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BULLETIN OF

t /-•*

^5*

THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY
VOL. XV
1963—1965

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
LONDON: 1965

DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS

No. i . . . . . .30 December 1963

No. 2 . . . . . .27 February 1964

No. 3 . . . . . . .21 July 1964

No. 4 . . . . . . .21 July 1964

No. 5 . . . . . . .21 July 1964

No. 6 . . . . . . -27 July 1964

No. 7 . . . . . . 15 October 1964

No. 8 . . . . . -4 September 1964

No. 9 . . . . . -4 September 1964

No. 10 ...... 26 April 1965

No. II ...... 27 May 1965

P R 1 N T E D 1 N G K K A T 13 K I T A I N
BY ADLARD & SON LIMITED
BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING

CONTENTS

ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME XV

PAGE

No. i. Synoptic revisions of I. Lindingaspis and II. Andaspis with two new

allied genera (Hemiptera : Coccoidea). By D. J. WILLIAMS i

No. 2. On the Trichoptera of Nepal. By D. E. KIMMINS 33

No. 3. Notes on the Epitolinae. Part II. By T. H. E. JACKSON 57

No. 4. On the Diptera of Nepal (Stratiomyidae, Therevidae and Dolicho-

podidae). By D. HOLLIS 81

No. 5. New species of Ugyops (Fulgoroidea : Delphacidae) from South

America and south-east Asia. By R. G. FENNAH 117

No. 6. Diptera from Nepal. The fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae). By
D. E. HARDY

The Blow-flies (Diptera : Calliphoridae). By M. T. JAMES 145

No. 7. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae)

Part II. By V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN 181

No. 8. Diptera from Nepal. Asilidae. By H. OLDROYD. Syrphidac. By

R. L. COE. Simuliidae. By D. J. LEWIS 237

No. 9. A revision of the genus Tyhpsis Fiebcr (Orthoptcra : Tettigoniidae).

By D. R. RAGGE 295

No. 10. Revision of the family Pncumoridae (Orthoptera : Acridoidea). By

V. M. DIRSH 323

No. n. A revision of the genus Micropentila Aurivillius (Lepidoptera :

Lycaenidae). By H. STEMPFFER and N. H. BENNETT 397

Index to Volume XV 435

3 .1.^

SYNOPTIC REVISIONS OF

I. LINDINGASPIS AND II. ANDASPIS

WITH TWO NEW ALLIED GENERA

(HEMIPTERA: COCCOIDEA)

D. J. WILLIAMS

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. i

LONDON: 1963

SYNOPTIC REVISIONS OF I. LINDINGASPIS AND

II. ANDASPIS WITH TWO NEW ALLIED GENERA

(HEMIPTERA : COCCOIDEA)

D. J. WILLIAMS /)

Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London.

Pp. 1-31 ; 13 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. i

LONDON: 1963

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. i of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1963

THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

Issued 30th December, 1963 Price Fifteen Shillings

SYNOPTIC REVISIONS OF I. LINDINGASPIS AND

II. ANDASPIS WITH TWO NEW ALLIED GENERA

(HEMIPTERA: COCCOIDEA)

By D. J. WILLIAMS

CONTENTS

Page
INTRODUCTION .......... 3

I. THE GENUS LINDINGASPIS MACGILLIVRAY (ASPIDIOTINI) . . 3

II. THE GENUS ANDASPIS MACGILLIVRAY WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW

ALLIED GENERA (DlASPIDINl) ....... 13

SYNOPSIS

Two new species of Lindingaspis MacGillivray are described and one redescribed together
with notes on some other species. A key is given to 23 out of the total of 24 species now assigned
to the genus.

Five species at present placed in Lepidosaphes Shimer are transferred to the genus Andaspis
MacGillivray and four of these are redescribed. Descriptions of two new species are included
and a key is given to all the species known at present. Two closely related genera are described
as new, one of which is monotypic and the other containing two species.

INTRODUCTION

ALL references prior to 1956 are to be found in Morrison & Renk, 1957 : 734.

The lettering used in the figures is as follows : — A. Adult female, general aspect.
B. Pygidium. C. Dorsal margin of pygidium.

I. THE GENUS LINDINGASPIS MACGILLIVRAY (ASPIDIOTINI)

An excellent account was given by McKenzie (1950) of the genus Lindingaspis
which then contained sixteen species. This number included the type species,
L. samoana (Lindinger), which is still known only from a meagre description.

Balachowsky (I953C, 1958) has since described three new species from Africa
and illustrated two others which were not available to McKenzie. Yet another has
been described from Kenya by De Lotto (1957). In the present paper, descriptions
of two new species are given, one from Kenya and the other from Ceylon, and
opportunity is taken to redescribe L. buxtoni (Laing), a species not discussed by
McKenzie (1950) but tentatively assigned to the genus earlier by McKenzie (1939).
The latter species, known only from Samoa, probably comes closest to the type species,
also from Samoa.

4 D. J. WILLIAMS

A total of twenty-four species is now known in Lindingaspis and a key to twenty-
three of these is given on p. 10.

The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Professor H. L. McKenzie, of the
University of California, Davis, California, for kindly examining the three main
species discussed and for giving his valued opinions.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

There has been no further evidence of an extension in distribution since McKenzie's
discussion. All that can be stated is that the genus is not of new world origin.
In the Palaearctic Region it is represented only in Japan by L. setiger (Maskell).
Apart from L. rossi (Maskell), which is now almost a cosmopolitan species, eleven
are known from the Ethiopian Region, five from the Oriental Region and two from
Australasia. In the Pacific area only Samoa is known to possess its own species
of which two seem to be most closely related to L. setiger from Japan. If it is
assumed that the latter species represents an extension of the genus from the
Oriental Region, there is possible evidence here, in common with many other
groups of insects, that the Pacific species of Lindingaspis are an off-shoot of those
from the Oriental Region.

It seems obvious that many more species remain to be discovered. The Ethiopian
Region will yield a good proportion of these but it is interesting that none has been
discovered in the Malagasian area despite extensive collecting recently. Not a
single species has been discovered in Indonesia or New Guinea but this is due probably
to a lack of collecting as there are no ecological factors to exclude the group from
these areas. The accompanying map (Text-fig. 4) shows the distribution based
on holotype data. The known distribution of each species is given in the key.

LINDINGASPIS MacGillivray

Lindingaspis buxtoni (Laing)
(Text-fig, i)

Chrysomphalus buxtoni Laing, 1927 : 40, 41.
Lindingaspis buxtoni (Laing) McKenzie, 1939 : 53.

Described originally from SAMOA : Malololelei, on the bark of a shrub, July, 1924.
Laing has described the scale as " deep brown to black, subcircular to elliptical,
flatfish around the marginal area gradually rising to a very low nipple-like deep
black excentric larval exuvium ; surface somewhat irregular and deposited in
concentric layers. Size 4-5 mm. by 3 mm. in elliptical specimens, 3 mm. diameter
in subcircular ones ". It is possible that the latter smaller scales are of the males.

Adult female as mounted on the slide, rather large and attaining a length of 2-5 mm., slightly
longer than wide, becoming sclerotized at maturity. Prosoma without lateral tubercles.
Pygidium wide, with distinctive pattern of sclerotization as shown in the accompanying illustra-
tion. Perivulvar pores in four groups, each anterior lateral group with 9-14 pores, posterior
lateral groups each with 8-n pores, occasionally a single pore between the anterior groups.
Vulva situated about one third length of pygidium from base. Anal opening smaller in diameter
than a median lobe situated at centre of pygidium. Lobes well developed, there being three

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

FIG. i. Lindingaspis buxtoni (Laing)

6 D. J. WILLIAMS

pairs present, median pair longest, each with single notch on outer margin ; second and third
lobes about same size but smaller than median pair, each with two notches on outer margin.
Plates small but distinct, apices fimbriate, distributed as follows : a pair between median
lobes, a pair in each first interlobular space, three in second interlobular space and three beyond
each third lobe. Beyond this point to seta of fourth segment, the margin is heavily sclerotized
and serrate. Paraphyses prominent and well developed, some of the largest being clavate,
the distinguishing features as follows : paraphyses arising from inner angles of all lobes by
far the largest and wide ; the paraphyses arising from outer angle of second lobe small and slender ;
paraphyses beyond third lobes wide and tending to be fused. Dorsal ducts of two sizes but
the large-sized macroducts departing from the normal distribution in being numerous in the
third interlobular space and extending well into the pygidium ; without a series of ducts
extending forward from seta of fourth segment ; dorsal and ventral marginal macroducts
reaching to point opposite second spiracles.

This species departs from the general form of the genus in a few characters but
the rather thick paraphyses between the lobes, the indeterminate and fused form of
the paraphyses beyond the third lobes and the general sclerotic pattern of the
pygidium ally this species to L. setiger (Maskell) known only from Japan.

Lindingaspis fusca McKenzie

Aspidiotus rossi Maskell ; Green, 18966 : 45 (Misidentification) .
Aspidiotus rossi Maskell ; Green, 1937 : 831. (In part.)
Lindingaspis fusca McKenzie, 1943 : 151, 152.
Lindingaspis fusca McKenzie ; McKenzie, 1950 : 101.

Specimens are at hand from Ceylon on Capparis moonii which were seen by
Green and on which he based the first reference given above. These refer to L. fusca.
Brain & Kelly (1917) thought that they had Green's species in South Africa and
that this was different from A. rossi Maskell ; they accordingly named this species
Chrysomphalus rossi var. greeni. It was indeed different from A. rossi but was
also distinct from the Ceylon species.

Lindingaspis kenyae sp. n.

(Text-fig. 2)

Scale of adult female purple-brown, about 2-0 mm. in diameter. Exuviae almost black,
sub-central.

Male scale more elongate but smaller, light purple-brown.

Adult female attaining a length of 1-25 mm., slightly longer than wide. Thoracic tubercles
prominent, situated at a point midway between the first and second spiracles. Pygidium rather
narrow, rounded apically. Perivulvar pores in four groups, anterior lateral groups each with
5-8 pores, posterior lateral groups each with 3-6 pores. Anal opening slightly longer than a
median lobe situated at centre of pygidium. Vulva situated nearer base of pygidium. Three
pairs of well developed lobes present, all notched once on outer margin. Median lobes largest,
each with broad basal sclerosis extending forward and as long as the lobe itself. Second and
third lobes progressively smaller. Plates only slightly longer than lobes, with apices fimbriate ;
there being one broad plate between median lobes ; a pair between each median and second
lobe ; three between second and third lobes, the inner plate being quite small. There is a
single membranous plate anterior to third lobe followed by two sclerotized plate-like structures.
Anterior to this, pygidial margin heavily sclerotized and serrated to seta marking position of
fourth segment. Paraphyses short as in accompanying diagram and with the following impor-
tant characteristics : paraphyses arising from inner angle of median lobes slender and shorter

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

FIG. 2, Lindingaspis kenyae sp. n.

8 D. J. WILLIAMS

than basal scleroses ; those arising from outer angle of second lobes in two parts ; the middle
paraphyses between second and third lobes short and slender, the spaces between the paraphyses
of the second and third interlobular spaces sclerotized. Dorsal pygidial ducts of two sizes ;
the large type between the interlobular spaces, there being two in the space between each
median and second lobe ; the medium sized ducts extending along the margins and associated
with the paraphyses, the row extending forward from near the seta which marks the position
of the fifth segment reaching to a point midway between pygidial margin and lateral scar, a
row also present from the seta marking position of fourth segment, these ducts extending to
lateral scar but lying slightly inwards from the sclerotized area normally in this position ;
two or three similar ducts also present anterior to lateral scar.

Holotype. $. KENYA: Nairobi, on leaves of Rangaeris brachyceras (Orchidaceae) ,
1961. In British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Paratypes. 6 £. KENYA : same data as holotype. i $. KENYA : Nairobi,
on the leaves of Calanthe volkensii (Orchidaceae). In British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

The material was submitted for identification by H. K. Airy Shaw, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew.

This species comes very close to L. fusca but differs in the following characters.
The middle paraphysis between the second and third lobes is short and not longer
than the paraphysis arising from the outer angle of the second lobe ; in L. fusca
the middle paraphysis is noticeably longer. The medium sized ducts extending
forward from seta marking position of fifth segment reach only halfway to lateral
scar ; the pygidium is narrower and lacks the definite pattern of sclerotization
found in L. fusca.

Lindingaspis mackenziei sp. n.

(Text-fig. 3)
Aspidiotus rossi Maskell ; Green 1937 : 331- (I*1 part.)

Scale of adult female dark chocolate-brown with sub-central exuviae even darker. About
2 -5 mm. in diameter.

Male scale similar to that of female but smaller and more elongate.

Adult female about 1-5 mm. long, a little longer than wide. Prosomatic region membranous
with thoracic tubercles on level with posterior spiracles. Pygidium narrow with sides noticeably
concave, apex rounded. Perivulvar pores in four groups, each anterior lateral group with 11-16
pores and posterior lateral groups each with 5-11 pores, there being noticeable sclerotized
areas on the inner sides of the anterior groups. Perivulvar pores and vulva situated near base
of pygidium. Anal opening slightly larger than a median lobe, situated near centre of
pygidium. Three pairs of lobes present, all of similar size and shape ; each with a distinct
notch on outer margin but third lobe often with two notches ; a minute notch also present at
base on inner margins. Plates well developed and slightly longer than lobes, apices fimbriate ;
a pair between median lobes, a pair between median and second lobes, three between second and
third lobes and a single membranous plate lateral to third lobes followed by a pair of sclerotized
plate-like processes ; margin forward from these plates to a point near seta of fourth segment
sclerotized and serrated. Paraphyses well developed, the important characteristics being the
paraphyses arising from inner and outer angles of second lobes being of equal length and middle
paraphysis in the third interlobular space noticeably longer than the two lateral paraphyses
in this space ; outer angle paraphysis of median lobe much longer than inner angle paraphysis
of median lobe. Dorsal ducts of the two usual sizes, there being two large macroducts in the
second interlobular space ; a row of medium sized ducts extending forward from seta on fourth
segment and row extending forward from near seta of fifth segment reaching a point about

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

FIG. 3. Lindingaspis mackenziei sp. n.

io D. J. WILLIAMS

halfway or less from margin to lateral scar ; a group of three or four also present anterior to
lateral scar ; other ducts as shown in diagram. Dorsal microducts around margin of two
distinct sizes, a larger type on margin as far forward as thoracic tubercle and a submarginal
row of minute ducts on prepygidial segments and extending to apex of prosoma.

Holotype. $. CEYLON : Colombo, on leaves of Cocos nucifera (Palmae) without
further information. In British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Paratypes. CEYLON : 6 $. Same data as holotype. CEYLON : Peradeniya,
i $ on Garcinia spicata (Guttif erae) , ii.igoo. 2 $, m.igo^. 4 $, viii.igoy. i $,
CEYLON : Pundaluoya, on Nothopegia sp. (Anacardiaceae), vi.i897. In British
Museum (Nat. Hist.).

This species comes closest to L. similis McKenzie described from Samoa but differs
in possessing two large macroducts in the second interlobular space instead of three
or four, the plates are much less differentiated, the outer angle paraphysis is much
longer than the inner angle paraphysis on the median lobes whereas in L. similis
they are of similar length and the vulva is situated near base of pygidium instead of
near centre as in L. similis. It differs from L. tingi mainly in the similar size of the
lateral angle paraphysis of second lobes whereas in L. tingi the outer angle paraphysis
is about one half the length of the mesal angle paraphysis.

The species is named after Professor Howard L. McKenzie who has given the
author valuable assistance on various matters in connection with the present paper
and on many other occasions.

Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell)

Aspidiotus rossi Maskell, 1891 13.
Aonidiella subrossi Laing, 1929 : 25, 26, syn. n.
Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell) Ferris, I938a : 246.
Aonidiella subrossi Laing ; McKenzie, 1938 : 4.

Laing described A. subrossi from AUSTRALIA : New South Wales, on Acacia rubra
and mentioned that it lacked perivulvar pores. It is evident from the type slide
that the description was based on second stage females and these are identical with
second stage females of Lindingaspis rossi.

KEY TO SPECIES OF LINDINGASPIS

1 Perivulvar pores present in four or five distinct groups .... 3
Perivulvar pores absent .......... 2

2 (i) Ventral surface of pygidium beneath vulva with semi-circular area of sclerotiza-

tion, paraphyses associated with lobes as long as lobes or shorter (GUINEA)

benaensis Balachowsky

Ventral surface of pygidium beneath vulva without semi-circular area of
sclerotization, paraphyses associated with lobes about twice as long as lobes
(KENYA) .......... crocea De Lotto

3 (i) Median lobes each with a well defined basal sclerosis, developed as much as the

lobe itself, this in addition to mesal and lateral angle paraphyses of median
lobes ............. 4

Median lobes without scleroses, with only mesal and lateral angle paraphyses 6

4 (3) Dorsal submarginal zone of fifth segment of pygidium with 4-7 large sized

macroducts (UGANDA, ETHIOPIA, SOMALIA, GHANA, NIGERIA, PRINCIPE,
SOUTH AFRICA) ........ opitnus (Silvestri)

LIND1NGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

5- 5-

~
bfi
O

12 D. J. WILLIAMS

Without dorsal submarginal macroducts on segment five of pygidium . . 5

5 (4) Middle paraphysis between second and third lobes noticeably longer than

paraphysis arising from lateral angle of second lobes. With a row of
medium-sized ducts in fifth segment from margin to lateral scar (INDIA,
CEYLON) fusca McKenzie

- Middle paraphysis between second and third lobes about same size as paraphysis

arising from lateral angle of second lobes. With row of medium-sized ducts
on fifth segment reaching from margin to about half distance to lateral scar
(KENYA) .......... kenyae sp. n.

6 (3) With fewer than three plates between second and third lobes ... 7

With three plates between second and third lobes ..... 9

7 (6) With two plates between second and third lobes ..... 8

With plates between second and third lobes fused into a single large plate

(SIERRA LEONE) ......... colae (Laing)

8 (7) Without a median paraphysis in the space between second and third lobes.

Median ventral zone above median lobe with a longitudinal fusiform thicken-
ing (SOMALIA, UGANDA, KENYA) ..... piceus (Malenotti)
With a slender median paraphysis in the space between second and third lobes.
Median ventral zone above median lobe without a fusiform thickening
(TANGANYIKA, SIERRA LEONE, GUINEA, CONGO (Leopold ville)) tnusae (Laing)

9 (6) Median paraphysis between second and third lobes longer than paraphysis

arising from lateral angle of second pygidial lobe . . . . . 1 1
Median paraphysis between second and third lobes same size or shorter than

paraphysis arising from lateral angle of second pygidial lobe . . . 10

10 (9) Lobes each with a lateral notch (SUDAN) . . . williamsi Balachowsky

Lobes asymmetrical and entirely without notches (UGANDA, CAMEROONS)

penniseti Hall

11 (9) With a series of medium-sized dorsal pygidial macroducts extending forward

from near seta of fourth abdominal segment . . . . . . 12

Without this series of medium-sized dorsal macroducts. . . . . 16

12 (n) With 2-4 small dorsal ducts situated between margin and midline near base of

pygidium ...... 13

— Without small dorsal ducts situated between margin and midline near base of

pygidium ............ 14

13 (12) Paraphysis arising from outer angle of each second pygidial lobe longer than

that on inner side of this lobe ; posterior lateral groups of perivulvar pores
each with less than nine pores (INDIA, CHINA, FORMOSA) . ferrisi McKenzie

Paraphysis arising from outer angle of each second lobe about same length as
paraphysis on inner side of this lobe ; posterior lateral groups of perivulvar
pores each with ten or more pores (JAPAN) . . . setiger (Maskell)

14 (12) Paraphysis arising from lateral angle of second pygidial lobe about one-half

as long as paraphysis on inner side of this lobe (PHILIPPINE ISLANDS)

tingi McKenzie
Paraphysis arising from lateral angle of second pygidial lobe about same length

as paraphysis on inner side of this lobe . . . . . . . 15

15 (14) With three or four large-sized dorsal pygidial macroducts extending forward

between median and second lobes. Vulva situated near centre of pygidium
(SAMOA) .......... sitnilis McKenzie

With two large-sized dorsal pygidial macroducts extending forward between
median and second lobes. Vulva situated near base of pygidium (CEYLON)

mackenziei sp. n.

1 6 (11) With ten or more medium-sized dorsal macroducts extending forward between

lateral paraphysis of second lobe and middle paraphysis between second and

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS 13

third lobes. Dorsal medium-sized macroducts on fifth segment distributed
on the sclerotized zone and extending on to the membranous area (SOUTH
AFRICA, UGANDA) ....... greeni (Brain & Kelly)

With less than ten dorsal intermediate macroducts extending forward between
lateral paraphysis of second lobe and middle paraphysis between second and
third lobes. Dorsal intermediate macroducts on fifth segment confined to
sclerotized area ........... 17

17 (16) With a submarginal lateral series of dorsal medium-sized pygidial macroducts

originating at or near lateral scar and extending downwards . . . 19
Without a submarginal lateral series of dorsal medium-sized pygidial macroducts

originating at or near lateral scar and extending downwards . . . 18

1 8 (17) With a single membranous plate anterior to each third lobe. Ducts in row

arising from between second and third lobes becoming progressively larger
anteriorly (U.S.A., INDIA, MALAYA) .... floridana Ferris

With three membranous plates anterior to each third lobe. Ducts in row arising
from between second and third lobes of same size (GUINEA, SIERRA LEONE)

tomarum Balachowsky

19 (17) Paraphyses arising from lateral angle of second lobe minute and shorter than

neighbouring paraphyses (SAMOA) ..... buxtoni (Laing)

Paraphyses arising from lateral angle of second lobe long and slender, about

same size as neighbouring paraphyses ....... 20

20 (19) With only two or three large-sized dorsal pygidial macroducts in space between

median and second lobes. Presence of similar large ducts at anterior end
of row of ducts arising from between middle paraphysis between second and
third lobes and mesal paraphysis of third lobes (AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND,
U.S.A., CEYLON, CHINA, JAPAN, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, SOUTH AFRICA,
SOUTHERN RHODESIA, TANGANYIKA, MAURITIUS, PORTUGAL, MADEIRA)

rossi (Maskell)

With four or more large-sized dorsal pygidial macroducts in space between
median and second lobes. Row of ducts extending forward between middle
paraphysis between second and third lobes and mesal paraphysis of third
lobe of same size . . . . . . . . . . .21

21 (20) With 1 6 or more medium-sized ducts extending forward between inner angle

paraphysis of third lobe and middle paraphysis between second and third
lobes. With three recognizable plates beyond each third lobe (AUSTRALIA)

neorossi McKenzie

With less than 16 medium-sized ducts extending forward between inner angle
paraphysis of third lobe and middle paraphysis between second and third
lobes. With a single recognizable plate beyond each third lobe (AUSTRALIA)

victoriae (Cockerell)

II. THE GENUS ANDASPIS MACGILLIVRAY WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF TWO NEW ALLIED GENERA (DIASPIDINI)

In a revision of the genus Andaspis, Rao & Ferris (1952) assigned to it a total of
ten species. Since then further species have been added which, together with others
transferred from Lepidosaphes in the present paper, and two new species, give a
total of twenty-two species now in the genus.

It is not the intention here to enlarge on the definition of the genus given by
Rao & Ferris. As these authors have pointed out, the type species of the genera
Andaspis and Lepidosaphes are quite different but the difficulty is to determine a

I4 D. J. WILLIAMS

point at which these genera can best be separated. The most important character
clearly separating the two genera is the shape of median lobes. In a key to genera,
Hall (1946) has given an excellent definition of the median lobes in Andaspis as
being " close together, with inner margins straight, diverging slightly apically
before curving round to a long oblique outer margin ". This outer margin has
numerous notches and the normal lateral margin is either short or non-existent.
In Lepidosaphes and its nearest relatives the median lobes have one or two notches
on the outer margins but the sides always show some signs of being parallel. There
are possibly intermediate forms at present placed in the genus Lepidosaphes but
until this genus is revised the following species are best retained in Andaspis.

The type species is almost cosmopolitan but its most important and interesting
distribution is in the Oriental Region. Another species, described from U.S.A., is
known from Hawaii but is recorded by Zimmerman (1948) as being intercepted from
the Philippine Islands and Singapore at Hawaii. It is expected that this species
will be found eventually in the Oriental Region. Of the remaining species three
are known from Japan and these may be regarded as an extension of the twelve
species known from the Oriental Region. Two have been described from the Austra-
lasian Region and three from the Ethiopian Region which include one from Mauritius
as a representative of the Malagasian area. As is common with many groups within
the Coccoidea none has yet been described from Indonesia, the Philippine Islands
or New Guinea, although doubtless in due course some interesting forms will be
discovered in these areas. It seems possible, however, that the genus has had its
origin in the Oriental Region and the numbers now known from there represent a
small fraction of those still to be discovered.

Included in the present revision are descriptions of two new genera which come
close to Andaspis. One of these is represented by a single species from West Pakistan.
The other genus contains two species, one from Northern Australia and the other
from Java. Both of these genera come within the known range of distribution of
Andaspis.

ANDASPIS MacGillivray

Andaspis dasi sp. n.

(Text-fig. 5)

Female scale greyish, almost transparent, rather wide posteriorly, about 1-5 mm. long,
exuviae yellow brown.

Male scale not seen.

Adult female fusiform about 1-2 mm. long, membranous except for pygidium, lateral margins
of mesothorax, metathorax and first four abdominal segments quite strongly lobed. Lateral
sclerotized spurs present on first to third abdominal segments. Anterior spiracles each with a
group of 6-10 pores. First six abdominal segments each with blunt spur or boss on dorsum
near margin and a pair set close together on each side of prothorax.

Pygidium rather pointed, with median lobes prominent, triangular, each with long blunt
paraphysis at base. Second lobes much smaller but bilobed condition easily discernible,
smooth. Gland spines in pairs on pygidium, very slender, those between median lobes small.
Marginal macroducts numbering 6 pairs. Dorsal ducts small and slender, a large submedian

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

FIG. 5. Andaspis dasi sp. n.

16 D. J. WILLIAMS

group present on sixth segment and anterior to this on third to sixth segments the ducts form
almost continuous rows whilst beyond these to mesothorax they are present around the sub-
margins.

Ventral surface with perivulvar pores in five groups, median group with 4-10 pores, each
anterior lateral group with 10-15 pores and each posterior lateral group with 8-14 pores.
Microducts in distinct groups on pygidium ; present also around the margins and in the median
area of mesothorax. Small gland spines sparse, on margins as far forward as first abdominal
segment ; absent on metathorax.

Holotype. $. INDIA: West Bengal, Dooars, on Camellia sinensis(Csnne\lia.ce3ie),
1958 (G. M. Das), in British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Paratypes. INDIA : same data as holotype. i $ in British Museum (Nat. Hist.),
i $ in Zoological Survey of India (Indian Museum), Calcutta and i $ in Tocklai
Experimental Station, Cinnamara, Assam.

This species comes close to A. leucophloeae Rao but differs in possessing second
lobes and in having the median lobes set much closer together. It is also near
A. naracola Takagi from which it differs in possessing a much larger group of ducts
on the sixth segment.

Andaspis hibisci (Grandpre & Charmoy) (comb, n.)
(Text-fig. 6)

Mytilaspis hibisci Grandpre & Charmoy, 1899 : 32.

Lepidosaphes hibisci (Grandpre & Charmoy) Fernald, igo3b : 310.

Lepidosaphes hibisci (Grandpre & Charmoy) ; Mamet, 1941 : 32.

Scale of adult female narrow, elongate, about 1-5 mm. long ; dark reddish brown to almost
black ; exuviae pale reddish brown.

Male scale about half length of female scale, light reddish brown.

A small elongate species measuring approximately i-o mm. long, pygidium always sclerotized,
remainder of body either membranous or somewhat sclerotized. Anterior spiracles each with
usually two pores. With small sclerotized spurs on the second, third and fourth segments.
A small rounded submarginal spur or boss present dorsally on the first, second and fourth
segments.

Pygidium with median lobes prominent, triangular and of the type common to the genus ;
apical margin straight and dentate ; ventral surface of lobe with mid-basal seta each with the
socket forming a small sclerosis on inner side ; setae at basal angles normal. Second lobes
well developed, bilobed, the inner lobules with two or three notches. Gland spines in pairs ;
those between median lobes and between median and second lobes short and no longer than the
lobes. Anterior gland spines much longer. Marginal macroducts numbering six pairs. Dorsal
ducts small, a submedian group on the sixth segment and submarginal and submedian groups
distinct or almost merging on the three preceding segments.

Ventral surface with three groups of perivulvar pores ; median group with 2-4 pores, anterior
laterals each with 5 or 6 pores, posterior laterals each with 2-4 pores. Microducts on the
pygidium in small groups, sparse. Small gland spines on abdomen only, more numerous on
the first abdominal segment, absent on the metathorax.

Although this species is extremely close to A . punicae (Laing) there are a few small
differences. In A . punicae there are small scleroses at the basal angles of the median
lobes formed from the sockets of small setae whereas in A. hibisci these sockets are
normal. On the other hand a ventral mid-basal seta on the median lobe of A.
punicae is normal whereas in A . hibisci the socket forms a noticeable sclerosis. The

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

FIG. 6. Andaspis hibisci (Grandpre & Charmoy)

i8 D. J. WILLIAMS

lateral sclerotized spurs of A . hibisci are, apparently, absent in A . punicae.

Specimens have been examined from MAURITIUS on Hibiscus sp. (Malvaceae)
sent originally by D. D'Emmerez de Charmoy and on H. rosa-sinensis collected by
R. Mamet 26.^.1934.

Andaspis kazimiae sp. n.

(Text-fig. 7)

Scale of adult female known from alcohol material only, pale reddish brown, of the form
typical of the genus, about 1-5 mm. long.

Male scale of similar colour but smaller.

Adult female elongate oval attaining a length of 0-8 mm., membranous except for pygidium.
Without marginal sclerotized spurs. Antennae with two long setae. Anterior spiracles with
usually a single pore.

Pygidium with anal ring at base. Median lobes large and prominent, triangular but with
apices somewhat rounded ; the dorsal surface with a transverse sclerotized bar almost connect-
ing the basal angles ; the ventral surface with two well developed paraphyses arising from
basal angles. Second lobes well developed, represented by a single lobule only, each longer
than wide and notched on each margin ; these lobes with a characteristic curved appearance
which is emphasized by the curved paraphyses arising from the lateral angles. Gland spines
in pairs between the median lobes, between the median and second lobes and lateral to the
second lobes. Beyond these on the fourth and fifth segments they are single. Marginal
macroducts numbering four pairs. Dorsal ducts sparse, there being a few submarginal groups
as far as metathorax and submedian groups on the third to sixth segments, those on segments
five and six being usually in pairs.

Ventral surface with perivulvar pores in three groups ; median group with 3 or 4 pores,
anterior lateral groups each with 6-8 pores and posterior lateral groups each with 4 or 5 pores.
Small gland spines present on metathorax and first abdominal segment.

Holotype. $. WEST PAKISTAN : Behrain, on Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 20. x. 1961
(S. K. Kazimi), in British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Paratypes. WEST PAKISTAN : 3 $. Same data as holotype. WEST PAKISTAN :
Mana, on Quercus sp., 7 $, 28.^.1962 (S. K. Kazimi} in British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

This species possesses only four pairs of pygidial macroducts, a character shared
with A . laingi Rao and A . retrusa (Green) . It differs from these species in the well
developed second lobes and in the paucity of dorsal ducts.

Andaspis mackieana (McKenzie) (comb, n.)

Lepidosaphes mackieana McKenzie, 1943 : 153-155-
Lepidosaphes mackieana McKenzie ; Zimmerman, 1948 : 422.
Lepidosaphes mackieana McKenzie ; McKenzie, 1956 : 123.

As the median lobes are of the shape common to those in Andaspis the species is
here transferred from Lepidosaphes, a move with which Professor H. L. McKenzie
is in full accord. Although only known from U.S.A. and Hawaii, according to
Zimmerman (1948) it has also been intercepted at Hawaii on material from the
Philippine Islands and Singapore.

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

FIG. 7. Andaspis kazimiae sp. n.

20 D. J. WILLIAMS

Andaspis meliae (Green) (comb, n.)
(Text-fig. 8)

Lepidosaphes meliae Green, 19190 : 445, 446.

Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) meliae Green ; Ramakrishna Ayyar, igiga, : 24.

Scale of adult female dull dark brown, moderately convex, attaining a length of 2-5 mm.,
exuviae reddish brown, often with whitish secretion.

Scale of male smaller, about 1-2 mm. long, dark brown to almost black.

Adult female broadly oval, about 1-2 mm. long ; membranous except for pygidium. Marginal
sclerotized spurs absent. Antennae with four setae of various sizes. Anterior spiracles each
with a group of 3-5 pores.

Pygidium with prominent median lobes of the form common to the genus except that apices
tend to be more rounded. Second lobes bilobed, the inner lobules barely perceptible. Gland
spines in pairs on pygidium. Marginal macroducts numbering six pairs. Dorsal ducts minute,
there being a submedian group on the sixth segment and a smaller group on seventh segment.
Anteriorly on the abdomen there are submarginal and submedian groups.

Ventral surface with perivulvar pores in five groups, median group with 5-12 pores, anterior
laterals each with 17-21 pores and posterior laterals each with 10-15 pores. A few submarginal
microducts on pygidium. Gland spines present on abdomen only, pointed except on first
abdominal segment where they are replaced by small sclerotized gland tubercles.

Described originally from INDIA : Coimbatore, on the " Nim " tree, Melia
azederach (Meliaceae), S.iii.igiS (T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar}.

In their revision of the genus Andaspis, Rao & Ferris (1952) considered this species
for inclusion but excluded it without any definite reason. It comes very close to
A. mori Ferris in the general distribution of ducts and in the shape of the median
lobes but differs in possessing much larger second lobes and lacking the sclerotized
spurs on the margins of the abdomen.

Andaspis mori Ferris

Andaspis mori Ferris ; Rao & Ferris, 1952 : 21.
Andaspis mori Ferris ; Ferris, 1953 : 59.

Specimens are at hand from FORMOSA : Kagi, on Sapindus sp. (Sapindaceae) ,
i.xi.i927 (R. Takahashi), which differ slightly from the description given by Ferris.
They possess only two gland spines lateral to each second lobe instead of three and
more numerous submedian ducts on the seventh segment. In other respects the
specimens are identical. Professor H. L. McKenzie of the University of California,
Davis, California, has very kindly compared these specimens with the holotype
and given some useful information for which the writer is most indebted to him.
So far as is known Dr. R. Takahashi has not mentioned this record in any of his
publications.

Andaspis retrusa (Green) (comb, n.)
(Text-fig. 9)

Lepidosaphes retrusus Green, igigc : 446.

Mytilaspis retrusus (Green) Ramakrishna Ayyar, igiga : 24.

Scale of adult female dull to reddish brown, moderately convex, up to 1-5 mm. long, exuviae
tending to be yellow brown.

Male scale lighter and paler in colour, length about i-o mm.

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

FIG. 8. Andaspis meliae (Green)

D. J. WILLIAMS

FIG. 9. Andaspis retrusa (Green)

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS 23

A broadly oval species measuring approximately 0-8 mm. long, membranous except for
pygidium but in some specimens body tending to become sclerotized. Without lateral spurs
on abdomen. Anterior spiracles with 1-3 pores.

Pygidium broadly rounded. Median lobes prominent and wide, separated by a space slightly
less than half the width of one lobe, each lobe with small blunt paraphyses arising from inner
basal angle. In some specimens the lobes have parallel sides but in most specimens they are
the usual triangular shape. Second lobes present, much smaller than median lobes, bilobed,
the inner lobule usually with a single notch. Gland spines slender, in pairs on the pygidial
segments, those between median lobes about the same length as the lobes. Marginal macroducts
numbering four pairs. Dorsal ducts very small, numerous, the derm surrounding the orifices
of posterior ducts often sclerotized. On the sixth and anterior abdominal segments the sub-
marginal and submedian ducts merge into continuous rows ; present also around the submargins
on the thorax.

Ventral surface with perivulvar pores in five groups, the median group with 6-12 pores,
anterior laterals each with 8-18 pores and posterior laterals each with 11-18 pores. Microducts
in distinct groups on pygidium and in submarginal groups on the prepygidial abdominal segments
and thorax. Small gland spines sparse, there being at most only one or two on the abdominal
margins and metathorax but sometimes absent entirely on one or more segments.

Green described this species from INDIA : Nilgiris, Dodabetta, on the mid-rib
and principal veins on the underside of leaves of Litsea whiteana (Lauraceae). In
possessing only four pairs of pygidial macroducts it comes close to A. laingi Rao
but differs in possessing more numerous dorsal ducts and in lacking the marginal
sclerotized spurs. Only three pairs of marginal macroducts were mentioned in the
original description but there are clearly four pairs in all of the material studied.

Andaspis vandae (Rutherford) (comb, n.)
(Text-fig. 10)

Lepidosaphes vandae Rutherford, 1915 : 116.
Lepidosaphes vandae Rutherford ; Green, 1937 : 328.

Scale of adult female very dark brown to nearly black, shiny, about 2-75 mm. long, exuviae
dull brown.

Male scale slightly paler than female scale and smaller.

Adult female elongate-oval, about 1-5 mm. long, membranous except for pygidium and head
margins ; pygidium rounded. Anterior margin of head with a number of small conical processes
resembling minute gland spines but structure difficult to determine. Lateral sclerotized spurs
on the second, third and fourth abdominal segments. Anterior spiracles each with a group of
9-14 pores.

Pygidium with median lobes prominent, triangular and of the form typical of the genus.
Second lobes smaller than the median pair. Third and fourth lobes represented by large
sclerotized projections. Marginal macroducts numbering six pairs. Dorsal ducts minute.
A small group present on seventh segment and a larger submedian group on sixth segment.
On the prepygidial abdominal segments the submarginal and submedian ducts merge into
almost continuous rows.

Ventral surface with perivulvar pores in five groups. Median group with 5-9 pores, each
anterior lateral group with 12-15 pores and each posterior lateral group with 9-15 pores.
Microducts on pygidium in groups, each with orifice opening on to a clear area of the derm.
Small gland spines present on the abdominal segments, not numerous ; absent on the
metathorax.

This species was described from CEYLON : Peradeniya, on Vanda spathulata
(Orchidaceae) , ix.igi^.. The accompanying illustration is based on specimens

D. J. WILLIAMS

FIG. 10. Andaspis vandae (Rutherford)

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS 25

collected at CEYLON, Colombo, on Vanda teres, ix.ign, originally in E. E. Green's
collection, which agree with the description given by Rutherford. The species
forms a distinct group with A . mori Ferris, A . meliae (Green) and A . naracola Takagi
in possessing well developed second lobes and minute ducts.

KEY TO SPECIES OF ANDASPIS

1 Marginal macroducts numbering 4 pairs ....... 2

Marginal macroducts numbering 5 or 6 pairs ...... 4

2 (i) Submedian group of dorsal ducts on sixth segment absent (INDIA) laingi Rao

Submedian group of dorsal ducts on sixth segment present .... 3

3 (2) Submedian group of dorsal ducts on sixth segment numbering only 2 and

separated from submarginal group (PAKISTAN) . . . kazitniae sp. n.

Submedian group of dorsal ducts on sixth segment numerous and almost

continuous with submarginal ducts (INDIA) . . . retrusa (Green)

4 (i) With a stout club-shaped or blunt paraphysis extending into the pygidium

either from the median basal angle or the middle basal part of each median

lobe ............. 5

Without such a paraphysis extending into the pygidium, a paraphysis if present,
being either transverse or present on ventral surface as two normal slender
paraphyses only ........... 13

5 (4) Submedian group of dorsal ducts on sixth segment absent (ALMOST COSMO-

POLITAN) ......... hawaiiensis (Maskell)

Submedian group of dorsal ducts on sixth segment present .... 6

6 (5) With only one or two ducts flanking anal opening (SOUTHERN RHODESIA)

Haiti Rao
Ducts flanking anal opening numerous ....... 7

7 (6) Ducts flanking anal opening in a definite row on sixth segment only . . 8

Ducts flanking anal opening scattered on sixth and seventh segments . . 10

8 (7) Second lobes absent (INDIA) ...... leucophloeae Rao

Second lobes present although small ........ 9

9 (8) Lateral sclerotized spurs and dorsal submarginal tubercles or bosses present

(INDIA) ........... dasi sp. n.

Lateral sclerotized spurs and dorsal submarginal tubercles or bosses absent

(AUSTRALIA) ....... numerate Brimblecombe

10 (7) Lateral sclerotized spurs absent, second lobes as wide as median lobes (INDIA)

meliae (Green)
Lateral sclerotized spurs present, second lobes narrower than median lobes . n

11 (10) Paraphysis extending into pygidium short and arising from basal angle of

median lobe (CHINA, FORMOSA) ...... mori Ferris

Paraphysis extending into pygidium about as long as lobe and arising from

middle basal part of median lobe . . . . . . . . 12

12 (n) Dorsal ducts on prepygidial segments in almost continuous rows (CEYLON)

vandae (Rutherford)
Dorsal ducts on prepygidial segments in distinct submarginal and submedian

groups (JAPAN) ........ naracola Takagi

13 (4) Median lobes each with, at least, a small transverse paraphysis arising from

one or both basal angles or, if the paraphysis extends from the inner basal
angle into the pygidium, then it is never clavate or blunt . . . . 15
Without definite slender paraphyses arising from basal angles of lobes . . 14

14 (13) Median lobes each with a small sclerosis at each basal angle formed by the

socket surrounding a small seta, lateral sclerotized spurs absent (TANGANYIKA)

punicae (Laing)

26 D. J. WILLIAMS

Setal bases at basal angles of medial lobes normal, mid ventral basal part of
median lobe with small sclerosis formed by the socket surrounding seta,
lateral sclerotized spurs present (MAURITIUS) . hibisci (Grandpre & Charmoy)

15 (13) Second pygidial lobes distinctly developed . . . . . ... 16

Second pygidial lobes absent . . . . . . . .20

16 (15) Dorsum of pygidium with a row of pores on sixth segment flanking anal opening,

marginal macroducts numbering six pairs . . . . . . 17

Dorsum of pygidium without such pores, marginal macroducts numbering five

pairs (JAPAN) ........ crawii (Cockerell)

17 (16) With transverse slender paraphyses arising from basal angles of median lobes

and in addition a transverse bar slightly anterior to these . . . . 18
Slender paraphyses not transverse, these extending into pygidium . . 19

1 8 (17) Second lobes not bilobed, with lateral blunt tubercles each bearing a duct on

abdomen (JAPAN) ....... kashicola (Takahashi)

Second lobes bilobed, without lateral blunt tubercles each bearing a duct on

abdomen (CEYLON) ....... antidesmae Rao

19 (17) Paraphyses arising from inner basal angle of median lobes curving towards

each other and away from the paraphyses arising from the outer basal angle
(CHINA) ......... yunnanensis Ferris

Paraphyses arising from inner basal angle of median lobes curving away from
each other and towards the paraphyses arising from the outer basal angle
(U.S.A., HAWAII) ...... .mackieana (McKenzie)

20 (15) With a group of submedian ducts flanking anal opening on sixth abdominal

segment . . . . . . . . . . . .21

With but a single duct or none near anal opening on sixth abdominal segment

(AUSTRALIA) ......... incisor (Green)

21 (20) Dorsal ducts very slender, paraphysis arising from lateral angle of median

lobes robust, lateral sclerotized spurs absent (CHINA) micropori Borchsenius

Dorsal ducts not slender, without paraphysis arising from lateral angle of
median lobes but slender transverse paraphysis arising from inner basal
angle, lateral sclerotized spurs present (CEYLON) . erythrinae (Rutherford)

CAIA gen. n.

Type species : Caia quernea sp. n.

Scales of adult female and male not seen.

Adult female of the tribe Diaspidini and belonging to the Lepidosaphes series, i.e. with two-
barred ducts and gland spines on the pygidial margin, there being a pair between the median
lobes. Median lobes prominent with one or at most two notches on lateral margins and with
a well developed clavate paraphysis arising from the inner angle of each median lobe. Second
and third lobes represented by, at most, small sclerotized points. Marginal macroducts present.
Anal opening situated towards apex of pygidium.

This genus has close affinities with Andaspis but differs mainly in the shape of
the median lobes which have only one or two notches on the lateral margins and in
the position of the anal opening which is situated towards the apex rather than at
the base of the pygidium.

Caia quernea sp. n.

(Text-fig, n)
Scales not seen.

Adult female elongate oval, fusiform, about i-o mm. long, membranous except for pygidium.
Lateral sclerotized spurs absent. Anterior spiracles with two or three pores. Anal ring

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

FIG. ii. Caia quernea sp. n.

28 D. J. WILLIAMS

situated about one quarter the length of pygidium from apex.

Pygidium with prominent median lobes each with one or two lateral notches but with parallel
sides and with a large clavate paraphysis arising from the inner angle. Second and third
lobes absent or at most represented by small sclerotized points. Seta on the margin of the
seventh segment with the base heavily sclerotized and with the inner part of the socket large
and extending into the pygidium. Gland spines in pairs on pygidium, those between median
lobes very slender and about as long as lobes. Marginal macroducts numbering four pairs.
Other dorsal ducts much smaller and becoming smaller anteriorly ; submedian group on segment
six absent ; distinct submedian groups present on segments two, three and four ; submarginal
groups present as far forward as the mesothorax.

Ventral surface with three groups of perivulvar pores, median group with 5-8 pores. Anterior
lateral groups each with n or 12 pores, posterior lateral groups each with 8-12 pores. Micro-
ducts present around submargins and small gland spines in submarginal groups as far forward
as mesothorax.

Holotype. $. WEST PAKISTAN : Mana, on Quercus sp. 28.11.1960 (S. K. Kazimi)
in British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Paratypes. WEST PAKISTAN, i $ same data as holotype. i $. Berhain, on
Quercus sp. 2o.x.i96i (S. K. Kazimi) in British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

METANDASPIS gen. n.

Type species : Mytilaspis recurvata Froggatt.

Female scale elongate, exuviae terminal. Male scale smaller, smooth.

A genus of the tribe Diaspidini and of the Lepidosaphes group with two-barred ducts, these
minute and distributed in no definite arrangement on the pygidium ; marginal macroducts
absent. Gland spines present, a pair of which lie between the median lobes. Anal opening
at the base of pygidium. Median lobes prominent, triangular, the apical margin, at least,
with numerous notches. Anterior spiracles with pores.

This genus comes close to the genus Andaspis, differing in lacking marginal
macroducts which are replaced by minute ducts similar to the dorsal ducts. The
shape of the median lobes appears to be variable but the lateral margin is diagonal
to the longitudinal axis of the body.

Metandaspis recurvata (Froggatt) (comb, n.)

(Text-fig. 12)
Mytilaspis recurvata Froggatt 1914 : 683.

Scale of adult female elongate, white, often peculiarly bent, sometimes at right angles or
even U-shaped.

Male scale white, similar to female but smaller, straight.

Adult female elongate, following in the same characteristic shape as the scale, membranous
except for pygidium. Pygidium rounded. Lateral sclerotized spurs absent. Anterior spiracles
each with usually a single pore.

Pygidium with median lobes prominent, the apical margin quite long and serrated, and with
a slender paraphysis arising from near each basal angle. Second lobes well developed, bilobed,
the inner lobules variously notched. Sclerotized projections present in the places of the third
and fourth lobes. Gland spines present in pairs on pygidium, the pair between median lobes
shorter than the lobes. Dorsal minute ducts distributed rather evenly on pygidium and in
more or less transverse rows on fourth and fifth segments and around the submargins to meta-
thorax ; ducts on pygidium each with sclerotized area surrounding orifice.

Ventral surface with microducts sparse on pygidium but more numerous around submargins.
Perivulvar pores absent. Small gland spines present as far forward as metathorax.

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

FIG. 12. Metandaspis recurvata (Froggatt)

Described from part of the original material, AUSTRALIA : New South Wales,
Cowra, on branches and twigs of the Black Wattle, Acacia decurrens (Leguminosae) ,
(W. W. Froggatt}.

36 D. j. WILLIAMS

Metandaspis javanensis sp. n.

(Text-fig. 13)

Scale of adult female white, smooth, elongate, about 1-5 mm. long but usually covered with
reddish-brown matter.

Male scale similar but smaller.

Adult female elongate about 0-6 mm. long, sides subparallel. Body membranous except for
pygidium but older individuals often sclerotized on head margin and in a characteristic pattern
on the prepygidial abdominal segments. Without lateral sclerotized spurs but dorsal surface
with submarginal tubercles which are rounded, blunt and sclerotized on first to sixth segments.
Anterior spiracles with 2 or 3 pores.

Pygidium with very prominent median lobes departing from the usual shape of those of the
Andaspis series in having inner and outer margins roughly equal in length but entire margins
serrated ; ventral surface with well developed basal scleroses extending into pygidium and
with paraphyses, the inner of which extends forwards near the midline. Second lobes smaller
than median, with outer margins much longer than inner, serrated ; ventral side showing
paraphyses. Gland spines very small, there being two between median lobes and arranged in
pairs on remainder of pygidium. Dorsal ducts minute, numerous, in no definite arrangement
on pygidium ; in transverse rows as far forward as metathorax.

Ventral surface with perivulvar pores in three groups arranged in a broad arc ; median group
usually with two pores, laterals each with usually four pores. Microducts quite numerous in
transverse rows on abdominal and thoracic segments.

Holotype. <j>. JAVA : without known locality, on Pterospermum javanicum
(Sterculiaceae), (A. Zimmerman), in British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Paratypes. 8 $. JAVA : same data as holotype, in British Museum (Nat.
Hist.).

There is some doubt as to whether this species belongs to the same genus as the
previous species. The very prominent median lobes are the chief distinguishing
characters together with the peculiar paraphyses on the ventral surface and the
large basal scleroses. Rather than erect a new genus it may remain here until
further related species are discovered.

REFERENCES
BALACHOWSKY, A. S. 1958. Les Cochenilles du Continent Africain Noir. Vol. 2. Aspidiotini

(2me partie), Odonaspidini et Parlatorini, Ann. Mus. Congo beige, N.S. 4 : 163-187.
DE LOTTO, G. 1957. New Aspidiotini (Horn.: Coccoidea Diaspididae) from Kenya. Ann.

Mag. nat. Hist. (12) 10 : 228-230.
McKENZiE, H. L. 1956. The Armored Scale Insects of California. Bull. Calif. Ins. Surv. 5 :

123.
MORRISON, H. & RENK, A. V. 1957. A Selected Bibliography of Coccoidea. Misc. Publ.

U.S. Dept. Agric. 734 : 222pp.

LINDINGASPIS AND ANDASPIS

FIG. 13. Metandaspis javanensis sp. n.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

ON THE TRICHOPTERA ' FEBWM
OF NEPAL

D. E. KIMMINS

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 2

LONDON: 1964

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL

D. E. KIMMINS

British Museum (Natural Histo

-VvXx

istory))

Pp> 33 - 55 : 5i Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 2

LONDON: 1964

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. 2 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1964

TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

Issued 2jth February, 1964 Price Eight Shillings

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL
By D. E. KIMMINS

SYNOPSIS

A study of the collections made by the two British Museum (Natural History) Expeditions to
Nepal, 1954 and 1961-62, has resulted in a list of twenty-eight species, of which one genus and
fourteen species are here described as new.

BOTH expeditions included an entomologist, Mr. J. Quinlan in 1954 and Mr. R. L. Coe
in 1961-62, but in neither case were Trichoptera the sole object of their attentions.
The present list can therefore be regarded only as a beginning, and specialised
collecting, over a wider area, will undoubtedly result in a very much greater list. As
far as I know, no previous list of Nepalese Trichoptera has been published. In
addition to those included in the present list, two other species have already been
described in manuscript by Dr. F. Schmid. The types of new species described in
this paper are in the British Museum (Natural History). To save space, collector's
initials only are given in the list, (RLC) = R. L. Coe and (JQ) = J. Quinlan.

Family RHYAGOPHILIDAE
Rhyacophila sp. n. A

This species is being described by Schmid.

Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., xi. 1961-1.1962, i $ (RLC).

A female from Ulleri, 6-7,000 ft., 19^.1954 (JQ), probably belongs here.

Rhyacophila sp. n. B

This species is also being described by Schmid.
Bahkri Kharka, 5,500 ft., 23.^.1954, i $ (JQ).

Himalopsyche phedongensis Kimmins

Taplejung Distr., Dobhan, c. 3,500 ft., no date, i £ (RLC).
Previously recorded from SIKKIM.

Himalopsyche digit at a (Martynov)
Bahkri Kharka, 5,500 ft., 23.^.1954, i $ (JQ).
Previously recorded from E. HIMALAYAS, Darjeeling district.

Family GLOSSOSOMATIDAE
Agapetus triangularis Martynov

Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar, R. Sabhaya, c. 1,800 ft., 22.xii.i96i, i <$, i £,
(RLC).
Previously recorded from HIMALAYAS.

36 D. E. KIMMINS

Synagapetus tamrangensis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 1-4)

cJ. Blackish, with sparse fuscous pubescence on wings. In hind wing, Rj^ terminates in Sc
and is connected to R2+3 by a cross- vein. Base of fork Rt beyond that of fork Mv

cJ GENITALIA. A short, blunt process to the sixth sternite. Ninth segment with apical
ventral margin triangularly produced below the base of the claspers, appearing as a ventral
process in side view. Tenth tergite about as long as claspers, forming a triangular hood in
dorsal and lateral view, the lateral margins more sclerotized than the centre. Cercus a little
more than half as long as tergite, digitate in side view, inner margin convex in dorsal view, apex
a little out-turned. Arising from each lower basal angle of the tenth tergite is a long, two-
segmented spine, the apical section folded forward over the tergite and, in the type, the two
spines crossing each other. Aedeagus slender, with a clavate apex in side view. Above it is a
small, saddle-shaped sclerite (? tenth sternite). Clasper of the pattern of S. incurvatus, the
apical half more dilated in side view, upper margin more incurved, apex angular rather than
rounded and with an oblique row of stout, comb-like teeth on the inner surface. The ventral
branch more pronounced than in incurvatus.

$ Unknown.

Length of fore wing, 4 mm.

FIGS. 1-4. Synagapetus tamrangensis sp. n. <$ Genitalia. i, lateral ; 2, aedeagus and
? tenth sternite, lateral ; 3, dorsal ; 4, left clasper, ventral.

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL 37

Holotype <$ (mounted as microscope preparations), Taplejung Distr., river banks
below Tamrang Bridge, c. 5,500 ft., 1.1962 (RLC), BMNH.

This species is closely related to S. incurvatus Kimmins (Burma), differing in the
longer cercus, which is more strongly convex on its inner surface, and in the details
of the clasper, especially in the presence of a row of comb-like teeth on the inner
surface.

A single female Synagapetus from Sangu may belong to this species, but as it
comes from a different locality, it is left undetermined.

Nepaloptila coei gen. n., sp. n.

(Text-figs. 5-8)

o*. The holotype was not in good condition and has been mounted as a microscope
preparation. The general colour was dark grey, with greyish pubescence on the wings. Spurs
0.4.4. Pronotum with the dorsal surface densely covered with erect, blackish, scale-like hairs.
Two rounded warts present on mesoprescutum, two on mesoscutum (one on each side of
scutellum), the latter without warts. Wings rather narrow, venation lightly sclerotized,
cross-veins somewhat obscure. In fore wing, all five apical forks present, forks R2 and Rt very
long and narrow, R2 with a short footstalk, Rt sessile. These two forks extend basally to the
middle of the wing. The discoidal cell extends from the middle of the wing to within one
fourth from the base. The media forks at about the middle of the wing, forks M: and M3
stalked. Veins Cu1 and Cuz run separately into the wing margin, fork Cul& sessile. Vein Cu2
with a row of stout setae about midway on the under surface. Hind wing with Rt terminating
in Sc, a faint cross-vein between it and R2+3. Apical forks Rt and Ml stalked, Cwla sessile.

cj GENITALIA. Process of the sixth sternite slender, slightly clavate apically in side view.
Ninth segment with the centre of its dorsal apical margin produced in a strong, triangular tooth,
curving slightly downwards. Tenth segment fused to ninth, appearing as a pair of short,
downwardly directed processes, one arising from each upper lateral margin of the ninth segment.
Aedeagus long, stout basally, its apex tapering to an acute point and with its dorsal surface
before the apex bearing some inflated membrane, within which are two curved, sclerotized rods
and some spines. Claspers fused to ninth segment, broad at base in side view, extending in a
digitate process, whose apex is slightly dilated in ventral view, the inner apical angle toothed.
Between the claspers, the margin of the ninth sternite is produced in a broad triangle, whose
apex is bilobed slightly, each lobe terminating in a seta.

$ Unknown.

Length of fore wing, <$, 2-5 mm.

Holotype ^ (mounted as microscope preparation), Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar,
R. Sabhaya, west shore, c. 1,800 ft., on dead leaves lying in sun on sandy shore,
22.xii.i96i (RLC), BMNH.

The holotype has very much the appearance of a small Agapetus, but it has been
placed in the Protoptilinae on the absence of mesoscutellar warts, the presence of
rounded warts on the mesoscutum and the presence of stout setae on Cu2 in the
fore wing. The venation recalls that of the Agapetinae, but in this subfamily stout

38 D. E. KIMMINS

setae on or near Cu2 in the fore wing are unknown and there are always warts on the
mesoscutellum. Apical fork Cula is usually lacking in the Protoptilinae, where Cu±
and Cu2 often fuse apically in the fore wing, although they are separate in Matrioptila.
The general plan of the venation is otherwise like that of Matrioptila and the male
genitalia also show some resemblance. In its retention of fork Cu^ in the fore wing,
Nepaloptila would appear to be more primitive than Matrioptila, and this makes its
discovery in Asia a matter of some interest, since all previous records of Protoptilinae
are from the New World. The presence of warts on the mesoscutellum has been
listed by Ross (1956) as one of the characters of a primitive caddisfly ; these warts
occur in the Agapetinae and are lacking in the Protoptilinae.

FIGS. 5-8. Nepaloptila coei gen. sp. n. <$. 5, wings ; 6, genitalia, lateral ; 7, dorsal ;

8, ventral.

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL

Family PHILOPOTAMIDAE

Chimarra nepalensis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 9, 12-17)

<J. Head and thorax piceous above, with black and greyish hairs, thorax beneath and legs
fuscous. Antennae and palpi piceous. Abdominal segments bright yellow, genital capsule

FIGS. 9-1 1.

Chimarra spp. n. Wings. 9, C. nepalensis ; 10, C. fenestrata ; n, C. nigra.

D. E. KIMMINS

piceous. Wings dark fuscous to piceous, with fuscous pubescence. In fore wing, the discoidal
cell is about as long as median cell, rather broader, tapering slightly to a blunt base. Rs strongly
bent towards M. Apical fork R2 very narrow. In hind wing, apical fork R2 is also narrow and
with a short footstalk.

$ GENITALIA. Very similar to C. khasia Kimmins, the lobes of the tenth segment and the
claspers almost indistinguishable. The inner branch of the tenth segment differs somewhat,
being more slender, not blade-like and its apex not bifid. The lower apical margin of the
aedeagus is produced in a slender spine and within the basal sleeve are two parallel rows of
stout spines, directed outwardly in dorsal aspect.

$ GENITALIA. A small process situated near the centre of the seventh sternite. Eighth
segment synscleritous, with three pairs of hair-tufts, two dorsal, two lateral and two ventral.
The segment around their bases more heavily pigmented, the pigmentation around the ventral
ones more extensive, reaching almost to the base of the segment. Between the ventral tufts, a
hyaline area gives the impression of a narrow excision. The apical margin of the eighth sternite
is extended in a boat-shaped subgenital plate, its apex exceeding the apex of the ninth segment.

Length of fore wing, <J, 6-5 mm., 9. 7 mm.

Holotype $ (mounted as microscope preparations), Taplejung Distr., Sangu,

FIGS. 12-17.
lateral

Chimarra nepalensis sp. n. Genitalia. 12, $, lateral ; 13, c?» aedeagus,
14, cJ, dorsal ; 15, <$, aedeagus, dorsal ; 16, $, lateral ; 17, $, ventral.

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL 41

c. 6,200 ft., mixed vegetation by stream in gully, xi. 1961-1.1962 (RLC), BMNH.

Allotype $ (pinned, abdomen cleared and in glycerine), data as holotype <$ (RLC),
BMNH.

Paratypes (pinned), same data as holotype, 4 <£, 5 $ ; 16-29. x. 1961, I <$ '<
Taplejung Distr., river banks below Tamrang Bridge, c. 5,500 ft., x-xi.i96i, i $ ;
between Sangu and Tamrang, deep river gorge, c. 5,200 ft., 1.1.1962, 2 <$ (RLC),
BMNH.

This species differs from C. khasia Kimmins in the more quadrangular discoidal
cell and more strongly arched Rs in fore wing and in the simple, spiniform branch to
the tenth segment, the aedeagus with two parallel rows of spines and a spiniform
production of its apex and the more acutely pointed inner apical angles of the
claspers in dorsal view. The female of C. khasia is not known.

Chimarrafenestrata sp. n.

(Text-figs. 10, 18-19)

cj. General coloration much as in C. nepalensis sp. n., but with a definite hyaline window in
the radial area of the fore wing, between the origin of Rs and the base of the discoidal cell, and
a less defined hyaline patch in the radial area of the hind wing. Venation much as in
C. nepalensis but apical fork Rz is broader in both wings. Apex of fore wing less acute. Abdomen
yellow, tergites with a fuscous tinge in some examples.

cj GENITALIA. Of the same general pattern as C. khasia and C. nepalensis. In side view,
the lateral margins of the ninth segment are evenly rounded, not angled as in nepalensis. The
lobes of the tenth segment are longer, narrower and more downwardly arched, converging
somewhat apically. The inner branch of the tenth tergite is stouter, its apex angled abruptly
upwards and with a small, subapical tooth in dorsal aspect. Aedeagus much as in C. nepalensis.
Clasper longer and narrower in lateral aspect, its apex in dorsal view tapering to a small hook,
not truncate as in nepalensis.

$. Two females provisionally associated with the males agree in the hyaline pattern of the
wings but the female genitalia show no appreciable difference from nepalensis.

Length of fore wing, <^, 5 mm., $, 7 mm.

Holotype <$ (pinned, one pair of wings mounted dry, abdomen in glycerine),
Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., mixed vegetation by stream in gully, xi.i96i-i.
1962 (RLC), BMNH.

FIGS. 18-19. Chimarrafenestrata sp. n. <$ Genitalia. 18, lateral ; 19, dorsal.

42 D. E. KIMMINS

Paratypes (pinned), same data as holotype, i $ ; Dobhan, east bank of R. Tamur,
c. 3,500 ft., mixed vegetation by stream in deep gully, i-ii.i962, I <$ (RLC), BMNH.

The two females provisionally associated with the holotype have the same data as
that specimen.

This species is very closely allied to C. nepalensis and had there been only a single
example, one might easily have considered it to be a variety. There are however
eight males of nepalensis and three of fenestrata and there does not appear to be any
intergrading between them, even in the same locality. There is no indication
whether there was any difference in the emergence time of the two species in this
locality. The differences in structure are listed in the above comparative
description.

Chimarra nigra sp. n.

(Text-figs, n, 20-23)

General colour black or very dark grey, abdomen pale fuscous or dull orange. Wings with
sparse blackish pubescence. In the fore wing, Rs arises at the level of the fork of M and CMI(
running close to the thyridial cell, then curving sinuously to the base of the discoidal cell. The
latter is clearly beyond the base of the median cell. Hind wing much as in C. nepalensis.

cj GENITALIA. Ninth segment with lateral margins rather abruptly angled in side view above
the claspers. Sternite with a prominent ventral process. Tenth segment divided into two
lateral lobes, each with an inner, digitate branch about two-thirds as long as lobes, straight in
dorsal view, slightly arched near base in side view. Lobes in side view stout, somewhat quadrate,
upper margin convex, lower apical angle produced. External surface convex, with numerous
minute setae arising from small, raised bases. From above the lobes are broad basally, tapering
towards apices, which are angled inwards. At the base of the lobe arises a small setiferous wart,
fused to the margin of the ninth segment, possibly a reduced cercus. Aedeagus with a simple
basal sleeve, within which is membrane and a few, very slender, curved spines. Claspers stout,
extending beyond apices of tenth segment, more or less parallel-sided in lateral view. From
beneath, the inner margin is sinuous, inner apical angle produced inwards in an acute tooth.

$ Unknown.

Length of fore wing, 5-5 mm.

Holotype <$ (mounted as microscope preparations), Taplejung Distr., river banks
below Tamrang Bridge, c. 5,500 ft., x-xi.i96i (RLC), BMNH.
Paratypes <$ (i pinned, i in glycerine), same data.

In male genital structure, this species resembles C. fusca Kimmins (Assam), but
differs in details. The tenth segment is shorter and stouter and the inner branch is
straighter. The lateral margin of the ninth segment is angularly produced and
stouter in lateral view, its inner apical angle is more strongly produced and the
inner ventral margin more strongly sinuous.

Chimarra biungulata sp. n.

(Text-figs. 24-26)

Head and antennae dark fuscous, the latter obscurely annulated with paler fuscous. Palpi
fuscous. Thorax and legs fuscous. Wings pale fuscous, much denuded, venation darker,
except the cross-veins closing the discoidal and median cells, the radio-medial cross-vein, the
stem of M basad of median cell and the arculus, which are whitish in the fore wing. Rs in fore

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL

wing scarcely sinuate. Fork Cwla short, extending only a little basad of cross-vein closing
median cell. Thyridial cell long and narrow.

cJ GENITALIA. Apical margin of eighth tergite spinose, sternite with a process at centre of
apical margin. There is also a ventral process in the centre of the ninth sternite. Tenth
tergite forming a pair of lateral plates, one on each side of the aedeagus, lateral margins in the
apical half produced outwards in two teeth, the apical ones the smaller. Cercus short, digitate.
Aedeagus cylindrical, with a pair of slender, spine-like parameres and with a pair of stout claws
extruded from the membrane at the apex. Claspers caliper-like in ventral view, strongly
widened in basal half, inner margin serrate, with a rounded upper lobe. Apex of clasper
densely spinose on outer surface.

$ Unknown.

Length of fore wing, 4-3 mm.

Holotype $ (pinned, with abdomen in glycerine), Taplejung Distr., river bank
below Tamrang Bridge, c. 5,500 ft., x-xi.ig6i (RLC), BMNH.

Paratype (pinned), Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., 22. xi. 1961, mixed plants
by deep cliff in river gorge, i <$ (RLC), BMNH.

This species appears to be related to C. sepulcralis Hagen (Ceylon). The tenth
tergite has the two pairs of lateral teeth closer together in the apical half. The

FIGS. 20-23. Chimarra nigra sp. n. <J Genitalia. 20, lateral ; 21, aedeagus, lateral ; 22,

dorsal ; 23, left clasper, ventral.

D. E. KIMMINS

aedeagus has the two parameres or spines, but these are more nearly equal in length
and the apical hooks are larger. The claspers are more strongly incurved in ventral
view, more strongly dilated in basal half and with the apex more strongly setose.

Chimarra suryasena Schmid

Taplejung Distr., river banks below Tamrang Bridge, c. 5,500 ft., x-xi.igGi, 2 <J,
i ? (RLC).
Previous distribution, PAKISTAN, N.W.F.P., Balakot.

Chimarra spp. indet.

Taplejung Distr., river banks below Tamrang Bridge, c. 5,500 ft., x-xi.i96i,
? (RLC).

Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar, R. Sabhaya, west shore, c. 1,800 ft., 9-17. xii. 1961,
? (RLC).

Dolophilodes rossi Kimmins
Bakhri Kharka, 5,500 ft., 23.^.1954, i $ (JQ).
Previous distribution, N.E. Burma (Kambaiti).

FIGS. 24-26. Chimarra biungulata sp. n. £ Genitalia. 24, lateral ; 25, dorsal ; 26, right

clasper, ventral.

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL 45

Family POLYCENTROPODIDAE
Dipseudopsis sp.

Phewa Tal, near Pokhara, 2,500 ft., io.iv.ig54, 2 <j> (JQ).

Family STENOPSYCHIDAE
Stenopsyche griseipennis McLachlan

Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar, R. Sabhaya, west shore, c. 1,800 ft., i <$, i 9
(RLC) ; Tumlingtar, bare rocky slopes above R. Sabhaya, west bank, c. 1,900 ft.,
8-24.xii.i96i, i <$ (RLC).

Distribution. INDIA (Masuri, Simla) ; SIKKIM (Phedong) ; N. BURMA (Mishmi
Hills).

Family HYDROPSYCHIDAE
Macronema fastosum Walker

Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
ix-x.i96i, i $ (RLC).

A very variable species, ranging over INDIA, MALAYA, CHINA, FORMOSA, and
BORNEO.

Diplectrona sanguana sp. n.

(Text-figs. 27-29)

cj. Head fuscous, with dark fuscous hairs and sparse golden pubescence. Antenna with two
basal segments fuscous, remaining segments pale fuscous with fulvous articulations. Palpi
fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous. Legs pale fuscous, median and posterior tibiae rather darker.
Wings with smoky brown membrane, the fore wing covered with fuscous and golden pubescence,
the latter forming numerous small speckles. Hind wing with sparse fuscous pubescence. The
venation of the fore wing agrees with Martynov's description of D. marginata (Betten), but in
the hind wing fork R2 is twice as long as its footstalk and fork Cwla is relatively shorter and
broader.

(J GENITALIA. A pair of internal bodies opening on the intersegmental membrane between
the seventh and eighth segments. Ninth segment with its lateral margin produced in a
triangular lobe in the lower half, forming a groove into which fits the basal segment of the
clasper. Tenth segment fused to ninth, forming a pair of spreading, rounded lobes in dorsal
view, and each bearing on its dorsal surface a raised, rounded wart, covered with setae.
Between the lobes are a pair of downwardly directed, digitate processes. Aedeagus dilated
apically, bearing two pairs of tapering processes and, within its apex, a small transverse plate.
Terminal segment of clasper slender, incurved and acute at its apex.

$ Unknown.

Length of fore wing, 7 mm.

Holotype $ (mounted as microscope preparations), Taplejung Distr., Sangu,
c. 6,200 ft., by rocky stream, 7-i6.x.i96i (RLC), BMNH.
Paratypes (pinned), same data, 9 <$, BMNH.

This species is related to Diplectrona marginata (Betten) Martynov, 1935 and to
D. burha Schmid, but differs from them in the rounded lobes of the tenth tergite
and in the more hooked and acute terminal segment of the clasper, and from
D. burha also in the narrow median processes of the tenth segment.

D. E. KIMMINS

Family HYDROPTILIDAE
Madioxyethira nepalensis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 30-34)

o*. General colour blackish, tips of antennae pale. Spurs apparently 0.2.4, but microscopic
examination reveals a minute, rounded apical spur on the anterior tibia. Wings densely hairy,
entirely blackish ; venation obscure but apparently much as in M. milinda Schmid.

<$ GENITALIA. Following the general pattern of M . milinda but differing in the following
points. Basal apodeme of ninth tergite longer, about two and a half times as long as tergite
and extending to base of the seventh segment. Lower apical angle of ninth tergite produced
obliquely downwards and basally as a narrow, pigmented rod, finely denticulated on its ventral
surface. Tenth segment lightly sclerotized. Claspers in side view tapering to a rounded apex,
ventral margin less convex than in milinda, and lacking the dorsal tooth. From beneath, the
apical part of the claspers are less divergent and the basally produced part is less dilated. The
The aedeagus is more complex apically, being divided into two narrow, foliate lobes and two
narrow divergent spines. In the holotype preparation, the aedeagus has rotated on its
longitudinal axis through 90°.

$ Unknown.

Length of fore wing, <J, 2 mm.

Holotype <$ (mounted as microscope preparations), Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c.
6,200 ft., mixed vegetation by stream in gully, xi.i96i-i.i962 (RLC), BMNH.

The characters separating this species from M. milinda are set out in the above
description. I differ from Schmid in my interpretation of the structure which he

FIGS. 27-29. Diplectrona sanguana sp. n. $ Genitalia. 27, lateral ; 28, dorsal ; 29, apex

of aedeagus, ventral.

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL

terms " bourrelet bombe ". He describes it as a prolongation of the tenth tergite,
whereas in nepalensis this structure is more slender and appears to be a prolongation
of the lower apical angle of the ninth tergite. The very curious structure described
as " claspers " may possibly arise from a fusion of the eighth and ninth sternites
and claspers. It certainly appears to be attached to the eighth and ninth segments.
The discovery of a second species of Madioxyethira confirms Schmid's belief that
it is a distinct genus.

Stactobia schmidi sp. n.

(Text-figs. 35-37)

The unique male was in poor condition and much denuded and has been made into a
microscope preparation. All that one can say of its general appearance is that it was blackish
and that the spur formula is 1.2.4.

<3 GENITALIA. A long ventral process to the seventh sternite. Eighth sternite with a
median, V-shaped membranous area at its apical margin, fringed with long setae. Ninth
tergite nearly three times as long as deep, the centre of its apical margin triangularly produced
and the lateral margins of the tergite still further produced as triangular side-pieces, each bearing
two stout, socketted spines, the upper the larger. Ventral surface of ninth tergite membranous,
at its base two small, narrow claspers, about one fourth as long as tergite, each with a triangular
projection on inner margin near apex. Tenth segment forming a pair of narrow lobes, directed

FIGS. 30-34. Madioxeythira nepalensis sp. n. ^. 30, apex of anterior tibia ; 31, genitalia,
lateral ; 32, aedeagus, lateral ; 33, genitalia, ventral ; 34, aedeagus, ventral.

48 D. E. KIMMINS

obliquely downwards and partly encircling the aedeagus, the apex of each lobe with a short,
black spine, set in a cup-like base. Aedeagus slender, as long as sixth to ninth segments,
apparently without parameres.

$ Unknown.

Length of fore wing. 3-2 mm.

Holotype <$ (mounted as microscope preparations), Taplejung Distr., Dobhan,
c. 3,500 ft., shady places on shrubby slope above R. Tamur, 21-27.1.1962 (RLC),
BMNH.

This species differs from all those figured by Schmid in his revision of Stactobia
in the very long ninth tergite. The elongation occurs beyond the attachment of

FIGS. 35-37. Stactobia schmidi sp. n. $ genitalia. 35, lateral ; 36, dorsal ; 37, ventral.

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL 49

the claspers and, as the distance between this point and the origin of the basal
apodeme is short, the claspers are almost at the base of the ninth segment.

Hydroptilidae <j><j>, sp. indet.

Taplejung Distr., Dobhan, c. 3,500 ft., shady places on shrubby slope above
R. Tamur, 21-27.1.1962, i $ ; spray-splashed rocks in R. Maewe, 25.1.1962, 3 9
(RLC).

Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar, R. Sabhaya, west shore, c. 1,800 ft., 22.xii.i96i,
i $ (RLC).

Family PHRYGANEIDAE
Eubasilissa tnaclachlani (White)

Siklis, 7,000 ft., 22.iv.i954, i $ (JQ).
Distribution. HIMALAYAS.

Family LIMNEPHILIDAE
Pseudostenophylax himalayanus Martynov

Bakhri Kharka, 5,500 ft., 23.^.1954, i $ (JQ).
Previous distribution. TIBET, SIKKIM.

Family ODONTOCERIDAE
Psilotreta quinlani sp. n.

(Text-figs. 38-43)

Head fuscous, with castaneous hairs. Antennae fuscous, with coppery pubescence basally,
gradually shading into cream (apex missing). Palpi fuscous, with fuscous and greyish
pubescence. Thorax fuscous, with castaneous hairs. Legs fuscous, with dense coppery
pubescence, the membrane in the anterior portion of the fore wing with faint hyaline speckles
and the apical part of the costal and subcostal areas hyaline. Venation normal for the genus.
Apical fork Rz overlapping the apical half of the disocidal cell in both wings of both sexes. In
the male fore wing, the stems of Ml and vein Cu2 are more or less obsolete, M3+4 fused with
C«la. In the female fore wing, the stem of M is weak, fork Mx is present and M3+4 separate
from Cu1&. Cu2 is weak and fuses with lA apically. The male wings are shorter and more
rounded apically than in the female.

o* GENITAL: A. Ninth sternite with obtuse side-pieces. Tenth segment fused to ninth, the
median portion triangularly produced, terminating in a cordate lobe. Lateral lobes fused to
median, apex terminating in a spirally-coiled process, and with a thin, bifid plate arising at the
base of the process, directed basally and upwards. Cerci nearly as long as the tenth tergite,
narrowly foliate. Aedeagus stout, membranous apically, enclosing two or three curved spines.
Claspers two-segmented, basal segment stout, about as long as tenth tergite, from beneath
slightly sinuous, second segment barely one-fourth as long as basal, narrow, apex denticulate.

$ GENITALIA. Ninth and tenth tergites fused to make a large hood, triangular from the side,
with the apex obliquely truncate. From beneath, the lateral margins are incurved to form
two rounded lobes. There is a parabolic subgenital plate, attached by its basal angles to the
lower corners of the ninth tergite and only membranously linked to the eighth sternite. The
subgenital plate is unpigmented along its median line.

Length of fore wing, <J, 9-5 mm., $, 13 mm.

Holotype £ (mounted as microscope preparations), Ulleri, 6-7,000 ft., 19^.1954
(JQ), BMNH.

50 D. E. KIMMINS

Allotype $ (pinned, one pair of wings and abdomen mounted as microscope
preparations), same data, BMNH.

Paratype $ (pinned), same data, BMNH.

In the structure of the tenth segment, this species somewhat resembles Psilotreta
orientalis Chi-ling. The apices of the lateral lobes bear similar curled spines but
of a different shape. The cerci are stouter and the claspers are more sinuous in
side view and the terminal segment is not bifid. The wing venation of orientalis
(if correctly drawn) is quite different, as the discoidal cell on both wings appears
to be open or lacking.

Marilia sp.

Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
ix-x.i96i, 2 $ (RLC).

FIGS. 38-39. Psilotreta quinlani sp. n. Wings. 38, $ ; 39, <j>.

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL 51

In the absence of males, these two specimens are left with a generic determination
only. Several species have been described from China, based upon males only,
and since there is a sexual dimorphism in the venation, it is preferable to wait
until males are available.

Family LEPTOCERIDAE
Adicella trifida Kimmins

Adicella trifida, Kimmins, 1963, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.}, Ent. 14 (6) : 10, figs. 24-29
Taplejung Distr., river banks below Tamrang Bridge, c. 5,500 ft., ix-x.i96i,

The type and allotype of this species were taken in N.E. BURMA (Kambaiti).
This specimen is a little smaller and differs slightly in genitalia, but the differences
do not amount to more than individual variation.

FIGS. 40-43. Psilotreta quinlani sp. n. 40, $ genitalia, lateral ; 41, $ dorsal ; 42,
clasper, ventral ; 43, $ genitalia, ventral.

left

52 D. E. KIMMINS

Family UENOIDAE (=THREMMIDAE)

Uenoa hiberna sp. n.

(Text-figs. 44-47)

(J. Head fuscous, with golden pubescence ; only two ocelli. Antennae fuscous, with golden
pubescence. Maxillary palp single-segmented, slender, reaching almost to the base of the
antenna. Thorax fuscous, with golden and fuscous hairs. Legs tawny, with golden and fuscous
pubescence, spurs fuscous. Wings smoky hyaline, with darker venation, bearing long, semi-
erect setae. In the fore wing, the discoidal cell is relatively longer and narrower than in
U. burmana (Mosely). The hind wing is more acute at the apex.

cJ GENITALIA rather like that of U. burmana. The inner lobes of the tenth segment are
shallowly excised at their apices, the inner apical angles in side view giving the appearance of a
small, downturned hook. The outer lobes (? cerci) are more quadrate in side view and arise from
a more slender stem. The aedeagus in dorsal aspect is dilated in its basal half, the apical half
slender and spiniform. Parameres stout, sinuous in dorsal aspect, slightly exceeding the
aedeagus, upper surface towards tip granulose. Fused claspers forming a quadrate ventral
plate, its apical margin very slightly excised, its upper surface densely spinose. On each side
at its base is a small, quadrate lobe.

$ Unknown.

Length of fore wing, $, 6-5 mm.

Holotype <$ (pinned, abdomen in glycerine), Taplejung Distr., river banks below
Tamrang Bridge, c. 5,500 ft., x-xi.i96i (RLC), BMNH.

Paratypes (pinned), same data, 5 <£ (RLC} ; Sangu, c. 5,200 ft., mixed plants by
deep cliff in river gorge, 22. xi. 1961, i <$ (RLC), BMNH.

In male genital structure, and in having only two ocelli, this species is closely
related to Uenoa burmana (Mosely) . It is distinctly smaller, the outer lobe of tenth
tergite is more quadrate in side view, the inner lobes are excised apically, the
parameres are less dilated and slightly clavate apically in side view and the ventral
plate is narrower and less excised apically. The male maxillary palpus is single-
segmented. Comparative figures of the aedeagus and claspers of burmana and
hiberna are given.

Family LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE
Dinarthrella betteni Martynov

Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
ix-x.igei, i ^ (RLC).

Previous distribution. E. HIMALAYAS (Darjeeling distr.).

This specimen differs slightly from the figures given by Martynov. The basal
segment of the antenna is relatively shorter and stouter and there are very slight
differences in the tenth abdominal segment, but on such limited material these
differences may be no more than individual variation.

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL

Dinarthrum kamba Mosely, var.

Taplejung Distr., between Sangu and Tamrang, x-xi.igGi, deep river gorge,
c. 5,200 ft., i $ (RLC) ; river banks below Tamrang Bridge, c. 5,500 ft., x-xi.i96i,
2 ? (RLC).

Previous distribution of D. kamba Mosely, N.E. BURMA.

The male genitalia are definitely of the pattern of D. kamba, but show slight
differences and there are also slight variations in the basal segment of the antenna.
In view of the considerable variation found by Schmid in his D. iranicum, these
differences are considered only varietal. The two females are only provisionally
associated with the male.

FIGS. 44-47. Uenoa spp. <J genitalia. 44-46, U. hiberna sp. n., 47, U. burmana.
lateral ; 45, dorsal ; 46, aedeagus and claspers, dorsal ; 47, the same.

44.

D. E. KIMMINS

Adinarthrum simplex sp. n.

(Text-figs. 48-51)

cj. General colour dark tawny. Basal segment of antenna about as long as distance between
eyes, piceous, with a short, slender branch at base, directed upwards and inwards. Remaining
segments tawny, annulated with fuscous. Legs tawny, spurs 2.4.4., one spur on anterior tibia
very small. Wings rather denuded but with traces of fulvous pubescence and with whitish
scale-like hairs persisting near the veins in both wings. In fore wing, anal fold about half as
long as wing, not very conspicuous. Apical forks Rz and R± definitely present and sessile.
In the hind wing, apical fork R2 is present and stalked, vein R5 running into M1+2 and simulating
a cross-vein, Cu1& unforked.

cJ GENITALIA. Tenth tergite forming a broad hood, somewhat triangular in side view,
produced in a pair of triangular lobes at its centre in dorsal view. The apical margin on each
side is serrate. Aedeagus slender, downcurved, parameres reduced to a pair of short, blunt
processes over the base of the aedeagus. Claspers apparently single-segmented, with a short
basal process, directed upward and rather stouter than is usual in the genus. In side view, the
clasper is fairly slender, about twice as long as tenth tergite. From above, the clasper is rather
broader, incurving and dilating to a truncate apex.

$ Unknown.

Length of fore wing, <J, 5-5 mm.

Holotype <$ (mounted as microscope preparations), Taplejung Distr., river banks
below Tamrang Bridge, c. 5,500 ft., x-xi.i96i (RLC), BMNH.

Paratype (pinned) data as above, i $.

FIGS. 48-49. Adinarthrum simplex, sp. n. <$. 48, wings ; 49, basal segment of antenna.

ON THE TRICHOPTERA OF NEPAL

This species has been placed in Adinarthrum on the general similarity of wings
and genitalia, but it differs from the other species in the great reduction of the
parameres, the stouter basal branch of the clasper and the apparently single-
segmented clasper.

Lepidostomatidae $
Ulleri, 6-7,000 ft., 19. v. 1954, i $ (JQ).

FIGS. 50-51. Adinarthrum simplex sp. n. (J Genitalia. 50, lateral ; 51, dorsal.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE

Part II

T. H. E. JACKSON

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY . Vol. 15 No. 3

LONDON: 1964

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE

Part II

T. H. E. JACKSON

Kapretwa, Kitale, Kenya

Pp. 57-80 ; 8 Plates ; 5 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 3

LONDON: 1964

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. 3 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

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TRUSTEES OF
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Issued 21 July, 1964 Price Twenty-two Shillings

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE

Part II
By T. H. E. JACKSON

SYNOPSIS

The genus Phytala Westwood is revised and new species are described. Some new species of
Epitola Westwood and a new genus are described, and notes are given on the genus Epitolina
Aurivillius. The opportunity is taken to figure certain species of Epitola which have not been
illustrated before. A new species of Hewitsonia Kirby is described.

PHYTALA Westwood

THE genus Phytala Westwood has not been revised since the publication of Aurivillius
(in Seitz) (1920). A number of species were described subsequent to this and the
descriptions are scattered in journals which are difficult to obtain ; further, several
new species or subspecies have been discovered in recent years and these remain
undescribed. It was felt, therefore, that it would be useful to revise the genus
and bring all known species together in one publication. All species are figured and,
where possible, the sexes are provisionally associated. All types are in the British
Museum (Natural History) unless otherwise stated.

Phytala elais elais Westwood

$ Phytala elais Westwood [1851]* : pi. 77, fig. 2.

Type. GHANA : Ashanti.

Phytala elais Westwood ; Westwood, [1852]* : 471.

$ Phytala elais Westwood ; Holland, 1890 : 425.

Allotype. GABON : Kangwe (Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg).

<J, $ Phytala elais Westwood ; Aurivillius (in Seitz), 1920 : PI. 64, /.

This species is too well known to require a detailed redescription. The upperside
post-discal band in the female is pale yellow. No black markings in discal area of
fore wing in the male.

Recorded from GHANA ; NIGERIA ; CAMEROONS ; GABON : Moyen Congo.

Phytala elais catori Baker

cJ, °- Phytala elais catori Baker, 1903 : 328.

Types. SIERRA LEONE.

Phytala elais ab. elaidina Strand, 1920 : 148.

The upperside post-discal band in the female is pale blue and in the male there is a
broad (3 mm. on vein 5) patch of the black ground colour from the upper end of the
cell to vein 4 distally.

Recorded from SIERRA LEONE.

* For date vide Hemming, 1941 : 452.

60 T. H. E. JACKSON

Phytala elais ugandae ssp. n.

(PL i, figs, i and 2 ; PI. 2, figs. 15 and 16)

This is the eastern subspecies.

<$. Differs from elais elais Westwood in the presence of a narrow black patch extending from
the upper apex of the cell to vein 5 or just below on the upperside of the fore wing and from
elais catori Baker in the narrower and more restricted area of this patch.

°.. Differs from both the other subspecies in that the post-discal patch on upperside of the
fore wing is white.

Underside : as in the typical subspecies.

Holotype $. UGANDA : Bwamba Forest, Semliki Valley, xi. 1911 (S. A. Neave).
Allotype $. Same data as holotype.

Recorded from CONGO : Upper Lindi River, Maiko, Bafwasendi, Lubuto R. ;
SOUTHERN SUDAN : Tembura, Southern Bahr-el-Ghazal ; UGANDA : Bwamba,
Katera.

The remaining smaller species of this genus may be divided into two groups.

Group 1. With a broad silvery white horizontal band on hindwing below, at
least in the males.

Phytala vansomereni sp. n.

(PL i, figs. 3, 4 ; PL 2, figs. 17, 18)

Nearest to hyettoides Aurivillius and hyetta Hewitson.

<$, $. Legs sepia brown with paler spots at the joints ; palps sepia above and below ; frons
sepia ; eyes brown ; antennal shaft black above, checkered white below ; club with pale tips.

cJ. Upperside fore wing : costal and inner margins narrowly black ; distal margin and apex
broader black, i mm. on vein i and 3 mm. on vein 7 ; remainder of wing blue with a large black
semi-triangular black patch distal to the cell, reaching the costal margin above the cell end and
the distal margin narrowly at the apex of the triangle along vein 3 ; a square black spot in the
base of space i and the cell ; veins blackened.

Upperside hind wing : margin narrowly black, costal margin including the whole of space 7
and the base of 6 black ; remainder of wing blue with a well-defined black stigma at the cell end ;
veins blackened, especially vein 3.

Underside fore wing : sepia brown ; inner margin in space i silvery white to within 2 mm. of
the distal margin ; a row of three silvery white small round spots, sub-marginal in i, 2 and 3 ;
a post-discal series of similar spots in 2-6 inclusive, that in 3 nearly obsolete.

Underside hind wing : sepia brown ; a broad silvery white horizontal band across the centre
of the wing from costal to inner margin ; this band, as with other species of Phytala, varies in
width, but is usually about 3 mm. broad.

$. Upperside : warm brown, unmarked except for a series of five obscure post-discal spots
in fore wing in i and 2 and 4-6, those in 5 and 6 being bluish white.

Underside fore wing : dark sepia ; a complete series of obscure submarginal whitish spots ;
inner margin silvery white in space i, but basally not reaching further than vein ib ; small
silvery white spots in 2 and 4-6, postdiscal.

Underside hind wing : sepia brown ; an obscure narrow horizontal whitish band across wing
from costa to inner margin, placed distally of the cell and much overlaid with brown scales ;
faint traces of linear dark marginal and submarginal lines.

Length of fore wing : <$ 19 mm. ; $ 18 mm.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE, PART II 61

Holotype^. UGANDA : Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera, vii. 1960 (T. H. E.Jackson}.

Allotype $. UGANDA : Entebbe, vi. 1954 (T. H. E. Jackson).

Recorded from CONGO : Beni, Lake Tumba ; UGANDA : Katera, Entebbe,
Kampala, Mabira.

Named in honour of Dr. V. G. L. van Someren of Nairobi, Kenya, whose work on
the Rhopalocera of East Africa is well known.

Phytala hyettoides Aurivillius
(PI. i, figs. 7, 8 ; PI. 2, figs. 21, 22)

<J Phytala hyettoides Aurivillius, 1895 : 206.
Type. CAMEROONS. (Mus. Holmiae).

Nearest to vansomereni sp. n., from which it differs in the restricted black area in
the cell and beyond in fore wing above and in the broader white band in hind wing
underside. The spot in 3 of forewing underside larger.

9- Upperside : warm brown, very similar to vansomereni ; immaculate except for small
whitish post-discal spots in 2, 4, 5 and 6 ; space i paler in centre.

Underside fore wing : darker brown with the following markings ; a full series of quite
prominent submarginal pale spots ; whitish post-discal spots in 2, 4, 5 and 6, with a minute
spot in 3 ; the lower half of i whitish.

Underside hind wing : paler brown ; faint pale marginal and submarginal lines ; faint paler
shading across the centre of the wing replaces the white band in the male.

Length of fore wing : £ 17 mm. ; $ 16 mm.

Neallotype $. SIERRA LEONE : Kholifa, xii.igos, D. Cator Coll., B.M. (N.H.).
Recorded from IVORY COAST ; GHANA : Cape Coast Castle ; NIGERIA : Eket,
Warri, Ubiaja, Ikom ; CAMEROONS ; FERNANDO Po.

Phytala hyetta Hewitson
(PL i, fig. 5 ; PI. 2, fig. 19)

c? Epitola hyetta Hewitson, 1873 : 150.

Type. ANGOLA.

cJ Epitola hyetta Hewitson ; Hewitson 1878 : 19, pi. ib, figs, n and 12

$ Epitola hyetta Hewitson ; Aurivillius (in Seitz), 1920 : pi. 65, d.

Nearest to vansomereni sp. n. and the latter may be a subspecies of hyetta ; differs
in the smaller and narrower fore wing post-discal blue spots in 4, 5 and 6.
Recorded from ANGOLA ; CONGO: Kimuenza (after Aurivillius 1923 : 1196).

Phytala hyettina Aurivillius
(PI. i, figs. 9, 10 ; PI. 2, figs. 23, 24)

c? Phytala hyettina Aurivillius, 1897 : 214.

Type : SIERRA LEONE. (Coll. Staudinger, Berlin.)

cJ Phytala hyettina Aurivillius, 1897 ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 289, fig. 33.

c? Phytala hyettina Aurivillius ; Aurivillius (in Seitz), 1920 : pi. 65, d.

Nearest to intermixta Aurivillius and hyetta Hewitson, but distinguished from
both by the broad (2 mm.) black border on hind wing above and from intermixta by
the blue post-discal spot in 3 of fore wing being larger than those in 4, 5 and 6.

62 T. H. E. JACKSON

?. Upperside : plain brown, immaculate.

Underside fore wing : brown ; a complete row of small pale, submarginal spots ; similar
post-discal spots in i and 2, 5 and 6, inner margin narrowly whitish.

Underside hind wing : brown ; a complete series of pale submarginal spots ; a narrow
(i mm.) palish band horizontally across wing from apex to centre of inner margin.

Length of fore wing : 17 mm.

Neallotype $. SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba, vi.i902, D. Cator Coll., B.M. (N.H.).
Recorded from SIERRA LEONE ; IVORY COAST ; GHANA.

Phytala intermixta Aurivillius
(PI. i, figs, u, 12 ; PI. 2, figs. 25, 26)

cj Phytala intermixta Aurivillius, 1897 : 215.
Type : GABON. (Coll. Staudinger, Berlin.)
Phytala intermixta Aurivillius ; Aurivillius, 1898 : 289, fig. 34.

The type of this species, ex Berlin, has been examined. This species is close to
hyettina Aurivillius, but the post-discal blue spot in 3 of the fore wing is smaller than
those in 4, 5 and 6 ; the hind wing band is narrow, only i mm. broad, and the veins
of hind wing, especially vein 4, are more heavily blackened.

The female differs considerably from that of hyettina Aurivillius.

$. Upperside : sepia brown ; small white post-discal spots in 4, 5 and 6 fore wing, occa-
sionally also in i and 2 ; no other markings.

Underside fore wing : dark sepia ; white post-discal spots in 2, 4, 5 and 6 and inner margin
white, covering most of space i ; white submarginal spots in i, 2 and 3, then a double line
across apex.

Underside hind wing : dark brown ; an obscure horizontal narrow band across wing from
apex to mid-inner margin ; two faint crenulate lines marginal and submarginal.

Length of fore wing : 16 mm.

Neallotype $. REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Moyen Congo, Etoumbi, x.ig6o
(T. H. E. Jackson).

Recorded from SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba ; CAMEROONS : Bitje ; REPUBLIQUE
DU CONGO : Sembe, Etoumbi ; GABON.

Phytala aequatorialis sp. n.

(PI. i, figs. 13, 14 ; PI. 2, figs. 27, 28)

A small species belonging to the group with white band on hind wing below, but
not very near any of the others.

<J, $. Legs dark sepia brown, only very slightly paler at the joints ; frons and palps sepia ;
eyes brown ; antennal shaft black above, checkered white below ; club tipped yellow.

<J. Upperside fore wing : costal and inner margins very narrowly black ; distal margin and
apex broadly black, 2 mm. on vein i and 5 mm. on vein 6 ; cell and bases of spaces 4, 5 and 6
black, joining the marginal border along the lower half of space 4 ; two blue streaks in the base
of the cell and another along the upper discocellular ; spaces i, 2 and 3 blue to within 2 mm.
of the margin ; blue spots in 5, 6 and 8, with a gap in space 4.

Upperside hind wing : distal border very narrowly black ; costal border black to space 7
and half 6 ; remainder of wing blue with black veins especially vein 4.

Underside fore wing : greyish brown ; traces of small pale submarginal spots ; inner margin
pale grey and pale grey post-discal spots in 2, 3, 4 and 5, that in 3 being minute.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE, PART II 63

Underside hind wing : greyish brown ; a silvery white horizontal band across the wing from
above the apex to mid-inner margin, 2 mm. wide ; marginal and submarginal markings
scarcely apparent.

$. Upperside : brown ; traces of two bluish spots in 5 and 6, otherwise unmarked.

Underside fore wing : a series of fairly prominent palish submarginal spots and pale post-
discal spots in 2, 4, 5 and 6 ; inner margin also pale.

Underside hind wing : grey brown ; a darker post-discal area ; a series of paler submarginal
and marginal crenulate spots and some obscure markings in the base.

Length of fore wing : $, $, 15 mm.

Holotype $. NIGERIA : Lagos Dist., Oshodi, iv.i955 (T. H. E.Jackson).
Allotype $. Same data as holotype.
Only the types are known.

Group 2. Without a silvery white horizontal band on hind wing below in
either sex.

Phytala henleyi Kirby
(PI. 3, figs. 29, 30 ; PI. 4, figs. 47, 48)

<$ Phytala henleyi Kirby, 1890 : 272.

Type. Cameroons : Barombi. (Coll. Staudinger, Berlin.)

<$ Phytala henleyi Kirby Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892 : Afr. Lye., pi. 17, figs. 3, 4.

<$ Phytala henleyi Kirby Aurivillius in Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, d.

$ Phytala henleyi Kirby Aurivillius 1923 : 1196.

The type of this species has been examined.

Nearest to schultzei Aurivillius and reducta Aurivillius but differs from both in
the larger black area post-discal fore wing and the heavily blackened vein 3 hind
wing. The blue post-discal spots are shorter than in schultzei. Length of fore wing :
14-15 mm.

Recorded from GHANA : Akyem, Boutibor ; LIBERIA : Kpaine ; NIGERIA :
Oshodi, Udi, Ubiaja, Mamu, Awka ; CAMEROONS : Bitje ; REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO :
Etoumbi.

Phytala schultzei Aurivillius
(PI. 3, figs. 31, 32 ; PI. 4, figs. 49, 50)

cJ, $ Phytala schultzei Aurivillius, 1923 : 1196, pi. 50, fig. I.

Type. S. CAMEROONS : Yukaduma. (Mus. Hamburg, destroyed.)

Closely allied to henleyi Kirby, but differs in the restricted black post-discal patch
fore wing ; the more extensive blue post-discal series and in the less prominent
blackening of vein 3 hind wing.

A translation of the original description is given below.

cJ. Upperside fore wing : black with nearly free blue spots in ib-6-n and in the cell ;
the spot in ib is large, covering the base of the cellule, but a little shorter than the spot in
cellule 2 ; near the cell there are two small black spots ; in the basal angle the cell is dusted
with blue scales ; two blue spots in the lower half of cell and one close to the end of the cell
in 4 (or in 4 and 5) ; the upper half of cell and cellules za and 12 entirely black ; apex and
distal margin broadly black.

64 T. H. E. JACKSON

Upperside hind wing : brilliant blue with a fine black marginal line ; cellules la and ib
greyish black ; cellules 7 and 8 and the base of 6 black.

The underside is near that of Phytala henleyi, but it is lighter, more grey and in consequence
one can see in the fore wings two light grey spots in the cell and one in the base of cellule 4.
Vein i of the fore wing is straight as far as the base, but thickened at its point of origin, out-
lining a mealy spot, very narrow and indistinct. Phytala schultzei agrees almost exactly with
Phytala hyetta in the blue markings above. It is distinguished by the underside which is
entirely different ; by the much wider marginal border upperside fore wing and by vein i of
the fore wing being straight at the base.

$ (?). As a doubtful female of this species, I choose an example taken at the same locality
(Yukaduma) and at nearly the same time as the male. Above it is entirely greyish black
without markings. Below in the fore wing it has the same light grey spots as in the male,
but they are smaller and less distinct ; the underside hind wing, on the contrary, is centrally
brown and not grey as in the male.

Expanse $ 29/30 mm. : $ 28 mm.

2<?6\ i $(?)•

Siid Kamerun : Yukaduma 5/8.iii.n, lo/iy.iv.n ; $ (?) 24/28. ii.n.

The above female was probably henleyi Kirby with less well developed blue spots
in the fore wing. The correct female is described below.

$. Eyes brown ; palps dark grey ; legs dark blackish brown ; slightly paler at the joints ;
frons greyish brown ; antennae black above, checkered white below ; club orange-tipped.

Upperside fore wing : dark sepia brown with a series of large dark blue, post-discal spots
in i, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 and a small blue spot at the end of the cell.

Upperside hind wing : dark sepia brown, immaculate.

Underside fore wing : ground colour, warm brown ; whitish crenulate submarginal line,
becoming double from vein 2 to the apex ; post-discal white spots in i, 2, 4, 5 and 6 ; inner
margin narrowly white, thus differing from the male in which the whole of space i is white.

Underside hind wing : warm brown ; four lighter crenulate lines, two submarginal and two
post-discal ; the fourth of this series passes over the end of the cell and is here double with a
dark central streak ; this character is also present in the male although more obscure ; some
paler scaling along the inner margin.

Length of fore wing : 17 mm.

The types of this species were destroyed in the Hamburg Museum in 1943 and this
has been confirmed by the Director.

The series before me agrees with the original description and there are several
examples from Bitje, Cameroons, which is near the type locality. I propose,
therefore, to designate a neotype male.

Neotype <$. REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Ouesso, Ketta Forest, ix.ig59 (T. H. E.
Jackson) .

Neallotype $. REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Moyen Congo, Mambili Forest, iv.igSz
(T. H. E. Jackson).

Recorded from S. CAMEROONS ; NIGERIA ; REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO ; GABON ;
CONGO.

Phytala reducta Aurivillius
(PI. 3, figs. 33, 34 ; PI. 4, figs. 51, 52)

<$ Phytala reducta Aurivillius, 1923 : 1197.

Type. S. CAMEROONS : Malen. (Mus. Hamburg : destroyed.)

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE, PART II 65

Allied to henleyi Kirby and schultzei Aurivillius but black markings fore wing
reduced to a small costal triangular patch, and small spots in cell and in space i ;
fore wings narrow and apex sharply pointed. A translation of the original description
of the male is given below.

(J. Abdomen, palps and legs sepia brown ; frons without lateral pale bands ; antennae
black, checkered indistinctly with yellow ; club yellow tipped. Wings above bright dark
blue. Fore wings with straight black costal border to apex and distal border (the latter is
broken in this specimen and it is not possible to describe exactly the extent of the blue area).
As in Phytala hyettoides, the blue colour reaches the base of 2 and 3 ; it is only interrupted by
two small black spots in the base of ib, 3 or 4 similar spots in the cell and a streak across the
apex of the cell ; small oval, mealy spot at base of vein i. Hindwings ; blue from ib-5
(as far as the marginal border?) and in the lower half of 6.

Underside dark brown in both wings, almost exactly of the colour and markings of Phytala
henleyi.

Expanse 27 mm.

icJ.

Siid Kamerun : Malen. i8/2i.v.u.

?. Upperside : fore wing narrow and apex sharply pointed ; dark sepia brown with small
bluish spots, post-discal in 2, 4, 5 and 6 ; no other markings.

Underside fore wing : as in henleyi and schultzei, but all markings very obscure — a faint
trace of a post-discal spot in 3.

Underside hind wing : markings as in the species mentioned above, but all very obscure.

Length of fore wing : 15 mm.

The same remarks apply here as in schultzei Aurivillius. There is a male before
me from Bitje, Cameroons and the description tallies. A neotype <$, to replace the
original, known to have been destroyed, is therefore designated.

Neotype <$. REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Ouesso, Mambili Forest, vi.i96o (T. H. E.
Jackson) .

Neallotype $. Same data as neotype.

Recorded from S. CAMEROONS : Malen ; CAMEROONS : Bitje ; REPUBLIQUE DU
CONGO : Ouesso, Mambili, Ketta.

Phytala pulchra sp. n.

(PI. 3, %s. 35, 36 ; PI. 4, figs. 53, 54)

From the underside colour and markings nearest to benitensis Holland, but with
normally shaped wings.

cJ, ?. Eyes brown ; legs sepia with prominent paler spots at the joints ; palps sepia with
much grey scaling below ; frons sepia ; antennae black above, checkered white below ; club
yellow tipped.

<£. Upperside fore wing : black ; costal distal and inner margins broadly black ; brilliant
blue spots as follows : post-discal in 2, large, quadrate, others smaller in 4, 5 and 6 and a streak
in 7 ; three spots in line in the cell and a streak in the base ; a small spot in base of i followed
centrally by a long narrow spot in the upper half of the cellule.

Upperside hind wing : brilliant blue with black veins ; vein 3 heavily blackened and a heavy
black stigma across the end of the cell ; margin black, about i mm. on vein 5, then tapering
to the anal angle ; costa black to vein 6 ; spaces la and ib covered in long hair.

66 T. H. E. JACKSON

Underside fore wing : ground colour greyish brown ; faint crenulate lines across apex,
marginal and submarginal, ending on vein 3 ; discal area and beyond darker, blackish ; small
pale post-discal spots in 2, 4 and 5 ; inner margin slightly paler.

Underside hind wing : greyish brown, irrorated with silvery grey scales and with faint
silvery, crenulate marginal and submarginal lines ; obscure silvery spots in the discal area.

$. Upperside : dark sepia brown ; some blue scales in space i fore wing and blue post-
discal spots in 2, 4, 5 and 6, those in 4 being the smallest ; no other markings.

Underside : as in the male but the marginal and submarginal crenulate lines reach vein i
and the inner margin is silvery white in fore wing ; ground colour paler, warmer brown.

Length of fore wing : $ and $ : 15 mm.

Holotype <$. REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Ouesso, Ketta Forest, xii.1959 (T. H. E.
Jackson).

Allotype $. Same data as holotype.

Known only from the types which were taken in cop.

Phytala benitensis Holland
(PI. 3, figs. 37, 38 ; PL 4, figs. 55, 56)

cJ Epitola benitensis Holland, 1890 : 425.

Type. GABON : Ogove River. (Carnegie Mus. Pittsburgh.)

Phytala benitensis (Holland) ; Jackson, 1962 : 155.

Distinguished from all other species in the genus by the peculiar angled fore wings.
Underside nearest to pulchra sp. n. and rezia Kirby ; see under the latter for further
remarks.

$. Upperside : dark brown with blue post-discal spots in i, 2, 4, 5 and 6 ; no other markings ;
fore wing angled on vein 3, as in the male.

Underside fore wing : warm dark brown ; a series of paler crenulate, submarginal spots from
inner margin to costa ; small marginal spots from vein 2 to costa ; pale post-discal series from
2 to 6 inclusive, that in 3 being smallest ; lower half of space i whitish.

Underside hind wing : dark brown ; a series of paler crescentric marginal spots, a larger
similar series submarginal ; some obscure pale discal spots from costa to inner margin.

Length of fore wing : 15 mm.

Neallotype $. CAMEROONS : Bitje, 1913 (Joicey Bequest).

Recorded from NIGERIA : Oban, Ubiaja ; CAMEROONS : Bitje ; REPUBLIQUE
DU CONGO : Ouesso, Mambili.

Phytala obscura Schultze

cJ Phytala obscura Schultze, 1916 : 142.

Type. S. FERNANDO Po : San Carlos. (Mus. Hamburg : destroyed.)

A translation of the original description is as follows :—

In this dark species the blue colour consists of some sparse dark blue-violet scales in spaces
ib and 2, only, in fore wing and in the hind wing, of about the same extent as in Phytala hyettina
Aurivillius. The colour below is sombre without sheen. The hind wings entirely without
markings. The greater part of the fore wings are blackish grey without precise margins,
becoming darker towards the costa ; this patch occupies the area between veins 6 and 2.
A small pale spot in this patch between spaces 4 and 5.

Expanse 30 mm.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE, PART II 67

I took a single example in the cocoa plantations near San Carlos (S. Fernando Po). Phytala
obscura is another example of the tendency to melanism in the butterflies of this island.

There are no specimens of this species in any collection known to the author.
It is probably confined to Fernando Po.

Phytala rezia Grose-Smith & Kirby (comb, n.)
(PL 3, ng. 40 ; PI. 4, fig. 58)

<$ Epitola rezia Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1893 : 86.

Type. GABON. (Coll. Staudinger, Berlin.)

[$] = <J Epitola rezia Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1893 : 87, pi. 20, fig. 6.

Allotype [9] = c?- CAMEROONS. (Coll. Staudinger, Berlin).

The type " <j> " of this species, which is a male, has been examined by courtesy
of the Humboldt Universitat, Berlin. The type male mentioned by Grose-Smith
& Kirby is apparently missing. The specimen of rezia above shows an evenly
curved distal margin to the fore wing, whereas in 4 specimens of benitensis Holland,
before me, 2^2$, the distal margin is distinctly angled at vein 3. The markings,
however, both above and below, are identical. On the shape of the distal margin
of fore wing of benitensis and due to the paucity of material of rezia it is felt safer
to use the two names with the proviso that they are possibly conspecific. It is
significant that at the end of the original description Grose-Smith & Kirby state :—
" We believe that Dr. Holland considers the specimen figured to be his Epitola
benitensis (Psyche, vol. V, p. 425), but the anterior wings of our species do not
exhibit the peculiar 'falcate' form which he describes ". These two " species "
differ from all others in the presence in the fore wing upperside of a complete post-
discal series of small, rounded blue spots. There are no examples of rezia Kirby in
the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

$. Unknown.

Recorded from CAMEROONS ; GABON.

Phytala nigrescens sp. n.

(PI. 3, fig- 39 i PL 4, fig- 57)

<J. Eyes brown ; palps and frons sepia ; legs sepia, very little paler at the joints ; antennae
black above checkered white below ; club minutely orange tipped.

Upperside fore wing : black ; small, dark blue-purple spots, postdiscal, in i, about centre,
in 2, 4, 5 and 6 and a very minute spot in 3.

Upperside hind wing : black with some scattered blue scaling in the base ; no other marks.

Underside fore wing : dark sepia ; the whole of space i pale grey ; grey spots postdiscally
in 2-6, inclusive and a full series of quadrate grey submarginal spots.

Underside hind wing : entirely unmarked.

Length of fore wing : 14 mm.

Holotype^. NIGERIA : Onitsha Prov., Mamu, Awka, ii.i96o (T. H. E. Jackson).

This species is known from only a single male, but differs so much from all other
known species that it deserves a name. The small size and immaculate hind wing
below is like obscura Schultze, but the upperside is entirely different ; the almost
complete absence of blue on the hind wing above is unique.

68 T. H. E. JACKSON

EPITOLA Westwood

Further collecting since the publication of the latest revision of the genus Epitola
Westwood (Jackson, 1962), and a close examination of the types, have revealed
the fact that the two species Epitola albomaculata Baker and Epitola gerina Hewitson
consist of a complex of closely allied but completely distinct species and these are
now separated or described below.

The opportunity is also taken to include certain addenda and corrigenda to the
above paper.

The subgroup with white undersides centred around Epitola gerina Hewitson
consists of four distinct species, easily separated, apart from colour and pattern,
by the secondary sexual characters of the males, i.e. the swollen and blackened
veins in the base of the fore wings, which are completely different in each species.
The synonomy, given in Jackson, 1962 and also the records are corrected below.

Epitola gerina Hewitson
(PL 5, figs. 70, 71 ; PL 6, figs. 83, 84)

<$ Epitola gerina Hewitson, 1878 : 19, pi. ib, figs. 13, 14.

Type. CONGO.

cJ Epitola gerina Hewitson ; Aurivillius (in Seitz), 1920 : pi. 65, b.

The type of this species is very old and worn, but retains sufficient characters
on the underside to enable it to be placed. The figures listed in the synonymy
are inaccurate, due to the state of the specimen. The fore wings are blue as far
as the base and the underside hind wing has small blackish streaks and lines both
basally, discally and postdiscally. Vein i for 6 mm. from the base and the lower
discocellular, swollen and blackened. Distal edge of blue spots fore wing, convex
and deeply incised. Fore wing less sharply pointed.

Underside markings dark grey ; fore wing inner margin black in the whole of
space i ; fore wing submarginal and postdiscal lines much as in nitide Druce, but
in hind wing the streaks beyond the postdiscal series are separate and placed at an
angle to each other ; lines present in basal, discal, postdiscal, submarginal and
marginal areas ; length of fore wing 18 mm.

Since it is now considered that goodi Holland and zelica Kirby are good species,
the female of gerina Hewitson has not been described.

?. Upper side fore wing : ground colour black ; blue discal area from base to within 2 mm.
of the margin in i, 3 mm. in 2, only the base of 3, the whole of the cell and a prolongation
along vein 4.

Upperside hind wing : black ; blue area restricted to below vein 6, covering cell and just
beyond, leaving a broad black distal margin of 5 mm.; females from the east, i.e. Uganda,
Bwamba, tend to have more extended blue and a narrower black border on the hind wing.

Underside : as in the male.

Length of fore wing : 17 mm.

Neallotype $. REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Moyen Congo, Etoumbi, x.i96o (T. H. E.
Jackson) .

Recorded from CONGO ; REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Etoumbi ; UGANDA : Bwamba,
Katera, Mukono.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE, PART II 69

Epitola zelica Kirby
(PI. 5, figs. 68, 69 ; PI. 6, figs. 81, 82)

cJ and [<j>] = 6* Epitola zelica Kirby, 1890 : 272.

Types. CAMEROONS : Barombi. (In Humboldt Universitat, Berlin.)

[?] = (J Epitola zelica Kirby ; Grose-Smith & Kirby, iv.i8g2 : Afr. Lye. pi. 13, figs. 5, 6.

$ Epitola subalba Baker, 1915 : 190.

Type. CAMEROONS : Bitje.

Through the courtesy of Dr. H. J. Hannemann of the Humboldt Universitat,
Berlin, the types of this species have been examined and both are males. The
swollen and blackened vein I of the fore wing, a secondary sexual character of the
male, is indicated in Grose-Smith & Kirby 's figure of the " female ". An examina-
tion of a very clear photo of the type of subalba Baker, which is in good condition,
shows it to be without doubt a female of zelica Kirby, and this therefore is selected
as the neallotype $. The photo shows on the underside only crenulate submarginal
lines with faint traces of a postdiscal on fore wing and no basal markings whatever
and zelica is the only species of the subgroup with these characters.

Differs from the other species of this subgroup as follows : —

<J. Vein i and the lower discocellular swollen and blackened, the former for 9 mm., i.e. over
half its length, the latter throughout, including the bifurcation of veins 2 and 3.

Upperside : colour pale silvery blue, there is no white as indicated in Grose-Smith & Kirby's
figure ; distal edge of blue area of fore wing not so deeply indented as in gerina Hewitson.

Underside : faint crenulate submarginal and antemarginal lines in both wings, otherwise
plain white, with no basal marks.

$. Upperside : very similar to gerina Hewitson above, but blue paler.

Underside : markings similar to the male but a little more prominent, especially the sub-
marginal lines ; fringes brown ; whole basal and discal areas pure white.

Length of fore wing : <J 19 mm., °- 17 mm.

Recorded from CAMEROONS : Bitje, Barombi ; UGANDA : Bwamba.

Epitola goodii Holland sp. rev.
(PI. 5, figs. 72, 73 i PL 6, figs. 85, 86)

$ Epitola goodii Holland, 1890 : 24.

Type. GABON : Ogove.

$ Epitola goodii Holland ; Grose-Smith & Kirby, iv.i892 : Afr. Lye. pi. 17, figs. 7, 8.

Distinguished from the other members of this subgroup by the more rounded
fore wings and paler less brilliant blue in the male.

<J. Upperside fore wing : vein i not swollen or blackened ; discocellular blackened, finely,
throughout, including a small bifurcation at the cell end ; distal edge of blue area as in the
females, i.e. a large indentation basad in 3, with a small free blue spot distad ; a rounded spot
in 4, forming a prolongation of the discal patch.

Upperside hind wing : entirely blue to vein 6, then black to costa ; a very fine black border
and white fringes.

Underside : agrees very well with the figure of the female in Grose-Smith & Kirby ; all
markings are pale yellow.

Length of fore wing : 17 mm.

Neallotype^. UGANDA : Budongo, viii-ix.i934 (T. H. E.Jackson).
Recorded from GABON : Ogove ; UGANDA : Unyoro, Budongo and Bugoma.

7o T. H. E. JACKSON

Epitola nitide Druce
(PI. 5, figs. 74, 75 ; PL 6, figs. 87, 88)

<$ Epitola nitide Druce, 1910 : 336, pi. 34, fig. i.
Type. CAMEROONS : Bitje, Ja River.

<$ Epitola nitida [sic] Druce ; Aurivillius (in Seitz), 1920 : 356.

Differs from the other species of the subgroup as follows : —

<J. Vein i and the lower discocellular swollen and blackened, the former for 8 mm., the
latter throughout its length, including the bifurcation of veins 2 and 3. Distal edge of blue
area fore wing concave. Fore wings sharply pointed.

$. Upper side fore wing : black, with dark blue basal and discal area, confined by the upper
discocellular and reaching the inner margin ; distal edge deeply excised in the upper half of
space 2 and in 3 and prolonged ending in a white spot in 4.

Upperside hind wing : costal margin black to vein 6 ; blue basal and discal area very irregu-
larly indented distally, but reaching in rays to 2 mm. of the margin.

Underside : exactly as in the male, i.e. white with broad yellowish submarginal, ante-
marginal and postdiscal lines and small yellowish basal spots.

Length of fore wing : $ 21 mm., $ 22 mm.

Since subalba Baker is a synonym of zelica Kirby, the female of nitide Druce
has not previously been described.

Neallotype $. REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Moyen Congo, Kelle, vii.i962 (T. H. E.

Jackson).

Recorded from CAMEROONS : Bitje ; REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Kelle.

Note : The left hind wing of the type male has been mended by insertion of a
piece of wing from an Argiolaus ! The markings, therefore, in this area below,
i.e. small black submarginal streaks and the remains of a red and black anal spot,
should be ignored.

A study of new material collected since the publication of the latest revision
(Jackson, 1962), shows that there are at least seven species in the subgroup centred
around albomaculata Baker ; i.e. albomaculata Baker, liana Roche, daveyi Roche,
virginea Baker, and three new species which are described below. It is possible
that one of the new species is lamborni Baker, but the type female, which is unique,
is missing. All three are nearest to albomaculata Baker, but the latter differs in
both sexes from all the others by the blue discal area fore wing being confined
below vein 5 and by the underside being merely white with light brown markings
all of the same tone.

Epitola dubia sp. n.

(PL 3, figs. 43, 44 ; PL 4, figs. 61, 62)

cJ, $. Eyes dark brown ; legs black, but almost entirely overlaid with white scales ; palps
white below, dark brown above ; frons dark brown ; antennae black, checkered white below ;
club yellow-tipped.

6*. Upperside fore wing : black with large, brilliant blue discal patch extending from base
to within ± mm. of the margin in i, i mm. in 2, and 2 mm. in 3 ; thus evenly curved to vein
4 ; a projection distally in 4 and 5, then receding proximally to vein 7 ; costal border black to
vein 7 and apex broadly black ; vein i and the lower discocellular broadly swollen and
blackened.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE, PART II 71

Upperside hind wing : blue from vein i to vein 6 ; very narrow black margin ; costal margin
black to vein 6.

Underside fore wing : creamy white with dark grey markings ; two sagittate marginal and
submarginal lines much bolder than in albomaculata Baker ; a sagittate postdiscal line again
much bolder than in albomaculata ; these lines black between veins 1-3 ; the white space
between the submarginal and postdiscal lines broad ; in albomaculata in both wings these
white areas consist merely of rounded spots ; three irregular white-centred markings in the
cell ; space i black from base to centre.

Underside hind wing : creamy white ; markings dark grey ; basal, discal and two post-
discal lines, more or less divided into spots, with paler centres ; sagittate marginal and sub-
marginal lines and a darker quadrate area proximal of the apex ; pale area between submarginal
and postdiscal lines broad and uninterrupted.

$. Upperside fore wing : black ; base, cell and space i to within 2 mm. of the margin
violet blue ; a white spot at end of cell and another elongate oval, just beyond it ; a white
spot midway in 2 and space 2 blue in the base.

Upperside hind wing : blackish brown, not very heavily scaled ; cell and proximad in the
bases of i, 2 and 3 violet blue ; costal margin to vein 6 whitish.

Underside : as in the male, but all markings paler.

The cilia in this species are not checkered in either wing.

Length of fore wing : <$ 19 mm., $ 18 mm.

Holotype^. UGANDA : Bwamba, Mongiro, xi.i96i (T. H. E.Jackson).
Allotype $. Same data as holotype, 1.1962.

Recorded from REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Etoumbi ; UGANDA : Bwamba.

Epitola cyanea sp. n.

(PI. 3, figs. 45, 46 ; PL 4, figs. 63, 64)

$, $. Eyes brown ; legs brown, heavily scaled white ; palps also brown with much white
scaling below, brown above ; frons brown ; antennal shaft black above, checkered white
below ; club yellow tipped ; cilia of hind wing upperside checkered white, thus resembling
liana Roche, in which the cilia is checkered in both wings.

6*. Upperside fore wing : blue area of roughly the same extent as in dubia sp. n. ; no pro-
longation in 4 and 5 and distal edge evenly rounded but sagittate in the interspaces ; vein i
at the base and the lower discocellular not so broadly swollen and not so black ; blue brighter.

Upperside hind wing : as in dubia ; blue to vein 6 ; broad black costal border and narrow
black distal border.

Underside : similar in general to dubia ; but differs as follows : white bands in both wings
distal of the postdiscal lines much broader ; space i in fore wing not black in base ; instead
a black bar in centre and black spots in the base of 2-3 ; whole fore wing distad of the white
band darkened and thus contrasting with the remainder of the wing ; square black spot on
hind wing apex darker ; basal and discal spots of hind wing fewer and more scattered ; marginal
series of hind wing merely small dark grey crescents ; ground colour white not cream.

$. Nearest to dubia, but differing in the white spot in space 4 fore wing, which is narrow
and streak-like uninterrupted by black, except for a fine black line at the end of the cell and
on the underside which is as in the male.

Upperside fore wing : black with large blue basal patch extending in streaks beyond the cell
in 3, 4, 5 and 6 and to within 3 mm. of the margin in i and 2 ; an obscure whitish spot at end
of blue streak in 2 and a long narrow white spot at end of cell in 4 ; a very fine black line
closing the cell.

Upperside hind wing : dark greyish black ; blue basal patch from veins 1-6 restricted and
rounded distally ; black grey margin 5 mm. wide ; space 6 black grey and space 7 whitish.

72 T. H. E. JACKSON

Underside : as in the male, but paler, dark markings more brownish ; basal and postdiscal
marking linear and pale brown.

Length of fore wing : <$ 17 mm., $ 19 mm.

Holotype <?. UGANDA : Bwamba, Mongiro Forest, xi.i96i (T. H. E.Jackson).
Allotype $. Same data as holotype, v.1962.

Recorded only from the type locality.

Epitola mirifica sp. n.

(PL 5, fig. 65 ; PL 6, fig. 78)

This species agrees on the underside with the description of lamborni Baker,
but since the type, a female, is lost and there are no females from the Republique du
Congo, and since, moreover, the locality of lamborni belongs to a different faunal
zone, it seems safer to treat it as a distinct species.

o*. Eyes very dark brown ; legs brown heavily overlaid with white scales ; palps white
with black tips ; frons dark brown ; antennae black above, checkered white below ; club
yellow tipped.

Upperside fore wing : blue patch darker and more restricted than in the other two species
but less so than in albomaculata ; space 6 only blue in the base ; space 5 blue area invaded
near distal end by a small black triangle of the ground colour ; distal edge of blue patch slightly
concave ; vein i slightly swollen but little darkened at base, the discocellular not swollen.

Upperside hind wing : as in the other species but black marginal border double as wide ;
costal black border paler distally.

Underside fore wing : white with black markings as in liana Roche ; submarginal and marginal
sagittate lines distinct and not clouded ; postdiscal line not so deeply incised in 4 ; basal and
sub-basal marks as in cyanea sp. n., but black.

Underside hind wing : very similar to cyanea but all markings black and much more distinct ;
the white bands in both wings are intermediate in width between dubia sp. n. and cyanea ;
all markings very clear and precise.

Length of fore wing : 19 mm.

$. Unknown.

Holotype $. REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Moyen Congo, Etoumbi, x.ig6o (T. H. E.
Jackson) .

Recorded from REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Moyen Congo.

The new technique of building ladders up Crematogaster trees and collecting
from platforms in the canopy has produced, amongst others, two new species of
the pinodes group.

Epitola subgriseata sp. n.

(PL 5, figs. 76, 77 ; PL 6, figs. 89, 90)
Near kamengensis Jackson, but larger and with blue markings fore wing.

cJ, $. Eyes brown ; legs dark brown, paler at the joints ; palps dark brown with much
grey scaling below, dark brown above ; frons dark brown ; antennae black, checkered white
below ; club orange tipped.

cj. Upperside fore wing : black ; dark blue spots as follows : space i blue from base to
within 4 mm. of margin ; a very few blue scales in la ; a large quadrate blue spot midway

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE, PART II 73

in 2 ; a streak in base of cell and two circular blue spots in centre and apex very lightly scaled ;
small, lightly scaled, postdiscal blue spots in 5 and 6.

Upperside hind wing : blue from vein i to vein 6, but small streak of black ground colour
into this area near the origin of vein 7 ; no denned black border.

Underside fore wing : light grey brown ; lower half of cell and bases of i, 2, 3, 4 and 5 dark
sepia, forming the usual dark lower central area of this group ; large silvery grey spot in i
beyond this patch and another smaller spot in 2 ; small grey post-discal spots in 5, 6 and 7
and two others submarginal in 2 and 3.

Underside hind wing : light grey brown ; whole postdiscal area from inner margin to vein 5
heavily overlaid with silver grey ; marginal and submarginal area and distal half of costal
margin irro rated with silver grey ; some scattered silver grey spots in the base.

$. Upperside fore wing : black ; elongate square white post-discal spots in 5 and 6 and white
streaks of the same series in 4 and 7 ; a large elongate quadrate white spot in the centre of 2 ;
all these spots have faint blue edges ; space i blue from base to 4 mm. of margin ; space ra
blue from base to centre.

Upperside hind wing : smoky black ; blue with much brown scaling from vein i to vein 6,
with some scattered blue scales above this ; margin black, about i mm., but ill-defined.

Underside fore wing : brownish grey ; white post-discal spots in i, 2, 4, 5, 6 and a streak in
7, that in i being large, quadrate, 6 mm. long ; large black lower discal and post-discal patch,
from base covering lower cell basal halves of 2-5 and continuing round the white post-discal
spots in i and 2 almost to the margin ; margin and apex silvery grey.

Underside hind wing : smoky black, but almost entirely overlaid with thick silver grey, only
the base and cell not so heavily scaled whitish and even here some scattered silver spots ;
dark crenulate lines of the ground colour visible in the silver grey scales submarginal and
postdiscal.

Length of fore wing : $ and $ 19 mm.

Holotype <$. UGANDA : Bwamba, Mongiro, xi.i96i (T. H. E.Jackson}.
Allotype $. Same data as holotype.

Recorded only from the type locality.

Epitola bwamba sp. n.

(PI. 5, fig. 66 ; PI. 6, fig. 79)

Nearest to maculata Hawker-Smith and belonging to the subgroup of azurea
Jackson, mpangensis Jackson, cephena Hewitson, etc.

Through the courtesy of the authorities of M.R.A.C., Tervuren, who forwarded
the type of maculata to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for photographing, I am
now able to distinguish this species.

cj. Eyes brown ; legs dark brown, silvery white at the joints, basally heavily scaled silver ;
palps grey-scaled with black tips ; frons hairy, blackish ; antennae black above, checkered
white below ; club orange tipped.

Upperside fore wing : black with beautiful ultramarine blue spots as follows : some blue
scales in the base of the cell, a small elongate spot in the centre and a larger more rounded spot
at the end of the cell ; the whole of the base of i, above vein la for 5 mm. and a large rounded
spot in the base of 2, blue ; very faint traces of three post-discal blue spots beyond the cell in
4, 5 and 6 ; in maculata these spots are very prominent and in addition there are blue streaks
in the base and beyond the cell.

Upperside hind wing : black from costa to vein 6, remainder ultramarine blue except for a
fine black marginal border ; some scattered blue scales in 7 ; veins not blackened ; sometimes
a very fine black line at end of cell ; in maculata the blue colour is not so bright, all veins are

74 T. H. E. JACKSON

heavily blackened and there is a thick black line at end of cell ; further the black marginal
border is double as broad and the blue colour reaches vein 7.

Underside : very similar to that of maculata and differing mainly in the heavy silver scaling
and the silvery spot in 5 of the hind wing ; in maculata the usual lines on the hind wing are
more prominent.

Underside fore wing : silvery grey with the usual large black area from inner margin to vein
5 ; space i a paler and some silvery spots midway in i and 2 ; small silvery post-discal spots
in 4, 5 and 6 ; traces of two subapical, silvery crescentric lines.

Underside hind wing : silvery grey, heavily overlaid with silver scales ; an obscure small
silvery spot midway in 5, some very obscure silvery crescentric submarginal lines.

Length of fore wing : 15 mm. (maculata 16 mm.).

Holotype^. UGANDA : Bwamba, Mongiro, ¥.1962 (T. H. E. Jackson}.

Recorded from the type locality only.

Note : A single female has been received, which appears to belong to this species
and also a single female which agrees with maculata, but it is felt wiser to await
further material before description. The females, if correct, place both species in
subgroup B of the pinodes group.

Epitola intermedia Roche
(PL 7, fig. 91 ; PL 8, fig. 103)

$ Epitola intermedia Roche ; Jackson, 1962 : 131, pi. i, fig. 6, pi. 2, fig. 15.

It is regretted that the female described and figured in the above paper is incorrect
and is referable to Epitola cercenoides Holland. The true female has now been
taken in series from Bwamba, Uganda and is described below.

$. Nearest to cercene Hewitson, but differs as follows : eyes brown ; palps sepia above
and below ; legs pale brown, spotted white at the joints ; antennal shaft black above checkered
white below ; club orange tipped.

Upper side fore wing : black, with large white postdiscal area from ia-6, distally almost
triangular in outline and extending nearest the margin in space 2. whereas in cercene there is
also a prolongation in i ; base blue to end of cell and extending almost vertically to vein la ;
space i a and costal margin black ; a large triangular black spot at end of cell contiguous with
costal margin.

Upperside hind wing : sepia brown, immaculate, slightly paler along costa.

Underside fore wing : pale ochreous grey ; the white postdiscal patch reproduced as above,
but almost reaching the costa and covering also space la, but not reaching the margin ; base
ochreous grey with some silvery grey spots basal and sub-basal ; a long dark grey spot in the
base of space i as in the male ; apical area with two crescentric silvery grey submarginal lines.

Underside hind wing : ochreous grey, with two submarginal and one postdiscal silvery grey
crescentric lines, the crescents in 5 and 6 of the latter expanded and solid, i.e. appearing as two
triangular silvery spots ; some small silvery streaks basal and sub-basal ; in cercene there is
no trace of the basal dark grey spot in fore wing and the white area reaches the margin in space
i and extends into the base in i and 2.

Length of fore wing : 20 mm. ; on average slightly smaller than cercene.

Neallotype $. UGANDA : Bwamba, Mongiro Forest, xi.igGi (T. H. E.Jackson}.

Recorded from REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Etoumbi ; UGANDA : Bwamba, Katera
and Bugoma.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE, PART II 75

Epitola viridana Joicey & Talbot
$ Epitola orientalis Roche ; Jackson, 1962 : 143, pi. 5, fig. 42, pi. 6, fig. 52.

The female from Kakamega, Kenya, described as the female of orientalis Roche
is incorrect and belongs to viridana Joicey & Talbot. Since the publication of
Jackson (1962), males have been received from the same area and prove to be a
large, dark and well-marked form of viridana. The female of orientalis, therefore,
remains unknown.

Epitola elissa Grose-Smith

Add to synonymy : —
$ Epitola elissa Grose-Smith ; Grose-Smith & Kirby, iv.igo2 : Afr. Lye. 144, pi. 30, figs. 3, 4.

Epitola dolorosa Roche

Fresh material of this species reveals the fact that the discal area of the fore
wing in the male is covered with lustrous scales (not mentioned by Roche). It
belongs therefore to the sublustris group, which now contains five species.

It is the opinion of the author that the female figured and described by Roche
(1954) is a female of viridana Joicey & Talbot and that the true female is unknown.

Epitola badura Kirby

Add to synonymy : —
$ Epitola leonina Stauclinger ; Grose-Smith & Kirby, iv.iSgi : Afr. Lye. pi. 13, figs. 7, 8.

The female figured by Grose-Smith & Kirby is obviously badura Kirby ; the
female of leonina Staudinger has a prominent black line across the fore wing
discocellular as in the male. It is certainly not the female of dunia Kirby as stated
in the text, which belongs to subgroup " D " of the carcina group.

Epitola hewitsoni Mabille

<J Epitola hewitsoni Mabille, 1877 : 221.

cj Epitola hewitsoni Mabille ; Jackson, 1962 : 126, pi. 13, figs. 124, 130.

$ Epitola stempfferi Jackson, 1962 : 127, pi. 13, figs. 123, 129.

A series of this species has recently been received from Kelle, Moyen Congo, and
it is now virtually certain that the female described as allotype $ Epitola stempfferi
Jackson, 1962, is in fact the female of hewitsoni, and is designated the neallotype $
of Epitola hewitsoni Mabille.

A comparison of the original photographs of Epitola stempfferi with Jackson
(1962, pi. 13, figs. 122, 128, 123, 129), shows that the reproduction has not been
very successful. The pale subapical and marginal spots, fig. 129, have been
enlarged and are, in fact, much smaller ; further the dark markings on the underside
hind wing, figs. 128, 129, are not all of the same tone as shown in the plate. The
distal and costal markings are much paler and contrast sharply with the basal and
discal spots. The original photo is identical with females received together with
males of hewitsoni. The localities Kelle and Ketta are much closer to each other
than they are to Douano, Gabon, the type locality of the male of Epitola stempfferi.

T. H. E. JACKSON

Neallotype $. REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : Ouesso, Ketta Forest, vii.igsg (T. H. E.
Jackson) .

Note : The locality Cabinda is in Portuguese Congo, not Angola.

EPITOLINA Aurivillius

A certain amount of confusion has always existed over the identity of the species
in this genus and the following note may help to clear this up.

The types of dubia Kirby and Cordelia Kirby were in the Staudinger collection
but now cannot be found, and these two should be considered, as before, to be
synonyms of dispar Kirby. E. melissa H. Druce is merely a form occurring among
typical dispar, although in Uganda and the eastern Congo it is the dominant form.

There remain, therefore, at present only two species dispar and catori and these
may be distinguished as follows : —

catori Baker. Fringes checkered ; $, fore wing with orange discal patch ;
$ genitalia, Text-fig, i.

dispar Kirby. Fringes plain ; $, plain brown.

The <§ genitalia, Text-fig. 2.

FIGS. 1-2, <$ genitalia. i and la Epitolina catori Baker, tegumen and valves with aedeagus.
(Uganda : Mpigi). 2 Epitolina dispar Kirby.

HEWITSONIA Kirby

A single male of an interesting species with female-like fascies and coloration,
i.e. brown and white, was taken in 1961 by Mr. N. Mitton of the Coryndon Museum,
Nairobi. It was at first thought to be an Epitola close to Epitola crippsi Stoneham,

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE, PART II 77

and was eventually submitted to Monsieur H. Stempffer of Paris, who reported as
follows : — " from the venation and general fascies, it is a Hewitsonia, since the lower
discocellular of the hind wing, covered below by a small black stigma, is practically
straight and not concave as in Epitola. But from the genital armature it is close
to the subgroup of Epitola posthumus Fabricius and urania Kirby since dorsally
the penis is very convex near the base, a character not present in Hewitsonia or in
any other species of Epitola. In my opinion this species should be described as a
Hewitsonia."

The male in question has a fringe of long hair attached to vein i and covering
the whole of space la for two-thirds of its length, a character present also in
Hewitsonia similis Aurivillius.

An examination of Epitola crippsi Stoneham shows that the lower discocellular
of the hind wing is vertical and perfectly straight. This, then, must also be a
Hewitsonia. It is possible that a new genus, or at the least, sub-genus, should be
erected for these two species, since they differ considerably from the rest of the
Hewitsonia.

Hewitsonia crippsi Stoneham comb. n.

? Epitola crippsi Stoneham, 1933 : i, pi. 2.
Type. KENYA : Soy (Stoneham Mus., Kenya).

Hewitsonia mittoni sp. n.

(PL i, fig. 6 ; PI. 2, fig. 20 ; Text-fig. 3)

£. Nearest to Hewitsonia crippsi Stoneham. Eyes brown ; palps basally yellow below,
white above with black tips ; frons laterally white, medially brown ; legs pale yellow ;
antennal shaft black checkered minutely white below ; club broadly flattened, entirely black.
Anatomically speaking these characters agree with Hewitsonia crippsi, but not with any other
species of Hewitsonia or Epitola.

Upper side fore wing : wings shaped as in crippsi, i.e. emarginate between veins 2 and 4 ;
black, brownish towards the base in cell and space i ; four large elongate white spots, post-
discal, in 4-7 inclusive and a small white streak in 8 ; a large quadrate white spot also postdiscal
in 2 near the margin ; a fringe of long brown hair attached to vein i and covering the whole
of i a to within 2 mm. of the margin.

Upper side hind wing : brown, immaculate ; fringes whitish.

Underside fore wing : black, paler in space la ; apex silvery white to vein 4 with a small
additional silver spot in the margin of space 3 ; veins brown ; white post-discal spots as above,
divided from the apical area by a narrow crenulate black line ; costa broadly silvery white
from base to post-discal spots.

Underside hind wing : silvery white ; round jet black spots in the basal area as follows :
4, sub-basal, almost in line, in i, the cell, 7 and 8 ; three, discal, two in cell and one in 7, also
in line ; two at end of cell ; distal and inner-marginal area streaked with brown along the veins ;
an irregular brown postdiscal streak from costa to vein 6 and a brown quadrate spot in the
margin of 5.

Length of fore wing : 24 mm.

Holotype <$. UGANDA : Toro, Bwamba, ix.ig6i (N. Mitton).
Named after Mr. N. Mitton of the Coryndon Museum, Nairobi, who discovered
this interesting species.

T. H. E. JACKSON

FIGS. 3-4, (J genitalia. 3 Hewitsonia mittoni sp. n. Holotype. (Uganda : Bwamba).
4 Neoepitola barombiensis Kirby comb. n. (Uganda : Bwamba).

NEOEPITOLA gen. n.

Type species. Epitola barombiensis Kirby.

It was discovered, but too late to be included in the revision of the genus Epitola
Westwood (Jackson, 1962), that the venation of Epitola barombiensis Kirby differed
from that of all known African Lycaenidae, and it therefore belongs to a new genus.
Monsieur H. Stempffer of Paris considers that the differences are sub-generic, but
it is felt by the present author that the venation, together with the unique underside
pattern, are sufficient to accord this species specific rank and that, furthermore,
sub-genera are not very convincing taxonomic units.

Differs from all other known African Lycaenidae by the venation of the fore wings, which
has been checked over a long series ; vein 1 1 arises not from the apex of the cell, but branches
from vein 10 about i mm. from its origin. It continues close to vein 12, but without touching
it. The male genitalia differ in certain particulars from those of Epitola ; the valve carries a
sort of subtriangular harp furnished with short spines about midway along its length. The
penis is deeply incised both dorsally and ventrally, the shape being that of a sickle. On the
upperside the sexes conform in colour and pattern to Epitola and Phytala, but the underside
is unlike that of any other African lycaenid and is well described by Roche (1954) as having
a " scorched appearance ".

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE, PART II

Eyes smooth ; antennal shaft checkered black and white above and below, less than half
as long as costa ; club broadly flattened and club-shaped ; second segment of palps broad
and flattened ; third segment small, thin and pointed ; palps clothed in long hair ; legs jet
black with small white spots at the joints ; frons and thorax covered with long hair ; vein i
swollen at base and the lower discocellular throughout its length.

Neoepitola barombiensis Kirby comb. n.

(Text-figs. 4, 5)

Epitola barombiensis Kirby, 1890 : 274.

(J Epitola barombiensis Kirby ; Grose-Smith & Kirby, iv.i8g2 : Afr. Lye. pi. 17, figs, n, 12.
Type. CAMEROONS : Barombi (Coll. Staudinger, Berlin).

FIG. 5, Neoepitola barombiensis Kirby comb. n.

Mongiro) .

venation. (Uganda : Bwamba.

8o T. H. E. JACKSON

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My thanks are due to the Keeper and staff of the Entomological Department,
British Museum (Natural History) for all the facilities and much help and advice
in writing this paper ; to Dr. H. J. Hannemann, Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, for
the loan of many types ; to Monsieur H. Stempffer of Paris who was responsible
for the discovery of the new genus ; and to Mr. Harry K. Clench, Carnegie Museum,
Pittsburgh, for drawings of the venation. Also to the authorities of the Musee
Royal d'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium for the loan of the type of Epitola
maculata Hawker-Smith.

Note : The opportunity is taken here to state that all types quoted by Monsieur
H. Stempffer and others as being in the T. H. E. Jackson collection are now in the
British Museum (Natural History).

REFERENCES

References quoted by Jackson (1962) are not included in the present list

AURIVILLIUS, C. 1897. Diagnosen neuer Lepidopteren aus Afrika. Ent. Tidsk. 18 : 213-222.
DOUBLEDAY, E. & WESTWOOD, J. O. [1851-1852]. Genera of Diurnal Lepidopter a, 2 : 251-534,

51 pi. London.

GROSE-SMITH, H. & KIRBY, W. F. 1897-1902. Rhopalocera Exotica, 3. London.
HEMMING, F. 1941 The dates of publication of the specific names first published in Doubleday

(E.), Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, and in the continuation thereof by Westwood (J.O.),

/. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1 : 447-464.
JACKSON, T. H. E. 1962. Notes on the Epitolinae, etc. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Entom.

12 : 125-163.
SCHULTZE, A. 1916. Weitere neue Rhopaloceren aus der Ausbeute der II. Inner-Afrika-

Expedition des Herzogs Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg. Arch. Naturgesch. 81A (12) :

136-142.
STRAND, E. 1920. Bemerkungen iiber einige exotische Grossschmetterlinge. Int. ent. Z.

14 : 146-151.

PLATE i

FIGS. 1-5 and 7-14 Phytala Westwood
FIG. 6 Hewitsonia Kirby

FIGS, i and 2. Phytala elais ugandae ssp. n., Holotype <J and Allotype $ respectively, both
Uganda : Bwamba Forest, Semliki Valley. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34748, 34768.

FIGS. 3 and 4. P. vansomereni sp. n., Holotype £, Uganda : Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera,
Allotype $, Uganda : Entebbe, respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34750, 34770.

FIG. 5. P. hyetta Hewitson, Holotype <J, Angola. Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34756.

FIG. 6. Hewitsonia mittoni sp. n., Holotype $, Uganda, Toro, Bwamba. Photo. Brit. Mus.
(N.H.) No. 34775.

FIGS. 7 and 8. Phytala hyettoides Aurivillius, (J, and Neallotype $, Sierra Leone : Kohlifa,
respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34752, 34772.

FIGS. 9 and 10. P. hyettina Aurivillius, 5*, and Neallotype $, Sierra Leone, Moyamba,
respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34758, 34776.

FIGS, ii and 12. P. intermixta Aurivillius, o, and Neallotype $, Republique du Congo :
Moyen Congo, Etoumbi, respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34754, 34778.

FIGS. 13 and 14. P. aequatorialis sp. n., Holotype $ and Allotype $ respectively, both
Nigeria : Lagos District, Oshodi. Photos. Brit Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34760, 34780.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 3

PLATE i

PLATE 2

(Undersides)

FIGS. 15-19 and 21-28 Phytala Westwood
FIG. 20 Hewitsonia Kirby

FIGS. 15 and 16. Phytala elais ugandae ssp. n., Holotype $ and Allotype $ respectively, both
Uganda : Bwamba Forest, Semliki Valley. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34749, 34769.

FIGS. 17 and 18. P. vansomereni sp. n., Holotype <J, Uganda : Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera,
Allotype $, Uganda : Entebbe, respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34751, 34771.

FIG. 19. P. hyetta Hewitson, Holotype $, Angola. Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34757.

FIG. 20. Hewitsonia mittoni sp. n., Holotype^, Uganda, Toro, Bwamba. Photo. Brit. Mus.
(N.H.) No. 34776.

FIGS. 21 and 22. Phytala hyettoides Aurivillius, <$, and Neallotype $, Sierra Leone : Kohlifa,
respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34753, 34773-

FIGS. 23 and 24. P. hyettina Aurivillius, <$, and Neallotype $, Sierra Leone, Moyamba,
respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34759, 34776.

FIGS. 25 and 26. P. intermixta Aurivillius, <J, and Neallotype $, Republique du Congo :
Moyen Congo, Etoumbi, respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34755, 34779-

FIGS. 27 and 28. P. aequatorialis sp. n., Holotype <J and Allotype $ respectively, both
Nigeria : Lagos District, Oshodi. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34761, 34781.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 3

PLATE 2

PLATE 3

FIGS. 29-40, Phytala Westwood
FIGS. 41-46, Epitola Westwood

FIGS. 29 and 30. Phytala henleyi Kirby, $ and $ respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.)
Nos. 34762, 34782.

FIGS. 31 and 32. P. schultzei Aurivillius, Neotype <$, Republique du Congo : Ouesso, Ketta
Forest, and Neallotype $, Republique du Congo ; Moyen Congo, Mambili Forest respectively.
Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34764, 34784.

FIGS. 33 and 34. P. veducta Aurivillius, Neotype <$ and Neallotype 9 respectively, both
Republique du Congo : Ouesso, Mambili Forest. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34766, 34786.

FIGS. 35 and 36. P. pulchra sp. n., Holotype $ and Allotype $ respectively, both Republique
du Congo : Ouesso, Ketta Forest. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34788, 34800.

FIGS. 37 and 38. P. benitensis Holland, $ and Neallotype $, Cameroons : Bitje, respectively.
Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34790, 34802.

FIG. 39. P. nigrescens sp. n., Holotype <$, Nigeria : Onitsha Province, Mamu, Awka. Photo.
Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34792.

FIG. 40. P. rezia Grose-Smith and Kirby (comb, n.), Allotype [$] = J, Cameroons. (Coll.
Staudinger, Berlin). Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 31872.

FIGS. 41 and 42. Epitola albomaculata Baker, Holotype $ and Neallotype $ respectively.
Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34794, 34804.

FIGS. 43 and 44. E. dubia sp. n., Holotype c? and Allotype $ respectively, both Uganda :
Bwamba, Mongiro. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34796, 34806.

FIGS. 45 and 46. E. cyanea sp. n., Holotype $ and Allotype $ respectively, both Uganda :
Bwamba, Mongiro. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34798, 34808.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 3

PLATE 3

PLATE 4
(Undersides)

FIGS. 47-58, Phytala Westwood
FIGS. 59-64, Epitola Westwood

FIGS. 47 and 48. Phytala henleyi Kirby, <$ and $ respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.)
Nos. 34763, 34783.

FIGS. 49 and 50. P. schultzei Aurivillius, Neotype <$, Republique du Congo : Ouesso, Ketta
Forest, and Neallotype $, Republique du Congo : Moyen Congo, Mambili Forest respectively.
Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34765, 34785.

FIGS. 51 and 52. P. reducta Aurivillius, Neotype <$ and Neallotype $ respectively, both
Republique du Congo : Ouesso, Mambili Forest. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34767, 34787.

FIGS. 53 and 54. P. pulchra sp. n., Holotype $ and Allotype $ respectively, both Republique
du Congo : Ouesso, Ketta Forest. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34789, 34801.

FIGS. 55 and 56. P. benitensis Holland, <$, and Neallotype $, Cameroons : Bitje, respectively.
Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34791, 34803.

FIG. 57. P. nigrescens sp. n., Holotype <£, Nigeria : Onitsha Province, Mamu, Awka. Photo.
Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34793.

FIG. 58. P. rezia Grose-Smith and Kirby (comb, n.), Allotype [$] = <$, Cameroons : (Coll.
Staudinger, Berlin). Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 31871.

FIGS. 59 and 60. Epitola albomaculata Baker, Holotype <$ and Neallotype $ respectively.
Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34795, 34805.

FIGS. 61 and 62. E. dubia sp. n., Holotype <$ and Allotype $ respectively, both Uganda :
Bwamba, Mongiro. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34797, 34807.

FIGS. 63 and 64. E. cyanea sp. n., Holotype <J and Allotype $ respectively, both Uganda :
Bwamba, Mongiro. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34799, 34809.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 3

PLATE 4

PLATE 5
FIGS. 65-77, Epitola Westwood

FIG. 65. Epitola mirifica sp. n., Holotype <$, Republique du Congo : Moyen Congo, Etoumbi.
Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34828.

FIG. 66. E. bwamba sp. n., Holotype <J, Uganda : Bwamba, Mongiro. Photo. Brit. Mus.
(N.H.) No. 34818.

FIG. 67. E. maculata Hawker-Smith, Holotype $ (Musee Royal d'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren).
Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 33222.

FIGS. 68 and 69. E. zelica Kirby [$] — $ Type (Humboldt Universitat, Berlin) and $.
Neallotype (— subalba Baker, Type) Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 31901, 33047.

FIGS. 70 and 71. E. gerina Hewitson, <$, and Neallotype $, Republique du Congo : Moyen
Congo, Etoumbi respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34810, 34820.

FIGS. 72 and 73. E. goodii Holland sp. rev. Neallotype 6*. Uganda : Budongo, and $
respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34814, 34852.

FIGS. 74 and 75. E. nitide Druce, Holotype <$ and Neallotype $, Republique du Congo :
Moyen Congo, Kelle respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 33045, 34822.

FIGS. 76 and 77. E. subgriseata sp. n., Holotype $ and Allotype $ respectively, both Uganda :
Bwamba, Mongiro. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34816, 34824.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 3

PLATE 5

PLATE 6
(Undersides)

FIGS. 78-90, Epitola Westwood

FIG. 78. Epitola mirifica sp. n., Holotype <$, Republique du Congo : Moyen Congo, Etoumbi.
Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34829.

FIG. 79. E. bwamba sp. n., Holotype <$, Uganda : Bwamba, Mongiro. Photo. Brit. Mus.
(N.H.) No. 34819.

FIG. 80. E. maculata Hawker-Smith, Holotype <J (Musee Royal d'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren).
Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 33223.

FIGS. 81 and 82. E. zelica Kirby [$] = <$ Type (Humboldt Universitat, Berlin) and 9.
Neallotype = (subalba Baker, Type) Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 31902, 33048.

FIGS. 83 and 84. E. gerina Hewitson, $, and Neallotype $, Republique du Congo : Moyen
Congo, Etoumbi respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34811, 34821.

FIGS. 85 and 86. E. goodii Holland sp. rev. Neallotype <$, Uganda : Budongo, and $
respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34815, 34853.

FIGS. 87 and 88. E. nitide Druce, Holotype <$ and Neallotype $, Republique du Congo :
Moyen Congo, Kelle, respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 33046, 34823.

FIGS. 89 and 90. E. subgriseata sp. n., Holotype $ and Allotype $ respectively, both Uganda :
Bwamba, Mongiro. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34817, 34825.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 3
I

PLATE 6

PLATE 7
FIGS. 91-102, Epitola Westwood

FIG. 91. Epitola intermedia Roche, Neallotype 9. Uganda : Bwamba, Mongiro. Photo.
Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34826.

FIG. 92. E. semibrunnea Baker, Holotype <?. Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 24840.

FIGS. 93 and 94. E. hewitsonoides Hawker-Smith, Holotype $ and Allotype $ respectively.
Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34830, 34842.

FIGS. 95 and 96. E. congoana Aurivillius, $ and $ respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.)
Nos. 34832, 34844.

FIGS. 97 and 98. E. nigra Baker, Holotype 6* and Allotype $ respectively. Photos. Brit.
Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34834, 34846.

FIGS. 99 and 100. E. sublustris Baker, <$ and ? respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.)
Nos. 34836, 34848.

FIG. 101. E. pinodes Druce, <$. Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34838.

FIG. 102. E. obscura Hawker-Smith, Holotype <$. Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34850.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 3

PLATE 7

PLATE 8
(Undersides)

FIGS. 103-114, Epitola Westwood

FIG. 103. Epitola intermedia Roche, Neallotype $, Uganda : Bwamba, Mongiro. Photo.
Brit. Mus. (B.M.) No. 34827.

FIG. 104. E. semibrunnea Baker, Holotype <J. Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34841.

FIGS. 105 and 106. E. hewitsonoides Hawker-Smith, Holotype <J and Allotype $ respectively.
Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34831, 34843.

FIGS. 107 and 108. E. congoana Aurivillius, <J and $ respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.)
Nos. 34833, 34845.

FIGS. 109 and no. E. nigra Baker, Holotype $ and Allotype $ respectively. Photos. Brit.
Mus. (N.H.) Nos. 34835, 34847.

FIGS, in and 112. E. sublustris Baker, <$ and $ respectively. Photos. Brit. Mus. (N.H.)
Nos. 34837. 34849-

FIG. 113. E. pinodes Druce, $. Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34839.

FIG. 114. E. obscura Hawker-Smith, Holotype (J. Photo. Brit. Mus. (N.H.) No. 34851.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 3

PLATE 8

110

112

113

''">• #"

114

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL

(STRATIOMYIDAE, THEREVIDAE

AND DOLICHOPODIDAE)

DAVID HOLLIS

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 4

LONDON: 1964

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL

(STRATIOMYIDAE, THEREVIDAE

AND DOLICHOPODIDAE)

DAVID HOLLIS

lately of the Department of Entomology
British Museum (Natural History)

Pp. 81-116 ; 48 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 4

LONDON: 1964

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. 4 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1964

TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

Issued 21 July, 1964 Price Thirteen Shillings

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL

(STRATIOMYIDAE, THEREVIDAE

AND DOLICHOPODIDAE)

By DAVID HOLLIS

CONTENTS

Page
INTRODUCTION ........... 83

STRATIOMYIDAE ........... 84

THEREVIDAE ........... 84

DOLICHOPODIDAE .......... 86

Subfamily Chrysosomatinae ........ 88

Subfamily Dolichopodinae ........ 89

Subfamily Hydrophorinae ........ 93

Subfamily Rhaphiinae ......... 93

Subfamily Diaphorinae ......... 96

Subfamily Campsicneminae . . . . . . . 101

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . .114

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . .116

SYNOPSIS

Published and new records of Stratiomyidae, Therevidae and Dolichopodidae from Nepal
are given. 2 new species of Therevidae ; i new genus, 22 new species (including i from Tibet)
and i new subspecies of Dolichopodidae are described.

INTRODUCTION

THE dipterous fauna of Nepal is poorly known and this paper attempts to bring up
to date both published and new records of Stratiomyidae, Therevidae and
Dolichopodidae from this country.

The work was stimulated by the collections of two British Museum expeditions
to Nepal. On the first expedition, in 1954, the Diptera were collected by Mr. J.
Quinlan. The second expedition, during the winter of 1961-62, provided the bulk
of material studied and this collection was made by Mr. R. L. Coe.

One new species, Hercostomus kaulbacki sp. n. from Tibet is described here because
of the proximity of the locality and the unusual characteristics displayed by the fly.

A full bibliography of the recorded species is not given and only references to
taxonomic changes and new locality records are stated.

Unless otherwise stated all type material is in the British Museum (Natural
History) .

The author would like to thank Mr. C. E. Dyte, of the Pest Infestation Labora-
tories, Slough, for his valuable advice and criticism ; Mr. W. N. Ellis, of the
Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, for the helpful loan of type material ; and Dr.
Sadao Takagi, of the Entomological Institute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, for
his gift of type material to the British Museum.

84 D. HOLLIS

STRATIOMYIDAE

Brunetti (1923), in his revision of the Oriental Stratiomyidae, records many
species from Darjeeling and nearby districts, but in this and other relevant papers
there is no record of Stratiomyidae from Nepal.

In the British Museum collection one species is represented from the area.

Ptecticus melanurus (Walker)

Ctenophora melanura Walker, 1848 : 78.

Ptecticus apicalis Loew, 1855 : 142.

Sargus luridus Walker, 1856 : 8.

Sargus leoninus Rondani, 1875 : 454.

Sargus melanurus (Walker) Osten Sacken, 1886 : 166.

Ptecticus aurifer Brunetti (nee Walker), 1920 : 78.

Ptecticus melanurus (Walker) Brunetti, 1923 : 138.

4 J, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by stream in
gully, ix-x.i96i ; 8 $, flying into pit latrine ; i <$, xi. 1961-1.1962 (R. L. Coe).

THEREVIDAE

As far as can be gathered there are no previous records of Therevidae from Nepal.
Two apparently undescribed species of this family are present in the British
Museum collection.

Thereva hinu sp. n.

(Text-figs. 1-6)

o*. Eyes contiguous over upper frons ; lower frons grey dusted with long, straight,
intermingled grey and black hairs. Antennae grey-black and bearing silver and black hairs and
black bristles. Face grey, thickly covered with long silver and black hairs. Occiput grey with
a post-ocular fringe of long black hair-like bristles and a uniform covering of long silver hairs
ventrally.

Dorsum of thorax grey with 3 vague brown longitudinal stripes and a uniform covering of
thin black hairs ; 3 pre-sutural, i sutural, 2 supra-alar and i post-alar bristle present.
Scutellum concolorous with dorsum with 4 marginal bristles and some long dark hairs. Pleurae
grey, densely covered with long silver hairs.

Abdomen shining dark grey-black with lateral and posterior margins of tergites grey dusted ;
mixed pale and dark hairs dorsally but only pale hairs laterally and ventrally. Genitalia with
lateral lamellae orange, penis S-shaped.

Legs with coxae dark grey and long pale haired, posterior pair with i external black bristle.
Femora grey with long silvery hairs ; posterior pair with a few black bristles ventrally. Tibiae
orange with darkened tips and black bristles. Tarsi mainly black, basitarsi orange in basal half.

Wings clear hyaline with a weak brown stigma, 4th posterior cell closed. Halteres dark.

$ much more sparsely haired than <J. Eyes separated over frons which is one-third width of
head at its narrowest and widens to almost twice this width just above antennae. Frontal
callosities represented by a broad irregular band of darker pigment. Post-ocular fringe shorter
than in (J and more bristle-like.

Length, 8 mm.

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL

FIGS. 1-7. Thereva spp., T. hinu sp. n. 1-5. <$ genitalia. i. sub-apical sternite.
2. apical sternite. 3. lateral lamella. 4. phallobase and aedeagus. 5. apical
tergite. 6. $ head, dorsal aspect : T. brunettii sp. n. 7. $ head, dorsal aspect.

Holotype $, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., damp evergreen oak forest above Sangu,
c. 10,400', 2-26. xi. 1961, resting on stones in clearing (R. L. Coe).

Paratypes, 7 $, i $, same data as Holotype.

This species does not seem to be related to the known Oriental species of Thereva.
Of the Palaearctic species, innotata Krober (1912), described from Turkestan, is

86 D. HOLLIS

close but may be distinguished by the orange colour of the 2nd antennal segment
and base of the 3rd, and the brown-black thorax bearing 2 yellow-grey, longitudinal
stripes.

Thereva brunettii sp. n.

(Text-fig. 7)

$. Frons about one-sixth width of head at narrowest part and widening to over twice its
original width above antennae ; orange-grey dusted with a trapezoid area of dark pigment
extending to inner eye margins below ocellar triangle, light and dark haired. Antennae with
ist segment grey, pale haired and with black bristles sub-apically ; 2nd segment and base of
3rd reddish, remainder of 3rd segment grey-black. Face whitish-grey, long pale haired.
Proboscis orange-brown. Occiput convex, grey, with upper post-ocular cilia black and ventrally
with dense pale hairs ; a few black bristles below post-ocular row.

Thorax dorsally grey-brown with short pale and dark hairs ; no definite longitudinal stripes
but 2 vague, brown lines show laterally ; 1-2 pre-sutural, 2 sutural, 2 supra-alar and i post-
alar bristle. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum, with 4 black marginal bristles and an even
covering of shorter pale hairs. Pleurae grey, pale haired.

Abdomen with tergites shining brown-black with yellow dusting on posterior margins, the
colour widening laterally ; evenly covered with short golden hairs.

Legs with coxae grey, white haired and with black apical bristles. Femora dark brown-black,
white haired, posterior pair with an antero- ventral row of 4-5 short, brown-black bristles
sub-apically. Tibiae orange-yellow, brown apically, brown bristled ; anterior pair with 2
antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal, 2 antero-ventral and 2 postero-ventral bristles. Anterior and
middle basitarsi orange, following tarsal segments and all posterior tarsal segments brown-black.

Wings pale yellow-brown hyaline, stigma yellow ; 4th posterior cell closed.

cJ unknown.

Length, 10-13 mm.

Holotype $, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., old mixed forest above Sangu, c. 6,200',
25-28. x.ig6i (R. L. Coe).

Paratypes 2 $, INDIA : Darjeeling, io.x.i92o and 8.xi.ig20, Pres. E. Brunetti.

T. bilineata Brunetti (1920), described from N. India, is close to brunettii sp. n.
but may be distinguished by the much wider frons, completely dark antennae and
2 clear yellowish white stripes on the dorsum of the thorax.

DOLIGHOPODIDAE

To the best of my knowledge only 4 species have previously been recorded from
Nepal : Tachytrechus crassitarsis de Meijere, 1916, recorded by Becker (1922) ;
Sympycnus gummigutti Becker, 1922, described from Nepal ; Diaphorm mandarinus
Wiedemann, 1830, and ThinophUus indigenus Becker, 1903. The two latter species
were recorded by Ribeiro (1923) in his amendments to the localities in Becker (1922).

None of these species was represented in the British Museum collections which
included 27 species and i subspecies in 12 genera. The list of species recorded from
Nepal now stands as :—

CHRYSOSOMATINAE DOLICHOPODINAE

Sciopus pediformis Becker, 1922 Dolichopus angustinervis Becker, 1922

Hercostomus ulleriensis sp. n.
H. phollae sp. n.

Tachytrechus crassitarsis de Meijere, 1916
T. compositus sp. n.

ON THE DIPTERA

NEPAL

HYDROPHORINAE

Thinophilus indigenus Becker, 1903

DIAPHORINAE

Diaphorus mandarinus Wiedemann, 1830

D. jeanae sp. n.

D. sanguensis sp. n.

Chrysotus discretus Becker, 1922

C. pseudocilipes sp. n.

C. kholsa sp. n.

Argyra pseudosuperba sp. n.

RHAPHIINAE

Syntormon dukha sp. n.
S. babu sp. n.
S. ama sp. n.

CAMPSICNEMINAE

Micromorphus albipes (Zetterstedt, 1843)

Sympycnus gummigutti Becker, 1922

5. coei sp. n.

S. arunensis sp. n.

S. albipes nepalensis subsp. n.

S. laetus Becker, 1922

S. khola sp. n.

S. turbidus Becker, 1922

S. peniculitarsus sp. n.

5. gauri sp. n.

5. takagii sp. n.

5. pahar sp. n.

Chrysotimus anomalicems sp. n.

Nepalomyia dytei gen. and sp. n.

N. confusa sp. n.

This species list cannot be taken as complete as most of the specimens studied
were collected from East Nepal in the winter months and very little is known of
the summer fauna and that of the more north-westerly region of the country.

As is to be expected the Dolichopodid fauna of Nepal is mainly Oriental with
little influence from the Palaearctic region. It is, however, interesting that many
species, especially in the Campsicneminae, show relationships with the faunas of
Ceylon, Indonesia, Formosa and the Philippines, and the only subspecies described
shows a direct link through Ceylon with other islands in the Indian Ocean. The
Himalayan Region would therefore seem to be a meeting point for several lines of
distribution in the Oriental Region.

The predominance of Campsicneminae in the recorded species may not be a true
reflection of the Dolichopodid fauna of Nepal as much of the collecting was carried
out in deep gullies with low vegetation.

KEY TO THE GENERA KNOWN FROM THE HIMALAYAN REGION
Those genera in parentheses are not recorded from Nepal.

: 4th long vein forked ; thorax not longer than wide ; vertex sunken on either side of

a prominent ocellar triangle ; abdomen long and thin, hypopygium pedunculate . 2

- 4th long vein not forked ; thorax longer than wide ; vertex not deeply sunken

between upper eye margins .......... 6

t In the <J no definite joint between arista and 3rd antennal segment thus forming a
compound structure which is flattened dorso-ventrally, shiny above and with a
triangular patch of short hairs below ; ist antennal segment with a bulbous
projection below ........ (Megistostylus Bigot)

- Arista clearly demarked from 3rd antennal segment or at least not as above . . 3
j Arista apical ......... (Chrysosoma Guerin)

- Arista dorsal ............ 4

I 4 scutellar bristles ; acrostical bristles at least as strong as dorso-centrals .

(Condylostylus Bigot, sensu Becker)

- 2 scutellar bristles ; acrosticals weaker than dorso-centrals .... 5
5 3rd antennal segment short triangular, normally not longer than wide Sciopus Zeller

3rd antennal segment long triangular, almost twice as long as wide (Megistostylus Bigot ?)

88 D. HOLLIS

6 2nd antennal segment produced thumb-like into 3rd antennal segment on inner

surface ; pteropleura often haired * . . . . Syntormon Loew

2nd antennal segment transverse or at most produced dorsally over 3rd antennal

segment ............. 7

7 ist antennal segment haired on dorsal surface ....... 8

i st antennal segment bare on dorsal surface . . . . . . . " n

8 Hind coxa with a vertical row of hairs on external surface ; many pro thoracic hairs

Argyra Macquart

- Hind coxa with a single external bristle ; i prothoracic bristle .... 9

9 Hind basitarsus bristled on dorsal surface .... Dolichopus Latreille

- Hind basitarsus without bristles on dorsal surface . . . . . . 10

10 Clypeus detached from inner eye margins ; face extending almost to level of lower

eye margins ; hind femur with a pre-apico-dorsal row of bristles Tachytrechus Walker

- Clypeus not detached from inner eye margins ; face not extending down to level of
lower eye margins ; hind femur with external pre-apical bristles . Hercostomus Loew

11 Face with a complete transverse division . . . . . . . . 12

- Face with, at most, an incomplete transverse division . . . . . 14

12 Thorax with a pre-scutellar flattening ; acrosticals biserial ; arista sub-apical or
apical ; hypopygium pedunculate ...... (Medetera Fischer)

- Thorax without a pre-scutellar flattening ; acrosticals uniserial or absent ; arista
dorsal ; hypopygium enclosed .......... 13

13 Acrosticals uniserial ; 4 or more scutellar bristles . . . (Hydrophorus Fallen)

- Acrosticals absent ; 2 scutellar bristles .... Thinophilus Wahlberg

14 Thorax with a strong pre-scutellar flattening ; hypopygium free . . . . 15

- Thorax normally without a pre-scutellar flattening ; hypopygium enclosed . . 16

15 Acrosticals biserial ; legs and abdomen relatively long . . Nepalomyia gen n.
Acrosticals absent ; legs and abdomen of normal length . . Micromorphus Mik

1 6 Arista dorsal or sub-apical ; antennae placed near middle of head profile ; occiput
concave ............. 17

Arista dorsal ; antennae placed in upper third of head profile ; occiput convex . 18

17 Wings wider in basal third than in apical third ; frons narrower than face ; <J with
macrochaetae at tip of abdomen ...... Diaphorus Meigen

- Wings oval ; face narrower than frons ; (J abdomen without macrochaetae at tip

Chrysotus Meigen

1 8 Bristles of head and thorax pale ...... Chrysotimus Loew

- Bristles of head and thorax black ...... Sympycnus Loew

Chrysosomatinae
Sciopus pediformis Becker

Sciopus pediformis Becker, 1922 : 204, fig. 180.

Described from i $ from Darjeeling 6-7,000'.

Apart from genitalia differences the $ has a wider face than the <£ ; tibia i with
a single dorsal bristle in the basal quarter ; tibia 2 with 2 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-
dorsal and i ventral bristle ; tibia 3 with i long antero-dorsal, 5 short postero-dorsal
and 2 short ventral bristles.

i(£,i$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., between Sangu and Tamrang, c. 5,600',
dense vegetation in tree shade by hill stream, 23.x. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL 89

Dolichopodinae
Dolichopus angustinervis Becker

Dolichopus angustinervis Becker, 1922 : 9, fig. 2.
Dolichopus angustinervis Becker ; Parent, 1934 : 3O1-
Dolichopus angustinervis Becker ; Parent, 1941 : 217.

Described from N. India and Formosa and later recorded from Honolulu (Parent
1934) and Nankin, China (Parent 1941).

i $, NEPAL : Katmandu, 4,500', 20. v. 1935 (F. M. Bailey] ; i $, Bakhri Kharka,
5,500', 24.iv.i954 (/. Quintan) ; 2 $, Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed
vegetation by stream in gully, ix-x.igGi (R. L. Coe).

Hercostomus ulleriensis sp. n.

(Text-fig. 8)

5. Frons one-third width of head, completely grey-brown dusted ; i pair of strong orbita
bristles. Antennae mainly orange ; 3rd segment darkened at tip, as long as wide and bearing
a pubescent arista dorsally. Face as wide as frons, silvery-white and with a convexity above
oral margin. Palpi yellow, pale haired. Proboscis orange. Eyes short haired. Occiput
grey ; post-ocular cilia black.

Thorax longer than wide ; dorsum metallic green, heavily grey dusted, chaetotaxy normal.
Scutellum concolorous with dorsum, with 2 strong marginal bristles, each with a short hair in
front, disc bare. Pleurae heavily grey dusted.

Abdomen metallic green, short bristled with longer bristles at posterior margins of tergites.

Legs mainly yellow. Coxae yellow, middle pair with a longitudinal grey stripe externally,
dark bristled. Femora yellow, middle and posterior pairs with single pre-apical bristles.
Leg i — tibia yellow with 2 antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; tarsus
yellow-brown. Leg 2 — tibia yellow with 4 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and i ventral
bristle ; tarsus brown-black. Leg 3 — tibia yellow with 3 antero-dorsal, 4 postero-dorsal
and a row of 6-7 short ventral bristles ; basitarsus yellow, following tarsal segments brown-
black.

Wings pale brown hyaline ; 3rd and 4th long veins converging in their apical sections ;
posterior cross-vein shorter than apical section of 5th vein. Squamae yellow, cilia black.
Halteres yellow.

Length 4 mm.

<£ unknown.

Holotype $, NEPAL : 2 miles S.W. of Ulleri, 6-7,000', i8.v.i954 (/. Quintan}.

Of the Oriental species of Hercostomus, lucidiventris Becker, 1922, described from
Formosa, is close but may be distinguished by its completely black antennae and
yellow side-spots on the ist three abdominal segments.

In keys to Palaearctic species ulleriensis sp. n. will run to novus Parent, 1927,
described from China, but this species has an almost bare arista, mid and hind
coxae are dark, fore-tibia has a ventral bristle and the posterior cross-vein is longer
than the apical section of the 5th vein.

Hercostomus phollae sp. n.

(Text-figs. 9, 10)

c?. Frons less than one-third width of head, completely brown dusted ; orbital bristles
weaker than inter-ocellars. Antennae orange-brown ; 3rd segment black in apical half, as

go D. HOLLIS

long as wide and bearing a micro-pubescent arista dorsally. Face half width of frons, brown
dusted. Palpi black. Proboscis brown. Occiput grey, post-ocular cilia completely black.

Dorsum of thorax metallic green, heavily grey dusted, chaetotaxy normal. Scutellum
concolorous with dorsum with 2 strong marginal bristles. Pleurae grey dusted.

Abdomen metallic green with strong patches of grey dusting laterally. Hypopygium large,
black ; external lamellae small, black, subtriangular.

Legs mainly yellow. Coxae grey with yellow tips and black bristles. Femora yellow, hind
pair with 4-5 pre-apical bristles. Leg I — tibia yellow with i antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal
and no ventral bristles ; tarsus yellow-brown. Leg 2— tibiae missing from type. Leg 3 — tibia
yellow with 2 antero-dorsal, 4 postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; basitarsus yellow,
following tarsal segments dark.

Wings clear hyaline ; 3rd and 4th long veins slightly convergent in their apical sections ;
posterior cross-vein shorter than apical section of 5th vein. Cilia of squamae black. Halteres
yellow.

$ similar to $, tibia 2 with 3 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and i ventral bristle.

Length 3 mm.

Holotype <£, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., above Sangu, c. 6,500', evergreen scrub,
5-i3.x.i96i (R. L. Coe).

Paratypes 2 $, Dobhan, c. 3,500', shady places on shrubby slope above R. Tamur,
21-27.1.1962 (R. L. Coe).

H. compositus Becker, 1922, described from Satara District, 4,200', appears close
to phollae sp. n. but has antennal segments i and 2 black, face and frons black and
yellow fore-coxae.

Hercostomus kaulbacki sp. n.

(Text-figs, n, 12)

<J. Frons metallic green, grey dusted ; orbital bristles much weaker than inter-ocellars.
Face less than half width of frons, silvery white. Antennae completely black ; 3rd segment
rounded at apex, as long as wide and bearing a micropubescent arista dorsally. Palpi black,
grey dusted ; proboscis black. Post-ocular cilia black dorsally, pale laterally and ventrally.

Thorax twice as long as wide ; dorsum metallic green, yellow-grey dusted and with a median
longitudinal brown stripe ; acrostical bristles totally absent, other bristles much more hair-like
than normal. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum with 2 strong marginal bristles. Pleurae
metallic green, grey dusted.

Abdomen metallic green, evenly short, dark bristled. Hypopygium large, black ; external
lamellae large, yellow with a darkened rim and bearing black bristles ; penis long, barbed in
apical third.

Legs with coxae grey-brown, dark bristled, yellow at tips. Femora dark yellow, mid and
hind pairs with single pre-apical bristles. Leg i — tibia yellow with i antero-dorsal, 2 postero-
dorsal and i antero-ventral bristle ; basitarsus yellow, darkened at tip, following tarsal segments
brown. Leg 2 — tibia yellow with 4 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ;
tarsus brown. Leg 3 — tibia yellow, brown in apical fifth, with 3 antero-dorsal, 3 postero-dorsal
and 2 short ventral bristles ; tarsus black.

Wings pale brown hyaline ; anal lobe not developed ; costa thickened between endings of
ist and 2nd long veins ; 2nd long vein thickened in its basal two-thirds ; 3rd and 4th long veins
slightly convergent in their apical sections ; apical section of 5th long vein twice as long as
posterior cross-vein. Squamae and cilia pale. Halteres yellow.

$ unknown.

Length 4-5 mm.

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL gi

Holotype^, S.E. TIBET : Rong To Valley, 21^.1933, 6,500' (F. Kingdon-Ward 6-
R. J. H. Kaulback).

This species is not related to the Oriental fauna but in the Palaearctic region
crassivena Stackelberg, 1934, described from China, is close but has both 2nd and
3rd long veins thickened basally, biserial acrosticals and the middle tibia has a
ventral bristle.

KEY TO HIMALAYAN Hercostomus

1 Antennae completely black .......... 2

- Antennae mainly yellow ........... 3

2 Fore-coxae yellow ; acrosticals present and biserial ; in <J 2nd vein simple

caecus Becker

- Fore-coxae grey ; acrosticals absent ; in $ 2nd long vein thickened in its basal
two-thirds ........... kaulbacki sp. n.

3 All coxae grey ; 4-5 pre-apical bristles on hind femur ; 3rd and 4th long veins
slightly convergent ; in $ face narrow, brown ..... phollae sp. n.
All coxae yellow ; i pre-apical bristle on hind femur ; 3rd and 4th long veins
strongly convergent ; in $ face wide, white ..... ulleriensis sp. n.

Tachytrechus crassitarsis de Meijere
(Text-figs. 13, 14)

Tachytrechus crassitarsis de Meijere, 1916 : 237.
Tachytrechus crassitarsis de Meijere ; Becker, 1922 : 32.

Described from i <£ and i $ from Java and recorded from Nepal (Becker, 1922).
The types have been examined and de Meijere's description is adequate. Figures
are given of the $ fore-tarsus, penis sheath and ventral lobe.

Tachytrechus compositus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 15)

$. Frons one-third width of head, metallic green, grey-brown dusted. Antennae mainly
black, ist segment orange apico-ventrally ; 3rd segment rounded, with dorsal arista. Face
metallic green, yellow-grey dusted, half width of frons just below antennae and widening to
one and a half times its original width at clypeus, latter separated from inner eye margins and
extending almost to level of lower eye margins. Palpi and proboscis black. Post-ocular cilia
black above, pale laterally and ventrally.

Dorsum of thorax dark metallic green, grey dusted, darker at bases of bristles ; chaetotaxy
normal. Pleurae metallic green, grey dusted.

Abdomen metallic green, heavily grey dusted laterally ; short, black bristled but posterior
margins of tergites bear longer bristles. Hypopygium black ; external lamellae black, sub-
triangular ; penis sheath serrate laterally.

Legs with coxae green-grey, dark bristled. Femora green-grey, fore- and middle pairs yellow
in apical quarter, posterior pair with a sub-apico-dorsal row of 4-5 bristles. Leg i — tibia
yellow, black apically, with 3 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; basitarsus
yellow, black in apical third, following tarsal segments black, longer than wide and not flattened.
Leg 2 — tibia yellow, black apically, with 5 antero-dorsal, 3 postero-dorsal and i ventral bristle ;
tarsal segments 1-4 each with i long and i short apico-ventral bristle, basitarsus yellow basally
and black in the apical third, following tarsal segments dark. Leg 3 — tibia yellow, black

D. HOLLIS

FIGS. 8-15. Hercostomus ulleriensis sp. n. 8. $ wing : H. phollae sp. n. 9. <$ wing.
10. $ hypopygium : H. kaulbacki sp. n. n. <$ hypopygium. 12. $ wing :
Tachytrechus crassitarsis de Meijere. 13. <J fore-tarsus. 14. ^ penis sheath and
ventral lobe : T. compositus sp. n. 15. <J penis sheath and ventral lobe.

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL 93

apically, with 6 antero-dorsal, 5 postero-dorsal and a row of 5-6 short ventral bristles ;
basitarsus black but yellow in externo-basal half, following tarsal segments black, segments 1-4
each with i long and i short apico-ventral bristle.

Wings clear hyaline, costa thickened between h and R1 ; 3rd and 4th long veins convergent
apically ; posterior cross-vein convex to posterior wing margin and of equal length to apical
section of 5th vein. Squamae pale, cilia dark. Halteres orange.

$ similar to (J but with shorter ist antennal segment ; tibia i with 3 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-
dorsal and 2 postero- ventral bristles ; tibia 2 with 3 antero-dorsal, 4 postero-dorsal, i antero-
ventral and 2 postero- ventral bristles.

Length 5 mm.

Holotype <$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', yellow blooms of
cultivated Compositae, 16-29. x. 1961 (R- L. Coe).
Paratypes 2 $, same data as Holotype.

Compositus sp. n. may be separated from the other species of Tachytrechus in
the Oriental region by the following key : —

1 Femora mainly yellow ........... 2

Femora mainly dark ........... 3

2 Antennal segments i and 2 yellow ...... picticornis Bigot

- Antennae completely black ; wing darkened apically between 2nd and 3rd long veins

argentatus de Meijere

3 Tibia 2 with more than 4 ventral bristles ........ 4

Tibia 2 with, at most, 3 ventral bristles ........ 5

4 Tibiae brown-black, fore-tarsus of $ simple ..... genualis Loew

- Tibiae mainly yellow, last 4 segments of <£ fore-tarsus flattened laterally indicus Parent

5 Hind basitarsus yellow in basal half on external surface ; tibia 2 with at most 3
ventral bristles ; in £ fore-tarsus not flattened laterally . . compositus sp. n.

- Hind basitarsus completely black ; tibia 2 without ventral bristles ; in $ segments

2-4 of fore-tarsus flattened laterally ..... crassitarsis de Meijere

Hydrophorinae
Thinophilus indigenus Becker

Thinophilus indigenus Becker, 1903 : 73.

Thinophilus indigenus Becker ; Becker, 1922 : 37, fig. 27.

Thinophilus indigenus Becker ; Ribeiro, 1923 : 336.

Thinophilus indigenus Becker ; Frey, 1925 : 24.

Thinophilus indigenus Becker ; Parent, 1934 : 3°6-

Thinophilus indigenus Becker ; Parent, 1935 : 210 and 528.

Thinophilus indigenus Becker ; Vaillant, 1953 : 3, figs. 1-9.

This widely distributed species was described from Egypt (Becker, 1903) and
recorded from Formosa (Becker, 1922), Nepal (Ribeiro, 1923), Philippines (Frey,
1925), India (Parent, 1934), Malay Peninsula and N. Borneo (Parent, 1935) and
Algeria (Vaillant, 1953).

Rhaphiinae
Syntormon dukha sp. n.

(Text-figs. 16-18)

cj. Frons wide, shining blue-violet. Antennae completely black ; ist segment with 1-2
bristles dorsally ; 2nd segment haired above and produced thumb-like into inner surface of

94 D. HOLLIS

3rd segment, being completely covered by 3rd segment ventrally but only in its apical half
dorsally ; 3rd segment slightly less than three times as long as wide and bearing an arista sub-
apically which is as long as 3rd segment. Face narrow, silver pruinose. Palpi black, silver
pollinose ; proboscis black. Post-ocular cilia uniserial and dark above, multiserial and pale
below.

Dorsum of thorax shining metallic green, brown dusted ; acrostical bristles uniserial, 6 pairs
of dorso-centrals, prothoracic hairs pale. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum with 2 strong
marginal bristles. Pleurae grey dusted, pteropleura bearing a tuft of long, pale hairs.

Abdomen long, metallic green, tergite i with post-marginal row of very long, black bristles.
Hypopygium enclosed.

Legs with coxa i yellow, pale haired and with black apical bristles ; coxae 2 and 3 dark,
latter with a single external bristle. Femora yellow, posterior pair brown apically, each with
a dark externo-ventral streak along its entire length. Leg i — tibia yellow with a weak antero-
dorsal bristle in basal third and 2 weak postero-dorsal bristles in apical third ; basitarsus yellow
in basal third, remainder black, following tarsal segments black, basitarsus as long as segments
2-4 together. Leg 2 — tibia yellow with 3 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and 3 ventral bristles ;
basitarsus yellow, black in apical fifth, following tarsal segments dark. Leg 3 — tibia yellow but
darkening to black in apical third, with 5 postero-dorsal bristles and an antero-dorsal fringe of
bristles in apical two-thirds which become longer towards apex ; tarsus black, basitarsus
slightly shorter than following segment and bearing an unequally bifid black spine in ventral
third.

Wings pale brown hyaline ; 2nd and 3rd veins divergent, 3rd and 4th veins convergent ;
posterior cross-vein longer than apical section of 5th vein. Squamae and cilia pale. Halteres
yellow.

9 similar to <$ but with short 3rd antennal segment ; wide face which is convex below ; tibia
2 with 5 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and 3 antero-ventral bristles ; posterior femora without
externo-ventral brown streak ; posterior tibia completely yellow and without antero-dorsal
fringe of bristles ; simple hind basitarsus.

Length 4-5 mm.

Holotype <$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', yellow blooms of
cultivated Compositae, 16-29. x. 1961 (R- L. Coe).

Paratypes 2 $, mixed vegetation by stream in gully, xi. 1961-1. 1962 (R. L. Coe).

S. dukha sp. n. is probably not related to the known Oriental species of Syntormon.
Of the Palaearctic species pallipes (Fabricius) is close but may be differentiated
by its apical arista, equally bifid spine on hind basitarsus, and more complete
dorsal row of longer bristles on hind tibia.

Syntormon babu sp. n.

(Text-figs. 19, 20)

$. Frons wide, shining metallic blue-violet. Antennae completely black ; ist segment bare
above ; 2nd segment haired above and produced thumb-like into inner surface of 3rd segment ;
latter not quite three times as long as wide and bearing an arista sub-apically which is not
as long as 3rd antennal segment. Face narrow, silver pruinose. Palpi and proboscis black.
Eyes short pale haired. Post ocular cilia black and uniserial above, pale and multiserial below.

Dorsum of thorax shining metallic green, brown dusted ; acrostical bristles microscopic,
uniserial ; 6 pairs of dorso-centrals. Pleurae grey dusted, pteropleura weakly pale haired.
Scutellum concolorous with dorsum with 2 marginal bristles.

Abdomen long, metallic green. Hypopygium enclosed.

Legs with anterior coxae yellow, pale haired and with black apical bristles ; mid and
posterior coxae dark with pale tips, posterior pair with a single external black bristle. Femora

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL 95

completely yellow. Leg i — tibia yellow with i weak dorsal bristle medially ; basitarsus yellow
and as long as segments 2 and 3 together, segments 2-5 brown. Leg 2 — tibia yellow with 3
antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal and 2 antero-ventral bristles ; basitarsus yellow but darkening
apically, following tarsal segments dark. Leg 3 — tibia yellow with a weak antero-dorsal fringe
of bristles in apical half, and 3 strong postero-dorsal bristles ; basitarsus brown, shorter than
following segment and with a simple curved spine ventro-medially, following tarsal segments
black.

Wings very pale brown hyaline ; 2nd and 3rd long veins divergent, 3rd and 4th long veins
convergent ; posterior cross-vein shorter than apical section of 5th vein ; anal vein weak.
Squamae and cilia pale. Halteres yellow.

$ unknown.

Length 3-5 mm.

Holotype <£, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., between Sangu and Tamrang, mixed
plants by damp cliff in deep river gorge, c. 5,200', i-ii.iQ62 (R. L. Coe).

This species is related to dukha sp. n. from which it may be easily distinguished
by the simple spine on the hind basitarsus and the more enclosed 2nd antennal
segment.

Syntormon ama sp. n.

(Text-figs. 21, 22)

o*. Frons wide, shining metallic blue-green. Antennae completely black, ist segment bare
above (?), 2nd segment haired above and produced thumb-like into inner surface of 3rd segment,
latter flask shaped and two and a half times as long as wide, arista apical and half as long as
3rd antennal segment. Face narrow, silver pruinose. Palpi and proboscis black. Eyes short
pale haired. Post-ocular cilia uniserial and black above, pale and multiserial below.

Dorsum of thorax shining metallic green with longitudinal brown stripes in regions of
acrostical and dorso-central bristles ; acrosticals biserial, 6 pairs of dorso-centrals, prothoracic
hairs pale. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum with 2 strong marginal bristles. Pleurae grey
dusted, pteropleura weakly pale haired.

Abdomen dark metallic green ; hypopygium enclosed.

Legs with anterior coxae pale, dark at base, with pale hairs and black apical bristles ; mid and
hind coxae dark, pale at tips, hind pair with a black bristle externally. Femora yellow, hind
pair darkened apically. Leg i — tibia yellow, with i dorsal bristle in basal third ; tarsus brown,
basitarsus as long as segments 2-4 together. Leg 2 — tibia yellow, with 3 antero-dorsal, I
postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; basitarsus black apically but mainly yellow, following
tarsal segments dark. Leg 3 — tibia yellow, brown-black apically, with 3 antero-dorsal, 4
postero-dorsal and a row of short ventral bristles ; tarsus black, basitarsus simple, shorter than
following tarsal segment.

Wings clear hyaline ; 2nd and 3rd veins divergent, 3rd and 4th veins convergent, posterior
cross-vein shorter than apical section of 5th vein, anal vein weak. Squamae pale, cilia brown.
Halteres yellow.

$ unknown.

Length 2-5 mm.

Holotype <£, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Dobhan, c. 3,500', shady places on
shrubby slope above R. Tamur, 21-27.1.1962 (R. L. Coe).

S. frivolus Becker, 1922, is related to ama sp. n. but differs in that the acrostical
bristles are uniserial and the hind femora are completely yellow.

D. HOLLIS

FIGS. 1 6-2 2. Syntormon spp., 5. dukha sp. n. 16. ^ wing. 17. <J 2nd and 3rd antennal
segments. 18. $ hind basitarsus : 5. babu sp. n. 19. £ hind basitarsus. 20. ^ 2nd
and 3rd antennal segments : S. ama sp. n. 21. ^ wing. 22. $ 2nd and 3rd antennal
segments.

KEY TO NEPALESE SPECIES OF Syntormon

[ Acrostical bristles completely biserial ; arista apical ; in $ hind basitarsus simple,

posterior cross-vein shorter than apical section of 5th vein .... ama sp. n.

- Acrostical bristles irregularly uniserial, arista sub-apical ; in $ hind basitarsus with

a spine ventrally ............ 2

z Hind basitarsal spine of <$ bifid ; 3rd antennal segment not extending down dorsal
surface of pedicel ; posterior cross-vein longer than apical section of 5th vein

dukha sp. n.

- Hind basitarsal spine of <$ simple ; 3rd antennal segment extended for some length
over dorsal surface of pedicel ; posterior cross-vein shorter than apical section of

5th vein ............ babu sp. n.

Diaphorinae
Diaphorus jeanae sp. n.

(Text-fig. 23)

<J. Frons metallic green, heavily yellow dusted, less than one-eighth width of head but hardly
narrower than face ; orbital bristles not developed, interocellars strong. Antennae in centre
of head profile ; ist segment yellow, bare above ; 2nd segment black with an apical crown
of short bristles ; 3rd segment black, triangular, hardly longer than wide and bearing a
pubescent arista sub-apically. Face grey. Palpi yellow with black bristles, proboscis brown.
Eyes widely separated over frons, short pale haired. Occiput grey, post- vertical bristles
developed but in same series as post-ocular cilia ; latter black and uniserial above, pale and
multiserial below.

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL 97

Dorsum of thorax metallic green, heavily yellow-grey dusted ; acrostical bristles biserial,
5 pairs of dorso-centrals, rest of chaetotaxy complete. Scutellum slightly darker than dorsum
with 2 strong marginal bristles each with a hair-like bristle in front. Pleurae metallic green,
grey dusted.

Abdomen with segments 1-3 mainly yellow, segments 4-5 and hypopygium metallic green ;
2 strong macrochaetae present at tip of abdomen. Lamellae strap-like, not as long as abdomen
is deep, yellow with black hairs.

Legs with coxa i yellow with black bristles ; coxa 2 grey, black bristled ; coxa 3 yellow with
a single black bristle externally. Femora yellow with double ventral fringes of black bristles
which are slightly shorter than the femur is wide. Leg i — tibia yellow without strong bristles ;
basitarsus yellow and as long as following tarsal segments together, segment 5 with long hairs
dorsally, pulvilli large. Leg 2 — tibia yellow with 2 antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal and i ventral
bristle ; basitarsus yellow, following tarsal segments brown, pulvilli large. Leg 3 — tibia
yellow with 3 dorsal bristles ; tarsus brown, basitarsus slightly longer than following tarsal
segment, pulvilli small.

Wings clear hyaline ; 2nd vein sinuous, 3rd and 4th veins parallel in their apical sections,
posterior cross-vein shorter than apical section of 5th vein. Squamae yellow, cilia dark.
Halteres yellow.

$. Unknown.

Length 4 mm.

Holotype^, NEPAL : Bakhri Kharka, 5,500', 24. iv. 1954 (/. Quintan).

D. mandarinus Wiedemann, the only species of Diaphorm previously recorded
from Nepal, is closely related to jeanae sp. n. but may be distinguished by its mainly
yellow antennae, the much narrower face in the £ and the shorter genital lamellae.

Diaphorus sanguensis sp. n.

$. Frons metallic green, grey dusted, one-third width of head ; orbital and interocellar
bristles well developed. Antennae in middle of head profile ; ist segment bare above, mainly
black but with orange-yellow coloration on inner ventral aspect ; 2nd segment black with an
apical crown of short bristles ; 3rd segment black, wider than long and bearing a pubescent
arista sub-apically. Face as wide as frons, heavily grey dusted. Palpi yellow with black
bristles, proboscis black. Occiput grey ; post-ocular cilia black and uniserial above, pale and
multiserial below.

Dorsum of thorax shining metallic green, grey dusted ; acrostical bristles biserial, 5 pairs
of dorso-centrals. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum with 2 strong marginal bristles each
with a short hair in front. Pleurae metallic green, grey dusted.

Abdomen with segment i completely yellow, 2nd segment yellow ventrally and in anterior
half laterally but green dorsally in the mid line, following segments metallic green.

Legs with coxa i yellow, black bristled ; coxa 2 grey, black bristled ; coxa 3 yellow with a
single black bristle externally. Femora yellow, without ventral fringes of hairs or bristles.
Leg i — tibia yellow with i antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; basitarsus
yellow, following tarsal segments darker. Leg 2 — tibia yellow, with 3 antero-dorsal, 3 postero-
dorsal and 3 ventral bristles ; basitarsus yellow, following tarsal segments brown. Leg 3 —
tibia yellow, with 2 antero-dorsal, 4 postero-dorsal and a row of short ventral bristles ; basi-
tarsus yellow and slightly longer than 2nd tarsal segment, following tarsal segments brown.

Wings clear hyaline ; 2nd vein slightly sinuous, 3rd and 4th veins parallel apically, posterior
cross-vein shorter than apical section of 5th vein. Squamae pale, cilia dark. Halteres yellow.

cj. Unknown.

Length 4 mm.

Holotype $, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, ix-x.i96i (R. L. Coe).

D. HOLLIS

D. sanguensis sp. n. may be separated from the other known species of Diaphorus
in the Oriental Region by the colour combination of antennae, abdomen and legs.

Diaphorus mandarinus Wiedemann

Diaphorus mandarinus Wiedemann, 1830 : 212.
Diaphorus mandarinus Wiedemann ; Becker, 1922 : 78.
Diaphorus mandarinus Wiedemann ; Ribeiro, 1923 : 339.
Diaphorus mandarinus Wiedemann ; Frey, 1925 : 23.
Diaphorus mandarinus WTiedemann ; Parent, 1934 : 3O1-

A widely distributed species originally described from China (Wiedemann, 1830)
and later recorded from Formosa and India (Becker, 1922), Nepal (Ribeiro, 1923),
the Philippines (Frey, 1925) and Central Borneo (Parent, 1934).

FIGS. 23-25. Diaphorus jeanae sp. n. 23. <
sp. n. 24. $ wing.

head, from front
25. $ antenna.

Argyra pseudosuperba

KEY TO HIMALAYAN SPECIES OF Diaphorus

1 Antennae completely black ; abdomen without yellow coloration ; all coxae dark

Mrsutipes Becker

- Antennae partly yellow ; abdomen with yellow coloration ; fore- and hind-coxae
yellow ............. 2

2 First antennal segment completely yellow ; 3rd abdominal segment yellow . . 3

- First antennal segment black above ; 3rd abdominal segment metallic green

sanguensis sp. n.

3 2nd and 3rd antennal segments black ; in $ frons hardly narrower than face jeanae sp. n.

- 2nd antennal segment yellow, 3rd brown ; in $ frons at most one-third width of face

mandarinus Wiedemann

Chrysotus discretus Becker

Chrysotus discretus Becker, 1922 : 89.

Described from various localities in the Indian Himalayas.

3 (£, 2 $, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by stream

in gully,

2 $, 3 £, xi. 1961-1. 1962 ; 5 $, 2 £, yellow blooms of cultivated

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL 99

Compositae, 16-29. x. 1961 '• J c?» * ?» rotting fruits of Bhor tree on ground, 7-31. x.
1961 ; 4 c£, i $, above Sangu, c. 6,500', evergreen shrubs, 5-13. x. 1961 ; i <£, i $,
edge of mixed forest above Sangu, c. 6,500', I7.x.-i.xi.i96i ; 3 <£, between Sangu
and Tamrang, deep river gorge, c. 5,200', x-xi.i96i ; 2 <£, shrubs by path, c. 5,800',
6.xi.i96i ; i $, river banks below Tamrang bridge, c. 5,500', x-xi.i96i ; i $, Arun
Valley, above R. Sabhaya, east shore, swept from dwarf bamboos in deep ravine,
c. 2,000', I2.xii.i96i (R. L. Coe) ; 2 9, Bahkri Kharka, 5,500', 24.^.1954 ; i <$,
2 miles S.W. of Rambrong, 8,000', 26.^.1954 ; i <£, 5 $, 2 miles S.W. of Ulleri,
6-7,000', i8.v.i954 ; 2 $, S.E. Sikha, 7-8,000', 23^.1954 (/. Quintan).

Chrysotus pseudocilipes sp. n.

cJ. Frons shining metallic green, coarsely pitted. Antennae completely black ; 3rd segment
wider than long, subreniform with pointed tip and bearing a pubescent arista sub-apically.
Eyes short pale haired, contiguous over face. Palpi yellow, proboscis black. Post-ocular cilia
black above, pale laterally and ventrally.

Dorsum of thorax shining metallic green with reddish tinges ; chaetotaxy normal. Scutellum
concolorous with dorsum with 2 strong marginal bristles.

Abdomen metallic green, evenly short bristled. Hypopygium enclosed.

Legs with anterior coxae yellow, dark at base, dark bristled ; mid and hind coxae dark with
pale tips, hind pair with a long, black bristle externally. Femora yellow, posterior pair dark
in apical quarter and with 2-3 long bristles apico- ventrally. Leg i — tibia yellow with a single
dorsal bristle in basal third ; basitarsus yellow, almost as long as following tarsal segments
together, these latter segments brown. Leg 2 — tibia yellow with 2 long antero-dorsal, 2
shorter postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; tarsus darkening towards tip. Leg 3 — tibia
yellow, darkened in apical quarter and with an irregular short ciliation on external surface ;
tarsus brown, basitarsus slightly longer than following tarsal segment and with a short ciliation
on external surface.

Wings pale brown hyaline ; 3rd and 4th long veins slightly divergent ; apical section of
5th vein 4-4 times as long as posterior cross-vein. Squamae and cilia pale. Halteres pale.

$. Similar to <$ but eyes widely separated over face which is heavily grey dusted.

Length 2 mm.

Holotype^, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', yellow blooms of cultivated
Compositae, 16-29. x. 1961 (R- L. Coe).

Paratypes 2 <£, i $, mixed vegetation by stream in gully, ix-x.i96i (R. L. Coe).

This species is closely related to cilipes Meigen, 1824, differing in the irregular
ciliation of the hind tibia and tarsus, and the absence of a ventral row of bristles
in apical third of hind tibia.

Chrysotus kholsa sp. n.

cj. Frons shining metallic green, coarsely pitted. Antennae completely black ; 3rd segment
reniform and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally. Eyes short pale haired, contiguous over face.
Palpi yellow, proboscis dark. Post-ocular cilia black above, pale laterally and ventrally.

Dorsum of thorax shining metallic green, chaetotaxy complete.

Abdomen metallic green, evenly short bristled. Hypopygium enclosed.

Legs with coxae dark, pale at tips, dark bristled. Fore and mid femora broadly brown
medially, posterior femora dark in apical quarter. Leg i — tibia yellow with a single weak dorsal
bristle in basal third ; basitarsus yellow, following tarsal segments dark. Leg 2 — tibia yellow
with 2 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; basitarsus yellow, following

ioo D. HOLLIS

tarsal segments dark. Leg 3 — tibia yellow-brown, darker apically, with 3 dorsal bristles and
a regular, short ciliation on external surface ; tarsus brown.

Wings clear hyaline ; 3rd and 4th veins parallel, posterior cross-vein one-third length of
apical section of 5th vein. Squamae pale, cilia dark. Halteres pale.

$. Similar to $ but eyes widely separated over face which is metallic green and grey dusted .

Length 2-5 mm.

Holotype $, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, ix-x.i96i (R. L. Coe).

Paratypes 4 $, same data as Holotype ; i $, xi. 1961-1.1962 ; i $, yellow blooms
of cultivated Compositae, 16-29. x. 1961 (R- L. Coe).

C. kholsa sp. n. is similar to the previous species from which it may be readily
distinguished by the leg coloration, the shape of the 3rd antennal segment and the
chaetotaxy of the hind tibia.

KEY TO NEPALESE SPECIES OF Chrysotus

1 Post-ocular cilia completely black ; femora almost completely dark, only extreme

tips pale .......... discretus Becker

Post-ocular cilia pale laterally and ventrally ; anterior and middle femora, at most,
darkened medially ........... 2

2 Fore-coxae mainly pale ; anterior and middle femora completely pale, posterior pair
darkened in apical quarter ....... pseudocilipes sp. n.

- Fore-coxae mainly dark ; femora broadly dark medially . . . kholsa sp. n.

Argyra pseudosuperba sp. n.

(Text-figs. 24, 25)

$. Frons a quarter width of head, metallic blue-violet with grey dusting at edges ; paired
orbital and interocellar bristles well developed. Antennae completely black ; ist segment
short, haired dorsally ; 2nd segment extended more than halfway over dorsal and dorso-lateral
surfaces of 3rd antennal segment ; latter triangular, longer than wide and bearing a micro-
scopically pubescent arista dorsally which is at least i -8 times as long as 3rd antennal segment.
Face as wide as frons, parallel sided, silver pruinose. Palpi and proboscis black. Eyes densely
short pale haired. Occiput metallic green, silver dusted. Post-ocular cilia black and uniserial
above, pale and multiserial laterally and ventrally.

Dorsum of thorax metallic green, heavily silver dusted ; acrostical bristles quadriserial,
6 pairs of dorso-centrals, whole disc with supplementary hairs. Scutellum concolorous with
dorsum with 4 marginal bristles and supplementary hairs on disc. Pleurae heavily grey
dusted.

Abdomen metallic green with tergites silver dusted at their bases laterally; densely short
bristled, posterior margins of tergites with longer bristles.

Legs with coxa i yellow, silver dusted and black bristled ; middle and posterior coxae dark,
posterior pair with an externo- vertical row of dark hairs. Femora yellow, evenly covered
with moderately long hairs, middle and posterior pairs with single pre-apical bristles. Leg i —
tibia yellow with 4-5 antero-dorsal, 3 posterior dorsal and no ventral bristles ; basitarsus
yellow, longer than following tarsal segments together, these being brown. Leg 2 — tibia
yellow with 3 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and 3-4 short ventral bristles ; basitarsus yellow,
longer than following tarsal segments together, these being brown. Leg 3 — tibia yellow,
brown at extreme tip, with 4 long antero-dorsal, 4 long postero-dorsal and no long ventral
bristles, the whole segment being covered with short hair-like bristles ; tarsus black, basitarsus
as long as and tarsal segment.

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL 101

Wings broad, pale brown hyaline ; 2nd and 3rd veins divergent, 3rd and 4th veins parallel
apically, 4th vein with a strong Z-bend in apical section, posterior cross-vein sinuous and
shorter than apical section of 5th vein, anal vein almost reaching to wing margin. Squamae
yellow with dark tips and black cilia. Halteres orange.

$. Unknown.

Length 6-5 mm.

Holotype $, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, ix-x.i96i (R. L. Coe).
Paratype $, INDIA : pres. E. Brunetti.

A. superba Tagaki, 1960, described from Japan, is very close to pseudosuperba
sp. n., differing in that the frons is more heavily silver dusted, the squamal cilia
are pale, wing veins 2 and 3 are more divergent, the 4th wing vein has a less
accentuated Z-bend, the arista is shorter in relation to the 3rd antennal segment
and the chaetotaxy of the legs is different.

Campsicneminae
Micromorphus albipes (Zetterstedt)

Hydrophorus albipes Zetterstedt, 1843 : 454.

Medeterus albipes (Zetterstedt) Raddatz, 1873 : 330.

Thrypticus bellus Strobl, 1880 : 59.

Pseudacropsilus claripennis Strobl, 1899 : 124.

Micromorphus albipes (Zetterstedt) Becker, 1918 : 124.

Micromorphus albipes (Zetterstedt) ; Parent, 1929 : 194.

Micromorphus albipes (Zetterstedt) ; Parent, 1938 : 652, figs. 904-907.

This species is widely distributed in Europe and has been recorded from Costa Rica
and New Zealand (Parent, 1929) and North Africa (Parent, 1938).

i <£, NEPAL : Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar, River Sabhaya, west shore,
c. i, 800', dead leaves lying in sun on sandy shore, 22.xii.i96i (R. L. Coe).

Sympycnus laetus Becker

Sympycnus laetus Becker, 1922 : 94, fig. 42.
Pycsymnus laetus (Becker) Frey, 1925 : 21.
Pycsymnus laetus (Becker) ; Frey, 1928 : 20.
Sympycnus laetus Becker ; Parent, i932a : 115.

Originally described from Formosa, New Guinea, Seleo and Singapore and later
recorded from the Philippines (Frey, 1928) and Sumbawa and Flores (Parent, I932a).

3$, i $, NEPAL : Arun Valley, R. Arun below Tumlingtar, c. 1,800', 14-23. xii. 1961,
evergreen shrubs bordering dry stream beds ; 2 ^, i $, above R. Sabhaya, east
shore, swept from dwarf bamboos in deep ravine, c. 2,000', 12. xii. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

Sympycnus turbidus Becker

Sympycnus turbidus Becker, 1922 : 105.
Pycsymnus turbidus (Becker) Frey, 1925 : 21.
Sympycnus turbidus Becker ; Parent, I932a : 115.

Described from Kurseong, Eastern Himalayas (4,700'), and recorded from the
Philippines (Frey, 1925) and Flores (Parent, i932a).

102 D. HOLLIS

i <£, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by stream in
gully, ix-x.igbi (R. L. Coe).

Sympycnus gummigutti Becker

Sympycnus gummigutti Becker, 1922 : 95, fig. 53.
Described from Nepal, Burma and Darjeeling.

Sympycnus arunensis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 26-29)

cJ. Frons shining metallic green-violet. Antennae with segments i and 2 yellow, latter
with an apical crown of short bristles ; 3rd antennal segment brown, triangular, not longer
than wide and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally. Eyes short pale haired, contiguous over
face. Palpi and proboscis yellow-brown. Occiput grey, post-ocular cilia uniserial, black above,
pale laterally and ventrally.

Dorsum of thorax yellow with a broad, longitudinal, metallic green stripe medially ; acrostical
bristles biserial, 6 pairs of dorso-centrals. Scutellum metallic green centrally but broadly
yellow laterally and apically, bearing 2 strong marginal bristles. Pleurae yellow.

Abdomen yellow but tergites have small, triangular, black patches dorsally at anterior
margins. Hypopygium brown ; lamellae yellow, pale haired, pointed oval.

Legs completely yellow, dark bristled. Fore-tibia without bristles ; fore-tarsal segments
bear a ventral fringe of short hairs, the basitarsus bearing a longer hair in the basal third.
Leg 2 — tibia bowed, with 3 antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal and an antero-ventral fringe of hairs
which become longer towards tibial tip, intermingled with this fringe apically are 5 long, sinuous
bristles ; basitarsus bears 3 sinuous bristles ventrally and a group of 3 hairs which mat at
their tips. Leg 3 — tibia with 3 dorsal bristles ; basitarsus much reduced, 2nd tarsal segment
not as long as basitarsus and bearing a bifid lobe apico-ventrally, 3rd segment over twice as
long as segments i and 2 together and with a ventral row of short bristles.

Wings pale brown hyaline ; 3rd and 4th veins slightly convergent ; posterior cross-vein
longer than apical section of 5th vein. Squamae pale with darker tips and brown cilia. Halteres
yellow.

$. Similar to <J but with eyes separated over face which is violet above and silver pruinose
below ; legs not ornamented ; tibia 2 with 3 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and 2 antero-
ventral bristles ; 2nd segment of hind tarsus twice as long as basitarsus.

Length 3-5 mm.

Holotype <$, NEPAL : Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar, River Sabhaya, west shore,
c. 1800', evergreen shrubs on sandy shore, 9-17. xii. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

Paratype $, east shore of R. Arun below Tumlingtar, c. 1,800', 14-23. xii. 1961,
evergreen shrubs bordering dry stream bed (R. L. Coe).

This species is close to maculatus Parent, 1932, and is in the apicalis group, a key
to which is given below.

Sympycnus coei sp. n.

(Text-figs. 30, 31)

cJ. Frons wide, shining metallic blue-green. Antennae with segments i and 2 completely
yellow, latter with an apical crown of short bristles ; 3rd segment brown-black, triangular, not
longer than wide and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally. Eyes short pale haired, contiguous
over most of face. Palpi yellow, proboscis brown. Occiput grey dusted ; postocular cilia
uniserial, black above, pale laterally and ventrally.

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL

103

FIGS.
28.
30.

26-33. Sympycnusspp.,S.arunensis8p.n. 26. <^wing. 27. <$ fore-basitarsus.
$ mid tibia and basitarsus. 29. <$ hind tarsal segments i — 3 : S. coei sp. n.
(J wing. 31. (J hind tarsus : 5. &#o/a sp. n. 32. <J hypopygium. 33. cj wing.

io4 D. HOLLIS

Dorsum of thorax metallic green centrally, broadly yellow at anterior and lateral margins ;
acrostical bristles absent, 6 pairs of dorso-central bristles. Scutellum metallic green on disc
but with completely yellow margins and bearing 2 strong marginal bristles. Post-scutellum
and post-notum with a median longitudinal brown stripe. Pleurae yellow with a dark triangular
spot at wing base.

Abdomen with venter completely yellow, tergites triangularly black-brown dorsally except
tergite i which is completely yellow. Lamellae yellow, pale haired, pointed oval, ventral
lobes chitinised.

Legs with coxae yellow, dark bristled. Femora yellow, posterior pair with a few long hairs
at the base ventrally and a single pre-apical bristle. Leg i — tibia yellow, without bristles ;
tarsus not ornamented, basitarsus as long as tibia and as long as following tarsal segments
together. Leg 2 — tibia yellow with 3 antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal and 2 ventral bristles ;
basitarsus yellow and as long as following tarsal segments together, these being darker. Leg 3 —
tibia yellow with no long bristles although all bristles are slightly longer than those on the anterior
and middle legs ; basitarsus yellow, very short and with 2 long, pale hairs ventrally, 2nd
tarsal segment shorter than basitarsus and with a bilobed ventral appendage, 3rd tarsal segment
longer than segments 4 and 5 together and with a ventral row of short bristles, tarsal segments
4 and 5 brownish, the 4th four times as long as the 5th.

Wings as long as fly, anal corner not developed ; hyaline but with an apical brown spot ;
posterior cross- vein shorter than apical section of 5th vein. Squamae pale with dark tips
and brown cilia Halteres yellow.

$. Similar to $ but eyes separated over face which is silver pruinose (brown from below) ;
hind tarsus simple, with 2nd segment twice as long as basitarsus and almost twice as long as
3rd segment ; wings without apical brown spot.

Length 4-4-5 mm.

Holotype $, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, xi. 1961-1. 1962 (R. L. Coe).

Paratypes 25 <$, 27 $, same data as Holotype ; 2 ^, 4 $, above Sangu, mixed
vegetation in dried up ravine, c. 6,800', 16.^1962 ; i $, edge of mixed forest above
Sangu, c. 6,500', I7.x-i.xi.i96i ; i $, below Sangu, c. 4,000', mixed vegetation on
sheltered slopes above river, 3^.1962 ; i $, Dobhan, east bank of River Tamur,
c. 3,500', mixed vegetation by stream in deep gully, i-ii.i962 (R. L. Coe).

Four paratypes (2 <$, 2 $) bearing same data as Holotype are deposited in the
Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam.

5. coei sp. n. clearly belongs to the apicalis group, the species of which may be
separated by the following key : —

KEY TO apicalis GROUP OF Sympycnus

1 Antennae completely yellow ....... gummigutti Becker

Antennae partly, or completely dark ........ 2

2 Antennae completely black ; acrostical bristles uniserial ; in <$ wings with 3 small,
dark spots apically, legs i and 3 ornamented . . thienemanni (Stackelberg 1931)
Antennae in part yellow ; acrostical bristles biserial or absent .... 3

3 Acrosticals biserial ............ 4

- Acrosticals absent ............ 5

4 3rd antennal segment twice as long as broad ; dorsum of thorax broadly green ; in

c? tibia 2 without special hairs or bristles .... acuticornis Frey

3rd antennal segment as long as broad ; dorsum of thorax narrowly green ; in £

tibia 2 with a complete row of special hairs ventrally .... arunensis sp. n.

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL 105

5 Wing with an apical brown spot (£) ......... 7

Wing clear hyaline ($)........... 6

6 Posterior cross-vein shorter than apical section of 5th vein . . coei sp. n. $
Posterior cross-vein as long as apical section of 5th vein . . apicalis de Meijere $

7 All pairs of legs modified in some way ; posterior cross- vein as long as apical section
of 5th vein .............

- Only hind leg modified ; posterior cross-vein shorter than apical section of 5th vein

coei sp. n. $

8 Tibia 2 without longer hairs at the base ventrally ; tibia 3 ventrally with 4 sub-apical
hairs standing at 90° to tibia ....... apicalis de Meijere $

- Tibia 2 with longer hairs at the base ventrally ; tibia 3 without hairs ventrally

maculatus Parent $

Sympycnus khola sp. n.

(Text-figs. 32, 33)

(J. Frons shining metallic green, weakly grey dusted. Antennae brown-black ; 3rd segment
triangular, not longer than wide and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally. Face narrow, silver
pruinose but appearing black from front. Proboscis and palpi brown. Eyes short pale
haired, narrowly separated over face.

Dorsum of thorax shining metallic blue-violet, yellow on anterior and lateral margins ;
acrostical bristles biserial, 6 pairs of dorso-centrals. Scutellum blue-violet on disc but yellow
at margins and bearing 2 strong marginal bristles. Pleurae mainly yellow, pteropleura with a
dark spot below squamae, metapleura brown.

Abdomen with venter yellow, segments 1-4 brown-black laterally and dorsally, segment 5
and hypopygium yellow ; latter enclosed ; lamellae yellow, lateral appendages chitinised.

Legs with coxae yellow, dark bristled, middle pair with a dark spot externally in the postero-
basal corner, hind pair with i external bristle. Femora yellow, middle and posterior pairs
with single external bristles. Leg i — tibia yellow, without bristles ; basitarsus yellow and as
long as tarsal segments 2 and 3 together, segments 2-5 brown. Leg 2 — tibia yellow with
3 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal, 2 antero-ventral and i postero-ventral ; tarsus yellow-brown,
simple. Leg 3 — tibia yellow with i antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and 3 short ventral bristles ;
basitarsus yellow and shorter than segment 2 which is simple, segments 2-5 brownish.

Wings hyaline ; 3rd and 4th veins slightly divergent ; apical section of 5th vein not twice
as long as posterior cross-vein. Squamae pale with brown cilia. Halteres pale yellow.

$. Similar to <$.

Length 2 mm.

Holotype <£, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., between Sangu and Tamrang, x-xi.igGi,
mixed shrubs in deep gorge, c. 5,200' (R. L. Coe).

Paratypes i <£, same data as Holotype ; i <f>, mixed plants by damp cliff in deep
river gorge, c. 5,200', 1-11.1962 (R. L. Coe}.

S. laetm Becker, 1922, has a superficial resemblance to khola sp. n. but differs in
that the ist and 2nd antennal segments are yellow and, in the $, the hind tarsus is
slightly modified.

Sympycnus gauri sp. n.

(Text-fig. 34)

cJ. Frons shining metallic blue-violet. Antennae completely black ; 3rd segment triangular,
longer than wide and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally. Eyes short pale haired, contiguous
over face. Palpi and proboscis dark.

io6 D. HOLLIS

Dorsum of thorax metallic green ; acrostical bristles irregularly uniserial, 5 pairs of dorso-
centrals. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum with 2 strong marginal bristles. Pleurae
metallic green-black, grey dusted.

Abdomen mainly metallic green, ist segment yellow basally. Hypopygium enclosed.

Legs with coxae dark, pale at tips, dark bristled, posterior pair with i bristle externally.
Femora mainly dark but pale basally and apically, anterior and middle pairs with ventral
fringes of long, dark hairs. Leg i — simple, yellow-brown, tibia without bristles or hairs.
Leg 2 — tibia yellow with 2 antero-dorsal, i postero dorsal and no ventral bristles ; tarsus
brown, simple. Leg 3 — tibia yellow with i antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and no ventral
bristles ; tarsus simple, basitarsus yellow, shorter than segment 2, segments 2-5 brown.

Wings hyaline ; 3rd and 4th veins parallel, apical section of 5th vein almost twice as long as
posterior cross-vein. Squamae brown, cilia black. Halteres pale yellow.

$. Unknown.

Holotype <$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., river banks below Tamrang Bridge,
c. 5,5oo', x-xi.ig6i (R. L. Coe).

Paratype <J, same data as Holotype.

This species is similar to residuus Becker, 1922, described from Formosa, but the
latter species may be distinguished by the absence of acrostical bristles, yellow
coxae and femora, the latter without ventral hair fringes, and the relatively shorter
posterior cross-vein.

Sympycnus albipes nepalensis subsp. n.

(Text-figs. 35-37)
Sympycnus albipes Lamb, 1926 : 548, figs. 7-10.

6*. Frons shining metallic blue-green, weakly pale dusted. Antennae mainly brown-black ;
3rd segment yellowish at base, triangular, not longer than wide and bearing a pubescent arista
dorsally. Eyes short pale haired, contiguous over face. Palpi and proboscis yellow. Occiput
grey dusted ; post-ocular cilia uniserial, black.

Dorsum of thorax shining metallic green, acrostical bristles uniserial, 6 pairs of dorso-centrals.
Scutellum metallic green on disc but lateral and posterior margins broadly yellow, bearing
2 strong marginal bristles. Pleurae metallic green above, yellowish below.

Abdomen with ist segment green, 2nd segment yellow, remaining segments and hypopygium
green.

Legs with coxae yellow, dark bristled, posterior pair with a single bristle externally. Femora
yellow, anterior pair with a few scattered long hairs ventrally, posterior pair with single pre-
apical bristles. Leg i — tibia yellow, without bristles but with a row of 5-6 long hairs ventrally
in the apical half ; basitarsus yellow, longer than following segment and with a row of short
hairs ventrally, 2nd segment brown, longer than 3rd segment which is as long as segments
4 and 5 together, 4th segment with some long hairs dorsally, 4th and 5th segments whitish.
Leg 2 — tibia yellow with 2 weak antero-dorsal and 3 weak ventral bristles ; basitarsus yellow,
following tarsal segments brown. Leg 3 — tibia mainly yellow, broadly brown apically, with
2 antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; tarsus brown, basitarsus short with
i bristle ventro-medially, 2nd segment shorter than basitarsus and with a long, thin, apico-
ventral lobe, 3rd segment longer than segments 4 and 5 together.

Wings hyaline ; 3rd and 4th veins parallel apically, apical section of 5th vein over twice
as long as posterior cross-vein, anal vein weak. Squamae pale, cilia dark. Halteres yellow.

$. Similar to $ but with eyes separated over face which is blackish ; legs simple, 2nd seg-
ment of hind tarsus longer than basitarsus.

Length 2-2-5 rnm.

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL 107

Holotype <£, NEPAL : Arun Valley, east shore of R. Arun below Tumlingtar,
c. 1,800', 14-23. xii. 1961, evergreen shrubs bordering dry stream-beds (R. L. Coe).

Paratypes i <$, same data as Holotype ; i $, above River Sabhaya, east shore,
swept from dwarf bamboos in deep ravine, c. 2,000', 12. xii. 1961 (R. L. Coe}.

S. albipes albipes Lamb, 1926, was described from Rodriguez Island and recorded
from the Seychelles and Ceylon. The new subspecies may be separated from it by
the following points :- partly yellow antennae, fewer and longer acrostical bristles,
much less darkened hind tibial tip and, in the $, the more numerous and shorter
ventral hairs on the fore-tibia.

In Becker's key, 1922, to the Oriental species of Sympycnus both subspecies will
run to strenuus Becker, 1922, but this species has a reddish 3rd antennal segment
and an unmodified fore-tibia and tarsus.

Sympycnus peniculitarsus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 38)

<J. Frons one-third width of head, shining metallic green-blue, weakly pale dusted. Antennae
with first and second segments black ; segment 3 brownish yellow, triangular, not longer than
wide and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally. Eyes short pale haired, contiguous over face.
Palpi and proboscis dark. Occiput grey ; post-ocular cilia uniserial, black above, pale laterally
and ventrally.

Dorsum of thorax shining metallic green with bluish and bronze tinges ; acrostical bristles
uniserial, 5 pairs of dorso-centrals. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum with 2 strong marginal
bristles. Pleurae metallic green, grey dusted.

Abdomen mainly green-black, segment 2 and anterior margin of segment 3 yellow dorsally,
segments 3 and 4 yellow ventrally. Hypopygium enclosed.

Legs with coxae pale, dark bristled, posterior pair with i bristle externally. Femora yellow,
middle and posterior pairs with single pre-apical bristles, posterior pair dark at tip. Leg i —
tibia yellow, without bristles but with a complete ventral fringe of pale hairs ; tarsus yellow,
2nd segment with a ventral extension in basal two-thirds forming a notch in which is situated
a group of short, chitinised hairs. Leg 2 — tibia yellow, with 3 antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal,
i antero-ventral and no postero-ventral bristles ; tarsus brown, simple. Leg 3 — tibia yellow,
with 3 antero-dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and 1-2 short ventral bristles ; tarsus brown, simple,
basitarsus shorter than following segment.

Wings hyaline ; 3rd and 4th veins parallel apically, apical section of 5th vein almost 3 times
as long as posterior cross-vein, anal vein weak. Squamae pale, cilia dark. Halteres yellow.

9- Similar to <$ but with eyes separated over face and simple fore-leg.

Length 1-5-2 mm.

Holotype £, NEPAL : Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar, River Sabhaya, west shore,
c. i, 800', evergreen shrubs on sandy shore, 9-17. xii. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

Paratypes 3 <$, same data as Holotype ; 13 $, 9 $, above R. Sabhaya, east shore,
swept from dwarf bamboos in deep ravine, c. 2,000', 12. xii. 1961 ; 20 <$, 17 $, east
shore of R. Arun below Tumlingtar, c. 1,800', 14-23. xii. 1961, evergreen shrubs
bordering dry stream-beds (2 $ and 2 $ of this series deposited in the Zoologisch
Museum, Amsterdam) ; 2 <$, 4 $, swept from Ricinus communis L., 23. xii. 1961 ;
13 cJ, 24 <j>, Taplejung Distr., below Sangu, c. 4,000', mixed vegetation on sheltered
slopes above river, 3.1.1962 (2 $ and 2 $ of this series are deposited in the Entomo-
logical Institute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo) ; 3 $, shady places on shrubby

io8 D. HOLLIS

slope above R. Tamur, 21-27.1.1962 ; i <£, 3 $, Dobhan, c. 3,500', mixed vegetation
in dry gully on wooded slope, 29.1.1962 ; i $, i $, evergreen trees overhanging
stream in deep gully, 30.1.1962 ; 8 <$, n $, east bank of River Tamur, c. 3,500',
mixed vegetation by stream in deep gully, 1-11.1962 (R. L. Coe).

S. turbidus Becker, 1922, is close to peniculitarsus sp. n. but may be distinguished
from the latter by its black 3rd antennal segment, hind tibia with 3 ventral bristles
and, in the <$, the simple fore-leg.

Sympycnus takagii sp. n.

(Text-figs. 39, 40)

cj. Frons metallic blue-violet, grey dusted. Antennae black ; 3rd segment triangular,
almost twice as long as wide, long haired and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally. Face very
wide, half width of frons, metallic green but heavily grey dusted. Palpi and proboscis dark.
Eyes short pale haired, widely separated below antennae. Occiput grey ; post-ocular cilia
uniserial, black above, pale laterally and ventrally.

Dorsum of thorax metallic blue-green, heavily yellow-brown dusted ; acrostical bristles
absent, 5 pairs of dorso-centrals. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum with 2 strong marginal
bristles. Pleurae metallic green, grey dusted.

Abdomen long, completely metallic green, hypopygium enclosed.

Legs with anterior coxae yellow, dark bristled ; middle and posterior pairs dark, pale at
tips, hind pair with single bristles externally. Femora yellow, posterior pair darkened dorsally
in the apical half. Leg i — tibia yellow, without bristles ; basitarsus yellow, following tarsal
segments brown. Leg 2 — tibia yellow with 2 antero-dorsal and i antero- ventral bristle ;
tarsus yellow-brown. Leg 3 — tibia yellow with i antero-dorsal, 3 postero-dorsal and 3 short
ventral bristles ; tarsus brown, basitarsus shorter than following segment.

Wings pale brown hyaline ; 3rd and 4th veins parallel in their apical sections, apical section
of 5th vein over twice as long as posterior cross-vein, anal vein weak. Squamae and cilia
brown. Halteres brown.

$. Unknown.

Length 2 mm.

Holotype <$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, xi. 196 1-1.1962 (R. L. Coe).
Paratype $, same data as Holotype.

This species is distinct from other Oriental species of Sympycnus by virtue of the
extremely wide face in the <$. S. residuus Becker, 1922, described from Formosa,
is perhaps closest but may be separated by the completely yellow coxae, the
relatively shorter 3rd antennal segment and the narrower face in the $.

Sympycnus pahar sp. n.

(Text-fig. 41)

<J. Frons metallic blue- violet, grey dusted. Antennae with segments i and 2 black ;
3rd segment brown, triangular, as long as wide and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally. Face
narrow, dark. Palpi and proboscis dark. Eyes short pale haired, narrowly separated over
face. Occiput grey ; post-ocular cilia uniserial, black dorsally, pale laterally and ventrally.

Dorsum of thorax metallic green, heavily grey dusted and with a median longitudinal brown
stripe ; acrostical bristles absent, 5 pairs of dorso-centrals. Scutellum concolorous with

log

dorsum with margins narrowly yellow and bearing 2 strong bristles. Pleurae metallic green-
black, grey dusted.

Abdomen long, metallic green-black. Hypopygium enclosed.

Legs with anterior coxae pale, dark at tips and with dark bristles ; middle and posterior
coxae dark, pale at tips, posterior pair with i external bristle. Femora yellow, hind pair
without pre-apical bristles. Leg i — tibia yellow, without bristles ; tarsus yellow. Leg 2 —
tibia yellow with 2 antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; tarsus simple,
yellow. Leg 3 — tibia yellow with 2 postero-dorsal and 3 short ventral bristles ; tarsus brown,
basitarsus shorter than following tarsal segment.

Wings hyaline ; 2nd and 3rd veins strongly divergent, 3rd and 4th veins parallel in their
apical sections, apical section of 5th vein over twice as long as posterior cross-vein, anal vein
weak. Squamae and cilia brown. Halteres yellow.

$. Similar to <$ but with wider face.

Length 2 mm.

Holotype <$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, xi. 1961-1.1962 (R. L. Coe).

Paratypes i <£, same data as Holotype ; i <£, below Sangu, by stream in shady
ravine, c. 6,000', 30. x. 1961 ; i$, between Sangu and Tamrang, mixed plants by
damp cliff in deep river gorge, c. 5,200', 22. xi. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

This species is close to takagii sp. n. from which it may be distinguished by the
completely yellow hind femur and, in the <$, the narrower face and shorter 3rd
antennal segment.

KEY TO NEPALESE SPECIES OF Sympycnus

1 Thorax with pleurae and sides of dorsum broadly yellow ..... 2
Dorsum of thorax completely metallic green ....... 6

2 Antennae completely dark ; acrostical bristles biserial ; in <$ legs simple khola sp. n.
Antennae at least in part yellow ; in $ at least hind basitarsus modified . . 3

3 Antennae completely yellow ; in <$ fore-tibia with a hair-like bristle apically

gutnmigutti Beck
Antennae with i or more segments dark ........ 4

4 Acrostical bristles present and biserial ........ 5

- Acrostical bristles absent ; abdomen with segments triangularly black dorsally ; $
wing with apical brown spot and only hind basitarsus modified . . . coei sp. n.

5 Abdomen mainly yellow ; 3rd and 4th wing veins slightly convergent ; posterior
cross-vein as long as apical section of 5th vein ; in <$ all pairs of legs ornamented

arunensis sp. n.

- Abdomen mainly brown ; 3rd and 4th long veins parallel ; apical section of 5th vein
twice as long as posterior cross-vein ; in $ only hind basitarsus slightly modified

laetus Beck

6 All coxae dark, femora dark ; acrostical bristles irregularly uniserial ; in ^ anterior

and middle femora with long hairs ventrally ..... gauri sp. n.

- At least anterior coxae pale .......... 7

7 Only anterior coxae pale ; acrostical bristles absent ; in <J face wide . . 8
All coxae pale ; acrostical bristles present ....... 9

8 3rd antennal segment much longer than wide ; hind femora brown in apical half
dorsally ; anterior coxae completely yellow ..... takagii sp. n.
3rd antennal segment not longer than wide ; hind femora completely yellow ;
anterior coxae darkened at tips ....... pahar sp. n.

9 Scutellum broadly yellow around posterior margin ; in <$ fore-tibia with long hairs
ventrally and posterior basitarsus modified . . albipes nepalensis subsp. n.

no D. HOLLIS

- Scutellum completely green ; in <$ fore-tibia and posterior basitarsus simple . 10
10 Hind tibia with 1-2 ventral bristles ; in £ 2nd tarsal segment of fore-leg with basal
two-thirds extended ventrally and forming a notch which carries a brush of short,
stout hairs .......... peniculitarsus sp. n.

— Hind tibia with 3 ventral bristles ; in <$ fore-tarsus simple . . turbidus Beck

Chrysotimus anomalicerus sp. n.

(Text-figs. 42-44)

cj. Frons wide, metallic blue-green, weakly pale dusted. Antennae with segments i and 2
yellow, former bare above, latter with an apical crown of short bristles ; 3rd segment brown-
black, long haired, rounded basally and with elongate apical region, forming an appendage
which is thicker and longer than arista ; latter short, only as long as width of frons and borne
dorsally on 3rd antennal segment. Face narrow, silver dusted. Palpi and proboscis pale.
Eyes short pubescent, narrowly separated over face. Head bristles yellow, i pair of orbitals,
i pair of inter-ocellars, post-ocular cilia uniserial.

Dorsum of thorax shining metallic green, pale dusted. Bristles yellow, acrostical bristles
uniserial, 5 pairs of dorso-centrals. Scutellum concolorous with dorsum with 2 strong marginal
bristles. Pleurae metallic blue-green, grey dusted.

Abdomen metallic green, evenly short, pale bristled. Hypopygium enclosed.

Legs completely yellow, yellow bristled. Posterior coxae with a single external bristle.
Femora without bristles. Leg i — tibia without bristles ; basitarsus shorter than tibia but as
long as tarsal segments 2 and 3 together. Leg 2— tibia with 2 antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal,
no ventral bristles and a crown of bristles apically ; tarsus simple. Leg 3 — tibia with rows of
short dorsal and ventral bristles ; basitarsus shorter than segment 2.

Wings hyaline, pointed at tip ; 3rd and 4th veins slightly divergent, apical section of 5th
vein over twice as long as posterior cross-vein, anal vein weak. Squamae and cilia pale.
Halteres yellow.

$. Similar to $ but with short 3rd antennal segment, longer arista and wider face.

Length 2 mm.

Holotype <$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., below Sangu, by stream in shady ravine,
c. 6,000', 30. x. 1961 (R. L. Coe}.

Paratype $, Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by stream in gully, ix-x.i96i
(R. L. Coe).

This species is only tentatively placed in the genus Chrysotimus as it differs from
other known species in the extraordinary form of the 3rd antennal segment in the $.
This structure is very similar to that of a few species in the South American genus
Kophosoma van Duzee, 1926.

There are no previous records of Chrysotimus occurring in the Oriental region and
the well defined uniserial acrostical bristles and the absence of yellow coloration in
anomalicerus sp. n. render it unlike the known Palaearctic species of the genus.

NEPALOMYIA gen. n.

(Text-figs. 45-48)

Head higher than wide ; frons wide ; i pair of orbital bristles and i pair of inter-ocellar
bristles, both pairs well developed ; post-vertical bristles not developed ; post-ocular bristles
uniserial. Antennae placed above middle of head profile, shorter than head ; ist segment short,
bare above ; 2nd segment short, transverse, and with a crown of apical bristles ; 3rd segment

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL

FIGS. 34-44. Sympycnus gauri sp. n. 34.
35. <J wing. 36. <$ hypopygium. 37. $
sp. n. 38. (J 2nd segment of fore-tarsus
40. (J antenna : 5. pahar sp. n. 41. $
sp. n. 42. (J wing. 43. <$ antenna. 44.

J wing : S. albipes nepalensis subsp. n.

fore-tibia and tarsus : S. peniculitarsus

S. takagii sp. n. 39. <J hypopygium.

hypopygium : Chrysotimus anomalicerus

9 antenna.

H2 D. HOLLIS

triangular, as long as wide and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally. Face wide in both sexes,
with an incomplete transverse division and not reaching to lower eye margins. Eyes short
haired. Palpi and proboscis well developed. Occiput concave.

Thorax longer than wide with a well developed pre-scutellar flattening in posterior third ;
acrostical bristles biserial, 5 pairs of dorso-centrals, i prothoracic, i humeral, i internal post-
humeral, 2 notopleurals, i weak sutural, 2 supra-alars and i post-alar. Scutellum semicircular
with 2 strong marginal bristles.

Abdomen long with 5 unmodified segments, only tergite i with longer posterior marginal
bristles ; hypopygium sessile but not enclosed, highly complex.

Legs long and fragile, bristles weak. Posterior coxa with a single external bristle. Femur
3 with or without pre-apical bristles. Tibia 2 with an apical crown of bristles. Posterior
basitarsus shorter than following tarsal segment.

Wings with 2nd and 3rd veins divergent, 3rd and 4th veins parallel, posterior cross-vein
slightly before middle of wing and shorter than apical section of 5th vein, anal vein present and
reaching almost to posterior wing margin.

Type species : — Nepalomyia dytei sp. n.

The affinities of this genus are obscure but probably the closest known genus is
Xanthochlorus Loew, 1857. The two genera show some similarities especially in the
form and complexity of the <$ genitalia (see Becker, 1918 : 129).

Xanthochlorus differs from Nepalomyia in the following characters : — a basal
arista, absence of acrostical bristles, hind basitarsus longer than the following tarsal
segment and reduction or absence of the anal vein.

N. dytei sp. n.

(Text-figs. 45, 46)

cj. Frons about one-third width of head, dark green, grey dusted. Antennae black ;
ist segment short, bare above ; 2nd segment shorter than ist and with a crown of apical
bristles ; 3rd segment triangular, as long as wide and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally.
Face half width of frons, concave except above mouthparts, metallic green and grey dusted
and with an incomplete transverse division. Palpi and proboscis black. Occiput concave,
dark metallic green ; post-ocular bristles black and uniserial ; post- verticals not developed.

Dorsum of thorax metallic green, grey dusted, with a well developed pre-scutellar flattening
in posterior third ; acrostical bristles biserial, 5 pairs of dorso-centrals. Scutellum concolorous
with dorsum with 2 strong marginal bristles. Pleurae metallic green, grey dusted.

Abdomen dark metallic green, grey dusted ; evenly short bristled but ist tergite with longer
posterior marginal bristles. Hypopygium large, sessile but free ; appendages chitinised at
tip, dorsal pair with hooked tips.

Legs mainly brown, only trochanters yellow. Posterior coxae with single external bristles.
Posterior femora with or without pre-apical bristles. Leg i — tibia without bristles ; basitarsus
as long as tibia, 2nd tarsal segment shorter than basitarsus but longer than 3rd segment, latter
longer than segments 4 and 5 together, these being of equal length. Leg 2 — tibia with 2 antero-
dorsal, 2 postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; basitarsus shorter than tibia but as long as
segments 2 and 3 together. Leg 3 — tibia with i antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal and no ventral
bristles ; basitarsus two-thirds length of following segment.

Wings very pale brown hyaline ; 2nd and 3rd veins divergent, 3rd and 4th veins parallel
apically, posterior cross-vein three-fifths length of apical section of 5th vein, anal vein complete
almost to posterior wing margin. Squamae brown, cilia black. Halteres pale yellow.

?. Similar to <J but fore-basitarsus shorter than tibia and the 4th and 5th segments of the
fore-tarsus are as long as the 3rd segment.

Length 2-5-3 mm.

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL

FIGS. 45-48. Nepalomyia spp., N. dytei sp. n. 45. <$ hypopygium.
N. confusa sp. n. 47. <J hypopygium. 48. <$ antenna.

46.

wing

Holotype $, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., between Sangu and Tamrang, spray-
splashed rocks in deep gorge, c. 5,200', 6-28. xi. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

Paratypes 2 $, 7 $, same data as Holotype ; 4 $, 1-14.11.1962 ; i $, mixed plants
by damp cliff in deep river gorge, c. 5,200', 22.xi.i96i ; i <j>, x-xi.i96i, mixed shrubs
in deep gorge, c. 5,200 (R. L. Coe).

(2 $, bearing same data as Holotype, deposited in the Zoologisch Museum,
Amsterdam).

This species is denned in the key below.

H4 D- HOLLIS

N. confusa sp. n.

(Text-figs. 47, 48)

(J. Frons one-third width of head, dark green. Antennae yellow-brown ; ist segment
short, bare above ; 2nd segment shorter than ist and with a crown of apical bristles ; 3rd
segment triangular, as long as wide and bearing a pubescent arista dorsally. Face one-third
width of frons, dark metallic green, flat with an incomplete transverse division. Palpi and
proboscis black. Eyes short haired. Occiput dark, shining ; post-ocular bristles black,
uniserial ; post- verticals not developed.

Dorsum of thorax green-brown, posterior calli and lateral margins of scutellum yellowish ;
pre-scutellar flattening well developed ; acrostical bristles biserial, 5 pairs of dorso-centrals.
Pleurae metallic green, grey dusted.

Abdomen brownish-green, venter yellow ; tergites evenly short bristled but tergite i with
longer posterior marginal bristles. Hypopygium large, sessile but free, appendages not
chitinised, dorsal pair not hooked.

Legs mainly yellow, only mid and posterior coxae brown in basal two-thirds. Coxae dark
bristled, posterior pair with single external bristles. Femora short haired, posterior pair
without pre-apical bristles. Leg i— tibia without bristles ; basitarsus shorter than tibia,
tarsal segments of decreasing lengths, segment 4 longer than segment 5. Leg 2— tibia with
2 antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal and no ventral bristles ; basitarsus shorter than tibia but as
long as segments 2 and 3 together. Leg 3 — tibia with i antero-dorsal, i postero-dorsal, i
ventral bristle and i longer sub-apical bristle externally ; basitarsus one-third length of 2nd
tarsal segment.

Wings hyaline ; 2nd and 3rd veins divergent, 3rd and 4th veins parallel, posterior cross-vein
half length of apical section of 5th vein, anal vein complete almost to posterior wing margin.
Squamae yellow, cilia black. Halteres pale yellow.

?. Similar to 6*.

Length 2-5-3 mm-

Holotype <$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, ix-x.i96i (R. L. Coe).

Paratype $, between Sangu and Tamrang, spray-splashed rocks in deep river
gorge, c. 5,200', 6-28. xi. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

The two known species of the genus Nepalomyia may be distinguished as
follows : —

i Legs mainly brown ; antennae black ; in <J anterior leg with basitarsus as long as
tibia, tarsal segment 3 longer than segments 4 and 5 together, these being of equal
length ; hypopygium with appendages chitinised apically and dorsal pair with
hooked tips ........... dytei sp. n.

- Legs mainly yellow ; antennae yellow-brown ; in <$ anterior leg with basitarsus

shorter than tibia, segment 3 slightly longer than segment 4, latter i^- times as
long as segment 5 ; hypopygium with appendages not chitinised and dorsal pair
not hooked apically but with a few hairs basally .... confusa sp. n.

REFERENCES

BECKER, TH. 1903. Aegyptische Dipteren. Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 2 : 1-66, 67-195.

1918. Dipterologische Studien. Dolichopodidae. A. Palaarktische Region. Dritter

Teil. Nova A eta Leop. Carol., 104 : 2, 37-212.

1922. Dipterologische Studien. Dolichopodidae der Indo-Australischen Region. Capita

zool., 1 : 4, 1-247.

ON THE DIPTERA OF NEPAL 115

BRUNETTI, E. 1920. Fauna of British India, Diptera Brachycera, 1, 401 pp. London.

- 1923. Second Revision of the Oriental Stratiomyidae. Rec. Indian Mus., 25 : 45-180.
FREY, R. 1925. Philippinische Dipteren. II. Fam. Dolichopodidae. Notul. Ent. Helsingf.,

5 : 1-27.

- 1928. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der exotischen Dolichopodiden. Notul. Ent. Helsingf.,

8 : 17-23-
KROBER, O. 1912. Monographic der palaarktischen und afrikanischen Thereviden. Dtsch.

ent. Z., 1912 : 678.
LAMB, C. G. 1926. In BEZZI & LAMB, Diptera (excluding Nematocera) from the Island of

Rodriguez. Tvanz. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 1925 : 537-573.
LOEW, H. 1855. Einige Bemerkungen iiber die Gattung Sargus. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien.,

5 : 131-148.
MEIJERE, J. C. H. DE. 1916. Studien iiber siidostasiatische Dipteren, XII. Javanische

Dolichopodiden und Ephydriden. Tijdschr. Ent. 59 : 225-273.
OSTEN SACKEN. 1886. Studies on Tipulidae, 1 : Berl. ent. Z. 30 : 153-188.
PARENT, O. 1926. Dolichopodides nouveaux de 1' Extreme-Orient palearctique. Encycl. Ent.

ser. B. II. Dipt., 3 : 111-149.

- 1929. Etude sur les Dolichopodides exotiques de la Collection von Roder. Ann. Soc.
Sci. Brux., 49 : 169-246.

- 1932. Sur quelques Dipteres (Dolichopodides), la plupart appartenant a la Collection
L. Oldenberg. Notes et descriptions. Stettin, ent. Ztg., 93 : 220-241.

- i932a. Dolichopodides de 1'expedition du Dr. Rensch aux petites iles de la Sonde.
Encycl. Ent. se"r. B. II, Dipt., 6 : 103-123.

- 1934. Dipteres Dolichopodides exotiques. Mem. Soc. nat. Sci. Cherbourg, 41 : 257-308.

- 1935. Dipteres Dolichopodides conserves au Museum des Etats Malais Confederes. Ann.
Mag. nat. Hist. (10), 15 : 194-215, 354-369, 426-441, 519-531.

- 1938. Faune de France, 35. Dolichopodidae. 720 pp. Paris.

- 1941. Dipteres Dolichopodides de la region Indo-australienne. Especes et localites
nouvelles. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (n), 7 : 195-235.

RADDATZ, AD. 1873. Dolichopoden aus Mecklenberg. Stettin, ent. Ztg., 34 : 323-334.
RIBEIRO, S. 1923. Corrections and amplifications of Indian localities in Dr. Th. Becker's

Monograph of the Dolichopodidae (Diptera). Rec. Indian Mus., 23 : 335-344.
RONDANI, C. 1875. Muscaria exotica Musei civici Januensis observata et distincta. Fragmen-

tum iii. Ann. Mus. Star. nat. Genova, 7 : 421-464.
STACKELBERG, A. A. 1931. Dolichopodidae der Deutschen Limnologischen Sunda-Expedition.

Arch. Hydrobiol. (Plankt.} Suppl., 8 : 771-782.

- 1934 In Lindner, Fliegen Palaearktischen Region, 29, Dolichopodidae, 129-176.
STROBL, G. 1880. Dipterologische Funde um Seitenstetten. Ein Beitrag zur Fauna Nieder-

Osterreichs. XIV Progr. Ober-Gymnasiums Seitenstetten, 65 pp. Linz.

- 1899. Spanische Dipteren, IV, Theil VII, Dolichopodidae. Wien. ent. Ztg., 18 : 117-128.
TAKAGI, S. 1960. Descriptions of two new species of Argyra occurring in Japan, (Diptera :

Dolichopodidae). Insecta matsum., 23 : 121.
VAILLANT, F. 1953. Sur quelques Dolichopodidae du Tassili n'Ajjer. Institut Recherch.

Sahar. Univ. Alger.: 3-18.
VAN DUZEE, M. C. 1926. A new Dolichopodid genus, with descriptions of five new species

(Diptera). Trans. Amer. ent. Soc., 52 : 39-46.

— 1930. Dipt. Patagonia S. Chile, 5, I, Dolichopodidae : 92 pp. London.
WALKER, F. 1848. List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., 1 : 229 pp. London.

- 1856. Catalogue of Dipterous Insects collected at Singapore and Malacca by Mr. A. R.
WALLACE, with descriptions of new species. /. Linn. Soc. Lond. (ZooL), 1 : 4-39.

WIEDEMANN, C. R. W. 1830. Aussereurop. zweifliigel. Ins., 2 : 12-684.
ZETTERSTEDT, J. W. 1843. Dipt. Scand., 2 : 441-894.

INDEX

albipes (Zett.) (Micromorphus) 101

albipes nepalensis subsp. n. (Sympycnus) 106

ama sp. n. 95

angustinervis Becker 8y

anomalicerus sp. n. no

arunensis sp. n. 102

babu sp. n. 94

brunettii sp. n. 86

coei sp. n. 102

compositus sp. n. 91

confusa sp. n. 114

crassitarsis de Meijere 91

discretus Becker 98

dukha sp. n. 93

dytei sp. n. 112

gauri sp. n. 105

gummigutti Becker 102

hinu sp. n. 84

indigenus Becker 93

jeanae sp. n. 96
kaulbacki sp. n. 90
khola sp. n. 105
kholsa sp. n. 99
laetus Becker 101
mandarinus Wiedemann 98
melanurus (Walker) 84
Nepalomyia gen. n. no
pahar sp. n. 108
pediformis Becker 88
peniculitarsus sp. n. 107
phollae sp. n. 89
pseudocilipes sp. n. 99
pseudosuperba sp. n. 100
sanguensis sp. n. 97
takagii sp. n. 108
turbidus Becker 101
ulleriensis sp. n. 89

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS ^^
(FULGOROIDEA : DELPHACIDAE)
FROM SOUTH AMERICA AND
SOUTH-EAST ASIA

R. G. FENNAH

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 5

LONDON: 1964

•ft

/x>
I NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS

(FULGOROIDEA : DELPHACIDAE)
FROM SOUTH AMERICA AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA

R. G. FENNAH

Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, Lond

Pp. 117-143 ; 120 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 5

LONDON: 1964

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
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within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. 5 of the Entomological
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those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

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NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS
? (FULGOROIDEA : DELPHACIDAE)

FROM SOUTH AMERICA AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA

By R. G. FENNAH

SYNOPSIS

The external characters of value in classifying members of Ugyops (Fulgoroidea : Delphacidae)
are discussed. Seventeen new species and two new subspecies are described from the following
localities : Panama, Brazil, Narcondam Island, Krakatau Island, Thailand, Borneo, New
Guinea, New Hebrides, New Caledonia and Niue.

SOME series of Ugyops from Brazil and south-east Asia standing in the unnamed
accessions of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) have proved to represent new species,
and these are described below.

Our knowledge of this genus is still fragmentary. Its members are impressively
widespread among oceanic islands of the Pacific, are found in the Mascarene Islands,
and range through tropical South America into the Greater Antilles. In the conti-
nental areas of the Old World, however, the position, as far as yet known, is very
different ; the genus is not represented in Africa and in continental Asia has been
found only on the south-eastern seaboard, in " Cochin-China ". It is known that
species of the genus occur in northern Australia, New Guinea, the Moluccas, Borneo
and Sumatra and in some of the smaller islands of Indonesia, but the only evidence
of its presence on the continent immediately north of Java and Sumatra is provided
by specimens from Thailand in the present collection, and of its presence in the
eastern part of the Indian Ocean by a specimen from Narcondam Island.

In the delphacine Delphacidae it is customary to seek differences in the form of
the male genitalia as the chief criterion for distinguishing species. In some of the
Asiracinae, however, including the genus Ugyops, it is the external bodily features
that exhibit the greatest amount of diversity. The range of such variation between
members of a series, even between the sexes, is relatively very small, whereas
between members of different species (as determined by genitalic differences and
sympatric distribution) there is an evident gap between the ranges found in each.
It may accordingly be assumed that the form of such bodily features is of specific
value.

The numerous re-combinations of " characters " found in members of Ugyops
have so far not been found to form a pattern that would suggest a natural sub-
generic classification. None the less, there are two main types of bodily form that
afford a crude but useful basis for separating species-groups. The first of these is
exemplified by the dimensions of U. percheronii Guer. and U. kinbergi Stal : members
of these species are large, macropterous, with a narrow, usually parallel-sided,
vertex, usually an acutely angulate profile, a frons about three times as long as
broad, slender antennal segments and a pygofer elongate ventrally. The second is

120 R. G. FENNAH

exemplified by U. annulipes Stal (placed by him in a separate genus, Livatis) :
its members are moderately short, or even quite small, coelopterous (with the tegmina
just covering the abdomen), and with a relatively broad vertex, often wider apically
than at the base, a convex profile, a frons about two and a half times as long as
broad, antennal segments not very slender, and a relatively short pygofer. In
this second group wings may be present or absent ; the tegmina may be abbreviated
to less than the length of the abdomen, and, rarely, may be brachypterous.

There is generally little difficulty in deciding to which of these groups a specimen
of an unknown species belongs, but thereafter the task of establishing its relationship
with a known species on the basis of a verbal description may be far from easy.
In the writer's experience, the degree of curvature of the margins of the head, the
form of the frontal carinae and the relative proportions of the head and of the antennal
segments are reasonably constant within a species, as is the colour pattern of the
body and tegmina (as opposed to the rather variable colour intensity) ; these
characters, in combination, vary sufficiently between species to provide a reliable
means for specific determination.

Variation in colour intensity between individuals of a species is common, but
never extreme. Members of a series may, for instance, vary from very pale with
small irregular dark areas to pale with each dark area twice as large (but occupying
a truly corresponding position) : the range does not extend further to include the
development of wholly dark coloration. As far as the writer knows, mere variation
in intensity of pigmentation does not totally obscure the differences in colour
pattern between one species and another.

The measurements of the antennal segments given below represent, in each in-
stance, the distance from the base to the apex. The basal segment is often of
unequal width throughout, and the width is arbitrarily measured at the middle.
The vertex may be horizontal or declivous, and when declivous appears shorter in
direct dorsal view than in a more or less anterodorsal view. The measurement
of its length is taken in each case from whichever viewpoint the maximum length
of vertex can be seen : the length is taken along the middle line, from the apex of
the projection in the middle of the apical margin to the middle of the basal margin,
which is often very slightly angulately produced caudad. The width at the base
includes the thickness of the lateral margins at this level.

The writer's warmest thanks are tendered to the authorities of the British Museum
(Natural History) and to Mr. J. P. Doncaster, Keeper of the Department of Ento-
mology, for the privilege of studying this most interesting assemblage of specimens.

The types of all new species are in the British Museum (Natural History). The
bibliographic references are cited in accordance with the usage in " A Bibliography
of the Homoptera (Auchenorhyncha) " (Metcalf, Z.P. 1942 N.C. State College of
Agriculture and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.).

UGYOPS Gu6rin-Meneville
Gu6rin-Meneville i834a : 477, Haplotype, Ugyops percheronii Guerin-Meneville i834a, loc. cit.

Ugyops samoaensis Muir

Muir igaid : 573.

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS 121

Ugyops samoaensis ferus subsp. n.

Form and coloration similar to that of typical subspecies. Pygofer with posterior margin,
in lateral view, produced caudad, the lobe shallowly excavate at middle with lower edge of
excavation more strongly extended caudad than upper.

Holotype <£ of subspecies, NIUE : iv-x.igiS (H. C. Kellers).
Paratypes, NIUE : 9 £, 3 $, iv-x.igiS (H. C. Kellers).

Type of subspecies in collection of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association.
Muir recognized that this population was distinct from the typical form from
Tutuila in Samoa, and described the difference in the conformation of the pygofer.
This difference is now considered sufficiently important to warrant the application
of a formal subspecific name to the Niue population.

The latter is rather similar to that of U. necopinus Fenn. (from Fiji), but necopinus
differs from samoaensis in having a vertex relatively shorter in relation to its basal
width (scarcely more than 1-4 : i, as compared with more than 1-5 : i in samoaensis),
and, in the male, an anal segment with the apical angles asymmetrically produced
ventrocaudad (the margin in samoaensis being symmetrical).

Ugyops palliatus sp. n.

(Text-figs. 1-9)

Epibidis godmani Fowler 1905 : 131 (pars).
Epibidis brunnea Fowler 1905 : 132 (pars).

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (1-5 : i), obtusely and evenly rounding into frons,
as wide at apex as at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin biconcave with submedian
carinae moderately prominent, submedian carinae not uniting at apex of vertex, basal compart-
ment of vertex wider at hind margin than median length (nearly 1-7 : i), frons in middle line
longer than wide at widest part (nearly 2-5 : i), widest at two-thirds from base, lateral margins
shallowly sinuately convex, median carina very narrowly forked at extreme base. Rostrum
reaching post-trochanters ; antennae reaching to apex of clypeus, basal segment shallowly
sulcate dorsally, longer than broad at middle (4-4 : i), second segment longer than first (1-8 : i) ;
ocelli very small. Pronotum with a single distinct carina at lateral margins. Post-tibiae
laterally with four teeth.

Stramineous ; transverse barring on frons and on second antennal segment, light brown ;
mottling on pronotum behind eyes and on mesonotum, anteclypeus, procoxae distally, meso-
pleura, transverse rings on fore and middle legs, spots at base of spines on hind legs, abdominal
terga entirely, sterna only lateroposteriorly, and anal segment, castaneous. Tegmina milky
hyaline, heavily overlain with fuscous brown in basal half, on stigma, and in an S-shaped
fascia from claval apex to apical angle of tegmen, surrounding, but not overlying, apical line
of cross-veins ; veins concolorous except at apical margin, and in nodal and subapical lines,
where they are opaque yellow.

Anal segment of male large, lateroapical angles broad at base, each produced ventrad in an
acute process. Pygofer long, lateral margins each produced caudad in a narrow lobe, obliquely
truncate distally with one angle acute ; diaphragm with dorsal margin shallowly concave, a
little notched at middle, medioventral process strongly trifid, outer lobes slightly exceeding
middle lobe, all rounded apically. Genital styles as figured. Anal segment of female short,
in lateral view scarcely longer than broad. Ovipositor distinctly surpassing apex of anal
segment.

Male : length, 5-5 mm., tegmen, 7-0 mm.

Female : length, 6-0 mm., tegmen, 7-1 mm.

122 R. G. FENNAH

Holotype $, PANAMA : Volcan de Chiriqui, 2,5-4,000 ft., (Champion), B.M. (N.H.).
Paratypes, same data, 1^,1$.

These examples have hitherto stood in the typical series of Epibidis godmani
Fowler. From this species U. palliatus differs in its relatively longer second antennal
segment (the ratio of second to first in godmani is 1-6 : i), colour pattern and, to a
surprisingly large extent, in the male genitalia. The structures exhibited by
U. godmani are shown for comparison. Superficially the two species can be separ-
ated by the continuous broad dark band across the middle of the tegmen in palliatus.
The degree of extension of this band towards the base of the tegmen is variable :
the maximum development is shown in the figure. Epibidis brunnea Fowler is of
larger bodily size and of entirely different colour pattern as well as of a darker
colour. A male of the present series has possibly been used to provide the descrip-
tion of the male genitalia given for brunnea by Fowler.

Ugyops godmani (Fowler), comb. n.
(Text-fig. 10)

Epibidis godmani Fowler

131.

FIGS. i-io. Ugyops palliatus sp. n. i, Frons and clypeus ; 2, vertex and pronotum ;
3, head in profile ; 4, first antennal segment ; 5, second antennal segment ; 6,
tegmen ; 7, posterior margin of pygofer, anal segment and genital styles, postero-
ventral view ; 8, ventral half of left lateral margin of pygofer ; 9, right genital style.
Ugyops godmani (Fowler). 10, lower part of posterior margin of pygofer, genital styles,
and posterior margin of anal segment.

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS

123

A specimen marked with a red type label, and labelled Epibidis godmani Fowler
(the only one so marked) is here selected as the lectotype, in B.M. (N.H.).

Ugyops brunneus (Fowler), comb. n.

Epibidis brunnea Fowler i9O5a : 132.

A female specimen labelled " Epibidis brunnea Fowl." and " Type H.T." is here
selected as the lectotype, in B.M. (N.H.).

Ugyops tamu sp. n.

(Text-figs. 11-17)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2 : i), broadly and evenly rounding into irons,
very slightly wider at apex than at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin biconcave
with submedian carinae distinctly prominent, submedian carinae narrowly uniting at basal
fifth of frons, basal compartment of vertex wider at hind margin than median length (1-2 : i),
frons in middle line longer than wide at widest part (nearly 3:1), widest at four-fifths from
base, lateral margins almost straight in basal half, shallowly concave distally, median carina
simple in distal four-fifths, very narrowly forked in basal fifth ; rostrum reaching to post-
trochanters ; antennae reaching slightly beyond apex of clypeus, basal segment longer than

FIGS. 11-17. Ugyops tamu sp. n. n, Frons and clypeus ; 12, vertex and pronotum
13, head in profile ; 14, first antennal segment ; 15, second antennal segment
16, tegmen ; 17, apex of wing.

I24

R. G. FENNAH

broad at middle (6-6 : i), second segment longer than first (1-8 : i) ; ocelli indicated only by
a scar. Pronotum with lateral margins not carinate. Post-tibiae laterally with three teeth.

Stramineous ; clypeus distally, coxae, femora, tibiae at base, abdominal terga near hind
margins and third valvulae of ovipositor distally, dark castaneous ; abdominal sternites marked
with orange and fuscous brown. Tegmina milky hyaline, a suffusion overlying basal third and
a submarginal band from union of claval veins to anal angle, reddish brown ; veins reddish
brown, sparsely interrupted with white. Wings hyaline, with dark veins.

Anal segment of female short, in profile little longer than broad.

Female : length, 5-4 mm., tegmen, 6-1 mm.

Holotype ?, BRAZIL : Reg. No. 68.4 (1868, presented to B.M. (N.H.) by W.
Wilson Saunders).

This species is allied to U. vittifrons (Wlk.) (i858a : 44), which, though described
from an unknown locality, can be matched with specimens from British Guiana.
It differs abundantly from vittifrons in the shape of the frons, in antennal proportions,
and in colour pattern.

Ugyops nerinus sp. n.

(Text-figs. 18-23)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (1-8 : i) subangulately rounding into frons, rather
wider at apex than at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin truncate with fused sub-
median carinae distinctly prominent, submedian carinae almost uniting at apex of vertex,

FIGS. 18-23. Ugyops nerinus sp. n. 18, Frons and clypeus ; 19, vertex and pronotum ;
20, vertex and frons in profile ; 21, first antennal segment ; 22, second antennal
segment ; 23, tegmen.

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS 125

forming a common eminence, basal compartment of vertex wider at hind margin than median
length (1-4 : i), frons in middle line longer than wide at widest part (2-8 : i), widest at three-
quarters from base, lateral margins shallowly convex, median carina simple in apical quarter,
forked in basal three-quarters with the two carinae moderately widely separated, rostrum
attaining post-trochanters, antennae reaching beyond apex of clypeus, basal segment almost
cylindrical, longer than broad (9 : i), second segment longer than first (1-3 : i), ocelli obsolete ;
post-tibiae laterally with three teeth.

Dilute testaceous ; small round spots adjoining lateral margins and median carinae of frons,
on sides of head before eyes and on hind margin of pronotum, genae, coxae, post-femora
ventrally, abdominal sternites and a broad band across each tergum, stramineous. Two broad
bands on second antennal segment, margins of tibiae and tarsi, anal segment of female and
third valvulae of ovipositor, fuscous ; membrane between abdominal terga sometimes red.
Tegmina yellowish hyaline, costa ferruginous, veins castaneous, sparsely interrupted with
stramineous ; all apical cells infuscate near apical margin, a suffusion extending from margin
into subapical cells in M. Wings hyaline, shading into dilute fuscous distally, veins dark.

Anal segment of female rather short, in profile about twice as long as broad.

Female : length, 7-0 mm., tegmen, 7-5 mm.

Holotype $, NARCONDAM I.: B.M. 1906-204 (G. Rogers), B.M. (N.H.).

This species belongs to the percheronii group, large forms with the median frontal
carina simple, at least in its distal portion. It differs from all in the shape of the
head, relative proportions of the antennal segments, and in colour pattern.

Ugyops nesiotes sp. n.

(Text-figs. 24-30)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2 : i), broadly and strongly rounding into frons,
distinctly wider at apex than at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin transverse, with
fused submedian carinae moderately prominent, submedian carinae fused at apex of vertex,
basal compartment of vertex about as wide at hind margin as median length, frons in middle
line longer than wide at widest part (2-8 : i), widest at two-thirds from base, lateral margins
shallowly convex, submedian carinae moderately separated in basal half, narrowing in distal
half and uniting at apex, or a very little before ; rostrum slightly surpassing post-trochanters ;
antennae reaching to apex of clypeus, basal segment longer than broad at middle (7-5 : i),
second segment longer than first (1-5 : i) ; ocelli represented only by a scar ; pronotum with
lateral margins with only one distinct carina, a second carina very weakly present ; post-tibiae
laterally with three teeth.

Stramineous, transverse bars on frons, two areas on side of head before and above eyes,
two rings on second antennal segment, intermittent spots on posterior half and lateral lobes
of pronotum, carinae and lateral fields of mesonotum, a band on femora apically, and three
bands on protibiae and mesotibiae, pygofer basally and on medioventral process, lighter or
darker fuscous, genae before antennae red. Tegmina milky hyaline, a suffusion in apical cells
of M near margin, and a small spot overlying nodal line at M, and veins and margin distally
interruptedly, fuscous. Wings hyaline, faintly infuscate distally, veins fuscous.

Anal segment of male with lower margins symmetrical. Pygofer with lower part of lateral
margins simple, not inflected or produced in a process ; diaphragm with dorsal margin
shallowly concave, medioventral process simple, deeply convex. Genital styles as figured.

Male : length, 6-0 mm., tegmen, 6-5 mm.

Holotype,^, KRAKATAU : iv.i920, B.M. 1929-510, B.M. (N.H.).

In its general form and size this species is not unlike U. notivena Walker from
Malacca (185 la : 88), but differs from Walker's type very markedly in the separate

126

R. G. FENNAH

submedian frontal carinae (which unite at middle in notivena), antennal proportions
and in colour pattern. From the Sumatran intercepta Walker it differs in the separate
submedian carinae, and indeed in the shape of almost every bodily feature, and from
insularis Muir (192611 : 398), from the Mentawi Islands, it differs entirely in colour
pattern, insularis being characterized by three longitudinal fuscous lines on the frons
and fuscous front and middle legs. The two species differ also in the structure of
the male genitalia. The Christmas Island species U. aristella (Kirby) (igooa : 136)
has a proportionately longer vertex than nesiotes, and the lateral margins of the
frons are sinuate, not simply convex ; at each lateral margin of the pronotum
there is one distinct carina and a second distinct for the anterior part of its length.
This and the present species differ abundantly in colour pattern.

FIGS. 24-30. Ugyops nesiotes sp. n. 24, Frons and clypeus ; 25, vertex and pronotum ;
26, head in profile ; 27, first antennal segment ; 28, second antennal segment ;
29, tegmen ; 30, posterior margin of pygofer, genital styles, and anal segment, postero-
ventral view.

Ugyops cantilena sp. n.

(Text-figs. 31-37)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2 : i), in profile acutely rounding into frons, as
wide at apex as at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin convex with submedian carinae
moderately prominent, on a common eminence, submedian carinae fused or closely apposed at
apex of vertex, basal compartment of vertex wider at hind margin than median length (i-i : i),

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS

127

irons in middle line longer than wide at widest part (3-2 : i), widest at five-sixths from base,
lateral margins straight in basal two-thirds, convex in distal third, median carina forked at
two-thirds from base ; rostrum slightly surpassing post-trochanters ; antennae reaching
beyond apex of clypeus, basal segment longer than broad at middle (7 : i), second segment
longer than first (1-7 : i) ; ocelli distinct. Pronotum with lateral margins bicarinate ; post-
tibiae laterally with three teeth.

Stramineous, intercarinal areas of frons and clypeus, a suffusion on coxae, pleura and legs,
light reddish brown ; carinae and margins of head, some barring at base of frons and on sides
of head before eyes, apex and intercarinal areas of vertex narrowly, median carina of pronotum
and carinae of mesonotum, castaneous-piceous. Tegmina sordid milky hyaline, veins reddish
brown, sparsely interrupted stramineous near nodal line, a band from posterior half of apical
margin to Cu1 at nodal line, fuscous. Wings hyaline, veins castaneous.

Anal segment of male symmetrical, lateroapical angles not produced. Pygofer long, posterior
margins not inflected near medioventral process ; medioventral process well developed in form
of an almost semicircular lobe. Genital styles as figured.

Male : length, 7-6 mm., tegmen, 9-8 mm.

Holotype^, THAILAND : Chant[abon], (Mouhot], [Reg. No.] 68.4 (1868, presented
to B.M. (N.H.) by W. Wilson Saunders).

Paratype $, same data.

This species belongs to the percheronii group, and differs from percheronii itself
in the more distal fork of the median carina of the frons and in the colour pattern
of the tegmina. It is distinguished from other species of the group by the shape of
the head, antennal proportions, structure of the male genitalia, and colour pattern.

FIGS. 31-37. Ugyops cantilena sp. n. 31, Frons and clypeus ; 32, head, dorsal view
33, head in profile ; 34, first antennal segment ; 35, second antennal segment
36, tegmen ; 37, pygofer, genital styles and anal segment, postero- ventral view.

128 R. G. FENNAH

Ugyops macareis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 38-43)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2-25 : i), subacutely rounding into frons, as wide
at apex as at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin sinuately convex with submedian
carinae broadly and distinctly prominent, submedian carinae fused and apposed at apex of
vertex, basal compartment of vertex a little shorter at hind margin than median length (i : i-i),
frons in middle line longer than wide at widest part (3 : i), widest at three-quarters from base,
lateral margins shallowly sinuate, convex distally, median carina simple in distal half, narrowly
forked in basal half ; rostrum reaching to post-trochanters ; antennae reaching beyond apex
of clypeus, basal segment longer than broad (8 : i), second segment longer than first (nearly
1-5:1) ; ocelli obsolete. Pronotum with two carinae at each lateral margin. Post-tibiae
laterally with three teeth.

Stramineous ; frons basally, except for indications of three spots, sides of head before eyes,
except for two pustules, castaneous-piceous ; pronotum behind eyes, interruptedly, antennae,
except basal segment basally, postfemora except dorsally, eighth and ninth abdominal sternites,
and ovipositor, fuscous ; lateral fields of mesonotum, and tegulae, testaceous, middle line light
testaceous. Tegmina slightly yellowish milky hyaline, a narrow fuscous band in M between
subapical cross-veins and apex of tegmen, creamy, transverse veinlets of subapical series tawny
yellow. Wings hyaline, veins fuscous.

Anal segment of female moderately long, in lateral view slightly more than twice as long as
broad.

Female : length, 7-3 mm., tegmen, 9-2 mm.

FIGS. 38-43. Ugyops macareis sp. n. 38, Frons and clypeus ; 39, vertex and pronotum
40, head in profile ; 41, first antennal segment ; 42, second antennal segment
43, tegmen.

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS

129

Holotype <j>, THAILAND : Bukit Besar, [Reg. No.] 40, B.M. 1903-127, (Annandale
and Robinson), B.M. (N.H.).

This species belongs to the percheronii group, and differs from all other species of
this group in bodily proportions, colour pattern and apparently in the position of
the union of the submedian carinae on the frons. In this feature it agrees with
U. percheronii, but differs from this species in the presence of a fuscous band on the
tegmina, which are immaculate in U. percheronii.

Ugyops cassander sp. n.

(Text-figs. 44-49)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2-3 : i) acutely rounding into frons, as wide at
apex as at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin transverse with submedian carinae
strongly prominent, submedian carinae fused but not uniting at apex of vertex, basal com-
partment of vertex wider at hind margin than median length (1-2 : i), frons in middle line
longer than wide at widest part (3-1 : i), widest at six-sevenths from base, lateral margins
straight in basal half, convex distally, median carina simple in distal third, forked in basal
two-thirds ; rostrum distinctly surpassing post-trochanters ; antennae reaching beyond apex
of clypeus, basal segment longer than broad (6 : i), second segment longer than first (1-8 : i) ;
ocelli absent. Pronotum with two carinae at each lateral margin.

Stramineous or ochraceous ; intercarinal areas of frons, except for four rows of distinct
round spots, disc of clypeus laterobasally, intercarinal areas of vertex, sides of head above eyes,

FIGS. 44-49. Ugyops cassander sp. n. 44, Frons and clypeus ; 45, vertex and pronotum ;
46, head in profile ; 47, first antennal segment ; 48, second antennal segment ;
49, tegmen.

130 R. G. FENNAH

except for three round spots, posterior half of pronotum behind eyes, except for two round spots,
procoxae and mesocoxae at base, two stripes on mesopleura, abdomen dorsally at apex, and
ovipositor, fuscous. Sides of head before antennae, and lower margin of lateral pronotal lobes,
red. Second antennal segment, protibiae and mesotibiae distally, and tarsi, dark testaceous.
Tegmina yellowish milky hyaline, a narrow band from Cu^ at nodal line to apical margin in M,
and a more diffuse band from posterior transverse vein of subapical series to anal angle, fuscous ;
veins dark castaneous, broadly interrupted with creamy yellow. Wings hyaline, veins fuscous.
Anal segment of female moderately long, in lateral view fully twice as long as broad.
Female : length, 8-4 mm., tegmen, 10-0 mm.

Holotype $, BORNEO : Sar[awak], [Reg. No.] 57.36 (Stevens), B.M. (N.H.).

This specimen lacks the hind legs, but it is highly probable that in this species
the post-tibiae are three-spined. In facial markings it bears a resemblance to
U. liturifrons (Walker) from Gilolo, and in tegminal markings to U. pictula Walker,
in a series of which it has stood in the Museum collection, but differs amply from
both in other characters.

Ugyops odites sp. n.

(Text-figs. 50-55)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2-5 : i), subacutely rounding into frons, as wide
at apex as at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin shallowly convex, with submedian
carinae slightly prominent, submedian carinae fused in a common eminence at apex of vertex,
basal compartment of vertex shorter at hind margin than median length (i : i-i), frons in
middle line longer than wide at widest part (3-1 : i), widest at three-quarters from base, lateral
margins convex, shallowly sinuate, median carina simple, thickened in basal three-quarters in
a simple longitudinal eminence, devoid of any trace of median groove ; rostrum reaching post-
trochanters ; antennae reaching much beyond apex of clypeus, basal segment longer than broad
at middle (12 : i), second segment longer than first (1-3 : i) ; ocelli obsolete. Pronotum with
lateral margins distinctly bicarinate. Post-tibiae laterally with three teeth.

Testaceous or dilute ferruginous ; thickened basal portion of median carina, a longitudinal
suffusion on each side of median carina of frons and clypeus, a suffusion on genae near base of
antennae, second antennal segment, an oblique mark on lateral margins of pronotum overlying
lateral carina, tibiae and tarsi, abdominal sternites and dorsum at margins, ferruginous-fuscous.
Tegmina yellowish hyaline, veins light brown, sparsely interrupted stramineous just distad of
middle ; an oblique interrupted suffusion from middle of costal margin to commissural margin
one-quarter from base, and a suffusion in cells of M from apical margin to line of cross-veins,
yellowish brown. Wings yellowish hyaline, a little darker apically, veins darker yellowish
brown.

Female : length, 8-0 mm., tegmen 7-5 mm.

Holotype $, NEW GUINEA : Andai, B.M. 1903-31 (W. Doherty), B.M. (N.H.).

This species is a member of the percheronii group, but is distinguished by the
broadly fused submedian carinae on the basal three-quarters of the frons, by the
relative proportions of the antennal segments, and by the colour pattern. It
bears a resemblance to U. liturifrons (Walker), (iSyoa : 119), the type of which is
from Gilolo, but differs in the shape of the head in profile, and in the median carina
of the frons, which in the present species consists basally of a broad thickened
eminence, whereas in liturifrons it takes the form of two distinct carinae on an elevated
ridge. In colour pattern of the frons the two species differ markedly, liturifrons
having a regular pattern of four rows of small dark spots alternated with light spots.

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS

From U.flyensis Schmidt (i93ob : 12), to which it is probably fairly closely allied,
it differs in the basally widened and thickened median frontal carina. In U.flyensis,
this carina is described as being simple, percurrent and sharp, without any fork
or groove. The two species differ also in details of coloration.

FIGS. 50-55. Ugyops odites sp. n. 50, Frons and clypeus ; 51, vertex and pronotum
52, head in profile ; 53, first antennal segment ; 54, second antennal segment
55, tegmen.

Ugyops ocypetes sp. n.

(Text-figs. 56-61)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2-1 : i), broadly subacutely rounding into irons,
very slightly wider at apex than at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin truncate with
submedian carinae not at all prominent, submedian carinae not uniting at apex of vertex, basal
compartment of vertex as wide at hind margin as median length, frons in middle line longer than
wide at widest part (nearly 2-8 : i), widest at three-quarters from base, lateral margins sinuately
convex, median carina simple in distal half, composed of forked submedian carinae on an
elevated ridge in basal half ; rostrum reaching to second visible segment of abdomen ; antennae
reaching beyond apex of clypeus, basal segment longer than broad at middle (7 : i), second
segment longer than first (2-1 : i) ; ocelli distinct. Pronotum with two carinae laterally at
margin. Post-tibiae laterally with three teeth.

Pale testaceous or sordid stramineous ; margins but not carinae of head and thorax, dark
castaneous ; intercarinal areas of frons, a suffusion on sides of head near anterodorsal margin
of eye, a line on each side of lower lateral pronotal carina and of median carina, median com-
partment of mesonotum, second antennal segment dilutely distally, suffused rings on all tibiae,

132

R. G. FENNAH

abdominal sclerites in part, and genitalia in part, fuscous. Tegmina milky hyaline, veins
more or less interruptedly fuscous ; sometimes a short vitta from apex to submarginal cross-
veins in M with a branch to anal angle, an interrupted oblique fascia across middle of corium,
and apex of clavus, suffused fuscous. Wings hyaline, shading into dilute fuscous near margin,
veins fuscous.

Anal segment of female moderately short, twice as long as broad.

Male : length 6-5 mm., tegmen, 7-0 mm.

Female : length, 7-5 mm., tegmen, 8-0 mm.

Banks I., Vanua Lava, ix-x.1929 (L. E. Cheesman),

Holotype $, NEW HEBRIDES
B.M. 1930-8, B.M. (N.H.).

Paratypes, 2 $ $, NEW HEBRIDES : same data ; Santo, i $, viii-ix.i929 (L. E.
Cheesman), B.M. 1929-537.

The bolder tegminal markings described above are found only on the specimen
from Santo I. This species is distinguished by the shape of the head, antennal
proportions, structure of the male genitalia and colour pattern. From U. buxtoni
Muir (i93ib : 71), the only other New Hebridean species with which it might be
confused, it is distinguished by the shape of the frons and by the broad infuscation
of the intercarinal areas of the frons. In U. buxtoni only a narrow longitudinal
fuscous line is developed in each compartment of the frons. The two species are
sympatric on Banks I.

FIGS. 56-61. Ugyops ocypetes sp. n. 56, Frons and clypeus ; 57, vertex and pronotum
58, head in profile ; 59, first antennal segment ; 60, second antennal segment
61, tegmen.

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS 133

Ugyops cheesmanae sp. n.

(Text-figs. 62-68)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (1-8 : i), broadly subrectangulately rounding into
frons, distinctly wider at apex than at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin convex with
submedian carinae not or scarcely prominent, submedian carinae closely apposed at apex of
vertex, basal compartment of vertex wider at hind margin than median length (nearly 1-4 : i),
frons in middle line longer than wide at widest part (2 : i), widest at four-sevenths from base,
lateral margins convex, submedian carinae moderately widely separated, meeting at apex ;
rostrum reaching to level of second visible abdominal sternite ; antennae reaching slightly
beyond apex of clypeus, basal segment longer than broad at middle (nearly 6 : i), second
segment longer than first (1-7 : i) ; ocelli represented only by a scar. Pronotum with only
one distinct carina at lateral margins, with traces of a second emphasised by a pale line. Post-
tibiae laterally with three teeth.

Stramineous ; heavy oblique barring on frons and vertex, suffusions on genae before antennae
and eyes and above eyes, small spots anteriorly and posteriorly on pronotal disc, and an
extensive suffusion on lateral lobes, mesopleura, bands on femora subapically and two bands on
tibiae, fuscous-piceous ; small sublinear marks on mesonotum sublaterally, disc of clypeus,
bands on each tarsal segment, castaneous-fuscous. Antennae sometimes distinctly tinged with
pale green. Tegmina milky hyaline, two small marks distally in subapical cells of M, fuscous,
veins concolorous, sparsely and regularly interrupted with castaneous brown. Wings milky
hyaline, with fuscous veins.

Anal segment of male asymmetrical, with lateroapical angle of left side produced more
strongly ventrad in a rounded lobe. Pygofer with posterior margins convex, shallowly
indented near medioventral process ; medioventral process subquadrate, moderately produced

FIGS. 62-68. Ugyops cheesmanae sp. n. 62, Frons and clypeus ; 63, vertex and
pronotum ; 64, head in profile ; 65, first antennal segment ; 66, second antennal
segment ; 67, tegmen ; 68, anal segment, posterior margin of pygofer, and genital
styles, posterior view.

134 R. G. FENNAH

caudad, distal margin truncate, in posterior view shallowly trough-like. Genital styles as
figured.

Anal segment of female in profile about twice as long as broad.

Male : (coelopterous) length, 5-5 mm., tegmen, 4-9 mm.

Female : (coelopterous) length, 6-2 mm., tegmen, 5-6 mm.

Holotype^, NEW HEBRIDES : Malekula, 1.1930 (L. E. Cheesman), B.M. 1930-135,
B.M. (N.H.).

Paratypes, same data, 2 $ $.

This species superficially is not unlike the sympatric U. sulcatus Muir (i93ib : 70),
but differs in the consistently much darker frons, without the bold pattern of
subcontiguous round spots found in sulcatus, in antennal proportions, structure of
the male genitalia and in tegminal markings. The feature which perhaps most
readily separates the two is the coloration of the lateral lobes of the pronotum :
in U. sulcatus these are mostly stramineous or ochraceous, with only a little fuscous
interpustular marking, as contrasted with the striking pattern of pallid marks on a
dark ground shown in the figure of cheesmanae.

This species is dedicated to Miss L. E. Cheesman, whose collections in the south-
west Pacific have contributed much to our knowledge of the insect fauna of this area.

Ugyops orestilla sp. n.

(Text-figs. 69-76)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (1-3 : i), obtusely rounding into frons, slightly
narrower at apex than at base, lateral margins shallowly concave, almost straight, apical
margin biconcave with submedian carinae separate and prominent, submedian carinae parallel
and not uniting at apex of vertex, basal compartment of vertex wider at hind margin than
median length (2 : i), frons in middle line longer than wide at widest part (nearly 2-3 : i),
widest at three-quarters from base, lateral margins straight in basal half, convex in distal half,
submedian carinae very shallowly arcuate, separate to apex ; rostrum reaching to level of
middle of pygofer ; antennae scarcely reaching to apex of clypeus, basal segment longer than
broad at middle (4-5 : i), second segment longer than first (1-2 : i) ; ocelli absent. Pronotum
with only one distinct carina at lateral margins. Wings absent. Post-tibiae laterally with
three teeth.

Stramineous ; frons between submedian carinae, hind margin of vertex behind eyes, posterior
part of pronotal disc, median carina and posterolateral margins of mesonotum, red ; carinae and
margins of head and thorax, second antennal segment, an oblique stripe on genae before
antennae, a suffusion medially on pronotum, procoxae, mesopleura and metapleura, femora
distally, two diffuse bands on protibiae and mesotibiae, abdomen dorsally and ventrally, and
genitalia, fuscous. Tegmina dilute brownish hyaline, a suffusion in clavus basally and a broad
band across tegmen just basad of transverse line of cross-veins, dark castaneous, veins on each
side of this band, creamy white, elsewhere concolorous or overlain with brown.

Anal segment of male with ventral margins straight, horizontal, lateroapical angles not
produced. Pygofer with posterior margin on each side produced dorsad in a short rather
narrowly acute lobe, medioventral process moderately produced caudad, trough-like in posterior
view. Genital styles shallowly sinuate, rounded-truncate apically, with inner angle acute.

Male (coelopterous) : length, 5-1 mm., tegmen, 3-8 mm.

Holotype^, NEW HEBRIDES : Malekula, 1.1930 (L. E. Cheesman), B.M. 1930-178,
B.M. (N.H.).

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS

135

This species is closely allied to U. brevipennis Muir from Tutuila (Samoa), and the
two apparently occupy an isolated position, and can readily be distinguished from
all known species by the form of the head, the great length of the rostrum, or the
structure and coloration of the tegmina. From one another they can be separated
by the relative length of the antennal segments, the second segment in U. brevipennis
exceeding the first in the ratio i-i : i, and the basal segment being relatively more
slender, the ratio of length to width at middle being 6 : i. Moreover in U. brevi-
pennis the lateral margins of the frons (in anterior view) are more strongly incurved
to the frontoclypeal suture. The two species differ also in the profile of the head.

FIGS. 69-76. Ugyops orestilla sp. n. 69, Frons and clypeus ; 70, vertex and disc of
pronotum ; 71, head in profile ; 72, first antennal segment ; 73, second antennal
segment ; 74, posterior margin of pygofer, anal segment, genital styles, and apex of
aedeagus, posterior view ; 75, male genitalia, right side ; 76, tegmen.

Ugyops arignotus sp. n.

(Text-figs. 77-84)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2-2 : i), broadly and subacutely rounding into
frons, distinctly wider at apex than at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin strongly
convex with submedian carinae not at all prominent, submedian carinae closely apposed at
apex of vertex, basal compartment of vertex wider at hind margin than median length (1-2 : i),
frons in middle line longer than wide at widest part (nearly 2-2 : i), widest at two-thirds from
base, lateral margins convex, submedian carinae moderately widely separated for five-sixths of
their total length, united, or apparently so, in their distal sixth ; rostrum attaining post-
trochanters ; antennae reaching to apex of clypeus, basal segment longer than broad at middle
(nearly 6 : i), second segment longer than first (nearly 1-7 : i) ; ocelli obsolete. Pronotum
with a single carina at lateral margins. Post-tibiae laterally with three teeth.

I36

R. G. FENNAH

Stramineous ; an incomplete fascia across frons three-quarters from base, some spots and
zig-zag marks at base of frons and on apex of vertex, a spot on side of head before eyes, and a
few interpustular marks on pronotum laterally, fuscous-piceous ; carinae of pronotum and
mesonotum, second antennal segment distally, rings on femora and tibiae, light brown ;
abdominal terga and sternites, mostly fuscous, with paler spots. Tegmina milky -yellowish
hyaline, veins concolorous, the longitudinal veins in greater part overlain with light reddish
brown.

Anal segment of male asymmetrical, lateroapical angle of left side more strongly produced
ventrad in a shallow rounded lobe. Pygofer moderately long, posterior margins inflected mesad
near medioventral process ; medioventral process shallowly produced caudad, distally sinuate-
truncate, in posterior view shallowly trough-like. Genital styles as figured.

Anal segment of female moderately short, about twice as long as broad.

Male (coelopterous) : length, 5-3 mm., tegmen, 5-2 mm.

Female (coelopterous) : length, 7-0 mm., tegmen, 5-9 mm.

Holotype <$, NEW HEBRIDES : Malekula, Ounua, iii-iv.igag (L. E. Cheesmari),
B.M. 1929-343, B.M. (N.H.).

Paratypes, i ^, 2 $ $, same data.

This species is a member of the annulipes group, and is distinguished by the
shape of the head, the antennal proportions, structure of the male genitalia and
colour pattern. The last serves to distinguish it almost at a glance from U. sulcatus
and U. cheesmanae.

FIGS. 77-84. Ugyops arignotus sp. n. 77, Frons and clypeus ; 78, vertex and disc of
pronotum ; 79, head in profile ; 80, first antennal segment ; 81, second antennal
segment ; 82, anal segment of male and posterior margin of pygofer, lateral view ;
83, pygofer, genital styles and anal segment, postero-ventral view ; 84, tegmen.

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS

137

Ugyops pygmaeus sp. n.

(Text-figs. 85-92)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2-2 : i), broadly and subacutely rounding into
irons, much wider at apex than at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin strongly convex,
with submedian carinae moderately prominent on a common eminence, submedian carinae not
uniting on vertex, basal compartment of vertex narrower at hind margin than median length
(i : 1-2), frons in middle line longer than wide at widest part (about 2-2 : i), widest at three-
quarters from base, lateral margins convex, submedian carinae relatively widely separated,
arcuate, meeting at apex, where they are a little obscure. Rostrum reaching to post-
trochanters ; antennae reaching to apex of clypeus, basal segment longer than broad (5-3 : i),
second segment longer than first (1-6 : i) ; ocelli obsolete. Pronotum with a single carina
at lateral margins. Wings absent. Post-tibiae laterally with three teeth.

Ochraceous or very pale testaceous ; intercarinal areas of vertex and frons, and a suboval
ring on each lateral pronotal lobe, fuscous-piceous ; intercarinal areas of pronotal disc and of
mesonotum, clypeus except in middle line, coxae and pleura, diffuse rings on femora and tibiae,
testaceous or dilute fuscous. Tegmina yellowish hyaline, veins light ochraceous, sometimes
faintly overlain with light brown.

Anal segment of male relatively large, not produced at lateroapical angles ; pygofer with
posterior margins moderately inflected near medioventral process ; medioventral process
rather broad, distal margin entire, shallowly trough-like in posterior view ; genital styles as
figured.

Anal segment of female short, in side view not twice as long as broad.

Male (coelopterous) : length, 3-6 mm., tegmen, 3-2 mm.

Female (coelopterous) : length, 4-9 mm., tegmen, 3-6 mm.

FIGS. 85-92. Ugyops pygmaeus sp. n. 85, Frons and clypeus ; 86, vertex and pronotum ;
87, head in profile ; 88, first antennal segment ; 89, second antennal segment ; 90,
tegmen ; 91, posterior part of pygofer, and anal segment of male, right side ; 92,
pygofer, genital styles and anal segment, postero-ventral view.

138 R. G. FENNAH

Holotype <£, NEW HEBRIDES : Malekula, Malua Bay (L. E. Cheesman}, B.M.
1929-40, B.M. (N.H.).

Paratypes, i <$, same data ; Atchin I., 2 $ <$, 2 £ $, ¥.1929 (L. E. Cheesman},
B.M. 1929-410.

This species is quite unmistakable on account of its diminutive size. Apart
from this it shows some affinity with members of the annulipes group, but is dis-
tinguished from all by the shape of the head, the antennal proportions, and the
structure of the male genitalia.

Ugyops orchamus sp. n.

(Text-figs. 93-99)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2 : i), subrectangulately rounding into frons,
distinctly wider at apex than at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin strongly convex
with submedian carinae only weakly prominent, submedian carinae contiguous but not uniting
at apex of vertex, basal compartment of vertex wider at hind margin than median length
(1-2 : i), frons in middle line longer than wide at widest part (nearly 1-8 : i), widest at two-
thirds from base, lateral margins convex, submedian carinae widely separated at middle, united
at base and at apex ; rostrum reaching to post-trochanters ; antennae reaching to apex of
clypeus, basal segment longer than broad at middle (4-4 : i), second segment longer than first
(1-9 : i) ; ocelli represented only by a scar. Pronotum with a single carina at lateral margins.
Post-tibiae laterally with three teeth.

FIG. 93-99. Ugyops orchamus sp. n. 93, Frons and clypeus ; 94, vertex and pronotum ;
95, head in profile ; 96, first antennal segment ; 97, second antennal segment ; 98,
tegmen ; 99, anal segment, pygofer and genital styles, postero-ventral view, with
margin of pygofer of U. orchamus jugis subsp. n. shown displaced to right, in broken line.

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS 139

Stramineous ; transverse barring on basal quarter and third quarter of frons, before antennae
and in front of eyes, two bands on second antennal segment, an oblique stripe on lateral lobes of
pronotum, two marks on mesopleura, a ring subapically on all femora, three rings on protibiae
and mesotibiae and two rings on post-tibiae, and a ring on each tarsal segment, some marks on
abdominal terga and on medioventral process of pygofer, castaneous-fuscous. Tegmina milky
hyaline, veins stramineous, regularly interrupted with reddish brown. Wings hyaline, veins
stramineous.

Anal segment of male asymmetrical, lower margin of left side widely excavate, lateroapical
angle of left side produced in a quadrate lobe extending farther ventrad than that on right.
Pygofer moderately long, posterior margins shallowly sinuate, inflected near medioventral
process but not produced ; medioventral process distally truncate, concave, shallowly trough-
like in posterior view. Genital styles as figured.

Male : length, 5-3 mm., tegmen, 4-6 mm.

Female : length, 7-0 mm., tegmen 5-6 mm.

Holotype <$, NEW HEBRIDES : Erromanga, viii.i93o (L. E. Cheesman), B.M.
1930-496, B.M. (N.H.).

Paratype, i $, same data.

This species belongs to the annulipes group and is distinguished by the relatively
wide separation of the submedian frontal carinae, by antennal proportions and
structure of the male genitalia.

Ugyops orchamus jugis subsp. n.

(Text-fig. 99)

Head in profile with dorsal margin not angulate. Lateral margin of pygofer, as seen in
lateral view, not excavate at middle.

Holotype <£ of subspecies, NEW HEBRIDES : Malekula, 1.1930 (L. E. Cheesman)
B.M. 1930-178, B.M. (N.H.).
Paratypes, <$, same data ; Tanua, i <$, ix.ig3o (L. E. Cheesman}, B.M. 1931-30.

This subspecies is distinguished from the typical subspecies by the upper margin
of the head, as seen in profile, smoothly following the upper margin of the eye,
without the trace of an angle above the eye, and by the entire lateral margin of
the pygofer, which is distinctly excavate in the typical form.

Ugyops atreces sp. n.

(Text-figs. 100-106)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (2 : i), broadly subacutely rounding into frons,
distinctly wider at apex than at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin convex with,
median carina not prominent, submedian carinae uniting at apex of vertex, basal compartment
of vertex wider at hind margin than median length (1-2 : i), frons in middle line longer than wide
at widest part (2 : i), widest at three-quarters from base, lateral margins convex, submedian
carinae moderately widely separate, obscurely uniting at apex ; rostrum attaining post-
trochanters ; antennae much surpassing apex of clypeus, basal segment flattened dorsally,
longer than broad at middle (about 5:1), second segment longer than first (1-8 : i) ; ocelli
obsolete. Pronotum with two carinae laterally, the lower about twice as long as the upper.
Post-tibiae laterally with three teeth.

Stramineous : some small spots adjoining lateral margins and submedian carinae of frons,

140

R. G. FENNAH

and a spot on genae before base of antennae, red ; an irregular transverse fascia on frons
subapically, some transverse barring at base, spots on side of head before and above eyes and on
hind margin of pronotum, a line bordering lower side of lower lateral pronotal carina, and four
small spots on mesonotal disc, fuscous-piceous. Tegmina yellowish hyaline, a small spot on
Mia at apical margin, a linear interruption on all veins between level of Cu fork and node,
claval veins near their junction and Cu^, at claval apex, fuscous. Wings hyaline, veins
concolorous.

Anal segment of male symmetrical, lateroapical angles only very slightly produced ventrad,
middle of apical margin with a shallow notch. Pygofer long, posterior margins strongly
inflected just above medioventral process ; medioventral process weakly developed, apical
margin truncate, in posterior view very shallowly v-shaped. Genital styles as figured.

Male : length, 6-0 mm., tegmen, 5-3 mm.

Holotype^, NEW CALEDONIA : Noumea, xi.i954 (L. E. Cheesmari), B.M. 1955-217,
B.M. (N.H.).

Paratype, i <£, same data.

This species belongs to the annulipes group, and of this the geographically nearest
known member is U. butleri Muir (i925d : 221) from Netche, Mare. From this
the present species differs in the pattern of marking on the frons, which in butleri
consists of four narrow longitudinal fuscous stripes, two overlying the submedian
carinae, which are separate and parallel, and two occupying the disc between the
submedian carinae and the lateral margins. In the type specimen of U. butleri,
the only one available for study, the post-tibiae are only two-spined laterally.

FIGS. 100-106. Ugyops atreces sp. n. 100, Frons and clypeus ; 101, vertex and
pronotum ; 102, head in profile ; 103, first antennal segment ; 104, second
antennal segment ; 105, tegmen ; 106, posterior margin of pygofer, genital styles
and anal segment, postero-ventral view.

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS 141

Ugyops taranis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 107-112)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (1-25 : i), obtusely rounding into frons, as wide
at apex as at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin transverse with fused submedian
carinae moderately prominent, submedian carinae not uniting at apex of vertex but fused in a
common eminence, basal compartment of vertex wider at hind margin than median length
(1-6 : i), frons in middle line longer than wide at widest part (2-6 : i), widest at two-thirds from
base, lateral margins convex, median carina simple, a little thickened in basal half, rostrum
much surpassing post-trochanters, extending to level of middle of abdomen ; antennae reaching
beyond apex of clypeus, basal segment longer than broad at middle (7 : i), second segment
longer than first (1-3 : i) ; ocelli obsolete. Pronotum with lateral margins unicarinate, with
faint traces of a second carina. Post-tibiae laterally with three teeth.

Stramineous ; margins of frons and clypeus interruptedly, carinae of vertex, pronotum and
mesonotum in middle line and abdominal membranes, red ; two suffusions distally on frons,
between carinae, and medially at base, suffusions on genae before antennae and above eyes,
anteclypeus, two bands on second antennal segment, procoxae, most of lateral lobes of pronotum,
mesopleura, postfemora basally, abdomen except dorsally in middle line and anterolaterally on
sternites, castaneous ; mesocoxae distally, metacoxae and legs, dilute castaneous-fuscous.
Tegmina brownish hyaline, main veins interruptedly, and cross veins, pallid ; some small
spots in corium, and a larger mark near apical angle, fuscous.

Anal segment of female short, in lateral view little longer than broad.

Female (coelopterous) : length, 6-0 mm., tegmen, 4-1 mm.

Holotype $, NEW CALEDONIA : Bourail, xii.i93o (L. E. Cheesman), B.M. 1931-123,
B.M. (N.H.).

Paratype, i $, same data.

This species slightly resembles the coelopterous houadouensis Dist. (i92of : 469)
and inermis Dist. (i92of : 468), but differs from both in its laterally trispinose

IO7

FIGS. 107-112. Ugyops taranis sp. n. 107, Frons and clypeus ; 108, vertex and
pronotum ; 109, head in profile ; no, first antennal segment ; in, second antennal
segment ; 112, tegmen.

142

R. G. FENNAH

post-tibiae : the others have laterally bispinose post-tibiae with the basal spine
very weak. In addition, the present species is distinguished by the shape of the
frons and the antennal proportions. In all three species wings are apparently
absent.

Ugyops menelaus sp. n.

(Text-figs. 113-120)

Vertex longer medially than broad at base (1-2 : i), broadly rounding into frons, rather wider
at apex than at base, lateral margins straight, apical margin convex with submedian carinae
not at all prominent, submedian carinae not uniting at apex of vertex, obscure, apposed, basal
compartment of vertex wider at hind margin than median length (1-6 : i), frons in middle line
longer than wide at widest part (2 : i), widest at three-quarters from base, lateral margins
straight in basal half, shallowly convex in distal half, submedian carinae separate to apex ;
rostrum distinctly surpassing post-trochanters ; antennae reaching beyond apex of clypeus,
basal segment longer than broad (4-5 : i), second segment longer than first (nearly 1-8 : i),
ocelli absent. Pronotum with only one carina at lateral margin ; post-tibiae laterally with
only two teeth ; the basal tooth very small. Tegmina not covering anal segment of male.
Wings a little shorter.

Tawny yellow suffused with orange ; two ovate spots on vertex, three longitudinal vittae on
frons, disc of pronotum, disc of mesonotum except in middle line, castaneous-piceous ; second
segment of antennae, a suffusion along post-femora, pleura, abdomen dorsally, anal segment,
and pygofer basally, fuscous or lighter castaneous. Tegmina brownish hyaline, veins tawny
or orange yellow.

FIGS. 113-120. Ugyops menelaus sp. n. 113, Frons and clypeus ; 114, vertex and
pronotum ; 115, head in profile ; 116, first antennal segment ; 117, second antennal
segment ; 118, distal part of pygofer, and anal segment, lateral view ; 119, anal
segment, posterior part of pygofer, and genital styles, ventral view ; 120, tegmen.

NEW SPECIES OF UGYOPS 143

Anal segment of male relatively large, steeply tectiform, in profile rather narrowly rounded at
apex. Pygofer short dorsally, moderately long ventrally, posterior margin, in lateral view,
sinuate and strongly oblique, sides of pygofer strongly longitudinally impressed on each side
near medioventral process, the hind margin being narrowly produced caudad in an acute
process ; diaphragm narrow, with dorsal margin transverse, or weakly sinuate ; medioventral
process very deeply convex. Genital styles rather long, slender, in basal half moderately
diverging distad, in distal half strongly incurved to meet in middle line, thence contiguously
extending caudad.

Male : length, 5-3 mm., tegmen, 4-0 mm.

Holotype^, NEW CALEDONIA : Canala, I.vii.i9i4 (P. D. Montague), B.M. 1927-89,
B.M. (N.H.).

The number of teeth laterally on the post-tibiae alone would suggest a close affinity
between this species and U. inermis Dist. and U. houadouensis Dist., and indeed
they are closely similar in most respects, and undoubtedly form a natural group.
All are known only from New Caledonia. The present species is nearer to U. inermis
in the form of the frons, but this is relatively narrower than in inermis. The feature
that readily sets U. menelaus apart from the others is the relatively much longer
second antennal segment. This species also differs appreciably in the colour pattern
of the frons. The three species are known only from the respective male holotypes.
The male genitalia have not been dissected, but it was evident from superficial
examination that those of U. menelaus differ from those of the others in the detailed
shape of the margin of the pygofer, as well as in the profile of the apex of the anal
segment.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL \1

THE FRUIT FLIES
(DIPTERA : TEPHRITIDAE)

D. ELMO HARDY

AND

THE BLOW FLIES
(DIPTERA : CALLIPHORIDAE)

MAURICE T. JAMES

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 6

LONDON: 1964

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL '*

THE FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA : TEPHRITIDAE)

D. ELMO HARDY ^J

Department of Entomology, University of Hatoaii
AND

THE BLOW FLIES (DIPTERA : CALLIPHORIDAE)

MAURICE T. JAMES ^ /

Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.

Pp. 145-179 ; 41 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 6

LONDON: 1964

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. 6 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1964

TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

Issued 27 July, 1964 Price Fourteen Shillings

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

THE FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) *

By D. ELMO HARDY

SYNOPSIS

Only twenty specimens of Tephritidae were collected by the British Museum (Natural History)
Expedition to East Nepal, 1961-62. This small group, however, contained four subfamilies,
six tribes, nine genera, and eleven species ; six of the species are apparently undescribed.

THIS collection is a most important one since it represents the first information we
have concerning the fruit fly fauna of this little known region and I am most grateful
to R. L. Coe and the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for having had the privilege of
studying this interesting material. For the art work I am indebted to Mrs. Elizabeth
Twigg-Smith Pfeffer.

TAXONOMIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE TEPHRITIDAE IN THE COLLECTION

Subfamily Dacinae
Tribe Dacini

Callantra nepalensis sp. n.
Subfamily Aciurinae
Tribe Aciurini

Oxyaciura monochaeta (Bezzi)
Tribe Tephrellini

Platensina zodiacalis (Bezzi)
Subfamily Trypetinae
Tribe Gastrozonini

Taeniostola limbata Hendel
Tribe Trypetini

Chetostoma intenupta sp. n.
Rhagoletis rumpomaculata sp. n.
Subfamily Tephritinae
Tribe Tephritini

Actinoptera sp. n., being described by Ito
Stylia sororcula (Wiedemann)
Tephritis coei sp. n.
T. daedala sp. n.
T. spiloptera Bezzi

* Published with the approval of the Director of the University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment
Station as Technical Paper No. 643.

148 D. ELMO HARDY

KEY TO TEPHRITIDAE FROM NEPAL IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM EXPEDITION COLLECTION

1 Chaetotaxy normal, with the usual complement of head and thoracic bristles.

Antennae not elongated ; abdomen not petiolate . . . . . . 2

- Ocellar, postocellar, dorsocentral, presutural, humeral, and sterno-pleural bristles

lacking. Antennae elongate (Text-fig, i) ; abdomen petiolate (Text-fig. 4) ; wasp-
like flies. Subfamily Dacinae .... Callantra nepalensis sp. n

2 Occipital hairs and postocellar bristles thin, pointed and brown to black in colour.

Microchaetae of mesonotum not scale-like. Wings banded with brown (Text-figs.
13, 21 and 26), or predominantly black with hyaline wedges extending from the
costal margin into cell R1 and also with hyaline marks along the posterior margin
(Text-fig. 7) 3

- Occipital row with at least some yellow-white scale-like setae ; postocellar bristles

yellow-white and flattened. Mesonotum covered with scale-like setae. Wings
variously spotted ........... 6

3 Arista short-pubescent. Thorax predominantly or entirely black ... 4

- Arista plumose (Text-fig. 12). Thorax yellow with four black vittae extending down

mesonotum (Text-fig. 14). Wings as in Text-fig. 13. Subfamily Trypetinae,
Tribe Gastrozonini ...... Taeniostola limbata Hendel

4 Wings banded with brown (Text-figs. 21 and 26). Scutellum with four bristles.

Subfamily Trypetinae, Tribe Trypetini ........ 5

- Wings black with hyaline markings along costal margin and a round hyaline spot in

cell R5 (Text-fig. 7). Only two scutellar bristles. Female ovipositor very elongate
(Text-fig. 9) . Subfamily Aciurinae, Tribe Aciurini . Oxyaciura monochaeta (Bezzi)

5 Each gena with a dense clump of black bristles (Text-fig. 18). Vein Jf?4+5 setose to

beyond the r-m cross-vein. A complete brown band extends across the wing at a
level with the m cross-vein (Text-fig. 21) . . Chetostoma interrupta sp. n.
Genae rather sparsely setose. Vein -R4+5 with only two setae at the base. Wing with

no such cross-band and marked as in Text-fig. 26 Rhagoletis rumpomaculata sp. n.

6 Abdomen densely gray-pollinose and covered with yellow-white, scale-like hairs.

Anterior dorsocentral bristles situated distinctly anterior to the supra-alar bristles,
usually near the suture. Wings 2 -6-2 -8 times longer than wide, spotted or marked
with brown as in Text-figs. 28, 31, 34, 36 and 38. Subfamily Tephritinae, Tribe
Tephritini ............. 7

- Abdomen polished black, and black setose, marked with yellow basally. Anterior

dorsocentral bristles situated about in line with the anterior supra-alars. Wings
broad, only two times longer than wide and black with hyaline spots (Text-fig. 1 1).
Subfamily Aciurinae, Tribe Tephrellini . . . Platensina zodiacalis (Bezzi)

7 Lower margin of head longer than upper. Proboscis elongate and geniculate (Text-

fig. 29). Wings irregularly spotted as in Text-fig. 31 Sty Ha sororcula (Wiedemann)

- Not as above ............ 8

8 Scutellum with four bristles. Two pairs of superior fronto-orbital bristles present.

Wings as in Text-figs. 34, 36 and 38 .... Tephritis Latreille 9

- Only two scutellar bristles and one pair of superior fronto-orbitals present. Wings

as in Text-fig. 28 . . . . . . . . . Actinoptera sp. n.

to be described by Ito

9 A large dark brown to black spot covers the anterior median portion of the wing

above the r-m cross- vein (Text-fig. 34). Femora black .... coei sp. n.

- Wings lacking such a spot. Femora yellow . . . . . . . 10

10 Mesonotum with three brown vittae. Scutellum with a brown spot on each side.

Terga three to five each with a pair of submedian brown spots. Apices of cells R5
and 2nd M2 hyaline ; wing marked with narrow, transverse streaks of brown
(Text-fig. 38) spiloptera Bezzi

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 149

- No spots or vittae on thorax or abdomen. Apices of cells R5 and 2nd Mz marked
with brown ; wings largely grey-brown with round hyaline spots (Text-fig. 36)

daedala sp. n.

Subfamily DACINAE

Tribe Dacini
C ALL ANT R A Walker

Callantra Walker, 1860, Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zoo/.) 4 : 154.
Mellesis Bezzi, 1916, Bull. ent. Res. 7 : 114.
Calantra Hendel, 1914, Wien. ent. Ztg. 33 : 74.

This genus, composed of approximately two dozen known species, is apparently
confined to the Oriental and Pacific regions. These are wasp-like in appearance and
are readily differentiated from other Dacini by the elongate, slender antennae
(Text-fig, i) ; the second and third segments combined are about equal to the
vertical length of the head, and the length of the entire antenna is greater than the
combined lengths of the front and the face ; the first antennal segment is equal in
length to the second and at least half as long as the face ; and by the strongly
clavate and petiolate abdomen, which bears a prominent hump on each side of the
first segment (Text-fig. 4).

Type species : Callantra smieroides Walker.

Callantra nepalensis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 1-5)

This species appears to be related to C. munroi Rab (1961) but differs by having
two superior fronto-orbital bristles rather than only one ; by having one strong
anteroventral spine on each front femur, rather than three stout ventral bristles ;
by having a longitudinal, brown to black median vitta extending over terga three
and four separating off two large yellow submedian spots on tergum four, rather than
having a single large pale spot occupying the greater portion of the fourth tergum.
Also the female ovipositor is much shorter and less conspicuous in nepalensis (Text-
fig. 3) than in munroi (cf. fig. 2 in Rab, 1961). In the description of munroi, Rab
states that the ocellar bristles are black. This is probably an error since this group
should possess no ocellar bristles, and his drawing shows none.

$. Head. As seen in lateral view the head is distinctly higher than long and the compound
eye is rather elongate (Text-fig, i). The front is about equal in width to the compound eye.
The frontal bristles are very weakly developed, small and setae-like, two superior fronto-
orbitals are situated, at about the upper one-fourth of the front and one inferior fronto-orbital
is located just below the middle (note : on one side a tiny black seta is also present near lower
portion of front in the specimen at hand) . The vertical bristles are well developed, the outer is
subequal to the inner. The front is predominantly yellow with a transverse grey-black streak
extending across the median portion and with a velvety black mark on each side at the lower
edge of the front. The vertex is tinged with brown and the ocellar triangle is shining black.
The face is yellow except for a polished black band extending along the lower margin. A faint
indication of a brownish discoloration is present at the lower portion of each gena. The occiput,
mouthparts, and palpi are yellow, the latter lack bristles or prominent setae. The antennae are

150

D. ELMO HARDY

rufous, tinged with brown. The first two segments are approximately equal in length, the third
is almost equal to the two basal segments (Text-fig, i). Thorax. Predominantly rufous, brightly
marked with yellow on the humeri, on the suture, the notopleural calli, the scutellum, the
posterior one-third to two-fifths of each mesopleuron, the major portion of each metapleuron,
and with a spot of yellow at the upper median edge of each sternopleuron. A faint indication
of a median yellow mark is present, extending from behind the suture about halfway to the hind
margin of the mesonotum. The anterior margin of the scutellum is narrowly bordered with
black. The metanotum is shining black on the sides and a vertical streak of black extends
through the median portion of each mesopleuron ; the front portion of the mesopleuron is
yellow, tinged with rufous. Only the postalar bristles are developed on the mesonotum except
for the small notopleural bristles. One pair of small scutellar bristles are present. These are
approximately equal in size to the posterior supra-alars. The scutellum is approximately three
times wider than long. Legs. Predominantly rufous, tinged with brown. The bases of the

FIGS. 1-5. Callantra nepalensis sp. n. i. head, lateral ; 2. front femur ; 3. $ abdomen,
lateral ; 4. $ abdomen, dorsal ; 5. wing.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 151

mid and hind femora are pale yellow. The hind femora are blackened ventrally. The tarsi
are yellow, tinged with brown. The legs are yellow pilose. Each front femur has one strong
posteroventral spine at about the apical third of the segment plus a small black bristle (Text-
fig. 2). Wings. With a broad yellow-brown band along the costal margin, extending across
the wing into the upper one-third to one-half of cell R5 (Text-fig. 5). The second, third and
fifth costal sections are approximately equal in length ; the fourth costal section is approxi-
mately one-fifth longer than the others. The r-m cross-vein is situated near the middle of cell
ist M2 and is rather strongly curved. The cubital cell is developed into a long slender apical
point which is approximately equal in length to the basal portion of the cell (Text-fig. 5).
Abdomen. Very strongly petiolate, predominantly red, tinged with brown and densely white
pilose, especially on the sides. The base of the first tergum is yellow, the apex of the second is
yellow, and a pair of large yellow submedian spots are present on terga four and five, these are
separated by a median brown to black vitta (Text-fig. 4). The ovipositor is short, inconspicuous,
mostly concealed within the ventral concavity of the abdomen and protrudes but a short
distance beyond the margins of the terga (Text-fig. 3).

Length : Body, 9-6 mm. ; wings, 8-9 mm.

o unknown.

Holotype $. E. NEPAL : Evergreen shrubs in rocky ravine on east shore of
River Arun, c. 2000', 25.xii.i96i (R. L. Coe), B.M. (Nat. Hist.).

Subfamily ACIURINAE

Tribe Aciurini

OXYACIURA Hendel

Oxyaciura Hendel, 1927, 49. Trypetidae, in Lindner, Die Fliegen der Palaearkt. Reg. 5 : in.

This genus is readily recognized by the bare vein Ri+5 ', by having only two
scutellar bristles ; and by having the r-m cross-vein situated well beyond the middle
of cell ist M2. The only previously recorded Oriental species is O.formosae (Hendel),
which was placed in this genus by Shiraki, 1933 : 358. This combination was also
listed by Chen (1948 : 70).

Type species : Aciura tibialis Robineau-Desvoidy.

Oxyaciura monochaeta (Bezzi) comb. n.
(Text-figs. 6-9)

Aciura monochaeta Bezzi, 1913, Mem. Indian Mus. 3 : 150, pi. 10, fig. 54.

Bezzi allied this species to Aciura xanthotricha Bezzi but said that monochaeta
differed by having the post-vertical and superior fronto-orbital bristles black, the
median portion of the front very sparsely haired, and the ovipositor narrow and
equal in length to the abdomen ; rather than having the post-vertical and the
superior fronto-orbital bristles pale yellow, the front clothed with short and thick
whitish hairs, and the ovipositor broader, shorter than the abdomen in xanthotricha.
As noted above, it is probable that the latter species also fits in the genus Oxyaciura.

This species is readily recognized by the generic characters, by the distinctive
wing markings (Text-fig. 7), the predominantly black coloration, and the long
ovipositor of the female (Text-fig. 9).

152

D. ELMO HARDY

The antennae are yellow, the third segment is three times longer than wide. The aristae
are distinctly pubescent. The palpi are entirely yellow, thickly setose around the margins.
The head bristles are entirely black. The ocellar and postocellar bristles are short, approxi-
mately two-thirds as long as the superior fronto-orbital bristles. The front possesses one
pair of superior fronto-orbitals and three pairs of inferior fronto-orbitals. The front is yellow
to rufous, tinged lightly with brown and rather thickly covered with yellow-brown pollen.
The front is approximately equal in width to one compound eye. The head is shaped as in
Text-fig. 6. The thorax is entirely polished black in ground colour, covered with grey pollen.
The anterior dorsocentral bristles are situated slightly in front of a line drawn between the
anterior supra-alars. The scutellar bristles are strong, approximately two times longer than
the posterior dorsocentrals. The wings are marked as in Text-fig. 7. The coxae and femora
are predominantly dark brown to black, tinged with yellow on the apices of the first two pairs.
The tibiae and tarsi are yellow. The abdomen is polished brown to black in ground colour,

The ovipositor when fully extended is considerably longer
The ovipositor measures approximately 3 mm. (In the

The male genitalia are as in

covered with light grey pollen.

than the abdomen (Text-fig. 9).

specimen figured the piercer is not completely extended.

Text-fig. 8.

Length : Body, 3-7-4-0 mm.

wings, 3'9-4'5 mm.

0.16mm.

FIGS. 6-9. Oxyaciura monochaeta (Bezzi). 6. head, lateral ; 7. wing ; 8. <$ genitalia ;

9. $ abdomen, dorsal.

Type locality : INDIA : Calcutta.

Type in the Zoological Survey of India collection.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Dobhan, c. 3500', small pockets of plants on arid
slopes above R. Maewa, i $, 2.1.1962 (R. L. Coe).

INDIA : U. P., Tanakpur, i <£, i <j>, iv.i949 (N. D. Waters).

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 153

Tribe Tephrellini
PLATEN SIN A Enderlein

Platensina Enderlein, 1911, Zool. Jb., Abt. Syst. 31 (3) : 453.
Tephrostola Bezzi, 1913, Mem. Indian Mus. 3 : 153.

The genus is readily recognized by its broad wings with distinctive wing
markings and by the presence of two costal bristles at the apex of the subcostal vein.

Type species : Platensina sumbana Enderlein.

Platensina zodiacalis (Bezzi)
(Text-figs. 10-11)

Tephritis zodiacalis Bezzi, 1913, Mem. Indian Mus. 3 : 163, pi. 10, fig. 65.

This species was badly misplaced by Bezzi and should actually have fitted in his
genus Tephrostola (1913 : 153), which is a synonym of Platensina Enderlein (cf.
Hendel (1915 : 461) and Hardy (1959 : 208)).

This species is differentiated from other Platensina by the distinctive wing
markings as shown in Text-fig, n and by having only two scutellar bristles
developed.

The head excepting the compound eyes is yellow, covered with brownish yellow pollen over
the front. The front is approximately equal in width to one compound eye and has numerous
small, flat setae in the middle just above the lunule. Two superior fronto-orbital and three
inferior fronto-orbital bristles are present. A small dark brown to black spot is present at the
base of each frontal bristle (excepting the upper superior fronto-orbitals), and a small brown
to black streak is present on each side at the extreme lower margin of the front, opposite the
bases of the antennae. The antennae are yellow, the third segment is one and one-half to two
times longer than high and is straight on the upper margin (Text-fig. 10). The aristae are
conspicuously pubescent. The mouthparts and palpi are pale yellow-white, the palpi are very
sparsely setose along the upper margin. As seen in lateral view, the head is shaped as in

0.6mm.
FIGS. 10-11. Platensina zodiacalis (Bezzi). 10. head, lateral ; n. wing.

154 D- ELMO HARDY

Text-fig. 10. The dorsum of the thorax is black in ground colour, densely grey-pollinose and
with a distinct brown mark at the base of each bristle, a brown mark on each side in line with
the suture, and a faint discoloration of brown extending down the anteromedian half of the
mesonotum. The pleura are largely rufous, tinged with brown in ground colour and densely
grey-pubescent. The metanotum is black, covered with grey pollen. The legs are entirely
yellow. Each front femur has three rather strong posteroventral bristles on the apical two-
fifths of the segment. The wings are as in Text-fig, n. Two prominent costal bristles are
present. The abdomen is predominantly polished black, discolored with yellow in the median
portion of the first tergum and with yellow markings on the sides of the first four terga.
Length : Body, 3-75 mm.; wings, 4-3 mm. by approximately 2-15 mm. in width.

The above description is based upon a single male specimen.
The species has been previously recorded only from INDIA. The type locality is
Calcutta. The type is in the Indian Zoological Survey collection.

E. NEPAL : Arun Valley, east shore of R. Arun below Tumlingtar, c. 1800', swept
from Ricinus communis L., i <£, 23.xii.i96i (R. L. Coe).

Subfamily TRYPETINAE

Tribe Gastrozonini
TAENIOSTOLA Bezzi

Taeniostola Bezzi, 1913, Mem. Indian Mus. 3 : 119.

This genus is differentiated by the plumose arista ; by having vein /?4+5 setose ;
by the middle tibia having only one apical spine ; the third antennal segment
rounded at the apex ; the ocellar bristles strongly developed ; two or three inferior
fronto-orbital bristles present ; and the wings with characteristic transverse bands.

This genus shows close relationship to Gastrozona and is separated largely on the
basis of the strong orbital bristles. Apparently the number of inferior fronto-
orbital bristles is somewhat variable ; the type was reported to have two inferior
fronto-orbitals and several of the species described by Hering have been reported
to have three inferior fronto-orbitals. It is probable that Taeniostola gracilis Bezzi
(1913 : 120) does not actually fit in this genus since this species has only one inferior
fronto-orbital bristle and only two scutellar bristles. The genus is presently known
from five species from the Oriental region and one from Borneo.

Type species : Taeniostola vittigera Bezzi.

Taeniostola limbata Hendel

(Text-figs. 12-17)

Taeniostola limbata Hendel, 1915, Ann. hist-nat. Mus. Hung. 13 : 435, pi. 8, fig. 3.

This beautifully marked species is readily recognized by the pattern of markings
on the wings (Text-fig. 13), on the thorax (Text-fig. 14), and on the abdomen (Text-
fig. IS)-

The species is predominantly yellow, the mesonotum has four longitudinal vittae extending
the entire length of the segment ; the lateral vittae are slightly interrupted at the suture.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

155

The scutellum has a prominent black spot in the middle between the apical scutellar bristles.
The metanotum is polished black and a shining black spot is present on each pleuron behind
the wing base. The anterior dorsocentral bristles are situated slightly behind a line drawn
between the anterior supra-alar bristles. The ocellar bristles are stronger than the orbital
bristles and are three-fourths as long as the inner verticals. Two strong superior fronto-orbitals
and two strong, plus one weak pair of inferior fronto-orbitals are present (Text-fig. 12). The
outer vertical bristles are approximately equal in size to the superior fronto-orbitals and the
postocellar bristles are approximately equal in size to the anterior supra-alar bristles. The
antennae are entirely yellow ; the first and second segments are fringed with black setae around
their apices and a prominent black bristle is present on the dorsal surface of the second segment.

FIGS. 12-17. Taeniostola limbata Hendel. 12. head, lateral ; 13. wing ; 14. thorax, dorsal ;
15. (J abdomen, dorsal ; 16. <$ genitalia, lateral ; 17. $ ovipositor and abdominal segments
4-6.

156 D. ELMO HARDY

The third antennal segment is almost three times longer than wide. The arista is rather long-
plumose. The head is shaped as in Text-fig. 12. The legs are entirely yellow. Each front
femur has a prominent row of posteroventral bristles extending the entire length of the segment ;
also the posterodorsal surface is strongly setose. Each middle femur has two black postero-
ventral hairs near the apical third of the segment, and the hind femur has two black postero-
ventral hairs at the middle. The middle tibia has one strong apical spur, this is almost
two-fifths as long as the basitarsus. Wings with two almost complete transverse bands plus
two brown streaks ; the base of the subcostal cell is black, the remainder of the cell is yellow, this
extends as a yellow band transversely across the wing, ending in the apex of the cubital cell.
A brown band extends along the wing margin from near the middle of cell Rl to the middle of
cell R 5 and transversely across the wing at a level with the y-m cross- vein, ending at the apex
of vein Cu^-}- ist A . An oblique streak of brown extends through cell R& just beyond the middle
and ends at the wing margin near the tip of cell 2nd M2. A brown streak also extends across
the wing from cell R& just above the m cross-vein, over the ra cross-vein and expands at the
wing margin in the apex of cell M4 (Text-fig. 13). The r-m cross- vein is situated distinctly
beyond the middle of cell ist M2. The apex of the cubital cell is drawn out to a slender point.
The first two abdominal segments are entirely yellow. A broad black basal band extends
across each of terga three and four in the male (Text-fig. 15). The fifth tergum of the male is
entirely shining black except for a yellow spot in the middle at the apex. The sixth tergum
is not visible in the male but the ninth segment is plainly visible when the abdomen is tilted
slightly. The ninth is shining black over the dorsum, yellow on the sides and on the ventral
lobes. The ventral lobes are slender, slightly enlarged at apices and developed into two blunt
points (Text-fig. 16). The claspers are hidden from lateral view, each is developed into two
blunt, black apical points. The cerci are large, densely setose. (The genitalia have been
described from specimens from India.)

Length : Body, 8-5 mm.; wings, 9-0 mm. (Hendel recorded this species as body and wings,
8-0 mm. long.)

In the female (specimens from India), terga three to five are rather narrowly bordered with
black along the posterior margin and the sixth tergum is plainly visible from dorsal view but
is only about one-third as long as the fifth. The sixth is entirely black. The base of the
ovipositor is slightly longer than segments four plus five. When fully extended the ovipositor,
including the base, is 7-4-8-0 mm. The piercer measures 2-7-2-85 mm. ; is one-fourth longer
than the base and blunt at apex (Text-fig. 17).

Type locality : FORMOSA. The type is in the Natural History Museum, Vienna.

This species was recorded from INDIA by Munro (1935 : 17). It is common in
northern India. I have seen numerous specimens from the foothills of the Himalayas
in the vicinity of Ranikhet and Chaubattia.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., old mixed forest above Sangu, c. 6,200', i <$,
25-28. x. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

Tribe Trypetini
CHETOSTOMA Rondani

Chetostoma Rondani, 1856, Dipt. Ital. prodr. 1 : 112.
Chaetostoma Loew, 1873, Monogr. Dipt. N. Amer. 3 : 212.

The name has been consistently spelled Chaetostoma in the literature but this
spelling is preoccupied in the fishes by Tschudi, 1846, Fauna Peru : 26. I use the
original spelling by Rondani for this genus.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

157

Only nine species of Chetostoma have been recorded previously ; two from Europe
including Russia, two Nearctic, three from China, one from Burma and one from
Japan. This genus is characterized by having a clump of prominent black setae or
bristles on the lower portion of each gena (Text-fig. 18) ; by having three pairs of
inferior fronto-orbital bristles ; the r-m cross-vein situated before the middle of cell
ist M2 ; and vein ^4+5 setose to beyond the r-m cross-vein.

Type species : Trypeta giraudi Frauenfeld.

Chetostoma interrupta sp. n.

(Text-figs. 18-21)

This species would resemble C. diluta Zia and Chen, from China, by not having the
brown band around the apex of the wing continuous with the transverse band over
the m cross-vein. In other respects however these are not alike and the two species
are obviously not related.

o\ Head. Distinctly higher than long, the face is almost vertical. The lower margin of
each gena is thickly covered with short, black bristles as in Text-fig. 18. The gena is about
one-fifth the height of the eye. The front is predominantly yellow, discolored with reddish
brown and covered with yellow-grey pollen. The median portion of the front is sparsely
black-setose. The front is approximately equal in width to one compound eye. The frontal
bristles are strong, two pairs of superior fronto-orbitals and three pairs of inferior fronto-orbital

1.0 mm.

FIGS. 18-21. Chetostoma interrupta sp. n. 18. head, lateral

genitalia, lateral ; 21. wing.

19. front femur ; 20.

158 D. ELMO HARDY

bristles are present. The ocellar bristles are almost equal in length to the postocellars but are
much thinner. The outer vertical bristles are approximately equal in size to the upper superior
fronto-orbitals. The ocellar setae are black, well developed, one-half to two-thirds as long as
the postocellar bristles. The face is entirely yellow-white and has a very slight raised area
down the median portion. The palpi and mouthparts are yellow-white. Each palpus is
thickly black-setose around the outer and apical margins. The antennae are predominantly
rufous, the second and third segments are tinged with brown along their upper and apical
margins. The second segment has one rather prominent dorsal bristle and numerous black
setae around the apex. The third segment is rounded at the apex and slightly over two times
longer than wide. The arista is pubescent. The head is shaped as in Text-fig. 18. Thorax.
Predominantly polished black in ground colour, rather densely grey-pollinose, subshining on
the pleura and with a polished area in the middle of each sternopleuron, also a polished black
spot is present in the middle of the metanotum. The humeri, propleura and front margin
of each mesopleuron are yellow, tinged faintly with brown. The hind margin and the ventral
portion of the scutellum is yellow. The anterior dorsocentral bristles are situated approxi-
mately in line with the anterior supra-alars. The mesonotum is densely black-setose. The
scutellum is bare except for a few tiny hairs around the margins and for the four strong bristles.
The halteres are pale yellow. Legs. The front legs are entirely yellow except for a discolora-
tion of brown to black along the posterior surface of each femur. On the middle and hind legs
the coxae are brown to black, tinged faintly with yellow. The trochanters are yellow, tinged
with brown. The femora are predominantly black, yellow at their apices and on the apico-
ventral half of the middle pair. The tibiae and tarsi are yellow except for a tinge of brown
to black on the hind tibiae. Each front femur is rather densely bristled over the posterior
surface (Text-fig. 19). The middle femur is conspicuously flattened down the ventral surface.
Each hind tibia has a rather prominent row of black anterodorsal bristles extending the entire
length of the segment. Wings. The basal cells are brownish yellow fumose, this marking
extends longitudinally through the wing to connect, in cell ist Mz, with the dark brown
transverse mark which extends across the wing at a level with the subcostal cell and the r-m
cross- vein. The pale marking is interrupted by a large hyaline spot situated in cell R just
beyond the forking of veins R2+3 and Ri+5. The subcostal cell is entirely dark brown except
for pale yellow-brown fumosity at the extreme base of the cell. A narrow transverse mark
extends from the costa at about one-third the distance between the apices of veins ^?x and
7?2+3, across the cells 7?x and R3, ending at vein M1+2 well beyond the r-m cross-vein. A
complete transverse band extends across the wing from the costal margin just before the apex
of cell R! to the apex of cell M4 at a level with the m cross-vein. A prominent brown mark is
present at apex of cell R3 and extends over into the upper apical portion of cell R5 (Text-fig. 21).
The r-m cross-vein is situated distinctly before the middle of cell ist M2. The fourth costal
section is one-half longer than the fifth and almost four times longer than the third section.
Vein Rt+5 has eight to ten black setae, one of these is situated beyond the r-m cross-vein.
Abdomen. Polished black in ground colour, densely grey-pollinose except for a polished black
area extending around the sides and apex of the fifth tergum. The abdomen is thickly black-
setose and has prominent black bristles on the apical margins of terga three to five. The
genitalia are black, tinged with yellow to rufous on the lower margins of the ninth segment and
with the cerci yellow, tinged rather faintly with brown. As seen from a lateral view the genitalia
are as in Text-fig. 20. The ventral margins of the ninth segment are elongated, extended on
each side into a slender ventral lobe. The claspers are long, rod-like and each terminates in
two blunt, black finger-like points. The cerci are nearly oval, very densely setose. Several
strong bristles are present on the top margin of the ninth segment.

Length : Body, 3-5 mm.; wings, 6-2 mm.

$. Unknown.

Holotype <$. E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., damp evergreen oak forest above
Sangu, c. 9,200', 2-26. xi. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 159

Paratypes. 2 <$, same data as Holotype.

Type and one paratype in the B.M. (N.H.) ; one paratype in the University of
Hawaii collection.

RHAGOLETIS Loew
Rhagoletis Loew, 1862, Europ. Bohrfliegen 14 : 44.

This genus is differentiated by having vein -R4+5 bare or with only two or three
setae at base ; by having the third antennal segment pointed at upper apex ; by
the hind femora having several long antero- ventral hairs or bristles before the apex ;
by having the ovipositor base very short, not longer than the sixth abdominal
segment ; and by having the eyes comparatively high and narrow.

About three dozen species of this genus are known, these range throughout the
Holarctic and Neotropical regions but are predominantly temperate climate species.
The larvae live in fleshy fruits, nuts, and in rose hips.

It should be noted that Stone (1951 : 47) followed Hendel (1927 : 74) in treating
Zonosema Loew as a synonym of Rhagoletis. Rohdendorf (1961 : 177) treats these
as distinct genera.

Type species : Musca cerasi Linnaeus.

Rhagoletis rumpomaculata sp. n.

(Text-figs. 22-26)

This species runs to Rhagoletis in Hendel (1927 : 20), Zia and Chen (1938 : 9),
and Chen (1948 : 82). In the latter two works it runs nearest to reducta Hering,
from China, but the wing markings are strikingly different. In Rohdendorf 's key
to the Palearctic species of the genus Rhagoletis (1961 : 178) this runs to almatensis
sp. n. from South Kazachstan, U.S.S.R., but again the wing markings are very
different. The species is readily differentiated from any Rhagoletis known to me by
the broken pattern of the markings in the apical half of the wing ; the bands are
completely disrupted, broken into scattered spots (Text-fig. 26). The front femora
are more distinctly bristled than in most species which I have seen (Text-fig. 23).

$. Head. As seen from direct lateral view the face is vertical and the lower portion of the
occiput is rather swollen so that at its broadest point the occiput is almost one-half the width
of the compound eye (Text-fig. 22). Three strong pairs of cruciate inferior fronto-orbital
bristles and two pairs of reclinate superior fronto-orbital bristles are present. The ocellar
bristles are strong, approximately equal in length to the inferior fronto-orbitals. The post-
ocellar bristles are pale brownish yellow and are about two-thirds as long as the ocellar bristles.
The vertical bristles are well developed. The occipital setae are pale brown, long and slender.
The antennae are yellow, tinged faintly with brown, the third segment is distinctly pointed on
the upper apical margin (Text-fig. 22). The arista is bare or nearly so. Thorax. Predomi-
nantly brown to black in ground colour, densely grey-pollinose and with abundant black setae
over the mesonotum. The scutellum is predominantly yellow, tinged with brown, the basal
margin is black. The humeri are yellow, tinged with brown and each pleuron is tinged with
rufous in the median portion. The propleura and the front margin of each humerus are densely
white haired. The anterior dorsocentral bristles are situated approximately opposite the
anterior supra-alars. Four strong scutellar bristles are present, these are slightly greater in

i6o

D. ELMO HARDY

length than the dorsocentral bristles. The halteres are yellow. Legs. Entirely yellow.
The front femora are densely setose and each has a row of strong posteroventral bristles extend-
ing the full length of the segment (Text-fig. 23). Each hind femur has several anteroventral
bristles before the apex of the segment. Each hind tibia has a prominent row of anterodorsal
bristles extending the full length of the segment (Text-fig. 24). Wings. With an incomplete
brown marking extending across the base ; a broad brown mark extending transversely from
the costa, filling all of the third costal section (cell Sc) , across the wing into the middle of cell
M4 ; also with a single transverse streak across the middle of cell JR1 ; another brown mark
at the apex of cell Rt which extends transversely across vein Rt+5 into cell R5 ; another brown
spot is present at the apex of vein ^4+5 ; another is present in the upper median portion of
cell R5 ; a spot is present near the median portion of the last section of vein Ml+2 ; and one
is also present on each end of the m cross-vein as in Text-fig. 26. Vein R: is setose throughout
its entire length. Vein Rt+5 has two small setae at its base. The r-m cross-vein is situated
at the middle of cell ist Mz. The cubital cell is sharply pointed at the apex. Abdomen.
Predominantly polished black in ground colour, lightly grey-pollinose, each tergum has a distinct
yellow band along the posterior margin. Moderately strong bristles are present on the posterior
margins of the terga, especially five and six. Tergum six is approximately one-half as long as
five. The ovipositor is short, rather inconspicuous, as seen in situ the visible portion is approxi-
mately equal to abdominal segments five and six (Text-fig. 25).

Length : Body and wings, 5-7 mm.

cJ. Unknown.

1.0 mm.

FIGS. 22-26. Rhagoletis rumpomaculata sp. n. 22. head, lateral ; 23. front femur, hind
view ; 24. hind tibia, dorsal ; 25 9 abdomen, dorsal ; 26. wing.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

161

Holotype $. E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., damp evergreen forest above Sangu,
c. 9,200', 2-26.xi.ig6i (R. L. Coe), B.M. (Nat. Hist.).

Subfamily TEPHRITINAE

Tribe Tephritini
ACTINOPTERA Rondani
Actinoptera Rondani, 1871, Bull. Soc. ent Ital. 3 : 162.

This genus is readily recognized by having only one pair of superior fronto-orbital
bristles, only two scutellar bristles, and by having the anterior dorsocentral bristles
situated opposite the suture.

This is predominantly a European genus, though two species have been recorded
from China (Zia and Chen, 1938 : 95), one has been recorded from Formosa (Shiraki,
1933 : 447), and one new species is being described from Japan by Dr. S. Ito in a
monograph of the Japanese fruit flies (in press) ; I am recording the latter species
also from Nepal.

Type species : Tephritis discoidea Fallen.

Actinoptera sp. n. (in Ito manuscript, in press)
(Text-figs. 27-28)

— sp. n. Ito (in press), Beitrag zur Systematik der Japanischen Trypetiden

Actinoptera —
(Diptera) .

I have had access to Dr. Ito's manuscript and feel certain that the species here
recorded from Nepal is the same as the one he is describing as new from Japan.
This species rather closely resembles A . discoidea (Fallen) from Europe but the wing

FIGS. 27-28. Actinoptera sp. n. being described by Ito. 27. head, lateral ; 28. wing.

162 D. ELMO HARDY

markings differ. The most striking character for separating the new species is the
presence of three hyaline marks in cell Rj^ beyond vein R1 rather than two, as in
discoidea, and by the presence of a faint brown streak extending across the middle
of the second costal section.

This is a densely grey-pollinose species with all yellow legs, halteres, antennae
and mouthparts. It is being adequately described by Dr. Ito. The profile view
of the head is as in Text-fig. 27 and the wings are as in Text-fig. 28.

Length : Body, 2-5 mm. ; wings, 3.0 mm.

It should be noted the specimens from Nepal are slightly shorter than those which
will be recorded from Japan by Dr. Ito. His specimens measured : Body, 3-0 mm. ;
wings, 3-5 mm.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., north of Sangu, dry grass above river bank, c. 5,000',
2 <J, 5. i. 1962 (R. L. Coe).

STYLIA Robineau-Desvoidy

Stylia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, M6m. pres. Acad. Soc. Paris 2 : 754.

Paroxyna Hendel, 1927, 49, Trypetidae, in Lindner, Die Fliegen der Palearktischen Reg. 5 : 146.

Dioxyna Frey, 1945, Comment. Biol., Helsingf. 8 (10) : 62.

The correct generic name for this group has been most controversial. Hering
(1954 : 167) designated Stylia bidentis Robineau-Desvoidy (1830) as the type of the
genus Stylia Robineau-Desvoidy and indicated that this was congeneric with
Trypeta tessellata Loew (1864), the type of the genus Paroxyna Hendel. Hering has
treated Paroxyna as a synonym of Stylia. Munro (1957 : 919) designated Stylia
mentharum Robineau-Desvoidy as the type of the genus " which thus remains a
synonym of Myopites ". I see no logical reason for Hering's designation not being
accepted since it is the better known species and his designation does have priority.
I am following his advice in treating Paroxyna as a synonym of Stylia (cf. Hardy
and Adachi, 1956 : 21) . Hering obviously does not, in this case, consider the number
of scutellar bristles and the head shape to be of generic importance and he treats
sororcula (Wiedemann) in the genus Stylia (1956 : 74). Trypeta sororcula
Wiedemann was used as the type of the genus Dioxyna Frey (1945 : 62). This
species is closely related to Stylia bidentis and the two fit in a group which is
characterized by having only one pair of well-developed scutellar bristles (the apical
pair is rudimentary, hair-like in bidentis and completely lacking in sororcula) and
the head distinctly longer than high ; rather than having four well-developed
scutellar bristles and the head higher than long, as in tessellata. Dr. S. Ito, in his
monograph of the Trypetidae of Japan (in press) treats Paroxyna as a subgenus of
Stylia with the typical subgenus containing the species bidentis and sororcula. This
appears to be a logical treatment.

This genus is differentiated by having the lower margin of the head longer than
the upper margin ; by the long slender geniculate proboscis ; the long slender palpi
(Text-fig. 29) ; and by the irregularly spotted wings (Text-fig. 31).

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 163

Stylia sororcula (Wiedemann)
(Text-figs. 29-32)

Trypeta sororcula Wiedemann, 1830, Aussereur. Zweifl. Ins. 2 : 509.

For the synonymy under this species cf. Munro (1957 : 938-939). The species
has been treated in the literature under a variety of generic combinations. Bezzi
(1913 : 159) treated it under Oxyna Robineau-Desvoidy.

This is a small species, differentiated from bidentis by having the femora black
except at the apices, by completely lacking the apical scutellar bristles, as well as
by its smaller size and other details. 5. bidentis has the femora entirely reddish
yellow and the apical scutellar bristles are rudimentary, hair-like. The above
characters along with the distinctive generic characters will readily separate
sororcula.

The head is shaped as in Text-fig. 29 and the wings are as in Text-fig. 31. The thorax is
dark brown to black in ground colour, rather densely grey-pollinose and with conspicuous,
yellow, squamose setae extending over the dorsum. On some specimens three indistinct brown
vittae extend at least part way down the metanotum. Two inferior fronto-orbital bristles
and two superior fronto-orbital bristles are present. The upper superior fronto-orbital is
yellow. The palpi are long and slender. The abdomen is densely grey-pollinose, with a pair
of submedian, subshining brown spots on each of terga three to five. In the female the ovipositor
base is shining black and almost equal in length to segments four to six (Text-fig. 32). The
male genitalia are as in Text-fig. 30.

Length : Body, 2-5 mm.; wings, 2-8 mm.

FIGS. 29-32. Stylia sororcula (Wiedemann). 29. head ; 30. $ genitalia ; 31. wing

32. $ abdomen, dorsal.

164 D. ELMO HARDY

Distribution. Widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics of the world.
I have numerous specimens on hand from Northern India.

Hosts. This is a seed infester. It lives in the flower heads of Bidens, Coreopsis,
and other composites. Coe captured it on Lycopodium sp.

E. NEPAL : 7 ex., Taplejung Distr., north of Sangu, dry grass above river bank,
c. 5,000', 5.1.1962 (R. L. Coe) ; Dobhan, c. 3,500', small pockets of plants on arid
slopes above R. Maewa, 2.1.1962 (R. L. Coe) ; and on slope above Sangu, c. 7,800',
ex Lycopodium sp. 11-14.1.1962 (R. L. Coe}.

TEPHRITIS Latreille
Tephritis Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 24 : 196.

This is a very large, somewhat conglomerate group which, in a broad sense, is
recognized by having four scutellar bristles ; two superior fronto-orbital and two
inferior fronto-orbital bristles ; the thorax and abdomen pollinose and predominantly
covered with recumbent pale scales ; vein -R4+5 bare or with but a few setae at its
base ; and the anterior dorsocentral bristle situated in line with or very near the
suture. For the most part the species of Tephritis have the wings characteristically
spotted with brown over the entire surface. This is predominantly a Palearctic and
Nearctic group of flower-head infesting species. The group is poorly known in the
Orient. For a comprehensive key to the Tephritis cf. Hering (1944).

Type species : Musca arnicae Linnaeus.

Tephritis coei sp. n.

(Text-figs. 33-34)

This species appears to be related to T. impunctata Shiraki, from Formosa, and
runs near that species in Hering's key to the known Tephritis (1944 : 20). It
differs rather distinctly from impunctata and is best differentiated by the presence
of a small hyaline mark in the subcostal cell, by the presence of only two hyaline
marks in cell Rv and by having a large all brown to black area situated above the
r-m cross- vein (Text-fig. 34), as well as by many other details.

o*. Head. Almost quadrate as seen in direct lateral view, the face is vertical and the front
almost horizontal ; with the epistoma slightly protruding (Text-fig. 33). Two pairs of superior
fronto-orbital and two pairs of inferior fronto-orbital bristles are present. The upper superiors
are white and flattened. The ocellar bristles are strong, black, longer than the orbitals and
two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the inner vertical bristles. The inner verticals are black,
the outer verticals and the postocellar bristles are white, flattened like the occipital setae except
about two times longer. The lower portion of the occiput is rather thickly white-setose, the
genae have sparse inconspicuous white pile. The median portion of the front is bare. The
first two antennal segments are yellow, the third segment is yellow, tinged with brown and
covered with grey pollen. The third segment is subacutely pointed (Text-fig. 33). The arista
is minutely pubescent. Thorax. Black in ground colour, densely grey-pollinose and with
five brown vittae extending longitudinally over the mesonotum ; one narrow median vitta extends
from the anterior margin to about halfway between the dorsocentral bristles ; one broad vitta ex-
tends down each dorsocentral line the full length of the mesonotum ; and one vitta is present on

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

165

each side, in line with the inner supra-alars and the presutural bristles but interrupted at the
suture. The scutellum has a U-shaped brown mark which extends around the apex and to the
base on each side, in line with the posterior bristles. The pleura are slightly discoloured with
brown, especially along the hind borders of the mesopleura. The anterior dorsocentral bristles are
situated just slightly behind the suture. The mesonotum is covered with white, recumbent, scale-
like hairs. The scutellum is bare except for the four strong bristles and except for one flat scale on
each side near the base. The apical scutellars are about two-thirds as long as the basal pair and are
crossed at their apices. The halteres are yellow, tinged faintly with brown. Legs. The coxae are
black, tinged faintly with yellow. The femora are black, covered with grey pollen, except for their
extreme apices which are yellow. The tibiae and tarsi are yellow. The trochanters are yellow,
tinged faintly with brown. The front femur has five postero ventral bristles extending the full
length of the segment. Wings. Marked as in Text-fig. 34. With only one bristle present at the
apex of the subcostal vein, vein Rl setose and vein Rt+& bare. Vein R2+3 very slightly undulated
in the median portion. The third costal section, between vein Sc and Rlt is about equal in
length to the fifth section, between the apices of vein R2+3 and Rt+6 and the fourth costal
section is approximately three times longer than either the third or the fifth. The r-m cross-
vein is situated near the apical one-fourth of cell ist M2 and the cubital cell has a short apical
point. The second costal cell (between the humeral cross-vein and vein Sc) has three brown
marks. A large rather quadrate, dark brown mark extends over the area of the wing bounded
by the costal margin from the end of the subcostal vein to about the median portion of cell
Rlt transversely across the wing to a level extending approximately through the upper median
portion of cell R5. This area is uninterrupted except for a small hyaline spot in the subcostal
cell (Text-fig. 34). Beyond this brown mark are two hyaline spots in cell Rlt these are con-
tinuous into cell R3 and converge beyond vein R2+3. The hyaline mark extends through the
apical portion of cell R3 just beyond the apex of vein R2+3, this extends transversely into the
upper portion of cell R5. In addition to this latter spot in R& eight round spots are present
beyond the r-m cross-vein, also approximately six small round spots are present in cell R
before the cross-vein. Cell 2nd M2 has five round spots. Cell ist M2 is hyaline through the
basal one-third to one-fourth, except for a brown marking along the basal section of vein
M3+4 and has six hyaline marks in the apical two-thirds. Cell Mt has approximately eight
brown markings, these are separated into spots at the basal portion but converge in the apical
portion of the cell to enclose two brown spots at the wing margin. A brown spot is present

0.6 mm.
FIGS. 33-34. Tephritis coei sp. n. 33. head ; 34. wing.

1 66

D. ELMO HARDY

over the apex of the cubital cell at the basal portion of vein Cu1+ist A. Abdomen. Pre-
dominantly grey-pollinose with two large grey-brown submedian spots on each tergum, these
are separated by a more distinctly grey, median vitta extending longitudinally the full length
of the abdomen. The apices of the terga are also distinctly grey. The abdomen is entirely
covered with recumbent, yellow-white scales. The genitalia have not been relaxed for study.

Length : Body, 2-85 mm. ; wings, 3-2 mm.

$. Unknown.

Holotype <$. E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., north of Sangu, dry grass above
river bank, c. 5,000', 5.1.1962 (R. L. Coe), B.M. (Nat. Hist.).

Tephritis daedala sp. n.

(Text-figs. 35-36)

This species apparently closely resembles punctata Shiraki, from Formosa, but
the wing markings are distinctly different, for example the large apical hyaline spot

FIGS. 35-36. Tephritis daedala sp. n. 35. head ; 36. wing.

in cell Rb and the cluster of round hyaline spots bordering the r-m crossvein are
distinctive. In Bezzi (1913 : 162) it would run to T. lyncea Bezzi and the wing
markings are somewhat similar in these two species. However it is probable that
lyncea fits in another genus since only one superior fronto-orbital bristle is present.
The two also differ in other respects. In the key to the Trypetidae of North China
(Zia and Chen 1938 : 69) this would run near T. recurrens Loew and T. consimilis
Zia and Chen but the wing markings are very different from either of these species
and these are apparently not related. In Hering's extensive key to the Tephritis
(1944 : 20) this would run to vespertina Loew, from Europe and North Africa but
differs by the wing markings ; the brown marks at the end of veins R±+5 and M1+2
do not form a mushroom-shaped marking ; a large white apical spot is present in
cell R5, rather than a tiny apical spot ; the subapical spot in cell R3 is separate from
a hyaline mark situated in the upper apex of cell R5, rather than these spots being
fused, etc.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 167

o*. Head. Entirely yellow except for a tinge of reddish brown on the front, at the base of
the antenna, and on the genae ; also the compound eyes are brownish-red with a distinct
green sheen, they are red around their margins. Two superior fronto-orbital and two inferior
fronto-orbital bristles are present. The upper superior fronto-orbitals are yellow, flat,
rather scale-like and approximately equal in size to the occipital setae. The ocellar bristles are
strong, about two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the inner vertical bristles. The
postocellar and outer vertical bristles are yellow, flat, scale-like, about two times larger
than the occipital setae. The lower edge of each gena has numerous dark setae along
the margin. The antennae are yellow, the third segment is rounded at the apex. The
arista is minutely pubescent. The head is shaped as in Text-fig. 35. Thorax. Pre-
dominantly black, densely covered with grey pollen and lacking brown vittae on the meso-
notum. The mesonotum is covered with yellow-white scales. The anterior dorsocentral
bristles are situated in line with the suture. Four pairs of scutellar bristles are present.
The apical bristles are rather small, about one-third as long as the basal bristles and are crossed
at their apices. The scutellum has three or four flat, yellow scales on each side, and is otherwise
bare. The humeri are yellow-red in ground colour, this colour is obscured however by the dense
covering of grey pollen. The halteres are pale yellow. Legs. Entirely yellow. The bristling
is apparently typical for Tephritis. Wings. Predominantly grey-black covered with an
abundance of hyaline marks as in Text-fig. 36. The portion of the costal cell beyond the humeral
cross- vein has a faint indication of a brown mark at the base and another near the middle. The
subcostal cell is brown except for a hyaline mark near the apical portion. Cell Rl has three
hyaline marks beyond the apex of vein Rr Cell R3 is hyaline at its base, has two hyaline
spots in the middle, connected with the hyaline marks in cell Rv and two hyaline spots at the
apex of the cell. The base of cell R2 is hyaline and three or four hyaline spots are found in the
apical two-thirds of the cell. Cell R5 has two hyaline spots adjoining the r-m cross-vein and
about six spots beyond this point, the apical spot is enlarged (Text-fig. 36). The basal third
of cell ist M 2 is hyaline and approximately five hyaline spots are present in the apical two-
thirds of this cell. Cell 2nd M2 has six hyaline spots, three of these are on the wing margin.
Nine hyaline spots are present in the apical two-thirds of cell Mt, the basal portion of this cell
is hyaline. The fourth costal section (between the apices of veins Rt and Rz+3 is about two
times longer than the fifth section and approximately three times longer than the third costal
section. The r-m cross-vein is situated near the apical one-fifth of cell ist M2, scarcely more
than its own length from the m cross- vein. Abdomen. Entirely black, covered with brownish
grey pollen and with no brown markings. Entirely covered with yellow, scale-like setae
except for a row of black bristles around the hind margin of segment five. The genitalia are
rufous. These have not been relaxed for study.

Length : Body, 2-5 mm.; wings, 2-9 mm.

$. Unknown.

Holotype $. E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., north of Sangu, dry grass above
river bank, c. 5,000', 5.1.1962 (R. L. Coe), B.M. (Nat. Hist.).

Tephritis spiloptera Bezzi

(Text-figs. 37-38)

Tephritis spiloptera Bezzi, 1913, Mem. Indian Mus. 3 : 165.

In Shiraki's key to the Trypetidae of the Japanese Empire (1933 : 375) this species
would run to Teratephritis Shiraki by having the dorsocentral bristles situated
distinctly behind the suture. This is not a Teratephritis however, the front is bare,
not setose, the hind femora lack ventral bristles, etc. and I feel it is best to treat
this as a Tephritis.

i68

D. ELMO HARDY

This species is very readily differentiated by the peculiar markings on the wings
as shown in Text-fig. 38 ; by having three distinct brown vittae extending down the
mesonotum ; two dark brown spots on the scutellum, one each at the bases of the
anterior bristles ; and by abdominal terga three to five each having a pair of
prominent brown spots. The head is as in Text-fig. 37. The thorax is predomi-
nantly black in ground colour, densely grey-pollinose and with a brown vitta
extending down each dorsocentral row and also a median brown vitta on the
mesonotum.

I see no way to differentiate this from T. spiloptera Bezzi except that he indicates
that that species has only one superior fronto-orbital bristle and there are slight
differences in the brown markings in cell R. In view of the fact that these are so
similar, however, and a specimen of spiloptera is not available for comparison, I
prefer to call this species spiloptera and assume that Brezzi's reference to a single
superior fronto-orbital bristle must have been an error.

FIGS. 37-38. Tephritis spiloptera Bezzi. 37. head; 38. wing.

I am unable to find any related species in the literature. In Zia and Chen's key
(1938 : 69) spiloptera would run near T. oedipus Hendel and T. ramulosa Zia and
Chen. But the wing markings are very different and it could not be confused with
these species. The hyaline apices of cells R5 and M2 and the transverse streaking
effect of the black markings near the median portion of the wing will readily separate
spiloptera (Text-fig. 38).

The humeri are yellow in ground colour. The scutellum is yellow except for the
dark brown spot at the base of each of the anterior bristles. The mesonotum is
densely covered with white scales and the scutellum has numerous white scales
scattered over the disc. The apical scutellar bristles are strong, almost equal in
length to the basal bristles. The legs are entirely yellow except for a faint
discoloration of brown to black in the middle of the ventral margin of the hind
femur. The abdomen is predominantly black in ground colour, densely grey-

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 169

pollinose and white-pilose. The apices of the terga are narrowly yellow and the
brown, submedian spots on terga three to five are prominent. The male genitalia
are yellow to rufous ; these have not been relaxed for study.

Length : Body, 2-85 mm. ; wings, 3-0 mm. (Bezzi gave the length as 3-0 mm.. I
presume this was for the body).

Type locality : Calcutta.

Type in the Zoological Survey of India collection.

E. NEPAL : Arun Valley : Tumlingtar Plateau, c. 2,000', collected on yellow
blooms of cultivated composite, io-i6.xii.i96i (R. L. Coe), B.M. (Nat. Hist.).

REFERENCES

BEZZI, M. 1913. Indian Trypaneids (Fruit-flies) in the collection of the Indian Museum.

Calcutta. Mem. Indian Mus. 3 : 33-175, pis. 8-10.

CHEN, S. H. 1948. Notes on Chinese Trypetinae. Sinensia 18 : 69-123.
FREY, R. 1945. Tiergeographische Studien uber die Dipterenfauna der Azoren. Comment.

biol. Helsingf. 8 (10) : 114 pp., 4 pis.
HARDY, D. E. & ADACHI, M. 1956. Insects of Micronesia, Diptera : Tephritidae. B. P.

Bishop Mus. Ins. Micronesia 14 (i) : 1-28.
HARDY, D. E. 1959. The Walker types of fruit flies (Tephritidae-Diptera) in the British

Museum collection. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) 8 (5) : 159-242, 6 pis.
HENDEL, F. 1915. H. Sauter's Formosa Ausbeute. Tephritinae. Ann. hist.-nat. Mus.

Hung. 13 : 424-467, 2 pis.

- 1927. 49. Trypetidae, in Lindner, Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 5 : 222 pp.,
17 pis.

HERING, E. M. 1944. Bestimmungstabelle der Gattung Tephritis Latreille, 1804. Siruna
Seva 5 : 17-32.

- 1954. Trypetidae (Dipt.) aus Ost-Afrika (Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zoologischen
Ostafrika-Expedition 1951/52. Gruppe Lindner-Stuttgart, Nr. 3. Bonn. zool. Beitr. 5 :
167-172.

- 1956. Trypetidae (Dipt.) von Ceylon. Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel 67 (i) : 62-74.
MUNRO, H. K. 1935. Records of Indian Trypetidae (Diptera) with descriptions of some

apparently new species. Rec. Indian Mus. 37 (i) : 15-27.

- 1957. British Museum (Natural History] Ruwenzori Expedition 1934-35 2 (9) : 853-1054.
RAB, MD. ZAKA UR. 1961. Miscellaneous Note 20. A new species of the genus Callantra

Walker from India (Diptera : Trypetidae). /. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 58 (2) : 538-541.
ROHDENDORF, B. B. 1961. Palaearktischen Arten der Gattung Rhagoletis Loew (Diptera,

Trypetidae) und verwandte Bohrfliegengattungen. Ent. Obozr. 40 (i) : 176-201.
SHIRAKI, T. 1933. A systematic study of Trypetidae in the Japanese Empire. Mem. Fac.

Sci. Agric. Taihoku 8 : 509 pp., 14 pis.

STONE, A. 1951. The Rhagoletis of Roses. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 53 (i) : 45-48.
ZIA, Y. & CHEN, S. H. 1938. Trypetidae of North China. Sinensia 9 (1-2) : 172 pp., 8 pis.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 171

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

THE BLOW FLIES (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)

By MAURICE T. JAMES

SYNOPSIS

This paper is based on a collection of Calliphoridae made by R. L. Coe on the British Museum
East Nepal Expedition of 1961-1962. Fourteen species are listed, of which three are described
as new.

ALL holotypes and allotypes are in the British Museum (Natural History). I express
my gratitude to Mr. Coe and to the officials of the Museum for making this interesting
collection available to me for study.

Subfamily POLLENIINAE
Pollenia rudis (Fabricius)

Musca rudis Fabricius, 1794 : 314.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., above Sangu, damp evergreen oak forest, c. 9,200',
i $, 2-26. xi. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

This common and widespread Holarctic species has been recorded from India by
Senior- White, Aubertin and Smart (1940).

Subfamily CALLIPHORINAE
Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus)

Musca vomitoria Linnaeus, 1785 : 595.

E. NEPAL : Taplej ung Distr., above Sangu, damp evergreen oak forest, c. 10,400',
i $, 2-26. xi. 1961 (R. L. Coe) ; Sangu, mixed vegetation by stream in gully, c. 6,200',
i (J, xi. 1961-1. 1962 (R. L. Coe).

Like the above, this is a common and widespread Holarctic species. Senior- White,
Aubertin and Smart have recorded it from the western Himalayas, Darjeeling, and
Sikkim.

172 MAURICE T. JAMES

Lucilia porphyrina (Walker)

Musca porphyrina Walker, 1856 : 24.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
c. 6,200', i £, i <$, x. 1961-1.1962 (R. L. Coe) ; below Sangu, by stream in shady
ravine, c. 6,000', i <$, 30. x. 1961 (R. L. Coe) ; above Sangu, old mixed forest, c. 6,200',
2 ?, 25-28.x.i96i (R. L. Coe).

This is a widespread Oriental, eastern Palearctic, and Australian species.

Lucilia papuensis Macquart

Lucilia papuensis Macquart, 1842 : 141.

E. NEPAL: Taplejung Distr., above Sangu, evergreen shrub, c. 6,500',! <$,
5-13. x. 1961 (R. L. Coe) ; between Sangu and Tamrang, mixed shrubs in deep gorge,
c. 5,200, 2 <£, x-xi.i96i (R. L. Coe}.

This widespread Oriental and Australasian species is, according to Senior- White,
Aubertin and Smart (1940), one of the commonest Indian green-bottle flies. It is
similar in appearance to L. porphyrina but may readily be differentiated from that
species by the position of the first pair of postsutural acrostichals, which are in line
with the second pair of posterior dorsocentrals (distinctly in front of the posterior
dorsocentrals in porphyrina) and by the shorter third antennal segment, the apex
of which is distant from the oral margin by at least the width of the third antennal
segment (much less so in porphyrina).

Bengalia subnitida sp. n.

(Text-fig. 39)

MALE. Head yellow in ground colour, becoming brownish on the f rentals and paraf rentals ;
a shining black spot on each parafacial opposite bases of antennae ; head mostly whitish to
yellowish pollinose, pollen of parafrontals brownish yellow. Parafacials, parafrontals, and
frontals except upper third and on a narrow median stripe, with rather abundant, short, black
setulae ; pile of occiput and genae soft, rather long, whitish ; a few black setulae near vibrissae
and along oral margin ; hairs of upper part of occiput scant. Sides of front parallel, about
one-third head width. Clypeus rounded, but little projecting, apparent but barely so when the
head is viewed dorsally. Antenna mostly yellow ; second segment reddish brown ; third
segment largely dusky beyond arista ; arista brown at base, otherwise blackish. Uppermost
frontal bristle reclinate, almost as long as outer vertical ; 7 to 8 frontals ; vibrissa almost
level with lower margin of facial sclerotization ; about u bristles along oral margin below
vibrissa. Palpus yellow, somewhat spatulate, with black setulae and bristles ; proboscis
yellowish brown, the colour somewhat deeper above, the usual bristles black. Measurements
of head (in micrometer units : 60 = i mm.) : head width, 276 ; width, at narrowest, of front,
92, of frontale, 65 ; length of third antennal segment, 58 ; distance vibrissa to oral margin, 5 ;
distance between vibrissae, 50.

Thorax black ; humeral slopes and immediate posthumeral areas of mesonotum reddish
yellow to yellowish ; propleuron yellow, becoming dusky in its depression ; apex of scutellum
becoming yellowish. Protuberances below wing bases yellow. Mesonotum densely brownish
pollinose, marmorated as a result of patches of less dense pollen ; thickly black setulose except
a small triangular presutural patch and an elongated wedge-shaped postsutural patch between
the dorsocentral and intra-alar rows. Dorsocentrals 2 : 4. Pleura whitish pollinose and mostly

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

173

black setulose ; hairs of mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracles whitish ; some long
bristle-like setae in mesopleural row, mixed black and yellow ; pteropleural setae mostly
black, some whitish. Postalar declivity with fine whitish pile. Prosternal hairs white. Legs
largely yellow, the front femur dorsally and the middle and hind femora except at extreme
base and apex black. Bristles of under side of thorax appearing especially long and dense,
resulting especially from rows on the ventral surface of the sternopleura and on the middle
and hind coxae. All tibiae long-villous posteroventrally, the hind pair also anteroventrally ;
apical half of first and second tibiae and apical two-thirds of hind tibia with long hairs, increasing
in length from about diameter of tibia on the first to twice diameter of tibia on the third pair.
Front tibia with a closely-set row of short spinose bristles on its second fourth ventrally ; hind
femur with a posteroventral apical comb of about ten spines ; hind tibia without posterodorsals ;
hind tibia and basitarsus each with a dense ventral brush of black setulose hairs. Anteroventral
surface of front basitarsus, apical half of front tibia, and posteroventral surface of first two
tarsomeres of hind tarsus with dense golden velvety pile ; vestiture of legs otherwise black.
Wings uniformly dusky hyaline ; epaulet and basicostal scale yellow ; veins yellowish toward
wing base, becoming dusky apically. Squamae dusky. Halteres yellow.

Abdomen mostly black. Apparent first tergum yellowish in an indefinitely delimited triangle
below the scutellum ; first and second sterna except apex of latter yellow. Sides and ventral
surface of apparent first tergum, first sternum, and median area of second sternum whitish
pollinose ; pollen of rest of abdomen concolorous with background, the abdomen consequently
subshining black dorsally and with somewhat the appearance of being " greased ". Vestiture
consisting of abundant short black setulae and of longer hairs ventrally, those on the basal
sterna being yellowish to whitish with a few blackish intermixed. Hypopygium more shining
than rest of abdomen. Apical plate shallowly and broadly notched medially (Text-fig. 39).
Length, 13 mm.

FIGS. 39-41. 39. Bengalia subnitida, sp. n. Apical plate and preceding sternite of male.

(Bristles and setae omitted.) 40. Metallea setiventris, sp. n. Genitalia and third to sixth

sternites of male, ventral view. (Setae and bristles omitted except on right half of third

and fourth sternites.) 41. Isomyia coei, sp. n. <$ genitalia spread, lateral view.

. (Bristles and setae of hypopygium omitted.)

174 MAURICE T. JAMES

FEMALE. Front broader at antennal bases, a little tapering toward vertex ; maximum
width, 95 micrometer units, compared with 255 for head width. Bristles on coxae and ventral
surface of sternopleuron dense, as in the male, but not nearly so long. Hind femur black only
dorsally. Tibiae not villous ; front tibia and hind femur without rows of spines or spinous
bristles as described for the male. Ventral brush of hind tibia and basitarsus greatly reduced.
Abdominal sterna and genital segments yellow ; hairs of sterna much shorter than in male,
yellowish on sternum i, on 2 except apex, and on the median third of the remaining sterna
(where they might easily be overlooked) ; otherwise black and black-setulose. Sterna 2 to 4
each with a pair of erect black bristles. Otherwise except sexually as described for the male.

Holotype <$. E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., below Sangu, by stream in shady
ravine, c. 6,000', 30. x. 1961 (R. L. Coe}, B.M. (Nat. Hist.).
Allotype 9. Same data as holotype.

The shining black abdomen separates this from other Oriental species known to
me. The relationship seems closest to B. varicolor (Fabricius), but that species has
discal macrochaetae on the apparent fourth tergum, the abdomen is pollinose, and
the apical plate of the male is deeply notched. In Senior-White, Aubertin and
Smart's key to the Oriental species it traces to couplet 12, but both species in that
couplet (escheri Bezzi and xanthopyga Senior-White) have pale-pollinose, partly
pale-coloured abdomens, different tibial armatures, only short-haired hind tibiae,
mostly pale legs, and other points of variance. Seguy (1946) has described three
Oriental species (chromatella, pallidicoxa, and unicolor) subsequent to Senior- White,
Aubertin and Smart's work, but all these have discal macrochaetae on the apparent
fourth tergum and, among other differences, the abdomen is either largely pale or
covered with pale pollen.

Subfamily RHINIINAE
Idiella tripartita (Bigot)

Idia tripartita Bigot, 1874 : 236.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, yellow blooms of cultivated composite
(Guizotia abyssinica Cassini), c. 6,200', I <$, 16-29. x. 1961 (R- L. Coe) ; north of
Sangu, above river bank, c. 5,000', 5.1.1962 (R. L. Coe).

This rather widespread but apparently uncommon Oriental and eastern Palearctic
species has been recorded from China (Fukien), Sikkim, and Darjeeling by Peris
(1952). As Zumpt (1956) points out, the hind tibia has a row of anterodorsals,
two of which are much longer and more conspicuous than the others. The antero-
dorsal row, if it were well developed, would lead through Peris' and Zumpt's keys
to genus Rhinia, rather than Idiella, but in this species this row, though distinguish-
able from the setulae of the tibia, is feeble and much less distinct than in Rhinia.

Stomorhina procula (Walker)
Idia procula Walker, 1849 : 808.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
c. 6,200', 2 $, ix-x.i96i, and I <$, xi. 1961-1.1962 (R. L. Coe) ; Sangu, yellow blooms

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 175

of cultivated composite (Guizotia abyssinica Cassini), c. 6,200', i <£, io-i6.xii.i96i
(R. L. Coe) ; Sangu, blooms of wild cherry, c. 6,200', i $, 15-18. xi. 1961 (R. L.
Coe).

Metallea setiventris sp. n.

(Text-fig. 40)

MALE. Head mostly yellow ; parafrontals with somewhat of a brownish tinge ; parafrontals
and parafacials thickly yellow pollinose ; centre of face, especially underlying antennae, whitish
pollinose ; oral margin, vibrissal area, and anterior half of gena almost devoid of pollen ;
occipital orbits, centre of occiput, and posterior half of gena densely whitish pollinose. Occiput
mostly black, ocellar triangle blackish. Antennal bases but narrowly separated from each other,
with only vestiges of a carina between them. Eyes subcontiguous, frontale completely ob-
scured for a considerable distance. Antenna yellow, the third segment blackish externally,
arista blackish ; arista pubescent half way or more, the longest hairs distinctly longer than
maximum diameter of arista. Proboscis blackish ; palpi yellow, whitish pollinose only apically.
Frontals 5 or 6 ; outer verticals not developed ; 2 or 3 black setulae immediately above and
a row along oral margin below vibrissa ; parafrontal with several fine yellow hairs visible only
on close examination under high magnification ; a few minute black setulae along frontal row ;
postoccipital row black, other occipital and genal hairs yellow.

Thorax metallic green, mesonotum and parts of pleura strongly coppery in certain lights,
scutellum with but traces of a coppery sheen ; mesonotum quite distinctly whitish pollinose,
the setulae and bristles arising from small bare black spots. Bristles black ; setulae of mesono-
tum, scutellum, humerus except below, extreme anterodorsal corner of mesopleuron, and
anterior face of sternopleuron black, setulae and hairs otherwise whitish to yellow. Femora
black with greenish to coppery reflections ; tibiae yellow, becoming blackish to black on apical
third to fourth, especially below ; all basitarsi and second tarsomere of hind tarsus yellow,
the apex of each segment blackish, remainder of tarsus black. Middle tibia with one antero-
dorsal. Pile of legs black. Wing hyaline, somewhat infuscated toward costa and especially
near apex ; veins yellow at base, otherwise brownish.

Abdomen largely yellow ; apparent fourth tergum and hypopygium green with coppery
reflections ; a median longitudinal black spot on each of first four apparent terga, each spot
almost connected with those on adjacent segments so as to form a narrow longitudinal band
from the base of the abdomen to about the middle of the fourth tergum (where it interrupts
the green background). First four sterna yellow ; fifth and sixth (pre-genital) black ; external
genitalia mainly black. Setulae and pile mostly black ; first two sterna and ventral surfaces
of first three apparent terga wholly with fine yellowish hairs ; apex of second sternum with a
row of 5 or 6 slender black bristles ; third and fourth sterna on their apical half with numerous
long setulae and bristles, those on the sides, especially on sternum 3, being particularly long
(Text-fig. 40). Fifth sternum subshining ; lobes of pregenital sternite rugulose, with moderately
abundant black hairs and setulae ; outer forceps more finely rugulose, glabrous at their bulbous
base.

Length, 5 mm. Measurements in micrometer units (60 = i mm.) : head width, 61 ; width of
parafacial, 7, of frontale, 1-5 ; distance vibrissa to nearest part of eye, 13, vibrissa to oral margin
6, distance between vibrissae, 15.

Holotype <$. E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Dobhan, cut rice steppes above River
Maewa, 4,000', 28.1.62 (R. L. Coe), B.M. (Nat. Hist.).

This small fly superficially resembles Rhynchomyia setipyga Villeneuve, but upon
closer inspection it is different in many respects. The pilose propleuron places it in

176 MAURICE T. JAMES

Metallea, according to Peris' interpretation of this genus ; in Senior-White, Aubertin
& Smart's key it runs to Metalliopsis, which Peris considers a synonym of Metallea,
but those authors, as shown by Peris, have confused three species which they cite
in synonymy. In Peris' key to Metallea this species traces to setosa Townsend on
the basis of its distinctly pubescent arista and the presence of only one antero-
dorsal on the middle tibia. However, setosa is a distinctly larger species, with a
different coloration (notably a more distinctly green mesonotum and black para-
facials with a polished spot on the lower part of each) ; also, in setosa the remarkable
setation of the sternites is lacking.

Metallea setosa (Townsend)

Metalliopsis setosa Townsend, 1917 : 198.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., above Sangu, edge of mixed forest, c. 6,500',
i <$, I7.x-i.xi.ig6i (R. L. Coe) ; Sangu, mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
c. 6,200', i $, ix-x.ig6i (R. L. Coe} ; Sangu, yellow bloom of cultivated composite
(Guizotia abyssinica Cassini), c. 6,200', i $, 16-29. x. 1961 l^- L. Coe).

Rhynchomyia setipyga Villeneuve

Rhynchomyia setipyga Villeneuve, 1929 : 185.

E. NEPAL : Arun Valley, Tumlingtar, yellow blooms of cultivated composite
(Guizotia abyssinica Cassini), plateau, c. 2,000', 10 $, i $, 8-25. xii. 1961 (R. L.
Coe} ; Taplejung Distr., Dobhan, cut rice steppes above River Maewa, c. 4,000',
i <£, 28.1.1962 (R. L. Coe}.

This species was described from Formosa, and Peris (1952) considers that Musca
collecta Walker, 1860, known only from the badly broken type from Macassar, may
be a synonym. R. setipyga cannot be a synonym of Metalliopsis setosa Townsend,
as so considered by Senior- White, Aubertin & Smart.

The present series seems to be this species, the only discrepancy that I can find
being the lack of the triangular brownish area which Villeneuve describes as occurring
below each eye. The arista is short-pubescent, though the pubescence is distinct ;
the parafacials and parafrontals have a few fine yellow hairs which are difficult to
see because of their texture and similarity in color to the background ; the female
has a few black frontal setulae. The femora of the male are wholly black except
at the extreme apex ; those of the female are black on the apical half. The abdomi-
nal pattern is variable, but the abdomen is predominantly yellow, with a black apex
(beyond the third apparent segment), which is largely obscured by yellow pollen ;
usually a median polished abdominal black band, extending over the apparent
second to fourth terga (and interrupting the pollinose area of the latter), together
with a transverse band at the apex of the third tergum, give the effect of a cross.
The male genitalia are as illustrated by Peris ; particularly, the processes of the
pregenital sternite are elongated, with a patch of approximately six erect spines
near the base of each.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 177

Isomyia coei sp. n.

(Text-fig. 41)

MALE. Head mostly black, face below yellowish, oral margin yellowish to reddish yellow ;
covered with pollen, mostly dense (that of the face rather sparse), except on the usual bare
area of the upper occiput, which is shining black ; pollen in general cinereous below, becoming
yellowish on the parafacials and parafrontals. Hairs of parafacials and parafrontals short,
inconspicuous, mostly pale, some black on the parafrontals and parafacials below. Genal
and occipital pile white. Front at narrowest about width of ocellar triangle ; frontal stripe
narrow but distinct throughout. Antennae yellowish to reddish yellow ; apical half of third
segment darkened ; arista black. Palpus spatulate, yellow, with black setulae. Proboscis
black.

Thorax metallic green, with bronze reflections especially along the acrostichal, dorsocentral
and intra-alar areas, on the disc of the scutellum, and on the middle of the mesopleuron and
sternopleuron. Scutellum about 1-3 as broad as long. Mesonotum and scutellum with short
black setulae ; pleura mostly whitish pilose ; some black setulae on upper part of mesopleuron.
Spiracles black haired. All bristles black. Dorsocentrals 2 : 4, acrostichals 2:2, mesopleurals
5. Postalar declivity bare. Legs black, tibiae and base of hind basitarsus reddish brown.
Middle tibia without a ventral bristle ; front tibia with anterodorsal row developed for about
three-fifths length of tibia. Wings subhyaline ; stem vein with 3 to 6 long setulae above,
bare below ; r-m opposite end of 5cx ; bend of M1 + 2 broadly rounded, the apical cell narrowly
open. Epaulet black ; basicostal scale yellow. Squamae white with narrow yellow rims ;
thoracic squama not lobulate posteriorly and distant from the scutellum.

Abdomen green, with bronze reflections dorsally, mostly densely whitish pollinose and with
black setulae and bristles. Some whitish hairs on first sternum and apparent first three terga
ventrally toward the sterna. Lobes of pregenital sternite rounded apically. Anterior claspers
slender, but slightly bowed apically ; paralobes slender, parallel-sided, rounded apically,
with erect setulae ventrally (Text-fig. 41). Length, 7-8 mm.

Measurements of holotype in micrometer units (60 = i mm.) : head width, 145 ; width of
vertex, 24, of front (minimum), 4, of frontal stripe (minimum), 2, of parafacial opposite antenna,
1 8, of parafacial opposite vibrissa, 15 ; distance between vibrissae, 28 ; length of third antennal
segment, 20.

FEMALE. Gena black as in male, or sometimes more or less reddish yellow anteriorly. Front
tapering from vertex to opposite lunule, then broadening rapidly. Frontal stripe reddish
brown, on an average about one-third width of front, almost parallel-sided and consequently
occupying a greater percentage of the front above and a smaller percentage below. Acrostichals
usually i : 2. Otherwise except sexually as described for the male. Measurements in micro-
meter units : head width, 170 ; width of vertex, 42, of front half way between anterior ocellus
and lunule, 55, of parafacial opposite antennae, 25, of parafacial opposite vibrissa, 17.

Holotype $. E. NEPAL : Arun Valley, Tumlingtar, plateau, c. 2,000', yellow
blooms of cultivated composite (Guizotia abyssinica Cassini), i6-29.xii.ig6i (R. L.
Coe), B.M. (Nat. Hist.).

Allotype $. Same data, except io-i6.xii.ig6i.

Paratypes, i $, same data as holotype ; i <$, 3 $, same data as allotype ; i <$,
same data as holotype except 8-25.xii.ig6i.

This species belongs to the dubiosa group of Peris (ig52) and runs in that author's
key to pseudonepalana (Senior- White, Aubertin & Smart), the only Oriental species
which Peris refers unquestionably to that group. The elongated, oval lobes of the
pregenital sternite readily differentiate it from pseudonepalana, and the genitalia
differ in other respects.

178 MAURICE T. JAMES

Isomyia pseudoviridana (Peris)
Thelychaeta pseudoviridiana Peris, 1952 : 180.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, yellow blooms of cultivated composite
(Guizotia abyssinica Cassini), c. 6,200', 8 $, 2 <£, 12-29. x. 1961 (R. L. Coe) ; Sangu,
mixed vegetation by stream in gully, c. 6,200', 3 $, 2 £, xi. 1961-1. 1962 (R. L.
Coe) ; north of Sangu, above river bank, on flowers of shrub, c. 5,000', 2 $, 2 <$,
5.1.1962 (R. L. Coe) ; Dobhan, on minute florets of " tassel-flowered " shrub,
c. 3,500', 2<2, 23-31.1.1962 (R. L. Coe).

Isomyia elect a (Villeneuve)
Thelychaeta electa Villeneuve, 1927 : 217.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., between Sangu and Tamrang, mixed shrubs in deep
gorge, c. 5,200', i (J, x-xi.i96i (R. L. Coe) ; Sangu, yellow blooms of cultivated
composite (Guizotia abyssinica Cassini), c. 6,200', 2 $, 16-29. x. 1961 (R- L. Coe).

Strongyloneura (? prolata (Walker),)

Idia [Rhyncomyia] prolata Walker, 1860 : 133.

E. NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., between Sangu and Tamrang, mixed shrubs in deep
gorge, c. 5,200', i $, x-xi.i96i (R. L. Coe) ; Sangu, mixed vegetation in stream
by gully, c. 6,200', i $, ix-x.i96i (R. L. Coe}.

Reference of the above specimens to prolata is made with some question because
of the lack of males. Only one other species of the genus is recognized as valid by
Peris, namely 5. prasina Bigot, the type species, from Formosa and Japan. Peris'
criterion for the separation of the species, whether the polished black genal spot
reaches the eye (prolata) or not (prasina), would place these specimens in the latter
species, though I am inclined to believe, on the basis of abdominal coloration and
known geographical distribution, that they belong in the former.

REFERENCES

BIGOT, J. M. 1874. Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 4 : 235-242.

FABRICIUS, J. C. 1794. Ent. Syst. 4 : 314.

LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 : 824 + 111 pp.

MACQUART, M. J. 1842. Dipt. exot. 2 : 460 pp.

PERIS, S. V. 1952. La subfamilia Rhiniinae (Dipt., Calliphoridae). An. Estac. exp. Aula Dei

(i) 3 : 1-224.

SEGUY, E. 1946. Calliphorides d'extreme orient. Encycl. ent. 10 : 81-90, i fig.
SENIOR-WHITE, R., AUBERTIN, D. & SMART, J. 1940. The Fauna of British India. Diptera.

VI. Calliphoridae. xiii + 288 pp. 152 figs, i map. London.
TOWNSEND, C. H. T. 1917. Indian flies of the subfamily Rhiniinae. Rec. Indian Mus. 13 :

185-202.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 179

VILLENEUVE, J. 1927. Tachinides nouveaux de Formose et du Congo. Rev. zool. Afr. 15 :
217-224.

- 1929. Propos dipterologiques. Bull. (Ann.) Soc. ent. Belg. 69 : 181-187.

WALKER, F. 1849. List of the specimens of Dipterous insects in the collection of the British
Museum, London 4 : 689-1,172.

- 1856. Catalogue of the Dipterous insects collected at Singapore and Malacca by Mr. A. R.
Wallace, with descriptions of new species. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 1 : 4-39.

- 1860. Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Makessar in Celebes with descrip-
tions of new species. /. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 4 : 90-172.

ZUMPT, F. 1956. Calliphorinae, In LINDER, E. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region.
Fasc. 18, no. 641. 140 pp., 10 plates, 47 text-figs.

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REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN

CHARAXES

(LEPIDOPTERA : NYMPHALIDAE)

PART II

V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 7

LONDON: 1964

RE VISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES

(LEPIDOPTERA : NYMPHALIDAE)

PART II

V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

The Sanctuary, Ngong, Kenya

Pp. 181-235 : 23 Plates ; 4 Maps

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 7

LONDON: 1964

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
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within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. 7 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

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Issued i6th October, 1964 Price £3 35.

RE VISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES
(LEPIDOPTERA : NYMPHALIDAE) PART II

By V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

CONTENTS

SYNOPSIS .......

1. THE Char axes xiphares COMPLEX .

Descriptions and Notes ....
Systematic list .....

2. Charaxes smaragdalis BUTLER AND ITS SUBSPECIES

Descriptions and Notes ....
Systematic list .....

3. Charaxes cithaeron FELDER AND ITS SUBSPECIES

Descriptions and Notes ....

Systematic list .....

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....

REFERENCES .......

INDEX

SYNOPSIS

One complex and the subspeciation in two species of the genus Charaxes are dealt with in
which eight new subspecies and one new form are described and one name elevated to its original
status and one new combination given.

i THE CHARAXES XIPHARES COMPLEX

UP to the time of publication of the Charaxes section by Aurivillius, in " Seitz ",
African Rhopalocera 1911, only one race of Charaxes xiphares (Cramer) was recog-
nized, the name thyestes Stoll, 1790, being placed as a synonym. Thereafter, several
races were described, notably by Rothschild, Jordan, Poulton, Carpenter and
van Son.

After the lengthy description of xiphares vumbui by van Son (1936 : 201),
Carpenter in the same paper lists the various races of the species, arranging them
geographically. He retains the name reducta Rothschild for the race inhabiting
" Caffraria "... Natal to Knysna, and the name elatias Jordan, for the race occupy-
ing the forests of West Pondoland, Natal and Zululand. By so doing he accepts
thyestes Stoll as being a synonym of the nominate xiphares which has a range from
Knysna to " west South Africa ".

184

V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

Carpenter states " there is no record of xiphares from Nyasaland " unless
brevicaudatus Schultze from Manow is placed to xiphares. Manow, however, is not
in Nyasaland, but north of Lake Nyasa in Tanganyika Territory, between Rungwe
and Poroto Mts. Carpenter placed maudei Joicey & Talbot to xiphares, following
the same allocation proposed by Joicey & Talbot (1922 : 337). He also accepts
Poulton's suggestion that nandina Rothschild & Jordan is a race of xiphares.

& 13 ,' Somali

Rep.

15. nandina nandma

Knysna

MAP i. Sketch map of Southern, East and Central Africa, showing distribution of Charaxes

xiphares and subspecies.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 185

Charaxes x. wernickei Joicey & Talbot, known only from a single female type, said
to have come from Cameroons, is accepted without comment.

In 1937, Jordan sank his name elatias as a synonym of reducta Rothschild (1937 :
324) , making no further comment.

Dr. van Son (1953) published a comprehensive review of the species. He limits
the range of the nominate subspecies, including the form occidentalis , to Cape
Province from Swellendam to Port Elizabeth. He revives the name thyestes Stoll
for the race inhabiting " Eastern Cape Province " from Pondoland to Port St. Johns,
placing reducta and elatias as synonyms. He thus upsets the range of elatias Jordan
=reducta Rothschild, as given by Carpenter, which included Natal and Zululand,
and pointed out that the race inhabiting Natal and Zululand was distinct from
thyestes, and he named it penningtoni. The three Transvaal races remained
unchanged (except for the description of " forms ") i.e. draconis, kenwayi and bavenda;
the southern Rhodesian race, vumbui is upheld.

Having gone very carefully into the early published records of xiphares in South
Africa, Dr. van Son then makes two very important points : that nominate xiphares
was taken in the Cape Province west of Port Elizabeth, and that a form of it existed
further west in the Swellendam district (f. occidentalis van Son), thus over-riding
the opinion of Rothschild, 1929 : 481, that the name reducta Rothschild (syn. elatias
Jordan) actually applied to an eastern race which had already been named thyestes
by Stoll, the type of which came from " Caffaria " i.e. " east of Bruintjes Hoogte
in the present Somerset East district ".

An examination of material from these areas seems to indicate that the characters
on which the two are separated are not so well denned as is indicated in the descrip-
tions, in fact, both races are somewhat variable in series, and might be united
were it not for the fact that each has a variant peculiar to itself and that their
areas of distribution are separated by a wide belt of dry karroid country unsuited
to xiphares, thus ensuring reproductional isolation ; moreover, both Rothschild and
Jordan, independently of each other, designated the eastern Cape Province insect
by racial names . . . but the differences are slight.

Dr. van Son places brevicaudatus Schultze, as a race of xiphares, thus disassociating
it from cithaeron of which it had been described as a variety. The type is a female
(not male, as given by van Son). He then gives a reference to a male described by
Rebel (1914 : 254), but apparently he did not study the original description very
carefully, nor the figures, from which it is apparent that Rebel had before him
two lots of males, four from N.W. Lake Tanganyika, one from Manow and one
from Iringa. The latter two are true brevicaudatus, but the four from north west
of Lake Tanganyika belong to another race, which van Son himself subsequently
described as burgessi. Unfortunately, van Son repeats the error that Manow,
the type locality of brevicaudatus, is in Nyasaland, whereas it is in Tanganyika.

He cites the male mentioned by Schultze as from Iringa, also three others from
Tanganyika ..." Rungwe Mts. and Morogoro-Korogwe Rd." but does not give a
full description which might have clarified the composite one given by Rebel which
was based on two races.

i86

V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

Dr. van Son excludes certain other " species " which had been placed to xiphares.
Thus he discounts the suggestion made by Joicey & Talbot (1922 : 337) that
Char axes maudei Joicey & Talbot was another female of brevicaudatus, based on
the evidence of a male (no locality given, other than Tanganyika) which they
associated with their maudei, and which they said agreed with the figure of the male
brevicaudatus given by Rebel (1914 : 254). Since we now know that the male of
maudei is quite distinct, this is undoubtedly a male brevicaudatus.

NORTHERN RHODESIA

Lowland High grass Wooded Acacia & Mountain Montane

Rain Forest savanna & savanna tall grass grass land forest

Gallery Forest

MAP 2. Vegetational map of the Congo. (After Chapin.) Administrative districts indicated.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 187

The type of brevicaudatus Schultze is a perfect female, now before me, and has
very short tails, that of maudei has very long tails, and for this and other reasons
van Son places maudei to the species cithaeron Felder, in spite of the fact that a
race of cithaeron occurs in the same area but in a slightly different biotope. (For
this same reason van Son gave it as his opinion (in lit.} that my recently described
Ch. kulal (1962 : 45) also belonged to cithaeron.) Form and length of tail, in both
male and female, are not of major significance in differentiating species, for there is
some degree of variation in a given subspecies ; nevertheless, it is a morphological
character of importance, often associated with environment. In the xiphares
complex there are conspicuous features amongst its members which at first sight
seem to suggest that the species can be divided into two main groups : A — those
with very short thick tails in both sexes ; B — those with very long thin tails ;
then again : a — those in which the females have a limited number of white spots
in the fore wing discal bar, accompanied by an ochreous hind wing discal patch ;
b — those in which the fore wing bar is more or less complete and the hind wing
patch whitish, bluish-white to violet-blue. Similarly, in the male sex, whereas
the southern races have the hind wing patch strongly blue and somewhat restricted,
the discal blue becomes larger and more whitish-blue as the races range northward.
Unfortunately, this tail-length character and colour division break down if we arrange
the races in geographical sequence. Thus, although the races of the south, subject
to continuous rainfall throughout the year, exhibit ochre-yellow discal patches in
the hind wing of the females, those of the areas with summer or seasonal rain, tend
to vary in the colour of the hind wing patch from ochre to whitish, often tinged with
blue. This dichromatic variation seems to start in the Natal area and becomes
more pronounced as the Transvaal is reached, then in Southern Rhodesia, the ochre
phase is eliminated and the females are monochromatic, with a bluish-white to
violet-blue hind wing patch and a complete fore wing discal white bar, that sometimes
has an ochre-yellow tinge.

However, there would appear to be one exception to this general trend, for in the
female of nandina Rothschild & Jordan, of the Kenya Highlands, the hind wing
patch is always ochre, and in the male the hind wing discal patch is restricted but
has an additional row of post-discal blue spots. This sudden reappearance of a
type suggestive of the southern races of xiphares is disconcerting and one is forced
to consider whether nandina is a xiphares retaining an ancestral character, or if it
is a distinct species. My personal view is that nandina is a distinct species, and
that the ochre patch in the hind wing of the female is not a recrudescence of an
ancestral character ; moreover, I suggest that the more ancestral members of the
" xiphares complex " are those within the northern range of its distribution and
that the southern representatives have evolved the darker coloration due to climatic
and other ecological factors. It is interesting to note that although hesitant about
including nandina as a race of xiphares as was proposed by Poulton, Dr. van Son
very reluctantly does so, but cites major, very obvious, differences between nandina
and xiphares, in both sexes.

It must be noted that up to the time when van Son wrote his revision,

i88 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

comparatively little material of the northern races existed, in some cases only a single
specimen was on record, and not available for examination. The position has now
greatly improved and with the acquisition of additional material and data, it seems
necessary to re-orientate our views on the relationship of the various elements
which go to make up this complex.

On the evidence provided by a consideration of the distribution and the gradual
transition, in the main, of one type of coloration to another, and despite tail length,
it is reasonable and compatible with evolutionary trends, to consider all members
of this complex as belonging to one species Ch. xiphares, with one or possibly two
exceptions, which are dealt with in detail hereafter.

• With the ready co-operation of museums and individuals I have now brought
together types or topotypes (and photographs of types) and much additional
material, and now submit my views, using Dr. van Son's valuable paper as a basis
for discussion.

DESCRIPTIONS AND NOTES
Charaxes xiphares xiphares (Cramer)

(PI. i, figs, i and 2)
Papilio xiphares Cramer, 1781 : 171.

MALE. Fore wing length 40-43 mm., outer margin rather strongly concave above vein 2 ;
hind wing margin rather crenulate at veins. Upperside. Ground colour blue-black with
strong blue sheen especially in basal area of fore wing, base of hind wing more brownish.
Fore wing with two rows of blue spots, the inner discal row made up as follows : two spots
just beyond cell, upper one small and linear, the lower one larger and more oval, followed by a
larger more vertical spot sub-basal in 3, then a more elongate spot in 2, one or two smaller
spots in ib, then an elongate mark in la at hind margin ; a complete row of postdiscal spots,
the two subapical ones white, the others blue, increasing slightly in size and reaching the large
linear mark at hind angle ; margin with a series of small ochre internervular spots. Hind wing
with a blue discal band stretching from costa to ic where it merges into the grey-brown of the
inner fold, widest at 4, inner edge almost straight, outer edge angled at 4 ; border blue-black
with a complete row of submarginal blue spots, double at anal angle ; admargin with a series
of blue and golden lunules ; tail at 4, 5 mm., lower tail shorter and slightly outward curved.
Underside. Strongly variegated ; basal area of fore wing light olive-brownish distally and
sharply denned by wavy black lines, white inwardly ; two black lines, outlined with white,
cross the basal half of the cell ; the distal portion of the cell darker olive-brown, the apex of
the cell defined by a black line, and just beyond the ground colour is lighter olive-brown. The
disc of the wing is dark olive-brown to a distance corresponding to the postdiscal spots of above,
but on this surface the spots are : two subapical spots white, rest golden ochreous ; within
this dark area are lunate white marks, inwardly outlined in black crossing areas ib, 2 and
sub-basal in 3, the line in 3 shaded light olive-brown outwardly. Beyond the postdiscal line
the wing is light olive-brown, slightly darker toward margin, with marginal internervular
ochreous spots, most pronounced at the hind angle ; a large double black spot at the tornus
surrounded by a pale purply ground colour in ib, and in 2 above another more angular black
mark. Hind wing ground colour in basal half olive-grey-brown, slightly darker distally and
traversed by wavy black lines in cell and sub-basal in 6-7 ; discal area with an irregular zigzag
whitish bar accentuated inwardly by a narrow black line but shaded distally with greyish-
brown up to the row of lunate olive-ochreous postdiscal spots which are more or less margined
in black ; the border of the wing lighter olive-brown with a complete series of whitish lunules
outwardly shaded in violet, with double spot at anal angle ; admarginal lunules greeny-ochreous,
more greenish at anal angle ; margin greyish to black along tails ; fringe white.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 189

FEMALE. Fore wing length 50 mm. Upperside. Ground colour very dark brownish-black
(tending to more brownish in old specimens) ; fore wing markings more or less as in the male but
discal spots larger, spots beyond the cell end usually three in number, the sub-costal one narrow
and linear, the next two more triangular, with base towards cell ; next spot set based in 3 more
quadrate, that in 2 longer and angular and touching the post-discular series of which the two
sub-apical ones are large and white, the remainder smaller and increasingly more ochreous and
rather ill-defined, that on the hind margin more elongate ; marginal internervular spots absent
except for the double one at the tornus. Hind wing with discal ochreous patch commencing as
a single spot at about mid-costa, then increasing in width to 4 then narrowing and merging into
the inner fold above the hind angle ; distal border with a series of small internervular violet-
blue spots, double at anal angle ; admargin with golden-ochreous lunules from anal angle to 6 ;
margin black ; tail on 4, about 7 mm., the lower tail shorter and outwardly curved. Underside.
As in the male, but ground colour slightly more greyish-brown ; fore wing discal and post-
discal marks whitish and more pronounced. Hind wing whitish discal bar broader and more
pronounced and bordered by larger and stronger ochreous lunules ; admarginal lunate marks
stronger.

<$ form occidentalis van Son

Charaxes xiphares $ f. occidentalis van Son, 1953 : 223.

MALE. Upperside. Very similar to the nominate form but differing chiefly in slightly
smaller size and in the admarginal lunules of the hind wing being strongly blue ; underside more
greyish.

FEMALE. Upperside. Pattern very similar to nominate race but spots in ib prominent ;
post-discal spots and marginal dots all present ; discal yellow suffusion in supramarginal area
small. Hind wing, light discal area narrower, outer border very even. Underside. Ground
colour both wings fuscous ; dark areas in disc of fore wing and internal to discal white line on
hind wing darker and more in contrast. Hind wing black edging of discal streaks obsolete
with intervening space between discal and post-discal streaks lighter and much wider in anal
angle ; submarginal spots less prominent.

No specimens are available ; the description is based on that of van Son.

Range : The nominate race ranges from Knysna eastward to Port Elizabeth, and
the form occidentalis from west of Knysna to Swellendam district. To quote
Dr. van Son, " there are no geographical barriers sufficiently great to ensure repro-
ductional isolation of xiphares from as far west as the forests of the Swellendam
district to as far east as Van Stadens near Port Elizabeth ".

Charaxes xiphares thyestes (Stoll)
(PL i, figs. 3-8)

Papilio thyestes Stoll, 1790 : 144.

Charaxes xiphares reducta Rothschild, 1929 : 481.

Charaxes xiphares elatias Jordan, 1963 : 331.

MALE. Fore wing length 42 mm. ; outer margin strongly concave at vein 4. Upperside.
Ground colour black with dark blue sheen in certain lights. Fore wing with discal and post-
discal blue spots as in the nominate race (as in type elatias) or spots in 2-5 absent or hardly
visible (as in type reducta) ; marginal ochreous spots distinct. Hind wing discal blue area
variable but usually larger than in nominate race, less straight on inner edge and irregularly
indented on outer margin ; submarginal blue spots in black border well developed, and marginal
lunules widely golden-ochreous ; margin dentate at end of veins ; upper tail robust, 5 mm.,
lower tail much shorter. Underside. Pattern as in the nominate race but less strongly

igo V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

varigated, the discal light areas being suffused with more greyish-brown and in less contrast ;
the admarginal black spots in hind wing rather more strongly marked whilst the dark lunate
marks on outer edge of discal band also strongly marked. The tornal spots in fore wing more
solid and the larger one only slightly indented on outer side ; black bars at base of fore wing
usually thick.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 50 mm. Upperside. Ground colour black to brownish-black;
post-discal spots may be limited to two or three in the subapical area, the rest absent or faintly
indicated ; the discal white spots rather smaller than in nominate race, that in la hardly
visible. Hind wing ochreous discal area usually large, but rather variable ; spot below costa
often whitish ; discal patch sometimes pale, but seldom whitish ; submarginal blue spots tend
to be elongate ; admarginal golden-ochreous lunules well marked ; upper tail 7 mm., lower
tail short 3-4 mm. almost straight. Underside. Colour and pattern as in nominate race,
but often slightly darker, and pale areas less in contrast ; tornal dark spots in fore wing well
developed, often carried up to 3 ; dark spots distal to the discal bar in hind wing well developed,
especially in region of anal angle.

Range : "In all forests of the eastern Cape Province including Pondoland :
Zourberg, Hogsback, Katberg, Somerset East, Pirie forest, Port St. Johns" (teste
van Son). There is a wide area of dry karroid country between the habitats of the
nominate race and thyestes which is an effective barrier between the two races.

Charaxes xiphares penningtoni van Son

(PI. 2, figS. 9-14)
Charaxes xiphares penningtoni van Son, 1953 : 225.

This race has a considerable altitudinal range from about 1,000-4,000 ft. in the
region of the National Park. There is thus some variation in size in both sexes,
the larger and finer specimens coming from the higher altitudes as a rule, but the
pattern and colour characters remain fairly constant. Males from Eshowe have
fore wing lengths of 38-45 mm., females 41-48 mm., compared with males of 42-46
mm. and females 52-55 mm. from higher altitudes.

I propose to quote from the original descriptions of the two sexes.

Description of holotype $. Apex of fore wing and the angle of outer margin at end of vein
Cu2 more rounded than in the two foregoing subspecies, and tails of hind wing shorter, though
longer than in following subspecies. Upperside. Fore wing discal spot M2 distinctly longer than
M3 (being produced basad). Hind wing blue discal area broader and much more even than in
either x. xiphares, x. thyestes or x. draconis ; its outer edge straight between RS and MI and
also between M2 and Cu2 ; hairs between Cuz and anal fold much darker than in all other
subspecies. Submarginal blue spots rounder than in other subspecies. Marginal lunules blue
as in extreme western specimens of xiphares (in some paratypes they are more or less suffused
with orange-yellow). Underside. General colour much darker than in other subspecies,
especially the space between the median and discal streaks of both wings. Length offorewing :
45 mm. Antenna-wing ratio : 0-47.

Description of allotype $. Upperside. Discal spots below vein C«2 reduced to a minute white
dot placed below outer edge of spot in Cu2 (in some paratypes this dot is absent) ; marginal
spots limited to area A 2. Hind wing: Light discal area much smaller than in other subspecies,
its outer edge diffuse, but not crenulate ; it is suffused with black near its posterior angle
along vein Cu2 ; submarginal spots streak-like. Tails shorter and broader than in x. thyestes.
Underside. Fore wing : Area between median streaks and white discal band and the space

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 191

between the latter and post-discal series strongly suffused with dark fuscous-black ; black
portion of all transverse streaks very heavy. Hind wing : Ground colour very dark throughout,
especially from base to as far as the discal band ; outer edging of post-discal lunules very much
thickened and deep black. Length of fore wing : 51-5 mm. Antenna-wing ratio : 0-39 in.

The above description of the male applies to most examples from the higher
areas, but in a long series before me, there is considerable variation not only in size
and blue markings but in the length and thickness of the tails. Although the
original description fits a majority of the typical female form, many specimens
in a long series show variations in some respects. Thus in some specimens the
fore wing post-discal series of spots is complete ; the spot below vein Cu2 may be
large ; the hind wing ochreous patch is often large, the outer edge defined and irregu-
lar ; in some specimens, the sub-marginal blue spots are large, or they may be
hardly visible ; the tails may be short and thick, or longer and thinner. In some
specimens the fore wing discal spots may be creamy or pale ochreous.

? form luminosa van Son
(PI. 2, fig. 9)

Charaxes xiphares penningtoni $ f. luminosa van Son, 1953 : 226.

The chief character of this form is the white, instead of an ochreous, discal patch
in the hind wing. The original description is as follows :

" Like the type form, from which it differs in the hind wing light area being white with a
distinct lavender-blue gloss, irrorated along its outer edge with violet-blue scales ; and in the
presence of yellow marginal spots in the fore wing, which are, however, very minute in areas
Cu2 and obsolete between Mz and the apex. . . "

In the specimen before me, the hind wing submarginal blue spots are large and the marginal
golden-ochreous lunules are well marked.

Range : This subspecies occurs in all the higher forests of the Natal district,
but as already indicated, has a considerable altitudinal range. I have examined
specimens from the National Park and Champagne Castle, Bulwer, Kloof, Dargle,
Balgowan and Eshowe. There appears to be a break between this subspecies and
thyestes to the south.

Charaxes xiphares draconis Jordan
(PI. 2, figs. 15, 16 ; PI. 3, figs. 17, 18)

Charaxes xiphares draconis Jordan, 1936 : 331. [$, $]

MALE. Fore wing length 40-45 mm. ; margin not strongly concave. Upperside. Fore wing
discal blue spots variable in size but usually smaller than in penningtoni ; marginal golden-
ochreous spots present in all areas largest in ib ; post-discal spots small. Hind wing blue
discal area rather narrow and tending to be divided by dark veins in upper half ; submarginal blue
spots somewhat T-shaped with stalk directed distad ; marginal lunules rather separated by
dark veins, margin thus dentate ; tails usually short and stout, 3 mm. long. Underside. Not
strongly variegated and more uniformally olive-brownish, the zigzag whitish discal lines thin ;
the tornal black spots set off by a strong bluish ground accentuated by golden borders ; margin
strongly ochreous.

IQ2 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

FEMALE. Fore wing length 50-53 mm. Upper side. Fore wing with large discal white
spots usually in two blocks ; three spots beyond cell end, two large spots in 3-4 followed by a
small white dot in 2, and obscure ochreous spots in la-ib, that in la elongate along the hind
margin ; post-discal spots, three upper ones white and large, remainder tending to be obscured
and ochreous in colour ; margin with obscure ochreous spots, most apparent at the tornus.
Hind wing with a large rather pale, less golden discal patch represented at the costa by one spot ;
outer edge slightly irregular ; submarginal blue spots large, angular or T-shaped, stalked
distad ; margin with golden-ochreous lunules tending to be separated by dark veins ; tails
short, thick-set, upper one 5 mm. Underside. Very similar to the male, more uniformly
brownish in ground colour, with dark and whitish lines not strongly marked, thus not at all
variegated, but fore wing white bar distinct and may be wide to area ib.

An interesting variation has the fore wing discal bar on upper side extended
through areas 2 and ib right to hind margin (vide PI. 3, fig. 18).

$ form Candida van Son

Charaxes xiphares draconis $ f. Candida van Son, 1953 : 226.

Differs from the typical female by having the hind wing discal patch on upper side slightly
smaller, white in colour with slight violet sheen around, especially distally. Submarginal blue
spots as in the typical form.

Range : Forests of the Transvaal Drakensberg Range south of the Olifants
River to Barberton district.

Charaxes xiphares kenwayi Poulton
(PI. 3, figs. 21, 22 ; PI. 4, figs. 25-27)

Charaxes xiphares kenwayi Poulton, 1929 : 48. [<J, $]

MALE. Fore wing length 40-43 mm. Upperside. Very like draconis, but averaging slightly
smaller ; blue spots in fore wing somewhat variable but on the whole slightly larger than in
draconis in both discal and post-discal series. Hind wing with the blue discal band tending
to be strongly indented on the outer margin, and the upper portion divided by black veins ;
submarginal blue spots tending to be larger than draconis, but rather variable ; tails usually
short and robust. Underside. Markedly less variegated than southern races, more uniformly
brownish-drab even than in draconis, relieved only by dark basal lines and blackish tornal spots.

FEMALE. This is the form with a white discal band on the upperside of hind wing. Fore wing
length 45-48 mm., usually small. Fore wing discal bar white, spots beyond cell usually well
developed, spots in 4-5 large, spot in ib very small ; there may or may not be an elongate
mark on the hind-margin. Hind wing discal area white with slight violet tinge, rather variable
in size but usually small and hardly extending beyond vein 2, sometimes clouded over by greyish
or ochreous scales in 5-6 ; submarginal blue spots not well developed and marginal lunules
rather diffuse and not well denned ; tails longer than in the male, but comparatively short,
upper tail 6 mm. Underside. Ground colour more uniform drab-brown, the discal area only
slightly darker ; pale areas strongly suffused with brownish in hind wing.

Although described as the typical form, it has been found that the form lutea
van Son with ochreous hind wing discal patch is equally common or even commoner.
Form kenwayi corresponds to the form Candida of subspecies draconis, and the
form luminosa in subspecies penningtoni.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 193

$ form lutea van Son

Charaxes xiphares kenwayi $ f. lutea van Son ; 1953 : 227.

Fore wing length 45-48 mm. Very similar to the female form draconis of xiphares draconis
but usually much smaller. Upperside. Fore wing discal white bar well developed and often
with distinct white spots in 2 and ib ; post-discal series white in sub-apex, then less distinct
and tinged with ochre in 3-5, or the spots may be absent in these areas ; marginal ochre spots
well developed. Hind wing with the discal patch often larger than in form kenwayi and ochre
in colour ; submarginal blue spots usually large and distinct, but may be small ; marginal
ochre lunules narrow but well marked and divided by ends of dark veins ; tails short and robust,
5-6 mm. long at 4. Underside. As in form kenwayi, but pale areas in hind wing larger but
equally suffused with brownish ; discal fore wing bar more pronounced and often more extended
into areas ib and 2 ; marginal lunules strong.

A variation of this form has the fore wing discal spots above, creamy or even pale ochreous ;
the post-discal spots ochreous.

Range : In the forests of the Wolkberg Range, Woodbush, Haenertsberg and
Pietersberg to the north of the Olifant River.

Charaxes xiphares bavenda van Son

(PI. 3, figs. 19, 20, 23, 24)

Charaxes xiphares bavenda van Son, 1935 : 487. [<J, $]
A small race.

MALE. Fore wing length 44 mm. Upperside. With well marked large spots in discal bar
which are a brighter blue than in kenwayi and are extended through area 2 and ib to the elongate
spot on the hind margin ; post-discal bar may be complete or broken in mid area, two subapical
spots white or bluish white, remainder often only just visible but obvious in area ib. Hind wing
blue discal area rather narrow and with distinct whitish area proximad and toward area 2, and
thus shows a slight resemblance to male of vumbui which is considerably larger. Submarginal
blue spots large and distinct ; marginal lunules golden but with a suffusion of black scaling
and rather narrow ; tails short but comparatively thin, upper tail 3-4 mm. Underside. Not
strongly variegated and ground colour generally more greyish-brown, only a slight darkening in
discal area of fore wing; basal area crossed by black lines. Hind wing discal zigzag white line
very thin ; margin of fore wing only slightly ochreous tinged ; tornal black marks well
developed.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 47-48 mm. Upperside. Discal spots large and white, the three
marks beyond end of cell of about equal length forming a rectangular block, set at an angle to
large triangular spot in 3 ; spot in 2 more elongate, two small white spots in ib, elongate mark
on hind margin tinged ochreous. Hind wing discal patch comparatively narrow, white at
costa and borders especially distal and along inner margin densely greyish or ochre scaled ;
submarginal blue spots small but distinct ; margin of wing dentate, lunules narrow, tails rather
short and stout, upper tail 5 mm. lower slightly shorter.

9 form ochreotnacula van Son

Charaxes xiphares bavenda $ f. ochreomacula van Son, 1935 : 489.

This form has not been examined by me but the main character seems to be that
the fore wing discal spots on upperside are tinged with ochreous.

194 v- G- L- VAN SOMEREN

$ form cyanescens van Son
(PI. 3, ng. 24)

Char axes xiphares bavenda $ f. cyanescens van Son, 1935 : 489.

This form agrees with the form bavenda on the upperside in respect to the fore wing spots, but
the hind wing discal patch is white suffused marginally with lavender. The submarginal blue
spots are more distinct and elongate ; the tails are longer, the upper one with a white streak on
lower border, the lower one with the white streak on upper border ; margin bluntly dentate.
This form approaches form kenwayi of subspecies kenwayi and forms a bridge towards female
vumbui, of Southern Rhodesia.

Range : Occurs in the Entabeni area of the Zoutpansberg district of Northern
Transvaal, in forest country.

Charaxes xiphares vumbui van Son
(PI. 4, figs. 29-32)

Charaxes xiphares vumbui van Son, 1936 : 20.

MALE. Fore wing length 40-44 mm. Upperside. ground colour strongly blue-black, with
a marked sheen, slightly greenish toward the bases of the wings. Fore wing discal blue spots
well developed and extending to the hind margin where the spot in la is elongate, the spot in ib
more triangular, small in 2; post-discal series complete, white in the subapex then blue in 2,
all well developed ; marginal golden ochreous spots small but distinct. Hind wing discal blue
area large, with white sheen on posterior and inner areas, widest at 2 just below cell ; outer
border indented by black veins ; represented at subcosta by one blue spot ; black border with
complete series of rounded or T-shaped blue spots, double at anal angle ; margin with golden
lunules well developed but separated by black vein ends ; tails short, upper 3-4 mm. lower,
2-5 mm. Underside. Ground colour olive-grey-brown. Fore wing discal area only slightly
darker, and bordered by a zigzag black line outwardly accentuated with white and broadly
shaded with ochreous distally ; post-discal olive-ochre line of lunules well marked, the subapical
ones white as above ; tornal black spots well developed, strongly indented on outer edge ;
black lines in basal area of wing distinct ; margin with obscure ochre-olive spots. Hind wing
basal area with S-shaped olive-ochre mark outlined in black ; discal zigzag black and white
line narrow extending from costa to anal angle, followed by ochreous-olive lunules, separate or
contiguous in mid area from costa to anal angle, followed by a submarginal row of lilac spots
outwardly dark ; margin with interrupted golden spots.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 46-51 mm. Upperside. Ground colour brown-black with
slight purply sheen ; fore wing with strongly developed white discal bar ; three elongate spots
beyond cell-end with bases square cut, spot in 4 set out at about mid-point of one above,
followed by an elongate spot 3, a long oval one in 2 followed by elongate marks in la and ib
which may be violet tinged ; post-discal series complete, two upper subapical spots white,
remainder slightly or strongly ochreous to orange, double spot at tornus ; marginal interner-
vular spots small or hardly indicated. Some specimens have a white subcostal spot in cell.
Hind wing with a large whitish discal patch, irregular in outline internally, and outwardly with
strong violet suffusion extending to posterior end ; a large whitish spot at upper end of subcosta ;
submarginal series of violet-blue triangular or T-shaped spots complete and double at anal
angle ; margin with strongly developed golden-ochre lunules separated by dark veins, greenish
at anal angle ; inner fold greyish to grey-brown. Underside. As in the male but fore wing
white bar of above strongly represented but slightly reduced in width at hind margin. Hind
wing as in the male but with a well marked white bar corresponding to the inner portion of the
discal patch above ; other marks as in the male but enlarged.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 195

Variation. A not uncommon variety of female has the large marks of the fore wing bar
above, cream or ochreous. It will be recalled that similar varieties occur in subspecies kenwayi,
penningtoni, bavenda.

Range : Occurs in the high eastern areas of Southern Rhodesia on the Vumba
Mountains from Umtali to the Chirinda Forest.

This subspecies of xiphares is an advanced development of bavenda toward the
more northern races and bears a strong resemblance to Charaxes cithaeron on the
upperside.

Charaxes xiphares woodi ssp. n.

(PL 5, figs. 35, 36)

MALE. Fore wing length 46-47 mm. (thus larger than vumbui or brevicaudatus). Upperside.
Ground colour blue-black but with a purply sheen distad and a greeny sheen basad. Fore wing
blue discal bar not very strongly developed, the spots are relatively small : two spots beyond
the cell, one sub-basal in 4, one about mid-point in 3 followed by one each in ib and 2, with an
elongate spot on hind margin in la ; post-discal series of spots complete but not strongly
marked except the two subapical white ones ; margin with well marked ochreous spots. Hind
wing discal band blue with white scaling posteriorly, fairly straight on inner border, more
irregular on outer ; spot at costa large ; submarginal series of blue spots large, somewhat
triangular ; margin broadly golden-ochre narrowly interrupted by black veins. Underside.
Lighter and browner than vumbui, but markings very similar ; tornal spots distinct ; and
margin strongly orange-ochreous in hind wing ; marginal spots in fore wing comparatively
large and distinct.

FEMALE. At present unknown.

Holotype male. NYASALAND : Cholo, iv.i928 (R. Wood}. (British Museum
(N.H.).)

Paratype. NYASALAND : Limbe, X.IQ46 (/. D. Handman). (National Museum,
Bulawayo.)

Range : This subspecies seems to be very scarce and occurs only in the southern
area of Nyasaland, so far as is known, and has been taken at Cholo by the late
Rodney Wood in April 1928 and by J. D. Handman at Souche, Mt. Limbe, in
October 1946.

It must be noted that woodi is separated from the eastern Rhodesian race vumbui
by the wide low Zambesi Valley. It is most important to ascertain its northern
range and how close it comes to ssp. brevicaudatus of Tanganyika Territory just
north of Lake Nyasa, and the Nyika Plateau N.W. of Lake Nyasa.

Charaxes xiphares brevicaudatus Schultze
(PI. 5, figs. 33, 34, 37, 38)

Charaxes cithaeron var. brevicaudatus Schultze, 1914 : 3 [$].
Charaxes cithaeron var. brevicaudatus Schultze ; Rebel, 1914 : 254 [<$, in part].
Charaxes ludovici Rousseau-Decelle, 1933 : 271 [Original description and photos of type
examined].

The female type was originally described as a variety of Ch. cithaeron by Schultze.
Subsequently, Rebel (1914 : 254) described what he took to be the male and gave
two figures. Unfortunately, Rebel had before him two lots of males, four specimens

196 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

from the Rugege Forest, N.W. of Lake Tanganyika (Grauer coll.), two specimens
from Tanganyika Territory, from Manow and Iringa. These male specimens
represent two distinct subspecies, the ones from Manow and Iringa are males of
brevicaudatus, the others, males of xiphares burgessi van Son.

I have before me the type of brevicaudatus Schultze (kindly loaned by the Berlin
Museum). I also have two of Grauer's specimens, and the photograph of the male
figured by Rebel, who apparently did not designate a type ; the figure however
is that of burgessi. I am informed that the Manow and Iringa specimens were in
the collections of Jaennee and Neustetter respectively, but they cannot be traced.
However, I have before me a male from Manow and one from Iringa (loaned by
the British Museum (N.H.), ex Joicey Bequest and ex Levick Bequest) and others
from intervening localities.

MALE. Fore wing length 45-47 mm. Upperside. Ground colour blue-black with greenish
sheen towards base of fore wing ; fore wing outer margin only slightly or hardly at all concave
at 4 ; discal blue spots in 2 beyond the cell end, and two below in 4-3 large, spot in 2 very small,
that in ib larger and more elongate ; long blue streak on hind margin ; post-discal spots with
two prominent white subapically, remainder small and blue ; margin with small punctiform
ochreous spots, larger at tornus. Hind wing discal light area blue with whitish scaling at inner
and posterior borders, inner edge fairly even, outer margin indented at veins, represented at
subcosta by one or two blue spots ; submarginal blue spots small or punctiform ; marginal
lunules narrow and ochreous ; tails very short, somewhat variable, 2-4 mm. at 4, lower tail
2-4 mm. Underside. Drab greyish-brown very similar to woodi ; markings similar but
black discal lines rather stronger and with more violet shading distad. Hind wing with discal
line stronger, and intermediate ochre-olive lunules more denned ; admarginal spots clearer but
marginal ochre spots and lunules narrower.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 52 mm. Upperside. Ground colour brown-black with purply
sheen. Fore wing discal band complete ; costa whitish just above first of three elongate white
marks beyond end of cell, the middle spot longer and elongate projecting beyond third spot
proximal and distad, spot in 4 bluntly arrow-head shape indented on distal side and set out
from about the mid-point of spot above, spot in 3 a long oval, that in 2 elongate, about half the
length of one above, spot in ib more quadrate but with outer side inclined, spot la on hind
margin more elongate and diffuse due to purply scaling overall ; spots in middle of bar well
separated ; post-discal series of spots complete, subapical ones large and white, remainder
suffused with ochre ; marginal ochre spots small, and double at tornus. Fore wing bar is
narrower than in vumbui and the post-discal series more apparent. Hind wing discal pale
patch larger than in vumbui and whiter, with less violet dusting on sides, irregular on inner
border and angled on outer side, by area in cell extending distad, the lower end merging into
the greyish of the inner fold ; submarginal series of violet-blue internervular spots triangular
or T-shaped, double at anal angle ; marginal golden-ochre lunules slightly greenish at anal
angle well marked and only slightly divided by end of black veins ; tails longer than in vumbui,
upper 5-5 mm, lower 5 mm. Underside. Generally similar to the male, but ground colour paler
and lighter than in vumbui, but with discal white bar of above strongly represented and with
the lower spots ringed with violet ; post-discal spots clearer than above, tornal black spots
accentuated inwardly with olive-ochre and very well marked ; marginal ochre spots rather
diffuse except those of tornus which are large and clear. Hind wing with fine black lines in
upper half of basal area ; discal bar whitish and well marked in upper half and fading out on
inner fold ; intermediate olive-ochre spots subdued ; submarginal violet-grey lunules clear but
not strong, ending in double dark spot at anal angle ; marginal lunules well developed.

Range : Originally described from Manow in S.W. Tanganyika Territory just
north of Lake Nyasa, this subspecies has now been recorded from the Poroto and

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 197

Rungwe Mts., and eastwards to Iringa, and between Morogora and Korogwe ?
Turiani. Though several males have been taken, the type female remains unique.
This race has recently been taken on the Nyika Plateau, Nyasaland.

Records of this subspecies from further north-west, especially from north-west
of Lake Tanganyika (Rebel) are erroneous.

Charaxes xiphares burgessi van Son

(PI. 4, ng. 28 ; PI. 5, fig. 38 ; PL 6, figs. 40, 41)

Charaxes cithaeron brevicaudatus Schultze ; Rebel, 1914: 254, pi. 20, figs. 21, 22 [o* in part].
Charaxes xiphares burgessi van Son, 1953 : 229.

MALE. Fore wing length 45-48 mm. Upperside. Fore wing strongly blue-black with
greenish sheen at base ; blue spots well developed in discal bar, and of a bright hue, two spots
beyond cell elongate, those of 3-4 larger and more quadrate, a small spot in 2 followed by
elongate marks in la-ib, especially long in la and often in contact with blue spot of post-discal
series in this area ; post-discal spots with two subapical rather large and white, followed by a com-
plete series of blue spots, usually small, but well marked, though occasionally those of 3-4 may be
vestigial ; marginal border with distinct golden internervular spots. Hind wing, discal patch
bright blue with white scaling on inner-posterior aspect, slightly irregular on inner border and
more so on outer, carried up to subcosta as two fused, or more rarely, two separate spots ;
black border with well developed blue spots rather triangular in shape, double at anal angle ;
marginal golden-ochre lunules well developed and separated by black veins ; tails short and
robust, upper 4-5 mm., lower only slightly shorter, 3-4 mm.

Underside. Rather darker than brevicaudatus, mid-zone distinctly darker and crossed by
paler irregular discal band ; post-discal olive-ochre lunules well marked ; the spots in sub-apex
white or whitish ; tornal marks well developed with strong violet-grey surround on outer
aspect ; marginal ochreous spots strong.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 50-52 mm. Upperside. Ground colour brown-black with a
purply sheen ; fore wing discal spots, including costa above white in upper section to vein 3,
lower spots increasingly suffused with yellow ochre, the two hind-margin spots fused or only
just separated distally ; post-discal spots well developed, upper two large and slightly whitish
inwardly, the remainder strongly orange-ochre ; marginal ochre spots large at tornus and small
in other areas to apex. Hind wing discal band rather narrow, whitish inwardly with strong
lavender suffusion mostly on outer side, inner border irregular, outer more so and accentuated
with golden-ochre scaling on the dentate projections ; inner fold dark ashy-grey along ic then
paler to inner side ; black border with well defined lilac blue spots, double at anal angle ;
margin with broad orange-ochre lunules separated by black veins ; tails, upper 7 mm., lower
5 mm. with slight outward curve. Underside. As in the male but paler, more greyish but
the more pronounced markings are larger. Fore wing white discal band marked to as far as
ib, then represented by more greyish marks ; post-discal spots clear ; tornal black marks
well developed ; marginal ochreous spots present and most marked above tornus. Hind
wing ground colour and pattern as in the male, but the discal pale bar most marked and whitish
in 6-7 ; ochre lunules well defined.

Range : Originally described from the Ruhiza and Mafuga forests of Kigezi in
S.W. Uganda, 7,000-8,000 ft., this subspecies of xiphares is now known to occur
in the Ruanda-Urundi country and the forests of Rugege, North West of Lake
Tanganyika.

ig8 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

Charaxes xiphares ? ssp.

(PI. 6, figs. 42, 45)

I have recently received from Dr. Berger, a single male specimen of xiphares
taken by Madame Mortiers on the upper Lalule River (trib. Lualaba River,
Katanga) 3,150 ft., ex Coll. Overlaet. No race of xiphares has been recorded from
the Congo, other than examples of xiphares burgessi van Son, from the Rugege
Forest, N.W. of Lake Tanganyika.

The specimen agrees somewhat with burgessi in that the blue discal spots of the
fore wing are large, but unlike that race, the spot in 2 is large and not reduced
to a dot, so that the band appears more continuous. The two subapical post-
discal spots are large and slightly scaled with ochreous distally, as in some specimens
of burgessi ; the rest of the series are blue. The hind wing discal patch is wider
than in burgessi, especially in 3-5, and is carried up to the costa, where the spot
is slightly whitish, otherwise it is mostly blue, but with white scaling in the disc ;
the submarginal series of blue spots are distinct, except at upper angle, and the
marginal golden lunules are well marked in the lower two-thirds, but divided by
ends of black veins ; the tails are moderately slender, longer than in burgessi, the
upper being 5 mm., the lower 4 mm. and are mostly golden with black borders.

The underside has the ground colour paler, more brownish than in burgessi, with
the black marks very similar, but with the olive-ochre and pale lilac shading less
distinct.

This male specimen bears a strong resemblance to a subspecies of Ch. cithaeron
which occurs in the bend of the Kafue River, Northern Rhodesia, in patches of
gallery forest. The female is unknown.

Range : Known only from the Kalule area, Katanga.

Charaxes xiphares maudei Joicey & Talbot
(PI. 5, fig. 39 ; PI. 6, figs. 43, 44 ; PI. 7, figs. 46, 47)

Charaxes maudei Joicey & Talbot, 1917 : 271 [§].

Charaxes xiphares brevicaudatus Schultze ; Joicey & Talbot, 1922 : 337.

Described as a species, the female was subsequently placed to brevicaudatus
Schultze by Joicey & Talbot, and the suggestion made that this might be allied to
xiphares. They state that they had acquired a male from Tanganyika Territory
(no exact locality mentioned) which they assumed to be that of maudei, and, as it
appeared to agree with Rebel's figure of male brevicaudatus, they sank maudei to
brevicaudatus. Rebel had two forms of males before him when he described what he
took to be male brevicaudatus ; (i) four males of burgessi van Son from N.W. Lake
Tanganyika (Grauer], one of which he figured, (2) a male from Manow and one
from Iringa in Tanganyika which are true male brevicaudatus and are very similar
to burgessi but can be distinguished easily.

I have seen the male specimen that Joicey & Talbot received which belongs
not to maudei but to brevicaudatus.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 199

Dr. van Son (1953 : 221-222), discounts Joicey & Talbot's suggestion that
maudei and brevicaudatus are the same, but he admits the latter to xiphares.

I now have before me five males taken in association with four females which
agree with the type of maudei. They were however captured in the upper forests
of the Usambara Range, near Loshoto, by two different collectors. Although this
locality is far removed from " Lindi " said to be the type locality of maudei, and
since this locality is suspect, and the new material agrees with the type, I consider
them to be maudei, the male of which has not been described.

MALE. Fore wing length 48-50 mm. (thus a large race). Upperside. Ground colour a deep
blue-black, deeper than burgessi, with a slight greenish sheen at base of fore wing ; discal
blue spots rather smaller than burgessi or brevicaudatus, with or without a spot in 2, or only
slightly indicated, large spot in ib usually present, that on hind margin at la a long streak ;
post-discal spots in complete series, two sub-apical ones white, remainder blue, that in ib
tending to fuse with discal mark ; marginal golden-ochre spots well denned. Hind wing with
large discal patch, whitish proximad and strongly blue distad, inner border merging into the
greyish of the inner fold ; this patch is narrow in area 5, then there is a break followed by a
detached whitish spot at sub-costa, with sometimes a very small spot distad. The black
border, widest in 6-7 and tapering rapidly to the anal angle carries a series of small blue spots
to area 6 ; wing margin with narrow golden-ochre lunules separated by black veins, tails,
upper long and thin 9 mm., lower 6 mm., with a decided intermediate " tail "; in fact the
margin of the wing is widely serrate with extreme edge black. Underside. Very similar to
burgessi but of a slightly colder grey tone, with markings essentially the same, though in the
hind wing the discal zigzag line is stronger ; the marginal lunules are a deeper orange and
better marked.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 48-52 mm. Upperside. Ground colour brownish-black with
purply sheen, more brownish olive at base of wings. Fore wing with well developed discal white
bar which includes the costa above the three elongate marks beyond cell end, the middle one
projecting beyond the other distad, median marks large, spot in 4 bluntly triangular with or
without a slight indentation on distal end, spot in 3 a long ovoid or with flattened outer side,
spots in 2 and ib long ovoid set at an angle to each other, the latter merging into a bluish-lilac
area contiguous with and extending into la at the hind-angle ; post-discal spots clear and well
developed, ovoid in shape and orange-ochre in colour, two lower ones contiguous with or just
slightly separated from white spots in ib-2 ; subapical spots whitish proximally ; margin
with large tornal double spot, others above less conspicuous but extending to near apex. Hind
wing with large whitish discal patch with varying amount of bluish-lilac scaling on both inner
and outer borders, the posterior end merging gradually into the greyish inner fold which is
often dark in ic ; the upper part of the patch extended up towards the costa by a large some-
what crescentic white spot at about mid-point ; distad to the patch is a series of elongate
orange-ochre spots in 4-6, larger and more obscured in ic-4_ Black outer border widest at
7-8, tapers to anal angle ; submarginal blue spots may be large and distinct or small and rather
obscured ; marginal lunules well developed, orange ochreous above tails then mixed with
greenish to anal angle, the yellowish scaling being limited to base of tails, but divided by the
black veins ; upper tail long, 10-13 mm., lower 7 mm., with the " intermediate tail " well
developed, thus margin of wing broadly serrate. Underside. Ground colour and pattern
generally similar to male but with the discal band of upper side fore wing well marked as far
as ib ; ochreous post-discal spots more strongly developed and the marginal ochre spots and
lunules darker and more contiguous. Hind wing with the whitish discal band distad to the
black zigzag line suffused with brownish, extending from costa and fading out in ic above anal
angle ; post-discal orange-ochre lunules large and more greenish above anal angle ; sub-
marginal lilac and black lunules well developed and ending as two distinct black dots at

200 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

anal angle ; marginal orange-ochre lunules well marked and contiguous, hardly divided by ends
of dark veins ; extreme edge black.

Neallotype male. TANGANYIKA: Usambara, Amani, xii.i96o (O'Brien). British
Museum (N.H.).

Range : Type said to have come from " Lindi ", but if from this area, it probably
came from the Rondo Plateau, inland from Lindi : consistent trapping in the
Newala area has proved negative. Several specimens, both male and female,
placed to maudei, have now been taken in Tanganyika on the Usambara Range
in the high forests above Loshoto at Magamba (Rydori) and at Amani (O'Brien).

Charaxes xiphares kulal van Someren stat. n.
(PL 7, figs. 49, 50 ; PL 8, figs. 52, 53)

Charaxes kulal van Someren, 1962 : 45 [<£, $].

Described as a species, it is now united with Ch. xiphares as it shows much more
marked affinities to Ch. xiphares maudei and x. burgessi, than to Ch. cithaeron.

MALE. Fore wing length 45-50 mm. Upperside. Fore wing ground colour blue-black
with strong blue or greeny-blue sheen at base ; discal blue spots large and conjoined at hind
margin to form a large quadrate mark ; spots purply-blue, as follows : two spots beyond end
of cell, subcostal one elongate followed by a smaller more rounded one, spot in 3 large and rounded
and more or less in line with those above, spot in 2 directly below and slightly elongate, spot
in ib set out slightly but fused with blue of lower area and this with the elongate streak in la,
to form a " block "; post-discal series complete, subcostal spot white and elongate, one below
white and round, remaining spots violet-blue and clearly denned and that in ib fusing with
the large discal spot in same area ; marginal black border not strongly concave and with very
small internervular ochre dots, hardly visible in some specimens. Hind wing basal area and
border blue-black shading to greyish at inner fold ; discal area with a somewhat rounded
violet-blue patch with relatively even inner border and only slightly indented on outer side,
the upper end reaching to area 5 and here represented by a round spot or an elongate one and
separated from the subcostal spot by a black area, the subcostal area may have two spots ;
outer black border rather narrow at its lower end by an extension of the blue to just above the
anal angle and the very wide marginal lunules, greenish to upper tail and then orange beyond ;
submarginal spots complete from costa to hind angle, large and violet-blue in colour ; margin
dentate ; tails relatively long as in maudei but more robust, largely orange in colour with narrow
black edging ; upper tail 9-10 mm., lower 6 mm., slightly curved upward. Underside. Ground
colour dark olive-greyish. Fore wing post-discal spots less incurved than in maudei or cithaeron ;
discal zigzag line strongly black with more greyish and less ochreous shading distally ; lines
in cell and bases of 2 and 3 strongly black, and greyish proximally. Hind wing marks at base
more parallel, that in 7 more inward ; the zigzag discal line angled at 2 approximated more
closely to the post-discal lunules, and that in 3 towards the black line in cell ; the post-discal
crescentic or lunate marks above anal angle strongly black, the remainder less well marked
and less accentuated in black ; marginal lunules olive-ochre not strongly indicated but the
admarginal contiguous greyish lunules with black distally especially above the tails ; anal
angle with a double black dot.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 53-55 mm. thus averaging much larger than males. Upperside.
Bases of wings deep olive-brownish, darker toward discal bands and on distal portion of fore
and hind wing border. Fore wing discal white band complete from costa, which is also white,
the five upper marks almost in a straight line on inner border due to sub-basal spot in 3 being
in line and not set out as in maudei and burgessi ; the band has three elongate spots varying

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 201

in thickness beyond end of cell, followed by a bluntly triangular spot in 3, a more oval large
spot in 2, a small oval spot in ib contiguous with larger and more elongate spots in la and lower
part of ib, these strongly angled proximad with the spot in 2 ; these marks dusted with violet
scaling proximally and with ochre distally where contiguously, there are two distinct ochre
spots ; post-discal series of spots complete, the first subapical spot is a large elongate white
one, followed by a more rounded one in 6, the spot in 5 is directly below, that in 4 just slightly
in, that in 3 almost in line, that in 2 just slightly out, but the inward curve thus formed is not
as great as in burgessi or even maudei. The margin is almost devoid of ochre spots, though
there is usually an indication of two spots at the tornus in ib, but even these may be absent,
thus differing from maudei and burgessi in which these tornal spots are strongly marked.
Hind wing discal patch is small and broken up, the main area is towards the end of the cell in
2-4 then there is an oval spot set inward in 4, with a more triangular spot at sub-costa, all
these spots are strongly lilac ; distad to the main patch is a series of olive-ochre to orange-
ochre post-discal spots large and arrow-shaped in 2-3 contiguous with the lilac patch, then two
rounded spots in 4-5 touching or separate from the patch, followed by a larger rounded discrete
large spot in 5 and a smaller spot above set slightly distad ; the submarginal lilac blue spots
large and well marked, double at anal angle ; marginal lunules broad, orange-ochre above the
upper tail, greenish-ochre or greenish-lilac at anal angle ; margin of wing dentate, extreme
edge black ; tails well developed, thicker than in maudei, upper tail 12 mm. long, lower 9 mm.
orange centred, black outwardly. Underside. Ground colour and pattern as in the male,
but fore wing discal bar of above showing up prominently, but extending only to area ib,
and strongly outlined in black internally ; the black lines at base of wing strongly marked ;
tornal black spots relatively small, but with wide ochreous border internally ; post-discal
spots above in 3-5 obscured but subapical white spots more distinct. Hind wing ground
colour and markings as in the male, but post-discal ochre-olive spots rather more distinct.

This female bears quite a strong resemblance to burgessi of S.W. Uganda, but is noticeably
darker, especially on the hind wing above and below. Although the tails of kulal, in both
sexes, are longer and more robust than in burgessi, there is no doubt that they must be considered
conspecific.

Range : This distinctive subspecies of xiphares is known only from the isolated
Mt. Kulal to the south-east of Lake Rudolf in the Northern Frontier Province
of Kenya.

It was first discovered by Mr. T. Adamson, who took a very worn male. In the
Spring of 1960 two males and a female were captured by Mr. H. D. van Someren,
who in the following year succeeded in taking five males and seven females, most
of them in fresh condition. The food plant is unknown.

Charaxes xiphares desmondi van Someren stat. n.
(PL 8, figs. 54-57)

Charaxes desmondi van Someren 1939 : 176 [<J].

MALE. Fore wing length 45-47 mm. Upperside. Ground colour deep blue-black with
slightly bluer reflections basally ; blue spots very small, smaller than in maudei ; the discal
series made up as follows : one minute streak hardly visible beyond cell in 5, followed by a
rounded spot at base 4, a larger rounded spot sub-basal in 3 set well out from one above, a
smaller streak-like mark in 2 just below, a faint indication of blue scaling in ib above the long
narrow streak at hind margin ; post-discal series, one comparatively large white subcostal
spot followed by a smaller one more distad in 6, minute blue dots in 4-2, two larger spots set
at an angle to each other in ib ; margin with two ochre spots at tornus followed by smaller
spots to subapex. Hind wing black basally shading to dark grey and brown-grey at inner
fold ; discal patch relatively large, strongly blue but with white scaling on lower inner side,

202 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

inner border irregular, outer border only slightly indented at veins, upper portion of patch in
6 sharply denned and separated by black from the subcostal blue spot ; black border tapering
to anal angle, carrying very small submarginal blue dots ; margin with narrow orange lunules,
more greenish at anal angle, slightly separated by end of black veins ; margin shows no serration
but is entire except for tails ; tails almost entirely black, upper one 6 mm. long, lower 4 mm.
Underside. Fore wing ground colour olive-brown, rather more ochreous in the cell and distal
portion of the wing ; cell crossed by three black lines, the first one heavy ; two narrow lines
at apex of the cell ; a small black spot at root of vein 2 ; a crescentic heavy mark at base of 2 ;
three U-shaped marks in discal area, one indistinct in ib, one in 2 and the third in 3, slightly
outlined in white distally and shaded with olive-ochre ; the ocelli at tornus made up of two
rather separated black spots widely bordered by golden-ochre internally and mauve distally ;
post-discal lunules rather indistinct but whitish in subapex ; marginal ochreous lunules distinct
at tornus but fading out toward apex. Hind wing ground colour olive-brown, more brownish
on inner fold, slightly darker basally ; two fine black lines cross area 8, two at base of 7, a
constricted U mark crosses the cell obliquely ; the disc of the wing crossed by faint zigzag
white line ; post-discal series of golden-olive lunules, slightly darkened distad extend from
anal angle to costa ; marginal lunules greenish at anal angle, more golden above upper tail,
are inwardly ornamented with black and mauve admarginal interspaces ; two black spots
at anal angle.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 52 mm. Upperside. General appearance somewhat inter-
mediate between that of female xiphares burgessi and x. kulal, thus rather darker than x, maudei.
Fore wing ground colour black with slight olive shading over basal half ; discal white bar
relatively narrow and limited, consisting of three elongate spots beyond the cell, that in base
of 4 shorter and more quadrate sub-basal spot in 3 bluntly triangular and set out and in line
with the distal edge of the spot above, spot in 2 elongate-oval ; spot in ib small and orange-
ochreous, those in la elongate, more diffuse and ochreous, slightly dusted with dark scales ;
post-discal spots with the upper subcostal spot whitish with ochre scaling distad, well marked
and remainder ochreous and ill defined, those in ib larger and more defined ; marginal spots
large at termen but smaller and less well marked toward the apex. Hind wing ground colour
black, shading to greyish at inner fold ; discal patch whitish with strong violet shading especially
on distal border, represented at costa by a single quadrate spot with sharply defined inner
border. (This discal patch is wider than in burgessi, but narrower than in maudei and with
stronger violet scaling distad.) Beyond the violet shading on the distal edge there are three
small strongly orange spots in 4-6 clearly defined within the black border ; submarginal spots
small and bluish in 2-5, then hardly visible in 6 ; marginal border narrower than in burgessi,
each mark less crescentic and in keeping with the narrow border seen in the male, orange above
the upper tail then shaded with greenish to anal angle, the border divided by the dark ends of
the veins. Edge of wing almost entire as the ends of the veins do not project, thus in keeping
with the almost smooth edge seen in the males ; tails black, finer than in burgessi and more
like maudei ; upper tail 7 mm., lower 5 mm. long. Underside. Ground colour very similar
to that of the male, more light olive-brownish than burgessi. Fore wing with the light spots
of upperside strongly reproduced ; the post-discal and marginal orange spots strongly defined.
Hind wing with discal line indicated by large diffuse greyish-ochreous marks narrowly edged
with white and black proximally ; post-discal and marginal orange marks clear and strong.

It is of interest to note that the restriction of the fore wing discal white bar is reminiscent
of the limitation of the bar exhibited in southern races of xiphares, such as in penningtoni
van Son.

Neallotype female. KENYA : Teita Range, Chawia-Bura Forests, x.ig62
(H. D. van Someren). British Museum (N.H.).

Range : This race appears to be very scarce and restricted in distribution and
is known only from the Teita Range in S.E. Kenya. The very few recorded speci-
mens were taken in the Chawia-Bura Forest and the forest on Mt. Mbololo.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 203

The recent capture of the neallotype female in the type locality, after a lapse of
23 years since the males were described, is a notable achievement. Five separate
visits, at different times of the year, were made especially to try and secure this
elusive female. In spite of intensive trapping, successful with other species, this
insect appears loath to go into traps. Males have been noted flying around the
tree tops, and on one occasion a female was seen at fermenting ooze on high branches
of a tree infested with coleopterous larvae. Though traps were hauled up high
into the tree the specimens refused to go into them, preferring the natural ooze
to the fermenting bait.

Charaxes xiphares wernickei Joicey & Talbot

(PI. 7, figs. 48 and 51)
Charaxes xiphares wernickei Joicey & Talbot, 1926 : 14.

The unique specimen on which this subspecies of xiphares was founded was
acquired from the Wernicke Coll. by Joicey, for the Hill Museum, now in the British
Museum (N.H.). The specimen bears no collector's name nor date of capture ;
it was said to have come from South Cameroon. Considerable collecting has been
done in the Cameroons and nearby French Congo during recent years and no specimen
of xiphares has turned up.

It is known that H. Wernicke himself did not visit Africa and that he was a
dealer in entomological material and his personal interest lay in Indo-Malayan
specimens.

The brief comparative description of the female type does not mention any
character which would readily distinguish it from a South African specimen of
xiphares, possibly draconis or bavenda ; moreover the character mentioned relative
to the position of the post-discal line of the hind wing below, would seem of doubtful
value since the hind portions of both hind wings have been " repaired " !

In my view this specimen is suspect.

Charaxes nandina Rothschild & Jordan
(PI. 9, figs. 58, 59, 61, 62)

Charaxes nandina Rothschild & Jordan, 1901 : 403 QJ].

Charaxes nandina Rothschild & Jordan ; Rothschild, 1905 : 78 [§].

Charaxes xiphares nandina Rothschild & Jordan ; Poulton, 1926 : 545, 572.

First described as a species, nandina was later associated with xiphares by the
late Prof. Poulton in 1926. When Dr. van Son (1953) reviewed the races of
Ch. xiphares he adopted Poulton's allocation but with some reluctance, for although
the female nandina bears a strong resemblance to females of southern subspecies
of xiphares, there are strong differences in pattern, not only in this sex, but in the
male also. Moreover, if indeed nandina is only a subspecies of xiphares, it is most
remarkable that, whereas races of xiphares to the north have gradually evolved
away from the nominate pattern, and through gradual transitions to the quite

204 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

different looking pattern of brevicaudatus , burgessi, maudei, and kulal, nandina
should suddenly revert to a nominate-like southern pattern and coloration in the
highlands of Kenya !

The possibility of mimetic resemblance does not, in my opinion, arise, for in the
Nairobi area where nandina is common, possible " models " are rare. The
differences in the male genitalia of nandina, xiphares and cithaeron are not great,
but nandina shows the greatest departure from the others, which are extremely
similar.

My considered opinion is that nandina is a distinct species.

Ch. nandina has been seen laying on Hippocratea obtusifolia (Hippocrateaceae) ,
also on Crabia, but its chief foodplant in the Ngong area is Dry petes gerrardii Hutch.
(Euphorbiaceae) (D. battiscombei, syn.), on which numerous specimens have been
reared. The foodplant of xiphares is Cryptocarya woodi Engl. (Laurineae) in the
Natal area. I have compared the larvae of nandina at all stages, with those of
xiphares as depicted by Go wan Clark and they are markedly different.

MALE. Fore wing length 45-50 mm., majority 47 mm. Upperside. Ground colour deep
blue-black, with brighter blue sheen at base of fore wing especially in the cell ; fore wing discal
spots white with sparse bluish scaling around them ; two spots beyond cell, the upper one
a narrow streak, lower one larger and ovoid ; spot at sub-base 3 more rounded and set well out,
that in 2 more elongate and set slightly obliquely ; upper proximal spot on v.2 small and blue
or absent, but distal spot clear and oval ; lower spot in ib elongate and well marked ; a long
blue streak on hind margin and separated from the spot above ; post-discal series of spots
clear, those from costa to 2 white in colour, the lower two often with slight orange scaling ;
marginal orange-ochre spots, double in ib at tornus small but clear ; outer margin of wing
only slightly concave at 3-4. Hind wing ground colour blue-black, more black on distal part
of inner fold shading to greyish on inner margin ; discal blue patch rather narrow, starting
at 2 it crosses the apex of the cell to 4, and represented on the subcosta by a large rounded
or oval white spot with bluish scaling on lower side ; distal and separate from the discal patch,
is a series of post-discal, well marked blue spots starting in 2 and reaching the subcosta where
the spot is often white, the spot in 6 is set in and may fuse with the discal patch here. (This
post-discal series of spots is not found in any subspecies of xiphares.} Complete row of sub-
marginal blue spots, double at anal angle, may be small and rounded or larger and more triangu-
lar, but well marked ; marginal orange-ochre lunules extend from anal angle to upper angle,
or stop short in area below ; margin of wing bluntly dentate ; tails long and slender, upper one
8 mm., lower 5 mm., black centred. Underside. Ground colour fore wing olive-grey, more
greyish toward hind portion, more golden tinged in cell area and distad to the discal line ; cell
with a straight line in sub-base, followed by a curved transverse line at mid and third distance, a
double line at and just beyond cell, all lines black edged with white ; a small black dot at base ib
with a triangular mark beyond ; a straight line at base of 2, black and white internally ; discal
line wavy black with white outer border ; post-discal row of spots as above, upper spots whitish
with orange scaling distally usually rounded, those in ib-2 crescentic and orange-tawny,
inwardly black adjacent to tornal black spots which are relatively small, that in ib almost
divided, outwardly edged with greyish-lilac ; marginal lunules clear at tornus but less marked
towards subapex. Hind wing ground colour as fore wing ; thin black wavy lines through cell
and sub-base of 6 ; rather thin discal wavy line white and black, extends from costa to above
anal angle, with an outward kink at 3 ; post-discal olive-ochre lunules shaded lilac and black
at anal angle reach the costa ; marginal olive-ochre lunules shaded lilac internally are black
spotted above the tails, a double black spot at anal angle.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 51-57 mm. Upperside. Ground colour black when fresh but
tending to brownish toward base of fore wing. Fore wing discal bar white or with just a

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 205

slight creamy tinge and with spots as follows : a small streak may or may not be present at
subcosta, followed by a long oval spot then by a blunt triangular mark, base towards end of
cell, spot in 3 set well out, oval in form and below this a long oval or somewhat triangular
long mark in 2 ; there may be a minute dot below the distal end of this spot in ib ; post-discal
spots are well defined, large in the subapex, slightly smaller to spot in 3 which is set in a little, all
usually white, but those in ib and 2 are smaller and ochre in colour ; there is usually a long
rather diffuse ochre mark along the hind margin. Hind wing, base blackish shading to greyish-
brown, then paler along inner fold ; border black ; discal patch large and ochre in colour
reaching to base of 4 proximally, inner border not sharply defined, outer border more clear-cut
especially toward upper half where the patch is represented by a large quadrate subcostal
mark usually whitish or slightly ochre in colour ; distal to this patch there is a complete row of
large ochre spots starting at subcosta in 7 to just above the anal angle in 2 ; these spots may
be free, contiguous to or merged into the discal patch at or below 5 and these spots correspond
to the post-discal series of the male and in a majority of females, the spots are free especially
in the upper half ; submarginal spots small, blue or violet-blue in colour ; marginal lunules
well developed, ochre above upper tail, slightly greenish at anal angle ; tails long and slender,
upper 10-11 mm., lower 6-7 mm., black. Underside. Ground colour generally similar to that
of the male ; rather less " satiny " with golden reflections in the distal half of the fore wing and
with the discal bar strongly indicated. Fore wing basal lines as in the male, discal white bar
outlined in black proximally ; post-discal and tornal marks strong ; marginal golden-ochre
lunules strong at tornus but fading towards subapex. Hind wing basal marks in 7 broadly
white internally ; discal band white proximally, shaded with brownish scales distally and
sharply delineated by black internally ; post-discal marks from upper tail to costa crescentic,
white, proximally lined in black ; hind angle marks greeny-ochre lightly black proximally and
broadly black distally ; submarginal lunules lilac with black distal outline, double spot at anal
angle ; marginal lunules ochre-olive above tails, more greenish to anal angle.

Range : The chief area inhabited by this species is the semi-dry forests of the
Nairobi-Ngong districts, Karura, Langata, Ndeya, upper Kikuyu. It occurs also
in the higher forests of Uplands, Katamayu, Escarpment, the southern Aberdares
and on the south-eastern slopes of Mt. Kenya. Though recorded from Nandi-Sotik,
I have no authentic records from west of the Rift Valley. A specimen in the
British Museum (N.H.) said to have come from " Old Moshi " south Mt. Kilimanjaro
is certainly incorrectly labelled.

SYSTEMATIC LIST
Charaxes xiphares (Cramer)

Charaxes xiphares xiphares (Cramer), 1781. Type locality : Eastern Cape Province,

van Stadens to Knysna.
f. occidentalis van Son, 1953. Type locality : Groot-vaderbosch,

Swellendam. Range : Swellendam to van Stadens, Port

Elizabeth.

thyestes (Stoll), 1790.
Synonyms : reducta Rothschild, 1929. (elatias Jordan, 1936).

Type locality : Somerset East. Range : Eastern Cape

Province including Pondoland, Zourberg to Port St. Johns.

ao6 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

penningtoni van Son, 1953. Type locality : Champagne Castle,

Natal.
$ f. luminosa van Son, 1953. Range : Natal, in higher forests

National Park, Champagne Castle, Balgown ; also Eshowe and

Rietvlei.
draconis Jordan, 1936. Type locality : Mariepskop, Lydenburg

District.
$ f. Candida van Son, 1953. Range : Forests of Drakensberg

Range from south of Oliphant's River to Barberton.
kenwayi Poulton, 1929. Type locality : Haenetsberg, Pieters-

burg, Transvaal.
$ f. lutea van Son, 1953. Range : Forests of Volkberg Range,

north of Oliphant's River.
bavenda van Son, 1935. Type locality : Zoutpansberg. Entabeni,

N. Transvaal.

$ f. ochreomacula van Son, 1935.
$ f. cyanescens van Son, 1935. Range : Forests of Zoutpansberg

Range. N. Transvaal.
vumbui van Son, 1936. Type locality : Elephant Forest, Vumba

Mts., Umtali district, S. Rhodesia. Range : Forests on

eastern border of S. Rhodesia, Umtali to Chirinda Forest.
woodi ssp. n. Type locality : Cholo, S. Nyasaland. Range :

Southern area of Nyasaland ; Cholo and Limbe.
brevicaudatus (Schultze), 1913. Type locality : Manow, north of

Lake Nyasa S.W. Tanganyika Territory. Range : The

southern highlands forest on Mts. Poroto and Rungwe ;

Mbeya, Manow, Songea, Iringa and ? Morogoro. Recently

taken on Nyika Plateau, Nyasaland.
burgessi van Son, 1953. Type locality : Ruhiza and Mafuga

forests, Kigezi, S.W. Uganda.
maudei Joicey & Talbot, 1918. Type locality: "Lindi";

Tanganyika Territory. Range : ? Lindi area, possibly Rondo

Plateau, but definitely on higher forests of Usambara Mts.
kulal van Someren, 1962. Type locality : Mt. Kulal, east side

Lake Rudolf, northern frontier Kenya. Range : Known only

from Mt. Kulal.
desmondi van Someren, 1939. Type locality : Teita Hills, Kenya.

Range : The forests of the Teita Range, Chawia, Wandanyi.

Mbololo.
wernickei Joicey & Talbot, 1927. Type locality : Southern

Cameroons.

This specimen and locality are suspect.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 207

Charaxes nandina Rothschild & Jordan

Charaxes nandina Rothschild & Jordan, 1901. Type locality : Escarpment Uplands,
Kikuyu. Range : The forests of Nairobi area to Upper Kikuyu,
Katamayo, southern Aberdares. Mem, Mt. Kenya, east of Rift
Valley. Records from Nandi-Sotik doubtful.

2. CHARAXES SMARAGDALIS BUTLER, AND ITS SUBSPECIES

The first critical examination of Charaxes smaragdalis Butler appears to be that
by Rothschild & Jordan (1900).* At that time, only one subspecies was recognized,
butleri Rothschild. The authors pointed out that the name princeps, applied by
Butler to specimens from Cameroons, was a renaming of the nominate race and that
in reality, the race without a name was that of Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast,
which Rothschild named butleri. They included within the range of the nominate
race, a male specimen from Rau, Nandi, East Africa, but noted certain differences
which appeared to them to suggest that smaragdalis was related to Ch. cithaeron
Felder, and might even be " geographical representatives of one species ". It is
true that the two do not overlap in distribution, but for very sound reasons they are
now considered to be two distinct species.

Aurivillius, in " Seitz " (1911), supported Rothschild & Jordan in recognizing two
subspecies of smaragdalis. Joicey & Talbot (1917) recognized a third race from the
Kericho-Sotik area of Kenya which they named orientalis, unfortunately overlooking
the fact that this name had already been used by Staudinger (1896) for the eastern
subspecies of Ch. castor (Cramer) ; but Staudinger also appeared unaware that
Butler (1895) had already named the eastern castor as flavifasciatus .

However, the name orientalis Joicey & Talbot remained in use until recently
(cf. Ghesquiere (1933) and Carpenter & Jackson (1950 : 97-98), when the latter
described what they took to be the female of orientalis). But Felix Bryk (1939)
had already indicated that orientalis could not be employed for the eastern race of
smaragdalis and published the substitute name homonymus, but apparently without
giving full reasons for the change, except that orientalis was preoccupied.

Carpenter & Jackson (1950) described the female " form " caerulea from Kalinzu,
W. Uganda, comparing it with orientalis Joicey & Talbot, but Jackson (1951 :
99-100) raised caerulea to subspecific rank, and briefly referred to the associated
male. He too, overlooked the name homonymus, and used the name orientalis
Joicey & Talbot for the eastern race of smaragdalis.

During the last twenty years, and especially in the past decade, extensive material
of smaragdalis has been accumulated and the species is now known to range over a
much more extended area than was previously thought. A study of this material
indicated the desirability of revising the species on a pan-African basis, and for
this purpose I have brought together a very considerable material representative
of the present known range of Ch. smaragdalis.

*In this paper, the descriptions of new species and subspecies are by Rothschild alone.

2o8 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

Unfortunately, it has been impossible to work out the regional distribution of the
species in some areas, such as Gabun, and Cameroons owing to paucity of material
and one has had to rely on a small " sampling ". The species has a very wide range
extending from Sierra Leone in the west to Kenya in the east, with a marked concen-
tration along the equatorial belt especially of the Congo and eastern Africa, but in
the latter area which has been subjected in the past to much volcanic and tectonic
disturbance, with consequent change in climate and vegetation, especially along the
two main Rifts, the species has not only survived but has evolved into several
geographical races.

It is these subspecies which I propose to consider in detail and to correlate them
with long-recognised races.

In this paper, the terms " subspecies " and " geographical race " are treated as
synonymous ; a " form " as a genetical strain ; a variety as a variation from the
general pattern, occurring occasionally ; and an aberration, usually individual,
turning up rarely, affecting shape, pattern or colour.

When considering the distribution of smaragdalis within the Congo on a broad
basis, one must take into consideration the general topography of the country and
its vegetational characters. One of the chief physical features throughout the
northern half of its distribution is the great Congo River, and the Kasai River and
its tributaries in the southern section ; but these by themselves, except in the mid
and lower reaches of the former are not important as ecological barriers. Of far
greater importance is the vegetational coverage, combined with altitude. The great
block of the Lowland Rain forest, roughly 4 degrees north and south of the Equator
has a fairly uniform type of smaragdalis, agreeing in the main with the nominotypical
subspecies, but in the east where the forest borders on the Albertine Rift there is a
line of high montane forest extending from N.W. of Lake Tanganyika to the west of
Lake Edward, then broken in the Semliki Valley area but appearing again north-
west of Lake Albert. In this break in the chain of montane forests, the lowland
rain forest extends eastward to the Semliki and to the Bwamba Valley, west of
Ruwenzori. In the eastern protrusion of the forest, from Beni to Irumu, smaragdalis
tends to be large and with slightly less blue on the upper surface than nominotypical
specimens, and to the northward, in the Kibali-Ituri area, especially toward the west
of Lake Albert, specimens exhibit even greater reduction of the amount of blue in
the hind wing, with consequent broadening of the black border. There is thus a
tendency toward the race caerulea of the eastern side of the Rift. Similarly, we find
that smaragdalis of the western Kivu and at the north end of Lake Tanganyika is
definitely allied to the race inhabiting the high forests of western Uganda, Kalinzu,
and Kayonza in Kigezi, i.e. the race caerulea in which the females are more male-like
and lack the decided white-blue fore wing bar, the discal spots being blue. Another
derivative of this is found in the high forests of Toro.

In the southern Congo, outside the area of the Lowland Rain Forest, viz. Katanga,
Kasai and Sankuru, where the forest areas are mostly of the gallery type along
rivers, in otherwise open grass savanna and wooded savanna, and scattered forest
patches, smaragdalis exhibits a degree of instability, some tending toward the

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 209

north-eastern races, the majority toward the nominotypical, to which, for the time
being they must be placed. In the Leopoldville area divergence is again more
noticeable. Some males I have examined have been determined as " butleri " on
account of the reduced area of blue in the hind-wing, and Ghesquiere compared his
leopoldi with " orientalis " for the same reason. The females in this area are
variable : one from Leopoldville has the fore wing discal bar composed of separate,
relatively small, white-centred blue spots in the upper half and uniform blue in the
hind portion ; two others are nearer the nominotypical subspecies, but with slightly
narrower bars.

It is quite possible that when a more detailed survey of the terrain of the southern
Congo has been carried out, it will be found that the area can be divided up into
definite ecological zones each with a distinctive environment and that the variations
which at the present appear mixed up, are in reality each limited to a specific area
(cf. Map 2).

Bearing in mind the fact that Ch. smaragdalis has a very wide west to east
distribution, covering areas without strong ecological barriers, especially in the
Congo, thus lessening the reproductive isolation of some of the subspecies, there is
as I have shown, some instability of racial characteristics as evidenced by the few,
but a large majority are stable. In the eastern area of its distribution, i.e. east of
the Albertine Rift, there is this isolation and the races are well defined. In contrast
to the continuity and consequent uniformity of environment of the northern Congo,
we find that to the east of the western Rift suitable forest habitats are scattered and
well separated by unsuitable grass and savanna country as follows (cf. Map 3) :—

1. A limited area of forested hills in the Metu-Moyo district of West Madi,
West Nile district of Uganda, and forested mountains in southern Sudan.

2. The isolated forests of Budongo and Bugoma east of Lake Albert, and the
forests of Toro.

3. The high forests of south west Ankole area, Kalinzu etc., which by gallery
forests merge into 4.

4. The high forests of Kigezi, Ruhiza, and Mafuga, which in turn link up with
the great impenetrable forests of Kayonza and the Ishasha Gorge and by
stages to the forested mountains of the Mufumbiro Range, the region of
volcanoes in Ruanda and so to west Kivu and the north end of Lake
Tanganyika, on the west.

5. The considerable area of lowland rain forest on the west side of Lake
Victoria : — the Katera and Tero forests north of the Kagera River in Uganda,
the forests of the Kagera river system in the north Bukoba district of
Tanganyika, south to Biharamulo and Geita.

6. The area of primary forest to the north and west of Mt. Elgon, in the Mbale
district of Uganda. The mountain on this side belongs to the archaic basement
complex ; and the forests, or what remains of them, are relicts of the distant
past when primary forest probably extended right across Uganda. The
main forests are the Bufumbo and Bumasifa to the north of Mt. Kokanjero.
The south and eastern slopes of Mt. Elgon are largely volcanic, and the forests

2io V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

secondary. South of Mt. Elgon the country is mainly savanna with small
patches of riverine heavier growth or open grass-land as on the Uasin Gishu
Plateau.

7. The Nandi forest, and further west the Kapwaren forest, composed of three
main areas, the Kaimosi forest, the Kakamega forest and the Kabras forest,
at roughly 5,000 ft. in North Nyanza, flanked to the south by the Maragoli
Escarpment overlooking the low central Kavirondo plains at 3,700 ft., which
are an efficient barrier.

8. The high Mau country with heavy forest in the valleys at 8,000-9,000 ft.,
with the Elgeyo Escarpment to the north-east but to the south-east of the
Mau across the Lumbwa Valley there are extensive forests to the Kericho-
Sotik area at 6,000 ft, with areas of broken forest toward the Mara River, the
Chepalungu Forest and toward the Kisii Highlands. There are no large
forests east of this though several gallery forests exist in the Suna area.

It will be noted from this broad survey of the forested areas inhabited by
smaragdalis, that the species does not extend east of the Rift Valley in Kenya,
and the majority of the eastern subspecies lie between the Albertine Rift and
the high ground west of the eastern Rift and around Lake Victoria. It is of
interest to note that whereas in the majority of races there is a uniformity
of pattern in the females conforming to that of the nominotypical, i.e. a
conspicuous white discal bar in the fore wing, it is in the east and the Kivu
area of the Albertine Rift that the females retain a more male-like pattern.
Whether this is a relic of an ancestral pattern or a recent trend, is a matter of
considerable interest.

Strangely enough, there are no records of smaragdalis to the north and
south-east of Lake Victoria, though in the former there are apparently
suitable forests such as those around Entebbe, Mawakota and the extensive
Mabira Forest. There are now no large forests in Busoga and the area of the
Nile with its entry into the Sud-covered Lake Kioga, is devoid of suitable
habitats for smaragdalis.

DESCRIPTIONS AND NOTES

Charaxes smaragdalis smaragdalis Butler

(PL 9, figs. 60, 63 ; PL 10, figs. 64-70 ; PL n, figs. 71-76)

Charaxes smaragdalis Butler, 1865 : 630 [<£].
Charaxes smaragdalis Butler, 1869 : 5 [$].
Charaxes princeps Butler, 1896 : 376.

As pointed out by Rothschild & Jordan (1900), and now generally accepted, the
nominate race is that occupying the Nigerias to the equatorial zone of the Congo and
Gabun.

MALE. Fore wing length 45-47 mm., mostly 46 mm. Upperside. Ground colour blue-
black with slight green sheen at base fore wing (this may be slightly purply-brown in old
specimens) ; fore wing discal band strong, blue with slight greenish tinge when fresh, slightly
purply-violet tinged when oxidised ; spots comparatively large, two, with an occasional streak

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 211

below costa, at end of cell ; spot in base of 4 blunt arrow-shape, set a little distad to outer
end of spot above ; spot below quadrate, toward base with a streak extension along vein 3,
spot in 2 long quadrate, that in ib similar, while the streak in hind margin extends distad to
the post-discal area, the bases of the last three spots almost in a line and at an angle to spots
above ; post-discal spots well developed, two subapical spots white, upper one larger and
elongate-quadrate, spots in 5 round or angular, spot in 4 set in a little, that in 3 and 2 also set
in so that these three are at an angle to subapical spots ; spots toward tornus increasingly
arrow-shaped and contiguous to or fused with long spots in la-ib ; margin with double spot
at tornus, small but visible, to just below apex ; wing margin very slightly concave at 3.
Hind wing basal area black, shading to greyish at inner fold ; discal patch light greeny-blue
(slightly purply in old specimens) large, represented by two separate spots below costa, then
with slightly curved outer border reaching to hind margin at upper tail, so that the black outer
border is mainly in the upper half, widest at 6 and carrying a series of blue, white-centred
submarginal spots, those toward the hind angle with black surround ; marginal lunules blue
with whitish ends, fused with the discal patch at anal angle and discrete above upper tail ;
margin of wing bluntly serrate ; fringe white between veins ; tails short : upper 5 mm.,
lower 2-3 mm. Underside. Ground colour dark olive-grey-brown with olive-ochre interspaces
at base of fore wing, ochre shading distal to black discal marks and on outer border ; black
marks strong, three cross bars in cell, a double bar at end of cell, strong sub-basal marks upper
part ib and 2 ; crescentic black marks (lines) broadly bordered with olive-ochre in the discal
line ; post-discal row of spots, whitish at subapex become larger and crescentic, ending in a
large blue-black tornal " eye-spot " slightly margined with lilac outwardly, bifid on outer
aspect ; marginal olive-ochre lunules clear at hind angle but fading out toward apex. Hind
wing ground colour olive-grey-brown ; black lines thin, those at base and disc of wing enclosing
or bordered by olive-ochre, post-discal crescentic marks olive-ochre edged with whitish internally,
blackish externally run from subcosta to anal angle ; submarginal white triangular spots with
lilac and black distally extend from subcosta to anal angle where the spot is double ; marginal
lunules olive-ochre, more greenish at anal angle ; extreme edge black with white internervular
fringing line. The whole underside has a speckled appearance, with the white submarginal
spots in hind wing showing up clearly.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 48-52 mm. Upperside. Ground colour black distally and with
bluish-green sheen on basal black ; fore wing discal bar broadly white ; costa white where
bar begins, subcostal mark narrow, next elongate and extending well beyond the third more
quadrate mark at end of cell ; subbasal spot in 4 bluntly triangular, set out toward end of
the spot above, outer side straight and forming a line with the larger spot in 2, these two spots
edged with light blue proximad ; large elongate marks in la-ib pale blue and reaching almost
to the tornal angle, the latter with two long, oval whitish areas in centre ; post-discal spots :
two upper ones white and distinct, the first one elongate-concave, the second more rounded or
quadrate, lower spots blue and not so distinct set at an angle to upper ones, the one in 2 set out
at an angle, those of ib fused with the discal mark ; marginal spots, double at tornus, blue
or whitish ; extreme edge of wing white internervularly. Hind wing basal area black with a
slightly greenish tinge merging into the greyish-brown on inner fold ; discal pale blue patch
large, extending to the anal angle and area above upper tail, represented at costa by a more
greyish-blue mark or by two marks ; marginal black border thus limited to an area in region
of upper angle ; submarginal spots bluish with white centres in this border then as smaller
bluish-white spots with black surround in the extended discal blue in the anal angle ; marginal
bluish-white lunules strongly marked above upper tail ; extreme edge white in bay between
veins ; margin of wing bluntly serrate. Underside. Much as in the male but the discal
white bar corresponding to that of upperside is extended to upper part of ib, while the black
tornal spots are larger and the black centres of the post-discal spots of upperside are here large
and elongate.

Range : The nominate subspecies has a range from Nigeria, Cameroons, Gabun
to French Congo and the greater part of the " Lowland Rain Forest " of the Congo

212 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

reaching the eastern border, which is bounded by the high montane forest west of the
Albertine Rift. There is however an extension of the " Lowland Rain Forest " to
the north of the montane ridge in an eastward direction, and this reaches the
Semliki River and crosses into the Bwamba region west of Ruwenzori. This eastern
projection runs roughly from Beni to Irumu and north to Mahagi. In this area
smaragdalis exhibits a definite tendency to be large, the males have a fore wing
length of 48-52 mm. averaging 50 mm. with the blue of the fore wing slightly less
extended toward the tornus and a slight restriction of the discal patch in the hind
wing above the upper and lower tails. The females show a similar tendency of
restricted blue and white areas above.

As there appears to be some variation in these characters and no ecological
barriers, it seems best to consider the Beni-Irumu insects as merely a generally
larger form, beni forma n., PI. 9, fig. 63.

Charaxes smaragdalis butleri Rothschild
(PI. ii, figs. 77, 78)

Charaxes smaragdalis butleri Rothschild in Rothschild & Jordan, 1900 : 385 [<$, $].

MALE. Fore wing length 43-48 mm. Upperside. Ground colour as in the nominate race ;
blue spots of discal bar and those of the post-discal series smaller and not extended so distad
toward the tornus but carried more proximad along the hind margin ; there is thus a wider
black border to the fore wing, but a reduction in the basal black and a greater angling of the
upper blue spots and a more solid blue area in the posterior section of the band ; marginal
spots more distinct. Hind wing differs from the nominate subspecies in the greatly reduced
blue patch distally, with a consequent greater width of the black border especially in the area
above the tails, this then results in all the blue spots of the submargin being free, even to the
double spot at the anal angle. The blue areas are, on the whole, more greenish than in the
nominate race. The tails have a distinct white line. Underside. Very similar to the nominate
subspecies, but with the fore wing triangular discocellular marks wider and paler.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 47-50 mm. Upperside. Pattern generally similar to the nomi-
nate smaragdalis but fore wing white band broader, largely due to the third spot beyond cell
being longer while the white areas in marks in ib are longer ; the pale blue in this area not
carried toward the tornus ; post-discal spots absent except the two white ones in subapex ;
marginal spots, even the tornal ones very faint or missing. Hind wing pale blue discal patch
more restricted, leaving a considerable black border to anal angle ; the blue area represented
at costa by two separate spots ; submarginal spots and marginal triangles clear and denned
from anal angle to subcosta ; those in the latter with rather more white ; tails about same
length as in nominate race, and with a white central streak. Underside. Ground colour
and pattern similar to the male but with the broad fore wing white bar clearly marked and
extending to ib ; the post-discal marks in the form of ocelli, very black centred and rounded
from tornus up to 3, then more ovoid and less black up to the costa ; whitish marginal triangles
in hind wing very marked above upper tail.

Range : Sierra Leone to Ghana.

Charaxes smaragdalis leopoldi Ghesquiere

(PI. 12, figS. 79-84)
Charaxes smaragdalis leopoldi Ghesquiere, 1933 : 4 [<J].

This seems an appropriate point at which to consider the rather mixed population
of the southern portion of the Congo, outside the " Lowland Rain Forest belt ",

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 213

inhabiting the broken areas of forest and gallery forests of the savanna country to
which I have already made reference.

From amongst this aggregate, Monsieur M. J. Ghesquiere has described two
" regional forms " which are to be considered as subspecies (see Ghesquiere, 1933 : 5).

The subspecies which concerns us at this juncture is leopoldi. The type comes
from Komi (Ter. Lodja), a paratype from " La Kondue, bords du Sankuru ", and a
male from Leopoldville, Sohal. The type was figured, by Ghesquiere and the figure
is here reproduced by permission (PL 12, fig. 79). The characters cited for this race
are not very satisfactory ; the strong green reflections toward the base of the fore
wing and the broken blue patch in the hind border in la-ib are characters found in
variations of smaragdalis from throughout the savanna and gallery forests of the
southern Congo, as is also the variation of the blue of the hind wing extending
towards the anal angle.

I have not seen the specimen from Sankuru, but the example from Sohal agrees
with other specimens from the Leopoldville area and north-western Angola, in having
a distinct black border to the hind wing, thus unlike nominate smaragdalis. (Cf.
PL 10.) Moreover, the females from Leopoldville are unlike nominate smaragdalis
in that the fore wing white bar is narrower and is often represented by well
separated spots, reminiscent of the subspecies caerulea, to the east, at Manyema etc.

Although the characters of this race are unsatisfactory, and the exact range
undefined, one must admit that the insects are not nominate smaragdalis, and since
the name leopoldi is available it can be applied to the insects from Northern Angola
and the Leopoldville district eastward to Sankuru and Kasai.

Material from Katanga is totally inadequate on which to form any conclusions.

Charaxes smaragdalis caerulea Jackson
(PL 12, figs. 85-87 ; PL 13, figs. 88-93 ; PL 14, figs. 94-98)

Charaxes smaragdalis $ f. caerulea Carpenter & Jackson, 1950 : 97 [$].
Charaxes smaragdalis caerulea Jackson, 1951 : 99.

Described originally as a " form " this aggregate was rightly raised to sub-specific
status by Jackson (1951 : 99) when he described the associated male.

MALE. Fore wing length 46-51 mm., majority 50 mm., thus a large race. Upperside.
Ground colour deep blue-black with a strong greenish or bluish-green sheen over the base of
the fore-wing ; discal blue spots smaller than in the nominate subspecies from Nigeria and
French Congo and more like the large form from Beni ; two blue spots beyond cell, first spot
narrow and elongate, second spot rounded or quadrate ; sub-basal spot in 3 set well out, rounded
or triangular, spot below in 2 more elongate and at an angle to one above, spot in ib often
separated or fused with spot above, always well away from the hind angle. Hind wing discal
blue patch is rather restricted in the majority of specimens, being almost straight on its inner
border and though curved on the outer there is a defined black border right up to the anal
angle, the patch represented at the subcosta by one or two rounded well separated spots ;
the black border carries a complete series of bluish-white spots, smaller and double at anal
angle ; marginal lunules blue, slightly whitish toward upper angle ; margin bluntly serrate ;
tails short, upper 4-5 mm., lower 3 mm. Underside. Much as in the nominate race, slightly
less dark, but markings similar except that the mid-discal black marks are heavier, and in the
hind wing the black edgings to the sub-marginal lunules are stronger.

214 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

The original description of the female is brief in the extreme, but it does give the
salient features.

FEMALE. Characterized by absence of white from the discal row of spots on the fore wing.
Fore wing, two narrow, bluish-white, subapical spots in 6-7 are all that exist of the outer
series which in the male extends from 2 forwards (in some of the paratypes the series is com-
plete though faintly shown). None of the blue spots in areas ia, ib, 2, 3, 5 and the end of the
cell, show any white and they are of the same tint as the discal band of the hind wing which
shows no white suffusion in the costal area as does the typical female smaragdalis Butler.
Hind wing like that of the male S. orientalis Joicey & Talbot. On the under surface both
wings resemble those of the male S. orientalis.

Up to the time of publication of this description this race was not known to occur
beyond the Kalinzu area, Ankole. It is now recorded from Kayonza, Kigezi and
extends into the east Congo in the Kivu-Manyema districts. The Kayonza insects
are large ; those of Kivu smaller and more like the Kalinzu examples. They are
here treated as belonging to one race. The Kayonza females exhibit the following
variations : —

Fore wing length 50-55 mm., mostly 53 mm. Upperside. Ground colour black in distal
half, more brownish at base with a greenish sheen. The typical female has the discal spots
large and blue, but the overall width of the band is narrower than that in the white-banded
races. The marks in ia and ib are usually fused, the post-discal spots conspicuous and white
in the subapex, indistinct and bluish up to ib where a double spot, usually bluish may have
some ochre scaling distally. In some examples from Kayonza, the spots in 2-5 may be orange-
ochre, but ill denned. From this area too, come females which have white or bluish-white
fore wing discal spots from 2 to spots at end of cell. A scarce variation occurs in which the
four upper discal marks are narrow streaks. The margin of the wing usually has a double
ochre mark in ib and hardly any visible marks up to the apex. Hind wing blue discal patch
has an almost straight inner border, and more curved outer border, and is represented at sub-
costa by one or two discrete spots. Black border entire and not encroached upon by blue
even at the anal angle, carries a complete row of submarginal angular spots, more bluish at
hind angle then more whitish up to upper angle ; marginal lunules well developed, bluish or
greenish to upper tail then ochreous beyond and separated by black veins ; margin of wing
very slightly bluntly serrate ; upper tail 7 mm., lower 4 mm. Underside. As in the male,
but with the discal bar of upperside represented by a strong zigzag black line outwardly shaded
with greyish-ochre (or white in white spotted variety) ; tornal spots distinct but not heavy,
spot in ib often divided. Hind wing as in the male but markings enlarged.

The variations in the Kayonza females are not worthy of form or even varietal names as
there is intergrading.

Range : Ankole district, Kalinzu Forest, extending to the Kayonza forests
(Impenetrable and Ishasha) in Kigezi district, S.W. Uganda, then to the Kivu and
Manyema districts of East Congo.

Charaxes smaragdalis toro ssp. n.

(PI. 14, figs. 99-101 ; PI. 15, figs. 102-107)

Specimens of smaragdalis from the Toro district, Utwara, Mpanga and Kibale
Forests, though allied to the race caerulea, differ sufficiently to warrant recognition
as a distinct subspecies. There is a wide ecological barrier between the two in the
form of grassland and savanna which is unsuited to the species.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 215

MALE. Fore wing length 45-48 mm. (rarely over). Upperside. Ground colour purply-
black, with purply-brown tinge at base ; fore wing discal spots smaller and darker, with a
decided violet tinge ; the spots in ib and 2 completely separated, the streak on the hind margin
often very small and not connected with spot above and may be just a single spot under the
post-discal series, very rarely a long streak ; post-discal series well marked : two subapical
spots large and white, spot below often white, spot in ib not connected to discal mark ; marginal
spots very well developed and white or slightly ochre tinged. Hind wing discal patch narrow
almost as in homonymus with resultant wider black border with no extension of the blue into
the anal angle ; submarginal spots in black border comparatively large, blue with white centres ;
admarginal lunules, blue at tails but whitish beyond ; blue areas have a distinct violet tinge,
not in any way due to age, tails as in caerulea. The whole upperside of this race has a more
spotted appearance than any others. Underside. Ground colour more brownish than caerulea
and ochreous marks and shading more in evidence.

FEMALE. There is some variation in size, but they are generally smaller than caerulea with
an average wing length 50 mm. Conforms to the caerulea pattern but the discal and post-
discal spots are separated in areas ib— 2 and the streak at hind margin separated from spots
above as in the males. Hind wing patch more restricted than in caerulea ; the submarginal
spots in black border usually distinct.

Holotype male. UGANDA : Toro district, Kibale Forest, v-vi.i956 (van Someren).
British Museum (N.H.).

Allotype female. Same data; British Museum (N.H.).

Range : This subspecies, in the typical form, is limited to the forests of the Toro
area, east of the Ruwenzori Range, and has been taken in the Utwara, Mpanga and
Kibale forests. An allied form occurs in the Bugoma forest east of Lake Albert.
The males are very similar to those from the Kayonza forest, but with rather more
extension of the blue of the hind wing into the area above the tails, thus somewhat
like specimens from Kibali-Ituri. The females, on the other hand, belong to the
caerulea type. Unfortunately, there is insufficient material to place these insects
satisfactorily. (PI. 15, figs. 105-107.)

Charaxes smaragdalis elgonae ssp. n.

(PI. 16, figs. 110-113)

MALE. Fore wing length 46 mm. Upperside. Ground colour blue-black with slight greeny-
blue sheen at base ; fore wing discal blue bar well marked and wider than in homonymus,
more like the N.E. Congo form from Beni ; spots as follows : beyond cell end, a trace of a
blue mark below costa, followed by a narrow elongate one, then a rounded one ; the spot in 3
set well out from one above, quadrate or bluntly triangular, mark in 2 directly below but
elongated at lower side and almost crescentic in shape, either separated from or almost touching
the double spot in ib the lower half of which is extended distad ; the blue mark in hind angle
long and almost reaching the tornus ; post-discal spots well denned, the two subapical ones
white, the rest blue and becoming more arrow-head shaped, the lower one fusing with the mark
in ib ; marginal spots whitish-ochre extend from apex to a double mark at tornus. Hind
wing basal area black, shading to dark grey then lighter grey at inner fold ; discal area with a
large blue patch, purer blue, not shot with violet as in homonymus and much more extended,
reaching to the anal angle and to the upper tail, thus much as in the nominate race smaragdalis ;
the patch represented in subcostal area by two widely separated blue spots ; black border thus
restricted to upper half of the wing, but the submarginal bluish-white spots with a black sur-
round in hind angle, complete ; marginal lunules blue with whitish ends ; margin very bluntly

216 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

serrate ; tails short, upper 6 mm., lower 4 mm., largely blue or whitish, black edged. Underside.
Darker than in homonymus but pattern as in the nominate race, black markings fore wing
strong, with olive-ochre shading distad to discal black line, submarginal lunules and ocelli
well marked ; tornal spot almost divided into two. Hind wing submarginal pale spots clear ;
marginal olive-ochre lunules clear but not strong ; mottling on underside thus moderately
strong.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 50 mm. Upperside. Bears a strong resemblance to that of
homonymus but fore wing discal band narrower and white marks rather more separated by black
veins ; spots in ib smaller and more suffused with blue. Hind wing discal blue patch encroaches
more into area of hind angle. Underside. Ground colour greyer and colder in colour than
in the male, but markings very similar ; discal white bar fore wing well marked and white to
area ib.

Holotype male. E. UGANDA : Mbale District at Bufumbo Forest, W. Mt. Elgon,
xii.i95o (van Someren). British Museum (N.H.).

Allotype female. Same locality, iii.ig62 (/. Grahame). British Museum (N.H.).

Range : At present known only from the forests of W. Elgon, Bufumbo and
Bumasifa, which are primeval, and harbour several " western " relicts, thus in
contrast to the eastern and southern side of the mountain which is volcanic, with
secondary forest.

Char axes smaragdalis : intermediate, a cline between elgonae and homonymus

(PI. 15, figs. 108, 109)

The species smaragdalis occurs sparingly in the Kapwaren Forest, N.W. Kenya,
comprising the Kaimosi-Kakamega and the Kabras-Malaba forests. These lie
almost mid-way between the forests of the Elgon massif and the Mau forests to the
south-east.

Examples from the Kapwaren forest are a mixed aggregate ; the males are
comparatively large, some exhibit an upperside pattern very similar to male elgonae
PI. 15, figs. 108-109, others show a strong tendency toward homonymus of the high
Kericho-Sotik-Chepalungu forests .

Although male specimens have been taken occasionally, the female has proved
elusive. A female taken many years ago is not now available for study, but one
taken recently in the Kaimosi forest by Dr. Arthur Rydon has been placed at my
disposal.

It will be noted therefore that this aggregate exhibits no constant features on
which to define characters of a sub-species ; it thus seems advisable to leave it as a
cline.

Up to date, no specimens of smaragdalis have been taken in the forests of central
Uganda on the north shore of Lake Victoria (Mabira, Kampala, Entebbe, Mengo,
Mawakota, Kamengo and Mpigi), so far as I know, in spite of considerable collecting
with traps. There is however a specimen in the British Museum (N.H.) said to have
been taken on Bavuma Island south of Jinja in Busoga, which seems to link up
with the Kapwaren aggregate and those of the Katera area on west shore of Lake
Victoria.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 217

Charaxes smaragdalis homonymus Bryk
(PL 16, figs. 114-116 ; PL 17, figs. 117-119)

Charaxes smaragdalis orientalis Joicey & Talbot, 1917 : 272 [$] nee Lanz, 1896.
Charaxes smaragdalis homonymus Bryk, 1939 : 444.

This race long known as orientalis Joicey & Talbot even by Carpenter (1950) and
by Jackson (1951), must now be accepted as homonymus Bryk.

There has been some confusion as to what homonymus (orientalis} really is. The
type, a male, came from Kericho, Kenya ; the female was unknown. Carpenter
described what he took to be the female of this race, but his example came from
Kikindu Hill, Kagera area between Uganda and Tanganyika Territory, on the other
side of Lake Victoria, and later I shall deal with the race to which it belongs.

MALE. Fore wing length 43-46 mm. Upperside. Ground colour blue-black with strong
blue basal sheen in fore wing ; discal bar blue spots as follows : two elongate spots of equal
length, or lower one shorter and more quadrate beyond the cell ; spot in 3 bluntly triangular
and set well out, followed by a larger spot in 2 whose lower edge projects distad, followed by a
double fused spot in ib and an elongate blue mark on the hind margin, usually well clear of the
tornus ; post-discal spots usually well developed, two in subapex white, remaining spots blue,
that in 5 directly below one above, that in 4-3 set in proximad, the one in 2 crescentic or triangu-
lar, that in ib free or fused with the large discal spot in ib ; marginal white or slightly ochreous
spots usually well marked. Hind wing, basal area black shading to greyish on inner fold ;
discal blue patch comparatively narrow, represented at subcosta by two separate spots, fairly
even on the inner border, more curved on outer, but leaving a well denned black border which
extends to the anal angle, black veins often cross the blue patch ; the black border carries a
complete series of submarginal bluish white-centred spots ; marginal lunules blue with some
white at tips, separated by dark veins ; margin with white fringe in interspaces, bluntly serrate ;
tails short, upper 3-4 mm., lower 2-3 mm., mostly black. The blue areas in this race are slightly
purply tinged, especially on the disc of the hind wing even in fresh specimens. Underside.
Ground colour greyish-olive brown with olive-ochre filling between basal black lines and distad
to the strong black wavy discal line ; markings in general similar to those of other races.
Hind wing markings not very strong and the ochre shading not in great contrast so that the
whole underside is not so speckled or mottled as in some races.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 47-51 mm. Upperside. Ground colour, distal half black,
more brownish black in basal area ; discal bar white, moderately wide but not as wide as in
western races ; slightly variable ; the white bar beyond cell includes the costa, subcostal
mark narrow, second mark elongate, third mark more bluntly triangular ; spot in 3 set out at
end of spot above, bluntly triangular, with outer side straight, oblique and in line with the outer
edge of the larger spot below in 2 ; smaller double whitish marks in ib with bluish scaling
around, mostly distad ; marks at hind margin blue and well away from tornus ; post-discal
spots at subapex elongate and white, remainder bluish and heavily obscured ; marginal spots
fairly clear at tornus but obscured or absent beyond. Hind wing basal area black fading to
greyish on inner fold ; discal patch blue with slight violet tinge, not very sharply denned
proximally but clear-cut distally, represented at subcosta by two separate blue spots ; black
border entire to anal angle carrying a submarginal row of bluish-white spots, double at anal
angle ; marginal lunules blue at anal angle and tails then tinged with ochre to upper angle ;
margin with white internervular fringe, bluntly serrate ; tails : upper 8 mm., lower 4-5 mm.,
mostly black. Underside. Ground colour as in the male or slightly paler ; markings similar
but fore wing discal white bar strongly represented and with two well defined white marks in ib.
There is some variation in the amount of ochreous speckling or mottling.

Neallotype female. KENYA : Sotik district, Mara-Lolgogian Rd., Gori Forest,
1.1961 (H. D. van Someren). British Museum (N.H.).

2i8 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

Range : The subspecies homonymus is an insect of the high rain forests of
6,000-7,000 ft. of the Kericho-Sotik area of Kenya. It has been taken at Kericho,
Sotik, Mara, Kisii and near Lolgorian, always in or on borders of forest.

Char axes smaragdalis kagera ssp. n.

(PI. 17, figs. 120-122 ; PI. 18, figs. 123, 124, 127, 128)

Charaxes smaragdalis orientalis Joicey & Talbot ; Carpenter & Jackson, 1950 : 97 [$ neallotype].

Carpenter & Jackson (1950) refer to this insect as orientalis Joicey & Talbot when
they describe a female as of this race, which Carpenter took at Kakindu Hill, Budu,
Uganda, 30 miles inland from the Lake shore. However, in the book " A Naturalist
in East Africa " (1925), Carpenter states that Kakindu is on the north bank of the
Kagera River, inland from Bukoba, just south of the Uganda border. The locality
of the " type female " is of great importance because males of smaragdalis taken
in the Kagera area, and at Katera and Tero forest nearby are not " orientalis ",
though they resemble that race in certain respects.

MALE. Fore wing length 50 mm. Upperside. Ground colour blue-black with a greeny-
blue sheen basally, discal spots comparatively large, larger than in subspecies toro and agreeing
more with homonymus ; the spots in ib large and confluent with the post-discal spots in the
same area ; the post-discal spots well marked, the two subapical ones white, the upper one
noticeably large. Hind wing discal blue area wider than in homonymus, but black border
entire to anal angle ; the submarginal spots well developed, blue in region of tails, are white
toward tornus ; admarginal lunules whitish ; tails slightly longer than in homonymus and with
a distinct white line on lower half, upper tail 6 mm., lower 3-4 mm. Underside. More brownish
in ground colour and less strongly mottled than in more western races with the dark markings
less strong. Carpenter described the female, but he compared it with butleri of Sierra Leone
and Gold Coast which is unfortunate.

FEMALE. Fore wing distal portion black ; basal area strongly scaled with violet and less
dark than in homonymus ; discal white band comparatively narrow ; three spots beyond end
of cell, spot in 3 bluntly arrow-shape with outer edge straight and in line with a longer spot in
2, spots in ib small and set in line with outer end of spot above ; post-discal series hardly
visible except the two subapical ones which are large and white, the upper one slightly concave
as in the male. Hind wing ground colour, basal area not strongly denned from disc, being
strongly greyish-violet ; discal area violet-blue restricted distally so that black border is
entire and carries large ovoid white submarginal spots ; marginal lunules elongate, purply-
white. Underside. Ground colour as in the male ; discal white band of upperside showing
through ; post-discal spots clearer, ochreous-olive except for the two subapical ones which are
white.

Holotype female, Kakindu Hill, north bank Kagera River, near Uganda border
(Carpenter). Oxford Museum.

Allotype male. UGANDA : Katera forest, Masaka district, north of Kagera River
mouth, viii.1935 (T. H. E. Jackson}. British Museum (N.H.).

Range : The western shores of Lake Victoria from the Katera and Tero forests,
the Kagera forests to Biharamulu at Geita. The forests on the west shore of Lake
Victoria are almost at lake level and some are swamp-forests 3,700-4,000 ft. with
higher elevations here and there.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 219

Charaxes smaragdalis kigoma ssp. n.

(PI. 19, figs. 131, 132, 135)

This is a small race closely related to the subspecies kagera of the low forests on the
south-western shores of Lake Victoria, and likewise, kigoma is also associated with
low lake-side forests but from the north-east of Lake Tanganyika.

MALE. Fore wing length 42 mm. (39 mm. in paratype). Upperside. General pattern very
like kagera ; fore wing discal spots similar, but tending to be larger and more confluent at
hind margin in la-ib in the type, though smaller and more separated in the paratype ; post-
discal spots not strongly developed, except the two subapical whitish ones. Hind wing discal
blue restricted and bordered by a complete black submarginal band, widest in 6, and still clearly
defined above anal angle, and carrying a complete row of small blue spots ; marginal lunules
blue ; tails short, 3 mm. and 2 mm. long. Underside. Pattern and mottling generally similar
to kagera, but black markings less strong.

The female is unfortunately represented only by a pair of left-side wings which are reasonably
intact, and give a clear indication to which group kigoma belongs.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 51 mm. Upperside. Ground colour black with just a slight
bluish sheen at base ; discal bar white in upper two-thirds, spots in ib with blue scaling
proximally, wholly blue in la ; the discal bar is widest at 2, the spot above in 3 a longer
elongate oval than in kagera ; post-discal spots represented by two white marks at subapex,
the subcostal one narrow and linear, the other small and rounded ; no other visible spots.
Hind wing basal area dull brownish-black ; blue discal area comparatively restricted with a
black border well denned from upper angle to anal angle, widest in 6-7 ; submarginal white-
centred blue spots in complete series, rounded in upper third then becoming more linear towards
anal angle, admarginal lunules rather broken, blue with slight white at ends ; tails not robust,
black in colour, upper 7 mm., lower 4 mm. Underside. Ground colour rather cold leaden
colour, slightly " satiny "; pattern not strongly developed, but olive-ochre marks in post-discal
line present and well developed in fore wing especially internal to the black ocelli.

Holotype male. TANGANYIKA : Mukuvu forest south of Kigoma, north-east
shore Lake Tanganyika, v.ig62. Japanese scientific Expedition.

Allotype female. Same locality, 25.V.62. Both deposited in British Museum
(N.H.), by kind permission of the collectors.

Range : Taken in the low lake-side forest at Mukuvu, south of Kigoma, N.E. Lake
Tanganyika. The extent of range is uncertain.

Charaxes smaragdalis rnetu ssp. n.

(PI. 18, figs. 125, 126, 129, 130)

MALE. Fore wing length 43-45 mm., thus a small race. Upperside. Ground colour of
fore wing strongly blue-black with slight greeny-blue sheen at base ; the blue areas more
greeny-blue than in other eastern races, elgonae or homonymus, and more like butleri of Sierra
Leone ; fore wing discal bar relatively strong, particularly in the hind marginal area ; three
spots beyond cell : subcostal one a streak, next spot narrow and elongate, third more quadrate
or triangular ; spot in 3 arrow-head shaped, that in 2 a long crescentic or " comma " mark,
those in ib elongate, and together with mark at hind margin extended basad and toward
tornus, so that the patch here is large. (One paratype less prolonged basad.) Hind wing
blue patch extended well into the hind angle to a point mid-way between tails, and represented
in the subcostal area by an angular spot proximally, and a quadrate one distally, conjoined

220 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

along their lower border ; black border thus limited to upper half of wing, carrying a sub-
marginal series of bluish-white spots in the upper half, those in lower half with a black surround ;
marginal lunules in upper half bluish-white, blue towards anal angle ; margin bluntly serrate ;
tails, upper 5 mm., lower 3 mm., rather robust, largely bluish- white and black tipped. Underside.
Ground colour darker than homonymus or elgonae ; bars at base of fore wing strong, discal black
lines moderately strong, but submarginal olive-ochre lunules and ocelli well marked ; tornal
black mark heavily incised ; marginal lunules present but not strong. Hind wing marks as in
elgonae, olive-ochre " mottling " strong, with black shading to outer side ; post-discal lunules
strong ; submarginal whitish spots well marked ; marginal olive-ochre lunules well developed.
FEMALE. Fore wing length 47-49 mm. Upperside. Ground colour on distal half fore wing
black, basal area more brownish with slight greenish tinge ; discal bar white, and rather narrow ;
costa above slightly white, subcostal spot very narrow, next mark elongate and projecting well
beyond one above and the more quadrate one below at end of cell, spot toward base of 3 elongate
ovoid or slightly triangular and set well out, its distal side oblique and in line with the outer
side of the elongate triangular spot in 2, two white spots in ib strongly suffused with light
blue particularly proximad, with the blue extending toward the base and in line with inner
point of spot in 2 which is also slightly blue in this area, blue mark at hind margin extended
proximad and also distad toward tornus ; post-discal spots large and white in subapex, blue
and rather indistinct or absent except that in 2 which is large, crescentic or rounded in shape,
adjoining the large white discal spot in this area. Hind wing basal area black, shading to grey
along the inner fold ; discal pale blue patch large, inner border rather diffuse along fold and
base of cell, extending to anal angle and above second tail, represented in subcostal area by
one large outer and one small inner spot ; border black, widest at 7 then tapering to upper
tail ; submarginal spots clear and white at upper angle then blue, white centred towards anal
angle, the spots surrounded by black and contiguous between tails ; marginal lunules strong
and bluish from anal angle to above upper tail then mixed with some pale ochre ; extreme
edge with white fringe between veins ; margin bluntly serrate ; tails, upper 6 mm., thin,
lower 3 mm., mostly black. Underside. As in the male, but rather browner ; fore wing black
lines strong, discal white bar well marked up to ib ; post-discal lunules and ocelli well marked,
two upper spots white ; tornal spot black and divided, two spots above strongly black centred.
Hind wing black lines fine but ochre-olive shading strong, especially along the post-discal
lunules which are dark centred ; submarginal whitish spots with black shading distally, well
marked ; marginal lunules olive-ochre, well denned.

Holotype male. UGANDA : West Nile District, N.W. Madi, Forest of Metu Hills,
v-vi. 1954, (van Someren). British Museum (N.H.).

Allotype female. Same data.

Range : This is the smallest subspecies of smaragdalis and occurs in the forested
hills of the Metu area, of West Madi, in the West Nile district of Uganda. It
probably extends into the Southern Sudan, on the Dadinga Mts. where Carpenter
took a worn male which he tentatively placed to homonymus (orientalis Joicey &
Talbot).

Charaxes schoutedeni Ghesquiere stat. n.

Charaxes smaragdalis schoutedeni Ghesquiere, 1933 : 5, pi. i, fig. 2.
Charaxes butleri schoutedeni Ghesquiere, 1933 : 5.

The type of schoutedeni Ghesquiere, which I have before me, taken at Merode",
Salvator, Kasai, is the only known specimen. It was first described as a "form
reg." (i.e. subspecies) of smaragdalis, then possibly as a subspecies of butleri
Rothschild.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 221

MALE. Upper side, fore wing basal areas greenish-blue covering the greater part of the
cell and the basal areas of ia-2 where the blue scaling merges into the discal blue spots which
are here merged together forming a solid large blue patch, but those of 3 and beyond the cell
are free. The post-discal spots in the subapex are well marked and white, the upper one long
and slightly convex, the remaining post-discal spots are hardly visible at all, except those in ib.
The hind wing discal blue extends basad, more so than in nominate smaragdalis, but distally
there is a broad black border carrying large submarginal blue spots. The marginal lunules
are strongly greenish-blue and the tails very short. Underside. This is stated by Ghesquiere
to be identical with that of smaragdalis leopoldi Ghesquiere but this is not strictly correct as
it is duller and not so " mottled ".

Ghesquiere notes that the upperside of the hind wing resembles to some extent
that of smaragdalis butleri of Sierra Leone and Ghana, particularly in regard to the
wide black border, and in this respect also to " orientalis " Joicey & Talbot =
homonymus Bryk. This is certainly the case, but there the resemblance ends.

The squat thick-set shape of the body to which Ghesquiere appears to attach
considerable importance, is an artifact, due to partial decomposition and flattening
of the thorax so that the wing attachments are extruded from their sockets. He
suggests that butleri has a similar shaped body, but I have examined many examples
of butleri and I cannot see that they differ in body shape from nominate smaragdalis.
Thus the suggested re-allocation proposed by Ghesquiere that butleri and schoutedeni
are representatives of a species distinct from smaragdalis is untenable, because
unsound.

The type of schoutedeni may be an extreme variant of smaragdalis leopoldi ;
on the other hand, it exhibits certain characters which are suggestive of an affinity
to Charaxes bohemanni. These are : upperside fore wing has two large subapical
white spots, the upper one convex ; the remainder of the post-discal spots are
suppressed ; the blue of the hind wing extends basad but does not encroach on the
wide black border, this border with submarginal spots set more distad than in
smaragdalis and the marginal lunules are set on the margin and not admarginal.
Underside. The ground colour is matt as in bohemanni, and not strongly mottled
and lined with olive-ochre as in smaragdalis. The insect bears no resemblance
to Ch. smaragdalis homonymus Bryk except that it has a wide black border to the
hind wing, and in this respect agrees with smaragdalis butleri Rothschild.

Dr. Berger (in litt.}, is of the opinion that both leopoldi and schoutedeni are
varieties of nominate smaragdalis, but, as I have pointed out, the leopoldi aggregate
differ considerably from nominotypical smaragdalis. It is of interest to note that
amongst some of the specimens I have examined a few had previously been deter-
mined as butleri, based, no doubt, on the wide hind wing black border.

It is unfortunate that examination of genitalia is of no assistance in separating
these closely related species.

SYSTEMATIC LIST
Charaxes smaragdalis Butler

Charaxes smaragdalis smaragdalis Butler, 1865. Type female. Type locality :

"Congo". Neallotype male. 1869. Type locality : "Congo".

222 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

Range : Nigeria, Cameroons, Gubun, French Congo, Equa-
torial lowland Rain Forest, Congo to Uelle. (Not Nandi as
stated by Rothschild.)

f. beni forma n. Range : The Beni-Ituri area, eastern Congo.

butleri Rothschild, 1900. Type locality : Sierra Leone. Range :
Sierra Leone to Gold Coast.

leopoldi Ghesquiere, 1933. Type locality : Komi, Lodja
district, Congo. Range : Southern west Congo, Leopold-
ville, Lower Congo, Sankuru, Kasai ; North Angola.

caerulea Carpenter & Jackson, 1950. Type female (f.n.)
Jackson, 1951. Type locality : Kalinzu forest, Ankole,
Uganda. Range : W. Uganda, forests of Kalinzu, Ankole ;
Kayonza forest, Kigezi, S.W. Uganda ; the Kivu and
Manyema districts Eastern Congo.

toro ssp. n. Type locality : Toro forests. Range : The
forests of Toro, Mpanga and Kibali, Utwara, W. Uganda.
Bugoma Forest, east side Lake Albert.

elgonae ssp. n. Type locality : Bufumbo forest, west Mt.
Elgon, Mbale district, Uganda. Range : The forests of
Western Mt. Elgon : Bufumbo and Bumasifa, Uganda.

ssp. near elgonae Range : The Kapwaren forests : Kaimosi,
Kakamega, Kabras and Nandi Escarpment in Kenya ;
Buvuma Island near Jinja, Uganda.

homonymus Bryk, 1939. Syn. orientalis Joicey & Talbot 1917
nee. Lanz 1896. Type locality : Kericho, Kenya. (Neallo-
type female, Carpenter & Jackson, 1950. Budu, Uganda
. . . error = female kagerae). Range : The high forests of
the Kericho-Sotik area in Kenya ; also Chepalungu and
Mara.

kagera ssp. n. Type locality : Katera and Kagera river
forests. Range : W. shore Lake Victoria ; low forests of
Kagera River area, Bukoba to Geita in Tanganyika Terri-
tory, Katera and Tero forests Masaka district, Uganda.

kigoma ssp. n. Type locality : Mukuvu forest, Kigoma
district N.E. Lake Tanganyika, Tanganyika Territory.
Range : Only known from type locality.

metu ssp. n. Type locality : Metu, West Madi, West Nile

district, Uganda. Range : The forested hills of Metu-

Moyo, West Nile district of Uganda ; S.W. Southern Sudan.

Charaxes schoutedeni Ghesquiere, 1933. Type locality : Merode, Salvator, Kasai,

Congo.

Of doubtful affinity, this unique specimen exhibits characters
which suggest relationship to Charaxes bohemanni Felder.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 223

3. CHARAXES CITHAERON FELDER AND ITS SUBSPECIES

This species, so far as is known at present, like Charaxes xiphares, is more or less
confined to the south-east and eastern regions of Africa, ranging from Pondoland
in eastern Cape Colony northwards to Kenya. It bears a close resemblance to some
of the northern subspecies of Ch. xiphares with which I have already dealt ; indeed,
some races of xiphares were at one time considered to be subspecies of cithaeron.

Charaxes cithaeron was described in 1859, from Natal, and most of the early
references to the species were based on material from the southern areas of its range.
Rothschild & Jordan (1900 : 379) appear to have been the first to draw attention
to the fact that specimens from the Kenya coast at Mombasa differed from Natal
examples by having broader fore wing bars and wider hind wing patches, and
remark that the differences pointed out may be found to be more or less constant.
Poulton (1926 : 539) separated the Mombasa specimens as subspecies kennethi,
with the type locality as Mombasa, but he appears to have considered the Kenya
highland material as nominotypical cithaeron. In my papers on Charaxes of Kenya
and Uganda (1929 : 17), I upheld the race kennethi as applicable to Kenya coast
specimens, but placed the Kenya highland examples as cithaeron cithaeron, thus
following Poulton's lead, but I was not entirely satisfied that this was correct.

Early in 1953, Dr. van Son informed me that he was about to review the subspecies
of Charaxes xiphares and at the same time would be going into the races of cithaeron
because there appeared to be some real confusion of the two, more particularly
in regard to certain specimens recorded from Tanganyika. The results of his
investigations were published in 1953 and on the evidence of material from the
Nairobi area, Dr. van Son separated and described the Kenya highland race of
cithaeron as ssp. nairobicus. At the same time he came to the conclusion that
kennethi was not a good race but merely a wide barred variation of typical cithaeron
from Natal, giving the range of the nominotypical race as from " Pondoland in
eastern Cape Province to the coastal area of Kenya ". He thus assumed that there
was a continuous distribution of this race through the length of Mozambique and
Tanganyika and the coast of Kenya. He figured a female from Beira with a broad
fore wing bar and wide hind wing patch as " form kennethi Poulton ", but in the
text states that the specimen came from Pietermaritzburg, Natal! He does not
figure a topotypical kennethi from the Mombasa area, but refers to a figure of this
race which I had published (van Someren, 1929, pi. 83).

Although van Son reduces kennethi to the status of " form " because one does,
on occasion, find a broad barred insect amongst southern material, he admits that
the vast majority of Natal females have narrow fore wing bars and narrow hind wing
patches. He does not compare the respective males in detail. That kennethi
may merge with nominotypical cithaeron somewhere along the Mozambique coast
is not disputed, but I personally have not been able to examine any material from
northern Mozambique, north of Chinde, nor, I think, has van Son.

Dr. van Son is strongly of the opinion that a subspecies or geographical race to
be valid, must be reproductionally isolated from its nearest neighbour ; this in
the main does obtain, but there are cases where a widespread adaptable species

224

V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

Lake Albert

Stanleyville"

"UGANDA.

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Mt. Kenya

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UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

izibar
Dar es-Salaam

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Mozambique

Charaxes cithaeron Felder

cithaeron cithaeron

cithaeron joanae

O cithaeron nyasae

cithaeron kennethi

cithaeron nairobicus

Port Elizabeth

MAP 4. Sketch map of South-east and East Africa, showing distribution of Charaxes cithaeron

Felder and subspecies.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 225

with many food plants has split up into ecological groups each covering wide areas,
but which are linked together, in minor degree by " clines "!

It is of interest to note that although van Son (1953 : 219, 221-2) places all
kenneihi as merely a form of the nominotypical Natal race, he places maudei Joicey
& Talbot from an area intermediate between Natal cithaeron and true kennethi,
as a race of cithaeron. However, I am satisfied that maudei is not a race of cithaeron,
but of xiphares, and that kennethi and maudei occur together on the Usambara
Range, at Amani, in Tanganyika (see pp. 233 and 206).

Dr. van Son has pointed out that in contrast to the general habitat of xiphares
which frequents higher cool evergreen forests, cithaeron is found in the low tropical
forests of the coast belt and hinterland, and in patches of savanna and gallery
forest, thus inhabiting a diversity of forest types. Moreover, the range and diversity
of its food plants is very considerable. The following food plants are recorded : —

In southern Africa : Albizia (2 species), Acacia sp., Baphia sp. (LEGUMINOSAE) ;
Celtis sp., Chaetacme sp., Trema sp. (ULMACEAE).

In Kenya and Tanganyika : Afzelia sp., Crabia sp., Albizia sp. (LEGUMINOSAE) ;
Gymnosporia sp. (CELASTRACEAE) ; Hippocratea sp. (HIPPOCRATEACEAE) ; Grewia sp.
(TILIACEAE).

All these plants are very widespread and are associated with most forest types,
and it is surprising therefore that the species cithaeron has such a comparatively
restricted range, and, so far as is known, has not extended into the north-west of
Tanganyika nor into the Congo.

In some areas of its range, the countries are subject to marked wet and dry periods,
and it is not surprising to find some degree of seasonal variation in cithaeron and
I shall refer to this later.

Through the willing co-operation of many correspondents, I have been able to
bring together a very large amount of material representative of the species through-
out its known range ; these include the eastern Cape, and Natal, southern Mozam-
bique, Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, southern and eastern
Tanganyika and Kenya.

In analysing this material into groups, I have been guided by what appears to
be the predominant characters of each, in both sexes, and the stability of them.
In every group there are variations, tending one way or another and some evidence
of seasonal modification. In the descriptions which follow I have selected fresh
examples exhibiting constancy of the chief characters, and where minor differences
occur, these are mentioned. I shall also refer to, and wherever possible figure,
outstanding variations within the series.

Charaxes cithaeron cithaeron Felder

(PI. 19, figs. 133, 134, 136, 137 ; PI. 20, figs. 138, 139)

Charaxes cithaeron Felder, 1859 : 398, pi. 8, figs. 2 <$, 3 ?.
Charaxes cithaeron Felder ; Rothschild & Jordan, 1900 : 379.

A detailed description of the species is given by Rothschild & Jordan (1900 : 379),
based presumably on south African material, but since the range of the species is

226 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

given as " from Natal northward to Nyasaland, German and British East Africa "
it may include material subsequently separated off as distinct subspecies. It is
thought that a redescription of topotypical Natal material is desirable.

MALE. Fore wing length 41-45 mm., majority 43-44 mm. Upperside. Ground colour
blue-black with a strong blue sheen mainly on basal half ; fore wing costa brownish on basal
portion ; two rows of comparatively small blue spots, discal and post-discal ; the spots in the
former are two elongate beyond end of cell (very rarely a trace of a subcostal blue line), spots
in 3-4 more rounded and set out distad, spot in 2 usually vestigial, often absent ; usually no
spot in ib, but if present rather diffuse ; elongate blue line in la on hind margin usually free,
but may be contiguous to, but not fused with post-discal spot above ; post-discal spots run
parallel to outer margin of wing and are comparatively small ; subapical spots white, remainder
blue, often vestigial. Hind wing black, slightly shot with blue distally, but dull toward base ;
inner fold blackish at base shading to greyish at anal angle ; discal light patch comparatively
narrow, whitish on inner half toward fold but strongly bluish above and distally, extending
from 4-5 where it is narrow, then widening towards inner fold, sometimes represented in 5
by a rounded, separate or contiguous, blue spot and by a whitish-blue subcostal spot rather
diffuse or often absent ; submarginal row of blue spots, angular or elongate, double at anal
angle, becoming small and separate or fading out toward upper angle ; marginal lunules buff
to ochreous, more greenish at anal angle separating toward upper angle ; fringe narrowly
white, broken by ends of veins ; margin dentate ; tails long and thin, upper 5-8 mm. (seldom
longer), lower 3-4 mm., black edged, centre line buff. Underside. Light greyish-olive with
a slight tawny bloom over base of fore wing and disc of hind wing ; black transverse lines at
base fore wing fairly constant as regards position but varying in thickness ; sub-basal bar in
cell almost straight, second and third bars slightly angled ; a double bar at end of cell ; thicker
sub-basal bars in ib and 2 almost straight or crescentic ; a zigzag black line outlines the inner
edge of the irregular ochreous-olive discal bar ; the post-discal marks of upperside here repre-
sented by two whitish subapical spots followed by rounded or lunate ochreous marks increasing
in size, the lower ones encircling the tornal black spot and the one above ; the tornal mark
somewhat kidney-shaped, indented on the outer aspect ; ochreous marginal spots complete
but small. Hind wing basal lines thin, usually double and enclosing ochreous ill-defined bands,
that in sub-basal area of subcostal in 8 almost straight, that in 7 set out and contiguous with
marks crossing cell and somewhat S-shaped, and not extending into ic ; a discal zigzag narrow
black line runs along the inner edge of the more ochreous-olive discal line ; post-discal spots
ochreous, dusky on outer aspect and increasing in size from costa to anal angle, are mostly
crescentic, that at anal angle double ; submarginal spots, purply-mauve proximally, are
increasingly purply-black distally terminating in double spot at anal angle ; marginal lunules
ochreous with increasing green scaling between tails and anal angle.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 44-50 mm., somewhat variable, usually about 48 mm. Upperside.
Ground colour blue-black on distal portions, bluer along proximal edge of fore wing white
band ; browner toward base ; (old specimens are generally browner, especially in basal area).
Fore wing discal white band curved, extending from costa to hind margin ; outer border more
evenly curved than inner, white scaling on costa extending basad for about half its length ;
three elongate white marks at end of cell, middle one longest and projecting distad, bases of
all three in a line ; spot in 3 bluntly triangular and set out from spot above at about mid point,
its outer border oblique ; spot in 2 more elongate, proximally rounded and in line with spot
above, but outer oblique edge continuous with that above and in same line ; mark below
shorter, outer edge in line with one above but inner edge reaching to about middle only, while
the lower marks in ib and mark in la extend proximad, the last three at an angle to spots
above, so that the inner border of the discal band has a marked double kink, at vein 2 and in
line with the lower arm of the cell ; the distance of the band in xa-ib from the tornal margin
is wide, though slightly variable, usually 7-10 mm., often the latter. The white mark in la
may be slightly blue scaled ; postdiscal spots variable in number, but always with two large

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 227

subapical, white or buff, the spots in 4-3 if present rather indistinct ; margin with hardly any
indication of spots, but there may be two at tornus. Hind wing with large bluish-white discal
patch shaded with bluish-violet scaling distally, inner border almost straight but rather diffuse,
usually represented on the subcosta by one discrete spot or two contiguous spots, outer border
of patch more curved and merging into the inner fold above anal angle ; discal patch variable
in width, but on an average is 10-11 mm. wide in area 4, but is often considerably narrower.
When the band is narrow, there may be an indication of whitish post-discal spots in 3-4. The
submarginal row of rounded or triangular blue spots with white centres may be complete or
fading out at upper angle ; marginal ochre lunules may be contiguous or separate, fading out
at upper angle ; marginal black with hardly any indication of a white fringe ; tails mostly
black, thin, variable in length, upper 6-10 mm., lower 4-6 mm. Underside. As in the male
but fore wing discal band well marked and stopping short in ib ; the black lines more developed ;
post-discal lunules of hind wing often more strongly marked ; zigzag discal line may be strongly
edged whitish, almost forming a bar, but is usually narrow.

Variations. FEMALES. An extreme variant may have the streak in la of discal bar only
just indicated while the two spots in ib are reduced to small dots, the discal bar is thus incomplete
and shortened in its posterior portion. A further variant has the discal band complete but
reduced to half the normal width, conversely a specimen from Dondo, Mozambique has an
exceptionally wide fore wing discal band, the increase in width being due to an extension of
the white marks in 2-3 basad, and reaching the cell, while that in ib is extended basad only
slightly less. The proximal border of the band is far less indented and more evenly curved
than normal.

MALES. There is little variation in the upper side. A very small minority may have larger
discal blue spots in the fore wing than normal, and the blue streak in la may link up with the
lower spot in ib. In the hind wing the whitish blue patch may not be represented beyond
cellule 4 and the light subcostal spot is absent.

Range : The nominotypical race extends from Pondoland up the east coast to
Natal, Zululand and Swaziland to Beira in south Mozambique (Dondo and
Amatongas) then westward to the eastern side of S. Rhodesia. It has usually been
presumed that the species has a continuous distribution through the northern part
of Mozambique to Tanganyika and beyond, but I have been unable to trace any
specimens of the nominotypical race north of the Zambesi Valley.

Charaxes cithaeron joanae ssp. n.

(PI. 20, figS. 140-145)

The species cithaeron does not appear to have been recorded from the western
half of Northern Rhodesia until recently, when a single male was captured and
forwarded to me by Mrs. J. Wedekind of Mumbwa. Mumbwa is situated west of
Lusaka in the bend of the Kafue River. The country thereabouts is largely savanna
with small patches of riverine or gallery forest.

The specimen aroused my interest for it appeared to differ considerably from other
known races of the species and I urged my correspondent to try and obtain further
material including females ; at the same time I drew Dr. Cottrell's attention to
the capture.

The species does not appear to be common in the area, but the result of the com-
bined efforts of these two collectors has been the taking of a dozen males and females
over a period of almost two years ; they substantiate the distinctness of this race.

228 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

The male differs from the nominotypical Natal race by the larger spots of the
fore wing both discal and postdiscal, by the larger more conspicuous marginal
spots ; by the larger hind wing discal patch, larger submarginal spots and more
conspicuous marginal lunules. The female differs in the fore wing by its wider
more solid discal band, larger sub-apical white spots, more conspicuous marginal
ochreous spots, and in the hind wing by the considerably larger discal patch, larger
blue submarginal spots and broader marginal ochreous border.

MALE. Fore wing length 38-45 mm. (Mumbwa specimens March-April average large,
45 mm. Chisamba, Lusaka area July, 45 mm., October-November, 38-43 mm. This difference
in size combined with differing underside characters may be seasonal.) Upperside. Fore wing
ground colour strongly blue-black with strong greeny-blue sheen at base ; discal spots arranged
as in nominotypical cithaeron but always considerably larger, those in ib usually large and may
be fused with the elongate blue streak in xa and usually touching the large post-discal spot in
ib ; post-discal spots larger and well marked, subapical white spots larger, other spots blue ;
marginal spots well developed, white or creamy. Hind wing basal areas black, distal border
blue-black ; discal patch constantly wider than nominotypical specimens and strongly suffused
with bright blue in upper and outer borders, whitish towards inner fold which is greyish to
greyish-white ; the patch is represented at the costa by a white or bluish- white spot. Most
specimens exhibit a series of white or ochreous-tinted spots on upper portion of outer border
of the discal patch or along the entire border to just above the anal angle ; black border with
well developed blue arrow-head marks, white centred ; marginal lunules orange-ochre separated
by ends of black veins ; tails relatively short, upper 4-5 mm., lower 3-4 mm. Underside.
Much duller and lighter (almost uniform ochreous putty-coloured in dry season specimens),
less strongly patterned than in Natal specimens, the black lines finer ; the fore wing tornal
occular spot smaller and almost or completely divided into two ; the post-discal dark line in
hind wing is, however, more apparent against the paler ground.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 47-52 mm., majority 50 mm. (There is some seasonal size
variation as noted in the males.) The outstanding character of this race is the very wide,
solid fore wing white band, and the large discal patch in hind wing. Upperside. Ground colour
less blackish, the basal areas more brownish (fading to olive-brown in old specimens). Fore
wing pattern much as in the nominate race but bolder, the discal curved bar uniformly
wider throughout its length, the inner edge being less indented in area 3 due to spot there,
being large and its base less set-out ; the three elongate marks beyond the cell longer and very
frequently with a white streak subcostal in the cell ; white scaling on costa more extended ;
the lower white blocks in ia-3 often with white scaling along the veins proximally, giving the
inner border a " rayed " appearance ; post-discal series of spots often entire, the two subapical
ones large, the upper one arrow-head in shape, the lower more rounded or oval, the remainder
whitish or slightly tinted ochre, that in 2 contiguous with the discal mark ; discal bar in ia-2
extends much nearer the tornus than in the nominate race ; marginal spots clearly indicated,
often large, double in ib, slightly ochreous. Hind wing discal patch very large, extending
from the costa to the anal angle and on the inner border merging with the greyish of the inner
fold ; inner border almost straight but diffuse, with a defined indentation at the costal spot,
outer border more curved, with evidence of post-discal spots in 7-5, the upper one free, the
others merging into the border of the patch ; centre of patch whitish but margins suffused with
violet-blue to mauve scaling. The large size of the patch reduces the width of the outer black
border which carries submarginal blue spots, large and well developed and in continuous series
from upper angle to anal angle. Marginal lunules well marked, ochreous or creamy ; margin
moderately dentate, and white fringe obvious ; tails thick at base, more robust than in Natal
specimens ; length, upper 6-8 mm., lower 4-7 mm. Underside. There appears to be some
seasonal variation in colour and markings : specimens taken during March-April at Mumbwa
are boldly lined, those captured during August-November are very pale and lightly marked.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 229

Discal white bar of upperside here reproduced and extending to the hind margin ; post-discal
spots rather diffuse ; dark tornal spot less marked and almost divided and reduced in size.
Hind wing ground colour paler than nominate race, dark lines almost obscured, but post-discal
ochreous marks with dusky distal scaling more obvious, but the marginal lunules may be
obscured.

Holotype male. RHODESIA : Mumbwa, west of Lusaka, iS.xii.igCi (Mrs. J.
Wedekind), after whom this race is named. British Museum (N.H.).

Allotype female. Same locality, iv.ig62 (Mrs. J. Wedekind}.

Paratypes : Mumbwa and Lusaka in Coll. B.M. and Coll. Cottrell, taken by Mrs.
Wedekind and C. B. Cottrell.

Range : All material taken so far has come from the Mumbwa-Lusaka area in
the region of the Kafue bend in the western block of N. Rhodesia. It may extend
eastward and northward, in suitable localities. At present there appears to be
complete separation from the Nyasaland race.

Charaxes cithaeron nyasae ssp. n.

(PI. 21, figs. 147-149 ; PI. 22, figs. 153-156 ; PI. 23, figs. 161-163)

The general facies of this race bears some resemblance, especially in the females,
to the T3.ce joanae of western Rhodesia. The females are, in the main, broad banded.
The males exhibit a larger hind wing patch than in the Natal race and they are a
brighter insect of comparatively large size.

The male differs from the nominotypical race and from joanae by its brighter blue
sheen especially on the forewings, the spots being larger than those of the Natal race
but not so large as in joanae, and these spots having a more greeny-blue tone,
especially on hind margin. The hind wing discal patch is larger than those of the
Natal race, slightly smaller than in joanae but with a strong greeny-blue border on
upper and outer sides and the marginal ochreous border conspicuous. The female
is larger than Natal specimens as a rule ; the ground colour not so dark, the fore
wing discal band wider, more solid but not so wide as in joanae ; the post-discal
spots larger and more complete ; the marginal ochreous spots present but small ;
hind wing discal patch large, shaded with lavender and with irregular outer border
with post-discal spots visible ; the submarginal spots large, marginal ochreous
border conspicuous ; the tails long.

MALE. Fore wing length 43-48 mm., majority 45 mm. Upperside. Ground colour a
brighter blue-black than typical Natal specimens, with a strong tinge of green sheen in basal
area. The blue spots are, on an average, larger than in nominotypical cithaeron, but not as
large as in joanae. The discal spots of fore wing are complete from costa to hind margin ;
post-discal spots well developed and the line more inclined proximad in area 3 giving the line a
distinct inward kink ; also the margin more concave ; two upper subapical spots white,
remainder blue-green and in a majority of specimens discal and post-discal spots approximate
or fused in ib ; margin of the wing with small but distinct creamy spots, occasionally these
spots are as large as in joanae. Hind wing basal area black, inner fold ashy-grey ; the dark
border with greeny-blue sheen ; discal patch comparatively large but does not extend towards
costa so much as in joanae, but is represented by one discrete spot at costa and by one or two
discrete post-discal spots ; upper and outer borders of the patch with strong greeny-blue

230 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

suffusion, brighter than Natal specimens and this brightness is retained even in old specimens
taken in 1928 ; black border with a complete series of submarginal blue spots, usually large, but
sometimes small ; marginal lunules sometimes complete or usually divided by internervular
rays, ochreous with some greeny scaling in the region of the tails and at anal angle ; tails thin
and longer than in joanae, upper 6-7 mm., lower 4-5 mm. Underside. Ground colour colder
darker grey, less brownish than Natal race, and much darker than the dry season form of
joanae ; pattern as in nominotypical cithaeron, but post-discal row of fore wing spots slightly
more kinked proximad as on upperside.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 47-51 mm., mostly 50 mm. Upperside. As already stated,
these females bear a resemblance to female joanae in that the fore wing is wide and the hind
wing patch large. Fore wing discal white band less indented on the inner margin than Natal
race, due to the larger marks in ib which extend proximad, and the frequent white scaling at
end of cell ; streak in la suffused with blue as is proximal end of mark in ib, the conjoined
marks here, being solid and hardly if at all indented on the distal end ; post-discal spots well
developed, the supapical ones large and white, the remainder suffused with bluish and often
present in 2 or even ib. Hind wing as in joanae ; discal patch large, extending up to the costa
in discal row and often with a post-discal series of spots, free in subcostal area but merging into
outer border of patch giving it a rayed or dentate outline, thus not so defined as in joanae,
outer border strongly suffused with lavender-blue scaling ; dark distal border though relatively
narrow is ill defined on its inner edge and carries a complete row of large lavender-blue white
centred spots, these more bluish at anal angle ; marginal lunules creamy or ochreous, usually
divided at mid point and separated by ends of dark veins ; white fringe strongly marked in
most specimens ; tails moderate in length, upper 6-9 mm., lower 5-7 mm., mostly black, upper
one with ochreous mid line. Underside. Ground colour as male but pattern bolder as a rule
but variable ; discal and post-discal marks bold in fore wing, the former continued to hind
margin. Hind wing discal and post-discal lines and spots bold, but may be suppressed on
discal line. This variation may be seasonal.

Variations. Although the vast majority of specimens exhibit a marked degree of constancy
in pattern, one or two specimens of both sexes show a departure from the rule. Thus one male
(PI. 21, fig. 149) exhibits a reduction in the size of the fore wing spots and an accompanying
restriction of the hind wing patch. Two other males (PI. 22, figs. 153, 154) exhibit a fore wing
pattern within the normal range but the hind wing patches are narrow and unusual and the
undersides are abnormal. Females (PI. 22, figs. 155, 156), with a reduction in the fore wing
and hind wing spots and discal patch suggest a trend toward the southern nominotypical race.

Holotype male. NYASALAND : W. shore Lake Nyasa at Nkata Bay, 1,800 ft.,
4.^.1958 (/. D. Handman}. British Museum (N.H.).

Allotype female. Same locality, 2^.1962 (/. D. Handman). British Museum
(N.H.).

Paratypes : Nkata Bay; Mlaye and Mlosa Stream foothills Mlanje ; also at
Monkey Bay.

ab. griseus Schultze

(PI. 21, fig. 146)
Charaxes cithaeron ab. griseus Schultze 19133. : 82.

Through the kindness of Dr. Hannemann, I have been able to examine the type
specimen described by Schultze from Manow, southern highlands Tanganyika, north
of Lake Nyasa.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 231

Upperside. The specimen is normal in size and markings, but the ground colour of both fore
and hind wings, instead of being blue-black is a curious semi-translucent brownish-black
suggestive of a lack of development of melanin pigment in the scales. The underside ground
colour is greyish-brown without olive shading ; the black lines are thin and the ochreous spots
though present are not strongly indicated. The specimen is old, but the date of capture is not
given on the data label. The tails are long and thin, upper 7 mm., lower 5 mm., thus consider-
ably longer than in Ch. xiphares brevicaudatus Sch. which also occurs in the Manow area and
which bears a superficial resemblance to cithaeron.

I have seen no other specimens from north of Lake Nyasa, but this specimen seems
to fit in with cithaeron nyasae from Lake Nyasa, and is placed to this race.

Range : From the north-western shores of Lake Nyasa at Nkata Bay 1,800 ft.
south to the region of Zomba and the foothills of Mlanje, and neighbourhood. I
have no records of the species from the eastern shores of Lake Nyasa.

Charaxes cithaeron kennethi Poulton
(PI. 22, figs. 157, 158 ; PL 23, figs. 164-168)

Charaxes cithaeron kennethi Poulton, 1926 : 539.

This subspecies was accepted as valid up to 1953 when Dr. van Son suggested
that the nominotypical race extended " over the whole eastern coastal area from
Pondoland to Kenya " and that kennethi was but a wide banded female form to be
found in the southern areas of nominate cithaeron. I have already commented on
the evidence he adduces in support of his views, in the introduction to this section,
and would here add that Dr. van Son appears to have based his views mainly on the
female, disregarding the male of the race.

MALE. Fore wing length 44-47 mm., majority 46 mm. Upperside. Ground colour dark blue-
black with just a slight or no green sheen at base; fore wing base of hind wing black, inner fold
dark to light ashy-grey. Fore wing discal spots usually well marked, complete in series to ib,
but some variation in length of marks ; post-discal series generally larger than in Natal
specimens ; white subapical spots larger ; spots in ib usually free, but if large and angled may
meet discal spot in same area ; marginal spots if present, small, double in ib ; fringe white,
interrupted by dark ends of veins. Hind wing discal patch white with blue suffusion on upper
and outer borders, moderately wide and whiter than in nominotypical race, usually represented
at subcosta by a white or bluish discal spot quite free ; on the upper and outerside by one or two
post-discal bluish-white discrete spots ; distal black border with large submarginal angular
blue spots with white centres, double at anal angle and brighter blue ; marginal ochreous line
broken by a dark mid-line and separated by ends of dark veins ; fringe narrowly white ; tails
long, upper 6-9 mm., lower 5-6 mm. seldom shorter. Underside. Ground colour slightly darker
than Natal race, as a rule but pattern less strongly marked ; dark lines and ochre-olive shading
less broad ; post-discal spots fore wing less marked.

FEMALE. Fore wing length 47-51 mm., majority 50 mm. Upperside. Distal portions of
wings black, proximal more brownish, fore wing discal bar slightly variable, but majority
wider than in Natal specimens, the inner border of bar less indented and irregular due to the
longer and larger marks in la-ib, the hind marginal blue streak shaded lavender-bluish and
the inner portion of mark above in ib also lavender, moreover the third mark beyond the cell
is also more elongated ; post-discal spots in the subapex large and white and this series usually
stops in 4, but may extend to 3 but in more diffuse form, most of the spots covered with dusky
scaling ; margin of wing without light spots, but fringe narrowly white. Hind wing discal
patch usually large, but not so large as in nyasae or joanae, but the average larger than Natal

232 V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN

specimens, the whole suffused with lavender scaling, the inner border extends to the costa where
the mark is sharply defined proximad while the outer border is more dyslegnic and somewhat
rayed with white scaling along the veins and one or two spots of the post-discal series may be
present in 6-7 ; distal black border carries a series of triangular or elongate lavender-blue
marks with white centres, double at anal angle and bluer ; marginal ochreous line usually
present but strongly divided by black at mid-point and separated by ends of veins ; fringe
narrowly white interrupted by dark veins ; margin slightly dentate ; tails long and slender,
upper 9-10 mm., lower 7-8 mm., may be black or with narrow pale streak for entire length. In
some specimens the submarginal spots are exceptionally small and obscured. Underside.
Ground colour dark cold olive-grey or with a slight ochre-brown tinge ; discal white bar well
marked ; post-discal spots obscured (except for two subapical) in the dark form, or more
conspicuous when the ground colour is paler and the zigzag discal line in hind wing is more
defined and the post-discal spots show up.

Variations. A contrasting rare variation in the female is figured (PI. 23, fig. 167).
Associated with this subspecies is material taken in the Newala district of southern area
Tanganyika, north of the Ruvuma River. These specimens though not quite typical link up
with material from Morogoro inland from Dar es Salaam on the central railway line (PI. 23,
figs. 164-168).

Range : This race, in typical form, ranges from the coastal belt of Kenya and
Tanganyika north to the south Somali border at Milimani extending inland to
Kibwezi, Voi and the Teita Hills and the Mutha district of Ukambani, to Makueni
along the riverine forest patches. It also occurs in the foothills of Kilimanjaro
at Moshi and Arusha and noted at Namanga. Specimens from Arusha and Manyara
are less stable than typical coast material.

Charaxes cithaeron nairobicus van Son

(PI. 21, figs. 150-152 ; PI. 22, figs. 159, 160)

Charaxes cithaeron nairobicus van Son, 1953 : 220.

MALE. Fore wing length 45-48 mm., majority 47-48 mm. Upperside. Fore wing ground
colour very dark purply-blue-black or deep blue-black with a greenish sheen at base in side
light ; hind wing black at base with some blue-green reflections on distal border ; fore wing
discal blue spots large, strongly blue or with a purply sheen, the series in a distinct curve, as
spots in ib are set in basad and streak in ib is large and extends inward well beyond spot in
area above ; post-discal spots all well developed, the two subapical ones white, the remainder
blue, the two marks in ib approximating on inner edge and forming a cordate or arrow-head
mark ; marginal ochreous or creamy spots well developed, often elongate-quadrate, separated
by the dark veins ; tornus with double spot. Hind wing discal patch large, whitish towards
inner fold but strongly suffused with blue on upper and outer borders, represented on subcosta
by a large diffuse bluish spot and in the post-discal line by a distinct subcostal spot followed by
a larger one in area below, these two spots free or occasionally suffused over with blue scales,
very often these spots and those within the outer border of patch have a strong ochreous tint
which shows up clearly ; submarginal spots usually large and somewhat angular, the bright
double spot at anal angle often conjoined ; margin usually broadly ochreous divided by the
dark veins giving the edge of the wing a dentate appearance ; fringe narrowly white ; tails
robust and short, upper 4-7 mm., lower 3-5 mm. largely ochreous with only a narrow black edge.
Underside. Slightly variable but ground colour usually dark olive-greyish with a tawny bloom,
but it may be generally dark olive-grey in which case the white lines and ochreous spots show
up conspicuously. In the paler form the hind wing pattern is largely obscured especially in the
discal and post-discal areas and along the submargin, but the ochreous marginal border is
broad and conspicuous.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 233

FEMALE. Fore wing length somewhat variable, denoting season and food plant ; in a dry
season resultant specimens are stunted. In a very long series the wing length varies from
46-54 mm., but the large majority are 50 mm. There is a similar variation in the upperside
pattern in respect to the width of the fore wing discal white bar and the development of the
post-discal spots ; in the hind wing in the size of the discal patch and the sub-marginal blue
spots. However, the overall characters of the Kenya highland race hold good. It is a large
race and in both sexes the pattern is bold, particularly in the hind wing discal patch which not
infrequently has a tinge of ochreous in the upper and outer borders corresponding to the position
of the incorporated post-discal spots. The submarginal row of blue spots with white centres is
usually strong and the margin is boldly ochreous. Underside. Exhibits some variation in
ground colour being either dark olive-grey with bold lines and ochreous shading and the zigzag
line through the disc of hind wing well developed often forming a conspicuous bar. In specimens
with paler ground colour the pattern is finer and the ochreous suffusion results in suppression
of a strong pattern. Some of these variations are shown on PI. 21, figs. 150-152.

Range : The forests of the Kenya Highlands east of the Rift Valley, the Aberdares
and Mt. Kenya, the upper Kikuyu forests and in the drier forests around Nairobi-
Ngong where the species is plentiful. It also occurs in the riverine and gallery
forests extending southward into Ukambani where there is some evidence that it
may make contact with the subspecies kennethi.

SYSTEMATIC LIST
Charaxes cithaeron Felder

Charaxes cithaeron cithaeron Felder, 1859. Type locality : Natal. Range : from
Pondoland S.E. Cape Colony to Beira and Dondo (perhaps
beyond) in Mozambique, extending inland to the eastern flank
of S. Rhodesia.

joanae ssp. n. Type locality : Mumbwa, western area N.
Rhodesia. Range : at present known only from the Mumbwa-
Lusaka area within the Kafue Loop, associated with areas of
savanna and riverine forest.

nyasae ssp. n. Type locality : Nkata Bay, west shore Lake
Nyasa. Range : all material so far examined comes from the
western shore of Lake Nyasa from Nkata Bay then southwards
to Cholo, Zomba, and the foothills of Mlanje. It may range
into the adjoining eastern side of Lake Nyasa in Mozambique,
but not north of the Ruvumba River.

ab. griseus Schultze. Type locality : Manow, north of Lake
Nyasa.

kennethi Poulton, 1926. Type locality : Mombasa, Kenya Coast.
Range : the forests and woodlands along the Kenya coast
from Milimani north of Witu, south to the Usambara range in
Tanganyika then to Morogoro and the Lindi area, north of the
Ruvuma River. In Kenya, it extends inland along the
Tana-Sabaki Rivers to Voi and Kibwezi, the Teita Hills and
the foothills of Kilimanjaro, Moshi and Arusha.

234 v- G- L- VAN SOMEREN

nairobicus van Son, 1953. Type locality : Nairobi, Kenya.
Range : the highland forests E. of the Rift Valley to Mt.
Kenya, Meru and the Njambeni Hills ; also in riverine forests
in N. Ukambani, and patches of forests on the hills.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

These revisional notes have been based on the examination of a very large quantity
of material kindly loaned to me by numerous museums and private individuals and
I wish to record my sincere thanks to all those who have helped. To members of
the staff of the Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History)
particularly to Mr. T. G. Howarth ; and to Mr. B. D. Barnes of Umtali, S. Rhodesia ;
Monsieur L. A. Berger of the Musee Royal de 1'Afrique Central, Tervuren, Belgium ;
Mr. H. Brown of Pretoria ; Mr. R. H. Carcasson of the Coryndon Museum, Nairobi ;
Mr. H. Cookson of Umtali, S. Rhodesia ; Dr. C. B. Cottrell of University College,
Salisbury, S. Rhodesia ; The Director, Royal Institute Natural Sciences, Brussels ;
Mr. B. Barton Eckett of Turbo, Kenya ; Maj. I. Grahame, K.A.R. Jinja,
Uganda ; Mr. J. D. Handman of Limbe, Nyasaland ; Dr. Hannemann of the
Berlin Museum ; Dr. Hanson of the Entomological Division, Natural History
Museum, Stockholm, Sweden ; Mr. C. J. P. lonides of Newala, Tanganyika Terri-
tory ; Mr. T. H. E. Jackson of Kitale, Kenya ; Dr. Kasy of the Natural History
Museum, Vienna, Austria ; Mr. J. Lawson of the Durban Museum, Natal ; Dr. E.
Pinhey of the National Museum, Bulawayo, S. Rhodesia ; Dr. A. R. H. Rydon of
Arusha, Tanganyika Territory ; Mr. Schroder of Johannesburg, South Africa ;
Mr. Taylor of the Hope Department of Entomology, University Museum, Oxford ;
Mr. H. D. van Someren of Mweiga, Kenya ; Dr. G. van Son, the Transvaal Museum,
Pretoria, South Africa ; and Mrs. J. Wedekind of Mumbwa, N. Rhodesia.

Without this generous assistance this work could not have been undertaken.

I am especially indebted to Mr. N. D. Riley for checking certain points connected
with taxonomy.

REFERENCES

References included in van Someren (1963) are not listed below.
BRYK, F. 1939. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 91 : 375-542.
BUTLER, A. G. 1869. Lepidoptera Exotica, xii, 190 pp., 164 col. pis. London.

- 1896. An Account of the butterflies of the Genus Charaxes in the Collection of the

British Museum. /. Linn. Soc. Lond. (zool.) 25 : 348-404.
CARPENTER, G. D. H. in VAN SON. 1936. q.v.
CARPENTER, G. D. H. & JACKSON, T. H. E. 1950. New butterflies from East Africa and the

Huri forest. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 19 : 97-108.

CRAMER, P. 1779-1790. Papillons Exotiques. 1-4, Suppl. Amsterdam & Utrecht.
FELDER, C. R. 1859. Lepidopterologische Fragmente. Wien. ent. Monatschr. 3 : 390-405,

pi. 8.
GHESQUIERE, J. 1933. Variations et aberrations de Lepidopteres sur deux races nouvelles de

Charaxes smaragdalis. Lambillionea 33 : 3-6, pi. i.
JACKSON, T. H. E. 1951. Notes on some new and rare Rhopalocera from Eastern Africa.

Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 20 : 97-105, pi. i.

REVISIONAL NOTES ON AFRICAN CHARAXES 235

JOICEY, J. J. & TALBOT, G. 1917. New butterflies from Africa and the East. Proc. zool. Soc.
Land., 1917 : 271-272.

1922. New forms of the genus Charaxes (Nymphalidae) from Africa and Malaya. Bull.

Hill Mus. 1 : 335-338-

1926. New forms of Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Encyclop. Ent. Ser. B. Lep. 2, 3 : 1-14.

POULTON, E. B. in KENWAY. 1929. Field notes on Euxanthe wakefieldi Ward and some of the

S. African Charaxes, including a new race of xiphares Cramer. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond.

4 : 42-50.
ROTHSCHILD, W. in ELTRINGHAM, POULTON, RILEY & TALBOT. 1929. African Rhopalocera.

Descriptions and notes. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 77 : 475-505, pis. 30, 31.
ROTHSCHILD, W. & JORDAN, K. 1901. On some undescribed lepidoptera. Novit. zool.

8 : 401-407.

ROTHSCHILD, W. 1905. Some undescribed lepidoptera. Novit. zool. 12 : 78-79.
ROUSSEAU-DECELLE, G. 1933. Notes sur quelques formes nouvelles des genres Papilio et

Charaxes (Lep.). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 38 : 269-273.

1938. Notes sur quelques formes nouvelles de Charaxidinae des faunes 6thiopienne et

indo-malaise (Lep. Nymphalidae). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 43 : 161-168, i pi.

SCHULTZE, A. igi3a. Zenken eine neue Charaxes form aus Deutsch-Ostafrika. Arch. Naturgesch.
79 (A. 8) : 3.

1914. Neue Charaxiden aus den tropischen Afrika. Ent. Rdsch. 31 (15) : 82.

STOLL, C. 1790. In CRAMER, P., q.v.

VAN SOMEREN, V. G. L. 1939- New and little-known Lepidoptera from Kenya and Uganda.
/. E. Afr. Ug. nat. Hist. Soc. 14 : 172-180, 6 pis.

1962. A new Charaxes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) from the Northern frontier province

of Kenya. Proc. R. ent. Soc. (B) 5 : 44-66, pis. 1-2.

1963. Revisional Notes on African Charaxes. Part I. Bull Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.}

Ent. 13 : 198-242, 5 maps, 19 plates.

VAN SON, G. 1935. New butterflies from S. Africa. Ann. Transv. Mus. 15 : 485-489.

1936. Descriptions of a new race of Charaxes xiphares (Cr.) from Southern Rhodesia.

Proc. R. ent. Soc. (B) 5 : 201-206, pi. z.

— 1953. A revision of the subspecies and forms of Charaxes cithaeron Felder and Charaxes
xiphares (Cr.). Ann. Transv. Mus. 22 : 219-230.

INDEX

Synonyms in italics

bavenda, 199 kagera, 218 ochreomacula, 193

brevicaudatus, 195, 197, 198 kennethi, 231 orientalis, 217, 218

burgessi, 197 kenwayi, 192 penningtoni, 190

butleri, 212 kigoma, 219 princeps, 210

caerulea, 213 kulal, 200 reducta, 189

Candida, 192 leopoldi, 212 schoutedeni, 220

cithaeron, 225 ludovici, 195 smaragdalis, 210

cyanescens, 194 luminosa, 191 thyestes, 189

desmondi, 201 lutea, 193 toro, 214

draconis, 191 maudei, 198 vumbui, 194

elatias, 189 metu, 219 wernickei, 203

elgonae, 215 nairobicus, 232 woodi, 195

griseus, 230 nandina, 203 xiphares, 188

homonymus, 217 nyasae, 229

joanae, 227 occidentalis, 189

PLATE i

Charaxes xiphares Cramer

FIGS, i and 2, xiphares Cramer, $ and $ (Cape Province, van Stadens and Knysna), upper
and undersides. FIGS. 3 and 4, thyestes Stoll, <£, Type of reducta Rothschild (W. Pondoland),
upper and underside (Photos B.M. (N.H.) Nos. 31251 & 31252). FIGS. 5 and 6, thyestes Stoll,
$ $ (Hogsback, Eastern Cape Province), upper and undersides. FIGS. 7 and 8, thyestes Stoll, <J,
Type of elatias Jordan (Port St. Johns), upper and underside (Photo B.M. (N.H.) Nos. 31247
& 31248).

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE i

'-'&

PLATE 2
Charaxes xiphares Cramer

FIG. 9, penningtoni van Son, f. luminosa, $ (Balgowan), upper and underside. FIG. 10,
penningtoni van Son, $ (Balgowan), large hind wing patch, upper and underside. FIGS, n
and 12, penningtoni van Son, $ (Eshowe and Balgowan, Natal), upper and underside. FIG. 13.
penningtoni van Son, $ (Balgowan), extended post-discal spots on fore wing, upper and underside,
FIG. 14, penningtoni van Son, $ (Durban), small hind wing patch, upper and underside. FIGS.
15 and 1 6, draconis Jordan, $ (Mariepskop), upper and underside.

PLATE 2

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 3
Charaxes xiphares Cramer

FIG. 17, draconis Jordan, $, nominate form, upper and underside. FIG. 18, draconis Jordan,
$ (Mariepskop), enlarged and extended discal spots on fore wing, upper and underside. FIGS.
19 and 20, bavenda van Son, <$ (Entabeni : Zoutspanberg) , upper and underside. FIG. 21,
kenwayi Poulton, $ (Haenertsburg), with large blue spots, upper and underside. FIG. 22,
kenwayi Poulton, <$ (Haenertsburg), with reduced blue areas, upper and underside. FIG. 23,
bavenda van Son, $, nominate form, upper and underside. FIG. 24, bavenda f. cyanescens
van Son, $, hind wing discal white suffused with lavender, upper and underside.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 3

PLATE 4
Charaxes xiphares Cramer

FIG. 25, kenwayi Poulton, $, nominate form, hind wing discal patch white, upper and underside.
FIG. 26, kenwayi Poulton, $, large form near lutea van Son, fore wing spots white, hind wing
patch yellow ochre, upper and underside. FIG. 27, kenwayi Poulton, $ (Haenertsburg, Wood-
bush) , form near lutea van Son but with fore wing discal spots pale ochre, upper and underside.
FIG. 28, burgessi van Son, $ (Rugege Forest, N.W. Lake Tanganyika), figured by Rebel as
brevicaudatus. FIGS. 29 and 30, vumbui van Son, $ $ (S. Rhodesia : Vumba Mts., Umtali),
upper and undersides. FIGS. 31 and 32, vumbui van Son, $ $, fore wing discal spots white,
hind wing patch white or white strongly suffused violet distally, upper and undersides.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 4

PLATE 5
Charaxes xiphares Cramer

FIG. 33, brevicaudatus Schultze, <$ (topotypical Tanganyika : Manow, N. of L. Nyasa), upper
and underside. FIG. 34, brevicaudatus Schultze, <$ (Tanganyika : Iringa), British Museum
(N.H.) Coll., upper and underside. FIG. 35, woodi ssp. n. Paratype 6* (Nyasaland: Limbe),
upper and underside. FIG. 36, woodi ssp. n. Type $ (Nyasaland : Cholo), upper and underside.
FIG. 37, brevicaudatus Schultze, Type $ (Tanganyika), Berlin Museum, upper and underside.
FIG. 38, burgessi van Son, Topotype $ (S.W. Uganda : Mafuga Forest, Kigesi ; Jackson),
upper and underside. FIG. 39, maudei Joicey & Talbot, Type $ (Tanganyika, Lindi area,
error?), B.M. (N.H.), ex Joicey Bequest, upper and underside. Photo B.M. (N.H.) Nos. 30321
& 30322.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 5

PLATE 6
Charaxes xiphares Cramer

FIG. 40, burgessi van Son, Paratype $ (S.W. Uganda : Mafuga Forest, Kigesi), upper and
underside. FIG. 41, burgessi van Son, Topotype <J (S.W. Uganda : Mafuga Forest, Kigesi),
upper and underside. FIGS. 42 and 45, ssp. ?, $ (Katanga : Kalule north ; Tributary Lualaba
River), Mus. R. Congo, Tervuren, upper and underside. FIGS. 43 and 44, maudei Joicey &
Talbot, ^ $ (Tanganyika : Usambara Range, Magamba Forest, Loshoto), O'Brien and A. Rydon,
Coryndon Museum, upper and undersides.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 6

PLATE 7
Charaxes xiphares Cramer

FIGS. 46 and 47, maudei Joicey & Talbot, $ (Tanganyika : Usambara Range, Magamba
Forest, Loshoto), A. Rydon, upper and underside. FIGS. 48 and 51, wernickei Joicey & Talbot,
Type $, said to be from Cameroon, is suspect, probably from Eastern Transvaal ; repaired in
hind wings, upper and underside. FIGS. 49 and 50, kulal van Someren, Topotype $ $ (Kenya,
Northern Frontier, Mt. Kulal, E. Lake Rudolf), upper and undersides.

IJull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 7

PLATE 8
Charaxes

FIGS. 52 and 53, xiphares kulal van Someren, comb, nov., Topotype 9 ? (Kenya, Northern
Frontier, Mt. Kulal, E. Lake Rudolf), upper and undersides. FIG. 54, desmondi van Someren,
$, upper and underside. FIGS. 55 and 56, desmondi van Someren, Type $ (Teita Hills), in
B.M. (N.H.), upper and underside. FIG. 57, desmondi van Someren, Paratype <$ (Teita Hills),
in coll. van Someren, upper and underside.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE

PLATE 9
Charaxes

FIGS. 58 and 59, nandina Rothschild & Jordan, $ $ (Kenya : Langata Forest, Ngong), upper
and undersides. FIG. 60, smaragdalis smaragdalis Butler, f. beni, <$ (N.E. Congo: Beni, Irumu),
a large ecological form, upper and underside. FIGS. 61 and 62, nandina Rothschild & Jordan,
$ (Kenya : Langata Forest, Ngong), upper and underside. FIG. 63, smaragdalis smaragdalis
Butler, f. beni, $ (N.E. Congo : Beni, Irumu), a large ecological form with slightly narrower
white bar in upper half of fore wing, upper and underside.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 9

£ " £> SP o"

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Bull, B.M. (N.H.) Entont. 15, 7

$•

PLATE ii
Charaxes smaragdalis Butler

FIGS. 71 and 72, smaragdalis Butler, $ and $ (Kasai), $ with large blue area extending
proximad ; discal blue extending to margin above upper tail. Hope Department, Oxford.
FIGS. 73 and 74, smaragdalis Butler, J and $ (Lulua), $ with hind wing discal blue restricted
above tails ; black ringed spots contiguous, Mus. R. Congo, Tervuren. FIGS. 75 and 76,
smaragdalis Butler, <$ and $ (Sankuru), Mus. R. Congo, Tervuren. FIGS. 77 and 78, butleri
Rothschild & Jordan, $ and $ (Sierra Leone), hind wing blue area bounded by wide black border.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Enlom. 15, 7

PLATE ii

co oo m

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Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 12

PLATE 13

Char axes smaragdalis caerulea Carpenter & Jackson

FIG. 88, $ (topotypical ; Kalinzu). FIG. 89, $ (Uganda ; Kigezi, Kayonza), very reduced
blue spots in fore wing above and below, upper and underside. FIG. 90, $ (Uganda : Kigezi,
Kayonza), fore wing spots are white also on underside, upper and underside. FIG. 91, ?
(topotypical ; Kalinzu). FIG. 92, $ (Uganda : Kigezi, Kayonza), fore wing spots purplish
with ochre scaling distad, upper and underside. FIG. 93, $ (Uganda : Kigezi, Kayonza), fore
wing spots purply-blue ; hind wing blue extends into anal angle ; a very large form in keeping
with large <$, upper and underside.

Bull. EM. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 13

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Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 14

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Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 15

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Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 16

PLATE 17
Charaxes smaragdalis Butler

FIGS. 117, 118 and 119, homonymus Bryk (orientalis Joicey & Talbot preoccupied), 3 $ (Kenya,
the high forests of Kericho and Sotik), a comparatively small race ; fore wing discal bar usually
wider than elongate ; hind wing black border narrow but entire, upper and undersides. FIGS.
120, 121 and 122, kagera ssp. n., 3 <$ (West shores of Lake Victoria, low forests of Kagera River
and Katera, Sango Bay), showing variations, a larger race than homonymus ; hind wing black
border well developed, upper and undersides.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 17

PLATE 18
Charaxes smaragdalis Butler

FIGS. 123 and 124, kagera ssp. n., $ (? Bukoba area), ? (Tanganyika : Biharamulo District,
Geita). FIGS. 125 and 126, metu ssp. n., <$ (Northern Uganda : West Nile District ; West
Madi ; forested hills Metu District), a small race showing a trend toward the nominate ssp.,
upper and underside. FIGS. 127 and 128, kagera ssp. n., $ (Tanganyika : Kakindu Hill, North
bank of Kagera River), Type of $ orientalis Carpenter, Photo Hope Department, Oxford
(figs, somewhat reduced), upper and underside. FIGS, 129 and 130, metu ssp. n., $, a small
race showing a trend toward the nominate ssp., $ with fore wing discal bar narrow, upper
and underside.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 18

126

PLATE 19
Charaxes

FIGS. 131 and 132, smaragdalis kigoma ssp. n., <J (N.E. Lake Tanganyika : Kigoma District,
Mukuvu Forest), showing variation. FIGS. 133 and 134, cithaeron cithaeron Felder, $ (Delagoa
Bay) and $ (Natal), var. with reduced hind wing patch respectively, upper and undersides.
FIG. 135, smaragdalis kigoma ssp. n., $ (N.E. Lake Tanganyika, Kigoma District, Mukuvu
Forest). FIGS. 136 and 137, cithaeron cithaeron Felder, $ (Delagoa Bay and Natal respectively),
upper and undersides.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 19

135

134

PLATE 20
Charaxes cithaeron Felder

FIGS. 138 and 139, cithaeron Felder, $ vars. (Swaziland : Natal, Port Shepstone). FIGS. 140
and iqi.joanae ssp. n., $ and ?, dry season forms showing suppression of pattern on underside,
upper and undersides. FIGS. 142, 143, 144 and 145, joanae ssp. n., <J and Type $ ; Allotype
$ and $ ; $ (Northern Rhodesia : Mumbwa, W. of Lusaka), specimen with slightly reduced
hind wing patch and Type respectively ; $ Allotype and slight variant respectively, upper
and undersides.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 20

PLATE 21

Charaxes cithaeron Felder

FIG. 146, ab. griseus Schultze, Type $ (Tanganyika : Southern Highlands, Manow, North of
Lake Nyasa), upper and underside. FIG. 147, nyasae ssp. n.( Holotype <$ (Nyasaland : Mlanje
2,500 ft., Mlosa stream), upper and underside. FIGS. 148 and 149, nyasae ssp. n., $ (Nyasaland),
variants within the series, upper and undersides. FIGS. 150, 151 and 152, nairobicus van Son,
•i § (topotypical Nairobi), and $ var. respectively, upper and undersides.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 21

ISO

152 '

PLATE 22

Charaxes cithaeron Felder

FIGS. 153 and 154, nyasae ssp. n., <J (Mlanje, 2,000 ft.), extreme variants ; reduced hind
wing patch ; diffuse pattern underside, upper and underside. FIGS. 155 and 156, nyasae
ssp. n., 9 (Mlanje foothills), extreme variants, upper and underside. FIGS. 157 and 158,
kennethi Poulton, topotypical cj, upper and underside. FIGS. 159 and 160, nairobicus van Son,
o* (topotypical Nairobi), upper and underside.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 22

PLATE 23
Charaxes cithaeron Felder

FIGS. 161, 162 and 163, nyasae ssp. n., § (Nkata Bay, Mlanje 2,000 ft.), 2 slight variants and
Allotype respectively, upper and underside. FIG. 164, kennethi <nyasae, <$ (Tanganyika :
Southern District, Newala, North of Ruvuma River), this specimen bears a strong resemblance
to fig. 149, Plate 21, upper and underside. FIGS. 165, 166 and 167, kennethi Poulton, 2 ?
topotypical and i $ var. milimani respectively (Amboni Forest, North of Witu), upper and under-
sides. FIG. 168, kennethi <nyasae, $ (Tanganyika: Southern District, Newala, North of Ruvuma.
River), upper and underside.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, 7

PLATE 23

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

ASILIDAE

H. OLDROYD

SYRPHIDAE

R. L. COE

AND

SIMULIIDAE

D. J. LEWIS

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 8

LONDON: 1964

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

ASILIDAE

H. OLDROYD vw

British Museum (Natural History)^-/

SYRPHIDAE

R. L. COE__*.

British Museum (Natural History)
AND

SIMULIIDAE

D. J. LEWIS y ,

Medical Research Council c/o British Museum \Natural History)

Pp. 237-294 ; 12 Text- figures,

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY VOL. 15 No. 8

LONDON: 1964

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. 8 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1964

TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

Issued 4 September 1964 Price Twenty-two Shillings

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

ASILIDAE

By H. OLDROYD

SYNOPSIS

Of the eight species in the collection six are described as new. The genus Cophinopoda Hull,
1958, is revised and six species are distinguished by differences in the male and female terminalia.
Three of the six are described as new, and the geographical distribution of the various species
is discussed.

As entomologist with the British Museum Expedition to Eastern Nepal in 1961-62,
Mr. R. L. Coe brought back a small, but interesting collection of Asilidae. There
are 37 specimens, belonging to eight species, each from a different genus. Only two
of these can be identified with known species, and these with some degree of doubt.

The Asilidae of India have recently been catalogued by Rattan Lai (1960). This
is an excellent summary of previous work, and makes it possible for the first time to
describe new species of Asilidae from India with some degree of confidence. There
are some omissions from the Catalogue ; a paper of my own, describing three new
species of Stichopogon from Southern India, published in 1948, is overlooked.
Nevertheless the Catalogue is a valuable starting-point for future workers who will
find a great many new species of Asilidae to describe from India.

In so far as this collection shows any marked zoogeographical affinities they are
with the Palaearctic Region. Five of the eight genera concerned — Cyrtopogon,
Machimus, Neomochthems, Heteropogon and Philonicus — are essentially genera of
temperate climates, though a few tropical species are known. Oldroydia appears
to be a Himalayan derivative of Cyrtopogon. Neolaparus is a genus of the Old
World tropics, best known in Africa. Cophinopoda has a most interesting
distribution, which is discussed in detail in the present paper.

Oldroydia maculata sp. n.

(Text-figs, i, 2, 5)

The genus Oldroydia was erected by Professor F. M. Hull for some specimens in the
British Museum that I had set apart from Cyrtopogon on account of the maned or
crested thorax, and of a large projection from the fore femur which appeared as a
secondary sexual character of the male. The antennae of the type species, 0. hamata
Hull, 1956 have the third segment elongate, and terminated by a spatulate or
disciform plate with a small spine (Text-fig. 4). This and the thoracic mane are
common to both sexes.

In Mr. Coe's material is a second species, distinguished at once from hamata
in the male by having a conspicuous black spot at the extreme tip of the wing : a
shadow appears in the same spot in the female, but is not obvious to the naked eye

240

H. OLDROYD

(Text-fig, i). In both sexes of the new species the antennae have no spatulate tip,
ending in a pointed style. In other respects the general colouring is almost identical
with that of hamata.

FIG. i. Wing of Oldroydia maculata, sp. n.

MALE. Head : facial knob large, smoothly convex from mouth-margin to bases of antennae ;
with thick grey tomentum, and a moustache consisting of very fine, silky black hairs, as long as
height of head, and longer than antennae. Frons with grey tomentum and long, fine, erect black
hairs, very long ones arising from ocellar tubercle. Occipital hairs very long, fine, silky
black, with no strong bristles. Beard mostly black. Palpi black with black hairs. Antennae
black with fine black hairs ; first two segments about equal in length ; third segment narrow
and awl-like, half as long again as two basal segments together ; style 3-segmented, pointed,
about as long as first segment (Text-fig. 5).

FIGS. 2, 3. Ninth tergite and terminal lamellae of males of Oldroydia maculata (2) and

O. hamata (3).

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

241

Thorax. Pronotal collar of hairs soft, brownish. Mesonotum black, with a brown pattern
that is partly shining. A broad, dark brown, median stripe bears on its middle third a crest
or mane of erect black hairs almost as long as the antennae ; on each side of this brown stripe
is a well-marked yellow stripe. Hairs over rest of mesonotum equally long, but sparser, except
on scutellum where they are dense, very long and erect, and partly yellowish. Pleura blackish
brown, brown hairs on propleuron and a tuft of long, brown hairs on metapleuron ; otherwise
hairs black.

Abdomen. Laterally compressed as in hamata. Shining black, with dense, erect hairs.
Dorsally a narrow black stripe. Remainder of first four tergites, and middle of fifth, with long
yellowish hairs. Sides of fifth and entire tergites posterior to this with short, crisp, orange
hairs. Venter of abdomen with black hairs, of the same length as those on corresponding
tergites. Genitalia black with long black hairs ; Text-fig. 2 shows the structure, and the
differences from hamata (Text-fig. 3).

Legs. Fore leg armed as in hamata, but with greater elaboration ; basal process longer ;
apex of femur produced dorsally into a finger-like tip ; apex of tibia enlarged ; four tarsal
segments also enlarged at tip. Other legs normal in shape. All femora black, tibiae red with
black apex, tarsi black. Hairs and bristles a mixture of black and red, not nearly concolorous
with ground colour as in hamata. Coxae with black hairs.

Wings (Text-fig, i). As in hamata. The vein Sc is short, ending level with extreme base
of discal cell. Thereafter vein R^ runs very close to and parallel with costa. Wing is broad
across basal half, but constricted apically. All cells open to margin, including anal cell. Much
of membrane is smoky brown and at extreme tip a very clearly defined black spot. Halteres
brownish.

Length of body 18 mm.; of wing 10 mm.

Female similar to male except in following respects : — Legs normal without any of the special
structures of the male. Hairs of coxae and femora paler. Abdomen shiny with long, erect,
pale hairs, and each segment with an interrupted posterior band of whitish tomentum. A
trace of median stripe of black hairs can be detected, but is not conspicuous. Wings with vein
Sc slightly longer than in male and apical half of wing less obviously constricted. Wing almost
uniformly smoky, with a faint grey cloud at extreme tip, but no obvious spot.

Holotype <$, 4 <$, 2 $ paratypes : NEPAL : Taplejung Dt., damp evergreen forest
above Sangu, c. 8,500 ft., 2-26.xi.ig6i (R. L. Coe).

In the British Museum collection is a single female from the type locality of
0. hamata, the Mishmi Hills of Assam. Again it has the same colouring as hamata
and maculata, but the antenna is intermediate in structure. The style is thickened
and has a distinct dorsal spine (Text-fig. 6) . This specimen implies that hamata and
maculata might be extremes of one species, but the differences in genitalia seem
decisive. Perhaps there is a small group of sibling species in the Himalayas.

FIGS. 4-6. Antennae of Oldroydia hamata (4), O. maculata (5) and of the specimen from

Assam mentioned in the text (6).

242 H. OLDROYD

Cyrtopogon ornatus sp. n.

A large, black species, with conspicuous dark markings on the wings, and tufts
of white hair on body and legs. These details distinguish it from the two species
described by Bromley (1935). C. laphrides Walker, 1851 — the type of which is
not to be found in the British Museum, but three specimens from S.E. Tibet agree
with the original description — differs from ornatus in having the body and legs
almost obscured by dense, tawny hairs.

MALE. Head. Hairs of frons, face and antennae fine, long, silky and all black. Upper
occiput and a strip along eye-margins with black hairs, but lower occiput with dense white
hairs. Antennae entirely black.

Thorax. Pronotum and propleuron covered with thick white tomentum, and with long,
white hairs. Mesonotum black-brown, with fine, black hairs arranged in a pattern leaving
bare a pair of longitudinal stripes. Humeri and two spots touching them have white tomentum
but black hairs : on transverse suture are two more tiny white spots. Scutellum uniformly
black-brown with long, erect, black hairs. Pleura black with thin whitish tomentum and
isolated tufts of long, dense hairs. Mesopleural tuft predominantly white, with some black
hairs ; metapleural tuft mostly black.

Abdomen. Broad at base, and stout, shining black dorsally, with only small, white triangles
in extreme corners of segments in posterior half of abdomen. Hairs entirely black, long and
erect, densest and most conspicuous at sides of first four tergites.

Legs. Black and with predominantly black hairs. White tufts on coxae and, most promi-
nently, on apical half of fore femora ; posteriorly and on basal half of hind tibiae a long white
tuft ; a golden yellow fringe on posterior face of hind tibia and tarsus.

Wings. Venation normal for genus. Cross- veins at base and apex of discal cell heavily
stained brown, as is costa. Tip of wing as far back as first posterior cell is also brown-stained.
Brown colour is produced by densely packed microtrichiae, which are subject to abrasion, and
so one would expect to find variation in these markings in different individuals. Halteres
orange.

Length of body 14 mm.; of wing 12 mm.

FEMALE. Closely resembles male in markings. Patches of white tomentum behind humeri
and on posterior segments of abdomen larger, and apex of wings less distinctly darkened.

Holotype $, i $ paratype : NEPAL : Taplejung Dt., damp evergreen oak forest
above Sangu, c. 10,400 ft., 2-26. xi. 1961, " flying swiftly over path in clearing"
(R. L. Coe).

Machimus ? assamensis Ricardo, 1919

Machimus assamensis Ricardo, 1919, Ann. Mag. nat, Hist. (9) 3 : 46.

NEPAL : Taplejung Dt., between Sangu and Tamrang, deep river gorge, c. 5,200
ft., x-xi.j_96i ; i $ (R. L. Coe).

This male agrees with a short series of both sexes in the British Museum from
ASSAM : Mishmi Hills, 4,000 ft. (M. Steele). I had set these aside as possibly a new
species, but it seems that there is little tangible difference from Ricardo's species
except that the forceps of Ricardo's male type are perhaps rather more slender.
If we had a series of specimens that agreed with the type in this respect I should
have more confidence in describing the Nepal material as a new species.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 243

Neolaparus coei sp. n.

The recent catalogue of Rattan Lai (1960) lists only one Indian species of
Neolaparus, N. volcatus Walker, 1849 (hypsaon Walker, 1849 ; bifidus Wulp, 1898).
This is a dark brown species with uniformly brown wings. In the British Museum
are examples of two or three unnamed species from Southern India and Ceylon,
but the species brought back by Mr. Coe is distinguished from all these by the
wing, which is faintly smoky and has a sharply denned, darker stigma behind the
tip of Sc and R^. It is a rather unusual Neolaparus in having only a very small
and inconspicuous spur on the fore tibia, and in having hairs and even weak bristles
on the scutellum. I have pleasure in naming it after the collector.

The two sexes of this species are exactly similar except for the genitalia, which
are of no help in determining the species, so a single description will suffice.

Head. Frons and face dark brown with a tomentum that shifts in colour from bronze to
dark brown as the specimen is rotated. Frons with a narrow, shining black line vertically
between the antennae, and a single row of fine black hairs along each eye-margin. Very
prominent ocellar tubercle with two strong black bristles. Moustache reduced to a double
row of light brown bristles, and above this, up bases of antennae, sparse fine brown or black
hairs. Antennae with first two segments relatively stout and equal in length, yellow, with
long yellow hairs ventrally and some black ones above ; third segment slenderly clavate,
darker, covered with velvety pile, which also extends over first segment of style ; second segment
of style is a narrow spine. Palpi and proboscis dark brown, partly yellowish, with yellow hairs.
Buccae narrow at base ; occiput with pale yellowish tomentum and a single row of short
bristles, pale or brown.

Thorax. Velvety reddish brown with black pattern, which varies in intensity, but consists
dorsally of paired black stripes with three black spots on each side. Pleura sharply divided
horizontally, with a velvety brown band across ventral half of sternopleuron and pteropleuron,
extending on to upper areas of coxae ; mesopleuron with a black spot, otherwise upper pleura
yellowish. Bare of hairs except for vertical fringe of pale bristles immediately before halteres.

Abdomen. Dorsally shining black with a greenish sheen. A row of median red spots is
small on first and second segments, but larger on posterior segments. Segments 3-5 with a
red basal band. Clothed with short black hairs, and a few pale ones laterally. Venter reddish,
dull, with yellowish tomentum and yellow hairs.

Legs. Femora and lower half of coxae light brown or yellowish ; tibiae light brown, darker
at tips ; tarsi brown. Hairs and bristles varying from light to dark brown.

Wings. Lightly smoky, with a little darker brown along veins, and especially on forks and
cross-veins. A conspicuous, clearly defined, black brown stigma between tips of Sc and Rlt
spreading backwards into first posterior cell.

Length of body 9-10 mm.; of wing 9 mm.

Holotype <$, 5 $ paratypes : NEPAL : Taplejung Dt., old mixed forest above
Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., 25-28. x. 1961, flying over dead leaves (R. L. Coe}.

Neomochtherus sanguensis sp. n.

A small, slender black and grey species, not closely allied to any species known to
me, and unique in its entirely black legs. The two sexes are closely alike in colour
and pattern.

Head. Frons and face with white or yellowish tomentum. Frons with sparse row of fine
hairs along each eye-margin ; ocellar tubercle small, with several weak black hairs. Antennae

244 H- OLDROYD

black : first two segments with greyish tomentum and black hairs ; third segment as long as
first two together ; arista slightly shorter, facial knob weak. Moustache mainly white bristles
and hairs, with a few black ones. Palpi and proboscis black with snow-white hairs, which
extend also to beard and lower part of occiput. Upper occipital bristles black, strong but not
long, and not proclinate.

Thorax. Mesonotum ashy brownish grey, with a pattern of darker brown : two admedian
stripes and three quadrate spots on each side, and before scutellum a dagger-shaped black
mark. Scutellum black with grey tomentum, which leaves two small black spots basally.
Bristles and hairs black. Three pairs of strong dorsocentrals, all behind suture, and in front
of this, fine hairs of diminishing length forwards. Two notopleurals, two supra-alars, two
postalars and two marginal scutellars. Pleura black, but with thick whitish grey tomentum :
fine white hairs and fine bristles in a vertical row on metapleuron and hypopleuron, mostly
white, a few black ones dorsally.

Abdomen. Dorsally dull black brown : first segment, base of second and a broad apical
band on second and subsequent segments, white. Clothed with black hairs, and along each side
a row of long bristles, one or a pair on each side of each segment being either white or black.
Venter black with brownish grey tomentum and fine white hairs.

Legs. Coxae and trochanters like pleura, rest of legs entirely black, clothed with fine white
hairs ; bristles black on tarsi, mostly white elsewhere.

Wings. Without pigment, but heavily covered with microtrichia in all cells, thus giving
wing a grey appearance. Halteres with brown stalk and yellow knob.

Length of body 13 mm.; of wing u mm.

Holotype $. NEPAL : Taplejung Dt., Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., resting on rocks
in the sun, g-iy.x.igGi.

Paratypes. NEPAL : Taplejung Dt., Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., resting on rocks in the
sun, 9-17. x. 1961, 6 <$, 9 $ ; same locality, mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
i $ (R. L. Coe).

Heteropogon nitidus sp. n.

A single specimen, unfortunately with the antennae completely broken off, of a
slender and bare Heteropogon with shining black abdomen and scutellum, black
femora and red tibiae ; the hind pair are black-tipped. Heteropogon is a Holarctic
genus, not previously recorded from India.

The nearest relative of the present species seems to be H. lugubris Herman, 1905,
from the Pamirs, but the face of lugubris is shining white instead of bronze, with the
black and white bristles of the moustache differently arranged. Moreover, the
description given by Engel (1925, p. 43) suggests that the abdomen of lugubris
is bare and silvery only on the hind margins of the tergites, and that some at least
of the tergites are reddish.

Head. [Antennae completely broken off, so that no antennal characters can be given.]
Face and frons about one quarter as wide as head, with frons broadening only slightly above
antennae. Frons black with white and golden tomentum and sparse black hairs. Ocellar
tubercle very prominent, with four long, slender black bristles. Face broadening slightly
towards mouth-margin, with thick yellow tomentum. Facial knob slight, moustache of black
and yellow bristles, slender, rather widely spaced, extending over two-thirds of height of face.
Proboscis and palpi black with some silvery hairs ventrally which merge with a sparse beard.
A long row of black postocular setae.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 245

Thorax. Mesonotum black, densely covered with brown and yellowish grey tomentum.
Pattern appears as a broad brown median stripe and lateral spots. Scutellum, in striking
contrast to mesonotum, is quite bare and shining black with four fine marginal bristles and
some smaller marginals, but no hairs visible on disc. Pleura ashy grey, a little brownish
dorsally. Mesopleural hairs black.

Abdomen. Dorsally bare, highly polished black with a slight greenish metallic sheen. The
only trace of pattern is a pair of tiny white spots at extreme sides of first five segments (two
pairs on second segment). Very short and sparse yellowish hairs over all dorsum, longer
white ones laterally. Venter with greyish tomentum and whitish hairs. Eighth segment of
female curiously flattened above, and with acanthophorites bearing a crown of short black
spines.

Legs. Coxae like pleura. Femora shining black, slender ; middle and hind femora with a
conspicuous black preapical dorsal bristle ; all femora with two white antero-basal bristles
and with some long white bristly hairs ventrally. Fore and middle tibiae and tarsi dark red
with black tips to tarsi. Hind tibiae clavate, red with black tip ; basitarsus very swollen,
black, other tarsal segments tapering gradually, also black. Hind coxae with a distinct anterior
process.

Wings. Venation generalized. All cells on wing-margin open, including anal cell. Wing
stained smoky brown, becoming rather paler in anal and axillary cells. Halteres clear brown.

Holotype ?. NEPAL : Taplejung Dt., damp evergreen oak forest above Sangu,
c. 8,500 ft., 2-26.xi.i96i (R. L. Coe}.

Philonicus curtatus sp. n.

(Text-figs. 7-8)

A black-legged species, rather close to the widespread Palaearctic P. albiceps,
but distinguished, at least in the female, by the blackish brown colour of the abdomi-
nal segments, with narrow white hind-margins, and by the distinctly shorter eighth
tergite (Text-figs. 7, 8). Two female specimens in Mr. Coe's collection match
another female standing unnamed in the British Museum collection.

FEMALE. Head. Covered with dense silvery tomentum and only sparsely hairy. Frontal
hairs confined to a row of fine black hairs on each side. Face bare except for a moustache
which covers only mouth-margin, and the small facial hump ; moustache white ventrally,
black dorsally. Beard silky, shining white. Upper occiput with a row of strong black bristles.
Proboscis and palpi black with silky hairs ventrally and otherwise yellow hairs. Antennae
entirely black with black bristles.

Thorax. Black brown with ashy grey tomentum, which leaves on mesonotum a broad,
divided median stripe merging into a prescutellar patch, and laterally to this three spots on
each side. Scutellum all grey, without marginal bristles in the holotype, and with two or
possibly four in the paratype. Other bristles : two notopleurals, one supra-alar, and two
postalars all strong and black. Otherwise mesonotum is clothed with short black bristles ;
humeri with fine silky white hairs and no bristles. Pleura with white tomentum, white bristles
in a row in front of halteres, and some fine white hairs elsewhere.

Abdomen. Of distinctive pattern. Each segment with black brown tomentum and fine
black hairs over most of disc, grey ones on narrow hind margin and broader lateral areas. Each
tergite with a row of black bristles on hind margin of dark spot, lateral bristles of each row
long and strong. Sternites dark grey with black bristles in middle and slender black ones on
hind margin of darker area, leaving posterior margin of each segment paler and bare. Some
fine white hairs anteriorly and laterally. Ovipositor as in Text-fig. 7, of Philonicus -type with
upturned bristles at tip, but with eighth tergite distinctly shorter than in P. albiceps (Text-fig. 8).

246

H. OLDROYD

Legs. Coxae grey like pleura, but some at least of strong bristles black and conspicuous.
Rest of legs black with black bristles, but entirely clothed with fine white hairs.

Wings. Faintly and uniformly smoky, with microtrichiae in almost all cells. Halteres dull
orange.

Length of body 17 mm.; of wing 13 mm.

FIG. 7. Ovipositor of Philonicus curtatus, sp. n.
FIG. 8. Ovipositor of Philonicus albiceps Meigen.

Holotype $, i $ paratype. NEPAL : Taplejung Dt., Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., resting on
rocks in sun, 9-17. x. 1961 (R. L. Coe).

Paratype $. ASSAM : Khasi Hills. (Purchased from E. Heyne.)

Cophinopoda chinensis (Fabr.)

NEPAL : Taplejung Dt., Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., on mixed vegetation by stream in
gully, ix-xi.i96i, and on yellow blooms of cultivated Compositae (Guizotia abyssinica
Cassini), 16-29. x.i96i, 2 ? (^- L. Coe).

The relationships of this species are discussed below.

Cophinopoda Hull

Hull, 1958, Proc. ent. Soc. Washington 60 : 251.
Type, Asilus chinensis Fabricius, 1794, by original designation.

It has been known for many years that the yellow-and-black Asilidae standing
in collections as Ommatius chinensis (Fabricius) probably included more than one
species, and certainly did not belong to the genus Ommatius Wiedemann.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 247

Specimens falling into this category occur in the Far East from Japan and Korea
south to Queensland, and round the shores of the Indian Ocean to Madagascar.
They share a distinctive appearance : robust, 20-25 mm. in length, with a rounded
head, a stout abdomen, colour generally dull black except for the reddish abdomen,
but generally covered with tawny tomentum and black hairs and bristles, wings
smoky yellow brown.

The definitive character of the genus Cophinopoda is a small patch of hairs im-
mediately above the base of each haltere, just below what is usually called the
metanotal callosity. Fortunately it is not necessary to depend upon this for
identification, because the genitalia are conspicuous in both sexes, and distinctive
not only for the genus but for individual species. The upper forceps of the male
are large and convex, and have a long, curved, ventral process ; the lower forceps
are not developed, but the claspers are large and can be seen even without dissection,
between the body of the upper forceps and its ventral process. In the females the
eighth sternite is deeply notched posteriorly, dividing into two wings which are of
distinctive shape and provided with distinctive bristles or long hairs.

Examination of all the material before me indicates that it can be divided into
species that are separated territorially, and easily distinguished from each other
by the genitalia as shown in Text-figs. 9-18.

I can recognise six species : pulchripes (Bigot), garnotii (Guerin), chinensis
(Fabricius), andrewsi sp. n., timorensis, sp. n. and philippinensis sp. n. In addition
there is in the British Museum collection the female type of Ommatius androcles
Walker, 1849, which was described as from " Sandwich Is.". This is clearly belong-
ing to Cophinopoda, but both its specific identity and the correctness or otherwise
of the locality are in doubt, as is explained below.

Cophinopoda pulchripes (Bigot) comb. n.
(Text-figs. 10, 18)

Ommatius pulchripes Bigot, 1859, Ann. Soc. ent. France (3) 7 : 419 ; Speiser, 1910, Kilimandjaro-

Meru Exped. 10 (4) : 105-6 ; Lamb, 1922, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. 18 : 361.
Ommatius mayottae Bigot, 1859, Ann. Soc. ent. France (3) 7 : 422.
Ommatius chinensis Oldroyd, 1959, Mem. Inst. sci. Madagascar 11 : 302 nee Fabricius, 1794.

Many years ago I examined Bigot's types in the Hope Department of Entomology,
Oxford, and formed the opinion that they belonged to one species which certainly
extends from the Seychelles, through the Comoro Islands, to Madagascar. When
I reviewed the Asilidae of Madagascar in 1959 I regarded this as a western extension
of the distribution of chinensis Fabricius, but this was incorrect, as the figures of
genitalia show. Hull (1962 : 438) correctly states that the Madagascar species is
distinct from chinensis taken in the Far East, but unfortunately his illustration
of the female (1962 : 800, fig. 2355), though labelled chinensis, is a dorsal view of
pulchripes. Hull also states that chinensis has been recorded from Sokotra ;
I have not been able to trace this record, but I should expect it to be pulchripes.

248

H. OLDROYD

FIGS. 9-14. Female genitalia of Cophinopoda spp. : chinensis Fabricius (9) ; pulchripes
Bigot (10) ; garnotii Guerin (u) ; timorensis sp. n. (12) ; andrewsi sp. n. (13), and
philippinensis (14).

Cophinopoda garnotii (Guerin)
(Text-figs, n, 17)

Asilus garnotii Guerin-Meneville, 1830, Voyage autour du Monde .
Coquille ". Atlas Ins. pi. 20, fig. 8.

. sur la corvette " La

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

249

Ommatius pennus Walker, 1849, List Dipt. Brit. Museum 2 : 469.

Ommatius fulvus Doleschall, 1857, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. (3) 4, tab. VI, fig. 5.

Ommatius inextricatus Walker, 1862, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 6 : 21.

Ommatius concinnens Wulp, 1872, Tijdschr. v. Ent. (2) 7 : 260.

Ommatius chinensis Ricardo, 1913, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 11 : 163 ; Hardy, G. H., 1928,

Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 40 : 62 ; Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 408 ;

Hardy, G. H., 1935, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 16 : 168 ; nee Fabricius, 1794.

FIGS. 15-18. Male genitalia of Cophinopoda spp. : chinensis Fabricius (15) ; andrewsi sp. n.
(16) ; garnotii Guerin (17), and pulchripes Bigot (18).

250 H. OLDROYD

There is no original description of this species, but the coloured illustration,
together with the figure of the antenna, show it to be Ommatius chinensis (Fabricius)
as interpreted by the various authors cited above. Guerin himself came to that
conclusion, for in the report of the same expedition (Zoologie 2 : 292) he records
the same specimen as Ommatius fulvidus (Wiedemann), and this is one of the syno-
nyms of chinensis. Guerin says that at the time that the plate was engraved he
had not then seen Wiedemann's description, and he also adds that the specimen
came from Buru in the Moluccas.

All specimens that I have seen from a wide area of the Far Eastern Archipelago,
and down to Queensland, have genitalia of the type shown in Text-figs, n, 17. G. H.
Hardy's figure labelled " Ommatius chinensis ? Fab." (1935 : 169, fig. 20) clearly
shows the clasper with the characteristically acute tip. The name garnotii is there-
fore available for this species, of which I have seen specimens from Queensland,
the Solomon Islands, Amboina, Ceram, Borneo, Malaya (Selangor Dt.) and Thailand
(Bangkok) . These last localities on the continental mainland are rather surprising,
but there is abundant confirmation among the specimens in the British Museum
collection. Compare this with the distribution of C. chinensis, set out below.

Cophinopoda chinensis (Fabricius)
(Text-figs. 9, 15)

Asilus chinensis Fabricius, 1794, Ent. Syst. 4 : 383.
Dasypogon flavescens Fabricius, 1805, Syst. Ant.: 169.
Ommatius fulvidus Wiedemann, 1821, Dipteres exotiques : 214.
Ommatius coryphe Walker, 1849, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. 2 : 469.
Ommatius pennus Walker, 1849, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. 2 : 469.

This species, also, is clearly defined by the genitalia of both male and female
(Text-figs. 9, 15). It comprises all the specimens that I have seen from Korea,
Japan, China, India and Ceylon, including the two specimens collected in Nepal by
Mr. Coe, and listed earlier in this paper. It also includes all the specimens I have
seen from Sumatra and Java.

The distribution of chinensis in relation to that of garnotii (Text-fig. 19) shows
an unusual boundary through the Malacca Strait and the Java Sea, which does not
coincide with any of the various " lines " that have been proposed in this region
for different groups of animals.

[LECTOTYPE fixation for Ommatius pennus Walker

Ommatius pennus Walker (1849, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. 1 : 469) was described from
two specimens, listed thus : a Corea. Presented by Sir E. Belcher, b Borneo.
Presented by the Admiralty. Both specimens exist in the British Museum collection,
and support the conclusions about distribution given in the present paper : the
specimen from Korea (Corea) has the genitalia of chinensis (Fabricius) and the
specimen from Borneo belongs to garnotii (Guerin) .

I hereby designate the specimen a from Korea as the lectotype of Ommatius
pennus Walker, making this name a synonym of chinensis (Fabricius). Under

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

251

Recommendation 74E of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1961,
the specimen b from Borneo becomes a paralectotype of Ommatius pennus Walker,
even though it is specifically distinct from the lectotype.]

FIG. 19. Map of the known distribution of the species of Cophinopoda : chinensis Fabricius
(i) ; garnotii Guerin (2) ; andrewsi sp. n. (3) ; philippinensis sp. n. (4) ; pulchripes
Bigot (5), and timorensis Bigot (6).

Cophinopoda andrewsi sp. n.

(Text-figs. 13, 16)

A large black species, lacking the tawny tomentum of the mesonotum which is a
feature of all the other species except pulchripes. From pulchripes, andrewsi is
distinguished by the larger size, by having the tibiae dull red instead of reddish
yellow, and the fore tarsi without tufts of pale hair laterally and by the very distinct
genitalia in both sexes (Text-figs. 13, 16).

FEMALE. Head. Frons blackish with thin yellow tomentum, and with abundant black hairs
in tufts : one tuft on each side of vertex along eye-margin ; one tuft each side above antennae ;
and a dense tuft of stiff black hairs behind ocelli. First two antennal segments orange with
black hairs, third segment black. Face orange in ground colour with yellow tomentum and
covered with fine hairs, merging into stiff bristles in lower mystax ; proportion of black to
yellow varies, but usually predominantly pale. Proboscis and palpi black with pale hairs.
Beard pale. Occipital hairs and bristles mainly pale, some black.

252 H. OLDROYD

Thorax. Mesonotum black with ashy grey tomentum, forming an indistinct pattern, with
a pair of median darker stripes visible only posteriorly. Evenly covered with short, bristly
black hairs, longer posteriorly and on black scutellum. Humeri and postalar calli dull reddish,
with rather longer hairs, especially on postalar calli. Very strong black bristles : 2 presutural,
i supra-alar, i postalar, 6-8 pairs dorsocentrals, all clustered behind base of wing ; two marginal
scutellars. Pleura ashy grey with blackish patches ; hairs mostly soft, yellow, but black
cluster on mesopleuron.

Abdomen. In ground colour black with narrow orange hind margins, and fairly long yellow
hairs, mingled with a few black ones. Venter similar. Female genitalia as in Text-fig. 13.

Legs. Femora black with yellow clothing hairs. Tibiae dull red, without black tips. Tarsi
black or partly dull reddish, especially basally. Bristles of legs black.

Wings. Without distinctive features.

Length of body 27 mm. ; of wing 22 mm.

MALE. Closely similar, genitalia as in Text-fig. 16.

Holotype ?, 8 $, 18 ^ paratypes, all from CHRISTMAS ISLAND, 1897 (C. W. Andrews)
(B.M. 1898-20, 1909-66).

Other paratypes, also from CHRISTMAS ISLAND : 3 <£, i $ collected by Dr. C. A.
Gibson-Hill, 1939-40 (ex F.M.S. Museum, B.M. 1955-354) ; 2 £, i <f>, coll. M. F. W.
Tweedie, viii.-ix.i932 (ex F.M.S. Museum, B.M. 1955-354).

The account of the expedition given by Mr. Andrews (1900, A Monograph of
Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), London, British Museum (Natural History))
shows clearly that this is the Christmas Island that is situated south of Java, and
not the island of the same name in the Pacific.

Cophinopoda philippinensis sp. n.

(Text-fig. 14)
Ommatius fulvidus Osten-Sacken, 1882, Berl. ent. Z. 26 : in, nee Wiedemann, 1821.

Osten-Sacken, in his account of Diptera from the Philippine Islands, brought
home by Dr. Carl Semper, records : " Ommatius fulvidus Wied. A. Z. I. 420. Must
be as common in the Philippines as in Amboina, Celebes, etc.".

The single female I have seen from the Philippine Islands looks, indeed, indistinguishable
from chinensis Fabricius (fulvidus Wiedemann), until we look at the genitalia, which are sharply
different. Until I have more specimens for comparison I am not able to give any other points
of difference, but the genitalia have proved so diagnostic in this genus that this one structure
is sufficient to define the species (Text-fig. 14).

Cophinopoda timorensis sp. n.

(Text-fig. 12)

The only known specimen is so similar in general appearance to C. chinensis that it is difficult
to pinpoint any significant differences. The brown tomentum of the head and thorax is perhaps
more greyish, and the tibiae have more distinct apical black rings, especially the fore tibiae.
The species is really defined on the female genitalia as shown in Text-fig. 12.

Holotype $. TIMOR : a single specimen collected by Alfred Russell Wallace,
and given by him to W. W. Saunders. It came to the British Museum with Saunders'
collection, B.M. 1868-4.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 253

Wallace's comments in his book THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO (1894) on the origin
of the fauna of Timor are apt in comparing this species with the others of the genus.

THE IDENTITY AND ORIGIN OF Ommatius androcles Walker, 1849

As already stated, this species was founded upon one specimen, a female recorded
as from : " Sandwich Island. Presented by Captain Beechey ". This specimen
stands in the British Museum at the present day, but unfortunately its eighth sternite
is broken, and the most that can be said of it is that it appears to be indistinguishable
from Cophinopoda chinensis (Fabricius).

The locality attributed to this specimen is especially intriguing because no Asilidae
are known from the Hawaiian Islands. Captain Beechey, who commanded the
sloop H.M.S. Blossom, was despatched to the Pacific during the years 1825-28 for
the purpose of waiting in the Behring Strait in case either Parry or Franklin should
succeed in finding a North- West Passage. During the periods in which the Strait
was frozen, Captain Beechey was ordered to cruise usefully among the islands of
the Pacific, charting and surveying. He called twice at " Woahoo " (=Oahu) and
actually left his naturalist there for eight months from May, 1826- January, 1827.
The naturalist, Mr. Tradescant Lay, was suffering from dysentery, and Captain
Beechey reasonably argued that he would be more usefully employed ashore in
Hawaii than cruising in Behring's Strait.

There is thus no direct reason to question the locality of the Asilid : it could
have been taken in Oahu. On the other hand it could have been taken later on the
voyage when the ship called at Macao. Here officers not only went ashore, but
lived ashore for some time in the houses of Portuguese officials. One would think
that if anyone did this the naturalist would be among them. He might easily
have caught this fine Asilid there and afterwards mistakenly included it in his
Hawaiian catch.

I asked Prof. D. Elmo Hardy for his opinion, and he concurs in the view that
Walker's type is probably a chinensis from the mainland. Prof. Hardy thinks
it unlikely that such a large predatory insect would have become totally extinct in
Hawaii since Beechey's time ; while I am impressed by the similarity to the eighth
sternite of chinensis, and feel that if the species had really lived in such isolation
on the Hawaiian Islands it would have become as distinct as andrewsi orphilippinensis.

REFERENCES

ANDREWS, C. W. 1900. A Monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). London :

British Museum (Natural History).
BROMLEY, S. W. 1935. New Asilidae from India (Insecta : Diptera). Rec. Ind. Mus. 37 :

219-230.

— 1945. The robber flies and bee-killers of China. Lingnan Sci. J. 21 : 87-105.
ENGEL, E. O. 1925-30. Asilidae in LINDNER, E. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region

24 : 491 pp.

HARDY, G. H. 1935. The Asilidae of Australia III. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 16 : 161-187.
HULL, F. M. 1956. Some genera of Asilidae. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 51 : 69-72.

254 H- OLDROYD

HULL, F. M. 1958. Some species and genera of the family Asilidae (Diptera). Proc. ent. Soc.

Washington 60 : 251-257.
LAL, RATTAN. 1960. Catalogue of Indian Insects 29 : Asilidae, Diptera. Indian Council for

Agricultural Research 11-29 '• 77 PP-
OLDROYD, H. 1959. Synopsis des Asilides (Diptera) de Madagascar. Mem. Inst. sci.

Madagascar (E) 11 : 247-319.
OSTEN-SACKEN, C. R. 1882. Diptera from the Philippine Islands brought home by Dr. Carl

Semper. Berl. ent. Z. 26 : 83-252.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

SYRPHIDAE

By R. L. COE

SYNOPSIS

The material studied comprises twenty-two genera and sixty-two species, of which eleven
are described as new. Some existing species are discussed and where necessary redescribed,
and keys are included to certain genera.

INTRODUCTION

THE bulk of the material dealt with in this paper was collected by the author while
a member of the British Museum (Natural History) East Nepal Expedition 1961-62.
Also included is other B.M. (N.H.) material from South-East Asia and two collections
from the same region submitted for identification by Drs. F. Kuhlhorn and F. Reiser,
of the Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich, Germany and the
Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland respectively.

As entomologist with the British Museum expedition, I was working in the field
from late September to early February, a period when most of the wild plants were
in seed and failed to attract Syrphidae. Moreover, cold winds and frequent frosts
had by late November decimated the insect population except in sufficiently
sheltered places. In the high damp evergreen oak forest above our base camp
at Sangu, frost and frozen snow had by that time restricted successful collecting
to barely an hour around midday when the overhead sun raised the temperature
along the narrow exposed track sufficiently for the insects to take flight from their
obscure hiding places. During this brief spell of activity in the high forest Syrphidae
were occasionally taken throughout the winter months at altitudes up to nearly
10,000 feet.

Near our base camp at around 6,200 feet a cultivated Composite (Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini), from the yellow blooms of which the natives extract an oil,
survived the nightly frosts of late December in a field facing south and sheltered
by high evergreen shrubs from the north and east. Some interesting Syrphidae
were attracted to the flowers. In early December the blooms of the same plant
afforded good collecting on the Tumlingtar plateau in the Arun Valley at an altitude
of about 2,000 feet. With wild blooms almost absent this cultivated plant was
extremely useful for collecting Syrphidae and other insects, Hymenoptera in
particular.

Of the species dealt with in this paper, fifty-one were collected in East Nepal,
and an analysis of their distribution reveals some facts of interest. Only nine
occur in the Palaearctic Region ; twenty-seven occur in the territories extending

256 R. L. COE

southward through Burma and Thailand as far as Sumatra and Java ; three occur
still further south, i.e., in Northern Australia ; and three occur in the Ethiopian
Region.

However, of the twenty-two genera taken in East Nepal, twenty occur in the
Palaearctic Region ; one (Megaspis) occurs in the Ethiopian Region ; and one
(Lycastris) is peculiar to the Oriental Region.

In the following text, collectors' names are given when the material was taken
other than by the author.

Subfamily SYRPHINAE
Paragus tibialis tibialis (Fallen)

Pipiza tibialis Fallen, 1817 : 60.

Paragus tibialis (Fallen) Meigen, 1822 : 183.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, ix-x.i96i, i $, i <j>.

The typical form of this species with its entirely black abdomen is cosmopolitan
in its distribution.

Paragus tibialis rufiventris Brunetti

Paragus tibialis rufiventris Brunetti, 1913 : 157.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from mixed vegetation
from stream in gully, ix-x.i96i, 7 $ ; also from blooms of Guizotia abyssinica
Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961, 2 3 '> above Sangu, c. 6,500 ft., from evergreen scrub, 5-13. x.
1961, i c?. Taplejung District, Dobhan, c. 4,000 ft., from cut rice steppes above
River Maewa, 28.1.1962 2 <£.

This form of tibialis occurs in INDIA and CEYLON.

The following Paragus species all belong to the sharply differentiated group with
very deeply serrated scutellum, bearing a marginal row of conspicuous teeth, as
denned by Stuckenberg (1954 : 409).

Paragus crenulatus crenulatus Thomson
Paragus crenulatus crenulatus Thomson, 1869 : 503.

EAST NEPAL : Arun Valley, Tumlingtar plateau, c. 2,000 ft., from blooms of
Guizotia abyssinica Cassini, io-i6.xii.i96i, I <£.

Typical crenulatus is widespread in the Oriental Region.

Through the kindness of Dr. Kjellander, of Stockholm, I was enabled to compare
my single example of the typical form of this species with the sole existing specimen
in Thomson's collection at the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum. They agree in all
respects, thus confirming Stuckenberg's interpretation of Thomson's description.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 257

Paragus crenulatus Thomson, dark form
Paragus crenulatus Thomson ; dark form, descr. Stuckenberg, 1954 : 412-

EAST NEPAL : Arun Valley, Tumlingtar, c. 2,000 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, io-i6.xii.i96i, 3 <$, 2 $ ; Taplejung District, Dobhan, c. 4,000 ft.,
from cut rice steppes above River Maewa, 28.1.1962, 2 ^, 2 $.

This material agrees with Stuckenberg's description of three specimens from
Calcutta, in which the body is dark, the mesonotal pile white, and the mesonotal
stripes complete and silvery. Also, the thorax is more coarsely punctate than in
the typical form, and has dull violaceous and a few cupreous reflections. As
Stuckenberg remarks there is considerable variation within the species, which could
probably be divided into several subspecies if more material became available.

Paragus yerburiensis Stuckenberg

Paragus yerburiensis Stuckenberg, 1954 : 4*5-

EAST NEPAL : Arun Valley, Tumlingtar plateau, c. 2,000 ft., from blooms of
Guizotia abyssinica Cassini, io-i6.xii.i96i, 3 <$, i $.
Described from INDIA and CEYLON.

Paragus auratus Stuckenberg

Paragus auratus Stuckenberg, 1954 : 41^-

EAST NEPAL : Arun Valley, Tumlingtar plateau, c. 2,000 ft., from blooms of
Guizotia abyssinica Cassini, io-i6.xii.i96i, 6 <£, i $.
Described from INDIA, CEYLON and AFRICA.

Baccha maculata Walker

Baccha maculata Walker, 1852 : 223.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from mixed vegetation
by stream in gully, ix-x.i96i, 2 $.
Described from NORTH INDIA.

Baccha sp. near maculata Walker

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, above Sangu, c. 6,300 ft., from old mixed
forest, 25-28. x. 1961, i $.

This specimen is close to maculata, differing from the single female example of
the latter in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) in the following respects : — frons and facial
knob less prominent, side dusting on frons more evenly broad ; thorax, scutellum
and pleurae shining black, not steely blue as in maculata ; tergites with the pale
basal markings on 3-5 more restricted and pale yellowish.

258 R. L. COE

Platycheirus albimanus (Fabricius)

Syrphus albimanus Fabricius, 1781 : 434.
Platycheirus albimanus (Fabricius) Verrall, 1901 : 280.

EAST NEPAL : Khumbu, Thangpoche, c. 13,000 ft., io.vii.i962, 2 $ (G. Ebert,
H. Falkner). In Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates.
Common in EUROPE and stated to occur in the Nearctic Region.

Platycheirus manicatus Meigen var. himalayensis Brunetti

Platycheirus manicatus Meigen var. himalayensis Brunetti, 1915 : 209.

EAST NEPAL : Khumbu, Thangpoche, c. 13,000 ft., io.vii.i962, series <$, $
(G. Ebert, H. Falkner}. In Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates.

Described from 3 <$ from Garhwal, West Himalayas (Zoological Survey, Calcutta) .

Differs principally in <$ from the typical European form of manicatus by having
the front tarsi more conspicuously dilated.

Melanostoma univittatum (Wiedemann)

Syrphus univittatus Wiedemann, 1824 : 36.

Melanostoma univittatum (Wiedemann) Brunetti, 1915 : 208.

EAST NEPAL : Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar, River Sabhaya, c. 1,800 ft., on
sandy shore, 3O.xii.ig6i, i $.

Widely distributed in Oriental and Australian Regions.

Melanostoma orientate (Wiedemann)

Syrphus orientalis Wiedemann, 1824 : 36.

Melanostoma orientale (Wiedemann) de Meijere, 1908 : 312.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica, Cassini io-i6.xii.i96i, i <$, 3 $ ; also from mixed vegetation by stream
in gully, ix. 1961-!. 1962, 2 $, i $ ; and from blooms of wild cherry, 15-18. xi. 1961,
2 (£, i $ ; Taplejung District, Dobhan, from mixed vegetation by stream in deep
gully, c. 3,500 ft., i-ii.T-962, i $.

Widely distributed in Oriental Region.

Sphaerophoria Indiana Bigot

Sphaerophoria Indiana Bigot, 1884 : 99.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961, 2 c? ', also from mixed vegetation by stream in
gully, ix-x.i96i, i <^, i $ ; Arun Valley, Tumlingtar plateau, c. 2,000 ft., from
blooms of Guizotia abyssinica Cassini, io.xii.i96i, 2 <$, 3 $.

Occurs in INDIA, CEYLON and CHINA.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 259

Syrphus torvus Osten-Sacken
Syrphus torvus Osten-Sacken, 1875 : 139.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from damp evergreen oak
forest, 2-26. xi. 1961, i $ ; also, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia abyssinica
Cassini, io-i6.xii.ig6i, i $ ; from blooms of wild cherry, 15-18. xi. 1961, i $ ;
and from foliage at edge of mixed forest, 17. xi. 1961, i $.

Frequent in EUROPE and INDIA.

My Nepalese material agrees with the series of European torvus in the Brit. Mus.
(Nat. Hist.), except that in both sexes the dust on frons is golden instead of grey.
However, a single $ from Sweden agrees with my series in this respect. Osten-Sacken
described his torvus from North America, but I have seen no material from that
sub-continent that agrees with the species as now understood, and it is possible
that there are two species confused here.

Syrphus pellucidipennis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 1-2)

FEMALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 15-5 mm.; wing-length, 14-5 mm. Eyes rather
narrowly separated at vertex, the space between them steadily increasing from shortly above
front ocellus to their lowest extremity ; eye-hairs dense, yellowish, rather short above, longer
below. Vertex shining blackish olive, scarcely dusted, with short black hairs. Frons shining
olive, with dense wide golden dusting at sides ; lunula shining blackish olive. Face (Text-fig. 2)
broad, broader than the maximum width of an eye, very shortly descending below eye-level,
moderately hollowed beneath antennae and with moderately produced central prominence ;
yellow, with rather sparse pale golden dusting except on the shining, more orange, central
prominence. Antennae greyish black, the first segment slightly shining, second and third
dull ; first and second subequal in length, third about as long as first two together, rather narrow,
tapering towards tip. Arista rather short, reddish, slightly darkened towards tip.

Thorax greyish green, scarcely shining, becoming orange at sides, clothed with mainly rather
short yellow hairs on disc and with longer light orange hairs at sides ; scutellum yellowish
orange, slightly shining, with rather long fine intermixed yellow and black hairs. Pleurae
mainly greyish green, extensively dulled by dense pale golden dusting and with moderately
dense rather long light orange hairs.

Abdomen with first tergite and extreme base of second moderately shining grey ; remainder
of second tergite black, dull towards base, shining towards tip, with a pair of narrow, widely
divided yellow fasciae halfway along tergite, these not extending over side-margins ; third
tergite black, similarly dull towards base, shining towards tip, with a tiny isolated reddish
yellow spot at middle towards base and a slight trace of reddish at middle of hind-margin ;
fourth tergite black, similarly dull towards base, shining towards tip, with a much more extensive
reddish marking spreading across hind-margin and extending forward for a short distance at
median line, thus appearing narrowly triangular ; fifth tergite with an almost equilaterally
triangular reddish marking extending forward from hind-margin. Sternites mainly blackish.

Four anterior femora narrowly blackish at base, hind pair with more than basal half blackish,
all tibiae yellowish, four anterior tarsi yellowish, hind pair darkened dorsally. Leg-hairs
mainly following ground colour on the two anterior pairs, but on the hind pair the short black
femoral hairs are continued over the yellow apical half, and the tibiae have numerous short
black hairs for their entire length, these becoming conspicuous and close-set along the apical
half.

Squamae yellowish, fringed with long golden hairs. Halteres yellowish. Wings pellucid
apart from the light yellowish brown stigma.

260

R. L. COE

Holotype $. EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, damp evergreen oak forest
above Sangu, c. 9,200 ft., 2-26.xi.ig6i. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

FIGS. 1-8. i, 2, heads of $ Syrphus from in front, (i) chrysotoxoides Curran. (2)
pellucidipennis sp. n. 3-5, 8, heads in profile. (3) Ferdinandea longifacies sp. n. (4)
Volucella flavoscutellata Sack. (5) V. varipila sp. n. (8) F. Isabella Hull. 6, 7, hind
femora of <$ Pseudovolucella, base to right, externo-lateral view. (6) fasciata Curran.
(7) hingstoni sp. n.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 261

The single example of this large, handsome species was taken resting on a fern
leaf warmed by the sun's rays. Apart from the very restricted yellow markings
on the abdominal tergites, its dull green thorax and hairy eyes would lead one at
first glance to consider it a close ally of torvus Osten-Sacken (q.v.) of the ribesii-
vitripennis group of the genus. However, the lower lobe of the squama is devoid
on the disc of the numerous long yellow hairs characterizing that group, microscopic
pile only being present.

Curran (1928 : 201) described a Syrphus chrysotoxoides from a single $ taken in
Siam, and this example shares with my new species the combination of characters
mentioned above. Curran's type specimen of chrysotoxoides is in the Brit. Mus.
(Nat. Hist.), and is gummed to a card and in very poor condition. From certain
omissions of detail in Curran's description it seems probable that he described it in
its present state. Although sharing the characters detailed, chrysotoxoides differs
from my new species in many respects. The face (Text-fig, i) of chrysotoxoides is
considerably narrower, at its maximum width being less than the maximum width
of an eye ; antennae extensively reddish ; wings evenly smoky yellow ; all tergites
extensively yellow ; sternites mainly yellowish ; and all femora entirely clear
reddish orange.

Syrphus brunettii Herve-Bazin

Syrphus brunettii Herve-Bazin (pro albostriatus Brunetti nee Fallen), 1923 : 290.
Syrphus albostriatus Brunetti nee Fallen, 1923 : 72.

EAST NEPAL : Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from mixed vegetation in deep gully, 11.1962,
2 (£ ; from damp evergreen oak forest above Sangu, c. 8,500 ft., 2-26.xi.i96i, i $.

The above material that I took in East Nepal and one $ and two $ in the Brit.
Mus. (Nat. Hist.) from North East India agree with Brunetti's description of his
supposed albostriatus Fallen, as amended to brunettii by Herve"-Bazin, except that
Brunetti states that the eyes in the male are " absolutely contiguous for only a
short distance ". Actually, both albostriatus and the material that I now identify
as brunettii have the eyes touching for a considerable distance in the male. Unfor-
tunately I have been unable to check the type series of brunettii at the Zoological
Survey in Calcutta, but I am satisfied that Brunetti's statement is a lapsus calami.
Further, had Brunetti's examples of the male truly had the eyes touching for only
a short distance, Herv6-Bazin would surely have drawn attention to this further
distinction from the true albostriatus when renaming the series.

Syrphus serarius Wiedemann
Syrphus serarius Wiedemann, 1830 : 128.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, x. 196 1-1.1962, i <$, 5 $.

Occurs widely in Oriental Region.

In this species the markings on the tergites vary a great deal, also in the female
the frontal dust-spots may be present or absent and while the latter are usually
grey they are yellowish in one of my Nepalese examples.

262 R. L. COE

Syrphus ? nitens Zetterstedt var.

Syrphus nitens Zetterstedt (typical), 1843 : 712.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, io-i6.xii.ig6i, i <$.

This single male example of a Syrphus of the luniger group agrees with the
uncommon nitens in having the third and fourth tergites with the yellow bands
not, or scarcely, broader than the black cross-band separating them, and than the
black cross-band bounding the front margin of the third tergite and the hind margin
of the second tergite. The yellow bands of the third and fourth tergites are, however,
narrowly divided into lunules instead of being entire and the central prominence
of the face is rather broadly darkened. Otherwise it agrees quite closely with
typical male nitens.

Occurs widely in EUROPE (typical form).

Syrphus bait eat us (Degeer)

Musca balteata Degeer, 1776 : 116.

Syrphus balteatus (Degeer) de Meijere, 1908 : 297.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, ix-x.i96i, i $ ; also, between Sangu and Tamrang, c. 5,200 ft., from
mixed shrubs in deep gorge, x-xi.i96i, 2 <$, 3 ?. South of Katmandu, Rapti Tal,
c. 980 ft., 23-27.111.1962, 2 $, (G. Ebert, H. Falkner). The latter two examples are
in the Zoologisch.es Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates.

Common and widespread in Palaearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental and Australian
Regions.

Syrphus balteatus (Degeer) var.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, between Sangu and Tamrang, c. 5,200 ft.,
x-xi.i96i, i <$ ; also Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
xi. 1961-!. 1962, i (J, 2 $ ; and from blooms of Guizotia abyssinica Cassini,
io-i6.xii.i96i, i c£.

This is a curious variety in which the broad yellow bands on tergites, and
frequently the narrow yellow bands also, are rather widely divided by a greyish
black longitudinal stripe. In the field this difference in the markings is very
noticeable. A $ and a $ in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) from North-east India and
Hong Kong respectively exhibit this same variation from typical balteatus.

Syrphus cinctellus (Zetterstedt)

Scaeva cinctella Zetterstedt, 1843 : 742.

Syrphus cinctellus (Zetterstedt) Verrall, 1901 : 392.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, below Sangu, c. 6,000 ft., from edge of small
mixed wood, 4.xi.i96i, i <$. East of Katmandu, Dudh Kosi Tal, 10,350 ft.,
24.vii.i962, i $ (G. Ebert, H. Falkner). Latter example in Zoologisches Sammlung
des Bayerischen Staates.

Common in Palaearctic Region. Also recorded from NORTH INDIA.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 263

Syrphus fulvifacies Brunetti

Syrphus fulvifacies Brunetti, 1913 : 161 ($).

Syrphus fulvifacies Brunetti ; Brunetti, 1923 : 89 (<?).

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, io-i6.xii.ig6i, i $ ; also from mixed vegetation by stream in
gully, xi. 1961-1.1962, i <$ ; above Sangu, c. 7,000 ft., on old stone wall, 7.1.1962, i $ ;
and from leaves of shrubs on sunny ridge, 14.1.1962, 1^,1$.

This small, distinct species was described by Brunetti (1913 : 161) from a single
$ taken at Rotung in N.E. India on 26.ix.i9i8, and now in the Zoological Survey at
Calcutta. Later (1923 : 89) he described the $ from a specimen taken at Kashmir
in June, 1901. Brunetti does not state in which collection the latter example was
deposited. It is certainly not in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

Curiously enough, while Brunetti named the species fulvifacies from its entirely
clear yellow face (" wholly bright golden-orange " is his description) he separated
it in his key to Syrphus species from latifasciatus Macquart by its having the " facial
bump dark ", correctly quoting latifasciatus as having the " facial bump pale
yellow ". The five examples of fulvifacies that I collected in Nepal all have the face
entirely clear yellow and agree with Brunetti's description of that species.

In Brunetti's key mentioned above, the two species (fulvifacies and latifasciatus}
run to couplet 16, and that section may be replaced by :—

1 6 Thorax glittering black or greenish black. Second and third tergites with the yellow
bands broad, occupying more than half length of tergite. Frontal lunule pale
yellow, concolorous with remainder of frons and the face . latifasciatus Macquart

- Thorax dull pale green. Second and third tergites with the yellow bands narrow,
occupying not more than half length of tergite and usually less. Frontal lunule
intensely black, shining, with small median orange area anteriorly

fulvifacies Brunetti

Finally, although Brunetti records a $ latifasciatus (1923 : 87) from Simla, I have
not seen an Oriental example of that species. Brunetti states that there is no doubt
whatever of his identification being correct.

For the above emendation of Brunetti's key I have compared my Nepalese series
of fulvifacies with the European material of latifasciatus in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

Syrphus conf rater Wiedemann
Syrphus confrater Wiedemann, 1830 : 120.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, above Sangu, on old stone wall, c. 7,000 ft.,
7.1.1962, i £ ; Sangu, from mixed vegetation by stream in gully, c. 6,200 ft.,
xi. 1961-!. 1962, 3 $ ; and from blooms of Guizotia abyssinica Cassini, io-i6.xii.i962,
i <3. South of Katmandu, Rapti Tal, Hitora, c. 980 ft., 23-27.111.1962, i $ (G. Ebert,
H. Falkner). In Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates.

Distributed throughout Oriental Region.

Syrphus albipilus sp. n.

FEMALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 9-5 mm.; wing-length, 8 mm. Eyes rather
broadly separated at vertex, the space between them parallel-sided until shortly below front

264 R- L- COE

ocellus, then steadily widening until just below level of antennae, after which the sides become
parallel or even slightly convergent down to their lowest extremity ; eye-hairs dense, whitish,
mainly rather long. Occiput dull greyish below, glittering pale bluish above, fringed with
long, abundant, thickened hairs, which are whitish except towards vertex, where they become
pale yellow. Vertex shining blue-black with purplish reflections, clothed with short dark hairs.
Frons shining steely blue-black with a rather narrow cross-band of grey dusting following the
line of a shallow median transverse depression and continued down against the eyes to the
level of the antennae ; lunula shining orange anteriorly ; hairs on frons of medium length,
whitish. Face narrow, shallow, almost evenly wide, flattish in profile, hardly hollowed under
antennae and with a very slightly protruding shining black central prominence ; pale yellowish,
sparsely white-dusted towards sides, with long whitish hairs. Antennae dull dark greyish,
third segment rather long and narrow, tapering somewhat after middle, more than twice as
long as first and second segments together ; arista short, blackish.

Thorax shining black with bluish reflections, clothed with rather long abundant whitish
hairs. Scutellum yellow, moderately shining, with rather long hairs, which are mainly whitish
interspersed with scanty blackish ones, but with some much longer black hairs apically ;
fringed subapically with rather long fine whitish hairs. Pleurae silvery grey, extensively
whitish dusted, the undusted parts moderately shining ; clothed with long whitish hairs.

Abdomen with first tergite light blue-green, shining except at sides, where it is white-dusted ;
second tergite slightly shining black with just beyond middle a pair of shining light orange
fasciae, which widen towards sides, occupying about one-third length of tergite on disc and
about one-half laterally, these fasciae not quite reaching side-margins, the light grey area
between the two suggesting that a complete band is sometimes present ; third tergite quite
brightly shining all over, more than anterior two-thirds occupied by a straight orange band,
which does not quite reach side-margins, remainder black ; fourth tergite similarly shining
all over with an anterior orange band which widens towards sides, occupying about one-third
length of tergite on disc and about one-half laterally, not quite reaching side-margins ; this
band has a pair of narrow, well separated whitish grey fasciae imposed along its posterior margin,
these not nearly reaching side-margins, remainder of tergite black ; fifth tergite shining steely
blue-black. All tergites clothed with whitish hairs, moderately long on disc of first and second
tergites, much longer at sides, succeeding tergites short haired. Sternites shining, pale yellow,
black-banded with long whitish hairs.

Legs with coxae and trochanters grey ; four anterior femora black on about basal half,
otherwise pale orange, with long white hairs posteriorly, hind pair completely black, with long
white hairs anteriorly ; front tibiae pale orange with trace of a dark ring just after middle,
mid pair similar but the darkened area is nearer to tip, hind pair more brownish orange, broadly
darkened around middle ; tarsi completely darkened, except the hind metatarsi, which are
rather lighter.

Wings pellucid, stigma very pale yellowish brown. Squamae whitish grey, fringed with
long whitish hairs. Halteres with light orange stem and lemon yellow knob.

Holotype $. EAST NEPAL, Arun Valley, Tumlingtar plateau, on blooms of
Guizotia abyssinica Cassini, c. 2,000 ft., io-i6.xii.i96i. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

This small species is clearly allied to the Ethiopian adligatus Wiedemann. Both
belong to a group characterised by :- the abundant, long and thickened occiputal
hairs ; the flattish yellow face with slightly shining black central prominence ;
abundantly hairy eyes in both sexes ; entirely black or dark grey antennae with
short arista ; tergites 2-4 with orange or grey bands, entire or divided. Also in this
group are serarius Wiedemann (Oriental Region) and daripennis Loew (Ethiopian
Region) . The group can be divided into those species that have the orange band on
the third tergite about twice as wide, at least on disc, as that on the fourth tergite

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 265

(adligatus, albipilus), and those in which the bands on the third and fourth (and
usually the second) tergites are subequal in width (serarius, claripennis] . In the
former subgroup there is apparently a tendency for the coloration of these bands to be
predominantly orange, and in the latter subgroup predominantly grey.

Although adligatus $ closely resembles albipilus <j> it may be clearly separated
by the following characters : — thorax dull greenish grey anteriorly, with a pair
of closely approximated greyish median stripes (most clearly seen from behind) ;
the yellowish subcostal cell with a conspicuous dark brown rectangular patch below
the tip of subcostal vein ; the greyish white dusting across the frons broad.

Asarcina ericetorum (Fabricius)

Syrphus ericetorum Fabricius, 1781 : 425.

Asarcina ericetorum (Fabricius) Brunetti, 1915 : 210.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from mixed vegetation by
stream in gully, ix-x.igGi, i <$ ; and by rocky stream, 7-16. x. 1961, i $.

This species with its numerous named varieties is common and widespread in the
Ethiopian, Oriental and Australian Regions.

Asarcina aegrota (Fabricius)

Eristalis aegrota Fabricius, 1805 : 243.

Asarcina aegrota (Fabricius) Brunetti, 1915 : 210.

EAST NEPAL : 7.viii.i962, i <$ (no other data), (G. Ebert, H. Falkner). In
Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates.

Common throughout the Oriental Region. Recorded from NORTH AUSTRALIA.

Xanthogramma (Ischiodon) scutellaris (Fabricius)

Scaeva scutellaris Fabricius, 1805 : 252.

Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) Sack, 1913 : 5.

Xanthogramma (Ischiodon) scutellaris (Fabricius) Hull, 1949 : 290.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Dobhan, from cut rice fields above River
Maewa, c. 4,000 ft., 28.1.1962, i $.

Widespread in India and elsewhere in the Oriental Region.

Subfamily CHRYSOTOXINAE

Chrysotoxum baphyrus Walker
Chrysotoxum baphyrus Walker, 1849 : 542.

EAST NEPAL : Arun Valley, Tumlingtar plateau, c. 2,000 ft., from blooms of
Guizotia abyssinica Cassini, io-i6.xii.i96i, i <£.

Distributed through INDIA. Also recorded from CEYLON and VIETNAM.

266 R. L. COE

Subfamily CHEILOSIINAE
Rhingia binotata Brunetti

Rhingia binotata Brunetti, 1908 : 59 (<$).

Rhingia binotata Brunetti ; Brunetti, 1913 : 166 ($).

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of wild cherry,
I5~i8.xi.i96i, i <$ ; also c. 6,000 ft., from edge of small mixed wood, 4.xi.i96i,
i $ ; and c. 5,500 ft., from river bank below Tamrang Bridge, x-xi.i96i, i <£.

Recorded from NORTH INDIA and CEYLON.

Rhingia laticincta Brunetti

Rhingia laticincta Brunetti, 1908 : 58.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, damp evergreen oak forest above Sangu,
c. 8,500 ft., 2-26. xi. 1961, 3 $ ; and edge of small mixed wood below Sangu, c. 6,000 ft.,
4.xi.i96i, i $.

Recorded from NORTH INDIA.

Cheilosia nigroaenea Brunetti

Cheilosia nigroaenea Brunetti, 1915 : 204.

EAST NEPAL : Khumbu, Khumdzung, c. 12,700 ft., 15^.1962, i $ ; and Dudh
Kosi Tal, 10,350 ft., 24.vii.i962, i $ (G. Ebert, H. Falkner). In Zoologisches
Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates.

Recorded from NORTH INDIA.

Ferdinandea longifacies sp. n.

(Text-fig. 3)

MALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 12 mm. ; wing-length, n mm. Eyes in contact for
somewhat more than length of vertex : eye-hairs rather long, pale yellow. Vertex small,
narrow, light brown-dusted, with long, forwardly curved black hairs. Frons yellow, wide,
rather prominent, densely yellowish white-dusted towards sides, with moderately long black
hairs except on the shining orange, well-formed lunula. Face (Text-fig. 3) broad, descending,
with deep jowls, only slightly concave immediately below antennae, moderately produced ;
eye-margins very wide against middle and lower part of face, pale golden dusted ; face with
similar dusting immediately below antennae and as rather broad lateral stripes extending down
from eye-margins to upper mouth-edge, otherwise shining yellow ; lower part with rather
numerous short black hairs at sides, otherwise bare. Antennae with first two segments short,
second distinctly longer than first, both reddish brown ; third segment short, roundish, similarly
reddish brown, sometimes narrowly darkened above and at tip ; arista long, blackish.

Thorax dark olive brown to blackish, moderately shining, with four rather broad longitudinal
grey or yellowish grey stripes, the inner pair straight, the outer pair forming two crescents, one
.anterior of, and the other posterior of, the transverse suture ; clothed with short brown and
yellowish hairs, mainly anteriorly, and longer evenly disposed black hairs ; scutellum pale
yellow, dullish, with rather short black hairs, evenly disposed except along anterior margin
where they are replaced by short yellow hairs ; some scattered long black hairs are also present.
Pleurae densely grey-dusted, with mainly long golden yellow hairs and some scattered black
hairs.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 267

Abdomen with tergites evenly shining brownish black, second and third with blackish cross-
bands visible from behind ; the latter are clear of the posterior margins, rather broad, and
reach practically to the side-margins ; tergites clothed with rufous hairs, short and sometimes
paler on disc, long at and towards sides, on most of fifth tergite and on the dull, greyish black-
dusted pregenital segment. Sternites shining glassy grey-black, with long yellow or rufous
hairs.

Coxae and trochanters blackish, heavily grey-dusted. Four anterior femora with slightly
more than basal half black, otherwise reddish yellow, hind pair with the dark area rather more
extensive. Tibiae orange-yellow, apart from a broad sometimes incomplete blackish ring on
front pair just after middle ; middle tibiae sometimes have at least a trace of such a ring. Four
anterior tarsi reddish yellow apart from the darkened last two segments, hind pair so apart from
the darkened terminal segment. Hairs on femora mixed black and yellowish, long behind and
below on two anterior pairs, long in front and below on hind pair ; those on two anterior pairs of
tibiae and tarsi mixed short yellow and black, those on hind tibiae and tarsi almost entirely
short yellow.

Wings with greyish membrane, stigma brownish yellow, surrounding area and base of wing
more or less yellowish, discal and basal cross- veins more or less distinctly clouded. Squamae
whitish grey with long golden fringes. Halteres with greyish or light brownish stem and dark
brown knob.

FEMALE. Eyes rather narrowly separated. Otherwise resembling male.

Holotype <$. EAST NEPAL, Taplejung District, from damp evergreen oak forest
above Sangu, c. 9,200 ft., 2-26.xi.i96i.

Paratypes. i $ with same data as holotype ; 4 $ with same data as holotype,
except altitude 8,500 ft. N.E. INDIA : Naini Hills, 7-8,000 ft., 23^.1927, 2 <$,
(R. C. Jermyn) ; Mishmi Hills, Delai Valley, Talon, c. 4,840 ft., 25. xi. 1936, i $,
(M. Steele).

All the above material is in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

It is worthy of note that all my series of male paratypes were taken resting on a
stony forest path during the brief period when the sun had attained the meridian
and its rays reached the spot through a gap in the foliage overhead. The male
holotype was captured under similar conditions higher up in the forest, where in the
shade away from the path the single female taken was flying slowly round the base
of a young oak tree which had sappy exudations low down on the trunk. Two of
the European representatives of the genus, cuprea Scopoli and ruficornis Fabricius,
pass their larval stage in sap exuding from such wounds in various trees.

The following key will suffice to distinguish the six species of Ferdinandea now
known from the Orient.

1 Tergites almost entirely reddish brown, not metallic ; wings without a trace of

clouding; legs entirely yellowish; length (exclusive of antennae), 12 mm.;
wing-length n mm. ....... montana Hull (India)

- Tergites metallic, not at all reddish brown ........ 2

2 All femora black except at actual tip (i.e., much less than apical third yellow) . 3

- All femora with at least apical third yellow or yellowish brown ; no cloud extending

down from stigma ........... 4

3 Wing with a strong brown cloud extending down from stigma over discal cross-vein ;

length (exclusive of antennae), 12 mm.; wing-length, n mm.

maculipennis Curran <$ type only, $ unknown (Malaya)

268 R. L. COE

- Wing with no cloud extending down from stigma ; length (exclusive of antennae),

ii mm.; wing-length, 10 mm. . sutnatrensis de Meijere $ type only (not seen),

$ unknown (Sumatra)

4 Second and third tergites black-haired on the purplish black cross-bands ; jowls

shallow, not extending much below lowest extremity of eye (i.e., for a distance far
less than one-third of depth of eye) ; length 13 mm.

formosana Shiraki $ type only, $ unknown (Formosa)
Tergites entirely yellow- or rufous-haired ; jowls deep, extending far below lowest

extremity of eye (i.e., for a distance exceeding one-third of depth of eye) . . 5

5 Coxae and trochanters somewhat brownish, four anterior femora brownish at base

only, legs otherwise yellow ; face (Text-fig. 8) squat ; tergites gleaming aeneous
black, second and third with no trace of posterior dullish black cross-bands ;
length (exclusive of antennae), n mm.; wing-length, 10 mm.

Isabella Hull $ type only, $ unknown (Kashmir)

- Legs much more extensively darkened ; face noticeably long, produced downward ;

tergites shining brownish black, second and third with posterior dullish black
cross-bands visible at least from behind ; length, 11-13 mm.; wing-length, 10-12 mm.

longifacies sp. n. (Nepal and N.E. India)

Subfamily VOLUCELLINAE

Volucella varipila sp. n.

(Text-fig. 5)

MALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 15-5 mm. : wing-length, 14 mm. Eyes in actual
contact for less than length of frons ; eye-hairs long, dense, blackish brown. Vertex black,
moderately shining, long white hairs behind, a few black hairs in front. Frons black, lightly
brown-dusted, moderately shining, with short black hairs, which are mainly backwardly and
outwardly inclined ; lunula shining black. Face (Text-fig. 5) broad, only slightly hollowed
under antennae, then descending rather flatly well below eyes, central prominence hardly
produced ; entirely black, moderately shining, with mainly adpressed short whitish hairs, these
longer on upper part. Antennae with first and second segments short, first particularly so,
both slightly shining blackish, third quite twice as long as deep, dull blackish grey ; arista fully
three times as long as third antennal segment, brownish towards base, otherwise black, with long
black plumes above, short, scanty ones below. Occiput inconspicuous, flattish, grey.

Thorax shining black, with long upright hairs, these mainly black, whitish on about posterior
sixth ; scutellum clear lemon-yellow, moderately shining, with long whitish hairs and a row of
numerous long black bristles along posterior margin. Pleurae shining black with traces of light
brown dusting, long black-haired.

Tergites mainly shining black ; first grey-black, inconspicuous ; second shining black on
disc, with a pair of large roughly triangular brownish yellow lateral fasciae which spread over the
side-margins for entire length of tergite, hairs adpressed, whitish, longer towards sides ; third
mainly shining black with a pair of rather large squarish, brownish yellow fasciae, these extending
back from the front margin for the length of the tergite or nearly so, each fascia occupying about
one-fifth width of tergite, which is long black-haired with some long rufous hairs posteriorly ;
fourth shining black with long rufous hairs ; fifth segment moderately shining black, with long
mixed rufous and black hairs. Sternites shining black, with long black hairs, a few rufous ones
intermixed.

Legs black (in holotype the tibiae are obscurely brownish at base, but this is not usually so).
Four anterior femora clothed for entire length with long black hairs ventrally and posteriorly,
hind pair similarly clothed ventrally and anteriorly ; all tibiae with a posterior fringe of shortish

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 269

black hairs, some longer bristly hairs present at or just beyond middle ; hind pair moderately
curved after middle and flattened on inner side for more than apical third ; tarsi with very
short mainly black hairs.

Wings with veins more or less strongly tinged brown or black, tip of marginal and submarginal
cells and adjoining veins clouded brownish, a similar cloud extending down from the small
blackish stigma to lower basal cross- vein ; brown wing markings sometimes more extensive.
Squamae grey, with rather long whitish fringes. Halteres brown-stemmed, with a black knob.

FEMALE. Resembling male, except in the following respects : — Eyes rather narrowly
separated ; the partially shining black frons lightly grey-dusted behind, more heavily greyish
brown-dusted in front, with a pair of moderately-sized light brownish markings close against
eyes shortly after middle ; entire frons with longish white hairs, but these distinctly shorter than
the vertical hairs ; third tergite with long rufous hairs, black ones only present narrowly at base.

Holotype <$. EAST NEPAL : Khumbu, Khumdzung, c. 12,700 ft., n.vii.i962,
(G. Ebert, H. Falkner).

Paratypes. 2 $, i $ with same data as holotype, except dates extending from
I5.vi-i8.vii.i962. Foregoing material in Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen
Staates. N.W. INDIA : Kashmir, Killanmarg, 10,500 ft., 26.vii.i93i, i $ (Fletcher
coll.). Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

This new species of Volucella bears a strong resemblance to flavoscutellata,
described by Sack (1928 : 107) from Kumaon in North India. Both species with
their densely pilose bodies belong to the bombylans group of Volucella, as do ruficauda
and lividiventris , both described by Brunetti (1923 : 152) from Sikkim, taiwana,
described by Shiraki (1930 : 215) from Formosa, and bombylans var. malayana
described by Curran (1928 : 321) from Malaya. Typical bombylans has apparently
not been recorded from the Oriental Region. The following key will suffice to
distinguish the Oriental species of Volucella dealt with above.

1 Face reddish yellow : length, 16 mm. bombylans Linnaeus var. malayana Curran

cJ type only (not seen), $ unknown

- Face black, or at most (flavoscutellata) dark reddish towards sides .... 2

2 Third antennal segment orange yellow ; length 17 mm.

taiwana Shiraki <J type only (not seen), $ unknown

- Third antennal segment at least partially darkened ...... 3

3 Hair on disc of thorax grey ; length 15-16 mm. lividiventris Brunetti (not seen)

- Hair on disc of thorax otherwise ......... 4

4 Face (Text-fig. 4) deeply concave under antennae, then jutting forward conspicuously

(as in bombylans), black centrally, dark reddish towards sides ; length (exclusive
of antennae), 13 mm.; wing-length, 12 mm.

flavoscutellata Sack $ type only, $ unknown
Face only moderately hollowed under antennae, then descending rather flatly,

entirely black ............ 5

5 Third antennal segment scarcely one-and-a-half times as long as deep, reddish

brown, with darker transverse band towards tip ; facial hairs mainly adpressed,
blackish, longer on upper part, sometimes admixed with some brownish hairs ;
thorax long rufous haired ; length (exclusive of antennae), 13-18 mm.; wing-
length 12-16.5 mm. ....... ruficauda Brunetti

- Third antennal segment quite twice as long as deep, entirely blackish grey ; facial

hairs mainly adpressed, whitish, longer on upper part ; thorax with hairs long,
mainly black, whitish only on about posterior one-sixth ; length (exclusive of
antennae), 15-17 mm. ; wing-length 14-16 mm. .... varipila sp. n.

270 R. L. COE

Subfamily SERICOMYIINAE
Pseudovolucella hingstoni n. sp.

(Text-fig. 7)

MALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 15 mm. ; wing-length, 13-5 mm. Eyes in contact
for less than one-sixth of distance from their anterior point of approximation to occiput. Frons
very short, yellow-tomentose, with narrow central greyish line, long black hairs down middle,
short reddish hairs at sides. Face flattish, descending well below eyes, yellow-tomentose except
on the broad dull greyish antennal concavity, the shining reddish brown bare central prominence,
and along the broad grey shining side-stripes. Eye-margins and sides of face with moderately
long yellow hairs. Antennae with first and second segments shining black, third segment dark
brown, somewhat reddish apically and below ; arista about twice length of third antennal
segment, reddish, fringed with fine, close-set blackish hairs.

Thorax very slightly shining, greyish brown, with rather dense longish foxy red hairs, which
become longer at sides and posteriorly. Scutellum rather duller greyish brown, becoming
broadly yellowish orange along posterior margin with very long foxy red hairs dorsally and along
posterior margin and rather close-set fringe of shortish curled yellow hairs below.

Abdomen blackish dorsally, with a narrow reddish orange slightly arched band on second,
third and fourth tergites ; these tergites rather dull, fourth shining for rather more than apical
half ; first and extreme base of second pale yellowish. The reddish orange band on second
tergite at middle is equidistant from front and hind margins, sloping back to extend broadly
over side-margins ; that on third tergite is more anteriorly placed throughout, likewise sloping
back to extend broadly over side-margins ; that on fourth tergite is even more anteriorly placed
on median line, sloping back without quite reaching side-margins ; tergites clothed on disc with
rather short upright hairs, mainly following the ground-colour, and along sides with mainly
yellow hairs, these becoming very long towards base of second tergite. Sternites orange,
second, third and fourth broadly darkened along median line, all with long yellow hairs.
Pregenital segment shining blackish brown, with long orange hairs.

Legs with all coxae and femora black, except latter rather broadly pale at tip, hind pair
indistinctly so. Front tibiae darkened except broadly at base, front tarsi darkened. Mid
tibiae and tarsi reddish yellow, except last three tarsal joints darkened. Hind tibiae very dark
reddish, broadly black at middle, hind tarsi blackish. Hind femora (Text-fig. 7) greatly
thickened (as is usual in males of this genus), only slightly convex above, and below with a blunt
projection bearing about six long black bristly hairs just beyond middle and a second projection
on apical third ; clothed anteriorly with long golden partly depressed hairs for about basal
two-thirds, these becoming dorsal on about apical third.

Wings with greyish membrane ; stigma dark brownish, this colour extending downwards
over anterior half of middle of wing to form a very distinct cloud. Squamae yellowish white
with a fringe of long brownish black hairs. Halteres with pale orange stem and dark brown
knob.

FEMALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 14 mm. ; wing-length, 13 mm. Eyes broadly
separated, the space between them widening almost from occiput down to their lowest extremity.
Frons dark greyish brown on upper part with a rather broad yellow tomentose band just below
middle, this band connected narrowly along eye-margins with the yellow facial tomentum,
leaving a broad isolated chocolate-brown area reaching down to the orange and black lunula.
Face with central prominence more shining than in <$, and jowls slightly deeper.

Thoracic and scutellar hairs paler than in <$.

Tergites with the reddish orange bands slightly deeper than in 5", and that of fourth tergite
extending broadly over side-margins as with two preceding tergites.

Hind femora only moderately and evenly thickened, not curved and without ventral
projections ; rather evenly clothed with moderately long pale yellow hairs and with a ventral
fringe of exceedingly long similarly coloured hairs extending along almost basal three-quarters,
some of these quite twice as long as maximum depth of femora.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 271

Holotype £. SIKKIM : Phadam Chen, 9,000 ft., 30.111.1924 (R. W. G. Kingston).
Everest Expedition.

Paratype. EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, damp evergreen forest above
Sangu, c. 9,200 ft., 26. xi. 1961, i $.
Above material in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

General characters conforming to the generic diagnosis of Shiraki (1930 : 39).
Superficially resembling fasciata Curran (1931 : 369), the distinguishing characters
are detailed in the following key to the seven species of Pseudovolucella now described
from the Oriental Region.

1 Second tergite with one or two reddish brown or reddish orange bands, interrupted

or not .............. 2

Second tergite without such bands ......... 5

2 Second tergite with one such band ......... 3

- Second tergite with two such bands ......... 4

3 Four anterior legs reddish yellow, apart from last two tarsal joints darkened. Length

(exclusive of antennae), 13-14 mm.; wing-length 12-13 mm. <J hind femora
(Text-fig. 6) very strongly convex above, and with a single projection below on
apical third ........ fasciata Curran (Borneo)

- All coxae and femora black, latter broadly pale at tip ; front tibiae darkened except

broadly at base ; front tarsi entirely darkened ; length (exclusive of antennae),
14-15 mm.; wing-length, 13-13.5 mm. <J hind femora only slightly convex above
and with a projection just beyond middle besides the one on apical third

hingstoni sp. n. (Sikkim, Nepal)

4 Hind femora strongly thickened ; arista with some forty dorsal bristles ; length,

14 mm. .... apimima Hull £ type only (not seen), $ unknown (Java)

- c? hind femora less strongly thickened. $ $ arista with some twenty-four bristles ;

length, 13 mm. ...... mimica Shiraki (not seen) (Formosa)

5 Frons with yellowish pile ; tergites brownish orange ; length (exclusive of antennae),

14-15.5 mm.; wing-length, 13-14.5 mm. malayana Curran <$ only, $ unknown (Malaya)

- Frons with black pile ........... 6

6 Tergites brownish ; length, 14 mm.; wing-length, 12 mm.

apiformis de Meijere $ type only (not seen), $ unknown (Sumatra)

- First tergite, and slightly more than basal half of second, brownish yellow, remaining

tergites black ; length (exclusive of antennae), 14 mm.; wing-length, 13 mm.

ochracea Hull £ type only, $ unknown (Burma)

Subfamily CERIOIDINAE

Ceria obscura Brunetti
Ceria obscura Brunetti, 1908 : 94.

EAST NEPAL : Bi Khola, c. 7,5oo-c. 8,850 ft., 13^.1962, i <£ (G. Ebert, H. Falkner).
In Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates.

Described from SIKKIM. Type in Zoological Survey Museum, Calcutta. Series in
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

272 R. L. COE

Subfamily ERISTALINAE

Eristalis himalayensis Brunetti

(Text-fig. 9)

Eristalis himalayensis Brunetti, 1908 : 70 (nom. nov. pro. ursinus Bigot, 1880 : 215, nee
Jaennicke, 1867 : 401).

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, from damp evergreen oak forest above Sangu,
c. 9,200 ft., 2-26. xi. 1961, 2 $, 2 $ ; also from edge of mixed forest above Sangu,
c. 6,500 ft., I7.x-i.xi.i96i, i $ ; Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961, 2 $ ; and from mixed vegetation by stream in
gully, xi. 1961-1.1962, i $. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). East of Katmandu, Dudh Kosi
Tal, c. 980 ft., 24.vii.i962, i <$ (G. Ebert, H. Falkner). In Zoologisches Sammlung des
Bayerischen Staates.

FIGS. 9-12. 9, 10, heads of <$ Eristalis in profile. (9) himalayensis Brunetti. (10)
brevifacies sp. n. n, 12, antennae of $ Callicera, interno-lateral view, (n) robusta sp. n.
(12) sumatrensis de Miejere.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 273

Occurs also in NORTHERN INDIA, KASHMIR, SIKKIM and BURMA.

The small group of Oriental representatives of the " plain-eyed " Eristalis to
which himalayensis belongs is characterised by the contrasting paleness of the first
abdominal tergite with the blackish succeeding tergites. Bigot's albibasis
(1880 : 215), of which I have not seen the single $ described, is represented in the
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) by a teneral <$ of himalayensis in which the dark brown
clouding of the wing is completely absent. Brunetti (1923 : 170) states that the
sole example described by Bigot is in the Indian Museum (now the Zoological Survey
of India), and bears the data : — " Simla, 7,000 ft., 16^.1909 (Annandale)". He
remarks that it bears a considerable resemblance to himalayensis, but is easily
separated by the clear wings, greater depth of epistoma below the eyes, and by
minor characters. I am inclined to believe that the type will be found to represent
a teneral example of himalayensis. It cannot be brevifacies (described below),
as in the latter a clear distinction from himalayensis (Text-fig. 9) exists in the lesser
depth of epistoma below the eyes.

Eristalis brevifacies sp. n.

(Text-fig. 10)

MALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 13-16 mm. ; wing-length, 11-13 mm- Eyes in
contact for nearly twice length of vertex ; eye-hairs mainly dense and moderately long, dark
brown above, pale yellow below, some of the latter very long and scattered towards ventral
margin ; a central band of black hairs extends down from the vertex almost to the ventral
margin. Vertex small, dull black, with long black hairs. Frons slightly bulbous, dulled by
dense yellowish grey dusting except where the shining black ground-colour is exposed on the
median line immediately above the shining orange lunule, long black haired. Face (Text-fig. 10)
moderately hollowed beneath the antennae, then only slightly projecting, central knob
inconspicuous ; descending only shortly below eye-level, lightly grey-dusted, with a short
almost linear bare shining median stripe extending over the flattish part down to the lightly
dusted, broadly shining central knob, clothed with moderately long pale yellow hairs which
become longer at sides towards upper mouth edge and against the narrow whitish eye-margins.
Antennae with first and second segments short, shining black, third hardly longer than first and
second together, dull brownish black, narrowly red at base, at least on outer surface. Arista
about twice the length of third antennal segment, moderately long plumose, light reddish brown.

Thorax black with bluish reflections, slightly shining on disc along approximately anterior
quarter, moderately shining along remainder, finely and inconspicuously punctate, broadly
greyish along line of suture, hair uniformly light tawny ; scutellum dull yellowish, with light
tawny hairs. Pleurae dull grey, with long yellowish hairs.

Abdomen with first tergite entirely yellowish grey with long pale yellow hairs ; second
tergite narrowly yellowish grey at base, otherwise moderately shining black with large yellowish
side-spots extending from anterior margin to not far short of posterior margin, widest at middle
where each occupies about a quarter of width of tergite, hairs following ground-colour, rather
long ; third and fourth tergites moderately shining black, entirely covered with rather long
black hairs, and both with a brightly shining black band just after middle. Sternites grey-green
with long pale yellow hairs. Pregenital segment black, brightly shining, with sparse rather
short black hairs.

Coxae and trochanters black, grey-dusted, yellow-haired. Hind femora only slightly
thickened, black, narrowly yellow-tipped, two anterior pairs rather broadly yellow-tipped
(less so behind) ; anterior pair with mainly black hairs ventrally, and posteriorly with an

274 R-

abundant covering of black and yellow hairs, the latter mainly confined to base, all hairs
becoming longer towards base and those placed postero-dorsally forming a fringe ; mid pair
similarly clothed, but ventrally there are some very long isolated yellow hairs on more than
basal third ; hind pair with a similar fringe to the anterior pairs, but it is placed antero-dorsally ;
ventrally, besides a row of very short black hairs along the apical half, there are some very long
isolated mainly yellow hairs, placed principally in two rows, antero-ventral and postero-ventral.
Four anterior tibiae yellow on basal half, blackish grey on apical half, front pair with mixed
short black and pale yellow hairs, mid pair predominantly short pale-haired ; hind tibiae
laterally flattened, moderately curved, black except obscurely yellowish towards base, clothed
with mainly short, predominantly black hairs. Front tarsi dark grey, mid pair yellow with last
joint darkened, hind pair with metatarsus dark grey, reddish towards tip, second, third and
fourth joints yellow, fifth darkened.

Wings with clear membrane, apart from a dark brownish clouding spreading down from the
blackish stigma over anterior half of middle of wing. Squamae greyish brown, with moderately
long pale yellow fringe. Halteres with yellowish stem and greyish knob.

FEMALE. Eyes broadly separated, the space between them widening almost from occiput
down to their lowest extremity. Frons dull black with a cross-band of grey dusting about
halfway between front ocellus and base of antennae, and a similar but indefinite area just above
frontal lunule, hairs long, blackish. Third antennal segment larger than in <$, quite one and a
half times as long as first and second together (inside measurement). Otherwise resembling <J.

Holotype <$. EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, between Sangu and Tamrang,
from mixed shrubs in deep gorge, c. 5,200 ft., x-xi.ig6i. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

Paratypes. N.E. INDIA : Assam, Nyukmadong, 6,600 ft., i-6.viii.i96i, 2 $
(F. Schmid). In Basel Museum Collection. Naini Hills, 7-8,000 ft., 11-14. ¥.1927,
3 (£, i $ (collector unknown). N.W. INDIA, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 8,500 ft., summer
1913, i $ (F. W. Thomson). Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

Superficially resembling himalayensis (see above), but in both sexes clearly
distinguished by the less descending face with much narrower, almost linear, bare
shining black median stripe, four anterior femora fringed behind with mainly black,
instead of entirely yellow, hairs, hind femora without the dense antero-ventral fringe
of longish dark brown and black hairs which is present in himalayensis. The
thorax is evenly and finely punctate, whereas in himalayensis it has numerous
small dark punctations on disc, these finer on anterior half, noticeably coarse on a
median shining grey area beyond middle. In <$ the eyes touch for nearly twice the
length of vertex in brevifacies, and in himalayensis for about length of vertex.
Finally, himalayensis has a larger size range than brevifacies, varying from 15-18 mm.
in length and from 13-15 mm. in wing-length.

Eristalis simplicipes Curran
Eristalis simplicipes Curran, 1928 : 300.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961, T ?•

Curran described this handsome species from 5 <£ and i $ taken by H. M.
Pendlebury in Malaya. This series is in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). The single $
described by Curran and labelled " allotype " differs from his series of males in
having no yellow or reddish yellow markings on the third, fourth and fifth tergites.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 275

My $ example, however, agrees with the <J in this respect. It differs, on the other
hand, from all of Curran's material in having the large yellow or reddish yellow
paired markings on the second tergite almost wholly pale yellow-haired, only a
restricted area at the sides being black-haired. In Curran's examples that tergite is
wholly black-haired.

Eristalis cerealis Fabricius
Eristalis cerealis Fabricius, 1805 : 232.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, above Sangu, c. 6,500 ft., ly.x-i.xi.igdi, 3 <$,
2 $ ; also Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia abyssinica Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961,
series $ ; from rotting fruits of Bhor tree on ground, 7-31. x. 1961, i $ ; by rocky
stream, 7-16. x. 1961, i $ ; and from mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
ix. 1961-1.1962, series^ $. E.NEPAL : Arun Valley, Tumlingtar, plateau, c. 2,000 ft.,
from blooms of Guizotia abyssinica Cassini, io-i6.xii.i96i, i <$.

Examples in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) from CHINA, JAPAN, KASHMIR and INDIA.

Eristalis paria (Bigot)

Eristalomyia paria Bigot, 1880 : 218.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, edge of mixed forest above Sangu, c. 6,500 ft.,
I7.x-i.xi.i96i, i (£ ; Sangu, 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia abyssinica Cassini,
16-29. x. 1961, J <$ '' from mixed vegetation by stream in gully, ix-x.i96i, i $ ; and
by rocky stream, 7-16. x. 1961, i $. In Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

EAST NEPAL : Katmandu, c. 4,580 ft., 16.^.1962, 2 $ ; E. of Katmandu, Dudh
Kosi Tal, c. 9,170 ft., 9^.1962, i $ ; Thodung, 10,120 ft., i.vi.i962, i $ (G. Ebert,
H. Falkner), in Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates.

Widespread in INDIA. Also recorded from JAVA and LAOS.

Eristalis ocularia Coquillett

Eristalis ocularius Coquillett, 1898 : 325.

Eristalis laetus Brunetti, 1923 : 165, nee Wiedemann, 1830 : 192.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961, 2 ?•

Described from JAPAN, this species is represented in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)
by an example from that country and by others from NORTH EAST INDIA and CHINA.

Eristalis arvorum (Fabricius)

Syrphus arvorum Fabricius, 1787 : 335.

Eristalis arvorum (Fabricius) de Meijere, 1908 : 247.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung Dstrict, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961, x ? > and Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar, River
Sabhaya, west shore, c. 1,800 ft., resting on tent, 30.xii.i96i, i $. In Brit. Mus.
(Nat. Hist.).

276 R. L. COE

EAST NEPAL : S. of Katmandu, Hitora, Rapti Tal, c. 980 ft., 23-27.111.1962, 5 $
(G. Ebert, H. Falkner). In the Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates.

Widespread in Oriental Region, also recorded from CHINA, JAPAN and
QUEENSLAND.

Eristalis obscuritarsis de Meijere

Eristalis obscuritarsis de Meijere, 1908 : 250.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961, 2 <?» I $•
Widespread in INDIA, also recorded from JAVA, SUMATRA and the PHILIPPINES.

Eristalis quadristriatus Macquart

Eristalis quadristriata Macquart, 1846 : 127.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961, 5 (£» J ?•

Recorded from FORMOSA and the PHILIPPINES.

Represented in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) collection by a single $ labelled " ex
Bigot Coll. Pres. by G. H. Verrall. B.M. 1894-234 ". I am satisfied that my above
series from Nepal is the same species. There is a dark spot at both extremities of
the stigma in all the material, an unusual feature in the genus.

Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus)

Musca tenax Linnaeus, 1758 : 591.

Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus) Verral, 1901 : 505.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, from edge of mixed forest above Sangu,
c. 6,200 ft., I7.x-i.xi. 1961, i $ ; also on old stone wall above Sangu, c. 7,000 ft.,
7.1.1962, i <£, i $ ; Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia abyssinica Cassini,
16-29. x. 1961, J ? '• and Arun Valley, Tumlingtar, plateau, c. 2,000 ft., from blooms
as above, io-i6.xii.i96i, 5 ^, i $. In Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

EAST NEPAL : E. of Katmandu, Dudh Kosi Tal, Hitora, c. 3,500 ft., 24^11.1962,
i <j>. (G. Ebert, H. Falkner.) In the Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen
Staates.

E. tenax is common in most parts of the world.

Eristalis multifarius Walker

Eristalis multifarius Walker, 1852 : 248.
Eristalis circularis Curran, 1930 : 333. Syn. n.
Merodonoides minutus Hull, 1944 : 43. Syn. n.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Dobhan, from cut rice steppes above River
Maewa, c. 4,000 ft., 28.1.1962, i $.

Recorded from INDIA, CEYLON and MALAYA.

Curran (1930 : 333) created the genus Merodonoides with circularis Curran (idem)
as type-species, separating it from Eristaloides Rondani (1844 : 453) on the basis

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 277

of its bare eyes and considerably enlarged hind femora. Hull (1949 : 397) sank
Merodonoides, Eristaloides, and a number of other so-called genera under Eristalis,
considering their characters to be of only minor group value. I agree entirely
with Hull's move in this matter.

I have examined the male holotype of circularis Curran, 1930, and find that it
is identical with multifarius Walker and therefore becomes a synonym of the latter
species. Hull (1949 : 397) gave circularis Curran as a synonym of Helophilus
singularis Walker (1856 : 17), originally described as an Eristalis. Hull is incorrect
here, as singularis is a true Helophilini with its widely open marginal cell. Hull's
Merodonoides minutus (1944 : 43) (syn. n.) of which the male holotype is in the
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) is only a pale variety of multifarius.

Megaspis zonata (Fabricius)

Syrphus zonatus Fabricius, 1787 : 337.

Megaspis zonatus (zonalis) (Fabricius) de Meijere, 1908 : 240.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961, 4 c£> J ? » a^so fr°m edge of mixed forest above
Sangu, c. 6,500 ft., I7.x-i.xi.i96i, i $ ; and Dobhan, east bank of River Tamur,
c. 3,500 ft., from mixed vegetation by stream in deep gully, i-ii.i962, 2 <$, i $.

Common throughout the Oriental Region, also recorded from CHINA and JAPAN.

Megaspis errans (Fabricius)

Syrphus errans Fabricius, 1787 : 337.

Megaspis errans (Fabricius) de Meijere, 1908 : 240.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., from blooms of Guizotia
abyssinica Cassini, 16-29. x. 1961, I <3> I ? '> and Arun Valley, Tumlingtar, plateau
c. 2,000 ft., from blooms as above, 8-25. xii. 1961, 4 $, 4 $.

Common throughout the Oriental Region, also recorded from CHINA and JAPAN.

Subfamily XYLOTINAE
Xylota dimidiata Brunetti

Xylota dimidiata Brunetti, 1923 : 232.

EAST NEPAL : E. of Katmandu, Dudh Kosi Tal, c. 9,170 ft., 9.1.1962, 2 $ (G. Ebert,
H. Falkner). In Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates.

This striking species with its brown cloud over the apical part of the wings and
reddish legs was described from NORTH INDIA from a single ?. The latter is in
the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), together with a series of 5 <$ and 3 $ collected in the
Naini Hills, NORTH INDIA (R. C. Jermyn). Brunetti's type $ has the face almost
entirely orange-yellow, but two of Jermyn's females have it entirely black, while
his remaining one has the upper part black and the lower part orange-yellow.
In the apparently undescribed male, the ground colour of the face from the front
view is completely hidden by dense whitish dusting, but by tilting the specimen

278 R. L. COE

backwards and viewing the face from beneath the latter is seen to be yellow on more
than the lower two-thirds. The male differs principally from the female in the
following respects : — Eyes touching briefly for a distance about equal to length
of the vertical triangle ; frons, including frontal prominence but excluding the
orange-yellow lunule, heavily white-dusted ; abdomen narrower, hour-glass shaped,
i.e., second tergite narrowing to tip, third tergite narrowing to base.

Xylota makiana (Shiraki)

Zelima makiana Shiraki, 1930 : 65 (Xylota}.

INDIA : Assam, Nyukmadong, 6,600-8,000 ft., i-6.viii.i96i, $ (F. Schmid).
In Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.

Described from i <$ and 2 $ taken in FORMOSA, this species is characterized in
the male by the extraordinarily long and handsome anterior and posterior fringes
of pale yellow hairs on the mid tibiae. The present record is of considerable
geographical interest.

Criorhina bomboides Hull

Criorhina bomboides Hull, 1944 : 37.

SIKKIM : Kecholperi, 5,900 ft., 9.^.1959, i $ (F. Schmid). In Naturhistorisches
Museum, Basel, Switzerland.

Described from a single male taken at Shillong in ASSAM. Schmid' s specimen
appears to be the second record of this species.

Criorhina crioarctos Hull

Criorhina crioarctos Hull, 1944 : 36.

Described from a single female taken in Burma in 1896 by Lt.-Col. Bingham.
I describe below the hitherto unknown male.

MALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 14 mm. ; wing-length, 13 mm. Eyes bare, narrowly
dichoptic. Vertex dull brownish black, with rather sparse long black hairs behind and shorter
greyish ones in front, all proclinate. Frons furrowed shortly after front ocellus, followed by a
curious raised lunule, these parts brownish, remainder of frons and the short frontal prominence
shining black, with the exception of the brownish lunula ; whole frons bare. Face moderately
broad, slightly more descending than in female ; similarly almost straight in profile, but the
mahogany-red colour restricted to sides, otherwise covered densely with yellowish grey dusting,
apart from a narrow median streak of exposed blackish ground colour for almost entire length ;
some longish grey hairs present close to eye-margins and on jowls, face otherwise bare.
Antennae short, reddish brown, first segment slightly longer than second, third segment short,
about twice as deep as long, angular above, rounded below ; arista fairly long, reddish brown.

Thorax with bronzy green slightly shining ground colour, a narrow median dull black stripe
between a pair of similarly coloured much broader ones distinctly seen ; wholly covered with
abundant rather long brownish black hair, which becomes longer towards sides and posteriorly.
Scutellum bronzy green, slightly shining, with very long abundant brownish black hair. Pleurae
with similar hair.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 279

Abdomen with second tergite slightly shining bronzy green, a dense brush of long rufous hairs
present laterally, otherwise with long brownish black hairs ; third tergite similarly coloured,
with long brownish black hairs only ; fourth tergite shining blackish, with a pair of large dull
pale yellow spots towards sides, a narrow brush of long rufous hairs present laterally, tergite
otherwise with long brownish black hairs ; fifth segment moderately shining black with long
grey-black hairs. Sternites shining brownish.

Legs brownish orange, except front tarsi with metatarsus darkened above and at tip and
other four joints completely darkened, four remaining tarsi with last two joints darkened. Four
anterior femora with long brownish black hair, becoming longer towards base, hind pair similarly
clothed for rather more than basal half, then golden haired ; tibiae and tarsi mainly with short
golden hairs. Hind femora somewhat thickened.

Wings with membrane strongly yellow-tinged, a brownish cloud present towards tip over
about anterior half and a small isolated darker spot below it ; veins yellowish on more than
basal two-thirds of wing, otherwise blackish. Squamae smoky grey with long brownish black
fringes. Halteres with light yellowish brown stem and brownish black knob.

INDIA : Assam, Bondi La, 8,800 ft., 29.iv.ig6i, i <$ (F. Schmid). In Natur-
historisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.

Criorhina tripilosa sp. n.

FEMALE. Length (exclusive of antennae, but to tip of epistoma), 17 mm. ; wing-length,
15 mm. Eyes well separated, the space between them widening from level of front ocellus down
to their lowest extremity, bare. Vertex shining black, with close-set blackish hairs anteriorly,
and some scattered longer ones behind. Frons shining black, with a pair of small narrow pale
yellowish brown dust-spots against eyes, frontal prominence and lunula clear orange-yellow,
bare, the remainder of frons with close-set short brownish black hairs. Face moderately broad,
considerably hollowed under antennae, then steadily jutting forward to upper mouth-edge ;
descending obliquely well below lowest level of eyes, shining black, narrowly banded with
greyish brown dusting immediately below base of antennae and with irregular greyish brown
dusting against eye-margins down to jowlar margins ; central prominence small, oblong, clearly
protruding. Antennae yellowish, first and second segments moderately long, first somewhat
longer than second, third about one and a half times as deep as long, darkened above and at tip,
arista missing. Occiput rather flattish, the grey ground colour totally obscured against eyes by
heavy grey-brown dusting. Thorax shining black and practically undusted behind suture,
anterior of this mainly obscured by yellowish grey dusting which on disc vaguely forms two
pairs of stripes ; closely covered with short black hairs. Pleurae heavily dusted yellowish grey,
with abundant long shaggy black hairs. Scutellum with ground colour obscured by yellowish
grey dusting, slightly shining, densely covered with very long shaggy yellow hair.

Abdomen with second tergite with minute blackish hair-punctures, ground colour obscured by
heavy pale greenish grey dusting, covered by long shaggy yellow hair except along the hind-
margin where the dusting becomes darker and the covering hairs rufous ; third tergite with the
shining greenish black ground colour exposed anteriorly towards sides and along a short narrow
median stripe, otherwise dully shagreened on about anterior half and heavily covered with
greenish grey dusting posteriorly ; some vague reddish markings can be traced towards sides
and rather short rufous hairs cover the whole tergite ; fourth tergite similarly with the shining
greenish black ground colour exposed anteriorly towards sides and along a more extended and
broader median stripe, otherwise in the single female examined shagreened on the left of the
tergite and heavily yellowish grey dusted with minute black hair-punctures on the right portion,
the entire tergite covered with rather long rufous hairs ; fifth tergite similar to the fourth.

Legs with coxae dull grey-black, trochanters shining reddish ; four anterior femora shining
black on more than basal half, then more or less obscurely streaked dark reddish and clear
yellowish orange at tips, with mainly short blackish hairs beneath and longer more abundant
similar hairs behind ; hind femora much thickened and slightly curved, similarly coloured to

a8o R. L. COE

the preceding pairs and abundantly and completely covered with mainly long blackish hairs
which are obviously more closely set towards the apex. Four anterior tibiae reddish orange
with dark streaks after middle, mainly short brown- and black-haired ; hind tibiae thickened
about middle, constricted and flattened on inner side on about apical third, reddish orange,
darker along thickened part, where the mainly short brownish hairs are supplemented by longer
black ones. Tarsi with first three joints orange, remaining two greyish black, all with very
short mainly light brownish hair.

Wings with the greyish membrane extensively tinged brownish, particularly obviously so
towards the fore-margin ; from the dark brown stigma a similarly coloured cloud spreads
downward to almost reach discal cross-vein, and the subapical cell and upper basal cell each
have a considerable whitish area. Squamae brownish grey, with a dense fringe of rather long
golden hairs. Halteres brownish stalked with darker brown knob.

Holotype $. INDIA : Kumaon, Barasu, 5,000-6,000 ft., 5. ¥.1958 (F. Schmid).
In Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.

This handsome species appears to be related to pallipilosa Hull (1944 : 34),
described originally from a series of four males. Later Hull (1950 : 610) described
the female of pallipilosa from a single specimen. All the material described is in
the Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.) and bears the following data, " Kashmir : Gulmarg,
8,500 ft., summer 1913 (Lt.-Col. F. W. Thomson) ". A striking sexual dimorphism
in pallipilosa is that in the male the entire frons and the face apart from the sides
is densely covered with pale brownish yellow extremely minute pubescence, whereas
in the female the frons is partially shining black and the face is shining blackish
brown or brown apart from a narrow band of greyish or pale yellowish dusting
immediately under the base of the antennae. Described from the female only is
the subspecies bicolorata Hull (1950 : 610) of pallipilosa (which differs from the
typical examples in the colour of the abdominal pile) and a third related species,
rubropilosa Hull (1950 : 608). These females all have the face shining black,
blackish brown or brown, without dusting apart from the narrow band of greyish
or pale yellowish dusting immediately under the base of the antennae.

The striking and clearly differentiated sequence of black, yellow and orange in
the coloration of the body-pile of tripilosa contrasts most obviously with the pre-
dominantly grey body-pile of pallipilosa and its subspecies bicolorata and of
rubropilosa, apart from the considerably more thickened hind femora of tripilosa
with their very dense long black hairs.

(Note: — While it was hoped to include a specific key to the numerous species of
Oriental Criorhina in the present paper, this has proved impracticable because less
than half the described species are in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), and of the others
some cannot be made available for study, and many descriptions omit to mention
characters that would be of vital importance in a key.)

Lycastris austeni Brunetti

Lycastris austeni Brunetti, 1923 : 279.

Brunetti described this handsome species from a male and female taken in NORTH
EAST INDIA, Darjeeling, 6,000 ft., 26.^.1894, $ ; 7,000 ft., v.i894, $ (C. T. Bingham).
Both examples are in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 281

The long shaggy body pubescence resembles that of Volucella bombylans Linnaeus,
the yellowish hairs on the basal tergites being succeeded in turn by black and then
reddish hairs. This species and griseipennis sp. n., described below, are much
larger than the three other species known in the genus. The length (exclusive of
snout and antennae) of austeni is 17 mm., and the wing-length 16 mm.

Lycastris griseipennis sp. n.

MALE. Length (exclusive of snout and antennae), 16 mm. ; wing-length, 15 mm.
Superficially resembling austeni, but most obviously distinguished by the almost uniformly
greyish wings with only slight clouding on cross-veins.

Eyes in contact for not more than the distance between their posterior point of approximation
and the anterior ocellus. Snout projecting for about three times the length of frons, but this
may be variable as in some other species of the genus. Both snout and frons are dark brown to
blackish, shining, base and sides of the frons with some pale yellow dusting, and a continuous
line of similar dusting extending narrowly along the extreme lateral margin of the frons and
continuing broadly along the sides of the snout for practically its entire length. Antennae and
arista brownish.

Thorax blackish brown, only slightly shining, with rather long dark reddish brown hairs,
these more blackish towards the sides and on the reddish brown humeri. Scutellum with dark
greenish ground colour, clothed with long shaggy yellowish hairs.

Abdominal tergites with similar ground-colour, second tergite with long shaggy sub-depressed
yellowish hairs obscuring ground-colour and extending over basal part of third tergite. The
hairs on apical part of latter and on fourth tergite and pre-genital segment are foxy red (in $
paratype these become dark grey on pre-genital segment).

Legs with coxae and trochanters black or dark brown ; front and mid femora brownish red
for about basal half, then pale yellow, fringed mainly with long brownish hairs, these being
replaced by pale yellow hairs shortly after middle ; hind femora moderately thickened,
brownish red, broadly yellow- tipped, the long brownish fringe extending almost to tip, then
replaced by pale yellow hairs ; front tibiae pale yellowish, vaguely darkened at extreme tip,
mid pair entirely pale yellowish, both pairs fringed for entire length with long pale yellow hairs ;
hind pair pale yellowish for almost basal half, then brownish red, the long pale yellow fringe of
hairs on basal half admixed with brownish hairs on apical portion ; front and hind tarsi entirely
brownish black, with very short brown and black hairs ; mid metatarsi pale yellow with extreme
tip darkened, fringed mainly postero-ventrally with long pale yellowish hairs for about basal
three-quarters, then with shorter dark brown hairs, which continue along remaining four tarsal
segments, which are blackish.

Wings evenly greyish, with clouding on cross-veins. Squamae greyish with fringe of rather
long yellow hairs. Halteres pale-stalked with brown or black knob.

Holotype $. NORTH EAST INDIA : Assam, Mishmi Hills, Delai Valley, Cha Che,
5,320 ft., 17. xi. 1936 (M. Steele).

Paratype. i <$ with same data as holotype.
The above material is in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

The distinctive characters of this species are detailed in the key on p. 284.

Lycastris albipes Walker

Lycastris albipes Walker, 1857 : 155.

Walker described albipes from a teneral female in the W. W. Saunders collection,
its sole data being " India ". Brunetti (1908 : 85) described as new Lycastris

282 R. L. COE

flavohirta from two males taken by him at Darjeeling on 10-15. ix. 1905 (Type)
and on 25.ix.iQo6 (Paratype). Later (1923 : 279) he sank flavohirta as a synonym
of albipes. His action in thus combining two such well denned species can be
understood because he had at that time only Walker's teneral female type of albipes
to compare with flavohirta.

Identical with albipes is Lycastris (Xyphopheromyia) glossata Bigot (1892 : 161),
which is represented in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) by the two male co-types from
Sabatoo, INDIA. I describe below for the first time the true male of albipes, and
necessarily redescribe the female, which Walker, as already stated, described from
a teneral female.

MALE. Length (exclusive of snout and antennae), ii'5-i4'5 mm. ; wing-length, 11-14 mni.
Eyes in contact for not more than the distance between their posterior point of approximation
and the anterior ocellus. Snout projecting for about three to three and a half times the length
of frons. Both are dark brown to blackish, shining, base and sides of the frons with pale yellow
dusting, which has a tendency to spread across middle towards base and continues broadly along
the sides of the snout for more than its basal half. Vertex with long yellow hairs, these becoming
longer behind. Antennae and arista pale brownish.

Mesonotum with shining greenish black ground colour, obscured by yellowish grey dusting and
with a pair of closely applied dull greenish grey median longitudinal stripes clearly visible at
least anteriorly ; clothed with rather abundant yellowish hairs, these moderately long on disc,
longer towards sides and posteriorly. Scutellum clear yellowish with rather abundant long
yellowish hairs.

Abdomen broadest at apex of second segment, then considerably narrowing to tip. Tergites
shining greenish black, except first tergite pale basally and on disc, second and third more or
less pale at extreme base ; hairs moderately abundant, rather long pale yellowish, longer at
sides and forming an adpressed fringe along posterior margins of second, third and fourth
tergites. Pre-genital segment shining brownish black with rather sparse and long brownish
black hairs.

Legs with coxae and trochanters greenish black, more or less distinctly grey dusted ; front
femora moderately thickened, ventrally with a rather triangular short blackish projection
shortly before middle ; hind femora considerably swollen, obviously convex above ; front and
mid pairs black for more than basal half, then yellow, hind pair almost all black, narrowly
yellow only at extreme tip ; all femora with rather long, mainly yellowish white hairs. Front
and mid tibiae pale lemon-yellow with fringe of whitish yellow hairs, these much longer on mid
pair ; hind tibiae black for at least basal three-quarters, remainder reddish yellow, the whitish
yellow hairs of varying lengths and variously directed. Front metatarsi clear yellow, more or
less extensively brownish towards tip, remaining four segments brownish black ; mid tarsi
mainly clear yellow, only two apical segments darkened ; hind tarsi entirely brownish black ;
hairs on all tarsi mainly short, whitish yellow, only mid pair with rather longer similar hairs
ventrally and posteriorly.

Wings greyish, with clouding on cross- veins and at tip. Squamae whitish grey, with fringe of
long yellow hairs. Halteres pale-stalked with light brownish knob.

FEMALE. Length (exclusive of snout and antennae), 12-14 mm. ; wing-length, ii-i3*5 mm.
Resembling <$ in general appearance, differing as follows. Eyes widely separated, becoming
increasingly divergent from level of front ocellus to base of projecting portion of frons. The
vertex and upper (flat) part of frons are greenish black, moderately shining centrally, heavily
and broadly yellow-dusted below front ocellus and along sides of frons, also along a very narrow
central strip which extends to base of projecting portion of frons, clothed with long yellow hairs,
these becoming longer behind.

Abdomen very rotund, broadest at apex of second segment.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 283

Legs with front femora simple, lacking the ventral projection that is present in <$, hind femora
not convex above.

INDIA : Simla, 7,000 ft., X.IQ45, 2 $, 2 <j> (T. Jermyn) ; Sabatoo (ex Bigot coll.),
2 (J (co-types of glossata) ; ex W. W. Saunders coll., i $ (Type of albipes). In
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

Lycastris flavohirta Brunetti

Lycastris flavohirta Brunetti, 1908 : 85.

Brunetti described flavohirta from two males, and subsequently sank the species
under albipes (see latter for details). My recent capture in East Nepal of a single
female of Lycastris led me to study the genus, with the result that I find flavohirta
to be an undoubtedly distinct species, of which my Nepalese specimen is the hitherto
undescribed female. A redescription of the male and description of the female
follows.

MALE. Length (exclusive of snout and antennae), 11-12 mm. ; wing-length, 10-11 mm.
Eyes in approximation for not more than distance between hind ocelli and front ocellus. Snout
projecting for about three to three and a half times the length of frons ; both are dark brown to
blackish, shining, base and sides of the frons with pale yellow dusting, which tends to spread
across middle towards base, and continues broadly along the sides of the snout for more than
its basal half. Vertex with long brown hairs, becoming longer behind. Antennae with first and
second segments blackish brown, third segment and arista reddish brown.

Mesonotum with shining greenish black ground colour, obscured by greyish white dusting,
with a pair of closely applied dull greenish grey median longitudinal stripes, clearly visible
at least anteriorly ; clothed with rather abundant greyish hairs, moderately long on disc,
longer towards sides and posteriorly, sometimes admixed with darker hairs. Scutellum dark
yellow to greenish, with long rather abundant greyish hairs, sometimes admixed with darker
hairs.

Abdomen broadest at apex of second segment, then narrowing moderately to tip. First
tergite grey at sides, shining black on disc ; second reddish orange apically, greenish black
basally, this darkening sometimes spreading across tergite so that only a more or less narrow
reddish orange strip remains along the posterior margin ; third and fourth tergites and pre-
genital segment reddish orange or orange, the only darkening being a more or less distinct
narrow black median longitudinal stripe on third tergite anteriorly ; hairs on tergites moderately
abundant, rather long, pale yellowish, sometimes admixed with grey, longer at sides and forming
an adpressed fringe along posterior margins of second, third and fourth tergites.

Legs with coxae and trochanters black or dark reddish brown, grey-dusted. All femora
simple, only hind pair moderately thickened ; front pair mainly clear yellow, only slightly
more than basal third black ; mid pair clear yellow on apical half, basal half black ; hind
pair clear yellow on about apical third only, basal two-thirds black. Front and mid tibiae
entirely clear yellow, hind pair darkened on apical third or less. All femora and tibiae fringed
with long pale yellow hairs, these longer on mid and hind pairs. Front tarsi entirely brownish
or blackish, mid pair clear yellow with last two segments darkened, hairs on all tarsi very short.

Wings greyish, with clouding on cross-veins and at tip. Squamae whitish grey, with fringe
of long yellow hairs. Halteres entirely light brownish yellow.

FEMALE. Length (exclusive of snout and antennae), 12 mm.; wing-length, 11-5 mm.
Resembling male in general appearance, differing as follows. Eyes widely separated, becoming
increasingly divergent from level of front ocellus to base of projecting portion of frons. Vertex
rather heavily yellow-dusted from occiput to a point slightly below front ocellus. Frons
rather narrowly pale yellow-dusted at sides and along a very narrow central strip which extends

284 R. L. COE

to base of projecting portion of irons, clothed with long yellow hairs, these becoming longer
behind, and admixed with black hairs above vertical triangle.

Abdomen rotund, but less so than in albipes $. Coloration of first tergite as in male, but
second and third entirely greenish black, fourth and fifth clear orange-yellow, broadly greenish
black laterally.

NORTH INDIA : Darjeeling, 7,000 ft., n-i5.ix.igo5, i $ (Type) (E. Brunetti) ;
Simla, 7,000 ft., X.IQ45, 3 $ (T. Jermyri) ; near Sureil, i8.x.i9i7, 2 £ (N.A. and
F.G.). EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, from damp evergreen oak forest above
Sangu, c. 9,200 ft., resting on fern leaf in sun, 2-26. xi. 1963, i $. In Brit. Mus.
(Nat. Hist.).

Lycastris cornutus Enderlain

Lycastris cornutus Enderlein, 1911 : 136 ($).
Lycastris cornutus Enderlein (Sack), 1913 : 7 (<$).

Enderlein described cornutus from a single female taken at Kosempo in SOUTH
FORMOSA on 23.1.1908 (H. Sauter}, and now in the Stettin Zoological Museum.
In 1913 Sack described the male from a series of both sexes taken at Hoozan and
Taihorinsho in FORMOSA by the same collector on an unspecified date. Brunetti
(1923 : 279) queried the validity of cornutus as a result of examining a female in
the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). This specimen bears the data : — " Formosa, Chip Chip,
og.ii, Sauter, presented by Dr. K. Kertesz, Budapest Museum ". I have examined
the specimen concerned and also a male from the same source, and find that they
agree respectively with Enderlein's description of the female and Sack's subsequent
description of the male of cornutus. The latter is certainly a good species, closely
related toflavohirta Brunetti, from which my key characters clearly distinguish it.

So far as is known the genus Lycastris occurs only in the Oriental Region. The
five species that I recognize in the present paper are keyed below.

1 At least second tergite with ground colour hidden by long shaggy sub-depressed

yellowish hairs ............ 2

- Ground colour clearly visible on all tergites, the mainly or entirely pale hairs shorter,

scantier and at most sub-depressed on posterior margins ..... 3

2 Wings intensely infuscated along at least anterior half, fading off towards tip and

posteriorly ........... austcni Brunetti

- Wings evenly greyish, with slight clouding on cross-veins . . griseipennis sp. n.

3 Tergites 2-4 shining black, any pale markings restricted to extreme base and tip of

tergites, and occasionally a small yellowish somewhat triangular area at basal
corners of third tergite. Male front femora thickened, ventrally with a short
blackish projection shortly before middle ; hind femora considerably swollen,
convex above, pale at extreme tip, otherwise black. Female hind femora similarly
coloured .......... albipes Walker

- Tergites 2-4 otherwise coloured, brownish or greenish or a mixture of both. Male

front femora simple ; hind femora scarcely swollen, not convex above, yellow for

at least apical quarter. Female hind femora similarly coloured ... 4

4 Face strongly hollowed, concave, for short distance immediately under antennae ;

legs with all femora fringed with long black hairs for basal half of front and mid
pairs and basal three-quarters of hind pair ; hind tibiae black haired on about
apical third, all tibiae otherwise with pale yellow fringe . . cornutus Enderlein

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 285

- Face descending, not obviously hollowed, for short distance immediately under
antennae ; all femora and tibiae fringed with long pale yellow hairs, these some-
what shorter on front pair, black hairs practically confined to a short mid-ventral
patch on hind femora ........ flavohirta Brunetti

Subfamily GALLICERINAE
Callicera doleschalli Verrall

Callicera doleschalli Verrall, 1913 : 328.

Verrall described this rather inconspicuous species from a single male example
taken by Lieut. E. Y. Watson in the North Chin Hills in BURMA, 5,000 ft., iii.i893.
Its almost entirely reddish orange legs distinguish it from other Oriental species
with the first antennal segment scarcely or not longer than the second. As Verrall
mentions in his original description, the abdomen of the type is much spoilt by
damp, and it is difficult to make out the colouring of the tergites. This apparently
unique example of the species is in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

Callicera sumatrensis de Meijere
(Text-fig. 12)

Callicera sumatrensis de Meijere, 1919 : 26 ($).
Callicera pendleburyi Curran, 1928 : 273. Syn. n.

De Meijere described this species from a single female taken at Suban Ajam in
SUMATRA by Herrn. Edw. Jacobson in July, 1916. From the original description
it appeared to me to be closely related to pendleburyi Curran, and at first I separated
the two species in my key by the rather unsatisfactory character of the entire
antennae being black in sumatrensis (as stated by de Meijere) and the first segment
reddish in pendleburyi. Later, de Meijere's type female of sumatrensis was kindly
lent to me by Dr. Willem N. Ellis from the collection in the Zoological Museum of
the University of Amsterdam. Examination proved that the first antennal segment
in this specimen is obviously reddish and not black as stated by de Meijere. Indeed,
sumatrensis and pendleburyi are identical, and the latter becomes a synonym of the
former.

Curran fully and accurately described pendleburyi from five males taken at
Cameron's Highlands, Pahang, MALAYA, the full data of the material being as
follows : — Rhododendron Hill, 5,200 ft., 20. vi. 1923, i $ ; Gunong Berumban
(summit), 6,050 ft., I4.iii. and 17^.1923, 3 £ ; same locality, 5,100 ft., I2.iii.i925,
i <$ (H. M. Pendlebury). In subsequent years Pendlebury collected many further
examples (with one exception, males) from the same localities as before, and a single
male from NORTH BORNEO. His material forms the entire series of forty-two
specimens in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). Curran was apparently unaware that a
female existed in the B.M. material and did not describe that sex.

As de Meijere's description of the type female of sumatrensis was taken from a
somewhat teneral and rubbed specimen and is not entirely accurate (as shown
earlier) I give below the main features in which that sex differs from the male,

286 R. L. COE

using for comparison the single female that I have found in the B.M. series of
pendleburyi : — Antennae (Text-fig. 12) with segments proportionately longer ;
eyes widely separated, the space between them steadily widening from shortly
below front ocellus to their lowest extremity, at least twice as widely separated at
level of antennae as at level of front ocellus ; eye-hairs shorter and all pale ; thorax
much more shining aeneous, less greenish black ; tergites with shorter hairs ;
legs almost entirely pale haired. The data of the female examined is as follows : —
" Cameron's Highlands, Pahang, 4,800 ft., 7.vi.i935 ".

It should be noted that in his description Curran gives the length of pendleburyi
as 12-12-5 mm. This may be taken as an average body measurement, but among
the long series of males subsequently taken by Pendlebury the range is from
10-13 mm. De Meijere gives the length of the holotype female of his sumatrensis
as 9 mm., but actually it measures 10 mm.

Callicera robusta sp. n.

(Text-fig, n)

This species is distinguished from other Oriental Callicera with the first antennal
segment at least twice as long as second by, among other characters, the almost
entirely clear reddish orange legs. It is also larger than the rest.

MALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 15 mm.; wing-length, 13-5 mm. Eyes actually
touching for a distance about equal to twice the length of vertex, clothed with rather short
pale yellow hairs, which become light brown on the upper part, and with a vertical central band
of dark brown hairs. Frons shining bluish black, with a narrow yellowish orange lunule at
base of antennae, bare. Face shining bluish black, clothed with rather long yellowish hairs,
except for a broad bare central strip which is widest at level of facial knob, eye-margins broadly
pale yellow-dusted. Antennae with first two segments reddish orange, third black, very
obscurely orange beneath on about basal half, first twice as long as second, third two-and-a-half
times as long as first and second together ; arista whitish with black base, about one-third as
long as third segment.

Thorax dull bluish black, clothed with rather long yellowish hairs, these intermixed with
dark brown hairs on about posterior third ; scutellum dull bluish black with long upright
dark brown hairs on disc and fringed with long yellow hairs.

First and second tergites moderately shining bluish black, third and fourth metallic bronzy
green, abdomen entirely clothed with rather long yellowish hairs, no black hairs traceable on
the partly denuded abdomen of the single male examined ; sternites metallic bronzy green.

Legs, apart from coxae and trochanters, clear reddish orange ; four anterior femora with
longish hairs, mainly yellow and mainly brownish ventrally, posterior pair with mainly yellow
hairs anteriorly, and rather sparse mixed black and yellow hairs ventrally.

Wings clear greyish, inclined to be yellowish tinged anteriorly, stigma yellowish. Squamae
smoky grey, with long pale yellow fringes. Halteres with pale yellow stem and dark brown to
blackish knob.

FEMALE. Agreeing with the male, apart from the following differences : — Antennae (Text-
fig, n) with segments proportionately longer, third segment conspicuously clear orange for
about basal half ; eyes widely separated, the space between them steadily increasing from shortly
below front ocellus to their lowest extremity, about twice as widely separated at level of antennae
as at level of front ocellus ; eye-hairs only slightly shorter than in male, paler, but similarly
becoming darker on the upper part, and with a vertical central band of darker hairs. Thorax

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 287

more shining aeneous black, less bluish black ; scutellum similar ; tergites with shorter and
paler hairs ; legs almost entirely pale-haired. Length (exclusive of antennae), 13-14-5 mm.;
wing-length, 12-13 mm.

Holotype $. N.E. INDIA : Naini Hills, 7,000-8,000 ft., 13. ¥.1927 (T. Jermyn).

Paratypes. N.E. INDIA : Naini Hills, Kunj Khanak, 8,000 ft., 24-25^.1927,
3 $ (T. Jermyn) ; 7,000-8,000 ft., 14-25^.1927, 3 $ (T. Jermyn). In Brit. Mus.
(Nat. Hist.).

The distinctive characters of this species are given in the key on p. 289.

Callicera nitens sp. n.

This species is distinguished from the other five Oriental Callicera dealt with in
this paper by, among other characters, the glittering black appearance of the frons,
scutellum and third and fourth tergites. The hairs of the eyes and body are
exceptionally long for the sex in the single female described.

FEMALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 13 mm.; wing-length, 12 mm. Eyes widely
separated, the space between them steadily increasing from shortly below front ocellus to their
lowest extremity, about twice as widely separated at level of antennae as at level of front ocellus ;
eye-hairs exceptionally long for a female, whitish below, light brownish on upper part, no
obvious vertical central band of darker hairs. Frons, vertex and upper part of occiput glittering
black, with noticeably long blackish hairs. Face with the blackish ground colour scarcely
obscured by the thin evenly distributed pale yellow dusting, and with long yellowish white hairs.
Antennae black, the basal segment shining, second and third dull ; first twice as long as second,
third about two-and-a-half times as long as first and second together (inner measurement) ;
arista white, shortly black at the thickened base, more than half as long as third antennal
segment.

Thorax glittering black, with long yellowish white hairs anteriorly, these mainly blackish
posteriorly ; scutellum glittering black, with long whitish hairs ; pleurae greenish black,
lightly dusted whitish, with very long thick whitish hairs.

Abdomen with first tergite dull grey, second similar but narrowly glittering black along
posterior margin, third and fourth entirely glittering black ; hairs on tergites long, becoming
longer on succeeding tergites, yellowish white on first and basal half of second, tawny haired on
apical half of second, third tawny-haired on disc, black-haired towards sides, fourth entirely
tawny-haired. Sternites shining black, with long greyish hairs.

Coxae and trochanters black, legs otherwise uniformly reddish, except last three or four
tarsal joints darkened and about apical half of hind metatarsi dorsally. Front femora with
fringe of mixed black and yellowish white hairs behind and below, mid pair with posterior
fringe of long whitish hairs and a few mixed black and whitish hairs towards base below, hind
pair with a fringe of long whitish hairs anteriorly and below ; tibiae with a fringe of short
black hairs, posteriorly on the first and second pairs, anteriorly on the third.

Wings with greyish membrane, stigma dark brownish, a dark cloud extending broadly down
from before base of stigma across middle of wing for about anterior half. Squamae greyish,
with pale yellow fringe of moderate length. Halteres with light brown stalk and greyish knob.

Holotype $. EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, damp evergreen oak forest
above Sangu, c. 9,200 ft., 2-26. xi. 1961. In the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

The distinctive features are detailed in the key on p. 289.

288 R. L. COE

Callicera sanguensis sp. n.

This species is characterized by the sharp contrast of the long grey thoracic hair
and the foxy red hair of the tergites.

MALE. Length (exclusive of antennae), 12 mm.; wing-length, n mm. Eyes actually
touching for a distance more than twice the length of vertex, clothed with rather long pale
yellowish brown hairs, these becoming blackish on upper part and along a vertical central
band of hairs. Frons shining purplish black, greenish at the base and down the sides, bare,
lunule with no obvious yellow marking ; face polished black, very slightly grey-dusted against
the broad fawn eye-margins. Antennae dull black, except third segment reddish below for
less than basal half ; first segment twice as long as second, third about twice as long as first
and second together (inner measurement) ; arista white, shortly black at the thickened base,
nearly half as long as third antennal segment.

Thorax dull greenish black, uniformly clothed with long pale yellowish grey hairs ; scutellum
similarly coloured, but with noticeably long upright black hairs on disc and still longer pale
hairs along posterior border and a fringe of short pale hairs submarginally ; pleurae dull bronzy
green, clothed with long thick greyish white hairs.

Abdomen with first tergite bronzy green, slightly shining, second tergite dull black, third
slightly shining black and fourth more brightly so ; tergites uniformly clothed with long
upright foxy red hairs. Sternites slightly shining greyish brown, with long greyish yellow hairs.

Coxae and trochanters black ; femora black, narrowly yellow-tipped ; four anterior tibiae
and tarsi light brownish ; hind tibiae darkened on about apical fifth, otherwise light brownish ;
hind tarsi light brownish, darkened above. Four anterior femora with postero-ventral and
posterior fringe of rather long light yellowish brown hairs, hind pair with an antero-dorsal
and anterior fringe of similar hairs and some longer similarly coloured hairs scattered antero-
ventrally and ventrally ; four anterior tibiae with a posterior fringe of rather short light
yellowish brown hairs, hind tibiae with a similar but anterior fringe.

Wings clear and transparent apart from the light yellow stigma. Squamae grey with a fringe
of moderately long hairs, which are peculiar in appearing light golden brown from above and
blackish from below. Halteres light brown, the knob partly darkened.

Holotype <$. EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, c. 6,200 ft., from mixed vegetation
by stream in gully, x. 1961-1. 1962. British Museum East Nepal Expedition. In
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

The distinctive features are detailed in the key on p. 289.

Callicera sackeni Verrall

Callicera sackeni Verrall, 1913 : 331.

Verrall described this species from a single male taken by Lieut. E. Y. Watson
at Fort White in the North Chin Hills, BURMA, 7,000 ft., iv.iSga. This sole repre-
sentative of the species is in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). Unfortunately, for many
years this specimen has been a mere fragment, headless, legless, and almost wingless,
and is quite unrecognizable. On examining a series of one male and six females
placed with it over the name label of sackeni and comparing their characters with
Verrall's description of the latter I found that they represent a distinct species,
which I have described earlier in this paper as robusta. I will not repeat Verrall's
excellent description of sackeni, which has already been transcribed word for word
by Brunetti (1923 : 306). It is clearly differentiated in the following key to the
six Oriental species of Callicera that I now recognize.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 289

1 First antennal segment at least twice as long as second (inner measurement) . . 2

- First antennal segment not nearly twice as long as second, usually subequal (inner

measurement) ............ 4

2 Legs, apart from coxae and trochanters, entirely clear reddish orange . robusta sp. n.

- At least tarsi partly blackish .......... 3

3 Frons, thorax, scutellum and third and fourth abdominal tergites glittering black

nitens sp. n. $ (^ unknown)

- Thorax and scutellum dull greenish black, second tergite dull black, third and fourth

black, only moderately shining .... sanguensis sp. n. $ (£ unknown)

4 Femora mainly blackish ........... 5

- Femora reddish orange, only darkened at extreme base doleschalli Verrall <J ($ unknown)

5 Third antennal segment quite three times as long as first and second together (inner

measurement) sackeni Verrall $ ($ unknown)

- Third antennal segment only slightly longer than first and second together (inner

measurement) sumatrensis de Meijere

Microdon bellus Brunetti
Microdon bellus Brunetti, 1923 : 315.

EAST NEPAL : Taplejung District, c. 6,500 ft., at edge of mixed forest above
Sangu, resting on stone slab in sunshine, I7.x-i.xi.i96i, i $.

Described from two females taken at Mussoorie, NORTHERN INDIA.

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1913. Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911-12. Rec. Indian Mus. 8, 2,

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DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

SIMULIIDAE

By D. J. LEWIS

SYNOPSIS

All the specimens examined were collected in East Nepal by Mr. R. L. Coe in 1961 or 1962
and are in the British Museum (Natural History) . They comprise three species, one of which
is described as new. Descriptive notes are given of the single females of the other two, which
cannot be identified until males or pupae are obtained.

I thank Mr. Coe for the opportunity of studying his collection. He informs
me that he caught most specimens by sweeping with a net, and saw none biting.

Simulium nepalense sp. n.

(Text-figs. 1-16)

FEMALE. Wing length about 2-2 to 2-7 mm. Head. Frons and clypeus grey with pale
scales. Antenna with segments i and 2, and most of 3, orange, the rest grey. Palp dark brown,
vesicle as figured. Cibarium with a median ventral dark stripe having a double end. Thorax.
Basisternum and furcasternum as figured. Scutum grey with three faint dark stripes ; covered
with recumbent scales which are brown over the stripes and brassy elsewhere. Scutellum with
recumbent brassy scales in the centre and some dark hairs at the sides. Postscutellum bare
and brown. Pleuron dark grey to brown, pleural membrane bare, pleural tuft brassy. Katepi-
sternum with recumbent hairs. Legs with yellow and dark brown markings as figured, claw
toothed. Calcipala and pedisulcus well developed. Stem vein and radius with many dark
hairs, subcosta with very few. Abdomen. Scale and basal fringe pale, tergum 2 mainly pale
or transparent, the rest brown, 6 to 8 being shiny. Sternite i is a vestigial colourless crescent
0-07 mm. wide and 0-02 mm. deep near the posterior border of its segment. Terminalia as
figured, spermatheca with internal spicules and smooth surface.

MALE. Very like the female in general colouring. Head. Frons, clypeus, antenna and
palp coloured much as in female. Thorax. Scutum like that of female. Legs i and 2 coloured
like those of female ; 3 with much expanded femur, tibia and basitarsus ; this leg yellow on
coxa, trochanter, base of femur, basal four tenths of tibia, and basal three tenths of basitarsus,
the rest dark brown. Abdomen. Brown ; terminalia as figured.

PUPA AND LARVA. Unknown.

Holotype <j>, Taplejung District, 3.x.i96i, Sangu, 6,200 ft. (R. L. Coe), B.M.
(Nat. Hist.).

Paratypes, Sangu, 6,200 ft., mixed vegetation by stream, ix-x.i96i, 17 $>, 4 <£
(R. L. Coe), B.M. (Nat. Hist.).

Other specimens examined. Taplejung District, Dobhan, c. 3,500 ft., shady
places on shrubby slope above R. Tamur, 21-27.1.1962, 4 $, 3 <$ ; Sangu, 6,500 ft.,
evergreen shrub above village, 5-13. x. 1961, 10 $, 3 <$ ; c. 6,200 ft., mixed vegetation

292

D. J. LEWIS

FIGS. 1-16. Simulium nepalense sp. n. $. i, antenna ; 2, palp ; 3, vesicle ; 4, cibarium ;
5, basisternum ; 6, furcasternum ; 7, legs ; 8, claw ; 9, abdominal tergites 2 to 9 ;
10, n, terminalia ; 12, part of spermatheca. <$. 13, terminalia ; 14, 15, ventral
plate from different angles ; 16, coxite.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 293

in deep gully, 2.1-13.111962, i $ ; c. 6,200 ft., mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
xi. 1961-!. 1962, 2 $ ; c. 6,200 ft., old mixed forest above village, 25-28. x. 1961, i $ ;
c. 6,200 ft., rotting fruits of Bhor tree on ground, y-si.x.igdi, 3 $ ; c. 6,200 ft.,
yellow blooms of cultivated composite, i9-29.x.i96i, 2 $ ; c. 6,000 ft., by stream in
shady ravine below village, I3.x.i96i, 5 <J> ; c. 4,000 ft., mixed vegetation on
sheltered slopes below village and above river, 3.1.1962, i $ ; Arun valley, Tumlingtar
area, c. 1,800 ft., evergreen shrubs below village on sandy west shore of R. Sabhaya,
9-17. xii. 1961, i $.

The structure of the male terminalia suggests that this species is related to the
Javanese S. friederichsi Edwards, 1934, from which 5. nepalense differs in the shape
of the parameral armature, the thoracic colouring of the male, and other features.
I am not allotting this species to a subgenus because no pupae are available and
the Oriental species are not sufficiently known. The basisternum, and the f urea-
sternum of the metasternum, have been used for description by Davies et al. (1962).

Simulium sp. A

(Text-figs. 17-22)

FEMALE. Wing length 2-4 mm. Head. Frons, clypeus and posterior surface of head grey
pruinose ; some brassy scales on the clypeus at least. Antenna yellow. Palp dark brown,
vesicle as figured. Thorax. Scutum brown pruinose without definite markings, with at least
some recumbent brassy scales. Pleural membrane bare. Legs with yellow and brown markings
as figured, claw toothed. Calcipala and pedisulcus well developed. Stem vein and radius
with dark hairs. Abdomen. Tergite 3 is 2-6 times as broad as long. Terminalia as figured ;
spermatheca without spicules ; and in this specimen the brown capsule bulges where it joins
the duct.

MALE AND PUPA. Unknown.

Specimen examined. Sangu area, c. 6,500 ft., in evergreen scrub above village,
5-I3.X.IQ6I, i $.

I am not attempting to name this or the next species because only single females
are at present available.

Simulium sp. B

(Text-figs. 23-28)

FEMALE. Wing length 3-3 mm. Head. Frons and clypeus pruinose grey with sparse dark
hairs. Antenna orange and grey as figured. Palp dark brown, vesicle as figured. Thorax.
Scutum grey pruinose with dark stripes, one narrow median, two submedian and two broad
ones near the lateral margin ; narrow recumbent brassy scales present. Legs with yellow and
dark brown markings as figured, claw toothed. Calcipala and pedisulcus well developed.
Stem vein with dark scales, radius mainly bare in this specimen. Abdomen. Scale and basal
fringe pale, tergum 2 mainly pale or transparent, segments 4 and 5 (and possibly anterior ones)
grey laterally in cleared preparations. Terminalia as figured, spermatheca apparently without
spicules.

MALE AND PUPA. Unknown.

Specimen examined. Sangu area, c. 6,200 ft., mixed vegetation by stream in
gully, xi. 1961-!. 1962, i $.

D. J. LEWIS

FIGS. 17-28. 17-22, Simulium sp. A °-. 17, antenna ; 18, part of palp ;
20, legs ; 21, claw ; 22, terminalia. 23-28, 5. sp. B $. 23, antenna
25, vesicle ; 26, legs ; 27, claw ; 28, terminalia.

19, vesicle
; 24, palp

REFERENCES

DAVIES, D. M., PETERSON, B. V. & WOOD, D. M. 1962. The black flies (Diptera : Simuliidae)

of Ontario. Part i. Proc. ent. Soc. Ontario 92 : 71-154.
EDWARDS, F. W. 1934. The Simuliidae (Diptera) of Java and Sumatra. Arch. Hydrobiol.

13, suppl. ; 92-138.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

A REVISION OF THE GENUS

TYLOPSIS FIEBER
(ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE)

D. R. RAGGE

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 9

LONDON: 1964

A REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS FIEBER
(ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE)

D. R. RAGGE

— ^c i

British Museum (Natural History) Vy

Pp. 295-322 ; 52 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 9

LONDON: 1964

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. 9 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1964

TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

Issued 4th September, 1964 Price Eleven Shillings

A REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS FIEBER
(ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE)

By D. R. RAGGE

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .......... 297

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......... 299

MATERIAL .......... 299

Tylopsis Fieber . . . . . . . . . .299

Key to the Species ......... 300

Descriptions of the Species ........ 305

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . .321

SYNOPSIS

The genus Tylopsis Fieber is fully revised and a key is given to the species. Seven specific
synonyms are newly established and three new species are described.

INTRODUCTION

TYLOPSIS Fieber is one of the most easily recognized genera of Phaneropterinac.
Its species present more difficulty, however, and the description of a number of
new African species during the past twenty years has made the identification of the
Ethiopian members of the genus even more difficult. It is hoped that this revision,
the first since Brunner's Monograph of 1878, will remedy this situation.

The genus was first given the name Centrophorus by Fischer de Waldheim in
1846 ; he based the name on some immature specimens, which he named C. spinosus.
This generic name subsequently proved to be a homonym of a genus of fish described
by Miiller & Henle in 1837, and the specific name was a synonym of Locusta lilifolia
Fabricius, 1793.

The genus Tylopsis was erected by Fieber in 1853 for the single species Locusta
lilifolia Fabricius. This generic name later became involved in a controversy
concerning the type-species of Phaneroptera Serville, 1831 (see Ragge, 1956 : 206),
of which one of the two originally included species was misidentified as L. lilifolia
Fabricius. In 1944, however, Tylopsis Fieber was added to the Official List of
Generic Names in Zoology, with L. lilifolia Fabricius as its type-species (Hemming,

1944)-

Kirby, in his Catalogue of 1906, listed ten species of Tylopsis Fieber. Ten species
are also recognized in the present revision, though five of these names are new to
those listed by Kirby. Two of the names in Kirby's list, " T. plana (Walker) " and
"T. turbata (Walker) " do not belong to Tylopsis Fieber (see below), and three further
names have been found to be junior synonyms.

298 D. R. RAGGE

The species listed in Kirby's Catalogue as " T. plana (Walker) ", based on a male
holotype, may be placed for the time being in the genus Symmetropleura Brunner,
1878. This genus is based on a Neotropical type-species, S. laevicauda Brunner,
1878, and contains two further Neotropical species and two African species. It is
quite possible that these African species will eventually be given separate generic
status and that the present species, which is not closely related to them, will be
considered to represent a third distinct genus, but it would not be appropriate to
settle these questions here.

The species listed by Kirby as " T. turbata (Walker) ", which is known only from
the male holotype, belongs to the genus Phlaurocentrum Karsch, 1888. The holotype
is unfortunately in very bad condition, and it is impossible to draw any conclusions
regarding its affinity with the other species of Phlaurocentrum Karsch ; the genitalia,
which are of prime diagnostic importance, are not mentioned in the original descrip-
tion. The name is thus a nomen dubium, though it seems likely that it is synonymous
with one of the nominal species of Phlaurocentrum Karsch at present recognized
(see Ragge, 1962).

The nomenclatural adjustments that follow from the above considerations are
set out below.

Symmetropleura plana (Walker, 1869) comb. n.

Phaneroptera plana Walker, 1869 : 339. Holotype $, SOUTH AFRICA : Natal (Brit. Mus.

(Nat. Hist.)).
Tylopsis plana (Walker), Kirby, 1906 : 441.

Phlaurocentrum turbatum (Walker, 1869) comb. n.

Phaneroptera turbata Walker, 1869 : 340. Holotype <$, " CONGO " (Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)).
Tylopsis turbata (Walker), Kirby, 1906 : 441.

Access was gained to all the type-specimens that have not been lost or destroyed
except for those of T. dubia Giglio-Tos, 1907 (in the Istituto e Museo di Zoologia
della Universita, Turin) and T. coi Jannone, 1936 (in the Istituto e Laboratorio di
Entomologia Agraria, Portici). T. dubia Giglio-Tos, which is based on three syn-
types from East Africa, cannot unfortunately be identified from the original descrip-
tion, though it is almost certainly one of the species recognized in this revision ;
I have therefore been forced to omit it. T. coi Jannone is discussed on p. 305.

For most of the species the material examined was rather extensive ; where the
data of this material are listed I have therefore abbreviated it for all the previously
described species except T. dispar Sjostedt and T. gracilis Chopard, by omitting the
collectors' names, restricting the datal information to the month (represented by a
Roman numeral), and abbreviating names of provinces, where repeated, to their
initial letters. The data of type-material are, however, given in full for every
species.

Throughout this paper " Congo Republic " refers to the former Belgian colony.
The author's usual conventions are observed (see Ragge, 1957 : 124).

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS 299

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My most sincere gratitude is due to the following specialists, who have been kind
enough to send me type-specimens or other material from their respective
institutions : —

Dr. A. de Barros Machado, Mr. P. Basilewsky, Dr. M. Beier, Mr. R. H. Carcasson,
Dr. L. Chopard, Dr. J. de A. Fernandes, Dr. F. Reiser, Professor C. H. Lindroth,
Mr. E. Morales Agacino, Mr. E. C. G. Pinhey, Mr. D. C. Rentz, Mr. W. Richter,
Mr. R. Roy, Mr. E. Taylor, Professor E. Tortonese and Dr. G. van Son.

I am particularly grateful to the following workers, who have very kindly sent
me specimens collected by them personally :—

Mr. & Mrs. R. W. Crosskey, Mr. A. E. King, Mr. M. Lamotte and Mr. J. A.
Whellan.

I should also like to thank Mrs. P. M. Newman for help with the measurements.

MATERIAL

In addition to the collection of Tylopsis Fieber in the British Museum (Natural
History) material was lent by the sources listed below, through the courtesy of the
specialists mentioned above (the abbreviations used where the material is listed in
detail are inserted in parenthesis).

Museu do Dundo, Lunda, Angola (Mus. Dundo) ; Musee Royal de 1'Afrique
Centrale, Tervuren (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna (Nat. Mus.
Vienna) ; Coryndon Museum, Nairobi (Coryndon Mus.) ; Museum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Museu e Laboratorio Zoologico
e Antropologico, Lisbon (Mus. Zool. Lisbon) ; Naturhistorisches Museum, Basle
(Nat. Mus. Basle) ; Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin
(Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm (Nat. Riksmus,
Stockholm) ; South African Museum, Cape Town (S.A. Mus.) ; Universitetets
Zoologiska Institution, Lund (Zool. Inst. Lund) ; Institute Espanol de Entomologia,
Madrid (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, Bulawayo
(Nat. Mus. S. R.) ; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ;
Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart (Staatl. Mus. Nat. Stuttgart) ;
Institut Fran9ais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal (I.F.A.N. Dakar) ; University
Museum, Oxford (Univ. Mus. Oxford) ; Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa
(Mus. Stor. Nat. Genoa) ; Transvaal Museum, Pretoria (Transvaal Mus.) ; Institut
de Recherche Scientifique de Madagascar, Tananarive (Inst. Sci. Madag.).

TYLOPSIS Fieber, 1853

Centrophorus Fischer de Waldheim, 1846 : 361. Type-species, by monotypy, Centrophorus

spinosus Fischer de Waldheim, 1846. (Homonym of Centrophorus Miiller & Henle, 1837.)
Tylopsis Fieber, 1853 : 172. Type-species, by monotypy, Locusta lilifolia Fabricius, 1793.
Tylopsis Fieber, Hemming, 1944 : 211. (Addition to Official List.)

DIAGNOSIS. <$ $. Fastigium of vertex compressed, narrow, sulcate above. Pronotum
without lateral carinae ; lateral lobes almost always distinctly longer than deep. Fore coxae
with well-developed spine. Fore tibiae with slit-like tympanic opening on each side. Terminal

300 D. R. RAGGE

lateral lobes of femora often elongate. Hind femora unarmed. Abdominal tergites usually
with median carina ; posterior margins often produced into point.

DISCUSSION. Tylopsis Fieber is a remarkably well-defined genus, with no close
relatives among other Phaneropterinae ; in his Monograph of 1878 Brunner placed
it in a group of its own, and it has acquired no synonyms since it was first established.
Its facies is Phaneroptera-like (though usually more attenuate), but it is clearly
separated from Phaneroptera Serville and allied genera by its slit-like tympanic
apertures.

The male genitalia of Tylopsis Fieber are unusually uniform, all the known species
having a subgenital plate of the same form and showing few striking differences in
the structure of the cerci. The genus is in fact unusual among Tettigoniidae in
that it is necessary to have specimens of both sexes in order to be certain of the
identity of some of the species. Although most of the species have a very similar
ovipositor, the female subgenital plate shows marked differences in shape, clearly
characterizing a number of the species. In some species, however, this structure
shows considerable geographical variation : this is especially true of T. lilifolia
(Fabricius) (see p. 305) and T. irregularis Karsch (see p. 307). Among non-sexual
characters the shape of the lateral pronotal lobes provides a useful character for
separating the species, but is also sometimes subject to geographical variation.

DISTRIBUTION. Tylopsis Fieber occurs throughout the Ethiopian Region and
extends northwards through the Mediterranean Region into the southernmost parts
of European Russia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

As mentioned above it is desirable to have specimens of both sexes when identifying species
of Tylopsis Fieber : in some species the males are more easily recognizable, in others the females,
and in some a certain identification is difficult if either sex is not available.

In comparing the male cerci with Text-figs. 1-13 it is essential to view them from above
and at right-angles to the principal plane of curvature. In determining the relative lengths of
the fore wings and hind femora it is necessary to measure both these structures, and not to
draw conclusions from the relative positions of the hind knees and the tips of the flexed fore
wings.

1 Pronotal disc dark brown or red-brown, contrasting with the paler lateral pronotal

lobes .............. 2

— Pronotal disc similar in colour to the lateral pronotal lobes, or with the dark colouring

restricted to a narrow median band ........ 4

2 Fore wings less than 20 mm. in length. Male cerci as in Text-fig. 13

T. gracilis Chopard (p. 321)

- Fore wings more than 20 mm. in length (except in the brachypterous form of

T. continua (Walker)— see p. 317). Male cerci as in Text-figs. 9-12 . . 3

3 Male cerci as in Text-fig. 12, bent upwards near the apex. Basal plates of the

ovipositor with a posteroventral lobe, as in Text-fig. 49

T. rubrescens Kirby (p. 319)

- Male cerci as in Text-figs. 9-11, not or hardly bent upwards near the apex. Basal

plates of the ovipositor without a posteroventral lobe, as in Text-figs. 47 and 48

T. continua (Walker) (p. 316)

4 Fore wings comparatively short and broad, with a strongly convex anterior margin,

as in Text-fig. 14. Dorsal spines of the hind tibiae mostly large and widely spaced,

as in Text-fig. 16 ....... T. brevis sp. n. (p. 314)

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS

301

Fore wings of normal shape, similar to Text-fig. 15. Dorsal spines of the hind

tibiae of normal size, as in Text-fig. 17 . . . . . . . . 5

Male 6

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Cerci markedly undulate at the apex, as in Text-fig. 3. Lateral pronotal lobes

shaped as in Text-figs. 20-22, with produced posteroventral angle

T. irregularis Karsch (p. 306)
Cerci not as in Text-fig. 3, less or not at all undulate at the apex. Lateral pronotal

lobes not shaped as in Text-figs. 20-22, or, if similar (Text-figs. 23 or 26), cerci

as in Text-figs. 4 or 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Lateral pronotal lobes shaped as in Text-figs. 18 and 19. Fore wings shorter than

the hind femora. (S. Russia, Mediterranean Region and Arabia)

T. lilifolia (Fabricius) (p. 305)
Lateral pronotal lobes not shaped as in Text-figs. 18 and 19. Fore wings almost

always longer than the hind femora. (Africa south of the Sahara, and Madagascar) 8

Cerci bent back near the apex, as in Text-figs. 5, 6 and 8 ..... 9

Cerci not bent back near the apex, as in Text-figs. 4, 9, 10 and n . . . n
Cerci as in Text-fig. 8, with a marked concavity on the outer side near the apex.

Lateral pronotal lobes relatively deep, as in Text-fig. 30 T. ampla sp. n. (p. 315)

Cerci as in Text-figs. 5 or 6, without a concavity near the apex. Lateral pronotal

lobes less deep, as in Text-figs. 24-28 ........ 10

Cerci as in Text-fig. 5, when viewed from above, with a relatively fine point. Lateral

pronotal lobes shaped as in Text-figs. 24-27. Left fore wing without a

9 IO II

FIGS. 1-13. Dorsal view of the left male cercus of (i) Tylopsis lilifolia (Fabricius) ;
(2) T. lilifolia (Fabricius) (deserticolous form) ; (3) T. irregularis Karsch ; (4) T. dispar
Sjostedt ; (5) T. bilineolata (Serville) ; (6) T. fissa sp. n. ; (7) T. brevis sp. n. ; (8) T.
ampla sp. n. ; (9) T. continua (Walker) (Northern Rhodesia) ; (10) T. continua (Walker)
(Nyasaland) ; (n) T. continua (Walker) (Transvaal) ; (12) T. rubrescens Kirby (with
posterior view of apex) ; (13) T. gracilis Chopard. N.B. In comparing specimens with
these figures it is essential that the cerci are viewed at right-angles to the principal plane
of curvature.

302

D. R. RAGGE

conspicuous dark spot on the stridulatory rib (Cu2), or, if with such a spot,

from Madagascar ..... T. bilineolata (Serville) (p. 309)

Cerci as in Text-fig. 6. when viewed from above, less finely pointed. Lateral
pronotal lobes shaped as in Text-fig. 28. Left fore wing with a conspicuous
small dark spot on the stridulatory rib (Cuz). (Not known from Madagascar)

T.flssa sp. n. (p. 312)

Lateral pronotal lobes shaped as in Text-fig. 23, produced somewhat posteroventrally.
Cerci as in Text-fig. 4, not swollen at the apex. (Known only from north of the
10° S. line of latitude) ....... T. dispar Sjostedt (p. 309)

Lateral pronotal lobes shaped as in Text-fig. 31, not produced posteroventrally.
Cerci somewhat swollen at the apex, as in Text-fig. 9, in specimens from north
of the 10° S. line of latitude ; otherwise sometimes as in Text-figs. 10 or n

T. continue* (Walker) (p. 316)

Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 43, with a deep median incision at the apex

T.flssa sp. n. (p. 312)

Subgenital plate not as in Text-fig. 43, without a median incision at the apex . 13

Lateral pronotal lobes shaped as in Text-figs. 18 and 19. Fore wings shorter than
the hind femora. (S. Russia, Mediterranean Region and Arabia)

T. lilifolia (Fabricius) (p. 305)

Lateral pronotal lobes not shaped as in Text-figs. 18 and 19. Fore wings almost

always longer than the hind femora. (Africa south of the Sahara, and Madagascar) 14

Lateral pronotal lobes shaped as in Text-figs. 20-22, with produced posteroventral

angle ............. 15

15
FIGS. 14-15. The right male fore wing of (14) Tylopsis brevis sp. n. ; (15) T. fissa sp. n.

BREV

FIGS. 16-17. Lateral view of part of the left hind tibia of (16) Tylopsis brevis sp. n.

(17) T. irregularis Karsch.

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS

3<>3

- Lateral pronotal lobes not as in Text-figs. 20-22 . . . . . . 18

15 Subgenital plate with well-developed lateral lobes, as in Text-figs. 36, 37 or 39 . 16
Subgenital plate as in Text-figs. 38, 40, 41 or 42, without well-developed lateral lobes 17

16 Fore wings more than 28 mm. in length. (West Africa) T. irregularis Karsch (p. 306)

- Fore wings less than 28 mm. in length. (East Africa) . T. dispar Sjostedt (p. 309)

FIGS. 18-33. Lateral view of the pronotum of (18) Tylopsis lilifolia (Fabricius) ;
(19) T. lilifolia (Fabricius) (deserticolous form) ; (20) T. irregularis Karsch (Guinea) ;
(21) T. irregularis Karsch (Nigeria) ; (22) T. irregularis Karsch (Tanganyika) ; (23)
T. dispar Sjostedt ; (24) T. bilineolata (Serville) (Northern Rhodesia) ; (25) T. bilineolata
(Serville) (Angola) ; (26) T. bilineolata (Serville) (large Madagascan form) ; (27)
T. bilineolata (Serville) (small Madagascan form) ; (28) T. fissa sp. n. ; (29) T. brevis
sp. n. ; (30) T. ampla sp. n. ; (31) T. continua (Walker) ; (32) T. rubrescens Kirby ;
(33) T. gracilis Chopard.

304 D. R. RAGGE

17 Lateral pronotal lobes shaped as in Text-figs. 21 or 22. (Not known from South

Africa or Madagascar) ...... T. irregularis Karsch (p. 306)

Lateral pronotal lobes not shaped as in Text-figs. 21 or 22, or, if somewhat similar

(Text-fig. 26), from South Africa or Madagascar . T. bilineolata (Serville) (p. 309)

18 Subgenital plate simply triangular, as in Text-figs. 47 and 48

T. continua (Walker) (p. 316)
Subgenital plate not simply triangular, as in Text-figs, 39-42, 45 and 46 . . 19

19 Subgenital plate with small well-developed lateral lobes, as in Text-fig. 39

T. dispar Sjostedt (p. 309)
Subgenital plate not as in Text-fig. 39 ; lateral lobes, if present, large and broad . 20

20 Subgenital plate with lateral lobes, as in Text-figs. 45 and 46. Lateral pronotal

lobes relatively deep, as in Text-fig. 30 . . . . T. ampla sp. n. (p. 315)

Subgenital plate without lateral lobes, as in Text-figs. 40-42. Lateral pronotal lobes

less deep, as in Text-figs. 24-27 . . . . T. bilineolata (Serville) (p. 309)

A-

/ } AMP / /CONT / /CONT / / RUB

FIGS. 34-49. Lateral view of the Subgenital plate and basal region of the ovipositor of
(34) Tylopsis Hlifolia (Fabricius) ; (35) T. lilifolia (Fabricius) (deserticolous form) ;
(36) T. irregularis Karsch (Mali) ; (37) T. irregularis Karsch (Uganda : "Karamoja") ;
(38) T. irregularis Karsch (Uganda : Agaya Lango) ; (39) T. dispar Sjostedt ; (40)
T. bilineolata (Serville) (Tanganyika) ; (41) T. bilineolata (Serville) (Southern Rhodesia) ;
(42) T. bilineolata (Serville) (Transvaal) ; (43) T. fissa sp. n. ; (44) T. brevis sp. n. ;
(45) T. ampla sp. n. (Angola) ; (46) T. ampla sp. n. (Northern Rhodesia) ; (47)
T. continua (Walker) (Southern Rhodesia) ; (48) T. continua (Walker) (Northern
Rhodesia) ; (49) T. rubrescens Kirby.

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS 305

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES

i. Tylopsis lilifolia (Fabricius, 1793)
(Text-figs, i, 2, 18, 19, 34, 35)

[Locusta thymifolia Fabricius, Petagna, 1792 : 313. (Misidentification.)]

Locusta lilifolia Fabricius, 1793 : 36. Type locality : ITALY. Type-material lost.

Locusta gracilis Germar, 1817 : 251. Holotype $, YUGOSLAVIA : Zadar (Germar) (lost).

Locusta liliifolia Rambur, 1838 : 44. (Unjustified emendation.)

Tylopsis lilifolia (Fabricius), Fieber, 1853 : 173.

Phaneroptera praeusta Fischer de Waldheim, 1846 : 142. Holotype $, U.S.S.R.: Azerbaijan,

Kirovabad (Kolenati) (lost).
Centrophorus spinosus Fischer de Waldheim, 1846 : 362. Unknown number of nymphal

syntypes of both sexes, U.S.S.R.: Crimea (Motschulsky) (lost).
Phaneroptera margineguttata Serville, 1839 : 422. i <$ syntype, SARDINIA (Gen6) ; i $ syntype,

SICILY (Latreille) (both lost).
? Tylopsis coi Jannone, 1936 : 147. Holotype <$, DODECANESE : Kos, Linopoti Marsh,

io.ix.i934 (Jannone) (Institute e Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria, Portici). (See

below.)
Locusta lilifolia Fabricius, Hemming, 1954 : 644. (Addition to Official List.)

DIAGNOSIS. <$ $. Lateral pronotal lobes as in Text-figs. 18 and 19. Male cerci as in Text-
figs, i and 2. Female subgenital plate with well-developed lateral lobes, as in Text-fig. 34,
or simply triangular, as in Text-fig. 35.

MEASUREMENTS.

MALES FEMALES

Total length (20) : 21-1-38-7, mean 30-83 (20) : 24-2-37-9, mean 33-26

Median length of pronotum (20) : 2-5- 4-3, mean 3-49 (20) : 3-3- 4-2, mean 3-72

Length of hind femur (20) : 20-0-26-9, mean 22-90 (20) : 22-4-28-0, mean 24-43

Length of fore wing (20) : 15-2-24-9, mean 19-68 (20) : 18-6-24-1, mean 21-28

Length of ovipositor (20) : 4-3- 5-3, mean 4-94

DISCUSSION. This is the only species of the genus in southern Europe and the
Levant. In parts of North Africa and Arabia, however, it overlaps in range with
T. irregularis Karsch ; it may be readily distinguished from that species by the
shape of the lateral pronotal lobes, which lack a produced posteroventral angle.

The material I have examined from Algeria, Libya, southern Jordan and the
Arabian Peninsula differs in several respects from material from the remaining parts
of the range. The insects are usually smaller, the male cerci are more attenuate
at the tip (Text-fig. 2), and the lateral lobes normally characteristic of the female
subgenital plate are completely lacking (Text-fig. 35) ; also, the lateral pronotal
lobes tend to be more angular (Text-fig. 19). When further material becomes
available it will doubtless be advisable to regard this form as a distinct subspecies ;
it may even prove to be specifically distinct from T. lilifolia (Fabricius). The
material at present available is, however, quite inadequate for a definite conclusion
to be drawn, and for the time being it is better to regard the specimens from these
southerly parts of the range as belonging to a deserticolous form of T. lilifolia
(Fabricius) .

The type-material of T. coi Jannone was unfortunately not available for study,

306 D. R. RAGGE

but it seems very probable from the well illustrated original description that this
name is a synonym of T. lilifolia (Fabricius). This cannot be established with
certainty, however, in the absence of the holotype.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. A large quantity of material of this species was available
for study and, as it is a comparatively well-known insect, exact locality data are
given below only for material from countries through which the boundary of its
range passes or in which the extent of its distribution is very poorly known. The
remaining countries and islands are listed without further details (see also general
remarks on p. 298).

PORTUGAL ; SPAIN ; FRANCE : Haute-Garonne, 15 Km. N. of Toulouse,
Beauxelle, i $, viii ; Pyrenees-Orientales, nr. Banyuls-sur-Mer, 4 <£, 8 $, ix ; P.-O.,
nr. Le Perthus, i $, ix ; P.-O., Vernet les Bains, 3 <£, 2 $, viii ; Herault, Palavas les
Flots, i c£, viii ; Aude, Narbonne-plage, i <$, viii ; Bouches-du-Rhone, Petit
Camargue, Les Stes. Maries, i $, viii ; Aries, Fourques, i $, ix ; Provence, Croix
Valmer, 3 <$, 2 $, viii ; P., St. Tropez, i <$, viii ; Var, Ste. Maxime distr., 1^,1$,
viii-ix ; V., La St. Baume, i ^, i $, ix ; Alpes-Maritimes, nr. Villefranche-sur-Mer,
4 <$, ix ; A.-M., Cagnes, i <£, viii-ix ; A.-M., Biot, c. 800 ft., 9 <$, 3 $, viii ; CORSICA ;
ITALY : Liguria, Portofino, Vetta, 450 m., i $, ix ; L., Chiavari, i <^, ix ; Rome,
2 c£, 4 $ ; Apuan Alps, Camalore Lombrici, 100 m., i <$, 3 $, ix ; Apulia, Leuca,
40 m., i $, ix ; Emilia, Classe de Ravenna, i $, viii ; Basilicata, Venosa, 420 m.,
2 $, ix ; Molveno, i $, viii ; Taranto, i $ ; YUGOSLAVIA ; GREECE ; TURKEY ;
CYPRUS ; SYRIA : Jisr Banat, Yacoub, 2 $, vii ; Jebel Mazar, Lake, i ^, i $, vii ;
Hameh, i <$, vi ; Samakh, i $, v ; LEBANON : nr. Baalbek, i g, vii ; Amioun,

1 c£, i $, viii ; Wadi el Harir, 2 <$, vii ; ISRAEL : Haifa, 1^,1$, vii ; Nazareth,
1,200 ft., i $, vi ; Beisan, 2 $, vi ; JORDAN : Kukum, Tul Karem, 2 <$, vi ; Samaria,
Marj Samour, i <?, vi ; 23 Km. W. of Amman, nr. El Salt, 3 <£, 4 $, vi ; Wadi
Zerka, Jerash Rd., i $, vi ; Damiya, 280 m., i $>, iv ; EGYPT : — , i $ ;
Tul Keram, i <£, x.

Deserticolous form (see p. 305). JORDAN : Petra, 2 $, vi ; ARABIA : El Kubar,

2 $ ; LIBYA : Cyrenaica, Slonta, Jebel Akhdar, i $, i $, vii ; ALGERIA : Ain Sefra,
i $ (Nat. Mus. Vienna).

In Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) unless otherwise stated.

DISTRIBUTION. The range of this species covers most of the Mediterranean
Region and extends northwards into the southernmost parts of European Russia.

2. Tylopsis irregularis Karsch, 1893
(Text-figs. 3, 17, 20-22, 36-38)

Tylopsis irregularis Karsch, 1893 : 130. Lectotype <$, TOGO : Bismarckburg (Zool. Mus.

Berlin) [examined].
Tylopsis perpulchra Burr, 1900 : 43. Holotype $, SOMALI REPUBLIC : Whardi Datal (Univ.

Mus. Oxford) [examined]. Syn. n.
Tylopsis obscuripes Chopard, 1945 : 166. Lectotype $, CAMEROUN : Bambouto Mtns. (Mus.

Hist, Nat, Paris) [examined]. Syn. n.

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS 307

Tylopsis villiersi Chopard, 150 : 133. Lectotype <$, NIGER : Agades (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris)

[examined]. Syn. n.
Tylopsis lamottei Chopard, 1954 : 42- Lectotype <$, GUINEA : Nimba, Serengbara (Mus. Hist.

Nat. Paris) [examined]. Syn. n.

Diagnosis. <$ $. Lateral pronotal lobes with produced posteroventral angle, as in Text-figs.
20-22. Male cerci markedly undulate at apex, as in Text-fig. 3. Female subgenital plate with
or without lateral lobes, as in Text-figs. 36-38.

MEASUREMENTS.

MALES FEMALES

Total length (20) : 38-7-47-6, mean 43-40 (20) : 36-8-48-7, mean 43-41

Median length of pronotum (20) : 3-1-4-1, mean 3-67 (20) : 3-1- 4-2, mean 3-65

Length of hind femur (20) : 22-4-29-3, mean 25-48 (20) : 23-1-27-6, mean 25-66

Length of fore wing (20) : 25'7-3i'7, mean 28-69 (2°) : 24'7-32'7, mean 28-97

Length of ovipositor (20) : 4-6- 6-8, mean 5-22

DISCUSSION. The shape of the lateral pronotal lobes and the strongly undulate
tips of the male cerci enable this species to be quite easily distinguished from the
other members of the genus. It is by far the most common and widespread species
of Tylopsis Fieber in West Africa, and seems in fact to be the only species in much
of this region.

All the females examined from west of the Adamawa Highlands had subgenital
plates with well-developed lateral lobes (Text-figs. 36 and 37). In the East African
material, however, these lobes were almost always lacking or at the most very poorly
developed ; the Congolese material showed a mixture of the two types, and this
was also true of the Arabian females. The characteristic shape of the lateral
pronotal lobes and of the male cerci is fairly constant throughout the range. It
is impossible to be certain from the material at present available whether this
difference in the shape of the female subgenital plate (which parallels the similar
difference shown by T. lilifolia (Fabricius) (see p. 305)) is due to geographical varia-
tion or polymorphism. The overlap in range of the two types that seems to occur
in the Congo Republic, in Uganda (a female from " Karamoja " is of the West
African type) and in Arabia suggests polymorphism, with a pronounced tendency
towards allopatry by the two polymorphs, but this question cannot be settled
definitely until more material is available.

Examination of the type-specimens of T. perpulchra Burr, T. obscuripes Chopard,
T. villiersi Chopard and T. lamottei Chopard has shown that they are conspecific
with the type-material of T. irregularis Karsch.

I have selected and labelled a male lectotype from each of the following type-
series : —

T. irregularis Karsch, 5 <£ and 4 $ syntypes
T. obscuripes Chopard, i <$ and i $ syntypes
T. villiersi Chopard, i <$ and i $ syntypes
T. lamottei Chopard, i <$ and i $ syntypes.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Lectotype. TOGO : Bismarckburg, <$, i.xi-i5.xii.i890 (Buttner) (Zool. Mus.
Berlin).

3o8 D. R. RAGGE

Paralectotypes. TOGO : Bismarckburg, i <$, i 9 (Buttner) (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ;
Bismarckburg, 3 <$, 3 $, 1.1891 (Buttner) (Zool. Mus. Berlin).

MOROCCO : Od. Cherrat, 2 <$, ix ; SENEGAL : Richard Toll, i ?, ix (I.F.A.N.
Dakar) ; MALI : Middle Niger, Diafarabe, i <£, ix ; Dioura, i $, x ; GUINEA :
Nimba, Serengbara, i ^, ii-vi.i942 (Lamotte) (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) (lectotype of
7\ lamottei Chopard) ; Nimba, Keoulenta, i $, ii-iv.i942 (Lamotte) (Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris) (paralectotype of T. lamottei Chopard) ; Nimba, Ziela, 7 <£, 8 9> xii-v (Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Nimba, 2 <$, i $, iii (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Friguiagbe, nr.
Kindia, 4 <£ (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; SIERRA LEONE : Njala, 2 9, v-x ; LIBERIA :
— , i $ ; IVORY COAST : Dimbokro [" Dimbroko "], i <$, i 9 (Inst. Esp.
Ent.) ; Lamto, Toumodi, i <£, 4 9, iii-x ; GHANA : between Takoradi and Axim,

i 9, vii-ix ; TOGO : Bismarckburg, i <£, 2 9> i (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; - , i <$

(Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; DAHOMEY : Porto-Novo, i $, i 9 (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ;
Parakou and Nikki, i $ (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; NIGER : Agades, 1^,1$, 1947
(Chopard & Villiers) (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) (lectotype and paralectotype of
T". villiersi Chopard) ; NIGERIA : Azare, 4 $, 3 9> x-vi ; Gombe, Matyoro Lakes,

1 9, i ; Calabar, i <$, ii ; Ibadan, 1^,1$, ii-iii ; Zaria, i <$, xi ; nr. Lagos, i $, i ;
Niger Province, Abuja, i <£, i 9, vi-vii ; N.P., Minna, 2 9> ix-xi ; N.P., Diko,

2 $, 2 9> xii-i ; Benue Province, Abayol, nr. Gboko, i $, i ; B.P., Takum, i $, i ;
Kabba Province, Lokoja, i <£, i 9, ix-v ; Kabba, i $, 4 $, ii ; Bauchi Province,
Udubo, i $, xii-i ; CHAD : N'Gouri, Kanem distr., i <$, ix (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; South
Dar-Banda, Krebedje, Fort Sibut, i <$, xi (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Baguirmi,
Tcheckna, i $, viii (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; CAMEROUN : Bambouto Mtns.,
2,300-2,500 m., i (£, vii.i939 (Lepesme, Paulian & Villiers) (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris)
(lectotype of T. obscuripes Chopard) ; Bambouto Mtns., 2,000 m., i $, vii.1939
(Lepesme, Paulian 6- Villiers) (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) (paralectotype of T. obscuripes
Chopard) ; CONGO (ex French) : Grand Lahou, i $ (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ;
CONGO REPUBLIC : Kivu, i <$ (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; K., Buserengenye (Rutshuru),
i 9, ix (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Thysville, i $ (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Katanga, i <$ (Mus. Af.
Cent.) ; Ubangi, Jacoma, i <$, i 9 (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Ituri, Aru, i 9 (Mus. Af. Cent.) ;
Kibali-Ituri, Domu, i 9, ii-iii (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; K.-L, Aru, i 9 (Mus. A.f Cent.) ;
Brabanta (Basongo), i <$, iv-v (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Garamba National Park, ii ^,
7 9, xi-iii (Inst. Pares Nat. Brussels) ; RUANDA : Kinazi, Terr. Nyanza, 1,600 m.,

1 c£, 2 9i i (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Astrida, 3 9, vii-x (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; ARABIA : Shaira,
19° 27' N., 41° 6' E., i <£, i 9, i ; Mecca, 2 <?, iii ; Lith, i 9, ii ; Hejaz, Jidda, i 9,
ii ; ETHIOPIA : Ogaden, Wardere, i ^, xii ; Hawash R., W. of Mt. Zaquala, c.
6,000 ft., 2 9. xi i Jimma, 7° 39' N., 36° 49' E., 1,779 m-> 2 d> I ?> i (Staatl. Mus.
Nat. Stuttgart) ; - — , i 9 (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Eritrea, i $ (Nat. Mus.
Vienna) ; SOMALI REPUBLIC : Whardi Datal, i ^, 26.vii.i895 (Peel) (Univ. Mus.
Oxford) (holotype of T. perpulchra Burr) ; UGANDA : Karamoja, i 9> xi ', Lango,
Aduku, i (£, vii ; Butiaba, i $, ix ; Kepeka, 4 <$, vii-x ; Bulemezi, Nakasongola,

2 $, xi ; Wakyato, i <^, vii ; Agaya Lango, i <$, 2 9, xi ; Lwengo, Buddu, i £, vii ;
L., Masaka, i $, i 9, v ; Buruli, i $, vii ; Koki, Lwanda, i 9, i ; Bugwere, i 9>
x ; Lango, Amugo, i 9, vii ; Tororo Hills, i $, i 9, v ; 27 miles N. of Murchison

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS 309

Falls, 1,050 m., i cJ, viii (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ; KENYA : Nairobi, 3 £, i ?, xi-vi ;
Chyulu Hills, i ?, vii ; Samburu, 2 $ ; TANGANYIKA : Malagarasi, i <$, viii ; north-
west, i $ (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; ANGOLA : Morro de Pundo, i $> v ; Amboim,
i $, iv ; SOUTH WEST AFRICA : Damaraland, i $ (Nat. Mus. Vienna).

In Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) unless otherwise stated.

DISTRIBUTION. This species is distributed throughout tropical Africa, and
extends northwards into Morocco and Arabia.

3. Tylopsis dispar Sjostedt, 1909
(Text-figs. 4, 23, 39)

Tylopsis dispar Sjostedt, 1909 : 135. Lectotype <J, TANGANYIKA : Mt. Meru, Ngare na nyuki

(Nat. Riksmus. Stockholm) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. $ ?. Lateral pronotal lobes as in Text-fig. 23. Male cerci as in Text-fig. 4,
not undulate at apex when viewed from above. Female subgenital plate with well-developed
lateral lobes, as in Text-fig. 39.

MEASUREMENTS.

MALES FEMALES

Total length (6) : 37-4-39-8, mean 39-05 (3) : 36-8-39-4, mean 38-50

Median length of pronotum (6) : 3-2- 3-4, mean 3-29 (3) : 3-0- 3-2, mean 3-11

Length of hind femur (6) : 21-1-23-4, mean 22-03 (3) : 20-5-26-1, mean 21-97

Length of fore wing (6) : 24-2-26-0, mean 25-15 (3) : 25-1-26-1, mean 25-70

Length of ovipositor (3) : 5-1- 5-2, mean 5-14

DISCUSSION. The male of this species may be easily recognized by the cerci,
which are not undulate when viewed from above, not bent back near the apex,
and not finely pointed. The female may be distinguished from the other East
African species of the genus by the shape of the subgenital plate and the lateral
pronotal lobes.

I have selected and labelled a male lectotype from the nine male and six female
syntypes of this species. All these syntypes are from the lectotype locality except
for one male with the following data — TANGANYIKA : Kilimanjaro, Kibonoto,
(Sjostedt).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Lectotype. TANGANYIKA : Mt. Meru, Ngare na nyuki, $, 1.1906 (Sjostedt} (Nat.
Riksmus. Stockholm).

Paralectotypes. TANGANYIKA : Mt. Meru, Ngare na nyuki, 3 <£, 3 $>, x-xii.igos
(Sjostedt) (i (£, i <j>in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) ; remainder in Nat. Riksmus. Stockholm).

KENYA : Mtito Andei, nr. Lushoto, i <$, 10.11.1955 (Haskell) (Brit. Mus. (Nat.
Hist.)) ; Bura, i <$, iii.i9i2 (Alluaud & Jeannel) (Inst. Esp. Ent.).

4. Tylopsis bilineolata (Serville, 1839)
(Text-figs. 5, 24-27, 40-42)

Phaneroptera bilineolata Serville, 1839 : 419. Holotype $, SOUTH AFRICA : Cape of Good Hope
(lost).

3io

D. R. RAGGE

Phaneroptera attenuata Walker, 1869

Hist.)) [examined].
Tylopsis marginata Brunner, 1891 : 113.

Vienna) [examined].

338. Holotype °-, SOUTH AFRICA (Brit. Mus. (Nat.
Holotype $, SOUTH AFRICA : Durban (Nat. Mus.

DIAGNOSIS. £ $. Lateral pronotal lobes as in Text-figs. 24-27. Male cerci as in Text-fig. 5,
apex reflexed and finely pointed when viewed from above. Female subgenital plate as in
Text-figs. 40-42, with median point or truncate, sometimes showing slight indication of lateral
lobes.

MEASUREMENTS.

Total length

Median length of pronotum
Length of hind femur
Length of fore wing
Length of ovipositor

Total length

Median length of pronotum
Length of hind femur
Length of fore wing
Length of ovipositor

(2o) : 38-3-48-8, mean 43-88 (20)

(20) : 3-5- 4-1, mean 3-76 (20)

(20) : 23-7-29-5, mean 26-28 (20)

(20) : 24-6-32-1, mean 29-00 (20)

(20)

Small Madagascan form (see below)

MALES

(10) : 30-6-34-4, mean 32-08 (10)
(10) : 3-0- 3-7, mean 3-29
(10) : 18-0-23-0, mean 19-60
(10) : 19-1-21-3, mean 20-07

(10)
(10)

(10)

do)

FEMALES
40-2-52-0, mean 45-82

3-4- 4-3, mean 3-74
23-0-29-3, mean 26-80
25-8-35-6, mean 30-48

4-9- 6-0, mean 5-28

FEMALES

27-7-35-4. mean 3i-2i

3-0- 3-7, mean 3-35

1 7-3-23-3. mean 19-74

17-8-22-3, mean 19-99

4-2- 4-8, mean 4-52

DISCUSSION. The shape of the male cerci of this species is approached only by
that of the deserticolous form of T. lilifolia (Fabricius) (p. 305), which, however,
does not occur in Africa south of the Sahara. The subgenital plate of the female
could be confused only with that of T. irregularis Karsch, from which T. bilineolata
(Serville) may be distinguished in Tanganyika, where the ranges of the two species
probably overlap, by the shape of the lateral pronotal lobes.

The large amount of Madagascan material that was available for this study has
been rather difficult to assess taxonomically. It falls into two fairly distinct groups :
a large form (total length about 40-45 mm.) and a small form (total length about
30 mm.) ; a few specimens are intermediate in size. Apart from the size difference
these two forms resemble each other closely ; the male cerci and female subgenital
plate are very similar, and it is only the pronotum that shows an appreciable
difference (see Text-figs. 26 and 27). Taken together and compared with the species
of Tylopsis Fieber that occur on the adjacent part of the African mainland, the
two forms agree very well with T. bilineolata (Serville) in the shape of the male
cerci and female subgenital plate (and, in the case of the large form, in size), though
the pronotum of both large and small forms shows some difference (see Text-figs.
24-27). I have therefore chosen to regard the Madagascan material as consisting
of slightly modified forms of the present species ; the large and small forms may
have resulted from two immigrations by the African population of T. bilineolata
(Serville) at widely separated times.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

CONGO REPUBLIC : Sankuru, Gandajika, 4 $, vii-x (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Gandajika,
4 <j>, x (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Katanga, Lubumbashi, i $ (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; K.,

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS 311

Kansenia, 4 $, ix (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; K., Kafakumba, i 9> ix (Mus. Af. Cent.) ;
K., Kolwezi, i <$, xi (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; K., i $ (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; K., i 9,
xi-xii ; Elisabethville, i ?, x (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Kabinda, i 9 (Mus. Af. Cent.) ;
ANGOLA : Lunda, Dundo, i <£, vii (Mus. Dundo) ; 40 Km. S.S.E. of Dundo, 2 9, vii
(Mus. Dundo) ; Caluango, R. Caquele, i <^, i $, ix (Mus. Dundo) ; Caluango,
between R. Caquele and R. Luange, i $, ix (Mus. Dundo) ; Cuangula Post, Zovo,
Mabete, banks of R. Combonde, 8° 03' S., 18° 13' E., 750 m., i 9, vii (Mus. Dondo) ;
Cuilo Post, Xa-Ua, nr. R. Luita, 8° 02' S., 19° 25' E., 1,000-1,050 m., i $, vii (Mus.
Dundo) ; Luchase distr., R. Quangu, 5,000 ft., i 9, x ; L. distr., R. Ouangu, 2 <$,

1 9, x ; Mexico distr., R. Lungue Bungu, 3 $, x ; M. distr., valley of R. Mu-Simoj,
3 <$, 3 9, x ; M. distr., upper Mu-Simoj R., 5 <$, ix ; Bihe distr., Cohemba, 1,330 m.,

2 9, viii ; Quanza, i <$, ix (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; TANGANYIKA : Bukoba, Bugese, i £,
vi ; Ufipa, Sambawanga, 2 $, xi ; Tukuyu, 5,084 ft., i $, i $, ix ; Matengo High-
lands, W.S.W. of Songea, Mbinga, i 9. xi (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; NORTHERN
RHODESIA : Lusaka, 2 <$, 2 9, x-xii ; 6 miles E. of Lusaka, i 9, ix-xi ; Chisinga
Plateau, Kalungwisi distr., 1,500 ft., i <$, ix (Univ. Mus. Oxford) ; SOUTHERN
RHODESIA : Gazaland, Mahakata R., 5,000 ft., 2 $, ix-x (Univ. Mus. Oxford) ;
G., Mt. Chirinda, i <$, xi-xii ; Mashonaland, Salisbury, 2 9, xii ; Salisbury, Hatfield,
i 9, x ; Salisbury, i 9, xi (S. A. Mus.) ; Turk Mine, 3 9, x (Nat. Mus. S. R.) ; Inyanga,
i (£, i (Nat. Mus. S. R.) ; Vumba Mtns., i <$, xi (Transvaal Mus.) ; NYASALAND :
Zomba, i 9 ', MOZAMBIQUE : Revoue Valley, nr. Andrada, i <£, x (Mus. Hist. Nat.

Paris) ; SOUTH AFRICA : — , i 9 (holotype of Phaneroptera attenuata Walker) ;

Durban, i 9 (Staudinger] (Nat. Mus. Vienna) (holotype of Tylopsis marginata
Brunner) ; Cape Province, Fish Hoek Valley, i <$, xi-iii ; Barberton, 3 9 ; Somerset
West, i 9 (S.A. Mus.) ; Cape Town, i <$, iv (Transvaal Mus.) ; Grootdraai, Olifants
R., i 9, x (Transvaal Mus.) ; Rustenburg, i 9. x (Transvaal Mus.) ; Johannesburg,

1 9, x ; MADAGASCAR : Toalala, Reserve VIII, i $ (Inst. Sci. Madag.) ; Ampijoroa,
Ankarafantsika, 170 m., i $, i (Inst. Sci. Madag.) ; Ampijoroa, Tsaramandroso,

2 9 (Inst. Sci. Madag.) ; Ambohimanakana, Manambato (Anove), i <$ (Inst. Sci.
Madag.) ; Andobo, Antsingy Forest, Antsalova, 190 m., i 9, ii (Inst. Sci. Madag.) ;
Farafangana, Midongy, 600-1,000 m., i 9, viii (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Analalava,
Maromandia, i $, i 9, iii (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Andampy Forest, 60 Km. S.W.
of Vohemar, i £ (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Forest of Ambre and Maevatanana, i $
(Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Ambovombe, 3 <$, 3 9 (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Ampasin-
dava Bay, i 9, xi (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Ankazoabo, i 9 (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ;
Ivondro, i 9, vii (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Nosy-Komba, i 9. v (Inst. Sci. Madag.) ;
Tsivory, i <$, i 9 (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Fainarantsoa, Ranomafana, i <$, i (Nat.
Mus. Basle) ; Tamatave, Soanierana-Ivongo, i 9. xi (Nat. Mus. Basle) ; Tamatave,
Antanambe, i <$, xi (Nat. Mus. Basle) ; Tamatave, Moramanga, i <$, xii (Nat. Mus.
Basle) ; Ambohimitombo Forest, i 9> xi ; Ambinanindrano, i <£ (Univ. Mus.
Oxford) ; Antongil, 2 <$ (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; Andrangoloka, i <$ (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ;
Ampandrandave, 10 $, 2 9, xii-i (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; Sakavondro, Fort Dauphin,
40 m., i 9, vi (Inst. Sci. Madag.) ; Lake lotry, Morombe, 40 m., i $, i 9, vii (Inst.
Sci. Madag.) ; Ankadimanga, Menjakandriana, i <J, xii (Inst. Sci. Madag.) ;

312 D. R. RAGGE

Tananarive, Ambohitantely, I $, xi (Nat. Mus. Basle) ; Tananarive, i <£, 2 $, x-xii
(Cal. Acad. Sci.) ; Tananarive, i <$ (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris).

Small Madagascan form (see p. 310). MADAGASCAR : Soaindrana Plateau,
Andringitra-Ambalavao, 2,090 m., 9 $, 7 <j>, i (Inst. Sci. Madag.) ; Vakoana Forest,
Ambalamarovandana, Andringitra-Ambalavao, 1,530 m., i $, i $, i (Inst. Sci.
Madag.) ; Amboasary, Ambovombe, 220 m., i $, vi (Inst. Sci. Madag.) ; Andran-
goloka, 5 $, i $ (Nat. Mus. Vienna).

In Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) unless otherwise stated.

DISTRIBUTION. The range of this species covers most of Africa south of the
equator (though it is not yet known from South West Africa or Bechuanaland) ,
and Madagascar.

5. Tylopsis fissa sp. n.

(Text-figs. 6, 15, 28, 43)

DIAGNOSIS. £ $. Lateral pronotal lobes as in Text-fig. 28. Male cerci as in Text-fig. 6.
Female subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 43, with deep median incision at apex.

DESCRIPTION. Q*. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above, concave in profile, with
narrow anterior point.

Pronotum without lateral carinae, lateral lobes shaped as in Text-fig. 28. Fore coxae with
well-developed spine. Fore tibiae with about 5-8 external ventral spurs. Mid tibiae with about
11-15 external ventral spurs. Hind femora unarmed. Hind tibiae with about 25-40 external
dorsal spines. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by about third length of latter.

Tenth abdominal tergite unmodified. Supra-anal plate triangular. Cerci as in Text-fig. 6.
Subgenital plate with median apical incision.

General coloration usually green, sometimes with red-brown spots on top of head, pronotum
and hind femora, and on abdominal tergites ; antennae, tibiae and hind femora red-brown or
with red-brown markings ; tibial spines and spurs with dark tip ; fore wings with red-brown
band along anterior and posterior margins, and blackish spot at base of C ; left fore wing with
blackish spot on stridulatory rib (C«2) ; cerci with dark tip. Occasionally all brown, in which
case there is usually dark median stripe on pronotal disc and dark spots on fore wings, especially
in radial area.

9-. As male except for fore wings and genitalia. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 43, with
deep median incision at apex. Red-brown markings of green variety often much less in
in evidence than in male, and sometimes absent.

MEASUREMENTS.

MALES FEMALES

Total length (20) : 34-9-42-9, mean 39-44 (20) : 32*6-42-8, mean 38-28

Median length of pronotum (20) : 3-5- 3-9, mean 3-67 (20) : 3-4- 4-0, mean 3-71

Length of hind femur (20) : 20-1-23-9, mean 21-84 (20) : 20-3-25-4, mean 22-76

Length of fore wing (20) : 24-1-29-4, mean 27-07 (20) : 22-9-30-0, mean 26-52

Length of ovipositor (20) : 5-5- 7-7, mean 6-15

VARIATION. The lateral pronotal lobes vary a little in shape. There is variation in the
number of tibial spines and spurs, especially the dorsal spines of the hind tibiae. The relative
length of the fore wings varies appreciably, some of the Congolese specimens having noticeably
shorter wings than usual ; there is similar variation in the relative length of the legs and, in the
female, of the ovipositor.

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS 313

DISCUSSION. The nature of the female subgenital plate, with its deep median
split, is unique in the genus. The male is less easily recognized, but may be
distinguished from the males of the other East African species by the shape of the
cerci and lateral pronotal lobes, taken in combination ; the small blackish spot on
the stridulatory rib of the left fore wing is also quite characteristic, though this
feature is often also shown by the Madagascan form of T. bilineolata (Serville).

T. fissa sp. n. seems to be the most common species of the genus in Uganda,
Ruanda, Urundi, and the extreme east of the Congo Republic, though T. irregularis
Karsh occurs more sparsely in all these areas.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype. UGANDA : Entebbe, $, Q.viii.ign (Gowdey}.

Paratypes. UGANDA : Entebbe, 2 ^, 4 ?, 19-26. viii. 1911 (Gowdey} ; Entebbe,
i (£, I2.vi.i9i3 (Gowdey) ; Entebbe, i $, i $, 15-22. vi. 1912 (Gowdey} ; Entebbe,
i <$, 13-17.1.1913 (Gowdey) ; Entebbe, i $, 15. xi. 1910 (Gowdey} ; Entebbe, i <$, 2 $
(Gowdey) ; Entebbe, i $, 28.vii.i933 (Johnston) ; Manataba Forest, i $, 9.ix.i933
(Johnston) ; Kampala, i $, 21. ii. 1933 (Johnston) ; Kampala, i <$, 2o.iii.i933
(Johnston) ; Kampala, i $, io.vii.1927 (Hargreaves) ; Kigezi, Kashenji, 7,000 ft.,
hill scrub, i $, xi.i935 (Johnston) ; Kakumiro, i <J, i6.x.i933 (Buxton) ; Lango,
Aduku, at light, i $, i.vii.1934 (Johnston) ; Beedongo, i $, 3.iii.i9io (Gowdey) ;
Lwengo, Buddu, at light, i $, i8.vii.i935 (Johnston) ; Kisaru, at light, i $, 22. vi. 1933
(Johnston) ; Hoima, i $, vi.1933 (Johnston) ; Lwanda, Koki, at light, i $, 15^.1935
(Johnston) ; Lango, Teriri to Dokolo, seasonal swamps, i <$, 24-25. vii. 1935
(Johnston) ; Banda, Chagwe, i $, 28-29.^.1913 (Gowdey} ; Kidongole, i $,
3.xii.i9io (Gowdey) ; Kepeka, i $, 6. vii. 1933 (Johnston) ; Bulemezi, Nakasongola,
seasonal swamp, dry season, rough tuft grass, i $, 6.xi.i935 (Johnston) ; Lango,
Kigaa (Agaya), short grass-bush, i $, 1.1933 (Johnston) ; Bwamba, i $, iii.1948
(van Someren) ; Bukalassa, i <$, 1906 (Oberthur) (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; - — ,

i <$ (Bayon) (Mus. Stor. Nat. Genoa) ; Bousoubizi, i 9, xii.igog (Alluaud) (Inst.
Esp. Ent.) ; Toro, i $, 1909 (Alluaud) (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; Ounyoro, nr. Hoima,
i $, 11.1909 (Alluaud) (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; Ounyoro, E. Lake Albert, i <$, 1909
(Alluaud} (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; Ounyoro, S.E. Lake Albert, R. Mousisi, i <$, 1909
(Alluaud) (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; Kampala, i <£ (Carl} (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; Busu Hill,
Busoga, i <£, 2 $ (Carl) (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; N. of Lake Edward, i $ (Gyldenstolpe}
(Nat. Riksmus. Stockholm) ; SUDAN : Imatong Mtns., Lomuleng, 8,000 ft., i <$,
i $, ii.i936 (Johnston) ; Imatong Mtns., Loyaru, 6,700 ft., i $, ii.i936 (Johnston) ;
Imatong Mtns., i $, i $, ^.1936 (Johnston) ; KENYA : Gelegele R., i ^, vi.i9i3
(Luckmari) ; Mt. Elgon, 2,500 m., i <^, io.iii.i926 (Granvik} (Zool. Inst. Lund) ;
CONGO REPUBLIC : Ituri, Nioka, 2$, xi.i934 (Bredo) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Ituri, Nioka,
i $, 20.1.1934 (Leroy) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Ituri, Lubero, i $, 1928 (Van Riel} (Mus.
Af. Cent.) ; Ituri, Butembo, i $, xii.i928 (Van Riel) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Djugu,
Ituri Forest, clear spaces in forest, i $, 6.x. 1935 (Johnston} ; Kivu, Goma, i $,
10.11.1937 (Bredo) Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Kivu, Kibati, Masisi, i $, 7.x. 1949 (Laurent)
(Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Lake Kivu, N'Gwese, i <$ (Carlier} (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Ruwenzori,
Kalonge (Monongo), i <$, vii. 1937 (Bredo) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Mabende, between Beni

314 D- R. RAGGE

and Rutshuru, 2,400 m., i $, xii.i935 (Bredo} (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Rutshuru, i $,
8. ¥.1936 (Lippens) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Mahagi-Niarembe, i <£, xi.ig35 (Scops) (Mus.
Af. Cent) ; Kibali-Ituri, Demu, 2 <£, 3 ?, ii-iii.i936 (Pasteels) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ;
Kibali-Ituri, Kilomines, 3 <£, 11.1.1957 (Smoor) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Volcan Sabinjo,
Bunagana, i $, 1935 (Bredo} (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Mulungu, i $, 1949 (Hendrickx)
(Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Aru, dry Acacia bush, i <$, 111.1936 (Bredo] ; Lado, 1,100 m., i <$,
x.1903 (du Bourg de Bozas) (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; RUANDA : Kibungu, 3 $,
x-xii.i937 (Verhulst) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Kigali, i ^, vi-vii.i933 (Becquet] (Mus. Af.
Cent.) ; Dendezi, i $, xi.i924 (Colbach) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; URUNDI : Kanyinya,
1,500 m., i $, xii. 1 947-!. 1 948 (Dames de Marie] (Mus. Af. Cent.).
In the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) unless otherwise stated.

DISTRIBUTION. This species is known from Uganda, the extreme south of Sudan,
western Kenya, and the highlands associated with the Albert-Edward-Kivu rift-
valley. It doubtless also occurs in north-western Tanganyika.

6. Ty lop sis brevis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 7, 14, 16, 29, 44)

DIAGNOSIS. $ $. Fore wings comparatively short and broad, with strongly convex anterior
margin, as in Text-fig. 14. Dorsal spines of hind tibiae mostly large and widely spaced, as in
Text-fig. 16. Lateral pronotal lobes as in Text-fig. 29. Male cerci as in Text-fig. 7. Female
subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 44.

DESCRIPTION. <$. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above, concave in profile.

Pronotum without lateral carinae, though showing slight tendency towards their formation ;
lateral lobes shaped as in Text-fig. 29. Fore coxae with well-developed spine. Fore tibiae with
about 5-8 external ventral spurs. Mid tibiae with about 9-11 external ventral spurs. Hind
femora unarmed ; terminal lateral lobes particularly elongate. Hind tibiae with about 15-30
external dorsal spines, mostly large and widely spaced. Fore wings comparatively short and
broad, with strongly convex anterior margin, as in Text-fig. 14. Hind wings extending beyond
fore wings by about quarter length of latter.

Tenth abdominal tergite unmodified. Supra-anal plate triangular. Cerci as in Text-fig. 7.
Subgenital plate with median apical incision.

General coloration green, with few dark brown spots on fore wings and blackish spot at base
of C. Tibial spines and spurs with dark tip. Stridulatory region of left fore wing with
conspicuous dark brown markings. Cerci with dark tip.

°.. As male except for fore wings and genitalia. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 44.

MEASUREMENTS.

MALES FEMALE

Total length (3) : 32-9-37-3, mean 34-50 35-8

Median length of pronotum (4) : 3-6- 3-9, mean 3-71 3-7

Length of hind femur (3) : 18-9— 20-4, mean 19-63 20-4

Length of fore wing (3) : 21-2-24-6, mean 22-57 22'9

Length of ovipositor 5-2

VARIATION. There is variation in the number of tibial spurs. The dorsal spines of the hind
tibiae vary considerably in number and may or may not be interspersed with a few much shorter
spines. There is considerable variation in the relative length of the fore wings.

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS 315

DISCUSSION. The relatively short fore wings, with the strongly convex anterior
margin, are unique in the genus. The shape of the subgenital plate of the single
female available is also characteristic.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype. CONGO REPUBLIC : Volcan Nyamlagira, <£, 5.1.1936 (Bredo) (Mus. Af.
Cent.).

Paratypes. CONGO REPUBLIC : Kivu, Kapanga, i <$, 1952 (Froidebise) (Mus. Af.
Cent.) ; Kivu, Masisi, i <$, 1938 (Le Moult] (Zool. Inst. Lund) ; Rwindi, S. shore of
Lake Edward, i <$, 2i.ix.i957 (Ross 6- Leech) (Cal. Acad. Sci.).

Also examined were a male paratype with the data " N.W. Tanganyika, Grauer,
1910 ", and a female paratype with the data " Urw. hint. d. Randbg. d. N.W.
Tanganyika-S. 18-2200 m. Grauer ". It seems very likely that the second of these
specimens (and possibly also the first) was collected in Urundi, while this territory
was part of German East Africa ; there are no mountains reaching a height of
i, 800 m. in the north-western part of present-day Tanganyika. These two
specimens are in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.

DISTRIBUTION. This species is known only from a small area of Central Africa in
the vicinity of Lake Edward, Lake Kivu and the northern end of Lake Tanganyika.

7. Tylopsis ampla sp. n.

(Text-figs. 8, 30, 45-46)

DIAGNOSIS. <J $. Lateral pronotal lobes as in Text-fig. 30. Male cerci as in Text-fig. 8,
with marked concavity on outer side near apex. Female subgenital plate with lateral lobes,
as in Text-figs. 45 and 46.

DESCRIPTION. 6*- Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above, concave in profile, with
narrow anterior point.

Pronotum without lateral carinae ; lateral lobes shaped as in Text-fig. 30. Fore coxae with
well-developed spine. Fore tibiae with about 6-10 external ventral spurs. Mid tibiae with
about 13-15 external ventral spurs. Hind femora unarmed. Hind tibiae with about 35-55
external dorsal spines. Hind wings extending beyond fore wings by between quarter and third
length of latter.

Tenth abdominal tergite unmodified or somewhat emarginate medially. Supra-anal plate
triangular. Cerci as in Text-fig. 8, with marked concavity on outer side near apex. Subgenital
plate with median apical incision.

General coloration brown or green, usually with red-brown spots over most of body and legs
and with few dark brown spots on fore wings. Lateral pronotal lobes usually with small blackish
postero ventral spot. Tibial spines and spurs with dark tip. Fore wings with blackish spot
at base of C. Stridulatory region of left fore wing with dark brown markings. Cerci with
dark tip.

?. As male except for fore wings and genitalia. Subgenital plate with lateral lobes, as in
Text-figs. 45 and 46.
MEASUREMENTS.

MALES FEMALES

Total length (20) : 44-0-48-7, mean 46-42 (18) : 43-2-50-2, mean 47-04

Median length of pronotum (20) : 3-6- 4-5, mean 4-03 (19) : 3-7- 4-7, mean 4-06
Length of hind femur (20) : 25-3-30-0, mean 27-72 (15) : 25-9-30-8, mean 28-19

Length of fore wing (20) : 30-4-33-9, mean 31-89 (18) : 29-3-35-0, mean 33-09

Length of ovipositor (19) : 5'7~ T2- mean 6-30

316 D. R. RAGGE

VARIATION. The pronotum varies a little in shape, sometimes showing a tendency to form
an anteroventral angle. There is variation in the number of tibial spines and spurs. The
degree of development of the lateral lobes of the female subgenital plate varies somewhat.

DISCUSSION. The male of this species may be easily recognized by the shape of
the cerci, and the female by the relatively deep lateral pronotal lobes and the shape
of the subgenital plate. T. ampla sp. n. is more robustly built than most species
of the genus, though sometimes equalled in this respect by T. continua (Walker).

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype. ANGOLA : Mexico distr., upper Mu-Simoj R., <$, 20-23. ix. 1927 (Burr}.

Paratypes. ANGOLA : Mexico distr., upper Mu-Simoj R., 7 <$, 7 9, 2O-23.ix.i927
(Burr] ; Moxico distr., upper Mu-Simoj R., 2 J, 2 9, 24~25.ix.i927 (Burr) ; Mexico
distr., valley of R. Mu-Simoj, i $, i $, 25.x. 1927 (Burr] ; Moxico distr., upper
Mu-Simoj R., 3 $, 5 <j>, 27.ix.i927 (Burr) ; Moxico distr., upper Mu-Simoj R., i <£,
20-27. ix. 1927 (Burr) ; Moxico distr., upper Mu-Simoj R., i $, i 9, 20. ix. 1927
(Burr] ; Moxico distr., R. Lungue Bungu, i 9, 3.x. 1927 (Burr] ; Luchase distr.,
R. Quangu, 5,000 ft., i $, 14-15. x. 1927 (Burr) ; Posto de Caungula, Zovo, Mabete,
8° 03' S., 18° 13' E., 750 m., banks of R. Cambonde, 2 <£, 18-20. vii. 1962 (Machado)
(Mus. Dundo) ; Caluango, R. Caquele, 8° 20' S., 19° 53' E., i <$, 6.ix.i96i (Carvalho)
(Mus. Dundo) ; Huambo, i <$, x.1934 (Pimentel) ; CONGO REPUBLIC : Katanga,
Kolwezi, at light, i <$, 9. x. 1953 (Gilbert) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Katanga, Kafakumba,
i 9> ix.i924 (Overlaet) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Katanga, Kasompi, nr. Jadotville, i 9>
x.1956 (Marlier, Laurent & Neleup) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Elisabethville, i <$, 2 9>
x-xi.igii (Miss. Agric.) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Elisabethville, i <£, 5.xi.i923 (Seydel)
(Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Elisabethville, i <£, x.1934 (Seydel) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Lulua,
Luashi, i $, 1936 (Freyne) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; NORTHERN RHODESIA : Congo Border,
Shinsenda, i 9> 6.xi.i928 (Silvester Evans) ; Chisinga Plateau, Kalungwisi distr.,
4,500 ft., i 9> I7.ix.igo8 (Neave) (Univ. Mus. Oxford).

In the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) unless otherwise stated.

DISTRIBUTION. So far known only from Angola, Northern Rhodesia and the
southern part of the Congo Republic.

8. Tylopsis continua (Walker, 1869)
(Text-figs. 9-11, 31, 47-48, 50-52)

Phaneroptera continua Walker, 1869 : 337. Lectotype $, SOUTH AFRICA : Durban (Brit. Mus.

(Nat. Hist.)) [examined].
Phaneroptera vicaria Walker, 1869 : 338. Holotype <$, SOUTH AFRICA : Durban (Brit. Mus.

(Nat. Hist.)) [examined].
Tylopsis longipennis Stal, 1876 : 58. Holotype $, SOUTH WEST AFRICA : Damara (Nat.

Riksmus. Stockholm) [examined].
Tylopsis vittata Brunner, 1878 : 229. Lectotype $, SOUTH AFRICA : Durban (Nat. Mus.

Vienna) [examined].
Tylopsis inhamata Karsch, 1888 : 453. Lectotype <$, MOZAMBIQUE : Delagoa Bay (Zool. Mus.

Berlin) [examined].

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS

3*7

DIAGNOSIS. <$ $. Lateral pronotal lobes as in Text-fig. 31. Male cerci as in Text-figs. 9-11,
not attenuate at apex. Female subgenital plate as in Text-figs. 47 and 48, triangular.
Pronotum usually with dark brown or red-brown dorsal stripe, and with dark brown ventro-
lateral spot on lateral lobes.

MEASUREMENTS.

Total length (20)

Median length of pronotum (20)

Length of hind femur (20)

Length of fore wing (20)
Length of ovipositor

MALES

33-0-48-4, mean 40-74

3-1- 4-7, mean 3-83

18-4-28-9, mean 25-17

22-0-34-8, mean 28-38

Brachypterous form (see below)

Total length (3)

Median length of pronotum (3)

Length of hind femur (3)

Length of fore wing (3)
Length of ovipositor

MALES

27-9-31-7, mean 30-33

3-6- 3-8, mean 3-74

21-5-23-2, mean 22-13

19-8-22-0, mean 21-03

FEMALES

(20) : 30-5-46-3, mean 40-01
(20) : 3-2- 4-6, mean 3-86
(20) : 18-9-30-4, mean 25-70
(20) : 23-5-31-6, mean 28-20
(20) : 5-2-10-9, mean 7-45

FEMALES
(2) : 27-3-27-4, mean 27-35
(2) : 3-8- 4-0, mean 3-90

(1) : 23-8

(2) : 20-5-21-0, mean 20-75
(2) : 9-5- 9-8, mean 9-65

DISCUSSION. The almost invariable dark brown or red-brown colour of the
pronotal disc (occasionally restricted to a narrow median stripe and rarely absent)
enables this species to be readily distinguished from all the other species of the genus
except T. rubrescens Kirby and T. gracilis Chopard ; when this dark colouring is not
developed the male may be recognized by the shape of the cerci, and the female by
the shape of the subgenital plate and the basal plates of the ovipositor. T. continua
(Walker) may be easily distinguished from T. gracilis Chopard by its much larger
size, and from T. rubrescens Kirby by the male cerci, which are not or hardly bent
upwards near the apex, and the basal plates of the ovipositor, which lack a postero-
ventral lobe ; the three species also differ in the shape of the lateral pronotal lobes
(cf. Text-figs. 31-33).

The ovipositor of this species shows considerable variation in size : it is usually
relatively larger than in the other species of Tyhpsis Fieber and in some of the South
African specimens examined it was extremely large (see Text-figs. 50-52). This
may be an indication that sibling species are involved, but this question cannot be
settled until more material is available.

Three of the Southern Rhodesian males examined, and one male and two females

50 51 52

FIGS. 50-52. Lateral view of the ovipositor of Tylopsis continua (Walker) from (50)
Southern Rhodesia ; (51) Tanganyika ; (52) Zululand.

318 D. R. RAGGE

from the Transvaal, had considerably shorter wings than usual. These specimens
appeared to differ in no other respect from typical members of the present species,
however, and I am regarding them as representing a brachypterous form of
T. continua (Walker).

I have selected and labelled a male lectotype from each of the following type-
series :—

T. continua (Walker), 4 $ and i $ syntypes
T. vittata Brunner, 4 ^ and i $ syntypes
T. inhamata Karsch, 3 <£ and 3 $ syntypes.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Lectotype. SOUTH AFRICA : Durban, <$.

Paralectotypes. SOUTH AFRICA : Durban, i $ ; - — , 3 <$.

TANGANYIKA : Old Shinyanga, Boma, 2 <?, ii-iv ; Dar-es-Salaam, i ?, v ; Old
Shinyanga, i <$, v ; NORTHERN RHODESIA : Mporokoso distr., Mweru Wa Ntipa,
5 c?, i ?, vii ; Kienge, i ?, i (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Kipundu, i ?, i (Mus. Af. Cent.) ;
Abercorn, Kalambo, i $, iii ; nr. Chilangozi Game Camp, i $, vi ; Fort Jameson
distr., 13° 21' S., 30° 40' E., i $, vii ; Luano Valley, Chisorwe, 5 $, 8 <j>, i-iv ; Luano
Valley, Kabulu, i <$, iv ; SOUTHERN RHODESIA : Salisbury, Queque, i <$ (S. A.
Mus.) ; Mashonaland, Salisbury, 5,000 ft., i <j>, iii (Univ. Mus. Oxford) ; M., Umtali,
3,700 ft., i <J (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; M., Salisbury, i <J, iii ; Hatfield, Salisbury, 2 g,
i-iii ; Saw Mills, i <£, ii (Nat. Mus. S. R.) ; Zimbabwe, 1,100 m., i $, iii (Cal. Acad.
Sci.) ; Bulawayo, i $, iv ; Zimbabwe, 1,100 m., i <£, iii (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ; Bulawayo,
i ,£, iv ; Matopas Experimental Station, nr. Bulawayo, i $, ii ; NYASALAND : Fort
Johnston, i $ ; Lujere, Mlanje, i <£, xii (Nat. Mus. S. R.) ; Mt. Mlanje, 2 <£, xii ;
13 miles S.E. of Fort Hill, 1,300 m., i <J, ii (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ; W. shore of Lake Nyasa,
i <£, v ; Zomba, 2,000-3,000 ft., i <£, i <j>, ix ; MOZAMBIQUE : Inhaca I., i <j>, ix
(Transvaal Mus.) ; Gorongoza, Sungoue, 40 m., i $ (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Delagoa
Bay, i <£, i (S. A. Mus.) ; Delagoa Bay, 3 <$, 3 $ (Monteiro] (Zool. Mus. Berlin)
(lectotype and paralectotypes of T. inhamata Karsch) ; ANGOLA : Amboim, i <$,
iv ; SOUTH WEST AFRICA : Nuragas, i $, i (S. A. Mus.) ; Damara, i $ (De Vylder]
(Nat. Riksmus. Stockholm) (holotype of T. longipennis Stal) ; Ovamboland,
Odongua, i <J, i (S. A. Mus.) ; SOUTH AFRICA : Transvaal, Masina, i <$, v ; T.,
Drakensberg Mtns., 12 miles W. of Klaserie, 1,275 m., i £, iii (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ; T.,
15 miles W. of Pongola, 550 m., i <J, iv (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ; T., Gwaliweni, Ingwavuma
distr., i <J, 3 $, iv (Transvaal Mus.) ; Louwscreek, i £, iii (Transvaal Mus.) ; Port.
St. Johns, i (J, ii (Transvaal Mus.) ; Skukusa, i £, iii (Transvaal Mus.) ; Bruk. R.,
i cJ, x (Transvaal Mus.) ; Wonderboom, i £, ii (Transvaal Mus.) ; Mt. Selinda,
i (J, iv (Transvaal Mus.) ; Pretoria, i <J, i <j>, ii-iv (Transvaal Mus.) ; Clearwaters,
Woodbush, i (£, xii (Transvaal Mus.) ; Rooiplaat, i <£, iii (Transvaal Mus.) ;
Hondeklip Bay, i <J, xi (Transvaal Mus.) ; Camperdown, i $, iv (Transvaal Mus.) ;
Groenkloot, i <j>, viii (Transvaal Mus.) ; Pretorius Kop, i <$, iii (Transvaal
Mus.) ; Minastune, i <J, xii (Transvaal Mus.) ; Natal, Tugela R., 19 miles N. of
Kranskop, 450 m., i <J, iv (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ; N., Weenen, 2 $, i $ ; N., Durban, 6&

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS 319

3 $ (including holotype of Phaneroptera vicaria Walker, and lectotype and paralecto-
types of T. vittata Brunner (Nat. Mus. Vienna)) ; Ladysmith, i $ (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ;
Zululand, Hudley, i $, xi-xii (Transvaal Mus.) ; Z., Nagana Res. Lab., 2 $, 2 $ ;
Z., Mlumluwe, 2,000 ft., i $, iv ; Z., i ^ ; Swaziland, i $ (S. A. Mus.) ; Cape
Province, Somerset West, 6 <£, xii-i (Nat. Mus. S. R.) ; C.P., Kirstenbosch, i $, xi ;
C.P., Vryburg, i $, i-ii (S. A. Mus.) ; C.P., Murraysburg distr., 1^,1$, iii (S. A.
Mus.).

Brachypterous form (see p. 317). SOUTHERN RHODESIA : Inyanga, 7,000 ft.,
2 <J, ii (Nat. Mus. S. R.) ; Macheke, i <$, ii (Nat. Mus. S. R.) ; SOUTH AFRICA :
Transvaal, Mariepskop, i <£, 2 $, i (Transvaal Mus.).

In Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) unless otherwise stated.

DISTRIBUTION. This species is widely distributed in southern Africa, its range
extending southwards to the coast of Cape Province. The northernmost records
are from Old Shinyanga (Tanganyika) in East Africa and Amboim (Angola) on the
western side of the continent.

9. Tylopsis rubrescens Kirby, 1900
(Text-figs. 12, 32, 49)

Tylopsis rubrescens Kirby, 1900 : 216. Holotype <J, NYASALAND : Zomba (Brit. Mus. (Nat.

Hist.)) [examined].
Tylopsis punctulata Kirby, 1900 : 216. Lectotype <$, NYASALAND : Zomba (Brit. Mus. (Nat.

Hist.)) [examined]. Syn. n.
Tylopsis meruensis Sjostedt, 1909 : 134. Lectotype $, TANGANYIKA : Mt. Meru (Nat. Riksmus.

Stockholm) [examined]. Syn. n.
Tylopsis confluens Karny, 1915 : 124. Holotype $, GUINEA : Upper Niger (Nat. Mus. Vienna)

[examined]. Syn. n.

DIAGNOSIS. <$ $. Lateral pronotal lobes as in Text-fig. 32. Male cerci as in Text-fig. 12,
bent upwards near apex. Female subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 49, triangular. Pronotum
with dark brown or red-brown dorsal stripe ; lateral lobes without dark brown ventrolateral
spot. Basal plates of ovipositor with posteroventral lobe, as in Text-fig. 49.

MEASUREMENTS.

MALES FEMALES

Total length (20) : 37-6-51-5, mean 43-15 (18) : 40-1-47-3, mean 44-31

Median length of pronotum (20) : 3-3- 4-5, mean 3-80 (20) : 3-6- 4-3, mean 3-94

Length of hind femur (20) : 22-5-28-8, mean 25-95 (19) : 25-0-30-7, mean 27-27

Length of fore wing (20) : 26-4-35-6, mean 30-26 (20) : 28-2-36-2, mean 31-65

Length of ovipositor (19) : 5-2- 6-4, mean 5-69

DISCUSSION. The dark brown or red-brown colour of the pronotal disc enables
this species to be easily separated from all the other species of the genus except
T. continua (Walker) and T. gracilis Chopard. It may be readily distinguished from
T. gracilis Chopard by its much larger size, and from T. continua (Walker) by the
shape of the male cerci, which are bent upwards near the apex, and the postero-
ventral lobe on the basal plates of the ovipositor ; the three species also differ in the
shape of the lateral pronotal lobes (cf. Text-figs. 31-33).

T. rubrescens Kirby is almost as widespread in Africa as T. irregularis Karsch,

320 D. R. RAGGE

though both the northern and southern limits of its known range are rather more
southerly.

Although agreeing well enough with the present species in most characters of
diagnostic importance for me to regard them as conspecific with its holotype, the
three specimens forming the type-series of T. punctulata Kirby are rather atypical
in some respects : the fore wings are unusually broad, for example, and the
coloration is rather unusual. Acting as first reviser I have therefore chosen to give
priority to the name T. rubrescens Kirby, over which T. punctulata Kirby has
position precedence in the original publication. This course will minimize the
nomenclatural adjustments that would be necessary if T. punctulata Kirby should
be later regarded as a distinct species.

Examination of the type-specimens of T. meruensis Sjostedt and T. confluens
Karny has shown that they are conspecific with the holotype of T. rubrescens Kirby.

I have selected and labelled a male lectotype from the following type-series :—
T. punctulata Kirby, 2 <£ and i $ syntypes
T. meruensis Sjostedt, i $ and I $ syntypes.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype. NYASALAND : Zomba, <$ (Rendall).

GUINEA : Upper Niger, i <J, 1911 (Klaptocz) (Nat. Mus. Vienna) (holotype of
T. confluens Karny) ; DAHOMEY : Atakora, 600-700 m., i <£, vi (I.F.A.N. Dakar) ;
NIGERIA : Niger Province, Minna, i g, 2 $, viii-i ; N.P., Diko, i $, xii ; CONGO
REPUBLIC : Tanganika, M'Pala, i $, vii (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; 4 miles S. of Sampwe,
980 m., i (?, i (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ; RUANDA : Kagera, Gahinga, i <j>, iv (Mus. Af.
Cent.) ; URUNDI : Kanyinya, 2 $, vii (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Kanyinya, 1,500 m., i <$,
vi-xii (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; UGANDA : Mbarara, i <$, i ; KENYA : Moyale, i ^, xii ;
Kikueni R., i $ ; Wandanyi, 5,000 ft., i <j>, iii ; Chyulu Hills, 3,000 ft., i <J, vii ;
TANGANYIKA : Mt. Meru, i <£ i $ (Sjostedt) (Nat. Riksmus. Stockholm) (lectotype
and paralectotype of T. meruensis Sjostedt) ; Lulanguru, i £, xii ; Kilimanjaro,
New Moshi, 800 m., i $, iv (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; W. shore of Lake Manyara, i $, ii-v ;
Old Shinyanga, Boma, i $>, ii ; Meru, 7,000-8,000 ft., i <£, i ; Milepa Plain, 2 <J, ii ;
Rukwa Valley, i <$, i $, v ; Morogoro, i £ ; Tindigo, i $, vi ; NORTHERN
RHODESIA : N. of Lusaka, i ^, vi ; Luano Valley, Chisorwe, 2 J, i-ii ; Fort
Jameson, 2 £ (Nat. Mus. S. R.) ; Abercorn, i <^, i ; E. Loangwa distr., Petauke,
2,400 ft., i <£, xii (Univ. Mus. Oxford) ; SOUTHERN RHODESIA : Mashonaland,
Umtali, 3,700 ft., i $ (Inst. Esp. Ent.) ; M., Salisbury, i ? (S. A. Mus.) ;
NYASALAND : Zomba, 2 £, i $ (Rendall} (lectotype and paralectotypes of T. punctu-
lata Kirby) ; 19 miles N. of Kasungu, 1,100 m., i £, ii (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ;
MOZAMBIQUE : M'tangula, i £, vi (Mus. Zool. Lisbon) ; ANGOLA : Huila distr.,
Ongueria, c. 5,500 ft., i ^, vi ; 24 miles S.E. of Chibia, i ?, v (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ;
BECHUANALAND : Ngamiland, 2 <$, v ; SOUTH AFRICA : Crocodile Bridge, 2 <3,
i $, iii (Transvaal Mus.).

In Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) unless otherwise stated.

DISTRIBUTION. This species occurs in most of tropical Africa south of the
Sahara, extending southwards into Transvaal.

REVISION OF THE GENUS TYLOPSIS 321

10. Tylopsis gracilis Chopard, 1954
(Text-figs. 13, 33)

Tylopsis gracilis Chopard, 1954, in Chopard & Kevan, 1954 : 328- Holotype <$, KENYA :
Mandera distr., Damassa (Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)) [examined].

DIAGNOSIS. <$. Lateral pronotal lobes as in Text-fig. 33. Cerci as in Text-fig. 13.
Pronotum with dark brown dorsal stripe. Total length less than 30 mm.
9 unknown.

MEASUREMENTS.

MALES

Total length (3) : 25-8-27-8, mean 27-00

Median length of pronotum (3) : 2-4- 2-5, mean 2-42

Length of hind femur (2) : 18-8-19-4, mean 19-10

Length of fore wing (3) : 15-5-15-8, mean 15-63

DISCUSSION. This species may be easily recognized by its small size and the shape
of the male cerci. The dark brown colour of the pronotal disc is found elsewhere
in the genus only in T. continua (Walker) and T. rubrescens Kirby, both of which
are very much larger than the present species.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

Holotype. KENYA : Mandera distr., Damassa, 3° 09' N., 41° 20' E., desert grass
and thorn-bush, <$, I9.xii.i944 (Kevan).

SOMALI REPUBLIC : Danot, 2 <£, 25. xi. 1953 (Popov}.

All in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the semi-desert area of East Africa.

REFERENCES

BRUNNER VON WATTENWYL, C. 1878. Monographic der Phaneropteriden, 401 pp., 8 pis.
Vienna.

- 1891. Additamenta zur Monographic der Phaneropteriden. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
41 : 1-196, 2 pis.

BURR, M. 1900. On a collection of insects and Arachnids made in 1895 and 1897, by
Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland, with descriptions of new species. Pt. 7.
Orthoptera. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1900 : 35-46, i pi.

CHOPARD, L. 1945- Orthopteroides recueillis dans les montagnes du Cameroun par la mission
Lepesme, Paulian, Villiers. Rev. franc. Ent., 11 : 156-178, 27 figs.

- 1950. Contribution a 1'etude de 1' Air (Mission L. Chopard et A. Villiers). Orthopteroides.
Mem. Inst. franc. Afr. noire, 10 : 127-145, 2 figs.

- 1954. La reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba. Fasc. II. Pt. III. Orthopteres
Ensiferes. M6m. Inst. franc. Afr. noire, 40 (2) : 25-97, 42 figs.

CHOPARD, L., & KEVAN, D. K. McE. 1954. Orthoptera-Ensifera from northern Kenya and

Jubaland. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 105 : 315-353, 22 figs.

FABRICIUS, J. C. 1793. Entomologia Systematica, 2, viii-fsig pp. Copenhagen.
FIEBER, F. X. 1853. Synopsis der europaischen Orthoptera. Lotos, 3 : 168-176.
FISCHER DE WALDHEIM, G. 1846. Orthoptera Imperil Rossici. iii + 443 pp., 37 pis. Moscow.
GERMAR, E. F. 1817. Reise nach Dalmatian und in das Gebiet von Ragusa. xii + 323 pp.,

ii pis. Leipzig & Attenburg.

322 D. R. RAGGE

GiGLio-Tos, E. 1907. Spedizione al Ruwenzori di S. A. R. Luigi Amedeo di Savoia Duca

degli Abruzzi. XVI. Ortotteri nuovi (Diagnosi preventive). Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat.

comp. Torino, 22 (556) : 1-3.
HEMMING, F. IQ44- On the status of the names Phaneroptera Serville, 1831, and Tylopsis

Fieber, 1853 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera). Opin. int. Comm. zool. Norn., 2 : 211-224

(Opin. 154).

- 1954. Addition to the Official Lists and Official Indexes of certain scientific names and
of the titles of certain books dealt with in Opinions 134-160, exclusive of Opinion 149.
Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom., 2 : 629-652 (Direction 4).

JANNONE, G. 1936. Nuovi contributi alia conoscenza della fauna delle isole italiane dell'
Egeo. Pt. 5. Studio bio-ecologico e sistematico dell'Ortotterofauna con notizie sui
Blattoidei, Mantoidei e Fasmoidei. Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, 29 : 47-248, 48 figs., i pi.

KARNY, H. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreise des Herrn Dr. Adalbert Klaptocz nach
Franzosisch Guinea. Orthoptera und Oothecaria. Zool. Jb. 40 : 119-146.

KARSCH, F. 1888. Orthopterologische Beitrage. III. 3. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der
Phaneropteriden-Fauna Africa's, der Seychellen und Madagaskar's. Berl. ent. Z., 32 :
417-462, i pi.

- 1893. Die Insecten der Berglandschaft Adeli im Hinterlande von Togo (Westafrika) nach
dem von den Herren Hauptmann Eugen Kling (1888 und 1889) und Dr. Richard Biittner
(1890 und 1891) gesammelten Materiale. Pt. i. Apterygota, Odonata, Orthoptera
Saltatoria, Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Berl. ent. Z., 38 : 1-266, 35 figs., 6 pis.

KIRBY, W. F. 1900. Notes on the collection of African Phasgonuridae formed by Mr. W. L.
Distant in the Transvaal etc., with descriptions of two new species. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.,
(7) 6 : 211-217.

- 1906, A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera, 2, pt. i, viii + 562 pp. London.

MULLER, J., & HENLE, J. 1837. Sitzung der physicalisch-mathematischen Klasse (31. Juli).

Ber. Verh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1837 : ui-ii8.

PETAGNA, V. 1792. Institutiones Entomologicae, 1, xii+439 pp. Naples.
RAGGE, D. R. 1956. A revision of the genera Phaneroptera Serville and Nephoptera Uvarov

(Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae), with conclusions of zoogeographical and evolutionary

interest. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 127 : 205-283, 131 figs.

1957- A new species of Phaneroptera Serville from Formosa (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae).

Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., (B) 26 : 123-126, 4 figs.

1962. A revision of the genera Phlaurocentrum Karsch, Buettneria Karsch and Leiodon-

tocercus Chopard (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent., 13 :
1-17, 32 figs.

RAMBUR, M. P. 1838-42. Faune entomologique de I'Andalousie, 2, 336 pp., 19 pis. Paris.
SERVILLE, J. G. A. 1831. Revue methodique des insectes de 1'ordre des Orthopteres.

Deuxieme section. Sauteurs, Saltatoria. Ann. Sci. nat., 22 : 134-167.

1839. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. xviii + 776 pp., 14 pis. Paris.

SJOSTEDT, Y. 1909. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen Expedition

nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen deutsch-Ostafrikas

1905-1906 unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjostedt. 17. Orthoptera. 6. Locustodea,

pp. 125-148, i pi. Stockholm.
STAL, C. 1876. Bidrag till sodra Afrikas Orthopter-fauna. Ofvers. Vetenskakad. Fork.,

Stockh., 33 (3) : 29-76.
WALKER, F. 1869. Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the collection of the

British Museum. Pt. 2, pp. 225-423. London.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
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REVISION OF THE FAMILY

PNEUMORIDAE
(ORTHOPTERA : ACRIDOIDEA)

V. M. DIRSH

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY VoL 15 No. 10

LONDON: 1965

REVISION OF THE FAMILY PNEUMORIDAE
(ORTHOPTERA : ACRIDOIDEA)

V. M. DIRSH

Anti-Locust Research Centre, London

Pp 323-396 ; 38 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 10

LONDON: 1965

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. 10 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1965

TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

Issued 26 April, 1965 Price Twenty-six shillings

REVISION OF THE FAMILY PNEUMORIDAE
(ORTHOPTERA : ACRIDOIDEA)

By V. M. DIRSH

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION ....... • 325

MATERIAL USED ...... • 326

TYPES STUDIED .......... 326

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE FAMILY . . . 332

EGGS AND EGGPODS ...... . 344

NYMPHAL STAGES .... . 345

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM ........ . 345

BEHAVIOUR ....... . 346

FOOD ........ • 346

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION ........ 346

NOTE ON THE GROUP OF GENERA WITH NON-INFLATED MALE BODY . . 349

AFFINITIES OF THE FAMILY ...... . 349

THE FAMILY PNEUMORIDAE ... -352

KEY TO GENERA ..... . 352

REFERENCES ........... 394

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES, INCLUDING SYNONYMS . 396

SYNOPSIS

The family Pneumoridae of Acridoidea is revised from the taxonomic point of view. All
relevant data concerning morphology, ecology, geographical distribution and phylogenetic
interrelation are summarized. Nine genera and eighteen species of the family are recognized.

INTRODUCTION

THE recent discovery of male Pneumoridae (Dirsh, 1963) with a small non-inflated
body has made it necessary to alter the diagnosis of the family and to a certain
extent the whole conception of it from the taxonomic point of view. This has
consequently led to revision of the genera and species.

This task was extremely difficult owing to the great rarity of some of the species,
general lack of material and in several cases the uncertainty of conspecificity of the
males and females. Some of them are placed in the same species only tentatively.
A favourable factor, however, was that practically all the types of described species
of the family stiU exist and are preserved in reasonably good condition. They have
all been studied, and compared with each other and with other available material,
thus allowing the establishment in several cases of correct synonymy.

326 V. M. DIRSH

This revision does not ensure that all taxonomic problems in Pneumorids are
solved. Many remain unsolved, mostly because of lack of material and almost
complete absence of field observations. Several species are still known by one sex

only-
There is reason to believe that the family is steadily diminishing in size of popula-
tions, as Thunberg in 1772 definitely found them in abundance (Thunberg, 1795),
whereas at the present time, and in the same localities, only a few specimens can be
found.

It is my pleasant duty to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. H. Dick Brown,
Dr. G. van Son and Dr. T. H. C. Taylor for reading the manuscript and for their
opinions and suggestions towards improving it. I am also grateful to Mr. J. P.
Doncaster, Keeper of the Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural
History) for his favourable attitude towards the publication of this work.

MATERIAL USED

Besides the types, the material used for this work was lent from the following
museums and by the courtesy of the following persons. I wish to express my sincere
gratitude to all the following museums and to the persons concerned with providing
the material used in this study, without which this revision would have been im-
possible. Dr. M. Beier, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna ; Mr. H. Dick Brown,
Pretoria ; Mr. R. H. Carcasson, Coryndon Museum, Nairobi ; Dr. L. Chopard,
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris ; Dr. Kurt Giinther, Zoologisches
Museum der Universitat, Berlin ; Dr. B. Hanson, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet,
Stockholm ; Dr. L. Hedstrom, Zoological Institute, University, Uppsala ; Dr. A.
J. Hesse, South African Museum, Cape Town ; Mr. W. J. Lawson, Durban Museum,
Durban ; Dr. E. Morales-Agacino, Institute Espanol de Entomologia, Madrid ;
Dr. E. Pinhey, National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, Bulawayo ; Dr. D. R.
Ragge, British Museum (Natural History) ; Mr. C. J. Schiff, Albany Museum,
Grahamstown ; and Dr. G. van Son, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.

TYPES STUDIED

LINNAEUS' TYPES

Two species of Pneumoridae were described by Linnaeus in the tenth edition of
the " Systema Naturae ". They are :

1. Gryllus Bulla unicolor Linnaeus, 1758.

2. Gryllus Bulla variolosus Linnaeus, 1758.

Both species are denoted in the descriptions " M.L.U." (Museum Ludovicae
Ulricae), and " Habitat in Indiis ". The locality is erroneous, as Pneumoridae
occur only in Africa. From the descriptions it is apparent that Linnaeus had at
least two or several specimens of each species.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 327

At present in the Lovisa Ulrika Collection in Uppsala there are several specimens
of Pneumorids which should be regarded as Linnaean specimens. They are all in a
rather poor state of preservation but mostly recognizable. They bear no original
Linnaean labels but labels in Thunberg's handwriting are pinned in the box below
them ; also they have on the pins more recent labels, possibly of Aurivillius,
designating them as the types. However, Aurivillius never published his
type designations, so these labels have no formal significance.

1. Gryllus Bulla unicolor. Three conspecific specimens present.

(a) A male with the wings spread and of a greenish-yellow colour, labelled by
Thunberg as " unicolor Lin. immaculata (3 ". This specimen is here
selected as LECTOTYPE of Gryllus Bulla unicolor Linnaeus, 1758.

(b) A male labelled by Thunberg as " immaculata a". Possibly not a Linnaean
specimen.

(c) A male with both pairs of wings spread and of a reddish coloration, labelled
by Thunberg as " rubrus immaculata ruf. (unicolor Lin.) ". Probably a
Linnaean specimen, since he also mentioned this coloration in his descrip-
tion.

2. Gryllus Bulla variolosus. Three specimens present.

(a) A male with the wings spread, labelled by Thunberg as " variolosus Lin.".
This specimen is here selected as LECTOTYPE of Gryllus Bulla variolosus
Linnaeus, 1758.

(b) An adult female conspecific with (a), labelled by Thunberg as " variolosus
Lin. Larva." possibly not a syntype.

(c) An adult female in poor condition, labelled by Thunberg as " immaculata
Larva.". Not now identifiable, but certainly not a female of immaculata.
Probably not a syntype.

THUNBERG'S TYPES

All Thunberg's types of Pneumoridae are still in existence and are preserved in the
Uppsala Museum in " Thunberg's Collection ". All are in reasonably good condition.
There are no labels attached to the insects, but there are labels in Thunberg's hand-
writing pinned on the bottom of the box. Since the specimens correspond very well
with Thunberg's descriptions and particularly with the figures published by him
(Text-fig, i) it is reasonably safe to assume that these specimens are accepted as
being the types and syntypes on which Thunberg based his descriptions.

i. Pneumora immaculata Thunberg, 1775. Three syntype male specimens
present, "a, (3, y " which correspond quite well with the specimens with the same
letters in Thunberg's description. The specimen mentioned by Thunberg under the
letter " S " is missing. All three specimens are conspecific. The specimen marked
" p " is here selected as LECTOTYPE.

Pneumora immaculata was compared with the lectotype of Gryllus Bulla unicolor
Linnaeus, 1758 and with a series of recent material of this species and was found
conspecific.

328 V. M. DIRSH

2. Pneumora rubens Thunberg, 1810. Two male syntypes of P. rubens present,
" a " and " [3 ". They are conspecific with one another, and also with Pneumora
immaculata Thunberg, and therefore with Gryllus Bulla unicolor Linnaeus, 1758.
They differ from other specimens of the species by a general reddish coloration.
Between themselves they differ in body size, the " a " specimen being larger. In
the description of Pneumora rubens Thunberg, 1810, the " a " and " (3 " specimens
are not mentioned. Here the " a " specimen is selected as the LECTOTYPE of
Pneumora rubens Thunberg, 1810.

3. Pneumora papillosa Thunberg, 1810. Under this name there is one male
specimen in Thunberg's Collection. According to the description and figure, there
is no doubt that it is the type. It is conspecific with the female of Pneumora obliqua
Thunberg, 1810, the latter name having priority. It is distinguishable from the
other species by the presence of two oblique, white stripes on the side of the pronotum.

Kirby (1910) renamed this species as Bulla thunbergii, as the specific name papillosa
was preoccupied by Fabricius, 1775.

4. Pneumora discolor Thunberg, 1810. One male in Thunberg's Collection
present which, according to the description and figure, is undoubtedly the type. It
differs from the other specimens of the species by a slightly brownish coloration of
the basal two thirds of the elytra and wings. This is a rather infrequent individual
variation which occurs in this and other species of the genus.

5. Pneumora ocellata Thunberg, 1810. Under this name in Thunberg's Collection
there is one male specimen. From the description and the figure it is clear that the
specimen is the type. It is conspecific with Pneumora discolor Thunberg, 1810. The
only difference is that the elytra and wings are of uniformly greenish colour. This
is the most common type of coloration for the species.

6. Pneumora pupillata Thunberg, 1810. Under this name in Thunberg's Collec-
tion there is one male specimen. From the description and the figure there is no
doubt that the specimen is the type. It is conspecific with Pneumora discolor
Thunberg, 1810 and Pneumora ocellata Thunberg, 1810. The only difference is that
the elytra of P. pupillata are sparsely covered with brownish dots. This is an
individual variation which sometimes occurs in this and other species.

7. Pneumora serrata Thunberg, 1810. Under this name in Thunberg's Collection
there is one female specimen. According to the description and the figure there is
no doubt that it is the type.

8. Pneumora obliqua Thunberg, 1810. In Thunberg's Collection one female
specimen is present. It corresponds very well with the description and the figure
and doubtless is the type.

FIG. i. Plate of Pneumorids originally published by Thunberg in 1810. The types of
Thunberg's Collection correspond very well with the drawings.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

329

Jt?n . nurn) ,

33° V. M. DIRSH

9. Pneumora maculata Thunberg, 1775. In Thunberg's Collection one male
specimen is present. It corresponds with the description and doubtless is the type.
It is conspecific with Gryllus Bulla variolosus Linnaeus, 1758. It differs slightly
in the pattern, but the difference does not exceed the range of individual variability.

10. Pneumora marmorata Thunberg, 1810. In Thunberg's Collection two male
syntypes " a " and " (3 " present. They belong to the same species. However, in
the original description they are not mentioned under the different letters. Here
the male marked " (3 " is designated as the LECTOTYPE of Pneumora marmorata
Thunberg, 1810. It corresponds very well with the original description and figure
and could be safely considered as Thunberg's original specimen. It is conspecific
with Gryllus Bulla variolosus Linnaeus, 1758 and differs slightly from it only in the
pattern on the pronotum.

11. Pneumora spinulosa Thunberg, 1810. Under this name in Thunberg's
Collection there is one female specimen. It corresponds with the description and
the figure and is undoubtedly the type. It is conspecific with Gryllus Bulla vario-
losus Linnaeus, 1758.

12. Pneumora sexguttata Thunberg, 1775. Under this name there is in Thun-
berg's Collection one male specimen, which according to the description is without
doubt the type. Comparison with the Fabricius type of Gryllus inanis Fabricius,
1775, proved that they are conspecific. The Fabrician name has priority.

FABRICIUS' TYPES

1. Gryllus inanis Fabricius, 1775. In the Banks Collection in the British
Museum (Natural History) there is one male specimen under this name. It is un-
doubtedly the type. Type Locality : Cape of Good Hope.

2. Gryllus papillosus Fabricius, 1775. Under this name in the Banks Collection
in the British Museum (Natural History) there is one male specimen. It is certainly
the type of the species.

STOLL'S TYPES

Stoll mentioned as new and figured three species of Pneumoridae :

1. Mantis paradoxa Stoll, 1813, Male.

2. Gryllus Locusta pulicarius Stoll, 1813. Male.

3. Gryllus Locusta vinaceus Stoll, 1813. Male.

The types of all three species are lost, but the figures and descriptions, although
highly inadequate, still indicate that all of them are Pneumoridae and probably
belong to the genus Bullacris. They have all been synonymized with Pneumora
immaculata Thunberg, 1775 by Serville, 1888 and Kirby, 1910 (see synonymy of
Bullacris unicolor Linnaeus, 1758). There is no reason now to consider them
otherwise.

They are the only types of Pneumoridae which are lost.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 331

LATREILLE'S TYPE

Pneumora scutellaire Latreille, 1830. Under this name in the Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle in Paris there is one female specimen which most probably is the specimen
first described by Latreille in 1830, and again in 1831 by Serville under the same
name Pneumora scutellaris. It is conspecific with the male of Gryllus inanis
Fabricius, 1775.

WALKER'S TYPE

Pneumora membracioides Walker, 1870. Male nymph.

The type is preserved in the British Museum (Natural History). It is a male
nymph, probably of the last instar. After studying all available material it was
concluded that P. membracioides Walker is a nymph of Bulla longicornis Stal, 1873.

The same opinion was expressed by Peringuey, 1916.

STAL'S TYPES

Stal's types are preserved in good condition in the Stockholm Museum.

1. Bulla longicornis Stal, 1873. Male type. The specimen was pinned after
being preserved in spirit. All morphological characters are intact, but the integu-
ment is discoloured and partly wrinkled. Locality label " Caffraria ". It is con-
specific with Pneumora membracioides Walker, 1870.

2. Pneumora granulata Stal, 1873. Male. This type is in a very good state
of preservation. Locality label : "Caffraria". The female was described as Bulla
subulata Peringuey, 1916.

WESTWOOD'S TYPE

Westwood's type is preserved in the Oxford University Museum.

Physophorina livingstoni Westwood, 1874. Nymph, probably of the last instar.
When nymph material was studied, it became clear that Physophorina livingstoni is
a synonym of Cystocoelia absidata Karsch, 1896.

KARSCH'S TYPE

The male type of Cystocoelia absidata Karsch, 1896, is preserved in the Berlin
Museum in reasonably good condition. Comparison with the type of Physophorina
livingstoni Westwood, 1874 and all available material shows that they are con-
specific.

PERINGUEY'S TYPES

All Peringuey 's types are preserved in the South African Museum, Cape Town.
All of them are in a good state of preservation.

332 V. M. DIRSH

1. Bulla consobrina Pe"ringuey, 1916. Male and female are conspecific, both
with the label " Type ". The male is here selected as the LECTOTYPE. Type
locality : " Port Elizabeth ". After comparing the types and available recent
material, it was found that Bulla consobrina Peringuey is conspecific with Pneumora
discolor Thunberg, 1810.

2. Bulla intermedia Peringuey, 1916.

This species was originally described from three males. The type was not desig-
nated. At present, in the South African Museum only one male remains labelled
' Type ". I select this specimen as the LECTOTYPE.

3. Bulla subalata Peringuey, 1916. Female type. It has been synonymized
rightly by Uvarov, 1928 with Pneumora granulata Stal, 1873, which was described
from one male only.

4. Shortridgea miranda Peringuey, 1916. Male specimen with the label " Holo-
type " and a conspecific female specimen with the label " Type " present. Here
the male specimen is selected as the LECTOTYPE. Type locality : " Zululand,
Eshowe ".

5. Cystocoelia boschimana Peringuey, 1961. There is only the female holotype
of this species, in a good state of preservation, the male is unknown. Type locality :
" Bushmanland, Henkries ".

6. Pneumora namaqua Peringuey, 1916. Male specimen with the labels :
"Springbok Fontein. 1873", and "Type", and a female specimen with the labels:
" Springbok. 90 " and " Type " present. The male is selected as LECTOTYPE.
The female belongs to Pneumoracris browni Dirsh, 1963, described below.

REHN'S TYPES

Rehn's two types are preserved in the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.

1. Bullacris thalassina Rehn, 1941. Male.

2. Bullacris namaquensis Rehn, 1941. Male.

These two species are conspecific inter se and are also conspecific with Bullacris
unicolor Linnaeus, 1758. They were compared with the Linnaean type and all
Thunberg's types, as well as with the series of recent material of the species. The
differences recorded by Rehn do not exceed the range of the individual variation.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE FAMILY

BODY

The body length of adult Pneumorids varies in males from 11.5 mm. — 68 mm.
and in females from 22 mm. — 107 mm. The smallest is Pneumoracris browni and
the largest Physophorina livingstoni.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 333

In the majority of genera and species the male abdomen is strongly inflated and
bladder-like, creating an impression of a huge bulk of roughly cylindrical shape. In
males with a non-inflated abdomen, the body is slightly compressed. In females,
in the majority of species, the body is compressed or in a few cases, e.g. Pneumora,
it approximates to cylindrical.

HEAD

The head of Pneumorids is hypognathous. It is remarkable for the absence of
the frontal ridge, which is present to a certain degree in all other families of Acri-
doidea. The face is flattened and/or slightly convex. A faint fastigial furrow is
present. The compound eyes in all species are oval, comparatively small and strongly
convex. The ocelli in males are very large, relatively much larger than in all other
Acridoidea, in females however, the ocelli are very small (except in one species),
mostly vestigial, sometimes hardly detectable. The position of the lateral ocelli
may be used as a character for grouping genera, they are placed above and slightly
internally to the antennal bases in Bullacris and related genera (Text-fig. 8), and
they are above and slightly externally to the antennal bases (Text-fig. 29) in Pneumora
and Physophorina, while in Prostalia their position is intermediate.

The maxillary palpi are five-segmented and the labial palpi four-segmented, if the
palpiger is included in both cases.

The mandibles are of forbivorous type (Isely, 1944) with sharp, large, acute teeth
in the incisor parts and with rather sharp, toothed edges in the molar parts (Text-
ng. 8).

ANTENNA

The antennae are relatively short in all genera and species, shorter or much shorter
than the pronotum, the scape and pedicel are short, the flagellum filiform or in a few
cases slightly club-like. The number of segments varies from 18 to 23 ; in most
cases there is the same number in both sexes of a species, but sometimes in females
there are one or two segments less than in males. This number fits very well into
the range of antennal segments of Acridoidea generally (Mason, 1954). The seg-
ments are well defined and rather sharply separated.

THORAX

The pronotum in Pneumorids varies between highly crest-shaped and low tecti-
form. It is crossed by four, usually well developed transverse sulci. In the first
instar, the pronotum is relatively larger, covering the whole body from above. In
subsequent instars it becomes relatively smaller, but is still very large even in the
adults.

The sternal part of the thorax in general outline is similar to that on all other
Acridoidea, but a detailed morpho-anatomical study is necessary to ascertain the
homology of the parts. The prosternum is without a process or tubercle. The
meso- and metasternum have deep furcal sutures and very deep foveolae (sternal
apophyseal pits). The mesosternal lobes (sternellum of anatomists) are relatively
small. In males with an inflated abdomen the whole thorax is inflated as well.

334 v- M- DIRSH

ABDOMEN

The segmentation of the abdomen in Pneumorids is of the usual Acridoidea type.
In the males of the majority of genera, however, the first five or six abdominal seg-
ments form a bladder-like inflation. The first, second and third abdominal segments
in the inflated species are partly fused and sometimes it is difficult to distinguish
them. The third abdominal tergite bears a crescent-like row of small strongly
sclerotized ridges, which represent part of the stridulatory mechanism. The non-
inflated distal segments of the abdomen are of usual narrow cylindrical shape. The
inflation of the male body apparently appears only at the last moult ; the male
nymphs of the last instar have the normal, compressed body.

The terminal abdominal segments are represented by a pair of paraprocts and by
a supra-anal plate (epiproct of anatomists), which are regarded as the eleventh
abdominal tergite. The paraprocts in Pneumorids are large and frequently exceed
the length of the supra-anal plate. The supra-anal plate in both sexes of all genera
and species of the family is simple, elongate and angular. The cerci in both sexes
also simple, short and conical. The subgenital plate, which in the male is regarded
as the ninth abdominal sternite, is short or moderately elongated, conical or acutely
conical. In the female the subgenital plate is regarded as the eighth abdominal
sternite ; it is always simple with a widely obtuse-angular apex.

The ovipositor in all genera and species is a rather simple, uniform structure, with
straight valves, which are subacute and slightly curved at the apices, without ex-
ternal sculpture (Text-fig. 8) .

LEGS

The structure of the legs of Pneumorids does not deviate markedly from other
Acridoidea. The front and middle pair have no unusual specialization, except that
the femora are sometimes tuberculate. The hind legs, however, differ in the respect
that functionally they have lost or are losing saltatorial ability and approximate to
cursorial. Morphologically they are short and rather slender. They are adapted
for walking and also for producing sounds as a part of the sound-producing mechan-
ism. The shape of the hind femur suggests that the lower basal lobe is longer than
the upper one. In the middle of the internal side of the male femur there is a short,
strongly sclerotized longitudinal carina with a series of strong, short, transverse
ridges (Text-fig. 8) for stridulatory purposes (see description of the stridulatory
mechanism) .

Brunner's organ in most cases is absent, but sometimes it can be traced as a vesti-
gial formation, and in other cases as in Pneumora and Parabullacris, it is fairly well
developed.

The reduction and disappearance of Brunner's organ is probably connected with
the lack of saltatorial specialization of the legs. It is observed that in the whole
family Proscopiidae it is absent, and the hind legs in that family are also weak and
approximating to cursorial. The same is also applicable to the genus Psednura of
the family Pyrgomorphidae ; the hind legs in this genus are very thin and look

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

335

almost cursorial. Brunner's organ in this genus also is vestigial. Thus, probably
the Pneumorids are losing Brunner's organ as the result of the reduced saltatorial
ability.

WINGS

All known Pneumorids possess wings. The males with inflated bodies are all
macropterous. The males with non-inflated bodies have vestigial elytra and wings
completely hidden under the pronotum.

Females have micropterous elytra and wings completely or partly hidden under
the pronotum (Bullacris, Physemacris) , or strongly shortened brachypterous elytra
and wings (Physophorina, Prostalia and Pneumora). In the genera Parabullacris
and Pneumoracris the elytra and wings in the females are vestigial and completely
hidden under the pronotum.

C Sc R

A, Cu2

FIG. 2. Wings of the male Bullacris unicolor. For lettering of venation see text.

336 V. M. DIRSH

The elytra and wings in the Pneumorids have certain peculiarities which separate
them from all other Acridoidea.

The elytra of the macropterous males are comparatively wide : they possess a
large remigium (terminology after Snodgrass, 1935) and very small vannus ; there
is no vannal flex (vannal fold, Snodgrass, 1935) of the elytra.

The main venation of the elytron (Text-figs. 2-5) is described below. (The termin-
ology used is a combination of that of Snodgrass, 1935, which is the most adequate
for Acridoidea and that of Ragge, 1955, who attempted to homologize the venation
of all Orthopteroids.)

Costa (C) (Snodgrass, 1935 ; Ragge, 1955) : the first main vein, well defined
from the basal articulation of the elytron. It is located posteriorly to the anterior
or costal margin and reaches about half the length of the elytron.

Subcosta (Sc) (Snodgrass, 1935 ; Ragge, 1955) : the second main vein after the
costa. It is very well defined from the basal articulation. It runs almost to the
apex of the elytron and is unbranched.

Radius (R) (Snodgrass, 1935 ; Ragge, 1955) : the third main vein, which is very
well defined from the basal articulation, runs next to the subcosta, and forms a
branch, the Radial sector (Rs), which itself forms three or four branches.

Media (M) (Snodgrass, 1935 ; Ragge, 1955), the fourth main vein, is derived from
the basal articulation. It is two or sometimes three branched in the apical half.

Cubitus (Cu) (Snodgrass, 1935 ; Ragge, 1955) : the fifth main vein emerges from the
basal articulation and near the base is branched into cubitus (Snodgrass, 1935) or
cubitus one Cu± (Ragge, 1955) and to postcubitus (Snodgrass, 1935) or cubitus two
Cu2 (Ragge, 1955). The cubitus one is unbranched in the genera Bullacris, Physem-
acris, Peringueyacris and Prostalia (Text-fig. 2) and two branched in the apical half
in Physophorina and Pneumora (Text-fig. 4).

Next to the fifth vein is the dividing vein, vena dividens (Snodgrass, 1935) or the
first anal vein A (Ragge, 1955) . Along this vein the elytron is flexed in all Acridoidea
except Pneumoridae. The next vein after the vena dividens is the first vannal vein
(Snodgrass, 1935) or the second anal vein (Ragge, 1955).

The wing in the macropterous males is remarkable for its large remigium, of
almost the same size as the vannus. The vannal flex (vannal fold, Snodgrass, 1935)
is present and the venation is not different from other Acridoidea (Text-figs. 2, 4).
The Costa forms the margin of the wing, and the Subcosta almost reaches the apex.
The Radius and Media are fused in the basal part ; in the apical half they are both
branched, the Radius into Radial sectors and the Media into Media anterior and
Media posterior. Cubitus one and Cubitus two are unbranched. The vena dividens
(Snodgrass, 1935) or first anal vein (Ragge, 1955) is well pronounced and the wing
is flexed along it ; all veins posterior to it are vannal veins (Snodgrass, 1935) or anal
veins (Ragge, 1955).

In the brachypterous females (Physophorina, Pneumora and Prostalia) the venation
of elytron and wing is essentially the same as in the males of this group (Text-fig. 5),
but the first cubital vein of all female elytra is unbranched. All the veins, however,
are less developed than in the males and show definite signs of reduction.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

337

In the micropterous females (Bullacris, Physemacris) the elytron is thickened and
strongly sclerotized and in a few, greatly reduced, but the main veins can be traced
(costa, subcosta, radius-media and probably the first anal vein) (Text-fig. 3). The
wing in these females is completely hidden under the pronotum. It is much larger

FIG. 3. Bullacris unicolor, female, i, right elytron and wing in normal position ; hind
wing folded, R, remigium ; v, vannus. 2, venation of the right elytron. 3, venation
of the right wing (for lettering see text).

338 V. M. DIRSH

than the elytron, and its venation is quite detectable (Text-fig. 3), consisting of all
the veins as in the males, but reduced and unbranched (Text-fig. 3). The wing is
folded singly only (Text-fig. 3) along the vannal flex. Its reticulation is rather
strong and is possibly part of the sound producing mechanism (q.v.)

The net-like reticulation of elytra and wings (archedictyon of some authors) exists
in both sexes, but is obscure in the sclerotized elytra of micropterous females. It is
well pronounced, however, in the micropterous type of wings.

The main differences between the elytra and wings of Pneumoridae and those of
the rest of the Acridoidea are, in macropterous species, as follows :

Pneumoridae

Elytron :
Relatively very wide.

Vannal flex absent.
Main veins, in apical half, curved
towards posterior margin.

Remigium relatively large.
Vannus very small and narrow.

Radial vein and radial sector in basal
two thirds fused.

Intercalary veins absent.

Wing :

Remigium relatively very large, almost

as large as vannus.
Vannus relatively very small.
Archedictyon well developed

Acridoidea

Elytron :

Relatively narrow (except

Trigonopterygidae) .
Vannal flex present.
Main veins comparatively straight

and very little or not at all curved

towards posterior margin.
Remigium relatively much smaller.
Vannus relatively larger and much

wider.
Radial vein and radial sector close

together in basal half, but not

fused (except in Trigonopterygidae).
Intercalary veins mostly present.
Wing :
Remigium relatively small, much

smaller than vannus.
Vannus large.
Archedictyon poorly developed.

Ragge (1963) investigated venation and tracheation of the nymph's wing pads.
He showed one more character which distinguishes wings of Pneumorids from those
of other Acridoidea. The bases of the tracheae of the elytron and wing, which are
branched from the transverse basal trachea, are further apart in Pneumorids than
in the rest of the Acridoidea. In the latter, they are more clustered together,
particularly those which correspond to the median, cubital and vannal veins (Ragge,
1963). The remoteness of the bases of the tracheae from each other is generally
more pronounced in Tettigonioidea, Grylloidea and Gryllacridoidea than in Acri-
doidea.

It can be definitely asserted that the venation of Pneumorids is the simplest in
all the Acridoidea.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

339

C SC

Ma Mp

Cu,

FIG. 4. Elytron and wing of the male Physophorina livingstoni. For lettering of venation

see text.

STRIDULATORY MECHANISM

The male stridulatory mechanism consists mainly of strongly sclerotized ridges on
the third abdominal tergite (Text-figs. 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33).
The ridges form a crescent-like row, and are smaller at the ends, becoming gradually
larger in the median part. At the upper end of the row there is a small, tubercle-like
inflation of the body wall of unknown function. The lower part of the row gradually
diminishes to the point of obliteration. In Physophorina and Pneumora the row is
represented in the upper half by large, rough ridges and in the lower half, with a
small gap between them, by small, slender and more densely placed ridges (Text-figs.
29» 33)- The number of ridges may be used as an additional taxonomic character,
sometimes of specific value.

340 V. M. DIRSH

The second part of the stridulatory mechanism is a short high carina, bearing a
small row of strong, transverse ridges on the internal side of the hind femur (Text-
fig. 8) . The sound is produced by rubbing the ridges of the abdomen with the ridges
of the hind femur. It is assumed that the inflation of the male abdomen represents
a further specialization for sound production, its function being a resonator amplify-
ing the sounds. It is true that the inflation increases the sound greatly, but whether
this inflation is a primary specialization for sound production or developed for
different purposes and became a secondary adaptation for the sound, remains a
matter for speculation.

The structure of the inflated abdomen, however, may suggest that it was primarily
a sound producing specialization. The abdominal segments, particularly the ter-
gites, are strongly enlarged in width and partly in length, and the connecting inter-
segmental membrane almost disappears, acquiring almost the same texture as the
segments themselves. The integument of the whole inflated part is very thin and
semi-transparent ; the tracheae can be seen through it very clearly. All the inflated
part, although thin, is sufficiently firm to maintain a definite form of this part of the
body. Inside this empty " bladder " only a thin length of the alimentary canal can
be seen through the semi-transparent walls. It is difficult to imagine any function
of this inflation other than as a resonator.

It seems that the males with a non-inflated body cannot produce sounds unless
they possess some kind of mechanism not yet discovered. It should be noted,
however, that in the species with the non-inflated body, the same kind of stridulatory
mechanism is present as in those with the inflated body, but in a highly reduced,
vestigial form and most probably not functional.

The sounds produced by Pneumorids was first mentioned by Thunberg, 1795 in
his narrative of the " journey into Caffraria, 1772 ". He described it as follows :
" After sunset they begin to make a singular noise, by rubbing their barbed hind
legs against their empty and transparent stomach ".

Pe*ringuey, 1916 described the sound produced by the males as ..." A long and
very deep and loud rasping noise, a stop, and a second noise shorter, but occasionally
longer than the first, and something as if it were produced by exhalation."

Van Son (in litt. 1963) described the sounds produced by the males of Bullacris
and Prostalia as follows : "it consists of a ' preliminary ' short series of clicks or
chirps, followed by a protracted ' main ' sound ". He also stated that in Pneumora
inanis " there is a long preliminary screech, followed by a series of very human-like
' khonia - khonia - khonia '," that the " Physemacris variolosa call has no pre-
liminary sound, and is like the word ' hatchigeeee ' emitted in a rather high
screeching note ", and that " in Physophorina miranda the call starts with a
prolonged screech (not unlike that of Pneumora) followed directly by the four sharp
metallic " pings ", the first accentuated, the other three in quick succession, thus
like the Morse telegraph code letter — • • • ".

It should be noted that the male of both Physophorina miranda and Pneumora
inanis males possess similarly shaped rows of abdominal ridges.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

341

FIG. 5. Pneumora inanis. Female. Right elytron and wing. For lettering of venation
see text. Below, left, highly magnified part of the wing, showing supposed stridulatory
mechanism (diameter of the circle = i mm.).

342 V. M. DIRSH

The females do not possess the same kind of sound producing mechanism as the
males, but according to many direct observations can produce sounds. Van Son,
1958 described these sounds for Bullacris longicornis as follows : "... peculiar
squeak, somewhat like that produced by a disturbed Death-Head Moth". . . .
When taken in the hand it produced louder squeaks ..." rather resembling the
hiss-like sounds emitted by an angry scorpion ".

Peringuey, 1916 described the sounds produced by the females of Bullacris and
Physemacris as follows : " When alarmed she raises the pronotum at a high angle,
and produces an extremely sharp stridulation, nearly equal in intensity to that of a
Decticid ".

It is still not definitely known by what mechanism the sounds are produced by
females. There is a possibility that they are produced by rubbing the folded vannus
of the wing against the abdominal wall. In Pneumora inanis the posterior part of
the vannus of the wing (Text-fig. 5), is covered with a net of rather strong veinlets
between the main vannal veins and both these main veins and the veinlets in this
region are covered with small, rather strong teeth (Text-fig. 5). The purpose of
these teeth could be stridulatory.

PHALLIC COMPLEX

The phallic complex in Pneumoridae is rather uniform in structure throughout
the family. It differs strongly from that of all the other families of Acridoidea.
The main feature is its simplicity and a very low degree of sclerotization. Sche-
matically it could be described as a structure relatively small for the size of the body,
membranous, consisting of a very simple endophallus, simple ectophallus and weakly
sclerotized epiphallus. The ectophallus and endophallus are partly and weakly
sclerotized.

The membranous parts of the ectophallus are so soft that on the basis of dry
specimens, it is difficult to reconstruct their natural shape. Accordingly, the figures
of the phallic complex given below must be regarded only as a near approximation,
giving the notion of the shape in its principal parts. They have been drawn as they
are and do not look symmetrical because some parts are creased and cramped, and
more or less folded. As can be seen from the figures every species has its character-
istic features, but it must be remembered that in Pneumorids the ectophallus may
be stretched like a concertina, or more telescoped than is shown on the figures, thus
changing the visual picture considerably. This stretching and collapsing is a matter
of preparedness for copulation and is a natural feature of the organ. The post-
mortem position may be of any degree between the two extremes mentioned above.
Preparing a specimen for study by maceration or boiling in potassium hydroxide
makes it soft, but the natural position of the parts is a matter for conjecture.

The phallic complex of Bullacris unicolor is described and figured below in detail,
with as much reconstruction as possible of the supposed natural shape. The parts
described are present in all the species of the family and differ only in relative sizes
and slightly in shape. Since the Pneumorid phallic complex is rather different from

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 343

that of other Acridoidea, the terminology used for it (Dirsh, 1956) is restricted to a
few terms and instead a descriptive procedure is employed.

The phallic complex (Text-fig. 9) of Bullacris unicolor (Linnaeus) is a relatively
small, membranous structure, some of the parts of which are weakly sclerotized.
The epiphallus (A) is large, discoidal, without ancorae, lophi or oval sclerites, but
with three tooth-like median projections at the anterior end and with lateral plates
(in the same meaning as in other Acridoidea), as well as the posterior projections ;
the posterior part of the epiphallus is a weakly sclerotized membrane (B), which
should be considered as a part of the epiphallus. The major part of the phallic
organ is covered at the dorsal side by the epiphallus (Text-fig. 9) . The epiphallus is
connected by a membranous fold with the ectophallic membrane, which posteriorly
forms a sclerotized transverse part (C) ; the distal end of this part has a folding
membranous continuation which is connected by the fold at the distal end with
the weakly sclerotized disc-like part of the membrane (D). This disc has been con-
sidered as a rudimentary cingulum (Dirsh, 1956), but in fact there is no certainty
that it is a homologous or even analogous structure. Accordingly, in this paper, it
is referred to as discoidal sclerotization of the ectophallic membrane. The distal
part of the discoidal sclerotization forms a membranous fold and is connected with a
pair of dorsal, slightly sclerotized lateral valves (E) ; the lateral part of these valves
is inflated and the dorsal part protrudes upwards and forms a pair of lobes (F) . The
E valves at the distal end are joined with a thin-walled sac (H) of undefined form.
This sac is a continuation of the pair of ventro-posterior valves (G) . The proximal
end of these valves produces a plate-like membranous continuation (/) . The endo-
phallus is represented by a banana-shaped membranous tube (L), on the sides of
which there is a pair of longitudinal, rod-like sclerotizations (M) ; at the apex its
edges merge with the edges of the ectophallus sac, and form a pair of laterally
protruding small lobes (/), between which is the opening of the endophallus.
Ejaculatory duct (K) is rather wide.

The structure of the endophallus is extremely simple, without definite division on
the ejaculatory and spermatophore sacs, but if the longitudinal sclerotizations are
considered as homologous with the penis valves of other Acridoidea then it is possible
to consider one of the parts of the sac as the ejaculatory sac and another part as the
spermatophore sac.

It may be concluded that the Pneumoridae have the same general plan of structure
of the phallic complex as all other Acridoidea but in much simpler form with an
undifferentiated ectophallus and endophallus.

Snodgrass, 1957 generalized the phylogenetic development of the male genitalia
of insects on the basis of their ontogeny. He offered the theory that all male genital
structures were derived from the small ectodermal outgrowth, the primary phallic
lobes, which are in fact continuations of the ampullae of the vasa deferentia. They
develop later into terminal parts of the internal genitalia.

The study of the phallic complex of adult Pneumorids suggests that their endo-
phallus could be interpreted rather as a simple widening of the vasa deferentia.
The ectophallus then represents a secondary external invagination of the endophallus

344 v- M-

which has acquired a certain degree of differentiation. The epiphallus may be a
derivative of this invagination. However, the possibility that it may be derived
from the tergal metamere is not excluded.

SPERMATHECA

The spermatheca in Pneumorids, judging from the species in which it was studied,
may be divided into two groups. In the first group it is a narrow vermicular tube,
with several vermicular diverticula (Bullacris, Physemacris, Parabullacris and
Pneumoracris). In the second group (Physophorina, Pneumora) it is a sac-like
formation with several large, pocket-like diverticula. These two groups correspond
very well with the division of the Pneumorids on the basis of other taxonomic
characters.

The spermatheca is structurally one of the simplest in Acridoidea but in Euma-
stacids it is even simpler. In the latter family the end of the spermatheca, so far
as it is known, is a simple pear-shaped widening. It should be noted that the relative
size of the spermatheca in Pneumoridae is very large. It is of the same length or
longer than the phallic complex of males. In other Acridoidea it is usually smaller.

CHROMOSOMES

According to Helwig, 1958, the karyotype of the males of Pneumoridae is 2n=23.
He does not indicate what genera and species were investigated.

This number of chromosomes of the Pneumoridae is shared with the following
families of Acridoidea : Xyronotidae, Trigonopterygidae, Ommexechidae, Paulinii-
dae, Lentulidae and Acrididae (Helwig, 1958). White (1963) showed that Charilaidae
also possesses the same number.

However, Eumastacidae have 17, 19, 21 and 23 chromosomes. Proscopiidae
have 17 and Pyrgomorphidae and Pamphagidae both have 19. From this account
it is difficult to draw a conclusion concerning the phylogenetic inter-relation of the
families. It seems that the families can be divided into three groups : firstly one
with 17 to 23 chromosomes, the Eumastacid group ; secondly one with 19, the
Pamphagoid group, and thirdly one with 23, the Acridoid group. According to the
number of chromosomes the Pneumorids belong to this last group.

EGGS AND EGGPODS

There are no data concerning the eggs or eggpods (if any) and nothing is known
about the mode of egg deposition.

The only information available is that in a dry collection a female of Bullacris
discolor, ready for oviposition, was found in the course of dissection. The eggs were
of the usual Acridoid shape. In the dry condition the length of the egg was 7-5 and
the width 1-9 mm. After soaking in 10 per cent solution of potassium hydroxide
the length of the egg increased to 10-5 and the width to 2-7 mm.

Nothing is known concerning embryonic development.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 345

NYMPHAL STAGES

It is not known how many nymphal instars the Pneumorids have. The scanty
material available in museums does not permit one to place nymphal specimens
definitely into a species and frequently not even into a genus. Neither can the
instars be definitely distinguished. The only case in which the first and last instars
are definitely known is Physophorina livingstoni (Text-fig. 29). The first instar of
this species is 9-5 mm. in length which shows a great difference between the first
instar and adult (70-107 mm.).

In the first and subsequent instars, in all observed Pneumorids, the whole body in
both sexes is covered above by the relatively huge, crest-like, strongly compressed
pronotum. In the later instars the pronotum becomes relatively smaller and the
end of the abdomen protrudes posteriorly from it. Sexual dimorphism in wing
development was not observed. The pads of male wings, in macropterous species,
are hidden under the pronotum as in the females and cannot be detected without
dissection.

The inflation of the bodies of the males probably takes place at the last moult. In
a few observed nymphs, males of the last instar had bodies of the usual nymphal
appearance, being compressed laterally.

The carina on the inner side of the hind femur in stridulating males is readily
detectable in the last instar, but the transverse ridges on it are weakly developed.
The stridulatory ridges on the abdomen are not detectable in the last instar ; prob-
ably they appear at the last moult.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM

Sexual dimorphism in most genera of Pneumorids is enormous. Males in most
genera possess an inflated body, fully developed wings, large ocelli, high and strongly
crest-shaped pronotum, and a peculiar sound-producing mechanism ; they are also
of smaller size.

In the corresponding females the body is of normal shape, elytra and wings are
reduced or strongly reduced, ocelli are vestigial, the pronotum is mostly tectiform
or comparatively slightly crested, the sound-producing mechanism is of an entirely
different type and the body is larger.

In the group of genera with the male body not inflated, the sexual dimorphism is
not so great, but the sexes differ to a greater extent in body size, the males being
much smaller than the females ; they differ also in the shape of the pronotum and
in the size of the ocelli. The other characters are the same in both sexes.

There is no great sexual dimorphism in coloration or in pattern. In some cases
(Pneumora) the females are more ornamental than the males, in other cases the
females are more uniform than the males (Bullacris), but both sexes may be of the
same uniform colour (Physophorina) or of the same pattern (Pneumoracris) .

It is interesting to note that in the nymphs, even of the last instar, sexual dimor-
phism is hardly pronounced at all except in the external genital appendages. The
wings in both sexes are hidden under the pronotum ; the body is of the same com-

346 V. M. DIRSH

pressed shape ; the pronotum is the same crest-shaped, strongly compressed
structure and more resembles that of the adult males than the adult females. The
most striking features of the sexual dimorphism appear only after the last moult.

BEHAVIOUR

Almost nothing is known about the behaviour of Pneumorids. It was observed,
first by Thunberg in 1772 and confirmed later, that they are nocturnal. The males
are attracted towards light. Sometimes they fly into an open camp-fire and their
inflated bodies characteristically explode in the flames.

They were heard and observed on bushes, trees and low ground vegetation.

Thunberg's observations in 1772 and the observations of later authors suggest
that Pneumorids, particularly the males, in day time are confined to the trees and
descend at night to the ground and lower vegetation.

It is possible that the males and females differ in their daily regimes, and also that
their habits and the development of the ocelli are connected ; the ocelli in the males
are exceptionally large, while in females they are vestigial.

The song or call of males begins, in the case of Physemacris variolosus, at 10-11
o'clock p.m. Other species usually begin to call after midnight (Van Son, 1963, in
litt.). Females emit an answering call. Unfortunately no other activities of their
life have been observed.

FOOD

As the structure of the mandibles suggest, the Pneumoridae are forbivorous, i.e.
feed on comparatively soft leaves of herbs.

The existing records are : Physophorina miranda was observed feeding on Berkheya
amplexicaulis Hoffman, 1891, Compositae (Van Son, 1958) ; Bullacris sp. and
Physemacris variolosa on Elytropappus rhinocerotis Lessing, 1832, Compositae ;
and Bullacris longicornis on Plectranthus sp., Labiatae (Van Son, 1963, in litt.).

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

Pneumoridae are confined chiefly to Southern Africa. They are distributed in
the coastal areas in the west, south of the Orange River, along the western coast,
and also along the southern and eastern coasts. There are no reliable records from
inland* and it seems that almost all existing records for Southern Africa are confined
to Cape Province and Natal. Only one genus (Physophorina} is recorded as far
north as Nyasaland, Tanganyika and Uganda (Map 7) . There is also a single record
for Bullacris membracioides from Nyasaland (Map 7) .

Is this peculiar distribution the result of ecological selectiveness of the insects or
is it that the area is poorly explored in this respect? A definite answer cannot be
given. It is clear that the Pneumorids are highly localized, but little is known about
their ecological requirements. Judging from the meagre material available, they
are probably difficult to detect in nature.

* There is one record by Rehn 1941, of a nymphal specimen of Bullacris from Pretoria (Transvaal).
However, the record is doubtful and may be the result of wrong labelling.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

347

FIG. 6. Geographical distribution. Map A. • — Bullacris unicolor. \
membracioides . -^ — Bullacris intermedia. Map B. • — Bullacris discolor,
bullacris vansoni.

I — Bullacris
^^ — Para-

348 V. M. DIRSH

Only one species, Physophorina livingstoni, reaches as far as Uganda and few
records of it are from East Africa. Most probably this species penetrated north-
wards from the main area of the family.

From the geographical distribution it is clear that the family can be regarded as
primarily endemic in South Africa.

7. Geographical distribution. • — Physophorina livingstoni. • —
miranda. + — Pneumora inanis. ^^ — Physemacris variolosa.

4O 45

•Physophorina

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 349

NOTE ON THE GROUP OF GENERA WITH NON-INFLATED MALE BODY

When the first species of the Pneumorids with a non-inflated male body was
studied, it was of great interest to compare it with the species which possess an in-
flated male body. A second and third species increased the interest and the riddle
of this unusual male character.

The males of the species with non-inflated bodies differ from those with inflated
bodies not only in the shape of the body but also in the absence, or reduction to a
highly vestigial form, of the stridulatory mechanism, the reduction of elytra and
wings to vestigial form, the shape of the pronotum and the structure of the phallic
complex.

However, in one case in which the males are not inflated the females are so similar
to those of another species, in which the male has an inflated body, that it is ex-
tremely difficult to distinguish them. These species are Parabullacris vansoni Dirsh
and Bullacris unicolor Linnaeus, respectively.

Pneumoracris browni Dirsh could be regarded as parallel to Peringueyacris namaqua
(Pe"ringuey) in the characteristic pattern of the pronotum, but the female of the
latter species is unknown.

In Paraphysemacris spinosus Dirsh only the male is known. In its pattern and
the shape of the pronotum it is very similar to Physemacris variolosa Linnaeus.
They may be regarded as parallel species. The females of these two species may be
indistingu i shable .

The interrelation of this group of genera with other genera and species with inflated
bodies is not yet understood. However, the possibility could be considered that
these species are not parallel to the species with inflated bodies, but represent neo-
tenic forms of them.*

AFFINITIES OF THE FAMILY

There is no fossil evidence which can help to establish the relationship of the
Pneumorids with the other families of Acridoidea or with the other groups of
Orthoptera. At present only the study of the comparative morphology of the group
can provide some indirect clues.

There is very little concerning this question in the literature. Rehn, 1941 ex-
pressed the opinion that the Pneumorids are an ancient group, equivalent to the
Tetrigoidea. Smart, 1953 stated that the wing venation of Pneumorid males is
" remarkably primitive ", implying primitiveness of the family. Ragge, 1955
considered the wing venation of Pneumorids as the most primitive of all Acridoidea.
He considered them as derived from the general Acridoidea stock even earlier than
Locustopsidae, and earlier than the other branches of Acridoidea.

*Dr. G. van Son, of Transvaal Museum, who has observed the species in nature and with whom
I discussed the possibility of the existence of neoteny in the above mentioned species, wrote to me
that it is his " firm opinion that they (the species with non-inflated bodies) did represent nymphal forms
of males in which the genitalia had apparently reached full development in advance of the remainder
of the morphological characters ".

Not dismissing entirely the possibility of the existence of neoteny in the species, I think that there is
still not enough material to prove it sufficiently.

35° V. M. DIRSH

It seems that most authors consider the Pneumorids as a group more primitive
than other Acridoidea. However, the term " primitive " is greatly misused. In
the case of the Pneumorids it can be stated that some of their characters are ex-
tremely simple, but whether they are primitive or just simple, or are the result of
secondary simplification, is a matter for speculation.

One can consider the Pneumorids as members of the suborder Acridoidea, since
their characters fit into it very well. They have the same head sclerites as the
other Acridoidea ; the same short antennae ; principally the same wing venation ;
the same three-segmented tarsi ; the same arolia, and the same four-valved, short
ovipositor. From the morphological point of view at present there is no doubt that
they have the same characters as the taxon named Acridoidea (sensu Dirsh, 1961).

However, there are several characters which separate Pneumorids from other
Acridoidea, making them a distinctly isolated group.

These characters are discussed below :— The wing venation as already explained
is extremely simple in the Pneumorids. Ragge, 1955 showed that morphologically
they are extremely close to the fossil Palaeodictyoptera — Stenodictya lobata Brong-
niart (Fam. Dictyoneuridae) . But it is not conceivable that they were derived
directly and primarily from the Palaeodictyoptera stock, as they have too many
other characters in common with Acridoidea in the recent concept of this suborder.
In 1963 Ragge considered that the " wing venation of the Pneumoridae suggests a
close relationship with the remaining Acridoidea ".

Thus, on the one hand the venation of the Pneumorids is very similar to that of the
Dictyoneuridae and on the other hand it is closely related to that of Acridoidea.
This can lead to only two possibilities : firstly, that the Pneumorids retained the
characters of the ancient Palaeodictyoptera during their phylogeny and branched
independently from the Acridoidea, but developed a parallel set of characters ; and
secondly that the wings of Pneumorids are the result of the secondary simplification.
In the latter case the Pneumorids may have branched early from the common
Acridoidea stock and possibly lost or reduced the function of the wings. As a result
the wings would degenerate to a simplified form, very similar to the primitive
Palaeodictyoptera Dictyoneuridae.

Neither explanation can be verified. However, in other Acridoidea there are
cases where, in generally micropterous species (e.g. females of Chrysochraon, and
Rubellia), freak specimens occur with long wings, which are of the same type as other
species of the group to which they belong, but possess simplified venation. These
cases may be considered to some extent as parallel to the Pneumorids, with the
difference that macropterous forms may appear in some genera of other families
sporadically, whereas in the Pneumorids they appeared and persisted and the
simplification may have become fixed genetically. In any case, there is no doubt
now that wing venation is not an extremely rigid arrangement. The idea that the
main veins are formed around the tracheae has been questioned recently (Whitten,
1962).

The phallic complex of Pneumorids is extremely uniform for the whole group. It
indicates that as a taxon they do not diverge very much between themselves. It

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 351

might also indicate that the group is comparatively young ; but this is not a per-
missible conclusion. Some characters are very persistent and remain unchanged
for a long time during the phylogeny of a group or branch. We are reminded of the
simple and very persistent character of the five branched extremities which persist
in Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammals to Man. Many other examples of this
kind can be found in any branch of the Animal Kingdom.

The structure of the phallic complex is also extremely simple. It is simple so
that one almost involuntarily regards it as primitive. However, in this case also
there is no positive proof. It is true that the phallic complex of Pneumorids is very
different from that of other Acridoidea studied to date, and the family may be
distinguished by this character alone. But there are several characters of similarity :
the presence of the epiphallus, similar differentiation into ectophallus and endo-
phallus, and traces, if correctly interpreted, of a rudimentary cingulum and penis or
analogous structures. These characters connect Pneumorids with the rest of
Acridoidea in their general features. It is interesting to note, however, that the
Pneumorid phallic complex is remotely similar to the corresponding structure in
Tettigonioidea and Gryllacridoidea (Snodgrass, 1937). If one considers that Tetti-
gonioidea and Gryllacridoidea are more primitive than Acridoidea, then it may be
inferred that the Pneumorids are more primitive than the other Acridoidea.

Although very simple in respect of wings and genital structures Pneumorids,
however, display a very high degree of specialization in their sound-producing
mechanism. In fact, it is unique in that the whole body of the male, being inflated,
is adapted for this purpose. There are similar abdominal-femoral stridulatory
mechanisms in Tanaoceridae (Dirsh, 1955) and Xyronotidae (Kevan, 1952, Dirsh,
1955), but they are less specialized, not having inflated bodies. This specialization
in the Pneumorids is probably of very ancient origin, as the males without inflated
bodies still retain in vestigial form the same stridulatory mechanism.

When and how the sound-producing mechanism originated in the Pneumorids can
be solved only on the basis of fossil material, which at present is lacking. It should
be noted that analogous stridulatory mechanisms exist in certain groups of Gryll-
acridoidea, but this could, however, be coincidental and an independent parallel
development. A second possibility is that this character was primarily developed
in a common ancestral stock of Orthopteroid insects and was retained in Pneumoridae,
Tanaoceridae and Xyronotidae, reaching the highest point of specialization in the
Pneumoridae.

Another interesting point is that although Pneumorids produce much noise, they
do not possess a tympanal organ, which is considered as an organ of sound per-
ception. Probably they have some other kind of organ for sound perception, as yet
unknown. It is known, however, that there is a great variety of these organs in
various groups of insects (Haskell, 1961). The tympanal organ exists only in
Orthopteroids, in Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. In Acridoidea it is present in six
out of fourteen families of the suborder.

It is absent in all the families with an abdomino-femoral sound producing mecha-
nism. In Gryllacridoidea, the group possessing the abdomino-femoral mechanism,

352 V. M. DIRSH

the tympanal organ (on the front tibia) is absent, while in some groups without
the mechanism the tympanal organ is present. As the tympanal organ is present in
Acridoidea in the more advanced families and subfamilies, it is possible to deduce
that the groups that lack it are primitive.

There is another character which is common to all Acridoidea, except those groups
of which the hind legs approximate to the cursorial type. This is the Brunner's
organ. It is absent completely in Proscopiidae and greatly reduced in the genus
Psednura (Pyrgomorphidae), which have also hind legs functionally approximating
to the cursorial type. In Pneumorids in some species the Brunner's organ is absent,
in some it is hardly detectable and in others it is fairly well developed. This indicates
that primarily the Pneumorids possessed the Brunner's organ, and that it has under-
gone reduction in some species in connection with the lessening of jumping ability.
According to this character they are nearer to the Acridoid stock than to the earlier
Orthopteroid stock, Brunner's organ being found in Acridoidea only.

As is shown above, the Pneumorids have several characters which are rather con-
tradictory phylogenetically. Almost every character may be considered from more
than one point of view and there is no direct verification of any of them owing to
lack of fossil data.

From the indirect considerations presented above, it can be concluded that
Pneumorids branched very early from the same stock as the rest of Acridoidea and
approximately at the same time as Locustopsidea and Acridoidea.

Family PNEUMORIDAE

Antennae short. Head short, with shortened fastigium of vertex ; face vertical, frontal
ridge absent ; fine fastigial furrow present. Ocelli large or vestigial. Prosternal process
absent. Venation simple ; elytra without vannal flex, wing with remigium almost as large
as vannus. Tympanum absent. Stridulatory mechanism mostly present in male, consisting
of a row of transverse ridges on sides of third abdominal tergite and serrated ridge on internal
side of hind femur. Hind legs almost cursorial ; lower basal lobe of hind femur longer than
upper ; Brunner's organ present, vestigial or absent. Phallic complex simple ; ectophallus
sac-like, with rudimentary sclerotizations ; endophallus simple, tube-like ; epiphallus plate-
like, without lophi and ancorae ; oval sclerites absent. Spermatheca large, with several
vermicular or pocket-like diverticula.

Type genus : Pneumora Thunberg, 1775.

KEY TO GENERA

1 (12) Body of males strongly inflated, bladder-like. Elytra and wings fully developed.

Females micropterous with elytra sclerotized, or brachypterous with elytra
membranous.

2 (9) Anterior cubital vein of male elytron unbranched. Lateral ocelli placed above

and slightly internally to antennal bases.

3 (8) Lower lobe of hind knee without tooth on lower margin. Females micropterous,

with elytra sclerotized.

4 (5) Pronotum in profile regularly arcuate (Text-figs. 10, n, 13, 15, 17, 19.)

BULLACRIS (p. 353)

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 353

5 (4) Pronotum in profile not regularly arcuate, with deep constriction at posterior

transverse sulcus.

6 (7) Median carina in prozona forming two or three large teeth (Text-fig. 22).

PHYSEMACRIS (p. 371)

7 (6) Median carina of pronotum low, in prozona with tubercle-like thickening

(Text-fig. 25) PERINGUEYACRIS (p. 375)

8 (3) Lower lobe of hind knee with large tooth on base of lower margin. Female

brachypterous, with elytra membranous (Text-fig. 26). . PROSTALIA (p. 377)

9 (2) Anterior cubital vein of male elytron branched. Lateral ocelli above and

slightly externally to antennal bases.

10 (n) Pronotum highly arcuate and strongly inflated, particularly in females (Text-

fig. 28). PHYSOPHORINA (p. 379)

11 (10) Pronotum low arcuate and not inflated in both sexes. (Text-fig. 32).

PNEUMORA (p. 385)

12 (i) Body of males not inflated, of usual acridoid shape in both sexes. Elytra and

wings vestigial in both sexes and completely hidden under pronotum.

13 (14) Pronotum in profile regularly arcuate (Text-fig. 34) PARABULLACRIS (p. 388)

14 (13) Pronotum in profile not regularly arcuate, with constriction at posterior trans-

verse sulcus.

15 (16) Median carina of pronotum at posterior end of prozona and anterior end of

metazona tubercle-like widened (Text-fig. 36). . PNEUMORACRIS (p. 389)

1 6 (15) Pronotum with three large teeth in prozona, median carina serrated in metazona

(Text-fig. 38) PARAPHYSEMACRIS (p. 392)

BULLACRIS Roberts, 1941

Bulla Stal, 1873 : 137 (nee Linnaeus, 1758)
Bullacris Roberts, 1941 : 18 [n.n.]

Anterior part of body of male down to seventh abdominal segment strongly bladder-like,
inflated ; end of abdomen of usual cylindrical shape. In female, body normal, compressed
laterally. Antenna filiform or slightly club-like, widened at apex. Face slightly convex or flat.
Frons angularly or roundly merging with vertex. Lateral ocelli placed above and slightly
internally to antennal bases ; in male all three ocelli very large, in female small, vestigial.
Compound eyes in both sexes small, oval, moderately convex. Pronotum highly arcuate, crest-
like or low arcuate, crossed by four transverse sulci ; median carina sharp, in females roughly
serrated ; prozona much shorter than metazona ; metazona elongated with angular posterior
margin ; episternum toothed. Mesosternal interspace deeply concave. Male fully winged ;
anterior cubital vein of elytron unbranched. Female elytra and wings strongly shortened,
covered by pronotum or slightly protruding from under lateral margins of metazona ; costal
and subcostal area of elytron strongly sclerotized ; wing about twice as long as elytron, weak,
longitudinally folded once only along vannal flex. Third abdominal tergite of male with
crescent-like row of strong stridulatory ridges. Anterior and middle femora often strongly
tuberculate ; hind femur weak, short, almost cursorial ; in male, internal side of hind femur
with short, high carina, bearing row of transverse ridges, forming second part of stridulatory
mechanism ; Brunner's organ absent or vestigial, hardly detectable. Arolium large. Supra-
anal plate in both sexes simple, angular, with deep transverse sides. Cerci short, conical.
Subgenital plate in male short, acutely conical, at apex excised or truncate ; in female with
angular apex. Ovipositor moderately short, with straight valves, obtuse at apices.

Phallic complex weakly sclerotized ; lateral parts of ectophallus slightly sclerotized ; dorsal
part consisting of a pair of lateral, inflated valves ; ventro-posterior part sac-like, membranous ;
between these parts, opening of endophallus is located. Endophallus with a pair of lateral,

354

V. M. DIRSH

FIG. 8. Bullacris unicolor. i, mandibles : Right mandible — A, outside ; c, inside. Left
mandible — B, outside ; D, inside. 2, face of male, showing position of the ocelli in relation
to the antennal bases. 3, end of female abdomen, lateral view. 4, spermatheca. 5,
end of male abdomen, lateral view. 6, the same from above. 7, abdominal stridulatory
ridges (semi-schematic). 8, stridulatory ridges of the internal side of hind femur.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 355

narrow, longitudinal sclerotizations. Ephiphallus short and wide, with long lateral plates and
three strong median apical teeth.

Spermatheca with several narrow, vermicular, irregularly twisted diverticula.

Type species : Gryllus Bulla unicolor Linnaeus, 1758.

KEY TO SPECIES
MALES

1 (2) Antenna slightly club-like widened at apical part (Text-fig. 10). Supra-anal

plate comparatively short and widely angular (Text-fig. 8) unicolor (Linnaeus)

2 (i) Antenna filiform. Supra-anal plate comparatively long and narrow, angular.

3 (6) Pronotum in profile highly arcuate (Text-figs, n, 13).

4 (5) Pronotum in profile regularly arcuate (Text-fig, n). Third episternum with

brown patch. Size smaller (44-49 mm.) . . intermedia (Peringuey)

5 (4) Arc of pronotum, in profile, lower in prozona (Text-fig. 13). Third episternum

without brown patch. Size larger (47-59 mm.) (Text-fig. 13)

membracioid.es (Walker)

6 (3) Pronotum in profile low arcuate.

7 (10) Pronotum in profile regularly arcuate (Text-figs. 15, 17). Third abdominal

tergite with 9-10 stridulatory ridges. Size larger (44-58 mm.).

8 (9) Pronotum without callosities. Veinlets of reticulation of elytra of the same

colour as membrane. Sides of abdomen with ocellate pattern (Text-fig. 15)

discolor (Thunberg)

9 (8) Pronotum with whitish callosities. Veinlets of reticulation of elytra darkened.

Sides of abdomen with ocellate and marble pattern (Text-fig. 17)

serrata (Thunberg)
10 (7) Arc of pronotum in profile lower in prozona. Third abdominal tergite with 13

stridulatory ridges. Size smaller (41-46 mm.) (Text-fig. 19) obliqua (Thunberg)

FEMALES

1 (4) Arc of pronotum in profile comparatively high (Text-figs, n, 13).

2 (3) Smaller size (42 mm.) (Text-fig. 1 1) .... intermedia (Peringuey)

3 (2) Larger size (48-55 mm.) (Text-fig. 13) . . membracioides (Walker)

4 (i) Arc of pronotum in profile comparatively low.

5 (6) Pronotum narrow, slender (Text-fig. 10) ... unicolor (Linnaeus)

6 (5) Pronotum comparatively wide, robust.

7 (8) Pronotum without dorsal callosities or with only traces of them (Text-fig. 15)

discolor (Thunberg)

8 (7) Pronotum with dorsal callosities forming oblique whitish stripes.

9 (10) Dorsum of pronotum with convex sides and comparatively low obtuse median

carina (Text-fig. 17) . . . . . . serrata (Thunberg)

10 (9) Dorsum of pronotum with slightly concave sides and sharp median carina.

11 (12) General coloration greenish ; sides of abdomen with four rows of small whitish,

oblique spots (Text-fig. 19) . . . . . obliqua (Thunberg)

12 (n) General coloration pale brownish ; sides of abdomen with two rows of large,

whitish spots of irregular form (Text-fig. 21) . boschimana (Peringuey)

Bullacris unicolor (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Text-figs. 8-1 o)

Gryllus Bulla unicolor Linnaeus, 1758 : 427. $.

Pneumora immaculata Thunberg, 1775 : 256. <$ , syn. n.

Pneumora rubens Thunberg, 1810 : 58. ^, [Syn. Kirby, 1910 : 62].

Mantis paradoxa Stoll, 1813 : 79. <? [Syn. Serville, 1838 : 716.]

Gryllus Locusta pulicarius Stoll, 1813 : 37. <$ [Syn. Serville, 1838 : 716].

356

V. M. DIRSH

Gryllus Locusta vinaceus Stoll, 1813 : 37. <J [Syn. Kirby, 1910 : 62].
Bullacris unicolor (Linnaeus) Roberts, 1941 : 19.
Bullacris thalassina Rehn, 1941 : 141. <£ syn. n.
Bullacris namaquensis Rehn, 1941 : 144. (J, syn. n.

F J

FIG. 9. Bullacris unicolor. Phallic complex, i, whole phallic complex from above. 2,
the same, lateral view. 3, phallic complex from above, but epiphallus removed. 4, the
same, lateral view. 5, endophallus, lateral view. 6, schematic saggital section of the
phallic complex. (For lettering for this and all following figures of the phallic complex —
see text. The phallic complex and spermatheca are drawn under the same magnification.)

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 357

cJ. Large. Integument on head and thorax rugose, granulose and slightly hirsute, on abdo-
men smooth. Antenna i8-2o-segmented, at apex slightly club-like widened, with segments
shortened and deeply separated . Head relatively small, strongly rugose, granulose and hairy ; f rons
slightly convex, roundly merging with vertex ; fastigial furrow faint. Pronotum in profile
moderately arcuate, with shallow depression between prozona and metazona, median carina in
profile downcurved at posterior sulcus ; anterior margin of prozona angularly protruding
forwards, its median carina between sulci with transverse wrinkles ; metazona in posterior part,
at sides of median carina, depressed, median part compressed ; lateral carinae in anterior part
of metazona weak, gradually fading backwards. Third abdominal tergite with 11-13 stridu-
latory ridges. Anterior and middle legs without tubercles. Hind femur short and weak ;
Brunner's organ undetectable. Supra-anal plate short, widely angular ; subgenital plate short,
angular with bilobate apex.

Phallic complex with comparatively strongly sclerotised lateral parts of ectophallus and
comparatively strongly sclerotised dorsal part of membrane.

General coloration light green, straw-yellowish, pinkish or reddish. Third episternum in
upper two thirds, brown ; side of abdomen uniformly coloured or with three or four brown
spots with white centres.

?. Large. Integument not hairy. Antenna 17-19-segmented, scarcely club-like at apex.
Head relatively large ; face flattened ; fastigial furrow hardly detectable. Pronotum in
profile very low arcuate, without depression between prozona and metazona ; prozona without
transverse wrinkles ; metazona strongly elongated, narrow angular. Elytra and wings
shortened, completely covered by pronotum ; elytron half the length of wing, of elliptical
shape with costal area sclerotized. Subgenital plate with angular apex.

Spermatheca with three long, narrow, vermicular diverticula.

General coloration green or olive-green ; posterior margin of metazona in region where it is
merging with lateral lobe of pronotum whitish or yellowish, with blackish stripe in adjoining part
of pleuron ; sclerotized part of elytron bright red, with blackish stripe along subcostal area ;
abdomen sometimes with three or four faint yellowish spots.

Length of body $ 35-45 ; $ 38-44 ; pronotum £ 15-21, ? 22-24 '• elytron <J 29-36, $ 4-5 ;
hind femur $ 11-12-5, ? 10-5-12 mm.

Variability : Body size varies little in both sexes (see measurements). Pronotum varies in
its length, in height of arcuated part of dorsum, deepness of depression of median carina at
posterior transverse sulcus and deepness of lateral depression of metazona in males. Supra-anal
plate in males may be more or less acutangular. Incision at apex of subgenital plate varies in
deepness. Coloration in males green, greenish, yellowish, pinkish to reddish ; median carina
of pronotum sometimes yellowish ; abdomen uniformly coloured or more frequently on sides
with three or four brown spots with white centres ; elytra sometimes sparsely covered with
brownish dots. In females general coloration more uniform, mostly olive-green ; pronotum
uniformly coloured, but stripe on lower margin of metazona varies from white to yellow and
sometimes almost disappears ; spots on both sides of abdomen vary in their intensity, some-
times undetectable.

Material examined. 67 <$, 12 $. Lectotype, <$. Type locality according to
description : " Habitat in Indiis " (erroneous). (Lovisa Ulrika Collection in
Uppsala). Syntypes 2$. As above.

The Thunberg types and syntypes mentioned in the synonymy are without
locality labels.

CAPE PROVINCE : Kuils River, Stellenbosch ; Saldanha Bay ; Tygerberg Hills ;
Somerset West ; Langebaan ; Port Elizabeth, Redhouse ; Still Bay ; Eland Bay,
Leipoldtville ; Cradock ; Alicedale ; Robben Isl. ; Darling ; Doornbosch, between

358

V. M. DIRSH

Calvinia and Clanwilliam ; Calvinia ; Clanwilliam ; Matjesfontein ; Willowmore
Steinkopf ; Fishhoek ; Grahamstown ; Wallekraal ; Kleinzee ; Gelykwerk
Richtersveld ; Nababiep ; Springbok ; Hondeklip Bay ; Port Nolloth ; O'okiep
O'ograbies. December to May.

FIG. 10. Bullacris unicolor. i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 359

Bullacris intermedia (Peringuey, 1916)
(Text-figs, n, 12)

Bulla intermedia Peringuey, 1916 : 407. $.

Bullacris intermedia (Peringuey) Johnston, 1956 : 29.

o*. Integument of head and pronotum rugose and sparsely hairy. Antenna 2o-segmented,
filiform, with segments slightly or not at all elongated. Head relatively small ; frons slightly
convex, roundly merging with vertex ; fastigial furrow faint. Pronotum in profile highly and

FIG. ii. Bullacris intermedia, i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

360

V. M. DIRSH

regularly arcuate on whole length, with slight lateral depressions ; anterior marign of prozona
angularly protruding forwards, its median carina between sulci with transverse wrinkles ;
sides of metazona convex ; lateral carinae weak. Third abdominal tergite with 9-10 stridu-
latory ridges. Anterior and middle legs without tubercles. Hind femur weak. Brunner's
organ vestigial, hardly detectable. Supra-anal plate narrow angular ; subgenital plate short,
angular, with incised apex.

Phallic complex with comparatively weakly sclerotized lateral parts of ectophallus and
comparatively weakly sclerotized dorsal part of membrane.

General coloration green. Third episternum with brown patch ; sides of abdomen with
three or four small brownish spots or uniformly coloured.

$. Integument of head and pronotum rugose, of abdomen smooth. Antenna filiform.
Head large ; face flat, frons angularly merging with vertex. Pronotum highly and regularly
arcuate ; sides of dorsum with four oblique callosities ; median carina, in profile, roughly
serrated, particularly in prozona ; anterior margin of prozona not protruding forwards ; lateral
carinae well pronounced. Elytra and wings strongly shortened, covered by pronotum, except
narrow margin of elytron, which protrudes slightly from under lateral margin of metazona ;
elytron much shorter than wing, of oval form, with strongly sclerotized costal and subcostal
areas. Anterior and middle femora slightly tuberculate ; hind femur weak ; Brunner's organ
not detectable. Apex of subgenital plate angular.

General coloration green ; callosities of pronotum whitish ; posterior margin of lateral lobe
of pronotum whitish ; sclerotized part of elytron bright red ; sides of abdomen with three
rows of whitish oblique spots.

B-

FIG. 12. Bullacris intermedia, i, phallic complex from above. 2, end of male abdomen,
lateral view. 3, the same, from above. 4, abdominal stridulatory ridges (semi-
schematic) .

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 361

Length of body $ 44~49, ? 42 ; pronotum $ 20-22, $ 24 ; elytron $ 36-37 ; hind femur
$ 13-14, $ 16 mm.

Variability : Only a few male specimens are known ; they are rather uniform in appearance.
One specimen has venation and reticulation in basal part of elytra brownish.

This species is very near to B. membracioides (Walk.) and also, but to a lesser extent,
to B. unicolor L. Since only a few males are available, it is difficult to decide if it is a
good species or merely a local race of B. membracioides.

Material examined. Type <$. Type Locality : " Cape Colony. Kiwie River ".
(South African Museum, Cape Town).

CAPE PROVINCE : Kowie River 2 $ ; Port Alfred i $ ; " Natal " i <j>.

Bullacris membracioides (Walker, 1870) comb. n.
(Text-figs. 13, 14)

Pneumora membracioides Walker, 1870 : 800. <$ nymph.
Bulla longicornis Stal, 1873 : 139. syn. n.

<J type. Integument of head and thorax rugose and granulose. Antenna comparatively
long, 23-segmented, filiform, with elongated segments. Head relatively large, strongly granu-
lose, frons almost flat, slightly convex, angularly merging with vertex ; fastigial furrow sharp.
Pronotum in profile highly and regularly arcuate in metazona, and lowered in prozona, without
depression between prozona and metazona ; anterior margin of prozona slightly angularly
protruding forwards, its median carina, between sulci with transverse wrinkles ; sides of
metazona convex ; only traces of lateral carinae exist. Second abdominal tergite with 9
stridulatory ridges. Anterior femur tuberculate ; hind femur moderately short ; Brunner's
organ undetectable. Supra-anal plate narrow angular ; subgenital plate moderately long,
angular, with slightly excised apex.

Phallic complex with weakly sclerotized lateral parts of ectophallus and moderately sclero-
tized dorsal part of membrane.

General coloration from green to straw-yellowish, mostly uniform, sometimes on sides of
abdomen 3-7 brownish spots.

$. Integument on head and pronotum rugose. Antenna 23-segmented, filiform. Head
large granulose, frons flat, angularly merging with vertex. Pronotum highly and regularly
arcuate, rugose and granulose ; median carina in profile serrated ; anterior margin of prozona
not protruding forwards, prozona without transverse wrinkles between sulci ; lateral carinae
rather strong. Anterior femora tuberculate. Elytra and wings completely covered by pro-
notum ; elytron half the length of wing, of oval form, its costal and subcostal area strongly
sclerotized. Subgenital plate with angular apex.

Spermatheca, with three or four narrow, vermicular diverticula.

General coloration green or greenish ; pronotum sometimes with oblique, whitish, granulose
stripes ; sclerotized part of elytron bright red ; sides of abdomen sometimes with row or three
rows of whitish oblique spots.

Length of body 6* 47-59, ? 48-55 ; pronotum £ 19-23, ? 26-32 ; elytron £ 38-44, $ 7-8 ;
hind femur $ 15-16, $ 17-21 mm.

Variability : this species varies slightly in body size, curvature and height of pronotum,
acuteness of male supra-anal plate and coloration as described above.

362

V. M. DIRSH

Material examined. 32 <$, 4 $. Type <$ nymph. Type locality : " Natal ".
(British Museum (Natural History).)

Type of Bulla longicornis Stal 1873. i $, " Caffraria ". (Naturhistoriska Riks-
museet, Stockholm).

NATAL : Pinetown ; Port Shepstone ; Pietermaritzburg ; Durban ; Uvongo
Beach ; Amanzimtoti ; Stanger ; Inchanga ; Umkomaas ; Richmond. ZULU-
LAND : Eshowe. NYASALAND : Road, Mlanje to Zomba. CAPE PROVINCE :
Port St. John. From November to May.

FIG. 13. Bullacris membracioides . i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 363

Bullacris discolor (Thunberg, 1810)
(Text-figs. 15, 16)

Pneumora discolor Thunberg, 1810 : 59. <$.
Pneumora ocellata Thunberg, 1810 : 60. $. syn. n.
Pneumora pupillata Thunberg, 1810 : 60. <J. syn. n.
Bulla consobrina Peringuey, 1916 : 406. <J. syn. n.
Bullacris discolor (Thunberg) Johnston, 1956 : 27.

cJ. Integument of head and pronotum rugose, abdomen smooth. Antenna filiform, 22-23-
segmented, all, except six apical segments, elongated. Head relatively large ; frons slightly
convex, gradually merging with vertex ; fastigial furrow faint. Pronotum in profile very low,
regularly arcuate, with weak depression between prozona and metazona ; anterior margin of
prozona angular, median carina in prozona, between sulci, with transverse wrinkles ; metazona
with convex sides ; lateral carinae weak. Third abdominal tergite with 9-10 stridulatory
ridges. Anterior femur with large tubercles ; hind femur short and weak ; Brunner's organ
undetectable. Supra-anal plate acutely angular, moderately elongated. Subgenital plate
short acutangular with obtuse apex.

Phallic complex with moderately well sclerotized lateral parts of ectophallus and with elon-
gated dorsal valves.

General coloration green, straw-yellowish or less frequently reddish ; median carina of
pronotum reddish or yellowish ; posterior margin of lateral lobe of pronotum yellowish, sides
of abdomen with four or five brown spots with centres of lighter shade ; three middle spots
large, marginal ones small.

9- Integument more rugose and granulose. Antenna 23-segmented. Head large ; frons
flat ; fastigial furrow well pronounced. Pronotum more tectiform than in male ; depression
between prozona and metazona less pronounced than in male ; median carina in prozona, in

FIG. 14. Bullacris membracioides . i, phallic complex, from above. 2, spermatheca. 3,
end of male abdomen, lateral view. 4, the same from above. 5, abdominal stridulatory
ridges (semi-schematic) .

364 V. M. DIRSH

profile, slightly serrated ; lateral carinae more strongly developed than in male. Elytra and
wings strongly shortened, completely covered by pronotum ; elytron half as long as wing, of
oval shape, with costal area sclerotized. Subgenital plate with acutangular apex.

Spermatheca vermicular, with three or four vermicular diverticula.

General coloration green or olive-green ; posterior margin of lateral lobe of pronotum and
merging part of margin of metazona yellowish ; sclerotized part of elytron bright red.

Length of body <$ 44-58, $ 43-51 ; pronotum <J 21-24, $ 25-29 ; elytron £ 37-45. 9 8 ',
hind femur <$ 14-15, $ 15-18 mm.

Variability : This species varies in body size, shape of pronotum, which in profile varies in
height of arc ; number of stridulatory ridges in males (9 or 10) ; and supra-anal plate which
may be elongated and acute or less elongated. Coloration varies from green or yellowish to
red ; pronotum in both sexes uniformly coloured or with whitish, oblique stripes ; elytra

FIG. 15. Bullacris discolor, i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

365

mostly uniformly coloured, but sometimes basal part brownish, owing to brown venation and
reticulation, sometimes whole elytra sparsely covered with small brown dots ; spots on sides of
abdomen in males vary in size and in size of their lightish central area, spots sometimes entirely
lacking ; in females, spots whitish and sometimes obliterated.

Material examined. 26 <$, 6 $. Type <$. Type locality : " South Africa ".
(Zoologiska Institutionen, Uppsala University.)

None of Thunberg's types mentioned in synonymy bear locality labels.

CAPE PROVINCE : Pearly Beach ; Alice, Nutwoods ; Knysna ; Swellendam ;
Somerset West ; Port Elizabeth ; Kalk Bay ; Lemoens Hoek, Heidelberg ; Noord-
hoek ; East London ; Cape Town, Kirstenbosch ; Stellenbosch ; Zoetendals
Valley, Bredasdorp Dst. From October to January.

Bullacris serrata (Thunberg, 1810)
(Text-figs. 17, 18)

Pneumora serrata Thunberg 1810 : 64. $.
Bullacris serrata (Thunberg) Johnston, 1956

30-

J. Integument of head and pronotum rugose, abdomen smooth. Antenna filiform, 23-
segmented. Head relatively large ; frons slightly convex, roundly merging with vertex ;
fastigial furrow faint. Pronotum in profile low and regularly arcuate ; between prozona and
metazona on sides of median carina there are moderately deep depressions ; median carina
rather sharp, in prozona in profile roughly serrated ; lateral carinae well pronounced in anterior
part of metazona ; dorsum of metazona on sides of median carina slightly depressed. Third
abdominal tergite with ten stridulatory ridges. Anterior femur tuberculate ; hind femur weak ;
Brunner's organ not detectable. Supra-anal plate narrow acutangular ; subgenital plate
short, acutangular, at apex shallowly incised.

FIG. 16. Bullacris discolor, i, phallic complex, from above. 2, end of male abdomen,
lateral view. 3, the same, from above. 4, spermatheca. 5, abdominal stridulatory
ridges (semi-schematic) .

366

V. M. DIRSH

Phallic complex with weakly sclerotized lateral parts.

General coloration green, olive-green ; pronotum covered with small, whitish spots ;
membrane and main veins of elytra light olive green, veinlets of reticulation dark olive-green ;
reticulation of wing also much darker than membrane ; sides of abdomen with four brown and
white spots and second to seventh tergites each with several whitish spots.

$. Integument of head and pronotum rugose, of abdomen moderately smooth. Antenna
filiform, 23-segmented. Head large ; frons almost flat, roundly merging with vertex ; fasti-
gial furrow faint. Pronotum in profile very low arcuate ; depressions between prozona and
metazona hardly exist. Median carina rather sharp, in prozona in profile slightly serrated ;
lateral carinae well pronounced in prozona and metazona ; metazona at sides of median carina

FIG. 17. Bullacris serrata. i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

367

convex. Elytra and wings strongly reduced and covered by pronotum ; elytron of oval
shape, slightly more than half of length of wing, its costal area sclerotized. Anterior femur
strongly tuberculate and toothed ; middle femur tuberculate ; hind femur weak ; Brunner's
organ undetectable. Subgenital plate with angular apex.

Spermatheca vermicular, with several vermicular diverticula.

General coloration olive-green ; median and lateral carinae of pronotum yellowish, sides
of dorsum of pronotum with three to five whitish oblique stripes of callosities ; sclerotized part
of elytron bright red ; tergites on each side of abdomen with whitish oblique spots forming four
parallel rows ; a similar row of spots in upper part of sternites.

Length of body (J 49-53, $ 45~55 ; pronotum $ 18-20, $ 24-27 ; elytron <J 38-47, $ 9 ;
hind femur $ 14-15, $ 15-18 mm.

Variability : This species varies in body size, height of arc of pronotum, degree of depression
between prozona and metazona, and in degree of the rugosity of pronotum ; pattern on pro-
notum may be covered with callosities forming whitish stripes disintegrated into spots or almost
disappearing completely ; intensity of the pattern on sides of abdomen in both sexes also
variable and in females may almost disappear.

This species is very near to Bullacris discolor Thunberg, 1810. It differs in the
pattern of the pronotum and of the sides of abdomen, and also in the dark coloured
reticulation of the elytron. It is possible that it represents a local race of discolor,
but the material is so scanty that temporarily it is advisable to regard it as a separate
species.

Material examined. 10 <£, 2 °-. Type °-. Type locality : " South Africa ".
(Zoologiska Institutionen, Uppsala University.)

CAPE PROVINCE : East London ; Carl's Rust ; Swartberg Pass, Great Karroo ;
Knysna ; Grahamstown. November-December.

FIG. 1 8. Bullacris serrata. i, phallic complex, from above,
from above. 3, the same, lateral view. 4, Spermatheca.
ridges (semi-schematic) .

2, end of male abdomen,
5, abdominal stridulatory

368

V. M. D1RSH

Bullacris obliqua (Thunberg, 1810)
(Text-figs. 19, 20)

Pneumora obliqua Thunberg, 1810 : 65. $.

Pneumora papillosa Thunberg, 1810 : 61. <£. [nee Gryllus papillosus Fabricius 1775]. syn. n.

Bulla thunbergii Kirby, 1910 : 63. [n. n.]. syn. n.

Bullacris thunbergii (Kirby) Rehn, 1941 : 152.

(J. Integument of head and pronotum moderately rugose and granulose, abdomen smooth.
Antenna filiform, 2i-segmented. Head of medium size ; frons slightly convex, roundly
merging with vertex. Pronotum in profile low arcuate ; between prozona and metazona with
lateral depressions ; median carina in prozona lowered, and in profile roughly serrated ;
anterior margin of prozona angular ; sides of metazona convex ; lateral carinae weak.

FIG. 19. Bullacris obliqua. i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

369

Third abdominal tergite with 13 stridulatory ridges. Anterior femur tuberculate ; middle
femur slightly tuberculate ; hind femur weak ; Brunner's organ vestigial, hardly detectable.
Supra-anal plate elongate, narrow angular ; subgenital plate short, angular, with apex excised.

Phallic complex with small inflated lateral valves and weakly sclerotized lateral parts.

General coloration green or greenish ; pronotum with two or three oblique, lateral, white
stripes ; posterior margin of lateral lobe of pronotum with whitish stripe ; median carina
reddish ; sides of abdomen with three or four white spots with narrow brown margins.

$. Integument of head and pronotum rugose and granulose, abdomen smooth. Antenna
filiform, 23-segmented. Head relatively large ; frons almost flat, angularly merging with
vertex. Pronotum in profile moderately low arcuate, regular in shape, rather high tectiform ;
between prozona and metazona shallow lateral depressions ; median carina rather sharp, in
prozona in profile slightly incised at transverse sulci ; anterior margin of prozona slightly
angular ; sides of metazona convex ; lateral carinae strong. Elytra and wings strongly
shortened almost completely covered by pronotum ; elytron of oval shape, slightly more than
half length of wing, its costal area strongly sclerotized. Anterior femur moderately tuberculate ;
middle femur almost smooth, hind femur weak ; Brunner's organ not detectable. Subgenital
plate with obtusangular apex.

General coloration greenish ; pronotum with four or five oblique, whitish lateral stripes ;
median carina of pronotum reddish ; sclerotized part of elytron bright red ; sides of abdomen
with four rows of whitish spots.

Length of body <$ 41-46, $ 45-51 ; pronotum £ 16-18, $ 22-24 ; elytron <$ 32-37, $ 7;
hind femur <$ 13-14, ? 14-15 mm.

Variability : Too few specimens of this species are known to judge its variability. However,
even in a few specimens, in both sexes, it was observed that the pronotum varies slightly in the
shape of the arcuate part. The general coloration varies in its intensity ; the described pattern
may be strongly developed, with large well defined spots or the spots may be reduced in size and
intensity ; this is particularly noticeable on the pronotum and the sides of the abdomen.

This species is very near to Bullacris discolor Thunb. and Bullacris serrata Thunb.
Possibly they are local races of the same species. Unfortunately the available
material is too small to reach a definite conclusion.

Material examined. 3 <$, 4 $. Type $. Type locality : " South Africa ". (Zoo-
logiska Institutionen, Uppsala University.)

CAPE PROVINCE : Saldanha Bay ; Wallekraal ; Tygerberg Hills ; Eland's Bay,
Leipoldtville. October.

FIG. 20. Bullacris obliqua. i, phallic complex, from above. 2, end of male abdomen, from
above. 3, the same, lateral view. 4, abdominal stridulatory ridges (semi-schematic).

37°

V. M. DIRSH

Bullacris boschimana (Peringuey, 1916)
(Text-fig. 21)

Cystocoelia boschimana Peringuey, 1916 : 411. $.
Bullacris boschimana (Peringuey) Johnston, 1956 : 27.

$. Integument of head and pronotum strongly granulose, with three callosities on pronotum ;
abdomen smooth. Antenna filiform, 23-segmented. Head moderately large, frons slightly
convex, angularly merging with vertex. Pronotum tectiform, in profile almost non-arcuate,
crossed by four sulci ; anterior margin of prozona angular ; median carina slightly raised
towards posterior sulcus and roughly serrated in prozona, in middle of metazona slightly
lowered ; a pair of lateral depressions on sides of median carina, at posterior sulcus well pro-
nounced ; in anterior part of metazona a pair of shallow lateral depressions on sides of median
carina present as well ; lateral carinae marked by row of granules. Elytra strongly shortened, not
reaching second abdominal tergite, with sclerotized costal area and coarse reticulation, protrud-
ing from under lateral margin of metazona of pronotum. Anterior and middle femora slightly
tuberculate ; hind femur weak. Subgenital plate with acutangular apex.

General coloration pale brownish ; callosities of pronotum form three pairs of irregular,
oblique, white spots ; posterior margin of lateral lobe of pronotum and adjoining part of lateral
margin of metazona white ; costal area of elytron, protruding from under pronotum, pinkish ;
sclerotized reticulation dark brown, shiny ; second episternum whitish ; sides of abdomen
with two rows of large sharply defined whitish spots on second to fifth tergites ; on dorsal part
of abdomen every tergite also with small whitish spot.

Only female known.

Length of body 54 ; pronotum 25 ; elytron (visible part) 6 ; hind femur 14 mm.

This species, known by the female type only, is rather remote from the other
known species of the genus. By the low, almost non-arcuate pronotum and the
peculiar pattern of the integument it resembles slightly the genus Pneumora ;
however, the position of the ocelli is quite characteristic of the Bullacris group of
genera. It was not possible to study the spermatheca, since no other specimen
except the type is available. Further study of this species, particularly of a male,
may establish its true position.

Material examined : CAPE PROVINCE : Bushmanland, Henkries, i $ type.
(South African Museum.)

FIG. 21. Bullacris boschimana. i, female (type). 2, face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 371

PHYSEMACRIS Roberts, 1941

Gryllus (Bulla) Linnaeus, 1758 : 427.

Pneumora Stal, 1873 : 143. (nee Thunberg, 1775).

Physemacris Roberts, 1941 : 12, 19 [n. n.].

Body of male down to seventh abdominal segment strongly inflated, bladder-like ; end of
abdomen of normal cylindrical shape. In female, body normal, slightly compressed. Antenna
filiform almost throughout length, slightly widening towards apex. Face slightly convex.
Lateral ocelli placed above and slightly internally to antennal bases ; in male all three ocelli
very large, in female vestigial. Compound eyes comparatively small. Pronotum crossed by
four transverse sulci ; prozona much shorter than metazona, in middle with strong teeth or
with teeth and tubercles ; at posterior transverse sulcus, prozona separated from metazona by
a rather deep constriction on sides of median carina ; metazona elongated, low arcuate, with
sides convex, covered with oblique callosities ; median carina rather sharp. Mesosternal
interspace deeply concave. Male macropterous ; anterior vein of elytra unbranched. Female
elytra and wings strongly shortened, covered by pronotum ; elytra sometimes slightly protrud-
ing from under lateral margins of metazona ; anterior two-thirds of elytron strongly sclerotized ;
wings, almost twice as long as elytron, weak, longitudinally folded, once only, along vannal
fold and completely hidden under pronotum. Third abdominal tergite of male with crescent-
like row of stridulatory ridges. Anterior and middle femora tuberculate ; hind femur weak,
short, almost cursorial ; in male, internal side of hind femur with short high carina, bearing
row of sharp transverse ridges, forming second part of stridulatory mechanism ; Brunner's
organ not detectable. Arolium large. Supra-anal plate, in both sexes, simple, angular, with
transverse sulcus ; cerci short, conical in both sexes ; subgenital plate in male short, acutely
conical, with apex excised ; in female with angular apex. Ovipositor moderately short, with
straight valves ; lower valves slightly curved at apices.

Phallic complex membranous, lateral parts of ectophallus slightly sclerotized ; dorsal part
consisting of a pair of lateral inflated valves ; ventro-posterior part sac-like, membranous ;
between these two parts the opening of endophallus is located. Epiphallus short and wide,
with long lateral plates and three strong median, apical teeth.

Spermatheca with several narrow vermicular, irregularly twisted diverticula.

Type species : Gryllus Bulla variolosus Linnaeus, 1758.

KEY TO SPECIES

1 (2) Vertex, above compound eyes, with a pair of small tubercles. Third abdominal

tergite of male with 12-14 stridulatory ridges. Median carina of pronotum in
prozona forming 3-4 large teeth. Tessellated pattern of male elytron strong

variolosus (Linnaeus)

2 (i) Vertex, above compound eyes, with a pair of large pyramidal tubercles. Third

abdominal tergite of male with 8 stridulatory ridges. Median carina of pronotum
in prozona forming a large tubercle-like projection and two small teeth. Tessel-
lated pattern of male elytron weak .... papillosus (Fabricius)

Physemacris variolosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Text-figs. 22, 23)

Gryllus Bulla variolosus Linnaeus, 1758 : 427. 5*-

Pneumora maculata Thunberg, 1775 : 257. <$. syn. n.

Pneumora marmorata Thunberg, 1810 : 63. <J [Syn. Stal, 1873 : 143].

Pneumora spinulosa Thunberg, 1810 : 64. $. syn. n.

Physemacris variolosus (Linnaeus) Roberts, 1941 : 19.

V. M. DIRSH

FIG. 22. Physemacris variolosus. i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

373

3. Of medium size. Integument of head and pronotum rugose and granulose. Antenna
23-segmented, longer than face, but much shorter than head and pronotum together. Frons
roundly merging with vertex, above compound eyes with a pair of small tubercles. Median
carina of pronotum in prozona forming three or four large teeth, which are sometimes fused,
and one or two smaller teeth ; a few smaller lateral teeth scattered on lateral lobes ; metazona
low arcuate, with median carina low, sharp and lateral carinae irregular, wrinkle-like, present in
anterior part ; lower margin of lateral lobe of pronotum sinuate, episternum comparatively
large, with smooth edges. Elytra and wings reaching or slightly exceeding end of abdomen.
Third abdominal tergite with 12-14 stridulatory ridges.

General coloration green to olive-green ; head and pronotum with numerous small, white or
whitish spots of irregular form sometimes fused into oblique, longitudinal patches on dorsum of
pronotum ; elytra green, with white tessellated pattern ; sides of abdomen with numerous
white or whitish spots.

$. Large. Integument rugose and granulose. Antenna 22-segmented, about as long as
face. Frons roundly merging with vertex, above compound eyes with a pair of small tubercles.
Median carina of pronotum in prozona forming two or three large teeth, which are sometimes
fused, and a few smaller teeth ; several smaller teeth scattered on dorsum and lateral lobes ;
metazona low arcuate, with low, sharp median carina ; lateral carinae irregular, callous and
tuberculate, present in anterior part of metazona and partly in posterior part of prozona ;
lower margin of lateral lobe of pronotum sinuate ; episternum with tooth on upper part of
anterior margin. Elytra and wings hidden under pronotum ; elytron sometimes slightly pro-
truding from under lateral margin of metazona.

General coloration light green ; whole body covered with small silvery-white spots of
irregular form ; on pronotum spots sometimes fused into elongate, oblique patches ; on sides
of abdomen spots form two or three regular longitudinal rows, with smaller spots scattered
between them ; ventral side with two rows of similar spots. Protruding part of elytron bright
red.

Length of body $ 39-51, $ 40-50 ; pronotum $ 15-17, $ 18-20 ; elytron $ 31-42, $ about 6 ;
hind femur $ 13-6-16, $ 16-17-5 mm.

FIG. 23. Physemacris variolosus. i, phallic complex, from above. 2, end of male abdomen,
from above. 3, the same, lateral view. 4, spermatheca. 5, abdominal stridulatory
ridges (semi-schematic) .

374

V. M. DIRSH

This species varies very much in body size and in shape and sculpture of the
pronotum, which bears three and sometimes four teeth, while sometimes the teeth
are fused or partly obliterated. The pattern on the pronotum and the whole body
also varies very much, sometimes there are small white spots forming an indefinite
pattern and sometimes the spots are fused into patches forming oblique stripes.

Material examined. 43 <$, 13 $. Type <$. Type locality " In Indiis " (erroneous).
(Lovisa Ulrika Collection in Uppsala.)

CAPE PROVINCE : Cape Town, Kirstenbosch ; De Wet ; Moshameer ; Cape
Peninsula ; Garcias Forestry ; Still Bay ; Worcester ; Fishhoek ; Swartberg
Pass ; East London ; Swellendam ; Montagu ; Stellenbosch ; Riversdale ;
Hermanus ; Willowmore ; Stanford ; Seven Weeks Port ; Jonkersberg ;
Knysna ; Jeffreys Bay ; Oudtschoorn ; Tradow Pass ; Somerset West ; Arniston ;
Zoetendals Vallei. October-January.

Physemacris papillosus (Fabricius, 1775)
(Text-fig. 24)

Gryllus papillosus Fabricius, 1775 : 827. <J [nee Thunberg, 1810 : 61].
Physemacris papillosus (Fabricius) Johnston, 1956 : 32.

cj. Of medium size. Integument of head and pronotum moderately rugose (antennae
broken). Frons roundly merging with vertex, above compound eyes with a pair of large,
pyramidal tubercles. Median carina of pronotum in prozona forming large fold projecting up-
wards ; posteriorly to projection are two small teeth ; metazona low arcuate, with sharp,
moderately high median carina ; lateral carinae strong, covered with callosities, strongly

FIG. 24. Physemacris papillosus. i, male. 2, male face. 3, abdominal stridulatory

ridges, (semi-schematic).

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 375

protruding forwards and upwards, forming large ' 'shoulders' ' ; lower margin of lateral lobe sinuate ;
episternum with small tooth on anterior margin. Elytra and wings slightly exceeding end of
abdomen. Third abdominal tergite with eight stridulatory ridges.

General coloration greenish ; dorsum of pronotum with oblique, irregular, branched white
spots ; elytra greenish, with green venation and reticulation and weak tessellated pattern ;
side of abdomen with three longitudinal rows of irregular, large spots ; ventral side of abdomen
with two rows of white spots.

Female unknown.

Length of body 42 ; pronotum 15-5 ; elytron 34-6 ; hind femur 13 mm.

Material examined. Type <$. Type locality ; Cape of Good Hope. (Banks
Collection, British Museum (Natural History).)

CAPE PROVINCE : Uniondale, i $ ; Rusten Vrede, Oudtshoorn Distr., i $ nymph.

PERINGUEYACRIS gen. n.

Small ; anterior part of body of male, to seventh abdominal segment, bladder-like, inflated ;
end of abdomen of normal cylindrical shape. Antenna filiform, slightly widening at apical part.
Face slightly convex ; frons roundly merging with vertex. Lateral ocelli placed above and
slightly internally to antennal bases ; in male all three ocelli very large ; compound eyes small,
oval, strongly convex. Pronotum low arcuate, crossed by four transverse sulci ; prozona much
shorter than metazona ; at posterior sulcus there are deep lateral depressions ; median carina
of prozona low, tubercle-like, widening in posterior part, in metazona sharp and slightly ser-
rated ; posterior margin of metazona elongate angular ; episternum granulose, with small
projection on anterior margin. Mesosternal interspace deeply concave. Male macropterous ;
anterior cubital vein of elytron unbranched. Third abdominal tergite of male with long row
of fine stridulatory ridges. Anterior and middle femora slightly tuberculate ; hind femur weak,
moderately short ; in male, internal side of hind femur with short high carina, bearing row of
small transverse ridges, forming second part of stridulatory mechanism. Brunner's organ
hardly detectable. Arolium large. Supra-anal plate of male elongate angular, with transverse
sulcus. Cercus short, conical. Subgenital plate short, acutely conical.

Phallic complex. Ectophallus membranous ; lateral valves weakly sclerotized, posterior
sac-like formation large. Endophallus banana-shaped, with a pair of weak lateral sclerotizations.
Epiphallus with large medium and pair of smaller lateral, apical teeth ; lateral plates com-
paratively wide.

Type species : Pneumora namaqua PeYinguey, 1916.

Peringueyacris namaqua (Pe"ringuey, 1916) comb. n.
(Text-fig. 25)

Pneumora namaqua P6ringuey, 1916 : 410. <$.
Physemacris namaqua (Peringuey) Johnston, 1956 : 32.

cj. Small. Integument of head and pronotum rugose and granulose and slightly hairy.
Antenna 22-segmented, slightly longer than face and much shorter than head and pronotum
together. Prozona of pronotum with convex folds between sulci ; lateral carinae of pronotum
weak, noticeable in posterior part of prozona and anterior part of metazona as granulated wrinkles ;
lower margin of lateral lobes slightly sinuate. Male elytra reach well beyond end of abdomen.
Third abdominal tergite of male with 28-30 fine stridulatory ridges.

General coloration green ; pronotum with two or three pairs of white, longitudinal, oblique
patches ; elytra greenish, with yellowish main veins ; sides of abdomen with two rows of white
spots, which are sometimes obliterated ; ventral part of abdomen sometimes also with two
rows of whitish spots.

376

V. M. DIRSH

$. Unknown.

Length of body 25-26 ; pronotum I2-4-I2-5 ; elytron 25-26 ; hind femur 10-11 mm.

Material examined. Type $. Type locality : Springbok Fontein. (South
African Museum.)

CAPE PROVINCE : Nababiep, i $ ; Springbok, i <J. August, October.

FIG. 25. Peringueyacris namaqua. i , male. 2, male face. 3, phallic complex, from above.
4, end of male abdomen, lateral view. 5, the same, from above. 6, abdominal stridula-
tory ridges (semi-schematic) .

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 377

PROSTALIA I. Bolivar, 1906

Pompholyx Stal, 1873 : 144, [nee Gosse, 1851].
Prostalia I. Bolivar, 1906 : 396 [n. n.].

Anterior part of body in male, to sixth segment, strongly inflated, bladder-like ; end of
abdomen of usual cylindrical shape. In female, body of normal shape, slightly compressed.
Antenna thin, filiform, much shorter than pronotum. Face slightly convex. Lateral ocelli
placed slightly above and internally to antennal bases ; in male all three ocelli large, in female
smaller. Compound eyes, in both sexes, small, oval, strongly convex. Pronotum low arcuate,
crossed by four transverse sulci ; median carina sharp and deeply serrated, particularly in
prozona ; lateral carinae sharp, tuberculate ; metazona three or four times as long as prozona,
its posterior margin elongate angular. Episternum with angular, tooth-like anterior end.
Male fully winged ; anterior cubital vein of elytron unbranched ; reticulation sparse. Female
brachypterous, elytra reaching end of pronotum and protruding from under sides of metazona ;
venation reduced, reticulation moderately sparse. Third abdominal tergite of male with a
row of transverse stridulatory ridges. Anterior and middle femora moderately slender, slightly
tuberculate ; hind femur comparatively short and weak, on internal side with short high carina,
bearing a row of transverse ridges, which form second part of stridulatory mechanism ; in female,
on internal side of hind femur there is a longer row of small teeth but not ridges on abdomen.
Brunner's organ absent. Lower lobe of hind knee narrow with subacute apex, in basal part of
lower margin with large, acute tooth. Arolium large. Supra-anal plate, in both sexes, elongate
angular. Cerci short, conical. Subgenital plate of male short, acutely conical, in female with
acutangular apex ; ovipositor short, robust, with straight valves.

Phallic complex. Almost wholly membranous ; lateral and proximal dorsal parts of ecto-
phallus slightly sclerotized ; dorsal part with pair of lateral, inflated valves ; ventro-posterior
part sac-like, membranous ; opening of endophallus located between valves and sac-like part ;
endophallus with a pair of lateral, narrow, longitudinal sclerotizations. Epiphallus approxi-
mately bridge-shaped, with elongated posterior projections and, in anterior projecting part,
with numerous small teeth.

Type species : Pneumora granulata Stal, 1873.

Prostalia granulata (Stal, 1873)
(Text-figs. 26, 27)

Pneumora granulata Stal, 1873 : 53. $.

Pompholyx granulata (Stal) I. Bolivar, 1906 : 396.

Prostalia granulata (Stal) I. Bolivar, 1906 : 341.

Bulla subalata Peringuey, 1916 : 409. ?. [Syn. Uvarov, 1928.]

o*. Large ; body strongly inflated. Integument of head and pronotum strongly granulose
and rugose, abdomen smooth. Antenna slightly longer than face, 2i-segmented. Frons
roundly merging with short vertex. Crest of pronotum low ; median carina sharp throughout
length, in prozona more strongly serrated than in metazona ; all four sulci deep, across whole
width of dorsum ; lower margin of lateral lobe of pronotum sinuate. Elytra and wing exceeding
end of abdomen. Third abdominal tergite with 15 stridulatory ridges. Stridulatory ridges
on internal side of hind femur forming a rather short row.

General coloration green ; elytra and wings transparent, venation and reticulation light
green.

9-. Large. Integument of head and pronotum strongly granulose and rugulose, abdomen
smooth. (Antennae broken.) Frons roundly merging with moderately short vertex. Crest
of pronotum low ; median carina sharp throughout length, in prozona much more strongly
serrated than in metazona ; all four sulci deeply crossing dorsum and carina ; lower margin of

378

V. M. DIRSH

lateral lobe of pronotum slightly sinuate. Elytra and wings strongly shortened and scarcely
reaching end of pronotum, but roundly and considerably protruding from under lateral margins
of metazona. Internal side of hind femur with moderately long row of small teeth, which
probably forms part of stridulatory mechanism, another part of which is probably the rather
convex costal vein of elytron.

General coloration uniformly green.

Length of body <$ 58-64, $ 60 ; pronotum $ 25-28-5, $ 30 ; elytron Q* 47-5-56, $ 17-5 ;
hind femur $ 16-18-5, $ 18 mm.

Material examined.

Museum.)
NATAL :
Lochiel, i

Type

Type locality

Caffraria ". (Stockholm

Richmond $ (Type of P. subalata) ; " Natal " i <$. TRANSVAAL

FIG. 26. Prostalia granulata. i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

PHYSOPHORINA Westwood, 1874

379

Physophorina Westwood, 1874 : 175.

Shortridgea Peringuey, 1916 : 412. [Syn. Dirsh, 1961, : 379.]

Anterior part of body in male, to sixth segment, strongly bladder-like, inflated ; end of
abdomen of usual cylindrical shape. In female, body of normal shape slightly compresses,
except pronotum which is strongly inflated. Antenna thin, filiform, much shorter than pro-
notum. Face flat. Lateral ocelli placed above and slightly externally to antennal bases ;
in male all three ocelli large, in female vestigial. Compound eyes, in both sexes, small, oval,
moderately convex. Pronotum arcuate, inflated, in female strongly inflated ; three transverse
sulci present ; median carina sharp ; lateral carinae present in metazona only, sharp, covered
throughout length with small tubercles ; metazona six or seven times as long as prozona, elevated
and forming deep fold at posterior sulcus ; its posterior margin elongate angular. Episternum
small, angular, with several teeth. Mesosternal interspace deeply concave. Male macropterous ;
anterior cubital vein branched ; reticulation sparse. Female brachypterous, elytra reaching
middle of fourth abdominal tergite ; venation reduced, reticulation dense. Third abdominal
tergite of male with a row of transverse stridulatory ridges, which in lower part are slender and
closely placed, in upper part robust and sparsely placed. Anterior and middle femora slender,
tuberculate ; hind femur comparatively short, weak, on internal side with short high carina,
bearing row of transverse ridges, which forms second part of stridulatory mechanism ; in female,
on internal side of hind femur there is a longer row of small teeth, but no ridges on abdomen.
Brunner's organ moderately well developed or vestigial. Arolium large. Supra-anal plate in
both sexes elongate angular. Cerci short, conical. Subgenital plate in male conical, with
obtuse apex ; in female with acutangular apex ; ovipositor short, robust, with straight valves.

Phallic complex. Almost wholly membranous ; lateral parts of ectophallus slightly sclero-
tized ; dorsal part with a pair of lateral, inflated valves ; ventro-posterior part sac-like,
membranous ; opening of endophallus located between valves and sac-like part ; endophallus
with a pair of lateral, narrow, longitudinal sclerotizations. Epiphallus approximately shield-or
bridge-shaped, dorsal surface covered with numerous small teeth.

Spermatheca large, sac-like, with several pocket-like diverticula.

Type species : Shortridgea miranda Pe'ringuey, 1916.

FIG. 27. Prostalia granulata. i, phallic complex, from above. 2, endophallus, lateral
view. 3, end of male abdomen, from above. 4, the same, lateral view. 5, left hind knee,
external view. 6, abdominal stridulatory ridges (semi-schematic).

38o

V. M. DIRSH

KEY TO SPECIES
MALES

1 (2) Pronotum with high, narrow, sharp crest. Subgenital plate elongate, acutely

conical ......... livingstoni Westwood

2 (i) Pronotum with moderately high, comparatively wide and less sharp crest. Sub-

genital plate short, conical ...... miranda (PSringuey)

FIG. 28. Physophorina livingstoni. i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 381

FEMALES

1 (2) Pronotum strongly inflated, with high crest, convex on sides. Elytra reaching or

slightly exceeding end of pronotum. .... livingstoni Westwood

2 ( i ) Pronotum less inflated, crest moderately high, with sides concave. Elytra consid-

erably exceeding end of pronotum, reaching seventh abdominal tergite.

miranda (Peringuey)

Physophorina livingstoni Westwood, 1874
(Text-figs. 28, 29)

Physophorina livingstoni Westwood, 1874 : 175. $ Nymph.
Cystocoelia absidata Karsch, 1896 : 245. <J. syn. n.

J. Very large ; body strongly inflated. Integument of head and pronotum moderately
rugose, abdomen smooth. Antenna slightly longer than face, 22-segmented. Frons angularly
merging with short vertex. Pronotum with narrow, sharp, very high crest ; median carina
in prozona almost linear, crossed by posterior and pre-posterior sulci ; first sulcus not reaching
median carina ; lateral lobe of pronotum comparatively small, at lower margin rounded.
Elytra and wings exceed end of abdomen. Third abdominal tergite with 8 large upper and
19 small lower stridulatory ridges. Subgenital plate elongate, acutely conical, from above
with excised apex. Hind femur on internal side with short row of small, transverse sharp
ridges.

Phallic complex comparatively large ; dorsal lateral valves large and comparatively strongly
inflated, their dorsal, lobe-like parts large. Epiphallus with very deep incision in middle of
anterior part and with well developed lateral plates ; small teeth cover anterior margin and are
sparsely distributed along the lateral convexities of the epiphallus.

General coloration green ; median and lateral carinae of pronotum brownish or yellowish ;
elytron and wing transparent with light green venation and reticulation, in apical part of median
area of elytron there is a small, round yellow spot.

?. Very large. Integument of head and pronotum moderately rugose, abdomen smooth.
Antenna 22-segmented about as long as face. Frons angularly merging with very short vertex,
which hardly protrudes from under pronotum. Pronotum strongly inflated, with high crest
and convex sides, median carina sharp throughout length, crossed by posterior sulcus only,
lateral carinae sharp, covered with small tubercles. Elytra not reaching or only slightly exceed-
ing posterior end of pronotum and widely protruding from under lateral margins of metazona.
Hind femur on internal side with a row of small, teeth-like tubercles (presumably part of a
stridulatory mechanism, the other part being the rather convex radial vein of the elytron).

General coloration light green ; metazona of pronotum, in angle formed by lateral carina
and lateral margin, mostly with triangular white spot ; apical part of costal area of elytron
with larger, silvery white triangular spot.

Length of body $ 70-81, $ 89-107 ; pronotum <$ 38-43, $ 62-67 '• elytron <J 65-71, $ 33-38 ;
hind femur <J 16-5-18, $ 22-5-24-5 mm.

Material examined. 20 $, 9 $ and 12 nymphs. $ nymph type. Type locality
" Zambezi ". Hope Dept. of Entomology, University Museum, Oxford.

ZULULAND : " Zululand ". MOZAMBIQUE : Mutuale ; Prov. du Mozambique.
NYASALAND : Zomba ; Chileka aerodrome, 2,000 ft. ; Mbidi ; Namiwawa. TAN-
GANYIKA : Handeni, 350 m. ; Kilosa ; Tendaguru ; Chidya (10° 38 S 39° 04 E) ;
Liwale ; Mikindani ; Tendaguin ; Mpwapwa (Type locality of Cystocoelia absidata
Karsch, 1896). UGANDA : " Uganda ".

The specimens (2 <$, i 9) from Uganda, which is the northernmost locality for the
whole family, were collected by Dr. Baxter. Unfortunately no other particulars
concerning these specimens are available.

382

V. M. DIRSH

Physophorina miranda (Peringuey, 1916) comb. n.

(Text-figs. 30, 31)
Shortridgea miranda Peringuey, 1916: 412. <$.

o*. Large. Body strongly inflated. Integument of head and pronotum slightly rugose,
abdomen smooth. Antenna about as long as face, 22-segmented. Frons angularly merging

FIG. 29. Physophorina livingstoni. i, first instar nymph. 2, phallic complex, from above.
3, endophallus, lateral view. 4, end of male abdomen, from above. 5, the same, lateral
view. 6, spermatheca (in natural state 4-5 mm. length). 7, abdominal stridulatory
ridges (semi-schematic). 8, face of adult male.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

383

/\w

FIG. 30. Physophorina miranda. i, male. 2, female. 3. male face. 4, female face.

384 V. M. DIRSH

with very short vertex. Pronotum with crest moderately high, narrow and sharp ; metazona
in front, at posterior sulcus, forming deep fold and overhanging prozona, sometimes almost
completely ; three transverse sulci present ; median carina in prozona hardly noticeable, in
metazona sharp ; lateral carinae sharp, covered with small tubercles ; lateral lobe of pronotum
small with lower margin rounded. Elytra and wings exceed end of abdomen. Third abdominal
tergite with 7 large irregularly shaped ridges and 13 small regular stridulatory ridges. Sub-
genital plate short, acutely conical, from above with slightly excised apex. Hind femur
on internal side with short high carina, bearing row of small transverse ridges.

Phallic complex comparatively small ; dorsal lateral valves comparatively small, their
dorsal, lobe-like parts small. Epiphallus with shallow excision in middle of anterior part,
with lateral plates large, but not very well denned. Small teeth cover anterior and middle
part of epiphallus.

General coloration green ; median carina of pronotum yellowish ; elytron and wing trans-
parent, with green venation and reticulation, in apical part of median area of elytron a small,
oblique, silvery white spot.

$. Larger than male. Integument of head and pronotum slightly rugose, abdomen smooth.
Antenna 22-segmented, slightly shorter than face. Frons angularly merging with short vertex.
Pronotum moderately strongly inflated, with comparatively moderately high crest and concave
sides ; median carina in prozona obtuse, in metazona sharp ; lateral carinae sharp, covered
with small tubercles. Elytra shortened, exceeding end of pronotum and reaching sixth
abdominal tergite. Hind femur on internal side, with a row of small, tooth-like tubercles
(presumably part of stridulatory mechanism, the other part possibly being the rather convex
radial vein of the elytron).

General coloration green ; median carina of pronotum sometimes yellow ; lateral carinae
white with reddish tubercles ; metazona of pronotum, in angle formed by lateral carina and
lateral margin, with silvery white, triangular spot ; elytron in region of base of radial vein
with small white spot, in apical part of costal area with large, triangular white spot.

Length of body $ 59-68, $ 72-89 ; pronotum $ 29-37, ? 42-46 ; elytron <$ 52-5-62, $ 33-35 ;
hind femur <$ 14-15-5, $ 19-5-22 mm.

FIG. 31. Physophorina miranda. i, phallic complex, from above. 2, endophallus, lateral
view. 3, end of male abdomen, lateral view. 4, the same, from above. 5, spermatheca.
6, abdominal stridulatory ridges (semi-schematic).

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 385

Too few specimens were studied to judge the variability of the species, except the coloration.
It is mostly green or brownish (but the latter may be a postmortem change). Sometimes the
pronotum in both sexes is covered with sparsely scattered, small, blackish dots.

Material examined. 5 $, 2 $. Type $. Type locality : Zululand, Eshowe.
(South African Museum.)

CAPE PROVINCE : Port St. Johns. NATAL : Annerley ; Eshowe ; Nkandhla
Forest. TANGANYIKA : Liwale. January, April, October, November.

PNEUMORA Thunberg, 1775
Pneumora Thunberg, 1775 : 255.
Pneumora (Cystocoelid) Serville, 1838 : 713 [Syn. Kirby, 1910 : 65].

Anterior part of body in male, to sixth abdominal segment, strongly inflated, bladder-like,
end of abdomen of normal cylindrical shape. In female, body of normal shape, cylindrical.
Antenna thin, filiform, much shorter than pronotum. Face flat. Lateral ocelli placed above
and slightly externally to antennal bases ; in male all three ocelli large, in female vestigial.
Compound eyes in both sexes small, oval, moderately convex. Pronotum low arcuate ; three
transverse sulci present ; median carina in male absent in prozona, low and sharp in metazona ; in
female, low and sharp in prozona and comparatively high and sharp in metazona ; with small tuber-
cles on whole length ; metazona much longer than prozona, forming deep fold at posterior sulcus
and overhanging above prozona, in male almost covering it, in female covering only small part
of it ; posterior margin of metazona elongate, angular. Episternum with large anterior tooth.
Mesosternal interspace deeply concave. Male fully winged ; anterior cubital vein of elytron
branched ; reticulation sparse. Female brachypterous, elytron reaching fifth abdominal
tergite ; venation reduced ; reticulation dense. Third abdominal tergite of male with a
row of transverse stridulatory ridges, which in upper part of row are large and robust, sparsely
placed, in lower part small, slender, closely placed. Anterior and middle femora slender,
slightly tuberculate ; hind femur short and weak ; on internal side with short high carina,
bearing a row of transverse ridges which forms second part of stridulatory mechanism ; in
female, on internal side of hind femur there is a longer row of small teeth, but no ridges on
abdomen. Brunner's organ present, sometimes reduced. Arolium large. Supra-anal plate
angular in both sexes. Cerci short, conical. Subgenital plate in male short, conical, from above
with angularly excised apex ; in female with acutangular apex. Ovipositor moderately short,
robust, with straight valves.

Phallic complex. Almost wholly membranous ; lateral part of ectophallus slightly sclero-
tized ; dorsal part with a pair of lateral, inflated valves and in proximal part with slight
sclerotization ; ventro-posterior part sac-like membranous ; opening of endophallus located
between valves and sac-like posterior part ; endophallus with a pair of lateral, narrow longi-
tudinal sclerotizations, protruding in distal part at opening of endophallus. Epiphallus
approximately shield-like, its dorsal surface covered with numerous small teeth.

Spermatheca large, sac-like, with several pocket-like diverticula.

Type species : Pneumora sexguttata Thunberg, 1775.

Pneumora inanis (Fabricius, 1775)

(Text-figs. 32, 33)

Gryllus inanis Fabricius, 1775 : 827. $.

Pneumora sexguttata Thunberg, 1775 : 258. $. [Syn. Fabricius, 1781 : 363].
Pneumore scutellaire Latreille, 1830 : pi. 19. $. [Syn. Kirby, 1902 : 60].
Pneumora inanis (Fabricius) Roberts, 1941 : 19.

386

V. M. DIRSH

cJ. Very large ; body strongly inflated. Integument of head and pronotum moderately
rugose, granulose and sparsely hairy, abdomen smooth. Antenna slightly longer than face,
23-segmented. Frons angularly merging with short vertex. Pronotum in metazona with sharp
low median carina ; lateral carinae weak ; lateral lobe of pronotum with lower margin rounded.
Elytra and wings exceed end of abdomen. Third abdominal tergite with 6 large and 12-13
small stridulatory ridges. Internal side of hind femur with short high carina, bearing sharp
transverse ridges.

General coloration green ; posterior margin of pronotum whitish, sometimes with reddish-
brown narrow line between whitish border and green basic colour of pronotum ; dorsum often

FIG. 32. Pneumora inanis. i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

387

with three pairs of oblique longitudinal white lateral stripes ; eltyra and wings greenish trans-
parent with green venation and reticulation ; on elytron two silvery white, short, oblique
spots ; abdomen uniformly green or with several whitish spots.

$. Very large. Body subcylindrical, not inflated. Integument of head and pronotum
granulose and slightly hairy, abdomen smooth. Antenna about as long as face, 23-segmented.
Frons angularly merging with short vertex. Pronotum with sharp, granulose carina ; lateral
carinae strong, with teeth covering almost whole carina ; strong teeth on lateral lobes and
smaller teeth on dorsum of pronotum present. Hind femur on internal side with short carina,
bearing a row of small, tooth-like tubercles. No ridges on abdomen.

General coloration green ; posterior margin of pronotum silvery white, with reddish-
brown border line between white and basal green of pronotum ; carinae brown-reddish ;
below posterior half of lateral carina a silvery-white stripe ; dorsum with three to five oblique,
elongate, lateral silvery-white stripes, with brown-reddish borders ; elytron green ; base of
costal area blackish ; middle of elytron with two large, silvery white spots of irregular form
with reddish borders ; costal area with similar stripe, forming two narrow angular projections ;
side of abdomen with two rows of large and two rows of small silvery-white spots with reddish
borders.

Length of body $ 62-67, ? 70-86 ; pronotum <$ 23-5-27, $ 30-38 ; elytron <$ 61-67-5, $ 25-36 ;
hind femur $ 16-17-5, $ 20-21-5 mm.

This species varies in body size and in pattern and coloration. The silvery stripes and spots
may be larger or smaller and on the pronotum from three to five. Coloration from brown-
reddish to greenish.

Material examined. 20 <$, 16 $. Type <$ . Type locality : Cape of Good Hope.
(Banks' collection, in British Museum (Natural History).)

CAPE PROVINCE : East London ; Grahamstown ; Alexandria ; Somerset East ;
Hogsback. NATAL : Yellowwoods, Karkloof ; Balgowan ; Hilton Rd ; Bulwer :
Nottingham Road. TANGANYIKA : Lukuledi.

FIG. 33. Pneumora inanis. i, phallic complex, from above. 2, endophallus, lateral view.
3, end of male abdomen, lateral view. 4, the same, from above. 5, spermatheca. 6,
abdominal stridulatory ridges.

388

V. M. D1RSH

PARABULLACRIS Dirsh, 1963

Parabullacris Dirsh, 1963 : 178.

Comparatively small and slender ; appearance nymph-like. Male body not inflated.
Integument granulose. Antenna short, slightly widening towards apex. Head comparatively
narrow ; frons flat, angularly merging with vertex ; ocelli large in male, vestigial in female,
lateral ocelli placed above and slightly internally to antennal bases ; compound eyes moderately

FIG. 34. Pavabullacris vansoni. i, male. 2, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 389

large, oval and moderately convex. Pronotum strongly elongate, in profile regularly arcuate,
in female low arcuate ; four transverse sulci present ; metazona about three times as long as
prozona, its posterior margin acutangular ; lateral carinae not strongly developed. Vestigial
elytra and wings present and completely hidden under pronotum. Abdomino-femoral stridulatory
mechanism highly reduced : a few stridulatory ridges on third abdominal tergite and serration
on internal side of hind femur being hardly detectable. Hind femur moderately short ;
Brunner's organ present. Arolium large. Abdomen slender, of usual acridoid shape. Supra-
anal plate in both sexes elongate angular, with transverse furrow ; cercus in both sexes short,
conical ; subgenital plate in male conical, at apex slightly excised ; in female obtusangular ;
ovipositor moderately short, with straight valves.

Phallic complex of usual Bullacris group type, membranous, on dorsal side with a pair of
lateral inflated valves and ventro-posterior membranous, sac-like formation ; endophallus
with a pair of elongated lateral sclerotizations. Epiphallus shield-like, with protruding posterior
projections and three median teeth at anterior margin.

Type species : Parabullacris vansoni Dirsh, 1963.

This genus differs from Bullacris in the non-inflated abdomen of the male, the
vestigial elytra and wings, vestigial stridulatory mechanism and the more compressed
pronotum. The females of both genera could easily be confused.

Parabullacris vansoni Dirsh, 1963

(Text-figs. 34, 35)
Parabullacris vansoni Dirsh, 1963 : 179.

cJ (Type). Antenna about one quarter length of head and pronotum together, 2o-segmented.
Fastigial furrow very weak ; vertex short. Median carina of pronotum sharp, regular ;
crossed by all four deep transverse sulci ; lateral carinae weakly pronounced. Anterior and
middle femora moderately slender ; hind femur short, comparatively thick ; lower lobes of
hind knee angular, with rounded apices.

General coloration olive-brownish ; lateral margin of metazona whitish ; four white spots
on sides of abdomen.

$. Much larger than male. Antenna 2o-segmented. Ocelli vestigial. Pronotum less
arcuate than in male, approximating to tectifonn, with metazona more elongate. Coloration
and pattern as in male, but white spots and the sides of the abdomen fading and sometimes
completely disappearing.

Length of body 3 17-7-22, $ 32-39 ; pronotum $ 12-15, $ 19-21-5 ; hind femur ^ 8-6-9-8,
9 9-1 1 mm.

Material examined. Type <$. Type locality : Cape Province, Nababiep. (Trans-
vaal Museum).

CAPE PROVINCE : Nababiep, 13-14. viii. 1961, 3 $, 5 $ (G. van Son & L. Van] ;
Namaqualand, Van Rhyns Pass, viii. 1961, 2 $, 6 $, Leipoldtville, Eland's Bay,
4 $, 4 m. N. Bitterfontein, 3.ix.i96i, i <$, 7 $ (H. Dick Brown & II7. Fiirst) ; O'okiep,
iii.i956, 3 $ ; Namaqualand, Kamieskroon, ix.i93O, i $.

PNEUMORACRIS Dirsh, 1963
Pneumoracris Dirsh, 1963 : 180.

Comparatively small and slender ; appearance nymph-like. Male body not inflated.
Integument of head and pronotum strongly granulose, abdomen smooth. Antenna compara-
tively long, slightly widening towards apex. Head narrow ; frons slightly convex, roundly
merging with vertex ; ocelli very small in both sexes, lateral ocelli placed above and slightly

390

V. M. DIRSH

internally to the antennal bases ; compound eyes large, oval, strongly convex. Pronotum
elongate, tectiform and slightly saddle-shaped ; four transverse sulci present ; prozona forming
tubercle-like median projection in front of posterior sulcus and, in anterior part of metazona,
another similar tubercle-like median projection ; metazona two or more times as long as
prozona, the posterior part with a pair of lateral depressions, its posterior margin acutangular ;
all pronotal characters more sharply expressed in males than in females. Elytra and wings
vestigial and completely hidden under pronotum. Abdomino-femoral stridulatory mechanism
absent. Hind femur comparatively long and strong ; Brunner's organ not detectable.
Arolium large. Abdomen slender, of usual acridoid shape. Supra-anal plate in both sexes
elongate angular, with transverse furrows ; cercus in both sexes short, conical, subgenital
plate in male conical, at apex slightly excised ; in female obtusely angular ; ovipositor moderately
long, with straight comparatively robust valves.

Phallic complex of usual Bullacris group type, membranous, dorsally with a pair of lateral
inflated valves, and ventro-posteriorly of membranous, sac-like form ; endophallus with a
pair of elongated lateral sclerotizations. Epiphallus shield-like, with slightly protruding
posterior projections and with three median teeth at anterior margin.

Type species : Pneumoracris browni Dirsh, 1963.

This genus superficially may be compared with Pneumora namaqua Peringuey,
1916. It shares similar structure of the pronotum and similar pattern, but differs
in all the other essential characters mentioned in the description. On the basis of
similarity of the pronotum Peringuey described a female of Pneumoracris browni as
the female of Pneumora namaqua. This error is corrected now, since a good series
of both males and females of Pneumoracris browni is available.

FIG. 35. Parabullacris vansoni. i, phallic complex, from above. 2, end of male abdomen,
lateral view. 3, the same, from above. 4, spermatheca.

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE 391

Pneumoracris browni Dirsh, 1963
(Text-figs. 36, 37)

Pneumoracris browni Dirsh, 1963 : 181.

$ Type. Antenna slightly more than half length of head and pronotum together, 21-
segmented. Fastigial furrow weak, vertex short. Median carina of pronotum wide and thick,
forming tubercles in posterior part of prozona and anterior part of metazona ; lateral carinae

FIG. 36. Pneumoracris browni. i, male, z, female. 3, male face. 4, female face.

392 V. M. DIRSH

represented by convex lateral margins of metazona. Anterior and middle femora comparatively
robust, widening towards apex ; hind femur rather thick ; lower lobes of hind knee angular,
with obtuse apices.

General coloration greenish, with brown spots and silvery scale-like patches and spots ;
frons brownish ; vertex and genae green ; vertex with median yellowish stripe ; a pair of
yellowish postocular stripes present ; pronotum greenish, median part above brownish, lateral
lobes brownish, with four patches of silver-white of irregular form, forming definite pattern ;
pleura with large silvery white spot, becoming yellowish ; abdomen with three rows of lateral
spots, yellowish white with blackish margins.

$ Para type. As the male, but larger. Antenna 2o-segmented. Ocelli vestigial. Pronotum
with less developed lateral impressions, less pronounced tubercles of median carina and more
elongate metazona.

Length of body <$ 11-5-14, $ 22-29 ; pronotum <$ 8-8-2, $ 15-16-5 ; hind femur <$ 9-1-9-6,
$ 11-5-12 mm.

Material examined. Type <£. Type locality : Cape Province, 5 m. East Kamie-
skroon. (Transvaal Museum.)

CAPE PROVINCE : 5 m. E. Kamieskroon, 18-19. ix. 1961, 4 c? (including type), 2 $ ;
4 m. N. Bitterfontein, 3.ix.i96i, 2 $ (H. Dick Brown & W. Fiirst). Nababiep,
13-14. viii. 1961, 2 <$, 8 $ (G. Van Son & L. Vari) ; Springbokfontein, i $ (paratype
of Pneumora namaqua Peringuey, 1916).

FIG. 37. Pneumoracris browni. i, phallic complex. 2, end of male abdomen, lateral view
3, the same, from above. 4, spermatheca.

PARAPHYSEMACRIS Dirsh, 1963

Paraphysemacris Dirsh, 1963 : 183.

Comparatively small and slender ; appearance nymph-like ; male body not inflated.
Integument of head and pronotum strongly tuberculate and spiny, with silvery white scale-like
flattened tubercles. Antenna moderately long, slightly widening towards apex. Head
moderately wide ; frons slightly convex, roundly merging with vertex ; ocelli in male moder-
ately large, lateral ocelli placed above and slightly internally to antennal bases ; compound
eyes small, oval, strongly convex. Pronotum elongate, tectiform : median carina in prozona

REVISION OF THE PNEUMORIDAE

393

forming three large, upwardly protruding teeth and numerous small teeth on sides ; in metazona
median carina serrated and slightly arcuate ; four transverse sulci present ; at posterior sulcus
dorsum constricted ; metazona about twice as long as prozona, its posterior margin angular.
Elytra and wings vestigial and completely hidden under pronotum. Abdomino-femoral
stridulatory mechanism absent, but vestige of serration on internal side of hind femur is detect-
able. Hind femur comparatively long ; Brunner's organ absent. Arolium large. Abdomen
slender, of usual acridoid shape. Supra-anal plate elongate angular, with transverse furrow ;
cercus short, conical ; subgenital plate acutely conical, at apex slightly excised.

FIG. 38. Paraphysemacris spinosus. i, male. 2, male face. 3, phallic complex, from
above. 4, end of male abdomen, lateral view. 5, the same, from above.

394 V. M. DIRSH

Phallic complex of usual Bullacris group type, membranous, on dorsal side with a pair of
lateral, inflated valves, and in ventro-posterior part is a membranous sac-like formation ;
endophallus with a pair of elongate, lateral sclerotizations. Epiphallus shield-like, with pro-
truding posterior projections and three teeth at anterior margin.

Type species : Paraphysemacris spinosus Dirsh, 1963.

In shape and pattern this genus superficially resembles Physemacris. However,
it probably has only remote relationship with that genus. The non-inflated abdo-
men, absence of stridulatory mechanism and vestigial wings are sufficient characters
to place Paraphysemacris into an entirely different group.

Paraphysemacris spinosus Dirsh, 1963
(Text-fig. 38)

Paraphysemacris spinosus Dirsh, 1963 : 184.

cj Type. Antenna 22-segmented, about half as long as head and pronotum together.
Fastigial furrow weak ; vertex short and broad. Prozona of pronotum with three large,
median teeth and numerous lateral teeth and tubercles ; metazona tuberculate ; lateral
carinae detectable as elongate tubercle-like formations. Anterior and middle femora tubercu-
late, moderately slender ; hind femur long, slender but strong ; lower lobes of hind knee
angular, with obtuse apices.

General coloration greenish ; scale-like flattened tubercles and spots scattered on pronotum,
pleura and abdomen, spots of irregular form, silvery white or slightly yellowish.
Only males known.
Length of body <$ 22-25-5 ; pronotum <$ 11-5-12 ; hind femur <$ 12-5-13-2 mm.

Material examined. Type <$. Type locality : Cape Province : Kuyana, (British
Museum (Natural History) ; " South Africa ". i <$ paratype. (Stockholm
Museum) .

REFERENCES

BOLIVAR, I. 1906. Rectificaciones y observaciones ortopterologicas. Bol. R. Soc, esp. Hist.

nat., 6 : 390-3.
DIRSH, V. M. 1956. The phallic complex in Acridoidea (Orthoptera) in relation to taxonomy.

Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 108, 7 : 223-356, pi. 66.

- 1961. Note on Acridoidea of Africa, Madagascar and Asia. Eos, Madr. 37, 4 : 381-398.

- 1961. A preliminary revision of the families and subfamilies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera,
Insecta). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.}, Entom. 10, No. 9 : 349-419.

- 1963. Three new genera and species of the family Pneumoridae. Eos, Madr. 39, 1-2 :
177-184.

FABRICIUS, J. C. 1775. Systema entomologiae . [xxxii] +832 pp. Lipsiae.
HASKELL, P. T. 1961. Insect Sounds. viii + iSg pp., 15 pis., text illust. London.
HELWIG, E. R. 1958. Cytology and taxonomy BIOS, 29, No. 2 : 59-72. Biological

Fraternity, Mount Vernon, Iowa, U.S.A.
HESSE, A. J. 1936. The sound producing or stridulatory organs of a few Peninsula insects.

Cape Nat. 1 : 70-76, 7 figs.
ISELY, F. B. 1944. Correlation between mandibular morphology and food specificity in

grasshoppers. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 37 : 47-67, 4 figs.
JOHNSTON, H. B. 1956. Annotated Catalogue of African Grasshoppers, xxii+833 pp.

Cambridge.

. en Afrika

K.RBY, W. F ,1, „„

-. -„, »,.,

THUNBERG, C. P

Amsterdam

" '">""""

,-„

Europ
p

' p' ?*-~v*o t« jzuro-be
London.

- 1810. Nya Arter af
54-65, pi. 2.

nsec.erne

>°' ' P'- 3 figs. '

, made between tl,r ,

be.skH.na.

och
r??o and I779. 4 V(),s

Africa
insec, Wing tracheae.

396

V. M. DIRSH

INDEX
(Synonyms are shown in italics)

absidata, 381
boschimana, 370
browni, 391
BULLA, 353
BULLACRIS, 353
consobrina, 363
CYSTOCOELIA, 385
discolor, 363
granulata, 377
GRYLLUS, 355
immaculata, 355
inanis, 385
intermedia, 359
livingstoni, 381
LOCUST A, 355
longicornis, 361
maculata, 371
MANTIS, 355
marmorata, 371
membracioides, 361
miranda, 382
namaqua, 375
namaquensis, 356
obliqua, 368
ocellata, 363
papillosa, 368
papillosus, 374

PARABULLACRIS, 388
paradoxa, 355
PARAPHYSEMACRIS, 392
PERINGUEYACRIS, 375
PHYSEMACRIS, 371
PHYSOPHORINA, 379
PNEUMORA, 385
PNEUMORACRIS, 389
Pompholyx, 377
PROSTALIA, 377
pulicarius, 355
pupillata, 363
rubens, 355
scutellaire, 385
serrata, 365
sexguttata, 385
SHORTRIDGEA, 379
spinosus, 354
spinulosa, 371
subalata, 377
thalassina, 356
thunbergii, 368
unicolor, 355
vansoni, 388
variolosus, 371
vinaceus, 356

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

A REVISION OF THE GENUS
MICROPENTILA AURIVILLIUS
(LEPIDOPTERA : LYCAENIDAE)

H. STEMPFFER

AND
N. H. BENNETT

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. 11

LONDON: 1965

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA
AURIVILLIUS (LEPIDOPTERA : LYCAENIDAE)

H. STEMPFFER

4 rue St. Antoine, Paris, IVe

and
N. H. BENNETT

British Museum (Natural History)

-H

istory) V

Pp. 397-434 : 31 Text-figures, 4 Plates

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 15 No. u

LONDON : 1965

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 15, No. n of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1965

TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

Issued 2jih May, 1963 Price Twenty-five Shillings

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA
AURIVILLIUS (LEPIDOPTERA : LYCAENIDAE)

By H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

SYNOPSIS

The genus Micropentila is divided into nine species-groups, based on genitalic characters.
In addition to the twelve species described by earlier authors sixteen new ones are described
and figured hereunder.

THE genus Micropentila was erected by Aurivillius in 1895 in Entomologisk Tids-
krift 16 : 202, with Liptena adelgitha Hewitson as generotype. As generic characters
the author pointed out : — Club of the antenna oval, short and well differentiated
from the shaft. Underside of the palpus furnished with erect bristles or piliform
scales. The author also stated that the venation of Micropentila is like that of
Liptena, but it would be more accurate to say like that of some Liptena, for the
venation is not uniform throughout the latter genus.

In Micropentila the venation is as follows :—

Forewing : 12 veins, 4 from the lower angle of the cell, 5 nearer to 6 than to 4, 6 from
the upper angle of the cell, 7 also from this angle or a little behind, 8 and 9 stalked
on 7, 10 and n free from the upper border of the cell. Hindwing : 3 and 4 from the
lower angle of the cell or very shortly stalked, 5 nearer to 6 than to 4, 6 from the
upper angle of the cell, 7 from a little behind the angle.

c£. Genital armature : Of the general Liptenine pattern, but exhibiting considerable
diversity in the shape of the penis, according to species. It appears, therefore, that
Micropentila does not constitute a truly homogeneous phyllum. However, as the
genus is well characterized by a common pattern of facies, medium to small size,
upperside black with small white dots or a postdiscal yellow stripe, underside black
with numerous white spots or a postdiscal yellow stripe, the genus is easily recognized
from these characters at first glance. So, for convenience of study, we have not
divided Micropentila into subgenera according to penis shape, but only into sections,
or species-groups, detailed hereunder.

Section A (penis bulbous at base, with an excised distal end).
adelgitha Hewitson, subplagata Baker and souanke sp. n.

Section B (penis long and curved, valvae like those of some Liptena).

fulvula Hawker Smith

Section C (penis long, cylindrical, bent at a right-angle near its base, distal end
coiled).

adelgunda Staudinger, bitjeana sp. n., dorothea Baker and gabunica sp. n.

Section D (penis rather long, tapering to a fine point).

brunnea Kirby, victoriae sp. n., katerae sp. n., /. ? (Uganda, Bwamba), /. ?
(Uganda, Kigezi, Kayonza Forest) , flavopunctata sp. n., jacksoni Talbot, bakotae
sp. n., nigeriana sp. n., mpigi sp. n., fontainei sp. n., fuscula Grose Smith,
ogojae sp. n. and kelleana sp. n.

400

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

Section E (penis shorter and thicker than in D).
alberta Staudinger and mabangi Baker

Section F (penis long, thin, strongly arched).

cingulum H. H. Druce and ugandae Hawker Smith

Section G (penis long, slightly arched).
sankuru sp. n.

Section H (penis short, distal extremity bulbous, bifid).
katangana sp. n. and cherereti sp. n.

Section I (penis short, distal extremity broadly concave).
bunyoro sp. n.

Genitalia text-figures

It will be observed that each group of genitalia text-figures bears a single identi-
fying serial number. In order to help with the comparison of the component parts
a typical armature is figured below, with the parts identified by initial letters, which
are explained in the legend.

FIG. i. A typical Micropentila genitalia, M. dorothea <$.

u — uncus ; su — subunci ; x — tegumen ; v — vinculum ;
s — saccus ; VA — valvae ; P — penis ; FI— fultura inferior.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA 401

Notes on Life-histories and Habits.

Very little is known of the life-histories and habits of Micropentila and we are
indebted to T. H. E. Jackson of Kitale for the following information.

" Apart from the fact that the eggs are laid on twigs or lichen-covered tree-
trunks frequented by Crematogaster ants the early stages of the genus are
completely unknown.

The many species are mostly rare and are found only in tropical forest regions ;
they prefer semi-shade and shun full sunlight. They are usually found as
singletons, but occasionally in some species, a few males will be found together,
flying rapidly and settling on the ends of dead twigs. Due to their small size,
cryptic colouring and rapid flight in half light they are exceedingly difficult
to follow.

A few of the species are reasonably common ; M. adelgitha Hew., in Nigeria
and the Cameroons, can be found in some numbers on occasions, feeding from
plant-glands on tall grasses bordering forest paths ; M. brunnea Kirby flies low
down and can be found in singletons, sitting on or flying round dead twigs on
the verges of the paths ; the same applies to M. victor iae sp. n. in Uganda ;
M. jacksoni Talbot can often be found in three or four small communities along
a certain path at Katera, Sango Bay, Uganda, it flies about twelve feet up,
settling on dead twigs, and there is usually a female around.

Other species are exceedingly rare and occur only in " pockets " or " islands "
in the forest, always associated with an ant-tree. Examples of these are M.
katerae sp. n. and M. subplagata Baker. Both of these occurred in one place
only, also in the Sango Bay area ; each species was associated with a single
ant-tree and a few specimens were taken year after year. Then the two trees
were cut down and neither species has been seen since.

Finally, some species seem to be confined to the canopy and the building of
ladders up suitable Crematogaster-trees, in recent years, has produced a few
species in some numbers, which have never been taken at ground level.

Micropentila is an intriguing genus, well worth further study, as it is obvious
that many more species await discovery."

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are greatly indebted to T. H. E. Jackson of Kitale, Kenya, not only for
providing a large proportion of the material studied to make this revision, but also,
as the man on the spot, for all the information, already quoted, concerning life
history and habits. To Monsieur L. A. Berger we are grateful for the loan of types
from the Tervuren Museum. Our thanks also to Dr. H. J. Hannemann, who
provided us with types from the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu
Berlin. We also wish to thank B. H. Hanson of the Stockholm Museum for precise
information as to the fate of the type of M. triangularis .

402

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

Section A

Micropentila adelgitha (Hewitson)

(Text-fig. 2)

Liptena adelgitha Hewitson, 1874 : 36.
Liptena moneta Mabille, 1890 : 23, pi. 2, fig. 4.

<J. Genital armature Text-fig. 2 ; uncus divided into two subtriangular lobes with blunt
apices, separated by a very deeply curved anterior border of the tergite ; subunci long, slender,
curved ; tegumen wide ; vinculum narrow, bearing a pointed saccus ; valvae oblong, with
blunt apices; penis cylindrical, with a bulbous base, distal end slightly dilated and with an
excised tip.

s u

FIG. 2. M. adelgitha $, genitalia.

Distribution : NIGERIA, CAMEROONS, GABOON, REPUBLIC of CONGO, CONGO : Ituri.

Micropentila subplagata Baker
(Text-fig. 3)

Micropentila subplagata Baker, 1915 : 189.

cJ. Genital armature Text-fig. 3 ; uncus and subunci very similar to those of adelgitha ;
tegumen wide ; dorsal half of the vinculum also very wide, ventral half only moderately wide
with a short, blunt saccus ; valvae narrow, slightly angled and with excised apices ; penis
cylindrical, evenly curved.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA

4°3

FIG. 3. M. subplagata <$, genitalia.

Distribution : SOUTH CAMEROONS, Bitje, Ja Riv. (HT & AT.), UGANDA, Masaka,
Katera (T. H. E. Jackson).

Micropentila souanke sp. n.

(Text-fig. 4, pi. i, figs. 32, 33, <$, 34, 35, $)

Darker and more heavily marked than subplagata.

<$. Frons black with two lateral fine white lines ; palpi above black, beneath white, without
erected scales ; antennae ringed with black and white, club above black, beneath yellowish ;
legs ringed with black and white.

Wings upperside : Forewing, intense black ; hindwing, black with a yellowish orange costal
spot, smaller than in subplagata, its lower border following the lower margin of the cell, then
along vein 4, then curving to join the marginal border near the extremity of vein 8. Fringes
black.

Wings underside : blackish with striae and spots of vivid yellow. Forewing : a small stria
in the middle of the cell, others between veins 4 and 7, outside the discoidals, between veins 9
and 7 ; anteterminal striae between veins 8 and 6, 6 and 5, 5 and 4, 4 and 3, 2 and i ; a narrow

4°4

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

edging along the internal border. Hindwing : a spot at the rear of the costal border, one in
the cell, one between veins 2 and IB, one postdiscal, irregular, between veins 6 and 2, a small
one on vein IB ; an irregular submarginal stripe, interrupted between veins 4 and 3 ; some
yellow scales along the abdominal border. Fringes black.

Size : forewing length, 10 mm., wings expanse, 19 mm.

(J. Genital armature : Text-fig. 4, near that of subplagata, but with stouter and shorter
subunci.

SIL

FIG. 4. M. souanke <$, genitalia.

$. Frons, palpi, antennae and legs as in <$.

Wings upperside : yellow with a tinge of orange, with black markings as follows : Forewing :
wide costal border, covering the cell ; apical patch and very wide marginal border, narrowed
between vein 2 and the tornus. Hindwing : very wide marginal border, covering one-third of
the wing, the internal margin irregular, enclosing a series of small submarginal dots. Fringes
black with small white interruptions.

Wings underside : black with vivid yellow spots and striae. Forewing : Two small sub-
costal striae, one small stria in the middle of the cell, a large one outside the discoidals ; a wide
irregular postdiscal fascia, running from vein 10 to vein 2, where it joins a wide stripe which
edges the internal border ; an irregular series of anteterminal spots from vein 9 to vein 2, the
spots between 9 and 6 more distant from the marginal border ; an irregular marginal series.
Hindwing : Spot at the rear of the costal margin ; a subbasal stria ; a spot between 2 and IB;
a large irregular postdiscal spot between 6 and 3 ; irregular submarginal series ; some yellow
scales along the abdominal border. Fringes as on the upperside.

Size : length of forewing 9-5 mm., wing expanse 18 mm.

Holotype <$ : REPUBLIC OF CONGO, Souanke Sembe dist., Jan., 1960 (T. H.
E. Jackson) B.M. Type No. Rh. 16883.

Allotype $ : same locality, March, 1960 (T. H. E. Jackson) B.M. Type No. Rh.
16884.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA 405

Section B

Micropentila fulvula Hawker Smith
(Text-fig. 5 ; pi. i, figs. 36, 37, $ neallotype)

Micropentila fulvula Hawker Smith, 1933 : 9.

cJ. Genital armature : Text-fig. 5, uncus deeply excised at the distal margin ; subunci short
and stout, with an apophyse on the lower border ; tegumen oval ; vinculum narrow with a long
saccus ; valvae rather long, the distal area deeply divided, the upper process wide and excised
at the apex, the lower one long and very slender (the overall shape of the valvae reminiscent of
some Liptena of the opaca group). Penis long, slightly expanded internally, strongly curved
externally and a little dilated at the tip.

SUL-_r

V A

FIG. 5. M. fulvula <$, genitalia.

$. (Not previously described.) Only differs from the $ in the slightly paler fulvous tint
of the upperside and in the absence of the discoidal mark on the hindwing.

Neallotype $ : REPUBLIC OF CONGO, Souanke Sembe dist., Feb., 1960 (T. H. E.
Jackson) B. M. Type No. Rh. 16885.

406 H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

Section C

Micropentila adelgunda (Staudinger)
(Text-fig. 6 ; pi. i, figs. 38, 39, $ holotype)

Teriomima adelgunda Staudinger, 1891 : 219.

<J. Genital armature : Text-fig. 6, uncus with lateral margins slightly concave, anterior
border rather more deeply concave ; subunci stout, bent ; vinculum fairly narrow, with a wide
saccus terminating in a broad, inwardly directed crescent ; penis with a small fultura inferior
which projects from the right-angled base, then straight until the distal extremity, which is
coiled and dilated ; valvae oblong, the lower margin excised near the apex.

FIG. 6. M. adelgunda $, genitalia.

The $ appears to be unknown ; however, the figure in Seitz, plate 62E, has the
white spots of the upperside f orewing larger than in the holotype <$ — it may be a $ !

Habitat : CAMEROONS, Johann Albrechts Hohe, Barombi Station (holotype),
other specimens in B.M. (N.H.) from this locality.

In Seitz : 340, Aurivillius quotes " from Cameroons to Ogowe " but his specimens
from Gaboon may belong to gabunica sp. n.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA 407

Micropentila bitjeana sp. n.

(Text-fig. 7 ; pi. i, figs. 40, 41, <£ holotype)

<J. Very similar to M. adelgunda in facies, but readily separated from that species by the
genital armature.

<£. Genital armature : Text-fig. 7, uncus with the anterior margin less concave than in
adelgunda, lateral margins straighter ; subunci longer and comparatively slender ; saccus
completely different, being a simple elongate triangle ; valvae broader and more rounded.

FIG. 7. M. bitjeana <$, genitalia.

Size : forewing length 14 mm., wings expanse 26 mm.
?. Unknown.

Holotype $ : S. CAMEROONS, Bitje, Ja River. B.M. Type No. Rh. 16886.

Micropentila dorothea Baker
(Text-fig. 8 ; pi. i, figs. 42, 43, $ neallotype)

Micropentila dorothea Baker, 1903 : 327.

<J. Genital armature : Text-fig. 8, anterior border of the uncus hollowed in a regular curve,
lateral borders slightly concave ; subunci long, angled near base ; tegumen broad ; vinculum

408

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

narrow, with an elaborate saccus which is of similar type to that of adelgunda ; fultura inferior
encircling the base of the penis, which is typical of the species of this section ; valvae oblong,
divided in the distal area into two very unequal lobes.

FIG. 8. M. dorothea $, genitalia.

$. (Not previously described.) Differs from <J as follows : —

Wings upperside : the dots of the forewing are yellowish-white instead of white, and appre-
ciably larger. (In one specimen from Nigeria, Obubia, Ogoja, there is an extra yellowish dot
between 6 and 5 and the anteterminal spot extends from 5 to 2, the whole forming a nearly
continuous fascia.)

Wings underside : all the light-coloured designs are enlarged and slightly yellowish.
Size : forewing length 12-13 mm., wings expanse 22-25 mm.

Neallotype $
No. Rh. 16887.

SIERRA LEONE, Moyamba,

ex Cator coll., B.M. Type

Habitat : SIERRA LEONE, Moyamba ; Fulu Wusu ; Kholifa ; IVORY COAST ;
GHANA, Ho ; Kpandu ; Odumasi Swamp ; Coomassie ; NORTHERN NIGERIA,
Bassa Prov. ; SOUTHERN NIGERIA, Ogoja ; Ikom ; Obubia ; Afikpo-Onitsha ;
Udi ; Awka Mamu Forest ; Behin ; Ubiaja ; WEST CAMEROONS, Mamfe.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA 409

Micropentila gabunica sp. n.

(Text-fig. 9 ; pi. i, figs. 44, 45, <? ; 46, 47, ?)

Closely akin to dorothea, but may be separated therefrom by the following
characters :—

<J. Upperside forewing with smaller white dots. Upperside hindwing the white dots are
either wholly absent or reduced to near invisibility. Underside : white dots arranged as in
dorothea, but somewhat smaller.

Size : 22-25 mm. (dorothea 25 mm.)

c£. Genital armature : Text-fig. 9, distal portion of the valvae different from that of dorothea,
the extremity of the upper lobe longer and strongly curved, that of the lower lobe wider and more
rounded.

FIG. 9. M. gabunica <$, genitalia.

$. As in (J, the white spots and blotches are smaller than in dorothea.

Size : 22-23 mm. (dorothea 23-25 mm.).

Holotype <$ : GABOON, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16888.

Allotype ? : GABOON, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16889.

Paratypes : i $, Gaboon, i $, Lake Asebe, Fernan Vaz, ex coll. Rothschild, both
in B.M. (N.H.) collection ; i $, Bas Ogove, Ngomo, in Mus. Paris collection ; i $,
ex Godman-Salvin coll. ; i $ without locality, ex Joicey coll., both in B.M. (N.H.)
coll.

4io

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

Section D

Micropentila brunnea (Kirby)
(Text-fig. 10)

Lucia (?) brunnea Kirby, 1887 : 368.

Micropentila brunnea (Kirby) Aurivillius, 1920, in Seitz 13 : 340, figs. 646.

The type is a <$ without precise locality (West Africa), genitalia preparation, slide

2353-

Hindwing underside : the postdiscal band is moderately broad and of pale yellowish-grey
coloration (but the specimen is old) .

FIG. 10. M. brunnea <$, genitalia.

IVORY
Mamf e ;

$. Upperside : the postdiscal yellow band complete on both wings, on the forewing narrow
towards the costa, broad at the middle ; on the hindwing rather narrow. Underside : post-
discal band complete on both wings, wider and more yellowish than in $.

Distribution : Typical race, SIERRA LEONE, Moyamba ; LIBERIA
COAST ; S. NIGERIA, Oban ; Calabar, Aningejo ; WEST CAMEROONS, Bitje
GABOON ; CONGO, Beni, Ituri (one example).

NIGERIA, Ikom, a race possibly worthy of a name ?

<J. Underside postdiscal band of hindwing more yellow.

$. Upperside hindwing postdiscal band much wider and vivid yellow.

$. Underside postdiscal band wide and yellow.

S. NIGERIA, Ogoja, Ikom ; Onitsha, Awke Mamu Forest ; W. CAMEROONS,
Kumbe ; FERNANDO Po.
MIDDLE CONGO race.

$. Upperside : forewing postdiscal yellow band more or less suffused with grey.
. Underside : like the Ikom race.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA

411

Micropentila victoriae sp. n.

(Text-fig, ii ; pi. i, figs. 48, 49, $, 50, 51, 9)

Differs from brunnea as follows :

<J. Underside : hindwing postdiscal band greyish white, almost linear.

?. Upperside : forewing postdiscal band completely suffused with faintly yellowish grey ;
hindwing band yellow, of medium breadth.

?. Underside : hindwing postdiscal band of medium breadth, pale yellow.

c£. Genital armature : no constant difference has been discovered between this species and
brunnea.

s-— -

FIG. ii. M. victoriae <$, genitalia.

Size : appreciably larger than brunnea.

Holotype $ : UGANDA, Mpigi, Mpanga Forest (T. H. E. Jackson) B.M. Type
No. Rh. 16890.

Allotype 9 : same locality, August, 1961 (T. H. E. Jackson) B.M. Type No.
Rh. 16891.

Paratypes : 6 <£, 4 9, same locality (T. H. E . Jackson), in Stempffer collection, i <$,
3 9, UGANDA, Masaka, Katera (T. H. E. Jackson) in B.M. (N.H.) collection. 2 <$,
same locality, in Stempffer collection, i $, 2 9, UGANDA, Unyoro, Budongo Forest
(T. H. E. Jackson) in B.M. (N.H.) collection, i <$, same locality, in Stempffer
collection, i <£, UGANDA, Sesse Islands, Bugalla (T. H. E. Jackson] in Stempffer
collection, i 9, UGANDA, Toro, Mpanga Forest, 4,800' (S. A. Neave) in B.M. (N.H.)
collection. 2 ^, i 9> CONGO, Beni, Ituri, 4,000' (T. H. E. Jackson) in B.M.
(N.H.) collection.

412 H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

Micropentila katerae sp. n.

(Text-fig. 12 ; pi. i, figs. 52, 53, <?, 54, 55, ?)

<$. Differs from brunnea as follows : Upper side forewing : the middle dark area of the wing
is limited on the inner side by a thin, greyish-white line, on the outer side by a greyish-white
postdiscal line, so the whole wing appears to be divided into three zones. Underside forewing :
there is a weak trace of a subbasal transverse line resembling that of the upperside ; postdiscal
and anteterminal lines as in brunnea, in addition there is a subapical greyish-white dot between
the anteterminal line and the outer border. Underside hindwing : Postdiscal stripe greyish-
white instead of yellowish or yellow, with rather diffuse borders. These characters are constant
in the three males examined.

Size : length of forewing 12-5 mm., wing expanse 23 mm.

FIG. 12. M. katerae <$, genitalia.

o*. Genital armature : Text-fig. 12, similar to that of brunnea.

$. Upperside of both wings has postdiscal bands narrower and yellowish-white instead of
pure, vivid yellow. Underside : as in $, the postdiscal band is narrower than in brunnea,
slightly greyish-white instead of yellow, with a small greyish-white subapical spot on the
forewing.

Size : length of forewing n mm., wing expanse 21 mm.

Holotype <$ : UGANDA, Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera (r. H. E. Jackson) B.M.
Type No. Rh. 16892.

Allotype $ : same locality (r. H. E. Jackson) B.M. Type No. Rh. 16893.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA 413

Form ? UGANDA, Kigezi.
(Text-fig. 13, pi. 2, figs. 56, 57, (?)

A (? from the above locality was at first thought by the authors to be the then
unknown <$ of ugandae Hawker Smith. This view was altered by evidence sub-
mitted by T. H. E. Jackson and genitalic details confirmed that this specimen is,
in fact, a member of the brunnea-group. It is separable from the other species in
the following details :

cJ. Genital armature : Text-fig. 13, close to the armatures of brunnea and katerae, but the
main part of the valva is longer and the distal end of the main process is digitate, very long
and slender.

FIG. 13. Form ?, Uganda, Kigezi, <J, genitalia.
We await the receipt of further material before naming this form.

Form ? UGANDA, Bwamba.
(Text-fig. 14)

Differs from the form described above in facies, but the genital armature is in
many respects similar. The valva is broad, with angular upper borders, the terminal
part of the main process digitate but a little shorter than in the preceeding form.

414

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

FIG. 14. Form ?, Uganda, Bwamba, <$, genitalia.

It is felt better to leave the description of this form until further material becomes
available.

Mi cropentila flavopunctata sp. n.

(Text-fig. 15 ; pi. 2, figs. 58, 59, $, 60, 61, $)
Differs from brunnea in the following characters :

<J . Upperside hindwing : the yellow patch on the abdominal border, situated at the end of
the postdiscal line, is decidedly larger than in brunnea. Underside: forewing, the postdiscal

/ \
su

FIG. 15. M. flavopunctata $, genitalia.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA

4*5

and anteterminal lines, nearly obsolete in the type from Bitje, are more clearly denned in the
two paratypes from Ikom. Hindwing : postdiscal band of medium width, pale yellow ;
indistinct submarginal lunules.

<J. Genital armature : Text-fig. 15, the apex of the valva is not so deeply excised, the end of
the upper process being shorter and more robust, bearing no tooth ; the end of the lower
process is triangular, not digitate.

$. Upperside forewing : postdiscal band narrow, slightly suffused with grey. Upperside
hindwing : postdiscal band wide, yellow, complete from costal to abdominal border. Underside
forewing : postdiscal band pale yellow, more distinct than on the Upperside ; anteterminal
and submarginal series of little white interneural striae. Underside hindwing : postdiscal
band pale yellow, a wide anteterminal and submarginal series of striae as in the forewing.

Holotype $ and allotype $ : S. CAMEROONS, Bitje, Ja River, B.M. Type Nos.
Rh. 16895, 16896.

Paratypes : 2 ^, S. NIGERIA, Ogoja, Ikom, March, 1956 (T. H. E. Jackson) in
Stempffer collection.

Micropentila jacksoni Talbot
(Text-fig. 16)

Micropentila jacksoni Talbot, 1937 : 61, pi. i, fig. 17 6*. ng- J4. ?•

<$. Genital armature : differs slightly from that of brunnea the apex of the valva is more
slender and somewhat shorter.

S- —

F V

FIG. 16. M. jacksoni $, genitalia.
Habitat : UGANDA, Masaka, Katera.

416

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

Micropentila bakotae sp. n.

(Text-fig. 17 ; pi. 2, figs. 62, 63, $, 64, 65, $)

cj. Frons covered with black hair ; second joint of palpi furnished on the underside with
long, erect hair ; antennal shaft ringed with black and white, club black with a small area of the
tip orange.

Wings upperside : blackish brown, both wings with a very thin greyish postdiscal line
which is, at the abdominal border, faintly tinged with yellow. Fringes blackish.

Wings underside : blackish. Forewing with a thin whitish postdiscal line, more distinct
in the costal zone, then interrupted ; an anteterminal line of interneural whitish striae ;
between this line and the outer margin a small subapical white dot. Hindwing : a thin
whitish postdiscal line, curved, a little wider towards the costa ; anteterminal and submarginal
series of small whitish crescents. Fringes as on upperside.

o*. Genital armature : Text-fig. 17, closely resembling those of the other species of this group.

FIG. 17. M. bakotae <$, genitalia.

Size : length of forewing, 11-5 mm., wings expanse, 21 mm.

$. Very similar to <J on both upper and undersides, but without any trace of the yellow
postdiscal band ; this feature is very noticeable, for it is unique in the brunnea group.

Size : length of forewing, 11-5 mm., wings expanse, 21 mm.

Holotype $ and allotype $ : REPUBLIC OF CONGO, Sembe, Souanke, January,
1960 (T. H. E. Jackson). B.M. Type Nos. Rh. 16897, 16898.

Paratypes : 4 <$, same locality, Jan. -Feb., 1960 (T. H. E. Jackson) ; i $, Etoumbi,
March, 1959 (T. H. E. Jackson) ; 3 <£, Ouesso, Ketta Forest, Dec. 1959 and April,
1960 (T. H. E. Jackson), all in B.M. (N.H.) collection. 3 <£ i $, Ouesso, Ketta
Forest, Dec. 1959 (T. H. E. Jackson), in Stempffer collection.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS M ICROPENTILA

417

Micropentila nigeriana sp. n.

(Text-fig. 18 ; pi. 2, figs. 66, 67, $, 68, 69, ?)

cj. Wings upperside. Forewing : black, with a very thin, almost invisible whitish postdiscal
line. Hindwing : black, with a wide yellow stripe extending from the abdominal border up
to vein 6.

Wings underside. Forewing : black, with two very small yellow dots in the cell ; postdiscal
line pale yellow, interrupted between veins 4 and 6 in the holotype and in the paratype from
Ikom, continuous in the paratype from Oshodi ; a fine yellow submarginal line, interrupted
by the veins. Hindwing : black, with a variable number of small yellowish subbasal dots ;
the postdiscal stripe yellowish from the costa to ib, narrowed between the costa and vein 6
in the holotype and in the Ikom paratype, less so in the Oshodi example ; a series of yellowish-
white submarginal lunules.

cj. Genital armature : Text-fig. 18, uncus deeply excised at the anterior border ; subunci
very thick around the median region, then thin with an acute extremity ; valvae oblong, with
blunt apices, the border of the upper process in each case angled about midway ; penis long,
strongly curved, with an acute terminal portion.

FIG. 18.

M. nigeriana $, genitalia.

?. Wings upperside. Forewing : black, with small dots in the cell, postdiscal stripe vivid
yellow, narrow towards the costa, wide towards the inner border. Hindwing : vivid yellow
postdiscal stripe, wider than in (J, from the abdominal border up to the costa.

Wings underside. Forewing : three little yellow dots in the cell ; postdiscal stripe as on
the upperside ; yellowish anteterminal striae ; yellowish submarginal line. Hindwing :
yellowish subbasal dots ; wide postdiscal stripe as on the upperside ; anteterminal series of
yellowish striae ; yellowish submarginal lunules.

Size : <J, length of forewing, 12 mm., wings expanse, 20-5 mm. $, length of forewing,
10-5 mm., wings expanse, 20 mm.

Holotype <£, NIGERIA, Calabar, Oban, Feb. 1921, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16899.
Allotype $ : same locality, Jan. 1921, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16900. Both ex Cator
coll.

418

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

Paratypes : NIGERIA, i <£, Lagos, Oshodi, April 1955 (T. H. E. Jackson), i $,
Ogoja, Ikom, Feb. 1956 (T. H. E. Jackson) ; i $, GHANA, Ashanti, Obuassi, end
of wet season, 1902 (G. E. Bergman) ; i $, NIGERIA, Ogoja, Ikom, March 1957
(T. H. E. Jackson) ; all in B.M. (N.H.) coll.

Micropentila mpigi sp. n.

(Text-fig. 19 ; pi. 2, figs. 70, 71, <$, 72, 73, ?)
Differs from nigeriana as follows :

cj. Wings underside. Forewing : only one little white dot in the cell, almost invisible ;
postdiscal line whitish instead of yellowish. Hindwing : postdiscal stripe white instead of
yellowish.

cj. Genital armature : Text-fig. 19, subunci slender, not dilated in the middle region ;
valvae, the border of the upper process evenly curved, not angled ; penis less strongly curved.

FIG. 19. M. mpigi <J, genitalia.

$. Underside forewing : only a very small dot in the cell ; postdiscal stripe pale yellow.
Underside hindwing : postdiscal stripe creamy white. In one $ paratype the postdiscal stripe
of the forewing upperside is linear from the costa to vein 7, interrupted from 7 to 5, then
moderately wide from 5 to the inner border.

Size : $ and $, length of forewing, 11-5 mm., wings expanse 22 mm. (so appreciably larger
than nigeriana).

Holotype $ and allotype $ : UGANDA, Mpigi, Mpanga Forest (T. H. E.Jackson)
B.M. Type Nos. Rh. 16901, 16902.

Paratypes : 8 ^, 2 $, same locality, Sept. -Oct. 1959 (T. H. E. Jackson), in
Stempffer collection.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA

419

Micropentila fontainei sp. n.

(Text-fig. 20 ; pi. 2, figs. 74, 75, <£, 76, 77, ?)
(Dedicated to Dr. M. Fontaine).

$. Frons covered with black hair, a white line between the eyes ; palpi furnished on the
underside with white and black scales ; shaft of the antennae ringed with black and white,
club black with orange at the tip.

Wings upperside black, with pattern as follows : forewing : a small white dot a little before
the end of the cell, another dot below the origin of vein 2 ; a postdiscal series of three small
white dots, one below the origin of vein 9, one between 7 and 6, one between 4 and 3. Hindwing :
a yellow postdiscal stripe, 2-5 to 3 mm. wide, extending from the abdominal border up to vein
6 ; this stripe is extended along the abdominal border nearly up to the base of the wing, and
reduced in width at this point to 1-5 mm. Fringes black, weakly checkered with white.

Wings underside blackish brown with pattern as follows : forewing : small, indistinct white
dots along the costa ; a dot in the cell as on the upperside ; a postdiscal series of small white
dots between the veins from the costa to vein 3 ; an anteterminal series of white dots, indistinct,
from the costa to vein 5 ; a submarginal series of indistinct white dots from the apex to vein 3 ;
a whitish grey area along the inner border. Hindwing : basal series of four white dots ;
a subbasal series of four white dots ; a postdiscal design made up of a white costal patch
between the costa and vein 7 and of a very irregular stripe which is either creamy white or
pale yellow ; this stripe is wide between veins 6 and 2, narrow between 2 and the abdominal
border ; an anteterminal series of indistinct whitish striae ; a marginal series of two whitish
patches between 7 and 6, 6 and 5 and of little interneural striae from vein 5 to the anal angle.
Fringes as on upperside.

Size : length of forewing, 12 mm., wings expanse, 22 mm.

<J. Genital armature : Text-fig. 20 ; uncus crescent shaped, only weakly excised at the top ;
subunci bent, slender ; tegumen moderately wide ; vinculum narrow with a long triangular
saccus ; valvae oblong, the lower border excised before the rounded apex ; penis long, weakly
curved, with a sharp extremity.

FIG. 20. M. fontainei $, genitalia.

420 H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

$. Differs from <J in the following characters : Upperside forewing : two yellowish dots in
the cell ; postdiscal series of three yellow dots, confluent, between the costa and vein 6, and of
a large, irregular yellow patch between veins 5 and 3. Hindwing : the postdiscal stripe a
little wider.

Underside forewing : two yellow dots in the cell ; postdiscal series continuous, formed of
three little yellow patches between the costa and vein 6, one stria between 6 and 5 and of a
large irregular patch between 5 and 2. Hindwing : as in $, but the basal, subbasal, ante-
terminal and submarginal dots are larger and more distinct, the postdiscal stripe wider.

Size : length of forewing, 12-5 mm., wings expanse, 23 mm.

Holotype <$ : CONGO, Sankuru, Katako Kombe, 2nd July, 1952 (Dr. M. Fontaine).

Allotype $ : same locality, 5th January, 1953 (Dr. M. Fontaine). Both in
Muse'e royal de 1'Afrique centrale, Tervuren.

Paratypes : i <$, same locality, I5th February, 1953 (Dr. M. Fontaine), in Stempffer
collection, i <$, UGANDA, Bwamba, March, 1958 (R. Carcasson), in Coryndon
Museum, Nairobi ; 2 °-» same locality, April, 1942 and March, 1959 (T. H. E.
Jackson], in B.M. (N.H.) collection.

Micropentila fuscula (Grose Smith)
(Text-fig. 21 ; pi. 2, figs. 78, 79, neallotype <£)

Teriomima fuscula Grose Smith, 1898 : 355.

Neallotype <£. Frons clad with blackish brown hair ; second joint of palpus laterally
compressed, clothed on the underside with erect brown and white scales ; antennal shaft
ringed with black and white, club black, tipped with orange.

Upperside forewing : lustrous rich brown, sparsely ornamented with creamy white dots as
follows : a small clearly denned dot in the outer end of the cell ; a postdiscal band consisting
of one very small dot on the costa, closely associated with two somewhat larger interneural
spots ; another spot, twice as large as the preceding, in space 4. Hindwing: ground colour
as in the forewing, the inner margin creamy white, a fine yellow postdiscal band of interneural
striae extending in a straight line towards the outer margin.

Underside forewing : ground colour paler brown than the upperside with numerous yellow
spots in the costal, apical and outer margins, a yellowish band extending the full length of the
hindmargin. Hindwing : ground colour slightly paler than the forewing underside, heavily
spotted and blotched with yellowish white, the most conspicuous marking being the postdiscal
band, in which several large spots coalesce to form a band more than one half the width of the
wing.

Size : length of forewing 12-5 mm., wings expanse 24 mm.

cj. Genital armature : Text-fig. 21, very similar to that of fontainei, the upper border of the
uncus rather more widely excised, the penis more acutely bent.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA

421

FIG. 21. M. fuscula <$, genitalia.

Habitat : NIGERIA, Warri (holotype ?) ; Ogoja, Ikom (neallotype <$), B.M.
Type No. Rh. 16903 ; both in the B. M. (N.H.) collection.

Micropentila ogojae sp. n.

(Text-fig. 22 ; pi. 3, figs. 80, 81, <? HT)

cJ. Frons furnished with long black hair ; shaft of antenna ringed with white.

Upperside forewing : black, without pattern or spotting. Hindwing : black, with a triangu-
lar orange yellow patch with a base extending over one-half of the abdominal border, nearly
reaching the anal angle, the peak of the triangle reaching vein 3. Fringes black, lightly
checkered with white.

Underside forewing : blackish brown, with minute indistinct dots between 9 and 8, 8 and 7,
7 and 6. Hindwing : blackish brown, with very small orange yellow dots between veins 6
and 5, 5 and 4, 2 and ib ; a faint trace of a complete anteterminal series of the same colour.
Fringes as on the upperside.

Size : length of forewing, 13 mm., wings expanse, 25 mm.

(£. Genital armature : uncus composed of two semicircular lobes separated by a little
rounded depression ; subunci long, curved, tapering evenly ; tegumen wide ; vinculum moder-
ately wide with a triangular saccus ; valvae long, subtriangular, with pointed apices ; penis
of small size, slightly bent.

$. Unknown.

422

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

s —

FIG. 22. M. ogojae <$, genitalia.

Holotype <$ : NIGERIA, Ogoja, Ikom, June, 1957 (T. H. E. Jackson) B.M. Type
No. Rh. 16904.

Paratypes : 2 $, REPUBLIC OF CONGO, Kelle, Feb. 1963 (T. H. E. Jackson) in
B.M. (N.H.) collection.

Micropentila kelleana sp. n.

(Text-fig. 23 ; pi. 3, figs. 82, 83, <?, 84, 85, ?)

Differs from ogojae in the shape of the orange patch of the upperside hindwing of <$.

cJ. Upperside forewing : blackish brown, without markings. Hindwing : blackish brown
with a roughly oval patch of orange yellow running alongside the abdominal margin.

Underside forewing : blackish brown, with two faint sordid markings on the costa, approach-
ing the apex. A paler zone lying between the hind margin and the first vein. Hindwing :
blackish brown, with a clearly marked, yellowish white, triangular costal marking ; an ochreous
suffusion on the inner margin. Close inspection shows also a very faintly indicated series of

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA

423

submarginal greyish lunules, also a very obscure spot of greyish white at the end of the cell.
These marks would no doubt be more apparent in an absolutely fresh specimen.

<$. Genital armature : the uncus trapezoidal, the subunci shorter and more angled than in
ogojae.

s— -

FIG. 23. M. kelleana <$, genitalia.

$. Upperside forewing : ground colour blackish brown, the most conspicuous marking
being a broad orange band based on the hind margin and terminating in a tapered point near
the end of the cell ; there is also a small costal spot of the same colour at about two-thirds
from the base of the wing. Hindwing : ground colour as in the forewing, bisected by an
orange yellow band, wide on the abdominal border and tapering somewhat to midway along
the upper border.

Underside forewing : three small, evenly spaced costal spots of pale yellow ; indistinct
marginal and submarginal bands of yellowish lunules ; a broad yellow band arising from the
hind margin and coinciding with that on the upper surface. Hindwing : a broad yellow band
corresponding with that on the upperside ; marginal and submarginal rows of heavily arched
greyish lunules.

Holotype $ and allotype $ : REPUBLIC OF CONGO, Moyen Congo, Kelle, Feb.
1963 (T. H. E. Jackson) B.M. Type Nos. Rh. 16910, 16911.

424 H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

Section E

Micropentila alberta (Staudinger)
(Text-fig. 24 ; pi. 3, figs. 86, 87, <J)
Teriomima alberta Staudinger, 1891 : 220.

The figure in Seitz, 13, pi. 620, is not good.

cJ. Genital armature : Text-fig. 24, upper border of uncus strongly excised ; subunci long,
arched ; vinculum moderately broad, with a long, pointed saccus ; valvae oblong, the upper
and lower processes divided near the apices ; penis robust, excised at its extremity.

FIG. 24. M. alberta $, genitalia.

Habitat : GABOON, Ogowe.

Micropentila mabangi Baker

(Text-fig. 25 ; pi. 3, figs. 88, 89, $ HT)

Micropentila mabangi Baker, 1904 : 226.

<J. Genital armature : Text-fig. 25, upper border of uncus deeply excised ; subunci long,
arched, narrow basally and distally, the middle section very slender ; valvae oblong, narrowed

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA

425

before the apex, which is directed outwards and rounded distally ; penis moderately thick,
the dorsal border greatly dilated about the middle section.

FIG. 25. M. mabangi <$, genitalia.

Size : length of forewing, 12 mm., wings expanse, 24 mm.
$. Unknown.

Habitat : SIERRA LEONE, Mabang.

Section F

Micropentila cingulum H. H. Druce
(Text-fig. 26 ; pi. 3, figs. 90, 91, ^ neallotype)

Micropentila cingulum H. H. Druce, 1910 : 364.

Something odd appears in the original description, the author says that his type
is a $ which does not differ from alberta on the upperside, but on the hindwing under-
side " carries a submarginal row of crescent-shaped lunules in place of a fine line ".
We know the $ of alberta only by the figure in plate 62E of Seitz, but see no trace of a
" fine line " in this figure. We think, therefore, that not only should the neallotype
<£ be described, but a more accurate re-description of the $ should be given.

cJ. Frons black ; palpi furnished with erect greyish scales ; antennal shaft ringed black
and white, club black, orange at the tip.

426

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

Upperside forewing : blackish brown with a greyish white postdiscal line, very thin and in-
distinct, sometimes obsolete. Hindwing : blackish brown, with a wide orange yellow stripe
running from vein 6 to the abdominal border, where it is widened. Fringes black, lightly
checkered with white.

Underside forewing : blackish brown with a narrow yellowish white postdiscal line ; ante-
terminal and submarginal lines of indistinct whitish lunules. Hindwing : blackish brown with
a wide yellowish postdiscal stripe, extending unbroken from the costa to the abdominal border ;
anteterminal and submarginal lines as on the forewing. Fringes as on the upperside.

Size : length of forewing, 11-5 mm., wings expanse, 20-22 mm.

(J. Genital armature : Text-fig. 26, uncus consisting of two lobes separated by a deep depres-
sion ; subunci rather short and thick, arched ; tegumen large ; vinculum narrow, with a
triangular saccus ; valvae oblong, strongly constricted before the apices ; penis long and very
thin, curved almost to a semicircle.

u —

s—

FIG. 26. M. cingulum <$, genitalia.

£. Frons, palpi and antennae as in <$.

Upperside forewing : blackish brown with a yellow postdiscal stripe extending from the
costa to the inner margin, this stripe being narrow at the costa and broadening towards the
inner margin. Hindwing : blackish brown with a wide yellow stripe, varying in individuals,
from the costa to the abdominal border. Fringes black, checkered white.

Underside forewing : blackish brown with a yellowish postdiscal stripe as on the upperside ;
anteterminal and submarginal lines of whitish lunules, more distinct than in <J. Hindwing :
blackish brown with a yellowish postdiscal line, narrower than on the upperside ; anteterminal
and submarginal lines as in the forewing. Fringes as on the upperside.

Size : length of forewing, 10-5 mm., wings expanse, 19-20 mm.

Holotype $ and neallotype $ in B.M. (N.H.) collection.

Habitat : SOUTH CAMEROONS, Bitje, Ja River ; GABOON, Lastoursville (P.
Rougeot) ; REPUBLIC OF CONGO, Sembe ; Etoumbi ; Ouesso, Ketta Forest (T. H. E.
Jackson) B.M. Type No. Rh. 16905.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA 427

Micropentila ugandae Hawker Smith stat. n.
(Text-fig. 27 ; pi. 3, figs. 92, 93, <$, 94, 95, $)

Micropentila cingulum ugandae Hawker Smith, 1933 : 10.

This form was described by Hawker Smith from what was, at the time, a unique
$. The recent discovery of the <$ has, from genitalic examination, proved that he
erred in describing it as a subspecies of cingulum. There are such obvious differences
in the two armatures that ugandae must be rated as a distinct species, though by
its penis shape it is placed in the same group as cingulum.

Neallotype <J. Frons covered with blackish hair ; second joint of palpi furnished with long,
black, erect hairs ; antennal shaft ringed with black and white, club black tipped with orange.

Wings upperside : blackish brown with pattern as follows : forewing : a very thin greyish
white postdiscal line, arching towards the outer margin, paler, wider and clearly denned near
the costa. Hindwing : postdiscal stripe vivid orange yellow, of an even width of about 1-5 mm.,
extending from the abdominal border to the vicinity of vein 6. Fringes checkered with black
and white, with white predominating near the apex.

Wings underside : blackish brown with creamy-white pattern. Forewing : two minute
dots along the costa, a thin postdiscal line, somewhat interrupted by the veins ; anteterminal
and submarginal series of very faint lunules ; a whitish zone along the inner border. Hindwing :
a few whitish scales in the basal zone ; a wide postdiscal stripe, orange yellow near the abdomi-
nal border and shading to pale yellow near the costa. Fringes as on the upperside.

Size : length of forewing, 11-5 mm., wings expanse, 21 mm.

5 — \ —

FIG. 27. M. ugandae <$, genitalia.

428 H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

<J. Genital armature : Text-fig. 27, uncus formed of two subtriangular lobes separated by a
rounded depression ; subunci arched and very slender ; tegumen ample, rectangular ; vinculum
moderately wide, with a triangular saccus ; valvae oblong, subtriangular ; penis long and very
slender, strongly arched.

Holotype $ and neallotype <$ in B.M. (N.H.) collection.

Neallotype <$ : REPUBLIC OF CONGO, Ouesso, Ketta Forest, Dec. 1959 (T. H. E.
Jackson) B.M. Type No. Rh. 16912.

Paratypes : REPUBLIC OF CONGO, Ouesso, Dec. 1959 (T. H. E. Jackson) i $
in B.M. (N.H.) coll. ; 4 $, 2 $, same data, in Stempffer collection ; i <$, Etoumbi,
Nov.-Dec. 1960 (T. H. E. Jackson) in Stempffer collection ; i £, CONGO, Uele,
Paulis, Jan. 1958 (Dr. M. Fontaine) in Stempffer collection ; 2 $, same data, in
Musee royal de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren ; i $, Stanleyville, in Coryndon
Museum, Nairobi ; i ^, S. CAMEROONS, Bitje in B.M. (N.H.) collection ; 2 $,
i $, UGANDA, Unyoro, Budongo Forest (T. H. E. Jackson) in B.M. (N.H.) collection ;
i (£, i $, GABOON, Lastoursville (P. Rougeot) in Stempffer collection.

In the specimens from Paulis the postdiscal yellow stripe of the hindwing is
slightly narrower than in the examples, from Republic of Congo and Gaboon, but the
genitalia are identical.

Section G

Micropentila sankuru sp. n.

(Text-fig. 28 ; pi. 3, figs. 96, 97, <$, 98, 99, $)

cJ. Frons furnished with black hair, with two lateral white lines ; second joint of the palpi
black above, white underneath ; shaft of the antennae ringed with black and white, club black,
orange tipped.

Wings upperside : black, with pure white spots disposed as follows : Forewing : a spot on
the discoidals ; a triangular one below the origin of vein 2 ; a postdiscal series of three dots,
one below the origin of vein 9, one between 7 and 6, a larger one between 4 and 3. Hindwing :
one spot, very indistinct, on the discoidals, a postdiscal series of one indistinct dot near the
costal border, one, fairly large, between 4 and 3, three very small between 3 and IB, one, fairly
large between IB and the extremity of IA. Fringes black, strongly checkered with white.

Wings underside : black, with pure white dots as follows : forewing : two dots in the cell :
one on the discoidals ; five little dots along the costal border ; postdiscal series as on the upper-
side ; an anteterminal series of four dots from the costa to vein 4 ; a submarginal series from
vein 7 to vein 2, the dot between veins 6 and 5 much larger than the others ; a greyish white
area along the inner border. Hindwing : basal series of seven dots, one above the origin of vein
8, one between 8 and the upper border of the cell, two in the cell, two between the lower border
of the cell and IB, one between IB and IA ; a subbasal series of four dots, one above the origin

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA

429

of vein 7, one in the cell, one between 2 and IB, one between IB and IA ; a little stria on the
discoidals ; a postdiscal series comprising a big dot between the costal border and 7, a very
irregular stripe between 6 and 2, widened between 6 and 3, little dots between 2 and the abdo-
minal border ; an anteterminal series of very small dots between the apex and the anal angle ;
a submarginal series of crescents from the apex to the anal angle, the one between the extremities
of 6 and 5 much larger than the others. Fringes as on the upperside.

Size : length of forewing, 13 mm., wings expanse, 25 mm.

c£. Genital armature : Text-fig. 28, uncus crescent shaped with anterior border slightly
excised ; subunci arched, fairly robust ; tegumen oval ; vinculum narrow with a pointed saccus ;
valvae suboval with triangular apices ; penis long, slightly arched, the distal fourth strongly
narrowed.

s— —

FIG. 28. M. sankuru $, genitalia.

$. Differs little from <$ in facies, but the submarginal white crescents of the underside hind-
wing are rather larger.

Size : length of forewing, 13 mm., wings expanse, 24 mm.

Holotype <$ : CONGO, Sankuru, Katako Kombe, 3rd March, 1953 (Dr. M. Fontaine).

Allotype $ : same locality, 8th Feb. 1953 (Dr. M. Fontaine) both in the Musee
royal de 1'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, collection.

Paratypes : 2<£, same locality, 2ist April 1953, 5th May, 1953 in Tervuren collec-
tion and Stempffer collection.

430

H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

Section H

Micropentila katangana sp. n.

(Text-fig. 29 ; pi. 3, figs. 100, 101, $)

<$. Frons clothed with long, erect hair ; second joint of palpus greatly compressed laterally,
furnished with long whitish and brown scales ; antennal shaft ringed black and white, club
blackish, orange tipped.

Upper side forewing : uniform blackish brown with only a small orange dot at the end of the
cell. Hindwing : blackish brown with a large oval patch, vivid orange in the distal half ; this
patch extends from the abdominal border up to a little beyond vein 5, its upper border nearly
straight, its lower border concave ; it is prolonged along the abdominal border nearly up to the
base of the wing. Fringes brown, checkered with white between the veins.

Wings underside : dark brown with the following designs : forewing : three small whitish
dots along the costa ; a pale orange dot at the end of the cell ; pale orange postdiscal stria
between 4 and 3 ; a double anteterminal series of small pale orange striae, irregular and indistinct.

X^v^ -— v

-7

FIG. 29. M. katangana $, genitalia.

Hindwing : five basal and subbasal pale orange dots ; a little dot of the same colour on the
discoidals ; a narrow postdiscal stripe, irregular, crossing the wing from the costa to IB, this

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA 431

stripe composed of a rounded spot, yellowish white, between 8 and 7, a very narrow stria, also
yellowish white, between 7 and 6, a fairly wide yellowish white stripe between 6 and 3, two pale
orange striae between 3 and 2, 2 and IB ; between IB and the abdominal border some light
greyish scales. Fringes as on the upperside.

Size : length of forewing, 13-5 mm., wings expanse, 25 mm.

<J. Genital armature : Text-fig. 29, uncus bilobed, deeply excised at the anterior border ;
subunci long, arched, the lower border slightly angled ; vinculum moderately wide, with a long,
digitate saccus ; fultura inferior blade shaped, arched ; valvae oblong, subrectangular, the
lower border excised before the rounded apex ; peuis short, the terminal portion bulbous with
two short obtuse points at the tip.

$. Unknown.

Holotype $ : CONGO, Katanga, Haut Lomani, Kafakumba, Feb. 1931. In
Muse"e royal de 1'Afrique centrale, Tervuren.

Micropentila cherereti sp. n.

(Text-fig. 30 ; pi. 3, figs. 102, 103, <? ; pi. 4, figs. 104, 105, ?)
(Dedicated to one of T. H. E. Jackson's native collectors).

(J. Differs from katangana in the following details : upperside forewing : the tiny orange
dot at the end of the cell is only visible with the aid of a microscope. Hindwing : the large
orange patch reaches vein 6.

Underside forewing : all the clear patterns are slightly greyish white instead of pale yellow
or yellowish white, so, they are much more distinct, especially the double anteterminal series
of the forewing. Hindwing : the postdiscal line of the hindwing is also very clearly defined,
distinctly wider, with an anteterminal series of fine white interneural striae ; a series of white
submarginal crescents.

Size : length of forewing, 12 mm., wings expanse, 22-5 mm.

cj. Genital armature : exactly as in katangana.

FIG. 30. M. cherereti $, genitalia.

432 H. STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

$. Frons, palpi and antennae as in <J.

Wings upper side : blackish brown with orange yellow designs. Forewing : a line following
the lower border of the cell ; two transverse striae in the cell, one on the discoidals, two between
the lower border of the cell and vein i, one spot between the costa and vein 6 ; a large oval one
between veins 5 and 2. Hindwing : the orange postdiscal stripe greatly widened and reaching
the costa at the extremity of vein 8, it extends over the greater area of the wing, the dark ground
colour being reduced to a basal triangular spot with an irregular border and to a regular marginal
border about i mm. wide. Fringes brown, checkered white.

Wings underside : blackish brown with pattern as follows : forewing : some white scaling
along the costa ; two small white dots in the cell ; one on the discoidals ; one below the origin
of vein 2 ; a postdiscal design composed of a white spot between the costa and vein 6, connected
by a pale yellow stria to a large spot of the same colour running from vein 5 to vein 2 ; ante-
terminal and submarginal series of small interneural spots from the apex to vein 2. Hindwing :
yellowish white scales along the base of the costa ; two basal and three subbasal yellowish dots ;
an ill-defined transverse line running from the costa to IB, yellowish towards the costa, then
white ; postdiscal line wider than in $, of a slightly greyish white colour ; anteterminal
continuous line of white crescents, submarginal white lunules. Fringes as on the upperside.

Size : length of forewing, 12-5 mm., wings expanse, 23 mm.

Holotype $ : UGANDA, Masaka, Katera, May, 1960 (T. H. E. Jackson) B.M.
Type No. Rh. 16906.

Allotype $ : same locality, August, 1960 (T. H. E. Jackson] B.M. Type No. Rh.
16907.

Paratypes : 6 $, same locality (T. H. E. Jackson) all in B.M. (N.H.) collection.

Section I

Micropentila bunyoro sp. n.

(Text-fig. 31 ; pi. 4, figs. 106, 107, <J, 108, 109, $)

<J. Frons covered in black hair ; second joint of palpus furnished with long white and brown
scales, third joint blackish ; antennal shaft ringed black and white, club black, tipped with
yellowish orange.

Wings upperside : blackish brown. Forewing ; plain, no markings. Hindwing : wide
yellowish orange postdiscal stripe running from the abdominal border to a little beyond vein 5,
attached to which is an ill-defined yellow stria from vein IB up to the middle of the cell. Fringes
brown, checkered with white.

Wings underside : blackish brown with creamy white designs. Forewing : two small dots
along the costa ; two more, indistinct, in the cell ; a fine postdiscal line from the costa to vein 3,
interrupted between 6 and 5 ; two little subapical dots between 8 and 7, 7 and 6 ; a submarginal
series of lunules, those between 7 and 6, 6 and 5, 4 and 3 larger than those between 8 and 7,
5 and 4 ; inner border greyish white. Hindwing : three subbasal dots, two near the costa ;
a fine transverse stria running from the cell to IB ; a wide postdiscal stripe, inner border almost
unbroken, outer border very irregular, that part of the stripe between veins 6 and 3 being
considerably widened ; small anteterminal patches between 8 and 7, 7 and 6 ; a series of sub-
marginal lunules from the extremity of vein 7 to the anal angle, the one between 5 and 4 almost
invisible. Fringes as on the upperside.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS MICROPENTILA

433

Size : length of forewing 12 mm., wings expanse 23 mm.

cJ. Genital armature : Text-fig. 31, uncus like that of katangana, but the subunci are more
slender ; vinculum rather narrow, with a long digitate saccus, slightly spatulate at the tip ;
valvae oblong, subrectangular, the lower border deeply excised before the rounded apex ; penis
short, the dorsal side of the inner part widely open, the external part short, wide, the tip deeply
concave, crescent shaped ; fultura inferior blade shaped.

S--

FIG. 31. M. bunyoro $, genitalia.

?. Wings upper side : blackish brown with yellow designs. Forewing : two little dots in
the cell, two more below the lower border of the cell ; a transverse irregular stripe running from
vein 7 and approaching vein i ; costal patch from the costa to vein 6 ; large oval patch from
vein 6 to vein 2. Hindwing : small subbasal spots, a postdiscal stripe running from the costa
to the abdominal border, narrow from the costa to vein 6, then very wide.

Wings underside : blackish brown with designs as follows : forewing : small yellow dots in
the cell ; two more below its lower border ; a square yellow patch on the discoidals, two small
whitish dots along the costa ; a yellowish postdiscal stripe from the costa to the inner border,
much narrowed between veins 6 and 5 ; antemarginal and marginal lines pale yellow. Hind-
wing : designs as in <J, but clear yellow instead of creamy white.

Size : length of forewing, 12 mm., wings expanse, 23 mm.

Holotype $ and allotype $ : UGANDA, Unyoro, Budongo Forest (T. H. E.
Jackson) B.M. Type Nos. Rh. 16908, 16909.

Paratypes : 4 <$, same locality as types, Dec. 1958 (T. H. E. Jackson) in Stempffer
collection ; i <$, UGANDA, S. E. Buddu, Tero Forest, 3,800', 26-30 Nov. 1911

(S. A. Neave), in B.M. (N.H.) collection
Jackson) in B.M. (N.H.) collection.

i <£, CONGO, N. Kivti, Mar. 1947 (T. H. E.

434 H- STEMPFFER AND N. H. BENNETT

A c£ captured in the Budongo Forest in April, 1963, and now in the B.M. (N.H.),
differs from other examples of this species in the marking of the forewing upperside,
which bears a series of yellowish spots arranged as follows : — a small, poorly denned
spot at the base ; another, more clearly marked, between 2 and 3, adjacent to the
end of the cell ; a clearly defined, C-shaped mark at the end of the cell ; another
clear spot midway between the end of the cell and the outer margin and lastly, a
costal spot about two-thirds of the way from the base of the forewing. Despite this
distinctive pattern, an examination of the genitalia revealed a typical bunyoro
structure.

Species not examined.

M. triangularis Aurivillius 1895, Ent. Tidskr. 16 : 203. (According to information
from the Stockholm Museum the type of this species was lost while in the care of
Prof. A. Seitz during the First World War.)

M. catocata Strand, 1914, Arch. Naturgesch. 80 A2 : 155.

REFERENCES

AURIVILLIUS, C. 1920. Lycaenidae, Micropentila. In Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the World

13 : 339-340-
BAKER, G. T. BETHUNE. 1903. On new species of Lycaenidae from West Africa. Ann. Mag.

nat. Hist. (7) 12 : 324-334.

- 1904. On new species of Rhopalocera from Sierra Leone. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 14 :
222-233.

- 1915. Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera from Africa and the East. Ann. Mag.
nat. Hist. (8) 16 : 186-203.

DRUCE, H. H. 1910. Descriptions of new Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae from Tropical West
Africa. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 356-378, 3 plates, text-figs. 36.

GROSE SMITH, H. 1898. Description of new species of African Butterflies in the Tring Museum.
Novit. Zool. 5 : 350-358.

HAWKER SMITH, W. 1933. New species and races of Lipteninae. Stylops 2 : i-n.

HEWITSON, W. C. 1874. Descriptions of new Lycaenidae from West Africa. Ent. mon.
Mag. 11 : 36.

KIRBY, W. F. 1887. Descriptions of new species of Papilionidae, Pieridae and Lycaenidae.
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 : 360-369.

MABILLE, P. 1890. Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire d'Assinie. Ann. Soc. ent.
Fv. (6) 10 : 17-53, 2 plates.

STAUDINGER, O. 1891. Neue afrikanische Lycaeniden. Iris 4 : 215-223.

TALBOT, G. 1937. New African Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae, and two new Diestogyna
(Lepidoptera). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 86 : 59-72, Plates i and 2.

PLATE i

FIGS. 32-35. Uppersides and undersides, respectively, of Micropentila : (32, 33) souanke
Stempffer & Bennett, <J (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36203, 36204) ; (34, 35) ? (B.M. (N.H.) Neg.
Nos. 36205, 36206) ; (36, 37) fulvula Hawker Smith, neallotype ? (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos.
36207, 36208) ; (38, 39) adelgunda Staudinger, holotype <$ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36065, 36064) ;
(40, 41) bitjeana Stempffer & Bennett, holotype <$ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25107) ; (42, 43)
dorothea Baker, neallotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25106) ; (44, 45) gabunica Stempffer &
Bennett, holotype <J (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25104) ; (46, 47) allotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg.
Nos. 25105) ; (48, 49) victoriae Stempffer & Bennett, holotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36208,
36209) ; (50, 51) allotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25116) ; (52, 53) katerae Stempffer &
Bennett, $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25115) ; (54, 55) $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36210, 36211).

(Note. Figs. 38 and 39 are not at the same scale as the remainder)

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, n

PLATE i

PLATE 2

FIGS. 56-79. Uppersides and undersides, respectively, of Micropentila : (56, 57) form?,
Kigezi (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36212, 36213) ; (58, 59) flavopunctata Stempffer & Bennett,
holotype <J (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36214, 36215} ; (60, 61) allotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos.
36216, 36217) ; (62, 63) bakotae Stempffer & Bennett, holotype <J (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos.
36218, 36219) ; (64, 65) allotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36220, 36221) ; (66, 67) nigeriana
Stempffer & Bennett, (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25109) ; (68, 69) $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos.
25110) ; (70, 71) mpigi Stempffer & Bennett, <$ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36222, 36223) ; (72, 73)
$ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36224, 36225) ; (74, 75) fontainei Stempffer & Bennett, holotype cj
(B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 33995, 33992) ; (76, 77) allotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 33997,
34001) ; (78, 79) fuscula Grose Smith neallotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25114).

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, n

PLATE 2

PLATE 3

FIGS. 80-103. Uppersides and undersides, respectively, of Micropentila : (80, 81) ogojae
Stempffer & Bennett, holotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36226, 36227) ; (82, 83) kelleana
Stempffer & Bennett, holotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36228, 36229) ; (84, 85) allotype ?
(B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36230, 36231) ; (86, 87) alberta Staudinger, holotype 6* (B.M. (N.H.)
Neg. Nos. 36068, 36066) ; (88, 89) mabangi Baker, holotype <$ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25108) ;
(go, 91) cingulum H. H. Druce, neallotype $(B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25113} ; (92, 93) ugandae
Hawker Smith, neallotype $(B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25117) ; (94, 95) ? (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos.
36236, 36237) ; (96, 97) sankuru Stempffer & Bennett, holotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos.
33993, 33994) ', (98, 99) allotype ? (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 34000, 33999) ; (100, 101) katangana
Stempffer & Bennett, holotype $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36067, 36063) ; (102, 103) cherereti
Stempffer & Bennett, <J (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36232, 36233).

(Note. Figs. 86 and 87, 100 and 101, are not at the same scale as the remainder.)

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, n

PLATE 3

100

101

102

103

PLATE 4

FIGS. 104-109. Uppersides and undersides, respectively, of Micropentila : (104, 105)
cherereti Stempffer & Bennett, $ (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 36234, 36235} ; (106, 107) bunyoro
Stempffer & Bennett, <J (B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos. 25111) ; (108, 109) %(B.M. (N.H.) Neg. Nos.
25112).

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 15, n

PLATE 4

104

105

106

107

108

109

INDEX TO VOLUME

New taxonomic names are in bold type

absidata, Cystocoelia .
adelgitha, Micropentila .
adelgunda, Micropentila .
aegrota, Asarcina .
aequatorialis, Phytala .
alberta, Micropentila
albimanus, Platycheirus .
albipes, Lycastris .
albipes, Micromorphus

. 381
402

. 406 (fig.), PL i
. 265

62, PI. I, 2

. 421 (fig.), PI. 3

. 258

281-283

101

albipes nepalensis, Sympycnus

106-107, in (fig.)

al hi pi lus, Syrphus . . . 263-265
.mi a, Syntormon . . 95, 96 (fig.)

ampla, Tylopsis 301 (fig.), 303 (fig.), 304 (fig.),

315-316
andrewsi, Cophinopoda 248 (fig.), 249 (fig.),

251, 252

angustinervis, Dolichopus ... 89
anomalicerus, Chrysotimus no, in (fig.)
arignotus, Ugyops . . 135, 136 (fig.)
arunensis, Sympycnus . 102, 103 (fig.)

arvorum, Eristalis . . . . -275
assamensis, Machimus? . . . 242-243
atreces, Ugyops . . . 139, 140 (fig.)
austeni, Lycastris .... 280-281
anratus, Paragus ..... 257

babu, Syntormon

badura, Epitola
bakotae, Micropentila

balteatus, Syrphus
baphyrus, Chrysotoxum

94-95. 96 (fig.)
75

416 (fig.), PI. 2
262
265

barombiensis, Neoepitola 78 (fig.), 79 (fig.)
bellus, Microdon ..... 289
benitensis, Phytala . . 66, PI. 3, 4

betteni, Dinarthrella .... 52
bilineolata, Tylopsis . 301 (fig.), 303 (fig.),

304 (fig-). 309-31 2

binotata, Rhingia ..... 266
bitjeana, Micropentila . 407 (fig.), PI. i

biungulata, Chimarra . 42-43, 44 (fig.)

bomboides, Criorhina . . . .278
boschimana, Bullacris . . 370 (fig.)

brevifacies, Eristalis 272 (fig.), 273-274

brevis, Tylopsis 301 (fig.), 302 (fig.), 303 (fig.)

304 (ng.), 314-315

bro\vni, Pneumoracris . 391 (figs.), 392 (figs.)
brunettii, Syrphus ..... 261
brunettii, Thereva . . 85 (fig.), 86

brunnea, Micropentila . . . 410 (fig.)
brunneus, Ugyops . . . .123

Bullacris 353-37°

bunyoro, Micropentila 432, 433 (fig.), PI. 4

buxtoni, Lindingaspis
bwamba, Epitola

Gala .

Callantra

cantilena, Ugyops
cassander, Ugyops
cerealis, Eristalis .
cheesmanae, Ugyops .

• 4- 5 (fig-)
73-74, PI. 5, 6

• 149

126, 127 (fig.)
129 (fig.), 130

• 275
133 (fig-). 134

cherereti, Micropentila 431 (fig.), 432, PI. 3
chinensis, Cophinopoda 246, 248 (fig.), 249 (fig.),

250

cinctellus, Syrphus .... 262

cingulum, Micropentila 425, 426 (fig.), PI. 3

circularis, Eristalis .... 276
cithaeroncithaeron, Charaxes 225-227, PI. 19,

cithaeron joanae, Gharaxes 227 229, PI. 20
cithaeron kennethi, Charaxes 231-232, PI. 22,

23
cithaeron nairobicus, Charaxes 232-233,

PI. 21, 22

cithaeronnyasae, Gharaxes 229-230, PI. 21,

22, 23

coei, Neolaparus ..... 243
coei, Nepaloptila ... 37, 38 (fig.)

coei, Sympycnus . 102, 103 (fig.), 104

coei, Tephritis . . 164, 165 (fig.), 166
compositus, Tachytrechus . 91, 92 (fig.), 93
confrater, Syrphus .... 263

confusa, Nepalomyia . . 113 (fig.), 114
consobrlna, Bulla .... 363
continua, Tylopsis 301 (fig.), 303 (fig.), 304 (fig.),

S1^, 3'7 (fig-). 3l8~3i9

Cophinopoda .... 246-247

cornutus, Lycastris . . . 284, 285

crassitarsis, Tachytrechus . 91, 92 (fig.)

crenulatus, Paragus .... 257
crenulatus crenulatus, Paragus . . 256

crioarctos, Criorhina . . . 278-279
crippsi, Hewitsonia . . . -77
curtatus, Philonicus . . 245, 246 (fig.)
cyanea, Epitola . . . . 71, pi. 3, 4

daedala, Tephritis . .166 (figs.), 167
dasi, Andaspis ... 14, 15 (fig.)

digitata, Himalopsyche .... 35
dimidiata, Xylota . . . 277-278

discolor, Bullacris 363, 364 (figs.), 365 (figs.)
discretus, Chrysotus . . . 98-99

dispar, Tylopsis 301 (fig.), 303 (fig.), 304 (fig.),

3°9

436

doleschalli, Callicera
dolorosa, Epitola .
dorothea, Micropcntila .
dubia, Epitola
dukha, Syntormon
dytei, Nepalornyia

elais catori, Phytala
elais elais, Phytala
elais ugandae, Phytala
elissa, Epitola
ericetorum, Asarcina
errans, Megaspis

INDEX

. 285

407, 408 (fig.), PI. i

70, PI. 3. 4

• 93-94. 96 (fig.)

ii2, 113 (fig.)

60, PI. i, 2

75
. 265

• 277

fastosum, Macronema . . . .45
fenestrata, Chimarra . 39 (fig.), 41 (fig.)

fissa, Tylopsis 301 (fig.), 302 (fig.), 303 (fig.),

3°4 (fig-)> 312-314

flavohirta, Lycastris . . . 283-284
flavopunctata, Micropentila 414 (fig.), PI. 2
fontainei, Micropentila . 419 (fig.), PI. 2
fulvifacies, Syrphus .... 263
fulvula, Micropentila . . . 405, PI. i
fusca, Lindingaspis .... 6

fuscula, Micropentila . 420, 421 (fig.), PI. 2

gabunica, Micropentila . 409 (fig.), PL i
garnotii, Cophinopoda 248 (fig.), 249 (fig.), 250

gauri, Sympycnus
gerina, Epitola
godmani, Ugyops
goodii, Epitola .

gracilis, Tylopsis .

105-106, in (fig.)
. " 68, PL 5, 6

. 122 (fig.)

69, PL 5, 6

301 (fig.), 303 (fig.), 321
granulata, Prostalia 377, 378 (figs.), 379 (figs.)
griseipennis, Lycastris . . .281
griseipennis, Stenopsyche ... 45
gummigutti, Sympycnus . . .102

henlcyi, Phytala
hewitsoni, Epitola .
hiberna, Uenoa .
hibisci, Andaspis
himalayensis, Eristalis
hingstoni, Pseudovolucella

hinu, Thereva

hyetta, Phytala
hyettina, Phytala .
hyettoides, Phytala

63, PL 3. 4
75

52, 53 (fig-)

16, 17 (fig.)

272 (fig.), 273

260 (fig.), 270-

271

84, 85 (fig.)

61, PL i, 2

61-62, PL i, 2

. 61, PL i, 2

immaculata, Pneumora . . . 355

inanis, Pneumora 385, 386 (figs.), 387 (figs.)

Indiana, Sphaerophoria .... 258
indigenus, Thinophilus .... 93
intermedia, Bullacris 359 (figs.), 360 (figs.), 361
intermedia, Epitola . . 74, PL 7, 8

intcrmixta, Phytala . . 62, PL i, 2

interrupta, Chetostoma . . 157-159
irregularis, Tylopsis . 301 (fig.), 302 (fig.),

303 (fig.), 304 (fig.), 306-309

jacksoni, Micropentila
javanensis, Metandaspis
jeanae, Diaphorus

kamba, Dinarthrum
katangana, Micropentila
katerae, Micropentila .
kaulbacki, Hercostomus
kazimiae, Andaspis
kelleana, Micropentila
kenyae, Lindingaspis .
khola, Sympycnus
kholsa, Chrysotus

laetus, Sympycnus
lamottei, Tylopsis

laticincta, Rhingia
lilifolia, Tylopsis 301 (fig.),

limbata, Taeniostola
livingstoni, Physophorina

longicornis, Bulla
longifacies, Ferdinandea

415 (fig-). 4T6
30, 31 (fig.)

• 96-97. 98 (fig.)

430 (fig.), 431, PL 3

. 412 (fig.), PL i

• . 90-91. 92 (fig.)

18, 19 (fig.)

422, 423 (fig.), PL 3

6, 7 (fig-). 8

i°3 (fig-). I05

99-100

• 307
. 266

303 (figs-), 3«4 (fig-).
305-306

154, J55 (figs-), 156

. 380 (figs.), 381,

382 (figs.)

. 361

260 (fig.), 266-267

mabangi, Micropentila
macareis, Ugyops
mackenziei, Lindingaspis
mackieana, Andaspis
maclachlani, Eubasilissa
maculata, Baccha .
maculata, Oldroydia

424, 425 (fig-). PI- 3
128 (fig.), 129
. 8, 9 (fig-)
18

. 49
• 257

. 239, 240 (figs.),
241 (fig.)

maculata, Pneumora . . . 371

makiana, Xylota ....
mandarinus, Diaphorus .
manicatus v. himalayensis, Platycheirus
melanurus, Ptecticus
meliae, Andaspis
membracioides, Bullacris

menelaus, Ugyops
Metandaspis
minutus, Merodonoides
miranda, Physophorina

mirifica, Epitola .
mittoni, Hewitsonia
monochaeta, Oxyaciura

mori, Andaspis
mpigi, Micropentila

multifarius, Eristalis

namaqua, Peringueyacris
nandina, Charaxes
Neoepitola .
nepalense, Simulium .
nepalensis, Callantra .
nepalensis, Chimarra .

278
98
258
. 84

20, 21 (fig.)

. 361, 362 (figs.),
363 (figs.)

142 (fig.), 143

276

. 382, 383 (fig-),

384 (figs.)

72, PL 5- 6

77, PL i, 2

151, 152 (fig.)

. 418 (fig.), PL 2
276

• 375, 376 (figs-)
203-207, PL 9

78-79

291, 292 (fig.), 293

149, 150 (fig.), 151

30 (fig-). 4° (fig-)

nepalensis, Madioxyethira . 46, 47 (iig.)

Nepalomyia . 110-112, in (fig.), 113 (fig-)

nerinus, Ugyops . . .124 (fig.), 125
ncsiotes, Ugyops . . . 125, 126 (fig.)
nigra, Chimarra . . 39 (fig.), 42, 43 (figs.)
nigeriana, Micropentila . 417 (fig.), PI. 2
nigrescens, Phytala . . 67, PI. 3, 4

nigroaenea, Cheilosia . . . .266
nitens, Callicera .... 287

nitens, Syrphus? ..... 262
nitide, Epitola ... 70, PI. 5, 6

nitidus, Heteropogon . . . 244-245

obliqua, Bullacris .
obscura, Ceria
obscura, Phytala .
obscuripes, Tylopsis .
obscuritarsis Exi stalls
ocellata, Pneumora
ocularia, Eristalis, .
ocypetes, Ugyops
odites, Ugyops
ogojae, Micropentila .
orchamus, Ugyops
orchamus jugis, Ugyops
orestilla, Ugyops
orientale, Melanostoma .
ornatus, Cyrtopogon .
Oxyaciura

368 (fig.), 369 (figs.)

211

66-67

. 306

276

• 363

• 275
131, 132 (fig.)

13°. I3l (fig-)

421, 422 (fig.), PI. 3

138 (fig.), 139

134, 135 (fig-)

. 258

242

INDEX 437

• 363

137 (fig-). 138

. 276

. 26, 27 (fig.), 28
49, 50 (fig-)

2$, 29 (fig-)

64, PI. 3. 4

2O, 22 (fig.)

67, PI. 3, 4
272 (fig.), 286
44
10

301 (figs.), 303 (fig.),
304 (fig.), 319-320
rumpomaculata, Rhagoletis 159, 160 (fig)

pahar, Sympycnus . 108-109, in (fig.)
palliatus, Ugyops . . 121, 122 (fig.)
papillosa, Pneumora .... 368
papillosus, Physemacris . 374 (figs.), 375

Parabullacris .... 388-389

Paraphysemacris .... 392-394
paria, Eristalis ..... 275
pediformis, Sciopus .... 88

pellucidipennis, Syrphus . 259, 260 (fig.)
pendleburyi, Callicera . . . 285

peniculitarsus, Sympycnus 107, in (fig.)
pennus, Ommatius . . . 250, 251

Peringueyacris .... 375-376
perpulchra, Tylopsis .... 306
phedongensis, Himalopsychc 35

philippinensis, Cophinopoda 248 (fig.), 252
phollae, Hercostomus . . 89, 92 (fig.)

Physemacris ..... 371-375
Physophorina .... 379-385
plana, Symmetropleura . . . 298
Platensina . . . . . 153

Pneumora ..... 385-387
Pncumoracris .... 389-392

PNEUMORIDAE .... 323-396
Prostalia ..... 377-378
pseudocilipes, Ghrysotus ... 99
pseudosuperba, Argyra . 98 (fig.), 100
pulchra, Phytala . . 65-66, PI. 3, 4

pulchripes, Cophinopoda . 247, 248 (figs.)

pupillata, Pneumora .
pygmaeus, Ugyops

(juadristriatus, Eristalis .
quernea, Caia
quinlani, Psilotreta

recurvata, Metandaspis

rcducta, Phytala .
retrusa, Andaspis .
rezia, Phytala
robusta, Callicera

rossi, Dolophilodes
rossi, Lindingaspis
rubrescens, Tylopsis

sackcni, Callicera .
samoaensis, Ugyops
samoaensis ferus, Ugyops .
sanguana, Diplectrona
sanguensis, Callicera .
sanguensis, Diaphorus
sanguensis, Neomochtherus
sankuru, Micropentila

schmidi, Stactobia
schoutedeni, Charaxes

schultzei, Phytala

scutellaris, Xanthogramma (Ischiodon)

serarius, Syrphus

. 288
1 20

121

45, 46 (fig.)
. 288

97
243-244

428, 429 (fig.),
PI. 3
47. 48 (fig-)

220-221

63, PI. 3, 4
265
261

serrata, Bullacris . 365, 366 (figs.), 367 (figs.)
simplex, Adinarthrum 54 (fig.), 55 (fig.)

simplicipes, Eristalis . . . 274-275
smaragdalis butleri, Charaxes . . 212, PL n
smaragdalis caerulea, Charaxes 213-214, PL 12,

13, 14

smaragdalis elgonae, Charaxes 215-216, PL 16
smaragdalis homonymus, Charaxes 217-218,

PL 16, 17

smaragdalis kagera, Charaxes
smaragdalis kigoma, Charaxes
smaragdalis leopoldi, Charaxes
smaragdalis metu, Charaxes
smaragdalis smaragdalis, Charaxes

smaragdalis toro, Charaxes

sororcula, Stylia
souanke, Micropentila
spiloptera, Tephritis
spinosus, Paraphysemacris
spinulosa, Pneumora .
subgriseata, Epitola
subplagata, Micropentila.
subrossi, Aonidiella
sumatrensis, Callicera
suryasena, Chimarra .

218, PI. 17, 18
219, PI. 19
212-213, PL 12
219, PL 1 8

2IO-2I2,
PL 9, IO, II
214-215,
PI. 14, 15

163 (figs.), 164

403, 404 (fig.), PL i

167, 168 (figs.), 169

• 393 (figs-), 394

• 37i

. 72-73, PL 5, 6

402, 403 (fig.)

272 (fig.), 285-286
44

433

Tacniostola .
takagii, Sympycnus
tamrangensis, Synagapetus
fa in u, Ugyops
taranis, Ugyops .
tenax, Eristalis
thunbergii, Bullacris .
tibialis rufiventris, Paragus
tibialis tibialis, Paragus .
timorensis, Cophinopoda
torvus, Syrphus
triangularis, Agapctus
trifida, Adicella
tripilosa, Griorhlna
turbatum, Phlaurocentrum
turbidus, Sympycnus

INDEX

1 08, in (fig.)
36 (figs.)
123 (fig.)
141 (fig.)
276
. 368
256
256
52-3
259
35

248 (fig.),

279-280

298, 299

101

ugandae, Micropentila 427 (fig.), 428, PI. 3
ulleriensis, Hercostomus . 89, 92 (fig.)

unicolor, Bullacris 354 (figs.), 355, 356 (figs.),

357. 358 (fig.)
univittatum, Melanostoma . . . 258

vandae, Andaspis .
vansomereni, Phytala .

vansoni, Parabullacris

23, 24 (fig.), 25

60, PI. 2

388 (figs.), 389,

390 (figs.)

variolosus, Physcmacris .

varipila, Volucella
victoriae, Micropentila
villiersi, Tylopsis

viridana, Epitola .

• 3?i, 37^ (figs.),

373 (figs.), 374
260 (fig.), 268-269

• 4" (fig-). PI- i

• 307

• 75

xipharcs bavenda, Charaxus . . 193,
xiphares brevicaudatus, Charaxcs 195,

xipharcs burgcssi, Charaxcs 197, PI. 4

xiphares desmondi, Charaxes 201-203,
xiphares draconis, Charaxcs 191-192, PI
xiphares kenwayi, Charaxes 192, PI

xiphares kulal, Charaxes 200-201, PI
xiphares maudei, Charaxcs 198-200, PI. 5
xipharcs penningtoni, Charaxcs 190-191,
xiphares thyestcs, Charaxes 189-190,

xiphares vumbui, Charaxcs . . 194,

xiphares wernickei, Charaxcs . . 203,
xiphares woodi, Charaxes . . 195,
xiphares xipharcs, Charaxes . . 188,

yerburiensis, Paragus

zclica, Epitola
zodiacalis, Platensina
zonata, Megaspis .

PI. 3

PI- 5
, 5. <>
PI. 8

2, 3

3. 4
• 7.8
-6,7
PI. i
PI. i
PI. 4
PI. 7

1J1- 5
PL i

257

69. PI. 5. 6

153 (fig-). 154

• 277

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

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