptacle. The genus Clathrus as comprised in this pamphlet
consists of two very distinct genera. Clathrus (true), with the re-
ceptacle composed of large cells, and Ileodictyon, with the receptacle
formed of tubes. Clathrus cancellatus belongs to the former ; Clathrus
cibarius and gracilis to the latter. Where the other species belong
we do not surely know, and hence do not attempt to maintain them as
two genera.

CLATHRUS CANCELLATUS (Fig. 70).— Color, bright red.
Aleshes of the network subequal. Receptacle subglobose, composed
of large cells, becoming torn and lacerate on the inner surface, the
outer surface smooth, even. This well-known species is a native of
Southern Europe. It is not rare in Italy and Southern France. It
is a plant of warm regions and does not occur in Northern Europe
except where the cHmate is modified by the Gulf Stream. It is
found rarely on the channel coast, both of France and England, and
even extends up into Holland. It occurs in Northern Africa, and has

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Fig. 70.
CLATHRUS CANCELLATUS.

Fig. 71.
CLATliRUS AMERICANUS.

CLATHRUS
CAMERUNENSIS.

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been collected at a few stations in Florida and Georgia in the United
States. In our country it is rare, and only known with certainty
from the South.

CLATHRUS AMERICANUS (Fig. 71).— Color, red. Recep-
tacle, elongated. Meshes subequal above, elongated below. Outer
surface slightly grooved, smooth. This is a species of Brazil and
the West Indies. It reached me first from Father Schupp, of Brazil,
who sent a photograph (Fig. 71) and a dried specimen. Then from

Pig. 73.
CLATHRUS PUSILLUS.

Fig. 72.

CLATHRUS TREUBH.

L. J. K. Brace, from the Bahamas, sent in liquid. In general form it
appears to be very much like Clathrus pusillus, of Australia, but ac-
cording to the original figure, that has much more slender branches.
At Berlin I found a specimen (unnamed) from Paraguay.

CLATHRUS TREUBEI (Fig. 72).— Color, bright red. Re-
ceptacle of large meshes above, below columned. The branches of the
receptacle are tubular, smooth externally and corrugated on the inner
surface. They are reduced in diameter above, and when old they

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break apart, and the primary columns separate. Clathrus Treubei
was recently described by Dr. Bernard, from Java. At Upsala there
are alcoholic specimens collected in Java by E. Nyman, and an old
specimen of the same collection was discovered at Berlin to be a new
species of Laternea (pentactina).

Fig. 74a.

CLATHRUS CRISPATUS.

(Egg.)

CLATHRUS PUSILLUS (Fig. 73). —Color, bright ruby red.
Meshes subequal above, elongated below. Branches of the receptacle
wrinkled. This species is only known from the original collection
made on the Swan River, Australia, more than sixty years ago.
What is apparently a very good figure of it (Fig. 73) was given
by Berkeley, though it seems to me the branches of the receptacle
are more slender than is borne out by the specimens at Kew.

CLATHRUS CAMERUNENSIS (Fig. 74).— This species was described
from Camerun, Africa, and figured. The figure appears to be very much Ihe
same as Clathrus pusillus from Australia, but the African plant is said to be
dark olive and the Australian red. The type is in alcohol at Berlin. It seems
to be an Ileodictyon with tubular arms. The most marked feature of it to me
is the reduced diameter of the upper bars.

CLATHRUS CRISPATUS (Fig. 74a).— This species is only known from
the elevated regions of Ceylon and is imperfectly known from there. It was

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originally sent to Europe (dried specimens) many years ago, and referred to
Clathrus cancellatus, to which it seems to have little resemblance. The net is
composed of broad, flattened bars which form small meshes. The color is red.
No photograph or drawing is known (in Europe) but it must be quite different
in appearance from Clathrus cancellatus. We reproduce a photograph of an
unopened egg. This has a tubercular surface, corresponding to the form of
the enclosed net, and is a character not seen at all in the European species.
At the British Museum there is a species from Yucatan ( !) that seems to be
this species. Mr. Fetch, who has rarely seen it, writes me that the bars are
flattened-triangular in section, the broad, flat surface exterior.

^ 1

Fig. 76.

CLATHRUS CRISPUS.

Fig. 75.

CLATHRUS GUTTULATUS.

CLATHRUS GUTTULATUS (Fig. 75).— Color, bright red. Branches
of the net narrow, thin, smooth. They appear to be tubes. Color, bright red.
Nothing is known of this species excepting the original figure in the collection
of Fries. It was made by Oersted, from St. Thomas. The guttae appear to
me to be spots of white lead on the drawing, intended to show the porous
nature of the receptacle.

CLATHRUS CRISPUS (Fig. 76).— Color, salmon. Receptacle,
subglobose, with subequal meshes. Branches of the receptacle broad,

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strongly wrinkled. This seems to be a frequent species in the West
Indies and is recorded also from Mexico and South America. Plumier,
two hundred years ago gave a crude but evident figure of it. Next
it seems to have been very characteristically figured by Turpin
(Fig. 76). It was sent to Berkeley from Uruguay. It has been re-
corded several times, mostly from the West Indies. No photograph
is known, but the original drawing seems characteristic.

Fig. 77.
CLATHRUS PSEUDOCRISPUS (reduced one-third).

CLATHRUS PSEUDOCRISPUS (Fig. 77) —A figure (Fig. 77) of what
is probably only a form of Clathrus crispus is found at Kew from Dr. McCatty,
Montego Bay, Jamaica. It differs from crispus, as is shown by the figure,
in having the meshes below elongated. Whether it is a distinct species, a dis-
tinct form, or whether crispus really has this character we do not know. The
color as shown is dark red.

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CLATHRUS PSEUDOCANCELLATUS.— This plant was named from
Central Africa. It was orange-red and described as having broad, flattened
branches. No figure has been given of it from which any idea whatever can
be gained of the general appearance of the plant, nor could I form a much
more definite idea from the types in alcohol at Berlin. They were probably
originally in formalin as they have lost all definite form.

Fig. 79.
CLATHRUS GRACILIS.

CLATHRUS CIBARIUS (Fig. 78).— Color, white. Recep-
tacle with smooth, tubular branches and large, pentagonal meshes.
Our figure (78) will give an idea of the general appearance of
this plant, but not of the size, for the photograph is evidently much
reduced. The plant is four or five inches in diameter. It is a very
common species in New Zealand, and it occurs rarely in Australia.
It also grows in Chile, and a curious form has been collected in
Brazil. It is said that the natives of New Zealand formerly em-
ployed the plant for food, hence the name.

CLATHRUS AFFINIS.— At the British Museum there is a specimen col-
lected by G. A. Ramage, Pernambuco, Brazil, wliich is certainly a distinct
form if not specifically distinct. It has the general appearance of Clathriis

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Fig. 78.

CLATHRUS CIBARIUS.
(Reduced about one-half.)

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cibarius, but the arms of the upper meshes are narrower than those of the
lower, and the latter are somewhat columnar, so that the lower meshes are
elongated.

AFRICAN FORM(?).— At the British Museum there is a plant from
Africa which, if not a form of Clathrus cibarius, is very close. There is a
sketch with it which is yellowish (and I understand that the New Zealand
type form is white), but otherwise it seems to be the same.

(

Fig. 80.
CLATHRUS CHRYSOMYCELINUS.

Fig. 81.
CLATHRUS PREUSSIL

CLATHRUS GRACILIS (Fig. 79).— Color white or pale. Re-
ceptacle large, globose, with large meshes. The br^inches of the mesh
are flattened, .very narrow and slender, and vary from 2 to 3 mm. in
breadth. Clathrus gracilis is the most common phalloid in Australia.
There are numerous collections at Kew, and it reaches me from sev-
eral collectors. It is very much like Clathrus cibarius of New Zealand,
in fact might be considered as a small form of it. It does not seem
to occur in New Zealand. It is reported from South Africa, and at

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Paris there is a very poor specimen, which has been called Clathrus
Fischeri, but which appears to be Clathrus gracilis. The specimen is
too poor to judge, however. Notwithstanding that Clathrus gracilis
is the most common phalloid in Australia, we know of no photograph
of it and have to resort to one made from alcoholic material, devoid
of volva, which gives only a vague idea of the plant.

CLATHRUS CHRYSOMYCELINUS (Fig. 80) .—Receptacle
white, with large, polygonal meshes; those below somewhat length-
ened. The receptacle arms are united at the base. Mycelium de-
scribed as being bright golden yellow, hence the specific name. This
species is only known from Brazil. Father Schupp finds it, and he
writes me the mycelium is not always yellow.

Fig. 82.

CLATHRUS DEUCATUS.

CLATHRUS PREUSSn (Fig. 81).— This species from Kamerun, Africa,
is one of the few white species of Clathrus known. The receptacle has broad,
flat arms that are more narrow above. The figure which was published by
Fischer shows the plant with the volva cut away. It is only known from
the original collection in alcohol at Berlin. The bars of the network are
cellular (not tubular) and have a somewliat quadrilateral sliape, different from
all other known species of Clathrus.

CLATHRUS DELICATUS (Fig. 82).— This unique little Clathrus is the
smallest of the genus and disputes with Mutinus xylogenus the distinction of
being the smallest phalloid known. It occurs only in Ceylon as far as known.
The color is white, and the structure of the arms is tubular, hence it should
be included in the genus Ileodictyon if taken out of Clathrus. The gleba is
collected in little globose masses at the nodes of the net.

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THE GENUS SIMBLUM.

The genus Simblum can be described in a few words as being
a Clathrus on a stalk. In most of the species known the meshes are
more compact than is usual in Clathrus. The genus Simblum was

ie- n-

Fig. 87.
SIMBLUM MULLERT.

Fig. 83.
SIMBLUM PERIPHRAGMOIDES.

originally known from Mauritius, then from South America, Java,
and finally from the United States. At Kew we found an unnamed
species from Africa, and there is a doubtful one from Australia.
It can be divided into two series according to the color, yellow and
red, which seem distinct and do not run into each other. However,
the red series has pale or white forms.

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Fig. 84.

SIMBLUM GRACILE.

Fig. 85.

SIMBLUM TEXENSE.

Fig. 86.

SIMBLUM SPHAEROCEPHALUM.

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SIMBLUM PERIPHRAGMOIDES (Fig. 83).— Volva, white.
Stipe 3 to 4 inches long by 2 broad, hollow, striate, yellow. Receptacle
globose, with small meshes, yellow. This species, which was originally
from Mauritius, was sent to Hooker and published in 183 1. It is
evidently rare in Mauritius, for Dr. O'Connor, who resides there and
has collected several other phalloids of this island, but lately found
it. The following species, which is common in Java, I at first thought
was distinct from its slender form, but at Upsala I have recently seen
a series of alcoholic specimens from Java, some so much like the
original specimens that I now think them to be one species.

Fig. 88.
SIMBLUM CLATHRATUM.

SIMBLUM GRACILE (Fig. 84).— This has all the characters of the
previous excepting the slender form. It is yellow, with a globose head of
small meshes. It is a very common species in Java, Ceylon, and India, and
has been reported from China. I am convinced, from an examination of a
series of alcoholic specimens from Java, at Upsala, that it can not be kept
distinct from the preceding species.

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SIMBLUM TEXENSE (Fig. 85).— This species, which is only
known from Texas, has the same yellow color character as the pre-
ceding. It differs in the nature of the network (best shown in our
figures) and in the clathrate portion abruptly contracted into the stipe.
An excellent account of it has been given by Professor Long.

SIMBLUM SPHAEROCEPHALUM (Fig. 86).— This species
differs from those that precede by being red, though pale or white
forms occur. It was first noted in South America, where it is an
extremely common plant. Then it was published from the United
States,^^ wliere it is rare, and it. reached me from the Bahamas. In
shape it is the same as Simblum Texense, and the photographs without
color notes could not be told apart.

SIMBLUM MiJLLERI (Fig. 87).— This species,* which is known from a
drawing made from a dried specimen from Australia, is very different from
all others in its open network. In its general appearance it is close to Clathrus
pusillus, excepting that the clathrate portion is borne on a distinct though short
stem . When the phalloids of Australia are well known, it may be found that
Clathrus pusillus varies in this respect and that this is really only a stalked form.

SIMBLUM CLATHRATUM (Fig. 88).— Stem hollow, pale reddish tint,
tYt. cm. thick x 7 cm. high. Receptacle a loose, clathrate structure, with large
meshes to the net and slender branches. Color, bright red. The clathrate
portion is fragile and easily broken. The specimen grew in the botanical
garden at Old Calabar, Africa. It is the first red Simblum known from
Africa, although the original species of the genus came from Mauritius. It
was a yellow plant. The only similar plant known is Simblum sphaerocephalum
from America, which differs widely in having a compact net of small meshes.
The specimen and a colored drawing by J. W. Holland are at Kew.

THE GENUS COLUS.

This genus is a Clathrus supported on columns which are united
at the base into a stipe. Only one species is known, and that only
from the Mediterranean regions.

COLUS HIRUDINOSUS (Figs. 89 and 90).— This is a small
phalloid, that, as far as is known, grows only in the Mediterranean re-
gions. Originally from Corsica, it was named from Southern France.
It has been found in Algeria, and Father Torrend, of Portugal, has re-
cently discovered it abundant in the sand. In Corsica, the original
observer stated, it. grew only on manure, but the other records are
from unnamed places. The color is red; the other characters are all
those of the genus and are best shown in our photographs.

In some publications, the genus Coins includes plants that in my
opinion have very little resemblance or relation to the original species.
These we have separated under the name Pseudocolus.

18 The only stations known are Long Island, N. Y., Gerard ; Nebraska, J. M. Bates ; Kansas, E. E.
Bartholomew; Washington, D. C, W. H. Scudder; Talbot County, Maryland, Chas. Mcllvaine.
When any one finds this rare plant in the United States I request that it be reported to me so that we
can keep a record of its known stations.

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Fig. 89.

COLUS HIRU-

DINOSUS.
(Natural size.)

Fig. 90.

COLUS HIRUDINOSUS.
(Enlarged.)

THE GENUS KALCHBRENNERA.

This is a very peculiar genus, known only from South Africa^
and but one species. It has a stipe bearing a clathrate structure
similar to the genus Simblum, but from the net proceed large, knobbed
projections.

KALCHBRENNERA CORALLOCEPHALA (Figs. 91 and
92). — The only species grows in South Africa, and there appears to
be rather a frequent plant. It is a very showy plant, of a bright red
color in all its parts. The gleba covers the outer portion of the net
and to an extent hides the network. It was a number of years before
its correct structure was known, and it was Kalchbrenner who made
a good picture of it and first showed it.

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Fig. 91.

KALCHBRENNERA CORALLO-
CEPHALA.

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:;l V

Fig. 92.

KALCHBRENNERA CORALLOCEPHALA.

(Section.)

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RELATED PLANTS.

It is a disputed question whether Phallogaster saccatus is a phalloid or not.
It has no volva as other phalloids have, hence is excluded by some who are
theorizing on such things. I do not believe that any one familiar with the
fresh plant will ever place it anywhere except with the phalloids. It has the
same greenish, fetid gleba that is associated with the phalloids, the same spores
and basidia, and it deliquesces in the same way. It seems to me that its relations
are entirely with the phalloids, notwithstanding it has no volva.

THE GENUS PHALLOGASTER.

Plants devoid of a volva, the gleba borne in the inner tissue.
Peridium w^hite, smooth. In ripening the inner tissue and gleba deli-
quesce, and the latter adheres to the inner side of the peridium, which
breaks irregularly and exposes the adhering gleba.

Fig. 93.

PHALLOGASTER SACCATUS.

Fig. 94.

PHALLOGASTER SACCATUS.
(After dehiscence.)

PHALLOGASTER SACCATUS (Figs. 93 and 94).— This spe-
cies occurs only in the United States and Canada, as far as known,
and it is a rare plant there. It has only been known for a few years.
I think there can be no trouble in identifying it from our photographs.
Another species has been recently published, which appears to me to
be rather a depauperate form.

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APPENDIX I.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The real study of the phalloids, as T view it, is the correct characters of
the species, the simplest grouping of them into genera, and their distribution.
We present a synopsis of the number of phalloids known to occur in various
countries, and where the same species occurs in different countries it is in-
cluded in each. We include as different phalloids all the various forms named
in this pamphlet, and all the alleged species so named, whether doubtful .or
well known.

General Distribution.

When the subject is well known, I think, it will be found that several
species are of very wide distribution, but at present we only know two.

Phallus indusiatus occurs without doubt ia every tropical country of the
world. We give on page i8 the countries from which we have seen specimens,
and the list does not embrace perhaps half of the countries where it occurs.

Phallus rubicundus (under the names aurantiacus, gracilis, etc.) also seems
to occur in most warm countries.

n c
^«.

£.5*

Anthurus,

I
4

2
\

I
I

Aseroe,

Clathrus,

Clautriavia,

I
I

Colus, .

Floccomutinus

••

Itaiahva

Jansia,

Kalchbrennera

Laternea,

I
I

3
3
3

I
I

L/ysurus,

Mutinus

Phallogaster,

Phallus,

Pseufliseolus

Simblum,

Total,

Europe.

There are but six phalloids in Europe (including one form). Phallus
impudicus is the most common and widespread. The form Phallus imperialis
is rare and local. Mutinus caninus is not rare. Clathrus cancellatus is of a
southern range. It occurs mostly in southern France, Italy, etc. Colus hirudi-
nosus is confined to the Mediterranean region. It occurs in Corsica, Southern
France, Portugal. Lysurus borealis is probably an introduced species. It is
known from one collection in Germany and two in England.

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United States and Canada.

We have fourteen phalloids in our country. Phallus Ravenelii and Phallus
■duplicatus are the most frequent. The form Phallus imperialis, which with
us replaces Phallus impudicus of Europe, is of a Western rarffee, found in
California, Colorado, and Texas. But one Eastern station is known, Wash-
ington, D. C. Mutinus elegans is our most common Mutinus in rich woods.
Mutinus caninus is an Eastern species, and Mutinus Ravenelii is local and
rare. Laternea columnata is common in the South, and Clathrus cancellatus
is very rare and only known with certainty from the South. Phallus rubicundus
seems to be fairly common in the South. Simblum sphaerocephalum is very
rare. A list of known stations is given on page 67. Simblum Texense is
known only from Texas. Lysurus borealis seems to be an introduced plant.
Of late years it has been found a number of times, chiefly in the East and
in cultivated stations. Phallogaster saccatus is of rare occurrence. In addition
I have a specimen in alcohol from Florida, species hot sure, but probably
Phallus gracilis.

West Indies.

The phalloids of the West Indies are not well known. Undoubtedly when
well observed, several of the Brazilian species will be found in tfie West
Indies. Clathrus crispus (and a doubtful form, pseudocrispus) ; Clathrus
Americanus, recently found in the Bahamas by Mr. Brace; Clathrus gut-
tulatus, known only from an old drawing ; Phallus indusiatus, common ; Phallus
rubicundus, probably common; Laternea columnata, common; Laternea pusilla,
known from one collection; Laternea triscapa, known only from an old draw-
ing, and Simblum sphaerocephalum, recently collected in ihe JBahaiiaas by
Mr. Brace.

South America.

Most excellent work has recently been done on the phalloids of Brazil
by Moeller, and to this work is due most of our knowledge of South American
phalloids. He has published in a superb manner Clathrus chrysomycelinus,
Pseudocolus Garciae, Laternea columnata, Laternea rhacodes, Mutinus bambusi-
nus. Phallus subtilis. Phallus glutinolens, Phallus indusiatus (and a form,
Moelleri), Phallus callichrous (which is probably only a color form of in-
dusiatus), and Itajahya galericulata, a genus only known from South America.

Simblum sphaerocephalum is a most comrhon phai.lloid in South America,
but does not seem to have been found by Professor 'Moeller. Clathrus Amer-
icanus is a recent species from Rev. F. A. Schupp, -Brazil.

Rev. J. Rick finds in his locality (Sao Leopolda) the following: Simblum
sphaerocephalum. Phallus indusiatus, Pseudocolus Garciae, Laternea columnata,
Laternea rhacodes, and Clathrus Americanus.

There have been several imperfectly known phalloids from South America.
We would list Phallus Farlowii, Mutinus australis, Lysurus Sanctae-Catherinae,
Phallus roseus (a form of indusiatus), Mutinus xylogenus, Lysurus cruciatum,
Phallus campanulatus, Lysurus Clarazianus, Clathrus affinis (a form of cibarius,
known only from a specimen in the British museum), Laternea Spegazzini,
and Laternea crispus. In addition, several have been proposed by Spegazzini,
but they are mostly only word-descriptions, and nothing can be told about them.
For me an unillustrated phalloid has no place excepting in the rejected columns.
There has also been a "new genus," Alboffiella, illustrated by Spegazzini. Pro-
fessor Fischer has suggested, not without reason it seems to me, that it was
based on a Phallus with an accidental volva cap. Robert E. Fries suggests
it was based on Itajahya galericulata. If true, in either case, the work was
very poorly done.

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Australia and New Zealand.

I consider the phalloids of Australia and New Zealand for the most part
very imperfectly and inaccurately known. The new species were mostly pro-
posed forty %r fifty years ago and illustrated by figures reconstructed from
dried specimens, often inaccurate it seems to me, and nothing since has been
learned of them. The subject has gotten into such a condition that the local
workers in these countries seem to be able to make but very little of their
species, and the result is there have been very few original papers by the
mycologists of these countries. It is time our friends there observed their
phalloids and gave us good accounts and photographs of them. If Australian
mycologists will take as a model the photographs and account given on page
42 by Professor D. McAlpine, of Anthurus aseroeformis, and supply similar
photographs and accounts, it will only be a few years until we have a much
better knowledge of the subject.

The two most frequent phalloids are Clathrus cibarius and Clathrus gracilis,
the former in New Zealand, the latter in Australia. Neither has been satis-
factorily illustrated. Anthurus aseroeformis, a rare species but well known,
due to Professor McAlpine. Phallus indusiatus is a frequent plant, but the
forms and color forms ^re not worked out. The genus Aseroe is at home in
Australia. It seems to take very different forms, but their value in classifica-
tion is not known. With the exception of the above, I consider all the other
Australian species more or less doubtful and little known, viz: Phallus im-
pudicus,' Phallus rubicundus, Phallus muhicolor. Phallus callichrous, Phajlus
Rochesterensis, Phallus discolor, Phallus calyptratus, Phallus retusus. Phallus
quadricolor, Mutinus pentagonus, Mutinus curtus, Mutinus papuasius, Jansia
annulata, Lysurus Australiensis, Lysurus (unnamed), Anthurus Muellerianus,
Anthurus Archeri, Aseroe (all the five recorded forms, rubra, pentactina,
Hookeri, Muelleriana, lysuroides), Laternea columnata (very ??), Pseudocolus
Rothae, Clathrus pusillus, Simblum Miilleri. In addition, there is a curious
species, Qautriavia Lauterbachii, only known from an egg from the neighbor-
ing island of New Guinea, and a pale Aseroe (pallida) is recorded from New
Caledonia.

Samoa.

I have spent two winters in Samoa and have hunted the fungi thoroughly.
I am satisfied that Phallus indusiatus is the only common phalloid that grows on
the island, and it is not at all rare. In the museum at Berlin is a specimen labeled
Clathrus gracilis (and it seems to be correct), also a Mutinus (unnamable).
Both genera must be very rare in Samoa, as I found neither.

Africa.

Many years ago Simblum periphragmoides was well illustrated from
Mauritius, and was only recently found again. A slender form is very
frequent in the East Indies. Kalchbrennera corallocephala, a most striking
species, was well illustrated by Kalchbrenner thirty years ago. Phallus in-
dusiatus is a common species and has reached me several times from Africa.
Colus hirudinosus occurs in North Africa. Lysurus Woodii, Laternea Ango-
lensis. Phallus subacutus, and Phallus canariensis were imperfectly published
years ago, and nothing has been added to them since.

In recent years Africa has been a fertile field for "new species," but the
work has not been done as it should have been. Such work would have
passed forty years ago, but it is out of date now. The following have been
added, mostly in this manner, in comparatively recent years : Floccomutinus
Zenkeri, Phallus rubicundus (?), Clathrus camerunensis, Clathrus pseudocan-
cellatus, Clathrus Preussii, Clathrus gracilis (?), Simblum clathratum, Pseudo-
colus fusiformis, Phallus callichrous, Clathrus cibariusX?). Fine specimens of
many of these are in alcohol in the museum at Berlin.

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Mr. Chas. O'Connor has been observing the phalloids of Mauritius. He
finds the only common one to be Phallus gracilis. More rarely he has observed
Phallus indusiatus and Phallus Mauritianus, a related plant. He has only re-
cently rediscovered Simblum periphragmoides which was originally from
Mauritius, but is very rare there.

Ceylon.

For many years we have had a very imperfect knowledge of the phalloids
of Ceylon, but a very recent paper by T. Petch has set the matter right. The
following species occur in Ceylon: Jansia rugosa (rare, and considered by
Petch to be Mutinus proximus), Mutinus proximus (known only from dried
specimens and sketch). Phallus tenuis (only previously known from Ceylon
from dried specimen at Kew, but recently again reported from Ceylon),
Phallus indusiatus, the inost common phalloid and takes many color forms,
viz: callichrous and multicolor), Clautriavia merulina (common in the Botanic
Gardens at Peradeniya), Simblum gracile, common, Lysurus Gardner i (rare
in Ceylon, but most abundantly represented in the museums at Kew, there
being 25 specimens), Aseroe Zeylandica, rare in the elevated regions, Aseroe
arachnoidea, very rare. In addition the unique little Clathrus delicatus is only
known from Ceylon.

India.

Seventy years ago Perrottet sent Montagne a few phalloid sketches and
dried specimens on which were based Phallus rubicundus (published as
aurantiacus), Anthurus Calathiscus (supposed to have been very inaccurately
published). In addition a few specimens of Phallus indusiatus have reached
Europe from India, and these are all, I think, that are known from India.
At the British Museum there are ten times as many specimens of extinct
elephant remains from India as there are of the live phalloids that every
naturalist in India must observe.

Mr. Hutchins writes me from North Bengal that Phallus indusiatus is
common, but is the only phalloid he finds. Mr. G. H. Krumbiegel sent me
from North Bengal a dried phalloid which, while I would not attempt to
reconstruct it, I recognize as a genus unknown.

Java.

From no country in the world have we had a better account of the
phalloids than from Java, which was published by Penzig. The following were
well illustrated and described by him : Mutinus bambusinus, Mutinus Fleischeri,
Jansia elegans, Jansia rugosa. Phallus tenuis. Phallus costatus (form?),
Phallus favosus (form?), Phallus indusiatus, Clautriavia merulina, Phallus
multicolor, Simblum gracile (form), Pseudocolus Javanicus, Aseroe arachnoidea.

Dr. Chas. Bernard has given us a good photograph and account of Clathrus
Treubei, and has sent me a collection of the Javanese species in alcohol, from
which some good photographs have been made.

Aseroe Zeylandica (under the name Junghuhnii) was published from Java
many years ago, but is very rare and only rediscovered by Dr. Bernard recently.
Pseudocolus rugulosus is -based on an old drawing from Java, and no specimen
is known. From the neighboring islands, Mutinus borneensis is vaguely de-
scribed from Borneo and Phallus celebicus from the Celebes.

Dr. Chas. Bernard gives the following synopsis of the relative frequency
of the phalloids he has observed in Java : Mutinus bambusinus, Clautriavia
merulina, Phallus indusiatus, and Simblum gracile are common throughout
the season, though more abundant, of course, during the rainy season. Aseroe
arachnoidea, Jansia elegans, Jansia rugosa, Phallus multicolor, and Clathrus
Treubei are rarer species and will probably only be found during the rainy
season. Aseroe Zeylandica is a very rare phalloid and only recently rediscovered.

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Japan.

An account of the phalloids of Japan was published in Mycological Notes,
page 400. It was based on notes, drawings, and specimens from Professors
Kusafio, Gono, and Yasuda. The following were included : Phallus indusiatus.
Phallus impudicus. Phallus rugulosus, Phallus tenuis (rare), Jansia boninensis
(as Mutinus), Lysurus Mokusin, and Laternea bicolumnata. In addition, Phallus
rubicundus under the name aurantiacus has been said to grow in Japan.

China.

Little is known as to the phalloids of China, although Lysurus Mokusin
from China was among the first foreign phalloids figured.

Some alcoholic specimens were sent to Patouillard at Paris a few years
ago from Tonkin, and the following species recorded: Aseroe Zeylandica,
Phallus indusiatus, Phallus gracilis, Mntinus bambusinus, Mutinus minimus,
Mutinus borneensis.

APPENDIX II.

LOST, STRAYED, OR STOLEN.

The following phalloids have not been heard from since they were originally
exploited and grave fears are entertained as to their survival. Vague rumors
have been circulated of one or two of them having been seen, but when traced
to the source have usually resulted from a mistaken identification. Any one
noticing a stray phalloid in their neighborhood is requested to seize it and send
it in with such notes and marks as may lead to its identification.

Whence Exploited Has not been heard from for

Anthurus Miillerianus Australia Thirty years.

Anthurus Archeri Australia Fifty years.

Anthurus Calathiscus India Sixty-eight years.

Clathrus pusillus Australia Sixty-five years.

Laternea pusilla Cuba Forty years^.

Laternea triscapa West Indies Eighty-seven years.

Laternea angolensis Africa Forty years.

Lysurus cruciatus French Guiana Sixty-five years.

Lysurus Clarazianus South America Thirty-six years.

Lysurus Sanctae Catherinae South America Twenty years.

Lysurus Woodii South Africa Thirty years.

Mutinus curtus Australia Sixty-five years.

Mutinus papuasius Australia Thirty years.

Mutinus discolor Australia Thirty years.

Mutinus xylogenus French Guiana Fifty-five years.

Phallus Daemonum Amboy One hundred and

sixty-six years.

Phallus quadricolor Australia Twenty-six years.

Phallus calyptratus Australia Twenty-six years.

Phallus retusus Australia Twenty-five years.

Phallus subuculatus North Africa Sixty years.

Pseudocolus fusiformis Reunion Thirty years.

Simblum Miilleri Australia Twenty years.

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APPENDIX III.

SYNONYMS.

There have been nearly three hundred names proposed for phalloids and
only about one hundred have been retained in this pamphlet. The other two-
thirds are, in our opinion, superfluous. Jt is an easy matter to propose a
new name, but when once proposed it is impossible to ever get rid of it.
Writers can refer it to "synonymy" all they please, but the next man that
comes along has to dig it up and go all over it again, for no two men ever
agree as to all the details, and each man is entitled to his own opinion.

Many of the following* names are the discoveries made by those who
discover "new species," which seem to me to have been "new" chiefly to the
discoverer. A large part of the synonyms are from changing plants from
one genus to another or making new genera out of sections of old genera.
Personally we do not maintain many of these innovations, for the old estab-
lished genera seem better to us. Of the new genera proposed in the last
twenty years we only maintain Itajahya, Jansia, Phallogaster, CFautriavia, Flocco-
mutinus, and Pseudocolus. (The latter we had the assurance to propose our-
selves.) Professor Fischer has worked over this same ground and reduced many
of these same names to synonymy, and while we agree with him in many in-
stances we have copied him in none, for in every case we have looked up the
evidence and formed our own opinion. We have not been as free as he in
reducing species, for perhaps twenty names recognized as good in this pamphlet
Professor Fischer puts in synonymy. While we suspect many of these have
little value, we give them, in all instances, the benefit of the doubt.

There is one class of "new species" exploiters that I have not bothered
much with — those who propose new species without illustrating them. In
a subject such as the phalloids, where a good illustration tells most of the
story, there is no excuse for any one to try to describe a phalloid in words.
It ought to be a recognized crime, with a heavy penalty. Such species are
listed here as "Nomina nuda." The phalloid fakers who fake up pictures
are perhaps worse. The following names are those which in our opinion
should be placed in synonymy and the reasons.

Anthurus australiensis See Lysurus.

Anthurus borealis See Lysurus.

Anthurus Clarazianus See Lysurus.

Anthurus cruciatus See Lysurus.

Anthurus Sanctae Catherinae See Lysurus.

Anthurus trifidus Nomen nudum.

Anthurus Woodii See Lysurus.

Aporophallus subtilis See Phallus.

Alboffiella argentina Supposed" to be a break.

Aseroe actinobolus =Aseroe pentactina.

Aseroe Ceylanica See Aseroe Zeylandica.

Aseroe Calathiscus See Anthurus.

Aseroe corrugata Nomen nudum.

Aseroe Junghuhnii =Aseroe Zeylandica.

Aseroe multiradiata =Aseroe Zeylandica probably.

Aseroe viridis = Aseroe Hookeri.

Aserophallus cruciatus See Lysurus.

Blumenavia rhacodes See Laternea.

Blumenavia usambarensis =Laternea angolensis( ?).

Calathiscus Sepia See Anthurus Calathiscus.

Calathiscus Puiggarii Nomen nudum.

Caromyxa elegans See Mutinus.

Clathrella camerunensis See Clathrus.

Clathrella crispa See Clathrus.

Clathrella chrysomycelina See Clathrus.

Clathrella delicata See Clathrus.

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Clathrella Muelleri See Simblum.

Clathrella pseudocancellata Nomen nudum.

Clathrella Preussii See Clathrus.

Clathrella pusilla See Clathrus.

Clathrella Treubei See Clathrus.

Clathrus angolensis See Laternea.

Clathrus albidus —Clathrus gracilis.

Clathrus australis * Nomen nudum.

Clathrus Baumii Nomen nudum.

Clathrus Berkeleyi nrtraternea pusilla.

Clathrus Brasiliensis =Laternea columnata.

Clathrus columnatus See Laternea.

Clathrus colonnarius ='Laternea columnata.

Clathrus Fischeri =Clathrus gracilis ( ?) .

Clathrus hirudinosus See Colus.

Clathrus intermedins Nomen nudum.

Clathrus parvulus Too poorly illustrated.

Clathrus pscudocancellatus Npmen nudum.

Clathrus Tepperianus =Clathrus gracilis.

Clathrus triscapus See Laternea.

Clathrus trilobatus =Laternea columnata.

Colus fusiformis See Pseudocolus.

Colus Garciae See Pseudocolus.

Colus Gardneri See Lysurus.

Colus Javanicus See Pseudocolus.

Colus Muelleri See Simblum.

Colus Rothae See Pseudocolus.

Colonnaria truncata Rafinesque's ravings.

Colonnaria urceolata Rafinesque's ravings.

Corynites brevis mMutinus Ravenelii.

Corynites Curtisii =Mutinus elegans.

Corynites elegans See Mutinus.

Corynites Ravenelii See Mutinus.

Cryptophallus albiceps ^Phallus imperialis.

Cynophallus bambusianus See Mutinus.

Cynophallus 'caninus See Mutinus.

Cynophallus papuasius See Mutinus.

Dictybole texensis A phalloid fake.

Dictyophallus aurantiacus =Phallus rubicundus.

Dictyophallus discolor See Phallus.

Dictyophora bicampanulata =Phallus indusiatus.

Dictyophora brasiliensis rriPhallus indusiatus. "

Dictyophora Braunii ^Phallus indusiatus.

Dictyophora callichrous See Phallus.

Dictyophora campanulata =Phallus indusiatus.

Dictyophora chlorocephala . =Phallus callichrous.

Dictyophora collaris =Phallus duplicatus.

Dictyophora Daemonum See Phallus.

Dictyophora duplicata See Phallus.

Dictyophora echinata =Phallus indusiatus.

Dictyophora Farlowii See Phallus.

Dictyophora irpicina =dClautriavia merulina.

Dictyophora Lilloi =Phallus indusiatus.

Didyophora merulina See Clautriavia.

Dictyophora multicolor See Phallus.

Dictyophora nana :='Phallus indusiatus.

Dictyophora phalloidea =iPhallus indusiatus.

Dictyophora radicata =Phallus indusiatus.

Dictyophora rosea =^Phallus indusiatus (form).

Dictyophora speciosa See Phallus indusiatus.

Dictyophora subuculata . '. See Phallus.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Dictyophora tahitensis .=PhalIus indusiatus.

Echinophallus Lauterbachii See Clautriavia.

Floccomutinus N)rmanianus =Jansia rugosa.

Foetidaria coccinea ^Simblum sphaerocephalum.

Hymenophallus alboindusiatus = Phallus indusiatus.

Hymenophallus brasiliensis =Phallus indusiatus.

Hymenophallus duplicatus See Phallus.

Hymenophallus Hadriani ^'Phallus impudicus.

Hymenophallus indusiatus See Phallus.

Hymenophallus radicatus =Phallus indusiatus.

Hymenophallus roseus =Phallus indusiatus (form).

Hymenophallus speciosus =Phallus indusiatus.

Hymenophallus subuculatus See Phallus.

Hymenophallus tahitensis =:Phallus indusiatus.

Hymenophallus. togatus ='Phallus duplicatus.

Hymenophallus tunicatus ^Phallus indusiatus.

Ileodictyon cibarium See Clathrus.

Ileodictyon gracile See Clathrus.

Ithyphallus aurantiacus =:Phallus rubicundus.

Ithyphallus Balansoe =^Phallus rubicundus.

Ithyphallus calyptratus See Phallus.

Ithyphallus campanulata See Phallus.

Ithyphallus canariensis See Phallus.

Ithyphallus celebicus See Phallus.

Ithj'phallus coralloides =Phallus rubicundus.

Ithyphallus costatus See Phallus.

Ithyphallus cucullatus =Phallus Ravenelii.

Ithyphallus favosus : See Phallus.

Ithyphallus glutinolens See Phallus.

Ithyphallus impudicus See Phallus.

Ithyphallus Lauterbachii See Clautriavia.

Ithyphallus Muellerianus =Phallus retusus.

Ithyphallus Novae Hollandiae =dPhallus gracilis.

Ithyphallus purpuratus =Phallus imperialis. '

Ithyphallus quadricolor See Phallus.

Ithyphallus Ravenelii See Phallus:

Ithyphallus retusus See Phallus.

Ithyphallus rubicundus See Phallus.

Ithyphallus rugulosus See Phallus.

Ithyphallus sanguineus =iPhallus rubicundus?

Ithyphallus tenuis See Phallus.

Jansia Nymaniana. =Jansia rugosa.

Jansia Zenkeri See Floccomutinus.

Kalchbrennera Tuckii =Kalchbrennera corallcccphala

Kirchbaumia imperialis See Phallus.

Laternea australis Nomen nudum.

Laternea pentactina =effete Clathrus Treubei.

Lysurus Archeri See Anthurus.

Lysurus argentinus Nomen nudum.

Lysurus aseroeformis See Anthurus.

Lysurus Beauvaisi =Lysurus Mokusin.

Lysurus corallocephalus See Kalchbrennera.

Lysurus pentactinus i=Anthurus Archeri.

Lysurus Texensis Nomen nudum.

Mutinus annulatus See Jansia.

Mutinus boninensis See Jansia.

Mutinus bovinus =Mulinus elegans.

Mutinus brevis =Mutinus Ravenelii.

Mutinus Curtisii =Mutinus elegans.

Mutinus discolor See Phallus.

Mutinus elegans (of Java only) See Jansia.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

Mutinus Muelleri =Mutinus bambusiniis.

Mutinus Nymanianus ±=Jansia rugosa.

Mutinus proximus Nonien nudum.

Mutinus proximus (in sense of Fetch) .^Jansia rugosa.

Mutinus Watsoni \omen nudum.

Mutinus Zenkeri See Floccomutinus.

Omphallophallus Muellerianus ='Pha11us retusus.

Omphallophallus retusus See Phallus.

Phallogaster whitei =depauperate Phallogaster saccatus.

Phallus aurantiacus = Phallus rubicundus.

Phallus bambusinus See Mutinus.

Phallus brasiliensis = Phallus indusiatus.

Phallus caninus See Mutinus.

Phallus collaris =Phallus duplicatus.

Phallus curtus See Mutinus.

Phallus foetidus =Phallus impudicus.

Phallus Hadriani Based on a freak.

Phallus irpicinus =Clautriavia merulina.

Phallus inodoratus = Phallus impudicus.

Phallus iosmos =iPhallus impudicus.

Phallus merulinus See Clautriavia.

Phallus Mokusin See Lysurus.

Phallus Muellerianus = Phallus retusus.

Phallus Novae Hollandiae —Phallus gracilis.

Phallus purpuratus = Phallus imperials.

Phallus radicatus i=Phallus indusiatus.

Phallus sanguiners = Phallus rubicundus ( ?).

Phallus senegalensis ^Imagination chiefly.

Phallus speciosus =Phallus indusiatus.

Phallus tahitensis ='Phallus indusiatus.

Phallus truncatus =Mutinus unknown.

Phallus tunicatus =iPhallus indusiatus.

Phallus Watsoni : . . . Nomen nudum.

Phallus xylogenus See Mutinus.

Protubera Maracuja (Not for me a phalloid.)

Satyrus rubicundus See Phallus.

Simblum australe ^^Simblum sphaerocephalum.

Simblum flavescens —Simblum gracile.

Simblum Lorentzii =:Simblum sphaerocephalum.

Simblum pilidiatum =Simblum sphaerocephalum.

Simblum rubescens —Simblum sphaerocephalum.

Sophronia brasiliensis = Phallus indusiatus.

Staurophallus senegalensis ^Something unknown.

Xylophallus xylogenus See Mutinus.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

APPENDIX IV.

LIST OF PHALLOIDS IN THE MUSEUMS.

All specimens are not listed, for some are so uncertain that I feel they
should not be recorded. In case a plant has been named from these specimens,
I sometimes record it under this name, even if I do not maintain it as a
valid species.

KEW, ENGLAND.

Phallus multicolor, 3 collections, Australia — Phallus namis, type, Andaman
Island — Phallus indusiatus, Australia, Africa, British Guiana, Uganda, Ijidia,
Ceylon, Java, Brazil, Mexico, Surinam Cape, several specimens from each
country, also Cuba (? depauperate), Australia (var. Rochesterensis) — Phallus
duplicatus, Carolina — Phallus Ravenelii, Connecticut — Phallus truncatus, poor
specimens, and a drawing from which it appears to me to be rather a Mutinus —
Phallus rubicundus, Southern United States, several — Phallus rubicundus (as
aurantiacus), several from Australia and the form gracilis — Phallus impudicus,
Australia, one only from Bailey and doubtful, England several (one the type
of iosmos), East Indies but very ??, France, Germany — Phallus tenuis, Ceylon,
named Phallus pallidus by Berkeley but never published — Phallus aurantiacus,
co-type, ex Montagne — Phallus gracilis. South Africa — Mutinus curtus, Australia,
type — Mutinus elegans (type of Corynites Curtisii) — Mutinus Ravenelii, type,
one with a short apex called brevis — Mutinus bambusinus, nice drawing from
Kurz, I think; Java, also dried from Java, also adventitious in hothouses,
England — Mutinus caninus, a number from England — Mutinus proximus, type,
Ceylon, poor — Mutinus. pentagonus (labeled Australiensis) also labeled pen-
tagonus fram Bailey, Australia — Kalchbrennera corallocephala, South Africa,
collection and also Kalchbrenner's fine drawing^'* — Simblum gracile, Ceylon,
also several specimens from Kurz, Java, and a nice drawing originally named
"Thyridocephalus flavescens, Mihi" — Simblum sphaerocephalum, Brazil, Glazion
(labeled Simblum Brasiliense, also drawing of the type of S. pilidiatum) —
Simblum periphragmoides, type in good condition, Mauritius in Hooker's her-
barium — Clathrus pusillus, type, Australia — Pseudocolus rugulosus, type drawing
ex Kurz, Java, labeled Clathrus triscapus — Pseudocolus Rothae, two collections
and sketch from Bailey — Laternea columnata, Brazil, also (very ???) from Aus-
tralia, also Cuba, the latter more slender, also several from the United States —
Laternea pusilla, type, Cooke — Clathrus cancellatus, England, France — Clathrus
pseudocrispus type drawing ex McCatty, Jamaica, also poor specimens — Clathrus
crispatus ex Thwaite, Ceylon (published as cancellatus) — Clathrus cibarius,
about a dozen collections, all from New Zealand excepting one from Chiloe,
an island off the coast of Chile — Clathrus gracilis, several, all from Aus-
tralia — Clathrus delicatus, type, Ceylon — Clathrus crispus, Cuba, San Domingo,
Uruguay — Simblum clathratum, type drawing and specimens. Old Calabar,
Africa ex J. H. Holland — Lysurus Gardneri, abundant types, Ceylon — Colus
hirudinosus, Corsica, Alpes Maritimes — Lysurus Australiensis, type, Australia —
Lysurus Woodii, South Africa ex Wood, and same as co-type of Anthurus
Woodii — Aseroe Zeylapdica, t/pe, Ceylon — Aseroe rubra, several from Aus-
tralia — Aseroe Hookerij type. New Zealand.

BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON.

Phallus indusiatus from Philippines, Angola (Africa), China, Ceylon, India,
Borneo, and St. Vincent (the latter a small form ^Viana) — Phallus multi-
color, type with the original colored sketch and also a colored sketch by Broom
— Phallus impudicus, several exsiccated from Europe, also specimens from
Britain — Phallus tenuis, Ceylon — Phallus quadricolor, type — Phallus calyptratus,
type — Phallus Ravenelii from Ravenel with his original notes — Phallus auran-

14*' The Kalchbrennera is very rare. Only twelve specimens have been found in five years." —
Extract from letter from MacOwan.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

tiacus, Australia — Mutinus caninus, photo ex. Krieger, also several specimens
from England and the continent — Mutinus elegans, sketch from Morgan,
labeled Ravenelii — Mutinus Ravenelii with a letter from Ravenel stating that
the plant has been mis-cited in Grevillea (which is true) — Mutinus proximus,
drawing by Broom — Kalchbrennera coralloccphala, original description but no
specimen from Welwitsch, drawing as reproduced in Trans. Linn. Soc. —
Simblum gracile, Ceylon — Laternea columnata, abundant specimen from Ravenel
— Laternea Angolensis, original description and drawing (no specimen) from
Welwitsch. It was described as "splendida albida" — Simblum Muelleri (?)
poor, Australia — Clathrus cancellatus, several specimens from Europe — Clathrus
delicatus, co-type, Ceylon — Clathrus gracile, co-type, Australia — Clathrus cibarius,
New Zealand, also Chiloe, Chile, also a form (see page 60) Pernambuco, also
a specimen and sketch of a very similar species from Mombasa, East Africa.
Ihere are no color notes, but the sketch is dull yellow — Clathrus crispus. Vera
Cruz, also specimen, poor, so labeled, from Australia, but not the species, I
think — Clathrus crispatus, Yucatan, dried specimen, but seems the same as the
original at Kew from Ceylon — Lysurus Gardneri, co-type, Ceylon — Colus
hirudinosus (alcohol) from Meadow Valley, Asia Minor — Aseroe rubra, Aus-
tralia.

CRYPTOGAMIC MUSEUM, PARIS, FRANCE.

Aseroe arachnoidea, type specimens in alcohol from Harmand, Cochin
China — Anthurus trifidus, in alcohol, type from Japan, Dr. Harmand, specimen
is broken, but I think is a Pseudocolus — Aseroe rubra. New Zealand, Raoul
— Phallus impudicus, several, France — Phallus Ravenelii. There is an historical
specimen more than two hundred years old in the herbarium of Vaillant. It
was "Boletus phalloides" and was **ex Canada, 1702*'' — Phallus aurantiacus,
type, India — Mutinus caninus, several, France — Mutinus elegans, type, Ohio,
good condition — Mutinus Ravenelii ex Ravenel — Mutinus curtus, fragment from
Berkeley — Mutinus xylogenus, types ex French Guiana and drawing (good)
from Leprieur — Pseudocolus fusiformis, type drawing from Reunion, all that
is known — Lysurus Gardneri ex Berkeley — Laternea triscapa from Chile, the
specimen is very small, but probably a small columnata — Laternea columnata
ex Ravenel, also Chile — Clathrus gracilis ex Berkeley, also a specimen so
referred from New Caledonia, the latter also published as Colus hirudinosus,
but so poor it should not have been named — Clathrus cancellatus, a number
all from Southern France and one Algeria — Clathrus gracilis, ex Berkeley,
Australia, also a very poor specimen ex Africa, similar to gracilis, but too poor
to judge. It was named Clathrus Fischeri — Clathrus cibarius, type ex New
Zealand, in alcohol, also from Chile ! — Lysurus cruciatus, a number of type
specimens, but all much broken, French Guiana — Colus hirudinosus, specimen
from Pyrenees, Algeria, and Corsica, the latter received by Montagne in
1820, thirteen years before it was published, and is labeled "Clathrus hirudinosus
nobis" — Phallus subuculatus, type from Algeria, "very common and less fetid
than impudicus," says the collector — Phallus duplicatus ex Ravenel — Phallus
indusiatus, in alcohol, from French Guiana, also dried, the type of "Sophronia
brasiliensis" from Brazil, also type of "Phallus radiciatus" from French Guiana,
also from Tonkin and New Caledonia — Anthurus Calathiscus, no specimen was
received, but the drawing is there from Perrottet, India, on which I think
Montagne based his imaginary "Calathiscus Sepia."

UPSALA, SWEDEN.

In alcohol. — There is a very abundant collection made by E. Nyman in
Java a number of years ago.

Phallus indusiatus, twelve collections, ten of the usual form with broad
pilei and two with slender pilei.

Clautriavia merulina, two collections. This is a frequent species in Java.

Simblum periphragmoides (and the form gracilis), five collections, which
convince me that gracilis is at the best a form of periphragmoides.

Mutinus bambusinus, one collection.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Clathrus Treubei, three collections, two old, with the arms broken apart,
as shown in Myc. Notes, p. 382, fig. 212.

Jansia rugosa, one collection.

There is also at Upsala, in alcohol, a specimen of Aseroe rubra from New
Zealand, collected by G. von Scheele ; Clathrus cancellatus from Montpellier,
France, and ten collections of Phallus impudicus by various collectors in Sweden.

Dried specimens. — Aseroe rubra from New Zealand, Berggren, and a draw-
ing from the fresh specimens — Clathrus cancellatus, Tirol, Bresadola — Clathrus
pusillus, "New Holland, ex. Berk." — Mutinus elegans from Curtis, and labeled
"Corynites brevis," which was a manuscript name for it — Clathrus cibarius.
New Zealand, Berggren — Lysurus Gardneri, co-types, ex. Berkeley — Macowan-
ites agaricinus, co-type from Kalchbrenner. (Not usually classed in the phal-
loids, but to my mind closely related) — Mutinus caninus, ex. Quelet, France —
Mutinus (unnamed), Guadeloupe, UHerminier. (Something curious but un-
named, and I think this specimen unnamable) — Phallus impudicus Fautrey,
France — Clathrus guttulatus, no specimen but the type drawing from Orsted on
which the species was based.

BERLIN, GERMANY.

Dried Specimens : Clathrus cancellatus, from a hothouse at Berlin. It
probably does not occur in the open as far north as Berlin. Three collections
from southern Europe — Clathrus gracilis, three from Australia, also so-labeled
from Samoa ( !) and it seems correct. — Clathrus Baiimeri, the types, dried
specimens but better unnamed from such material. — Clathrus crispus, Guadeloupe
— Simblum sphaerocephalum, three from Brazil and Uruguay — "Anthurus"
Woodii, co-types and the type drawing. I think it is a Lysurus — Lysurus
borealis var Klitzingii, same exactly I think as our American form — Aseroe
(sp. ?) from Africa! — Aseroe pallida, type and drawing from New Caledonia —
Phallus indusiatus, specimens from Samoa, Usambara, New Guinea, Brazil and
Australia — Phallus rubicundus, specimens from South Africa and Australia
(labeled aurantiacus) — "Omphalophallus" calvescens and Muellerianus, both co-
types (Australia) and both same, but specimens too poor for comment, much
less to be named — Phallus (unnamed) from Brazil, on the order of Ravenelii
but much too large — Mutinus caninus seven collections from Germany — Mutinus
elegans from Rau, Penn. — Mutinus (sp. ?) from Dr. Reinecke, Samoa. I found
no Mutinus in Samoa. — Phallus impudicus, many specimens, mostly from Ger-
many — Kalchbrennera corallocephala from MacOwan, South Africa, also a draw-
ing (labeled Aseroe Tuckii and the type of this "new species") — Floccomutinus
Zenkeri, the original drawing from Zenker.

In alcohol : Clautriavia merulina, Java — Simblum periphragmoides, Java —
Phallus indusiatus, nine from Java, two from Africa, three from New Guinea.
One of the African forms has unusually large meshes to the veil — Clathrus
canierunensis, type, Africa — Clathrus Americanus (unnamed) from Paraguay —
Clathrus chrysomycelinus, type Brazil — Laternea columnata, Brazil — "Laternea
pentactina", type, Java. It is an old condition of Clathrus Treubei, the arms
broken apart as shown in figure 212, page 3S2, Myc Notes — Simblum sphaero-
cephalum, Brazil — Aseroe rubra. New Guinea. I can not say as to the exact
form, but it seems to have a broad limb and to tend towards the East Indian
species. — Lysurus borealis, var. Klitzingii, Berlin, same I think as our American
form — Clautriavia Lauterbachii (type of Echinophallus Lauterbachii) unfortu-
nately only known from eggs as it is a most peculiar genus— Eggs of a Clathrus
determined as Preussii ? but I think the species is ? — Mutinus boninensis, type,
all known, intermediate between Mutinus and Jansia — Jansia elegans, abundant,
from Java, type of "Floccomutinus Nymanianus" but quite different from the
genus Floccomutinus, I think. — Floccomutinus Zenkeri, type Africa, a very dis-
tinct genus, in my opinion — Mutinus bambusianus, several collections from Java.
Some have rather short heads and in size approach Mutinus caninus of Europe.
The gleba-bearing portions are more pointed and not so even as caninus —
Mutinus caninus, Germany — Blumenavia rhacodes, type, Brazil — Itajahya galeric-
ulata, type Brazil. — Phallus glutinoides, type. Brazil. All are in egg state. —
6 83

Digitized by LaOOQlC

Clathrus pseudocancellatus, type, Africa. It was probably originally in formalin
as it is now flabby and shapeless.

Phalloids in alcohol in the show department of the Museum at Berlin:
At Berlin there is the finest collection of phalloids, both as to numbers and
condition, that exists anywhere. It was the work of the late Dr. Hennings,
and the specimens are most beautifully prepared and displayed. The following
is the list : Laternea columnata, Brazil — Clathrus cancellatus, Europe — Colus
hirudinosus, Sardinia — Clathrus gracilis, Australia — Mutinus Moelleri, type,
Brazil (^ior me, bambusinus) — Floccomutinus Zenkeri, type, Africa — Jansia
elegans (type of Floccomutinus Nymaniensis) — Phallus rubicundus, Africa (type
of Phallus sanguineus) — Phallus tenuis, Java — Clautriavia Lauterbachii (type
of Echinophallus) — Itajahya galericulata, type, Brazil — Phallus impudicus, two
from Java, one Africa, also a slender form from Java (type of echinata) —
Clautriavia merulina, two, Java — Lysurus borealis (var. Klitzingii) — Aseroe
rubra. New Caledonia, also New Guinea — Blumenavia usambariensis, type, Africa
— Clathrus Preussii, type, Africa — Simblum sphaerocephalum, Argentina— Simb-
lum periphragmoides, Java — Mutinus caninus, Berlin — Mulinus Fleischeri, type,
Java — Mutinus bambusinus, two, Java — Phallus celebicus, type, Celebes — Phallus
impudicus, three, Berlin — Kalchbrennera corallocephala. South Africa (labeled
Kalchbrenneri Tuckii var. clathroides, Henn.) — Clathrus camerunensis, type,
Africa — Blumenavia rhacodes, type, Brazil.

THE LLOYD MUSEUM, CINCINNATI, OHIO.

Note. — As this list is made in England from the published records without
having access to the specimens, some may have been overlooked. All listed
are dried specimens unless otherwise noted.

Europe.

Clathrus cancellatus, Portugal, Rev. Torrend.

Clathrus cancellatus, Italy, M. Bezzi.

Clathrus cancellatus, France, L. Rolland.

Clathrus cancellatus, Spain, T. de Aranzadi.

Clathrus cancellatus, France, Auguste Bernin (fresh!) (alcohol).

Mutinus caninus, Ireland, Greenwood Pirn.

Mutinus caninus, Germany, C. Engelke.

Mutinus caninus, Germany, Otto Jaap.

Mutinus caninus, France, C. G. Lloyd.

Mutinus caninus, Germany, W. Krieger, photograph.

Phallus imperialis, Italy, M. Bezzi.

Phallus impudicus, France, C. G. Lloyd.

Phallus impudicus, France, L. Rolland.

Phallus impudicus, Italy, M. Bezzi.

Lysurus borealis (red arms), England, Harold Murray, photograph.

Colus hirudinosus, Portugal, Rev. Torrend (alcohol).

United States.

Laternea columnata, Florida, L. N. Fowler (alcohol).

Laternea columnata, Florida, Dr. J. F. Maddox (alcohol).

Laternea columnata, Florida, C. E. Pleas.

Laternea columnata, Florida, C. G. Lloyd (alcohol).

Laternea columnata, Florida, C. E. Pleas (photograph).

Mutinus caninus, Canada, Jas. Fletcher.

Mutinus caninus, Maryland, W. T. Lakin.

Mutinus caninus, New Jersey, E. B. Sterling (alcohol).

Mutinus elegans, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, C. G. Lloyd (alcohol).

Mutinus elegans, Pennsylvania, Dr. Herbst (alcohol).

Mutinus elegans, Ohio, M. E. Hard (photograph).

Mutinus elegans, Connecticut, C. C. Hanmer (eggs).

Mutinus Ravenelii (?), New Jersey, E. B. Sterling.

Mutinus Ravenelii, Ohio, Chas. Dury (alcohol).

Digitized by LaOOQlC

Mutinus Ravenelii (?), Florida, G. C. Fisher.

Mutinus Ravenelii, Ohio, A. P. Morgan.

Lysurus borealis, Ohio, H. C. Beardslee.

Lysurus borealis, Massachusetts, Geo. B. Fessenden.

Lysurus borealis, Connecticut, C. C. Hanmer (photograph).

Lysurus borealis, Massachusetts, Miss L. C. Allen.

Lysurus borealis (? red), Texas, W. H. Long, Jr.

Lysurus borealis, Massachusetts, G. E. Stone (alcohol).

Phallogaster saccatus, Ohio, C. G. Lloyd (alcohol).

Phallogaster saccatus. West Virginia, C. G. Lloyd.

Phallus duplicatus, Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (alcohol).

Phallus duplicatus, California, L. A. Greata.

Phallus duplicatus, Iowa, L. R. Waldron.

Phallus duplicatus, Ohio, C. G. Lloyd (alcohol).

Phallus duplicatus, Florida, G. C. Fisher.

Phallus duplicatus, Ohio, A. P. Morgan (alcohol).

Phallus duplicatus, Ohio, Prof. W. H. Aiken (alcohol).

Phallus imperialis, Colorado, E. B. Sterling.

Phallus imperialis, Texas, W. H. Long, Jr.

Phallus imperialis, California, L. G. Yates.

Phallus imperialis, Washington, D. C, F. J. Braendle.

Phallus imperialis, California, L. A. Greata.

Phallus imperialis, California, W. H. Henderson.

Phallus imperialis, Colorado, E. Bethel.

Phallus gracilis, Florida, L. N. Fowler (alcohol).

Phallus Ravenelii, Pennsylvania, Wm. Herbst (alcohol).

Phallus Ravenelii, Iowa, F. J. Fitzpatrick.

Phallus Ravenelii, Ohio. C. G. Lloyd.

Phallus Ravenelii, Ohio, Mrs. Carl Langenbeck (alcohol).

Phallus Ravenelii, Ohio. M. E. Hard (photograph).

Phallus Ravenelii, New Jersey, E. B. Sterling (fresh) (alcohol)

Phallus Ravenelii, Florida, G. C. Fisher.

Phallus rubicundus, Texas, W. H. Long, Jr.

Simblum sphaerocephalum, Nebraska, Rev. J. M. Bates.

Simblum sphaerocephalum, Texas, W. H. Long, Jr.

Simblum Texense, Texas, W. H. Long, Jr.

Brazil.

Itajahya galericulata. Rev. A. Schupp (photograph).
Clathrus chrysomycelinus, Rev. A. Schupp.
Clathrus Americanus, Rev. A. Schupp (dried).
Clathrus Americanus, Rev. A. Schupp (photograph).
Laternea rhacodes, Rev. A. Schupp.
Laternea rhacodes, Rev. A. Schupp (photograph).
Laternea (cfr. columnatus). Rev. J. Rick.
Laternea (unnamed?). Rev. J. Rick
Phallus (labeled rugulosus). Rev. J. Rick.
Simblum sphaerocephalum, Rev. J. Rick.

West Indies.

Clathrus crispus, Jamaica, Miss Barrett.
Clathrus crispus, Jamaica, Wm. Chadwick.
Clathrus (sp.?), Bahamas, L. J. K. Brace (egg).
Clathrus Americanus, L. J. K. Brace (formalin).
Laternea pusilla (?), Jamaica, W. Jekyll.
Phallus indusiatus, Jamaica, H. E. Cox.
Phallus indusiatus, Jamaica, Miss Barrett.
Simblum sphaerocephalum, Bahamas, L. J. K. Brace.

Samoa.
Phallus indusiatus, C. G. Lloyd (photograph and dried).

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Hawaii.

Phallus rubicundus, D. D. Baldwin.

Phallus rubicundus (form gracilis), N. A. Cobb.

Australia and New Zealand.

Aseroe Hookeri, Miss Jessie Dunn.

Aseroe Muelleriana, A. G. Hamilton.

Anthurus aseroeformis, Prof. McAlpine (photograph and description).

Clathrus cibarius, Robert Brown.

Clathrus cibarius, Miss Jessie Dunn.

Clathrus cibarius, S. Duncan.

Clathrus cibarius, W. H. Laing.

Clathrus cibarius. Rev. J. Wilson.

Clathrus gracilis, Prof. D. McAlpine.

Clathrus gracilis, J. T. Paul.

Clathrus gracilis, F. M. Reader.

Clathrus gracilis, J. H. Spencer (alcohol).

Clathrus gracilis, Margaret Flockton (alcohol).

Clathrus gracilis, Edmund Jarvis.

Clathrus gracilis, J. G. O. Tepper.

Africa.

Kalchbrennera corallocephala. Cape, J. M. Wood.
Clathrus (undetermined). Dr. Labesse (alcohol).
Clathrus (unnamed), Congo, Edouard Luja.
Phallus indusiatus, Congo, Edouard Luja (dried).
Phallus indusiatus, Congo, Edouard Luja (photograph).
Phallus indusiatus, C. B. Ussher.
Unnamed genus, C. B. Ussher.

Mauritius.

Phallus gracilis, Chas. A. O'Connor (alcohol).
Phallus indusiatus, Chas. A. O'Connor (alcohol).
Phallus Mauritianus, Chas. A. O'Connor (alcohol).

India.
Genus unnamed, G. H. Krumbiegel.

Japan.

Phallus indusiatus, Professor Gono (drawing).
Phallus impudicus. Professor Kusano (drawing).
Phallus rugulosus. Professor Kusano (drawing).
Phallus rugulosus, Professor Kusano (alcohol).
Phallus rugulosus, T. Nishida (alcohol).
Phallus tenuis, Professor Kusano (drawing).
Phallus tenuis. Professor Kusano (alcohol).
Mutinus boninensis (?), Professor Kusano (alcohol).
Mutinus boninensis (?), Professor Kusano (alcohol).
Lysurus Mokusin, Professor Gono (drawing).
Lysurus Mokusin, Professor Kusano (drawing).
Laternea bicolumnata, Professor Kusano (photograph).

Java.

Clathrus Treubei, Dr. Ch. Bernard (photograph).
Clathrus Treubei, Dr. Ch. Bernard (alcohol).
Phallus indusiatus, Dr. Ch. Bernard (alcohol).
Clautriavia merulina, Professor Patouillard (photograph).
Clautriavia merulina, Dr. Ch. Bernard (alcohol).

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Simblum gracile, Dr. Ch. Bernard (photograph).
Simblum gracile, Dr. Ch. Bernard (alcohol).
Jansia rugosa, Dr. Ch. Bernard (alcohol).
Aseroe arachnoidea, Dr. Ch. Bernard (alcohol).
Aseroe arachnoidea, Dr. J. P. Lotsy (alcohol).
Mutinus bambusinus. Dr. Ch. Bernard (alcohol).

APPENDIX V.

. SOURCE OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Photographs.

The best illustration of a phalloid is a good photograph, and we confidently
look to photography to dispel much of the doubt that surrounds many of the
species of foreign phalloids. We present herewith a list of those who have
published or supplied photographs of phalloids or furnished material to illustrate
phalloids by photography, and have indicated our figures that are taken from
these sources. America leads the world in the use of photography to illustrate
fungi. Well illustrated books have appeared by Atkinson, Mcllvaine, Hard,
and Marshall, all containing illustrations of phalloids. We have not cited them
in detail, however, as they all cover the same restricted field of a few species.
We think the following is otherwise a complete list of those who have aided in
the work. We hope this pamphlet will awaken interest in the subject in other
countries and that the next resume of the subject will have a much larger list.
If you find a phalloid that is not illustrated in this work by a good photograph,
we hope you will not fail to secure a good photograph of it, if possible.

Dr. Chas. Bernard. Java.
Aseroe Zeylandica (Fig. 54.)
Clautriavia merulina
Jansia rugosa (Figs. 30 and 31).
Clathrus Treubei (Fig. 72).
Simblum gracile (Fig. 84).

AuKuste Bernin, Monaco.
Clathrus cancellatus (Fig. 70).

N. A. Cobb, Hawaii.
Phallus gracilis (Fig. 6).

Robt. B. Fries.
Itajahya galericulata.

C. C. Hanmer> Connecticut.
Lysurus borealis (Fig. 41).

M. E. Hard. Ohio.
Phallus RaveneliiXFig. 8).

W. Krieser, Germany.
Mutinus caninus (Fig. 23).

Professor Kusano, Japan.
Laternea bicolumnata (Fig. 64).

W. H. LonK. Jr , Texas.

Phallus rubicundus (Fig. 5).
Simblum Texense (Fig. 85).
Simblum sphaerocephalum (Fig. 86).

D. McAlpine. Australia.
Anthurus aseroeformis (Fig. 46).

Alfred Moeller (from Brazil).
Phallus indusiatus. .
Phallus Moelleri (Fig. 13).
Clathrus chrysomycelinus (Fig. 80).
Laternea columnata.
Laternea rhacodes.
Phallus glutinolens (Fig. 10).
Pseudocolus Garciae (Fig. 65).
Mutinus bambusinus (Fig. 26).
Itajahya galericulata (Fig. 22).

Harold Murray, England.

Lysurus borealis.

Chas. O'Connor, Mauritius.
Phallus Mauritianus (Fig. 17).

N. Patouillard, Paris

Clautriavia merulina.

Otto Penzis (from Java).

Aseroe arachnoidea (Figs. 55 and 56).

Phallus indusiatus.

Phallus favosus (Fig. 4).

Clautriavia merulina.

Phallus multicolor (Fig. 14).

Simblum gracile.

Jansia elegans (Figs. ^ and 33).

Jansia rugosa.

Mutinus Fleischeri (Fig. 27).

Pseudocolus Javanicus (Fig. 66).

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T. Fetch, Ceylon.
Jansia rugosa.
Phallus indusiatus.
Clautriavia merulina (Fig. 19).
Clathrus crispatus (Fig. 74a).
Clathrus delicatus (Fig. 82).
Simblum gracile.
Lysurus Gardneri (Fig. 38).

C. E. Pleas, Florida.
Phallus duplicatus (Fig. 16).
Laternea columnata (Figs. 57 and 58).

Carleton Rea, Ensland.
Lysurus borealis (Fig. 40).

Rev. J. Rick, Brazil.

Laternea rhacodes (Fig. 61).
Simblum sphaerocephalum.

Rev. A. Schupp. Brazil.

Itajahya galericulata (Fig. 21).
Clathrus Americanus (Fig. 71).

Rev. J. Torrend, Portuffal.

Colus hirudinosus (Figs. 89 and 90).
Simblum sphaerocephalum.

Photographed by the writer.

Phallus impudicus (France) (Fig. i).
Phallus Ravenelii, O^io (Fig. 7).
Phallus indusiatus, Samoa (Fig. 12).
Mutinus elegans, West Virginia (Fig.

24).
Mutinus Ravenelii, Ohio (Fig. 25).
Phallogaster saccatus, Ohio (Figs. 93

and 94).

Figures.

Next to a photograph, an accurate drawing is the best illustration. In
a few instances we have used Penzig's figures in preference to his photo-
graphs. I think all figures are not good, especially the old ones reconstructed
from dried specimens. However, as to many species they are all we have,
and the following are the sources from which they have been reproduced.
There are phalloids unillustrated by even a crude drawing. It is a standing
reproach that authors are found to engage in such work. In a few such
cases we have photographed the type as a makeshift illustration, but the most
of such work we think is better considered as "nomina nuda" and relegated
to "synonymy."

Fig. 2 Drawing by Otto Penzig. Fig. 62 Drawing by

Fig. 3 Drawing by Ed Fischer. Fig. 63 Drawing by

Fig. 9 Drawing by Ed. Fischer. Fig. 67 Drawing by

Fig. II Drawing by Alfred Moeller. Fig. 68 Drawing at

Fig. 15 Drawing by Rumphius. Fig. 69 Drawing by

Fig. 18 Drawing by M. C. Cooke. Fig. ys Drawing by

Fig. 20 Drawing by Ed. Fischer. Fig. 74 Drawing by

Fig. 28 Drawing by F. M. Bailey. Fig. 75 Drawing by

Fig. 29 Photographed from the type. Fig. 76 Drawing by

Fig. 34 Drawing by F. M. Bailey. Fig. yy Drawing by

Fig. 35 Drawing by Ed Fischer. Fig. 78 Photograph,

Fig. s^ Drawing by Ed Fischer. Fig. 79 Photograph

Fig. 36a Drawing by Zenker. Fig. 81 Drawing by

Fig. S7 Photograph from ale. material. Fig. 83 Drawing by

Fig. 38a Photograph from dried type. Fig. 87 Drawing by

Fig. 39 Photograph from dried type. Fig. 88 Drawing by

Fig. 42 Drawing by Mueller. Fig. 91. Drawing by

Fig. 43 Drawing by Ed Fischer. Fig. 92. Drawing by

Fig. 44 Drawing by Montagne. Fig. 95 Drawing by

Fig. 45 Photographed from the type. Fig. 96 Drawing by

Fig. 47 Drawing by Kalchbrenner. Fig. 98 Drawing by

Fig. 48 Drawing by Berkeley. Fig. 99 Drawing by

Fig. 49 Sketch by Perrottet. Fig. 100 Drawing by

Fig. 50 Drawing by La Billardiere. Fig. 102 Drawing by

Fig. 51 Drawing by Berkeley. Fig. 103 Drawing by

Fig. 52 Drawing by Berkeley. Fig. 104 Drawing by

Fig. 53 Drawing by Kalchbrenner. Fig. 105 Drawing by

Fig. 53a Drawing by Le Rat. Fig. 106 Drawing by

Fig. 59 Drawing by Turpin. Fig. 107 Drawing by

Fig. 60 Photograph of the type.

Welwitsch.

Spegazzini.

Kurz.

Paris.

F. M. Bailey.

Berkeley.

Ed Fischer.

Oersted.

Turpin.

Dr. McCatty.

Museum at Kew.

from ale. specimens.

Ed Fischer.

Hooker.

Ed Fischer.

J. W. Holland-

Kalchbrenner.

Berkeley.

Hennings.

Montagne.

Berkeley.

Patouillard.

Corda.

Kalchbrenner.

Spegazzini.

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APPENDIX VI.

Reproduction of the original figures of doubtful and little known species
of the genera Phallus and Mutinus. Most of them I think have no value
whatever, but there is no way of getting rid of them.

Pig. 95. Fig. 99. Fig. 102.

PHALLUS DISCOLOR. PHALLUS CELEBICUS. PPIALLUS QUADRICOLOR.

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^*«- »«• FIfl. 106

PHALLUS CALYP- MUTINUS PA-
TRATUS. PUASIUS.

i'i^^

jr ;i

yi\

S.]

Fig. 98.
PHALLUS CAMPANULATUS.

Fig. 107.

MUTINUS ARGENTINUS.

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Fig. 106.

MUTINUS CURTUS.

f^<^

' — \.^

Fig. 104.

PHALLUS CA- ^^^' ^^^' MUTINUS BORNE-

NARIENSIS. MUTINUS MINIMUS. ENSIS.

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APPENDIX VII.

ASEROE RUBRA LA BILL. VAR. JUNGHUHNII SCHLECHT.

PAR DR. CH. BERNARD.

Avec deux photographies.

II y a peu de temps, j'ai public dans les Annales du Jardin botanique de
Buitenzorg (Vol. XXII, 1908. 2eme partie, pp. 224-238), une petite note sur
cette Phalloidee tres curieuse, assez rare, et jusqu'alors assez mal connue. Je
deplorais a cette occasion de n'avoir pas pu faire une photographic convenable
de cc type, et je signalais certains points dont I'etudc demandait a etre reprise
ulterieurement. Depuis lors, j'obtins, toujours grace a Textreme amabilite
de M. le Dr. /. Bosscha, plusieurs magnifiques exemplaires de cet organisme,
et entre autres les deux individus dont M. Huysmans a bien voulu faire les
deux photographies qui accompagnent cette note. Tous ces echantillons
provenaient de la plantation de Taloen, sur le plateau de Peng-alengan, au
Sud de Bandoeng, c'est a dire de la meme station ou avaient ete recoltes les

exemplaires decrits dans ma precedente note. Ces nouveaux individus n'ont
permis de faire certaines observations venant jeter quelque lumiere sur des
details laisses jusqu' a present dans Tombre, et je ne crois pas inutile de publier
ici ces quelques lignes qu' illustreront les deux photographies en question,
et qui viendront fixer ou rectifier certains points d' importance secondaire,
car je dois dire des le debut que, dans leurs caracteres importants, ces individus
coincidaient tres exactement avec ceux deja observes.

Je disais entre autres : *'Aseroe rubra est une espece extremement poly-
"morphe; . . . il est impossible de trouver dans la serie de ses formes de
"passage une solution de continuite permettant de separer des especes . . .

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"et la forme qui nous occupe ici vient diminuer encore la valeur des varietes
"nettement delimitees. ... II importe done de ne separer les types qu' avec
"la plus grande prudence, car il est probable que pendant bien longtemps,
"chaque fois qu' on decouvrira un exemplaire de ces champignons eminemment
"variables, ce nouvel individu constituera un anneau de cette longue chaine de
"types voisins, attenuant les differences et supprimant telle ou telle variete."

Les echantillons dont il sera question dans la presente note apporteront
un argument de plus en faveur de cette opinion, et si, par certains de leurs
caracteres, ils se rapprochent des individus que j'ai decrits anterieurement, la
disposition de leurs bras, qui est fort typique, etablit un passage vers d'autres
formes. Je me contenterai de donner une description de ces exemplaires, les
points sur lesquels je veux fixer I'attention resortiront d'eux memes de la
description et de Texamen des photographies.

Les deux echantillons que j'ai pu faire photographier n'etaient pas de
dimensions particulierement considerables, et le nombre des bras etait de i8
chez Tun et de 22 chez Tautre, ce qui correspond aux indications que j'ai
donnees anterieurement. De meme I'extremite plus ou moins regulierement
enroulee des bras est caracteristique. La disposition de la volve, du pied assez
court, de la glebe, les couleurs, I'odeur, etc., ne distinguaient en rien ces formes
de celles deja decrites. Pour tous ces details je renvoie done a ma precedente

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publication. Mais le point important et sur lequel je tiens a insister est le
snivant: tandis que les exemplaires que j'ai observes jusqu* id etablissaient
un passage entre les var, zeylanica et Junghuhnii de Aseroe rubra, — certains de
leurs caracteres, conune je Tai demontre p. ^5, rappelant ceux de Tunc ou de
I'autrc de ces deux varietes, — les types dont nous nous occupons aujourdliui et
surtout Tun d'entre eux sont beaucoup plus voisins de la variete Junghuhnii; et
meme par la plupart de leurs details, ils coincident presque exactement ayec cette
variete comme nous la trouvons decrite d'ordinaire; cependant en comparant
tons mes echantillons, j'ai pu me convaincre qu'il n'y a nulle raison de separer
les unes des autres ces differentes formes qui toutes du reste proviennent d'une
seule et unique localite; elles appartiennent non seulement a la meme espece,
mais aussi i la meme variete, cela ne fait aucun doute et il me semble que la
question que se posait E. Fischer dans le "Sylloge Fungorum," VoL VII, p. 25,
quand il se demandait a propos de A. Junghuhnii: "An ab A. zeylanica diversa?^
doit etre certainement resolue par le negative. Non seulement il ne saurait
s'ag^r de deux especes differentes, mais encore il me parait sue les deux types
doivent etre ranges sous un meme nom de variete.

Le caractere important auquel je fais allusion est la disposition des bras;
jc disais a ce propos: "Les bras etant separes les uns des autres et le disque,
"dans certains echantillons etant tres peu developpe, cela parle en faveur d'une
"identite avec A, zeylanica. Cependant il faut remarquer que le disque pent
"etre remarquablement developpe (caractere de A, Junghuhnii) puis que, si
"les bras sont le plus souvent nettement separes les uns des autres jusqu' a leur
"base, il existe cependant des cas, assez rares, ou Ton pourrait croire a de vagues
"indications de rapprochements par paires." Dans les formes qui nous occupent,
il ne s'agit plus de vagues indications. Un des deux individus photographies
n'est pas encore tres convaincant a cet egard, il est cependant facile de recon-
naitre que ses 18 bras sont rapproches par paires les uns des autres. Mais
I'autre individu est des plus typiques, et ses 22 bras sont tres nettement et tres
regulierement rapproches deux par deux les uns des autres. Dans les deux
echantillons le disque est assez fortement developpe.

Pour terminer je crois qu' il m'est permis de maintenir, en la renfor^ant,
la conclusion que j'enonqais a la fin de mon precedent travail, mais que je
n'osais encore affirmer, a savoir que les varietes zeylanica et Junghuhnii d'
Aseroe rubra devront etre reunies dans la suite sous un meme nom.

Cette petite note n'a pas d' autre pretention que de presenter deux individus
de cet interessant champignon qui, s'il a ete souvent decrit, et plusieurs fois
dessine, n'avait pas encore, que je sache, ete photographic jusqu' id.

Les deux photographies reproduisent le champignon a peu pres en grandeur
naturelle.

EDITOR'S NOTE.

We publish the above article by Dr. Chas. Bernard, and we take no edi-
torial liberties with it, but publish it just as received. We are particularly glad
to get the photograph, which is the first published of this species of the East
Indies. As we have stated in detail on page 44 our views as to the species of
Aseroe, we shall not discuss the matter here. We believe, however, that the
Ceylonese plant, Aseroe Zeylandica, and the Javanese plant, Aseroe Junghuhnii,
are one and the same but quite distinct from the New Zealand and Australian
forms which go to make up Aseroe rubra. — C. G. L.

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THE LLOYD LIBRARY, CINCINNATI, O.

Devoted exclusively to a library of Botany and Pharmacy. It

contains at the present time about twenty- five thousand

volumes on the above named subjects.

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INDEX.

In making up the pages it was not practicable to keep the figures in serial
order nor always in close relationship to the corresponding text. In this index
we have given the page on which will be found the text and also the figure for
each species.

Text

Page

Antlutnis 40

" Archeri 43

" aseroeformis 42

" calathiscus 43

'• Muellerianus 43

Aseroe 43

*• arachnoidca 48

" Hookeri 46

" lysuroides 48

•' Miielleriana 46

" pallida 47

" pentactina 46

" rubra .46

" Zeylandica 47

Clathrus 54

'• affinis 60

" (African form) .... 62

" Americanus 56

" camerunensis 57

" cancellatus 54

" Chrysomycelinus .... 63

" cibarius 60

" crispatus 57

" crispus 58

*' delicatus 63

'' gracilis 62

" guttulatus 58

" Preussii 63

" pseudocancellatus ... 60

" pseudocrispus 59

" pusillus 57

Treubei 56

Clautriavia ., 24

'• Lauterbachii 24

" nierulina 24

Coins ' 67

" hirudinosns 67

Xnoccomutinus 34

" Zenkeri 35

Itajahya 26

'' galericulata 27

Jansia . . * 33

" annulata 34

" boninensii* 34

" elegans 33

" rugosa 33

KaJchbrennera 68

" corallocepliala . 68

Laternea '. 48

" angolensis 50

" bicolumnata 51

" columnata 48

" pusilla 50

" rhacodes 50

" Spegazzini 51

" triscapa 48

Lysurus ^ . . . . 35

" australiensis 38

" borcalis 38

" Clarazianus 40

" cruciatus 40

" Gardneri 36

*' Mokusin 36

Figure

on
Page

42
41
41
42

45
45

46
43
43
44
47

55
55
55
62
61
57
58
63
60
S8
62

59
56
56

26
25

34
27

Pseudo

Simblu

35
38

Text

Page

Lysurus canctae Catherinae . . . 40

" (unnamed) 40

" Woodii 40

Mutinus 27

" argentinus :i2

" bambusinus 28

" borneensis 32

" caninus 28

" curtus 32

" elegans 28

" Fleischeri 28

" minimus 32

" papuasius 32

" pentagonus 30

" proximus ...' 32

'• Ravenelii 28

" xylogenus 30

Phallogaster 71

** saccatus 71

Phallus 9

" callichrous 20

" calyptratus 22

" campanulatus 22

" canadensis 22

" celebicus 22

" costatus 10

" Daemonum 20

" discolor 22

" duplicat'us 20

'* Farlowii 24

** favolus 14

" gracilis 14

" glutinolens 18

" imperialis . . .• 10

" impudicus ,. 10

" indusiatus 18

" Mauritianus 22

" Moelleri 20

" multicolor 20

" quadricolor 24

** Ravenelii 14

" retusus 22

Rochesterensis 20

roseus 20

rubicundus ' 14

rugulosus - 18

subuculatus 22

subtilis 18

tenuis 10

Pseudocolus 51

* fusiformis 53

* Garciae 52

* javanicus 52

' Rothae 53

* rugulosus '.. 52

Simblum 64

clathratum 67

gracile 66

Miilleri 67

periphragmoides — 66

spbaerocephalum ... 67

Texense 67

Figure

on
Page

90
29
91
29
91
29
31
91
90
31

30
30

90
90
91
89
13
t6
89
17

13
15
13

16
23
19
21
89

52
54
52
S3
53

64
64
65
65

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JUN2 1926

Bulletin No. 14. June, 19 10. Myco logical Series, No. 5

BULLETIN

of the

LLOYD LIBRARY

BOTANY, PHARMACY AND
MATERIA MEDICA

J. U. & C. G. LLOYD
CINCINNATI, OHIO

MYCOLOGICAL SERIES, No. 5

Synopsis

of the

Genus Hexagona

By C. G. LLOYD

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p. HARIOT.

To Monsieur P. Hariot, Curator of the Cryptogamic Museum at Paris, France,

I beg to dedicate this pamphlet, in recognition of the many courtesies

extended to me while working in the Museum. — C. G. Lloyd.

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THE GENUS HEXAGONA.

Definition. — The genus Hexagona can be described in a few words
as being fungi with large, round or hexagonal pores, or Polyporus
with large, round or hexagonal pores. It is a tropical or sub-tropical
genus, and does not occur in temperate regions. Theoretically the
genus is purely artificial, based on a single character, but it is a very
convenient genus, and to attempt to break it up would only make a
needless complication.^

In context Hexagonas are usually corky-woody, and as Fries knew
only such species, he specified* this as a character of the genus. There
are a few species with hexagonal pores of which the context is rather
fleshy-cartilaginous. We should include them also in Hexagona, be-
lieving it to be better to take the genus literally on its pore character.

Size of the pores. — While the basic idea of the genus is large,
round or hexagonal pores, the word large is, of course, only relative.
There has been associated (unintentionally perhaps) with the genus
Hexagona the idea of regularity of pores. Thus there is a series of
forms related to Hexagona tenuis which have by common consent
always been classed in Hexagona. The pores are rather small, but
they are regular and shallozv. Many other polyporoids with larger
pores are classed with Polyporus or Trametes when the pores are
deep.

There is also a group of species, such as Polystictus pinsitus, with
equally as large and as shallow pores, but they are irregular, with
thin, angular, uneven pore-walls. This section is generally included
in Polystictus, and I think that is preferable, but sometimes species
of this section have been called Hexagona.

Spores. — The color of the spores was not taken into account by
the old authors in the genus Hexagona, but as they are practically
all supposed to have white spores, we should make that a character
also of the genus. We have never seen a single spore of any species
of what we include in Hexagona, as spores of white-spored poly-
poroids are rarely found in herbarium specimens. But the fact that
we do not find the spores is a strong evidence that they are white. ^

^Any one who is so disposed, however, can discover as many and as useless "new genera"
in it as have several times been discovered in Polyporus.

2 It is well known that species of polyporoids with colored spores have the spores usually
(if not always) in abundance. I have no doubt that all Hexagonas have white spores, though
I have not positive evidence cf the fact in a single instance.

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There are but two cases where plants have been classed as Hexagona
which I have found to have colored spores, viz. : Hexagona decipiens,
of Australia, and Hexagona gracilis, of Brazil. I shall exclude them
both, however, from Hexagona and include them in the section of
Polyporus, where they belong, not only on thieir spore color, but their
general natures, which are closer to other Polyporus than to Hexagona.

Fig. 276 X6

Fig. 277.

Surface markings. — The next character that we use in grouping
the species is the nature of the surface.

Setosus. — There is a very marked section of Hexagona with dense, coarse,
rigid, black hairs or setae on the surface. This is the same character that is
so familiar in the common Trametes hydnoides of the tropics. In fact, there
is a series of species beginning with Trametes hydnoides with minute pores
and ending with Hexagona apiaria with the large pores. This series has the
same form, context, color, peculiar surface hairs, and differs chiefly in the size
of the pores. It is a very natural group and might well be discovered to be a
new genus. The hairs (Fig. 276 X6) are peculiar, being more or less wedge-

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shaped and incised. They are detersive and fall away from old specimens.'
Our figure (277) shows the same species (of Australia) in three different con-
ditions. But there are species that we include in this section in which these
hairs are not so strongly developed. Hexagona Deschampsii (Fig. 282) has
the hairs or fibrils strongly. agglutinate with only a few free fibrils. It resembles
old, worn conditions of the previous species. And finally we include in this
section species strongly marked with entirely agglutinate fibrils as Hexagona
elegans (Fig. 284).

Velutinus. — This section includes species with fine, soft, velutinate hairs
(Fig. 289). It embraces but a few species.

Glaber. — Surface smooth, but often zoned or uneven, but not hirsute,
velutinate or with strongly agglutinate fibrils.

General shape. — There are of course intermediate specimens, but
most species can be arranged in one of three sections according to
their general shape. All Hexagonas are sessile without stems/ or
(as in albida) sometimes a rudhnentary-lateral stem.

Ungulaformis. — This section, which comprises but a very few species, has
the pileus thick with deep pores. It is usually hard and sub-woody and cor-
responds to the genus Fomes, though the pores are never stratified.

Applanatus. — The texture is softer and general shape is flatter than in the
previous section. The shape corresponds to the usual shape of Fomes ap-
planatus. Usually it is a centimeter or more thick. We include in this section
also some species such as Kurzii that are thinner and tend toward the next
section but have deeper pores, 5 mm. or more.

Tenuis. — The character of the section tenuis is the very thin pileus, rarely
over two or three mm. thick, and the small (for Hexagona) shallow, regular
pores.

The setae in the pores. — There are some species of Hexagona that
have conspicuous, colored setae in the pores. Sometimes these setae
are large enough to be seen with the naked eye, and can easily be

noted on the accom-
panying figure (278),.
-^^,_ ^^^_,w ^^ which is enlarged six

l^flB^^H^ ^^^B. tJGJB'^^L^^^ diameters. These

I^^^^^KEt 'i^^^^L^J *^t ^^K^|B| setae are always in
'1^^^^^^ ^^B^m" , <>I%^^^^^^H connection with fer-

ruginous or cinnamon
context. They are
much larger than the
microscopic setae
found on many poly-
poroids, (Cfr. Pol.
Issue, page 2), and
often called cystidia.
Klotzsch noticed
Fig. 278 (X 6). tliese setae and pro-

posed a new tribe,
Scenidium, but the idea never found favor. The inner surface of the

3 Mr. Murrill states that the plants are "nearly glabrous when young" and are finally
clothed with these hairs. I think his explanation should be taken backwards.

* This statement excludes Hexagona gracilis, which, however, is not a Hexagona for me.

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pores of Hexagona leprosa appears finely pubescent, but under the
lens the hairs are sub-hyaline and are of quite different nature from
the colored setae of other species.

Color of context. — Most species have a colored context. It is
hard for me to designate the exact color, though it is customary to
describe it as cinnamon, ferruginous, gilvous, etc. In this pamphlet
I designate these as having "colored context." A fewer number have
a context color white or pale ochraceous, much paler than the former.
We indicate these as '*pale context." The difference between these
two context colors is so marked that the character can be used to
advantage in classification, and we base on it one of our groups.

The glaucescence of pores. — Many collections of Hexagona have
pores strongly silvery glaucous, and it is a puzzling question how much
stress to place on it in classification. In itself, I think it is not of much
value, for many collections show some specimens glaucous and others
not or only partially so. It seems to me to be a sort of deposit on
the pores, with age perhaps. At Kew there is a specimen of Hexagona
apiaria where most of the pores are strongly glaucous and the outer
(younger) ones not at all. It is one of the species that has setae
on the pores. The setae are quite noticeable on the non-glaucous pores,
but in the glaucous ones they are not visible and have been covered
up (apparently) with this deposit.

History of the genus.— In the very old days all fungi that had pores were
called Boletus, and under this name are included in Linnaeus' Species Plantarum.
Palisot-de-Beauvois, who was a collector of African plants, included a few fungi
in his plates, and the Polypores he divided into two genera, those with large,
round, hexagonal, or elongated pores, that he called Favolus, and those with
small, round pores that he called Microporus. Fries divided Palisot's first genus
into two, -those with hexagonal pores which he called Hexagona, and those
with elongated pores that he called Favolus. He took the name Hexagona
from a probably inaccurate illustration of Pollini, which however showed hex-
agonal pores, and the genus was based on this one character. It has been taken
in this sense by mycologists for about eighty years and about a hundred alleged
new species have been named in accordance. The early mycologists, Persoon,
Klotzsch, and Berkeley, were at first not disposed to consider a "large pored"
genus of much value, but after the appearance of Fries' Epicrisis (1838), where
he collated all the known species, no one has presumed to deny the genus.^
The first species to reach Europe was undoubtedly sent to Linnaeus, who named
it Boletus favus. It was from China, but is not in the Linnaean herbarium,
but was stated by Klotzsch, Berkeley, and Hariot to be the same as Hexagona
Wightii, which it probably is.^ The next were two species from Africa, beauti-
fully illustrated by Palisot-de-Beauvois, and the specimens (one at least) are

^ Recently a little cheap juggling was attempted to change all Hexagonas to Favolus and
all Favolus to Hexagona, thus making new combinations for them all, and a muss in general.
It was based on such a flimsy pretext that it is not worth discussing in detail. Monsieur
Hariot, who first showed how the trick could be turned (Bull. Soc. Myc. de France, 1891.
p. 203), dismissed it with the very sensible remark: "Mais la tradition Friesenne s'est im-
posee et il serait difficile dans I'etat actuel de la science d'intervertir les designations gene-
riques de plus d'une centaine d'especes'. Le remede deviendrait pire que le mal et force est
de s'en tenir aux idees admises."

•How this was overlooked in the priority hunt I do not know. 1753 is such a "prior"
date to arrange alleged synonyms that a good thing like that ought not to be overlooked.

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now in the Delessert Herbarium at GenevaJ Next, Hexagona tenuis, the
most common species of the tropics was named by Hooker from South America.-
The specimen is in fair condition in Hooker's herbarium at Kew. Then Per-
soon published Hexagona apiaria and Hexagona vespacea from the island of
Rawak, and both are in good condition at Paris, the latter rather scanty however.
When Fries issued his Epicrisis (1838) twelve species were supposed to be
known and Fries had overlooked one of Palisot's.*^ Since the Epicrisis there
has been a steady output of "new species." There are in my index 125 names
of supposed species, but this includes a few that were not called Hexagona
but which in my opinion should have been, and a larger number that were called
Hexagona and should not have been.

The work in this pamphlet. — In my work with the polyporoids I have visited
and studied and photographed the species of Hexagona in the following museums :
Kew London, British Museum London, Leiden, Berlin, Upsala, and Paris,
and the private herbarium of Monsieur Patouillard at Paris. Most of the
historic material is preserved in these museums and of the 125 species named
in my index I have seen the type (or in a few cases the co-type) of all that
exist but eight.

Classification. — For convenience we arrange the species in sections
or groups. We have tried to make these groups as natural as possible
for the benefit of the future "new genus'* discoverers.

First (Setosus). — Typically the surface is clothed with dense, coarse,
branched, rigid hairs, usually detersive and then the surface is fibrillose. We
include also species which are covered wilh agglutinate fibrils generally with
free ends.

Second (Velutinus). — Surface covered with fine, soft pubescence, or veluti-
nate hairs. Plants that we include here are all thin and as to shape belong
in section 5 (Tenuis). A few species that arc pubescent we arrange on general
relations in other groups, viz. : Pobeguini in Applanatus ; macrotrema in Pal-
lidus; bipindiensis in Pseudofavolus.

Third (Ungulaformis). — Thick, hard, with long pores and generally hoof-
shaped. This section corresponds to the woody (Fomes) section of Trametes
and might be called Hexagona-Fomes. We include here also Hexagona resin-
osus on its general nature, although it has a pale context and might be placed
in the group Pallidus.

Fourth (Applanatus). — General shape applanate or flattened as distinguished
from Ungulaform or hoof-shaped. Plants of this section are of a softer nature
than the previous section. We include here for this reason Hexagona amplexens,
that from its shape alone should be included in the preceding, and for a similar
reason we include in the preceding resinosa which from its shape alone belongs
in this section.

Fifth (Tenuis). — Pileus very thin, rarely two or three mm. thick with small
(for Hexagona) regular, shallow pores. Surface smooth. We include in
Velutinus species with pubescent surface.

Sixth (Pallidus). — Context white or pale ochraceous. (All the preceding
except resinosus have context that is more deeply colored, ferruginous, cinna-
mon, etc.)

Seventh (Pseudofavolus). — All the previous have context suberose or sub-
ligneous. In this section we include the species with fleshy, tough nature.
Usually they have been classified with the genus Favolus from which they differ
essentially in their pore shapes. Patouillard bases on them a genus (Pseudo-
favolus). In our opinion, they should be included in Hexagona.

'I have never s'een these, but Palisot gave such fine illustrations- that it is not necessary
to see them. One can be as sure from such illustrations as from the specimen its'elf.

* Viz : Hexagona glabra. As Saccardo seems to have started his compilation of the poly-
poroids with Fries's' Epicrisis, this species does not occur and has been lost to all modern books.

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Eighth (Resupinatus). — I think no resupinate species occur, but the section
is convenient for a resupinate "species" so claimed.

GROUP I, SETOSUS.

HEXAGONA APIARIA (Fig. 279).— Color dark. Surface
densely covered with coarse, branched, dark hairs which are detersive,

Fig. 279
Hexagona apiaria. Type at Paris.

and old specimens have the surface coarsely fibrillose. Pores large
(3-4 to cm.) from 5-10 mm. deep, ferruginous, often glaucous zvith
prominent setae (cfr. page 3, fig. 278 x6.) Context thin, ferruginous.

History. — A frequent plant in the Philippines, India, Ceylon, and Australia,
and as found in the museums usually called Hexagona Wightii. At BerHn
there is a specimen from New Guinea and one from Guadeloupe.^ Linnaeus
named something (none knew what) Boletus favus which came from China,
and was evidently a Hexagona and probably this plant.^^ The first specimen

® This is the only specimen from an American station, but the plant is not included in
N. A. F., which professes to include all West Indian species. Owing to the superficial work
done by the author in the museums of Europe, he probably never saw the specimen.

1" The specimen does not exist in the Linnaean herbarium, though there is in the herba-
rium a specimen of Hexagona tenuis named "Boletus favus, Linn." by Dickson, many years
after Linnaeus died.

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known to reach Europe was from Rawak and was named Polyporus^i apiarius
by Persoon and a good figure given. The specimen (Fig. 279) is in good
condition at Paris. Next Klotzsch got a specimen from Wight, India, which
he called Polyporus Wightii, and also gave a good figure of it.^2 fj^ noticed
the setae (See fig. 278, page 3) in the tubes, which are evident even to the
naked eye, and gave an exaggerated figure of them and based on them a "new
tribe," Scenidium.^^ ^ number of specimens have since reached Europe and
are usually referred to Wightii. At the time he described the plant Klotzsch
published that it was the same as Boletus favus of Linnaeus, and that was also
Berkeley's opinion, and I think was probably true.^'*

Fig. 280
Hexagona hirta.

HEXAGON A HIRTA (Fig. 280).— Color dark. Surface covered
with a dense coat of rigid, branched, dark hairs. These are often
detersive. Context dark, ferruginous. Pores medium (about 8 to 10
to cm.) about 5 cm. deep. Owing to the depth and relatively small
size of the pores it is often put in Trametes, and it belongs there
about as well as in Hexagona.

History. — It seems to be a common plant in Africa, but only in Africa as
far as I know. It was most beautifully and accurately illustrated by Palisot-de-
Beauvois more than a hundred years ago (1805) and his specimen is at Geneva.
Notwithstanding it frequently reaches Europe, but one single specimen has
ever been referred to Palisot's name. Fries discovered it was a new species

" Persoon at the time was aware of the genus Hexagona, but declined to consider it a
genus, stating that the size of pores is only a relative character.

" I think the type does not exist. The only specimen I have seen from India is at the
British Museum, but was not collected by Wight.

*' Under these conditions' it seems to me very careless, to say the least, for Mr. Murrill
to describe the pores of Hexagona Wightii as "glabrous within."

" Klotzsch does not seem to have been consistent in his views of "Boletus favus, Linn."
He gives this plant as being the same, and then he refers another plant to Hexagona sinensis,
which was only a name-change of "Boletus favus."

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and called it Hexagona crinigera. Klotzsch got it from Mauritius and referred it
to Linnaeus' (alleged) species under a Friesian name-change, Hexagona sinensis.
Berkeley decided it was not the Linnaean species and changed it to Trametes
Klotzschii. (He was only guessing, but probably guessed right.) I think
this name has been most generally used for it. Then Leveille got a specimen
from Madagascar, and found it to be another new species, Trametes crassa.
Then Cooke got the same collection (Perville, Madagascar) and described it
as Trametes adelphica, but he does not seem to have taken himself very seriously,
for he never changed his manuscript name on his specimens and they are found
to-day in his collection as Hexagona strigosa.

Fig. 281
Hexagona capillacea.

HEXAGONA
CAPILLACEA (Fig.
281.) —Color light,
ferruginous or cinna-
mon, covered with a
dense coat of concol-
orous hairs. Pores
large, 3-4 mm. deep,
with thin, flaccid
walls. Bright fer-
ruginous in color, de-
void of setae.

H i s t o r y. — This is
known from a single
specimen (Fig. 281) from Venezuela, South America, now in the herbarium of
Patouillard. From the figure it is evidently close to apiaria, but is lighter
color, has finer hairs and thinner, more flaccid pore-walls.

Fig. 282
Hexagona Deschampsii.

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HEXAGON A DESCHAMPSII (Fig. 282.)— Pileus dark reddish
brown, with adpressed fibrils, a few with free ends. Context thin,
ferruginous. Pores large, 3 to cm., rather shallow (3-4 mm. deep)
bright, ferruginous (never glaucous) and with prominent setae.

This species is quite similar to apiaria but is smaller, thinner, and
never has the dense coat of rigid hairs characteristic of apiaria in its prime.
It is only known from Ceylon. Abundant specimens reached Berkeley and were
by him referred to crinigera of Africa (from which it is quite different). Then
a single specimen, having strayed into Paris, was named Hexagona Deschampsii.

Fig. 283
Hexagona aculeata. Type at Paris.

HEXAGONA ACULEATA (Fig. 283).— Color reddish brown,
with appressed, fibrillose, zonate surface. Pileus thin. Pores medium,
5-6 to cm., regular. Color ferruginous.

This is known only from one collection made in French Guiana by Leprieur.
It is in Montague's herbarium, and there is also a co-type at Upsala. It has
about the same sized pores as Hexagona hirta, but is a lighter colored plant, is
thinner, and does not have the same dense coat of hairs.

HEXAGONA ELEGANS (Fig. 284).— Color dark, reddish
brown. Surface with appressed, rigid fibrils and zonate. Pores me-
dium, 5-6 to cm., 6-8 mm. deep, glaucous.

A single specimen of this is in the museum at Paris and its origin is not
known. It is not as close to Hexagona aculeata as might appear from the

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photograph. It is a thicker plant and the pores are glaucous, also the surface
is not so strongly zoned.

Fig 284
Hexagona elegans. Type at Paris.

_*-*^^*r

Fig. 286
Hexagona Dybowski. Type at Paris.

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HEXAGONA DYBOWSKI (Fig. 285).— Pileus thin, flexible, of a
pale color. vSurface rugulose, zoned with a dense coat of pale, slender
hairs, which are detersive, and old specimens evidently become almost
smooth. Pores medium, pale, with angular walls disposed to become
somewhat irpicoid.

There are three collections &i"th\s plant from the Congo, Africa, in the
Museum at Paris, but it has never reached any other museum. It is a unique
species, very different from all others of this section in its pale context color
and the general color of the plant. Its affinities are rather with Trametes or
Polystictus than with Hexagona.

w^^>

r^if

Fig. 286

Hexagona Henschalli. Type at Kew.

HEXAGONA HENSCHALLI (Fig. 286).— Color reddish brown.
Pileus thin, strongly zoned. Most of the zones are smooth or appressed
fibrillose, a few with free fibrils. Pores large, rather shallow, glaucous,
with thin walls and disposed to become a little irpicoid.

A single specimen is at Kew from Java, and named Hexagona Henschalli
by Berkeley. It was never published, but was placed in the apiaria cover
from which species it seems to me to be quite different.

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GROUP 2, VELUTINUS.

We include in this group only the thin, velutinate plants that correspond
to the group Tenuis in form and thickness. There are three other pubescent
or velutinate plants (mentioned on page 14) which are included in other groups.
As included here, the entire group might be considered a single species. All
are very similar plants, thin with zonate, velutinate surface, and small, regular,
shallow pores. It is chiefly an American group and abundant specimens are
in the museums from the West Indies, Mexico, and South America. Of other
than American specimens there are only three collections known, viz. : one each
from New Caledonia, Africa, and Ceylon.

Fig. 287.
Hexagona variegata.

HEX AGON A VARIEGATA (Fig. 287).— Pileus thin, with fer-
ruginous context. Surface velutinate with fine hairs and strongly
marked with variegated, colored zones. Pores small, regular, shallow,
smooth, usually ferruginous color, but sometimes glaucous.

This is a strongly marked species, the upper surface resembling bright
forms of Polystictus versicolor. The contrast of zones usually alternate seal
brown and blood brown. Sometimes plants are more evenly colored and then
it runs into the next "species." It is a common plant in Mexico, Central America,
West Indies, and South America, and many specimens are in the museums.
Most of them are called variegata, and Berkeley so labeled most of his specimens.
There is no question, however, that it is the same plant that Berkeley at a
much earlier date named Hexagona papyracea and as he himself virtually so

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stated. The name variegata is a much better name and has been generally
employed.i^

The two following may be called varieties or species, as you may prefer.

HEXAGON A
SCUTIGERA (Fig.
288) . — In Balansa's
exsiccatae are found
specimens so labeled
on Spegazzini's au-
thority. It is prac-
tically the same as
the preceding except
the surface is of a uni-
formly brownish color
and is perhaps more
rugulosely zoned.
In any large collec-
tion of Hexagona va-
riegata, however, all
connecting forms oc-
cur, and it is at best
a form. No type ex-
ists, but I judge it is
correctly named, in
which event it is a
case for the date dic-
tionary experts.

Fig. 288
Hexagoua scutigera.

Fig. 289

Hexagona velutina. Type at Paris.

" Even Mr. Murrill uses it, though in order to excuse his disregard of dates he puts a
question mark after Hexagona papyracea. If any doubtful mark should be used, it should be
after variegata, for the type specimen of Hexagona papyracea is in good condition and un-
questioned, and there is no type of Hexagona variegata so labeled. As a matter of fact I be-
lieve there is a "type" from which variegata was named, but it is labeled Hexagona papyracea.

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HEXAGONA VELUTINA (Fig. 289).— The only specimen of this section
known from Africa has a uniform brown color with narrow zones. It also
has smaller pores. Otherwise it is the same as variegata. It is known from
a single specimen and was called veliitina. Nearly the same plant (one col-
lection) reached Berkeley from Ceylon. He referred it to variegata.

Note. — The following species with pubescent pilei are placed in other
sections : Pobeguini in Applanatus ; macrotrema in Pallidus ; bipindiensis in
Pseudofavolus.

GROUP 3, UNGULAFORMIS.

(Hexagona of the "Fomes" type are few in number, but very marked species.)

Fig. 290.
Hexagona nitida. Type at Paris.

HEXAGONA NITIDA (Fig. 290).— Pileus with a hard, smooth,
sulcata, polished crust. Context ferruginous, hard. Pores medium
(5 to cm.) deep, lyi to 2J/2 cm., reaching the crust.

This is the only Hexagona that occurs in Europe, and it is known only
from two stations in the extreme south. It was first found in 1829 in the
Pyrenees, and in Algeria in 1844. Both were on the live oak (Quercus Ilex)
and came to Montague, who named the species. He gave a good figure in
Flora of Algeria. Then Dr. Marcucci seems to have collected it abundantly
in Sardinia and his specimens (Exsiccatae No. 69) are in most of the museums
under the name "Hexagona (Favolus) Mori Poll.," Dr. Marcucci having referred
it in error to an old figure of Pollini, to which it has little resemblance. After-
wards Baglietto, noting the mistake, naturally discovered it must be a new

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species and called it Hexagona Marcucciana.i® At Paris, where it can be
compared with Montagne's specimen, I doubt if one can be told from i:he other
if they were transposed. I think Professor Maire has collected it in Greece,
but I have seen none of his specimens. Hexagona nitida from what is known
seems to occur only on the live oak (Quercus Ilex) and only in the Mediterranean
countries. There are several of Marcucci's collections in the museums, mostly
now badly eaten. The only good specimen I have seen is the Algerian col-
lection in Montagne's herbarium, from which our figure (290) has been made.

^-»^i^

Fig. 291
Hexagona Gunnii. Co-type at Paris.

HEXAGONA GUNNII (Fig. 291).— Pileus ungulaform, with a
thin, fragile, smooth, reddish brown crust which appears to me slightly
laccate. Context thick, ferruginous. ^J Pores large, concolorous, with
thick walls.

This species is represented at Kew by several collections from Tasmania
and Australia. I think it grows on Eucalyptus trees. Berkeley named it in
1839 as Polyporus vesparius, and then changed it (unfortunately without Otto
Kuntze's consent) to Hexagona Gunnii. ^^

HEXAGON'A SULCATA (Fig. 292).— Pileus subligneous, with
a hard crust and deep, sulcate ridges. Context ferruginous. Pores
medium (4-5 to cm.) deep, rigid, pale wood color.

^' This was in "Erbario Crittogamico Italiano," where Marcucci's collection was again

distributed. The advertisement is given in Saccardo as "Bagl. & de Not," but they were

both lichen men. I suspect Cesati was really responsible for it, as he seems to have been
the chief fungus man of these exsiccatae.

" I think this is the only species known with a strong development of the context. Usu-
ally the pores almost reach the crust.

^* I do not know why Berkeley changed the specific name when he put it in Hexagona,
but he no doubt had good reasons for it, and he thought he had the right. At any rate it
was before our "lawmakers" had legislated on the subject as to what a man has a right to
do in his own private affairs.

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This strongly marked species is only known from Ceylon. Berkeley pub-
lished it in 1847 with a good figure and sent specimens to both Fries and
Montagne. That sent to Montague (Fig. 292) was typically sulcate, but the
specimen to Fries (Fig. 293) was more even. Berkeley did not retain a speci-
men in his own herbarium, and when some twenty years later he received the
smooth form also from Ceylon he described it as Hexagona durissima. It is
the same as the specimen of sulcata he sent Fries. Whether or not it is
the same species as sulcata I do not know, but I think probably only a smooth
form.

Fig. 292
Hexagona sulcata.

Fig. 293.
Hexagona durissima.

HEXAGONA DURISSIMA (Fig. 293).— This seems to be practically the
same plant as sulcata except it has a more even crust. It is known only from
Ceylon, but recently I have seen a specimen so referred, and probably cor-
rectly, from Java.

HEXAGONA RESINOSA (Fig. 294).— Pileus applanate, with a
dark resinous crust. Context hard, sub-woody, pale alutaceous or pale
ferruginous. Tubes medium, 5 to cm., i to ij4 cm. deep, pale color,
with rigid walls. Spores (teste Murrill) hyaline, smooth, 4x6.

This species was recently well named by Murrill. from the Philippines,
and is very different from all others. It is known only from one collection
or record. ^^ Its natural relations I think are with Fomes pinicola, the same

" Polystictus Copelandii, as distributed by the Philippine Bureau of Science, No. 1214
(specimen sent to Kew), is evidently Hexagona resinosa, through some transposition of speci-
mens. Mr. Murrill has introduced enough confusion with his jargon of names among the
Philippine polyporoids, without having the subject further confused by transposition of speci-
mens in distributed sets.

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resinous crust, same context, and the coloration both of context and crust is
similar. There is no similar plant in the genus Hexagona, and it might well
be made the type of a new genus. We place it in this section on account of
its evident "Fomes" relationship, though as to form it belongs in the next, and
as to context color it approaches the section Pallidus.

Fig. 294.

Hexagona resinosa. Co-type in museum at Berlin.

Note. — Hexagona laevis was based on nondescript material from Andaman
Islands. There is one poor specimen at Kew and another at the British
Museum. I judge it belongs in this section.

GROUP 4, APPLANATUS.

This is an artificial group to include species that have no one prominent
character to throw them into other groups, and which are flat but not too thin.

HEXAGONA POBEGUINI (Fig. 295).— Pileus applanate, with
concentric, sulcata zones, and minutely pubescent. I think the pubes-
cence wears off to a certain extent on old specimens. Context sub-
ligneous, harder than others of this group, ferruginous. Pores large
2-3 to cm., ferruginous, with rigid walls and setae.

This seems to be a frequent plant in Africa, and several collections are at
Paris and Berlin. One at the British Museum was named Hexagona Wel-
witschii. In fact, the plant was discovered to be a "new species" in each of

2 17

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the three museums where it is to be found.^o The zones of the pileus are
sometimes (in the type specimen) colored with different shades of brown. The
pores of the type were crenate, but that was only an accidental character of
this particular specimen. The pores vary in size, as shown in our figures.

Fig 296

Hexagona Pobeguini.

HEXAGON A NIAM-NIAMENSIS (Fig. 296). ^Pileus smooth,
unicolorous, with narrow zones. As to surface it much resembles
Hexagona tenuis. Context ferruginous. Pores medium, about 4 to
cm., regular, with thin hexagonal walls, J4 cm. deep. They have no
evident setae and some of them (not all) are glaucous.

This is known from a single specimen (Fig. 296) from Africa at Berlin.
The specific name, while alleged to be Latin, is more probably from an
Ethiopian dialect. It is a terrible misfortune for a plant to have to bear such
a name as that.

^ In a case of this kind we are very much disposed to take the best name, as we be-
lieve plants should be given decent names'. Where a poor plant has had the misfortune to
be named Pobeguini, Stuhlmanni, and Welwitschii, there is not much choice.

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Fig. 296.
Hexagona niam-niamensis. Type at Berlin.

Flo. 297

Hexagona chartacea. Type at Paris.

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HEXAGONA CHARTACEA (Fig. 297).— Pileus rather thin,
smooth, with narrow zones. Pores large, about 3 to cm., 5 mm. deep,
with thin walls. Color ferruginous and setae evident.

This is rather a thin species for this group and is known from two col-
lections from Africa. One of the collections was named Hexaerona obversa,
but seems to be too close to be kept distinct. I can see very little application
of the name chartacea to this plant.

Fig. 298.

Hexagona leprosa. Type at Upsala.

HEXAGONA LEPROSA (Fig. 298).— Pileus with a thin, dull,
slightly pubescent crust, not zoned. Context soft, spongy, ferruginous.
Pores medium, 4-5 to cm., ij4-2 cm. long, with thin walls. The
inner surface of the pores is pubescent under the lens, with short, pale
hairs. The color of the entire plant is almost uniform.

This is known only from a single specimen, collected in the West Indies.^i
about sixty years ago and preserved in a jar at Upsala. There is a small co-type
fragment also at Kew.

2^ It has been stated "also in Brazil." I know not the source of this statement, but am
sure there is no specimen from Brazil in any museum of Europe that I have visited.

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HEX AGON A SPECIOSA (Fig. 299).— Pileus with a thin, zoned,
smooth crust. Context and pores ferruginous. Pores medium large,
about 4-5 to cm., i-ij^ cm. deep, with thin walls becoming lacerate.

In size, shape, and color this plant is much like the preceding. It is known
from a single specimen in a jar at Upsala and a co-type at Kew. It came
from South Africa sixty years ago.

Fig. 299
Hexagona speciosa. Type at Upsala.

Fig. 300.

Hexagona Kurzii.

HEXAGONA KURZII
(Fig. 300). — Surface dark red-
dish brown, rugulose, zoned-
Pores medium 5 to cm., 5 mm.
deep, strongly glaucous.

This came from India and has
a general resemblance to Hexagona
polygramma.-- The pores are too
deep, however, to be entered in the
section with polygramma.

HEXAGONA ERUBEvSCENS (Fig. 301).— Pileus rigid, about
2 cm. thick, with a smooth zoned crust. Pores irregular, angular, about
5 to cm., i-iyi cm. deep, with rigid, rather thick walls. No setae.

^^ The co-type collection is at Kew on a sheet of polygramma.

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This IS based on a collection by Spruce, Brazil, and is at Kew. The
collector states "Hymenium vinosum," hence Berkeley named it erubescens.
The pores have lost all vinous color now. The strong character of the species
for me is its rigidity, both of pileus and pores. The species is found in Sac-
cardo in section "Hirtae." The type has not a sign of a hair of any kind. There
is a collection at Kew, however, that was referred to erubescens, and which
has appressed fibrils, but I think it quite another (and a "new") species. I
should prefer that some one else name it.

Fig 301.

Hexagona erubescens. Type at Kew.

Fig. 302.
Hexagona araplexens.

HEXAGONA AM-
PLEXENS (Fig. 302).—
Pileus small, ungulaform,
gibbose, smooth, with sul-
cate zones. Context brown,
suberose. Pores 5-6 to cm.,
5-8 mm. deep, concolorous,
with thin walls, no setae.

This little species is unique in size and shape. It is known from one col-
lection in the herbarium of Patouillard, and came from New Caledonia. It
evidently grew on small branches which it partially encircled.

SECTION 5, TENUIS.

This group is the most important of all for it embraces the only common
species that grows in many warm countries, viz. : Hexagona tenuis. They are
thin plants, rarely over two or three mm. thick, with smooth, concentric-zoned
pilei. The pores are small and shallow. Sometimes the plants are called
membranaceous, but I think are not thin enough to be called membranes.

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Fig 303

Hexagona tenuis. (Type form.)

HEX AGON A TENUIS (Fig. 303).— Pileus rigid, with a smooth,
concentric-zoned surface. Context thin, about 2 mm., ferruginous.
Pores small, regular, round, 8-12 to cm., shallow.

U---'

Fig. 304

Rugulose form classed as Hexagona tenuis, (Kew.)

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This is a widely distributed plant and occurs in most warm countries of
the world. Like all widely distributed plants it varies, and it is not practicable
to maintain all the specific names that have been given to it. As to pore size
those with the smallest pores were named Hexagona pulchella (Fig. 305),
then the type size (Fig. 306) and the largest size (Fig. 307) were called
Hexagona polygramma. With hardly two collections with exactly the same
sized pores, it is difficult to maintain these "species." And yet the pore sizes
have some value for they are usually uniform in specimens of the same col-
lection. They also vary as to color, and particularly in the development of
a glaucous pore covering. Some collections have no sign of it, others are
partially glaucous, and others strongly glaucous. Hexagona cervino-plumbea
is only a glaucous form.

Fig. 305. Fig. 306 Fig 307

Comparative pore sizes. Fig. 305, pulchella. Fig. 306, tenuis (type). Fig. 307, polygramma.

History. — The first specimen recorded was brought by Humboldt from
South America and is still preserved in Hooker's herbarium. It was published
by Hooker as Boletus tenuis in Kunth Synopsis (1822) and in the preceding
paragraph an anomaly of the same species as Boletus reticulatus.2=^ However,
this was not the first specimen to reach Europe, for it is found in the Linnaean
herbarium with no clue to its source. It is labeled "Boletus favus, Linn.," an
obvious error as pointed out first by Klotzsch, then by Berkeley, and very
recently by Mr. Murrill.^^ Hexagona tenuis is a very common species in many

^ As this was published at a "previous date," according to Kuntze's method of reckoning
dates, it was necessary to find another species called reticulatus to put forth as a rea-
son for not taking the name. This was not a Hexagona, but that was a minor matter com-
pared to the importance of Hooker having published reticulatus in a previous paragraph to
tenuis in the same book. It was Klotzsch who first recognized that reticulatus was only an
altered condition of tenuis, and he so indorsed it on the label, from whence was obtained the
information that was dilated upon at length recently, forgetting to mention that it had all
been published in full by both Klotzsch and Berkeley many years ago.

^ "Im Linne'schen Herbarium, Boletus favus' ist Polyporus tenuis, Hooker." — Klotzsch,
1832.

"Hexagona tenuis is marked in the Linnaean herbarium Boletus favus, but not by Lin-
naeus, with whose description it does not correspond. The name is evidently not authorita-
tive." — Berkeley, 1842.

"This species is found in the Linnaean herbarimn marked Boletus favus, but not by Lin-
naeus, nor with his sanction." — Murrill, 1905.

Had Mr. Murrill, instead of copying Berkeley, done a little investigating in the Linnaean
herbarium he would have found that "this species" was named by Dicksv^n many years after
Linnaeus died, and under the circumstances he would have had considerable trouble in ob-
taining Linnaeus' "sanction."

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countries and like all such species has been discovered to be "new" on numerous
occasions.25 A number of these seem to me to be absolutely the same plant,
and I can see no difference whatever on which to base "new species."^^ Others
do differ slightly from the type form, but whether this is of specific importance
or not it is difficult to say.

Forms of Hexagona tenuis or related plants.

HEXAGONA PULCHELLA (Fig. 305).— This plant from Java seems
exactly the same as the type form except smaller pores.

Fig. 308.
Hexagona polygrramma.

HEXAGONA POLYGRAMMA (Fig. 308).— Originally from Cuba, the
type is practically the same as that of tenuis with pores slightly larger. In
most museums, however, all these similar plants are arranged in two covers,
one "Hexagona tenuis. Hooker," the other "Hexagona polygramma, Mont."
I can not believe that the namers have any distinct idea of a difference, for
in both covers I have found indiscriminately collections varying as follows :

Size of spores. — From very small, as shown in Fig. 305, to size medium, as
shown in Fig. 307.

Surface. — Relatively smooth and evenly zoned, as Fig. 303, to strongly
rugulose, as shown in Fig. 304.

Color of pileus. — Very pale, almost white to brown, and many deep reddish
brown.

^ Not necessarily all, however, that are raked up and tabulated. Thus "Polyporus bi-
valvis, Pers.," given as a synonym, has little resemblance to it and is not a Hexagona. A
good specimen is in Persoon's herbarium. "Hexagona cingulata, Lev.," and "Hexagona uni-
color, Fries'," are also said to be synonyms, but that is only a vague guess, as no specimens
of either exist, and the compiler knew nothing about them.

2* For further details see list of synonyms, pages 43 to 45.

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Color of pores. — Pure cinnamon or ferruginous to dark (fuscus), sometimes
bright silvery, glaucous.

At Kew there are ninety-two collections in these two covers and scarcely
any two of them exactly the same. Under these conditions it is only practical
to do as has been done and refer all to one or two species.

rhe following we should consider as forms of Hexagona tenuis, and we
could manufacture as many more if we were so disposed.

Fig. 309

Hexagona umbrinella. Small one is the type at Upsala.

.HEXAGONA UMBRINELLA (Fig. 309).— This has a dark reddish
brown, rugulose surface.^^ The same thing is also called Hexagona Dregreana.
Hexagona Boneana is also too close.

HEXAGONA CONCINNA is a very thin plant with small, dark pores
and dark reddish pileus.

HEXAGONA DISCOPODA is a plant with the reddish stain only par-
tially developed over the base of the pileus so that the plant is decidedly two-
colored. It seems to be a frequent form in Africa and abundant specimens
reached Hennings and were referred by him to Hexagona polygramma. It is
probably the same as tricolor named by Fries from Africa many years ago
(because of its color contrasts), but no specimen is known now.

HEXAGONA SUBTENUIS was named by Berkeley from India, but I
think not published. It has ferruginous colored pores that to me imder a lens
appear slightly pubescent.

HEXAGONA PHAEOPHORA is a form with pale pileus and dark pores.

All the preceding are thin plants, very similar to Hexagona tenuis, and
differing principally in color, pore color, and pore size. The four following,
rigida, similis, Muelleri, and nigrocincta, are thicker plants (relatively), but
with the same general characters and small regular pores. They differ among
themselves as do the forms of tenuis. All come from the same geographical
region, Australia, New Caledonia, and the Pacific Islands, and all, I think, are
better considered as forms of one species.

HEXAGONA RIGIDA (Fig. 310).— Pileus about 3 mm. thick,
with smooth or slightly rugulose zoned surface and small regular pores.

^ The "co-type" that Fries sent Berkeley of Hexagona umbrinella is a much thicker
specimen than is to be found in his own herbarium. I think it is not the same species.

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The plant is close to Hexagona tenuis as to color and general appearance,
with slightly deeper pores. It came from Australia. Hexagona Muelleri, also
from Australia, and based on a single specimen, is practically the same with
slightly more rugulose surface. Hexagona nigrocincta is for me a pale form
of rigida, paler color and smoother than type of rigida. It came from New
Caledonia, and the ordinary form of rigida also occurs there.

Fig. 310.
Hexagona rigida. Type at Kew.

HEXAGONA SIMILIS.— The type specimen is of a very dark color with
agglutinate, fibrillose zoned surface, so that it has relations to the section Setosus.
None of the fibrils are free, however, and I think it is closer to rigida. The
pores are quite small and dark colored. The "type" is the only one in the cover
that has the agglutinate fibrils strongly marked. Others so referred seem to
me much closer to rigida.

HEXAGONA ATROSANGUINEA (Fig. 311).— Plant growing
on under side of stick, and largely resupinate with narrow, pileate
margin. Pileus thin, smooth, deep blood brown color. Pores small,
rugulose, shallow, many colored similar to the pileus, and also with a
glaucous deposit.

This species is very marked and the only one I have noted where the
pores are strongly colored red-brown. Its habit of growth is also different
from usual, and abundant specimens at Berlin all seem to have the same habits.
Whether it ever takes a truly pileate form I do not know, but I judge not,
as I think all the abundant types at Berlin are of the same nature. It came
from Africa and is only found in the museum at Berlin.

HEXAGONA SACLEUXII (Fig. 312).— Pileus rigid, with a
smooth, pale, strongly concentrically ridged surface. Pores vary in the

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same collection (as shown in our figures) as to size. The large pores
are about 5 mm. deep and strongly glaucous.

Fig. 311
Hexagona atrosanguinea. Type at Berlin.

Fig. 312

Hexagona Sacleuxii. Type at Paris.

This is known from three collections at Paris, all from Africa. The pores
are deeper than others of this group, otherwise it is close to rigida. The
variation of pore sizes in the same collection is unusual, and I am not sure
but that it is due to different ages. The large pores are strongly glaucous, the
small pores not at all.

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SECTION 6, PALLIDUS.

This section is quite distinct from all that precede in the pale color of its
context. One species (albida) when fresh is pure zvhite but discolors some in
drying. The usual color of the museum specimens of this section may be
called pale ochraceous or isabelline. I doubt if there are any in this section
that are true Hexagonas. Probably all have the character of the variation of
the hymenium strongly developed. In Hexagona albida (cfr. Figs. SJS and 314)
and particularly in Hexagona ochroleuca the hymenium takes hexagonal, daeda-
loid, and lensitoid forms and this tendency to variation is as much a specific
character as any character a species can have.

V^v

Fig 314

Hexagona albida. Photographed in Samoa.

HEXAGONA ALBIDA (Figs. 313 and 314).— Pileus pure white
with soft, smooth, faintly zonate surface. Context soft, almost fleshy
when fresh, in drying it becomes discolored in time and more tough.
Pores large, irregular, about 5 mm. deep with thin walls. Sometimes
lenzitoid forms (Fig. 313) are found growing with the hexagonal forms
and our figures (313 and 314) are specimens that grew from the
same mycelium,

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History. — This plant was described under this name by Berkeley from
the Philippines, and seems to occur mostly in Australia and the Pacific Islands.
I found it in Samoa, but it is not common there. In Samoa it usually took
the hexagonal form, rarely the lenzitoid form, but in other localitites it may
run more often to lenzitoid forms. It is the same plant, I believe, as Daedalea
inconcinna, also from the Philippines, and Daedalea intermedia from Australia.
I think Hexagona Cesatii from Borneo is exactly the same thing, with a tendency
to become a little cyclomycoid. When the history of these polymorphic plants
is worked out it will probably be found to have names in other genera such
as Lenzites.

Fig. 315
Hexagona macrotrema. Type at Leiden.

HEXAGONA MACROTREMA (Fig. 315).— The description of Hexagona
albida covers this species also, for it is the same thing excepting that the sur-
face is distinctly pubescent. However, they are undoubtedly forms of the same
species and they occur over the same region (Pacific Islands).

Hexagona macrotrema was first collected by Junghuhn in Java and so
named by him on the label. The specimen is to-day found in Leiden in good
condition and bears only Junghuhn's original label. Before he published it,
however, Leveille visited the museum, saw the specimen, changed its name»
and published it as Hexagona Molkenboeri. This did not please Junghuhn
(naturally) and he wrote to Fries, who, when he published it used Junghuhn's
name.28 The name Molkenboeri is therefore "prior" from an Otto Kuntze
point of view, and while I have great regard for priority it does not appeal
to me when served with so much rascality. Therefore I use the name macro-
trema.

Hexagona macrotrema is rather rare in the museums and has been mostly
named albida. I have seen only the following three specimens: Java (Leiden),

^ The plant is found in Saccardo, vol. 6, p. 369, under both names, pretending to be
two different species, although both names were based on exactly the same specimen.

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New Guinea (Berlin), Tropical Africa (Kew). As in the case of Hexagona
albida, it is probable that it takes other hymenial forms.

HEXAGONA OCHROLEUCA (Figs. 316 to 319).— We shall not
enter here into any detailed account of Hexagona ochroleuca, for it is
usually not a Hexagona. In fact the name glabra is the only specific
name that was given to it as a Hexagona, although it has a dozen
other names, as Trametes, Daedalea, Lenzites, Sistrotrema, etc. Gen-
erally it is a Lenzites, and if we ever consider it in detail it will be
as a Lenzites, its usual form.

Hexagona ochroleuca is the most polymorphic species known, I think, and
takes hexagonal, lenzitoid, irpicoid, and daedaloid forms, often in the same
specimen. Our figure (318) shows three distinct hymenial forms. The hex-
agonal forms are rare and the type of glabra (Fig. 317) is the only one so
named as a Hexagona, though several "species" of Trametes are based on
the same thing. I have seen many lenzitoid forms. Leveille named this speci-
men Hexagona glabra, and another specimen of the same collection (Roux,
India) he called in the same paper Sistrotrema ochroleucum. These plants
are in the same cover at Paris, and they are surely the same species notwith-
standing the hymenium is so different.

Hexagona ochroleuca has but few constant characters, none of a hymenial
nature, and can only be learned by experience. Its consistency, color of context
(alutaceous, not white when fresh), surface, and distant plates are the main
characters by which it can be known from its equally abundant and equally
polymorphic neighbor, Lenzites repanda. Hexagona ochroleuca, in its various
forms as Trametes, Lenzites, etc., is a very abundant plant in India, Java,
Philippines, and the East in general, and also in Australia.

We have not thoroughly investigated its synonymy, though we believe the
following should be included: Polystictus lenziteus (Zollinger Col.), Sistro-
trema ochroleucum, Hexagona glabra, Daedalea lurida, Daedalea pruinosa, all
by Leveille, who seems to have discovered it was a "new species" every time
he saw a specimen.

Trametes Beyrichii (as to Berkeley's Philippine determination, Cummings
2202), 29 Trametes coUiculosa from Ceylon, Trametes lobata from India, Trametes
laeticolor from Ceylon, Daedalea Hobsoni from India (or Australia ?),3o and
numerous recent determinations from the Philippines.^i Daedalea Schomburgkii

^ As to Fries, from Brazil, it is doubtful, as Hexagona ochroleuca is not known from
America. No specimen of Trametes Beyrichii exists, and what it was is unknown.

^ Daedalea Ilobsoni was published in a paper on Australian fungi and was based on a col-
lection cited, made by Schomburg in Australia. Hobson collected in India, and Berkeley re-
fers to his specimen incidentally as "the original specimen," though never formally published.
Under these conditions our lawmakers ought to specifically tell us* which is the "type locality"
and which the "type specimen," as they put so much stress on those things. In this instance
I think it makes no vital difference, because both are the same plant. Cooke afterwards discov-
ered the "type specimen" of Daedalea Hobsoni, which Berkeley had labeled Daedalea Schom-
burgkii and sent Saccardo (cfr. Vol. 6, p. 376) a description of this interesting "new species,"
though based on exactly the same specimen that Berkeley had described sixteen years before.
As evidence of the value of our literature Saccardo puts it in a different section of the genus
from the one in which he places Daedalea Hobsoni, although both were based on the same
specimen.

'^ It appears to me that Mr. Murrill's priority investigations were very superficial as to
these plants (as with most others). He uses the name Hobsoni (1865), and it has a dozen
names "prior" to that. Bresadola habitually calls the plant "Daedalea lenzitea (Lev.), Bres.,"
which was 1854, and Leveille had four names prior to lenzitea, to say nothing of Berkeley's
discoveries. In the whole list it does not have a suitable name, or I should use it without
regard to the date. Leveille's name ochroleuca is probably the best. I presume, however,
some enterprising individual could take the synonyms I have cited, look up their dates, ar-
range them chronologically, and produce weighty evidence why ochroleuca can not be used.

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Fig. 318

Fig 319.

Hexagona ochroleuca. Figs. 316 and 317, type forms (as Hexagona). Fig. 318, a specimen reduced, showing
three variations of the hyraenium. Fig. 319, an irpicoid form named Sistrotrema ochroleucum.

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from Australia, Daedalea tenuis from Philippines, Daedalea aulacophylla from
Australia, Daedalea flabellum from Andaman Islands, Daedalea ochracea from
India, Daedalea sub-confragosa from the Philippines, Lenzites Guilfoylei from
Australia, Lenzites ochrophyllus from India.

The old mycologists took the **genera" Trametes, Daedalea, Lenzites, etc.,
literally, and based a new species on almost every specimen of this plant in
every hymenial form that reached them. When the science of mycology gets
be3'ond its "new species" babyhood, and workers take a broader view of species
than single "type" collections, then I believe all the species I have mentioned
will be held to be the same plant. I call it in this paper Hexagona ochroleuca,
but were I writing on Trametes it would be Trametes ochroleucum. The
same applies to Daedalea, Lenzites, or Irpex. I think its better name is as
Lenzites to correspond with its usual hymenial form, and the equally poly-
morphic Lenzites repanda.

Fig. 320.

HEXAGONA VESPACEA (Fig. 320).— This may
be exactly the same plant as macrotrema. It was one
of the early Persoonian names (1826) and came from
the island of Rawak. No other collection has ever been
referred to Persoon's name, and the original collection
is only known from two little specimens, one at Paris
(Fig. 320), another in Persoon's herbarium at Leiden.
These are thinner than specimens of the preceding spe-
cies, and darker, though the dark color may be due to
age. Persoon described them as smooth, but that they
are somewhat pubescent can be seen from our photo-
graph. (Fig. 320.)

. HEXAGONA SEURATI (Fig. 321).— Context surface and pores
unicolorous, pale alutaceus or isabelline. Context soft, homogeneous

Fig. 321

Hexagona Seurati. Type at Paris.

with the pores. Surface smooth, no distinct crust. Pores large, shal-
low, many superficial.

This species is known only from one collection (Fig. 321) in the herbarium
of Professor Patouillard. It came from Raiatea, one of the Society Islands.

HEXAGONA AEQUALIS (Fig. 322).— Xo better description of this can
be given than to say that it is a hexagonal, tropical form of Daedalea quercina.
The color, context, surface, everything, is exactly the same as the common

3 33

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; >- vv *

Fig. 322.
Hexagona aequalis. Type at Paris.

plant of Europe excepting the hymenial configuration. The pores, as will be
seen from our photograph, are not truly hexagonal, but tend to daedaloid.
Daedalea quercina is presumed not to occur in the tropics. If it does, this plant

must be referred to it. It is
^v ^*\^PM!P!^. known from but one collection,

'" \K^-Ji^^mJ^^ South America.32

HEXAGONA RHOMBI-
PORA (Fig. 323). — Color pale
alutaceous or isabelline, concolor-
ous. Context thin. Surface
smooth, no distinct crust. Pores
large, flaccid, concolorous, tending
to favoloid.

This is known from a single
half specimen (Fig. 323) in the
herbarium of Montague. It came
from Brazil. No similar speci-
men has ever reached Europe
from South America. I have an
impression that it is an aberrant,
hexagonal form of some Lenzites
perhaps.

Fig. 323.
Hexagona rhombipora.

'- 1 think it was a Mr. Smith who some years ago distributed some specimens frorn Cen-
tral America "determined" by Ellis. Among others was a specimen labeled "Irpex maximus."
It has no resemblance whatever to "Iipex maximus," v.hich is only an irpicoid condition of
the common Polystictus occidentalis of the tropics. Ellis', of course, had no way of knowing
that, and his determinations of tropical species were but little more than a vague guess. The
plant that he called "Irpex maximus" I have always considered as a tropical, irpicoid form of
Daedalea quercina, the same as I consider Hexagona aequalis to be a tropical, hexagonoid form
of the same species.

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GROUP 6, PSEUDOFAVOLUS.

This section differs from all that precede it in its fleshy, tough nature,
rather than corky-woody. It is not usually classed in Hexagona.^s Several
have been placed in Favolus, from which it differs in the basic idea of the genus
Favolus, viz. : the shape of the pores. In my opinion, the species should be
included in Hexagona, or if not, should be made into a separate genus. There
are but few species known, including, however, the only Hexagona known from
the United States.

Fig. 324
Hexagona cucullata, natural size and pores x6.

HEXAGONA CUCULLATA (Fig. 324).— Pileus orbicular, reni-
form, attached by a short disk-like stem. Surface smooth, even, when
fresh Mars yellow, when old deep, reddish brown. Pores concolorous,
orbicular, a scant mm. wide, shallow.

This seems to be a rather rare plant, occurring in Southern United States,
West Indies, and South America. At Kew there are but ten collections, in-
cluding one from Ceylon (but probably the same) named by Cesati, Favolus
chartaceus. In addition it has two other synonyms from the United States,
Favolus curtipes and Favolus Taxodii, and I think a third, the recently described
Pseudofavolus auriculatus^* from Louisiana.

^ But one of the species, Hexgona Miquelii, is placed in this genus in Saccardo.

** I have seen no specimen of this, as when I called it was not to be found. I feel so well
convinced, however, that Hexagona cucullata is' the only one we have in the United States
that I have very little doubt as to its being the same thing.

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Related plant.— POLY PORUS ORINOCEXSIS (Fig. 325)— With the
same color and other characters except its small pores, we mention Polyporus

Orinocensis here, for we feel it is a
very closely related plant notwithstand-
ing its small pores. Professor Patouil-
lard now places it in the same section
with cucullata. It has small pores and
they are paler than those of cucullata.
When fresh they were probably white.
It would not do to classify such a
small-pored plant as a Hexagona and
wv wish yatnre wmild be more con-
Flo. 326. sisKiU :jnd makt hi^r Species so they

would fit into the man-made genera. It would tie so much simpler. Polyporus
Orinocensis is known from but one collection (Fig. ^2S\ in the herbarium of
Professor Patouillard.

Fig. 326

Hexagona Miquelii. Type at Paris.

HEXAGONA MIQUELII (Fig. 326).— Pileus orbicular, reni-
form. Color deep reddish brown. Surface glabrous, but strongly tes-
sellate. Pores orbicular, shallow, colored.

This, as to coloration, texture, and all characters, is exactly the same as
Hexagona cucullata, except that it is strongl}^ marked with a tessellate pileus.
It is a very rare plant and but three specimens have ever reached Europe, all
of which were discovered to be "new species." First, from Surinam, named
Polyporus Miquelii by Montague, a nice specimen (Fig. 326) in the herbarium
of Montague. Then from Java, by Zollinger, named Polyporus pustulosus by
Leveille, specimen in the herbarium of Professor Patouillard. The third from
St. Domingo, named by Berkeley Favolus induratus. All are exactly the same
plant.35

HEXAGONA BIPINDIENSIS (Figs. 327 and 328).— Pileus thin,
orbicular or reniform. Color reddish brown. Surface minutely veluti-
nate, strongly tessellate. Pores pale, probably white when fresh, me-
dium round, shallow.

^ In a case of this kind, when Mr. Murrill uses the last name, induratws, his reasons are
very puzzling to understand. As he has' made so much fuss about "priority," we do not know
whether he docs not know it is the same plant or whether he thinks 1852 is prior to 1841.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

This is represented by an abundant collection at Berlin. It came from
Africa. It was named as Hexagona bipindiensis on the label by Hennings,
but I do not know whether this was published. It is not his Favolus bipindiensis.
A single specimen of what seems to me practically the same is found in Patouil-
lard's herbarium under the name Favolus velutinus (Fig. 328). It came from
Tonkin and has the same peculiar, velutinate surface. The pores are a Httle

Fig. 327

Fig. 328

Hexagona bipindiensis. Fig. 327 is type at Berlin.

larger and not so regular. I believe it to be, however, the same plant. The
specific name velutina can not be used for a Hexagona as it is already occupied.

HEXAGONA MIRABILIS (Fig. 329).— Pileus white, smooth,
thin, with a thin crust. Context none, the pores reaching the crust.
Pores I to 2 mm. deep, 10-12 to cm., round or hexagonal, white.

4 37

Digitized by VjOOQIC

This was a rare plant that I collected in Samoa in but one locality. When
fresh it was pure white and a marked species, being so different from ordinary
polyporoids. At that time I was not acquainted with any species of this group
and was entirely at a loss to know where to place the plant. It is the only
white Hexagona known in this section.

Fig. 329
Hexagona mirabilis. Photographed in Samoa.

SECTION 8, RESUPINATUS.

I believe there are no truly resupinate Hexagonas. The only one that has
any claim is heteropora, and that is probably a resupinate form of something
else. Some resupinate plants that have been named as Hexagonas, such as car-
bonaria and Bartlettii, are evidently so closely related to the ferruginous Porias
that we shall so place them.

Fig. 330.
Hexagona heteropora. Types at Paris.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

HEXAGONA HETEROPORA (Fig. 330).— Context pale. The remainder
of the "description" can be made from our photograph. But three collections
have been so named, which came from South America. We present photographs
of all of them. The plant was named heteropora from the varying size of the
pores, and it is evidently (from our figure) well named, if they are all the
same species, which I doubt.

APPENDIX I.
NOMINA CONSERVANDA.

The following is an alphabetical list of the names of Hexagonas that we
would "conserve." It does not have the formal sanction of our professional
law-makers, but we think it has a better claim, namely, use, merit, and truth.

We give in addition to the name the country whence described, and as
we think the name and country are the most important, we place them in heavy-
face type. In lighter face type we summarize other details, viz. : the book cita-
tion, where published, and, what is more important, the museums where the
type specimens are preserved. We also give what is of least importance of all,
except to the parties concerned, the names of the wonderful discoverers.

ACULEATA— South America.— Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, vol. 13, p. 205. Mon-
tagne. Type, Museum at Paris.

AEQUALIS— South America.— Journ. de Bot., vol. 3, p. 258. Patouillard.
Type in his herbarium.

ALBIDA — Philippines. — Jour. Linn. Soc, vol. 16, p. 47. Berkeley. Type
at Kew.

AMPLEXENS— New Caledonia.— Bull. Soc. Myc. de France, vol. 18, p.
299. Patouillard. Type in his herbarium.

API ARIA — East Indies. — Voyage of Uranie, p. 169 (as Polyporus). Per-
soon. Type in museum at Paris.

ATROSANGUINEA.— Africa.— Engler's Jahrb., vol. 23, p. 545. Hennings.
Type at Berlin.

BIPINDIENSIS— Africa.— Not pubhshed, as far as I know. Hennings.
Type at Berlin.

CAPILLACEA— South America.— Bull. Soc. Myc. de France, vol. 4, p. 36.
Patouillard. Type in his herbarium.

CHARTACEA— Africa.— Bull. Soc Myc. de France, vol. 9, p. 209. Patouil-
lard. Type in museum at Paris.

CONCINNA — Africa. — Bull. Soc. Myc. France, vol. 9, p. 209. Patouil-
lard. Type in museum at Paris.

CUCULLATA— Cuba.— Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, vol. 17, p. 125 (as Favolus).
Montague. Type in museum at Paris.

DESCHAMPSII— Ceylon.— Bull. Soc. Myc. France, vol. 7, p. 207. Hariot.
Type in museum at Paris.

DISCOPODA— Africa.— Bull. Soc. Myc. France, vol. 9, p. 209. Patouil-
lard. Type in museum at Paris.

DURISSIMA— Ceylon.— Jour. Linn. Soc, vol. 14, p. 57- Berkeley. Type
at Kew.

DYBOWSKI— Africa.— Bull. Soc. Myc. France, vol. 8, p. 54. Patouillard.
Type in museum at Paris.

ELEGANS. — Unknown, probably from Africa. Bull. Soc. Myc France,
vol. 7, p. 207. Hariot. Type in museum at Paris.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

ERUBESCENS— Brazil.— Hooker's Jour. 1856, p. 237. Berkeley. Type
at Kew.

GUNNII— Tasmania.— Flora of Tasmania, vol. 2, p. 255. Berkeley. Type
at Kew.

HENSCHALLI— Java.— See page 11; not previously published. Berkeley.
Type at Kew.

HETEROPORA— South America.— Jour, de Bot., vol. 3, p. 166. Patouil-
lard. Type in museum at Paris.

HIRTA— Africa.— Flore d'Oware, p. i, t. i (as Favolus). Palisot-de-
Beauvois. Type at Geneva.

KURZII— India.— Trans. Linn. Soc, 2d ser., vol. i, p. 126. Currey. Type
at Kew, on sheet of polygramma.

LEPROSA— West Indies.— Nov. Symb., p. loi. Fries. Type in jar in
museum at Upsala.

MACROTREMA— Java.— Nov. Symb., p. loi (Junghuhn). Fries. Type
in error in Box 42 of Persoon's herbarium at Leiden.

MIQUELII— South America.— Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, vol. 4, p. 357 (^^s Poly-
porus). Montagne. Type in museum at Paris.

MIRABILIS— Samoa.— Described on page ^7- Type deposited at Kew.

NIAM-NIAMENSIS— Africa.— Engler's Jahrb., vol. 14, p. 348. Hennings.
Type in museum at Berlin.

NITIDA — Algeria. — Sylloge, p. 170. Montagne. Type in museum at Paris.

OCHROLEUCA— India.— Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, vol. 5, p. 145 (as Sistrotrerna).
Leveille. Type in museum at Paris. It is only a hexagonal form of a Lenzites.

PHAEOPHORA— China.— Bull. Soc. Myc, vol. 23, p. 74- Patouillard.
Type in his herbarium.

POBEGUINI— Africa.— Bull. Soc. Myc. France, vol. 8, p. 28. Hariot.
Type in museum at Paris. (Did not get in Saccardo's sweep net.)

POLYGRAMMA— Cuba.— Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, vol. 8, p. 365 (as Polyporus).
Montagne. Type in museum at Paris.

PULCHELLA— Java.— Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, vol. 2, p. 200. Leveille. Co-type
in herbarium of Patouillard. It is only a small pored form of Hexagona tenuis.

RESINOSA— Philippines.— Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 35, p. 398. Murrill.
Co-type in museum at Berlin.

RHOMBIPORA— South America.— Ann. Sci. Nat. 4, vol. 5, P- 370. Mon-
tagne. Type in museum at Paris.

RIGIDA — Pacific Islands. — Jour. Linn. Soc, vol 16, p. 54. Berkeley.
Type at Kew.

SACLEUXII— Africa.— Jour, de Bot., vol. 6, p. 19. Hariot. Type in
museum at Paris.

SCUTIGERA— Brazil.— Elenchus Fung., vol. i, p. 72, (as Polyporus).
Fries. No type exists.

SEURATI— Pacific Islands.— Bull. Soc. Myc. France, vol. 22, p. 48.
Patouillard. Type in his herbarium.

SIMILIS— Australia.— Hooker's Jour., 1846, p. 4. Berkeley. Type at Kew.

SPECIOSA — Africa. — Fungi Natalensis, p. 137. Fries. Type in a jar in
museum at Upsala.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SUBTENUIS— India.— Not previously published. Berkeley. Type at Kew.

SULCATA— Ceylon.— Hooker's Jour., 1847, P- 5io. Berkeley. There is
no type at Kew, but a co-type in Montagne's herbarium, also one in that of Fries.

TENUIS— South America.— Kunth. Synopsis, vol. i, p. 10 (as Boletus).
Hooker. Type at Kew.

UMBRINELLA— Africa.— Fungi Natalensis, p. 137. Fries. Type in
museum at Upsala.

VARIEGATA— Central America.— Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. 4, p. 122.
Berkeley. There is no type so labeled, but there is no question that it is a
specimen labeled Hexagona papyracea at Kew.

VELUTINA— Africa. Bull. Soc. Myc. France, vol. 9, p. 209. Patouillard.
Type in museum at Paris.

VESPACEA— East Indies.— Voyage de Uranie, p. 170. Persoon. Only
known from one little type in museum at Paris, another in Persoon's herbarium
at Leiden.

APPENDIX IL

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The real study of mycology, as I view it, is the study of species and their
variations and the geographical distribution. Very little can be told of the
geographical distribution at present, for much more abundant material will have
to reach Europe before anything definite can be determined. We have arranged
in the following tables the species found in the museums under nine geographical
divisions, as follows:

No. I, United States and Canada.

No. 2, Mexico, Central America, and West Indies.

No. 3, South America.

No. 4, Europe.

No. 5, Africa.

No. 6, India, Ceylon, and Malay Peninsula.

No. 7, Japan and China.

No. 8, Philippines and East Indies.

No. 9, Austraha, New Zealand, New Guinea, and Pacific Islands.

The sign t indicates localities from which we have seen one or but a few
specimens; if a number of collections it is indicated by a heavy face C; if the
species is only known from the type collection, we indicate that fact with a
star (*). Species that are very closely related and perhaps better called sub-
species are indicated by being indented under what we consider the "type" form.

Unite

>
55

t/J

n
w

53
>

Group 1, Setosus.

Apiaria,

•

Deschampsii,

. .

birta,

: : i : :

capillacea,

aculeata,

elefirans forobablv)

'.:c

Henschalli,

-:■

Dybowski,

, .

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Pi
H

n
>

■a

a?
g

Group a, Velutinus,

c
c

' ■

t '
t

t '

• •

scutigera , . , , .... . .

vclutina ' - -

Group 3, Ungulatormis.
tiitida 1 ' '

Gunnii . * .

sulcata » ► ► . , . *

du n S ^1 Til .T.

resin Qsa, .

Group 4, Applanatus.
Pobeguiui , »

niam-niamt^nsis ^

l^prosa^ . . . . ^ » * »

■fr

SD^ciosa » . » . .

chartacea ♦ . ^

KurziLj ...,*..,..., * <

eruljescens,

amplexeiiFi .....,.,* ^ ^

■ ^

- ■

-S:-

Group S, Tenuis,
teiiuis, * . . . , * . .

■ '

t
c

pulchellaj ..,..,.,. . .

polygramina

uml:>rinella . . , . . <

c
c

discopoda,

subteiiuis .

phaeophora, ........ , .

ri^ida^ . *

Miuilis, » 1 . -

atrosan^uiTiea, ....... ^

' ■

Sacleiixii^

Group 6, Pallidus,
albida, ,

niacrotreina. .,.,,,..* . ,

t
c

vespacea,

ochroltuca,

' ■

Seurali . 4. , .

aequaliSj ^ , .

* *

rhotnbipora, . . , ,

Group 7, Pseudofavolus.

cucullatus, 1 t

Miquelii,

bipindiensis, . .

t
t

mirabilis,

Group 8, Resupinatus.
heteropora,

*•

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APPENDIX III.

SYNONYMS AND SPECIES IMPERFECTLY KNOWN.

The following is the list of specific names which we would refer to synonymy
and our reasons for the same. We give also the countries from whence pro-
posed, and the individuals responsible for them. We hold them responsible
who published them, though in some cases the names were taken from and
credit given to manuscript names. We also indicate a few manuscript names
under which specimens are labeled in our principal museums. While of course
a question in synonymy is largely a question of individual opinion, the following
list (except in such cases as specially stated) is our conclusions as to authentic
specimens examined. We have studied in the British Museum, the Museums of
Kew, Paris, Berlin, and Upsala, which list embraces all the museums of Europe
where much historic material is preserved, except the Java specimens at Leiden.
We visited Leiden twice for this purpose, but both times found the Java speci-
mens had been loaned. We would not pretend to publish as synonyms (as has
recently been done) names that we have merely copied from others, nor would
we perpetrate the fraud of pretending to pass upon specimens we never saw,
and which in many cases do not exist. It is a fact well known to those who
have investigated the subject that the usual description is a mere empty form.
Plants can be recognized from systematic work in which those of a section or
country are described by contrast, but it is impossible to describe a specimen
as an isolated fact so that it can be surely recognized in one case out of a
hundred. If the labels were removed from the type specimens in the museums
I believe that not ten per cent of them could ever be replaced from anything
that has been published about them, and I doubt if one per cent could. Under
these conditions I feel it is useless to carry in our literature names and descrip-
tions of specimens that do not exist. It is a part of the system of "science"
to pretend to be able to judge from these descriptions as to the identity of
the plants described, but I do not think that any one who has had experience
really believes it (except in very exceptional cases), and I decline to subscribe
to any such fiction.

If a plant has not acquired a name by use, or if it was not characteristically
illustrated, and if authentic material does not exist in some museum or where
it can be examined, there is little occasion to further encumber literature with it.

While the following list is specific names of plants placed in Hexagona,
it does not follow they were all so placed by the authors stated. This may
have been done by some one else, and who it was is immaterial and not worth
recording. Nor does it follow that the species are all invalid in other genera
where they belong, but not in my opinion in Hexagona.

Where we state "no type exists," we have been unable to find the type
in the museum where it should be preserved, or authentic material in any other
museum. We have made careful and systematic search, and taken time, and we
believe the statements are literally true. Still we are aware there is always the
possibility of the type turning up in some obscure place. Often we have found
historic specimens in drawers or in cupboards, where the casual visitor would
never think of looking.

The following is the list that we would refer to synonymy, and the reasons.
We state also the name of the country whence described, and the names of
the discoverers of these "new species." It is remarkable how many ^'discoveries"
are made in "science," chiefly noteworthy from the fact that they are not true.

adelphica, Africa, Cooke=Hexagona hirta.

adnata, Ceylon, Berkeley=an anomaly of some kind.

affinis. Pacific Islands, (Published?) Berkeley=Hexagona tenuis.

arata. Pacific Islands, Berkeley. It is not a Hexagona, but a Polyporus
related to gilvus.

auriculata, United States, Patouillard. Specimen not found for me, but I
have little doubt it is Hexagona cucullata, which is the only species we have
in the United States, I think.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Bartlettii, South America (Published?), Massee. Better classed as a fer-
ruginous Poria related to contigua.

Blumei, Java, Leveille. No type known to me.

Boneana, Africa, Patouillard. Too close to umbrinella.

brevis, Ceylon, Berkeley. No type exists.
Burchelli, Mss.=timbrinella.

carbonaria, United States, Berkeley. Better classed as a ferruginous Poria,
close to contigua.

Casuarinae, New Caledonia, Patouillard=Hexagona tenuis.

cervino-plumbea, Java, Junghuhn^riHexagona tenuis.

Cesatii, Borneo, Cesati='Hexagona albida, a little cyclomycoid.

ciliata, Philippines, Klotzsch=Polystictus versatilis.

cingulata. West Indies, Leveille. No type known to me.

crinigera, Africa, Fries=Hexagona hirta.

cladophora, Philippines, Berkeley. Not a Hexagona for me. A better
Trametes.

Cookei, New Guinea, Saccardo. Change of Hexagona favoloides of Cooke,
which being Hexagona albida, the change was not necessary.

coriacea, Brazil, Berkeley. Type inadequate to judge.

crassa, Africa, Leveille='Hexagona hirta.

cruenta, South America, Montagne=Trametes Persoonii.

cyclophora, African island, Leveille. No type exists.

decipiens, Australia, Berkeley. For me not a Hexagona. It has colored
spores and is a better Polyporus.

dermatodes, Philippines, Leveille. It is a Polystictus-Trametes.

discolor, Australia, Fries. No type exists.

Dregeana, Africa, Leveille=:Hexagona umbrinella.

fasciata. Pacific Islands, Berkeley. No type exists.

favoloides, Central America, Peck=Hexagona tenuis.

favoloides. New Guinea, Cooke=Hexagona albida.

favus, China, Linnaeus. No type exists. Supposed to be Hexagona apiaria.

flabelliformis, Philippines, Berkeley. Type material inadequate.

Friesiana, South America, Spegazzini=z'Polystictus villosus.

glabra, Africa, Palisot. No type is said to exist, but there is a good picture.
Probably the same as Hexagona umbrinella.

glabra, India, Leveille. A hexagonal form of Lenzites ochroleucus.

gracilis, Brazil, Berkeley. Belongs to a section of Polyporus.

inconcinna, Philippines, Berkeley (as Daedalea)=:Hexagona albida.

induratus. West Indies, Berkeley=:Hexagona Miquelii.

intermedia, Australia, Berkeley (as Daedalea)=Hexagona albida.

Klotzschii, Africa, Berkeley=rHexagona hirta.

Koenigii, Ceylon, Berkeley=effete Hexagona apiaria.

laevis. Pacific Island, Cooke, nondescript.

lurida, Java, Leveille= Hexagona glabra.

Marcucciana, Italy, Baglietto=:Hexagona nitida.

Molkenboeri, Java, Leveille=Hexagona macrotrema, and based on same
collection.

Mori, Italy, Marcucci (as Favolus)=Hexagona nitida.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Muelleri, Australia, Berkeley. Too close to Hexagona rigida.

nigro-cincta, Pacific Island, Patouillard=pale form of rigida.

orbiculata, Africa, Fries^i'Hexagona tenuis.

obversa, Africa, Patouillard. Too close to chartacea.

pallens, Mexico, Saccardo. Unknown to me.

pallida, African Islands, Schroter. Unknown to me.

papyracea, locality unknown, Berkeley=Hexagona variegata.

peltata, Africa, Fries. No type exists.

pergamenea, Ceylon, Berkeley. Not a Hexagona. Close to Polystictus
dermatodes.

picta, East Indies, Berkeley. Type inadequate.

pustulosus, Ja\-a, Leveille=Hexagona Miquelii.

sericea, United States, Fries='Polystictus villosus.

sericeo-hirsuta. United States, Klotzsch (as Polyporus)= Polystictus villosus.

sinensis, Africa, Klotzsch=Hexagona hirta.

sinensis, China, Fries. In reality merely a change of name* of Boletus favus,
of which no type exists. Fries states "v. s.," but the specimen he saw was from
Klotzsch and was Hexagona hirta.

strigosa, Africa, (Mss. name) Cooke=dHexagona hirta. It was published
as Trametes adelphica.

Stuhlmanni, Africa, Hennings=:Hexagona Pobeguini.

subaculeata, Borneo, Cesati. Unknown to me.

subrigida, Philippines, Murrill. Unknown to me.

tabacina, Java, Leveille Not a Hexagona, but the same as Polystictus
cichoriaceus. Leveille also discovered the same plant was another "new species"
in another genus and called it Polyporus fuscus, but little matters of this kind
did not bother Leveille.

Taxodii, United States, Murrill='Hexagona cucullata, teste the author.
Thollonis, Africa, Patouillard. Unknown to me. Type is at Brussels,
but not seen by me.

Thwaitesii, Japan, Berkeley=Hexagona tenuis. Thwaite collected in Ceylon,
and had nothing to do with this plant from the island of Bonin. Why it was
named after him I do not know.

tricolor, Africa, Fries. No type exists. From the description I think it is
the same as Hexagona discopoda.

unicolor, Africa, Fries. No type exists.

velutina, China (published?), Patouillard=Hexagona bipindiensis.

versicolor (ascribed to Fries). No such plant was named or published,
which, however, did not prevent Spegazzini from so determining specimens.

vitellina, Borneo, Cesat'i. Unknown to me, but I have not much faith in
there being a yellow Hexagona.

vittata, Central America, Ellis=Polystictus villosus.

Welwitschii, Africa, Smith=Hexagona Pobeguini.

Wightii, India, Klotzsch=Hexagona apiaria, but in the museums mostly
known under this name.

Note. — There is a variation in the spelling of the generic name. Some spell
it Hexagona, others Hexagonia.

Digitized by LaOOQlC

INDEX TO THE SPECIES OF HEXAGONA.

Those marked with a star (♦) are perhaps better called sub-species or

varieties or are of minor importance.

Aculeata 9

Acqualis* 3^

Albida 29

Amplexens 22

Apiaria -, 6

Atrosanguinea 27

Bipindiensis 36

Capillacea 8

Chartacea 20

Concinna* 26

Cucullata 35

Deschampsii 9

Discopoda* 26

Durissima* 16

Dybowski 11

Elegans 9

Enibescens 21

Gunnii 15

Henschalli u

Heteropora 39

Hirta 7

Kurzii 21

Leprosa 20

Macrotrenia* 30

Miquelii

Mirabilis

Xiam-niamensis

Xitida

Ochroleuca

Phaeophora* . . .

Pobeguini

Polygramma* . .

Pulchella*

Resinosa

Rhombipora* . .

Rigida

Sacleuxii

Scutigera*

Seurati

Similis*

Speciosa

Subtenuis*

Sulcata

Tenuis

Unibrinella* . . .

Variegata

\"elulina*

X'cspacea*

36
37

14
31
26

17
25
25
16

34
26
27
13
33
27

2\
26
15
23
26
12
14

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Bulletin No. 20. 191 2. Mycolocjical Series, No. 6.

BULLETIN

of the

LLOYD LIBRARY

BOTANY, PHARMACY AND
MATERIA MEDICA

J. U. & C. G. LLOYD
CINCINNATI, OHIO

MYCOLOGICAL SERIES, No. 6

Synopsis

of the

Stipitate Polyporoids

By C. G. LLOYD

Digitized by VjOOQIC

REV. G. BRESADOLA.

Who has in my opinion, the best critical knowledge of foreign Polyporoids
and to whom I am indebted for many determinations and advice, I beg to dedicate
this pamphlet in appreciation of the many kindnesses received from him. — C. G.
Lloyd.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

THE STIPITATE POLYPOROIDS.

The subject of the polyporoids is quite extensive, embracing as
it does about three thousand alleged species. We have been engaged
in the study now two or three years, but except in a general way have
not been able to cover the entire field. We would divide them roughly
into about five divisions as follows:

1st, The stipitate species, embraced in this pamphlet.

2d, The genus Fomes.

3d, The genus Polyporus, sessile section.

4th, The genus Polystictus, sessile section.

5th, The allied genera such as Favolus, Laschia, etc.

During the past two or three seasons we have visited all the museums of
Europe and America where most of the historical material is preserved, and
have made our studies, notes, and photographs of the type specimens. This
embraces the museum at Kew, the British Museum at London, the museums
of cryptogamic botany at Paris, Leiden, Berlin, and Upsala. We have looked
over a small collection at Copenhagen, and some of the specimens in the private
collection of Professor Patouillard at Paris. We did not have time to thoroughly
work over Patouillard's species while in Paris, hence a number of his species
are unknown to us. In America in our own collection we have more American
specimens than there are in all the other museums combined. We have thor-
oughly studied the collection of Professor Peck and the specimens of Schweinitz
at Philadelphia. The New York specimens we have not seen, as on both of our
visits to New York Mr. Murrill was absent and we did not wish to work with
his material in his absence.

Our final work on this pamphlet was done at Kew, during February, March,
and April, 191 1. There is no other institution in the world where one can
work to such advantage as at Kew, where there is not only the largest col-
lection of historical specimens, but the most perfect library, and where the
conveniences are best.

The conclusions recorded in this pamphlet are our own, made on examina-
tion and study of authentic material. We have not indulged in the too common
practice of passing on species we never saw. We may be mistaken in some
of our opinions, but we have perpetrated no fraud. When we record a species
as unknown, this means of course that it is unknown to us. In a few instances
where we have not seen specimens we have adopted the opinion of the Rev.
Bresadola, but in each such case this is distinctly stated.

The first and we think the best division of the pore species was
made by Fries (1851) in his Novae Symbolae. At that time but rel-
atively few plants were known, but Fries' divisions were based in the
main on the most prominent characters, and of the eleven sections
into which we have divided the stipitate species, nine of them have been
taken mostly in their original signification from Fries' work. Pro-
fessor Patouillard has outlined a plan of division which we think on
the whole is not as good as that of Fries, but it embraced a few new
ideas and two of them, the sections Ganodermus and Amaurodermus
we have adopted.

I 95

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In addition there has been no lack of men who have amused
themselves by inventing new names for the sections of polypores.
In the start we have Karsten who was the first to engage in such work.
He discovered that most of Fries' sections were "new generS,'' and gave
them names. The work had so little merit and had evidently so
little originality as a whole that although proposed thirty years ago,
no one except the author has followed it since, and it figures, when it
has figured at all, chiefly in synonymy.

Monsieur Quelet, a leading French mycologist, learned the grc:ater
part of what he knew from Fries and his works, and in his first
publication could not find words to express his appreciation of the
"grand mycologue d'Upsala." After he had gotten a little insight
into the subject he passed the latter part of his life juggling the names
of his great master, and he did it so thoroughly that very few of his
colleagues, even in France, have ever been disposed to use his work.
This is unfortunate, for Quelet was a field mycologist and knew well
the species that occur in France. As far as I have been able to decide
there was no system or logic to his juggling, his only object apparently
being to propose names in place of Fries' names.

Schroeter would divide the Polyporus species into three genera
on the color of the spores and context, which while answering very
well for the few species that he knew, if generally applied would
bring the bulk of them, about a thousand, into one genus.

The last man to engage in this line of name changing is Mr.
Murrill, who has no more trouble discovering "new genera" and con-
cocting new names than if there had not been three men doing
exactly the same thing with the same plants before him. I question if
there is an institution or mycologist in Europe that attaches any im-
portance or pays any attention to this kind of work, and very few in
America. In my opinion such work is of little value or avail.

The principal work that these men do is to get up new "generic"
names on various pretexts, and of course one can make a "genus"
out of every species if he wants to. Their chief work, however, is to
take the old sections of Fries' genera and then juggle up excuses to
give them new names usually under the cover of some "rule." Such
work, in my opinion, has so little to commend it that I do not consider
it worth citing in detail even as synonyms.

When Fries proposed the divisions of the subject he knew but very
few species, but in the years that have followed "new species" have
been published in quantities, chiefly by Berkeley, who proposed so
many of them that no one has been able to do much with them since.
He was not, however, the only one to name foreign species, although
he named a large part of them. Twenty-five per cent of the species
considered good in this pamphlet were named by Berkeley.

In the early days Klotzsch and Junghuhn named quite a number.
Then came Fries, Montague, and Berkeley. Then Leveille and Cooke,
and Kalchbrenner. In the latter years we have Hennings, Patouillard,
and Murrill. It would be more accurate to state that they named
collections, for I do not think that any of them knew much about

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what the others had done, and it has been very much of a haphazard
proceeding from the beginning.

Junghuhn and Montagne, I think, did the best work, or rather
the specimens they left are the best. Fries' foreign specimens have
largely disappeared and many of them will never be known. Kalch-
brenner did the worst work of anybody and renamed as "new species'*
the commonest, old, well-known things. He did not seem to have had
the most elementary idea of the subject. Leveille's work was in the
main very poor, and MurrilFs recent work is almost as bad. Berkeley,
Hennings, and Patouillard have named as new a large part of the
collections that come into their hands. Naturally they got a number
that are good, and many that I think are not. Spegazzini grinds the
"new species" out by the wholesale from South America, but very
few of his specimens reach Europe, and such as have are largely mis-
named. I think no one knows what he is doing, not even he.

Very little can be told from any "description" that can be drawn
from a Polyporus, and the most of the determinations that are made
from "descriptions" are wrong. The only way to get names for the
plants is to hunt them up in the various museums where they are
preserved, and then it is often not satisfactory. One finds the same
thing named over and over again. Names based on little f rustules that
never did give the slightest idea of any character and many other
irregular things that would not be tolerated except in "Science." I
believe Bresadola to be the only man in Europe who has made an
earnest effort to hunt up and learn the characters of the "old species"
of Polyporus in the various museums of Europe to-day. I do not
always agree with him in all the details, but I think no two who
endeavor to learn names for fungi from the fragmentary, indefinite,
and conflicting specimens on which the names have been based will
ever agree in all cases.

Cooke tried to arrange the names according to the Friesian sys-
tem, but owing to the number of species and the hurried manner
in which the work was done, it was very inaccurate and in its details
was most erroneously done. This was not all Cooke's fault. Many
of the "new species" are described in such a way that not only can
nothing be told about their identity, but in many cases from the de-
scription one can not even place them in the section where they belong.
In this pamphlet, when species stated to be unknown (to me) are
placed in sections, I do not claim that such disposition is anything
more than a guess.

Having nothing else to follow, Saccardo adopted Cooke's arrange-
ment, which is quite unfortunate, as Saccardo is used as a basis of
classification in most museums, and by this method species are brought
into the same division that have little i dissemblance and often no relation.

In this pamphlet the stipitate species are divided into eleven
sections, or genera if one so desires to call them, but we prefer to call
them sections. We disclaim having discovered any "new genera" or
anything else new in the classification. Nine of our divisions we have
taken from the work of Fries and two from that of Patouillard. If

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we have succeeded in arranging the species where they belong in these
sections that will be enough "novelty'' to satisfy us, for we think it
has not been even approximately done before.

As this pamphlet is proposed simply as an arrangement of the
species, we have given but very brief descriptions, in fact only the
more salient points. We think very few species are ever learned
except from specimens, and that the largest part of the bad Latin that
is used in describing species is purely a waste of good printer's ink
and of no avail whatever as far as identifying the species is concerned.
We have introduced a number of photographs that will be found to
be of more service in this respect than the most minute descriptions
that could be written. We have not given in detail the source of these
illustrations, but we believe them to all be true to name, and the greater
part of them are made from the type specimens.

As to nomenclature we have employed the sectional name as the
first binomial (except in one case where it would produce the bar-
barism called tautology) and these sectional names are all old and
familiar and will not lead to any confusion. If these sectional names
are taken as genera, it is absolutely senseless to record who used the
sectional name first as a generic name for any particular species.
Mycologists are so very busy recording in great detail who did this and
who did that, and who called it this and who called it that, and who
made this combination and who made that combination, that they often
have little time left to consider what was done.

As to specific names, in the body of this work we have not added
personal names to the specific names, believing that in the case of most
of the plants the authors being dead, it would not serve the usual pur-
pose of ministering to self-conceit. We have given them in our syno-
nyms where we think they are quite appropriate. We have given
these names also in our index, according to the wishes of the authors
in most cases, although not all. Some writers are so selfish they wish
to advertise only themselves, others divide the advertisement with a
collector or with a friend. It has been suggested that it would be a
gracious thing to give all the advertisement to the collector, and I think
the latter is the best plan, at least I adopt it in this pamphlet where
I am concerned. In several cases in arranging the species it occurs
that sometimes two in the same section have the same specific name.
We have made no change, merely indicating the second by the word
bis and would prefer to leave the work of changing names to others.
We have endeavored to make this pamphlet a practical summary of
what is known (to us) on the subject, and have indicated by the
size of the type the relative value of the species as they appeal to
us. Those printed in the larger type are the leading marked, charac-
teristic species which we believe have merit and value. Those in smaller
type are forms or doubtful species or plants imperfectly known to us.
Where I have not seen and studied a species I usually place it in the
section "unknown" (to me) for I think there is nothing gained by my
guessing a second time concerning what was in many cases largely
an original guess. If I have done any guessing as to the identity of

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Fig. 395.

those specimens I have not seen, I have plainly so indicated it in each
instance. The eleven sections in which the species are divided being
mostly the old, familiar sections, need little explanation. The two
that are least known are the sections Ganodermus and Amaurodermus,
which at our hands have undergone changes of gender in order to be
uniform with the others.

The section Ganodermus was first proposed for the common Poly-
porus lucidus of Europe. There are but few species in temperate
regions, but it is more common in the tropics. The
main characters are usually a strongly laccate sur-
face, colored context, and the real character is a
spore character. The spore (Fig. 395) has a hyaline
membrane or epispore which is large and projects
at the base beyond the colored endospore. This
empty base usually collapses, then the spore becomes
truncate at the base. It has been stated that this
is not the base but the apex of the spore, a state-
ment I do not believe.

Amaurodermus is a tropical section. All species have stems,
usually central but also lateral. The surface is generally dull and the

stems velutinate. The spores (Fig. 396)
usually in abundance, are colored, globose
or oblong, large, and the endospore fills
the epispore. The apiculus is rarely promi-
nent. We have included in this section sev-
eral thin species in which we have not
found the spores and which we doubt really
belong to it.

The other sections that we adopt are
the well-known sections of Fries' system
^'fl-^®®* that need no special explanation other than

our key. Some species present characters that would place them in
two sections. In such cases we use our own judgment in placing them
where we think they best belong. The names for the sections are mostly
the same that Fries used. In one case, Perennis, we use another name,
Pelloporus, for reasons we have previously stated, viz., the plants are
not perennial.

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KEY TO THE SECTIONS OF STIPITATE POLYPOROIDS.

There are included here only the stipitate species of the old genus Polyporus. The allied genera
as Favolus, Laschia, etc , are not here considered.

Sub-woody.

With woody fibrils but not perennial and not having the pores in strata
(except as to the first).
Pores in areas of growth (indistinctly stratified) Fomes.

Pores Not Stratified.
Spores colored (mostly elliptical) with a strong apiculus. Context

colored. Surface of most species laccate. (Cfr. also p. 99) Ganodermus.

Spores colored, mostly globose, with none or a small apiculus. Context

colored. Surface of most species dull. (See p. 99) Amaurodermus.

Spores white. Context (except sec. 11) pale or white Lignosus.

Fleshy or Coriaceous.

Stipe lateral (Spores white) Petaloides.

Stipe branching and bearing several pileoli Merismus.

Stipe Central or Excentric (Rarely Lateral).

Flesh spongy, light (Spores white or colored) Spongiosus.

Spores colored. Fleshy or coriaceous Pelloporus.

Spores white. Fleshy, soft, usually terrestrial, with thick pilei Ovinus.

Spores white. Fleshy-pliant, coriaceus, usually thin pilei, and epixy-

lous Lentus.

Lentus with black stems Melanopus.

SECTION FOMES (STIPITATE.)

Although the first sixty-one species placed in Fomes in Saccardo (Vol. 6)
have stems, I believe there is but one of them that can be so included on the
definition there given and generally accepted for this genus, viz. : "perennis, suc-
cessive strata nova gerens." Many are subligneous in texture, but are annuals
in temperate regions, and in the tropics if they persist more than one season
(which is doubtful) they do not produce successive pore strata. The following
is the only one in which I have noticed the slightest indication of strata.

DIABOLICUS (Fig. 397). — The entire plant (except the pores
and context) is black. Stem mesopodal, with pale, solid context, and
black, smooth, dull crust (i-ij4 x8-io cm.). Pileus (8-14 cm.) black,
even, depressed in the center, with black, smooth, dull surface. Con-
text (5 mm.) pale cinnamon color. Pores minute, at first cinnamon,
but black when old. If not in layers at least in distinct areas of growth.
Colored setae very abundant on the hymenium. Spores not found,
doubtless white. This is a rigid, black plant, growing on wood in
Brazil. It is known only from Spruce's original collection. In its
•context color, setae, and spores (probably) it is related to Fomes
pomaceus, but there is no other similar stipitate species known.

100

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Flo 397

Foraes diabolicus.
(Reduced)

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SECTION GANODERMUS.

The section Ganodermus is characterized by peculiar spores (see page 99)
and also usually the stipe and pileus are laccate (viz.: covered with a dark,
resinous, shining crust). The context and spores are colored.

2. SPORES SMOOTH OR BUT SLIGHTLY ROUGH.

LUCIDUS. — Stipe and pileus strongly laccate. Context cinna-
mon or fulvous, varying lighter. Pores not stratified. Spores 6x10,
slightly rough. A strongly marked species of Europe and America
and its forms ( ?) are found in the tropics. It is difficult to draw the
line as to the tropical forms, although I am disposed to refer to lucidus
all those with the same stem insertion and similar context color. The
stipe is usually pleuropodal, rarely mesopodal, but the pileus is never
in my opinion sessile. The three following I think are but forms of
lucidus.

VALESIACUS. — Only a form with paler context, and not really a form
at that, for lucidus varies much as to context color and is never very dark.
The common American plant that corresponds to this European form has been
called Ganodermus Thugae.

JAPONICUS. — Europeans usually refer the Japanese form to lucidus. In
the Japanese lists it figures as Polyporus Japonicus. I think both are right.
Forms that I have seen from Japan are blacker than the European plant but
are surely the same species.

LAUTERBACHII. — A thin, tropical form of lucidus. It seems thinner
and more rigid, but for me it is only a form.

OTHER FORMS. — Plants received from India I would refer to lucidus as
forms. They are not so -strongly laccate, more dull, and often mesopodal.

INCRUSTANS. — We have in the United States a curious form, or perhaps
an abnormality, of lucidus which instead of taking the usual shape with a
lateral stem is often thin, cup-shaped, with an indistinct stem. It has usually
been referred to lucidus, but is quite different in its habits. It grows usually
in grassy places, incrusting the blades of grass.

CURTISII. — Context, spores, and stipe as Polyporus lucidus, but
not strongly laccate and color is yellowish. I have collections which
are pale, almost white. It is a plant of a southern type in the United
States, frequent in the South and extends up the coast to New Jersey
and is rarely found in New England. In the museums of Europe
there are several specimens exactly the same, from Africa.

AMBOINENSIS.— This is based on an old figure by Rumphius.
Many specimens so named are in the museums, but I have seen but one
that resembles the figure. This is a Philippine collection in the British
Museum. The stem attachment is like that of fornicatus, but the stem
is very slender and the plant appears to have grown erect as Rumphius
shows it. The stem is not branched as originally shown, otherwise the
specimen corresponds exactly. This was the first foreign species in
this section to be illustrated. Fries referred to it pictures that appear

102

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SECTION GANODERMUS.

quite different. The many specimens so named in the museums often
have little resemblance to each other, or to the original picture.

COCHLEAR.— Plant with a black, laccate crust. Stipe thick
(about an inch) 6-10 inches long, dorsally attached. Context cin-
namon. Pores minute with white mouths. Spores 8 x 14, smooth or
slightly rough. This is a common species in Java and the East Indies,
but we have seen no specimen from any other section. There are a
number of collections at Leiden, and it was sent to us abundantly by
Dr. Konigsberger from Java. We take it in the sense of Bresadola's
determination at Leiden, though we doubt if it is the same as Nees
illustrated, especially as to the stipe. The plant has the same (dorsal)
stem insertion as fornicatus and amboinensis, but much more obese
stem.

AFRICANUS. — Pileus thick, obese, with a mesopodal, obese stem.
Context dark, umber. Surface dull, resinous. Spores 7 x 10, minutely
rough. In its relationship, color of context, and spores this plant is
close to the sessile species such as applanatus and widely departs from
all others in this stipitate section. The type came from South Africa
and was misnamed Polyporus Umbraculum by Kalchbrenner and frag-
ments were so distributed (de Thiimen, 708). It seems to have the
same color characters as fulvellus, which is a sessile species, and the
exsiccatae number was cited under that species.

Fio. 398

Ganodermus fornicatus.

Fio. 399.

Ganodermus Lingua.

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SECTION GANODERMUS.

FORNICATUS (Fig. 398).— Pileus and stipe with black, laccate
crust. . Stipe slender, dorsally-lateral, attached. Context thin, cinna-
mon, fulvous. Pores minute, hard, compact. Mouths at first white
(contrary to description), then purplish brown. Spores 6 x 10, smooth.
No type exists, but it is frequent in Brazil, the "type locality," according
to numerous collections of Spruce (No. 48, 79, 172). It is charac-
terized by the peculiar stipe attachment. In Australia are similar
plants, but the spores are rougher. There is also a similar plant com-
mon in Ceylon (teste Fetch), but I have seen no specimens. Specimens
from New Caledonia determined as amboinensis I take to be the same.

MASTOPORUS.— Stipe thick, lateral, with a smooth laccate
crust. Context thin, cinnamon, scanty. Pores hard, minute, compact,
dark purplish brown. Spores 5x8, smooth. Very similar to forni-
catus as to the peculiar hard pores. Type from Singapore at Paris,
but it comes to me frequently from Africa and is probably common
throughout the East.

FLEXIPES (bis). — Pileus unilateral, attached, small (1-2 cm.)
with a strongly laccate, black crust. Stipe slender, cylindrical, with
a smooth strongly laccate, black crust. Pores small, pale cinnamon.
Spores 5 X 10, smooth. Known from one collection, from China, in
the herbarium of Patouillard. It differs from all others in this group
in its slender stem and habits. It has a general resemblance (except
small pores) to our figure (411) of Polyporus longipes.

LINGUA (Fig. 399). — Pileus small, rarely more than two or three
cm. wide, but deep (2-3 cm.) in proportion to its width. Attached by
a dorsal-lateral, short stem. Surface dark reddish brown, laccate, sul-
cate. Pores long, reaching the crust, small. Context cinnamon. Not
common in the museums, but specimens seen from Java, Sumatra, and
New Guinea. Known from its small size and peculiar shape. Type
has not been seen. We take the species in the sense of Montague's
determination. It does not exactly correspond to the original illustra-
tion, but we have seen no specimen that does.

BONINENSIS. — Stipe dorsally prolonged. Surface dull, ferruginous or cin-
namon, not laccate. Context dark tabacinus. Spores 6 x 12, smooth. Known
only from the type at Paris from Bonin Island, collected by Wright and dis-
tributed (U. S. Expl. Exp.) as Polyporus lucidus. The corresponding collec-
tion at Kew is a different (laccate) plant.

REGULICOLOR. — Surface dull, reddish brown, not laccate. Stipe lateral,
apparently proceeding from a rhizome or a rooting stem. Known from a single
specimen at Kew stated to be from Cuba, but I think the locality is doubtful.

104

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SECTION GANODERMUS.

3. SPORES DISTINCTLY ROUGH.

OCHROLACCATUS (Fig. 400).— Pileus small but deep, attached
by a short rudimentary, dorsal stem. Crust pale, ochraceus, faintly
laccate, rugulose, zoned. Pores medium with white mouths, long, not
stratified but reaching the crust, very regular, arranged in lines. Spores
large ^ 16x32 (!), with small apiculus, distinctly rough. A strongly
distinct species, very rare and known only from the Philippines. Types
at Paris and at Kew and the British Museum. These collections which
are surely the same species vary some in external appearance. The
type at Paris is our figure 400. That at Kew is almost white with a
dull surface. That in the British Museum is sessile and has a pale,
smooth, shiny crust as if waxed but not laccate.

Fig. 400

Ganodermus ochrolaccatus (pores enlarged X6).

PLACOPUS. — Pileus with an intense black, shining, laccate sur-
face, becoming dull in old specimens. Stipe lateral, with similar crust.
A small species, thin, an inch or two in diameter. Spores 8x12,
distinctly rough. Only known to me from Bresadola's naming from
Java at Leiden. As I have found no types in any of the museums, I
judge his determination was made from the description only.

EMINI (Fig. 402). — Pileus small, usually pleuropodal, rarely
mesopodal. Stipe long, with black, strongly laccate, smooth crust,
rooting at the base. Spores large with distinct apiculus 20 x 28, rough.
The pileus is not as strongly laccate as the stipe. A marked species
known from abundant types at Berlin from Africa.

HENNINGSII (Fig. 401).— Pileus and stem strongly laccate,
smooth, dark. Pileus 3-4 inches in diameter with a mesopodal, rooting
stem. Pores small, pale. Spores 10x12, rough, subglobose, but dis-
tinctly apiculate. Known from one collection at Berlin from Africa,
made by Stuhlman and confused by Hennings with the preceding.

105

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SECTION GANODERMUS.

Flo. 401
Ganodermus Henningsii.

Flo. 402

Ganodermus Emini.

OPACUS. — Pileus 3-4 cm. x 5-10 mm. thick, with a fragile, dull,
brownish crust. Stipe mesopodal with similar crust. Context pale
cinnamon, thin. Pores minute with concolorous mouths, 4 mm. long.
Spores 8-10 oval, with small, hyaline apiculus and are strongly rough.
This is known from two collections at Paris, one from Brazil, the other
from Cuba.

106

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SECTION GANODERMUS.

ALLUANDI. — Pileus with a smooth, black crust. Stem i cm.
thick, 15 cm. long, laterally (dor sally) attached to the pileus, smooth,
black crust. Pores small, round, some large and sinuate, with thin
walls and concolorous mouths, long, reaching the crust. Context scanty,
cinnamon. Spores 10 x 16-18 with a distinct apiculus and distinctly
rough. Known from a single specimen at Paris (in the cupboard)
from Africa.

UNNAMED. — Pileus with a thin crust, mat, minutely velvety,
with a few darker, slightly metallic zones. Context very thin, pale
cinnamon. Pores i cm. long, minute, pale cinnamon with concolorous
mouths. Stipe mesopodal, 24 cm. long, sulcate, with sterile branches,
covered with a smooth, black crust. Spores strongly reticulate (the
only reticulate polyporoid spores known to me) obovate with small,
apiculate base, 12x20, pale colored. Type found by me unnamed,
without label, in a cupboard in the Museum at Paris, the origin un-
known but probably from Africa. I do not name it as I presume they
will wish to do so at Paris.

HILDEBRANDI. — Pileus, context, and stem exactly the same as the small
form (ramosii) of Polyporus rugosus. Spores conidial, ovoid, 4-5x5-7, dis-
tinctly rough. Known from one specimen at Paris. I suspect it is a conidial
form of Polyporus Ramosii.

4. ANOMALOUS SECTION WITH A FALSE STEM.

PISACHAPANI. — This is, I judge, an anomalous species. It is flat,
branched like the fingers of a hand, and the stem is made of discs growing
from each other, as if the plant started to produce a succession of pilei and
then changed its mind and produced a false stem. The surface is smooth,
laccate. Nees named and figured it from Java. I found a single specimen
of this curious growth from Samoa. In my specimen the pores are not per-
fectly formed and I find no spores.

SYNONYMS, REJECTED AND UNKNOWN SPECIES.

I doubt if a more cumbersome, inaccurate, or impractical system could be
devised for the naming of plants than the one that has been adopted by "Science"
in the naming of fungi. The European work of Persoon and Fries was based
for the most part on a practical knowledge that they had of the growing plants,
and the greater part of their work was of the highest merit and will always
stand. The only weak part is the species that were founded on old pictures,
often inaccurate and erroneous, and the names were based often on the in-
accuracies of the pictures. For many of them no plant is known that corre-
sponds.

As to foreign (to Europe) species the whole subject has been a haphazard
proceeding from the start. The earlier namers had very scanty material, but they
based a "new species" on almost every collection that they received, and many
of them were evidently but slight varieties or individual forms to which the
same authors would have paid no attention had they seen the forms growing
in their woods. As the years rolled by new "authorities" came into the field
and each one has discovered a large part of the plants he got from foreign
countries to be "new species" and gave them names, although not one of them,
I think (except Bresadola), has made any serious endeavor to learn the names
that others have given to largely the same plants.

107

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SECTION GANODERMUS.

The result is a mess of about 3,000 names of Polyporei mostly compiled into
Saccardo to date, and no one can tell an3rthing whatever as to their identity
from what has been written about them. The only way to learn the names
is to hunt them up in the museums where they are preserved, and when they
are not preserved, and many of them are not, nothing will ever be known about
them. This hunting up process is rather difficult and ordinarily is not possible.

Of the 3,000 "species" of Polyporei that have (mostly) been scraped
up into Saccardo I doubt if one-fourth of them represent anything of value,
and it is more trouble to learn which are of value than the subject is worth.
If I had spent the same time and work on something useful, that I have work-
ing over these old puzzles, I do not doubt that a great deal more good could
have been accomplished. But with me it has been a recreation and a pleasure
that the subject would probably not have yielded had it been exploited in an
intelligent manner, and had anything definite been known about it.

There are about 700 alleged species (names) that are supposed to be stipitate
and considered in this pamphlet. Of these I have seen about 500 authentic
specimens, and of those seen 225 impress me as being good species and
having merit and 58 others have been retained as having some possible
value. The others I have seen to the number of about 215 chiefly reflect I
believe the lack of knowledge or judgment on the part of the authors. In
addition there are 65 stipitate species (dead) carried in our literature of
which no authentic material can be found. Nothing will ever be really known
about any of them, though it is the fashion nowadays for tourists to make
running visits to the various museums and come home and tell just as big
yarns about those that do not exist as they tell about those that do. As long
as they can arrange a lot of Latin names in a row and give the dates, it seems
to be immaterial whether there is any truth in the arrangement or not. There
are 105 alleged species marked in this pamphlet unknown (to me) that
do not exist in any of the principal museums. They may be found in some
out of the way museum or private collection, though I doubt if they are worth
the trouble to look them up. Still I presume they have the same possible value
as those that are in the museums as they are all a very uncertain quantity.

The species of fungi are relatively few and widely distributed, a fact that
is becoming more firmly fixed every day. What constitutes a species, however,
can not be defined by words. It is only a matter of experience and individual
opinions. The question of variation which is a large factor in the truth of the
problem is hardly taken into account at all by the promoters of "new species."
And it is a question of course in which there is room for many differences
of opinion.

In the following lists of synonyms we have given our opinions of the
specimens we have seen. We do not do it with the idea that it will settle the
questions in any way, for that is impossible. "Science" nowadays consists in
raking over these old "synonyms" and arranging them chronologically, and we
suppose this process will be continued to the end of time. A "new species"
is like a spot of ink. It may not have the slightest merit or value, and may be
based solely on the fact that its author was not informed on his subject, but
there is no way to ever get rid of it.

albo-cinctus, Congo, Patouillard. Unknown to me. Seems to have the
stipe attachment of fornicatus.

argillaceus, Cuba, Murrill. Unknown.

asperulatus, Philippines, Murrill. Unknown.

avellaneus. Central America, Murrill. Unknown.

coffeatus. West Indies, Berkeley. Type is a few fragments from which
nothing can be learned.

Currani, Philippines, Murrill. Unknown.

declivis, Pacific Island, . Kalchbrenner. Unknown to me, but the description
reads like fornicatus.

flaviporus, West Indies, Murrill. Unknown.

108

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SECTION GANODERMUS.

formosissimus. South America, Spegazzini. Only known to me from Rick's
determination, which (teste Bresadola) is the same as renidens.

Haenslerianus, New Zealand, Hennings. No specimen found by me at
Berlin.

incrustatus, Central America, Fries. No type exists.

Javanicus Java, Leveille. Type at Leiden in very bad condition, but I think
belongs to the section Ganodermus and has no relation whatever to Polyporus
varius, of which it was given as a "variety" by Leveille.

neglectus, Central America, Patouillard. Type is a mere fragment from
which little can be told. The species was based on large, globose spores, which
are not the normal spores of the plant. The basidial spores are typically those
of the section Ganodermus (not Amaurodermus, as named).

nutans, Central America, Fries. No type exists and its identity is unknown.
The determinations at Paris, Berlin, and London are all different from each
other and all are probably wrong. Murrill's elaborate account was only worked
up from Fries. He tells "spores not examined," which was not strange as he
never saw an authentic specimen, and I do not see how he oould have examined
the spores of a specimen he never saw.

perzonatus, Cuba, Murrill. Unknown.

Pes-simiae, Brazil, Berkeley. No type exists. From the description it seems
to be Pisachapani.

praelongus, Cuba, Murrill. Unknown.

pulverulentus, West Indies, Murrill. Unknown.

stipitatus, Central America, Murrill. Unknown.

subamboinensis, Brazil, Hennings. Same as Lauterbachii, and both are
but tropical forms of lucidus.

subfornicatus. Central America, Murrill. Unknown.

subincrustatus. West Indies, Murrill. Unknown.

Tsugae, United States, Murrill. Same as the common Polyporus lucidus of
Europe, the distinction given being that it has paler context and that Polyporus
lucidus has "one to many-layered strata varying in distinctness," all of which
was chiefly imagination on the part of the author. Polyporus lucidus is an
annual and never has strata of pores, though as it has been called "Fomes"
Mr. Murrill was undoubtedly right in thinking if it did not have strata it ought
to have. As to the paler context the same form had been named Valesiacus in
Europe, but it is not even a distinct form of lucidus.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

The section Amaurodermus is quite close to the preceding section, but is
distinguished by large, globose, oval, colored spores, which usually have no
distinct apiculus. All are stipitate plants with usually dull (not laccate) surface
and often velutinate stems. Species rarely have smooth, laccate stems. Con-
text and hyphae are colored. All are plants of the warm countries, no species
being known in temperate regions. (Cfr. also p.. 99).

5. POLYPORUS. SPORES SMOOTH OR BUT SLIGHTLY
ROUGH. STEM SLENDER, USUALLY MESOPODAL.

RUGOSUS. — Pileus dark brown, rugulose with a dull, mat sur-
face. Stem olive brown with a dull, minutely velutinate surface. Con-
text pale cinnamon, when freshly cut it turns reddish. Pores small
with thin walls. Spores globose, smooth, 6-8 or 8-10. This is quite
a common species in the East and numerous specimens from Java and
Ceylon are at Kew. I have not seen the type but Nees gave a g-ood
figure of it, and specimens from Ceylon (Thwaite, No. 728) exactly

Flo. 403

Amaurodermus rudis

Flo. 404

Amaurodermus Sprucei with enlargement
of pore mouths.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

accord with this figure. The fresh plant when bruised turns dark
and herbarium specimens are usually black.

RAMOSII. — Bresadola endorses this as a synonym for rugosus, and I think
it is a slender form. The spores and other characters are in the main the same,
but the plants are more slender and the context thinner. It occurs over the
same regions as rugosus and also the Philippines.

RUDIS (Fig. 403). — Pileus strongly rugulose with mat, dull sur-
face, minutely velutinate, light in color. Stems with olive, velutinate
surface. Pores medium, with thin walls. Context light cinnamon.
Spores globose, 9-12, with thick walls, minutely rough. The type of
rudis I have not found, but there are abundant collections so named
by Berkeley from Australia, where it seems to be common. It is close
(too close perhaps) to rugosus of the East, but seems to be more
rugulose, has larger pores and spores, and w'hen mature retains its
color. Young specimens, however, turn black in drying.

SPRUCEI (Fig. 404). — (Change of Porothelium rugosum of
Berkeley.) Pileus dark brown, rugulose, with narrow, concentric
zones. Surface mat. Stipe pleuropodal with mat surface, concolorous.
Pores and context pale, the pore mouths pustular, hence put in the
genus Porothelium (sic) when originally named. Spores globose, 8
mic, smooth, very pale. Known only from the (abundant) types col-
lected by Spruce in Brazil. It departs from others of this section in
its spores and context being paler.

VARIABILIS (Fig. 405).— Pileus from 2 to 6 cm. broad and
about 5 mm. thick, with a lateral, slender stipe. Color pale alutaceous,
both pileus and context. Surface dull. Spores 9x12, oval, smooth.
This is quite a distinct species, characterized by its pale color and oval
spores. It is known from two collections (Nos. 57 and 183 part) made
by Spruce in Brazil. It is badly named for it is quite uniform, but there
was confused (and figured) with it quite a different plant (cfr. Poly-,
porus unilaterus, in the next section).

CALCIGENUS. — Pileus about an inch in diameter, with a red-
dish brown, laccate crust. Context pale olive. Stem mesopodal, slen-
der, with brown, mat surface. Spores abundant, oval, large, 12x16,
deeply colored, smooth. Quite distinct but known from a single speci-
men at Kew from Spruce, Brazil.

RIVULOSUS. — Pileus glabrous, rugulose (not rivulose, I think),
reddish brown with paler margin. Stem pleuropodal, branched, some-
times bearing two pilei, with a smooth, dark reddish crust. Context
thin, ligneous, pale cinnamon. Pores minute, pale but darker than the
context. Spores globose, 14 mic. faintly reticulate, with thick walls.
Known only from the type in the IMuseum at Paris from Java. It has
the general appearance of a Ganodermus, but from its spore characters
belongs to Amaurodermus.

2 III

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

Fio. 405

Araaurodermus variabilis.

Fio. 406

Amaurodermus Chaperi.
Reduced one-half.

CHAPERI (Fig. 406). — Pileus 15 cm. broad, with a smooth,
dark crust, but not laccate. Stem hollow, with sterile branches, with
smooth, pale grayish surface. Pores minute, short with dark mouths.
Spores globose, srnooth, or minutely punctate, 8-12. Known from a
single and quite old specimen in a cupboard at Paris. It was first
referred (through error) to Polyporus scleropodius of Africa, then
described and named as above.

INTERMEDIUS.— Pileus soft, velutinate (now wrinkled) black.
Stipe mesopodal with a hard, black, smooth, laccate crust. Spores
abundant, globose, smooth, apiculate, 12 mic. Known from a single
specimen kept in a drawer at Berlin, from Africa. It was originally
sent in glycerin and is still soft and sticky.

112

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SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

Fig 407

Amaurodermus Auris-
calpium.

Fig 408

Amaurodermus
praetervisus.

Fig. 409

Amaurodermus
omphalodes.

AURISCALPIUM (Fig. 407). — Pileus reniform, the upper sur-
face rugulose, zonate, mat. Stipe lateral with a dull crust. Color
reddish brown. Spores 6-8, globose, smooth, pale colored. The original
Persoonian specimen from Brazil is still well preserved at Paris. Mon-
tague referred here several collections from South America which
Berkeley and Patouillard have held to be different.

PRAETERVISUS (Fig. 408). — This is based on a single specimen from
Brazil, referred to the preceding by Montagne. As to shape, size, context, color,
and spores it is very much the same, but it has larger pores and a thicker*
blacker, harder crust.

OMPHALODES (Fig. 409).— Pileus orbicular, with a mesopodal
stem, but rarely perfect, being usually more or less lobed and divided
to the stem. Surface glabrous but not laccate, rugulose, more or less
zoned. Stipe slender with a mat, dull surface. Pores small, 2 mm.
deep. Spores globose, 12 mic, smooth, pale. Abundant specimens
were sent to Kew from Spruce, Brazil. All have very much the same
general size and stature as our figure. At Paris are much larger,
obese (but otherwise apparently the same) specimens from South
America, called "var. fulvaster."

IT3

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

6. POLYPORUS. SPORES DISTINCTLY ROUGH. STEM
SLENDER, USUALLY MESO'PODAL.

a. STIPE SMOOTH, NOT LACCATE SURFACE.

ANGUSTUS (Fig. 410). — Pileus large (10 inches in diameter)
with glabrous, strongly rugulose, zoned, dull, grayish brown, not lac-
tate, crust. Stipe mesopodal, an inch thick, with spongy context and
hard, smooth, gray, not laccate crust. Pores minute, soft, pale isabel-

Fig. 410

Aniaurodermus angustus. (Reduced more than one-halO •

Digitized by LaOOQlC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

line, as is the context. Spores (only conidial, I think) globose, colored,
strongly tubercular, rough, 8 mic. A remarkable species known from
one specimen at Kew collected by Spruce in Brazil. It is the largest,
mesopodal polyporoid I have noted and grew on wood. I suspect that
its normal spores would be found to be quite different, and that the
plant is not well classed in this section. No other plant in this section,
I believe, grows on wood, and most of them have subterranean
rhizomes.

b. STIPE WITH A SMOOTH, LACCATE CRUST.

LEPTOPUS.— Pileus 5 cm. broad, x>4 cm. thick, with a dark,
smooth crust. Stem, almost gone now, but enough remains to show
that it was mesopodal, about 12 cm. long, one cm. thick, and had a
dark, smooth, shiny, laccate crust. Context pale cinnamon. Pores
small, about one cm. long, pale cinnamon. Spores globose, 12 mic,
strongly rough. The species was referred by Fries, who never saw it,
to umbraculus, of which no type exists, and I think there are no grounds
for accepting the reference. It was so accepted by Patouillard, how-
ever, who drew his characters from Persoon's specimens and knew
nothing whatever about Fries' plant. The species is only known from
the original, Persoonian specimen, preserved at Paris. It was from
the island of Rawak.

LONGIPES (Fig. 411).— Pileus unilateral, attached, with a red-
dish brown crust which is not polished (laccate) as the stipe. Stipe
slender, with a black, shiny, laccate crust. Pores large, pale cinnamon,
reaching the crust. Spores unique, globose, 12-14 mic, strongly rough,
having the asperities arranged in distinct bands or areas. This is a
very peculiar species, known only from one quite abundant collection
from French Guiana. Collector unknown. Leprieur, who made large
collections from the same locality, never found it.

RENIDENS. — Pileus dull reddish brown. Stipe lateral, smooth,
laccate crust. Context scanty, cinnamon. Pores and pore mouths
concolorous. Spores globose, 8-9, rough. Known to me only from
the type at Berlin, from Brazil, collected by Moeller. (Plants dis-
tributed by Rick as formosissimus are said to be the same. I have
not examined their spores.) Except as to the spores this species has
the general appearance and character of Polyporus lucidus.

BASILAPIDOIDES (as Laccocephalum). — Pileus brownish fawn, with
strongly pitted surface. Context whitish. Stem short, thick, mesopodal, forming
at the base a large, hard, false sclerotium, consisting of agglutinated grains of
sand fixed by the mycelium. Spores globose, orange yellow, echinulate, "44-50
in." (mic?) in diameter. This Australian species, called the "stone making
fungus," is only known in Europe from the description and figures in an Aus-
tralian publication. It was proposed as a "new genus," but I judge from its
spore characters it should be classed here.

115

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

Fig. 412

Amauroderraus insularis.

Fig. 411

Amaurodermus longipes.

Fig. 413

Amaurodermus unilaterus.

ii6

Digitized by LaOOQlC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

c. STIPE WITH DULL, MINUTELY VELUTINATE SURFACE.

UNILATERUS (Fig. 413).— Pileus small (i-i>^ cm.) reddish
brown, dull surface, unilaterally attached. Stem slender ( 1 3^-2 mm. x
7-9 cm.) with dull surface. Pores minute, 5-8 mm. deep, pale cinna-
mon with white mouths. Spores large, globose (or subglobose) 20
mic, distinctly rough. The types at Kew (Spruce, No. 207) from
Brazil were named by Berkeley in manuscript "ellipticus," but when
published they were included and figured as part of Polyporus vari-
abilis. They differ from variabilis not only in different vStem insertion
but have very different spores.

FASCICULATUS. — Pileus unicolorous, pale fauve in some speci-
mens, fuliginous in others, marked with prominent, raised, narrow,
concentric zones. Context cinnamon. Stem with dull, velutinate sur-
face, light brown color. Pores minute, 3-4 mm. deep, darker color
than the context, the mouths stuffed, isabelline. Spores subglobose,
12-14, strongly rough, pale colored. A strongly marked species known
only from two collections, both from Congo, Africa. The original is
in the herbarium of Patouillard at Paris, others sent me by Edouard
Luja, Congo Beige. A character of both of these collections is that
each pileus is borne on two or more distinct stems, or perhaps the pilei
of two or more stems are consolidated into one, but they do not seem
to have that appearance.

INSULARIS (Fig. 412). — Pileus 3 cm. with a strongly wrinkled,
dull, mat surface. Pores large, pale cinnamon, in the "type" mostly
torn and destroyed. Stipe mesopodal with mat, finely velutinate sur-
face. Spores large, oval, 12 x 16, minutely but distinctly rough.
Known from a single specimen at Paris from New Caledonia.

7. POLYSTICTUS, PLANTS WITH THIN PILEI AND
PORE LAYERS.

Spores of some species said to be globose, colored, but I have rarely found them, and hence can not
state from my own knowledge. Context and pores colored, brown. Hyphae colored. I suspect some at
least have hyaline spores.

a. PORES LARGE.

GRACILIS (Fig. 414).— Pileus lateral (or unilateral) thin, dark
reddish brown, with dull surface. Stipe slender (1-2 mm. thick by
5-15 cm. long) with a dull surface, proceeding from a rhizome or
buried rootstalk. Pores large, i mm. in diameter, round or hexagonal.
Spores not found by me. This is a unique species only known from
the original collection. Spruce, Brazil. It was classed by Berkeley in
the genus Hexagona where it really belongs on its pore characters
alone. However, there is no other similar species in the genus Hex-
agona, and in its habits, context, surface, also spores probably, it
is evidently so close to this section Amaurodermus that it should be
placed here.

117

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

Fig. 414

Amaurodermus gracilis. (One specimen exlarged X6).

Fig. 415

Amaurodermus ocellatus.

ii8

Fig. 416

Amaurodermus Schomburghii

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

b. PORES SMALL.

OCELLATUS (Fig. 415).— Pileus thin but rigid. Surface
smooth, faintly zoned. Pores very minute, rigid with thick walls. The
colored hyphae have thick walls so that a cross section appears like
thickened cells. Stipe central or lateral, slender, mat, light brown.
Spores not found. Known only from Brazil collections (Spruce).
The pores are so minute that they are hardly visible, but it is all a
mistake that "the pore mouths are contracted, etc.'*

MACER. — I did not cut the single specimen that represents it (Spruce,
Brazil) but as to the pileus and pores it seems to me the same as the preceding.
The lateral stem, however, is blacker and I think it a different species. The
determinations, "macer, Berkeley," both at Berlin and Paris have no resemblance
to it.

SCHOMBURGKII (Fig. 416).— Pileus mesopodal or pleuropodal,
thin with zonate, smooth surface. Pores concolorous, minute. Stipe
dull, slender. Named from specimens from British Guiana in Hooker's
herbarium, but afterwards found by Spruce in Brazil.

Fig 417

Amaurodermus sericatus.

119

Digitized by LaOOQlC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

SERICATUS (Fig. 417). — Pileus thin, seal-brown, depressed in
the center, coriaceous, with a smooth, minutely velvety, shiny, satiny
surface. Stipe mesopodal, long (15-20 cm.), slender (3-5 mm. thick)
with dark, dull velvety surface. Pores minute (i-i^ mm. deep)
clear seal-brown, with concolorous mouths. Hyphae deeply colored.
Setae none. Spores not found, probably white. A single specimen is
at Kew, collected by J. H. Holland at Old Calabar, Africa, and referred
by error to rugosus.

HETEROMORPHUS.— Pileus depressed in the center, brown,
sub-zonate. Pores with white mouths, at least when young. Stipe
mesopodal, with dull surface. The types both at Paris and at Kew
are young collections. Several specimens in the museums I think are
referred here in error.

RENATUS. — Pileus thin, reniform, with a lateral stipe, dark red-
dish brown. Pores minute, white then brown. Stipe slender (ij4-2
mm.) with dull surface. Known from Spruce's collection in Brazil.
Ellis also determined it from Nicaragua and I think correctly. It seems
to me very close to the next, but is larger and pleuropodal.

Fig. 418

Amaurodermus exilis.

Fig. 419

Amaurodermus marasmioides.

120

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION AMAURODERMUS.

JURIENSIS. — Pileus thin, rigid with a minutely velutinate, rugu-
lose, dark, zonate pileus. Pores minute, white, bruising brownish.
Stipe mesopodal, slender with dark, dull, velutinate surface. Spores
globose, pale colored, 3J4-4 mic. Collected in Brazil and called Poly-
stictus sacer var. juriensis by Hennings. It has no resemblance or
remote relationship even to Polyporus sacer.

EXILIS (Fig. 418). — Pileus thin, mostly mesopodal, with smooth,
faintly zonate surface, small, i-ij4 cm. Pores minute. Stipe filiform
(i mm. thick) long, wiry. Known from Spruce's collections from
Brazil. Placed in Fomes (sic) by Cooke.

MARASMIOIDES (Fig. 419). — The smallest species in this section, but
with the exception of size it has the same characters as exilis, and I think is
only a small Polyporus exilis. The specimens sent to Paris by Berkeley have
a little filiform stem, not over 2 cm. long, with pilei about H a cm.

SYNONYMS, REJECTED AND UNKNOWN SPECIES.

auriscalpioides," Brazil, Hennings=:auriscalpium.

bataanensis, Philippines, Murrill. Unknown.

boleticus (Bull. Soc. Myc.) misprint for boleticeps.

Boleticeps, South America, Patouillard. Unknown to me except from illus-
tration (Bull. Soc. Myc. France, 1888, pi. 12). Seems close to omphalodes and
came from same region.

cassiaecolor, Brazil, Berkeley. A single specimen so named which, though
thick, I believe to be a thick specimen of Schomburgkii.

Clemensiae, Philippines, Murrill. Unknown.

Elmerianus, PhiHppines, Murrill. Unknown.

nigripes, Brazil, Fries. No type exists. Unknown. The description reads
much like leptopus.

Pala, South America, Leveille. Unknown. No type exists.

Parmula, Brazil, Berkeley=exilis.

passerinus, Brazil, Berkeley^renatus.

procerus, Brazil, Berkeley. Only two specimens so named, both immature.
One specimen has quite a long stipe. I think both are heteromorphus.

pulcher, Africa, Fries. No type exists. Figure (Afz. .19) seems to be in
this section although it has a laccate stipe.

pullatus, China, Cooke. This is a manuscript name that Berkeley gave to
an old specimen from Hong Kong, but afterward concluded that it was rudis
of Australia and did not publish it. Cooke afterward dug it up and published
it. I do not think the old specimen is rudis, but it was too poor to publish.

rufobadius, South America, Patouillard. Unknown to me except from illus
tration (Bull. Soc. Myc. France, 1889, pi. 10). Seems to me to be too close to
omphalodes.

rugosus, Berkeley, Brazil (as Porothelium). The specific name being a
duplicate, was changed to Spraguei.

subrenatus, Central America, Murrill. Unknown.

subrugosus, Samoa, Bresadola=rugosus.

Umbraculum, Africa, Fries. No type exists. Unknown. Used by Patouil-
lard as a substitute for leptopus of Persoon which was not justifiable as he knew
what leptopus was and did not know as to Umbraculum. Specimen determined
by Kalchbrenner and distributed (de Thumen 708) has no possible resemblance
to Fries' description or the figure cited.

xylodes, Brazil, Berkeley=Schomburgkii.

121

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SECTION LIGNOSUS.

This section embraces stipitate species, that are subligneous but not perennial.
In texture they are similar to the preceding. They are never soft and fleshy.
The hyphae and spores are pale, in which characters they differ from the two
preceding sections. Most of them are included in Fomes in Saccardo, but none
of them are Fomes according to the definition of the genus that Sacoardo gives.

8. PLANTS WHICH FORM A SCLEROTIUM. CONTEXT
PALE OR ISABELLINE. SPORES PROBABLY. WHITE.

SACER (Fig. 420). — Pileus thin, with minutely velutinate,
zonate surface. Color pale to dark brown. Stipe mesopodal, dull,
pale surface, proceeding from an underground sclerotium. Context
and pores isabelline. Pores medium small with thin walls. Polyporus
sacer is represented in the museums by a number of collections, all
from Africa. It first reached Fries and was of much interest from
the fact of having a sclerotium. The name "sacer" refers to some
superstition that the negroes are said to attach to it.

RHINOCEROTIS.— Pileus glabrous, rugulose zoned, at first thin,
then thicker and indurated. Stipe mesopodal with a dull surface, not
"laccate" as erroneously described, proceeding from a sclerotium two
or three inches in diameter. Context pale. Pores minute. This plant
is so close to Polyporus sacer that our photograph (Fig. 420) could
well represent either. It is quite different however in its minute pores,
and the tissue of old specimens becomes more thick, hard, and woody.
It was known for many years only from the imperfect type from Malay,
but recently a fine specimen was sent to Kew from Perak, and Pro-
fessor Petch has made one collection in Ceylon.

9. PILEI UNILATERAL AND SUPERIMPOSED. CONTEXT

PALE.

SUPERPOSITUS (Fig. 421).— Pileus unilateral and superim-
posed, arranged one above the other or on one side of stem, like shelves.
Surface pale isabelline, smooth. Context pale isabelline. Hyphae pale.
Spores not found, doubtless white. This species is most curious in
the peculiar arrangement of the pilei. It is known from three collec-
tions, all at Kew. First it reached Berkeley from "New England,"
Australia (not "Amer. Bor." as Saccardo incorrectly compiles it) then
Cooke got a collection from Perak and one from New Guinea. These
three from widely remote localities are all I have seen of this most
peculiar species.

10. STIPE MESOPODAL OR PLEUROPODAL. CONTEXT

WHITE OR PALE. SPORES WHITE.

CORRUGIS (Fig. 423). — Pileus with pleuropodal (rarely meso-
podal) stipe. Surface of pileus and stipe minutely velvety-brown with

122

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION LIGNOSUS.

Fig. 420

Lignosus sacer, the plant (reduced) and pore surface (natural size).

faint, metallic zones. Context white. Pores medium, firm. This is
a rare species of Europe known only from the Alps and rare there.
I have seen but three collections. First, at Berlin, collected by Morthier
at Neuchatel and determined as ''triqueter, Fr." Second, sent to me
by Dr. Butignot, Switzerland, and third, in the herbarium of Boudier,
also from Dr. Butignot (and labeled Trametes Butignotii, not pub-
lished?). In its context, color, and pores it closely resembles Poly-
porus benzoinus (a sessile species). It was named Polyporus rugosus
by Trog, then changed to Polyporus Trogii by Fries (Cfr. Sacc. 6, 82)
but when Fries published it, Hym. Eur. p. 536, he called it Polyporus
corrugis. No type exists in Fries' herbarium, nor I am told in that
of Trog.

1^3

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION UGNOSUS.

Fig 421

Lignosus superpositus.

PREUSSII. — Pileus with a dark, nearly black, rugulose surface.
Stipe mesopodal. Context and pores pale isabelline, rigid. Pores
minute. Spores not found, but I think are white. Known from one
specimen at Berlin from Africa. The photograph would closely re-
semble Polyporus rugosus, but the plant is quite different. It is close
to the preceding if not the same. It was named by Hennings as Gano-
dermus, but does not belong to that section though it might be called a
Trametes.

DEALBATUS (Fig. 422).— Pileus lateral or unilateral with a
stem 3-8 mm. thick. Surface pale, smooth, dull with a minutely
velutinate coat (compared in its naming to a coat of whitewash). Con-
text pale. Spores globose or compressed-globose, 5-6, smooth. This

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SECTION LIGNOSUS.

Fig. 422
Lignosus dealbatus.

Fig. 423

Lignosus comigis.

Species has been badly confused (see page 190). It was originally
collected by Ravenel in South Carolina and Curtis also found it in
North Carolina, but I think no specimens exist except these original
types. It is found in Saccardo (page 159) as Fomes and also (page
218) as Polystictus, and it is neither.

PANSUS. — Pileus rugulose, with a dull surface, strongly zoned
with brown and darker zones. Stipe mesopodal with a mat, dull sur-
face. Context thin, almost none, pale. Pores minute, 1^-2 mm. long,
isabelline color which may be due to age, as it is described as white.
Spores abundant, globose, 8 mic, pale colored, which may also be due
to age. This is a strongly marked species of which several specimens
have reached Kew from northern South America.

DUBIOPANSUS. — This has all the characters of "the preceding except that
the pores have orange mouths. This is quite uniform and appears to me a natural

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SECTION LIGNOSUS.

color. I am told that it is caused by a Hypomyces, but I am unable to detect
the mycelial threads of a parasite in the tissue and it does not seem to explain
it to me. The spores which I think are conidial are subglobose, hyaline, apiculate,
and distinctly rough. I have a specimen from L. Damazio, Brazil, and there
is one at Kew from Georgetown, British Guiana.

PAULENSIS. — Known by a single specimen from Brazil at Berlin. If not
the same it is quite close to pansus. It has a well developed, ligneous, white
context and hyaline globose, 6-7, smooth spores. Otherwise it seems the same
as pansus, particularly in its peculiar, zoned surface.

HYPOPLASTUS.— Surface dark, almost black, faintly zonate.
Stipe black, smooth, with a resinous crust. Context pale isabelline.
Spores not found, but I think they are white. The type is a mesoppdal
plant, but Berkeley refers here (and I think correctly) two flabelli-
form specimens. All are from northern South America. This plant
differs from all others in this section in its laccate stem. While I
have found no spores, I believe it does not belong to the section
Ganodermus.

CAMERARIUS. — Pileus reniform, smooth, even, glabrous, beau-
tifully zoned with narrow, regular, concentric, brown zones. Stipe is
pleuropodal (in one specimen, probably the same, it is mesopodal)
with a dull crust. Context pale isabelline, probably white when fresh,
2-3 mm. deep, almost reaching the crust. Spores not found, probably
white. Several specimens. of this are at Kew, all from northern South
America.

ARENATUS. — Pileus flabelliform, subligneous, incurved in dry-
ing. Surface gray, strongly zoned. Context white. Stipe lateral,
short, thick. Pores minute, rigid, pale. A strongly marked species
from New Guinea found in the Museum at Paris.

RHIZOMATOPHORUS.— Pileus flabelliform, thin, with smooth,
pale isabelline surface. Pores minute, concolorous. Stipe slender,
long, attached to a slender, long rhizome. A single specimen of this
is at Berlin, from Brazil. It is endorsed "=Trametes Rhizophorae"
which is surely an error.

PUDENS. — Known from a single, young, half specimen at Kew, from India.
It has a long rhizome and in some respects it resembles the preceding. I think
not much can be ascertained from this single, immature type, but it may be
recognized through comparison if found again.

POLYDACTYLUS. — This is known from one apparently abnormal speci-
men from Brazil. It has white context and a lateral stipe which divides and
bears on the ends of the branches little, orbicular, disc-like pilei. The surface
is minutely velutinate, brown, and marked with metallic zones. In its general
nature I think it is related to corrugis of Europe.

ATRO-PURPUREUS. — This is also known from a single specimen from
Brazil, and has the same context color and surface marking as the preceding.
The pilei are thinner and borne in a different manner. The pore mouths are
white, but when bruised are reddish. I think the plant is badly named.

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SECTION LIGNOSUS.

II. CONTEXT BROWN OR GILVUS. SPORES WHITE

(PROBABLY.)

a. STIPE NOT BLACK.

BRUNNEO-PICTUS.— Pileus suborbicular or retiiform with a
smooth, brown zoned surface. Context broivn, hard, with hyphae
deep yellow under the glass. Pores minute with pale mouths but brown
context. Stipe lateral, hard, with dull brown surface. Spores not
found, but I think without question are white. This is a rigid, well-
marked species, known from several collections of Spruce, all from
Brazil. When young it is thin, but becomes thicker with age. The
thin, young specimens contract strongly in drying and were called
Polyporus semiclausus by Berkeley.

Fig. 424

Lignosus Zambesianus.
(Top of Pileus)

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SECTION LIGNOSUS.

ZAMBESIANUS (Fig. 424).— Pileus strongly rugulose with a
distinct, dull crust, brown, zonate. Context gilvus, rigid. Stipe meso-
podal (but not preserved with the type). Pores small, 8 mm. deep,
gilvus context and brown mouths. Hyphae bright yellow under the
microscope. Setae none. Spores not found, but doubtless white.
This is known from a single specimen, preserved at Kew and collected
in Zambesi in 1881. It was misreferred to rudis. It is the only meso-
podal polyporoid I ever saw with gilvus context.

Fig. 426

Lignosus scopulosus.

b. STIPE BLACK— MELANOPUS.

SCOPULOSUS (Fig. 425).— Pileus with a smooth, pale, thin
crust. Stipe lateral, black, with a black crust. Context punky, isa-
belline, with slender, pale hyphae. Pores minute, isabelline, with con-
colorous mouths. Spores hyaline. This is a frequent plant in the
East and has been well illustrated by Reichardt under the name
Trametes Rhizophorae, under which name it has been well known
to me for a number of years. It is a noteworthy plant with its black
stem, and smooth, pale pileus. It is given in Saccardo as a Fomes,
but is a ligneous Polyporus or might be classed as a Trametes.

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SECTION LIGNOSUS.

SYNONYMS, REJECTED AND UNKNOWN SPECIES.

Butignoti, Europe, Boudier (as Trametes, published ?)=corrugis.

canalium, China, Loureiro. Too ancient and vague to be entitled to a place
even in synonymy. "Described" 120 years ago and never seen since. Said to
be "white and \Hiscid."

hemibaphus, Brazil, Berkeley=obese camerarius.

obsoletus, Brazil, Fries. No type exists. I judge it is similar to brunneo-
pictus.

pallidus, Brazil, Berkeley=camerarius.

Rhizophorae, East Indies, Reichardt (as Trametes) ^scopulosus. It was well
illustrated and has generally been called under this name.

rhodophaeus, Java, L/eveille. This was described as having a short, lateral
stipe (or sessile). The type specimen (at Leiden) is sessile and is now referred
to semilaccatus, which is I believe always a sessile species.

scleropodius, Africa, Leveille^sacer.

semiclausus, Brazil, Berkeley=brunneo pictus.

Trogii, Europe, Fries. This was a name proposed for rugosus of Trog,
but when Fries published it he called it Polyporus corrugis.

triqueter in the sense of Quelet is corrugis. Not the same as in the sense
of Romell and Bresadola.

SECTION PETALOIDES.

We include in this section most species that have lateral stipes, embracing
for the most part the divisions Petaloides of Polyporus and Discipedes of
Polystictus as found in Saccardo. The more woody species (Lignosus) are
classed in the preceding sections. Also in the section Melanopus are found those
species with black, lateral stems.

Fig. 426

Petaloides hirtus.
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SECTION PETALOIDES.

12. CARNOSUS. FLESHY, SOFT, THICK SPECIES.

HIRTUS (Fig. 426). — Surface brown, velutinate or hirsute.
Flesh white. Stipe lateral. Spores peculiar, fusiform, 6x14-16,
hyaline, smooth. A very rare plant both in Europe and the United
States.

AQUOSUS. — This has a strong, lateral stipe. Flesh white, soft,
watery, thick, drying thin. Pores small, white. Know^n from two
collections, both from Brazil, also one ( ?) from India.

RUTROSUS. — A good picture of a petaloid, fleshy, white species with
medium large pores, published by Rostkovius seventy years ago. Found or
imagined in Germany, but known to no one since.

Fig. 427

Petaloides fusco-maculatus

FUSCO-MACULATUS (Fig. 427).— Flesh soft, watery, not
"papyraceus-membranaceous" but so drying. Surface spotted with
minute spots. Pores large. Spores oblong, 3-4x8-10. Found by me
in Samoa. Has no relation to squamosus to which it was compared.

GLUTINIFER. — Known from a single, sliced specimen at Kew, and is I
think probably the same as the preceding. It is said to have come from Mauritius,
but it was more probably from Australia.

Osseiis. See Addenda, page 191*

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

13. POLYPORUS. FLESHY, THIN SPECIES, COLOR
WHITE OR PALE. PORES SMALL.

ANNULATUS (Fig. 428). — A small, white species with a short
stipe expanded into a disc at the base. Originally from Java (well
illustrated by Junghuhn). Found by me in Samoa. It grows attached
to sticks on the ground.

RHIPIDIUM.— Stipe lateral, expanding above. Color white ( ?)
when fresh, reddish when dried. Pores medium with thin walls. The
type form is rare in the United States. It is large, but otherwise the
same as the little form, called pusillus by Persoon, which occurs fre-
quently throughout the tropical world.

FRACTIPES.— White, with a lateral, white stipe. Pores small,
slightly rose colored. Surface dull. Rare in the United States. Also
found in Brazil, by Rev. J. Rick.

Fig. 428

Petaloides annulatus.

Flo 429

Petaloides nivicolor.

Fla. 430

Petaloides biokoensis.

NIVICOLOR (Fig. 429). — Pure white, with smooth surface.
Pores small, white. Not truly stipitate, but the pileus extends behind
into a stipe-like prolongation. Known only from New Zealand, but
there are abundant specimens at Kew.

BIOKOENSIS (Fig. 430). — Pileus clear yellow when fresh,
bleaching out to white in drying. Surface smooth, faintly zoned.
Stipe short, lateral, concolorous. Pores minute, yellow when fresh,
isabelline when dry. Spores (conidial?) globose, hyaline, smooth,
4-5 mic. The plant contracts in drying and the color change is un-
usual and marked. Very rare in Samoa, collected by me but once.
Named by Bresadola. Type unknown to me. (Published?)

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

PENETRALIS. — Pileus spathulate, tapering to a long stem.
Color pale. Pores small. Grew on stem of tree ferns in greenhouse
in England. No type in the museums, but it is well illustrated. (Jour.
Bot., 1875, t. 162.)

CANDIDUS. — Pure white with a lateral stipe. Pores small. Seems to be
well illustrated (Persoon, Myc. Europe, t. 15), but is unknown from specimens
in any museums or recent collection. Referred as being a form of chioneus by
Fries, but it is surely not.

OBLIQUUS. — Context pale, darker in drying. Pores ij4-2 mm.
long. Pileus with a long, lateral stem. Known from one collection.
New Guinea, at Kew. With the exception of long pores it has a
resemblance to obovatus.

14. POLYPORUS. FLESHY, THIN SPECIES, COLOR
WHITE OR PALE. PORES LARGE, FAVOLOID.

JANSEANUS (Fig. 431).— Pileus thin, fleshy, pure white, taper-
ing to a long stem. Pores large, favoloid. Known from one collec-
tion from Java, preserved in alcohol at Berlin.

V-,.. t*.

Fig 431 Fig. 432

Petaloides Janseanus. Petaloides brachyporus.

BRACHYPORUS (Fig. 432).— Pileus thin, tapering to a lateral
stipe. Pores large, shaUozv. Dried specimens dark and brittle, but I
judge white or pale when fresh. Originally from French Guiana, in
the herbarium of Montague. There is also a collection at Berlin from
Brazil, which Hennings has named as a ''new species," but I have
mislaid my memorandum as to what he called it.

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

15. POLYPORUS. THIN, RIGID. COLOR PALE ROSE OR

REDDISH BROWN. NOT ZONATE OR ONLY

FAINTLY ZONATE.

MODESTUS (Fig. 433). — Color when fresh pale cinnamon or
rose, becoming in old specimens reddish brown. Pores minute. Sur-
face dull. Rarely distinctly stiped, but reduced to a short stipe-like
base. Appears to be frequent in tropical America and usually named
by Berkeley albo-cervinus.

RUBIDUS. — This from the East is close to modestus, and I
know of no marked difference. It is thicker, not so spathulate, and
has but a faint indication of a stipe. I am told by Professor Petch
that when old, dark discolored patches usually appear on the top. It
is common to Ceylon and I think in other parts of the East.

Fig 433 Fig 434

Petaloides modestus. Petaloides Didrichensii.

BRUNNEOLUS.— The best specimen is in the British Museum.
Those at Kew are poor. It is quite close to rubidus, but the context
and general color are more brown. It seems to be common in the
Philippines, and in recent determinations under the name atypus is
confused with rubidus.

PETALODES. — Surface dark reddish brown with appressed
fibrils. Context pale. Pores minute. Stipe lateral, thick. Known
from a single specimen at Kew, collected in Brazil by Spruce.

DIDRICHSENII (Fig. 434).— Very similar to modestus, but
with distinctly larger pores. Only type known, from Borabora (Society
Is.), is at Kew. It seems to be frequent in the East and was received
abundantly from Ceylon and called IMenziesii by Berkeley.

BRUNNEO-MACULATUS.— Abundant specimens are at Kew,
named brunneo-pictus by Cooke from Malay. They are light
brown, with medium pores and subzonate, slightly rugulose pilei,
marked with darker brown spots. It is the basis of the record of

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

brunneo-pictus from Malay, in Saccardo, but has no resemblance to
the original from Brazil.

MARIANUS. — Known only from the original. It is close to modestus,
but not the same. The color is not the same and it is more rigid. The two
following are close to Marianus.

ASPERULUS. — From New Caledonia. Type at Paris.

BRACHYPUS.— From West Indies. Type at Paris.

Konigii. — The only type at the British Museum from Ceylon comes in this section, but I have not a
very clear idea of it

i6. POLYPORUS. THIN, RIGID. STRONGLY ZONATE
WITH GRAYISH ZONES.

GALLOPAVONIS. — Pileus rigid, thin, usually orbicular or reni-
form with short, lateral stem. Surface with narrow, concentric,
gray zones. Pores minute, pale yellowish. Very common in the East,
in Java, the Philippines, Samoa, and Australia.

Fig 436

Petaloides Gaudichaudii.

GAUDICHAUDII (Fig. 435).— Pileus thin, with short, lateral
stipe. Surface with narrow, concentric, gray zones. Pores medium.
Close to the preceding but thinner, flexible, and the pores are distinctly
larger. Specimen distributed in Zollinger's collection as Blumei be-
longs here.

INCURVUS. — Pileus thin, rigid, incurved in drying. Surface
with strongly cinereous or fuliginous zones. Stipe lateral, from 2-8
cm. long. Pores small, dark. Specimens from Java and Malay.

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17. PILEUS YELLOWISH BROWN, GILVUS. HYPHAE
DEEP YELLOW UNDER THE MICROSCOPE.

MALIENCIS. — Pileus dark tobacco-brown, rigid, foliaceous, the
type being crenately lobed. Stipe short, thick, lateral. Pores short,
dark, small. Setae none. There are liberal collections at Kew from
Perak.

ARATOIDES. — Close to the preceding and so referred by Bresadola. The
type from New Caledonia is more even, not crenate. However, it is probably
the same plant.

DISCIPES. — Close to maliencis, but longer pores, not foliaceous, and the
type is not so dark in color. Type at Kew is from Ceylon.

GLAZIOVII. — Pileus orbicular, thin, brown, with long, lateral
stem, in the same plane. Pores minute, brown. Context is thin,
brown. Hyphae yellow (but not deep yellow, hence not truly in this
section). Stipe lateral, dull surface. Spores not found, but I believe
are white. Only known from specimens at Kew from Brazil.

Fig. 436

Petaloides musashiensis.

MUSASHIENSIS (Fig. 436).— Entire plant brown, gilvus.
Pileus orbicular, thin, dry, rigid, with soft, velutinate surface. Stipe
laterally-dorsally attached, concolorous. Pores minute, concolorous,
with soft, velutinate pore mouths. Colored setae rare. Spores not

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

found but surely white. As to its context, color, velutinate surface and
colored setae this corresponds to Fomes pomaceus, but the presence of a
stipe removes it from all species with similar structure. Specimen col-
lected by S. Kawamura, Japan. Referred to Hennings' species on the
description only as there was no type in the cover when I visited Berlin.

i8. GRAMMOCEPHALUS GROUP. PILEUS MARKED
WITH RAISED LINES.

A varying assortment of plants that could be referred to one species, and still have marked differ-
ences. Those with large pores run into Favolus.

a. PORES SMALL. SETAE NONE.

GRAMMOCEPHALUS (Fig. 437).— The type form from the
Philippines is orbicular or reniform, reddish brown with medium
small pores. This is quite a frequent plant in several countries and
seems to vary, so it is hard to decide what to consider as its varieties.

Fig 437

Petaloides grammocephalus.

PERVERSUS (Fig. 438). — Only a variety of grammocephalus, more spathu-
late and of darker color. Determined, published, and distributed (Copeland,
No. 18) as Polyporus coracinus which, teste the description, viz.: with colored
setae, and teste Bresadola, is quite a different plant. I have not seen coracinus
except this evidently mis-named specimen. This form of grammocephalus is
common in Samoa.

CAYENXENSIS (Fig. 440).— The American form from South America.
Pores minute. Color pale, form spathulate.

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

Flo 438

Petaloides perveraus.

Fig. 439

Petaloides albellus.

Fig. 440

Petaloides Cayennensis.

ALBELLUS (Fig. 439). — Similar to the preceding but has larger pores.
White. From India, also from Chas. O'Connor, Mauritius.

MACULATUS. — A spotted form ( ?), dark, known only from a single speci-
men, Malay.

PLATOTIS. — Known from a partial specimen (Australia). It seems from
the color, surface, and pores to be thick grammocephalus, but is much too thick,
and apparently does not belong to the section.

b. PORES LARGE, FAVOLOID, RUNNING INTO FAVOLUS.

EMERICI. — Pileus the same as that of the type form of grammocephalus,
but the pores are larger. From India.

FUSCO-LINEATUS. — This is an obese form of grammocephalus with a
short, thick stem, i-i^ cm. thick. The pores are larger than the type form.
The surface is smooth, but lined. It was figured in the Trans. Linnean Soc,
2d series, vol. i.

FAVOLOIDES. — (As a form of grammocephalus.) Pileus corresponds to
the type form of grammocephalus, but the pores are large, favoloid. I think it
is a better Favolus. Known from Africa.

DORCADIDEUS. — Color rich cinnamon brown. Surface vel-
vety-tomentose with soft, brown hairs. Marked with branched, vein-
like reticulations. Pores large, 2-3 mm. deep. Stipe short, lateral.
The surface is covered with simple, colored hairs, which have no rela-
tion to those of russiceps. There are no cystidia on the hymenium.
This strongly marked species is known from but one specimen at the
British Museum, from Australia.

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

c. SETAEFERA.

Bearing on the pileus and in one species on the hymenium, very peculiar colored spiny or branched
setae. See FTg. 441.

CINNAMOMEO-SQUAMULOSUS (Fig. 441).— Pileus and
pores dark cinnamon brown, both densely covered with peculiar, col-
ored,, branched setae. Pores small. A most striking species known
from collections of Dr. Zenker, Camerun, Africa.

Fig. 441

Petaloides cinnaraomeo-squamulosus with two types of peculiar cystidia found on the hymenium.
(Drawing by Miss Wakefield).

RUSSICEPS. — Color of pileus dark cinnamon brown, same color
and peculiar setae as the preceding, but in this species the setae are
absent from the pores. Pores small, pale. Not a form of grammo-
cephalus as given, but closely allied to the preceding. Only known
from Ceylon.

19. POLYPORUS. SPECIES DARK COLORED, ALMOST
BLACK AT LEAST WHEN DRY.

a. SETAEFERA.

MEGALOPORUS (Fig. 442).— Pileus dark, spotted, with short,
lateral stipe. Pores large, subfavoloid. Hymenium with numerous
very peculiar setae (same nature as those of the preceding section).
Known from one specimen in Montague's herbarium from South
America. It is close to Favolus princeps in its peculiar setae, but
otherwise I think it is different.

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

Fig. 442
Petaloides megaloporus with the pecuh'ar cystidia. (Drawing by Miss Wakefield).

b, WITHOUT SETAE.

COCHLEARIFORMIS.— Plant black now but has probably
changed in drying. Spathulate with a long stipe. Context thin, of
peculiar, thick-walled hyphae cells such as have not been otherwise
noted by me. Pores small, dark now. Spores globose, 5 mic, white.
Only known from types at Kew, from Malay.

TRISTICULUS.— Color dark, almost black, thin, smooth. Pores
small. Stipe short, lateral. Known from but two specimens, one at
Paris and the other at Kew.

(Cfr. also stereinus and holotephrus in Section 22.)

20. POLYPORUS. COLORED CONTEXT AND SPORES.

(All of the preceding are supposed to have white spores.)

I do not know that there are any species with colored context and spores
and lateral stems except in the section Ganodermus. The cotype specimen at
Kew of Polyporus sideroides has these characters, but the type specimen at
Leiden has a thick, spongy, pleuropodal stipe and would be looked for in section
35 of Spongiosus.

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

21. ABERRANT SPECIES FORMING "NEW GENERA."

POCULA (Fig. 443).— A little species, the smallest known, and
for many years supposed to be a Sphaeria. A full account is given
in Myc. Notes, Pol. Issue p. 44. It is not rare in the United States
and occurs also in South America, Australia, and Japan.

Fig. 443

Petaloides Pocula. Natural size; also two specimens (X6), and the face of pores (X6).

'•^

Fig. 444

Petaloides pusiolus. Enlarged six diameters. Also drawing by Miss Wakefield showing cystidia
much magnified and a section of the pores enlarged.

PUSIOLUS (Fig. 444). — Pileus obconic, pendant, 3-4 mm. in
diameter, with a short stipe. Surface brown, appearing velutinate from
the enlarged projecting ends of the hyphae tissue. Context isabelline,

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

the hyphae pale colored. Spores not found but on the hymenium are
peculiar, horn shaped, acute, hyaline cystidia. This diminutive species
came from Sarawak and there are co-types at Kew. I was much
pleased to find in it an analogue of the little Polyporus pocula of the
United States, heretofore supposed to be unique. It figures in our
"literature'' as a Fomes (sic). It is the antithesis of Fomes.

Fig. 446

Petaloides mutabilis.

Flo. 446

Petaloides obovatus.

22. POLYSTICTUS. PILEUS PALE (IN ONE SPECIES DRY-
ING BLACK), USUALLY SPATHULATE OR FLABEL-
LIFORM, THIN. PORES IN A THIN LAYER,
WHITE OR PALE, MINUTE.

MUTABILIS (Fig. 446). — Pileus thin, marked with ochraceous
or grayish zones. Very common in Brazil and also occurs in southern
United States.

OBOVATUS (Fig. 445).— Very close to the preceding and I
am not sure that it is distinct. It is not so strongly zoned. Usually
tapering to the stem. Seems common in Java and the East. I have

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

seen no authentic specimens of obovatus, but teste Bresadola, dilatus
(bis) of Berkeley is a synonym and there is an abundance of that
at Kew.

- PET ALIFORMIS.— Usually cuneate, tapering to the base. I
judge from specimens I saw at Berlin that it has a rooting stem. Usu-
ally faintly zonate and marked with striations. Close to mutabilis and
of the same distribution, but is quite different I think.

STEREINUS. — Pileus thin, attenuate behind and sometimes with
a short stem, evidently soft and watery when fresh but drying thin,
rigid, incurved, and turning black. It seems very common in tropical
America, also from the East.

^ HOLOTEPHRUS.— Spathulate, attenuate at the base but hardly
stipitate. Pores minute. Color almost black with metallic zones, and
I think has not changed in drying. Known from the type at Kew
from Cuba.

ARMENICOLOR. — Pileus thin, minutely pubescent, brown-
zoned, tapering to a short but distinct stipe. Pores small, white. Ex-
cept as to its distinct stem this plant is more closely allied to the versi-
color group. It is known from one collection at Kew from Cuba.

ANTILOPUS. — ^This is quite a frequent plant in the museums,
and I found it also in Samoa, that had been misdetermined either as
russogramme or rasipes or palensis. It is referred by Bresadola to
"vibecinus var. antilopus, Kalch." and it agrees with the cotype at
Kew. No specimens of vibecinus are preserved and I think no one
knows what it was.

23. POLYSTICTUS-MICROPORUS. LATERAL STEM.

(Cfr. also pleuropodal species page 173.;

The section Microporus, which has been held to be a genus, is characterized
by its thin, rigid context, reddish brown color and minute pores in a very thin
layer. We have published a "Synopsis of the section Microporus" with illus-
trations of the species.

AFFINIS (Fig. 447). — Stipe lateral, smooth, dark bay or black.
Pileus smooth. Frequent throughout the East.

LUTEUS. — Same as affinis but more obese and thicker. Fre-
quent and runs into affinis.

MAKUENSIS. — Same as luteus but with distinctly larger pores. Referred
in my Synopsis as a synonym for luteus, which I think on re-examining the type
is an error. Known from one collection at Kew from Africa.

PORPHYRITIS. — Probably the same as luteus, but from America, where
all of this section are rare.

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

Fig 447

Petaloides affinis.

Fig. 448

Petaloides vemicipes.

CARNEO-NIGER. — Same characters as luteus except its black color. Oc-
curs in the East. It is the same plant as microloma, an earlier name for it.

FLABELLIFORMIS.— Stipe black, lateral. Pileus with pubes-
cent zones. Same as luteus except the pubescent zones of the pileus.
It varies in all degrees however as to this character. It is the most
abundant species in Africa, Samoa, and the East in general.

PTERY CODES. — Pileus sessile; hence does not belong to this section but
placed here from analogy, as it is surely a sessile plant of the same nature as
the other and perhaps simply a sessile condition of xanthopus.

4 143

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

24. POLYPORUS (CORRESPONDING TO POLYSTICTUS,

BUT THICKER) WITH COLOR AND PORES OF

THE SECTION MICROPORUS.

VERNICIPES (Fig. 448).— Pileus smooth, rugulose, faintly
zonate, shiny, thick, 2-3 mm., rigid. Pores minute. Specimens from
Japan, Philippines, and Africa.

SUBFULVUS. — Plant smooth, rigid, pale ochraceous, smooth,
with a short, thick, sublateral stem. Pores concolorous, minute, rigid,
2-3 mm. long. Specimens (Wright 135 & 355) at Kew from Cuba,
published as ochrotinctus of Bonin Island. Subfulvus was Berkeley's
manuscript name and a good name for it.

SIENNAECOLOR. — Comparable to a thick specimen of Polystictus luteus.
Same color and pores, but on the Polyporus order with a thick, short, dorsal
stem. Known from one specimen from Ceylon. The Brazilian specimen cited
was something else I think.

25. RED SPECIES.

SANGUINEUS. — Perhaps no other one species is as abundant
in the museums as this. It is the common red species that grows in
every warm country of the world. It is strangely rare in Samoa,
however. A short, lateral stem, often disciform at the base, is a
feature of most collections, but not always, as museum specimens are
sessile and even dimidiate. It is close to Polystictus cinnabarinus, the
red species of temperate regions, but typically it is thinner and smoother
and I think cinnabarinus is never stalked. There is no other bright
red species of the tropical world that is likely to be confused with
Polystictus sanguineus. Bleached specimens are sometimes collected
that have lost all their red color.

CINNABARINUS.— The red species of the temperate world,
very similar to the above but thicker and not so brightly colored.
It rarely if ever has a distinct stalk, hence does not belong in this
section, but we so place it from its evident close relation to the pre-
ceding. While not stipitate, it is attached by a reduced base, rarely
dimidiate, hence it is related even in its attachment to the stipitate
species. Polystictus cinnabarinus is rather rare in Europe, usually on
birch, very common in America and favors especially cherry and
beech. While ordinarily easily distinguished from the southern species,
sanguineus, specimens occur in intermediate territory that are hard to
refer.

(Miniatus of Java from its shape might be sought in this section. The brittle. caseou9 flesh so closely
allies it to sulphureus that we place it in that section.)

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

26. POLYSTICTUS. WHITE SPECIES.

CONCHIFER.— Pileus white, with a short, lateral stem. Bear-
ing usually secondary, abortive pilei. For a full account see Poly-
poroid Issue page 41. A common plant, always on elm branches, in
the United States.

Note. — ^A number of species of Polystictus. such as the form elongatua of pergamenus, have the
pilei usually reduced to an attenuate base and might be soiight in this section.

Note. — Glaberrimus, South America, Montage (as Irpex) and nepaleasis, India, Berkeley and Pocos,
Japan, Berkeley, each known from a single collection, have short, lateral stems, and would be sought here.
Glaberrimus is close to biformis as to its pores. The types of nepalensis are quite poor and it may be the
same as glaberrimus. Pocos has hirsute pileus and medium large pores.

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME.

Except leiodermus no specimens of any of these have been found by me in the museums of Europe
Agaricon, Java, Zollinger,
albo-luteus, Asia, Rostrup.
atro-albus, Africa, Hennings.
bambusicola, India, Hennings.
Baurii, Africa, Kalchbrenner.
cotyledoneus, South America, Spegazzini.
cuneatiformis, Philippines, Murrill.
decrescens, Java, Zollinger,
dilatatus, Java, Leveille.
discifer, Java, Patouillard.
evanido-squamulosus, Africa, Hennings.
Gregonii, Africa, Smithy
Gualaensis, South America, Patouillard.
hirto-lineatus, Java, Patouillard.
incompletus, Borneo, Cesati.
labiatus. West Indies, Patouillard.

leiodermus. South America, Moatagne. My photograph and notes as to this plant do not agree,
hence I can not refer it at present.

manubriatus, Sumatra, Leveille.
monachus, South America, Spegazzini.
olivascens, Asia, Rostrup.
pfU'vimarginatus South America, Spegazzini
rentzkei, Australia. Kalchbrenner.
prostratus, China, Patouillard.
subhydrophilus, Brazil, Spegazzini.
subpendulus. United States, Atkinson,
substereinus, Cuba, Murrill.
tigrinus, Asia, Rostrup.
udus, Java, Junghuhn.
vitiensis. Pacific Island, Reichardt.

SYNONYMS AND REJECTED SPECIES.

Adami, Ceylon, Cooke. Change of dilatus (bis) which is obovatus.

albo-cervinus, Brazil, Berkeley=modestus. This is the name generally used
by Berkeley, who took modestus correctly at first but afterwards changed on
the evidence of a specimen in Kunze's exsiccatae which is not the same as the
specimen in the same exsiccatae at Upsala.

anisoporus, Europe, Montague. Type inadequate, probably a little, unde-
veloped specimen of Favolus europaeus.

annularius, Java, Fries. Merely an unauthorized and unnecessary change
of annulatus of Junghuhn.

apophysatus, Europe, Rostkovius. Only known from an old picture which
is probably something abnormal.

atro-cervinus, Brazil. Error in Saccardo for albo-cervinus.

atypus, Java, Leveille. No type exists as far as I could find at Leiden. In
the sense of Bresadola it is brunneolus. Determinations of Murrill are largely
rubidus.

aurora, Borneo, Cesati (as Trametes). Not seen by me, but stated by Mur-
rill to be a synonym for atypus, in which case it is probably rubidus, as many
of Murrill's determinations of atypus are.

bomfinensis, Brazil, Hennings (as Fomes, sic) =1 Polystictus mutabilis.

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

caryophyllaceus, South America, Cooke. Type a little remnant, inadequate
but probably or possibly mutabilis.

celebicus, East Indies, Hennings:=carneo-niger.

cervicornis, West Indies, Cooke. Something abnormal, but not a synonym
for mutabihs as stated.

cervino-nitens. South America, Berkeley (Schweinitz mss.)=modestus and
was at first so referred.

cinerascens, East Indies, Leveille. No type found by me. In the sense of
Bresadola it is the same as incurvus, of which nice specimens are at Kew.

confundens, Borneo, Cesati=gallopavonis.

coracinus, Philippines, Murrill. Unknown to me. The specimen distributed
to Kew (Copeland No. i8) and cited by the author is a form of grammocephalus,
which does not have cystidia and is an entirely different species from the "type,"
teste Bresadola in a letter. I have not seen the type, but it was described as
having "branched cystidia" and, teste Bresadola, is close to cinnamomeo-
squamosus if not the same.

crenatus, Ceylon, Berkeley. This at best is a form of flabelliformis with
the pubescence covering a small area at the base of the stipe rather than in
zones. Only types are at the British Museum. Specimens of Leveille's naming
at Leiden and Paris are both wrong.

cretatus, United States, Cooke. Change of Ravenelii (bis) which being in
his sense mutabilis was not worth changing.

cupuliformis. United States, Berkeley=pocula.

Currani, PhiHppines, Murrill:=vernicipes.

decolor, Brazil, Berkeley. Type inadequate.

delicatus, United States, Berkeley=a small specimen of fractipes.

dendriticus, Mexico, Fries. No type exists. Fries cites Curtis' number 1481
which I do not find at Kew, but on Curtis' notes Berkeley has endorsed "arcticus,
Klotzsch."

dilatus (bis), Ceylon, Berkeley=obovatus.

diminutus, Australia, Massee. Type is not preserved, but from the figure
and description I have no doubt it was based on rhipidium.

eriopus, Borneo, Cesati. Unknown to me. Seems from the description
to be flabelliformis.

fibro-radians, South America, Montagne=mutabilis or close.

flabellato-lobatum, Africa, Hennings. Teste Bresadola:=cinerescens (brun-
neolus). I found no type at Berlin.

gallinaceus, Brazil, Berkeley=mutabilis.

geminella, Moeller, Brazil (as new genus, "Henningsii")=:petaliformis.

hispidellus, United States, Peck='hirtus of Europe.

Holstii, Africa, Hennings, also in my Synopsis,:=incomptus.

Hostmanni, South America, Berkeley. Type inadequate. There is a better
specimen at the British Museum.

humilis, United States, Peck=='fractipes.

hydrophilus, Cuba, Berkeley. Type inadequate. Compare stereinus.

inconspicuus, Africa, Miquel. Said by the author to be the same as Host-
manni.

intonsus, Tasmania, Berkeley. No type exists.

involutus, Europe, Britzelmayr. Not worth the trouble to bother with his
cartoons.

Kurzianus, Java, Cooke=Blumei.

lacer, Java, Saccardo or Cooke, change of lacerus (why?).

lacerus, Java, Junghuhn=obovatus probably, more thin and tapering it seems
to me.

languidus, Africa, Fries. (Fomes in Saccardo.) No type exists. Stated
by Fries to be the same as monochrous, which if true is the same as modestus
and surely not a Fomes.

lenzitoides, Brazil, Berkeley. Same plant as aquosus, which is a much better
name for it.

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

Leprieurii (bis), South America, Montagne (as Enslenia)=pocula.

Leveillei, Java, Cooke. Change of cinerescens, then changed back.

Libum, Australia, Berkeley. Type inadequate.

licmophorus, India, Massee=t)ale form of affinis or possibly a dark form of
obo\-atus.

Liebmanni, Mexico, Fries. Type at Upsala, inadequate, a little piece about
the size of an oyster cracker. Teste Bresadola it is the same as stereinus. It is
black and curved in drying, but I think is rather thick for stereinus.

ligoniformis, Europe, Bonorden. Unknown. Alleged to be yellow, small
pores, white flesh, reddish when broken.

liturarius. Pacific Island, Berkeley. No type exists.

malacensis, error in Saccardo for maliencis.

Meleagris, Pacific Island, Berkeley,=gallo-pavonis.

Menziesii, Sumatra, Berkeley:=Didrichsenii.

microloma, Philippines, Leveille=carneo-niger, and an earlier name for it.
I have seen the type since my Synopsis was published, it having been placed
in its cover since.

minutissimus, Asia, Rostrup. I have not seen this, but I judge from the
description it is rhipidium.

Mollerianus, Africa, Saccardo. Teste Bresadola, this is a stipitate form of
Polyporus \'inosus. I have seen no stipitate forms. Bresadola refers vinosus
to badius of Junghuhn, not Berkeley.

monochrous, South America, Montagne,=modestus. It was first referred
to Feei. This is in the sense of Berkeley. "Monochrous, Mont." is quite a
different plant.

murinus, Java, Leveille. No type found by me «at Leiden. Teste Fries and
Bresadola it is same as brunneolus. Most of Murrill's Philippine determinations
are gallopavonis.

Muelleri, Australia, Kalchbrenner is grammocephalus or a form at best.

nanus, Austraha, Massee=rhipidium.

nigrescens, Brazil, Cooke='stereinus (??)

notopus, Java, Leveille. (Nothopus in Saccardo.) The type at Paris is a
little specimen, too inadequate to form an opinion.

palensis, Philippines, Murrill. I have seen more than one species so named
by the author, but most of them I would refer to antilopus.

peltatus. Central America, Fries. No type exists.

pendula, an alleged synonym for pocula used as a juggle. Not based on any
evidence but is contrary to the specimens of the author.

peroxydatus, Australia, Berkeley. No type exists.

petaloides, Europe, Fries. No specimens or figures exist. It was based on
one collection sent from Pomerania. Unknown now.

phlebophorus, New Zealand, Berkeley. Same as nivicolor, which is a much
better name for it.

polygrammus, Cuba, Berkeley^petaliformis.

pseudo-cinerascens, New Guinea, Hennings=gallo-pavonis.

puellaris, Pacific Island, Kalchbrenner^atypus, teste Bresadola on the label
at Berlin. For me atypus in sense of Bresadola is brunneolus.

pusillus. West Indies, Leveille (or Persoon, mss.)=rhipidium.

putidus, Central America, Fries. No type exists.

rasipes. East Indies, Berkeley=obovatus.

Ravenelii (bis), United States, Berkeley. No type found by me. In the
sense of Cooke it=mutabilis. There is a cotype in the British Museum from
Ravenel, which is same as mutabilis, but has no resemblance to dealbatus as
erroneously stated.

rigescens, Perak, Cooke=stereinus.

rufo-ochraceus. South America, Patouillard=:TOUtabilis.

russogramme, East Indies, Berkeley. Type inadequate. It has large pores
and seems to be something well marked.

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SECTION PETALOIDES.

squamaeformis, Borneo, Berkeley. No type exists.

stereoides, Cuba, Berkeley. Not published but is a manscript name for plants
published as stereinus. The reference in Saccardo, p. 219, probably refers to a
Brazilian collection which is mutabilis.

sterinoides, Brazil, Hennings:=petaliformis.

Stuckertianus, South America, Spegazzini. Seems from the description to
be rhipidium, the large, type form.

subflabellum, Africa, Hennings. The types are in alcohol and I can not
form much of an opinion of them.

subpulverulentus, Cuba, Berkeley. A form of rhipidium at the best.

subverniceps, Philippines, Murrill=ipterygodes.

subvernicosus, Brazil, Hennings:=porphyritis or close to it. It seems to be
a slightly thicker plant.

subzonalis, Australia, Cooke=gallo-pavonis, pale form.

tomohomiensis. East Indies, Hennings=igrammocephalus.

torquescens, Africa, Saccardo=biokoensis, teste Bresadola=zonalis, teste
Patouillard. Unknown to me.

unguicularis, Mexico, Fries. No type exists. Judging from the description
it is probably the same as mutabilis. Mr. Murrill informs us that it is "only
known from the type locality" and that he did not examine the spores. As
he evidently never saw a specimen, as none exists, it would have been much
more strange and worthy of record under the circumstances if he had examined
the spores.

vernicifluus, Tasmania, Berkeley. Type inadequate.

vibecinus, Africa, Fries. No type exists. From the description it is close
to grammocephalus.

virgineus. United States, Schweinitz=:conchifer.

virax, India, Berkeley. Types at Upsala seem the same as Liebmanni to
me on comparison, but I am not so certain that it is the same as stereinus.

SECTION MERISMUS.

The section Merismus embraces plants that have numerous pilei proceeding-
from the branching of a common stem or rootstalk. Some of them form very
large clusters. We also include here the section Conglobatus where the pilei
proceed from a common tubercular core. As a matter of truth the section
Conglobatus is quite different from Merismus in its manner of growth, but
we include it here in order to reduce the number of sectional names.

27. SPORES GLOBOSE, ECHINULATE.

Plants of this section having echinulate, globose spores form a very natural group.

BERKELEYI. — Pilei imbricate, arising from a short, thick stem
or root stalk. Surface pale, dull, slightly tomentose and obscurely
zoned. Context (yi-i inch thick), white becoming isabelline in old
specimens, brittle when dry. Pores large, unequal, white. Spores
globose, 8 mic, distinctly echinulate. This is the largest and a quite
frequent species in the United States, growing usually at the base of
a tree.

MONTANUS. — This is the European analogue of Polyporus
Berkeleyi, and has the same surface, context, spores, and general char-
acter. It is much smaller and simpler and more regular. It is quite
a rare plant in Europe and very few specimens are in the museums.
It occurs in the Alpine regions of France, extending east.

148

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SECTION MERISMUS.

Dickinsii. — This, which is known from a single pileolus at Kew, from Japan,
is thinner but seems to have the same context and spores as Berkeley's and is
probably the same plant.

ZELANDICUS. — Pileus thin, lentus. Pores large and lacerate.
Spores globose, hyaline, echinulate. Known from one collection at
Kew from New Zealand. As to pilei it is very similar to giganteus,
and as to sj>ores it is similar to Berkeleyi.

"" c

.^^BA.-^^' '

ifj^^M'^?^/

^tS*:^-^S»^«».3aJ

W^^

Fig 449

Merismus Talpae.

TALPAE (Fig. 449). — Pilei very large, forming a clump several
feet in diameter. Surface dark^ dull, minutely velutinate, soft to the
touch. Pores in the dried specimen small, cinereous. Spores globose,
hyaline, 8 mic, slightly rough. This is the largest known species of
fleshy Polyporus. A specimen from Dutch Guiana at Leiden measures
72/3 feet in circumference. It occurs only as far as known in
Brazil and other parts of northern South America.

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SECTION MERISMUS.

28. SPORES SMOOTH, HYALINE. PLANTS FLESHY.

UMBELLATUS (Fig. 450). — Stem dividing into many branches,
each bearing a small pileus centrally attached. Flesh white. Pores
decurrent on the branches of the stem, with angular mouths. Spores
3 X 10, hyaline, smooth. The stem is said to arise from an under-
ground, thickened rootstalk or sclerotium. This is a most striking
and peculiar species and very rare both in Europe and the United
States.

Fig. 450

Merismus umbellatus. (Reduced more than half).

FRONDOSUS. — Pileoli very numerous, imbricate, dimidiate or
spathulate, fuliginous gray, with white, decurrent pores. They proceed
from a common root stalk. This species, which is quite common both
in Europe and the United States, sometimes forms large clusters two
feet in diameter. It usually grows at the base of a tree or stump. It
can be readily known from the more rare species (umbellatus) by
the insertion of the pileoli, though in their general habits they are
very similar.

WYNNEI. — Pileus merismatoid, imbricate, irregular, semi-in-
crusting, and in habits of growth resembles somewhat Thelephora ter-
restris. Upper surface yellowish brown, smooth but uneven, rugulose.
Context thin or a mere pellicle. Pores medium, elongated, round,

150

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SECTION MERISMUS.

4 mm. long. Spores globose, 3 mic, hyaline, smooth. When fresh
this is soft and would hardly be sought in Polystictus where it is
placed in our text books. It is quite a rare plant, known from Eng-
land, France, Germany. It is not a true Merismus, but is more close
to this section than any other in its appearance and habits.

Fig. 451

Merismus cremeo-tomentosus.

Fig. 452

Merismus Ridleyi.

GIGANTEUS.— Pilei thin, tough with a dark brown surface and
white pores that turn dark when bruised or in drying. Spores globose,
5-6 mic, hyaline, smooth. This which is large, but hardly large
enough to be called "giganteus," is of frequent occurrence in both
Europe and the United States. It is similar to frondosus but thinner
with larger pilei and is tougher.

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SECTION MERISMUS.

ANTHRACOPHILUS.— Pilei arising from a hard, woody root-
stalk, flabelliform, tapering at the base. Surface rugulose, dark. Pores
white when fresh. Spores 4x5 snbglobose, hyaline, smooth. This
plant is very similar to giganteus in some respects but is smaller and
the dried specimens are hard and subwoody. It is only known from
one or two collections at Kew, from Australia.

CREMEO-TOMENTOSUS (Fig. 451).— Pilei thin, flabelliform,
tapering to the base and proceeding from the apex of a woody root-
stalk, contracted and curved in drying. Surface soft, velutinate.
Pores minute. The entire plant is a pale isabelline color. The sev-
eral pilei proceeding from the apex of a woody rootstalk might be
treated as simple pilei and classed in Section 12. It was described
by Hennings as a Fomes. It never was a Fomes. Known from a
single specimen from Ule, Brazil.

MULTIPLEX. — Pilei numerous, small, imbricate, with very much
the appearance of being small Polyporus frondosus with similar gen-
eral habits and pores. At the base, however, there are numerous white,
mycelial fibrils, and it grew on rotten wood, totally at variance with
the method of growth of frondosus. Known from a single specimen
at Kew from Mueller, Australia, but I believe was not formally pub-
lished.

LITHOPHYLLOIDES.— Only known from the types from Japan at Paris.
They are black now, probably discolored from having been sent in alcohol.
The small, imperfect pilei proceed from a thick, rooting system. It is quite
different in appearance from all others and was compared by the author to
the genus Lithophyllum, which seems to be a genus of seaweed.

29. MERISMUS-POLYSTICTUS. THIN PLANTS HAVING
THE HABITS OF THE SECTION MERISMUS.

RIDLEYI (Fig. 452). — Pileus thin, flabelliform, tapering to the
base and proceeding from a rootstalk. Surface smooth, even, gray
and beautifully zoned. Pores white, rather large, shallow, elongated.
This is a fine species, having the same texture and color and zones
as Section 16, page 134, but is merismatoid in its habits of growth.
Known from one collection at Kew from Tasmania.

COLENSOI. — Pileoli very numerous, much branched and cris-
pid, thin with dark surface. Pores probably white when fresh, large,
shallow. Known from a single rather poor collection at Kew from
New Zealand. In general appearance it resembles Polyporus frondosus
but is much thinner and has smaller pileoli.

FIMBRIATUS (Fig. 453).— Pileus thin, usually imbricate-multi-
plex, but often more simple, variously cut and lobed. Color pale,
dark when dried. Pores white, shallow, usually imperfectly developed
and incomplete, the portions of the undeveloped pore walls resembling

152

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SECTION MERISMUS.

^r-9fp^ w •

Fig. 453

Merismus fimbriatus with section of the hymenium enlarged.

in a faint degree a Hydnum. Spores ovate, 4x5, hyaline, smooth.
This is a common species in Brazil and abundant specimens have been
sent to Europe, particularly by Glaziou. Owing to the peculiar
hymenium it ha« been variously classed as Polyporus, Polystictus,
Hydnum, Thelephora, Craterellus and Beccariella, with a correspond-
ing number of specific names.

30. MERISMUS CASEOSUS.

I am not sure that the plants listed here are all merismatoid. The common
species of Europe and America, Polyporus sulphureus, when growing at the
base of a stump usually has a common stem or tubercle, but on the side of a
tree it is often sessile, in several imbricate layers. Sometimes on logs it occurs
that it has a single pilei, each with its lateral stem. The feature common to
all the following species is the caseous, brittle flesh, light and crumbling when dry.

SULPHUREUS.— Pileus bright reddish yellow and when in its
prime furnished with a yellowish juice. When old it loses its bright
color and becomes dry, light and crumbling. Pores minute, bright
sulphur yellow when in prime condition. This is a common species
in both Europe and America and ioccurs in Ceylon, Mauritius, and
probably many countries. On the oaks where it habitually grows in
Sweden it forms large, conspicuous masses noticeable from a distance.
In the United States a form with a stem is quite common at the base
of stumps. I have also collected it growing with simple, fiabelliform
pilei, each with its own short stem.

153

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-Tii^I. sirmiit. ir-::T iirm of

=« ^*

* T -n >z 1 I'^^fT-jE V iiii^Pi*.^- Tfcr ports
:.^i T -n iim^i^ ag. iiff a& I caa ante, is

31- CONGLCBATUS CARKOSU3.

• I't' 'ir r.LTT'tr J '":• ~iir TT '"Ti^nf. I r^iiTt n If- ij:>e SiiDe plant

32- CON GLOB ATUS FOMES.

. f 7 — -r It '♦12: ^ti TT-.h itt/: rj rii t 7»ild 7»r:»ceedir.^ from

^ /:^ '. . rl -\E. '^ ? ::. j;55 . — I-.W-l r.-::n:cr:«u>, densely imbricate
,' *^', ^ ' ',r, <i : ir I. - • 'I . :rr.ml r:re. Cr^r^text and pores brown
>, ^ '.: <i ?<:''-, o> :::::"'^. 7 rr> n::-r.:e w^Iih daiicer mouths.
' ;//r' \ r// : :r : %. rr^r. '*v: I think 2ire hyaline. A unique species
>'/;,.♦, or/v fr,-'. :h*r h'r.::-l >:2i:r?. I: i> r.:c cr-r.tnion and found only

1-4

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION MERISMUS.

Fig. 456
Fomes graveolens.

155

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SECTION MERISMUS.

MINIATUS (Fig. 454). — This is represented at Leiden by the type from
Java also a colored drawing. It is simple, thin, with a short, lateral stipe, and is
brick-red when fresh. It loses its color with age and has the same brittle flesh
and other characters, and I take it to be only a small, simple, thin form of
Polyporus sulphureus.

Fig 454

Merismus TCaseosus) miniatus.

SORDULENTUS.— Named from a single, small collection from Chile.
It has the same habits, texture, context color (of discolored specimens) and
surface, and in my opinion is only a form of Polyporus sulphureus. The pores
are distinctly larger than the European form which, as far as I can note, is
the only real difference.

RETIPORUS.— This from Australia has the appearance of being sulphureus
with larger pores and firmer context. I think it will prove to be only a form.

31. CONGLOBATUS CARNOSUS.

I believe there is no true fleshy species with central core, but that Polyporus
sulphureus rarely takes this form. Such a specimen was distributed collected by
Toldt in Tirol under the name Polyporus imbricatus. I judge it is the same plant
that was named Polyporus flabellatus by Bresadola.

32. CONGLOBATUS FOMES.

But one species of Fomes is known with imbricate pilei proceeding from
a central core. (Cfr. Pol. Issue, p. 43.)

GRAVEOLENS (Fig. 455). — Pilei numerous, densely imbricate
like tiles, on a hard, woody, central core. Context and pores brown
and of a hard, woody texture. Pores minute with darker mouths.
Spores not found by me, but I think are hyaline. A unique species
known only from the United States. It is not common and found only
so far as known on oak or beech.

154

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION MERISMUS.

Fig. 455

Fomes graveolens.

155

Digitized by LaOOQlC

SECTION MERISMUS.

SYNONYMS, REJECTED AND UNKNOWN SPECIES.

acanthoides, Europe, Bulliard. In the sense of Fries a flabelliform speci-
men of rufescens. In the sense of Bulliard a poor picture of giganteus. LFsed
as a juggle for giganteus by Quelet.

alligatus, Europe, Fries. Based on Sowerby, t. 422, but no such species
known. The picture probably represents an unusual development of rufescens.

amygdalinus, United States, Berkeley. The type is very poor, so poor I
doubt that it could be recognized on comparison. Said by Ravencl, the collector,
to have a strong odor of vanilla or almond. It does not belong in the section
Merismus.

anax. United States, Cooke. Berkeley's manuscript name for the plant
that had been named Polyporus Berkeleyi. The species was one of Cooke's
posthumous varieties.

Barrelieri, Europe, Viviani. Plate 28 cited by the author is a good picture
of sulphureus. Plate 36, cited by Fries, is frondosus.

Beatiei, United States, Peck=rBerkeleyi.

bonariensis. South America, Spegazzini. Unknown.

botryoides, "incog.," Leveille:=Fomes graveolens, which being such an ob-
vious fact, was a long time being found out. I dug the type out of a cup-
board at Paris and at once recognized it.

caespitosa, Brazil, Cooke (as Beccariella)=fimbriatus.

candidus, Europe, Roth. Unknown to me. No illustration.' No specimens in
museums. Bresadola told me that he considers it a good species, but I only
know what he told me in conversation. I have never seen the plant.

casearius, Europe, Fries. Generally admitted to be only a discolored form
of sulphureus.

Ceratoniae, Europe, Risso. Based on Barla's Icon. t. 30, f. 1-3, which is
surely only sulphureus.

Cincinnatus, United States, Morgan^sulphureus, a bright colored form that
grows in great abundance at the base of stumps, at Preston, Ohio.

conglobatus. United States, BerkeIey=:graveolens.

discolor, Mauritius, Klotzsch=sulphureus.

eurocephalus, Ceylon, Berkeley. The type is much decayed and full of
globose, strongly asperate, hyaline spores. Teste Petch, these are spores of a
Hypomyces, and in viewing them in that light I think it is correct, though I
had no suspicion of it when I examined it and mistook them for the spores
of the plant.

flabellatus, Europe, Bresadola. From the description I think it is the same
plant as has been distributed from Tirol by Toldt as Polyporus imbricatus. In
my opinion it is an abnormal development of Polyporus sulphureus.

Glaziovii, Brazil, Berkeley. This was included in Cooke's Praecursores
twice. No. 166 and No. 394, the first as a Polyporus, the second as a "Fomes,"
and both with the sawe citation. The second as a "Fomes" is a Polyporus
(cfr. page 135) and the first as a Polyporus in section Merismus is an illusion
or error of some kind.

Glaziovii (bis), Brazil, Hennings=Talpae.

helopus, Exotic, Patouillard. This is based on a single specimen preserved
in the museums at Paris. It is probably abnormal and surely adventitious and
was found in the Jardin des Plantes.

imbricatus, Europe, Bulliard. Said by Fries to be rare and local in Sweden
and is unknown to any one now. I think it was based on intybaceus that
grew horizontal, hence the lobes are more flat. The common plant called
intybaceus in England is surely frondosus. Most modern books carry both, but
I think no one knows two different plants to correspond.

irregularis, England, Sowerby. The Icones 423 was referred to amorphus
by Fries. The color is not right for amorphus. When Berkeley first met
Polyporus Wynnei he referred it to this picture and sent specimens to Mon-
tagne. It has a general resemblance to Wynnei, but Sowerby's mention of
"shallow pores" does not accord.

156

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SECTION MERISMUS.

lactifluus, United States, Peck=Berkeleyi.

lobatus, Europe, Hudson. Unknown. Fries cites Schaeffer, t. 316 & 317,
which are too crude to even be cited. Although attributed to Hudson, this
plant was never known to English mycologists.

Merrittii, Philippines, Murrill=sordulentus.

multiceps, South America, Patouillard. Unknown to me.

multifida, Portorico, Klotzsch (as Thelephora)=fimbriatus, teste Bresadola
on a label.

Oleae, Europe, Panizzi. Unknown to any one I think.

Oxyporus, Europe, Sauter. Unknown to any one I think.

Pauletii, Europe, Fries. Based on an old crude figure from which nothing
whatever can be told.

plumarium, Cuba, Berkeley (as Hydnum)=fimbriatus. Some of the "plumes"
are sterile, proliferous pilei on this particular type specimen. While there are
many specimens of the plant in the museums under many names, I think the
"plumes" are "only known from the type locality."

ramosissimus. An old name often used as a juggle for umbellatus.

ramosus, United States, Schweinitz. Published? Poor specimens, but
authentic, are frondosus.

Rostafinskii, Europe, Blonski. Unknown to me, but the description seems
to be sulphureus.

rubricus, Iqdia, Berkeley. Based on decayed, discolored specimens of sul-
phureus.

scabriusculus, Australia, Berkeley. No type exists.

sparassioides. South America, Spegazzini (as Craterellus)=fimbriatus.

speciosus. An ancient relic of Europe, 1755, alleged to be the same and
used as a cheap juggle for Polyporus sulphureus.

subgiganteus. United States, Berkeley,:=Berkeleyi, as Berkeley did not seem
to know his own namesake.

Sumstinei, United States, Murrill,=the common Polyporus giganteus both
of Europe and the United States and which has not the slightest difference
as it grows in either country. I should think Mr. Sumstine would feel quite
proud of the honor.

Todari, Europe, Inzenga=sulphureus.

trichrous, United States, Berkeley. No type exists.

Warmingii, Brazil, Berkeley=tfimbriatus.

SECTION SPONGIOSUS.

The section Spongiosus embraces those species with soft, light, spongy flesh.
These characters are more strongly evident in the dried specimens.

33. CONTEXT PALE OR WHITE. SPORES WHITE.

RUFESCENS (Fig. 456).— Pileus soft, spongy, hirsute. Pores
large, daedaloid, pale flesh color when fresh. Spores are globose, 8
mic, hyaline, smooth. Also usually abundant, conidial spores 4x6,
hyaline, smooth, oval. Not rare in Europe and quite variable. When
well developed with a mesopodal stem as shown in Fig. 456 and Per-
soon's Icones Pictae t. 6, often more pleuropodal stem, Sow. t. 191,
or lateral stem or even dimidiate (var. flabelliforme of Persoon). In
the United States perfect forms occur but very rarely. A distorted
form is more frequent, called Polyporus distortus. The pores of the
European form are large and daedaloid and in France it is often called
Daedalea biennis. In the United States there is not such a strong
daedaloid tendency. The two following should be held as forms.

157

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SECTION SPONGIOSUS.

Fig. 456

Spongiosus rufescens.

HETEROPORUS (Fig. 457).— The flabelliform or dimidiate form of Poly-
porus rufescens. Frequent in Europe. Appareiltly absent from the United States.

DISTORTUS (Fig. 458.)— A frequent plant in the United States which
I believe to be only a distorted form of Polyporus rufescens. Rarely perfect
forms are also found in the United States.

ANTHELMINTICUS.— A plant said to be used in India as an anthelminthic
is not represented in the museums of Europe by specimens good enough to
tell much about its classification. It was compared to rufescens by Berkeley.

HYSTRICULUS (Fig. 459). — Known from a single specimen
at Kew from Australia, but strongly marked. Surface with rigid,
dense, dark hairs. Flesh white, soft. Pores round, medium, flesh color.
Spores probably conidial, globose, hyaline.

158

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SECTION SPONGIOSUS.

Fig 467

Spongiosus heteroporus.

Fig. 458

Spongiosus distortus.

Fig. 459

Spongiosus hystriculus.

34. CONTEXT DEEPLY COLORED. SPORES SUPPOSED

TO BE WHITE.

SCHWEINITZII.— Pileus dark brown covered with matted
tomentum. Context brown, soft, spongy when fresh, brittle when
dry. Stipe usually short and thick, rarely central, usually excentric,
sometimes wanting. Pores large at first, meruloid, shallow, becoming
longer, irregular and often lacerate when old. Spores white in mass,
elliptical 4x6, hyaline, smooth. A frequent plant in both Europe and
the United States, but growing usually in pine woods. Sometimes
quite large, one to two feet in diameter.

REPSOLDI. — Described from Brazil as growing on trunks and having a
"gigantic" stem. Spores 5x7, hyaline. Not found by rne at Berlin, but the
description is close to Schweinitzii except the pores are minute.

PACHYPUS. — Known only from unsatisfactory specimens in the Herbarium
of Montagne. It came from Cuba and seems to me to be closely related to
Schweinitzii.

35. CONTEXT DEEPLY COLORED. SPORES COLORED

BUT OFTEN BUT FAINTLY.

a. WITH COLORED SETAE ON THE HYMENIUM.
CIRCINATUS.— Context thick, spongy, deeply colored. Stipe
mesopodal in the tvpe form, iistiallv pletiropodal. Setae curved.
5 ' 159 '

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION SPONGIOSUS.

Spores pale color, 7 x 12 (or 3 x 5 in the American plant). The type
form which is mesopodal is only known in Europe from Fries' Icones
t. 3. The pleuropodal form occurs but is also rare. In the United
States the mesopodal form is not rare in New England and the pleuro-
podal form is still more common.

TOMENTOSUS.— Same as the preceding plant but thin, the
upper, spongy context layer being very slightly developed. Same color
and setae. Frequent in the pine woods of Sweden. If it occurs in
central Europe it is rare, and it is unknown from the United States.

The following two are not stipitate, but we mention them here on account of their evident close relationship
to the preceding.

TRIQUETER. — In the sense of Fries (?) and Romell, a thick, sessile form
of circinatus. Same context, color, and setae. It is rare in Europe. In the
original sense of Persoon it is in my opinion the same as cuticularis.

LEPORINUS. — A thin, dimidiate form of the same plant. Rare in Europe
and the United States.

b. SETAE NONE.

SIDEROIDES. — Context ferruginous, spongy. Spores abundant,
colored, globose, 8-9 mic. Stipe in the type form thick, pleuropodal,
spongy. This species is represented at Leiden by several collections
irom Java, but not in other museums (except one cotype at Kew).
The most perfect forms have a general resemblance in color and shape
to Polyporus Schweinitzii. Thin forms occur with lateral stipes, and
the type of Polyporus Korthalsii, at Leiden, appears to be a sessile
form.

PUIGGARIANUS.— Context spongy, soft, brown. Spores abun-
dant, conidial, globose, minutely rough. According to the collector's
notes a large, infundibuliform species. Known from a piece of the
pileus at Berlin, from Brazil.

ALBERTINII (Fig. 460).— Pileus mesopodal, with thick, obese
stem. Surface and context, pores and stem concolorous, ferruginous.
Context soft, spongy with large, inflated hyphae. Pores large, angu-
lar, decurrent on the stem. Setae none. Spores abundant, colored,
6x8, smooth. Specimen at Kew from Endeavor River, Australia, re-
ferred by Cooke to Schweinitzii, which it closely resembles in general
appearance. Named for Albertini, who was the tutor of Schweinitz.

MONTAGNEI. — Pileus obese, ferruginous, with uneven surface.
Pores concolorous, medium large, decurrent. Spores 8 x 10, pale col-
ored, smooth. Setae none. Rare in both the United States and Europe.
This plant is usually placed in the next section, but is rather obese for
the allied plants of that section.

FRAGILISSIMUS. — Context soft, spongy, cinnamon-ferruginous. Pores
concolorous. Spores 3-4 x 4-5, deeply colored, smooth. Stipe mesopodal. Known
only from pieces of the pileus in the herbarium of Montagne from French
Guiana.

160

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SECTION SPONGIOSUS.

Fig. 460

Spongiosus Albertinii.

SUB-BULBIPES. — Imperfectly known from a half specimen at Berlin
from Brazil. It has a soft, spongy context and I judge from my photograph
a thin crust. Spores I did not find, but Hennings records them as globose,
35/2-4, light yellow. The plant may belong in Section 5 of Amaurodermus.

SYNONYMS, REJECTED AND UNKNOWN SPECIES.

abortivus, United States, Peck=distortus.

acanthoides, Europe. In the sense of Fries=rufescens. In the sense of
Bulliard=poor picture of giganteus.

benquetensis, Philippines, Murrilfccircinatus. (?)

biennis, Europe, Bulliard=rufescens. Often called Daedalea biennis.

conglobatus, Europe, Karsten. Unknown to me, but the description reads
much like distortus.

dualis, United States, Peck. (Also Polyp. Issue, p. 4)=leporinus of Europe.

hispidoides, United States, Peckz=Schweinitzii.

holophaeus, Europe, Montagne— Schweinitzii.

Kalchbrenneri, Europe, Fries. Based on small specimen of tomentosus
now labeled perennis through error of R. Fries.

Korthalsii, Java, Leveille. The type specimen appears to be a sessile form
of Polyporus sideroides, same spores, context, texture, and color. In other
namings of Leveille (viz., Zoll. 872) it is Fomes Harkarlii, which has no re-
lations whatever to the type at Leiden.

maximus, Europe, Brotero. No one knows and no one doubts but that it
equals Schweinitzii.

Memmingeri, United States, Murrill. Unknown to me. Seems close to
Montagnei.

161

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SECTION SPONGIOSUS.

obesus, United States, Ellis (also Polyp. Issue, p. ii)=Montagnei.

occultus, Europe, Lasch. I judge from the little co-type frustule I have seen
(Rabh. Exsic. 617) that it is rufescens.

platyporus, India, Berkeley. Type very scanty and inadequate but=I think
rufescens, form heteroporus.

proteiporus, Australia, Cooke='rufescens.

Sahranpurennis, India, Hennings. Not found by me at Berlin, but from
description seems to be Schweinitzii.

scutiger, Europe, Kalchbrenner. Changed by Fries to Kalchbrenneri and
based on small specimens of tomentosus.

sericellus, Europe, Saccardo=rufescens, form heteroporus.

Sistotrema, an old synonym for Schweinitzii, often used as a juggle.

spectabilis, United States, Fries=Schweinitzii.

spongia, Europe, Fries^Schweinitzii. The only type is at Kew.

tabulaeformis, United States, Berkeley^Schweinitzii.

tubulaeformis, United States, Saccardo, misprint for tabulaeformis.

SECTION PELLOPORUS.

Context dry, ferruginous, or yellowish brown with deeply colored hyphae.
Setae rare. Pores concolorous. Spores colored, pale in most species. Plants
growing in the ground and usually concolorous. Rarely epixylous. This sec-
tion is practically the same as the section Perennes of Fries, but we do not
use the name as it is misleading for the plants are not perennial.

36. PELLOPORUS POLYPORUS. CONTEXT FLESHY,

TOUGH, RATHER BRITTLE, MOSTLY MORE

OBESE THAN THE NEXT SECTION.

INDICUS (Fig. 461). — Pileus rugulose, dark brown, zonate.
Flesh 5 mm. thick, pale rhubarb color. Hyphae deep yellow. Stipe
mesopodal, subligneous, irregular. Pores small, round, 5-8 mm. long,
darker than the context with pale mouths. Spores abundant, globose,
5 mic, smooth, deeply colored, mostly guttulate. Known from speci-
men sent me by B. S. Cavanagh, Baroda, India.

CUMINGII. — Context thin. Pores minute, 2 mm. long, concol-
orous. Stipe slightly spongy. Spores 3-3^^, pale colored. Plant
mesopodal. Only known from types at Kew from Philippines (also
Mexico ?) .

VALLATUS (Berkeley).— Context thick, subligneous, bright
color. Surface dull, concolorous. Pores small. Known from two
specimens at Kew from India. One seems pleuropodal, the other
mesopodal.

The two following are much smaller than those that precede, but the rigid,
brittle flesh more closely allies them than to the next section.

LUTEO-NITIDUS (Fig. 462).— Pileus irregular, mesopodal or
pleuropodal. Stipe slightly spongy, often long rooting. Context thin.
Pores minute. Very similar but a larger species than the next. Seems
frequent in tropical South America.

162

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SECTION PELLOPORUS.

Fig. 461

Pelloporus indicus. (Top of pileus). Reduced

Fig. 462

Pelloporus luteo-nitidus.

Fig. 463

Pelloporus multiformis.

MULTIFORMIS (Fig. 463).— Stipe lateral, rooting. Pileus
flabelliform, thin. Surface striate. Spores 3x4, colored. Very sim-
ilar in color and habits to preceding and in the same region. It is
smaller and not disposed to take mesopodal forms. Known from three
collections all at Paris. It may be only small forms of the previous.

163

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SECTION PELLOPORUS.

37. PELLOPORUS POLYSTICTUS. CONTEXT THIN,

FLEXIBLE.

Small plants growing in the ground with mesopodal stems. This is the old section Perennes of Fries.

a. COLOR DULL CINNAMON.

PERENNIS. — The most frequent species of the section in both
Europe and the United States. Known from its dull, zonate, cinna-
mon color. Pores small. Spores 4-5x8-10, pale colored.

FOCICOLA. — Very similar to the preceding species but with
larger pores (i mm. or more). Frequent in the southern United States
and there replaces the perennis of the northern states. Unknown from
Europe.

DECURRENS. — A rare plant if not a form, based on one collection, from
Massachusetts (Cfr. Pol. Issue, p. 12).

PICTUS. — It is a little, slender species known only from specimen in the
Herbarium of Fries. It has very thin context, 16 mm., pores 2 mm. long, and
the color now is black. Distinct but rare. Spores 6x8. The reference Bulliard
No. 254 is an error as also are the French records of this plant.

b. COLOR BRIGHT, FERRUGINOUS CINNAMON.

CINNAMOMEUS.— A uniformly bright colored plant with silky,
shining, appressed, radiating fibrils. Very rare in Europe, more fre-
quent in the United States. Pores small. Spores 5-6x7-10, pale
colored under the microscope. The forms from Ceylon and India are
otherwise the same but have more globose spores, 6-7 x 8.

OBLECTANS. — The Australian plant (and it is evidently very common
in Australia) differs from the European in having usually larger pores and
more erect fibrils on the pileus. Spores are 5x8, pale. The color is the same
and the plants have been held to be the same, but I feel that the Australian
plant is entitled to a name.

OBLECTABILIS (Fig. 464).— This, which is based on speci-
mens collected in Brazil, distributed by Ule (No. 48) has been referred
to oblectans of Australia. It is similar in color but is more slender,
has larger, more shallow pores. The margin is thin and fimbriate
and the spores more narrow and more pointed. The spores are 4x 10,
pale colored and tapering at one end.

OBLIVIONIS (Fig. 465).— Entire plant unicolor, of a bright
cinnamon color. Pileus soft, subzonate, appressed, fibrillose. Con-
text thin, less than i mm. Pores minute, 2 mm. deep. Stipe slender,
3-4 mm. thick, soft tomentose, 7 to 10 cm. long. Spores abundant,
elliptical, 7-8 x 10-12 mic, colored. This is a beautiful species known
from one collection at Kew from Brazil. It is much larger than any
other brightly colored species of this section.

164

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SECTION PELLOPORUS.

Fig. 464

Pelloporus oblectabilis.

Fig. 466

Pelloporus oblivionis.

CUTICULARIS. — Pileus very thin with large, long pores, and
was published in Pol. Issue page ii, and has since been received from
the same locality. It is a very rare species of the New England States.
It is badly named as it is liable to be confused with Polyporus cuticu-
laris, to which it has no resemblance.

DEPENDENS. — A most curious little species which hangs pen-
dant from the under side of logs somewhat in the manner of a wasp's
nest. Entire plant bright cinnamon color. Spores colored, 5x7. It
is very rare in the United States.

See Polyporous hamatus, Addenda, p. 195.

(Polyporus Montagnei, see Section 35, is a thicker, more obese plant than others of this section, but
its relations are undoubtedly closer here than where we have placed it.)

i6s

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION PELLOPORUS.

SYNONYMS, REJECTED AND UNKNOWN SPECIES.

bulbipes, Australia, Fries. No type exists=ioblectans, teste Fries, but he
claimed to have named it in manuscript first.

carbonarius, Europe, Fries. Based on an old picture (MicheH) and un-
known. Said to have white pores, hence can not belong in this section.

Cladonia, Australia, Berkeley. Types very young=oblectans, young, I think.

connatus, United States, Schweinitz=iperennis.

connatus, United States, most writers,=focicola.

Ehrenreichii, Brazil, Hennings. Type inadequate.

Euphorbiae, China, Patouillard. Unknown to me.

fimbriatus, Europe, Bulliard=perennis.

parvulus, British Columbia, Klotzsch=:cipnamomeus.

parvulus, United States, most authors:=focicola.

perdurans, Tasmania, Kalchbrenner. Nothing authentic has been seen by
me, but the determinations at Berlin are oblectans.

peronatus, Europe, Schulzer. Only known from a drawing, showing a
volva (sic) surely inaccurate.

proliferus. United States, Lloyd. Something abnormal.

Salpincta, New Zealand, Cooke. Types inadequate. Probably an abnormal
oblectans. The illustration in the Handbook is largely made up.

saxatilis, Europe, Britzelmayr. It is purely a waste of time to bother with
his work.

scutellatus, Siberia, Borszczow. Seems from the description to be focicola
which, however, is not known excepting in America.

scutiger, Europe, Kalchbrenner. Changed by Fries to Kalchbrenneri. It
was based on a small specimen of tomentosus.

simillimus, United States, Peck. At best a form of perennis, but it is
not possible to maintain it even as a form.

spathulatus. South America, Hooker. Type in two little fragments. It is
probably the same as multiformis.

splendens, United States, Peck=cinnamomeus.

subsericeus. United States, Peck=^cinnamomeus.

Verae-crucis, Mexico, Cooke. Known from but one collection from Mexico
which I think on comparison is the same as Polyporus Cumingii, known only
from the Philippines.

SECTION OVINUS.

In the section Ovinus we give very scanty accounts, as the section has been
recently considered and illustrated in full by us in a separate pamphlet. Ovinus
embraces the thick, fleshy species of Polyporus with mesopodal or pleuropodal
or rarely lateral stems.

38. WITH SCLEROTIUM.

TUBERASTER.— Sclerotium (false) of earth, agglutinate with
mycelium. Pores small, v^hite. In Italy, Switzerland.

GOETZII. — Sclerotium small, 2-3 inches. Plant mesopodal.
Known from one specimen at Berlin from Africa.

SAPUREMA. — Sclerotium large, bearing several plants. Speci-
men in alcohol at Berlin from Brazil.

166

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION OVINUS.

MYLITTAE.— Sclerotium, the well known "native bread" of Aus-
tralia. In the museums I have visited there are no specimens with
the fruit, but a photograph of a sclerotium with the Polyporus is at
the British Museum.

39. STIPE USUALLY MESOPODAL. PORES SMALL.

OVINUS. — ^White. Pores small. Spores 33^-4. Common in
Sweden and is also found in Alpine regions of central Europe. Its
record in the United States is not certain.

LEUCOMELAS. — Pileus fuliginous. Pores pale. Spores tuber-
cular. Rare in Europe. Not known from the United States.

GRISEUS. — Pileus and pores smoky gray. Spores tubercular.
Frequent in the United States. Rare in Europe.

CAERULIPORUS. — Pileus and pores bright blue when in prime.
Brown when dry. Very rare in the United States.

POLITUS. — Color dark reddish. Very rare in Europe. Only known from
Fries' Icones and a specimen at Kew. Possibly it is a small mesopodial form
of confluens.

Peckianus, cfr. Lentus, p. 171.

40. STIPE CENTRAL. PORES LARGE.

(Compare tuberaster in 38.)

41. STIPE USUALLY EXCENTRIC OR IRREGULAR.
PORES SMALL.

CRISTATUS.— Color greenish yellow. Frequent in the United
States. Rare in Europe.

CONFLUENS. — Color pale reddish, becoming deeper red in dry-
ing. Often confluent and irregular. Frequent in Europe and eastern
United States.

DISCOIDEUS. — White, becoming isabelline in drying. Grows
on logs. Brazil and the type from Cuba.

POPANOIDES.— White or yellowish when dry. No distinct
cuticle. With short, thick stipe near one side. Known only from one
collection from Mauritius at Kew.

42. STIPE EXCENTRIC. PORES LARGE.

PES CAPRAE. — Surface with small, fasciculate scales. Alpine
regions and southern Europe. Very rare in the United States.

167

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SECTION OVINUS.

ELLISII. — Pale yellow with large floccose scales. Very rare in
the southern United States.

SQUAMATUS.— With large scales. Dark reddish when dry.
Known from one collection from Hungary at Berlin.

(Cfr. Boucheanus in next section.)

43. MELANOPUS. PORES LARGE.

SQUAMOSUS.— Pileus scaly. Pores favoloid. Stipes usually
excentric. Common in Europe, rare in the United States.

ROSTKOVII. — Smooth form of squamosus. Rare in Europe and the
United States.

BOUCHEANUS. — Small, smoothish form of squamosus with uncolored
stipes. Rare in Europe.

LENTINOIDES. — Tropical, smooth form of squamosus.

TUMULOSUS. — Pileus with a smooth, thin cuticle, recalling
betulinus. Stipe short, central. Supposed to form large, mycelial
masses. Known from the type at Kew from Australia.

TASMANICUS.— Pileus turbinate. Stipe short. Known from
one collection from Tasmania at Kew.

44. MELANOPUS. PORES SMALL.

RADICATUS (Fig. 465 bis.). — Mesopodal with a long, rooting
base. Not rare in the United States.

HARTMANNI. — Brown, velutinate, with short, thick, excentric
stipe. Two collections from Australia at Kew.

SYNONYMS, REJECTED AND UNKNOWN SPECIES.

alpinus, Europe, Sauter. From the description seems to be Rostkowii.

asprellus, Europe, Leveille. Based on a crude figure of Pes caprae.

bulbipes, Europe, Beck. Known only from an illustration and is probably
the same as Boucheanus. Spores seem a little different, but that is all.

cadaverinus, Europe, Schulzer. Some abnormality.

Campbelli, India, Berkeley. Type is inadequate.

caudicinus. A cheap juggle of Polyporus squamosus. It originated in
Europe, but has been copied in the United States.

Clusianus, Europe, Britzelmayr. Unknowable.

decurrens. United States, Underwood. Unknown.

Earlei, United States, Underwood=griseus.

flavo-squamosus. United States, Underwood=Ellisii.

flavo-virens, United States, Berkeley=cristatus.

Forquignoni, Europe, Quelet=Boucheanus.

fuligineus, Europe, Fries. Unknown, based on an old figure.

holocyaneus. United States, Atkinson=caeruliporus.

Kansensis, United States, Ellis. Not seen by me, but is probably Polyporus
melanopus.

168

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Fig. 465 bis.

Ovinus radicatus (reduced about one-fourth). Pore details natural size.

169

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION OVINUS.

laeticolor, United States, Murrill. Preoccupied. Changed to luteo-luteus
by McGinty.

luteo-luteus, United States, McGinty. Unknown to me.

Michelii, Europe, Fries. Unknown, based on an old figure.

Morganii, United States, Peck=radicatus.

myclodes, Australia, Kalchbrenner. Unknown.

nodipes, India, Berkeley. No type exists.

novo-guineensis. New Guinea, Hennings. Nondescript.

olivaceo-fuscus, Ceylon, Berkeley. Type consists of two sections from
which nothing can be told. It is probably a young Boletus.

pallidus, Europe, Schulzer=squamosus with small scales.

poripes. United States, Fries. Unknown. No type exists.

pseudoboletus. South America, Spegazzini. Unknown.

punctiporus, Europe, Britzelmayr. All of his species are unrecognizable.

retipes. United States, Underwood=Pes caprae.

Sch>yeinfurthianus, Africa, Hennings. Not a Polyporus but a Boletus.

scobinaceus, Europe. Used as a juggle for tuberaster.

subradicatus. United States, Murrill. ProbabIy=tadicatus, which the author
does not seem to know very well.

subsquamosus, Europe, Linnaeus. Unknown. Probably=griseus.

tessulatus, Europe, Fries. Unknown. Based on an old picture.

violaceo-maculatus, China, Patouillard. Unknown to me.

virellus, Europe, Fries. Based on picture=cristatus sans doubt.

viscosus, Europe, Persoon. Not a Polyporus but a Boletus.

Whiteae, United States, Murrill. Unknown to me.

xoilopus, Europe, Rostkovius. Unknown except from a doubtful picture.

SECTION LENTUS.

This section generally has mesopodial stipes. They are thinner, more pliant,
or coriaceous than the section Ovinus. Also they are mostly epixylous in
habitat. All as far as known have pale context hyphae and white spores.

45. LENTUS. PORES SMALL.

a. WHITE.

TRICHOLOMA (Fig. 466).— White, strongly marked with ciliate
hairs on the margin when young, but they are detersive. Pileius de-
pressed in the center. Spores 4x6, hyaline, smooth. Frequent in
tropical America.

CRYPTOPUS (Fig. 467).— Growing attached to grass stems in
western United States. Similar to rhizophilus of Tunis, but has smaller
pores and spores.

CORYLINUS.— Only known from illustration (Viv. t. i) from Italy, but
seems very distinct.

LEPTOCEPHALUS.— Only known from an old illustration (Jacq. Misc. i,
t. 12) but seems quite characteristic. In short, it is elegans zmthout a black stipe.

(albiceps, see page 180. Specimens with uncolored steins would be sought here.)

b. GRAYISH OR FULIGINOUS BROWN.

BRUMALIS. — Stipe and pileus fuliginous. Pores small but elon-
gated, white. Common both in Europe and the United States, on
branches, late in the season.

170

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SECTION LENTUS.

Fig. 466

Lentus tricholoma. With section enlarged, showing marginal hairs.

Fig. 467
Lentus cryptopus.

CILIATUS. — Very close to brumalis but lighter color and more
slender and grows often attached to buried sticks. It is rare in
Europe.

LEPIDEUS. — Close to brumalis but of a different color, pale
yellowish, fuliginous. Very rare in Europe, known only on birch.

SCABRICEPS. — Known from one specimen at Kew from Cuba.
Close to brumalis but has more scabrous pileus. Still it is not well
named.

GUARANITICUS. — Close to brumalis as to shape and size.
Close to lepideus as to color, but the pores are small and round.

VERNALIS. — Close to brumalis but more slender and yellowish.
Rare in Europe and only known to me from the figure by Quelet.

UMBILICATUS. — Close to brumalis but more smooth and rigid.
Known from the type at Kew from India. I have also a specimen
from India from Rev. Theissen.

c. COLOR YELLOW OR REDDISH BROWN.

FUSCIDULUS. — Rare, and the only collection known is in
Cooke's herbarium and was collected in England. Figured by Bolton
(t. 170). When fresh seems to have white flesh and yellozv pores.

PECKIANUS. — Pileus thin, infundibuliform, with a central stem.
Pale yellow when fresh as are the small pores. Grows in the ground,
hence might be sought in Ovinus, but is too thin for that section.

171

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SECTION LENTUS.

Fig. 468

Lentus virgatus

VIRGATUS (Fig. 468). — Known from one abundant collection
from Cuba. The type is at Kew. Pileus of peculiar reddish brown
color and appressed fibrils. Context and pores also reddish brown.

SUB VIRGATUS.— A plant of India very close to virgatus of the
American tropics as to color, shape, and size, but is devoid of the
virgate fibrils and the pores are not at all irregular.

IRINUS. — Known to me only from the figure (Bull. Myc. France, 1888,
t. XII). Seems to be a reddish plant with a zonate pileus.

REPANDO-LOBATUS. — Specimen at Paris which is very close to virgatus
and endorsed by Patouillard on the label as same, but which seems to me to be
a little different.

Unknown to me Except from Description.

Guarapiensis, South America,
pauperculus. South America,
tucumaoensis, South America,
fuegianus, South America-
Braziliensis, South America.
dictyoporuS; West Indies,
depressus. South America.

172

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SECTION LENTUS.

d, MICROPORUS. THIN, RIGID WITH MINUTE, WHITE PORES IN
A VERY THIN LAYER. COLOR REDDISH BAY OR SIENNA
BROWN.

A natural section (or perhaps one species) which runs also to forms with
lateral stems (Cfr. page 142). (See also Synopsis of Microporus section pub-
lished, 191 o.)

XANTHOPUS (Fig. 469).— Stipe smooth, yellow. Pileus
smooth. A very common species, particularly in Africa, but it occurs
also in the East in general. It seems to be absent from the American
tropics.

FLORIDEUS. — At best only a dark form of xanthopus with a short stipe.

Fig. 469

Lentus xanthopus.

CONCINNUS.— Stem slender, black. Pileus covered with a uni-
form, fine, downy, velvety pubescence. This is a rare form in Africa.

INCOMPTUS.— Stem dark or black. Pileus with pubescent
zones. This appears to be a common form in Africa and is frequently
sent to Europe with xanthopus. However, I believe they are distinct.
It was included in my Synopsis under the name Holstii.

173

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SECTION LENTUS.

PSEUDO-PERENNIS.— Stipe dark or black. Pileus densely
covered with appressed pubescence, faintly zoned, with narrow,
glabrous zones. Known from a single collection at Berlin from Africa.
Though the plant has no relations, it has a general resemblance to
Polystictus perennis.

46. PORES LARGE.

Some of these might be placed in Favolus to probably better
classification.

a. WHITE.

FAVOLOIDES (Fig. 470). — Known only from one specimen
from Africa, in alcohol at Berlin. A very marked species with thin,
white, umbilicate pileus, long, slender stem, and large, white, favoloid
pores.

FlK. 470
Lentus favoloides.

FIk.471

Lentus partitus.

Fig. 472

Lentus nanus.

NANUS (Fig. 472). — Known from one collection from Algeria
at Paris. A little species growing in the sand. Spores are globose,
4-5, hyaline, smooth. Color seems to me to have been white though
described as pale yellowish.

RHIZOPHILUS.— Collected by Patouillard. Common in Tunis,
attached to grass culms. Very similar to cryptopus of the United
States but has larger pores and spores.

174

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SECTION LENTUS.

FIfl. 473

Lentus Marmellosensis.

FIfl. 474

I^entus orbicularis.

PARTITUS (Fig. 471). — Pileus thin, mesopodal and usually more
or less parted or lobed, reddish brown, rigid. Pores thin, large, shallow
with thin walls, white. Stipe mesopodal, lateral from the imperfect
formation of the pileus, slender, dull, dark surface. Known from sev-
eral collections from Spruce, Brazil, at Kew, also one collection at
Berlin.

b. COLOR BRIGHT YELLOW.

TILIAE. — Kno^yn only from Icones, Kalchbrenner, t. 38. All parts of the
plant are bright yellow. Very peculiar if correctly depicted, but probably an
exaggeration or imagination of some kind, as the -author was much given to
drawing imaginary pictures. No such plant is now known in Europe.

c. COLOR BROWN OR BROWNISH.

ARCULARIUS. — Pores large, favoloid, white. Pileus brownish,
often infundibulform, more or less scaly. A widely distributed plant
^ 175

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION LENTUS.

in most countries of the world. In the United States it is common in
the spring. In Europe it is of a southern range only. Frequent in
the tropics.

SPECIES WHICH ARE CLOSE IF NOT THE SAME AS ARCULARIUS.

squamiger (as Favolus), Australia.

cremoricolor, India.

aemulans, Cuba.

maculatus, India.

tunetanus Algeria. Placed in Melanopus, but I think belongs here.

arculariellus. United States. The late summer form of arcularius.

arculariformis, United States.

CILIARIS (as Favolus) (Fig. 475). — This plant occurs in tropical America
and is very close to Polyporus tricholoma but zmth much larger pores and
close to Polyporus arcularius, but with smaller pores. It was distributed by Ule
as a variety of Polyporus tricholoma.

ORBICULARIS (Fig. 474). — Known to me from one collection
at Berlin made in that vicinity, referred by Hennings to Boucheanus
but surely not that. It has a sublateral stipe and large, favoloid pores.
It seems to answer the description, but of course that is only a guess.

LENTUS. — Very much the same as arcularius excepting its color
which is paler and the plant is more tough. Formerly collected, ap-
parently in abundance, on old stems of gorse (Ulex) in England, but
not in recent years. Recorded in error from the United States.

MARMELLOSENSIS (Fig. 473).— Known from but one speci-
men from Brazil at Berlin, which is most peculiar. Thin, dark, red-
dish brown with larc^e, white, round pores. So thin it might be sought
in Polystictus or really in Hexagona from its pore shapes. It is the only
similar plant known.

(Boucheanus, see Ovinus, page 168, probably better classed herej

LENTUS SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME AND NOT FIGURED.

Incendiarius. — Smooth, white, said to be "copious" in Russia, but unknown in the museums of
Europe.

Penningtonia. South America.

Velutipes, China. Said to have a viscid pileus and contorted pores.

Fa^cola, United States. Known only from the type locality.

Variiporus, West Indies. Said to resemble Tricholoma, but has large pores.

47. LENTUS. SUBGELATINOUS WHEN FRESH (TEND-
ING TOWARD LASCHIA.)

GRACILIS. — Smooth, reddish brown, small pores, with smooth,
reddish stem. When fres'h it is subgelatinous. Several collections are
known, all from tropical America. Original at Kew from the West
Indies. The color of the dried specimens is reddish brown, but we
suspect that when fresh it is white.

FORM. — We have from Rev. Rick of Brazil a collection which we think
is the same species as the preceding but with notably larger pores.

176

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SECTION LENTUS.

48. LENTUS. ABERRANT SPECIES AS TO SHAPE. IN-
FUNDIBULIFORM, GIBBOUS, OR VERY MINUTE.

CRATERELLUS. — Infundibuliform, brown now, described as
white or yellow, and it may have been white. Spores abundant, 4x5,
hyaline, smooth. Only known from original collection at Kew from
Cuba.

CONFUSUS (Fig. 476). — In shape, size, and color apparently
the same as the preceding and so originally determined. Spores 3-4 x
12-14. Known from a collection from Louisiana, sent by Ellis to Kew.

Fig. 477

Fig. 478

Lentus Tuba.

Lentus acicula

(enlarged six times).

Fig. 476

Lentus confusus.

TUBA (Fig. 477). — Peculiar, gibbous shape which has been in-
accurately described as cup-shaped. Known only from the original
collection at Kew from Cuba.

ACICULA (Fig. 478). — If it is a Polyporus, and I can not say it
is not, it is unique in its small size, not much larger than a pin head
and known from a single specimen from Cuba at Kew.

177

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SECTION LENTUS.

SYNONYMS, REJECTED AND UNKNOWN SPECIES.

agriceus, Ceylon, Berkeleynuarcularius as Berkeley himself referred.

alveolarius, United States, Bosc. Figure is a crude representation of arcu-
larius.

apalus, Brazil, Berkeley=gracilis.

Armitii, Australia, Cooke. No type exists. It was figured in Grevillea but
I do not know as to its accuracy. Referred afterwards to stipitarius, but that
surely was an error if the figure at all represents it.

bataviensis, Java, Holtermann. From the figure I judge it is Laschia
caespitosa.

Binnendykei, Java, Cooke. No specimen exists. Based on an old drawing,
probably pale arcularius.

cachoeriacensis, Brazil, Hennings=^partitus.

callochrous, Leveille. Neither specimen nor locality known.

clypeatus, South America, Patouillard (as Laschia) ^gracilis.

collybioides, Australia, Kalchbrenner. Type inadequate.

Columbiensis, United States, Berkeley. Oregon, not South Carolina as in-
accurately compiled by Mr. Murrill. The type is a little discolored frustule that
tells nothing and which should never have been named.

conspicabilis, Europe, Britzelmayr. Not worth the trouble of bothering
with his crude cartoons.

Cowelli, West Indies, Murrill. From the description I judge it is the same
as gracilis, which the author does not seem to know although there is a good
type at Kew.

crassipes, India, Curry=xanthopus.

cupreo-nitens, Australia, Kalchbrennerr^xanthopus.

Curtisii, United States, Berkeley (as Favolus), a late form of arcularius,
changed to arculariellus by Murrill.

cyathiformis, Leveille, West Indies. No type exists. Probably the same as
Polyporus craterellus.

dibaphrus. United States, Berkeley=:brumalis.

esculentus, Europe, Britzelmayr. Cartoon.

favnilaris. East Indies, Fries. No type exists.

flavidus (bis), United States, Peck. Changed to Peckianus.

flexipes, Brazil, Fries. No type exists. Supposed by Fries to be the same
as gracilis, but I have little doubt it was the same as Polyporus Tricholoma.

floccopus, Europe, Rostkovius. Seems from the crude picture to be the
same as lentus.

fuligineo-albus, Europe, Trog. Unknown to me.

hapalus, Brazil, Saccardo. A variant spelling of apalus.

Humphreyi, West Indies, Hennings. No specimen in the cover at Berlin,
but said by Murrill to be the same as Polyporus Tricholoma. Whether he
saw it or merely guessed at it he does not state.

Katui, Marshall Island, Ehrenberg^xanthopus. It was finely illustrated
under the name Katui and on its merits this name should be used.

luridus, United States, Berkeley=brumaHs.

meizoporus, Cuba, Berkeley (in Saccardo as a variety of stipitarius). I
find no type.

melanocephalus, Japan, Patouillard. Type small and inadequate. Probably
discolored by alcohol.

Mildbachii (Mss. at Berlin), Africa,=concinnus.

mycenoides. New Caledonia, Patouillard=:Laschia caespitosa.

obolus. Central America, Ellis. I have not seen this, but the description
indicates gracilis.

obscura, China, Kalchbrenner. Unknown. Probably arcularius.^

paraguayensis, South America, Spegazzini. Same as guarapiensis, but more
pleuropodal.

Perula, Africa, Palisot. Picture probably represents deformed specimen of
xanthopus.

178

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SECTION LENTUS.

phaeoxanthus, United States, Montagne. Type is a mere frustule (cfr.
Myc. Notes, p. 492).

pisiformis, Australia, Kalchbrenner. "Type" is a little incipient sessile,
undeveloped pad, about the size and appearance of a wart. Should never have
been named at all and most certainly should never have been put in the section
Lentus of stipitate fungi" where Cooke placed it.

planus, Europe, Wallroth. Unknown. As it grew in the ground it may
not belong to the section Lentus.

platensis. South America, Spegazzini. Unknown.

Polyporus Polyporus. This gibberish sounds to me more like the college
yell of the Carlisle Indians than "Latin," but is alleged to be a Latin name
for Polyporus brumalis. I doubt if a Roman barmaid would have been guilty of
employing such silly language, and yet men who claim to be "scientific" have the
assurance to go into print with such names under the pretext that they are
employing Latin.

Puiggarii, Brazil, Spegazzini. Unknown.

quadrans, Australia, Berkeley. No type exists. From the description it
seems to be xanthopus.

rubripes, Europe, Rostkovius. Known only from an old picture which is
probably inaccurate.

rubro-maculatus, Europe, Britzelmayr. Cartoon.

saccatus, Rawak, Persoon^iixanthopus.

similis, Brazil, Berkeley. Type very scanty but probably=Polyporus Tricho-
Joma.

squamoso-maculatus, India, Saccardo. Change of maculatus of Berkeley
because Peck, twenty years later, published another under the same name.
Berkeley's name does not seem to have needed changing very badly on this
account.

stipitarius, Cuba, Berkeley=='Polyporus Tricholoma.

substriatus, Europe, Rostkovius. Only known from an old illustration which
appears to me to be the same as lepideus.

tubarius, Europe, Quelet. Unknown except from his figure, which seems
too close to vernalis.

umbilicatus, Java, Junghuhn— arcularius, teste Fries. Bresadola claims it
is diflferent from arcularius, but by such slight structural differences that I can
not grasp them. The types at Leiden I should refer to arcularius.

Vossii, Europe, Kalchbrenner=:)brumalis, teste Bresadola.

Weddelii, Brazil, Montagne. No type exists.

Zenkeri, Africa, Hennings. No specimens found at Berlin. Seems from
description to be pale xanthopus.

Zollingeri, Java, Saccardo. Unknown and unknowable from such descrip-
tions.

179

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SECTION MELANOPUS.

Plants that have black stems are called Melanopus, but we include in this
section only those with pilei that would be classed as Lentus. The soft, fleshy
species are included in Ovinus, Sections 43 and 44. Others with black stems
will be found in Section Petaloides, Section 23, and in Microporus, Section 45d.

49. STIPE PLEUROPODAL OR CENTRAL, RARELY LAT-
ERAL. PORES MINUTE.

VARIUS. — Pores very minute, white. Pileus dark bay to almost
black, smooth. Flesh firm. Type form is common in Europe and it
occurs under varying forms in many countries. The following eight
could easily be considered as forms.

ALBICEPS. — Pileus white, smooth, with firm, compact, white
flesh. Pores very minute, white, decurrent. Stem mesopodal, white,
rarely slightly black at the very base. The stem is not always black
at the base hence the plant may not be sought for in this section. Its
firm flesh, small pores, and other characters bring it very close to
Polyporus varius even if occasional specimens were not found show-
ing a ''black stem.'' The plant is rare in the United States.

ELEGANS. — This has all the characters of varius except the
small size which is so constant that on this one character it is generally
held to be a good species.

PICIPES. — Name applied to the black form of varius with more velvety-
stems. Frequent in England. In the United States this name is applied to a
thin dark form of varius.

LEPRODES. — A deformed, irregular, submerismatoid form of varius. Rare
in Europe and the United States. Given in Fries as a variety of Polyporus
melanopus.

ADMIRABILIS. — A large, white, thick plant with a rudimentary stem.
Very different from varius in some features but very close in the essentials.
Rare, and occurs in the extreme eastern part of the United States.

BLANCHETIANUS. — For me this is a tropical, reduced form of varius.
Short stem, small size, but in all essential characters it is the same as varius.

DICTYOPUS. — For me the tropical form of picipes-varius. Color black
and it is smaller than the form of temperate regions. Usually known as in-
fernalis of Berkeley which is the same thing. Widespread in tropical countries,
Brazil, Africa, Ceylon.

PAUCHERI (Fig. 482). — A form of the preceding with striate pileus.
Common in Australia and at Kew it is referred to infernalis.

MELANOPUS. — Pileus villose or rarely scaly. Growing in the
ground attached to buried sticks by which habits it can be told from
varius which usually grows on trunks or decayed spots of living trees.
Rather rare in both Europe and the United States.

180

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION MELANOPUS.

Fig. 479

Melanopus Rhizomorphus.

Fig. 480

Fig. 481

Fig. 482

pus veluticeps.

Melanopus Lepreurii

i8i

Melanopus Paucheri.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SECTION MELANOPUS.

Fig. 483

Melanopus rubrocastaneus.

Fig. 484

Melanopus hemicapnodes.

Fig. 485

Melanopus Guyanensis (with pores enlarged X6).

RHIZOMORPHUS (Fig. 479).— Produced by long, black, woody
rhizomes which I judge are aerial. Known from abundant material
in Montague's herbarium from tropical America.

VERNICOSUS.— Mesopodal, black. Quite peculiar structure,
having the dark hyphae prolonged into protruding pointed setae in
the pores. Known from a single specimen at Kew from Brazil.

VELUTICEPS (Fig. 480).— Quite different from all others of
this section, the pileus having the general appearance and color of
Polystictus perennis. Stem black, spores doubtless white. Not re-
lated to perennis however. Known from one collection from Africa
at Kew.

HEMICAPNODES (Fig. 484) .—Slender, smooth, sometimes in-
fundibuliform at first. The slender, black stipe is sometimes meso-
podal and lateral in the same collection. Originally from Ceylon,
common in Samoa and seems to occur in the East generally.

182

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SECTION MELANOPUS.

LEPRIEURII (Fig. 481). — Entire plant including the minute
pores is dark, fuliginous. Stipe mesopodal or in most of the speci-
mens lateral. Known from very abundant collections sent Montagne
from French Guiana.

HYDNICEPS.— Stipe short, rudimentary but black. The "hyd-
noid" processes of the pileus from which the plant was named are much
exaggerated. Known from three apparently undeveloped specimens
at Kew, from Cuba. I should not be surprised if it develops into the
section Merisma when it is well known.

RUBRO-CASTANEUS (Fig. 483).— Stem short, black, meso-
podal. Pileus infundibuliform, reddish brown, smooth. Pores small,
decurrent. Hyphae pale colored. Spores not found. This is the only
truly infundibuliform species with black stem. The pileus is the same
peculiar reddis-h color as Polyporus virgatus. Specimens from Malacca
(Malay) at Kew.

50. STIPE PLEUROPODAL OR CENTRAL. PORES

MEDIUM.

GUYANENSIS (Fig. 485).— Slender with a dark, slender stipe.
Pores white, medium, favoloid in shape. Seems to be frequent in
tropical America.

PODLACHICUS. — Unknown to me, but described as similar to elegans
but larger pores. Rare in Europe, no doubt.

51. STIPE PLEUROPODAL OR CENTRAL. PORES LARGE,

FAVOLOID.

(Probably all better classed in the genus Favolus.)

PUTTEMANSII (Fig. 486).— Pileus white, with dull, smooth
surface. Pores large, favoloid, white. Stipe all black. Known from
a half specimen at Berlin from Brazil. I have also a specimen from
Rev. Rick.

WRIGHTII (Fig. 487).— Pileus white with striate surface.
Pores large, white. Stipe mesopodal, black, abruptly enlarged at the
base. Type from Cuba (Wright 201) but not found at Kew nor
cited by Berkeley. Known to me from a specimen from Rev. Rick,
Brazil, which seems to accord with the description, but of course I
can not say that it is correct.

VADOSUS. — Pileus rigid, pale, with smooth or slightly virgate
pileus. Stipe mesopodal, black, with a rooting base. Pores large,
favoloid, shallow. Based on a specimen at Berlin, collected in Guade-
lupe by Duss and determined, evidently in error, as '^Favolus dermo-
porus, Pers." This may be the same as marasmioides, which is un-
known to me.

183

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SECTION MELANOPUS.

Fig. 486

Melanopus Puttemansii.

Fig. 487

Melanopus Wrightii.

Fig. 488

Melanopus palpebralis.

PALPEBRALIS (Fig. 488).— Pileus dark, thin, with a minutely
tomentose surface. Margin ciliate with short hairs. Pores dark,
favoloid. Stipe mesopodal, slender, black. Based on a specimen at
Paris from French Guiana, labeled by Montagne "ciliaris vel affinis."
It is close to ciliaris but differs in its dark color and black stipe.

MARASMIOIDES. — Not seen by me, but it seems peculiar in its slender
form and habitat (seed of Melioma). Perhaps it is the same as vadosus.

184

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SECTION MELANOPUS.

52. STIPE LATERAL, BUT THE PILEUS IS NOT SPATHU-
LATE. PORES MINUTE.

LATERATUS. — Pileus reniform, white, firm. Pores minute, now
dark. Stipe lateral, black. Named by Persoon from a specimen from
Rawak now preserved in good condition at Paris. Referred by Pries,
who never saw it, to Polyporus aifinis, to which it has no affinity, and
compiled in error in Saccardo as a synonym. In my opinion it is a
lateral stemmed form of elegans of Europe.

Fig. 489

Melanopus nephridius.

Fig. 490

Polyporus melan-
opus (bis).

NEPHRIDIUS (Fig. 489).— Pileus bay brown, with a slightly
scabrous surface. Stipe lateral, short, black. Pores white, minute.
Known from a few collections from South America. It is a plant
intermediate between this section and the section Microporus, but is
closer to this.

GAYANUS. — Pileus rigid, firm, smooth. Context pale. Stipe
black, lateral, rudimentary. Known from one collection made in Chile
by Gay, which has another name, cycliscus.

(Dictyopus and hemicapaodes in the preceding sections sometimes have lateral stipes.)

53. STIPE LATERAL BUT PILEUS NOT SPATHULATE.
PORES MEDIUM OR LARGE.

-A minute, little plant, known from
cm. in diameter, at Upsala, collected

PUSILLUS (bis or tris).-
one single specimen, less than i

in Brazil, eighty years ago. Stipe lateral, short, round, black. Pores
favoloid. Referred by Fries to his then new genus, Favolus, but is
quite distinct from the type of plants that have since become known
under that name.

185

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SECTION MELANOPUS.

MELANOPUS (bis) (Fig. 490).— Pileus reniform, smooth.
Pores medium favoloid. Stipe lateral, smooth, black. Known from
two little specimens in Montagne's herbarium from South America.
Classed by Montagne in Favolus but its relations are entirely with
this section.

54. (PETALOIDES) STIPE LATERAL. PILEUS SPATHU-
LATE, TAPERING TO THE STIPE.

These plants could be put in a section Melanopus of Section Pe..aloides with equal propriety.

GUILFOYLEI (Fig. 491). — Pileus thick, rigid, smooth, pale or
yellowish. Pores very minute. Pileus tapering to a short, black stipe.
Originally from Australia. Specimens at Kew from Australia, Samoa,
Philippines, Malay, and Mexico.

Fig 491

Melanopus Guilfoylei.

Fig. 492

Melanopus Warburgianus.

WARBURGIANUS (Fig. 492).— Pileus thick, rigid, smooth,
dark. Pores minute, dark. Stipe short, black but there is no distinct
ring at the base as shown in Hennings' figure. Known from a single
specimen at Berlin from the Celebes. Classed by Hennings and found
in Saccardo as Fomes (sic). Murrill's Philippine references are all
wrong.

XEROPHYLLUS (Fig. 493). — Pileus subreniform, but tapering
to the short, black stipe. Surface strongly raised, striate. Pores
minute. Known from a single specimen at Kew from New Zealand.

186

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SECTION MELANOPUS.

Fig 493

Melanopus xerophyllus.

Fig 494

Melanopus radiato-scruposus.

Fig 496

Melanopus malnominus.

RADIATO-SCRUPOSUS (Fig. 494).— Pileus spathulate, dark
brown, strongly rugulose, striate, tapering to a short, lateral black stipe.
Pores small. Known only from the type specimens at Berlin from
Brazil.

MALNOMINUS (Fig. 495).— Pileus spathulate, reddish brown,
smooth, with crenate, lobed, thin margin, tapering to short, smooth,
lateral, black stipe. Pores minute, probably white when fresh. Speci-
mens at Paris from Mexico which had been sent to Cooke and named
"Teysmanni, Berk." which does not exist, and the name is not appro-
priate for a Mexican plant.

SYNONYMS, REJECTED AND UNKNOWN SPECIES.

atratus, Mexico, Fries. No type exists.

atripes, Asia, Rostrup. Unknown.

atrofuscus, South America, Leveille. Type inadequate. Probably only a
short stemmed specimen of lateralis.

Beccarianus, Borneo, Cesati. Unknown.

Calyculus, South America, Patouillard. Unknown to me, but from the
figure I judge it is hemicapnodes.

cyathoides, Europe, Swartz. Unknown in the museums and referred to a
small form of melanopus.

cycliscus. South America, Montagne=Gayanus and based on tfie same
collection.

diabolicus (bis), Brazil, Spegazzini. Unknown.

dimorphus, Malay, Cooke=hemicapnodes with a lateral stipe.

fissus. United States, Berkeley. Type inadequate. Probably depauperate
picipes and not fissile.

glabratus, Australia, Kalchbrenner. Unknown.

infernalis, Brazil, Berkeley=dictyopus, but most of the specimens in the
museums bear this name.

Juranensis, Brazil, Hennings (as var. of Leprieurii)=Guyanensis.

maculosus. Central America, Murrill. Unknown.

187

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SECTION MELANOPUS.

minimus, Europe, Fries. A tiny, little form of elegans. No specimens known.

nephelodes, South America, Leveille. No type exists. Said by Fries to be
the same as infernalis.

nigripes, Africa, Massee— hemicapnodes.

nummularius, Europe, Bulhard^elegans.

pertenuis, Asia, Kalchbrenner. Unknown.

pusillus, Asia, Rostrup. Unknown to me. Said to be zoned, hence probably
does not belong in this section.

rufo-atratus, Brazil, Berkeley:=rhizomorphus (sans rhizomes).

scabellus, West Indies, Patouillard=rnephridius.

seminigrita, Brazil, Berkeley=:Guyancnsis.

Strangerii, Australia, Mueller. Unknown. Seems from the description to
be dictyopus.

subelegans, West Indies, Murrill. Unknown to me. The description sug-
gests xerophyllus or radiato-scruposus.

tephromelas. South America, Montagne^Leprieurii.

Teysmanni, Mexico, Cooke. (Mss.) Changed to malnominus.

trachypus. United States, Montagne. Based on an abortive picipes.

tubaeformis, Europe, Karsten. Evidently close to varius and given as a
form in Saccardo.

Underwoodii, United States, Murrill. I think will prove to be the same
as admirabilis.

versiformis, India, Berkeley. Based on two little specimens, one of which
seems to be melanopus, the other I think is different.

Fig. 496

Petaloides osseus.
168

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ADDENDA.

NOTES. COMMENTS AND OMISSIONS.

The following points have come up since this pamphlet has
been in type. We include here some comments on RomelFs article
on Brazilian fungi, a critical and valuable paper which we did not
have at Kew, when the main portion of this pamphlet was written.

MESOPODIAL AND PLEUROPODIAL.

These terms which are really coined words, meaning central and excentric
stemmed, are for the most part spelled Mesopodal and Pleuropodal in the body of
the work. The correct spelling is probably Mesopodial and Pleuropodial to corre-
spond with the word podial as spelled in the Century Dictionary.

SECTION GANODERMUS 2.

LUCIDUS. — Several collections received from CD. Mahaluxmirala shows that
this is one of the most puzzling and variable species in the tropics. The tropical
form so referred are not as strongly laccate as the European form. The stem is
usually shorter, thicker, and often mesopodial. It is usually pleuporodial in temper-
ate regions. It varies in the tropics also greatly as to the color. Numerous inter-
mediate species connect it with Curtisii.

• SECTION AMAURODERMUS 5.

AURISCALPIUM. — A fine collection has recently been received from Gustav
Peckolt, Brazil. It is evidently quite a common plant in Brazil. The stipe pro-
ceeds from a deep rooting rhizome and probably connected with a creeping rhizome,
though none of these specimens show it.

Most of the specimens are "auriscalpium" in shape, though some are meso-
podial. I expect in time that Auriscalpium, omphalodes, praetervisus, boleticeps,
and rufobadius will all prove to be one and the same species.

SECTION AMAURODERMUS 5.

CHAPERI (Page 112, fig. 406). — We have recently received a specimen from
Gustav Peckolt, Brazil, which is the second specimen known. The original in the
museum at Paris was supposed to come from Cuba.

It has a character that I have noted in but very few species (Polyporus verni-
cosus p. 182, and Fomes pachyphloeus Myc. Notes Pol. Issue, p. 34). The ligneous,
colored, hyphae fibrils of the pore walls are pointed on the ends and project into
the pores simulating the colored setae of many species, which are called cystidia,
and which are distinct from the subhymenial tissue.

SECTION AMAURODERMUS 5.

RUDIS. — Specimens received from Australia are much larger than any in the
museums of Europe. One specimen had a pileus eight inches in diameter.

SECTION AMAURODERMUS 5.

VARIABILIS (cfr. p. 111). — I think this is only known from the original
collections of Spruce (No. 57 and 183 part) and Berkeley confused under this name
two quite different species. Romell refers here and figures a plant from Brazil
that must be different, first in its dark color (atrocastaneus). Variabilis is pale-
colored. Second, in its much more obese habits (cfr. Romell's figure, Tab. 2, f. 31,
with our figure 405 of the type). Third, in the spores described as "granulis,"
and they are smooth as far as I can note in the type.

189

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SECTION LIGNOSUS 10.

DEALBATUS. — Few plants have been worse confused than dealbatus. It
was originally collected by Ravenel and Curtis and named by Berkeley in 1853.
These types are all I have seen. (There are cotypes also in Ravennel's collection
in British Museum). They are found in a "Fomes" cover at Kew, but should be
classed as a Polyporus.

At the same time Berkeley named mutabilis also from Ravenel's collection.
It has little resemblance to dealbatus (cfr. figs. 422 and 446), and is a thin, zonate
plant, a Polystictus as classed. Ravenel distributed (Fasc. 3, No. 10), Polystictus
mutabilis as dealbatus, and Berkeley, when he made his resume in Grevillea, cites
this distribution as being correct. Berkeley made so many "new species" he could
not remember them himself.

Dealbatus is found in Saccardo, vol. 6, p. 159, as a "Fomes," and also page 218
as a ** Polystictus," both with exactly the same description, word for word, and
"Polystictus" has as much resemblance to "Fomes" as a piece of paper has to a
lump of coal. It is a good example of the value of our "literature."

Murrill, in his half-hour studies in the principal museums, probably never saw
the type specimen, for he gives mutabilis as a synonym for dealbatus. He uses the
word dealbatus in keeping with the sacred principle of priority, it having been pub-
lished in a "prior" position (the previous page) in the same article. Of course,
that is much more important for the purpKjse of a juggle than the fact that the plants
have little resemblance or relation to each other, and should not be classified in the
same section. Then to make the matter more binding he discovers that mutabilis
and unguicularius (which no one knows anything about) and a few others form a
"new genus" and takes Polyporus dealbatus as his "type species."

SECTION LIGNOSUS 10.

PAULENSIS. — In a letter just received from Bresadola, he writes me that
paulensis is a young specimen of angustus. I should never suspect it and the spores,
according to my observations, were not the same.

SECTION LIGNOSUS 11 C.
Context colored. Setae present.
(See Musashiensis, page 135, Fig. 436. Also remarks on page 191).

SECTION LIGNOSUS IIB.

SCOPULOSUS. — This is a marked species with its black stem and smooth
pale pileus crust. It was named by Berkeley from Australia fifty years ago, and
the type is in good condition although "effete." Then Reichardt published a good
figure of it under the name Trametes Rhizophorae. It grows in Australia and in
the East abundantly, and has been known to European mycologists from abundant
collections for years. It was sent to Murrill from the Philippines in quantities, and
he referred it to a "new genus" that he had discovered under the specific name
anebus, to which species it has no resemblance whatever. On his second visit to
Kew he probably noted that the specimens that Cooke had referred to "anebus"
were badly named and he "corrected" it, this time discovering it was another "new
genus" and referred it to "Warburgianus," to which species it has less resemblance
than to "anebus." It is curious how much easier it is to discover a "new genus"
than it is to learn an old, common and well-known species, which is abundantly
represented in the museums. We havefspecimens from A. D. Machardo, Perak; S.
Hutchings, Bengal; and Bresadola, Philippines.

When in its prime the surface is smooth, but weathered specimens become
scrobiculate. Such a specimen was the "type," and was named evidently from this
"character." This is one of the misfortunes that plants often suffer from being
named by those who have very scanty knowledge of them.

190

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SECTION PETALOIDES 12.

OSSEUS (Fig. 496, page 188). — We have not included Polyporus osseus among
the stipitate species, although as the pilei taper to short stem-like bases, it might
be sought in this section. Its general habits of growth are imbricate, like many
sessile species belonging to the section Apus of Fries. We know of no other species
similar in this respect. Polyporus osseus is a rather rare plant in Europe as it is
in the United States. The flesh when growing is firm and in drying becomes quite
hard, hence it is not badly named. The European plant is white as far as I have
seen specimens, but the American plant is gray. I have known it in America for
years without a name for it, for I did not associate it with the white European
species. However, Bresadola so refers my American specimens, and I believe
correctly. (See Figure 496, page 188).

SECTION PETALOIDES 13.

FRACTIPES. — This has a lateral stem and is a white plant. The "type"
specimen of fractipes may have had its stem broken, but the name has no applica-
tion to the plant usually, and it seems a pity to have a plant so misnamed on account
of an accidental feature of the type. It grows more common in the South, but has
been found by Peck and called Polyporus humilis. It also reaches me from Rev.
Rick, Brazil.

Polyporus Peckianus is a yellow plant with a central stem. It is very rare
and I have but two collections (D. B. Griffin, Vermont, and A. S. Bertolet, Canada).
It is given as a synonym for fractipes by Murrill, but differs entirely. He calls
the plant "fractipes Berk." and draws the description from Peck's specimen. He
puts it in the section Merismus, and neither fractipes nor Peckianus belongs there.
One belonging to the section Petaloides with lateral stem, the other to Lentus with
a central stem.

SECTION PETALOIDES 15.

MODESTUS AND RUBIDUS. The former is frequent in South America,
the latter in the East, and I have been very much puzzled to decide if they are the
same or different species. Both, I think, are rose-colored when fresh, but the old
specimens I have seen are more brown, having lost the fresh color. Romell records
both from Brazil (with different spores), but as he compares the color of rubidus
with vinosus I judge the determination is doubtful. At Leiden I have seen old
specimens determined as rubidus which are dimidiate and imbricate, but I do not
know if correct or not.

Modestus is confused in the Kunze exsiccatae, the specimen at Kew not being
the same as the type at Upsala. Berkeley at first had it right, but afterwards
misled by the Kunze misdetermination he referred it usually to albo-cervinus,
which is a synonym for modestus.

SECTION PETALOIDES 17.

MUSASHIENSIS (page 135, fig. 436).— This, I think would have been better
placed in a section of Lignosus than Petaloides. It should go in Section lie, being
the only species in the section with setae. In its structure it is allied to gilvus, etc.
My reference of Mr. Kawamura's specimen to Henning's species, on the description
only is of course doubtful. The specimen was submitted to Bresadola and was un-
known to him, and he probably is acquainted with Musashiensis.

SECTION PETALOIDES 18A.

PERVERSUS. — We have so indicated a form of Polyporus grammocephalus,
which was collected by Copeland (No. 18) in the Philippines and recorded and dis-
tributed to three museums in Europe as being coracinus, as named by Mr. Murrill.
This collection was probably so named by Mr. Murrill, but is quite different in its
structure in having no cystidia whatever. The original coracinus has very peculiar
cystidia, I am told by Bresadola, and is the same or close to cinnamomeo-squam-
osus as illustrated. Fig. 441. I have not seen the original of coracinus, and until I
learned of the mistake I took these Copeland specimens in good faith.

7, 191

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SECTION PETALOIDES 18 C.

It develops that there are several polyporoids with very peculiar setae, as il-
lustrated in Figures 441 and 442. The species considered in this pamphlet are
cinnamomea-squamosus (p. 138) russiceps (p. 138), megaloporus (p. 138), and co-
racinus (p. 1-46, unknown to me). In addition, Favolus princeps of Cuba has these
same peculiar cystidia and perhaps other species of Favolus. Bresadola is inclined
to refer them all to one species. They seem different to me in macroscopic characters,
though the microscopic characters are quite close.

SECTION MERISMUS 28.

DISPANSUS (Fig. 498). Pileus submerismatoid, appearing to
be borne irregular from a common base. Surface smooth. Color
yellowish. Pores small, colored, reddish brown (about same color
as those of Polyporus rutilans). Context thin, the pores almost
reaching the cuticle. Spores abundant, globose, smooth, 3 J/2-4: mic,
hvaline.

Fig. 498.

Merismus dispansus.

Type from A. Yasuda (No. 7) from Sendai, Japan.

This is quite similar in its habits to Polyporus Wynnei of Europe,
which is the only plant to my knowledge that it suggests. Both are
doubtfully included in the section Merismus. The Japanese plant
is abundantly different from the European in its colored pores, and
spore shape. We have no plant in the United States that approaches
either.

SECTION MERISMUS 29.

FIMBRIATUS. — The common plant in the American tropics which has the
peculiar hy menial configuration, as shown in Figure 453, has been classed in six
different genera. We consider it as a degenerate type of a polyporoid. We refer
it to fimbriatus following Bresadola, though the type specimen of fimbriatus at
Upsala has perfect pores. Otherwise it seems to be the same to us.

192

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SECTION PELLOPORUS 36.

ORIENTALIS (Fig. 499).— Entire plant concolorous, ferru-
ginus brown, turbinate, tapering to a short thick stipitate base.
Surface smooth, faintly zoned, minutely velutinate, soft to the touch.
Context ferrugineus. Hyphae colored. Pores minute. Setae col-
ored, pointed, straight, thickened at the base. Spores 4x5, pale
colored or sub hyaline.

Type from Jintaro Umemuro (No. 1) Akazaki, Japan.

Fig. 499.

Pelloporus orientalis.

This species is allied to Polyporous tomentosus, but differs in
its form, setae, and surface, and has no spongy upper layer. The
spores we have not found in numbers so that we are very sure about
them, and possibly they are hyaline. In that case the plant in its
context color, setae and spores is close to Polyporus musashiensis
(page 135). While the plant is evidently more closely related to
Polyporus tomentosus than to any in the section Pelloporus, we
feel it can not be placed with tomentosus in the section Spongiosus.

193

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SECTION PELLOPORUS 36A.
(Related to Amaurodcrmus).

TURBOFORMIS (Fig. 500).— Pileus depressed on top, turbin-
ate, tapering to a short, thick stem at the base. Surface rugulose,
reddish brown. Context light gilvous yellow, sublignous. Hyphea

Fig. 500

Pelloporus turboformis,

deep yellow. Pores brown, darker than the context, minute, with
glancing mouths. Setae none. Spores globose, non-apiculate, deep
colored, smooth, 5-6 mic. in diameter.

Type from G. H. Krumbiegel, Baroda, India.

This species is quite different from anything that I have found
named in the museums. It resembles a Ganodermus in its general
effect, but is quite different in its context color and spores I am at
a loss where to place it for it really should form a section of lignose
plants close to Amaurodermus. However, I do not like to multiply
the sections. It has a distant relationship to Polyporus vallatus,
hence I place it (provisionally) in a related section, but according to
our key characters it would be sought in Amaurodermus.

194

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SECTION PELLOPORUS 36.

We have a collection from Prof. A. Yasuda (No. 12), Sendai, Japan, which is
unknown to us and we believe unnamed. It seems to have an abortive and probably
fictitious stipe. The color context and pores is ferrugineus. Setae none. Spores
globose 4-5 white (or perhaps very pale color). We would prefer not to name it
until we learn more as to its normal stipe characters.

SECTION PELLOPORUS 37C.
• • Context thin. Hymenium with Setae.

HAMATUS. — Mesopode, subcoriaceus, infundibuliform. Con-
text thin (not spongy). Setae slender curved. Spores colored,
elliptical, smooth, 5-6 x 8-9.

I know this only from Romell's excellent description and figure
based on material from Brazil. It differs from all others of the sec-
tion Pelloporus in having setae. In the nature of the setae (curved)
it is close to Polyporus circinatus (p. 159) in the section Spongiosus.

SECTION OVINUS 39.

We have an unnamed specimen from Prof. Petch, Ceylon, that we would refer
to this section, although it is thinner and not so fleshy as others in this section.
It might be included in Lentus, although as it grows in the ground in its habits it
is more allied to Ovinus. Prof. Petch tells me it is quite rare in Ceylon and grows
in circles.

SECTION MELANOPORUS 44.

HARTMANNI. — The only collections are two at Kew and one recently re-
ceived by me from Miss Margaret Flockton, Australia. The spores are 5x12,
hyaline, smooth. The species is badly figured in the Handbook, as it is evidently
not red as shown, but brown.

SECTION LENTUS 45 (d MICROPORUS).

INCOMPTUS. — This was given in my Synopsis as a synonym for flabel-
liformis, my view being based on a specimen named by Fries, which has a lateral
stipe. In the sense of the figure given in Reliquiae Afzelianae it has a mesopodial
stipe and is the same (and for me the correct name now) as what was called in my
pamphlet Polystictus Holstii. Fries evidently did not attach any value to the
mesopodial and pleuropodial characters in this section.

SECTION LENTUS 46A.

PARTITUS (cfr. p. 175). — Romell records and figures this plant from Brazil.
He records the spores as elliptical, "hyaline-luteolae" 7 x 11-12.

SECTION MELANOPORUS 54.

GUILFOYLEI AND WARBURGIANUS.— These two species are not as close
as might be inferred from our figures. Guilfoylci is a pale colored plant and War-
burgianus is almost black. Murrill refers Guilfoylei as a synonym for elegans, which
is almost as bad a reference as his determination of scopulosus, first as anebus, then
as Warburgianus. The five species Guilfoylei and elegans, anebus scopulosus and
Warburgianus, which he has muddled have no resemblance and little relation one
to the other.

195

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INDEX SYNONYMS, MISTAKES. ETC.

Species which in my <»piiiiofli, are synooyms, errors, mistakes or Uun-
ders, species that rest on some cid Tagae description ot which no material
exists, also the species that have not been seen by me and of which no sped-
mens have been found in the principal museums, together with the country
from which they have been ezfrfoited, and the names ot those who are re-
sponsible for this wori^

PAGE

aU^rtivu* . , . I'nited States Peck 161

a^anthoi^ie- Hcrofx- BuHiard. . 156

A^lanii ( 'e\ Ion Cooke 145

aeiiiulan-.. . ('ul>a Berkeley. 176

aj^ariteu^,., ("eylon Berkeley. 178

Agaric'on Java Zollinger 145

all>*>-<er\inu^. . Brazil Berkeley 145

allxi-rinctu^ . .Africa Patouillard 108

alU>-luieu» \-ia Rostrup 145

alliijatus Europe Fries 156

alpinus Europe Sauter 168

alverjlarius I'nited States Bosc 178

amygdalinus I'nited States Berkeley. . 156

anax I nited States Cooke 156

anisof>orus Europe Montagne 145

annularius Java Fries 145

apalus Brazil Berkeley 178

a(>ophysatus Europe Rostkovius 145

arculariellub I'nited States Murrill 176

arculariformi- I'nited States Murrill 176

argillaceus ( uba Murrill 108

Armitii Australia Cooke 178

asperulatus Philippines Murrill 108

asprellus H^urope Leveille 168

atratus Mexico Fries 187

atripes \sia Rostrup 187

atro-albus Africa Hennings 145

atro-cervinus Brazil Error Sacc 145

atro-fuscus Brazil Leveille 187

atypus Java Leveille 145

auriscalpioides Brazil Hennings 121

Aurora Borneo Cesati 145

avellaneus Central America Murrill 108

banibusicola India Hennings 145

Barrelieri Europe Viviani 156

bataanensis Philippines Murrill 121

Bataviensis Java Holterman 178

Baurii Africa Kalchbrenner 145

Beatiei I'nited States Peck 156

lieccarianus Borneo Cesati 187

benquetensis Philippines Murrill 161

biennis F2urope BuUiard 161

Binnedykei Java Cooke 178

Boleticei)s South America Patouillard 121

bolelicus South America B. S. Myc 121

bomfinensis Brazil Hennings 145

bonariensis South America Spegazzini 156

botryoidcs "Incog" Leveille 156

Brasiliensis Brazil Spegazzini 172

bulbipes Australia Fries 166

bulpipes (bis) Europe Beck 168

196

Digitized by VjOOQIC

INDEX SYNONYMS, MISTAKES, ETC.

Butignoti Europe Boudier 129

cachoeiracensis Brazil Hennings 178

cadaverinus Europe Schulze 168

caespitosus South America Cooke 156

callochrous Incog Leveille 178

Calyculus South America Patouillard 187

Campbelli India Berkeley 168

canalium China Loureiro 129

candidus Europe Roth 156

carbonarius Europe Fries 166

caryophyllaceus South America Cooke 146

casearius Europe Fries 156

cassiaecolor Brazil Berkeley 121

caudicinus Europe Juggle 168

cclebicus East Indies Hennings 146

Ceratoniae Europe Risso 156

cervicornis West Indies Cooke 146

cervino-nitens South America Berkeley 146

Cincinnatus United States Morgan 156

cinerascens ..East Indies Leveille 146

Cladonia Australia Berkeley 166

Clemensiac Philippines Murrill 121

Clusianus Europe Britzelmayr 168

clypeatus South America Patouillard 178

coffeatus West Indies Berkeley 108

collybioides Australia Kalchbrenner 178

Columbiensis United States Berkeley 178

confundens Borneo Cesati 146

conglobatus United States Berkeley 156

conglobatus (bis) Europe Karsten 161

connatus United States Schweinitz 166

conspicabilis Europe Britzelmayr 178

coracinus Philippines Murrill 146

cotyledoneus South America Spegazzini 145

Cowelli West Indies Murrill 178

crassipes India Curry 178

cremoricolor India Berkeley 176

crenatus Ceylon Berkeley 146

cretatus United States Cooke 146

cuneatiformis Philippines Murrill 145

cuprco-nitens Australia Kalchbrenner 178

cupuliformis United States Berkeley 146

Currani Philippines Murrill 108

Currani (bis) Philippines Murrill 146

Curtisii (bis) United States Berkeley (as Favolus) 178

cyathiformis West Indies Leveille 178

cyathoides Europe Swartz 187

cycliscus Chili Montagne 187

declivis Pacific Islands Kalchbrenner 108

decolor Brazil Berkeley 146

decrescens Java Zollinger 145

decurrcns United States Underwood 168

delicatus United States Berkeley 146

dendriticus Mexico Fries 146

depressus South America Patouillard 172

diabolicus (bis) Brazil Spegazzini 187

dibaphrus United States Berkeley 178

dictyoporus West Indies Patouillard 172

dilatatus Java Leveille 145

dilatus (bis) Ceylon Berkeley 146

197

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INDEX SYNONYMS, MISTAKES, ETC.

PAGE

diminutus Australia Massee 146

dimorphus Malay Cooke 187

discifcr Java Patouillard 145

discolor Mauritius Klotzsch 156

dualis United States Peck 161

Earlei United States Underwood 168

Ehrenreichii Brazil Hennings 166

Elmerianus Philippines Murrill 121

eriopus Borneo Ccsati 146

esculentus Europe Britzelniayr 178

Euphorbiae China Patouillard 166

eurocephalus Ceylon Berkeley 156

evanido-squamulosus . . Africa Hennings 145

fagicola United States Murrill 176

favularis Pacific Islands Fries 178

fibro-radians South America Montagne 146

fimbriatus Europe Bulliard 166

fissus U'nited States Berkeley 187

flabellato-lobatum Africa Hennings 146

tlabellatus Europe Bresadola 156

flavidus (bis) United States Peck 178

flaviporus West Indies Murrill 108

flavo-squamosus United States Underwood 168

flavo-virens United States Berkeley 168

flexipes Brazil Fries 1 78

floccopus Europe Rostkovius . 178

forniosissinuis South America Spegazzini 109

Forquignoni France Quelet 168

fuegianus South America Spegazzini 172

fuligineo-albus Europe Trog 178

fuligineus Europe Fries 168

gallinaceus Brazil Berkeley 146

geminella Brazil Moeller 146

glaberimus South America Montagne (as Irpex) 145

glabratus Australia Kalchbrenner 187

Glaziovii Brazil Cooke 156

Glaziovii (bis) Brazil Hennings 156

Gregonii Africa Smith 145

gualaensis South America Patouillard 145

Guarapiensis Brazil Spegazzini 172

Haenslerianus New Zealand Hennings. . 109

hapalus Brazil var. spelling 178

helopus Adventitious Patouillard 156

hemibaphus Brazil Berkeley 129

hirto-lineatus Java Patouillard 145

hispidellus United States Peck 146

hispidoides United States Peck 161

holocyaneus United States Atkinson 168

holophaeus Europe Montagne 161

Holstii. Africa Hennings 146

Hostmanni South America Berkeley 146

humilis United States Peck 146

Humphreyi West Indies Hennings 178

hydrophilus Cuba Berkeley 146

imbricatus Europe Bulliard 156

incendiarius Europe Fries 176

incompletus Borneo Cesati 145

inconspicuus Africa Miquel 146

incrustatus Central America. ..... Fries 109

infernalis Brazil Berkeley 187

198

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INDEX SYNONYMS, MISTAKES, ETC.

PAGE

intonsus Tasmania Berkeley 146

involutus Europe Britzelmayr 146

irregularis Europe Sowerby 156

Javanicus Java Leveille 109

Juranensis Brazil Hennings (as von Leprieurii) . . 187

Kalchbrenneri Europe Fries 161

Kansensis United States Ellis 168

Katui Pac. Islands Ehrenberg 178

Koenigii Ceylon Berkeley 134

Korthalsii Java Leveille 161

Kurzianus Java Cooke 146

labiatus West Indies Patouillard 145

lacer Java Change 146

lacerus Java Junghuhnii 146

lactifluus United States Peck 157

laeticolor United States Murrill 170

languidus Africa Fries 146

leiodermus South America Montague 145

lenzitoides Brazil Berkeley 146

Leprieurii (bis) South America Montague 147

Leprieurii var. juranensisSouth America Hennings 187

Leveillei Java Cooke 147

Libum Australia Berkeley 147

licmophorus India Massee 147

Liebmanni Mexico Fries 147

ligoniformis Europe Bonorden 147

liturarius Pacific Islands . Berkeley 147

lobatus Europe Hudson 157

luridus United States Berkeley 178

luteoluteus United States McGinty 170

maculatus India Berkeley 176

maculosus Central America Murrill 187

malacensis Malay error in Saccardo 147

manubriatus Sumatra Leveille 145

maximus Europe Brotero 161

meizoporus Cuba Berkeley 178

melanocephalus Japan Patouillard 178

Meleagris Pacific Islands Berkeley 147

Memmingeri United States Murrill 161

Menziesii Sumatra Berkeley 147

Merrittii Philippines Murrill 157

Michelii Europe Fries 170

microloma Philippines Leveille 147

Mildbachii Africa Mss Berlin 178

minimus Europe Fries 188

minutissimus Asia Rostrup 147

MoUerianus Africa Saccardo 147

monachus South America Spegazzini 145

monochrous South America Montague 147

Morganii United States Peck 170

Muelleri Australia Kalchbrenner 147

multiceps South America Patouillard 157

multifidus West Indies Klotzsch (as Thelephora) ...... 157

murinus Java Leveille 147

mycenoides New Caledonia Patouillard 178

myclodes Australia Kalchbrenner 170

nanus (bis) Australia Massee 147

neglectus Central America Patouillard . 109

nephelodes .South America Leveille 188

Nepalensis India Berkeley 145

199

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INDEX SYNONYMS, MISTAKES, ETC.

PAGE

nigrescens Brazil Cooke 147

nigripes Brazil Fries 121

nigripes (bis) Africa Massee 188

nodipes India Berkeley 170

notopus Java Leveille 147

novo-guineensis New Guinea Hennings 170

nummularius. . Europe Bulliard 188

nutans Central America Fries 109

obesus United States Ellis 162

obolus Central America Ellis 1 78

obscura China Kalchbrenner 178

obsoletus Brazil Fries 129

occultus Europe Lasch 162

Olea Europe Panizzi 157

olivascens Asia Rostrup 145

olivaceo-fuscus Ceylon Berkeley 170

oxyporus Europe Sauter 157

Pala South America Leveille 121

palensis Philippines Murrill 147

pallidus Brazil Berkeley 129

pallidus (bis) Europe Schulzer 170

paraguaycnsis South America Spegazzini 178

Parmula Brazil Berkeley 121

parvimarginatus South America Spegazzini 145

parvulus British Columbia Klotzsch 166

passerinus Brazil Berkeley 121

Pauletii Europe Fries 157

pauperculus South America Spegazzini 172

peltatus. Costa Rica Fries , . 147

pendula United States Juggle 147

Penningtonii South America Spegazzini 176

Pentzkei Australia Kalchbrenner 145

perdurans Tasmania Kalchbrenner 166

peronatus Europe Schulzer 166

peroxydatus Australia Berkeley 147

pertenuis Asia Kalchbrenner 188

Perula Africa Palisot 178

perzonatus Cuba Murrill 109

petaloides (bis) Europe Fries 147

Pes-simiae Brazil Berkeley 109

phaeoxanthus United States Montagne 179

phlebophorus New Zealand Berkeley 147

pisiformis Australia Kalchbrenner 179

planus Europe Wallroth 1 79

platensis South America Spegazzini 179

platyporus India Berkeley 162

plumarius Cuba Berkeley (as Hydnum) 157

Pocos Japan Berkeley 145

polygrammus Cuba Berkeley 147

poripes United States Fries 170

praelongus Cuba Murrill 109

procerus Brazil Berkeley 121

proliferus United States Lloyd 166

prostratus China Patouillard 145

proteiporus Australia Cooke 162

pseudoboletus South America Spegazzini 170

pseudo-cinerascens New Guinea Hennings 147

puellaris Pacific Islands Kalchbrenner 147

Puiggarii Brazil Spegazzini 179

pulcher Africa Fries 121

200

Digitized by VjOOQIC

INDEX SYNONYMS, MISTAKES. ETC.

PAGE

pullatus China Cooke 121

pulverulentus West Indies Murrill 109

punctiporus Europe Britzelmayr 170

pusillus (bis) Asia Rostrup 188

pusillus West Indies I^eveille 147

putidus Central America Fries 147

quadrans Australia Berkeley " 1 79

ramosissinius Europe Juggle 157

ramosus United States Schweinitz 157

rasipes East Indies . Berkeley 147

Ravenelii (bis) United States Berkeley 147

retipes United States Underwood 170

Rhizophorac East Indies Reichardt 129

rhodophaeus Java Leveille 129

rigescens Perak Cooke 147

Rostafinskii Europe Blonski 157

rubricus India Berkeley 157

rubripes Europe Rostkovius 179

rubro-maculatus Europe Britzelmayr 179

rufo-atratus Brazil Berkeley 188

rufobadius South America Patouillard 121

rufo-ochraceus Brazil Patouillard 147

rugosus (bis) Brazil Berkeley (as Porothelium) 121

russogrammc East Indies Berkeley 147

saccatus East Indies Pcrsoon 179

Sahranpurcnsis India Hcnnings 162

Salpincta New Zealand Cooke 166

saxatilis Europe Britzelmayr 166

scabellus West Indies Patouillard 188

scabriusculus Australia Ikrkeley 157

Schweinfurthianus Africa Hennings 170

scleropodius Africa Leveille 129

scobinaceus Europe Juggle * 170

scutellatus Siberia Borszczow 166

scutiger Europe Kalchbrenner 162, 166

semiclausus Brazil Berkeley 129

scminigrita Brazil Berkeley 188

sericellus Europe Saccardo 162

similis Brazil Berkeley 179

simillimus United States Peck 166

Sistotrema Europe Juggle 162

sparassioidcs South America Spegazzini (as Craterellus) ... 157

spathulatus South America Hooker 166

speciosus Europe Juggle 157

spectabilis United States Fries 162

splendens United States Peck 166

spongia Europe Fries 162

squamaeformis Borneo Berkeley 148

squamiger Australia Berkeley (as Favolus) 176

squamoso-maculatus. . . . India Saccardo 179

stereoides (bis) Cuba Berkeley 148

sterinoidcs South America Hennings 148

stipitarius Cuba Berkeley 179

stipitatus Central America Murrill 109

Strangerii Australia Mueller. 188

Stuckertianus South America Spegazzini 148

subamboinensis Brazil Hennings '109

subelegans West Indies Murrill 188

subflabellus Africa Hennings 148

subfornicatus Central America Murrill 109

20I

Digitized by VjOOQIC

:x:.HX svN- xvMS viista]

i:> n^C-

< -— r^: A--rr^r-

^•^% 'rrrii >^.^- , Brazil Htniiir-^^

•^^hror^-'rUT ,, ,Soj:h Ameri.~a M :*ntj^Tx .

?^-»^»i*^n Europe . Frxr> . ...

7 '-^*-rr^nni Mexico Cot»ke Mss

*'r:ir.T. 'A A-ia . R->?Trup ..

\fA^r\ Europe Inzenga .

t/^r;,ofiorr,i/-n^i* . East Indies . . .Hennin^s

f^/T'^ ,*-v>-ris, . . , , Africa . . .Saccardo.

tr^j/ r,> p .-> , . , , , r'niteH State- . . Montagne .

•ri' hrou- . United States Berkeley . .

♦ri^^l j'rter Error/ . ,F^urope Outlet . . . .

'\ rf/a'i'i , . Europe Fries

7 HU^ai; L'nited ^tate^ Murrill

m\/}if^f/rmi^ Europe Karsten

tuf^rius Europe Ouelet

tubulaeformis. . , . United States Error Sacc.

tw uTnanensis . .South America Spegazzini. .

tunrtanus. . . . . Algeria Patouillard

uduH, Java Junghuhn. .

ijfribihVatus Java Junghuhn .

Urnbraculum Africa Fries

I fjdf rw^>o<Jii United States Murrill

ijn;(uicularis Mexico Fries

variifxjrus West Indies Murrill

V(Iutifx:s China Patouillard .

Verae-crucis Mexico Cooke

vernicifluus Tasmania Berkeley ...

v< rsiforriiis India Berkeley ...

vih*'( inus Africa Fries

vir>la(('o-n)a( ulatus China Patouillard . .

virax India Berkeley ...

vircllus F:urope Fries

virgineus United States Schweinitz. .

vjscoHUs Europe Persoon

vificnsis Pacific Islands Reichardt. . .

Vossii Europe .

VVarniingii Brazil

Wcddclii Brazil

Whitcae United States.

xoilopuH Europe

xylodes Brazil

Zenkeri. Africa

Zollingeri Java

. Kalchbrenner .

. Berkeley

. Montagne

.Murrill

. Rostkovius . . .

. Berkeley

. Hennings

. Saccardo

PAGE

157
U5
1(K)
U5
US
170
121
121
166
170
145
17Q
148
148
148
157
162
188
170
188
145
157
148
148
188
157
129
129
109
188
179
162
172
176
145
179
121
188
148
176
176
166
148
188
148
170
148
170
148
170
145
179
157
179
170
170
121
179
179

202

Digitized by VjOOQIC

INDEX.

Index of the species considered valid in this pamphlet, the section
to which they belong, the country from whence they were exploited, and
the personal name that may be added to them by those who favor this
system of advertisement. Those species that appeal to me as being good

and distinct and as having merit, I put in bold face type. Those that are
better considered as varieties or which are based on more or less doubtful
material are marked with a star in light face type.

PAGE

acicula Lentus Cuba Berkeley 177

admirabilis* Melanopus United States Peck 180

afiinis Petaloides (Micro.) . Java Nees 142

Africanus Ganodermus Africa McOwan 103

albellus* (bis) Petaloides India Massee 137

Albertinii Spongiosus Australia Mueller 160

albiceps Melanopus United States Peck. 180

AUuandi Ganodermus Africa Patouillard .... 107

Amboinensis Ganodermus East Indies Fries 102

angustus Amaurodermus South America Berkeley 114

annulatus Petaloides Java Junghuhn 131

anthelminticus* Spongiosus India Berkeley 158

anthracophilus Merismus Australia Cooke 152

antilopus Petaloides Australia Kalchbrenner . . 142

aquosus Petaloides Brazil. Hennings 130

aratoides* Petaloides New Caledonia. .... Patouillard .... 135

arcularius Lentus Europe Batsch 175

arenatus Lignosus New Guinea Patouillard .... 126

armenicolor Petaloides Cuba Berkeley 142

asperulus* Petaloides New Caledonia Patouillard .... 134

atropurpureus* Lignosus Brazil Berkeley 126

Auriscalpium Amaurodermus Brazil Persoon ....... 113

basilapidoides* Amaurodermus Australia McAlpine 115

Berkeleyi Merismus United States Fries 148

biokoensis Petaloides Africa Hennings 131

Blanchetianus* Melanopus Brazil Montagne 180

Boninensis* (janodermus Bonin Island Patouillard .... 104

Boucheanus* Ovinus Europe Klotzsch 168

brachyporus Petaloides South America Montagne 132

brachypus* Petaloides West Indies Leveille 134

brumalis Lentus Europe Persoon 170

btunneolus Petaloides Philippines Berkeley 133

brunneo-maculatus Petaloides India Currey 133

brunneo-pictus Lignosus Brazil Berkeley 127

caeruliporus Ovinus United States Peck 167

calcigenus Amaurodermus Brazil Berkeley Ill

camerarius Lignosus Brazil Berkeley 126

candidus* Petaloides Europe Persoon 132

carneo-niger Petaloides Australia Cooke 143

Cayennensis* Petaloides Brazil Montagne 136

Chaperi Amaurodermus (^uba Patouillard .... 112

ciliaris* Lentus South America Montagne 176

ciliatus Lentus Europe Fries. 171

cinnabarinus Petaloides Europe Jacquin 144

cinnamomeo-squa-

mulosus Petaloides Africa Hennings. .... 138

cinnamomeus Pelleporus Europe Jacquin 164

circinatus Spongiosus Europe Fries 159

203

Digitized by VjOOQIC

INDEX VALID SPECIES.

PAGE

cochlear Ganodernius Java \ccs 103

cochlearifortnis Petaloides India Cooke 139

Colensoi -. Merismus New Zealand Berkelc>' 152

conchifer Petaloides United States Schweinitz 145

concinnus Lentus. Africa Palisot 173

confluens Ovinus Europe Albertini 167

confusus Lentus United States Massee 177

corrugis Lignosus Europe Fries 122

corylinus* Lentus Europe Viviani 170

Craterellus Lentus Cuba Berkele> 177

cremeo-tomentosus. Merismus Brazil Hennings 152

cristatus Ovinus Europe Persoon 167

cryptopus Lentus United vStates Ellis 1 70

Cutningii Pelleporus Philippines Berkeley 162

Curtisii Ganodernius United States Berkeley 102

cuticularis (bis) Pelleporus United States Morris 165

dealbatus Lignosus U'nited States Berkeley 124

decurrens* Pelleporus United States Morris 164

dependens Pelleporus United States Berkeley 165

diabolicus Fomes (stipitatus) . Brazil Berkeley 100

Dickinsii* Merismus Japan Berkeley 149

dictyopus* Melanopus South America Montagnj 180

Didrichsenii Petaloides Pacific Islands Fries 133

discipes* Petaloides Ceylon Berkeley 135

discoideus Ovinus Cuba Berkeley 167

dispansus Merismus Japan Yasuda 192

distortus* Spongiosum United States Schweinitz 158

dorcadideus Petaloides Australia Berkeley 137

dubiopansus* Lignosus Brazil Demazio 125

elegans Melanopus Europe Bulliard 180

EUisii Ovinus United States Cooke 168

Emerici* Petaloides India Cooke 137

Etnini Ganodernius Africa Hennings 105

exilis Amaurodermus Brazil Berkeley 121

fasciculatus Amaurodermus Africa Patouillard .... 117

favoloides Lentus Africa Hennings 174

favoloides* (bis) Petaloides Africa Hennings 137

fimbriatus Merismus Brazil Fries 152

flabelliformis Petaloides (Micro.) . Mauritius Klotzsch 143

flexipes Ganodernius China Patouillard .... 104

florideus* Lentus (Micro.) .... India Berkeley 173

focicola Pelleporus Cuba Berkeley 164

fornicatus Ganodermus Brazil Fries 104

fractipes Petaloides United States Berkeley 131

fragilissimus* Spongiosum South America Montagne 160

frondosus Merismus Europe Fl. Dan 150

fuscidulus Lentus Europe Schraeder 171

fusco-lineatus* Petaloides Australia Berkeley 137

fusco-tnaculatus . . . Petaloides Samoa Bresadola 130

gallo-pavonis Petaloides Australia Berkeley 134

Gaudichaudii Petaloides Malay Leveille 134

Gayanus Melanopus Chili Leveille 185

giganteus Merismus Europe Persoon 151

Glaziovii Petaloides Brazil Berkeley 135

glutinifer* Petaloides Mauritius Cooke 130

Goetzei Ovinus Africa Hennings 166

gracilis Amaurodermus Brazil Berkeley (as

Hexagona) ... 117

gracilis Lentus West Indies Klotzsch 176

grammocephalus. . . Petaloides Philippines Berkeley 136

204

Digitized by VjOOQIC

INDEX VALID SPECIES.

PAGE

graveolens Fomes (Congloba-

tus) United States Schweinitz 154

griseus Ovinus United States Peck 167

guaraniticus Lentus South America Spegazzini 171

Guilfoylei Melanopus Australia Berkeley 186

guyanensis Melanopus South America Montagne 183

hamatus Pelloporus Brazil Romell 195

Hartmanni Ovinus Australia Cooke 168

hetnicapnodes Melanopus Ceylon Berkeley 182

Henningsii Ganodermus Africa Stuhlman 105

heterotnorphus Amaurodermus Brazil Leveille 120

heteroporus* Spongiosus Europe Fries 158

Hildebrandi* Ganodermus Africa Patouillard .... 107

hirtus Petaloides Europe Quelet 130

holotephrus Petaloides Cuba Berkeley 142

hydniceps Melanopus Cuba Berkeley 183

hypoplastus Lignosus Brazil Berkeley 126

hystriculus Spongiosus Australia . Cooke 158

incotnptus Lentus (Micro.) . . . .Africa Fries 173

incrustans* Ganodermus United States Langlois 102

incurvus Petaloides Malay Cooke 134

indicus Pelloporus India Massee 162

insularis Amaurodermus New Caledonia Patouillard .... 117

intertnedius Amaurodermus Brazil Bresadola 112

irinus* Lentus South America Patouillard .... 172

Janseanus Petaloides Java Hennings 132

Japonicus* Ganodermus Japan Fries 102

juriensis Amaurodermus Brazil Hennings 121

lateratus Melanopus Rawak Persoon 185

Lauterbachii* Ganodermus New Guinea Hennings 102

lentinoides* Ovinus (Melan.) . . .South America Hennings 168

lentus Lentus Europe Berkeley 176

lepideus Lentus Europe Fries 171

leporinus* Spongiosus Europe Fries 160

Leprieurii Melanopus .South America Montagne 183

leprodes* Melanopus Europe Rostkovius .... 180

leptocephalus* Lentus Europe Jacquin 170

leptopus Amaurodermus Rawak Persoon 1 15

leucomelas Ovinus Europe Persoon 167

Lingua Ganodermus Java Nees 104

lithophylloides* Merismus Japan Patouillard .... 152

longipes Amaurodermus South America Leveille 115

lucidus Ganodermus Europe Leysser 102

luteo-nitidus Pelloporus Brazil Berkeley 162

luteus Petaloides (Micro.) . Java Nees 142

macer* Amaurodermus Brazil Berkeley ...... 119

maculatus* Petaloides Malay Berkeley 137

makuensis* Petaloides Africa Cooke 142

maliencis Petaloides Malay Cooke 135

malnominus Melanopus Mexico La Salle 187

marasmioides.* Amaurodermus Brazil Berkeley 121

marasmioides* (bis) . .Melanopus West Indies Patouillard. . . . 184

Marianus* Petaloides Pacific Islands Persoon 134

marmellosensis Lentus Brazil Hennings 176

mastoporus Ganodermus East Indies Leveille 104

Makuensis Petaloides (Micro.) . Africa Cooke 142

megaloporus Petaloides South America Montagne 138

melanopus Melanopus Europe Schumann 180

melanopus (bis) .... Melanopus South America Montagne 186

miniatus* Merismus: Java Junghuhn 154

205

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

INDEX VALID SPECIES.

tnodestus Pctaloides South America Fries 135-

Montagnei Spongiosus Europe Fries 160

montanus Merismus Europe Quelet 148

multiformis .Pelloporus South America Montagne 163

multiplex Merismus India Berkeley 152

musashiensis Petaloides Japan Hennings 135

mutabilis Petaloides United States Berkeley 141

Mylittae Ovinus Australia Cooke 167

nanus Lentus Algeria Montagne 174

nephridius Mclanopus Brazil Berkeley 185

nivicolor Petaloides New Zealand Colenso 131

oblectabilis Pelloporus Brazil Ule 164

oblectans* Pelloporus Australia Berkeley ...... 164

obliquus Petaloides New Guinea Massee 132

oblivionis Pelloporus Brazil Spruce 164

obovatus Petaloides .. ; Java Junghuhn 141

ocellatus Amaurodermus Brazil Berkeley 119

ochrolaccatus Ganodermus Philippines Montagne 10^

omphalodes Amaurodermus Brazil Berkeley 1^

opacus Ganodermus Brazil Montagne 106^

orbicularis Lentus Europe Sauter 176

orientalis Pelloporus Japan Umemuro. .... 1^3

* osseus Petaloides Europe Kalchbrenner . . 191

ovinus Ovinus Europe Schaeflfer ...... 167 -

pachypus* Spongiosus Cuba Montagne ..... 159

palpebralis * . . .Melanopus South America Leprieur . 184

pansus Lignosus South America Berkeley 125

partitus Lentus Brazil Berkeley '. 175

Paucheri* Melanopus New Caledonia Patouillard. . . . 180

Paulensis*. .*. Lignosus Brazil Hennings 1 ?6

Peckianus Lentus United States Cooke 171

penetralis Petaloides Exotic Smith 132

perennis Pelloporus Europe Linnaeus 164

perversus*. Petaloides Philippines Copeland 136

Pes caprae Ovinus Europe Persoon 167

petaliformis Petaloides Cuba Berkeley 142

petalodes Petaloides Brazil Berkeley 133

picipes* Melanopus Europe Fries 180

pictus Pelloporus Europe Schulter lvS4

pisachapani* Ganodermus Java Nees • 107

placopus Ganodermus. ..... .Java Leveille ^ 105

platotis . * Petaloides Australia Berkeley 137

Pocula Petaloides United States Schweinitz 140

podlachicus* Melanopus Europe Bresadola 183

politus* Ovinus Europe Fries 167

polydactylus* Lignosus Brazil Berkeley 126

popanoides Ovinus Mauritius Cooke 167

porpliyritis Petaloides (Micro.) . Brazil Berkeley 142

praetervisus* Amaurodermus Brazil Patouillard. ... 113

Preussii Lignosus Africa Hennings 124

pseudoperennis Lentus Africa Hoist 174

pterygodes* Petaloides (Micro.) . Africa Fries ; . . 143

pudens* Lignosus India Berkeley 126

Puiggarianus Spongiosus Brazil Hennings 160

pusillus (bis) Melanopus South America Fries 185

pusiolus Petaloides East Indies Cesati 140

Puttemansii Melanopus Brazil Hennings 183

radiato-scruposus . . Melanopus Brazil Hennings 187

radicatus Ovinus United States Schweinitz 168

Ramosii* Amaurodermus Philippines Murrill HI

2o6

Digitized by VjOOQIC

INDEX VA.

regulicolor* Ganodermus v

renatus Amaurodermus Bi .

renidens Amaurodermus Bra/,.. Bi^psadoia . .

repando-lobatus* ..... Lentus Brazil Sptigazzini i , ^

Repsoldi* Spongiosus Brazil MoSler 159

retiporus* Merismus Australia Coolte 154

rhinocerotis Lignosus Malay Cooke. 122

Rhipidium Petaloides United States Berkel^ 131

rhizomatophorus. . . Lignosus Brazil Hennings 126

rhizomorphus Melanopus South America Montagne 182

rhjzophilus Lentus Africa Patouillard .... 174

Ridley! Merismus Tasmania Massee 152

rivulosus Amaurodermus Java Patouillard .... Ill

Rostkovii* Ovinus (Melan.) . . . Europe Fries 168

rubidus Petaloides Ceylon Berkeley 133

ruhro-castaneus Melanopus Perak Ridley 183

rudis Amaurocjermus Tasmania Berkeley Ill

-**.fescens Spongiosus Europe Persoon V57

^osus Amaurodermus Java Nees IVO

X ussiceps Petaloides Ceylon Berkeley 13S

rutrosus* Petaloides Europe Rostkovius. . . . 130

Sacer Lignosus Africa Fries 122

sanguineus Petaloides South America Linnaeus 144

Sapurema Ovinus Brazil Moeller 166

scabriceps Lentus Cuba Berkeley 171

Schomburgkii Amaurodermus South America Berkeley 119

Schweinitzii Spongiosus Europe Fries 159

scopuiosus Lignosus Australia Berkeley 128

sericatus Amaurodermus Africa Holland 120

sidproides Spongiosus Java Leveille . •. 160

siennaecolor* Petaloides Ceylon Cooke 144

sordulentus* Merismus Chili Montague 154

Sprucei Amaurodermus Brazil Patouillard .... Ill

(orig. Berkeley)

squamatus Ovinus Europe Kalchbrenner . . 168

squamosus Ovinus (Melan.). . . .Europe Fries 168

stereinus Petaloides Cuba Berkeley 142

subbulbipes* Spongiosus South America Hennings 161

sul f ulvus Petaloides Cuba Berkeley 144

subvirgatus Lentus India Cave 172

sulpbureus Merismus Europe Fries 153

superpositus Lignosus Australia Berkeley 122

talpae . Merismus Brazil Cooke 149

Tasmanicus Ovinus Tasmania Massee 168

Tiliae* Lentus Europe Schulzer 175

tomentosus Spongiosus Europe Fries 160

tricholoma Lentus Cuba Montague 170

triqueter* Spongiosus Europe Fries 160

(Name orig. Persoon)

tristiculus Petaloides South America Montague 139

Tuba Lentus Cuba Berkeley 177

tuberaster Ovinus Europe Fries 166

tumulosus Ovinus Australia Cooke 168

turboformis Pelloporus India Krumbiegel . . . 194

umbellatus Merismus Europe Viviani 150

umbilicatus Lentus India Berkeley 171

unilaterus Amaurodermus Brazil Spruce 117

(unnamed) Ganodermus Africa (?) 107

vadosus Melanopus West Indies Duss 183

valesiacus* Ganodermus Europe Boudier 102

207

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^ALID SPECIES.

\^ ' PAGE

..AcTtus l-x;tii&ji^«-u-s ».. India Berkeley 162

^-^ * '-variabilis Amaurodermus Brazil Berkeley Ill

varius / . . . Melanopus Europe Persoon 180

veluticeps / Melanopus .Africa Cooke 182

vernalis Lentus .Europe Fries 171

vemicosus Melanopus Brazil Berkeley 182

vemicipes. Petaloides Japan Berkeley 144

^^ virgatus. . . / Lentus Cuba Berkeley 172

WarburgiaAus Melanopus East Indies Hennings 186

Wrightii. > Melanopus Cuba Murrill 183

Wynnei . ; Merismus Europe Berkeley 150

Xanthopus Lentus (Micro.) Africa Fries 173

Xerophyllus Melanopus New Zealand Berkeley 186

Zambesianus Lignosus Africa Buchanan 128

Zelandicus Merismus New Zealand Cooke 149

208

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•

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Googk

UNIVeRSITY OFMicHIQAN

BOUND

■^fB 21 1955

UNIV. OF MICH
UBRARY

3 9015 059781719

Digitized by LaOOQlC

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Full text of "Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica"

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