7
\0l5
BULLETIN OF x" "^
THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY
VOL. XX
1967
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
LONDON: 1967
DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS
No. i ...... 19 April 1967
No. 2 ...... 19 April 1967
No. 3 ...... 21 April 1967
No. 4 ...... 2 May 1967
No. 5 ...... i August 1967
No. 6 ...... i August 1967
No. 7 ..... 29 September 1967
1 2 JAN i%3
CONTENTS
ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME XX
No. i. An Index-Catalogue of the genus-group names of Oriental and Austra-
lasian Tachinidae (Diptera) and their type-species. By R. W. CROSSKEY i
No. 2. A taxonomic revision of the Australian Aeolothripidae (Thysanoptera).
By L. A. MOUND 41
No. 3. The Indo-Oriental tribe Cheritrini (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae. By C. F.
COWAN 75
No. 4. Diptera from Nepal. Anthomyiidae. By D. M. ACKLAND 105
No. 5. On the classification of the Anagyrine Encyrtidae, with a revision of
some of the genera (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea) . By G. J. KERRICH 141
No. 6. Rhyparochrominae types in the British Museum (Natural History)
(Hemiptera : Lygaeidae). By G. G. E. SCUDDER 251
No. 7. The types of the Scoliidae described by Frederick Smith (Hymenop-
tera). By J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM 287
Index to Volume XX 329
•£
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1 7 APR J967
V%.
AN INDEX-CATALOGUE OF THE
GENUS-GROUP NAMES OF ORIENTAL
AND AUSTRALASIAN TACHINIDAE
(DIPTERA) AND THEIR TYPE-SPECIES
R. W. CROSSKEY
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. i
LONDON: 1967
17 APR|<
AN INDEX-CATALOGUE OF THE GENUS-GROUP
NAMES OF ORIENTAL AND AUSTRALASIAN
TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) AND THEIR
TYPE-SPECIES
BY
R. W. CROSSKEY
Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London
Pp- i-
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. i
LONDON: 1967
THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
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Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
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within one calendar year.
In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each
Department.
This paper is Vol. 20, No. I of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.
World List abbreviation :
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.)
Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1967
TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
Issued 19 April, 1967 Price Seventeen Shillings
AN INDEX-CATALOGUE OF THE GENUS-GROUP
NAMES OF ORIENTAL AND AUSTRALASIAN
TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) AND THEIR
TYPE-SPECIES
By R. W. CROSSKEY
CONTENTS
Page
SYNOPSIS ........... 3
INTRODUCTION ........... 3
ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OF GENUS-GROUP NAMES .... 5
SUMMARY OF PREOCCUPIED AND REPLACEMENT NAMES .... 32
SYNOPSIS OF GENUS-GROUP NAMES BASED ON AUSTRALIAN TYPE-SPECIES 33
INDEX TO SPECIFIC NAMES OF TYPE-SPECIES ..... 34
SYNOPSIS
A catalogue is given of all genus-group names of Tachinidae based upon type-species from the
Oriental Region, including Japan, and from the Australasian Region, including New Zealand.
The type-species is cited for each genus-group name, together with the mode of fixation and the
name of any valid senior synonym where known. The catalogue includes 514 genus-group
names, of which 15 are replacement names for preoccupied homonyms (including five new
names here proposed) and 3 are alternative original spellings : of the remaining 496 names,
488 are nomenclaturally available (467 of them proposed for full genera and 21 as subgenera),
and 8 are unavailable. A summary is given of the junior homonyms and their replacement
names, and a synoptic list of genus-group names based on type-species from the Commonwealth
of Australia is provided for the convenience of Australian dipterists.
INTRODUCTION
A PRIME difficulty in the taxonomy of Tachinidae arises from the very large number
of genus-group names that have been proposed and the lack of any concise works
bringing them together, even on a regional basis. Townsend's Manual of Myiology
(1934-1942 in 12 parts, Sao Paulo), although helpful in many ways, is difficult to
use and is now much outdated ; the only work containing an up-to-date catalogue
of genus-group names of Tachinidae for any region is the recently-published Catalog
of the Diptera of America North of Mexico (1965, U.S. Department of Agriculture).
A basic requirement for revisionary work on the Tachinidae of the Oriental,
Australasian and Ethiopian Regions is the compilation of, firstly, index-catalogues
of genus-group names and type-species, and, at a later stage, of complete catalogues
in systematic order containing full information on the status and whereabouts of
the type-material of all described species. The present paper is a first contribution
on these lines and provides a full index-catalogue of all genus-group names of
Tachinidae based on type-species described from the Oriental and Australasian
Regions.
ENTOM. 20, I. I
4 R. W. CROSSKEY
This catalogue covers the Oriental Region (including those parts of southern China
such as Szechwan that are normally considered Oriental) and the whole Australasian
Region, of which New Zealand is considered an integral part. I have also included
the genus-group names based upon type-species from Japan, although probably
rather less than half of the Japanese tachinid fauna is of Oriental origin. I accept
Weber's line (coinciding with the ethnic boundary between Indonesia and Melanesia)
as the junction between the Oriental and Australasian Regions, as it appears to
reflect the zoogeography of tachinidae rather better than Wallace's line.
The 514 names in the catalogue comprise 280 names for the Oriental Region
exclusive of Japan, 17 names for Japan, 140 names for the Commonwealth of
Australia, 24 names for Melanesia and Polynesia and 53 names for New Zealand.
The fact that there are twice as many names of the genus-group for the Oriental
Region as for Australia does not indicate that there is a real difference in the generic
composition of the tachinid fauna of the two areas — merely that the Australian
fauna is less well known and was not worked upon by Townsend (almost all of whose
manifold genera were monotypic). The excessive splitting of Townsend (who
provided 1491 new generic and 1555 new trivial names : Arnaud, 1958, Micro-
entomology 23 : 4) has fortunately affected the taxonomy of the Old World fauna less
drastically than that of the New World, and the present catalogue contains the
relatively modest number of 198 Townsend names. Nevertheless, most of these
are undoubtedly unnecessary, and many have already been sunk in synonymy by
Mesnil (1944-1965, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 1-879) and Crosskey (1966, Proc.
R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 35 : 95-104).
Mesnil, in his papers on new Oriental Tachinidae (1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent.
Belg. 89 : 85-114 ; 146-178 and 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 1-80) has published
the descriptions of twenty- three genera in the form of combined " n.g., n. sp. "
descriptions : in each case, however, the first part of the description compares the
new genus with other genera and cites characters that may be regarded as differen-
tiating the generic, rather than the specific, taxon, and I therefore accept the names
concerned as available and satisfying Article 13 (i) of the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature.
All but one of the twenty-four Oriental and Australasian genera described by Brauer
& Bergenstamm (1889-1894, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 69-180 ; 58 : 305-
446 ; 60 : 89-240 and 61 : 537-624) were monotypic, but for nine of the twenty-three
monotypic genera Brauer & Bergenstamm made it clear by the use of the word
" fur " or " Type " that they were erecting the genus for a particular species. For
these nine genera I have cited the type-species as fixed by original designation :
the others are fixed by monotypy.
The generic name Glossidionophora Bigot, 1885 is omitted, since it is based on the
Neotropical species Glossidionophora nigra Bigot, 1885 by the subsequent designation
of Townsend (1916, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 4:7), and not— as Paramonov (1956,
Aust. J. Zool. 4 : 368) has stated in error — on the Australian species Glossidionophora
bicolor Bigot, 1885. The name Biomyioides Matsumura, 1916 is also omitted as
there seems no doubt at all that this name must apply to a species of Silbomyia
Macquart (Calliphoridae ; Ameniinae), judging from the excellent description in
GENERA OF ORIENTO- AUSTRAL ASIAN TACHINIDAE 5
English, although I have been unable to trace the type-material of the type-species
to confirm this (Biomyioides Matsumura, 1916, Thousand Insects of Japan, Addit.
2 : 388 was overlooked by Townsend and omitted from the Manual of Myiology
and the name has remained enigmatic) .
The unique female holotype (in Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam) of the type-
species of Cypselopteryx Townsend, 1926, has been examined while preparing this
paper and found to belong in the aberrant subfamily Eginiinae of the Muscidae,
and the name Cypselopteryx is therefore omitted from the catalogue. Wagneriopsis
Townsend, 1927, is omitted as — despite the similarity of the name to Wagneria
R.-D. — this name applies to a Rhinophorid and is a synonym of Acampomintho
Villeneuve, 1927 (synonymy in Townsend, 1938, Man. Myiol. 6 : 207).
Finally it should be noted that Baranov spelt his name with either a terminal
" v" or " ff " in his papers on Oriental Tachinidae : I have not differentiated in the
catalogue but have adopted the " v " ending throughout.
In the following list, available genus-group names are printed in bold italic capitals,
preoccupied homonyms and unavailable names in italic capitals.
ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OF GENUS-GROUP NAMES
ACEPHANA Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 153. Type-species: Masicera rubrifrons
Macquart, 1847 [ = Masicera rufifacies Macquart, 1847], by original designation. TASMANIA.
ACTINOCHAETOPTERYX Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 277. Type-species: Actino-
chaetopteryx actifera Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
ACUCERA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 328. Type-species: Acucera montana
Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
ACUPHOCERA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 37. Type-species: Acuphocera suma-
trensis Townsend, 1926 [ = Musca varia Fabricius, 1794], by original designation. SUMATRA.
AGALMIA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Vbersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 433. Type-species:
Rut ilia albopicta Thomson, 1869, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
AKOSEMPOMYIA Villeneuve, 1932, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 71 : 243. Type-species:
Akosempotnyia caudata Villeneuve, 1932, by monotypy. FORMOSA.
ALOPHOROPHASIA Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 287. Type-species: Alophoro-
phasia alata Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
ALTAIA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 208. Type-species: Altaia geniculata
Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
AMPHIBOLIA Macquart, 1843, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1843 : 278. Dipt. exot. 2, pt. 3:121.
Type-species: Amphibolia valentina Macquart, 1843, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
AMPHITROPESA Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 463. Type-species: Amphi-
tropesa elegans Townsend, 1933, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
AMPLIPILA Curran, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 446. Type-species: Amplipila versicolor Curran,
1927 [= Crypsina prima Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889], by original designation. QUEENS-
LAND.
ANAEUDORA Townsend, 1933, Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 468. Type-species: Anaeudora
aureocephala Townsend, 1933, by original designation. FORMOSA.
ANAGONIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. IViss., Wien 58 : 348. Muse.
Schiz. 2 : 44. Type-species: Anagonia spylosioides Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891
= Masicera rufifacies Macquart, 1847], by monotypy. TASMANIA.
ENTOM. 2O, I. I§
6 R. W. CROSSKEY
ANAMASTAX Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 58 : 349. Muse.
Schiz. 2 : 45. Type-species: Anamastax australis Townsend, 1933 [— Blepharipeza
goniaeformis Brauer & Bergenstamm, not of Macquart, by misidentification], by original
designation. QUEENSLAND.
ANAPERISTOMMYIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 15. Type-species: Anaperis-
tornmyia optica Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
ANATROPOMYIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 126. Type-species: Anatro-
potnyia flavicornis Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
ANAVORIA Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 170. Type-species: Voria
(Anavoria) indica Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. INDIA. (As subgenus of Voria Robineau-
Desvoidy, 1830).
ANDROCYPTERA Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 286. Type-species: Androcyptera
anorbitalis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
ANEOGMENA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 58 : 385. Muse.
Schiz. 2 : 81. Type-species: Aneogmena fischeri Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, by mono-
typy. INDIA, EAST INDIES.
ANUROPHYLLINA Mesnil, 1961, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 693. Unavailable, no fixation
of a type-species.
This name was proposed for a subgenus of Urophyllina Villeneuve, 1937, with four included
Oriental species; it is invalid under Article 13 (b) of the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature.
APALPOSTOMA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 134. Type-species: Apal-
postoma cinerea Malloch, 1930, by original designation. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
APALPUS Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 318. Type-species: Apalpus dorsalis
Malloch, 1929, by original designation. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
APATEMYIA Macquart, 1846, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1844 : 325. Dipt. exot. Suppl. 1 :
197. Type-species: Apatemyia longipes Macquart, 1846, by monotypy. TASMANIA.
APHANTORHAPHOPSIS Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 34. Type-species: Aphan-
torhaphopsis orientalis Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
APHRIMYOBIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 36. Type-species: Aphrimyobia
simillima Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
APILIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 345. Type-species: Apilia cilifera
Malloch, 1930 [= Blepharella lateralis Macquart, 1851], by original designation. QUEENS-
LAND.
APROTHECA Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 148. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
4 : 175. Type-species: Aprotheca rufipes Macquart, 1851, by monotypy. TASMANIA
(probably in error for NEW SOUTH WALES).
ARCHIMERA Mesnil, 1954, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 371. Type-species: Platymyia
(Archimera) oncoperae Mesnil, 1954 [= Exorista diversicolor Macquart, 1847], by monotypy.
TASMANIA. (As subgenus of Platymya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830).
ARGYROTHELAIRA Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 : 311. Type-species:
Argyrothelaira froggat t ii Townsend, 1916, by original designation. SOLOMON ISLANDS.
ARRHENOMYZA Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 322. Type-species: Arrheno-
myza conspicua Malloch, 1929, by original designation. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
ARRHINODEXIA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 282. Type-species: Arrhinodexia
atrata Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
ARTHURIA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 166. Type-species: Arthuria
dimorpha Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
Name preoccupied by Arthuria Dall, 1881 (Mollusca), see Montanarturia Miller, 1945.
GENERA OF ORIENTO- AUSTRAL ASI AN TACHINIDAE 7
ASBELLOPSIS Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 378. Type-species: Asbellopsis
luzonensis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
ASETULIA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 187. Type-species: Asetulia
nigropolita Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
ASIOCARCELIA Baranov, 1934, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Land. 82 : 407. Type-species: Carcelia
caudata Baranov, 1931, by original designation. FORMOSA.
A TRACTOCEROPS Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 : 307. Type-species: Atrac-
tocerops ceylanica Townsend, 1916, by original designation. CEYLON.
ATRACTODEXIA Bigot, 1885, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1885 : xxxii. Type-species: Atractodexia
argentifera Bigot, 1885 [= Sumpigaster fasciatus Macquart, 1855], by monotypy. NEW
CALEDONIA.
AUSTRALOTACHINA Curran, 1938, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.IV. 63 : 194. Type-species:
Australotachina calliphoroid.es Curran, 1938, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
AUSTRODEXIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.IV. 55 : 122. Type-species: Austro-
dexia setigera Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
AUSTROMACQUARTIA Townsend, 1934, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 42 : 248. Type-species:
Macquartia claripennis Malloch, 1932, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
AUSTROPHASIA Townsend, 1916, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 4 : 45. Type-species: Hyalo-
myia rufiventris Macquart, 1851, by original designation. TASMANIA (probably in error for
NEW SOUTH WALES).
AUSTROPHASIOPSIS Townsend, 1933, //. N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 448. Type-species: Austro-
phasiopsis jormosensis Townsend, 1933, by original designation. FORMOSA.
AUSTROPHOROCERA Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 157. Type-species: Phorocera
biserialis Macquart, 1847, by original designation. TASMANIA.
AUSTROPHRYNO Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 160. Type-species: Tachina densa
Walker, 1852 [= Exorista diver sicolor Macquart, 1847], by original designation. NEW SOUTH
WALES.
A VIBRISSIA Malloch, 1932, Rec. Canterbury Mus. 3 : 436. Type-species: Avibrissia
longirostris Malloch, 1932, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
AVIBRISSINA Malloch, 1932, Rec. Canterbury Mus. 3 : 438. Type-species: Avibrissina
brevipalpis Malloch, 1932, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
BACTROMYIELLA Mesnil, 1952, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 240. Type-species: Bactro-
myiella aureocincta Mesnil, 1952 [= Masicera ? ficta Walker, 1861], by original designation.
QUEENSLAND, FIJI.
BALLARDIA Curran, 1927, Bttll. ent. Res. 18 : 166. Type-species: Ballardia pallipes
Curran, 1927, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
BARYDEXIA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 379. Type-species: Barydexia bivittata
Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
BELLINA Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, Hist. nat. Dipt. Env. Paris 2 : 194. Type-species:
Bellina melanura Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, by monotypy. INDIA.
BESSERIOIDES Curran, 1938, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.IV. 63 : 185. Type-species: Besserioides
sexualis Curran, 1938, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
BEZZIOMYIOBIA Baranov, 1938, Vet. Arh. 8 : 172. Type-species: Bezziomyiobia
nigripes Baranov, 1938, by original designation. SOLOMON ISLANDS.
BIOMYOPSIS Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 60. Type-species: Biomyopsis sutnatren-
sis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
BLEPHARELLA Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 176. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
4 : 203. Type-species: Blepharella lateralis Macquart, 1851, by monotypy. INDIA.
8 R. W. CROSSKEY
BOROMYIA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 16. Type-species: Boromyia gastrula
Mesnil, 1957, DY monotypy. BURMA.
BOTHROPHORA Schiner, 1868, Reise Novara, Zool. 2, Dipt. : 317. Type-species: Both-
rophora zelebori Schiner, 1868, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
BOTHROSTIRA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 413. Type-
species: Bothrostira prisca Enderlein, 1936, by original designation. NEW BRITAIN.
BOTRIOPSIS Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 389. Type-species: Botriopsis bakeri
Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
BRACHYMEROPSIS Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 36. Type-species: Brachymeropsis
sumatrensis Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
CALCAGER Hutton, 1901, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 33 : 48. Type-species: Calcager apertum
Hutton, 1901, by subsequent designation of Townsend, 1916, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 4 : 6.
NEW ZEALAND.
CALCAGERIA Curran, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 442. Type-species: Calcageria incidens
Curran, 1927, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
CALOPYGIDIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 349. Type-species: Calopygidia
analis Malloch, 1930 [= Eurigaster tasmaniae Walker, 1858], by original designation. NEW
SOUTH WALES.
CALOSIA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 233. Type-species: Zealandotachina
(Calosia) binigra Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND. (As subgenus of
Zealandotachina Malloch, 1938).
CALOTACHINA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 176. Type-species: Calo-
tachina tricolor Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
CALOTHERESIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 29. Type-species: Calotheresia
sumatrensis Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
CALOTHERESIOPSISRaranov, 1932, Wien. ent. Ztg 49 : 214. Type-species: Calotheresia
oHenfa/ts Baranov, 1932 [— Dexia basifera Wralker, 1860], by original designation. CELEBES.
(As subgenus of Calotheresia Townsend, 1926).
CALOZENILLIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 67. Type-species: Calozenillia auro-
nigra Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
CALYPTROMYIA Villeneuve, 1915, Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 13 : 92. Type-species:
Calyptromyia barbata Villeneuve, 1915, by original designation. FORMOSA.
CAMPBELLIA Miller, 1923, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 54 : 432. Type-species: Campbellia campbelli
Miller, 1923, by subsequent designation of Townsend, 1938, Man. Myiol. 7 : 43. NEW
ZEALAND.
Townsend (1938, Man. Myiol. 7 : 43) cites the type-species of Campbellia as fixed by
original designation, but Miller did not designate either of the two originally included species
as the type: the type-species is here held to be fixed therefore by subsequent designation of
Townsend (loc. cit.).
CAMPYLIA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 239. Type-species: Calcager
temerarium Hutton, 1901, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
CARCELIELLA Baranov, 1934, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 82 : 398. Type-species: Carcelia
octavo Baranov, 1931, by original designation. FORMOSA.
CARCELIMYIA Mesnil, 1944, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 26. Type-species: Exorista dispar
Macquart, 1851, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
CARCELIOPSIS Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 66. Type-species: Carceliopsis sum-
atrensis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
GENERA OF ORIENTO- AUSTRAL ASI AN TACHINIDAE 9
CATACARCELIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 66. Type-species: Catacarcelia
kockiana Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
CATAPARIPROSOPA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 285. Type-species: Catapari-
prosopa curvicauda Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
CENTETER Aldrich, 1923, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 63 (6) : 3. Type-species: Centeter cinerea
Aldrich, 1923, by original designation. JAPAN.
CEROSOMYIA Hutton, 1901, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 33 : 57. Type-species: Cerosomyia usitata
Hutton, 1901, by monotypy. NEW ZEALAND.
CHAETEXORISTA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 61 : 616.
Muse. Schiz. 4 : 80. Type-species: Chaetexorista javana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894,
by monotypy. JAVA.
CHAETOGASTRINA Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 313. Type-species:
Chaetogastrina stolida Malloch, 1929, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
CHAETOMYIOBIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 61 : 617.
Muse. Schiz. 4 : 81. Type-species: Chaetomyiobia javana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894,
by monotypy. JAVA.
CHAETOPHTHALMUS Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 58 : 383.
Muse. Schiz. 2 : 79. Type-species: Micropalpus brevigaster Macquart, 1846, by subsequent
designation of Townsend, 1916, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 4 : 6. TASMANIA.
Townsend (1939, Man. Myiol. 8 : 223) cites brevigaster as type-species of Chaetophthalmus by
designation of Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 (Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 60 : 145; Muse.
Schiz. 3 : 57), but Brauer & Bergenstamm do not give a valid type-fixation for Chaetoph-
thalmus since brevigaster Macquart is cited as an example only (see Opinion 98 of the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature): the fixation of Townsend (1916, loc. cit.)
is therefore the first valid type-fixation.
CHAETOPLETHA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 194. Type-species: Pletho-
chaetigera (Chaetopletha) centralis Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW
ZEALAND. (As subgenus of Plethochaetigera Malloch, 1938).
CHAETOPTILIOPSIS Baranov, 1938, Bull. ent. Res. 29 : 411. Type-species: Chaetoptili-
opsis burmanica Baranov, 1938, by original designation. BURMA.
CHAETOWEBERIA Villeneuve, 1932, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1932 : 271. Type-species: Weberia
rubiginans Villeneuve, 1932, by original designation. FORMOSA. (As subgenus of Weberia
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830).
CHARITELLA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 31. Type-species: Charitella
gracilis Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. BURMA.
CHETOGASTER Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 198. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
4 : 225. Type-species: Chetogaster violacea Macquart, 1851, by monotypy. AUSTRALIA.
CHLORODEXIA Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 154. Type-species: Chlorodexia frog-
gattii Townsend, 1916, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
CHLOROGASTER Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 157. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
4 : 184. Type-species: Chlorogaster tasmanensis Macquart, 1851, by monotypy. TAS-
MANIA (probably in error for NEW SOUTH WALES).
Name preoccupied by Chlorogaster Swainson, 1839 (Pisces), see Chlorogastrina n. n.
CHLOROGASTRINA n. n. for Chlorogaster Macquart, 1851, preoccupied by Chlorogaster
Swainson, 1839. Type-species: Chlorogaster tasmanensis Macquart, 1851.
CHLOROGASTROPSIS Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 544. Type-species: Chloro-
gaster rufipes Schiner, 1868, by original designation, NEW ZEALAND,
io R. W. CROSSKEY
CHLOROPALES Mesnil, 1950, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 109. Type-species: Chloropales
luteifacies Mesnil, 1950, by original designation. NEW GUINEA.
CHLOROTACHINA Townsend, 1915, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 28 : 21. Type-species: Chryso-
soma flaviceps Macquart, 1851, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
CHROMOCHARIS Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Vbersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 432.
Type-species: Rutilia atribasis Walker, 1861, by original designation. BATCHIAN (= BAT-
JAN).
CHRYSOPASTA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 152.
Muse. Schiz. 1 : 84. Type-species: Chrysopasta versicolor Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889,
by monotypy. AUSTRALIA.
CHRYSOPYGIA Townsend, 1933, Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 471. Type-species: Chrysopygia
auricaudata Townsend, 1933, by original designation. JAVA.
CHRYSORUTILIA Townsend, 1915, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 28 : 23. Type-species: Rutilia
formosa Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
CODIUM Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 417. Type-species:
Rutilia oblonga Macquart, 1847, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
COMPSILUROIDES Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 105. Type-species:
Compsiluroid.es communis Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. BURMA.
COMPSOPTESIS Villeneuve, 1915, Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 13 : 90. Type-species:
Compsoptesis phoenix Villeneuve, 1915, by subsequent designation of Townsend, 1931,
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (io) 8 : 388. FORMOSA.
COSSIDOPHAGA Baranov, 1934, Encycl. ent. S6rie B II, 7 : 161. Type-species: Podomyia
atkinsoni Aubertin, 1932, by original designation. INDIA.
CROSSOTOCNEMA Bigot, 1885, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1885 : cci. Type-species: Crossotoc-
nema javana Bigot, 1885, by monotypy. JAVA.
CRYPSINA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 97. Muse.
Schiz. 1 : 29. Type-species: Crypsina prima Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, by monotypy.
QUEENSLAND.
CRYPTOSPLYOSIA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 388. Type-species: Cryptospy-
losia angustifrons Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
CURTOCERA Macquart, 1835, Hist. nat. Ins. Dipt. 2 : 182. Type-species: Duvaucelia
bicincta Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. New name for Duvaucelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830,
preoccupied by Duvaucelia Risso, 1826.
CYLINDROMYIELLA Malloch, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 31 : 508. Type-species: Cylindro-
myiella bakeri Malloch, 1926, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
CYSTOMETOPIA Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 531. Type-species: Heterometopia
rufipalpis Macquart, 1847, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
DEGEERIOPSIS Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 104. Type-species: Degeeri-
opsis xanthogastra Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. BURMA.
DELTA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 332. Type-species: Delta australiensis
Malloch, 1930, by original designation. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
Name preoccupied by Delta de Saussure, 1855 (Hymenoptera) and Delta Saalmueller, 1891
(Lepidoptera), see Deltomyza Malloch, 1931 and Mallochiola Strand, 1932.
DELTOMYZA Malloch, 1931, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 56 : 298. Type-species: Delta austral-
iensis Malloch, 1930. New name for Delta Malloch, 1930, preoccupied by Delta de Saussure,
1855 and Delta Saalmueller, 1891.
DEMOTICOIDES Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 150. Type-species;
Demoticoides pallidus Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. INDIA.
GENERA OF OKI ENTO- AUSTRAL ASI AN TACHINIDAE n
DE^.iOMIMA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 61 : 615. Muse.
Schiz. 4 : 79. Type-species: Dexiomima javana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894, by mono-
typy. JAVA.
DEXIOMIMOPS Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 21. Type-species: Dexiomimops
longipes Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
DEXIOTRIX Villeneuve, 1936, Bull. Soc. ent. Egypte 20 : 330. Type-species: Dexiotrix
longipennis Villeneuve, 1936, by original designation. CHINA (SZECHWAN).
DIAPHANIA Macquart, 1843, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1843 : 277. Dipt. exot. 2, pt. 3 : 120.
Type-species: Diaphania testacea Macquart, 1843, by monotypy. AUSTRALIA.
Name preoccupied by Diaphania Huebner, 1818 (Lepidoptera), see Prodiaphania Townsend,
1927.
DIATRAEOPHAGA Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 : 320. Type-species: Dia-
traeophaga striatalis Townsend, 1916, by original designation. JAVA.
DICEPHALOMYIA Malloch, 1935, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 16 : 337. Type-species:
Dicephalomyia rufiventris Malloch, 1935, by original designation. BORNEO.
DIGLOSSOCERA Wulp, 1895, Tijdschr. Ent. 38 : 51. Type-species: Diglossocera biflda
Wulp, 1895, by monotypy. JAVA.
DODDIANA Curran, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 352. Type-species: Doddiana pollens Curran,
1927, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
DOLESCHALLA Walker, 1861, /. Proc. Linn. Soc. 5 : 242. Type-species: Doleschalla
cylindrica Walker, 1861, by monotypy. NEW GUINEA.
DOLESCHALLOPSIS Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 459. Type-species: Doles-
challa makilingensis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
DOLICHOCOXYS Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 57. Type-species: Dolichocoxys
fetnoralis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
DOLICHOPODOMINTHO Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 278. Type-species: Dolichopo-
domintho dolichopiformis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
DONOVANIUS Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 409. Type-
species: Musca regalis Guerin-Meneville, 1830, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
DRINOMYIA Mesnil, 1962, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 759. Type-species: Oswaldia
bicoloripes Mesnil, 1957, by original designation. JAPAN.
DUVAUCELIA Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Mem. pres. div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 2 : 227.
Type-species: Duvaucelia bicincta Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, by monotypy. BENGAL.
Name preoccupied by Duvaucelia Risso, 1826 (Mollusca), see Curtocera Macquart, 1835.
ECATOCYPTERA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 285. Type-species: Ecatocyptera
evibrissata Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
ECHRYSOPASTA Townsend, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 9 : 39. Type-species: Rutilia
elegans Macquart, 1846, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
EFFTAYLORIA Malloch, 1941, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 66 : 64. Type-species: Tayloria
testacea Malloch, 1930. New name for Tayloria Malloch, 1930, preoccupied by Tayloria
Bourguignat, 1889.
EIPOGONOIDES Curran, 1938, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 63 : 195. Type-species: Eipogo-
noides ruficornis Curran, 1938, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
ELFRIEDELLA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 69. Type-species: Elfriedella
amoena Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. JAPAN.
ELODIMYIA Mesnil, 1952, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 242. Type-species: Elodimyia
tricincta Mesnil, 1952, by original designation, SUNPA ISLANDS,
12 R. W. CROSSKEY
ENGYCERA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 179. Type-species: Engycera
politiventris Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
Name preoccupied by Engycera Saunders, 1866 (Coleoptera), see Gracilicera Miller, 1945.
EOACEMYIA Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 529. Type-species: Eoacemyia bakeri
Townsend, 1926 [= Tachina errans Wiedemann, 1824], by original designation. SINGAPORE.
EOCARCELIA Townsend, 1919, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 56 : 582. Type-species: Eocarcelia
ceylanica Townsend, 1919, by original designation. CEYLON.
EOCARCELIOPSIS Townsend, 1928, Philipp J. Sci. 34 : 392. Type-species: Eocarceliopsis
bakeri Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
EOCYPTERA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 284. Type-species: Eocyptera orientalis
Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
EOCYPTERULA Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 540. Type-species: Eocypterula
atra Townsend, 1926, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
EODEXIOSOMA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 15. Type-species: Eodexiosoma
sumatrense Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
EODOLICHOCOLON Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 478. Type-species: Dolicho-
colon orientate Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
EOGYMNOPHTHALMA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 35. Type-species: Eogym-
nophthalma orientalis Townsend, 1926 [= Tachina orbata Wiedemann, 1830], by original
designation. SUMATRA.
EOMINTHO Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 531. Type-species: Eomintho equa-
torialis Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SINGAPORE.
EOMYOCERA Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 537. Type-species: Eomyocera
carinata Townsend, 1926 [= Dexia divergens Walker, 1857], by original designation.
PENANG.
EOMYOCEROPSIS Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 29. Type-species: Eomyoceropsis
longipennis Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
EOPARACHAETA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 70. Type-species: Eoparachaeta
orientalis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
EOPHYLLOPHILA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 19. Type-species: Eophyllophila
elegans Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
EOPTILODEXIA Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 535. Type-species: Eoptilodexia
longipes Townsend, 1926, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
EOZENILLIA Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 542. Type-species: Eozenillia equa-
torialis Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SINGAPORE.
EPIXORISTA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 61. Type-species: Epixorista episcopa
Townsend, 1927 [= Isosturmia inversa Townsend, 1927], by original designation. SUMATRA.
EPSEUDOCYPTERA Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 283. Type-species: Epseudo-
cyptera epalpata Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
EREBIOMIMA Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 166. Type-species: Erebio-
mima luteisquama Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. ? INDIA.
ERISTALIOMYIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 37. Type-species: Eristaliomyia
nitidifrons Townsend, 1926 [= Echinomyia brevipennis Walker, 1857], by original designa-
tion. SUMATRA.
ERYTHRONYCHIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 58 : 360.
Muse. Schiz. 2 : 56. Type-species: Demotions australensis Schiner, 1868, by monotypy.
NEW ZEALAND,
GENERA OF ORIENTO- AUSTRAL ASI AN TACHINIDAE 13
EUAMPHIBOLIA Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 49 : 618. Type-species: Rutilia
fulvipes Guerin-Meneville, 1843, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
EUCOMPSA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 400. Type-species:
Rutilia minor Macquart, 1846, by original designation. TASMANIA, NEW SOUTH WALES.
EUCOMUS Aldrich, 1926, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 69 (22) : 22. Type-species: Eucornus
strictus Aldrich, 1926, by original designation. CHINA (SZECHWAN).
EUFISCHERIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 58 : 374. Muse.
Schiz. 2 : 70. Ty pe -species : Eufischeria ceytanica Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, by
monotypy. CEYLON.
EUGYMNOCHAETOPSIS Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 287. Type-species: Eugytn-
nochaetopsis lateralis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
EUHAPALIVORA Gardner, 1940, Indian J. Ent. 2 : 179. Nomen nudum, unavailable.
Gardner (1940, Indian J. Ent. 2 : 179) published the name Euhapalivora in the binomen
Euhapalivora indica which he attributed to Baranov; Baranov, however, never published
this name. The specific name indica is available under Article 1 1 (g) (ii) of the International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature and is attributable to Gardner, but the generic name Euhapa-
livora is not accompanied by a definition of the generic taxon and does not fulfil the require-
ments of Article 13 (a) of the Code; it is therefore an unavailable nomen nudum.
EUHYGIA Mesnil, 1960, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 645. Unavailable.
The generic name Euhygia, proposed by Mesnil (1960, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 645) for
the Oriental species Hygia robusta Mesnil, 1952, is not accompanied by a definition of the
generic taxon and is at present unavailable under Article 13 (a) of the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature.
EUHYPOCHAETOPSIS Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 394. Type-species: Euhypo-
chaetopsis orientalis Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
EUPALPOCYPTERA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 286. Type-species: Eupalpocyptera
angusticauda Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
EUPHASIA Townsend, 1908. Smithson. misc. Collns 51 (1803) : 76. New name for Neophasia
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, preoccupied by Neophasia Behr, 1869.
Name preoccupied by Euphasia Stephens, 1830 (Lepidoptera) and Euphasia Mulsant and
Verreaux, 1876 (Aves), see Neximyia n.n.
EUPROCTIMYIA Villeneuve, 1921, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 61 : 157. Type-species: Euproc-
timyia pyrrhaspis Villeneuve, 1921, by monotypy. INDIA.
EURYGASTROPSIS Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 158. Type-species: Eurigaster
tasmaniae Walker, 1858, by original designation. TASMANIA.
EUSTACOMYIA Malloch, 1927, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 52 : 337. Type-species: Eusta-
comyia breviseta Malloch, 1927, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
EUTHELAIROSOMA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 32. Type-species: Euthelairo-
soma chaetopygiale Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
EUTOROCCA Townsend, 1919, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 56 : 554. Type-species: Eutorocca
fasciata Townsend, 1919, by original designation. CEYLON.
EUTRIXOPSIS Townsend, 1919, Insecutor Inscit.menstr. 6 : 166. Type-species: Eutrixopsis
javana Townsend, 1919, by original designation. JAVA.
EUVESPIVORA Baranov, 1942, Vet. Arh. 12 : 162. Type-species: Euvespivora orientalis
Baranov, 1942, by original designation. JAVA.
EVERESTIOMYIA Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 466. Type-species: Everestio-
myia antennalis Townsend, 1933, by original designation. MOUNT EVEREST.
ENTOM. 2O, I. I§§
I4 R. W. CROSSKEY
EXECHOPALPUS Macquart, 1847, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric, Lille 1846 : 91. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
2 : 75. Type-species: Exechopalpus ruflpalpus Macquart, 1847, by monotypy. AUS-
TRALIA.
FERIOLA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 77. Type-species: Feriola longicornis
Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. BURMA.
FORMICOPHANIA Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 : 322. Type-species: Fortni-
cophania elegans Townsend, 1916, by original designation. THAILAND.
FORMOSIA Guerin-Meneville, 1843, Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuvier. 6 : 263. Type-species: Musca
mirabilis Guerin-Meneville, 1830, by monotypy. OFFAK.
FORMOSODORIA Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 475. Type-species: Sturmia
dilabida Villeneuve, 1916, by original designation. SOUTH AFRICA.
Townsend cited Formosa in the original description and the generic name alludes to this
locality; although the type-species occurs in Formosa it was described from Natal.
FORMOSOLOPHOSIA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 280. Type-species: Formosolo-
phosia hernydoides Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
FROGGATTIMYIA Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 155. Type-species: Froggattirnyia
hirta Townsend, 1916, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
FRONTINIELLOPSIS Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 61. Type-species: Frontiniel-
lopsis sumatrensis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
GAEDIOGONIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 71. Type-species: Gaediogonia
jacobsoni Townsend, 1927 [= Tachina rufifrons Wiedemann, 1830], by original designation.
SUMATRA.
GASTROPTILOPS Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 78. Type-species: Gastrop-
tilops ater Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. JAPAN.
GENOTRICHIA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 164. Type-species: Geno-
trichia tonnoiri Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
GERALDIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 327. Type-species: Geraldia
hirticeps Malloch, 1930, by original designation. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
GERMARIOCHAETA Villeneuve, 1937, Bull. Mus. r. Hist. nat. Belg. 13 (34) : 5. Type-
species: Germariochaeta clavat a Villeneuve, 1937, by monotypy. CHINA (SOOCHOW).
GEROCYPTERA Townsend, 1916, Ent. News 27 : 178. Type-species: Trichoprosopa
marginalis Walker, 1860, by original designation. AMBOYNA.
GEROTACHINA Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 152. Type-species: Tachina obtusa
Walker, 1852, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
GLOS SOS 'ALIA Mesnil, 1947, Encycl. ent. S6rie B II, 10 : 62. Invalid, no fixation of type-
species (two included species). Mesnil, 1960, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 606. Type-species:
Phorocera grandis Macquart, 1851, by original designation. AUSTRALIA. (As subgenus
of Spoggosia Rondani, 1859). Valid with date 1960.
GONANAMASTAX Townsend, 1933, Jl N-Y- ent- Soc- 40 •' 472- Type-species: Blepharipeza
goniaeformis Macquart, 1846, by original designation. TASMANIA.
GONIOPHANA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 97. Muse.
Schiz. 1 : 29. Type-species: Gonia heterocera Macquart, 1846, by original designation.
AUSTRALIA.
GONIOPHYTO Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 281. Type-species: Goniophyto formo-
sensis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
GRACILICERA Miller, 1945, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 14 : 72. Type-species: Engycera
politiventris Malloch, 1938. New name for Engycera Malloch, 1938, preoccupied by Engycera
Saunders, 1866.
GENERA OF ORIENTO- AUSTRAL ASIAN TACHINIDAE 15
GRAPHIA Wulp, 1885, Tijdschr. Ent. 28 : 196. Type-species: Graph/a strigosa Wulp,
1885, by monotypy. HALMAHERA.
GRAPHOLOSTYLUM Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 196. Dipt. exot.
Suppl. 4 : 223. Type-species: Grapholostylum dorsomaculatum Macquart, 1851, by
monotypy. TASMANIA (probably in error for NEW SOUTH WALES).
GRAPHOTACHINA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 238. Type-species:
Graphotachina sinuata Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
GYMNAMEDORIA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 283. Type-species: Gymnamedoria
medinoides Townsend, 1927 [= Succingulum transvittatum Pandelle, 1896], by original
designation. FORMOSA.
HABROTA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Vbersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 399. Type-species:
Rutilia formosa Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
HALIDA YOPSIS Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 282. Type-species: Halidayopsis
fortnosensis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
HAMAXIA Walker, 1860, /. Proc. Linn. Soc. 5 : 153. Type-species: Hamaxia incongrua
Walker, 1860, by monotypy. AMBOYNA.
HAPALIOLOEMUS Baranov, 1934, Encycl. ent. Serie B II, 7 : 162. Type-species: Hapa-
lioloetnus tnachaeralis Baranov, 1934, by original designation. INDIA.
In the original publication this name is spelled Hepalioloemus in the generic heading but
Hapalioloemus in the description of the type-species : as the name is based on Hapalia, generic
name of the host, the spelling Hepalioloemus is an inadvertent error.
HEGA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Vbersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 421. Type-species:
Hega viridicingens Enderlein, 1936, by original designation. BATJAN.
HEMIDEGEERIA Villeneuve, 1929, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 69 : 66. Type-species:
Hemidegeeria bicincta Villeneuve, 1929, by subsequent designation of Townsend, 1932,
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 9 : 36. FORMOSA.
HEMILINNAEMYIA Villeneuve, 1932, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1932 : 269. Type-species: Henri-
linnaemyia decorata Villeneuve, 1932, by original designation. FORMOSA.
HEPALIOLOEMUS Baranov, 1934. See Hapalioloemus.
HERTINGIA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 12. Type-species: Crossocosmia
(Hertingia) pauciseta Mesnil, 1957, by original designation. JAPAN. (As subgenus of
Crossocosmia Mik, 1890).
HETERIA Malloch, 1930, Rec. Canterbury Mus. 3 : 325. Type-species: Heteria appendi-
culata Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
HETEROMETOPIA Macquart, 1846, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1844 : 298. Dipt. exot.
Suppl. 1 : 170. Type-species: Heterometopia argentea Macquart, 1846, by monotypy.
TASMANIA.
HEXAMERA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 132. Muse.
Schiz. 1 : 64. Type-species: Hystricia orientalis Schiner, 1868, by monotypy. NEW
ZEALAND.
HILLIA Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 328. Type-species: Ililliu politu Malloch,
1929, by original designation. NORTHERN TERRITORY (AUSTRALIA).
HOBARTIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 127. Type-species: Hobartia
peculiaris Malloch, 1930, by original designation. TASMANIA.
HOMOHEXAMERA Townsend, 1934, Jl N-Y- ent- Soc- 42 : 247- Type-species: Proto-
hystricia huttoni Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
HOMOTRIXA Villeneuve, 1914, Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 12 : 437. Type-species:
Homotrixa brevifacies Villeneuve, 1914, by monotypy. FORMOSA.
16 R. W. CROSSKEY
HUTTONOBESSERIA Curran, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 354. Type-species: Phania verecunda
Hutton, 1901, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
HYGIA Mesnil, 1952, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g. : 222. Type-species: Blepharipoda euta-
chinoides Baranov, 1932, by original designation. FORMOSA.
Name preoccupied by Hygia Uhler, 1861 (Hemiptera). No replacement name is proposed
as Hygia Mesnil is currently regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Chaetexorista Brauer
& Bergenstamm, 1894.
HYGIELLA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 28. Type-species: Hygiella pygidialis
Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. BURMA.
HYLEORUS Aldrich, 1926, Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 52 : 16. Type-species: Hyleorus furcatus
Aldrich, 1926, by monotypy. QUEENSLAND.
HYSTRICINA Malloch, 1932, Pec. Canterbury Mus. 3 : 433. Type-species: Musca lupina
Swederus, 1787, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
HYSTRICOVORIA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 395. Type-species: Hystricovoria
bakeri Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
IDANIA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 408. Type-species:
Idania atrox Enderlein, 1936, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
The spelling Jdania is given in the original description, but Enderlein cites Idania as the
correct spelling in a footnote on the same page.
ILLA Baranov, 1938, Vet. Arh. 8 : 171. Type-species: Ilia tnirabilis Baranov, 1938, by
original designation. SOLOMON ISLANDS.
INDOSTURMIA Townsend, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 9 : 49. Type-species: Indo-
sturtnia indica Townsend, 1932 [= Crossocosmia indica Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893,
nomen nudum], by original designation. INDIA.
ISOCARCELIOPSIS Baranov, 1934, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 82 : 406. Type-species:
Isocarceliopsis hemimacquartioides Baranov, 1934, by original designation. FORMOSA.
ISOCHAETINA Mesnil, 1950, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 157. Type-species: Drino
(Isochaetina) ditnorpha Mesnil, 1950, by monotypy. INDIA. (As subgenus of Drino
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863).
ISOSTURMIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 67. Ty pe -species : Isosturmia inversa
Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
JANTHINOMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 60 : 141.
Muse. Schiz. 3 : 53. Type-species: Janthinomyia felderi Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893,
by original designation. INDIA.
JDANIA Enderlein, 1936. See Idania.
KAMBAITIMYIA Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 163. Type-species: Kam-
baitimyia carbonata Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. BURMA.
KINABALUIA Malloch, 1935, /. fed. Malay St. Mus. 17 : 683. Type-species: Kinabaluia
viridifulva Malloch, 1935, by original designation. BORNEO.
KORALLIOMYIA Mesnil, 1950, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 114. Type-species: Korallio-
myia portentosa Mesnil, 1950, by original designation. INDIA.
KOSEMPOMYIA Villeneuve, 1932, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 71 : 243. Type-species:
Kosempomyia tibialis Villeneuve, 1932, by monotypy. FORMOSA.
KOSEMPOMYIELLA Baranov, 1934, Encycl. ent. Serie B II, 7 : 165. Type-species:
Kosempomyiella rufiventris Baranov, 1934 [= Austrophasiopsis formosensis Townsend,
I933]» by original designation. FORMOSA.
KURINTJIMYIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 38. Type-species: Kurintjimyia
jacobsoni Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
GENERA OF ORIENTO- AUSTRAL ASI AN TACHINIDAE 17
KUWANIMYIA Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 : 319. Type-species: Kuwani-
tnyia conspersa Townsend, 1916, by original designation. JAPAN.
LACCURA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Vbersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 431. Type-species:
Rutilia saturatissima Walker, 1861, by original designation. BATCHIAN (= BATJAN).
LASIOCALYPTER Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 119. Type-species: Lasio-
calypter flavohirta Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
LASIOCALYPTRINA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 122. Type-species:
Lasiocalyptrina modesta Malloch, 1930, by original designation. VICTORIA.
LEIOSIA Wulp, 1893, Tijdschr. Ent. 36 : 185. Type-species: Leiosia flavisquama Wulp,
1893, by monotypy. JAVA.
LEIOSIOPSIS Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 62. Type-species: Leiosiopsis aristalis
Townsend, 1927 [ = Isosturmia intermedia Townsend, 1927], by original designation.
SUMATRA.
LESKIOLA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 66. Type-species: Leskiola palpata
Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. BURMA.
LEVERELLA Baranov, 1934, Vet. Arh. 4 : 473. Type-species: Leverella institutiimperialis
Baranov, 1934, by original designation. SOLOMON ISLANDS.
LOPHOSIOCYPTERA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 59. Type-species: Lophosio-
cyptera lophosioid.es Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
LOPHOSIODES Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 285. Type-species: Lophosiodes scutel-
latus Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
LOPHOSIOPSIS Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 381. Type-species: Lophosiopsis
costalis Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
LYPHOSIA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 56. Type-species: Lypha (Lyphosia)
barbata Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. JAPAN. (As subgenus of Lypha Robineau-Desvoidy,
1830).
MACREUTHERA Bezzi, 1925, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 50 : 281. Type-species: Euthera
skusei Bezzi, 1925, by original designation. QUEENSLAND. (As subgenus of Euthera Loew,
1866).
MACROCHLORIA Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 326. Type-species: Macro-
chloria calliphorosoma Malloch, 1929 [= Nemoraea nitidiventris Macquart, 1851], by
original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
MACROLOPHOSIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 60 : 144.
Muse. Schiz. 3 : 56. Type-species: Macrolophosia felderi Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893,
by monotypy. " O.-Indien " (? EAST INDIES or INDIA).
MACROPIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 322. Type-species: Macropia
rufiventris Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
MACROPODEXIA Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 462. Type-species: Dexia
longipes Macquart, 1846, by original designation. TASMANIA.
MACROSOPHIA Townsend, 1933, Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 459. Type-species: Macrosophia
papua Townsend, 1933, by original designation. NEW GUINEA.
MACROZENILLIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 68. Type-species: Macrozenillia
aurescens Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
MAKILINGIMYIA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 382. Type-species: Makilingimyia
melanoptera Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
MALAIOCROCUTA Townsend, 1933, J1 N-Y- ent- Soc- 40 : 479- Type-species: Melano-
phora molitor Wiedemann, 1824, by original designation, EAST INDIES.
i8 R. W. CROSSKEY
MALAISIMYIA Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 146. Type-species: Malaisi-
tnyia flavicoxa Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. BURMA.
MALAYIA Malloch, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 31 : 510. Type-species: Malayia fuscinervis
Malloch, 1926, by original designation. MALAYA.
MALAYOCYPTERA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 31. Type-species: Malayocyptera
munita Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
MALA YODINERA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 27. Type-species: Malayodinera
montana Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
MALAYODORIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 35. Type-species: Malayodoria
fumipennis Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
MALA YO MEDINA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 20. Type-species: Malayomedina
petiolata Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
MALLOCHIOLA Strand, 1932, Folia zool. hydrobiol. 4 : 195. New name for Delta Malloch,
1930, preoccupied by Delta de Saussure, 1855 and Delta Saalmueller, 1891. (Invalid).
Name preoccupied by Mallochiola Bergroth, 1925 (Hemiptera) ; no replacement name
required as Deltomyza Malloch, 1931 pre-dates Mallochiola Strand, 1932, as a new name for
Delta Malloch, 1930.
MALLOCHOMACQUARTIA Townsend, 1934, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 42 : 247. Type-species:
Macquartia vexata Hutton, 1901, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
MASICERELLA Gardner, 1940, Indian J. Ent. 2 : 178. Nomen nudum, unavailable.
Gardner (1940, Indian J. Ent. 2 : 178) published the name Masicerella in the binomen
Masicerella indistincta which he attributed to Baranov; Baranov, however, never published
this name. The specific name indistincta is available under Article II (g) (ii) of the Inter-
national Code of Zoological Nomenclature and is attributable to Gardner, but the generic name
Masicerella is not accompanied by a definition of the generic taxon and does not fulfil the
requirements of Article 13 (a) of the Code; it is therefore an unavailable nomen nudum.
MED INACEMYIA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 377. Type-species: Medinacemyia
sibuyana Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
MEDINELLA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 234. Unavailable.
Malloch (1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 234-237) gave a generic description for Medin-
ella and described four new originally included species from New Zealand. Malloch cited
Medinella unispinosa n. sp. as type-species, but this is not one of the described species and
remains a nomen nudum. Medinella is based on a nomen nudum, and the generic name is
nomenclaturally unavailable.
MEDINODEXIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 57. Type-species: Medinodexia
fulviventris Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
MEDINOMYIA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 27. Type-species: Medinomyia
canescens Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. BURMA.
MEGISTOGASTROPSIS Townsend, 1916, Ent. News 27 : 178. Type-species: Megisto-
gaster wallacei Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 [= Dexia alulifera Walker, 1861], by original
designation. AMBOYNA.
MELANASOMYIA Malloch, 1935, J. fed. Malay St. Mus. 17 : 676. Type-species: Melana-
sotnyia flavipalpis Malloch, 1935, by original designation. MALAYA.
MENEVILLEA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Vbersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 416. Type-
species: Rutilia pellucens Macquart, 1846, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
MESEMBRIOMINTHO Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 158. Type-species: Mesembrio-
mintho compressa Townsend, 1916 [= Sumpigaster fasciatus Macquart, 1855], by original
designation. QUEENSLAND.
GENERA OF ORIENTO- AUSTRAL ASIAN TACHINIDAE 19
METOPOMINTHO Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 283. Type-species: Metopomintho
sauteri Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
METOPOSISYROPS Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 : 320. Type-species:
Metoposisyrops oryzae Townsend, 1916, by original designation. JAVA.
MICROCARCELIA Baranov, 1934, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Land. 82 : 400. Type-species: Car-
celia septitna Baranov, 1931, by original designation. FORMOSA.
MICROCEROMASIA Villeneuve, 1911, Wien. ent. Ztg 30 : 82. Type-species: Ceromasia
sphenophori Villeneuve, 1911, by original designation. NEW GUINEA.
MICROHYSTRICIA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 177. Type-species:
Microhystricia gourlayi Malloch, 1938, by monotypy. NEW ZEALAND.
MICROPHYTOMYPTERA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 287. Type-species: Micro-
phytotnyptera minuta Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
MICRORUTILIA Townsend, 1915, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 28 : 23. Type-species: Rutilia
minor Macquart, 1846, by original designation. TASMANIA, NEW SOUTH WALES.
MICROTROPESA Macquart, 1846, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1844 : 313. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
1 : 185. Type-species: Musca sinuata Donovan, 1798, by monotypy. AUSTRALIA.
MINTHOCYPTERA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 31. Type-species: Minthocyptera
tnalaya Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
MOLLIOPSIS Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 470. Type-species: Mollia malayana
Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
MONOLEPTOPHAGA Baranov, 1938, Bull. ent. Res. 29 : 411. Type-species: Mono-
leptophaga caldwelli Baranov, 1938, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
MONTANARTURIA Miller, 1945, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 14 : 72. Type-species:
Arthuria dimorpha Malloch, 1938. New name for Arthuria Malloch, 1938, preoccupied by
Arthuria Dall, 1881.
MYCTEROMYIA Mesnil, 1950, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 107. Type-species: Mycterotnyia
laetifica Mesnil, 1950, by original designation. NEW GUINEA.
Name preoccupied by Mycterotnyia Philippi, 1865 (Diptera), see Mycteromyiella Mesnil,
1965-
MYCTEROMYIELLA Mesnil, 1965, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 70 : 232. Type-species : Mycterotnyia
laetifica Mesnil, 1950. New name for Mycterotnyia Mesnil, 1950, preoccupied by Mycterotnyia
Philippi, 1865.
MYIOFIJIA Baranov, 1934, Vet. Arh. 4 : 478. Type-species: Myiofijia bezziana Baranov,
1934, by original designation. FIJI ISLANDS.
MYIOTRIXA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 60 : 96. Muse.
Schiz. 3:8. Type-species: Myiotrixa prosopina Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, by original
designation. NORTHERN AUSTRALIA.
MYOBIOMIMA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 22. Type-species: Myobiomitna
longimana Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
MYXOCARCELIA Baranov, 1934, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 82 : 398. Type-species: Car-
celia hirsuta Baranov, 1931, by original designation. FORMOSA.
NEODUVAUCELIA Malloch, 1931, Ann. Mag. not. Hist. (10) 7 : 319. Type-species: Neo-
duvaucelia aenescens Malloch, 1931, by original designation. MALAYA.
NEOERYTHRONYCHIA Malloch, 1932, Rec. Canterbury Mus. 3 : 449. Type-species: Neo-
erythronychia hirta Malloch, 1932, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
NEOMEDINA Malloch, 1935, Insects Samoa, VI, Dipt. 9 : 362. Type-species: Neomedina
atripennis Malloch, 1935, by original designation. SAMOA.
20 R. W. CROSSKEY
NEOPHASIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 60 : 100. Muse.
Schiz. 3 : 12. Type-species: Neophasia picta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, by original
designation. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
Name preoccupied by Neophasia Behr, 1869 (Lepidoptera), see Euphasia Townsend, 1908,
and Neximyia n. n.
NEOPHRYXE Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 : 318. Type-species: Neophryxe
psychidis Townsend, 1916, by original designation. JAPAN.
NEOPLECTOPS Malloch, 1930, J.fed. Malay St. Mus. 16 : 147. Type-species: Neoplectops
nudibasis Malloch, 1930, by original designation. MALAYA.
NEORUTILIA Malloch, 1936, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 61 : 17. Type-species: Rutilia
(Neorutilia) simplex Malloch, 1936, by original designation. QUEENSLAND. (As subgenus
of Rutilia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830).
NEOTACHINA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 240. Type-species:
Neotachina obtusa Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
NEOTRYPHERA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 217. Type-species: Neo-
tryphera atra Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
NEXIMYIA n. n. for Euphasia Townsend, 1908, preoccupied by Euphasia Stephens, 1830.
Type-species: Neophasia picta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893.
Euphasia Townsend was proposed as a replacement name for the preoccupied Neophasia
Brauer & Bergenstamm, but Euphasia Townsend is itself preoccupied: Neximyia n. n.,
here proposed as a replacement name for Euphasia Townsend, is therefore the valid name for
Neophasia Brauer & Bergenstamm.
NOTHYPOSTENA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 63. Type-species: Nothy-
postena aberrans Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. BURMA.
OCCISOR Hutton, 1901, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 33 : 52. Type-species: Occisor inscitus Hutton,
1901, by subsequent designation of Townsend, 1916, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 4:8. NEW
ZEALAND.
OCHROMEIGENIA Townsend, 1919, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 56 : 578. Type-species: Ochro-
meigenia ortnioides Townsend, 1919 [— Hamaxia incongrua Walker, 1860], by original
designation. JAVA.
OCHROPHASIA Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 288. Type-species: Ochrophasia
atripennis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
OCHROPLEURUM Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 184. Dipt. exot.
Suppl. 4 : 211. Type-species: Ochropleurum javanum Macquart, 1851 [= Dexia mac-
ropus Wiedemann, 1830], by monotypy. JAVA.
OCYPTEROPSIS Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 49 : 630. Type-species: Ocyptera
flavifrons Macquart, 1851, by original designation. TASMANIA (probably in error for NEW
SOUTH WALES).
OESTROCARA Townsend, 1935, Ent. News 46 : 104. Type-species: Setnisuturia niti-
diventris Malloch, 1927, by original designation. MALAYA.
OPSOCYPTERA Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 284. Type-species: Opsocyptera
optima Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
OPSOPHANA Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 153. Type-species: Masicera rufifacies
Macquart, 1847, by original designation. TASMANIA.
OPSOPHASIOPS Townsend, 1915, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 28 : 22. Type-species: Myio-
phasia flava Coquillett, 1900, by original designation. TASMANIA.
Coquillett (1900, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 25 : 390) cited West Australia as the type-locality
of Myiophasia flava in the original description, but the type-material (in Washington) is
labelled Tasmania. Aldrich (1922, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 62 (n) : 5) has noted the discrep-
ancy and Townsend (1938, Man. Myiol. 7 : 217) accepts Tasmania,
GENERA OF ORIENTO- AUSTR ALASI AN TACHINIDAE 21
ORECTOCERA Wulp, 1881, Dipt. Sumatra-Exp.: 39. Type-species: Orectocera micans
Wulp, 1 88 1, by monotypy. SUMATRA.
ORECTOCERINA Malloch, 1924, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 14 : 521. Type-species: Orecto-
cerina atratula Malloch, 1924 [= Trischidocera sauteri Villeneuve, 1915], by original designa-
tion. MALAYA.
ORIENTODORIA Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 477. Type-species: Tachina
orientalis Wiedemann, 1830, by original designation. EAST INDIES.
ORILLIOPSIS Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 396. Type-species: Orilliopsis orien-
talis Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
ORMIOMINDA Paramonov, 1955, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12) 8 : 125. Type-species: Ortnio-
minda rieki Paramonov, 1955, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
OXYDEXIOPS Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 289. Type-species: Oxydexiops
uramyoides Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
OXYPHYLLOMYIA Villeneuve, 1937, Bul1- Mus- v- H/ist- nat- Belg- 13 (34) : Ir- TYPe-
species: Oxyphyllomyia cordylurina Villeneuve, 1937, by monotypy. CHINA (SZECHWAN).
OXYRUTILIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 30. Type-species: Oxyrutilia jacobsoni
Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
PALEXORISTA Townsend, 1921, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 9 : 134. Type-species: Tachina
succini Giebel, 1862 [= Masicera solennis Walker, 1859], by original designation. Probably
EAST INDIES.
This genus is based on a specimen in copal, probably of East Indian origin, and at the time
of description erroneously supposed to have been a fossil in Baltic amber. See Crosskey
(1966, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 35 : 133).
PALI A Curran, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 443. Type-species: Palia aureocauda Curran, 1927,
by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
PALIANA Curran, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 445. Type-species: Paliana basalts Curran, 1927,
by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
PALPINA Malloch, 1927, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 20 : 423. Type-species: Palpina scutel-
laris Malloch, 1927, by original designation. MALAYA.
PALPOCYPTERA Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 283. Type-species: Palpocyptera
pulchra Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
PALPOSTOMA Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Me"m. pres. div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 2 : 429.
Type-species: Palpostoma testacea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, by monotypy. AUSTRALIA.
PALPOSTOMOTRIXA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 277. Type-species: Palposto-
motrixa paradoxa Townsend, 1927, by original designation. CEYLON.
PANCALA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 422. Type-species:
Formosia callipygos Gerstaecker, 1860, by original designation. NEW GUINEA.
PARABRACHELIA Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 159. Type-species: Masicera ruftpes
Macquart, 1847, by original designation. TASMANIA.
PARAGONIA Mesnil, 1950, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 106. Type-species: Paragonia
portentosa Mesnil, 1950, by original designation. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
PARALOPHOSIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 164.
Muse. Schiz. 1 : 96. Type-species: Ocyptera imbuta Wiedemann, 1819, by original desig-
nation. INDIA.
Brauer & Bergenstamm (loc. cit.) record the locality as " Ostindien ", but the lectotype of
Ocyptera imbuta Wiedemann is almost certainly from India (see Crosskey, 1966, Ann. Mag.
nat. Hist. (13) 8 : 667).
22 R. W. CROSSKEY
PARAMPHIBOLIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 58 : 389.
Muse. Schiz. 2 : 85. Type-species: Rutilia assimilis Macquart, 1851, by monotypy.
AUSTRALIA.
PARATROPEZA Paramonov, 1963, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 6 : 577. Type-species: Para-
tropeza flavibasis Paramonov, 1963, by original designation. NEW GUINEA.
PAREUPOGONA Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 157. Type-species: Masicera oblonga
Macquart, 1847, by original designation. TASMANIA.
PAROPSIVORA Malloch, 1934, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 59 : 7. Type-species: Paropsivora
grisea Malloch, 1934, by original designation. AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY.
PENTATOMOPHAGA de Meijere, 1917, Tijdschr. Ent. 60 : 246. Type-species: Penta-
tomophaga bicincta de Meijere, 1917, by monotypy. JAVA.
PENTHOSIOSOMA Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 538. Type -species : Pentho-
siosoma pictipennis Townsend, 1926, by original designation. PENANG.
PEREMPTOR Hutton, 1901, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 33 : 56. Type-species: Peremptor egmonti
Hutton, 1901, by subsequent designation of Townsend, 1916, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 4 : 8.
NEW ZEALAND.
PERIGYMNOSOMA Villeneuve, 1929, Bull. Annls Soc. v. ent. Belg. 69 : 68. Type-species:
Perigymnosoma globulum Villeneuve, 1929, by monotypy. FORMOSA.
PERILOPHOSIA Villeneuve, 1927, Revue zool. afr. 15 : 221. Type-species: Perilophosia
ocypterina Villeneuve, 1927, by monotypy. FORMOSA.
PERRISSINA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 182. Type-species: Perrissina
crocea Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
PERRISSINOIDES Dugdale, 1961, Trans. R. Soc. N.Z., Zool. 1 : 242. Type-species: Perris-
sinoides cerambycivorae Dugdale, 1961, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
PHAONJELLA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 216. Type-species: Phaoniella
biflda Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
PHASIODEXIA Townsend, 1925, Ent. Mitt. 14 : 250. Type-species: Phasiodexia flavida
Townsend, 1925, by original designation. SUMATRA.
PHASIOORMIA Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 447. Type-species: Phasioormia
pallida Townsend, 1933, by original designation. SINGAPORE.
PHILIPPODEXIA Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 533. Type-species: Philippodexia
longipes Townsend, 1926, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
PHJLIPPODORIA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 391. Type-species: Philippodoria
fasciata Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
PHILIPPOFORMOSIA Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 282. Type-species: Philip-
poformosia splendida Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
PHILIPPOLOPHOSIA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 384. Type-species: Philip-
polophosia ornata Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
PHILOTRICHOSTYLUM Townsend, 1933, J1 N-Y- ent- Soc- 40 : 46°- Type-species:
Trichostylum fasciatum Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
PHORCIDELLA Mesnil, 1947, Encycl. ent. Serie B II, 10 : 42. Type-species: Eutachina
basalts Baranov, 1932, by original designation. FORMOSA.
PHORINIOPHYLAX Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 62. Type-species: Phoriniophylax
phoeda Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
PHOROCEROSOMA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 61. Type-species: Phorocerosoma
forte Townsend, 1927 [= Masicera vicaria Walker, 1857], by original designation. SUMATRA.
GENERA OF ORIENTO- AUSTR AL AS I AN TACHINIDAE 23
PHOROCEROSOMA Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 327. Type-species: Phoro-
cerosoma setiventris Malloch, 1929, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
Name preoccupied by Phorocerosoma Townsend, 1927 (Diptera), see Phorocerostoma Malloch,
1930.
PHOROCEROSTOMA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 326. Type -species :
Phorocerosoma setiventris Malloch, 1929. New name for Phorocerosoma Malloch, 1929, pre-
occupied by Phorocerosoma Townsend, 1927.
PHRYNACTIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 34. Type-species: Phrynactia petiolata
Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
PHRYXOSTURMIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 68. Type-species: Phryxosturmia
jacobsoni Townsend, 1927 [= Blepharella lateralis Macquart, 1851], by original designation.
SUMATRA.
PHYTOROPHAGA Bezzi, 1923, Treubia 3 : 411. Type-species: Phytorophaga ventralis
Bezzi, 1923, by original designation. JAVA.
PILIMYIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 329. Type-species: Pilimyia lasio-
phthaltna Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
PLAGIODEROPHAGUS Baranov, 1938, Bull. ent. Res. 29 : 412. Type-species: Plagio-
derophagus niger Baranov, 1938, by original designation. INDIA.
PLAGIOMYIA Curran, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 442. Type-species: Calcager turbidum
Hutton, 1901, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
PLATERYCIA Baranov, 1936, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 17 : no. Type-species: Platerycia
compressa Baranov, 1936, by original designation. FORMOSA.
PLATYTACHINA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 210. Type-species: Platy-
tachina major Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
PLATYTAINIA Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 178. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
4 : 205. Type-species: Platytainia maculata Macquart, 1851, by monotypy. TASMANIA
(probably in error for NEW SOUTH WALES).
PLESIOCYPTERA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 60 : 144.
Muse. Schiz. 3 : 56. Type-species: Ocyptera bicolor Wiedemann, 1819, by monotypy.
INDIA.
Brauer & Bergenstamm (loc. cit.) record the locality as " O. Ind.", suggesting East Indies,
but the lectotype of Ocyptera bicolor Wiedemann is almost certainly from India (see Crosskey,
1966, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 8 : 666).
PLETHOCHAETIGERA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N. Z. 68 : 191. Type-species:
Plethochaet igera fenwicki Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
PODOM YIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 96. Muse.
Schiz. 1 : 28. Type-species: Eurigaster setosa Doleschall, 1858 [== Blepharella lateralis
Macquart, 1851], by original designation. AMBOYNA.
POGONAGALMIA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen I : 435.
Type-species: Rutilia hirticeps Malloch, 1929, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
POLYCHAETA Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 154. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
4 : 181. Type-species: Polychaeta nigra Macquart, 1851, by monotypy. TASMANIA
(probably in error for NEW SOUTH WALES).
POLYGASTROPTERYX Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 161. Type-species:
Polygastropteryx bicoloripes Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. BURMA.
PROCEROMYIA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 35. Type-species: Ceromyia
(Proceromyia) macronychia Mesnil, 1957, DY monotypy. JAPAN. (As subgenus of Ceromya
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830).
24 R. W. CROSSKEY
PRODEGEERIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 61 : 617. Muse.
Schiz. 4 : 81. Type-species : Prodegeeria javana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1894, by mono-
typy. JAVA.
PRODIAPHANIA Townsend, 1927, Ent. News 38 : 159. Type-species: Diaphania testacea
Macquart, 1843. New name for Diaphania Macquart, 1843, preoccupied by Diaphania
Huebner, 1818.
PROFERIA Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 149. Unavailable, no fixation of a
type-species.
Proferia was described with two originally included species, neither of which was fixed as
type-species; it is invalid under Article I3(b) of the International Code of Zoological Nomen-
clature.
PROHYPOTACHINA Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 464. Type-species: Prohypota-
china rutilioides Townsend 1933, by original designation. NORTH VIETNAM (TONKING).
PROMEDINA Mesnil, 1957, M6m. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 26. Type-species: Promedina
japonica Mesnil, 1957, by original designation. JAPAN.
PROMINTHO Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 23. Type-species: Promintho sungayana
Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
PROPARATHELAIRA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 378. Type-species: Propara-
thelaira plutnosa Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
PROPHORICHAETA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 390. Type-species: Prophori-
chaeta philippina Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
PRORIEDELIA Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 164. Type-species: Prorie-
delia petiolata Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. BURMA.
PROSCISSIO Hutton, 1901, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 33 : 54. Type-species: Proscissio montana
Hutton, 1901, by subsequent designation of Townsend, 1916, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 4:8.
NEW ZEALAND.
PROSENINA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 116. Type-species: Prosenina
nicholsoni Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
PROSENOSOMA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 189. Type-species: Proseno-
sorna greyi Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
PROSENOSTOMA Townsend, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 9 : 39. Type-species:
Senostorna flavipes Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, by original designation. WESTERN
AUSTRALIA.
PROSHELIOMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 58 : 375.
Muse. Schiz. 2 : 71. Type-species: Prosheliomyia nietneri Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891,
by monotypy. CEYLON.
PROSOPHIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 58. Type-species: Prosophia kloofla
Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
PROSOPODOPSIS Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 542. Type-species: Tachina
/asc/afa Wiedemann, 1830, by original designation. MACAO.
PROSOPOFRONTINA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 33. Type-species: Prosopofrontina
pulchra Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
PROSTURMIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 69. Type-species: Prosturmia pro/ana
Townsend, 1927 [= Masicera solennis Walker, 1859], by original designation. SUMATRA.
PROTOHYSTRICIA Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 341. Type-species:
Hystricia pachyprocta Nowicki, 1875 [= Hystricia orientalis Schiner, 1868], by original
designation. NEW ZEALAND.
PROTOMEIGENIA Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 156. Type-species: Prototneigenia
diirea Townsend, 1916, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES,
GENERA OF OKI ENTO- AUSTRAL ASIAN TACHINIDAE 25
PROTONEMORAEA Baranov, 1935, Vet. Arh. 5 : 556. Type-species: Protonemoraea
japanica Baranov, 1935, by original designation. JAPAN.
PSARONIA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 414. Type-species:
Psaronia bisetosa Enderlein, 1936, by original designation. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
PSARONIELLA Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 417. Type-
species: Rutilia castanipes Bigot, 1880, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
PSEUDACTIA Malloch, 1930, J. fed. Malay St. Mus. 16 : 124. Type-species: Actia (Pseud-
actia) hirticeps Malloch, 1930, by monotypy. MALAYA. (As subgenus of Actia Robineau-
Desvoidy, 1830).
PSEUDOBRULLAEA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 74. Type-species: Pseudo-
brullaea aberrans Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. BURMA.
PSEUDOCYPTERA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 60 : 143.
Muse. Schiz. 3 : 55. Type-species: Pseudocyptera obscura Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893,
by monotypy. INDIA.
Brauer & Bergenstamm (loc. cit.) cite the locality as " O. Ind.", but India and not East
Indies is the more probable type-locality.
PSEUDOFORMOSIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 126.
Muse. Schiz. 1 : 58. Type-species: Formosia moneta Gerstaecker, 1860, by monotypy.
NEW GUINEA.
PSEUDOKEA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 393. Type-species: Pseudokea neowin-
themioides Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
PSEUDOPALPOSTOMA Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 533. Type-species: Pal-
postoma desvoidyi Aldrich, 1922, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
PSEUDORECTOCERA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 385. Type-species: Pseudo-
rectocera albifacies Townsend, 1928 [= Tachina beelzebul Wiedemann, 1830], by original
designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
PSEUDOSERVILLIA Townsend, 1916, Ent. News 27 : 178. Type-species: Echinomyia
flavopilosa Bigot, 1888, by original designation. JAVA.
PSEUDOTRICHOPODA Malloch, 1933, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 58 : 77. Type-species:
Pseudotrichopoda varipes Malloch, 1933 [= Saralba ocypteroides Walker, 1865], by original
designation. QUEENSLAND.
PYGIDIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 330. Type-species: Pygidia rufola-
teralis Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
Name preoccupied by Pygidia Mulsant & Rey, 1861 (Coleoptera), see Pygidimyia n. n.
PYGIDIMYIA n. n. for Pygidia Malloch, 1930, preoccupied by Pygidia Mulsant & Rey,
1861. Type-species: Pygidia rufolateralis Malloch, 1930.
PYGOCALCAGER Townsend, 1935, Ent. News 46 : 215. Type-species: Calcager humera-
turn Hutton, 1901, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
QUADRA Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 320. Type-species: Quadra ornata
Malloch, 1929, by original designation. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
RH APHIS Wulp, 1885, Tijdschr. Ent. 28 : 199. Type-species: Rhaphis elongata Wulp,
1885, by monotypy. CEYLON.
RHINAPLOMYIA Mesnil, 1955, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 441. Type-species: Carcelia
nasuta Villeneuve, 1937, by original designation. CHINA (SZECHWAN).
RHINOMYOBIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 60 : 140.
Muse. Schiz. 3 : 52. Type-species: Rhinomyobia an s trails Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893,
by monotypy. AUSTRALIA.
RHINOMYODES Townsend, 1933, // N. Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 474. Type-species: Rhinomyodes
emporomyioid.es Townsend, 1933, by original designation. FORMOSA.
26 R. W. CROSSKEY
RHYNCHJODEXIA Bigot, 1885, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1885 : xi. Type-species: Rhynchio-
dexia tenuipes Bigot, 1885, by monotypy. NEW CALEDONIA.
RUTILIA Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Me"m. pres. div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 2 : 319. Type-
species: Tachina vivipara Fabricius, 1805, by PRESENT DESIGNATION (see discussion).
Probably AUSTRALIA (Insulis maris pacifici).
The citations of a type-species for Rutilia Robineau-Desvoidy until now existing in the
literature are invalid under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (for reasons
discussed further below) as type-designations for this genus, and Tachina vivipara Fabricius,
1805, is therefore here designated as type-species.
The mention of the single species Rutilia desvoidyi Guerin-Meneville, 1843, in Rutilia by
Brauer & Bergenstamm (1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 152) does not constitute
type-fixation since this species was cited only as an example of the genus (Opinion 98 of the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) and is not an originally included
nominal species. To fix a type-species Townsend (1916, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 4 : 8) desig-
nated " Rutilia vivipara RD ", and this is the earliest type-designation for Rutilia (which has
four originally included nominal species, one of which is Tachina vivipara Fabricius) : this
designation is however invalid on two grounds. Townsend's designation is not amplified
by any statement other than " Rutilia vivipara RD " and it is therefore not clear whether this
is intended to mean the species supposedly misidentified by Robineau-Desvoidy as vivipara
Fabricius or whether Townsend meant the true vivipara Fabricius ; the designation is made
in an ambiguous manner and is invalid under Article 67 (c) of the Code. If, as seems probable
from Townsend's later work, he meant vivipara in the sense of Robineau-Desvoidy, not of
Fabricius, the designation is also invalid on the ground that " Rutilia vivipara RD " is not an
originally included nominal species: a nominal species is a named species objectively defined
by its type-specimen (Code, Glossary : 152), and the only species named vivipara and men-
tioned by Robineau-Desvoidy is Tachina vivipara Fabricius defined by the Fabrician type-
material (now lost) ; there is no nominal species Rutilia vivipara RD and the designation of
Townsend is therefore an invalid subsequent designation (Article 69 (a)).
Guerin-Meneville (1843, Rev. Zool. 1843 : 264), on the basis of discrepancies between the
descriptions of Fabricius and Robineau-Desvoidy, considered that the latter author had
misidentified Tachina vivipara Fabricius, and that the species actually seen by Robineau-
Desvoidy was undescribed when Robineau-Desvoidy described Rutilia. Guerin-Meneville
(1843, Rev. Zool. 1843 : 269) himself described the species supposedly misidentified by Robin-
eau-Desvoidy as Rutilia desvoidyi Guerin-Meneville, and Engel (1925, Zool. Jb. 50 : 361) and
Townsend (1936, Man. Myiol. 3 : 153) have cited Rutilia desvoidyi G.-M. as the type-species
of Rutilia] but desvoidyi is not an originally included nominal species and neither of these
citations is a valid type-designation.
Enderlein (1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 428—429) and Townsend
(1938, Man. Myiol. 7 : 422) both cited Rutilia desvoidyi Guerin-Meneville as the type-species
of Rutilia but made it clear at the same time that they considered it to be the same as Rutilia
vivipara Robineau-Desvoidy, nee Fabricius; however this does not provide a valid type-
designation for Rutilia under Article 69 (a) (iv) since Rutilia vivipara Robineau-Desvoidy is
not a nominal species (see above). Article 70 (b) on deliberate use of misidentification applies
only to new nominal genera established by the designator and is not germane to the present
case (which is not one requiring a Commission ruling under Article 70) .
In the absence of a previous valid type-designation I am here designating Tachina vivipara
Fabricius, 1805, as the type-species of Rutilia Robineau-Desvoidy. This selection does not
affect the generic concept of Rutilia, but it should be noted that the generic name Stiraulax
Enderlein, 1936, becomes a junior objective synonym of Rutilia since it is also based on
vivipara Fabricius. The name Rutilia vivipara (Fabricius) is in current use for the commonest
brown-coloured Rutilia species ranging from Cape York to Tasmania, and the choice of
vivipara Fabricius (rather than another species) as type-species is preferred by Australian
specialists (Colless, personal communication).
GENERA OF ORIENTO- AUSTRAL ASIAN TACHINIDAE 27
RUTILODEXIA Townsend, 1915, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 28 : 23. Type-species: Rut ilia
angustipennis Walker, 1859, by original designation. ARU ISLANDS.
RUTILOTRIXA Townsend, 1933, Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 448. Type-species: Trixa lateralis
Walker, 1849, by original designation. AUSTRALIA.
No type-locality was cited by Walker (1849, List. Spec. dipt. Ins. Coll. Brit. Mus. 4 : 699)
in the original description of Trixa lateralis but Austen has at some time labelled the female
holotype (in British Museum) " Australia. Purchd. at Mr. Children's sale 407 a.", and Town-
send therefore cited Australia in the description of Rutilotrixa. This locality may be accepted
as correct, although no other Australian material has yet been identified as lateralis.
SARALBA Walker, 1865, /. Proc. Linn. Soc. 8 : 114. Type-species: Saralba ocypteroid.es
Walker, 1865, by monotypy. NEW GUINEA.
SCAPH1MYIA Mesnil, 1955, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 422. Type-species: Scaphimyia
castanea Mesnil, 1955, by original designation. NORTH VIETNAM (TONKIN).
SCHISTOCH1LUS Aldrich, 1932, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 81 (9) : 18. Type-species: Schis-
tochilus aristatum Aldrich, 1932 [= Diatraeophaga striatalis Townsend, 1916], by original
designation. JAVA.
SCHIZACTIANA Curran, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 356. Type-species: Actia (Schizactiana)
valida Curran, 1927, by original designation. QUEENSLAND. (As subgenus of Actia
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1 830) .
SCHIZOCEROMYIA Townsend, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 29 : 542. Type-species: Schizo-
tachina fergusoni Bezzi, 1923, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
SCOLOGASTER Aldrich, 1926, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 14 : 52. Type-species: Scolo-
gaster fuscipennis Aldrich, 1926 [= Janthinomyia felderi Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1893],
by original designation. CHINA (SZECHWAN).
SCOTIELLA Mesnil, 1940, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 45 : 39. Type-species: Exorista (Scotiella)
bisetosa Mesnil, 1940, by original designation. CHINA, JAVA. (As subgenus of Exorista
Meigen, 1803).
Name preoccupied by Scotiella Delo, 1935 (Trilobita), see Spixomyia n. n.
SEMISUTURIA Malloch, 1927, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 52 : 339. Type-species: Semisu-
turia australis Malloch, 1927, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
SENEXORISTA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 63. Type-species: Senexorista suma-
trana Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
SENOSTOMA Macquart, 1847, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1846 : 96. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
2 : 80. Type-species: Senostoma variegata Macquart, 1847, by monotypy. TASMANIA.
SERICOTACHINA Townsend, 1916, Ent. News 27 : 178. Type-species: Paratachina
vulpecula Wulp, 1896, by original designation. JAVA.
SERICOZENILLIA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 18. Type-species: Zenillia
(Sericozenillia) albipila Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. JAPAN. (As subgenus of Zenillia
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830).
SERVILLINA Malloch, 1932, Stylops 1 : 201. Type-species: Servillia (Servillina) vespi-
fortnis Malloch, 1932, by original designation. MALAYA. (As subgenus of Servillia Robin-
eau-Desvoidy, 1830).
SERVILLIODES Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 37. Type-species: Servilliodes sutna-
trensis Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
SER VILLIOPSIS Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 .-314. Type-species: Servilliop-
sis buccata Townsend, 1916 [= Echinomyia flavopilosa Bigot, 1888], by original designation.
JAVA.
SETASIPHONA Townsend, 1934, Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 42 : 248. Type-species: Actia siphono-
soma Malloch, 1930, by original designation. MALAYA.
28 R. W. CROSSKEY
SIGELOTROXIS Aldrich, 1928, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 74 (8) : 3. Type-species: Sigelotroxis
parvus Aldrich, 1928, by original designation. CHINA.
SIMOMA Aldrich, 1926, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 69 (22) : 20. Type-species: Sitnoma grahami
Aldrich, 1926, by original designation. CHINA (SZECHWAN).
SISYROPA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 163. Muse.
Schiz. 1 : 95. Type-species: Tachina thermophila Wiedemann, 1830, by original designa-
tion. JAVA.
SISYROPODODEXIA Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 281. Type-species: Sisyropo-
dodexia luteicornis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
SMIDTIOLA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 7. Type-species: Smidtiola varipes
Mesnil, 1957, by monotypy. BURMA.
SPIROGLOSSA Doleschall, 1858, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie 17 : 107. Type-species:
Spiroglossa tpus Doleschall, 1858, by monotypy. AMBOYNA.
SPIXOMYIA n. n. for Scotiella Mesnil, 1940, preoccupied by Scotiella Delo, 1935. Type-
species: Exorista (Scotiella) bisetosa Mesnil, 1940.
STENODEXIOPSIS Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 17. Type-species: Stenodexiopsis
sumatrensis Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
STIRAULAX Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 428. Type-
species: Tachina vivipara Fabricius, 1805, by original designation. Probably AUSTRALIA
(Insulis maris pacifici).
STURMIODORIA Townsend, 1928, Philipp. J. Sci. 34 : 391. Type-species: Sturmiodoria
facialis Townsend, 1928, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
S TURMIOPSIS Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 : 313. Type-species: Sturmiop-
sis inferens Townsend, 1916, by original designation. JAVA.
STYLOGYNEMYIA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 280. Type-species: Stylogynemyia
cylindrica Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
STYLURODORIA Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 476. Type-species: Stylurodoria
stylata Townsend, 1933, by original designation. FORMOSA.
SUENSONOMYIA Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 99. Type-species: Suen-
sonomyia setinerva Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. CHINA.
SUMATRODEXIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 26. Type-species: Sumatrodexia
brevirostris Townsend, 1926 [= Dexia extendens Walker, 1857], by original designation.
SUMATRA.
SUMATRODORIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 64. Type-species: Sumatrodoria
summaria Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
SUMATROSTURMIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 70. Type-species: Sumatrostur-
mia orbitalis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
SUMATROTACHINA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 59. Type-species: Sumatrota-
china facialis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
SUMPIGASTER Macquart, 1855, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1854 : 124. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
5 : 104. Type-species: Sumpigaster fasciatus Macquart, 1855, by monotypy. QUEENS-
LAND.
TACHINEO Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 243. Type-species: Tachina
clarkii Hutton, 1901, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND. (As subgenus of Neotachina
Malloch, 1938).
TACHINODEXIA Townsend, 1933, Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 457. Type-species: Tachina
flavipennis Wiedemann, 1824, by original designation. INDIA or EAST INDIES (cited by
Wiedemann as " Ind. or." or " Ostindien ").
GENERA OF OKI ENTO- AUSTRAL ASI AN TACHINIDAE 29
TAKANOELLA Baranov, 1935, Vet. Arh. 5 : 558. Type-species: Takanoella parvicornis
Baranov, 1935, by original designation. JAPAN.
TAKANOMYIA Mesnil, 1957, Mem. Soc. r. ent. Belg. 28 : 10. Type-species: Takanotnyia
scutellata Mesnil, 1957, by rnonotypy. JAPAN.
TALARACTIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 305. Type-species: Actia
(Talaractia) baldwini Malloch, 1930, by original designation. QUEENSLAND. (As sub-
genus of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830).
In the original publication this name is spelled Tararactia in the subgeneric heading but
Talaractia in the description of the type-species: as the name is based on a comparison with
Talarocera Williston the spelling Tararactia is an inadvertent error.
TAMANUKIA Baranov, 1935, Vet. Arh. 5 : 551. Type-species: Tamanukia japanica
Baranov, 1935, by original designation. JAPAN.
TARARACTIA Malloch, 1930. See Talaractia.
TASMANIOMYIA Townsend, 1916, Can. Ent. 48 : 152. Type-species: Masicera viridiven-
tris Macquart, 1847, by original designation. TASMANIA.
TA YLORIA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 98. Type-species: Tayloria testacea
Malloch, 1930, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
Name preoccupied by Tayloria Bourguignat, 1889 (Mollusca), see Efftayloria Malloch, 1941.
TERETROPHORA Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 174. Dipt. exot.
Suppl. 4 : 201. Type-species: Teretrophora fasciata Macquart, 1851, by monotypy.
TASMANIA (probably in error for NEW SOUTH WALES).
TETRAPTEROMYIA Malloch, 1930, J. fed. Malay St. Mus. 16 : 119. Type-species: Tetra-
pterotnyia klossi Malloch, 1930, by original designation. MALAYA.
THELAIROLESKIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 23. Type-species: Thelairoleskia
bicolor Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
THELYCARCELIA Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 475. Type-species: Thelycar-
celia thrix Townsend, 1933, by original designation. FORMOSA.
THERESIOPSIS Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S.natn. Mus. 51 : 300. Type-species: Theresiop-
sis flcorutn Townsend, 1916, by original designation. JAVA.
THEROBIA Brauer, 1862, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12 : 1231. Type-species: Trypoderma
abdominalis Wiedemann, 1830, by monotypy. BENGAL.
THEROBIOPSIS Townsend, 1919, Insecutor Inscit. menstr. 6 : 166. Type-species: Aula-
cephala braueri Kertesz, 1899, by original designation. NEW GUINEA.
THRYPTODEXIA Malloch, 1926, Philipp. J. Sci. 31 : 509. Type-species: Thryptodexia
polita Malloch, 1926, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
THYELLINA Mesnil, 1949, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 70. Type-species: Thyellina brevi-
cornis Mesnil, 1949, by monotypy. QUEENSLAND.
Name preoccupied by Thyellina Agassiz, 1838 (Pisces), see Winthellia n. n.
TONGAMYIA Mesnil, 1953, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 89 : 102. Type-species: Tongamyia
cinerella Mesnil, 1953, by monotypy. TONGA.
TOROCCA Walker, 1860, /. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4 : 131. Type-species: Torocca abdominalis
Walker, 1860, by monotypy. CELEBES.
TOXOCNEMIS Macquart, 1855, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1854 : 123. Dipt. exot. Suppl.
5 : 103. Type-species: Toxocnernis vittata Macquart, 1855, by monotypy. SOUTH
AUSTRALIA.
TRICHOFORMOSOMYIA Baranov, 1934, Encycl. ent. Serie B II, 7 : 163. Type-species:
Trichoformosotnyia sauteri Baranov, 1934, by original designation. FORMOSA,
30 R. W. CROSSKEY
TRICHOSTYLUM Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 181. Dipt. exot.
Suppl. 4 : 208. Type-species: Trichostylum ruflpalpis Macquart, 1851, by monotypy.
AUSTRALIA.
TRISCHIDOCERA Villeneuve, 1915, Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 13 : 93. Type-species:
Trischidocera sauteri Villeneuve, 1915, by monotypy. FORMOSA.
TRITAXYS Macquart, 1847, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1846 : 81. Dipt. exot. Suppl. 2 : 65.
Type-species: Tritaxys australis Macquart, 1847, by monotypy. TASMANIA.
TRIXOMORPHA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 163.
Muse. Schiz. 1 : 95. Type-species: Trixomorpha indica Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, by
original designation. BENGAL.
TROPHOMYIA Aldrich, 1929, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 76 (15) : n. Type-species: Tropho-
myia pictipennis Aldrich, 1929 [= Tachina tepens Walker, 1849], by original designation.
MALAYA.
TROPHOPS Aldrich, 1932, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 81 (9) : 22. Type-species: Trophops
clauseni Aldrich, 1932, by original designation. JAPAN.
TRUPHIA Malloch, 1930, Rec. Canterbury Mus. 3 : 310. Type-species: Truphia grisea
Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
TRYPHERINA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 219. Type-species: Trypherina
grisea Malloch, 1938, by monotypy. NEW ZEALAND.
TYLODEXIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 27. Type-species: Tylodexia tennis Town-
send, 1926 [= Dexia precedens Walker, 1860], by original designation. SUMATRA.
UCLESIELLA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 167. Type -species : Uclesiella
irregularis Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
UGIMEIGENIA Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 : 316. Type-species: Ugimei-
genia elzneri Townsend, 1916, by original designation. BANKS ISLAND (Torres Strait,
Queensland) .
UGIMYIA Rondani, 1870, Boll. Soc. ent. ital. 2 : 137. Type-species: Ugimyia sericariae
Rondani, 1870, by monotypy. JAPAN.
The original descriptions of Ugimyia and its type-species are based on the larva and pupa,
but the adult of Ugimyia sericariae Rondani is described by Cornalia (1870, Boll. Soc. ent. ital.
2 : 223) on a later page in the same journal.
URODEXIA Osten-Sacken, 1882, Annali Mus. civ. Star. nat. Giacomo Doria 18 : n. Type-
species: Urodexia penicillutn Osten-Sacken, 1882, by monotypy. CELEBES.
URODEXIOMIMA Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 280. Type-species: Urodexiomirna
uramyoides Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
UROEUANTHA Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 279. Type-species: Uroeuantho
longipes Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
UROMEDINA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 18. Type-species: Urotnedina caudata
Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
USCHIZACTIA Townsend, 1934, J1 N.Y. ent. Soc. 42 : 248. Type-species: Actia uniseta
Malloch, 1930, by original designation. MALAYA.
VELUTA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 207. Type-species: Veluta albicincta
Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
VERREAUXIA Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, Hist. nat. Dipt. Env. Paris 1 : 893. Type-species:
Verreauxia auripilis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, by original designation. TASMANIA.
Name preoccupied by Verreauxia Hartlaub, 1856 (Aves). No replacement name is pro-
posed as Verreauxia Robineau-Desvoidy is regarded as a junior subjective synonym of
Rondahpr peaiani, 1856.
GENERA OF OKI ENTO- AUSTR AL AS I AN TACHINIDAE 31
VESPIVORA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 347. Type-species: Vespivora
nigriventris Malloch, 1930, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
VESPOCYPTERA Townsend, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 279. Type-species: Vespocyptera
petiolata Townsend, 1927, by original designation. FORMOSA.
VORIELLA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 335. Type-species: Voriella uniseta
Malloch, 1930, by original designation (cited as Voriella recedens, n. sp. by Malloch in error:
see Malloch, 1931, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 56 : 298). NEW SOUTH WALES.
VORINA Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 321. Type-species: Vorina setibasis
Malloch, 1930, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES.
WATTIA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 162. Type-species: Wattia ferru-
ginea Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
WEINGAERTNERIELLA Baranov, 1932, Neue Beitr. syst. Insektenk. 5 : 74. Type-species:
Sturtnia paradoxalis Baranov, 1932, by monotypy. FORMOSA. (As subgenus of Sturmia
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830).
WIEDEMANNIOMYIA Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 469. Type-species: Tachina
metallica Wiedemann, 1824, by original designation. EAST INDIES.
WINTHELLIA n. n. for Thyellina Mesnil, 1949, preoccupied by Thyellina Agassiz, 1838.
Type-species: Thyellina brevicornis Mesnil, 1949.
WULPITACHINA Villeneuve, 1934, Rev. franc. Ent. 1 : 181. Type-species: Paratachina
vulpecula Wulp, 1896, by original designation. JAVA.
XANTHOERIGONE Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 71. Type-species: Xanthoerigone
oralis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
XANTHOOESTRUS Villeneuve, 1914, Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 12 : 438. Type-
species: Xanthooestrus fastuosus Villeneuve, 1914, by monotypy. FORMOSA.
XANTHOPTEROMYIA Townsend, 1926, Supplta ent. 14 : 24. Type-species: Xanthop-
teromyia tegulata Townsend, 1926, by original designation. SUMATRA.
XENOLOPHOSIA Villeneuve, 1926, Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 66 : 273. Type-species:
Xenolophosia hamulata Villeneuve, 1926, by subsequent designation of Townsend, 1931,
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 8 : 391. FORMOSA.
XENORHYNCHIA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 190. Type-species: Xeno-
rhynchia peeli Malloch, 1938, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
XENOSTURMIA Mesnil, 1944, Flieg. Palaearht. Reg. 64g : 26. Type-species: Xenosturmia
testaceipes Mesnil, 1944 [= Eurygaster decipiens Walker, 1859], by original designation.
NEW BRITAIN.
ZAMBESA Walker, 1857, /. Proc. Linn. Soc. 1 : 21. Type-species: Zambesa ocypteroid.es
Walker, 1857, by monotypy. SINGAPORE.
ZAMBESOIDES Townsend, 1927, Philipp. J. Sci. 33 : 285. Type-species: Zambesoides
satnarensis Townsend, 1927, by original designation. PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC.
ZAMBESOPSIS Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 451. Type-species: Zambesa
claripalpis Villeneuve, 1926, by original designation. FORMOSA.
ZAMIMUS Malloch, 1932, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 10 : 319. Type-species: Zamimus
pendleburyi Malloch, 1932, by original designation. BORNEO.
ZEBROMYIA Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 321. Type-species: Zebromyia
obesa Malloch, 1929, by original designation. TASMANIA.
ZEALANDOTACHINA Malloch, 1938, Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N.Z. 68 : 223. Type-species:
Macquartia subtilis Hutton, 1901, by original designation. NEW ZEALAND.
ZENARGOMYIA Crosskey, 1964, /. ent. Soc. Qd 3 : 18. Type-species: Zenargomyia
moorei Crosskey, 1964, by original designation. NEW SOUTH WALES,
32 R. W. CROSSKEY
ZITA Curran, 1927, Ent. Mitt. 16 : 350. Type-species: Zita aureopyga Curran, 1927, by
original designation. QUEENSLAND.
ZORAMSCEUS Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dt. Kolon.-u. Ubersee-Mus. Bremen 1 : 416. Type-
species: Rutilia erichsonii Engel, 1925, by original designation. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
ZOSTEROMEIGENIA Townsend, 1919, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 56 : 579. Type-species:
Zosterotneigenia rnitna Townsend, 1919, by original designation. QUEENSLAND.
ZOSTEROMYIA Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 58 : 376.
Muse. Schiz. 2 : 72. Type-species: Zosteromyia braueri Townsend, 1933 [= Myobia
cingulata Brauer & Bergenstamm, not of Macquart, by misidentification], by original desig-
nation. TASMANIA, QUEENSLAND.
ZOSTEROMYIOPSIS Townsend, 1933, // N.Y. ent. Soc. 40 : 456. Type-species: Myobia
cingulata Macquart, 1851, by original designation. AUSTRALIA, TASMANIA.
ZOSTEROPSIS Townsend, 1916, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 51 : 309. Type-species: Zosteropsis
rutherfordi Townsend, 1916, by original designation. CEYLON.
ZYGOCARCELIA Townsend, 1927, Supplta ent. 16 : 64. Type-species: Zygocarcelia
cruciata Townsend, 1927, by original designation. SUMATRA.
SUMMARY OF PREOCCUPIED AND REPLACEMENT NAMES
The following list summarises the preoccupied junior homonyms in the genus-group names
of Oriental and Australasian Tachinidae, together with their replacement names:
Preoccupied name
Arthuria Malloch, 1938
Chlorogaster Macquart, 1851
Delta Malloch, 1930
Diaphania Macquart, 1843
Duvaucelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Engycera Malloch, 1938
Euphasia Townsend, 1908
Hygia Mesnil, 1952
Mallochiola Strand, 1932
Mycteromyia Mesnil, 1950
Neophasia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893
Phorocerosoma Malloch, 1929
Pygidia Malloch, 1930
Scotiella Mesnil, 1940
Tayloria Malloch, 1930
Thyellina Mesnil, 1949
Verreauxia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863
Replacement name
Montanarturia Miller, 1945
Chlorogastrina n. n.
Deltomyza Malloch, 1931 ; Mallochiola
Strand, 1932 (preoccupied)
Prodiaphania Townsend, 1927
Curtocera Macquart, 1835
Gracilicera Miller, 1945
Neximyia n. n.
none required (Hygi a Mesnil currently treated
as synonym of Chaetexorista Brauer &
Bergenstamm, 1894).
none required (Deltomyza Malloch available
as replacement name for Delta Malloch)
Mycteromyiella Mesnil, 1965
Euphasia Townsend, 1908 (preoccupied)
Phorocerostoma Malloch, 1930
Pygidimyia n. n.
Spixomyia n. n.
Efftayloria Malloch, 1941
Winthellia n. n.
none required (Verreauxia Robineau-Des-
voidy currently treated as synonym of
Blepharipa Rondani)
GENERA OF OKI ENTO-AUST RAL ASIAN TACHINIDAE 33
The following new combinations result from the new names proposed above:
Chlorogastrina tasmanensis (Macquart, 1851) comb. n.
Neximyia picta (Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893) comb. n.
Pygidimyia rufolateralis (Malloch, 1930) comb. n.
Winthellia brevicornis (Mesnil, 1949) comb. n.
The provision of the replacement name Spixomyia does not entail any new specific combinations
since Scotiella Mesnil is currently regarded as a subgenus of Exorista Meigen, 1803 (Mesnil, 1960,
Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g : 571).
SYNOPSIS OF GENUS-GROUP NAMES BASED ON
AUSTRALIAN TYPE-SPECIES
Acephana Townsend, 1916
Acucera Malloch, 1930
Agalmia Enderlein, 1936
Amphibolia Macquart, 1843
Amphitropesa Townsend, 1933
Amplipila Curran, 1927
Anagonia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891
Anamastax Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891
Anatropomyia Malloch, 1930
Apalpostoma Malloch, 1930
Apalpus Malloch, 1929
Apatemyia Macquart, 1846
Apilia Malloch, 1930
Aprotheca Macquart, 1851
AY chimera Mesnil, 1954
Arrhenomyza Malloch, 1929
Australotachina Curran, 1938
Austrodexia Malloch, 1930
Austrophasia Townsend, 1916
Austrophorocera Townsend, 1916
Austrophryno Townsend, 1916
Bactromyiella Mesnil, 1952
Ballardia Curran, 1927
Besserioides Curran, 1938
Calopygidia Malloch, 1930
Carcelimyia Mesnil, 1944
Chaetogastrina Malloch, 1929
Chaetophthalmus Brauer & Bergenstamm,
1891
Chetogaster Macquart, 1851
Chlorodexia Townsend, 1916
Chlorogaster Macquart, 1851
Chlorogastrina n. n.
Chlorotachina Townsend, 1915
Chrysopasta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889
Chrysorutilia Townsend, 1915
Codium Enderlein, 1936
Crypsina Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889
Cystometopia Townsend, 1926
Delta Malloch, 1930
Deltomyza Malloch, 1931
Diaphania Macquart, 1843
Doddiana Curran, 1927
Donovanius Enderlein, 1936
Echrysopasta Townsend, 1932
Efftayloria Malloch, 1941
Eipogonoides Curran, 1938
Euamphibolia Townsend, 1916
Eucompsa Enderlein, 1936
Euphasia Townsend, 1908
Eurygastropsis Townsend, 1916
Eustacomyia Malloch, 1927
Exechopalpus Macquart, 1847
Froggattimyia Townsend, 1916
Geraldia Malloch, 1930
Gerotachina Townsend, 1916
Glossosalia Mesnil, 1960
Gonanamastax Townsend, 1933
Goniophana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889
Grapholostylum Macquart, 1851
Habrota Enderlein, 1936
Heterometopia Macquart, 1846
Hillia Malloch, 1929
Hobartia Malloch, 1930
Hyleorus Aldrich, 1926
Lasiocalypter Malloch, 1930
Lasiocalyptrina Malloch, 1930
Macreuthera Bezzi, 1925
Macrochloria Malloch, 1929
Macropia Malloch, 1930
Macropodexia Townsend, 193 3
Mallochiola Strand, 1932
34
R. W. CROSSKEY
Menevillea Enderlein, 1936
M esembriomintho Townsend, 1916
Microrutilia Townsend, 1915
Microtropesa Macquart, 1846
Monoleptophaga Baranov, 1938
Myiotrixa Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893
Neophasia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893
Neorutilia Malloch, 1936
Neximyia n. n.
Ocypteropsis Townsend, 1916
Opsophana Townsend, 1916
Opsophasiops Townsend, 1915
Ormiominda Paramonov, 1955
Palia Curran, 1927
Paliana Curran, 1927
Palpostoma Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Parabrachelia Townsend, 1916
Paragonia Mesnil, 1950
Paramphibolia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891
Pareupogona Townsend, 1916
Paropsivom Malloch, 1934
Phorocerosoma Malloch, 1929
Phorocerostoma Malloch, 1930
Pilimyia Malloch, 1930
Platytainia Macquart, 1851
Pogonagalmia Enderlein, 1936
Polychaeta Macquart, 1851
Prodiaphania Townsend, 1927
Prosenina Malloch, 1930
Prosenostoma Townsend, 1932
Protomeigenia Townsend, 1916
Psaronia Enderlein, 1936
Psaroniella Enderlein, 1936
Pseudopalpostoma Townsend, 1926
Pseudotrichopoda Malloch, 1933
Pygidia Malloch, 1930
Pygidimyia n. n.
Q^tadra Malloch, 1929
Rhinomyobia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893
Rutilia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Rutilotrixa Townsend, 1933
Schizactiana Curran, 1927
Schizoceromyia Townsend, 1926
Semisuturia Malloch, 1927
Senostoma Macquart, 1847
Stiraulax Enderlein, 1936
Sumpigaster Macquart, 1855
Talaractia Malloch, 1930
Tararactia alt. orig. spelling
Tasmaniomyia Townsend, 1916
Tayloria Malloch, 1930
Teretrophora Macquart, 1851
Thyellina Mesnil, 1949
Toxocnemis Macquart, 1855
Trichostylum Macquart, 1851
Tritaxys Macquart, 1847
Ugimeigenia Townsend, 1916
Verreauxia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863
Vespivora Malloch, 1930
Voriella Malloch, 1930
Vorina Malloch, 1930
Winthellia n. n.
Zebromyia Malloch, 1929
Zenargomyia Crosskey, 1964
Zita Curran, 1927
Zoramsceus Enderlein, 1936
Zoster omeigenia Townsend, 1919
Zosteromyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891
Zosteromyiopsis Townsend, 1933
INDEX TO SPECIFIC NAMES OF TYPE-SPECIES
abdominalis, Torocca, 29
abdominalis, Trypoderma, 29
aberrans, Nothypostena, 20
aberrans, Pseudobrullaea, 25
actifera, Actinochaetopteryx, 5
aenescens, Neoduvaucelia, 19
alata, Alophorophasia, 5
albicincta, Veluta, 30
albifacies, Pseudorectocera, 25
albipila, Zenillia, 27
albopicta, Rutilia, 5
alulifera, Dexia, 18
amoena, Elfriedella, u
analis, Calopygidia, 8
angusticauda, Eupalpocyptera, 13
angustifrons, Cryptospylosia, 10
angustipennis, Rutilia, 27
anorbitalis, Androcyptera, 6
antennalis, Everestiomyia, 13
apertum, Calcager, 8
INDEX
35
appendiculata, Heteria, 15
argentea, Heterometopia, 15
argentifera, Atractodexia, 7
aristalis, Leiosiopsis, 17
aristatum, Schistochilus, 27
assimilis, Rutilia, 22
ater, Gastroptilops, 14
atkinsoni, Podomyia, 10
atra, Eocypterula, 12
atra, Neotryphera, 20
atrata, Arrhinodexia, 6
atratula, Orectocerina, 21
atribasis, Rutilia, 10
atripennis, Neomedina, 19
atripennis, Ochophasia, 20
atrox, Idania, 16
aurea, Protomeigenia, 24
aureocauda, Palia, 21
aureocephala, Anaeudora, 5
aureocincta, Bactromyiella, 7
aureopyga, Zita, 32
aurescens, Macrozenillia, 17
auricaudata, Chrysopygia, 10
auripilis, Verreauxia, 30
auronigra, Calozenillia, 8
australensis, Demotions, 12
australiensis, Delta, 10
australis, Anamastax, 6
australis, Rhinomyobia, 25
australis, Semisuturia, 27
australis, Tritaxys, 30
bakeri, Botriopsis, 8
bakeri, Cylindromyiella, 10
bakeri, Eoacemyia, 12
bakeri, Eocarceliopsis, 12
bakeri, Hystricovoria, 16
baldwini, Actia, 29
barbata, Calyptromyia, 8
barbata, Lypha, 17
basalis, Eutachina, 22
basalis, Paliana, 21
basifera, Dexia, 8
beelzebul, Tachina, 25
bezziana, Myiofijia, 19
bicincta, Duvaucelia, 10, n
bicincta, Hemidegeeria, 15
bicincta, Pentatomophaga, 22
bicolor, Ocyptera, 23
bicolor, Thelairoleskia, 29
bicoloripes, Oswaldia, n
bicoloripes, Polygastropteryx, 23
bifida, Diglossocera, n
bifida, Phaoniella, 22
binigra, Zealandotachina, 8
biserialis, Phorocera, 7
bisetosa, Exorista, 27, 28
bisetosa, Psaronia, 25
bivittata, Barydexia, 7
braueri, Aulacephala, 29
braueri, Zosteromyia, 32
brevicornis, Thyellina, 29, 31
brevifacies, Homotrixa, 15
brevigaster, Micropalpus, 9
brevipalpis, Avibrissina, 7
brevipennis, Echinomyia, 12
brevirostris, Sumatrodexia, 28
breviseta, Eustacomyia, 13
buccata, Servilliopsis, 27
burmanica, Chaetoptiliopsis, 9
caldwelli, Monoleptophaga, 19
calliphoroides, Australotachina, 7
calliphorosoma, Macrochloria, 17
callipygos, Formosia, 21
campbelli, Campbellia, 8
canescens, Medinomyia, 18
carinata, Eomyocera, 12
carbonata, Kambaitimyia, 16
castanea, Scaphimyia, 27
castanipes, Rutilia, 25
caudata, Akosempomyia, 5
caudata, Carcelia, 7
caudata, Uromedina, 30
centralis, Plethochaetigera, 9
cerambycivorae, Perrissinoides, 22
ceylanica, Atractocerops, 7
ceylanica, Eocarcelia, 12
ceylanica, Eufischeria, 13
chaetopygiale, Euthelairosoma, 13
cilifera, Apilia, 6
cinerea, Apalpostoma, 6
cinerea, Centeter, 9
cinerella, Tongamyia, 29
cingulata, Myobia, 32
claripalpis, Zambesa, 31
claripennis, Macquartia, 7
clarkii, Tachina, 28
clauseni, Trophops, 30
clavata, Germariochaeta, 14
communis, Compsiluroides, 10
compressa, Mesembriomintho, 18
compressa, Platerycia, 23
conspersa, Kuwanimyia, 17
conspicua, Arrhenomyza, 6
cordylurina, Oxyphyllomyia, 21
costalis, Lophosiopsis, 17
crocea, Perrissina, 22
R. W. CROSSKEY
cruciata, Zygocarcelia, 32
curvicauda, Catapariprosopa, 9
cylindrica, Doleschalla, u
cylindrica, Stylogynemyia, 28
decipiens, Eurygaster, 31
decorata, Hemilinnaemyia, 15
densa, Tachina, 7
desvoidyi, Palpostoma, 25
desvoidyi, Rutilia, 26
dilabida, Sturmia, 14
dimorpha, Arthuria, 6, 19
dimorpha, Drino, 16
dispar, Exorista, 8
divergens, Dexia, 12
diversicolor, Exorista, 6, 7
dolichopiformis, Dolichopodomintho, n
dorsalis, Apalpus, 6
dorsomaculatum, Grapholostylum, 15
egmonti, Peremptor, 22
elegans, Amphitropesa, 5
elegans, Eophyllophila, 12
elegans, Formicophania, 14
elegans, Rutilia, u
elongata, Rhaphis, 25
elzneri, Ugimeigenia, 30
emporomyioides, Rhinomyodes, 25
epalpata, Epseudocyptera, 12
episcopa, Epixorista, 12
equatorialis, Eomintho, 12
equatorialis, Eozenillia, 12
erichsonii, Rutilia, 32
errans, Tachina, 12
eutachinoides, Blepharipoda, 16
evibrissata, Ecatocyptera, n
extendens, Dexia, 28
facialis, Sturmiodoria, 28
facialis, Sumatrotachina, 28
fasciata, Eutorocca, 13
fasciata, Philippodoria, 22
fasciata, Tachina, 24
fasciata, Teretrophora, 29
fasciatum, Trichostylum, 22
fasciatus, Sumpigaster, 7, 18, 28
fastuosus, Xanthooestrus, 31
felderi, Janthinomyia, 16, 27
felderi, Macrolophosia, 17
femoralis, Dolichocoxys, n
fenwicki, Plethochaetigera, 23
fergusoni, Schizotachina, 27
ferruginea, Wattia, 31
ficorum, Theresiopsis, 29
ficta, Masicera, 7
fischeri, Aneogmena, 6
flava, Myiophasia, 20
flavibasis, Paratropeza, 22
flaviceps, Chrysosoma, 10
flavicornis, Anatropomyia, 6
flavicoxa, Malaisimyia, 18
flavida, Phasiodexia, 22
flavifrons, Ocyptera, 20
flavipalpis, Melanasomyia, 18
flavipennis, Tachina, 28
flavipes, Senostoma, 24
flavisquama, Leiosia, 17
flavohirta, Lasiocalypter, 17
flavopilosa, Echinomyia, 25, 27
forniosa, Rutilia, 10, 15
formosensis, Austrophasiopsis, 7, 16
formosensis, Goniophyto, 14
formosensis, Halidayopsis, 15
forte, Phorocerosoma, 22
froggattii, Argyrothelaira, 6
froggattii, Chlorodexia, 9
fulvipes, Rutilia, 13
fulviventris, Medinodexia, 18
fumipennis, Malayodoria, 18
furcatus, Hyleorus, 16
fuscinervis, Malayia, 18
fuscipennis, Scologaster, 27
gastrula, Boromyia, 8
geniculata, Altaia, 5
globulum, Perigymnosoma, 22
goniaeformis, Blepharipeza, 6, 14
gourlayi, Microhystricia, 19
gracilis, Charitella, 9
grahami, Simoma, 28
grandis, Phorocera, 14
greyi, Prosenosoma, 24
grisea, Paropsivora, 22
grisea, Truphia, 30
grisea, Trypherina, 30
hamulata, Xenolophosia, 31
hemimacquartioides, Isocarceliopsis, 16
hemydoides, Formosolophosia, 14
heterocera, Gonia, 14
hirsuta, Carcelia, 19
hirta, Froggattimyia, 14
hirta, Neoerythronychia, 19
hirticeps, Actia, 25
hirticeps, Geraldia, 14
hirticeps, Rutilia, 23
humeratum, Calcager, 25
huttoni, Protohystricia, 15
INDEX
37
imbuta, Ocyptera, 21
incidens, Calcageria, 8
incongrua, Hamaxia, 15, 20
indica, Crossocosmia, 16
indica, Euhapalivora, 13
indica, Indosturmia, 16
indica, Trixomorpha, 30
indica, Voria, 6
indistincta, Masicerella, 18
inferens, Sturmiopsis, 28
inscitus, Occisor, 20
institutiimperialis, Leverella, 17
intermedia, Isosturmia, 17
in versa, Isosturmia, 12, 16
irregularis, Uclesiella, 30
jacobsoni, Gaediogonia, 14
jacobsoni, Kurintjimyia, 16
jacobsoni, Oxyrutilia, 21
jacobsoni, Phryxosturmia, 23
japanica, Protonemoraea, 25
japanica, Tamanukia, 29
japonica, Promedina, 24
javana, Chaetexorista, 9
javana, Chaetomyiobia, 9
javana, Crossotocnema, 10
javana, Dexiomima, n
javana, Eutrixopsis, 13
javana, Prodegeeria, 24
javanum, Ochropleurum, 20
kloofia, Prosophia, 24
klossi, Tetrapteromyia, 29
kockiana, Catacarcelia, 9
laetifica, Mycteromyia, 19
lasiophthalma, Pilimyia, 23
lateralis, Blepharella, 6, 7, 23
lateralis, Eugymnochaetopsis, 13
lateralis, Trixa, 27
longicornis, Feriola, 14
longimana, Myobiomima, 19
longipennis, Dexiotrix, n
longipennis, Eomyoceropsis, 12
longipes, Apatemyia, 6
longipes, Dexia, 17
longipes, Dexiomimops, n
longipes, Eoptilodexia, 12
longipes, Philippodexia, 22
longipes, Uroeuantha, 30
longirostris, Avibrissia, 7
lophosioides, Lophosiocyptera, 17
lupina, Musca, 16
luteicornis, Sisyropododexia, 28
luteifacies, Chloropales, 10
luteisquama, Erebiomima, 12
luzonensis, Asbellopsis, 7
machaeralis, Hapalioloemus, 15
macro nychia, Ceromyia, 23
macropus, Dexia, 20
maculata, Platytainia, 23
major, Platytachina, 23
makilingensis, Doleschalla, n
malaya, Minthocyptera, 19
malayana, Mollia, 19
marginalis, Trichoprosopa, 14
medinoides, Gymnamedoria, 15
melanoptera, Makilingimyia, 17
melanura, Bellina, 7
metallica, Tachina, 31
micans, Orectocera, 21
mima, Zosteromeigenia, 32
minor, Rutilia, 13, 19
minuta, Microphytomyptera, 19
mirabilis, Ilia, 16
mirabilis, Musca, 14
modesta, Lasiocalyptrina, 17
molitor, Melanophora, 17
nioneta, Formosia, 25
montana, Acucera, 5
montana, Malayodinera, 18
montana, Proscissio, 24
moorei, Zenargomyia, 31
munita, Malayocyptera, 18
nasuta, Carcelia, 25
neowinthemioides, Pseudokea, 25
nicholsoni, Prosenina, 24
nietneri, Prosheliomyia, 24
niger, Plagioderophagus, 23
nigra, Polychaeta, 23
nigripes, Bezziomyiobia, 7
nigriventris, Vespivora, 31
nigropolita, Asetulia, 7
nitidifrons, Eristaliomyia, 12
nitidiventris, Nemoraea, 17
nitidiventris, Semisuturia, 20
nudibasis, Neoplectops, 20
obesa, Zebromyia, 31
oblonga, Masicera, 22
oblonga, Rutilia, 10
obscura, Pseudocyptera, 25
obtusa, Neotachina, 20
obtusa, Tachina, 14
octava, Carcelia, 8
ocypterina, Perilophosia, 22
R. W. CROSSKEY
ocypteroides, Saralba, 25, 27
ocypteroides, Zambesa, 31
oncoperae, Platymyia, 6
optica, Anaperistommyia, 6
optima, Opsocyptera, 20
oralis, Xanthoerigone, 31
orbata, Tachina, 12
orbitalis, Sumatrosturmia, 28
orientale, Dolichocolon, 12
orientalis, Aphantorhaphopsis, 6
orientalis, Calotheresia, 8
orientalis, Eocyptera, 12
orientalis, Eogymnophthalma, 12
orientalis, Eoparachaeta, 12
orientalis, Euhypochaetopsis, 13
orientalis, Euvespivora, 13
orientalis, Hystricia, 15, 24
orientalis, Orilliopsis, 21
orientalis, Tachina, 21
ormioides, Ochromeigenia, 20
ornata, Philippolophosia, 22
ornata, Quadra, 25
oryzae, Metoposisyrops, 19
pachyprocta, Hystricia, 24
pallens, Doddiana, n
pallida, Phasioormia, 22
pallidus, Demoticoides, 10
pallipes, Ballardia, 7
palpata, Leskiola, 17
papua, Macrosophia, 17
paradoxa, Palpostomotrixa, 21
paradoxalis, Sturmia, 31
parvicornis, Takanoella, 29
parvus, Sigelotroxis, 28
pauciseta, Crossocosmia, 15
peculiaris, Hobartia, 15
peeli, Xenorhynchia, 31
pellucens, Rutilia, 18
pendleburyi, Zamimus, 31
penicillum, Urodexia, 30
petiolata, Malayomedina, 18
petiolata, Phrynactia, 23 '
petiolata, Proriedelia, 24
petiolata, Vespocyptera, 31
philippina, Prophorichaeta, 24
phoeda, Phoriniophylax, 22
phoenix, Compsoptesis, 10
picta, Neophasia, 20
pictipennis, Penthosiosoma, 22
pictipennis, Trophomyia, 30
plumosa, Proparathelaira, 24
polita, Hillia, 15
polita, Thryptodexia, 29
politiventris, Engycera, 12, 14
portentosa, Koralliomyia, 16
portentosa, Paragonia, 21
precedens, Dexia, 30
prima, Crypsina, 5, 10
prisca, Bothrostira, 8
profana, Prosturmia, 24
prosopina, Myiotrixa, 19
psychidis, Neophryxe, 20
pulchra, Palpocyptera, 21
pulchra, Prosopofrontina, 24
pygidialis, Hygiella, 16
pyrrhaspis, Euproctimyia, 13
recedens, Voriella, 31
regalis, Musca, n
rieki, Ormiominda, 21
robusta, Hygia, 13
rubiginans, Weberia, 9
rubrifrons, Masicera, 5
ruficornis, Eipogonoides, n
rufifacies, Masicera, 5, 20
rufifrons, Tachina, 14
rufipalpis, Heterometopia, 10
rufipalpis, Trichostylum, 30
rufipalpus, Exechopalpus, 14
rufipes, Aprotheca, 6
rufipes, Chlorogaster, 9
rufipes, Masicera, 21
rufiventris, Dicephalomyia, n
rufiventris, Hyalomyia, 7
rufiventris, Kosempomyiella, 16
rufiventris, Macropia, 17
rufolateralis, Pygidia, 25
rutherfordi, Zosteropsis, 32
rutilioides, Prohypotachina, 24
samarensis, Zambesoides, 31
saturatissima, Rutilia, 17
sauteri, Metopomintho, 19
sauteri, Trichoformosomyia, 29
sauteri, Trischidocera, 21, 30
scutellaris, Palpina, 21
scutellata, Takanomyia, 29
scutellatus, Lophosiodes, 17
septima, Carcelia, 19
sericariae, Ugimyia, 30
setibasis, Vorina, 31
setigera, Austrodexia, 7
setinerva, Suensonomyia, 28
setiventris, Photocerosoma, 23
setosa, Eurigaster, 23
sexualis, Besserioides, 7
sibuyana, Medinacemyia, 18
INDEX
39
simillima, Aphrimyobia, 6
simplex, Rutilia, 20
sinuata, Graphotachina, 15
sinuata, Musca, 19
siphonosoma, Actia, 27
skusei, Euthera, 17
solennis, Masicera, 21, 24
sphenophori, Ceromasia, 19
splendida, Philippoformosia, 22
spylosioides, Anagonia, 5
stolida, Chaetogastrina, 9
striatalis, Diatraeophaga, n, 27
strictus, Eucomus, 13
strigosa, Graphia, 15
stylata, Stylurodoria, 28
subtilis, Macquartia, 31
succini, Tachina, 21
sumatrana, Senexorista, 27
sumatrense, Eodexiosoma, 12
sumatrensis, Acuphocera, 5
sumatrensis, Biomyopsis, 7
sumatrensis, Brachymeropsis, 8
sumatrensis, Calotheresia, 8
sumatrensis, Carceliopsis, 8
sumatrensis, Frontiniellopsis, 14
sumatrensis, Servilliodes, 27
sumatrensis, Stenodexiopsis, 28
summaria, Sumatrodoria, 28
sungayana, Promintho, 24
tasmanensis, Chlorogaster, 9
tasmaniae, Eurigaster, 8, 13
tegulata, Xanthopteromyia, 31
temerarium, Calcager, 8
tenuipes, Rhynchiodexia, 26
tenuis, Tylodexia, 30
tepens, Tachina, 30
testacea, Diaphania, n, 24
testacea, Palpostoma, 21
testacea, Tayloria, n, 29
testaceipes, Xenosturmia, 31
thermophila, Tachina, 28
thrix, Thelycarcelia, 29
tibialis, Kosempomyia, 16
tonnoiri, Genotrichia, 14
tpus, Spiroglossa, 28
transvittatum, Succingulum, 15
tricincta, Elodimyia, n
tricolor, Calotachina, 8
turbidum, Calcager, 23
uniseta, Actia, 30
uniseta, Voriella, 31
unispinosa, Medinella, 18
uramyoides, Oxydexiops, 21
uramyoides, Urodexiomima, 30
usitata, Cerosomyia, 9
valentina, Amphibolia, 5
valida, Actia, 27
varia, Musca, 5
variegata, Senostoma, 27
varipes, Pseudotrichopoda, 25
varipes, Smidtiola, 28
ventralis, Phytorophaga, 23
verecunda, Phania, 16
versicolor, Amplipila, 5
versicolor, Chyrsopasta, 10
vespiformis, Servillia, 27
vexata, Macquartia, 18
vicaria, Masicera, 22
violacea, Chetogaster, 9
viridicingens, Hega, 15
viridifulva, Kinabaluia, 16
viridiventris, Masicera, 29
vittata, Toxocnemis, 29
vivipara, Tachina, 26, 28
vulpecula, Paratachina, 27, 31
wallacei, Megistogaster, 18
xanthogastra, Degeeriopsis, 10
zelebori, Bothrophora, 8
A LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS
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1. MASNER, L. The types of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the British
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Pp. 143. February, 1965. £5.
2. NIXON, G. E. J. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera :
Braconidae). Pp.284; 348 Text-figures. August, 1965. £6.
3. WATSON, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). Pp. 177 ;
18 plates, 270 Text-figures. August, 1965. £4 45.
4. SANDS, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera,
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1965- ^35s.
5. AHMAD, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera : Alydidae) of the World. Pp. 156 ;
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6. OKADA, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae & Drosophilidae.
Pp. 129 ; 328 Text-figures. £3.
7. GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family
Coccidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea). Pp. 168 ; 43 Text-figures. February, 1967.
£33*.
8. FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the
world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera : Geometridae). Pp. 119; 14 plates, 146
Text-figures, 9 maps. February, 1967. £3 los.
9. HEMMING, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species
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10. STEMPFFER, H. The Genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera : Rhopa-
locera). In press.
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^
A TAXONOMIC REVISION \*<, «£
OF THE AUSTRALIAN
AEOLOTHRIPIDAE (THYSANOPTERA)
L. A. MOUND
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 2
LONDON : 1967
17 APR 1967
A TAXONOMIC REVISION
OF THE AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRIPIDAE
(THYSANOPTERA)
BY
L. A. MOUND v
— Kt
British Museum (Natural History)
Pp. 41-74 ; 54 Text-figs.
BULLETIN OF
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A TAXONOMIC REVISION
OF THE AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRIPIDAE
(THYSANOPTERA)
By L. A. MOUND
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ........... 43
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......... 45
CHECK LIST OF SPECIES WITH STATE RECORDS ..... 45
KEY TO GENERA .......... 46
DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES ...... 47
REFERENCES ........... 73
INDEX TO SPECIES AND GENERA ........ 74
SYNOPSIS
Nineteen species of Aeolothripidae are recognized from Australia and these are distributed in
seven genera. One of these species, fasciatus, is Holarctic, one of them, cinctus, is here recorded
from India, but the others are known only from Australia. The type specimens of all the
Australian species except cinctus have been examined, and all the species are re-described and
keys provided for their recognition. Six new combinations and three new synonymies are
included and three species are recalled from synonymy. Three new species and two new
genera are described, and one of these genera includes two South American species originally
described in Desmothrips.
INTRODUCTION
THE systematics of the order Thysanoptera have been little studied in Australia,
although there are records and descriptions of more than three hundred nominal
species. About half of these names were published privately by A. Girault in a series
of very brief descriptions (see de Santis, 1961), and almost all the other species were
described in various journals by one of the following authors : Bagnall ; Karny ;
Hood ; Morison ; Moulton ; Priesner. With this widely scattered literature the
identification of species is a serious problem, especially as the total number of species
involved probably far exceeds the figure of three hundred quoted above. The only
keys that have been published refer to the fifteen species of common flower thrips and
potential pests (Steele, 1935), and the annotated check list published by Kelly &
Mayne (1934) is in need of revision. The object of the present paper is the production
of keys for the recognition of the described species in the smallest of the three major
families, in order to provide a framework for future studies. Most of the species
are known only from a single sample and many from a unique specimen, and this is
due to the lack of collectors. Most species have been collected by one of the following
three workers : Girault in Brisbane, Kelly in Melbourne and Newman in Perth.
In view of the problems raised by the variation within species, further work must
begin with both extensive and intensive collecting.
ENTOM. 2O, 2. 2§
44 L- A. MOUND
Many of the earlier descriptions of Australian Thysanoptera species refer mainly to
colour patterns and characters derived from a study of the silhouette of the insects,
but modern microscopes have made possible the examination of a wider range of
characters, such as the integumental sculpture and chaetotaxy of the ventral surface.
For the full examination of these characters however, specimens must be fully
dehydrated and cleared and the present author usually macerates some specimens
from each series in 5% sodium hydroxide solution for about one hour. This destroys
the body contents and pigments, thus facilitating dehydration and clearing in clove
oil, but if prolonged it lightens the cuticular colour and damages the wings. The
period of maceration varies with the material available even within a species. In
general however very small pale thripids require longer treatment than larger
specimens, although very large black species may require partial bleaching to
demonstrate some details.
The inadequacy of the silhouette type of character by itself for recognizing species
is evident from the data Karny (1924) gave for separating the four then known
species of Desmothrips. He gave the following ratios between antennal segments
III and IV as the most important differences between the species : bagnalli 100/90 ;
propinquus 108/102 ; australis 104/82 ; tenuicornis 165/126. When reduced to unity
these figures become : i/i-n ; 1/1-06 ; 1/1-27; I/I'3I '> whilst comparable figures
produced during the course of the present study gave the following ranges : australis
1/1-04 to i/i'3i and tenuicornis 1/1-15 to 1/1-37. The other distinguishing characters
used included the relative lengths of the dark and light areas on the fore wing, and
the extent of brown shading on the apex of the third antennal segment. The
variation in these characters is discussed below under D. australis.
In the present revision considerable emphasis is laid on the chaetotaxy of both the
mesonotum and the abdominal sternites, and also on the sculpture of the metanotum.
These characters may be of considerable importance in defining and working out the
relationships between genera. In Arcuthrips species the antennal sensoria have faint
internal markings but this character may not be of any great value at the generic
level. The sensoria of Desmothrips bagnalli have well developed internal markings
but these are only visible in certain australis specimens mounted in Berlese Mountant.
At the specific level, in Desmothrips, it has been found that the colour of the costal
vein around the distal pale area of the fore wing is more constant than the colouration
of the wing membrane itself.
Aeolothrips and Desmothrips have been considered to belong in two different tribes,
the Aeolothripini and the Orothripini. This grouping was based on the number of
divisions found in the second segment of the maxillary palps. In Orothripini the
second maxillary palp segment is clearly broken into about six divisions. In
Aeolothripini this segment has about four pale transverse lines, each accompanied by
a constriction, and at the apex only a single division is clearly free (Text-figs. 24-26).
This difference appears to be a matter of degree rather than a fundamental distinction,
especially as in some specimens the left and right palps do not have the same number
of divisions, and the males of some Desmothrips species have fewer divisions than the
females. Bagnall regarded the subdivision of the maxillary palps in Desmothrips as a
primitive character, but in view of the supposed Hemipteroid ancestry of the
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRI PI D AE 45
Thysanoptera it is possible that the multisegmented condition is secondary.
The relationships between the genera treated here are not clear. In view of the
presence of laterally placed sternal accessory setae, none of the Australian genera
appear to have any close relationship to the Holarctic Aeolothrips. However the two
pairs of median accessory setae found on sternite' VII in Aeolothrips species may be
homologous with the two submedian pairs of marginal setae on sternite VII in
Desmothrips species (cf. Text-figs. 40 & 45). These two pairs of setae are usually
smaller than the other marginals and Desmothrips species have more marginal setae
than are present in Aeolothrips. Cranothrips is closely related to the Holarctic
Ankothrips, and on account of their long setae these genera are placed in the sub-
family Melanthripinae. It may be significant that other genera of the Melanthripinae
have well developed sternal accessory setae. Andrewarthaia is clearly derived from
Desmothrips, but Lamprothrips and Arcuthrips are rather more distant. Franklino-
thrips species show the geographical distribution pattern often associated with
relict groups.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This revision has been made possible by the assistance of a number of persons to
all of whom the author would like to express his gratitude. In particular Mrs. H. G.
Andrewartha (nee H. Vevers Steele) kindly made available her important collection of
Desmothrips species. Mr. E. Reed of C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, compared the Check List
given below with his own unpublished list of Australian Thrips, and also supplied
copies of Girault's papers and loaned many specimens collected in New South Wales.
Type material was loaned by Dr. H. Priesner, Dr. L. de Santis, Dr. J. Pelikan,
Miss H. Brookes of the Waite Institute, Dr. E. C. Dahms of the Queensland Museum,
the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, and the Moulton Collection, California.
The author is grateful to Miss Kellie O'Neill of the U.S.D.A., Washington, for her
frequent advice and the loan of many specimens, and also to Mr. E. R. Speyer for his
help in determining Aeolothrips species.
The location of the material which has been examined and is listed below under
each species is shown by the following abbreviations : Mrs. H. G. Andrewartha,
Adelaide (HVS Coll.) ; British Museum (Natural History), London (BMNH) ;
Moulton Collection, California Academy of Sciences (Cal. A. Sci.) ; National Insect
Collection, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra (ANIC) ; National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne
(VM) ; University of Queensland, Brisbane (UQ) ; United States National Museum,
Washington (USNM) ; Waite Institute, Adelaide (WI).
AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRIPIDAE WITH STATE RECORDS
Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linnaeus) : Vic.
Andrew arthaia aurea (Moulton) : W. Aust.
kellyana (Bagnall) : S. Aust. ; N.S.W. ; Qu.
minor sp. n. : N.S.W.
Arcuthrips cinctus (Hood) : Qu.
Cranothrips emersoni Girault : Qu.
poultoni Bagnall : W. Aust.
46 L. A. MOUND
Desmothrips australis (Bagnall) : Vic. ; N.S.W. ; W. Aust.
bagnalli Karny : Qu.
mendozai Girault : W. Aust.
obsoletus Bagnall : Vic. ; ?Qu.
propinquus (Bagnall) : Tas. ; S. Aust. ; Vic. ; N.S.W. ; Qu.
reedi sp. n. : N.S.W.
steeleae sp. n. : N.S.W.
tenuicornis (Bagnall) : S. Aust. ; Vic. ; N.S.W. ; Qu.
uniguttus Girault : Qu.
Franklinothrips variegatus Girault : Qu.
Lamprothrips maculosus Moulton : W. Aust.
miltoni (Girault) : Qu.
KEY TO GENERA
Sternite VII of female with two pairs of accessory setae closer to the midline than the
submedian pair of marginal setae (Text-fig. 40) ; no accessory setae laterally on
sternite VII ; sternites III to VI without any accessory setae, only with marginal
setae AEOLOTHRIPS (p. 47)
Sternite VII of female with accessory setae lateral to the submedian marginal setae ;
sternites III to VI usually with accessory setae laterally at least .... 2
Antennal III about five times as long as II ; body brown, with abdominal segments
I to IV and X, and antennals III and IV yellow ; wings brown with transverse pale
bands sub-basally, subapically and medially ; basal abdominal segments strongly
constricted FRANKLINOTHRIPS (p. 71)
Antennal III about three times as long as II or less ...... 3
Antennal I with a median serrate lobe extending nearly to apex of II ; antennal
segments all clearly separated from each other, bearing rings of microtrichia
(Text-figs. 9-10) CRANOTHRIPS (p. 53)
Antennal I without a serrate prolongation ; antennal segments V to IX connate . 4
Metanotum strongly reticulate ; mesonotum usually with more than one pair of
median setae. ............ 5
Metanotal sculpture arcuate, consisting of a series of parallel lines arched around
anterior margin ; mesonotum with only one pair of median setae . 6
Pronotum with one pair of major setae at posterior angles ; sternite VII with median
marginal setae about three times as long as accessory setae (Text-fig. 54) ; fore
wings broad, scale with about twelve setae (Text-fig. 12)
ANDREWARTHAIA gen. n. (p. 47)
Pronotum without any long setae ; sternal marginal setae about twice as long as
accessory setae or shorter ; fore wing scale with fewer setae . DESMOTHRIPS (p. 54)
Sensorium on antennal III short and broad, not curving around apex of segment
(Text-fig. 14) ; sternal marginal setae not longer than accessory setae
(Text-fig. 42) LAMPROTHRIPS (p. 72)
Sensorium on antennal III long and narrow, curving around apex of segment, with
weak internal markings ; sternal marginal setae longer than accessory setae
(Text-figs. 43 & 44) . . . . • . ; . ARCUTHRIPS gen. n. (p. 51)
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRI PI D AE 47
DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES
AEOLOTHRIPS Haliday
Aeolothrips Haliday, 1836 : 451. Type-species : Aeolothrips (Aeolothrips) albicinctus Haliday by
monotypy of nominate sub-genus.
Aeolothrips Haliday ; Bailey, 1951 : 43-80 ; Priesner, 1964 : 18-28.
This is a large genus, including about eighty species which are largely Holarctic in
distribution. The sternal chaetotaxy is quite distinctive and the fore wings are
usually banded. Antennal segments V to IX are connate, and, as VI is usually
about as long as it is broad, these terminal antennal segments form a distinct compact
unit. The sensoria on III and IV are usually short and broadly linear, that on IV
curving slightly around the apex of the segment. The mesonotum has a single pair
of median setae, and the males commonly have terminal claspers. Only one species
has been recorded from Australia.
Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linnaeus)
(Text-figs. 26, 36 & 40)
Thrips fasciata Linnaeus, 1758 : 457.
Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linnaeus) ; Priesner, 1964 : 21.
A single female, apparently of this widespread Holarctic species, is present in the
Steele Collection. This is a new record for Australia although the species is known
from New Zealand. The data on the slide are as follows : VICTORIA, Melbourne
University, on rose, 31.111.1934.
ANDREWARTHAIA gen. n.
Antennae nine-segmented ; sensorium on IV linear, curving around apex of segment ;
sensorium on III linear and straight. Dorsal surface of head with numerous stout recurved
setae, one pair of interocellar setae a little larger ; distal segment of maxillary palp with one or
two apical divisions as in Aeolothrips ; labial palp four-segmented. Prothorax with numerous
small stout recurved setae ; posterior margin with the fourth or fifth pair of setae from the
midline twice as large as the other prothoracic setae. Mesonotum with about ten pairs of
accessory median setae. Metanotum reticulate, reticles without internal markings ; a pair of
pores medially ; metanotal setae as in Desmothrips, rather slender. Fore tarsus with typical
Aeolothripid claw and tooth. Surface of legs, head, prothorax and lateral part of tergites
covered with rows of fine microtrichia. Fore wing broad, venal setae numerous, short and stout
except at apex, distance between them little greater than their length ; scale with 12 to 15 short
stout setae. Abdominal sternites III to VII with a transverse row of short accessory setae, each
seta less than half as long as the median marginal setae. Male abdomen as in Desmothrips,
with sternal accessory setae but without sickle-shaped bristles, claspers or tubercles.
Type-species : Rhipidothrips kellyanus Bagnall, 1924.
The species included in the Holarctic genus Rhipidothrips have lenticular sensoria
on the third and fourth antennal segments (Bailey, 1954). In kellyana (Bagnall) and
aurea (Moulton) these sensoria are linear. These two species and the new one
described below, are related to Desmothrips in having accessory mesonotal setae, a
reticulate metanotum and sternal accessory setae. They can be distinguished
L. A. MOUND
1
7 "
FIGS. 1-8. Shading of fore wings of Australian Aeolothripid species, i, Desmothnps
ausiralis. 2, D. steeleae. 3, D. tenuicornis. 4, D. bagnalli. 5, D. propinquus.
6, D. uniguttus. j, D. propinquus. 8, Andrewarthaia kellyana.
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRI PI D AE 49
however by the presence of a pair of stout setae near the hind angles of the pronotum,
and the greater length of the sternal marginal setae. The three known species, all
Australian, lack the dark red internal body pigments of Desmothrips species and the
cuticular colour is also much lighter. The genus is named in honour of the extensive
studies on Thrips imaginis in South Australia by Professor H. G. Andrewartha and
his colleagues.
KEY TO SPECIES
1 Wings uniformly shaded ; antennal III largely brown, antennals IV to IX dark brown
minor sp. n. (p. 51)
- Wings largely pale ; antennal III yellow basally, antennals IV to TX blackish brown . 2
2 Fore wings with posterior border shaded ...... kellyana (p. 49)
- Fore wings without any shading at posterior margin .... aurea (p. 49)
Andrewarthaia aurea (Moulton) comb. n.
Rhipidothrips aureus Moulton, 1935 : 98.
The following notes are based on the holotype and three paratypes mounted on
one slide from the Moulton Collection. The species is very similar to kellyana in its
chaetotaxy and sculpture, and the only distinguishing character appears to be the
absence of shading along the hind border on the membrane of the fore wing. The
type specimens are probably not fully mature but the fore wing ring vein is quite
dark. Even in teneral females of kellyana, in which the ring vein is not fully
pigmented and the body quite pale, the posterior border of the fore wing is distinctly
shaded.
The golden yellow colour of aurea is due to the body contents, and in addition the
hypodermal pigment consists of numerous small orange-red globules. The abdominal
tergites and sternites are shaded grey, and the tip of the abdomen, the mouth parts,
and the base of the head are darker brown.
Measurements (in /i). Antennals III-IX ; 130 ; 107 ; 68 ; 49 ; 42 ; 10 ; 16.
Fore wing length /breadth : 1,000/180. Hind tibia : 320.
Material examined. Holotype $. WESTERN AUSTRALIA : Northam, on blossom
of native tree, n.iv.i932, (Moulton No. 5088) (Cal. A. Sci.).
Paratypes. 3 $ with data as for holotype.
Andrewarthaia kellyana (Bagnall) comb. n.
(Text-figs. 8, 12, 13, 35 & 54)
Rhipidothrips kellyanus Bagnall, 19240 : 584-585.
Aeolothrips hyalinipennis Girault, 1930 : i, syn. n.
Bagnall described this species from the fragmented remains of two females, which
did not include the hind wings nor the prothoracic and mesothoracic legs. The more
complete specimen is here designated as the LECTOTYPE, but for the following
redescription a long series of females from New South Wales with one male has been
examined. Most of these specimens were collected on Eucalyptus, but Girault
collected the specimens on which he based hyalinipennis from the window of a house.
L. A. MOUND
10
1 3
FIGS. 9-14. 9-11, Cranothrips poultoni. 9, Antenna. 10, Head. 11,
12-13, Andrewarthaia kellyana. 12, Fore wing scale. 13, Antenna.
maculosus, antennal segments III and IV.
Fore wing scale.
14, Lamprothrips
$. Length 1-7 to 2-5 mm. Colour greyish yellow with dark setae ; abdominal segments
IX and X dark brown, tergites III to VIII dark medially. Antennal I yellow with dark apex ;
II dark medially but yellow laterally ; III yellow in basal third ; antennae otherwise blackish
brown. Fore wing pale, area between second vein and hind margin shaded ; ring vein dark
except basally in costal region (Text-fig. 8). Sensorium on antennal III linear, straight ;
sensorium on IV linear, curving around distal margin of segment ; segments V to IX connate
(Text-fig. 13). Head with numerous setae between and behind eyes ; one pair of interocellar
setae stouter than the rest. Pronotal setae very numerous, about 20 along fore margin, small
but stout and dark ; hind margin with about seven pairs, the fourth pair from the midline twice
as large as the rest. Mesonotum with about ten pairs of accessory median setae (Text-fig. 35).
Metanotum reticulate, reticles without internal markings, with two pairs of setae much finer
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTH RIPID AE 51
than the mesonotal setae. Fore wing costal setae small ; scale with about twelve setae (Text-
fig. 12). Abdominal sternite VII with median pair of accessory setae just lateral to median
marginal setae ; sternites V and VI with almost complete row of accessory setae (Text-fig. 54).
Measurements (in /u)
Antennal segments Fore wing
, * > c— — * 4 Hind
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Length Breadth tibia
Lectotype $ 145 130 78 57 44 14 14 1250 240 380
Small $ 119 112 71 52 39 10 16 1000 190 320
Material examined. LECTOTYPE $. SOUTH AUSTRALIA : Mount Lofty Ranges,
Eucalyptus leucoxylon, 22.^.1923 (R. Kelly] (BMNH).
Paratype. I $, with similar data to lectotype.
NEW SOUTH WALES : Parkes, Eucalyptus albens, 5 $, 5.viii.i959 (E. M. Reed) ;
Carrathool, Eucalyptus longiflorens , 4 $, i <$, 12. ix. 1959 (E. M. Reed) ; Leeton,
Eucalyptus melliodora, 4 9, 19 • ix . 1959 (E. M. Reed) ; Ashford, Eucalyptus melliodora,
i °-, 21. x. 1960 (E. M. Reed) ; Dubbo, Eucalyptus sideroxylon, 8 9, 3.viii.i959
(E. M. Reed) ; Cowra, Eucalyptus sp., 6 9> 1959 (M. Casimir) ; Hillston, no host,
6 $, 22. ix. 1959 (E. M. Reed) (ANIC). QUEENSLAND: Gatton, no host, i <j>,
i6.x.i932 (UQ) ; 3 QsyntypesoiAeolothripshyalinipennis, Indooroopilly (Brisbane),
on window, xii . 1929 and 22 . ix . 1929 (Brisbane Museum T6525) .
Andrewarthaia minor sp. n.
$. Length about 1-7 mm. Colour medium brown, abdominal segments II to VII and
extreme base of antennal III a little paler ; wings uniformly fuscous. Body sculpture and
chaetotaxy apparently not differing from small examples of kellyana.
Measurements (in n)
Antennal segments Fore wing
, —<*>— , r— —^ -^ Hind
III IV V VI VII VIII IX Length Breadth tibia
Holotype $ 87 68 52 35 29 13 16 900 160 270
Material examined. Holotype 9- NEW SOUTH WALES : Hillston, no host,
22. ix. 1959 (E. M. Reed) (ANIC).
ARCUTHRIPS gen. n.
Antennae nine-segmented, segments V-IX connate ; sensorium on III straight, long and
narrow ; sensorium on IV recurved in a broad U-shape around apex ; both these sensoria with
weak internal markings. Dorsal surface of head with two irregular rows of setae behind eyes ;
interocellar and postocellar setae a little stouter than postoculars ; maxillary palps three-
segmented, i.e. one small apical division. Pronotum without major setae ; posterior margin
with median pair of setae at least three times as far from each other as from the submedians.
Mesonotal sculpture arcuate around anterior midpoint of sclerite (Text-fig. 39) ; posterior setae
weak. Fore tarsus with stout claw. Fore wings fasciate. Abdominal sternites III-VII with
accessory setae laterally ; marginal setae twice as long as accessory setae or longer.
ENTOM. 2O, 2. 2§§
52 L. A. MOUND
Type-species : Desmothrips monrosi De Santis.
Three species are included in this new genus, two from South America, Desmothrips
monrosi De Santis, 1959 and D. topali Pelikan, 1964, and one from Australia and
India, Rhipidothrips cinctus Hood, 1918. The metanotal sculpture of these species
resembles that found in Lamprothrips but the antennal sensoria and abdominal
chaetotaxy are quite different. Unfortunately neither of the two original females of
cinctus have been examined during the present study. The species is known to the
present author only from three females provisionally determined as this species by
Miss Kellie O'Neill of the U.S.D.A., Washington, after comparison with the holotype.
Miss O'Neill indicated that the three specimens could be interpreted as three different
species as they differ in both size and colour, but such action would not be justified
without further material from Queensland.
KEY TO SPECIES.
1 Median pair of posteromarginal setae on sternite VII closer to each other than to the
submedians (Text-fig. 43) ........ cinctus (p. 52)
- Median posteromarginal setae on sternite VII nearer to submedian setae than to each
other (Text-fig. 44) 2
2 Antennal IV about o'8 as long as III ; sensoria on III and IV about 0^75 the length
of the segments .......... monrosi (p. 52)
- Antennal IV almost equal in length to III ; sensorium on III about o'55, on IV about
o-7 the length of the segment ........ topali (p. 52)
The holotype of monrosi was kindly loaned by Professor Luis de Santis, La Plata
University, Argentina, and paratype males and females of topali were loaned by
Dr. J. Pelikan of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science.
Arcuthrips cinctus (Hood) comb. n.
(Text-fig. 43)
Rhipidothrips cinctus Hood, 1918 : 121-122.
This species was based on two females collected by A. Girault at Cooktown,
Queensland, on the 4th and 24th February, 1912. As indicated above, there is a
possibility that the two Australian specimens on which the following notes are based
are not conspecific with the holotype of cinctus, and the redescription is therefore
limited to characters visible in both preparations.
$. Length 1-3 to i-6mm. Colour brown; abdominal segments IV and V, and antennals
III and IV yellow (in the smaller specimen antennal IV is shaded brown and II is pale) . Antennae
with nine segments ; sensoria on III and IV linear, not quite straight, curving around apex of
segments, with internal markings similar to D. bagnalli (Text-fig. 23). Head with two irregular
rows of setae behind eyes ; setae between and behind ocelli a little stouter than those behind
eyes ; transverse lines of sculpture on vertex bear numerous microtrichia ; maxillary palps
three-segmented. Pronotum without major setae ; mesonotum with one pair of median setae ;
metanotal sculpture arcuate around anterior midpoint but with a few broader reticulations at
posterior. Fore tarsi with a stout tooth. Fore wings dark in apical eighth and median third
(wings missing in dark specimen). Abdominal sternite VII with five pairs of long postero-
marginal setae, the median pair closer to each other than to the submedian ; about five pairs of
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRIPID AE 53
accessory setae on VII, much shorter than the marginal setae ; accessory setae also present
laterally on sternites III to VI (Text-fig. 43).
Measurements (in /*)
Antennal segments
Ill
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
j..iiii<a
tibia
i'UJ-C
wing
83
72
45
31
33
20
15
?
830
80
74
45
35
33
26
16
240
830
Holotype $ (Hood, 1918) .
Pale ? .
Dark $ . . . . 117 105 65 55 42 29 19 300 ?
Material examined. QUEENSLAND : Halifax, sweeping along roadside, i 9 (dark
specimen), 4.^.1913 (A. Girault) ; Nelson, sweeping in forest, i $ (pale specimen),
10. iv. 1914 (A. Girault). USNM.
INDIA: Secunderabad, on grass, i $, 3. ¥^.1964 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan 176)
(USNM).
CRANOTHRIPS Bagnall
Cranothrips Bagnall, 1915 : 315-316. Type-species : C. poultoni Bagnall, 1915, by monotypy.
Antennae nine-segmented, all segments distinctly separate ; segments III to IX with rings of
microtrichia as in Orothrips, major setae restricted to apex of segments ; sensoria on III and IV
short, parallel to apical border of segment ; antennal I produced at inner margin into serrate
lobe almost reaching apex of II. Head without interantennal projection, with three pairs of
ocellar setae and four pairs of postoculars ; maxillary palps three-segmented. Pronotal setae
long, two pairs of postero-angulars, five pairs along hind margin, and one medial pair just within
the hind margin. Mesonotum with one pair of long median setae. Fore tarsi without the claw
found in many Aeolothripidae. Wings broad, narrowed to apex ; venal and scale setae long
(fig. n). Abdominal tergite VIII with two pairs of long setae submedially close to posterior
margin ; sternites with accessory setae ; <$ abdomen without appendages.
This genus is very close to Ankothrips, from which it can be separated by the
presence of a serrate lobe on antennal I, whereas Ankothrips species have a similar
lobe on antennal II. In view of the variation in length of this lobe in the South
African species Cranothrips karrooensis Jacot-Guillarmod, 1937 it is possible that
these two genera are not truly distinct. There are three species included in Crano-
thrips, two Australian and one South African, and these may be separated as follows.
1 Sternite VII with the two pairs of submedian marginal setae much shorter than the
median marginals ; tergite VIII with the median setae further from the hind
margin than the median pori ; wings weakly shaded ; process on antennal I some-
times not developed ........ karrooensis (p. 53)
- Sternite VII with the submedian marginal setae as long as the median marginals ;
tergite VIII with the median setae closer to the hind margin than the pori . . 2
2 Fore wing with dark and light transverse bands ; pronotum with submedian pair of
anteromarginal setae twice as long as median pair ; metanotal sculpture arcuate
around anterior midpoint ........ poultoni (p. 54)
- Fore wing uniformly fuscous ; anterior margin of pronotum without any longer setae ;
metanotal sculpture arcuate around posterior margin . . . emersoni (p. 54)
54 L. A. MOUND
Cranothrips emersoni Girault
Cranothrips emersoni Girault, 1929 : i.
Girault described this species as follows : " From genotype : all black, wings grey,
bristles on costa only 29 ; antennal appendage pale, apex obliquely truncate,
serrate."
The only known specimens are the two syntype females.
$. Length 1-3 to 1-4 mm. Colour uniform mid -brown, scale of antennal I paler; wings
uniformly fuscous ; hypodermal pigment light red ; head and antennae very similar to poultoni
(fig. 10). Pronotum with two pairs of postero-angular setae (75 fi) ; five pairs of postero-
marginal setae, the submedian longest (55 ju), the lateral three pairs small (25 yw) ; midlateral and
antero-angular setae rather longer than remaining pronotal setae. Metanotum with weak
sculpture arcuate around posterior. Wing chaetotaxy similar to poultoni, fore wing 85 fi long.
Tergites and sternites with rows of microtrichia laterally ; median setae of tergite VIII 35 p
long ; sternites III to VI with complete transverse row of accessory setae.
Syntypes, 2 $. QUEENSLAND: Sunnybank (Brisbane) , Boronia, forest, 14 . viii . 1929
(Brisbane Museum 76523 & 76524).
Cranothrips poultoni Bagnall
(7ext-figs. 9, 10, ii & 41)
Cranothrips poultoni Bagnall, 1915 : 316.
$. Length 1-6 to 1-7 mm. Colour mid-brown, setae dark ; tarsi paler, scale of antennal I
yellow. Antennae and head as in generic description (Text-figs. 9 & 10). Pronotal postero-
angular setae 85-90 /LI long ; submedian posteromarginal setae 70 p long ; submedian antero-
marginal setae 55 fj, long ; midlateral and antero-angular setae elongate, and at least one pair of
major setae on pronotal disc. Mesonotum with a pair of pores at anterior, one pair of median
setae (65 /u}. Metanotal sculpture arcuate around anterior midpoint, similar to Lamprothrips ;
posterior setae minute. Fore wing with first and third quarters pale ; costa dark around distal
pale band. Fore wing 95 n long, maximum breadth 16 ft ; posteromarginal cilia straight (cf.
wavy in original description). Abdominal tergites and sternites with rows of microtrichia
laterally ; median setae of tergite VIII 70 (i long ; sternite VII with six pairs of posteromarginal
setae, three pairs of accessory setae laterally ; sternites III to VI with four pairs of marginal
setae, about nine pairs of accessory setae in a continuous transverse row (Text-fig. 41).
<J. Length i-i mm. Colour paler than female. Abdomen without tubercles or sickle
shaped bristles ; sternites III to VIII with six to eight pairs of setae not clearly distributed on
margin or submargin.
LEC7O7YPE $. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: nr. Freemantle, on flowers, viii. 1914
(E. B. Poulton no. 17) (BMNH).
7he specimen here designated as lectotype was marked " 7ype " by the original
author, although not mentioned as such in his description. 7here are one female
and two males bearing the same data as the type in the British Museum (Natural
History) .
DESMOTHRIPS Hood
Desmothrips Hood, 1915 : 57. Type-species, Orothrips australis Bagnall, 1914, by monotypy.
Archaeolothrips Bagnall, 19246 : 627. Type-species, A. fontis Bagnall, 1924, by monotypy.
Desmothrips Hood ; Bagnall & Kelly, 1928 : 204.
Desmothrips Hood ; Steele, 1940 : 353-354.
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRIPID AE
55
1 6
*»S
FIGS. 15-18. 15-17, Desmothrips steeleae. 15, Head. 16, Pronotum.
17, Abdominal tergites I and II. 18, D. reedi, abdominal tergites I and II,
56 L. A. MOUND
Vespiform appearance similar to Aeolothrips. Antennae nine-segmented ; V-IX connate but
not forming so distinct a club as in Aeolothrips ; sensoria on III and IV elongate, linear, occasion-
ally sinuate, curving around distal extremity of segment (Text-figs. 19-22). Numerous small
setae between and behind eyes on dorsal surface of head (Text-fig. 15) ; mouth cone long,
reaching almost to base of prothorax. Distal (second) segment of maxillary palps divided into
six in female but sometimes only into two in male. Labial palps three- or four-segmented.
Pronotum without major setae but with numerous small setae (Text-fig. 16). Fore tarsi with
stout recurved claw and spine. Mesonotum usually with accessory median setae in addition to
the usual pair of major median setae, without a pair of pores at the anterior apex (Text-figs.
27 & 28). Metanotum completely reticulate, reticles usually with pronounced internal mark-
ings ; two pairs of metanotal setae, one pair at anterior rather widely spaced, one pair at
posterior (Text-figs. 27-34). Fore wings usually fasciate (Text-figs. 1-7), not strongly con-
stricted at base ; costal fringe not much enlarged, posterior fringe cilia straight. Abdominal
sternites of female with accessory setae laterally and frequently medially as well. Sternite VII
with five or more pairs of marginal setae (except mendozai) (Text-figs. 45-53). Male abdomen
without dorsal tubercles, claspers or the sickle shaped setae found in some Aeolothrips species,
but with a variable number of sternal accessory setae.
The species included in Orothrips have all the antennal segments clearly distinct
from each other as in Cranothrips (Text-fig. 9), whereas in Desmothrips species
segments five to nine are connate, broadly articulated one to another, forming a more
or less distinct club.
The genus Desmothrips was last revised by Steele (1940), who established that the
characters originally used for the separation of the species were too variable to be of
value by themselves. Steele only recognized three species as valid, australis,
davidsoni and tenuicornis, regarding the other forms as synonyms of australis.
Unfortunately the types were not examined. In the present study it has been found
possible to establish new characters upon which many of the original taxa may be
distinguished by comparing Miss Steele's material with the type specimens as well
as much other material.
KEY TO SPECIES
1 Reticulations on metanotum without internal markings ..... 2
- Reticulations on metanotum with internal sculpture of either lines, dots or wrinkles
(Text-figs. 29-33) .... • 3
2 Antennal III yellow at apex but brown at base ; fore wing dark with a pale area on the
anterior margin sub-basally and subapically (Text-fig. 6) ; sternite VII with 5 pairs
of marginal setae, these are not much longer than the accessory setae (Text-fig. 53)
uniguttus (p. 71)
- Antennal III brown, a little paler at base than apex ; fore wing shaded with a sub-
basal diffuse pale area near the hind margin ; sternite VII with 3 pairs of marginal
setae, these are about twice as long as the accessory setae (Text-fig. 47) ; male
sternite IX without accessory setae, sternites III-VIII with about 10 accessory
setae ............ mendozai (p. 62)
3 Body strongly bicoloured, abdominal segments II and III and antennal III yellow,
remainder of body brown ....... reedi sp. n. (p. 66)
- Body not strongly bicoloured although antennal III sometimes yellow ... 4
4 Metanotal reticles with only a few linear markings (Text-figs. 32 & 33) ; sternites V
and VI of female with less than three pairs of accessory setae, usually only one . 5
Metanotal reticles with numerous small wrinkles or dots (Text-figs. 29-31) ; sternites
V and VI of female with three or more pairs of accessory setae, although these are
sometimes placed laterally ,,,,,,,,,, 6
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRIPI D AE 57
Sensoria on III and IV vermiform (Text-fig. 22) ; distal pale area of fore wing
continuous across wing, almost parallel-sided, with marginal veins much paler than
around dark areas (Text-fig. 2) ; male sternite IX usually without accessory setae,
sternites VII and VIII with 6 to 10 accessory setae in an irregular transverse row
steeleae sp. n. (p. 66)
Sensoria on III and IV linear, scarcely wavy ; distal pale area not continuous across
fore wing, costal vein dark in region of pale area ; male unknown . . obsoletus (p. 63)
Costal vein as dark around distal pale area of fore wing as around the dark areas ;
distal pale area much wider at costal margin than at posterior margin of fore wing,
or not reaching posterior margin at all . . . . . . . . 7
Costal vein much paler around distal pale area of fore wing than around dark areas,
usually not shaded at all ; distal pale area continuous across wing, almost parallel-
sided 8
Sensoria on antennals III and IV with internal discoid markings (Text-fig. 23) ;
antennal III dark in apical half or more ; distal pale area of fore wing reduced to a
spot between anterior margin and second vein (Text-fig. 4) ; male sternite IX with
4 accessory setae, sternites VII and VIII with i or 2 pairs placed laterally bagnallt (p. 60)
Antennal sensoria without internal markings ; antennal III dark only at extreme
apex in female but in apical third or more in male ; distal pale area of fore wing
variable, sometimes as in bagnalli but commonly extending to or almost to hind
margin of wing, in this case much wider at anterior than posterior margin (Text-
figs. 5 & 7) ; male sternite IX with 2 to 4 pairs of accessory setae, sternite VIII
with 2 to 3 pairs, sternite VII with 3 to 4 pairs . . . propinquus (p. 65)
Antennal III clear yellow, rarely shaded at extreme apex ; distal pale area of fore wing
longer than wing breadth ; antennal IX two-thirds as long as VIII or shorter ;
male sternite IX with 3 or 4 pairs of accessory setae, sternites III to VIII with
almost complete row of accessory setae ..... tenuicornis (p. 68)
Antennal III dark in apical third or half ; distal pale area of fore wing shorter than
wing breadth ; male sternite IX with about 6 pairs of accessory setae, sternites VII
and VIII with two transverse rows of accessory setae . . . australis (p. 57)
Destnothrips australis (Bagnall)
(Text-figs, i, 20, 27, 29 & 45)
Orothrips australis Bagnall, 1914 : 287.
Desmothrips australis (Bagnall) Hood, 1915 : 57.
Archaeolothrips fontis Bagnall, 19246 : 627.
Desmothrips australis (Bagnall) ; Bagnall & Kelly, 1928 : 204.
Desmothrips australis (Bagnall) ; Steele, 1940 : 353-354 (in part).
Bagnall first described this species from a single female collected at Healesville,
Victoria, and most of the subsequent records are from that locality. In the latest
revision of the group the name australis was used by Steele to include bagnalli,
obsoletus and propinquus. These species may be separated by means of the above
key but it may be useful to consider their differences here in more detail.
The relative lengths of antennal segments III and IV are quite variable, not only
in these four species but also in tenuicornis. As Steele has shown, these relative
measurements are not sufficient by themselves to separate the species. For example
the ratio, antennal Ill/antennal IV, is 1-17 for the right and 1-31 for the left antenna
in the type specimen of australis. The extent of the brown shading on the apex of the
third antennal segment is variable in both bagnalli and australis, in both of which
L. A. MOUND
J
\A
V
24
FIGS. 19-26. 19-23, Antennae of Desmothrips species. 19, Z). tenuicornis. 20, D. australis.
21, Z>. y^^i. 22, Z). steeleae. 23, D. bagnalli, sensorium on antennal III. 24-26,
Maxillary palps. 24, Z). steeleae, <$. 25, D, steeleae, $. 26, Aeolothrips fasciatus.
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRI PI D AE
59
species the apical half or apical third is brown, but in propinquus this shading is
restricted fairly constantly to the extreme apex. On the other hand the extent of
the distal pale area on the fore wing is highly variable in propinquus but is quite
constant in australis. In propinquus the costal vein around the distal pale area is
dark, and the pale area may barely reach the second vein or may extend fully to the
hind margin. In australis the costal vein is not dark at the distal pale area, and this
pale area is parallel-sided, extending fully across the wing. The wing colour of
bagnalli is very like an extreme form of propinquus, with the pale area restricted
anterior to the second vein, but this species is easily recognized by the beaded
antennal sensoria. The fourth species mentioned above, obsoletus, can be recognized
from the metathoracic sculpture as belonging in a very different section of the genus.
Figure " A " in the paper by Steele is here considered to represent the wing of
australis Bagnall.
Archaeolothrips fontis was described by Bagnall from a single male which was later
recognized by Bagnall and Kelly as the male of Desmothrips australis. This specimen
was collected with two females of tenuicornis, but comparison with the known male
of that species and one other male specimen of australis makes its identity clear.
Pigmentation is very similar to the female, and the seventh, eighth, and ninth
abdominal sternites have two irregular transverse rows of accessory setae.
$. Length 1-4-1 -8 mm. Colour dark brown; antennal III yellow in basal half or two-
thirds ; distal pale area of fore wing usually parallel-sided, extending right across wing, marginal
veins pale around this area. Sensoria on antennals III and IV linear, almost straight, two-thirds
the length of these segments, usually without internal markings (Text-fig. 20). Sensoria on
antennals V and VI less than half the length of these segments. Mesonotum with two or three
pairs of accessory median setae. Metanotum reticulate, reticles completely filled with fine
wrinkles (Text-figs. 27 & 29). Sternite VII with median pair of accessory setae usually just
lateral to the submedian pair of marginals (Text-fig. 45).
<£. Length 1-3 mm. Colour similar to female but median abdominal segments paler. Head
and thorax as in female, distal maxillary palp segment with one small apical subdivision.
Sternites III to IX with accessory setae, VIII with about 8 pairs in two transverse rows.
Measurements (in
Antennal segments Fore wing Tergite IX Tergite X
^ Hind
III IV V VI VII VIII IX L B tibia BI B2 B3 BI B2
Holotype $ 89 68 44 28 19 14 14 830 130 250 130 ? ? 140 ?
$ (RK 150) 82 77 47 26 21 14 14 850 140 260 130 135 130 135 150
$ (RK 147) 94 73 47 28 26 14 14 910 150 270 130 150 130 145 150
c? (fontis) 74 61 42 26 16 14 14 730 no 240 45 45 115 ? 115
Material examined. Holotype °.. VICTORIA : Healesville, Xanthorrhoea australis
flowers, 12. x. 1913 (A. E. Shaw) (BMNH).
VICTORIA : Box Hill, on roses, 7 $, 3 . xi . 1927 (R. Kelly n.s. 37) (BMNH & VM) ;
Box Hill, no host, 9 $, x.1928 (R. Kelly n.s. 147) (BMNH & Cal. A. Sci.) ; Box Hill,
"general", 2 $, 21. x. 1928 (R. Kelly n.s. 149) (BMNH & USNM) ; Box Hill,
" general ", i $, xi.i928 (R. Kelly n.s. 150) (BMNH) ; Box Hill, " general ", i $,
15. xi. 1928 (R. Kelly n.s. 151) (BMNH) ; Kalorama, Prunella vulgaris, 2 $, 9.^.1933
60 L. A. MOUND
(H. V. Steele) (HVS Coll.) ; Healesville, Erythraea australis, i $ (holotype of A.
fontis), 2i.xii.i9i3 (A E. Shaw & R. Kelly] (BMNH) ; Box Hill, on rose, i <$,
3.xi.ig27 (R. Kelly n.s. 37) (BMNH). NEW SOUTH WALES: Brooklyn, sweeping
forest lowland, i $, 9.xi.igi4 (A. Girault) (USNM). WESTERN AUSTRALIA:
Northam, blossom of native tree, i $, n.iv.i932 (Cal. A. Sci) ; Perth, Michaelmas
Daisy, i $, 5 .iv. 1932 (L. J. Newman) ; Perth, Dahlia, i $, 5 .iv. 1932 (L. J. Newman);
Perth, flowers, i $, 6.iv.i932 (W. Read] ; Perth, flowers, i $, 14.^.1932 (B. A.
O'Connor] ; Mundaring, Gum blossom, i $, v . 1932 (B. A . O'Connor) ; Spearwood,
Acacia, i $, 3i.viii.i932 (BMNH).
Desmothrips bagnalli Karny sp. rev.
(Text-figs. 4, 23 & 46)
Desmothrips bagnalli Karny, 1920 : 36.
Desmothrips bagnalli Karny ; Karny, 1924 : 7-11.
Orothrips unguttipennis Girault, 1926^ ; Girault, 19266.
Desmothrips comparabilis Priesner, 1928 : 643-645.
Desmothrips australis ; Steele, 1940 nee Bagnall, 1914 (in part).
The type specimen of unguttipennis Girault has been re-examined during the
present study and compared with the holotype of bagnalli. As Girault (19266)
pointed out, his species is to be regarded as a synonym of Karny's. Kelly & Mayne
(1934 : 13) indicated that comparabilis was the male of bagnalli, and through the
courtesy of Dr. Priesner the present author has been able to examine the unique
holotype and confirm this synonymy. No other species of Desmothrips are known to
have the distinct discoid markings in the sensoria of antennals III and IV.
The figure labelled " F " in Steele (1940) of a specimen collected at Montville,
Queensland, and considered by her to represent a form of australis, is here considered
to refer to bagnalli. This specimen is a male, but a female was collected in the same
month from Nambour, a town about five miles distant from the Montville locality.
These two localities are within one hundred miles of the type locality, Mount
Tambourine, near Brisbane.
?. Length about 1-7 mm. Colour dark brown, fore tarsi and apex of fore tibiae paler.
Antennal III yellow in basal half or two-thirds. Distal pale area of fore wing restricted anterior
to second vein, costal vein dark in this region (Text-fig. 4). Sensoria on antennals III and IV
weakly sinuate, with internal discoid markings (Text-fig. 23), rather more than three-quarters of
the length of these segments. Sensoria on V and VI about half the length of the segments.
Mesonotum with two pairs of accessory median setae ; metanotum reticulate, very similar to
australis. Accessory setae absent medially on sternites V, VI and VII (Text-fig. 46).
cJ. Length 1-2-1-3 mm. Colour dark brown similar to female, median abdominal segments
paler and antennal III with more extensive brown shading. Head and thorax as in female,
distal maxillary palp segment with one small apical subdivision. Sternites VI to IX with
accessory setae, VI to VIII with i or 2 pairs laterally, IX with 2 pairs medially.
Measurements (in /u). Fore wing length /breadth : 940/150. Hind tibia : 310. Antennals
I-IX : 39 ; 57 ; 104 ; 83 ; 47 ; 37 ; 26 ; 13 ; 13. Tergite X setae i, 2 and 3 : 170, 180, 185.
Tergite X setae i and 2 : 170, 1 80.
Material examined. Holotype $. QUEENSLAND : Mt. Tambourine, in flowers,
October, 1910-1913 (E. Mjoberg) (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Sweden).
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRI PID AE
61
27
28
29
30
32
35
3 4
FIGS. 27-35. 27, Desmothrips australis, mesonotum and metanotum. 28, D. steeleae,
mesonotum and metanotum. 29-33, Details of metanotal reticulations. 29, D. australis.
30, D. tenuicornis. 31, D. propinquus. 32, D. obsoletus. 33, D. steeleae. 34, D. reedi,
mesonotum and metanotum. 35, Andrewarthaia kellyana, mesonotum (sculpture
omitted).
62
L. A. MOUND
FIGS. 36-39. Metanotal sculpture. 36,Aeolothripsfasciatus. 37, Lamprothrips maculosus.
38, Desmothrips mendozai. 39, Arcuthrips monrosi.
QUEENSLAND : Nambour, in garden flowers, i $, g.ix.ig^S (N. E. H. Caldwett)
(HVS Coll.) ; Montville, in garden flowers, i <$, 15. ix. 1938 (N. E. H. Caldwell)
(HVS Coll.) ; Botanic Garden, Brisbane, on rose, i <$ (holotype of comparabilis)
(Hardy) (Priesner Collection, Austria) ; Beenleigh, forest, 2 $ (syntypes of ungutti-
pennis), 4.xii. 1922 (1923 in description) (Brisbane Museum T6526).
Desmothrips mendozai Girault
(Text-figs. 38 & 47)
Desmothrips mendozai Girault, 1932 : 6.
The original description of this species was as follows : " From uniguttus : Wing i
fuscous save basal 1/4, antennae entirely fuscous. Second ring- vein half-way to
third. Mundaring, W. Aus., L. J. Newman, Feb. 25, 1931. Second wing hyaline."
Unfortunately no material of mendozai could be found in the Girault Collection at
Brisbane Museum, but two females and one male determined as this species apparently
by L. J. Newman and bearing the original data of mendozai were kindly made
available by the Department of Agriculture of Western Australia. One of these
females, bearing the Moulton Collection Number 5085, is labelled " Type ", although
this is not in Girault's handwriting, and this specimen is now deposited at the
Brisbane Museum. The species is distinguished from other Desmothrips species by
having only three pairs of marginal setae on sternite VII.
$. Length 1-8-2-0 mm. Colour dark brown with orange-red hypodermal pigment; fore
tibiae with longitudinal pale brown mark ; antennal III paler at base than at apex ; fore wing
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRIPID AE 63
shaded, paler in basal quarter but base of scale very dark. Antennal segments as in other
Desmothrips species, but sensorium on III not curving around apex of segment, and sensoria on
V and VI with circular not elongate bases. Head crushed laterally in available specimens but
the male has only one row of setae behind eyes ; distal maxillary palp segment with six divisions ;
labial palps with four divisions. Pronotum without major setae ; mesonotum with two pairs of
accessory median setae ; elongate reticles of metanotum without internal sculpture (Text-
fig. 38). Fore tarsi with stout claw and seta. Fore wings rather broad, venal setae shorter than
the distance between them, scale with eight marginal setae. Sternites II to VII with accessory
setae in an irregular transverse row ; sternite VII with only three pairs of marginal setae ;
median pair of accessory setae about anterior to median marginals and only half their length
(Text-fig. 47).
cJ. Length 1-5 mm. Colour paler than in female, anterior abdominal segments yellowish.
Distal maxillary palp segment with six small divisions. Mesonotum without accessory median
setae. Sternite IX without accessory setae ; sternites III to VIII with about 10 accessory
setae in an irregular transverse row.
Measurements (in jn). Fore wing length /breadth : 900/180. Hind tibia : 280. Antennals
I-IX : 23 ; 35 ; 61 ; 51 ; 35 ; 28 ; 28 ; 10 ; 13. Tergite IX setae i, 2 and 3 : 135, 145, 145.
Tergite X setae i and 2 : 135, 135. Male tergite IX setae i, 2 and 3 : 32, 48, 113.
Material examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA : Mundaring, sweepings, 2 $, i <$,
25.11.1931 (L. J. Newman) (BMNH, and Brisbane Museum).
Desmothrips obsoletus Bagnall sp. rev.
(Text-figs. 32 & 48)
Desmothrips obsoletus Bagnall, 1924^ : 626-627.
Steele (1940), from the original description, considered that obsoletus was a synonym
of australis. However on the basis of the sternal chaetotaxy and the markings
within the metanotal reticulations, these two species fall in very different sections
of the genus. The species is known only from the holotype female which is mounted
laterally on a slide. It has not proved possible to remount this specimen dorso-
ventrally and so the metanotum and wings have been dissected free to allow them to
be examined. Two females loaned from the Brisbane University collection bear the
following data : QUEENSLAND, Crows Nest, on Wattle, 26.viii.i949 (C. S. Andrew).
The wings of these specimens are fuscous, the distal pale area being little paler than
the rest of the fore wing. They are otherwise very similar to the obsoletus holotype.
$. Length 2-0 mm. Colour dark brown, fore tarsus and distal part of fore tibia lighter
brown. Antennal III light brown basally, but darker at apex and along dorsal surface of apical
half. Antennal II lighter in apical third, antennal IV very little paler than rest of body. Dark
area of fore wing extensive, distal pale area extends to second vein in one wing and just posterior
to this in the other ; costal vein dark around distal pale area. Sensoria on antennals III and IV
linear, broad, barely sinuate, rather more than half the length of these segments. Head
apparently very short, with only one row of setae behind the eyes. Metanotum reticulate, each
reticle marked internally with short lines (Text-fig. 32). Sternites V and VI without accessory
setae, VII with 3 pairs placed laterally (Text-fig. 48).
Measurements (in ju). Fore wing length /bread th : 1100/210. Hind tibia : 350. Antennals
I-IX : 39 ; 57 ; 96 ; 80 ; 52 ; 34 ; 24 ; 13 ; 13. Tergite IX setae i, 2 and 3 : 150 ; 180 ; 145.
Tergite X setae i and 2 : 210 ; 210.
Material examined. Holotype $. VICTORIA : Melbourne, Brighton Beach,
Mesembryanthemum growing in sand, 8 .xii. 1923 (R. Kelly) (BMNH).
L. A. MOUND
44
v
FIGS. 40-44. Chaetotaxy of sternites VI and VII. 40, Aeolothrips fasciatus. 41, Crano-
thrips poultoni. 42, Lamprothrips maculosus. 43, Arcuthrips cinctus. 44, Arcuthrips
monrosi.
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRIPID AE 65
Desmothrips propinquus (Bagnall) sp. rev.
(Text-figs. 5, 7, & 49)
Orothrips propinquus Bagnall, 1916 : 397.
Desmothrips propinquus (Bagnall) Bagnall & Kelly, 1928 : 205.
Desmothrips elegans Morison, 1931 : 451-453, syn. n.
Desmothrips australis ; Steele, 1940 nee Bagnall, 1914 (in part).
The differences between propinquus and australis have been discussed above under
the latter species. The illustrations B, C, D and E given by Steele (1940) are regarded
here as representing various wing forms of propinquus. Morison (1930) suggested
that elegans might be related to bagnalli and stated that his species differed from
propinquus by the markings of the fore wings. However in the specimen of
propinquus here designated as lectotype the distal pale area of the fore wing does not
reach the hind margin contrary to the impression given by Bagnall's description.
In the right wing about half of the area between the hind margin and the second vein
is dark, and in the left wing about a third. The difference is small between this
condition and elegans, in which the whole of the area posterior to the second vein
is dark.
$. Length 1-7-2-0 mm. Colour dark brown, fore tarsi and tibiae paler. Antennal III
yellow, brown at extreme apex with some shading extending proximally along inner apical
margin ; base of IV and apex of II paler brown. Distal pale area of fore wing variable, some-
times restricted anterior to second vein, sometimes extending to hind margin ; costal vein dark
in region of distal pale area (Text-figs. 5 & 7). Sensoria on antennals III and IV linear, straight,
without internal markings, two-thirds to three-quarters the length of these segments ; sensoria
on IV and V about half the length of these segments. Vertex with numerous small setae
between and behind eyes. Mesonotum with three or more pairs of accessory median setae.
Metanotum reticulate, internal markings of reticles not as extensive within each reticule as in
australis. Sternite VII with median pair of accessory setae often mesad of the second pair of
marginal setae. Accessory setae on sternite VI form an almost complete transverse row
(Text-fig. 49).
<J. Length 1-2-1 -5 mm. Colour similar to female, but median abdominal segments paler
and brown shading on antennal III more extensive. Head and thorax as in female, distal
maxillary palp segment with six small subdivisions. Accessory setae present on sternites III
to IX, irregular in number (4 to 8) but in a single transverse row on sternites III to VIII, in
two rows on sternite IX.
Measurements (in /u)
Tergite IX Tergite X
Antennal segments Fore wing setae setae
Hind , — •* — — — > , * w ^ , — * — s
tibia III IV V VI VII VIII IX L B i 2 3 12
Lectotype $ 300 90 90 45 32 26 16 16 990 170 ? ? 175 ? 170
$exHillston 260 80 71 42 29 26 13 13 93° 140 140 M5 J45 *55 l6°
$exHillston 330 105 90 49 33 26 16 16 1080 190 150 165 170 160 175
Material examined. LECTOTYPE $ (present designation). VICTORIA, Creswick,
on sweet pea, 17.1.1915 (R. Kelly) (BMNH). This specimen was labelled "Type"
by the original author. No material is deposited in the University Museum, Oxford,
although this was given as the depository in the original description.
66 L. A. MOUND
Paratype. i $ collected with the lectotype (BMNH). VICTORIA : Mildura,
1 ?, 5 cJ, 29. ix. 1926 (H. W. Davy] (Cal. A. Sci.) ; Warrugal, I $, 23. x. 1944 (HVS
Coll.). TASMANIA: no locality or host, i <j>, ?i942 (/. W. Evans) (HVS Coll.).
SOUTH AUSTRALIA : Adelaide, on lucerne and rose bushes, 4 $ (holotype and para-
types of elegans), x.ig2g (/. Davidson) (BMNH & WI) ; Adelaide, on roses, 8 $,
2 <J, 1932 (/. W. Evans) (HVS Coll.) ; Jamestown, lucerne flowers, 2 °-, 15.11.1953
(D.C.S.) ; Waite Institute, on lucerne, 3 °-, 24.^.1953 (D.C.S.) (WI) ; NEW SOUTH
WALES: Gogeldrie, Hordeum leporinum, i °-, 19. ix. 1959 (E. M. Reed) ; Hillston,
Polygonum hydropiper, 14 $, 4 <£, 23. ix. 1959 (£. M. Reed) (ANIC). QUEENSLAND :
Kingaroy, on cotton and lucerne, 7 $, 15.1.1941 (UQ).
Desmothrips reedi n. sp.
(Text-figs. 18, 21, 34 & 50)
This new species is based on a single micropterous female which is very reminiscent
of the common Holarctic species Aeolothrips albicinctus Haliday. The second and
third abdominal segments are clear yellow contrasting with the remainder of the
brown body. In Arcuthrips cinctus the fourth and fifth abdominal segments are
yellow. The species is named in honour of Mr. E. M. Reed who collected much of
the material upon which this paper is based.
$ (micropterous) : Length fully expanded 2-0 mm. Colour brown, tarsi light brown ; antenna
III yellow with apical rim dark, antennal IV with base light brown ; abdominal segments II and
III clear yellow, apical margin of II brown. Sensoria on antennals III and IV rather sinuate,
about three-quarters the length on these segments ; sensoria on V and VI linear, about half the
length of these segments (Text-fig. 21). Eyes prolonged posteriorly on ventral surface of head
with a few large ommatidia. Ocelli reduced, numerous small setae between and behind eyes.
Prothoracic setae numerous, small ; fore tarsus with stout recurved tooth. Mesonotum with
only one pair of median setae. Metanotum without a pair of pores, transversely reticulate,
numerous wrinkles within each reticle (Text-fig. 34). Abdominal tergite I with numerous
transverse anastomozing lines (Text-fig. 18) ; tergites II to VIII with four or five pairs of setae
each one-third to one-half the length of the tergite. Major setae on segments IX and X not very
long, extending little beyond apex of abdomen. Median pair of accessory setae on sternite VII
lateral to the submedian pair of marginal setae (Text-fig. 50).
Measurements (in p). Antennals I-IX : 39; 52; 117; 104; 57; 45; 34; 21; 18. Head
length /breadth : 160/160. Pronotum length /breadth : 200/200. Wing length : 160. Hind
tibia : 350. Tergite IX setae i, 2 and 3 : 117 ; 130 ; 130. Tergite X setae i and 2 : 117 ; 130
Material examined. Holotype $ (micropterous). NEW SOUTH WALES : Tunder-
brine, nr. Gilgandra, Medicago hispida var. denticulata, 4.viii.i959 (E. M. Reed)
(ANIC).
Desmothrips steeleae n. sp.
(Text-figs. 2, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 25, 28, 33 & 51)
Both males and females of this new species have been collected in Eastern Australia.
It is easily recognized from its congeners by the exaggerated development of the
vermiform sensoria on the third and fourth antennal segments. The species is
named in recognition of the work of Miss H. Vevers Steele (Mrs. H. G. Andrewartha)
on Australian Thysanoptera.
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTH RI PI D AE
67
46
//
/-/-/-
47
\
T -V
49 \ I / / , /
FIGS. 45-49. Chaetotaxy of sternites VI and VII. 45, Desmothrips austmlis.
46, D. bagnalli. 47, D. mendozai. 48, D. obsoletus. 49, D. propinquus.
68
L. A. MOUND
$. Length 1-7-1 -8 mm. Colour dark brown (most of the specimens in the type series are
teneral with pale median abdominal segments) ; antennal II pale distally ; antennal III yellowish
in basal half or two-thirds with dark brown at apex extending proximally along inner margin.
Fore wing dark at base and apex, with a transverse pale area on either side of the median dark
band ; distal pale area irregularly parallel-sided (Text-fig. 2). Sensoria on antennals III and IV
strongly vermiform, almost encircling apex and extending to basal quarter of segments ;
sensoria on antennals V and VI linear, about half the length of these segments (Text-fig. 22).
Head a little broader than long, dorsal surface with two rows of small setae behind eyes (Text-
fig. 15). Prothorax with numerous small setae (Text-fig. 16). Mesonotum with three or more
pairs of accessory median setae (Text-fig. 28) . Metanotum reticulate, each reticle with internal
linear markings (Text-fig. 33). Abdominal tergite I almost devoid of sculpture, tergite II with
some weak transverse reticulations medially (Text-fig. 17); tergites III to VIII with an anterior
submarginal transverse ridge. Accessory setae on sternite VII lateral to the third pair of
marginal setae (Text-fig. 51).
<J. Length 1-2-1-3 mm. Colour brown similar to female, median abdominal segments
yellowish, antennal III dark in apical third. Head and thorax as in female, distal maxillary
palp segment with one small apical subdivision (Text-figs. 24 & 25). Sternites III to VIII with
i to 5 pairs of accessory setae, irregular in number and arrangement ; sternite IX with 3 acces-
sory setae in one specimen but these are absent from the other four available males.
Measurements (in
Antennal segments
Fore
wing
Tergite IX Tergite X
setae
Hind
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX L. B. tibia i 2
$ Holotype 31 52 96 78 44 31 26 13 10 1000160 280 ? 145
$exRoseville 31 52 96 81 44 29 21 13 13 880150 250 130 140
$ ex Black Mt. 31 42 78 71 39 26 21 10 8 810120 200 120 130
(J ex Roseville 26 44 81 71 42 26 19 10 10 810130 240 34 34
setae
145 155
140 150
125 130
130 I2O
Material examined. Holotype $. NEW SOUTH WALES : Sydney, Roseville,
Pultanaea stipularis flowers, ix . 1960. (ANIC) .
Paratypes. 6 $, 5 ^, collected with holotype ; Woodford, Pultanaea ericifolia,
3 $, 22.viii.i959 (M. Casimir] (ANIC & BMNH). AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRI-
TORY : Black Mountain, on mixed grasses, 4 $, 8.xi.i96o (E. M. Reed] (ANIC).
Desmothrips tenuicornis (Bagnall)
(Text-figs. 3, 19, 30 & 52)
Orothrips tenuicornis Bagnall, 1916 : 397-398.
Desmothrips tenuicornis (Bagnall) Bagnall & Kelly, 1928 : 205.
Desmothrips davidsoni Morison, 1931 : 449—451, syn. n.
Desmothrips davidsoni Morison ; Steele, 1940 : 353-354.
Desmothrips sp., Steele, 1935 : 16.
In his description of davidsoni Morison states that this species differs from tenui-
cornis in " the proportionate length of antennal segments III-IX and in the banding
of the fore wings ". Although the holotype of tenuicornis has the ratio of antennal
segments III/IV larger than in the holotype of davidsoni, the variation of this ratio
in the other specimens listed below suggests that this difference is not significant.
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRI PID AE
69
51
W f^r/:
V
-\W\- -Hi-f-rr
52
\ \
/ ,'/' ;/
-'- —
*^=*
53\V
V -f+H-
FIGS. 50-54. Chaetotaxy of sternites VI and VII. 50, Desmothrips reedi. 51, D. steeleae.
52, D. tenuicornis. 53, D. uniguttus. 54, Andrewarthaia kellyana.
7°
L. A. MOUND
It should be noted that the type of tenuicornis is much larger than the type of
davidsoni, the wings are 25% longer and the hind tibiae 30% longer. However in a
direct comparison of the two specimens there appears to be little difference in the
banding of the fore wings.
The unidentified species referred to by Steele (1935) as having been seen in South
Australia in both brachypterous and macropterous forms is probably D. tenuicornis.
The Steele Collection includes a single brachypterous female of this species from
Echium plantagineum, Waite Institute, S. Australia.
$. Colour brown, antennal III and sometimes base of IV clear yellow, extreme apex of III
rarely shaded. Wings dark at base and apex, distal pale area a little broader at anterior margin
than at posterior ; marginal veins pale around distal pale area of wing (Text-fig. 3). Antennal
IX about two-thirds as long as VIII ; antennal segments variable in length as shown in the table
below ; sensoria on III and IV rather sinuate, more than three-quarters the length of these
segments ; sensoria on V and VI straight, more than half the length of these segments (Text-
fig. 19). Mesonotum usually with two pairs of accessory setae close to the median setae.
Metanotal sculpture very similar to propinquus, the internal markings of the reticles weaker
than in australis (Text-fig. 30). Sternite VI with median pair of accessory setae just mesad of
median pair of marginal setae. Sternite VII with median pair of accessory setae almost anterior
to median marginal setae (Text-fig. 52).
(£. Length 1-5 mm. Colour dark brown as in female, median abdominal segments paler.
Head and thorax as in female, distal maxillary palp segment with six small subdivisions.
Accessory setae present on sternites III to IX, 14 in two irregular transverse rows on VIII,
3 or 4 on IX.
Measurements (in
tenuicornis Type $
davidsoni Paratype
$ ex Healesville
$ ex Queensland
davidsoni Type 9
brachypterous $
Antennal segments
Ill
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
145
106
56
40
42
23
M
133
109
49
38
38
23
14
124
99
49
35
35
21
14
no
96
47
28
33
21
M
117
94
47
35
35
21
14
125
96
47
34
34
21
M
Fore Hind Ratio
wing tibia III/IV
1000 400 1-37
940 380 1-22
880 360 1-25
850 340 1-15
810 310 1-24
310 380 1-30
Material examined. Holotype $. VICTORIA : Healesville, Erythraea australis,
2i.xii.i9i3 (A. W. Shaw 6- R. Kelly). (BMNH).
VICTORIA : Warburton, white clover, i $, 17.1.1926 (R. Kelly) (BMNH) ; Heales-
ville, i $, 1926 (R. Kelly) (BMNH) ; Melbourne, on Daisy, i $, 17. ix. 1932 (H. V.
Steele} (HVS Coll.). SOUTH AUSTRALIA : Adelaide, lucerne & rose bushes, 3 9, i c?
(holotype, allotype and paratypes of davidsoni}, x . 1929 (/. Davidson) (BMNH & WI) ;
Adelaide, on roses, 7 $, 1932 (/. W. Evans) (HVS Coll. & BMNH) ; Waite Institute,
Echium plantagineum, i $ (brachypterous), 12. x. 1932 (/. W. Evans) (HVS Coll.) ;
Waite Institute, on soil surface, i <$, i8.x.i933. (WI). NEW SOUTH WALES:
Wilberforce, on lucerne, 4 $, I2.ix.i96o (C. R. Wallace) ; Concord West, on mixed
grasses, 2 $, 6.11.1960 (E. M. Reed} ; Belong, i $, iii.1962 (E. M. Reed) (ANIC).
QUEENSLAND : Brisbane, on cotton, i $, 11.1.1926 (E. Bollard} (BMNH) ; Kingaroy,
lucerne and cotton, 3 9, 15.1.1941. (UQ). HAWAII: Honolulu, ex Australia,
radish leaf, i 9, 1.^.1947 (USNM).
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTHRI PI D AE 71
Desmothrips uniguttus Girault
(Text-figs. 6 & 53)
Desmothrips uniguttus Girault, 19276 : i.
Desmothrips uniguttatus [sic] Girault ; de Santis, 1961 : 168.
The original description of this species was as follows : "As bagnalli but antennal
3 white, first area wing on cephalic 1/2, wing 2 as wing i as to colour, narrower.
Stanthorpe, forest, April 24, 1924." Although related to the other Desmothrips
species in the reticulate metanotum and in possessing accessory setae on abdominal
sternites V, VI and VII, uniguttus has no internal markings within the metanotal
reticles and there is only one pair of setae medially on the mesonotum. The
species is known only from the Holotype.
$. Length 1-5 mm. Colour brown ; antennal III yellow, but basal third shaded brown.
Distal pale area on fore wing restricted anterior to second vein, costal vein in this region pale ;
proximal pale area similarly restricted anterior to second vein (Text-fig. 6). Sensoria on
antennals III and IV linear, about three-quarters the length of these segments. Head with about
two rows of small setae posterior to the eyes. Mesonotum with only the major pair of median
setae. Metanotum reticulate, reticles without internal sculpture. Median pair of accessory
setae on sternite VII far apart, anterior to third pair of marginal setae (Text-fig. 53).
Measurements (in n). Fore wing length /breadth : 890/115. Hind tibia : 270. Head length/
breadth: 180/180. Antennals I-IX : 34; 52; 78; 65; 39; 35; 31; 13; 13.
Material examined. Holotype $. QUEENSLAND: Stanthorpe, forest, 24.^.1924
(Brisbane Museum, T.6507).
FRANKLINOTHRIPS Back
Franklinothrips Back, 1912 : 75-77. Type-species : Aeolothrips vespiformis D. L. Crawford,
1909, by monotypy.
Franklinothrips Back ; Stannard, 1952 : 14-23.
The species included in this genus are remarkable for their very long and slender
antennae. The wings are narrow and the head somewhat reflexed into the prothorax.
The anterior abdominal segments are more strongly constricted than other Aeolo-
thripids. Only one species of this genus has been recorded from Australia, one
species is known from South and East Africa and another from the Congo, and four
are known from South and Central America and the Southern United States. The
genus has been revised by Stannard with figures and redescriptions.
Franklinothrips variegatus Girault
Franklinothrips variegatus Girault, 19276 : i.
Franklinothrips variegatus Girault ; Stannard, 1952 : 19-21.
The original description of this species was as follows : " Black ; pterothorax
brown ; first 4 and ultimate abdomens white ; so antennals 2-4, i brown ; abdomen
narrowing to base ; wing fasciate, ocula near apex ; long marginal fringes over
twice length regular placed setae of veins ; antennal 3 elongate, 5-7 I + 4 which
is shorter than 3."
72 L. A. MOUND
The holotype is the only known specimen and Stannard has redescribed this with
figures of the head and antenna.
Holotype $. QUEENSLAND: Brigalow-Jandowie, 17.^.1924 (Brisbane Museum
T.6522).
LAMPROTHRIPS Moulton
Lamprothrips Moulton, 1935 : 97. Type-species : L. maculosus Moulton, 1935, by monotypy.
Antennae nine-segmented, segments V-IX connate ; sensorium on III straight, broadly
linear; sensorium on IV similar but slightly curved around apex of segment (Text -fig. 14).
Dorsal surface of head with two irregular rows of setae behind eyes ; distal maxillary palp
segment with one small apical division, i.e. palp three-segmented. Pronotum typically Aeolo-
thripoid, without major setae or any interval in the row of minor posteromarginal setae.
Mesonotum with one pair of median setae. Metanotal sculpture arcuate about the anterior
midpoint of the sclerite (Text-fig. 37). Fore wings with or without dark bands. Abdominal
sternites III-VII with accessory setae laterally but not medially ; sternal marginal setae about
as long as accessory setae (Text-fig. 42).
The original description of this genus refers to a swelling on the apex of antennal
III. These swellings are only present on one of the three original females and are
due to the sensoria expanding when the specimens were mounted in Berlese Mountant.
The genus is similar to Arcuthrips described above. Only two species are known,
and these are both Australian.
KEY TO SPECIES
i Fore wing with median transverse dark band, apex also shaded ; antennal III yellow,
much paler than the rest of antenna which is brown .... miltoni (p. 72)
- Fore wing without dark bands ; antennae almost uniformly coloured, pale brownish
yellow . . . . . . . \' . . maculosus (p. 72)
Lamprothrips maculosus Moulton
(Text-figs. 14, 37 & 42)
Lamprothrips maculosus Moulton, 1935 : 97-98.
The original description refers to a dark marking on antennal III. This is only
present on one of the three original females, and apparently is an internal artifact
due to the inferior preparation in Berlese Mountant. The light coloured markings
on the body referred to by Moulton are not unusual in Aeolothrips species, particularly
on the pronotum, and their significance is not understood.
Material examined. Holotype $. WESTERN AUSTRALIA : Perth, Eucalyptus
rudis, 20.xii.i928. (B. A. O'Connor}. Moulton No. 5184 (not 5084). (Cal. A. Sci.).
Lamprothrips miltoni (Girault) comb. n.
Desmothrips miltoni Girault, 1927^ : i.
The unique holotype of this species is a very badly damaged teneral female upon
which very little detail can be observed. There is an extensive distal pale area on
the fore wing with little more than the apical ring vein shaded. The original
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN AEOLOTH RI PID AE 73
description was " Middle band wing over %, distal very short, none costal ; short
marginal fringe cephalad. As other species else wise."
Measurements (in fi). Antennals III-IX : 96 ; 65 ; 42 ; 26 ; 32 ; 16 ; 13. Fore wing
length /breadth : 1,000/130. Hind tibia : 300.
Material examined. Holotype $. QUEENSLAND: Flaxton, jungle, 3.vii.i923
(Brisbane Museum 7.6508) .
REFERENCES
BACK, E. A. 1912. Notes on Florida Thysanoptera, with description of a new genus. Enl.
News 23 : 73-77.
BAGNALL, R. S. 1914. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera III. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8)
13 : 287-297.
- 1915. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera V. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 15 : 315-324.
- 1916. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera VIII. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 17 :
397-412-
— I924a. On a new species of Rhipidothrips (R. kellyanus n. sp.) from Australia. Ann. Mag.
nat. Hist. (9) 13 : 584-585.
- 19246. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera XIV. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 14 :
625-640.
BAGNALL, R. S. & KELLY, R. 1928. The genus Desmothrips Hood : with special reference to
dimorphism in the sexes. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 64 : 204-206.
BAILEY, S. F. 1951. The Genus Aeolothrips in North America. Hilgardia 21 : 43-80.
— 1954. A review of the genus Rhipidothrips Uzel (Thysanoptera : Aeolothripidae) .
Pan-Pacif. Ent. 30 : 209-220.
GIRAULT, A. A. i926a. New pests from Australia II. 3 pp. Published privately, Brisbane.
— 19266. New pests from Australia III. 2 pp. Published privately, Brisbane.
— 1927^. Some new wild animals. 3 pp. Published privately, Brisbane.
- 19276. New Australian animals so far overlooked by outsiders. 2 pp. Published privately,
Brisbane.
— 1929. New pests from Australia VI. 4 pp. Published privately, Brisbane.
- 1930. New pests from Australia VII. 3 pp. Published privately, Brisbane.
— 1932. New pests from Australia X. 6 pp. Published privately, Brisbane.
HALIDAY, A. H. 1836. An epitome of the British genera, in the Order Thysanoptera, with
indications of a few of the species. Ent. Mag. 3 : 439-451.
HOOD, J. D. 1915. An outline of the subfamilies and higher groups of the Insect Order
Thysanoptera. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 28 : 53-60.
— 1918. New genera and species of Australian Thysanoptera. Mem. Qd Mus. 6 : 121-150.
jACOT-GuiLLARMOD, C. F. 1937- Ten new species of Thysanoptera and a catalogue of the
known South African forms. Publs. Univ. Pretoria, Nat. Sci. 3. 62 pp.
KARNY, H. H. 1920. Die neuen australischen Thysanopteren der Mjoberg-Ausbeute. Cos.
csl. Spol. ent. 17 : 35-44.
— 1924. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910-1913.
38. Thysanoptera. Ark. Zool. 17A (2) : 1-56, 6 pis., 9 figs.
KELLY, R. & MAYNE, R. J. B. 1934. The Australian Thrips. Australasian Medical Publishing
Co. Ltd. Glebe, New South Wales. 81 pp.
MORISON, G. D. 1931. New Thysanoptera from South Australia. Bull. ent. Res. 21 : 449-454.
MOULTON, D. 1935. New species of Thrips from South Western Australia. /. Proc. R. Soc.
West. Aust. 21 : 97-100.
NEWMAN, L. J. 1935. Thrips Census. /. Proc. R. Soc. West. Aust. 21 : 93-97.
PELIKAN, J. 1964. The Zoological results of Gy. Topal's collectings in South Argentina.
Annls hist. -nat. Mus. natn. hung. 56 : 267-279.
74
L. A. MOUND
PRIESNER, H. 1928. Uber australische Thysanopteren. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math.-
nat., Abt I. 137 : 643-659.
— 1964. Ordnung Thysanoptera, in Bestimmungsbucher zur Bodenfanna Europas. 242 pp.
Akademie-Verlag, Berlin.
SANTIS, L. DE. 1959. Adiciones a la Fauna Argentina de Tisanopteros. II. Acta zool.
lilloana 17 : 87-93.
1961. Las publicaciones entomologiques privadas de Arsene A. Girault. Revta Mus. La
Plata, Seccion zoologia 7 : 123-172.
STANNARD, L. J. 1952. Phylogenetic studies of Franklinothrips (Thysanoptera : Aeolo-
thripidae). /. Wash. Acad. Sci. 42 : 14-23.
STEELE, H. V. 1935. Thrips investigation : some common Thysanoptera in Australia.
Pamph. Coun. sclent, ind. Res. Aust. 54 : 59 pp.
- 1940. A revision of the genus Desmothrips Hood (Thysanoptera) in Australia. Trans.
R. Soc. S. Aust. 64 : 353-354.
Aeolothrips, 44, 45, 47
albicinctus, 47, 66
Andrewarthaia, 45, 47
Ankothrips, 45, 53
Archaeolothrips , 54
Arcuthrips, 44, 45, 51
aurea, 47, 49
australis, 44, 57, 60, 65
bagnalli, 44, 60
cinctus, 52, 66
comparabilis, 60
Cranothrips, 45, 53
davidsoni, 68
Desmothrips, 44, 45, 54
elegans, 65
emersoni, 54
fasciatus, 47
fontis, 57, 59
Franklinothrips, 45, 71
hyalinipennis 49
karrooensis, 53,
kellyana, 47, 49
INDEX TO SPECIES AND GENERA
Synonyms in italics
Lamprothrips, 45, 72
maculosus, 72
mendozai, 56, 62
miltoni, 72
minor, 51
monrosi, 52
obsoletus, 63
Orothrips, 53, 56, 68
poultoni, 54
propinquus, 44, 65
reedi, 66
Rhipidothrips, 47
steeleae, 66
tenuicornis, 44, 68
topali, 52
unguttipennis , 60
uniguttatus, 71
uniguttus, 62, 71
variegatus, 71
vesiformis, 71
A LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS
TO THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES
OF THE BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),
1. MASNER, L. The types of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the British
Museum (Natural History) and in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford.
Pp. 143. February, 1965. £5.
2. NIXON, G. E. J. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera :
Braconidae). Pp. 284 ; 348 Text-figures. August, 1965. £6.
3. WATSON, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera) . Pp. 177 ;
18 plates, 270 Text-figures. August, 1965. £4 45.
4. SANDS, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera,
Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172 ; 500 Text-figures. October,
1965- £3 5s.
5. AHMAD, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera : Alydidae) of the World. Pp. 156 ;
475 Text-figures. November, 1965. £2 155.
6. OKADA, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae & Drosophilidae.
Pp. 129 ; 328 Text-figures. £3.
7. GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family
Coccidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea). Pp. 168 ; 43 Text-figures. February, 1967.
£33s.
8. FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the
world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera : Geometridae) . Pp. 119; 14 plates, 146
Text- figures, 9 maps. February, 1967. £3 los.
9. HEMMING, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species
(Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera) . In press.
10. STEMPFFER, H. The Genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera : Rhopa-
locera). In press.
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITIANBY ADLARD & SON LI MITED, B A RTH OLOM E W PRESS, DORKING
2 0 APR 1967
THE INDO-ORIENTAL TRIBE %««^
CHERITRINI
(LEPIDOPTERA : LYCAENIDAE)
C. F. COWAN
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 3
LONDON: 1967
THE INDO-ORIENTAL TRIBE CHERITRINI
(LEPIDOPTERA : LYCAENIDAE)
BY
C. F. COWAN
Little Gaddesden House, Berkhamsted, Herte.v England
Pp. 75-103 ; 4 P/s.
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 3
LONDON: 1967
THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.
Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.
In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each
Department.
This paper is Vol. 20, No. 3 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of the periodicals cited
follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.
World List abbreviation
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.).
Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1967
TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
Issued 21 April, 1967 Price £i
THE INDO-ORIENTAL TRIBE CHERITRINI
LEPIDOPTERA : LYCAENIDAE
By C. F. COWAN
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ........... 77
STATUS OF THE TRIBE ......... 78
WING PATTERN .......... 78
MALE GENITALIA .......... 79
SEXUAL INSIGNIA .......... 80
EARLY STAGES ........... 81
EXTRANEOUS TAXA .......... 81
GEOGRAPHICAL NOTE : NORTHEAST BORNEO . . . . . 81
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......... 82
KEY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES ... 82
Cheritrella de Niceville ........ 84
Ticherra de Niceville ......... 85
Cheritra Moore .......... 88
Ritra de Nic6ville ......... 97
SYSTEMATIC LIST .......... 100
REFERENCES ........... 100
INDEX ............ 103
SYNOPSIS
Like the Horagini, this small tribe comprises eight species. It has, however, been divided into
four genera, three being monospecific, and musters only 29 taxa in its nomenclature. All these
are discussed and four new ones are described.
INTRODUCTION
THE Cheritrini comprises the genera Cheritrella and Ticherra de Niceville, Cheritra
Moore and Ritra de Niceville, which are discussed in that sequence. It is one of three
isolated tribes in oriental Lycaenidae of which the others are the Horagini (see
Cowan, 19666) and the much more numerous Drupadiini (formerly referred to as
Marmessini, but Marmessus Hiibner must be used for American Riodinidae, and
Drupadia Moore stands ; see Cowan, 19660).
De Niceville's three genera are monospecific, structurally distinct, and easily
separated. Cheritra by contrast has four or five species of diverse appearance but
which scarcely overlap. To the taxa hitherto included in Ticherra one is here added
which extends the range to Borneo and which till now had floated uneasily between
several other widely different genera. Though of distinctive appearance it conforms
to the general subspeciation trend of the tribe and is treated as the Bornean sub-
species rather than a second species in the genus.
ENTOM. 20, 3. 3
78 C. F. COWAN
Compared with that of Horagini the history of the nomenclature of the tribe has
been straightforward and uneventful. The aim of the present work is to emphasize
its entity, to include all its taxa, and to list all the primary references. A catalogue
of the specimens in the British Museum (Natural History), hereafter abbreviated to
B.M. (N.H.), is given.
STATUS OF THE TRIBE
Evans (1932) and Corbet (1956) are the two modern authors cover ng the oriental
Rhopalocera, the former having been brought up to date for the Lycaenidae portion,
in nomenclature but not in arrangement, in the valuable contribution by Cantlie
(1963).
For our tribes, Corbet is to be regarded as an advancement on the arrangement in
Evans-Cantlie in that his keys will bring Cheritrella (though, not yet found in
Malaya, it is not included) next to the other members of the tribe, instead of inter-
posing the unrelated Neomyrina. This improved grouping is achieved by employing
as a key character the position in the fore wing of vein 5 in preference to that of the
much more mobile vein 9. The grouping thus achieved is confirmed by anatomical
dissection, and " looks " equally natural.
Prior to this, comparative hind wing tail-lengths were resorted to as differential
key characters. That this ultimate resource proved sufficiently reliable can hardly
have been fortuitous, but its significance is not clear. The three filamentous tails at
veins 1-3 of the Horagini hind wing are unique among the smooth-eyed genera,
where they are paralleled only by Semanga which is lobed at vein I and tailed at veins
2-4, and they are matched among the hairy-eyed genera only in Catapaecilma. There
are several broadly " fluffy-tailed " genera with the longest tail at vein 2 as in the
Cheritrini, but they are well keyed out by Corbet to the Drupadiini (" Marmessus "),
to the rightful exclusion of Eooxylides and Thamala.
In all these tribes and associated genera the venation of the sexes is alike, and
fore wing vein 8 is always absent. In the Cheritrini vein 9 always stems from the
middle of vein 7, originating well before the end of vein 10, whereas in the Horagini
and nearly all the Drupadiini it is absent and vein 7 is unbranched.
The basal recurrent spur of fore wing vein i, mentioned as occurring in most of the
' Theclinae " by Corbet (1956 : 257), is present throughout this tribe, though not
shown in his illustration of the Cheritra venation (I.e. : 347, fig. 129).
The Cheritrini is the only tribe of the three with a species known to occur in Hainan.
Like the Horagini it has one species which reaches Ceylon, but like the Drupadiini
it does not range south or east of Bali, Borneo (though one highly differentiated
subspecies of a Drupadia appears in Celebes), and Mindanao.
WING-PATTERN
As the Horagini broadly conform to a tribal wing-pattern, so do the Cheritrini, but
the latter are not so exclusive, having a more basic Lycaenine design found in several
other tribes and individuals. The typical pattern is simple ; a plain unicolorous
upperside with white tornal markings on the hind wing, and a pale underside with
simple linear cell-end bars and postdiscal lines on both wings, and hind wing tornal
black spots and metallic blue scaling.
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 79
In this tribe also, the species show a marked parallel subspeciation when entering
the tropics and passing round them. In passing from Ceylon through India, East
Pakistan and Yunnan, to the Kra Isthmus and Mergui Archipelago, the underside
colour changes from pure white with faint grey lines to white with broadly orange
flushed outer margins and fulvous lines. Thereafter, through Sumatra and Malaya
eastwards, the underside becomes more uniformly fulvous, obscuring the markings
except in the tornal half of the hind wing, where they become broader and black.
This applies to Cheritra. Cheritrella, restricted to the north, is aberrant. Ticherra
is also aberrant in the north but conforms remarkably well in Sumatra, Malaya and
Borneo. Ritra represents an extreme development of the eastern trend of Cheritra.
In this tribe, unlike the Horagini and nearly half the Drupadiini, there is complete
sexual dimorphism in that, whereas the female upperside is plain dark brown (in the
east with a basal orange flush), that of the male is plain shining purplish, orange, or
deep green. Exceptional again is Cheritrella, whose female upperside is marked with
dull blue and white.
MALE GENITALIA
Probably because the inter-specific distinctions in India and Malaya have never
been in doubt, no work seems to have been done on the genitalia of this tribe before.
Only those of C. freja have ever been figured (Shirozu & Saigusa, 1962 : 55). For
Lycaenidae they are unusually small and squat, so small that the figures on the
accompanying plates are to a scale about 40% greater than that used for the
physically much smaller Horagini.
The vinculum is short, broad and deep, tapered dorsally and ventrally ; there is
no saccus, the ventral end being curved out distally to seat the valvae. The twin
uncal lobes are simple, lacking brachia or falces, but each with a thin tapered anterior
process directed within the vinculum towards the maneca, like the root of a tooth.
This uncal " radix " may serve the same purpose as a gnathos, or as a brachium, in
more elongate armatures, to lead or guide the aedeagus from above. It may be
actually the peniculus of the otherwise obsolete tegumen.
The valvae are ventrally bulbous and basally fused ; their hemispherical sacculi
are united. Directed caudad from the base of the costa, or dorsal edge, of each is a
prominent long horn or style ending in a recurved or inturned spike. Cephalad
from the extreme base of the costa, representing the footstalk or transtilla always
present in Horagini and prominent in Drupadiini, there is a tenuous connection to
the anellus. The juxta, present in Horagini, is lacking in Cheritrini and Drupadiini.
The typical shape of the Cheritra valva is exaggerated in the larger but more
attenuate Ritra armature, and modified in the other two genera. In Ticherra the
dorsal horns are flattened vertically and the broad, spiked tips incurved, while the
solid tapered horns of Cheritrella are sinuous. This last genus has a prominent apical
projection on the ventral lobe. The fore and aft elongation of the Ritra valva results
in the unusual situation that its base, and consequently the bulk of the aedeagus, lie
cephalad of the vinculum. The extended, comparatively upright unci of Cheritrella,
its elongate and upright valvae, and their distal dentation, are all interesting trends
to the format of the Drupadiini.
80 C. F. COWAN
The aedeagus in Cheritra is short and stout, and is strongly armoured along its
dorsal and ventral surfaces, both before and after the rim (i.e. outside and inside),
with long narrow rasps of minute cephalad directed dentations. These rasps may
assist in retaining the aedeagus in cop. and, though quite different in appearance, are
perhaps analogous to the radulae of Roepke (1938) in Nymphalidae. The rasps are
reduced in extent and size in Cheritrella, and are replaced in the oblique-rimmed,
spout-like aedeagus of Ticherra by lateral flaps or flanges. The long, fragile but
better suspended aedeagus of Ritra is slightly broadened and distinctly fluted at the
tip, but no serrations are visible.
The slim aedeagus of Ritra is firmly suspended in position by a strongly sclerotized
strap-like structure which emanates rigidly from near its base and, tapering, is slung
over the dorsal saddle between the valvae like the curl of a leaf-spring. This
structure is only weakly developed, but still traceable, in the other genera, where it
appears much nearer the apex of the aedeagus. It is presumably a modification of
the anellifer, analogous to the fulcrum in Everes described by Bethune-Baker (1913 :
153, pi. 5). But it is an inversion of the fulcrum, which was a prop rather than a
strap, being pivoted to the base rather than the dorsum of the valvae, while being
of equivalent length "so as to reach up to the top edge of the clasp ", where it
forked the aedeagus near the rim.
The aedeagus is primed with cornuti in all species. Cheritrella has a pair ; one
large and pear-shaped, the other still larger and elongate, both in a voluminous vesica.
The tenuous vesica of Ritra, like that of Ticherra, contains a single, minute granular
cornutus, and Cheritra is intermediate with a single, stout, more or less curved spicule.
Over 30 genitalia preparations of Cheritrini have been made for me by Mr. Bennett.
These, with further examples by Fruhstorfer, Corbet and others, have sufficed for this
tribe. A total of 70 were used for Horagini, and over 100 are under study for the
Drupadiini.
SEXUAL INSIGNIA
This term was introduced (Cowan, 19666 : 107) for the cumbersome phrase
" secondary sexual characters ", but the explanation was omitted.
There are no female insignia in this or any related tribe, apart from the usual
disparity in fore leg size. Both sexes have the usual integument of downy hairs about
the wing bases and inner margins on the uppersides of the wings which undoubtedly
provide protection for the body from damp and cold (cf. Wheeler, 1946). In the
female, with the stouter body, there is rather more of this down on the hind wing than
in the male. On the other hand, in the male the down, being brown, is considerably
more conspicuous.
There are no male insignia in Cheritrella and Ticherra. All Cheritra have a small
tuft of dark hairs rising from the basal portion of the radial vein of the male hind
wing. Often the base of space 7 of this wing, which underlies the tuft, is bare of
scales and white. Sometimes there is trace of a polished or ochreous brand on the
fore wing underside, about the centre of the basal half of vein i.
In Ritra males there is a large ovate discal patch of modified scales on the upperside
of the fore wing and concolorous with it, centred about the origin of vein 4. This
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 81
brand seems to recur in a few random species of Lycaenidae (e.g. Arhopala atosia
Hewitson, Hypolycaena erylus Godart) and appears to be of different function, though
it may prove analogous, to the more frequent subcostal brand near the upper end of
the cell. The latter varies in size (e.g. in Charana jalindra Horsfield, Strymonidia
Tutt spp., and, very small, Neolycaena de Niceville spp.) and has not apparently been
investigated, but must surely be associated with the antennal club. Such patches
of modified scales are often referred to as androconial, but androconia proper are very
different and some revision of terminology is needed here. Hereafter the various
insignia referred to are called either " tufts ", " brands ", or " polished areas "
EARLY STAGES
The only traceable original account of the early stages of any species is that of
Davidson, Bell & Aitken (1896 : 388, pi. 5, figs. 6, 6a), often requoted since.
Their descriptions of the mature larva and pupa of C. freja show distinct affinities
with those of the still more aberrant ones of Horagini. The larva, varying from
pink to green with some brown dorsal markings, has only six pointed dorsal humps,
none paired. The similarly coloured pupa is fastened to a stalk rigidly at the tail,
standing free. It also has rough brown dorsal protuberances.
The recorded foodplants include Xylia dolabriformis and other Leguminosae, and
Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) .
EXTRANEOUS TAXA
The following two taxa have from time to time been included by authors in this
tribe. Both are Drupadiini.
Myrina cinesia Hewitson, 1863 : 29, pi. 13, figs. 18, 19.
Biduanda cinesoides de Niceville, 18896 : 166, pi. A, fig. 7.
GEOGRAPHICAL NOTE: NORTHEAST BORNEO
It will be seen in discussing Drupadiini that northeast Borneo, particularly east and
south of Kina Balu, is considered a most interesting " clinocentre " where 3 or 4
subspecies (Malayan, Bornean proper, and Philippine) of one species apparently fly
together and mingle. This seems more certain as recent material is found, and
needs investigation. It is not the effect of altitude, being evident at sea level. It is
not seasonal, occurring at all dates. But it may well be climatic, extreme local
weather variation causing different conditions either at critical phases of individual
specimens' development, or on different sides of a hill, promontory, or other geo-
graphical minor feature. A similar but less pronounced situation exists round the
Sumatran highlands.
This phenomenon is relevant here in perhaps accounting for the sudden prolifera-
tion of Cheritra species at this centre. From Ceylon eastwards to this point only
one, freja, has been known so far. In east Borneo there flies a second, pallida ; and
in the islands to the east occur orpheus and aenea, either of which might yet be
found here.
However, the well documented view of Everett (1889) that the two island chains
north and south of the Sulu Sea which link northeast Borneo and the Philippines
82 C. F. COWAN
align zoologically with Borneo rather than the Philippines was not greatly supported
by the Horagini, and is not confirmed by the Cheritrini. The Philippine orpheus
flies strongly in Palawan but not in Borneo, while freja and pdllida do not occur east
of Borneo. However, Ritra aurea has Palawan as its eastern limit.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am most grateful to the Trustees and the Keeper of Entomology, the British
Museum (Natural History), for permission to study the collections and libraries,
without which facilities and the help of their staff this review could not have been
contemplated.
Mr. N. H. Bennett prepared the genitalia slides from which the figures were
photographed, and his care and patience have been of great help.
Specimens have been lent to me by Col. J. N. Eliot, Mr. J. A. Hislop, M.C., Dr.
T. Norman and Mr. G. C. Stubbs, to all of whom I would like to express my thanks.
KEY TO THE GENERA & SPECIES OF CHERITRINI
Note. In each subhead, wing-structure is given first,
then markings, and finally <$ genitalia characteristics.
Fore wing truncate ; termen angled at vein 4 and excavate thence to vein 7 ; conse-
quently the cell exceeds half fore wing length and vein 12 is shorter than cell ;
nevertheless vein 9 is long, with origin before mid vein 7 and well before end of 10.
Hind wing termen evenly dentate from apex to vein 2 ; dorsum deeply excavate
before the pendulous lobe ; dorsal vein sinuous and short, scarcely exceeding
abdomen.
No male insignia.
Upperside blue or purple in both sexes, the black terminal border expanding at
the fore wing apex ; no white markings at hind wing tornus. Underside more or
less uniformly mottled dark and light brown ; no black, white, or metallic blue
markings at hind wing tornus.
Uncus lobes very oblique, subtriangular. Valvae distally dentate, and horns
originate from mid-costa as in Ticherra. Aedeagus large and robust, particularly
the phallobase which is quadrate ; vesica with two prominent cornuti.
CHERITRELLA (one species) C. truncipennis (p. 84)
Fore wing termen simple, at least below vein 6 ; cell not exceeding half fore wing
length ; vein 12 about = cell ; vein 9 not long, origin at or just after mid 7 and just
before end 10. Hind wing termen strongly produced and castellate between vein 3
and tornus ; dorsum normal.
Male insignia present except in Ticherra.
Upperside sexually dimorphic ; male uniformly coloured with a uniform or linear
black border, female brown or dull orange-brown ; hind wing tornus always with
black and white markings. Underside (except in extreme dry-season form of
Ticherra) ground colour simple, pale, and always with hind wing tornal black spots
and metallic blue scales.
Uncus lobes nearly erect and scarcely tapered. Valvae distally simply ovate ;
dorsal horns (except Ticherra) from base of costa. Aedeagus short and stout.or
long and slim, basally tapered ; vesica with one cornutus ..... 2
In India-Burma, particularly in dry season, wings produced ; fore wing apex falcate
and distinctly excavate at end of vein 6 ; at and near the equator, wings more
rounded and normal.
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 83
No male insignia.
Upperside, male with comparatively broad black terminal border ; female very
dark brown. Underside buff, dark orange, or pale ochreous according to season and
race. The tails are brown, buff or white, never black.
Uncus lobes short, broadly ovate. Valvae dorsal horns rising from apex, ends
flattened, tip rounded and incurved with a fine point. Aedeagus rim oblique, with
two lateral flaps. Cornutus small, conical. TICHERRA (one species) T. acte (p. 85)
Fore wing normal. Male insignia always present.
Male upperside black border linear (except in C. pallida). Underside markings
simple. Tails white, often with black centre and shading.
Uncus lobes digitate. Valve horns solid, simple, originating from base of costa.
Aedeagus rim not oblique, nor with lateral flaps ...... 3
3 Size average. Shape orthodox ; fore wing vein 9 rising just before end of vein 10.
Male hind wing upperside with sub-basal tuft ; fore wing underside may be
polished or branded about mid-vein i.
Markings normal.
Male genitalia compact, sturdy. Aedeagus with long rasps on dorsal and ventral
surfaces at apex. Vesica and cornutus well developed. CHERITRA (five species1) 4
- Large. Fore wing broad and short ; costa short, apex produced, termen slightly
concave, tornus rectangular. Fore wing vein 9 comparatively short, originating
just after end of vein 10.
Male fore wing with ovate discal patch of modified scales. Upperside ; male
uniform cupreous red, female brown with basal orange suffusion. Underside
abnormal ; plain grey-brown, with a white band from mid-dorsum to apex of hind
wing, followed by a postdiscal curved undulate black band, a white band, and a
submarginal series of black lunules before the marginal markings ; the black lunules
bearing metallic blue scales in the tornal region. Tails more black than white.
Male genitalia all parts attenuated. Aedeagus apically slightly swollen and
fluted. Vesica small ; cornutus minute, pear-shaped.
RITRA (one species) R. aurea (p. 97)
4 East Borneo. Underside like the local race of freja. Smaller, wings rather rounded.
Male upperside dull deep purple with a cloudy light blue suffusion and 2 mm.
wide black terminal borders ; hind wing tornal markings and tails clear white.
Male genitalia large. Uncus lobes long and narrow. Aedeagus ventrally convex
throughout its length ........ C. pallida (p. 88)
- Male upperside shining and without broad black borders.
Uncus lobes broader, shorter. Aedeagus ventrally convex only at its base . . 5
5 Widely distributed from Ceylon to Borneo.
Male upperside dark purple brown, obscurely shot dark purple, often with a cold
steely sheen. Female dark brown ; the three hind wing subtornal white spots vary
in size and may almost unite to form a band.
Uncus lobes broad and squat. Aedeagus ventral edge recurved . C. freja (p. 89)
- Rare and restricted. Male upperside with green or orange ; female usually orange-
brown, darker outwardly.
Uncus lobes longer. Aedeagus straighter ....... 6
6 Male upperside uniform dark shining green.
Male genitalia at least as large as pallida and freja ..... 7
- Palawan — Philippines. Small (fore wing 17-19 mm.).
Male upperside shining purple with all veins broadly shining golden orange.
Female dark brown, each wing centrally rufous. Underside white, shading to
orange at termen and apex ; postdiscal lines broadly black below hind wing vein 4,
above it faint orange or obsolete ; the usual tornal markings.
1 C. freja and orpheus are well known ; pallida, aenea and aenigma are very rare, with similar under-
sides, and known for certain only from a few male specimens.
ENTOM. 20, 3. 4
84 C. F. COWAN
Male genitalia uniformly 20% smaller than any other species. Aedeagus
ventrally straight ....... ^ . C. orpheus (p. 96)
7 South Sumatran (unique). Large (fore wing 22 mm.). Wings fuller and rounded.
Male upperside uniform shining pure green when viewed with frontal light,
heavily shot purple with back light, and cupreous in a side light ; tails white
narrowly centred black. Underside as freja frigga from Sumatra.
Male with the usual hind wing tuft, also a prominent pale ochreous subdorsal
brand on the fore wing underside. Aedeagus longer and stouter than aenea ;
vesica thicker, and cornutus substantially straight . . C. aenigma (p. 94)
- Philippines (Mindoro). Smaller (fore wing 20-21 mm.). Wings more angular.
Male upperside much duller and browner than aenigma. Female, and underside,
as orpheus. Tails mostly black.
Male tufted but without brand.
Cornutus tip sharply curved. Valve horns much longer than in other species
C. aenea (p. 95)
CHERITRELLA de Niceville
Cheritrella de Niceville, 1887 : 456. Type-species, C. truncipennis de Niceville, 1887, by
monotypy.
The name, derived from Cheritra, is of feminine gender.
The main characters are given in the key. Both sexes have a peculiar prominent
rufous brown scaling on the palpi, face, abdomen (ventral), wing fringes, tails and
hind wing lobe. The antennae are naked and rufous brown throughout their length
on the underside.
Cheritrella truncipennis de Niceville
(PI. i, fig. i ; PI. 2, fig. 13 ; PI. 3, fig. 25)
Cheritrella truncipennis de Niceville, 1887 : 456, pi. 39, figs. 3, 4. Sikkim.
C. truncipennis de Niceville; Elwes, 1893 : 639. Karen Hills, mid-Burma.
C. truncipennis nagana Rober, 1926 (10 Oct.) : 376. Naga Hills, Assam.
C. truncipennis de Niceville ; Seitz, 1926 (30 Nov.) : 991, pi. 159, fig. ai.
C. truncipennis de Niceville ; Godfrey, 1930 : 343. North Thailand.
C. truncipennis de Niceville, syn. nagana Rober ; Evans, 1932 : 287, pi. 29, fig. 68.
Well figured by Seitz for the male upperside of a dry-season specimen. Also
figured by most of the principal works on Indian Rhopalocera.
The species seems to be commonest on the Burma- Yunnan border near Bhamo,
and not to descend far into the tropics.
The contrast between fore and hind wing ground colour on the male upperside is
unusual in this subfamily, but not unique, recalling one or two species in the
Arhopalini and the Pratapini.
There are no sexual insignia. The female palpi are as usual longer than those of
the male. Both sexes have rather more clothing of hairs than usual on both surfaces
of the subdorsal area of the hind wing. On the upperside these are densest between
veins i and 2 in the male, but, in the female, in the cell.
There is slight variation between a dark, broad-bordered wet-season form (as in
my figures) with richly coloured and boldly marked underside (f. nagana Rober,
stat. n.), and the dry-season form which is paler and duller, and on the upperside has
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 85
narrow borders with the hind wing blue area almost reaching the dorsum. The
latter is often small.
The fore wing length varies from (16) 18-19 mm.
B.M. (N.H.). <£ Holotype, ? Allotype, SIKKIM, June 1886 (Moller). 81 <J, 21 ?,
SIKKIM, ASSAM, N. BURMA, YUNNAN ; i <£, Victoria Point, S. BURMA (!).
TICHERRA de Niceville
Ticherra de Niceville, 1887 : 457. " Type Ticherra acte Moore."
The name, an anagram of Cheritra, is of feminine gender.
An interesting genus whose one species undergoes marked seasonal dimorphism
north of Latitude 6°, where the wings are narrow and angular, but none in the
equatorial area where the wings become increasingly rounded and normal, and the
underside markings much more like those of Cheritra. It appears to be nearly as
intolerant of the equatorial belt as Cheritrella, but slightly more adaptable. It
would be interesting if Cheritrella were found in Sumatra, or more so in Borneo, to see
what parallel subspeciation it showed there. It should logically much resemble the
compatriot race of Ticherra.
The isolated staudingeri from Kinabalu, Borneo looks so distinct from acte as to
warrant the view that it is a separate species, but its points of difference follow the
geographical trends so well that it is included as a remote subspecies, emphasizing
that it belongs to this genus.
The one species then has three named subspecies, to which is here added a fourth,
and two infra-subspecific names.
The male genitalia vary geographically ; in the Indo-Burmese area they are
relatively small ; they are heavier and more robust, like the insects themselves, in
Malaya and Sumatra ; more so in Hainan and Borneo ; while in the last the pointed
apices of the valvae are less incurved, so appearing longer, and the flaps at the tip of
the aedeagus are closed.
Ticherra acte acte (Moore)
(PL i, fig. 2 ; PL 2, fig. 14 ; PL 4, fig. 31)
Myrina acte Doubleday, 1847 : 21. Silhet. [nomen nudum].
M. acte Moore, 1857 : 47. N. India.
M. acte Moore ; Hewitson, 1863 : 30, pi. 12, figs. 8, 9.
M. symira Hewitson, 18766 : 152. Darjiling.
M. symira Hewitson, 1878 : Suppl. 26, pi. 3b, figs. 107, 108.
Cheritra acte (Moore) Doherty, 1886 : 127. East Kumaon.
Ticherra acte (Moore) de Niceville, 1887 : 457, pi. 40, fig. 5 (d.s.f.).
Sithon acte (Moore) Staudinger, 1888 : 277, pi. 95, fig. (ds) (w.s.f.).
T. acte (Moore) ; de Niceville, 1890 : 407, pi. 28, fig. 225.
T. symira (Hewitson) idem : 408, as ? ab.
T. acte acte (Moore) ; Fruhstorfer, 1912 : 245. Sikkim-Burma-Tongking.
T. acte acte f. idina Fruhstorfer, 1912 : 245. (d.s.f.).
T. acte acte (Moore) ; Seitz, 1926 : 994, pi. 146, figs. g5, 6 (d.s.f.), pi. 158, figs, hj, 8 (w.s.f. $).
T. acte (Moore) ; Godfrey, 1930 : 344. North Thailand.
The male upperside is very constant ; that of the female occasionally has the three
86 C. F. COWAN
spots at the hind wing tornus widened, almost forming a white band as in Seitz'
illustration.
The underside varies from the intense plain orange of the wet season extreme form
(acte) to the dull buff with pencil-grey mottling of the dry season f . idina Fruhstorfer.
Intergrades are more frequent than extremes, and occasional dwarfs occur in both
sexes of both forms (ab. symira Hewitson) .
As with Cheritrafreja, the upperside hind wing white tornal spots become distinctly
wider in the Tavoy-Mergui area. In fact some South Burmese and Thailand
examples closely approach liviana but they still show seasonal variation, and the
acte I liviana cline is probably athwart the Thai-Malaya border, as a broad transitional
area.
Fore wing length is (13) 18-20 mm.
B.M. (N.H.). ? Holotype acte (no loc. label).
<$ Holotype symira (no loc.).
<$ Holotype idina, SIKKIM.
235 c?> I74 ? i KUMAON, SIKKIM, THIBET, BHUTAN, ASSAM, BURMA to MERGUI,
CAMBODIA, THAILAND.
Ticherra acte retracta ssp. n.
(PI. i, fig. 3 ; PI. 2, fig. 15 ; PL 3, fig. 26)
The latin adjective retractus means " revealed ", and also " remote ".
Two males and a female from interior Hainan represent this large dark subspecies, with wings
less angular than in acte but with similar dark coloration.
The male upperside has much narrower terminal borders than any other race, and the two
hind wing subtornal white spots are nearly obsolete. The female similarly has the subtornal
white band much reduced, and the upperside colour is very dark brown. The tails are mostly
black.
The underside is uniform dull ochreous with no markings internal to the postdiscal lines, but
with prominent black and metallic green markings at the hind wing tornus.
Fore wing length is 20-21 mm.
B.M. (N.H.). (^Holotype; HAINAN: Interior Hainan, July, 1919 (Bowring).
$ Allotype, i <$ ; HAINAN: Mt. Wuchi, May 1903.
Ticherra acte liviana Fruhstorfer
(PL i, fig. 4 : PL 2, fig. 16 ; PL 4, fig. 32)
T. acte (Moore) ; de Niceville & Martin, 1896 : 479. N.E. Sumatra.
T. acte liviana Fruhstorfer, 1912 : 245. N.E. Sumatra.
T. acte (Moore) ; Corbet, i94oa : 6. Perlis, N.W. Malaya.
T. acte liviana Fruhstorfer ; Eliot, 1959 : 382. Malaya.
Not previously illustrated.
Martin reported the species as " common throughout the year " in northeast
Sumatra. Though the first record for Malaya (from the extreme north) was not
made till 1940, there is a female in B.M. (N.H.) labelled " Perak, 3-4,000 ft., June
1897 ; Curtis " (i.e. Charles Curtis, cf. Corbet, 1956 : 69), and the species is now well
known from cleared slopes of the Selangor-Pahang hills.
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 87
Sumatran and Malayan specimens show a similar range of variation. The forewings are
much less angular than in acte, and the underside colour shades evenly from bright ochreous at
the fore wing apex to pale cream at the hind wing tornus, while the postdiscal black lines are
narrow, faint on the fore wing but bold on the hind, and the tornal markings are well developed.
The male upperside is rather lighter, bluer, than in the northern races, and in both sexes,
particularly the female, the tornal white spots are more prominent. The fore wing length is
(16) 18-19 mm.
In all these respects this subspecies is exactly intermediate between the wet season form of
acte and staudingeri.
The figure of the genitalia clearly shows the lateral lobes at the apex of the aedeagus, and the
incurved flattened horns of the valvae, each with its apical spine. These features are present
but less pronounced in acte and retracta, and are rather differently developed in staudingeri.
" Type in coll. Morton, Lausanne." Fruhstorfer (1912).
B.M. (N.H.). 3 <?, 14 $, SUMATRA (N.E., & W. coast) ; i ?, MALAYA.
Ticherra acte staudingeri (H. H. Druce) comb. & stat. n.
(PL i, fig. 5 ; PL 2, fig. 17 ; PL 4, fig. 33)
Biduanda staudingeri H. H. Druce, 1895 : 615, pi. 34, figs. 5, 6. Kina Balu.
B. staudingeri H. H. Druce ; Moulton, 1912 : 164.
B. staudingeri H. H. Druce ; Swinhoe, 1912 : 190.
Eooxylides staudingeri (H. H. Druce) Seitz, 1926 : 993, pi. 156, figs. g5, g6.
The illustrations quoted are good. The fore wing length is 20-21 mm.
This isolated subspecies appears to have found a congenial habitat for survival.
Though there is only negative evidence (e.g. Moulton did not see it in Sarawak), it is
suggested that it is not fully montane, but that it lives at about 6,000 ft. on sheltered
uplands in N.E. Borneo, not exclusively on Mount Kina Balu. Little enough
collecting has been done on this mountain ; far less on the lower ones round it.
Two points about the series in B.M. (N.H.) are noteworthy ; one specimen is
labelled Brunei (whose shrunken territory still contains some areas of over 6,000 ft.) ;
and the great majority of specimens were collected by Waterstradt, and are labelled
with the same date and in good condition, suggesting a lucky local large-scale
emergence.
According to Moulton (1915 : 161), Waterstradt made three lengthy visits to Kina
Balu ; about 1894, about 1899 when he visited the summit, and about 1908. He also
mentions further on that a later party found at the summit " Mr. Waterstradt's
bottle ", but the date of his ascent is not given. These dates, which were verbal
from the natives who helped, but were carefully checked, do not reconcile with our
label data by several years. Possibly these printed labels of Oberthur's refer to a
date of receipt from Waterstradt, or are otherwise in error.
" The types are in his [Staudinger's] collection." Druce (1895).
B.M. (N.H.). N. E. BORNEO: 9 $, 13 $, Kina Balu, 5 Aug. 1903, Waterstradt (ex coll.
Oberthur) ; 2 $, Kina Balu, Waterstradt (coll. Adams, ex coll. Van der Poll) ;
i $, Brunei, Waterstradt (idem) ; i $, Kina Balu, 1896, (coll Oberthur, ex coll.
Staudinger ;— a paratype?) ; i <£, 2 $, Kina Balu. (? a Pryer label).
88 C. F. COWAN
CHERITRA Moore
Cheritra Moore, 1881 : 109. " Type C. jafra." (sic).
The name is probably a diminutive derived from the Greek word for a hand,
referring to the palmate silhouette of the insect at rest, and is of feminine gender.
The status of at least three of the five species in the genus is conjectural. Females
are similar where they fly together, but the males fall into three groups by upperside
coloration ; freja and pallida are dark purple, aenea and aenigma shining green, and
orpheus is purple half eclipsed by broad shining orange vein-striping. Never more
than two species fly together. The common freja ranges from Ceylon through India
to Borneo, flying with the unique aenigma in Sumatra and with the strange pallida
in N.E. Borneo. Then the common orpheus ranges in the Philippines and Palawan,
flying with aenea in Mindoro. The <$ genitalia of all are constantly, albeit slightly,
distinct, and it seems that they must be regarded as differentiated relict species
derived from an ancient stem from which freja and orpheus are the most recent
parallel twigs.
Further evidence that they are separate species is afforded by the shape of the rim
of the aedeagus when in the continent state. In freja the dorsal and ventral surfaces
at the apex are parallel and not swollen, the rasps folded closely back on themselves ;
in pallida these surfaces are appreciably swollen, and in aenea and aenigma very
much so ; while in orpheus they are thin but converge abruptly. These features were
not given in the Keys, only the one aenigma being available for examination, one
aenea, and three pallida (one more being left unmolested), but they appear constant.
Seitz, in dealing with the genus, illustrates nine specimens, but the undersides of
only two Philippine ones. The boldly marked undersides in this area contrast with
the uniform chalky white one with faint markings in Ceylon. Intervening sub-
species have greater or less ochreous flush and prominence of the hind wing postdiscal
black line.
Cheritra pallida (H. Druce)
(PL i, fig. 7 ; PI. 2, fig. 19 ; PI. 4, figs. 34, 35)
Sithon pallida H. Druce, 1873 : 352, pi. 33, fig. 3. " Borneo ".
5. pallida H. Druce; Distant & Pryer, 1887 : 41, 268. Sandakan.
Cheritra pallida (H. Druce) H. H. Druce, 1895 : 610. Labuan (Low] (sic) ; Sandakan (Pryer}.
C. pallida (H. Druce) ; Moulton, 1912 : 159. Labuan (Low) ; Sandakan (Pryer).
Ignored by Fruhstorfer and Seitz.
The specific characters and appearance are covered in the key and the illustrations.
The apparent brightness of the upperside figured results from the unusual powdering
of pale dull blue scales, and is quite distinct from the silky sheen of freja and other
species. The hind wing upperside white tornal markings are much more prominent
than in any male freja form, and they are preceded by a distinct black postdiscal
band. The superficial resemblance to Ticherra acte is startling but irrelevant. The
fore wing length is 17-19 mm.
The female is probably almost identical with freja ochracea, with smaller, rounder
wings and perhaps blacker subtornally on the hind wing upperside. It is possible
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 89
that the wing bases on the upperside may be suffused with ochreous.
The <$ genitalia illustrated are those of a specimen from S.E. Borneo, and of the
Holotype. They show different conditions of the aedeagus ; the former in fully
continent state, clearly showing the vesica and cornutus, and also the two long rasps,
dorsal and ventral, each running outside and into the inner surface of the orifice ;
the latter shows the vesica and cornutus partially everted, and the rasps consequently
unfurled and almost straight.
It is interesting that this rare and elusive species was caught and named so early
in the generic nomenclature. The type specimen was said by H. Druce (1873 : 337)
to have been in one of the collections sent from Borneo " by Mr. Lowe during the
years 1867, 1869 and 1872 ". The collector in fact must have been Mr. H. (later
Sir Hugh) Low, who " came out to Sarawak in 1845 as a naturalist. In 1848 he
became Colonial Secretary of Labuan where he [made the first recorded ascent of
Kina Balu in 1851 and] remained till 1877, when he was appointed Resident of
Perak. He retired in 1884 and died April i8th. 1895." [recte 1905] (Moulton,
1915 : 141). It was after him that the well-known Satyrid Neorina lowii (Doubleday,
1849 : pl- 61, fig- 4) was named. It was first referred to with the data " Sarawak,
from Mr. H. Low's collection " (Doubleday, 1848 : 31, as nomen nudum). This entry
in the 1848 appendix to Doubleday's List, and not in Part I (1844) or Part 2 (1847)
suggests that Low sent his whole Sarawak collection back when he moved to Labuan,
and that his subsequent " Borneo " specimens all came from the northeast ; in other
words that pallida was from N.E. Borneo, not Sarawak. This view is supported by
Druce junior's change of data for the Holotype from Borneo (Lowe) to Labuan (Low],
and the presence of a printed Druce label " Labuan, Low " on the specimen.
Moreover, Moulton's 1912 list of Bornean records repeats H. H. Druce's data verbatim,
confirming that no Sarawak specimens were known. The specimen illustrated here
is one from S.E. Borneo, an interesting addition to the range.
B.M. (N.H.). $ Holotype, LABUAN (Low) ; i <$, i ?, Tameang Lajang, S.E.
BORNEO (Wahne) ; i <$, S.E. Borneo ; i <$, S.E. Borneo (Schonberg) ; i 9, Melikop
(i.e. 65 miles south of Kina Balu, and 100 miles S.W. of Sandakan, near Penungah)
(Cator).
The two female identifications are presumptive.
Cheritra freja (Fabricius)
(PL i, figs. 6, 8 ; PI. 2, figs. 18, 20 ; PL 3, figs. 27, 28)
The subspeciation of this well-known species has already been referred to. Its
upperside is remarkably constant ; in all races the tint of the male varies slightly,
and in the female the hind wing white subtornal spots may widen to form a band.
The nomenclature of the nominate subspecies was investigated by Corbet (1941^ :
105, 1956 : 65), and the repercussions on other subspecies by Cowan (19650 : 68-72).
Unfortunately the typescript of the last paper was revised unknown to me and proofs
were not circulated, resulting in the publication of several stupid misspellings and a
complete additional sentence in the vital paragraph which is wrong and misleading.
After explaining that two of the names in current use were incorrectly applied to
go C. F. COWAN
certain subspecies which therefore lacked names, I proposed two new names to fill the
voids, and naturally designated holotypes for them in accordance with Articles 13 (a)
(ii) and 72 (c) of the Rules of Nomenclature. These new names were not " replace-
ment names " for existing valid ones, and the case did not come under Articles 13 (a)
(iii) and 72 (d) of the Rules, in a no doubt well-intentioned attempt to comply with
which my script was altered. The two commas in line 6 of page 70 of the article as
published, and the sentence from " and deliberately " (sic !) in line 7 to the end of
line 9 should be deleted. And the dates " 1927 " in lines 12 and 15 of that page
should be changed back to 1932, thus agreeing with the References (as descriptions
for the new names, reference was made to the most recent widely known and acces-
sible work on the region affected ; Evans 1932, not 1927 which was only a reprint
of the 1925 articles).
For illustration of the $ genitalia of C. freja, again two examples are used. The
first, from a Sumatran specimen, shows the vesica at the mouth of the aedeagus,
whose rasps are partly unfurled. In Mr. Bennett's beautiful preparation for the
second, a Ceylon specimen, the vesica and cornutus are seen at full ejaculation,
giving the aedeagus a remarkable and completely different appearance.
Cheritra freja pseudojafra Moore
(PL 3, ng. 28)
Cheritra pseudojafra Moore, 1881 : no. Ceylon.
C. jaffra Butler, 1867 syn. pseudojafra Moore ; de Niceville, 1890 : 410. S. India ; Ceylon.
C. freja pseudojafra Moore ; Fruhstorfer, 1912 : 243. S.India; Ceylon.
C. freja pseudojaffra Moore ; Evans, 1925 : 766. Ceylon.
C. freja pseudojafra Moore ; Seitz, 1926 : 993, pi. 158, fig. f 6. Ceylon.
C. freja pseudojafra Moore ; Evans, 1927 : 185. Ceylon.
C. freja pseudojaffra Moore ; Evans, 1932 : 288. Ceylon.
C. freja pseudojaffra Moore ; Woodhouse, 1952 : 137, pi. 21, figs. 18, 19.
Seitz figures only the female upperside. Woodhouse gives good illustrations of
both sides of each sex.
The plain white underside with very fine grey broken postdiscal lines and sub-
marginal lunules is distinctive. The tornal metallic scales are pale blue and more
extensive than in any other subspecies. The uppersides are darker in colour in both
sexes than in other races.
B.M. (N.H.). 10 <J, 15 ?, CEYLON.
Cheritra freja butleri Cowan
Myrina jaffra Godart ; Hewitson, 1863 : 30. " Assam ". (recte jafra & Java).
M. jaffra Godart ; Butler, 1867 : 34. " S. India, nee Assam ".
Cheritra jaffra (Butler) de Niceville, 1890 : 410. Ceylon, S. India.
C. freja jaffra (Butler) ; Evans, 1925 : 766 ; 1932 : 288. S. India.
C. freja joffra (Butler) ; Seitz, 1926 : 993. S. India.
C. freja butleri Cowan, ig6^a : 70. S. India.
Indian specimens of this species were originally identified in that country as jafra
Godart (q.v. below), of which the erroneous spelling jaffra, which first appeared in
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 91
1829, soon became universal. The name freja (Fabricius) could not be placed
(Hewitson, 1865 : 53).
Then Butler recognized that freja and "jaffra Godart " were conspecific, North
Indian specimens being nearer the former and South Indian ones the latter. Ignoring
their type-localities, he suggested that they should be known by those respective
names to avoid making "jaffra " a synonym of freja. This line was followed by
Kirby (1871), who had the constant advice of Butler.
Unfortunately the old erroneous spelling jaffra became attributed to Butler and
applied to the S. Indian race, an inadmissible procedure and one Butler had not
intended. As the true locality of Myrina jafra Godart is Java, the S. Indian sub-
species had no valid name, and butleri Cowan was introduced to fill the vacancy.
It is emphasized here tha.t jaffra, joffra, pseudojaffra, etc. are " erroneous subsequent
spellings " ; they do not rank as names or synonyms, and are not mentioned in the
systematic list.
The white-banded female specimen used by Butler to illustrate his article is in the
B.M. (N.H.) Type Collection.
The subspecies is similar to pseudojafra of Ceylon but the underside is creamier,
more often with slight ochreous terminal shading. All markings are better defined,
but the fore wing cell-end bar is still usually absent.
B.M. (N.H.). <J Holotype, $ Allotype, North Kanara ; 55 £, 57 ?, S. INDIA.
Cheritra freja evansi Cowan
Myrina jaffra Godart; Hewitson, 1863 : 30. " Assam ". (recte jafra & Java).
Hesperia freja Fabricius ; Butler, 1867 : 34. " N. India ".
Cheritra freja (Fabricius) de Niceville, 1890 : 410. N. India.
C. freja freja (Fabricius) ; Swinhoe, 1912 (March) : 207. India-Borneo.
C. freja freja (Fabricius) ; Fruhstorfer, 1912 (April) : 243. India-Siam.
C. freja freja (Fabricius) ; Evans, 1925 : 766. N. India-Burma.
C. freja freja (Fabricius) ; Seitz, 1926 : 993, pi. 146, fig. g4 ; pi. 159, fig. b7. N. India.
C. freja freja (Fabricius) ; Evans, 1932 : 288, pi. 29, No. 70. N. India, etc.
Hesperia freja Fabricius ; Corbet, 19416 : 105 ; 1956 : 65. Mergui nee India.
C. freja evansi Cowan, 19650 : 70. N. India-Tonkin, Burma, Laos.
Corbet, after careful investigation of Fabricius' type-specimens and material,
found that freja was taken by Koenig in the Mergui Archipelago on one of his voyages
from Tranquebar (S. India) and not, as Butler had assumed, in Tranquebar itself,
still less in N. India whither Butler had shifted the name. Thus the widespread
continental subspecies had no valid name, and evansi was proposed to fill the vacancy.
The subspecies is always more tawny and duller on the underside than the others ; all markings
are distinct including the fore wing cell-end bar ; the fore wing markings are now ochreous not
black. The tails, hitherto almost plain white, now have a distinct black centre line. There is
considerable variation in size and a certain amount in appearance, reflecting the wide range in
climate over the large area covered. Males often have traces of a small colourless area of polished
scales about mid-vein i on the fore wing underside. Fore wing length is 16-22 mm., with a
norm of 19-21 mm.
Seitz figures only the uppersides. The specimen figured underside by Evans is
identifiable in the collection by minute blemishes as well as appearance, as one of his
ENTOM. 20, 3. 5
92 C. F. COWAN
from Myitta, Tavoy, on the cline with the next subspecies. Its whiteness and bright
marking are more typical of the latter.
There are no clear cut seasonal forms but some extreme dry season specimens have
the tornal spots tawny instead of black. An isolated series of i^, 3 $ from Vietnam
(S. Annam, Xom Gom ; February, Fruhstorfer ; Suoi Dai, Nha Trang, 1916,
Gaullois) ex coll. Rothschild, are all large, and bright on the underside as in true
freja, and may represent a coastal subspecies on the S. China Sea. Otherwise,
specimens from the entire continental region appear to fall within the variation range
of the one subspecies.
B.M. (N.H.). ^ Holotype, $ Allotype; ASSAM: Khasi Hills; 64 $, 13 ?, N. INDIA,
SIKKIM & BHUTAN ; 70 <$, 21 $, ASSAM & MANIPUR ; 47 <J, 23 <j>, N. BURMA to
TONKIN ; 82 <$, 32 $, continental BURMA & THAILAND, VIETNAM.
Cheritra freja freja (Fabricius)
Hesperia freja Fabricius, 1793 : 263. " Tranquebar ".
Cheritra freja regia Evans, 1925 : 766. Mergui.
C. freja freja (Fabricius) ; Corbet, 19416 : 105. Mergui nee India.
C. freja freja (Fabricius) ; Corbet, 1956 : 65, 347, 464. Langkawi Is.
C. freja freja (Fabricius) ; syn. regia Evans ; Cowan, 19650 : 69.
As Evans found, the underside of this subspecies is much more vivid, a clear white
with sharply contrasted orange costa and termen to the fore wing and apex to the
hind wing, and with prominent orange markings, including cell-end bar, on the fore
wing, which are replaced by black ones in the tornal half of the hind wing. The
upperside tornal white markings in both sexes are clearer than in any other race ;
these quadrate spots in the females of all the preceding subspecies have been large
and almost conjoined to form a white band, but hereafter the veins separating them
are much more broadly black.
The males in a series from Langkawi, all taken in November or January, are shot
on the upperside with a faintly greenish steely grey. This effect appears in individuals
of all subspecies, and may be incidental, seasonal, or a maritime form. Langkawi
specimens also show a tendency to the Malayan race in having the postdiscal black
markings on the underside of the hind wing appreciably wider, comprising narrow
bars rather than thick lines.
The fore wing length is 17-20 mm. (19-21 mm. in Langkawi).
The subspecies appears common, so it is not surprising that Koenig found it on his
visit to Mergui.
B.M. (N.H.). 43 $, 26 $, PENINSULAR BURMA & THAILAND, Mergui Archipelago
(including holotype and allotype of regia Evans) ; 6 <^, 5 $, Langkawi Is.
Cheritra freja sabanga Toxopeus
C. freja sabanga Toxopeus, 1929 : 213. Pulau Weh (off N. Sumatra).
Not seen by me. Described from two specimens of each sex, it appears to lie
between the Ceylon and the Mergui subspecies.
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 93
Wings very rounded. The upperside white spotting at the hind wing tornus prominent ; the
female with a distinct violet tint. Underside hind wing white, fore wing creamy, termens
narrowly bright ochreous ; the markings ochreous, prominent but narrow ; the metallic scaling
bright and intense. Tails with a broad black centre line. (Adapted from Toxopeus). Size ?
It is interesting to note that none of the Cheritrini have ever been recorded from the
well-worked Andaman and Nicobar Isles, where the Horagini are represented ; nor
from Pulau Nias where both the Horagini and the Drupadiini have several species ;
yet here is C.freja apparently flourishing on an intervening islet without either of the
other tribes. Admittedly the Weh collection comprised only eleven species of
Lycaenidae ; if the other tribes do occur they should be interesting.
Cheritra freja frigga2 Fruhstorfer
(PI. 3, fig. 27)
Cheritra freja (Fabricius) ; Distant, 1885 : 251, pi. 20, fig. 10. Malaya.
C.freja (Fabricius) ; de Niceville & Martin, 1896 : 479. N.E. Sumatra.
C. freja frigga Fruhstorfer, 1912 : 243. N.E. (type) & W.C. Sumatra ; Malaya.
C. freja frigga Fruhstorfer ; Seitz, 1926 : 993, pi. 159, fig. b6.
C. freja frigga Fruhstorfer ; Corbet, 1956 : 347, pi. 46, fig. 193.
Seitz illustrates only the ^ upperside, but Distant's and Corbet's figures of the
underside (the latter specimen taken by me in Johore) well show the much more
ochreous fore wing of the subspecies and the wider postdiscal black bars below vein 4
on the hind wing. The fore wing cell-end bar is again prominent, and the tails are
more heavily black-centred. The fore wing length is 17-20 mm.
Little or nothing is known of the species from the whole of the 60,000 sq. miles of
the southern third of Sumatra. There is one female specimen, very large (fore wing
24 mm.) and well marked, from Gunong Talang, Padang Bovenlanden ; ex colls.
Van der Poll and Adams (a mountain exceeding 8,500 ft. which lies about 20 miles
inland from Padang ; ioo|° E, i° S). This specimen might indicate a large south-
western submontane race, or might conceivably pair with aenigma (q.v. below).
B.M. (N.H.). J LECTOTYPE (selected May, 1941 by G. Talbot from Fruhstorfer's
type series and here designated), " N.O. Sumatra ; Martin (i.e. N.E. Sumatra).
47 <$> 33 ?, N. SUMATRA (all north of equator) ; i $, BATU Is. (Fruhstorfer) ; 4 3,
2 $, SUMATRA: Lebong Tandai, W. coast (3° S) (Brooks) ; 24 $, 23 $, MALAYA and
SINGAPORE.
Cheritra freja fracta ssp. n.
(PI. i, fig. 6 ; PI. 2, fig. 18)
This is an interesting subspecies, intermediate between those of Sumatra, Java
and Borneo.
The underside is much paler than those of frigga and ochracea, thus approaching jafra. But
though the fore wing postdiscal lines are still present, the cell-end bar is very faint, and the
hind wing markings are broad and emphatic as in ochracea.
The fore wing length is 19-20 mm.
* Like Friday, frigga is named after Frigg, the wife of Odin (whence Wednesday). Third of the
ancient Norse and Teutonic gods after Odin and Thor (cf. Thursday) came Frey, after whose sister
freja is named.
ENTOM. 20, 3. 5§
94 C. F. COWAN
B.M. (N.H.). <$ Holotype, $ Allotype, 5 $, 14 $, BANKA ISLAND (Hagen).
Cheritra freja jafra (Godart)
Myrina jafra Godart, 1824 : 592, 593. " <J ", recte $. Java.
M. jafra Godart ; Horsfield, 1829 : 118. $. Java.
M. jaffra Godart ; idem : pi. 2, figs. 5, 5«.
M. jaffra Godart ; Boisduval, 1836 : pi. 7, fig. 4.
Cheritra freja joffra Butler ; Piepers & Snellen, 1918 : 108-9, pi- 27> fig- I74-
C. freja jafra (Godart) Cowan, 1965(3 : 68-72. Java.
Reversing the subspeciation trend, this race from Latitude 8° south is much closer
to freja from 12° north than to the intervening equatorial frigga, fracta and ochracea.
Piepers & Snellen well illustrate the underside, which is as white as freja but whose
wing margins are less bright, ochreous rather than orange, with the slender postdiscal
lines and fore wing cell-end bar uniformly dark and distinct.
The fore wing length is 18-21 mm., though dwarfs to 15 mm. occur in either sex.
The authorship and date Godart, 1824 are discussed by Cowan, 1967.
B.M. (N.H.). 20 c?, 12 ?, JAVA (all parts) ; i <?, BALI (Doherty}.
Cheritra freja ochracea H. H. Druce
(PL i, fig. 8 ; PL 2, fig. 20)
Cheritra freja var. ochracea H. H. Druce, 1895 : 610. Borneo.
C. freja (Fabricius) ; Moulton, 1912 : 158.
Not previously figured.
Druce noted the strong orange flush over the underside of both wings, and the
broad hind wing postdiscal black bars. The fore wing cell-end bar is usually imper-
ceptible against the ground colour, and the postdiscal lines are often similarly
obscured. Moulton found less well emphasized examples among Sarawak specimens,
and chose to disregard the subspecific name, but there is now no doubt that Bornean
specimens in general conform to this distinctive type and that freja-\ike individuals
are exceptional.
The subspecies varies in size, usually tending to be small, the fore wing length being
(17-) 18-20 (-22) mm.
Three specimens from Pulo Laut off the south coast are small (16-17 mm-) and
noticeably pale below. They are rather worn but may indicate a further peripheral
subspecies.
B.M. (N.H.). 33 3, 19 $, BORNEO (west, north, east & south) ; 2 ^, i $, PULO
LAUT.
Cheritra aenigma sp. n.
(PL i, fig. 12 ; PL 2, fig. 24 ; PL 4, fig. 37)
The name is from the Latin noun meaning a " puzzle ".
Male upperside uniform lustrous deep yellow-green except for the normal black and clear white
hind wing tornal markings and the hairy brown dorsum ; the usual black costal and terminal
lines, but the extreme base of the hind costa white ; tails very white, with thin black centre line.
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 95
The colour is brilliant Zephyrus-green in normal diffused light, but assumes a pinkish or violet
lustre if viewed in direct sunlight.
Underside pure white, shading to bright orange in the apical half of the fore wing and at the
hind wing apex ; the usual markings at the hind wing tornus ; the postdiscal line broad and
black on the hind wing up to vein 4, thereafter and on the fore wing faint and fulvous ; the
fore wing cell-end bar well marked, and a broad nacreous area along the dorsum bearing a
prominent broad ochreous brand about the centre of vein i . Apart from this brand the under-
side resembles a large and well-marked specimen of the compatriot freja frigga. The fore wing
length is 22 mm.
The unique specimen ex coll. Oberthur bears one of his printed labels reading
" Liwa, S.O. Sumatra, 1400 metres. W. Doherty. 1890." By S.O., Oberthur
means S.W., whereas to Fruhstorfer it would mean S.E. In 1890 the energetic
Doherty collected successively in Malaya, Burma and Singapore, had an unsuccessful
stay in Java (Batavia, Soekaboemi and Buitenzorg), and then sailed to Kroe in
S.W. Sumatra ; from here he made trips " to Miva in the mountains, Marang on the
coast " — and for 3 weeks in September to the island of Engano, finally returning via
Singapore, Perak, Penang, Ranawng (Renong) and S. Burma to Calcutta. Neither
Liwa nor Miva are shown on available large-scale maps ; in manuscript the names are
alike and I fancy they are the same ; the locality, which will be mentioned again in
discussing the Drupadiini, lies in the mountain range inland from Kroe which, owing
to the oblique lie and shape of the island, might equally be termed S.E., S.W., or
South Sumatra. This visit of Doherty's seems to be one of the very few ever made
for collecting in the southern third of the island.
Horsfield (1829 : 118), in describing the Javan male of C. freja for the first time,
said " Wings above blackish brown covered with a beautiful saturated cupreous gloss
slightly varying to purple . . ." . The phrase italicized by me is startling. No freja
(or jafra) has a beautiful nor saturated cupreous gloss, and no such specimens are
known. Horsfield had two males, which his figures show had the normal Javanese
underside pattern. He surely could not have had two male aenigma, which might
almost fit the description. The more probable explanation is that he was over-
enthusiastic about the dull purple gloss which on occasion very slightly varies to
steel-grey.
B.M. (N.H.). JHolotype. S. SUMATRA: Liwa, 4,000 ft., S. Aug. /Sep., 1890 (Doherty}.
Cheritra aenea Semper stat. n.
(PL i, fig. ii ; PL 2, fig. 23 ; PL 4, fig. 36)
Cheritra aenea Semper, 1890 : 215. Mindoro.
C. orpheus aenea Semper ; Fruhstorfer, 1912 : 243.
C. orpheus aenea Semper ; Seitz, 1926 : 994, pi. 158, figs. g5, 6.
Male upperside similar to aenigma but of a yellower green, and the hind wing tornus, dorsum
and tails are almost entirely black. Underside similar to orpheus ; white sharply shading to
fulvous at the fore wing termen, with all markings obsolete except those below hind wing vein 4,
which are prominent. Size as orpheus, smaller and with less rounded wings than aenigma ;
fore wing length 19-21 mm.
Seitz' figures are good, though the upperside colour might be greener.
96 C. F. COWAN
The female upperside is probably dark brown with diffuse orange discal areas on
each wing, that on the fore wing large, on the hind wing small ; the usual hind wing
tornal markings clearly denned.
Semper described this species from six males, after discussing 73 specimens of
orpheus from Luzon and Mindanao. The rarity of orpheus in Mindoro though
common in Palawan to the west and the other islands in the east, and the presence of
aenea apparently exclusively in Mindoro, remain unexplained.
B.M. (N.H.). 2 (£, MINDORO (i, lacking abdomen ex coll. Hewitson, labelled
orpheus; i, Everett, Dec. 1894) ; (?) I ?, Mindoro, Laguna di Nanjan, 13 Mar., 1910.
Cheritra orpheus (Felder)
There can be no mistaking the male of this species. The upperside is violet but
the outer margins, and all veins except the two along the black hind wing dorsum,
are rich bright orange, giving the effect illustrated at PI. i, fig. 12. This effect is
enhanced in side lighting, when the wings may appear completely shot with pinkish,
metallic orange, or metallic golden according to the angle of incidence. There is no
trace of green, and the separation of this species from aenea is quite evident by its
appearance as well as structurally.
The species is of particular interest in that the orange veining indicates, in addition
to all extant veins, those now obsolete in all Rhopalocera ; the anterior extension of
hind wing vein 4 through the cell to the base ; similar extensions of fore wing veins
4 and 5, which merge about mid-cell to run concurrent to the base ; and the obsolete
subdorsal vein from fore wing base to termen between veins i and 2. This pheno-
menon, materializing the phantom neuration of the complete Median and Second
Cubitus, is closely but less completely paralleled in Drina tnaneia (Hewitson) (cf.
Corbet, 1956 : 336), another individualistic species of a distinct tribe of " Theclinae ",
and the only species of the subfamily known to carr true androconia (Corbet,
1956 : 306). No androconia can be detected in orpheus.
Subspeciation, again, is evinced mainly on the underside.
One female specimen from Luzon bears the small round Felder label " Jalajala ".
It happens that the next species described by the Felders after orpheus was Myrina
jalajala (a species in the Pratapini) . The locality has been traced on an old map to
a small promontory on the north shore of Lake Bai near Manila, which on modern
maps is shown as Halahala, Talatala, or a variant.
Cheritra orpheus eurydice Fruhstorfer
(PL 4, fig- 39)
C. orpheus eurydice Fruhstorfer, 1912 : 243. Palawan.
C. orpheus eurydice Fruhstorfer ; Seitz, 1926 : 994, pi. 158, rigs. §3, 4.
The male upperside orange shading is very vivid. The female is dark brown with the usual
hind wing tornal markings, and with a broad dull orange-brown suffusion over the central half
of the fore wing and spaces 2 to 4 of the hind wing.
The underside is whitish, bordered along the fore wing termen and at the hind wing apex with
bright orange ; the postdiscal markings in the tornal half of the hind wing are comparatively
narrow and irregular,
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 97
B.M. (N.H.). 7 $, 10 ?, PALAWAN.
Cheritra orpheus orpheus (C. & R. Felder)
(PI. 4, fig. 38)
Myrina orpheus Boisduval in Hit. C. & R. Felder, 1862 : 292. Luzon.
M. orpheus Felder syn. massiva Hewitson ; Hewitson, 1863 : 30, pi. 12, figs. 10, n ; pi. 16,
fig- 45-
Cheritra orpheus orpheus (Felder) Fruhstorfer, 1912 : 243.
C. orpheus orpheus (Felder) ; Seitz, 1926 : 994, pi. 146, fig. h8.
Hewitson's name massiva, already engraved on his plate, was a stillborn synonym,
as he explained in his text.
A rather variable subspecies, but generally the male upperside is more yellowish orange,
rendering the purple patches more apparent ; the female orange-brown areas are very variable
in extent but usually the wing bases are darker. The underside of the fore wing is usually more
suffused with orange, and the postdiscal black bars in the tornal half of the hind wing are slightly
more heavily marked than in eurydice.
B.M. (N.H.). <? Holotype, $ Allotype, 13 <$, 9 9, LUZON ; 3 <$, i $, MINDORO ;
i 9, TICAO.
Cheritra orpheus orphnine ssp. n.
(PL i, fig. 9 ; PI. 2, fig. 21)
The name is from the Greek adjective meaning " dusky ", comprising red, white
and black pigments.
In Mindanao a much more distinct race has evolved. The male upperside is bright like
eurydice, but the female is normally uniform plain dark brown. The underside, particularly in
the female, is much more suffused with orange, and the hind wing black postdiscal markings are
broader and more regular.
The fore wing lengths of all subspecies vary from 17-19 mm.
B.M. (N.H.). <£ Holotype, 9 Allotype, MINDANAO, 1903-4 (Waterstradt) ; 12 <J,
3 9> Mindanao.
RITRA de Niceville
(PL i, fig. 10 ; PL 2, fig. 22 ; PL 3, figs. 29, 30)
Ritra de Niceville, 1890 : 399, 411. Type-species, Sithon aurea Druce.
An euphonic derivative of Cheritra, Ritra is of feminine gender.
The characteristics of this genus and species have already been discussed.
Fruhstorfer described three subspecies as distinct from the nominal one. The
senior, volumnia, is sound, but it is with some hesitancy that cuprea is retained
separately, and likewise that panowa is upheld apart from aurea.
Fruhstorfer's collection passed to the B.M. (N.H.), but his unique female type of
panowa is not there, nor is one female from his type-series of cuprea, nor his single
Perak volumnia male. It is noticed that each of these was illustrated by Seitz, and it
would seem that the originals for all Seitz' illustrations were kept separately.
98 C. F. COWAN
The hind wing postdiscal black band follows parallel geographical subspeciation to
that of Cheritra. In Sumatra and Malaya it is relatively narrow and disjointed ; in
Borneo broad and solid.
It is interesting that R. aurea is found in Palawan but not further east. It thus
overlaps C. orpheus, which there reaches its western limit.
Ritra aurea cuprea (Fruhstorfer) comb. n.
Ritra aurea (H. Druce) ; de Niceville & Martin, 1896 (i Feb.) : 479. N.E. Sumatra.
R. aurea (H. Druce) ; de NiceVille, 1896 (24 Mar.) : 185, pi. T, fig. 45. $. N.E. Sumatra.
Cheritra aurea cuprea Fruhstorfer, 1914 : 175. N.E. Sumatra.
C. aurea cuprea Fruhstorfer ; Seitz, 1926 : 994.
Fruhstorfer described this race from 5 <$, i $, as being considerably smaller than
any other, the male having smaller tornal white spots on the hind wing upperside
than volumnia, and the female clearer white ones than aurea. He said the underside
was blackish grey instead of brownish as in those two subspecies.
I find the size range the same, and the appearance almost identical with volumnia.
Fore wing length 20-24 mm.
The name should be retained for the Sumatran subspecies pending the collection
of more material from that island.
B.M. (N.H.). c£ Holotype, $ Allotype, 3 ^ Paratypes, N.E. SUMATRA (Martin),
ex coll. Fruhstorfer ; 4 <$, 3 $, N.E., E. & W. coasts of Sumatra.
Ritra aurea volumnia (Fruhstorfer)
Ritra aurea (H. Druce) de NiceVille, 1890 : 411. Perak & Borneo.
Cheritra aurea volumnia Fruhstorfer, 1912 : 243. Perak (Type loc.) & Sumatra.
C. aurea volumnia Fruhstorfer ; Seitz, 1926 : 994, pi. 158, fig. gi.
R. aurea volumnia (Fruhstorfer) Corbet, 1956 : 347. Malaya.
Seitz' illustration of the male upperside is good.
Fruhstorfer's description from one Perak male and some Sumatran specimens
starts with the phrase " almost double the size of aurea from Borneo ". He must
have had an extreme dwarf of the latter. He then gave two features ; the upperside
of all wings was somewhat darker and more strongly metallic (in the male) ; and the
black postdiscal band on the underside of the hind wing was much narrower than in
Borneo. Both these points are equally valid for Sumatran and Malayan specimens
as compared to the majority of Bornean ones. The males furthermore tend to be
slightly more purple-shot in certain lights. The fore wing length is 20-24 mm.
Corbet (1956 : 347) said that he had seen one Malayan male specimen without the
fore wing brand. He gave no data, and it has not been possible to trace it. The size
of the brand varies appreciably, but no examples have been seen where it even
approaches obsolescence.
B.M. (N.H.). 3 & i ?, MALAYA.
INDO-ORIENTAL CHERITRINI 99
Ritra aurea panowa (Fruhstorfer) comb. n.
Cheritra aurea panowa Fruhstorfer, 1914 : 175. W. Borneo, Sintang.
C. aurea panowa Fruhstorfer ; Seitz, 1926 : 994, pi. 158, fig. g2.
Described from one $, as differing from aurea in the white subtornal band on the
hind wing being darkened and formed of smaller neat grey components ; in the
considerably darker, blackish rather than brownish, underside (which Seitz amends
to " uniform dark yellowish grey, not brown "), on which the hind wing median and
subtornal white bands are narrower, and the black spots being less dusted with blue.
Seitz' illustration shows the underside postdiscal black band to be unusually wide,
thus reducing the width of the two white ones referred to by Fruhstorfer. But one
can hardly agree with his repeated reference to the underside of aurea as brown ; it
is grey in all subspecies. Females often have slight terminal fulvous suffusion at the
fore wing termen, and when males are viewed against the light a slight orange flush
is apparent by transparency.
Ritra aurea aurea (H. Druce)
(PL i, fig. 10 ; PL 2, fig. 22)
Sithon aurea H. Druce, 1873 : 352, pi. 33, fig. i. <$. Borneo.
Ritra aurea (H. Druce) ; H. H. Druce, 1895 : 610. $.
R. aurea (H. Druce) ; Moulton, 1912 : 159. Sarawak & N. Borneo.
Cheritra aurea aurea (H. Druce) ; Seitz, 1926 : 994, pi. 158, fig. f 7.
The original male was faithfully described and figured upperside, but the colour
below was called " sooty brown " instead of mid-grey. This may have misled
Fruhstorfer.
The male specimen here illustrated is typically marked but the fore wing upperside
patches of modified scales cover rather smaller than average areas. These patches
are often large and dark, but the dark appearance is probably due to age and wear.
The female is often described as coppery above. This is misleading, as it is in no
way metallic. It is dull orange-brown with dark brown borders round each wing.
Seitz gives a good illustration of a female with rather narrow borders.
The fore wing length is 21-25 mm., but throughout Borneo individuals as small
as 17 mm. are not infrequent. Palawan specimens also are rather small.
Moulton says the female is rather the commoner. That this is not so in collections
is probably due, in the case oifreja and others as well as aurea, to the greater beauty,
and freshness, of the male, and the selectiveness of the collector. In a total of about
4 years in Malaya I caught but one aurea, a female, and certainly found the female
freja the more frequent.
This species was another of those first found by Sir Hugh Low.
B.M. (N.H.). c£ Holotype, 31 J, 15 $, SARAWAK, BRUNEI, SABAH ; i <£, Tameang
Lajang, S.E. BORNEO ; 2 $, i <j>, PALAWAN.
100
C. F. COWAN
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE CHERITRINI
CHERITRELLA de Niceville, 1887
C. truncipennis de Niceville, 1887
f. nagana Rober, 1926 (wet season f.)
TICK ERR A de Niceville, 1887
T. acte acte (Moore, 1857)
f. idina Fruhstorfer, 1912 (dry season f.)
ab. symira (Hewitson, 1876) (dwarf)
retracta ssp. n.
liviana Fruhstorfer, 1912
staudingeri (H. H. Druce, 1895)
CHERITRA Moore, 1881
C. pallida (H. Druce, 1873)
C. freja pseudojafra Moore, 1881
butleri Cowan, 1965
evansi Cowan, 1965
freja (Fabricius, 1793)
syn. regia Evans, 1925
sabanga Toxopeus, 1929
frigga Fruhstorfer, 1912
fracta ssp. n.
jafra (Godart, 1824)
ochracea H. H. Druce, 1895
C. aenigma sp. n.
C. aenea Semper, 1890
C. orpheus eurydice Fruhstorfer, 1912
orpheus (C. & R. Felder, 1862)
syn. massiva (Hewitson, 1863)
orphnine ssp. n.
RITRA de Niceville, 1890
R. aurea cuprea (Fruhstorfer, 1914)
volumnia (Fruhstorfer, 1912)
panowa (Fruhstorfer, 1914)
aurea (H. Druce, 1873)
Sikkim-Yunnan, continenta
Burma & Thailand.
N. India & Thibet-Burma &
Thailand.
Hainan.
Sumatra ; Malaya.
N.E. Borneo.
N.E. & S.E. Borneo.
Ceylon.
S. India.
N. India-Tonkin, Burma, Thai-
land & Viet Nam.
Mergui, Peninsular Burma &
Thailand.
Weh Is. (N. Sumatra).
Sumatra ; Malaya.
Banka Is.
Java ; Bali.
Borneo ; Po. Laut.
S.W. Sumatra.
Mindoro.
Palawan.
Luzon ; Mindoro ; Ticao.
Mindanao.
Sumatra.
Malaya.
W. Borneo.
Borneo ; Palawan.
The references Corbet 194012,
REFERENCES
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INDEX
Cheritrini taxa are in bold type, synonyms and common
erroneous spellings in italics. The Systematic List is on p. 100.
*acte, 83, 85, 86, 88
*aenea, 81, 83, 84, 88, 95, 96
*aenigma, 83, 84, 88, 93, 94, 95
Arhopala atosia, 81
Arhopalini, 84
*aurea, 82, 83, 97, 98, 99
* Illustrated on Plates i & 2.
butleri, 90
Catapaecilma, 78
Charana jalindra, 81
Cheritra, 77-81, 83, 85, 88
Cheritrella, 77-81, 82, 84, 85
INDEX
103
Cheritrini, 77-82
cinesia, 81
cinesoides, 81
cuprea, 97, 98
Drina maneia, 96
Drupadia, 77, 78
Drupadiini, 77-81, 93, 95
Eooxylides, 78
eurydice, 96
evansi, 91
Everes, 80
*fracta, 93, 94
freja, 79-83, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 99
frigga, 84, 93, 94
Horagini, 77-81, 93
Hypolycaena erylus, 81
*idina, 85, 86
jalajala, 96
jaffra, go, 91, 94
jafra, 90, 91, 94, 95
joffra, go, 91, 94
*liviana, 86, 87
Marmessus, 77
massiva, 97
nagana, 84
Neolycaena, 8r
Neomyrina, 78
Neorina lowii, 89
*ochracea, 94
orpheus, 81-83,
*orphnine, 97
5, 96, 97
*pallida, 81, 82, 83, 88
panowa, 97, 99
Pratapini, 84, 96
pseudo jaffra, 90, 91
pseudojafra, 90, 91
regia, 92
Tetracta, 86, 87
Ritra, 77-82, 83, 97
sabanga, 92
Semanga, 78
*staudingeri, 85, 87
Strymonidia, 81
symira, 85, 86
Thamala, 78
Ticherra, 77-82, 83, 85
"truncipennis, 82, 84
volumnia, 97, 98
* Illustrated on Pis. i & 2.
ENTOM. 2O, 3.
PLATE i
Uppersides of $ specimens of Cheritrini.
The Holotypes of the four new taxa are in the right column.
FIG. i. Cheritrella truncipennis de Niceville. Sadon, N.E. Burma, 8 Nov. 1927 (Tytler).
FIG. 2. Ticherra acte acte (Moore) f. idina Fruhstorfer (d.s.f.). Sikkim, 1886 (Moller).
*FiG. 3. T. acte retracta ssp. n. Holotype. Interior Hainan, July 1919 (Bowring).
*FiG. 4. T. acte liviana Fruhstorfer. N.E. Sumatra, Dec. 1892 (Martin).
FIG. 5. T. acte staudingeri (H. H. Druce). Kina Balu, Aug. 1903 (Water stradt).
*FiG. 6. Cheritra freja fracta ssp. n. Holotype. Banka (Hageri).
FIG. 7. C. pallida (H. Druce). S.E. Borneo (Schoenberg).
*FiG. 8. C. freja ochracea H. H. Druce. Mengkuago, N.E. Borneo, 19 Apr. 1891 [Pryer].
*FiG. 9. C. orpheus orphnine ssp. n. Holotype. Mindanao, 1903-4 (Water stradt).
FIG. 10. Ritra aurea aurea (H. Druce). Kina Balu (ex coll. Druce).
FIG. ii. Cheritra aenea Semper. Mindoro (ex coll. Hewitson).
*FiG. 12. C. aenigma sp. n. Holotype. Liwa, S.W. Sumatra, Aug.-Sep. 1890 (Doherty}.
Colour note : Figs 1-8 are shades of purple ; 9, purple veined orange ; 10, bright orange
n, 12 green.
Photographic note : To distinguish the dark borders from the dark ground, figs 1-5, 7, i
were photographed in blue light.
* Not previously illustrated.
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 20, 3
PLATE i
ENTOM. 20, 3.
FIG. 13.
FTG. 14.
*Fic. 15-
*Fic. 16.
FIG. 17.
*Fic. 18.
FIG. 19.
*FlG. 20.
*FlG. 21.
FIG. 22.
FIG. 23.
*Fic. 24.
* Not previously illustrated.
PLATE 2
Undersides of <J specimens of Cheritrini.
(same specimens as on Plate i)
Cheritrella truncipennis de Niceville.
Ticherra acte acte (Moore) f. idina Fruhstorfer (d.s.f.).
T. acte retracta ssp. n. Holotype.
T. acte liviana Fruhstorfer.
T. acte staudingeri (H. H. Druce).
Cheritra freja fracta ssp. n. Holotype.
C. pallida (H. Druce).
C. freja ochracea H. H. Druce.
C. orpheus orphnine ssp. n. Holotype.
Ritra aurea aurea (H. Druce).
Cheritra aenea Semper.
C. aenigma sp. n. Holotype.
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 20, 3
PLATE 2
j,/
r,
. Vj' *
PLATE 3
<J genitalia of representative Cheritrini.
Lateral aspect from the left of, except fig. 30, the complete parts.
FIG. 25. Cheritrella truncipennis de Nic6ville. Gen. Prep. NHB. 1965/2530. Note large
quadrate phallobase of aedeagus, large curved cornutus (the smaller being in the partially everted
vesica), the long oblique unci, and the elongate, upright, dentate valvae.
Specimen : Darjiling ; 28 May 1898 (Bingham).
FIG. 26. Ticherra acte retracta ssp. n. Holotype. Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1471. Note
evenly tapered aedeagus, here seen with the vesica and minute cornutus fully everted and
deflected from the uncus ; and the incurved pointed tips (like envelope flaps) of the flattened
horns of the valvae.
Specimen : as Pis. i, 2 ; figs. 3, 15.
FIG. 27. Cheritra freja frigga Fruhstorfer. Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1447. Compact, with a
dense vesica and large cornutus. Note strong " rasps " on dorsal and ventral surfaces of rim of
aedeagus.
Specimen : Sumatra (Buxtori).
FIG. 28. C. freja pseudojafra Moore. Gen. Prep. NHB. 1965/2532. Same species as fig. 27,
but here seen with vesica and cornutus fully everted and at extreme stretch.
Specimen : Ceylon, 1892 (Doncaster).
FIG. 29. Ritra aurea cuprea (Fruhstorfer). Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1436. This and fig. 25
above represent the extremes of the Cheritrini pattern.
Specimen : Holotype, N.E. Sumatra (Martin).
FIG. 30. R. aurea aurea (H. Druce). Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1437. An " exploded "
preparation showing (a) the usual Cheritrine vinculum and uncus ; (b) aedeagus ; note suspen-
sory process, small vesica and minute cornutus near the swollen apex ; (c) the right valva.
Specimen : Holotype, Borneo (Low).
Bull. BY. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 20, 3
PLATE 3
28
29
30-a
2 m.m,
PLATE 4
<$ genitalia of Ticherra and species of Cheritra
(complete, lateral aspect from left).
FIG. 31. T. acte acte (Moore) f. idina Fruhstorfer. Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1445.
Specimen : Mergui, Jan. 1926 (Evans).
FIG. 32. T. acte liviana Fruhstorfer. Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1472. The tips of the valvae
of this subspecies are differently recurved. The aedeagus is here shown slightly rotated about
its axis, displaying its lateral apical lobes.
Specimen : N.E. Sumatra (Martin).
FIG. 33. T. acte staudingeri (H. H. Druce). Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1446. A still further
evolved subspecies.
Specimen : Kina Balu.
FIG. 34. C. pallida (H. Druce). Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1552. The cornutus is fully with-
drawn to base of aedeagus.
Specimen : S. E. Borneo [Pryer].
FIG. 35. C. pallida (H. Druce). Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1453. The vesica and cornutus are
everted, causing a restriction at rim of aedeagus ; the dorsal rasp is fully unfurled.
Specimen : Holotype, [N.E.] Borneo (Low}.
FIG. 36. C. aenea Semper. Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1441. Short, thick-lipped aedeagus ;
comparatively large vinculum, uncus, and valvae.
Specimen : Mindoro, Dec. 1894 (Everett).
FIG. 37. C. aenigma sp. n. Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1442. Very similar to aenea, but
differences in valvae and aedeagus.
Specimen : Holotype, Liwa, S.W. Sumatra, Aug. -Sep. 1890 (Doherty).
FIG. 38. C. orpheus orpheus (C. & R. Felder). Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1440. Genitalia less
aedeagus. Constantly small, and ; —
Specimen : Luzon (Fruhstorfer).
FIG. 39. C. orpheus eurydice Fruhstorfer. Gen. Prep. NHB. 1955/1473. — the lips of the
aedeagus are always compressed.
Specimen : Palawan.
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 20, 3
PLATE 4
0-5 1-0 1*5
(mm.
39
m H\*
A LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS
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OF THE BULLETIN OF
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1. MASNER, L. The types of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the British
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Pp. 143. February, 1965. £5.
2. NIXON, G. E. J. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera :
Braconidae). Pp.284; 348 Text-figures. August, 1965. £6.
3. WATSON, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera) . Pp. 177 ;
18 plates, 270 Text-figures. August, 1965. £4 45.
4. SANDS, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera,
Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172 ; 500 Text-figures. October,
1965- £3 5s.
5. AHMAD, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera : Alydidae) of the World. Pp. 156;
475 Text-figures. November, 1965. £2 155.
6. OKADA, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae & Drosophilidae.
Pp. 129 ; 328 Text-figures. £3.
7. GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family
Coccidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea). Pp. 168 ; 43 Text-figures. February, 1967.
£335.
8. FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the
world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera : Geometridae) . Pp. 119; 14 plates, 146
Text-figures, 9 maps. February, 1967. £3 IDS.
9. HEMMING, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species
(Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera) . In press.
10. STEMPFFER, H. The Genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera : Rhopa-
locera). In press.
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD & SON LIMITED BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL
ANTHOMYIIDAE
D. M. ACKLAND
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 4
LONDON: 1967
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL , 1 MAYI967
ANTHOMYIIDAE
BY
D. M. ACKLAND
Hope Department of Entomology, University Museum, Cfecford
Pp. 105-139 ; 83 Text-figures
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 4
LONDON: 1967
THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.
Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.
In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each
Department.
This paper is Vol. 20, No. 4 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited
follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.
World List abbreviation
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.).
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Issued 2 May, 1967 Price Fifteen Shillings
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL
ANTHOMYIIDAE
By D. M. ACKLAND
SYNOPSIS
The Anthomyiidae collected on the 1954 and 1961-62 British Museum (N.H.) Expeditions, by
Mr. J. B. Tyson in 1953, and by Prof. H. Janetschek in 1961 are systematically treated. Eleven
new species are described, including one new species from Tadzhikistan, one new combination is
created, and the relationship between them is discussed.
INTRODUCTION
THIS paper is based on material collected on four expeditions to Nepal : by Mr.
R. L. Coe, entomologist on the 1961-62 British Museum (Natural History) Expedi-
tion to Eastern Nepal ; Mr. J. Quinlan on the 1954 Expedition ; Mr. J. B. Tyson
in 1953 ; and Prof. H. Janetschek in 1961, this latter material being in the Deutsches
Entomologisches Institut, Berlin. One new species from Tadzhikistan is also
described in this paper.
My thanks are due to the following, who have generously given me advice and
help, and loaned material : Prof. W. Hennig of the Staatliches Museum fur Natur-
kunde, Stuttgart ; Dr. P. Freeman, Mr. R. L. Coe and Mr. A. C. Pont of the British
Museum (Natural History), London ; Dr. G. Morge of the Deutsches Entomolo-
gisches Institut, Berlin ; and Mr. H. Andersson of the Zoological Institute, Lund.
The Anthomyiidae have in the past generally been considered as a subfamily
within the Muscidae. They are here treated as a separate family, in line with the
work of Huckett (19656) and Hennig (1966). No attempt is made to divide the
Anthomyiidae into subfamilies. Previously accepted sub-groupings (i.e. Fucelliinae
to include Myopina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) have been shown (Herting, 1957 :
434 ; Hennig, 1966 : 25) to be heterogeneous.
On the other hand, most of the generic and subgeneric groupings of recent Euro-
pean and American authors have been accepted as genera. The exact status of
these supra-specific groups is still in dispute. For the correct assignment of species
to genera, an examination of the male genitalia is essential. The common possession
of a non-genitalic character (e.g. an anteroventral seta on the mid tibia) within a
limited fauna, in a group of species which on other grounds is clearly monophyletic,
has often led to that character being accepted as a " generic " character ; the
absence of it in a species from a different fauna (which on other grounds is clearly
related) has sometimes delayed the recognition of their close relationship. As
examples of characters which have often in the past been considered as of generic
ENTOM. 20, 4. 6§
io8 D. M. ACKLAND
value, but which can be shown to be either present or absent in undoubted closely
related species, the following can be mentioned : a projecting epistome, an ante-
roventral seta on the mid tibia, the costa with hairs on the ventral surface, an apical
posteroventral seta on hind tibia, and hairy eyes.
The generic key given in this paper is therefore designed mainly to deal with the
species included in the paper, and will not necessarily work with material from
another area. Where the characters specifically apply to species which are the
only known representative of the genus in Nepal, I have keyed out to the species.
The following measurements are used : the width of the parafacials is measured
at about the level of the middle of the third antennal segment, and is the real width,
with the angle of vision at right angles to the plane of the parafacial, not the apparent
width with the head viewed in profile ; the width of the third antennal segment is
the greatest width ; the lengths of the second and third antennal segments are
measured with the head viewed from in front ; the width of the gena is the narrowest
width.
The following characters are considered to be present normally in the Antho-
myiidae, if not stated to be otherwise : two presutural and three postsutural pairs of
dorsocentral setae, propleural depression, prosternum, pteropleuron and hypo-
pleuron completely bare, sixth abdominal tergite hidden and without setae, anal
vein reaching wing margin, even if only faintly.
No species of Anthomyiidae appear to have been recorded from Nepal. In the
present paper eleven new species are described, and five previously described species
are recorded. Altogether eleven genera (including two genera represented by
females only, and not determined to species) are now known to occur in Nepal.
All the material is in the British Museum (Natural History), London, unless otherwise
stated.
The terminology of the genitalia follows Hennig and van Emden (in Tuxen, 1956). All the
drawings of genitalia have been made from macerated abdomina. The setae on the epandrium
have not been drawn. The structures of the aedeagus are labelled in some of the figures as
follows : ph = phallapodeme, h = hypandrium, pi = processus longus, e = epiphallus,
d = distiphallus, po = postgonite, pr = praegonite.
KEY TO GENERA OF ANTHOMYIIDAE s. STR. KNOWN FROM NEPAL (MALES)
1 Frons wide, at least as wide as eye width . . . PSEUDOMYOPINA (p. 133)
- Frons narrower, at most as wide as ocellar tubercle ...... 2
2 Sternopleural setae 2 + 2 ; costa on ventral surface with fine setulae or hairs ;
costal spine distinct and strong, at least 0-75 times length of r-m ; prostigmatal
setae with only a few (1-3) associated hairs ; mesopleuron with a developed
upper anterior setula .......... 3
— Sternopleural setae i + 2 or i + i ; costa on ventral surface bare, at least beyond
apex of subcostal vein ; costal spine absent or generally very small ; prostigmatal
setae generally with more (4-9) associated hairs (Delia flavibasis with stronger
costal spine and 1-2 prostigmatal hairs, but then pra seta absent) ; mesopleuron
generally without a developed upper anterior setula ...... 4
3 Arista with long rays, total width of plumosity at least as wide as width of third
antennal segment ; hind tibia with about 3-4 ad and 2 pd setae
HYLEMYA s. str. (p. 120)
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 109
Arista only long pubescent, longest hairs not more than twice width of basal dia-
meter of arista ; hind tibia with about 5 ad and 3 pd setae ; tergite 7+8 shining
black CRASPEDOCHOETA (p. no)
Prosternum with lateral setulae ; hypopleuron with fine hairs posterior to spiracle
CALYTHEA (p. 109)
Prosternum bare ; hypopleuron bare ........ 5
Pteropleuron with 1-3 setae on upper margin, below wing base
EMMESOMY1A (p. 120)
Pteropleuron without setae on upper margin ....... 6
Mid tibia with an av seta at apical third ; epistome projecting ; hind tibia with
2 ad and 2 pd setae ............ 7
Mid tibia without an aw seta ; epistome not so strongly projecting (in Delia nepalensis
somewhat projecting, but then pra seta absent) ; hind tibia generally with at least
3 ad setae ............. 8
Blackish species ; face below lunule with a swelling (surstyli forked at apex)
Nupedia aestiva (Mg.) (p. 132)
Yellowish grey pollinose species ; second antennal segment with some small tubercles
on anterior surface (surstyli simple, slender) . . Paregle cinerella (Fall.) (p. 125)
Hind tibia with 13-15 unequal ad setae, which in basal half are not strictly uniserial,
and with numerous erect fine setulae on p and pv surfaces ; eyes with short and
rather sparse but distinct hairs ; abdomen with dense, short setae on margins of
tergite 5 ; about 3 longer posthumeral setae
Lasiotnma eriophthalmutn (Zett.) (p. 124)
Hind tibia with at most 9 ad setae ; eyes bare or with only microscopic hairs, only
visible under high magnification ......... 9
pra seta about 1-25 times length of posterior notopleural seta ; ratio of distance
between prst dc rows and prst acr rows about 4:1:4; head in profile with pro-
frons rather projecting in front of level of epistome ; postabdomen strongly swollen
in profile PHORBIA (p. 129)
pra seta at most as long as posterior notopleural seta, or absent ; ratio of prst acr and
prst dc rows between 2:1:2 and i : i : i ; postabdomen not strongly swollen
in profile ............. 10
Mid tibia with 2 pd setae (in unique holotype of Pegohylemyia nupera this character
not ascertainable, but 2 pd are probably present) ; genitalia with praegonites re-
duced, small and more or less fused to hypandrium, but with distinct setae, disti-
phallus small and largely membranous . . . PEGOHYLEMYIA (p. 126)
Mid tibia with only i pd seta, or pd absent ; genitalia with praegonites more de-
veloped, generally with short, fine setae, weakly joined to hypandrium ; disti-
phallus long and slender, at least partly sclerotized . . . DELIA (p. 112)
CALYTHEA Schnabl & Dziedzicki
Calythea Schnabl and Dziedzicki, 1911, Nova Ada Acad. Caesar. Leap. Carol 95 : in (as
subgenus of Pegomya R.D.).
Type-species : Musca albicincta Fallen, 1825, by monotypy.
This genus occurs in the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Only
two rather damaged females are represented in the material, which agree in most
characters with the widely distributed C. albicincta (Fallen). Several undescribed
species of Calythea are known to me from India, which are closely related to albi-
cincta, so the Nepal females are not determined at the present time.
no D. M. ACKLAND
Calythea sp.
Similar to C. albicincta (Fallen), with a few fine hairs on hypopleuron posterior
to hind spiracle, and on prosternum laterally.
NEPAL : 2 mis S.E. of Sikha, 7-8,000 ft., i £, 20. v. 1954 (/. Quintan) ; Ulleri,
6-7,000 ft., i $, 19. v. 1954 (/. Quintan).
CRASPEDOCHOETA Macquart
Craspedochoeta Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille 1850 : 241 ; Dipt. Exot., Suppl.
4 : 268.
Craspedochaeta auctt. [Unjustified emendation].
Melinia Ringdahl, 1929, Ent. Tidskr. 50 : 271.
Type-species of Craspedochoeta : Anthomyia punctipennis Wiedemann, 1830, by
monotypy.
This genus is almost world- wide in distribution, and is particularly well represented
in the Neotropical region. The Holarctic species C. pullula (Zett.) occurs in India,
where it differs slightly in the structure of the aedeagus ; a detailed examination
of Indian material may indicate subspecific status. C. pullula is not, so far, known
from Nepal. One new species is now described from Nepal and India.
Craspedochoeta hamata sp. n.
(Text-figs. 1-6)
(J Head : ground colour black. Interfrontal area black, parafrontals, parafacials and genae
whitish grey pollinose in certain lights. Eye-margins in front of ocellar tubercle almost touch-
ing, separated by about half diameter of anterior ocellus, interfrontalia and parafrontals at this
point linear, and interfrontalia above constriction practically absent. Paraf rental at level of
lunule about equal to width of third antennal segment, parafacials at narrowest point slightly
narrower. In profile frons at lunule projecting further than epistome, face almost flat, slightly
receding, hardly reflexed on lower margin. Gena about as wide as third antennal segment,
one-sixth of eye-height (0-16). Antennae black, third segment twice as long as second ; apex
falling short of epistome by two-thirds its own width ; arista long pubescent, longest hairs
about twice basal diameter. Occiput swollen ventrally, lower margin of head straight posteri-
orly, curved upwards anteriorly towards epistome, the strong epistomal seta level with lower
eye-margin. 7-8 pairs of frontal setae, upper pair about halfway between anterior ocellus and
lunule, a pair of rather strong interfrontal setulae above them. Upper postocular setulae
rather short, not much longer than the setulae on disc of occiput. Haustellum rather short,
mentum about 2-5 times as long as wide, pollinose ; palpi black, linear, hardly wider at apex
than base. Thorax : black in ground colour, with rather dense greyish green and brown pollen.
Mesonotum, viewed from in front, with a brownish median vitta along acr setae, and perhaps
traces of narrow lateral vittae. acr setae distinct but rather short, bi-serial, 4-5 rather irregular
prst acr, which are closer together than to prst dc ; no fine hairs between acr rows, pro, seta
distinct, about two-thirds length of posterior npl seta, and finer, distance between pra and
suture only half distance between pra and sa seta. One or two developed upper anterior
mesopleural setulae, and 2-3 longer setulae in front of lower part of mesopleural row. One
long atxd strong, and one finer and shorter propleural seta, and one strong and two shorter
prostigmatal setae ; no fine hairs around their bases, stpl 2 -(-2, lower anterior seta short and
fine, lower posterior three-quarters length of upper seta. Fringe of hairs surrounding anterior
spiracle pale brownish yellow, on posterior spiracle dark brown. Scutellum concolorous with
mesonotum, bare in central and basal parts of disc, some fine hairs present ventrally at apex.
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL
FIGS. i-io. Craspedochoeta spp. Figs. 1-6. C. hamata sp. n. (paratype) : i, £ hypopy-
gium, caudal view ; 2, hypogium, profile ; 3, aedeagus ; 4, 4th and 5th sternite ; 5, 5th
sternite, profile ; 6, sperm pump. Figs. 7-10. C. pullula (Zett.) (England) : 7, (J
hypopygium, cereal plate and surstylus ; 8, aedeagus ; 9, 4th and 5th sternite ; 10, 5th
sternite, profile.
H2 D. M. ACKLAND
Wings : membrane very slightly pale brownish tinged, not darkened at base. Costal spine
distinct, a little shorter than r-m ; r-m and m-m distinctly suffused brownish, m-m sinuous,
last section of M1+2 about one and three-fifths (1-6) times length of preceding section. Costa
with fine setulae or hairs ventrally on whole length. Calyptrae concolorous with wing base,
lower calypter not projecting beyond upper. Halteres yellow. Legs : black ; fore tibia with
a strong median pv seta. Mid femur without distinct av, 5-6 long basal pv setae. Mid tibia
with one strong ad seta at apical third, one pd at same level, a slightly shorter pd just above
middle, 1-2 short p setae, and a strong pv seta just below the strong ad and pd. Hind femur
with av and pv setae on whole length. Hind tibia with 5-6 unequal ad, 3 pd (upper one shorter),
about 4 av and about 6 semi-erect fine setulae posteriorly in basal half, one of which is more
robust, and the middle ones irregularly placed, biserial. The strong pv seta apically, which
is often present in Craspedochoeta, is very small or absent. Abdomen : rather robust, viewed
from above, widest at posterior margin of Ti + 2, tapering slightly from there to apex, slightly
less than twice as long as wide (1-8). In profile semi-depressed at base, becoming almost
cylindrical at T4 and T5. Viewed from behind, densely greyish pollinose, with a distinct black
interrupted median vitta (width equal to diameter of hind femur), the breaks occurring on hind
margins of tergites ; on T5 the vitta occupies only half length of tergite. Ty + 8 shining black,
in sharp contrast to other tergites ; TQ black, with light greyish pollen. 5th sternite, in profile,
slightly elbowed.
Body-length 6 mm., wing-length 6 mm.
9 unknown.
Holotype <$. INDIA: Simla, W. Himalayas, 7-8,000 ft., 7. v. 1910 (Annandale).
Paratype. NEPAL: Sukhwani, i ^, 1 5-16. ii. 1908.
I have also seen a female, which may belong to this species, from BALUCHISTAN :
Quetta, iii.i93i (A. C. Ben), but which is not included in the type series.
C. hamata differs from pullula as follows : hind tibia with the PV apical seta very
short or absent, costa with anterior setulae shorter, pra seta slightly shorter than
posterior npl seta, abdomen less flattened in basal half. Details of the genitalia of
C. pullula (England) are given in Text-figs. 7-10 ; the most conspicuous difference
is in the form of the postgonites (Text-figs. 3, 8). Examples of Indian pullula have
the same form of postgonite as European examples, though the distiphallus is slightly
different.
DELIA Robineau-Desvoidy
Delia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Mem. pres. div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 2 : 571.
Type-species : Delia floricola Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, by designation of Coquil-
lett, 1910, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 37 : 531 (—Anthomyia cardui Meigen, 1826).
The synonymy of D. floricola is somewhat doubtful. In the original description
of floricola Robineau-Desvoidy states : " . . . il se distingue de toutes les autres
especes par le premier article des tarses intermediares un peu concave en dedans,
tandis que le second article est un peu dilate, au sommet ". This would indicate
that floricola, if not synonymous with cardui, at least must belong to that group of
species (which includes cardui) with a ventral swelling on the second segment of the
middle tarsi. I therefore follow Collin (1931) in the use of the name Delia for
this group of species, and include with it other species which do not have the middle
tarsal character, but are related by the structure of the surstyli, form of distiphallus,
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 113
and sometimes the possession of male secondary sexual chaetotactic characters.
Three new, and one previously described species are now recorded from Nepal.
KEY TO NEPALESE SPECIES OF DELIA (MALES)
1 pra seta absent ............ 2
- pra seta distinct, even if short and fine ........ 3
2 acr setae almost completely absent, at most 1-2 fine prst pairs, and 2 pairs of fine
prescutellar setae ; epistome somewhat projecting ; 5th sternite with long
ventrally directed setae on whole length of lobes (Text-fig. 14) ; calyptrae paler
than darkened wing base ........ nepalensis sp. n.
— acr setae fine and short, but distinct on either side of suture ; calyptrae pale yellowish
brown, concolorous with wing base ...... flavibasis Stein
3 Middle metatarsus dorsally with a fringe of curved setulose hairs ; mid tibia with
i pd and i ad seta ; 4-5 pairs of frontal setae ; pra seta only about three-quarters
length of posterior npl seta ; hind tibia with 7-9 ad setae ; 5th sternite with lobes
bearing strong short apical spines (Text-fig. 19) but not long ventrally directed
setae ............ coei sp. n.
- Middle metatarsus without dorsal fringe ; mid tibia without pd or ad setae ; 7-8
pau*s of frontal setae ; pra seta equal to length of posterior npl seta ; hind tibia
with 3-4 ad setae ; 5th sternite with long ventrally directed setae on apical half of
lobes (Text-fig. 24) ......... repens sp. n.
Delia nepalensis sp. n.
(Text-figs. 11-16)
$ Head : ground colour of whole head black, parafrontals, parafacials and genae with whitish
grey pollen in certain lights, occiput with darker pollen ; interfrontalia matt black, except when
viewed from a low angle in front ; viewed in profile, parafrontals at level of lunule with a darker
shifting patch which reaches on the parafacials to the level of insertion of arista. Eye-margins
on frons nearly touching, separated at narrowest part by a little more than diameter of anterior
ocellus ; parafrontal at level of lunule equal to width of third antennal segment, parafacial
slightly narrowing towards lower margin of eye ; width of gena about one-quarter of eye-
height (0-28). Lower part of occiput rather swollen ; lower margin of gena straight, then
obliquely turned upwards at a point level with anterior margin of eye (Text-fig. 15). Epistome
projecting as far as frons at lunule. Antennae completely black, third antennal segment about
2-5 times length of second segment, the apex almost reaching epistome ; arista distinctly
pubescent, total width of hairs at least one-third width of third antennal segment. Frontal
setae about 4 pairs, a very short pair of cruciate interfrontal setulae present above uppermost
pair. Postocular setulae uniserial, rather short and becoming even shorter laterally, the vertical
setae slightly stronger and differentiated from the adjacent upper postocular setulae ; upper
part of occiput bare. Palpi black, hardly widened at apex ; haustellum rather long and slender,
the pollinose mentum parallel-sided, about 6 times as long as wide, total length of proboscis
nearly equal to head height. Thorax : completely black in ground colour ; mesonotum viewed
from in front with rather dense greyish pollen, a brownish pollinose median vitta along acr,
2 paramedian brownish vittae along dc setae, which are slightly narrower, and 2 brownish
pollinose lateral patches covering the bases of the ph and ia setae, the humeral and notopleural
areas being lighter grey pollinose. All these brownish vittae reach anteriorly only as far as the
level of the first prst dc. Pleurae greyish pollinose. acr practically absent, only 1-2 fine prst
setulae, rather close together, and 2 pairs of fine post acr, the prescutellar pair stronger. Meso-
notum almost completely devoid of accessory setulae, a few in setae rows, on humeri, and 1—2
between anterior ia seta and suture, area between ia and sa seta bare, pra completely absent.
H4 D. M. ACKLAND
Notopleuron bare apart from the two setae. No developed upper anterior mesopleural setula.
One long and one short propleural seta ; the prostigmatal setae appear to be absent, only a
few fine hairs present, stpl 1 + 2, lower posterior seta about two-thirds length of upper.
Scutellum black with brownish grey pollen, practically bare on disc, at most two setulae later-
ally ; ventrally at apex with a few fine pale hairs. Wings : slightly light brownish suffused,
base distinctly brownish. Costal spine not differentiated from costal setulae. Costa bare on
ventral surface, m-m almost straight, last section of M1+2 about one and three-quarters (1-76)
times length of preceding section. Calyptrae whitish, contrasting with brownish wing base,
lower calypter much shorter than upper. Halteres yellow. Legs : black, including tarsi.
Fore tibia with a p seta. Mid femur without av setae, a pv row in basal three-quarters, becoming
shorter medially. Mid tibia with one ad and one pd median seta, equal in length, the ad more
distal by half diameter of tibia ; 2-3 short pv setulae. Hind femur without pv, a few short av
in apical half only. Hind tibia with 3 pd, proximal one short, 2 ad setae, 2 av setae, no pv
preapical seta present. Abdomen : black, with greyish and brownish pollen. A little longer
than thorax, dorsoventrally compressed, viewed from above with slightly curved margins.
FIGS. 11-16. Delia nepalensis sp. n. (holotype) : u, <$ hypopygium, profile; 12, hypo-
pygium, caudal view ; 13, 5th sternite ; 14, postabdomen, profile ; 15, $ head ; 16, $
ovipositor, ventral view.
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 115
Viewed from behind with a suffused black median vitta which is as wide as diameter of hind
femur, and is weakly connected to more light brownish pollen on the basal margins of T2-T5,
the remaining part of tergites with rather greenish grey pollen. 5th sternite in profile (Text-
fig. 14) with long strong ventrally directed, and slightly inwardly curved setae, which are about
as long as half length of abdomen, those towards apices of lobes being directed posteriorly.
Body-length 4-5 mm., wing-length 4 mm.
$. Agrees generally with the $, except for the following : mid tibia with a small median av
seta, lower posterior sternopleural seta absent or hair-like, prst acr setae absent, costal spine
small, but distinct from anterior costal setulae. Head with the interfrontal area brownish
anteriorly, black posteriorly ; eye : frons : eye ratio is 7 : n : 7. Frontal setae and cruciate
interfrontals rather weak, inner verticals stronger, outer verticals two-thirds length of inner.
Width of gena 0-41 times height of an eye. The ovipositor is figured in Text-fig. 16.
Holotype <$. NEPAL : 2 mis S.E. Sikha, 7,000-8,000 ft., 23^.1954 (/. Quinlan}.
Paratypes. Same locality as holotype, 3 $, 23^.1954 ; i $, 20. v. 1954 (/. Quin-
lan} ; Ulleri, 6-7,000 ft., 2 $, 19^.1954 (/. Quinlan).
D. nepalensis agrees in nearly all details with the description of Chortophila
nigribasis Stein, (1908) from Tibet. Prof. Hennig (in litt.) has kindly supplied me
with a drawing of the genitalia of a syntype of nigribasis, and the two species, al-
though very closely related, differ in the chaetotaxy of the 5th sternite. In nigri-
basis the lobes of the 5th sternite are much longer, and the ventrally directed setae
are more crowded together at the base, whereas in nepalensis they are more or less
FIGS. 17-20. Delia coei sp. n. (paratype) : 17, <J hypopygium, caudal view; 18, hypo-
pygium, profile ; 19, 5th sternite ; 20, aedeagus.
ENTOM. 20, 4. 6§§
Ii6 D. M. ACKLAND
evenly distributed along the length of the lobes (Text-fig. 14). Stein, in the original
description of nigribasis, gives the genae as nearly half an eye-height, but in a profile
drawing of the head sent by Prof. Hennig, the genae are about the same width as in
nepalensis (0-28 times eye-height). The hypopygium is very similar in the two
species.
Delia coei sp. n.
(Text-figs. 17-21)
cJ Head : eye-margins on frons almost touching, separated by less than diameter of anterior
ocellus ; interfrontalia and parafrontals at this point linear. Width of parafrontal at level of
lunule equal to width of third antennal segment ; parafacial then narrowing to about two-
thirds this width at level of lower eye-margin. Interfrontal area orange in ground colour, with
greyish white pollinosity, parafacials adjacent lunule also orange, but towards genae becoming
brownish, with greyish or whitish pollen ; face grey. Gena about one-fifth (0-2) height of eye.
Occiput black with dark greyish pollen. Upper postocular setulae uniserial, moderately long,
but becoming much shorter laterally ; upper part of occiput without setulae below postocular
row. Vertical and ocellar setae about 4-5 pairs, slightly stronger than postocular setae. Frontal
setae about 4-5 pairs, upper pairs hardly shorter than lower ; a pair of fine proclinate cruciate
interfrontal setulae present above upper frontal setae. Antennae completely black, third
segment about i -5 times length of second, falling slightly short of epistome ; arista thickly
long pubescent, the total width of hairing at widest part nearly half width of third antennal
segment. Palpi black, very slender at base, becoming a little wider at apex. Mentum of
haustellum black, semi-shining, but with thin whitish pollen, rather stout (nearly half as wide
as long). Thorax : completely black in ground colour, with brownish and greyish pollen.
Mesonotum, viewed from in front, with shifting indistinct vittae and patches, but at certain
angles a rather wide darker vitta is visible between the acr setae, and faint dark patches around
the bases of the dc setae, the lateral areas of mesonotum also darker. Pleurae with rather thin
greyish pollinosity. acr setae strictly biserial, rows separated from each other by a distance
equal to that between acr and dc rows ; one pair of stronger prst acr (at least three-quarters
length of first prst dc), the remaining acr very fine, short and hair-like, including prescutellar
pair, no hairs between acr rows. Accessory setulae and hairs of mesonotum very sparse, a few
in bristle rows, and laterally around suture. 2 unequal propleural setae, 2 unequal prostigmatal
setae, with 3-4 associated hairs, pra seta about three-quarters length of posterior npl seta,
situated almost equidistant from suture and sa. Notopleural area bare apart from the two
strong setae. No developed upper anterior mesopleural setulae. stpl 1+2, lower posterior
seta about three-quarters length of upper. Scutellum black with greyish pollen ; completely
devoid of setulae on disc apart from 2 fine setae laterally, apex ventrally with a few fine pale
hairs. Wings : slightly brownish suffused, especially anteriorly at base. Veins brown. Costal
spine absent or indistinguishable from anterior setulae. Costa bare ventrally on whole length.
m-m straight but rather oblique. Last section of M1+2 about 1-66 times length of preceding
section. Upper calypter brownish suffused, with brown margin and brown fringe, lower calypter
much smaller and paler, with orange-brown margin and fringe. Halteres yellow. Legs : black.
Fore tibia with one strong median pv seta, and at apex with a strong blunt pv apical seta. Mid
femur with a complete row of pv setae. Mid tibia with a strong pd just before middle, a smaller
ad below middle, and 2-3 short pv setae ; mid metatarsus with a dorsal fringe of curved setulae.
Hind femur with some very short fine av setae on apical half only, those at middle hardly one-
third as long as diameter of femur, becoming longer at apex ; a few pv setae on apical third
only. Hind tibia with about 7-9 unequal ad setae, 3 long pd setae ; a and av surfaces with
numerous short erect setulae in more than one row, those towards apex becoming shorter ;
p and pv surfaces with numerous slightly longer semi-erect setulae at base, becoming shorter
towards middle of tibia, the rows ending at apical two-thirds ; pv apical seta absent. Abdomen :
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 117
black in ground colour, with rather thin brownish grey pollen ; about as long as thorax, elongate-
ovate, dorsoventrally compressed, only weakly swollen at apex. Viewed from behind with a
very suffused wide median vitta, connected with basal dark suffusion of tergites.
Body-length 3-5 mm., wing-length 3 -6 mm.
§>. The two female paratypes are teneral. They agree in most respects, apart from the male
secondary sexual characters, with the male. They differ in having the acr setae even finer
(apart from a stronger prescutellar pair), and lower stpl seta very fine or absent.
Holotype <$. NEPAL : Taplejung District, damp evergreen oak forest above
Sangu, c. 8,500 ft., 2-26. xi. 1961 (R. L. Coe).
Paratypes. 2 <£, 2 $, same data as holotype (except I <$, I $ collected at 9,000 ft.).
D. coei is related to the widely distributed D. liturata (Meigen, 1838) (—tricho-
dactyla Rondani, 1866) and those species of Delia which possess in the male a comb-
like fringe of erect setulae on the hind tibia, and a dorsal fringe on the middle meta-
tarsus. The arrangement of strong spines on the 5th sternite (Text-fig. 19), and
the longer membranous bifurcation of the distiphallus (Text-fig. 20) appear to be
characteristic of coei.
Delia repens sp. n.
(Text-figs. 21-24)
cJ Head : black in ground colour, with dark greyish pollen which in certain directions is whitish
grey. Eye-margins on frons at narrowest part separated by nearly twice diameter of anterior
ocellus, interfrontalia distinct throughout ; parafrontals at level of lunule, and parafacials
rather wide, at least one and a half times width of third antennal segment, this width being well
maintained towards lower part of parafacial. Gena at narrowest part wide, between two-fifths
(0-42) of eye-height in holotype, and slightly more than one-quarter (0-29) in paratype. Occiput
rather strongly swollen in ventral two-thirds. Epistome in profile not projecting, face rather
straight and only slightly and evenly curved. Antennae black, third segment twice as long as
second, apex not reaching epistome by about its own width, arista swollen at base, very short
pubescent, the longest hairs not as long as basal diameter of arista. Palpi black, slender.
Mentum of haustellum black, dark grey pollinose, not shining, about three times as long as
wide, parallel-sided. 7-8 pairs of frontal setae, and one pair of fine cruciate interf rental setulae
present. Upper postocular setulae fine, mainly uniserial, with at most 1-2 scattered hairs
immediately below. Thorax : completely black in ground colour, with greyish, bluish grey
and brownish pollen. Mesonotum with diffused brown pollen between dc setae, which tends to
form an indistinct median vitta between acr setulae, and a wider diffused brown vitta along
the ia setae, which contrasts (when viewed from in front) with the faintly bluish white noto-
pleural area. Viewed from behind, the dark median prst vitta is bordered by very narrow
lighter pollinose streaks. Posterior part of mesopleuron with a brown pollinose patch. Pleurae
lighter grey pollinose. acr setulae very fine and hairlike, not stronger than accessory setulose
hairs of mesonotum ; biserial, rows close together, distance between prst acr and dc setae twice
distance between acr rows, post acr becoming longer, but not stronger, and more widely
separated in front of scutellum. pra seta equal to posterior npl, twice as distant from sa as
from suture. Notopleural area bare in holotype, but with one hair on each side between strong
setae in paratype. Mesopleuron without any developed upper anterior setulae. One strong
and one weak propleural seta, one or two prostigmatal setae, and 5-6 fine associated hairs.
stpl setae i + i. Scutellum black, dark grey pollinose, with disc brownish ; central part of
disc bare, only 2-3 setulose hairs at sides close to the strong marginal setae, ventral surface with
some fine pale hairs apically. Wings : membrane light brownish tinged. Veins dark brown.
Costa without fine hairs or setulae ventrally, at least beyond subcostal vein, m-m very weakly
sinuate, rather oblique, last section of M1+2 slightly more than one and a half (1-62) times length
n8
D. M. ACKLAND
of preceding section. Costal spine hardly differentiated from anterior costal setulae. Calyptrae
pale whitish yellow, contrasting with brownish wing base, fringe whitish yellow, lower calypter
much shorter than upper. Halteres brownish yellow. Legs : black, including tarsi. Fore
tibia with a short median pv seta. Mid femur with about 5 pv setae in basal half. Mid tibia
apparently without ad or pd setae, no av seta, only 2 p setae. Hind femur with about 5 av in
apical half, rather short in middle, becoming longer at apex, pv surface bare except for 1-2
short setae at extreme apex. Hind tibia with 3-4 ad setae, apical one the longest, the one
above it short ; about 5 pd setae of unequal length, the apical one longest ; 2-5 short fine p
setulose hairs in basal half. Abdomen : black, with grey pollen. About as long as head and
thorax combined, dorsoventrally compressed, more or less parallel-sided, T2 and T3 the same
width, T4 narrower on hind margin. Viewed from behind with a distinct black median vitta,
which is wider on fore-margins of each tergite, and is joined there to distinct black hind-marginal
cross-bands which cover about one-third lengtn of tergites on T3 and T4. 4th sternite with
2-3 long lateral, ventrally directed setae, 5th sternite with some long ventrally directed setae
at apex.
Body-length 5-5 mm., wing-length 6mm.
$ unknown.
Holotype <$. NEPAL : Mingoo Ersttrip der Hilary-Expedition,* Hang oberhalb
beweidete Zwergstrauchheide, rund 4,900 m., 28 . v . 1961 (H. Janetschek) [in Deutsches
Entomologisches Institut, Berlin].
Paratype. NEPAL: Baitadi, Tinkar Khola, 13,000 ft., i <$, 3.vii.i953 (/. B.
Tyson) [in British Museum (Nat. Hist.)].
D. repens is remarkably similar in general appearance to the European Delia
(Erioischia) pilipyga (Villeneuve, 1917), having the same robust form of head with
* Probably Mingbo Airstrip of the Hillary Expedition.
21
FIGS. 21-24. Delia repens sp. n. (paratype) : 21, <$ hypopygium, caudal view, d, disti-
phallus ; 22, hypopygium, profile ; 23, 5th sternite ; 24, 5th sternite, profile.
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL
119
wide parafacials, and long setae on the lobes of 5th sternite. Erioischia Lioy,
1864 (type-species : Anthomyia brassicae Wiedemann, 1833 (=floccosa Macquart,
1835)) can apparently only be separated from Delia by the possession of hairs on
the ventral surface of the costa, and on notopleural area between strong setae ;
it is doubtful if it can be maintained as a distinct group, and Huckett (19656) has
treated the group as part of his subgenus Delia in the genus Hylemya. Delia repens
differs from pilipyga (apart from the characters mentioned above) in the more
slender surstyli, shorter distiphallus, stpl i : i (in pilipyga the lower posterior seta
about half as long as upper), no stronger prst acr setae.
Delia flavibasis (Stein)
(Text-figs. 25-28)
Chortophila flavibasis Stein, 1903, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 2 : 121.
Hind tibia without a comb-like fringe of fine pv setulae, pro. seta absent, arista rather distinctly
pubescent, setae of legs rather short and fine, acr setae very short.
D. flavibasis was originally described from Egypt. It is probably a widely distri-
buted species in the southern Palaearctic region, and occurs in India.
NEPAL : 2 mis S.W. Ulleri, 6-7,000 ft., 2 <$, i $, 18^.1954 (/. Quinlan) ; Ulleri,
6-7,000 ft., i c£, i $, 19. v. 1954 (/. Quinlan) ; Bakhri Kharka, 5,500 ft., i <£, 4 $,
24. iv. 1954, i $, 25. iv. 1954 (J. Quinlan) ; Silgarhi-Doti, Chainpur, 6,000 ft., i $,
27.vii.i953 (/. B. Tyson) ; 2 mis S.W. of Rambrong, 8,000 ft., 29, 26.^.1954
(J. Quinlan).
FIGS. 25-28. Delia flavibasis (Stein) : 25, £ hypopygium, caudal view; 26, hypopygium,
profile ; 27, 5th sternite ; 28, distiphallus.
120 D. M. ACKLAND
EMMESOMYIA Malloch
Emmesomyia Malloch, 1917, Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 12 : 114.
Type-species : Emmesomyia unica Malloch, 1917, by original designation. (—Spilo-
gaster socialis Stein, 1898).
Two species of Emmesomyia were represented in the material, both by rather
badly damaged females. No attempt has been made to identify them to species,
as the Oriental species of Emmesomyia are greatly in need of revision.
Emmesomyia sp. A $
This specimen has only one seta on the upper part of the pteropleuron.
NEPAL : Ulleri, 6-7,000 ft., i $, 19^.1954 (/. Quintan).
Emmesomyia sp. B $
This specimen has three setae on the upper part of the pteropleuron.
NEPAL : Taplejung District, Sangu, c. 6,200 ft., on yellow blooms of cultivated
Composite, I $, io-i6.xii.i96i (R. L. Coe).
HYLEMYA Robineau-Desvoidy
Hylemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Mem. pres. div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 2 : 550.
Hylemyia auctt. [Unjustified emendation].
Type-species : Hylemya strenua Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, by designation of
Coquillett, 1910, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 37 : 554 (—Musca strigosa Fabricius, 1794,
preocc. Linnaeus, 1790).
An earlier designation of Musca strigosa Fall, [sic] by Rondani (1856, Dipt. Ital.
Prodr. 1 : 96) is invalid (Int. Code zool. Nomencl., Art. 69 (a) (iv)).
In this paper I have used the name Hylemya for the restricted group of species
related to H. strenua by the following characters : arista long plumose, the longest
rays at least as long as width of third antennal segment ; sternopleural setae 2 -f 2 ;
a developed upper anterior mesopleural setula ; costa with ventral setulae ; disc
of scutellum not covered with setulae ; aedeagus with distiphallus slender and
simple ; surstyli simple. Two species are recorded below from Nepal, one being
described as new. In the following key I have included two Palaearctic species,
H. strenua R.D. and variabilis Stein, which have rather similar genitalia. H. variata
(Fallen), which is another Palaearctic species, has much longer backwardly curved
surstyli, if Stein (1916 : 155, footnote) is correct in his limitation of Fallen's name
to this species. Huckett (1924) has apparently used the name variata for variabilis
in dealing with the Nearctic fauna. H. strenua genitalia are figured in Text-figs.
33, 34, 38, 39 ; H. variabilis in Text-figs. 31 and 32.
KEY TO SPECIES OF HYLEMYA (MALES)
i Legs partly yellow (at least mid and hind tibia yellow) ; arista with longer rays
(Text-figs. 40, 42) ; surstyli with more numerous and longer hairs or setulae on
outer margins (Text-figs. 33, 44) ......... 2
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 121
- Legs completely black, or at most only a trace of reddening on mid and hind tibia ;
arista with shorter rays (Text-figs. 37, 43) ; surstyli with only a few short hairs
on outer margins (Text-figs. 29, 31) ........ 3
2 Femora in part yellow, coxae and trochanters more or less yellow ; acr setae absent on
either side of suture (i.e. only anterior prst and prescutellar setae present) ; anterior
margins of surstyli in profile with longer hairs (Text-figs. 45) ; 5th sternite gener-
ally with yellow apices to lobes ; hind tibia with 2 pd setae ; mesonotum and
abdomen more shining in parts ...... detracta (Walker)
- Femora black ; acr setae rows complete ; 5th sternite lobes dark ; hind tibia with
3—4 pd setae ; mesonotum and abdomen not so shining
strenua R.D. (= strigosa F.)
3 The black interfrontalia obsolescent for a short distance on frons (eye-margins
separated by almost half diameter of anterior ocellus) ; anterior spicules on first
costal section less distinct and less erect ; cereal plate narrower (Text-fig. 29)
probilis sp. n.
- The black interfrontalia linear but distinct throughout (eye-margins separated by
1-25 times diameter of anterior ocellus) ; anterior spicules on first costal section
more distinct and erect ; cereal plate wider (Text-fig. 31) . . . variabilis Stein
Hylemya probilis sp. n.
(Text-figs. 29, 30, 35, 36, 37)
(J Head : black in ground colour, with light grey pollen. Eye-margins on frons almost touch-
ing, separated by less than half diameter of anterior ocellus, the black interfrontalia obsolescent
on part of frons. Parafrontal at level of lunule slightly less than width of third antenna.1 seg-
ment, parafacial becoming slightly less wide at level of middle of third antennal segment.
Antennae black, third segment twice length of second, apex falling slightly short of epistome.
Arista long plumose, total width of hairing nearly twice width of third antennal segment.
Gena slightly less than one-fifth (0-18) of eye-height. Frontal setae about 6 paiis, and one pair
of cruciate interfrontal setulae. Upper postocular setulae uniserial, rather short except for
upper ones next to ocellar triangle ; space immediately below upper postocular row bare.
Palpi black, almost parallel-sided. Mentum of haustellum black, grey pollinose, not shining,
at least 4 times as long as wide. Epistome slightly projecting. Thorax : black, with light
grey and brownish pollen. Mesonotum with a distinct brown pollinose median vitta, which
is slightly wider than width of acr rows, brown spots at the bases of all dc setae, and brown lateral
vittae along the ia setae. Pleurae grey pollinose, with a brown patch on upper part of meso-
pleuron. acr setae biserial, without hairs between rows, anterior pair of prst acr slightly stronger
than second prst pair (equal to two-thirds length of first prst dc) ; prst acr rows slightly closer
together than to dc rows ; post acr short, becoming longer in front of scutellum. pra seta rather
short, about two-thirds length of posterior npl seta. One long and one shorter propleural seta,
one strong prostigmatal seta with 2-3 associated hairs ; a developed upper anterior meso-
pleural setula present, stpl 2 + 2, lower anterior seta short (half length of upper), lower
posterior seta as long and strong as upper posterior. Scutellum concolorous with mesonotum,
the median brown pollinose vitta of mesonotum continued on to disc of scutellum, disc of the
latter bare, apart from 2-3 fine setulae on lateral parts near strong marginal setae. Wings :
membrane faintly brownish suffused, veins brownish. Costa with hairs on ventral surface.
Anterior spicules of costa (especially in basal section as far as costal spine) not very erect or
distinct, hardly differentiated from the semi-erect hairs and setulae. m-m oblique and rather
sinuous, last section of M1+2 about one and two-thirds (1-68) length of preceding section. Costal
spine nearly as long as r-m. Calyptrae whitish yellow, with whitish yellow fringe, lower calypter
at most two-thirds length of upper. Legs : black, including tarsi. Fore tibia with a d or ad
seta at apical third, and a longer pv almost at middle. Mid femur with 2 pv at extreme base.
Mid tibia with one ad at apical third, 2 pd, the distal seta stronger and nearly at the same level
122
D. M. ACKLAND
as ad, one p or pv seta also at same level. Hind femur with about 8 av, and 4-5 pv setae, the
latter only in basal two-thirds. Hind tibia with 3 ad, 2 pd, about 3 erect p setulae in basal
half, and 2-3 av in apical half. Abdomen : black in ground colour, with greyish pollen, and a
narrow dark median vitta ; only slightly dorsoventrally compressed.
Body-length 7-5 mm., wing-length 6 mm.
$ unknown.
Holotype <$. NEPAL : Taplejung District, damp evergreen oak forest above
Sangu, c. 8,500 ft., 2-26. xi. 1961 (R. L. Coe).
Apart from the differences in the genitalia, H. probilis differs from strenua R.D.
in having completely black legs, mentum of haustellum at least 4 times as long
as wide (in strenua hardly 3 times) , hind tibia with only 2 pd setae (strenua with 3-4
pd setae) . From variabilis Stein it differs in having the eye-margins on f rons almost
touching, with the black interfrontalia obsolescent for some distance, and anterior
spicules of costa less distinct and not so erect.
FIGS. 20-34. Hylemya spp. Figs. 29-30. H. probilis sp. n. (holotype) : 29, $ hypopy-
gium, caudal view ; 30, hypopygium, profile. Figs. 31-32. H. variabilis Stein (Eng-
land) : 31, (J hypopygium, caudal view ; 32, hypopygium, profile. Figs. 33-34. H.
strenua R.D. ( = strigosa F.) (England) : 33, <$ hypopygium, caudal view ; 34, hypopy-
gium, profile.
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL
123
Hylemya detracta (Walker)
(Text-figs. 41, 42, 44, 45, 46)
Anthomyia detracta Walker, 1852, Insect. Saund. 1 : 356.
H. detracta appears to be very variable in both size and colour. The holotype <$
(from the East Indies) is in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and I have examined
it. Its condition is rather poor, and the abdomen is missing. It has completely
yellow legs and a yellow apex to scutellum ; this condition is perhaps due to the
age of the specimen, or it may have been rather teneral. In a long series of detracta
from various localities in the Oriental region that I have examined, no specimen
without some darkening on the legs, or with a yellow apex to the scutellum could
be found ; nevertheless the holotype of detracta possesses all the essential characters
of the widely distributed species represented in the series examined, i.e. a long
plumose arista, sternopleural setae 2+2, and a well developed upper anterior
mesopleural setula. I consider the specimens from Nepal to be conspecific with the
holotype of detracta, which may be separated from other species of Hylemya by
the following characters : only one pair of prst acr setae, and 2-3 pairs of post acr ;
FIGS. 35-43. Hylemya spp. Figs. 35-37. H. probilis sp. n. (holotype) : 35, aedeagus
36, 5th sternite ; 37, arista. Figs. 38-40. H. strenua R.D. (= strigosa F.) (England)
38, aedeagus ; 39, 5th sternite ; 40, arista. Figs. 41-42. H. detracta (Walker) (Nepal)
41, aedeagus ; 42, arista. Fig. 43, H. variabilis Stein, arista.
I24
D. M. ACKLAND
mesonotum and abdomen more shining, especially the dark pattern ; arista with
longer rays ; legs generally mainly yellow, including coxae and trochanters, but
not tarsi ; fore femur often with a dark dorsal streak, and mid and hind femora
with a dark dorsal apical streak or band ; 5th sternite generally with yellow apices
to lobes. The genitalia of the Nepal male has long hairs laterally on surstyli, and
in profile, some long hairs on anterior margin. The specimens from Darjiling and
Mussoorie, India, determined by Stein (1918 : 178) as Hylemya nigrimana (Meigen)
and strigosa (Fabricius) almost certainly refer to detracta.
NEPAL : 2 mis S.E. Sikha, 7-8,000 ft., 1^,1$, 22. ¥.1954 (/. Quintan) ; Taple-
jung District, damp evergreen oak forest above Sangu, c. 8,500 ft., I $, 2-26. xi. 1961
(R. L. Coe).
44
FIGS. 44-46. Hylemya detracta (Walker) : 44, <J hypopygium, caudal view ; 45, hypo-
pygium, profile ; 46, 5th sternite.
LASIOMMA Stein
Lasiomma Stein, 1916, Arch. Naturgesch. [1915] A, 81 : 44 (footnote), 183 (as subgenus of
Chortophila Macq.).
Type-species : Lasiops ctenocnema Kowarz, 1880, designated by Seguy, 1937,
Genera Insect. 205 : 123 (=Aricia eriophthalma Zetterstedt, 1860).
According to Collin (1939 : 146), ctenocnema Kow. and roederi Kow. are the same
species ; Ringdahl (1933 : 32) has synonymised roederi with eriophthalma Zett. It
should be noted that Collin's eriophthalma Zett. (sensu Kowarz) is another species,
probably anthomyinum Rondani. The termination must be changed to eriophthal-
mum as Lasiomma is neuter.
Lasiomma eriophthalmum (Zetterstedt)
(Text-figs. 47-50)
Aricia eriophthalma Zetterstedt, 1860, Dipt. Scand. 14 : 6236.
The Nepal specimens agree in essential details, including genitalia, with European
specimens. They differ in having the eyes much less densely haired, with the hairs
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL
125
shorter, the narrow pale presutural median vittae on mesonotum more distinct,
and the abdominal median vitta slightly wider. The variation in eye-hair length
in other species in different parts of their range has also been observed, and it seems
inadvisable to create any formal status for this variation in L. eriophthalmum.
NEPAL : Taplejung District, above Sangu, leaves of shrubs on sunny ridge,
c. 7,500 ft., 10 (£, 14.1.1962 (R. L. Coe).
FIGS. 47-50. Lasiomma eriophthalmum (Zett.) (Nepal) : 47, £ hypopygium, caudal
view ; 48, hypopygium, profile ; 49, 5th sternite ; 50, aedeagus.
PAREGLE Schnabl
Paregle Schnabl, 1911, Dt. ent. Z. 1911 : 71 (as subgenus of Hylemya R.D.).
Type-species : Musca radicum Linnaeus, 1758, by designation of Huckett, 1924 :
39-
Paregle cinerella (Fallen)
Musca cinerella Fallen, 1825, Man. Muscidum Sveciae [Pars 8] : 77.
Hylemyia (Paregle) cinerella (Fallen) ; Schnabl, 1911, Dt. ent. Z. 1911 : 71.
As pointed out by Huckett (1924 : 39), P. cinerella does not readily conform to
the concept of Paregle as suggested by the type-species ; the different hind tibial
chaetotaxy (2 : 2 dorsal setae in cinerella, and about 3 : 6 in radicum}, and the different
structure of the distiphallus in the male, do not imply very close affinity. Never-
theless cinerella is probably more closely related to Paregle radicum than to any
other species.
P. cinerella is a widely distributed species, having been recorded from the whole
of the northern hemisphere.
126 D. M. ACKLAND
NEPAL : Baitadi, Tinkar Khola, 13,000 ft., 7 <3, 5 $, 3^.1953 (/. B. Tyson) ;
Siklis, 7,000 ft., i $, 22. iv. 1954 (/. Quintan] ; Bakhri Kharka, 5,500 ft., i <J,
24. iv. 1954 (/. Quintan].
PEGOHYLEMYIA Schnabl
Pegohylemyia Schnabl, 1911, Dt. ent. Z. 1911 : 75 (as subgenus of Hylemyia).
Type-species : Musca cinerea Fallen, 1824, by designation of Huckett, 19656 : 852.
The name Pegohylemyia was first published (Schnabl, 1911 : 75) on January 2nd,
1911. Three species were included, one of which was cinerea Fall., but no description
of the characters of Pegohylemyia was given. According to the International Code,
Art. 12 and 16, the name Pegohylemyia is valid from this date. The name was again
published in 1911 (Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911 : 98) ; the exact date is uncertain,
but the paper was not communicated to the Academy until I2th December, 1910,
and therefore is unlikely to have been published before 2nd January, 1911. Four
additional species were added (including gnava Meigen) to the original three. Collin
(1931 : 87) stated that " gnava Bouche (sic) may be taken as typical " with reference
to Pegohylemyia. According to Art. 69 (a) (iv) this cannot be accepted as a valid
type-species designation. It is unfortunate that Musca cinerea Fall, appears to
have been misidentified by several of the earlier authors ; for the time being, I
accept Ringdahl's interpretation of the species.
KEY TO THE NEPALESE SPECIES OF PEGOHYLEMYIA (MALES)
i Larger species, about 4 mm. ; about 12 pairs of frontal setae and hairs of unequal
strength ; acr setae irregularly quadriserial, mainly hair-like ; gena about 0-23
times eye-height ; wing base bright yellow ..... quinlani sp. n.
Smaller species, about 3 mm. ; at most about 8 pairs of frontal setae ; acr setae
biserial ; gena about 0-17 times eye-height ..... nupera sp. n.
Pegohylemyia quinlani sp. n.
(Text-figs. 51-54)
$ Head : eye-margins on frons nearly touching, at narrowest part separated by less than
diameter of anterior ocellus. Interfrontal area, parafrontals, parafacials and genae orange-
yellow in ground colour, with yellow pollen, only darkened brownish on interfrontal area in
front of ocellar triangle, and on genae posteriorly. Face yellowish in ground colour, with light
brownish yellow pollen. Frontal setae about 12 pairs, 5-6 of which are stronger, these alter-
nating with the remaining ones which are finer and more hair-like. A distinct pair of proclinate
cruciate interfrontal setulae present. Antennae black, third segment about one and two-thirds
(1-7) times length of second segment, apex reaching level of epistome. Arista pubescent,
longest hairs fully as long as diameter of the slightly swollen base. Parafrontals at level of
lunule as wide as width of third antennal segment, parafacials narrowing slightly towards level
of lower margin of eye. Gena at narrowest part about one quarter of eye-height (0-23), setae
on lower part of genae multiserial. Epistome in profile not projecting, behind level of frons
at lunule. Occiput black, with dark grey pollen, lower half swollen. Upper postocular setulae
long and fine, length maintained laterally, and some fine black setulae on upper part of occiput.
Vertical, postvertical and ocellar setae not differentiated from the postocular setulae. Palpi
black, slender, not swollen at apex. Haustellum rather short, the lightly pollinose brownish
mentum slightly shorter than palpi. Eyes appearing bare, but under high magnification with
very short sparse hairs, only visible in certain lights. Thorax : black in ground colour though
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL
127
pleurae and scutellum rather translucent brownish in parts, with light greyish pollen. Viewed
from in front there are no apparent vittae ; viewed from behind with a faint suggestion of a
pair of lighter pollinose vittae along the dc setae. One or two pairs of developed prst acr anteri-
orly, the strongest of which is about three-quarters as long as the first prst dc ; distance between
prst acr rows equal to distance between acr and dc rows ; remaining acr represented by fine
bi- to quadriserial setulose hairs, hardly discernible from the accessory hairs of mesonotum,
only one strong pair immediately in front of scutellum. pra seta equal in length to posterior
npl seta, and much closer to suture than to sa seta. No developed upper anterior mesopleural
setula. Two unequal prostigmatal setae, with about 6-9 associated hairs, two propleural setae,
stpl 1 + 2, lower posterior seta nearly as long as upper. Scutellum blackish brown in ground
colour, with greyish pollen, median basal part of disc bare, ventral surface at apex with some
fine pale hairs. Wings : membrane clear pale yellowish orange at base, otherwise almost clear,
veins pale brownish. Costal spine absent. Costa bare on ventral surface, m-m nearly straight
and rather upright. Last section of M1+2 about 1-4 times length of preceding section. Calyp-
trae yellowish orange with pale yellow fringe ; lower calypter slightly smaller than upper.
Legs : brownish black, the tibiae, especially mid and hind pair, translucent yellowish brown
medially ; tarsi brownish black. Fore tibia with a distinct median p or pv seta. Mid femur
with a row of long pv setae in basal half, becoming shorter apically. Mid tibia with 2 subequal
pd setae, a shorter ad at level of distal pd, and 2 much shorter pv setae. Hind femur with com-
plete rows of long av and pv setae, the setae of the pv row slightly shorter, especially at base.
Hind tibia with 4 ad, median pair the longest, and 3 pd, basal seta short, apical one longest ;
2 av setae in apical half, 2-3 fine pv hairs in basal half ; pv apical seta absent. Abdomen : very
short, not quite as wide as thorax, dorsoventrally compressed, and only slightly swollen at apex.
Black in ground colour, with greyish pollen ; a narrow brownish black parallel-sided median
vitta (about as wide as hind tibia) on all segments.
Body-length 4 mm., wing-length 5 mm.
unknown.
Holotype
lan).
NEPAL : 2 mis S.W. of Rambrong, 8,000 ft., 26.^.1954 (/. Quin-
51
FIGS. 51-54. Pegohylemyia quinlani sp. n. (holotype) : 51, <$ hypopygium, caudal view
52, hypopygium, profile ; 53, 5th sternite ; 54, 5th sternite, profile.
128
D. M. ACKLAND
Paratype. INDIA : Darjiling, i $, 20-24. v. 1917 (E- Brunetti}.
P. quinlani appears to have some affinity with the European P. seneciella (Meade) ,
especially in the form of the genitalia. This latter species has been figured by
Ringdahl (1959 : 322) under the name gnava (Mg.).
Pegohylemyia nupera sp. n.
(Text-figs. 55-57)
cj Head : interfrontalia, parafrontals, parafacials and genae orange-yellow in ground colour,
with shining whitish pollen when viewed from above (except interfrontalia). Occiput black
with dark grey pollen. Upper part of interfrontalia rather darker brownish. Eye-margins at
narrowest part on frons separated by diameter of anterior ocellus. Parafrontals at level of
lunule rather projecting, about as wide as width of third antennal segment, this width main-
tained on parafacials towards epistome, which is at same level as frons at lunule. Gena the
same width as a parafacial, about one-sixth of eye-height (0-17). Antennae black, third segment
about i -5 times length of second, but almost reaching epistome. Arista swollen at base, pubes-
cent, the hairs not longer than basal diameter. Palpi dark brown or black, slender. Mentum
of haustellum brown or black, length about three-quarters length of fore tibia. Frontal setae
about 7-8 pairs ; a pair of small cruciate interfrontal setulae above uppermost frontal seta.
Upper postocular setulae rather long, apparently more than uniserial, the length well main-
tained laterally, where the setulae curve forwards. Thorax : black, with dark grey pollen.
No distinct vittae on mesonotum in holotype, but the acr area is somewhat darker when viewed
from behind, acr setae fine, biserial, one pair of longer fine prst acr (equal to first prst dc),
which are separated from each other by the same distance between them and the prst dc ;
post acr very fine and short, hardly discernible from accessory mesonotal hairs, pra seta distinct
(partly broken off in holotype) and at least as robust as posterior npl seta, length not ascertain-
able. Scutellum concolorous with thorax. Legs : in very bad condition. Black, mid tibia
with one ad seta, and one (probably two) pd setae. Wings : costal spine absent. Costa bare
ventrally. Membrane almost clear, veins pale brownish. Calyptrae pale whitish yellow.
Abdomen : in very bad condition. Dorsoventrally compressed, hardly swollen at apex.
Body-length about 3 mm.
$ unknown.
55
FIGS. 55-57. Pegohylemyia nupera sp. n. (holotype) : 55, <J hypopygium, caudal view
56, hypopygium, profile ; 57, 5th sternite.
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 129
Holotype <£. NEPAL: Baitadi, Tinkar Khola, 13,000 ft., 3.vii.i953 (/. B.
Tyson) .
P. nupera appears to be related to the recently described Nearctic P. vallaris
Huckett, 1965, especially in the form of the 5th sternite, though the apex of the
cereal plate in vallaris is not produced into a point. P. vallaris is also a very small
species. In spite of the rather poor condition of the holotype, it should be recog-
nisable through the structure of the genitalia.
P HO RBI A Robineau-Desvoidy
Phorbia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Mem. pres. div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 2 : 559.
Type-species : Phorbia musca Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, designated by Coquillett,
1910, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 37 : 589.
For discussion of the use of the name Phorbia, see Huckett (1947) . In this paper
1 follow the generally accepted application of the name to the group of species with
a swollen postabdomen in the male, and a laterally compressed, sclerotized ovipositor
in the female. Two new species are described from Nepal, which can only be
separated at present by the structure of the male genitalia.
Phorbia tysoni sp. n.
(Text-figs. 58-63)
<J Head : ground colour black, parafacials and parafrontals silvery white pollinose. Eye-
margins at narrowest part of frons separated by width of anterior ocellus. Head in profile of
usual Phorbia-sh&pe. Parafrontals at level of lunule slightly wider than width of third antennal
segment, parafacials at narrowest part slightly less wide. Epistome, in profile, slightly behind
level of profrons, width of gena about one-fifth (0-19) of eye-height. Antennae black, third
segment about one and three-quarters (1-75) length of second, arista short pubescent, with
longest hairs not longer than diameter of the slightly swollen base. Haustellum black, mentum
slightly shining, but with some pollen, about 3 times as long as wide, rather slender. Thorax:
black, dark grey pollinose, lighter grey pollen on humeri, a trace of two narrow pale grey pol-
linose presutural vittae between acr and dc rows, acr setae short and fine, biserial, prst acr
hardly one-third length of first prst dc setae (in some examples even shorter), and rows close
together, distance between acr and dc rows at least 4 times the distance between acr rows ;
one longer pair of prescutellar acr setae, pra seta long, about 1-25 times length of posterior
npl seta, and placed very close to suture, at least 4 times as distant from sa as from suture.
stpl 1 + 2, lower posterior seta nearly as long as upper. Scutellum black, almost bare on disc,
with only 2-4 fine setulae laterally inside level of strong marginal setae ; apex ventrally with a
few very fine short pale hairs, almost imperceptible. Wings : membrane dark brown at base,
and brownish suffused along anterior margin, apex and hind margin almost clear. Veins brown.
Costa without setulae on ventral surface, except 2-3 in basal section (not discernible in dried
specimens). Costal spine very short and hardly distinct, not much longer than costal setulae.
m-m almost straight, not very oblique. Last section of M1+z about one and a half (1-6) times
length of preceding section. Calyptrae whitish yellow, with whitish fringe, contrasting with
brown wing base, lower calypter very small. Halteres yellow. Legs : black. Mid tibia
apparently without an av seta, though one may be present in well preserved specimens (females
belonging to this or the next species possess a well developed av on the mid tibia) ; one ad,
2 pd. Hind femur with av and pv setae. Hind tibia with 3-4 ad, 3-4 pd, and 3 rather long
av setae ; pv apical seta absent. Abdomen : black, with dark grey pollen. In profile strongly
1 3o
D. M. ACKLAND
swollen apically, somewhat compressed dorsoventrally at base, but not completely flattened.
Lobes of 5th sternite very distinct, projecting slightly beyond apex of Tg in profile, lower margins
(i.e. inner) with dense inwardly curved comb-like short setulae. <$ genitalia : this species is
remarkable in having asymmetrical genitalia, the cereal plate being produced into a lobe-like
swelling on the left side only, and the surstyli also being slightly asymmetrical. The right
praegonite is much larger than the left. This condition is present in three of the paratypes, as
well as the holotype, and is therefore very unlikely to be due to parasitism.
Body-length 4 mm., wing-length 3-75 mm.
$ unknown.
Holotype <£. NEPAL: Baitadi, Tinkar Khola, 3.vii.i953 (/. B. Tyson).
Paratypes. 4 <$, same data as holotype (one paratype mounted on a slide).
Phorbia morula sp. n.
(Text-figs. 64-69)
(J : only differs from P. tysoni in the form of the genitalia : cereal plate with the apical lobes
the same length, but the left side produced posteriorly (when viewed in profile) ; in caudal view
60
FIGS. 58-63. Phorbia tysoni sp. n. (holotype) : 58, <$ hypopygium, caudal view ; 59,
hypopygium, profile ; 60, 5th sternite ; 61, 5th sternite, profile ; 62, aedeagus, lateral
view. d. rieht oraeeonite : 6^. aedeaeus. ventral view.
view, d, right praegonite ; 63, aedeagus, ventral view.
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 131
the two sides are only very slightly asymmetrical. Aedeagus with the praegonites nearly
symmetrical, indentation on dorsal surface of praegonite between setae larger. 5th sternite
with the lobes shorter in relation to median length of basal part. The paratype from the same
locality as the holotype has a slightly differently shaped 5th sternite to the holotype, but the
genitalia are otherwise identical.
$ unknown.
Holotype <$. NEPAL: Baitadi, Tinkar Khola, 3.vii.i953 (/. B. Tyson).
Paratypes. I <$, same data as holotype [in British Museum (Nat. Hist.)] ; I <$,
Mingoo Ersttrip der Hilary-Expedition,* Hang oberhalb beweidete Zwergstrauch-
heide, rund 4,900 m. (H. Janetschek) [in Deutsches Entomologisches Institut,
Berlin].
Phorbia sp. $
Nine females of a Phorbia species were collected at the same time and place as
the two species described above. No morphological characters can be found to
separate them into two species, or to associate them with either one or the other of
the above species.
NEPAL: Baitadi, Tinkar Khola, 9$, 3.vii.i953 (/. B. Tyson).
* Probably Mingbo Airstrip of the Hillary Expedition.
FIGS. 64-69. Phorbia morula sp. n. (holotype) : 64, $ hypopygium, caudal view ; 65,
hypopygium, profile ; 66, 5th sternite ; 67, 5th sternite, profile ; 68, aedeagus, lateral
view ; 69, aedeagus, ventral view.
132 D. M. ACKLAND
NUPEDIA Karl
Nudaria Karl, 1928, Die Tienvelt Deutschlands 13 Teil, Diptera III Muscidae : 171 (as subgenus
of Chortophila Macq.) [preocc. Haworth, 1809, Lepidoptera] .
Nupedia Karl, 1930, Zool. Anz. 86 : 174 [n. n. for Nudaria Karl].
Type-species of Nudaria (and hence of Nupedia} : Anthomyia dissecta Meigen,
1826, by original designation.
The type-species has been shown (Ackland, 1965) to be misidentified, and an
application to change the type-species has been made to the International Commis-
sion on Zoological Nomenclature (1965, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 22 : no). In this
paper the previously accepted usage of Nupedia is followed.
Nupedia aestiva (Meigen) comb. nov.
Anthomyia aestiva Meigen, 1826, Syst. Beschr. 5 : 169.
Egle aestiva (Meigen) ; Schnabl and Dziedzicki, 1911, Nova Acta Acad. Caesar. Leop. Carol.
95 : 105.
Hylemyia (Paregle) aestiva (Meigen) ; Seguy, 1923, Faune de France 6 Dipteres Anthomyides :
105.
N. aestiva has previously been placed in Paregle Schnabl, 1911, no doubt because
it possesses a projecting epistome. Its true affinities (as pointed out by Collin,
1931 : 88) are with Nupedia infirma (Meigen, 1826) (—Nupedia dissecta auctt. not
Meigen), see Ackland (1965). Nupedia may be characterized by the following
combination of characters : praegonites and postgonites well developed, but of
simple form, and both with setae, distiphallus large, robust and sclerotized, apically
enlarged, and with teeth or sharp latero ventral projections, 5th sternite more or
less heart-shaped, and with numerous short strong setulae on posterior part (along
inner margins of lobes) ; there also appear to be two ad and two pd setae on the
hind tibia ; the costa may be hairy or bare ventrally, and the surstyli simple or
forked at apices. Most of these characters are shared by Pegoplata Schnabl, 1911,
and the two groups are probably closely related ; Pegoplata species have however,
rather different surstyli, and the 6th tergite is exposed and bears several setae.
Nupedia aestiva is the only species of Nupedia known to me with a projecting epi-
stome and an av seta on the mid tibia.
N. aestiva is a common and widely spread species in Europe, and has also been
recorded from North America.
NEPAL : Mingoo Ersttrip der Hilary-Expedition,* Hang oberhalb beweidete
Zwergstrauchheide, rund 4,900 m., 2^, i $, 28. v. 1961 (H. Janetschek}; Zwerg-
rhododendrenbestande beim Basislager bei Pangpoche, rund 3,900 m., Katscherfang,
i $, 12. v. 1961 (H. Janetschek} ; Katscherfang im Rodoretum beim Basislager bei
Pangpoche, rund 3,900 m., I <^, 26. v. 1961 (H. Janetschek} [in Deutsches Entomolo-
gisches Institut, Berlin].
* Probably Mingbo Airstrip of the Hillary Expedition.
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 133
PSEUDOMYOPINA Ringdahl
Pseudomyopina Ringdahl, 1933, Ent. Tidskr. 54 : 31 (as subgenus of Hylemya R.D.).
Type-species : Aricia moriens Zetterstedt, 1845, by monotypy.
Aricia moriens was described from two specimens taken in Sweden (Jamtland,
Mullfjallet) and both sexes from Norway (Kalahog). The subgenus Pseudomyopina
was erected for it by Ringdahl in order to separate it from other species with a wide
frons in the male (Myopina R.D., 1830) from which it differed in a number of charac-
ters, especially in having a rather wide, dorsoventrally compressed abdomen, not
laterally compressed as in Myopina myopina (Fallen).
Among the material from Nepal submitted by Dr. Morge was an undescribed
species which appeared to agree quite closely with the essential characters given
by Ringdahl for Pseudomyopina. Prof. Hennig has also sent me a further closely
related undescribed species from Tadzhikistan, which he has kindly allowed me to
describe in this paper.
In order to make a detailed examination of the type-species of Pseudomyopina,
I wrote to Mr. H. Andersson of the Zoological Institute, Lund, who very kindly
sent me a male syntype of Aricia moriens from Kalahog. The genitalia of this
syntype are figured in Text-figs. 70-73. Huckett (1965, figs. 58, 135, 229) has
given figures of the genitalia of a North American species determined as moriens
Zett., but which is not the same species as the Norwegian syntype. The Kalahog
syntype has genitalia which are closer to defector Huckett, described and figured in
the same paper. Because of the possibility that the other syntypes of moriens
from Sweden may not be conspecific with the Kalahog syntype (Mr. Andersson,
in litt. mentions that there is a male and a female syntype from Mullfjallet in the
collection) I am not designating the Kalahog syntype as lectotype.
The two new species described below have the following characters in common
with A . moriens :
Frons in male wide, at least 0-37 times head-width (moriens) to 0-47 (pamirensis) ; one pair
of strong cruciate interfrontal setae present, and frontal setae long and robust ; epistome pro-
jecting in front of level of vibrissal setae ; genae wide, from 0-27 times eye-height (moriens) to
0-8 (fumidorsis) ; arista bare, rather swollen at base ; palpi long and slender ; pra seta long ;
stpl setae i -)- 2 ; 1-2 developed prostigmatal setae ; acr setae represented by fine setulae or
hairs ; scutellum with fine pale hairs ventrally at apex ; costal spine strong, at least as long as
cross-vein r-m, sometimes longer ; lower calypter small ; cross-vein m-m straight and rather
upright ; fore tibia with at least 2 ad and 2 pd setae (fine in pamirensis) ; mid and hind femora
with rows of av and pv setae ; mid tibia with at least 2 ad and 2 pd setae ; hind tibia with at
least 5 av setae, and pv apical spur absent ; claws and pulvilli small ; abdomen strongly dorso-
ventrally compressed, rather flat and wide. Male genitalia : hypandrium large and well de-
veloped, epandrium large and wide ; cereal plate wide, with the apical corners slightly produced
(pamirensis and fumidorsis} or with long slender processes (moriens) ; surstyli incised at apices ;
praegonites reduced, with 2 short setae, postgonites simple, swollen at base, with 2 fine setae ;
distiphallus simple, mainly membranous, only the basal part sclerotized ; 4th sternite nearly
as wide as 5th sternite.
Of the characters which are present in moriens, and which might be considered
to be of generic importance, but which are not included above, the following should
be mentioned. Two anteroventral setae are present on the mid tibia in moriens,
134
D. M. ACKLAND
and also in fumidorsis but are absent in pamirensis. The presence or absence of
this character in two such obviously monophyletic species as fumidorsis and pamiren-
sis indicates that it is of little generic importance. The ventral surface of the costa
of the wing in moriens has a few hairs, especially in the basal part, but they are
close to the antero ventral setulae in the apical part, and difficult to see ; in fumidorsis
and pamirensis the ventral surface of the costa is virtually bare, although some
longer, more erect hairs are discernible very close to the anteroventral setulae. The
two species would, however, certainly be normally considered as having the costa
bare ventrally. The character of ventral costal hairs is unfortunately not as clear
cut as it might at first appear, as numerous different kinds of hairing can be observed,
and the effect may be sometimes due to a displacement of anterior hairs, rather than
the presence of extra true ventral hairs.
A. moriens has a developed upper anterior mesopleural setula, which is absent in
the other two species.
Although it is not possible at the present time to indicate which are the apomorphic
characters by which Pseudomyopina might differ from other genera, the following
FIGS. 70-73. Pseudomyopina moriens (Zett.) (syntype) : 70, <$ hypopygium, caudal view
71, hypopygium, profile ; 72, aedeagus ; 73, 4th and 5th sternite.
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 135
may be useful in separating the species from closely or superficially related genera :
Myopina has a developed praegonite and a very complicated sclerotized distiphallus,
and the 6th abdominal tergite bears numerous setulae ; in addition the overall
structure of the abdomen is quite different, and the epistome is not projecting.
Fucellia R.D. has no setae on the postgonite, the distiphallus is more sclerotized,
and the costa ventrally has fine hairs basally, but rather widely spaced strong
spicules in apical half. Monochrotogaster Ringdahl, according to Hennig (1966), has
a slender bifurcate cereal plate, no setae on the postgonite, the distiphallus is short
and almost fully membranous ; in addition the pulvilli are very large.
KEY TO OLD WORLD SPECIES OF PSEUDOMYOPINA (MALES)
1 Genae narrower, at most 0-3 times height of eye ; costa of wing with some fine hairs
on ventral surface, more distinct in basal half ; a developed upper anterior meso-
pleural setula present ; thorax with yellowish or brownish pollen, mesopleuron
darker brownish .......... moriens (Zett.)
- Genae wider, at least 0-6 times height of eye ; costa of wing bare on ventral surface ;
no developed upper anterior mesopleural setula ; thorax with greyish green or
greyish pollen, at most some brownish pollen on mesonotum .... 2
2 pra seta as long as posterior notopleural seta ; costal spine at least i -5 times length
of cross-vein r-m ; anterior costal setulae about twice as long as diameter of
costa ; mesonotum with extensive lateral brownish pollen, contrasting with a
greyish pollinose median vitta ; mid tibia with 2 av setae, hind tibia with about
5 strong av setae ....... (Nepal) fumidorsis sp. n.
— pra seta slightly shorter than posterior notopleural seta ; costal spine only as long
as length of r-m ; anterior costal setulae only about as long as diameter of costa ;
mesonotum with only greyish green or bluish pollen ; mid tibia without av setae,
hind tibia with only 3 strong av setae . . (Tadzhikistan) pamirensis sp. n.
Pseudomyopina fumidorsis sp. n.
(Text-figs. 74-79)
<J Head : black in ground colour, with greenish grey and brownish pollen. Eyes widely
separated, frons wide, at vertex 0-44 times head-width. Interfrontalia matt black, with
brownish pollen when viewed from in front, constricted in front of anterior ocellus, where it is
about twice as wide as a parafrontal at this level, widening out in anterior half of frons ; one
pair of strong cruciate interfrontal setae, and numerous short hairs across anterior part of inter-
frontalia. Parafrontal greyish pollinose, with a trace of brownish pollen towards inner margin ;
5-6 strong frontal setae, and some short fine hairs outside their bases. Parafacial at lunule
wide, about 1-3 times width of third antennal segment, width maintained ventrally, gena very
wide (hence eyes small) about 0-8 times height of an eye. Epistome strongly projecting, the
margin in profile reaches beyond level of vibrissal setae ; about 6 other strong setae below
vibrissae on anterior lateral margins of mouth opening, which is obliquely cut off when viewed
in profile. Antennae black, third segment hardly twice as long as second, arista bare, basal
segments rather long, third segment rather distinctly swollen at base. Mentum of haustellum
black with greyish pollen, matt, length difficult to determine in holotype, but probably rather
long ; palpi black, long and slender. Two pairs of vertical setae, inner pair very robust and
long, outer pair equal in length to frontal setae. Occiput swollen and rounded, greyish green
pollinose, with numerous short, stiff black setulae on upper part, those on lower part more
hair-like. Thorax : black in ground colour, with greyish green pollen, and patches of brownish
pollen, especially on dorsum. Mesonotum, viewed from in front, with a paler greyish median
136
D. M. ACKLAND
vitta presuturally, which is about half as wide as distance between prst dc setae ; the rest of
mesonotum, apart from humeri, brownish pollinose. Viewed from the side this brownish pollen
tends to form a darker vitta along the lines of the dc setae, but the area immediately in front of
scutellum, and this itself, clear greenish or bluish grey pollinose. acr setae represented by
irregularly bi- to triserial fine erect hairs, indistinguishable from accessory mesonotal hairs,
only slightly longer, but not stronger in front of scutellum ; prst acr hairs separated by a bare
space, equal to width of acr rows, from dc setae, pra seta long and strong, equal to posterior
79
FIGS. 74-79. Pseudomyopina fumidorsis sp. n. (holotype) : 74, <$ hypopygium, caudal
view ; 75, hypopygium, profile ; 76, aedeagus ; 77, 4th and 5th sternite ; 78, $ head,
profile ; 79, <J head, dorsal view.
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 137
npl seta, situated much closer to suture than to sa seta. Two long posthumeral setae. Noto-
pleuron bare apart from the two strong seta. Two unequal propleural setae, one strong and
one finer prostigmatal seta, with about 7-9 fine associated hairs. No developed upper anterior
mesopleural setula. stpl setae 1 + 2, lower posterior seta about two-thirds length of upper
posterior seta. Scutellum concolorous with posterior part of mesonotum, one pair of strong
basal lateral setae, one pair of strong apicals, and one pair of fine preapicals, which are about
half as long as, and as distant from each other as the apicals ; lateral setulose hairs uniserial,
about 3-4 apical hairs which are rather long ; ventral surface of scutellum with a few fine pale
hairs at apex. Wings : membrane very faintly greyish tinged, base of wing distinctly yellowish,
veins brownish. Anterior costal setulae rather long, those between apices of subcostal vein
and 7?! about 1-5-1-75 times diameter of costa. Ventral surface of costa virtually bare, though
there is a row of fine, semi-erect hairs very close to the anteroventral row of setulae ; these are
probably not true ventral hairs. Costal spine long, about 1-6 times length of r-m. Cross-vein
m-m straight, and rather upright. Last section of M1+2 1-28 times length of preceding section.
Calyptrae yellowish, with yellow fringe, concolorous with wing base ; lower calypter narrow,
at widest part not wider than diameter of hind tibia. Halteres yellow. Legs : black, with
thin greyish pollen. Fore tibia with 2 ad, 3 pd and one pv seta ; two strong preapical setae
present. Mid femur with almost complete av and pv rows, the setae of the pv row longer,
especially at base, and mixed with fine setulose hairs. Mid tibia with 2 av, 3 ad (basal one
shorter), 3-4 pd, and about 3 pv setae, all rather strong. Hind femur with complete rows of
av and pv setae mixed with setulose hairs. Hind tibia with about 7 ad, 6-7 pd, 5-6 av setae,
all strong, and about 7-8 finer unequal pv setulae ; pv apical spur absent. Claws and pulvilli
rather small. Abdomen : black in ground colour, with dense greyish pollinosity, slightly
bluish or greenish tinged. Dorsoventrally compressed, postabdomen somewhat swollen ;
viewed from above elongate-oval, widest at T3 which is 3 times as wide as median length of
tergite ; ratio of total length of abdomen to greatest width is 8 : 5. Viewed from behind with
a diffused median vitta (about as wide as diameter of hind femur) on T3 and T4 and basal part of
T 5, hardly distinct on Ti + 2. T6 apparently without any hairs. T7 + 8 pollinose.
Body-length 6-5 mm., wing-length 7 mm.
$ unknown.
Holotype <$. NEPAL : Umgebung der Griinen Hiitte der Hilary -Expedition
21. v. 1961 (H. Janetschek) [in Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin].
Pseudomyopina pamirensis sp. n.
(Text-figs. 80-83)
o*. Very similar in general appearance to the preceding species, so that a detailed description
is unnecessary. The main differences are given in the table below.
fumidorsis pamirensis
Costal spine longer, about i -5 times length of Costal spine shorter, not longer than length
r-m. of r-m.
Anterior costal setulae longer than diameter Anterior costal setulae not longer than
of costa. diameter of costa.
Mesonotum with extensive brown pollen. Mesonotum without brown pollen, except
around base of prescutellar dc seta.
pra seta as long as post npl. pra seta slightly shorter than post npl.
Fore tibia with 2 strong ad and 3 strong pd Fore tibia with 1-2 ad, and 1-2 pd setae,
setae. rather fine.
138 D. M. ACKLAND
Hind tibia with 5 strong av setae. Hind tibia with 3 strong and 2 fine av setae.
Mid tibia with 2 av setae. Mid tibia without av setae.
5-6 pairs of frontal setae.
7-8 pairs of frontal setae.
The male genitalia has the cereal plate divided into two pads, which are more setulose than
in fumidorsis, and the surstyli are more deeply cleft at their apices. The postgonite is less
produced below in pamirensis than in fumidorsis, and the lobes of the fifth sternite are much
shorter. The sixth abdominal tergite in the holotype of pamirensis has some fine setulose hairs.
2 unknown.
83
80
FIGS. 80-83. Pseudomyopina pamirensis sp. n. (paratype) : 80, <£ hypopygium, caudal
view ; 81, hypopygium, profile ; 83, 4th and 5th sternite.
Holotype <£. TADZHIKISTAN : E. Pamir, 12 km. from Tschetchsekty,Tzirk Zor,
4,800 m., 25. ¥11.1962 (Sychevskaya) .
Paratype. I <$, same data as holotype. [Both in Staatliches Museum fur Natur-
kunde, Stuttgart].
REFERENCES
ACKLAND, D. M. 1965. The identity of Anthomyia dissecta Mg. and A. infirma Mg. (Dipt.,
Anthomyiidae) . Entomologist's mon. Mag. 100 : 207-209.
COLLIN, J. E. 1931. The Oxford University Expedition to Greenland, 1928. Diptera (Orthor-
rhapha Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha) from Greenland. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 7 :
67-91.
DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 139
COLLIN, J. E. 1939. On various new or little known British Diptera, including several
species bred from the nests of birds and mammals. Entomologist's mon. Mag, 75 : 134—154.
HERTING, B. 1957. Das weibliche Postabdomen der calyptraten Fliegen und sein Merk-
malswert fur die Systematik der Gruppe. Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere. 45 : 429-461.
HENNIG, W. 1966. In LINDNER, Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 7 6$a. Anthomyiidae
(Lief. 262) : 1-48. Stuttgart.
HUCKETT, H. C. 1924. A systematic study of the Anthomyiinae of New York, with especial
reference to the male and female genitalia. Mem. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Stn 77 : 1-91.
— 1947. The subgenus Phorbia Robineau-Desvoidy in North America, genus Hylemyia
sens. lat. (Diptera, Muscidae). Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 42 : 109-125.
— I965«. The Muscidae of Northern Canada, Alaska, and Greenland (Diptera). Mem. ent.
Soc. Can. 42 : 1-369.
— 19656. In A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Washington.
RINGDAHL, O. 1933. Oversikt av i Sverige funna Hylemyia-arter. Ent. Tidskr. 54 : 1-35.
— 1939. Diptera der Fam. Muscidae, (die Gattungen Aricia und Anthomyza) von Zetter-
stedt in " Insecta Lapponica " und " Diptera Scandinaviae " beschrieben. Opusc. ent.
4 : i37~I59-
~~ J959- Svensk Insektfauna. 11. Tvavingar. Diptera Cycloraphia Schizophora Schizo-
metopa i. Muscidae. Hafte 3. pp. 197-334.
SCHNABL, J. 1911. Anthomyidae in BECKER, T., KUNTZE, A., SCHNABL, J. & VILLENEUVE, J.
Dipterologische Sammelreise nach Korsika (Dipt.). Dt. ent. Z. 1911 : 62-100.
SCHNABL, J. & DZIEDZICKI, H. 1911. Die Anthomyiden. Nova Acta Acad. Caesar. Leop. Carol.
95 : 53-358.
STEIN, P. 1907. Zur Kenntnis der Dipteren von Central- Asien. II. Ezheg. zool. Muz.
12 : 318-372.
— 1916. Die Anthomyiden Europas. Tabellen zur Bestimmung der Gattungen und aller
mir bekannten Arten, nebst mehr oder weniger ausfiihrlichen Beschreibungen. Arch.
Naturgesch. [1915] Abt. A, 81 : 1-224.
— 1918. Zur weitern Kenntnis aussereuropaeischer Anthomyiden. Annls. hist.-nat. Mus.
natn. hung. 16 : 147-244.
TUXEN, S. L. 1956. Taxonomist's glossary of genitalia in insects. 1-284. Copenhagen.
A LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS
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Pp. 143. February, 1965. £5.
2. NIXON, G. E. J. A reclassincation of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera :
Braconidae). Pp.284; 348 Text-figures. August, 1965. £6.
3. WATSON, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). Pp. 177 ;
18 plates, 270 Text-figures. August, 1965. £4 45.
4. SANDS, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera,
Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172 ; 500 Text-figures. October,
1965- £3 5*.
5. AHMAD, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera : Alydidae) of the World. Pp. 156 ;
475 Text-figures. November, 1965. £2 155.
6. OKADA, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae & Drosophilidae.
Pp. 129 ; 328 Text-figures. £3.
7. GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family
Coccidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea). Pp. 168 ; 43 Text-figures. February, 1967.
£33s.
8. FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the
world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera : Geometridae) . Pp. 119; 14 plates, 146
Text-figures, 9 maps. February, 1967. £3 IDS.
9. HEMMING, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species
(Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera) . In press.
10. STEMPFFER, H. The Genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera : Rhopa-
locera). In press.
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD & SON LIMITED, BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF if"*'
ANAGYRINE ENCYRTIDAE, WITH
A REVISION OF SOME OF THE
GENERA (HYMENOPTERA :
CHALCIDOIDEA)
G. J. KERRICH
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 5
LONDON: 1967
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE
I ANAGYRINE ENCYRTIDAE,
WITH A REVISION OF SOME OF THE GENERA
(HYMENOPTERA : CHALCIDOIDEA)
BY
G. y. KERRICH y
Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London
Pp. 141-250, 114 Text-figs., 4 Plates
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 5
LONDON: 1967
THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.
Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.
In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each
Department.
This paper is Vol. 20, No. 5 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited
follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.
World List abbreviation
Butt. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.).
Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1967
TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
Issued i Aiigust, 1967 Price £2 los.
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE
ANAGYRINE ENCYRTIDAE,
WITH A REVISION OF SOME OF THE GENERA
(HYMENOPTERA : CHALCIDOIDEA)
By G. J. KERRICH
CONTENTS
Page
KEY TO THE TRIBES OF THE ENCYRTINAE Ashmead .... 144
CLASSIFICATION OF ANAGYRINI ........ 145
DESCRIPTIVE TECHNIQUE ......... 146
KEY TO GENERA OF THE ERICYDNINA . . . . . . . 146
DISCUSSION OF SOME GENERA ........ 151
HUNGARIELLA Erdos 154
Key to species .......... 164
ERICYDNUS Walker 166
Key to species . ......... 176
GRAN 'DOR I ELLA Domenichini 180
CLAUSSENIA Ishii 181
Key to species .......... 187
KEY TO GENERA OF THE AENASIINA subtrib. n. . . . . 188
METAPHAENODISCUS Mercet 190
CHALCASPIS Howard 191
Key to species .......... 194
AENASIUS Walker . 195
Key to species .......... 219
BLEPYRUS Howard 225
Key to species .......... 227
NEODISCODES Compere 228
Key to species .......... 235
EURYRHOPALUS Howard 235
KEY TO SPECIES ......... 243
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......... 246
ADDENDUM ........... 247
INDEX TO NAMES IN HYMENOPTERA . . . . . . .248
INDEX TO HOST NAMES ......... 250
SYNOPSIS
The classification of the main Encyrtid subfamily Encyrtinae is discussed, and a revised key
is given for its division into the three generally recognized tribes.
The tribe Anagyrini (— Ectromini Ashmead) is classified into five subtribes, which are
characterized. The genera recognized by the author as belonging to three of these are listed or
are indicated by reference to literature.
A dichotomous key is given for separation of the genera of the subtribe Ericydnina in both
sexes, and some of the genera are briefly discussed. Systematic revisions are given of the
species of Hungariella Erdos, Ericydnus Walker, Grandoriella Domenichini and Clausenia Ishii.
In the Aenasiina subtrib. n. only the female sex has been studied. A dichotomous key is
given for the separation of the six genera, and systematic revisions are given of the species of
five of these, for which sufficient material was available.
ENTOM. 20, 5. 7
I44 G- J- KERRICH
THE division of the Encyrtidae into three subfamilies, Encyrtinae, Arrenophaginae
and Antheminae is generally agreed; but authors have subdivided the largest sub-
family, the Encyrtinae, in various ways. This situation has been reviewed by
Tachikawa (1963).
Compere has, in various papers, but especially in 1947 and in a rather recent joint
communication with Annecke (1960), emphasized the importance of the structure and
function of the female gaster in Encyrtid classification. On this basis, the two authors
of the latter paper gave a revised key (p. 376) in which Ashmead's tribes of the
Encyrtinae were redefined. Tachikawa, in his excellent study of the Japanese
Encyrtidae (1963) has accepted this standpoint. Like that Japanese author I give,
though in somewhat different form, an expanded version of their key for the purpose
of more general generic identification, the nomenclature adopted being that which I
have already considered most appropriate (Kerrich, 1964).
ENGYRTINAE
KEY TO THE TRIBES OF THE ENCYRTINAE Ashmead
1 Styli and paratergites absent. Mandibles apically truncate. Costal cell of hind wing
broad ENCYRTINI Ashmead
Styli or paratergites or both present. Mandibles dentate ..... 2
2 Paratergites almost always present: sty li in most genera absent. Mandibles slender,
generally bidentate, sometimes tridentate with three sharp teeth, but never with
two sharp teeth and a truncation: female hypopygium usually boat-shaped and
usually enclosing the ovipositor ..... ANAGYRINI Hoffer 1954
( = Ectromini Ashmead)
Paratergites absent. Styli always present and distinct, generally movable apart
from the plates which bear them. Mandibles never bidentate with equal teeth,
generally tridentate, frequently with two sharp teeth and a truncation; female
hypopygium very rarely boat-shaped and very rarely enclosing the ovipositor
BOTHRIOTHORACINI Howard 1895
(=Mirini Ashmead)
Compere & Annecke (1960) defined the terms " styli " and " paratergites ", which
are used in the key to tribes. Paratergites are illustrated by Compere (1947, fig. 6)
and on PI. I of the present paper. In the Anagyrini the entire ovipositor is everted,
and apparently the paratergites serve as hinge plates: in repose the ovipositor is
completely enclosed by the sterna to the apex of the abdomen, the apical sternum
being enlarged and pointed. In the Bothriothoracini the recurved sides of the true
eighth tergum adhere closely to the lateral margins of the tenth tergum without
having any plate between them, and the styli are present and generally movable
apart from the plates that bear them : the styli are seldom completely enclosed by the
apical sternum, and in the act of oviposition only the shaft of the ovipositor extrudes.
The Anagyrini are parasites of mealybugs.
I became interested in Dr. Compere's ideas on Encyrtid classification in the course
of prolonged correspondence with him on the subject of a number of genera, prin-
cipally Anagyrine, that I had received for study (e.g., Kerrich, 1953). When I
visited him in 1956, he not only enabled me to study the incomparable material
located at Riverside, but also initiated me into his ideas on the subdivision of the
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 145
Anagyrini. He has not wished to undertake the furtherance of these ideas himself,
but has desired me to develop them in connection with the revision of a number of
the genera. For this enlightenment and impetus I wish to express my deepest
gratitude.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANAGYRINI
ANAGYRINI
The Anagyrini are here divided into five sub-tribes in the following manner:
1. Anagyrina (sec. Anagyrini Hoffer, 1954). This sub-tribe is characterized by
having the tenth tergum of the female enormously enlarged, so as to cover the greater
part of the abdomen (PL I, fig. I and Compere, 1947, fig. 6). The paratergites are
long and narrow. The head is of normal shape, and is neither strongly sclerotized
nor coarsely punctate. Many of the genera were included in the key given by Com-
pere, and others were adduced by Burks (1952). Other genera belonging here are
Anusia Forster, 1856, Doliphoceras Mercet, 1921, Ectromatopsis Compere, 1947,
Paraenasioidea Hoffer, 1954, Leptanusia De Santis, 1964 Aglyptoideus De Santis,
1964 and Alamella Man Molven, 1966.
2. Ericydnina (sec. Ericydnini Hoffer, 1955, also Ericydnina Erdos & Novicky,
I955)- This group is negatively characterized by not having the tenth tergum
of the female enormously enlarged, as in the first subtribe, nor the head as in the two
following. The paratergites, usually present, are long (PI. I, fig. 2), and still more
slender than in the first group. The male antennae are long-hairy in several genera
and ramose in some (e.g., Text-fig. 19). A key to the genera is given below, for both
sexes where known, except for the close relatives of Xanthoencyrtus already dealt
with in the important paper of Ghesquiere (1956).
3. /Vena si inn subtrib. n. These are stout-bodied forms with a rigid integument,
and some of them have a close superficial resemblance to such genera as Bothriothorax.
The head is strongly sclerotized and coarsely punctate, often with strong thimble-
punctures, and in some genera it is menisciform (see numerous Text-figures following).
The fore femora are decidedly stout. The mandibles are often tridentate, in which
case the middle tooth is the longest. The paratergites are widened basally near the
cerci and taper to hairline thickness apically (PL II, fig. i). Short, wide styli are
present. The males have not been studied, but for the females a key to the six
genera is given below, and the species of all but one of these genera are revised.
4. Dinocarsiina (sec. Dinocarsiini Hoffer, 1952). These genera are characterized
by having a rather strongly sclerotized, broadened head, usually with the facial
area sunk, and bordered by a very sharp ridge, and by having relatively much
broader paratergites (PL II, fig. 2). In most genera the submarginal vein runs up to
junction of the postmarginal and radial, and the marginal is virtually absent; but
in the European genera Dinocarsis and Dicarnosis, which lack the sharp margin to the
facial impression, the marginal vein is distinct but not contiguous with the wing
margin, and the postmarginal is absent or vestigial. A cleared preparation of
Dinocarsis shows the broad paratergites. The genera belonging here are Dinocarsis
Forster, 1856, Dicarnosis Mercet, 1921, Zarhopalus Ashmead, 1900, Acroaspidia
146 G. J. KERRICH
Compere & Zinna, 1955, Coelaspidia Timberlake, 1923, Chrysoplatycerus Ashmead,
1889, Hambletonia Compere, 1936, Tropidophryne Compere, 1931, Neoplatycerus
Subba Rao, 1965 and Zaplatycerus Timberlake, 1925. The present author plans a
study of these genera to be published in a subsequent paper.
5. Aphycina (sec. Aphycini Hoffer, 1954). A key to the genera was given by
Compere & Annecke (1960, p. 37). The group is characterized as small, not heavily
sclerotized insects, with frontovertex and dorsum of thorax often more or less
velvety in appearance. The female hypopygium is boat-shaped and sharp to flatter
or even more roundedly truncate at apex, and the ovipositor often projects by about a
quarter the length of the gaster. Paratergites are present in some genera. The
fore wings have the marginal vein not much longer than broad, the radial rather
short and the postmarginal very short. Kerrich (1964) has transferred Dusmetia
Mercet, 1921 to this group. The curious Anagyrietta Ferriere, 1955 seems best placed
here.
DESCRIPTIVE TECHNIQUE
Descriptions and redescriptions have been made comparatively. All species
treated have been compared in all respects mentioned with the species most closely
related to them and, where relative terms are used, it is to be assumed that " very
weakly ", " weakly ", " rather weakly ", " moderately ", " rather strongly ", etc.
represent gradations.
It is important that the conditions of illumination under which the descriptions
have been made should be understood. Whereas a strong spotlight has been used
for illumining shapes, especially those of smaller structures such as mandibles and
antennal segments, it has not been used for colour or finer sculpture, which have
been studied with good daylight supplemented by an ordinary bench lamp. When
an insect having structural colour is examined with a spotlight, this penetrates to
the underlying melanin, and the structural colour disappears from view or becomes
greatly changed. Likewise, a spotlight eliminates or reduces fine shadow, so that
fine striation or microsculpture may disappear from view, and all but the coarsest
punctures may appear smaller than they really are. Punctures seem more reliably
viewed from the side than from in front or behind. It may be necessary to view the
punctures without a spotlight, and then to turn the spotlight on in order to view the
hairs that arise from them.
Venation has been viewed, so far as possible, with good transmitted daylight only.
Artificial light, even from a bench lamp, may cause reflections from the wing margin,
and the edges of the veins and even from hairs, making the precise limits of the veins,
especially when they are almost colourless, very difficult to observe.
Where wing proportions are quoted, the length has been measured from the apex
of the tegula.
ERICYDNINA
KEY TO GENERA OF THE ERICYDNINA
i Antennal funicle 5-segmented in both sexes, ramose in male: [frontovertex
relatively broad] ............ 2
Antennal funicle 6-segmented in both sexes, seldom ramose in male ... 4
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 147
Brachypterous in both sexes: whole thorax flattened in both sexes, the scutellum
very little raised above metanotum: antennae of female moderately compressed
and strongly clavate, of male with three long rami: New Zealand, Campbell Is.
ANTIPODENCYRTUS Kerrich, 1964
Brachypterous forms unknown: scutellum well raised above metanotum:
antennae of female otherwise, of male with more than three rami ... 3
Scutellum normally convex and moderately shining: fore wings more or less clear,
and with submarginal vein strongly arcuate in both sexes (Text-figs. 21-24) : male
antennae with four long rami and a vestige (Text-fig. 19) : female antennae
moderately compressed and moderately clavate (Text-fig. 20)
HUNGARIELLA Erdos, 1955
( = Tetracnemus Timberlake, 1929 non Westwood, 1837)
Male very much as above, but antennae with a small but distinct fifth ramus.
Female having scutellum flattened above and dull, the fine reticulate microsculpture
strongly outstanding : antennae notably stout and very strongly compressed : fore
wings with a broad band of infuscation across middle and with submarginal vein
only moderately arcuate: Australia . . . ANARHOP US Timberlake, 1929
Brachypterous, i.e. very short -winged forms ....... 5
Macropterous, or with wings not greatly reduced ...... 8
Head, seen from above, semilunar: eyes nearly reaching back of head, always
distinctly pubescent : lateral ocelli close to eye margins : frontovertex not shining,
but with reticulate microsculpture very fine to moderate, and beset with moderate
punctures that commonly are separated by about their own diameters though
they may be very sparse in middle before median ocellus : mesoscutum of normal
proportions, its median length decidedly greater than that of pronotum : scutellum
laminate at apex: propodeum of normal length, with a pair of transverse keels
(Text-figs. 27-29) and also a pair of longitudinal keels which run back from the
spiracles and often border a spiracular sulcus . . . ERICYDNUS Walker, 1837
Head otherwise, more or less lenticular: eyes not nearly reaching back of head,
not or not distinctly pubescent: lateral ocelli remote fiom eye margins: fronto-
vertex shining, with punctures extremely sparse and fine : mesoscutum uncommonly
strongly transverse, its median length approximately equal to that of pronotum, or
sometimes considerably less: scutellum not laminate: propodeum without such
keels .............. 6
Head, seen from above, very strongly transverse (Text-fig, i): toruli distinctly a
little above lower level of eyes, separated from mouth by much more than their
own length: antennae with scape elongate and slender, reaching far above top of
head, and with funicle segments all decidedly longer than broad : scutellum with a
pair of basal fossae (N.B. not in macropterous form !) : propodeum of normal
proportions, with a distinct median area bordered by sharp keels (Text-fig. 2)
AGLYPTUS Forster, 1856
(= Ectroma auctt. non Westwood)
Head less strongly transverse: toruli below lower level of eyes, separated from
mouth by about their own length: antennae with scape not over-reaching top of
head, and with funicle segments less elongate, the sixth about quadrate or trans-
verse : scutellum without basal fossae : propodeum very short in middle and with
no distinct median area .......... 7
Eyes of normal proportion, each one, as seen from above, about half breadth of
frontovertex (Text-fig. 4) : antennal scape rather slender, over four times as long
as broad : pronotum conical, about half as long as broad and one and a half times
median length of the mesoscutum (Text -fig. 5) : axillae contiguous or almost so :
first large tergite about half the total length of gaster . AQUAENCYRTUS Hoffer,i953
148
G. J. KERRICH
10
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 149
Eyes relatively small, each one, as seen from above, about a quarter the breadth
of frontovertex : antennal scape stout, much less than twice as long as broad;
pronotum little more than a quarter as long as broad and about equal in length to
the mesoscutum : axillae widely separated : first large tergite much less than half
the total length of gaster NEODUSMETIA Kerrich, 1964
8 Lateral ocelli remote, i.e. much more than their own diameters, from eye margins . 9
Lateral ocelli close to eye margins, i.e. about their own diameters therefrom, or
sometimes still closer ........... 16
9 Male antennae ramose: ovipositor strongly exserted: in both sexes antennal club
solid and postmarginal vein very short . . . . . . . . 10
Male antennae not ramose: ovipositor not or only weakly exserted, or if it is
strongly exserted (Ericydnus caudatus Erdos) the antennal club is 3-segmented and
the postmarginal vein is decidedly long . . . . . . . . 1 1
10 Head more or less rounded in front: frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture (as
microsculpture) regular, coarse and strongly outstanding: mandibles bidentate:
marginal vein several times as long as broad, and radial emitted at nearly a right
angle to it: antennal flagellum in female strongly compressed, in male with four
long rami borne on segments 2-5: female with fore wings strongly bifasciate;
with scutellum strongly shining, beset with very fine and sparse piliferous punctures
in about basal half, and with microsculpture exceedingly fine
TETRACNEMUS Westwood, 1837
(= Tetracladia Howard, 1892, Masia Mercet, 1919, Comperencyrtus De Santis, 1964)
Head quite strongly emarginate in front: frontovertex with reticulate micro-
sculpture fine, not strongly outstanding : mandibles sharply tridentate, the lowest
tooth a little set back; marginal vein rather short, i.e. hardly three times as long as
broad, and radial emitted at about 45° with it: antennal flagellum in female not
strongly compressed, in male with five long rami borne on segments 1-5 : female
with wings hyaline ; with scutellum rather dull, beset with sparse piliferous punc-
tures, the reticulate microsculpture becoming coarser toward apex but not strongly
outstanding. . . . . . PENTACLADOCERUS Erdos, 1964
11 Head markedly broader than thorax (Text-figs. 1-2): antennae with scape elongate
and slender, reaching far above top of head : scrobes absent or shorter than toruli:
marginal vein several times as long as broad, almost parallel-sided (Text-fig. 3 and
Timberlake, 1926, fig. i) : males unknown ....... 12
Head not or little broader than thorax : antennae with scape not reaching, or at
any rate not reaching far above, top of head : scrobes longer than toruli : marginal
vein shorter, markedly expanded to point at which radius is emitted . . . 13
12 Eyes not nearly reaching occiput, which is not sharply margined: ocelli in a very
obtuse triangle (Text-fig, i) : scrobal impression distinct though not sharp: toruli
higher on face, their lower margins about on lower level of eyes : mesoscutum with
fore and hind margins sub-parallel, with notauli sharply but weakly impressed:
scutellum not small, about twice length of mesoscutum, obtusely round-pointed at
apex (Text-fig. 2) : fore wings rather narrow but of more or less normal shape,
FIGS. i-io. 1-3. Aglyptus lindus Forst., female, i, head, seen from above ; 2, thorax,
propodeum and base of gaster of brachypterous form, seen from above ; 3, part of right
fore wing. 4-5. Aquaencyrtus bohemicus Hffr., female. 4, head, seen from above ;
5, part of thorax, seen from above. 6. Grandoriella lamasi Domen., female head, seen
from above. 7. Parastenoterys bollowi (Mercet), female head, seen from above ; 8. P.
flaviclava De S., propodeum, drawn from specimen in Madrid museum ; 9. Dinocarsiella
alpina (Grit.), right antennal scape of female in dextro-lateral view ; 10. Xanthoectroma
aquilinum Mercet, female, left antennal scape in dextro-lateral view.
150 G. J. KERRICH
hyaline except for some weak inf uscation below the radial vein but normally hairy :
radial vein longer than marginal, and postmarginal very short (Text-fig. 3) : Europe
AGLYPTUS Forster, 1856
( = Ectroma auctt. non Westwood)
Eyes nearly reaching occiput, which is sharply margined: ocelli in a slightly
obtuse triangle : face without scrobal impressions : toruli lower on face, their upper
margins about on lower level of eyes: mesoscutum considerably longer medially
than at sides: scutellum small, about two-thirds length of mesoscutum, acutely
round-pointed at apex: fore wings spatulate, broadly constricted before marginal
vein and with apical half oval, in greater part strongly infuscated and hairy, but
with five bare hyaline areas: radial vein decidedly shorter, and postmarginal
slightly shorter, than marginal: Australia . . VOSLERIA Timberlake, 1926
13 Fore wings strongly infuscate and dark-hairy, with hyaline areas densely beset with
paler hairs : ocelli in a small, acute-angled triangle, the lateral about three times as
far from orbital as from occipital margin : antennal scape several times as long as
broad, rather strongly dilated below for its whole length, and sub-parallel sided for
about half its length (Text-fig. 9) : [funicle segments much longer than broad,
beset with rather strong, and in male rather long, hairs]
DINOCARSIELLA Mercet, 1921
Fore wings hyaline or with inf uscation weak: ocelli in a large, obtuse-angled
triangle : antennal scape shaped differently . . . . . . . 14
14 Notauli sharply and strongly impressed, very distinct (Mercet, 1925, fig. i); in
position rather as in Aglyptus illustrated in Text-fig. 2 but much stronger:
propodeum relatively long, about half length of scutellum : antennal scape (Text-
fig. 10) about reaching top of head, elongate, about six times length of its greatest
breadth, in about basal two-thirds distinctly but weakly dilated below, in apical
third narrower than greatest width of pedicellus : funicle segments all much longer
than broad, not markedly hairy: male unknown XANTHOECTROMA Mercet, 1925
Notauli not distinct: propodeum short: antennae with scape relatively much
shorter, not nearly reaching top of head, and with funicle segments relatively
shorter and markedly hairy .......... 15
15 Males: rather stout-bodied, moderately sclerotized insects of medium brown colour:
head normally hypognathous : eyes not appreciably hairy : pronotum moderately
emarginate behind: antennae sparsely beset with short, stiff hairs, the funicle
segments about quadrate to transverse and the club solid: wings with post-
marginal vein not very much shorter than radial NEODUSMETIA Kerrich, 1964
Both sexes: rather elongate, flattened insects, the females pale yellow to pale
brown but the males darker : head of male somewhat f orwardly-directed, of female
strongly so and with toruli very close to oral margin : eyes strongly though rather
sparsely hairy: pronotum deeply emarginate behind: antennae of female rather
densely hairy, with funicle segments sub-quadrate to strongly transverse and club
3-segmented, of male bearing rather long hairs, with funicle segments well
separated, elongate-moniliform, and with club solid : wings with postmarginal vein
very short XANTHOENCYRTUS Ashmead, 1902
(and closely related genera, see Ghesquiere, 1956)
1 6 Marginal vein stout, about twice as long as broad: sub-marginal greatly and sharply
expanded near apex, i.e. at junction of the obsolete basalis: postmarginal very
short and frontovertex decidedly broader than an eye : small, stout-bodied insects,
of length about 0-7 mm., with proportionately short antennae and legs, and
without green or purple coloration: eyes relatively densely hairy
PAURIDIA Timberlake, 1919
Marginal vein relatively slender, usually quite three times as long as broad, at
least in female : submarginal vein not thus expanded : if the postmarginal is very
short, the frontovertex is narrower than an eye : larger insects with bright coloration 1 7
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 151
17 Frontovertex decidedly broader than an eye : marginal vein long and narrow, several
times as long as broad (in case of doubt the scutellum laminate at apex), and
postmarginal distinctly longer than marginal : propodeum with a pair of transverse
keels which, at sides, bend round and run to hind margin, not with a distinct median
keel (Text-figs. 27-29) : elongate, slender forms, with antennae and legs of female
decidedly elongate: antennae of female slightly compressed, of male generally
rather more so, and not with long stout hairs . . . . . . . 18
Frontovertex of female generally decidedly narrower than an eye, seldom slightly
broader: marginal vein about three times as long as broad : scutellum not laminate
at apex: forms not especially elongate and slender, and with antennae otherwise 19
1 8 Scutellum sharply margined at apex but not laminate, strongly raised above propo-
deum: propodeum with no keel running back from spiracle and with no distinct
median area : head in both sexes relatively broad (Text-fig. 6) : styli (ovipositor
sheaths) not developed : no distinct sexual dimorphism in form of antennae, which
have the pedicellus relatively short in both sexes: micropterous forms unknown:
Peru to southern California .... GRANDORIELLA Domenichini, 1951
Scutellum weakly to strongly laminate at apex, not strongly raised above propo-
deum : propodeum having a keel (present but difficult to see in japonicus (Tachi-
kawa)) that runs back from the spiracle and often borders a sulcus, and usually
having a distinct median area: head of female generally relatively narrow: styli
strongly developed, though often concealed : distinct sexual dimorphism in form of
antennae, the males having the pedicellus relatively short and the flagellum
relatively elongate, the females not so: Europe, Japan, California
ERIC YDNUS Walker, 1837
19 Antennae of female having scape greatly dilated below and flagellum greatly
flattened, of male compressed and ordinarily strongly hairy, not with long, stout
hairs, the funicle segments strongly transverse in both sexes: postmarginal vein
very short : fore wings of female deeply infuscate, with a hyaline fascia : Australia
ANUSOIDEA Girault, 1926
Antennae of female having scape not greatly dilated and flagellum not greatly
flattened, the funicle segments not strongly transverse in either sex: marginal vein
about three times as long as broad and postmarginal a little longer or shorter than
marginal: wings hyaline .......... 20
20 Head rather elongate : eyes with pilosity sparse but strong (Text-fig. 7) : frontovertex
with reticulate microsculpture regular and of moderate strength, giving the surface
a more shining appearance, the punctures before the ocelli large and of almost
moderate depth (Text-fig. 7) : upper mandibular tooth very sharp and much the
longer: propodeum rather shining above, with a strongly raised median keel, and
sharply margined at sides (Text-fig. 8) : larger, quite strongly sclerotized insects :
South America . . . PARASTENOTERYS Girault, 1915, De Santis, 1964
(= Parencyrtus Mercet, 1928 non Ashmead, 1900)
Head much more transverse: eyes with pilosity of moderate strength and density
(Text-figs. 36-37) : frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture fine but irregular,
giving the surface a dull appearance, the punctures before the ocelli small and
superficial: mandibles clearly bidentate, the teeth subequal, the upper tooth
rather rounded at apex : propodeum with very superficial reticulate microsculpture,
with no distinct median area or keel, and not sharply margined at sides : smaller,
rather weakly sclerotized insects, predominately purple and green in colour : Asia,
Africa CLAUSENIA Ishii, 1923
DISCUSSION OF SOME GENERA
Dinocarsiella Mercet. Dr. A. Hoffer kindly sent me material of Dinocarsiella
Mercet. A cleared preparation of a female specimen shows slender paratergites.
152
G. J. KERRICH
I consider the genus not to be closely related to Dinocarsis Forster but to belong in
the Ericydnina, and in consequence I have included it in the above key.
Pentacladocerus Erdos. The position of this genus is more problematic. Dr. J.
Erdos kindly sent me on loan a female specimen of P. matranus Erdos, which has
enabled me to make direct comparison with Tetracnemus Westwood. There is
considerable resemblance between the two, notably in the boat-shaped female
hypopygium and projecting ovipositor and in the ramose male antennae. However
Pentacladocerus has the mandibles, which Erdos did not describe, sharply tridentate,
with the lowest tooth a little set back.
Comperencyrtus De Santis, 1965. De Santis gave a careful description and
figure of a new genus Comperencyrtus based on a single male. A paratype in the
British Museum (Natural History) of Tetracladia hispanica Mercet agrees with this
description in all respects except that it lacks the pair of longitudinal carinae on the
middle of the propodeum, that the sixth funicle segment is relatively a little longer,
and that I believe the eyes to be hairy, though only very weakly and sparsely so.
Consequently I place Comperencyrtus De Santis in synonymy with Tetracnemus
Westwood (syn. n.).
Parastenoterys Girault, De Santis. I have examined material from the Madrid
museum treated by Mercet (1928) as Parencyrtus Ashmead, and also female paratypes
oiParastenoterysflavidava De Santis, and am fully satisfied that these are congeneric.
I agree with De Santis that Mercet should not have placed the species he treated in
Parencyrtus, since Ashmead placed this genus in the " Mirini ", with tridentate
mandibles, and also described the postmarginal vein as much longer than the mar-
ginal, and the propodeum as short. Dr. Burks has informed me that the unique
type of Parencyrtus brasiliensis Ashmead was missing from the pin when the H. H.
Smith collection came to Washington.
\2
FIGS, ii-ia. Parastenoterys species, females.
12, P. bollowi (Merc.).
Scutellum of n, P. flaviclava De S. and
G. Viggiani del.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 153
Provisionally, I accept De Santis' placement of the South American species in the
genus Parastenoterys Girault, though I am not fully convinced that this will stand.
The South American species have the two mandibular teeth very unequal, the pro-
podeum with a median area of normal proportions containing a strong median keel,
and the styli absent or concealed. Parastenoterys punctatus Girault was described
as having two equal mandibular teeth, and this is to be accepted since, from Girault's
method of crushing the head on a slide, they should have been clearly visible. The
propodeum is strongly margined at sides as in the South American species, but has
the median area more than a third the width of the sclerite and strongly reticulate
rugose, with no denned median keel. The very regular, close thimble-punctation of
the mesopleura is a remarkable feature. Contrary to Girault's description there are,
in fact, shortly projecting styli as indicated by Girault for Parectromoides, which he
himself declared to be congeneric.
The specimen in the Madrid museum labelled as Parencyrtus brasiliensis Ashmead
in Mercet's writing I believe to be a large, pale form of Parastenoterys flaviclava De S.
The frontovertex is one-quarter wider than an eye, with ocelli in a slightly obtuse
triangle : the scutellum in greater part has the reticulate microsculpture very strongly
outstanding, but on hinder part and at sides is quite smooth and strongly shining
(Text-fig, n): the antennal scape is five times as long as broad. In bollowi Mercet
the frontovertex is narrower than an eye, with ocelli in a decidedly acute triangle
(Text-fig. 7) : the scutellum in greater part has the reticulate microsculpture rather
strong, though decidedly less outstanding than in flaviclava De S., and in hinder part
is more shining but not strongly so, with the reticulate microsculpture, though weak,
quite distinct (Text-fig. 12): the antennal scape is seven times as long as broad.
I believe the other specimens placed by Mercet as brasiliensis to belong to a different
species.
Calliencyrtus De Santis, 1959 and Heteroleptomastix Ishii, 1928. De Santis,
in describing his new genus Calliencyrtus, related it to Heteroleptomastix Ishii.
Conversely Tachikawa (1963, p. 51) considered Heteroleptomastix as allied to
Calliencyrtus. The latter author further (pp. 51, 56-8) compared Heteroleptomastix
and Calliencyrtus with a form that he considered to be a Grandoriella but which is
shown below to be an Ericydnus. He stated " To determine whether Heterolepto-
mastix belongs to a true Ectromini or not, further study may be necessary."
I have not seen any Heteroleptomastix, but Prof. De Santis has very kindly sent me
on loan the unique type of his species C. bucculentus. This confirms the general
resemblance between the two genera evident from the drawings of De Santis (1959)
and Ishii (1928, p. 105) respectively, though I do not see that the pronotum is signi-
ficantly more strongly developed in Calliencyrtus.
Examination of Calliencyrtus shows the following: (i) mandibles decidedly stout,
with three sharp teeth, the uppermost slightly the weakest, (2) paratergites absent,
(3) ovipositor arising well before apex of gaster. I consider that the genus should be
excluded from the Anagyrini. Ishii figured the mandible of Heteroleptomastix as
being stout, and as having two rather sharp teeth and something of a truncation:
I believe this genus should be excluded from the Anagyrini also.
154 G. J. KERRICH
HUNGARIELLA Erdos, 1946
1946 Hungariella Erdos, Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 39 : 144-5.
1929 Tetracnemus Westwood ; Timberlake, Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 5 (2) : 5-11 [Mis-
identification] .
1951 Tetracnemus Westwood ; Kryger, Ent. Meddr 26 : 116-21 [Mis-identification].
1955 Hungariella Erdos, Acta zool. hung. 1 (3-4) : 216-8.
Our knowledge of this genus really dates from the paper of Timberlake (1929), who
gave a very full description of a new species pretiosa, which was being cultured at the
Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California. Timberlake's generic identification
followed that of Howard who at first (1890, 1892) quoted Westwood's description of
Tetracnemus diversicornis, redrew his figure of that insect, and in the latter paper
proposed a tribal name Tetracnemini for a group of genera of Encyrtidae having
branched antennae in the male. Later, as stated by Timberlake, Howard received
from New Zealand a species of the genus now under review, attributed it to Tetrac-
nemus Westwood and gave it the manuscript name brounii. Timberlake (1929)
validated brounii by a brief comparison with pretiosa.
Ashmead (1904) and, following him, Schmiedeknecht (1909) placed Tetracnemus
in the tribe Ectromini, containing a number of other genera such as Leptomastix
Forster, Anagyrus Howard and Aglyptus Forster (—Ectroma auctt. non Westwood),
which were not included by Howard in his concept of the Tetracnemini.
The Howard-Timberlake interpretation was accepted by Compere (1939), Peck
(1951), Kryger (1951), Nikol'skaya (1952) and Ferriere (1955, 1957). Kryger (op. cit.)
redescribed the species believed to be Tetracnemus diversicornis Westwood. It was
not accepted by Mercet (1921, 1922, 1932), Erdos (1955), who considered Tetracnemus
Westwood to be a genus dubium, and Hoffer (1959). Erdos meanwhile (1946) had
described Hungariella piceae gen. et sp. nov. In 1955 he established the identity of
Hungariella with Tetracnemus auctt. and considered his species piceae to be the same
as that attributed by Kryger to diversicornis.
The supposed diversicornis were redescribed further and in both sexes by Ferriere
(1955). Ferriere in 1955 considered diversicornis Westwood Kryger and piceae
Erdos as provisionally distinct, but in 1957 he wrote that they were probably
synonymous. I have compared a male paratype of piceae with material redescribed
by Ferriere, and am quite satisfied that they belong to the same species.
The various arguments need not be repeated here, for the controversy has now been
settled by Graham (1959), who has rediscovered the long-lost type of Tetracnemus
diversicornis and shown it to be a senior synonym of Tetracladia hispanica Mercet.
We must, therefore, follow Erdos in placing all species of Tetracnemus auctt. in his
genus Hungariella.
Head from above biconcave, rather strongly to strongly emarginate anteriorly and posteriorly
(Text-figs. 13, 15, 17) ; with eyes nearly reaching or over-reaching the occipital margin, pubes-
cent : frontovertex decidedly broader than an eye, more or less finely reticulate : toruli obovate,
separated from mouth by about their own breadth (Text-figs. 14, 16, 18) : common scrobal
impression large, extending to about half way up orbits or more. Mandibles bidentate.
Antennae of moderate length, distinctly but not strongly clavate : scape in female not or but
little dilated below : funicle 5-segmented, usually with first segment the longest and second the
shortest (Text-fig. 20). Thorax convex and moderately deep dorsoventrally : axillae slightly
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 155
separated. Propodeum with distinct, fine reticulation in middle, then almost smooth to
spiracles, reticulate again on sides. Legs of ordinary length and structure. Fore wings differing
from description of those of Clausenia Ishii as follows : submarginal strongly arcuate at junction
with the obsolete basalis, so that the costal cell is not nearly parallel-sided, having several stout
hairs on the basal abscissa and a closer row of rather smaller ones on prestigma : marginal vein
about twice or less as long as broad, and postmarginal reduced to a mere stub (Text-figs. 21-24).
Species prominently a rather bright green, at least on frontovertex and mesoscutum, and
usually on propodeum : scutellum in most bronzy : legs mostly stramineous, yellow-stramineous
or pale testaceous. Mandibles, unless otherwise stated, pale brown, darker at apices.
Male differs as follows — head with frontovertex relatively much wider than in female, and with
ocelli larger and more outstanding. Toruli separated from mouth by a little less than their own
length. Antennae (Text-fig. 19, see also Compere, 1939, fig. 2, Ferriere, 1955, fig. 26) with scape
always shorter and broader than in the female of the same species, not nearly reaching top of
head even in piceae Erdos ; ramose, having one long ramus arising from base of first funicle
segment and one arising at apex of each of the three following : funicle sparsely long-hairy on
segments and rami, and club more densely hairy, with shorter but still prominent hairs.
Altogether duller coloured than the female, having the green colour much darker, sometimes
indistinct or replaced by blue, and having a greater amount of dark colour on the legs.
Type-species H. piceae Erdos, 1946.
The species that has been best known, H. pretiosa (Timberlake) , 1929, is prob-
ably also the most typical, and in this work the other species are described mainly
in relation to it. H. piceae is a rather isolated species.
Hungariella pretiosa (Timberlake)
(Text-figs. 15-16, 21 )
1929 Tetracnemus pretiosus Timberlake, Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 5 (2) : 5-11.
T939 Tetracnemus pretiosus Timberlake ; Compere, Ibidem, 1 (4) : 60— i.
Head from above (Text-fig. 15) rather strongly emarginate anteriorly and strongly so pos-
teriorly ; with eyes not quite reaching occipital margin ; with lateral ocelli about their own
diameters from orbital margin ; in facial view with cheeks almost straight and, as described by
Timberlake, converging to the rather broad oral margin (Text-fig. 16). Eyes moderately hairy,
distinctly so X 65. Frontovertex with reticulation of moderate strength and rather regular,
the superimposed punctures mentioned by Timberlake difficult to discern : sides of face and
inter-scrobal prominence more finely scaly-reticulate, the cheeks very weakly so.
Antenna as described and figured by Timberlake (1929), notably the scape elongate but not
nearly reaching top of head, and the first funicle segment about 2 \ times as long as broad, longer
than any of the four following segments.
Reticulation on mesoscutum about as on frontovertex, less outstanding on axillae and often
finer on scutellum.
Fore wings moderately infuscate beyond speculum ; with prestigma considerably thickened ;
with marginal vein nearly twice as long as broad ; with speculum traversing the radius, which is
emitted at a not very acute angle (Text-fig. 21).
Head in greater part, mesoscutum and sides of propodeum metallic green with brassy to, in
places, bronzy reflections : propodeum above a paler, brighter green (weakly developed in
paratype series) : scrobal impressions, pronotum at sides, axillae, scutellum and usually meso-
pleura bright bronzy : occiput, pronotum above and sternal regions brownish to blackish with
weaker metallic reflections, gaster the same, but with first large tergite mainly blue-green.
Antennae pale brown, with weak metallic green reflections, much paler on about basal third of
scape, and on pedicellus at apex and beneath. Legs having hind coxae except at extreme apex,
156 G. J. KERRICH
and mid coxae at extreme base, as sides of gaster but paler ; otherwise mainly yellow-
stramineous, the tarsi, tibiae and hind femora above tending to rufo-testaceous, the tarsi
infuscate at apex.
Male differs as follows : punctation on frontovertex less difficult to discern and reticulations
rather finer than in female, but on sides of face and inter-scrobal prominence similar to that on
frontovertex. Antennae, as in most species, with fourth ramus very distinctly over-reaching
fifth funicle segment : club about one-fifth longer than scape without radicle. Sculpture of
mesoscutum, scutellum and mesopleura about as in female. Fore wings relatively considerably
broader, and with postmarginal more reduced.
Altogether duller coloured than female : head and mesoscutum a very much darker green or
almost blue, the scrobal impressions not markedly different : axillae, scutellum and mesopleura
much less bronzy : remainder of body mostly brownish black with weak metallic reflections, the
propodeum green only at sides and the first large tergite not markedly green. Antennae pale
brown, with weak metallic reflections ; with scape flavo-testaceous in about basal two-thirds.
Fore and mid coxae broadly at base, hind femora and tibiae except at base and beneath, and
hind tarsi brown with metallic reflections : fore and mid tibiae very slightly darkened in part.
Redescribed from a series of 18 $, n <£. The stocks originated from AUSTRALIA:
New South Wales, Sydney, ex Pseudococcus fragilis Brain, em. i-iii.i928 (H. Compere)
(see Timberlake, 1929) and have since been reared in California in the insectaries at
Riverside and Fontana. The series also includes 3 $, 2 $ reared vi-vii.i93i from
Pseudococcus longispinus Targ. (=adonidum auctt.) at Epping, N.S.W., by S.
Flanders.
Timberlake (1929) figured the antennae in both sexes of this species as did Compere
(1939) for his species peregrina. Comparison of these published figures of the male
antennae would appear to show a considerable difference not only in the relative
length but also in the proportion of the antennal club, but a study of dry specimens
indicates that this is largely illusory. Compere evidently drew an antenna in which
the whole width of the compressed club segment was apparent, whereas Timberlake
must have drawn one in which the club was turned more or less sideways.
Hungariella piceae Erdos
(Text-fig. 14, PI. Ill)
1946 Hungariella piceae Erdos, Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 39 : 145-7.
1951 Tetracnemus diver sicornis Westwood ; Kryger, Ent. Meddr 26 : 119-21.
1955 Tetracnemus diver sicornis Westwood ; Ferriere, Mitt, schweiz. ent. Ges. 28 (i) : 133-5.
Head from above shaped about as in pretiosa (Timb.) (Text-fig. 15), but with eyes over-
reaching occipital margin ; in facial view also similar, but relatively longer (Text-fig. 14, cf.
Text-fig. 1 6) : lateral ocelli less than their own diameters from orbital margin. Eyes moderately
hairy, distinctly so X 65. Frontovertex much more finely reticulate than in pretiosa (Timb.),
almost as finely so as in the much smaller coffeicola sp. n. but less regularly : sides of face, cheeks
and inter-scrobal prominence finely scaly-reticulate.
Antenna (see Ferriere, 1955, fig. 25) decidedly elongate and slender : scape much more so than
in pretiosa (Timb.), reaching or over-reaching top of head : flagellum not sharply clavate but
increasing gradually in width to the club : funicle with first segment quite four times as long as
broad, and one and a half times as long as the second, third and fourth segments each shorter
but fifth longer than the preceding.
Reticulation on mesoscutum coarser than on frontovertex, much less outstanding and in
greater part much finer on scutellum, axillae and mesopleura.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 157
Fore wings weakly infuscate beyond speculum ; with prestigma considerably thickened ; with
marginal about two and a half times as long as broad ; with speculum not traversing the
relatively elongate radius.
Differs from pretiosa (Timb.) as follows : green coloration much less extensive, on head
reaching neither occiput nor lower level of eyes and on propodeum only on upper part of sides :
hind margin of frontovertex, cheeks, remainder of face and pronotum above bronzy like the
scutellum : mesopleura and sternum, propodeum in greater part, and sides of gaster pale brown
with weak metallic reflections, the gaster above darker and with the reflections stronger.
Mandibles stramineous, darker at apices. Antennae pale brown, paler than sides of gaster, and
with weak metallic reflections ; having the following stramineous : radicle except at base, scape
broadly beneath in about basal half, pedicellus almost wholly, funicle above to about middle of
first segment and beneath to about apex of third, though merging gradually to the brown colour.
Legs, including hind coxae, mostly stramineous ; having mid and hind femora at extreme apex,
fore femora and all tarsi pale testaceous ; having hind coxae at extreme base, third quarter or
more of hind femora, and apical segment of all tarsi pale brown, with weak metallic reflections.
Male differs as follows : reticulation on frontovertex finer than in female but sharper and
more outstanding : sides of face and inter-scrobal prominence finely scaly-reticulate, cheeks very
weakly so. Antennae with rami appearing long but actually not relatively so, the fourth ramus
not far over-reaching the fifth funicle segment. Reticulation on mesoscutum about as on
frontovertex, much weaker and less regular on scutellum, axillae and mesopleura. Fore wings
relatively a little broader, with marginal vein markedly shorter and stouter.
Green coloration about as extensive as in female but darker : remainder of body medium to
dark brown with more or less weak metallic reflections, only the scutellum and axillae pale
bronzy and decidedly shining. Antennae pale brown, with weak metallic reflections ; with
scape stramineous in about basal two-thirds, and with pedicellus pale testaceous at apex and
beneath. Mid coxae at base, hind coxae wholly, and hind femora except at extreme base brown
with metallic reflections : hind tibiae dark marked broadly at apex and before base.
Redescribed from the following material: HUNGARY: Kalocsa, 3 <£, 30. ¥.1951, on
Picea excelsa (J. Erdos) (paratypes). GERMANY: Erlangen, 2 $, 3 <$, io.v.ig5o,
ex Phenacoccus piceae (Loew) (H. Schmutterer).
Hungariella spilococci (Ferriere)
1957 Tetracnemus spilococci Ferriere, Opusc. zool., Munch. 10 : 4-5.
1963 Hungariella spilococci (Ferriere) Bachmaier, Beitr. Ent. 13 : 560-1.
Head from above strongly emarginate anteriorly and posteriorly ; with eyes not quite reaching
occipital margin ; with lateral ocelli about ij times their own diameters from orbital margin ;
in facial view as described for pretiosa (Timb.) but relatively even longer than in piceae Erdos.
Eyes strongly but not very densely hairy, very distinctly so X 45. Frontovertex much more
finely reticulate and shining than in pretiosa (Timb.) but distinctly less so than in piceae Erdos :
sides of face with reticulation as outstanding as it is between ocelli, but cheeks very finely
scaly-reticulate .
Antenna more elongate and slender than in pretiosa (Timb.), the scape reaching about to level
of top of eyes, the first funicle segment three and a half times as long as broad, much longer than
any of the following segments.
Reticulation on dorsum of thorax as described for pretiosa (Timb.), i.e. on mesoscutum much
coarser than on frontovertex of this species : reticulation on mesopleura decidedly finer than on
scutellum.
Fore wings moderately infuscate beyond speculum ; with prestigma considerably thickened ;
with marginal vein about twice as long as broad ; with speculum traversing the apex of the
radius, which is emitted at a much acuter angle than in pretiosa (Timb.).
Green coloration about as extensive as in piceae Erdos : hind margin of frontovertex, remainder
of face, and pronotum purplish bronzy like the scutellum : cheeks and remainder of body
ENTOM. 20, 5. 8
158 G. J. KERRICH
brownish black, with strong metallic reflections on cheeks, gaster and sides of pronotum.
Antennae blackish brown, with weak metallic reflections ; pale testaceous on scape at extreme
base, and on pedicellus at apex and beneath.
Legs mainly stramineous : fore and mid coxae at base, hind coxae and femora almost totally,
and tarsal apices brown with metallic reflections : fore and mid coxae in greater part and femora
broadly at base, and all trochanters stramineous.
Male differs as follows : reticulation on frontovertex and sides of face as in female, but not
nearly so fine on cheeks. Antennae with fourth ramus distinctly a little over-reaching the fifth
funicle segment. Sculpture on thorax about as in female. Fore wings relatively only a little
broader than in female.
Frontovertex, except for the purplish bronzy hind margin, and mesoscutum green to blue-
green with weak brassy reflections : face and cheeks very dull green to steel-blue, with similar
reflections : axillae and scutellum coloured about as in peregrina (Comp.) : occiput, pronotum,
mesopleura, propodeum and gaster brownish black, with metallic reflections. Antennae pale
brown with weak metallic reflections, having scape almost stramineous at extreme base. Leg
colour about as described for female.
Redescribed from the holotype $ and 3 $ reared from Spilococcus nanae Schmutterer
in southern Bavaria by F. Bachmaier (see Ferriere, 1957).
Hungariella mediterranea sp. n.
(Text-figs. 13, 22)
Head from above (Text-fig. 13) relatively broad, less deeply emarginate than in pretiosa
(Timb.) both anteriorly and posteriorly ; with eyes not quite reaching occipital margin ; in
facial view similar : lateral ocelli about their own diameters from orbital margin. Eyes strongly
and rather densely hairy, very distinctly so x 45. Reticulation of frontovertex a little finer and
less outstanding than in pretiosa (Timb.) : sides of face, cheeks and inter-scrobal prominence
more finely scaly-reticulate.
Antenna similar in proportion to that of pretiosa (Timb.), notably the first funicle segment
2^ to nearly 3 times as long as broad.
Reticulation on mesoscutum about as on frontovertex, much less outstanding and usually
much finer on scutellum, axillae and mesopleura.
Fore wings much as described for pretiosa (Timb.), but relatively much broader, quite strongly
infuscate beyond and before the speculum, the prestigma rather less thickened and bearing
stronger hairs, the marginal rather longer, and the radius having a long, sharp uncus (Text-fig. 22).
Head and pronotum blue-green to blue and reddish violet, with brassy reflections on fronto-
vertex : mesoscutum and propodeum brassy green or, in smaller specimens, more blue-green,
the mesoscutum usually with peripheral violet reflections, the propodeum more indefinitely
metallic coloured in middle : scutellum and mesopleura reddish violet, or the scutellum more
bronzy : gaster about as head, but the colours less pronounced, having the first large tergite
mainly blue-green. Antennal coloration as described for pretiosa (Timb.), but scape more
broadly pale on inner side.
Legs having hind coxae as sides of gaster ; otherwise mainly yellow-stramineous, the tarsi,
tibiae, hind femora above and mid coxae at extreme base darker.
Male differs as follows : reticulation on frontovertex and mesoscutum rather finer than in
female, on sides of face and inter-scrobal prominence about as on frontovertex, on cheeks,
scutellum, axillae and mesopleura about as in female. Antennae with fourth ramus very
distinctly over-reaching the fifth funicle segment. Fore wings about as in female.
Frontovertex, pronotum and mesoscutum a very dark green with metallic reflections : cheeks,
lower parts of face and sides of propodeum mostly a much brighter blue-green : scutellum
bronzy, mesopleura and often axillae blue and reddish violet : gaster, middle and sides of
propodeum blackish brown with metallic reflections. Antennal colour as described for pretiosa
(Timb.) male. Legs much as described for female, but the hind femora and tibiae dark, except
at base and above.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 159
Holotype $. FRANCE: Antibes, 1956, ex Pseudococcus sp. on Choisya (Benassy).
Paratypes. FRANCE: 4 $, 4 <$ (same data as holotype), i $, 4 <£, 1956, £# Pseudo-
coccus sp. on Pittosporum (Benassy).
Holotype and paratypes in Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, paratypes in
British Museum (Natural History).
Hungariella brounii (Howard Ms.) (Timberlake), comb. n.
(Text-fig. 23)
1929 Tetracnemus brounii Timberlake, Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 5 (2) : 6.
J939 Tetracnemus brounii Timberlake ; Compere, Ibidem, 7 (4) : 60.
Head from above rather strongly but narrowly emarginate anteriorly, about as deeply so
behind as in mediterranea sp. n. ; relatively less broad than in pretiosa (Timb.) ; with eyes not
quite reaching occipital margin ; in facial view similar to pretiosa (Timb.) but relatively some-
what longer : ocelli relatively small, the lateral ones twice their own diameters from orbital
margin. Eyes moderately hairy, just distinctly so X 65. Reticulation on frontovertex more
strongly outstanding than in pretiosa (Timb.), about as in peregrina (Comp.), and on sides of face
equally strong : inter-scrobal prominence more weakly reticulate, and cheeks very finely
scaly-reticulate .
Antenna with scape and pedicellus about as in pretiosa (Timb.) ; with first funicle segment
cylindrical, about 2j times as long as broad ; with remainder of funicle broadening markedly to
the club, with second to fourth funicle segments each about three-fifths the length of the first,
the fifth distinctly longer (the fourth and fifth subequal in pretiosa) .
Reticulation on scutellum and axillae less outstanding than on frontovertex but coarser, on
mesoscutum as outstanding as on head and still coarser, on mesopleura much weaker and finer.
Fore wings (Text-fig. 23) clear, not infuscate, relatively narrower than in pretiosa (Timb.) ;
with prestigma considerably thickened ; with marginal vein nearly twice as long as broad ;
with speculum not traversing the radius, which is emitted at about the same angle as in pretiosa
(Timb.).
Head in greater part and mesoscutum colour about as described for peregrina (Comp.), but the
head often in part violescent : axillae dull bronzy ; scutellum pale brassy green : mesopleura
pale brown, with very weak metallic reflections : propodeum pale brown, with metallic reflec-
tions rather weak even on sides : gaster usually much darker, with greenish, purplish and
brighter reflections. Antennal coloration as described for pretiosa (Timb.) but paler, the scape
pale stramineous in about basal half to two-thirds.
Legs whitish stramineous : hind coxae pale brown like the mesopleura but darker : tarsi,
tibiae, and often mid coxae at base slightly tinged with the same, the tarsi dark at apex.
Male differs as follows : reticulation on frontovertex decidedly finer than in female and on
sides of face still finer. Antennae with fourth ramus distinctly over-reaching fifth funicle
segment. Sculpture of mesonotal sclerites and mesopleura about as in female. Fore wings
relatively a little broader than in female.
Altogether duller coloured than female : head mostly a dull blue-green, with infusions of
bronzy : mesoscutum the same, or mostly overspread with bronzy : scutellum a relatively bright
bronzy, axillae duller : mesopleura and propodeum rather duller than in female, but gaster
about the same. Antennae pale brown, with weak metallic reflections ; with scape pale
stramineous in about basal half to two-thirds. Legs stramineous, the following pale brown
with weak metallic reflections : hind coxae, mid coxae weakly at base, hind femora except at
base and apex, hind tibiae except at base, and all tarsi : mid femora and tibiae just weakly
darkened above.
Redescribed from the following material: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, 6 $, 5 <$,
I9.iii.i927, ex Pseudococcus sp. (E. S. Gourlay). These specimens are part of the
160 G. J. KERRICH
material which was reared by Mr. Gourlay from mealybug on the " black passion-
fruit vine ", as he has informed me by letter. Material is to be deposited in the
British Museum (Natural History), and in the Cawthron Institute and the Depart-
ment of Entomology, Nelson, N.Z.
The holotype $ and allotype are in the U.S. National Museum, but the paratypes,
i.e. the remaining specimens seen by Mr. Timberlake, cannot be traced either as
having been retained by him at Riverside or as having been received back by Mr.
Gourlay.
Hungariella peregrina (Compere)
J939 Tetracnemus peregrinus Compere, Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 7 (4) : 59—61.
Head from above about same shape as pretiosa (Timb.) (Text-fig. 15), but with eyes just
over-reaching occipital margin ; in side view more strongly narrowed to mouth than in pretiosa
(Timb.) ; in facial view with cheeks more rounded than in pretiosa (Timb.) : lateral ocelli slightly
less than their own diameters from orbital margin. Eyes strongly and densely hairy, very
distinctly so X 45. Reticulation on head more strongly outstanding than in pretiosa (Timb.).
Antenna as described and figured by Compere (1939), notably the scape much less elongate
than in pretiosa (Timb.) and the first funicle segment hardly longer than broad, shorter than any
of the four following segments.
Reticulation on mesoscutum and also scutellum finer than in pretiosa (Timb.) : mesopleura
much more weakly reticulate than scutellum. Fore wings rather weakly infuscate beyond and
before speculum ; with prestigma scarcely thicker than first abscissa of submarginal ; with
marginal not nearly twice as long as broad ; with speculum not traversing the radius, which is
emitted at a much acuter angle than in pretiosa (Timb.).
Differs from pretiosa (Timb.) as follows : head, mesoscutum and propodeum a duller, decidedly
blue-green with reflections less pronounced : axillae and scutellum duller, something between
brassy and bronzy, the scutellum distinctly green at sides : mesopleura pale brown, with weak
metallic reflections.
Antennal coloration as described for pretiosa (Timb.), but scape often much more broadly pale.
Legs mainly a paler stramineous than in pretiosa (Timb.), the hind coxae beneath often also of
this colour : hind femora, except broadly at base and narrowly at apex and beneath, usually
brown with metallic reflections, and fore femora in part occasionally so (Moroccan specimen).
Male differs as follows : reticulation on head, mesoscutum, scutellum and mesopleura about
as in female. Antennae with fourth ramus very distinctly over-reaching fifth funicle segment.
Fore wings relatively distinctly broader ; with postmarginal very reduced.
Green coloration much less prominent than in female, usually obvious on sides of face, but
often indistinct on fronto vertex and mesoscutum. Antennal colour as described for pretiosa
(Timb.) male. Leg colour much as described for the male of pretiosa (Timb.) but the stramineous
coloration paler, and the hind femora not markedly pale beneath.
Redescribed from the following material: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, i $, 3 <£,
io.ix.i934, ex Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.), (H. Compere) (paratypes). U.S.A.:
California, San Diego, Balboa Park, i $, 3.1.1940, ex Ps. longispinus (Targ.) on
Dracaena (S. E. Flanders}', Fontana, 5 $, i <£, 1953, ex Ps. longispinus (Targ.),
Commonwealth Inst. of Biological Control. SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Town, 2 $, 2 <#,
24 . vii-i3 . viii . 1924, ex " black scale " (E. W. Rust) (reared at Riverside) ; Elsenburg,
3 $, 2 $, 1926, ex mealybug on pear (F. W. Petty) ; Camps Bay, 2 $, I <#, ex Coccid on
Oleander (H. Compere); Malmesbury, 17 <^, 7.1.1937, ex Pseudococcus fragilis Brain
(H. Compere); Natal, Durban, i <£, viii. 1947, ex mealybug material (H. Compere);
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 161
Transvaal, Pretoria, I $, I $, xi.1954, ex scale infested plant material (E. G. C.
Bedford}. ST. HELENA: Thomson's Wood, I $, 29.^1.1959, "on gumwood "
(C. R. Wallace). MOROCCO: i ?, 5.^.1953, " ^B 518 ", " Vanden Bosch Skipper ".
FRANCE: Menton, i $, 2 <£, iv.i952, ex Ps. longispinus (Targ.) on Chamaerops
humilis (L.) (Palmae), i $, 3 ^, vi.1952, ex Ps. longispinus (Targ.) on Pittosporum
tobira Ait. (/. Ghesquiere). Material in Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, in
Department of Agriculture, Pretoria, in collection of Monsieur J. Ghesquiere, in
Narodni Museum, Prague, and in British Museum (Natural History).
Hungariella coffeicola sp. n.
(Text-figs. 17-18, 24)
Head from above (Text-fig. 17) much longer than in pretiosa (Timb.) ; strongly emarginate
anteriorly and rather strongly so posteriorly ; with eyes distinctly over-reaching occipital
margin ; in facial view (Text-fig. 18) with cheeks more rounded than in pretiosa (Timb.) ; lateral
ocelli about their own diameters from orbital margin. Eyes weakly hairy (x 100). Fronto-
vertex much more finely reticulate than in pretiosa (Timb.) : sides of face, cheeks and inter-
scrobal prominence very finely scaly-reticulate.
Antenna with scape about as in peregrina (Comp.), with first funicle segment not quite twice
as long as broad, longer than any of the four following, which are more strongly expanded from
base to apex than in pretiosa and peregrina.
Reticulation on mesoscutum and scutellum about as on frontovertex ; that on mesopleura
decidedly finer but still sharp and outstanding.
Fore wings (Text-fig. 24) moderately infuscate before speculum ; with prestigma considerably
thickened, bearing three hairs that are about as strong as those on first abscissa of submarginal ;
with marginal less than twice as long as broad, bearing two hairs that also are especially con-
spicuous ; with radius short and stout, having a distinct but not sharp uncus.
Colour of head, thorax, propodeum and gaster as described for pretiosa (Timb.). Antennal
coloration as described for peregrina (Comp.). Legs having the following coloured as sides of
gaster but paler : hind coxae except at extreme apex, mid coxae in about basal three-fifths, and
hind femora except at base and apex : otherwise mainly pale stramineous, the fore and mid
femora at apex, tibiae and tarsi tending to rufo-testaceous, the mid and hind tarsi infuscate at
apex : sometimes having fore and mid femora and hind tibiae weakly infuscate in part.
Male differs as follows : reticulation on frontovertex slightly coarser than in female but much
sharper and more outstanding ; on sides of face about the same as on frontovertex but on cheeks
much finer. Antennae with fourth ramus not so distinctly over-reaching fifth funicle segment
as in peregrina (Comp.). Reticulation on thorax about as in female. Fore wings relatively a
little broader than in female.
Differs from female as follows : frontovertex and mesoscutum a duller brassy green or blue-
green with more bronzy reflections ; face and cheeks almost blue ; scutellum a duller bronzy :
in contrast with pretiosa (Timb.) the scrobal impression is bright bronzy as in the female.
Antennae pale brown, with weak metallic reflections : scape sometimes wholly flavo-testaceous,
but more often in large part darkened. Leg colour much as described for female, but the hind
tibiae and tarsi often more strongly and extensively infuscate.
Holotype $. UGANDA : Bukalasa, 20 . iii . 1938, ex Planococcus kenyae (Le Pelley)
on Coffea robusta (A. R. Melville).
Paratypes. UGANDA: 5 $>, 4 <$ (same data as holotype), 8 $, same data but 2.v.
1928; Entebbe, i ?, 16.111.1938, Mbarara, i $, vi.i938, Toro, 10 ?, 4 $, 2.viii.i928,
ex PI. kenyae on C. robusta (A. R. Melville); Kimiriri, 2 $, 4 o, ix.1953, ex Pseudo-
coccus sp. (A. A. Talbot). KENYA: Nairobi, National Agricultural Laboratory,
5 $, 4 <$, 1938, propagated on PL kenyae (R. Le Pelley).
1 62
G. J. KERRICH
Holotype in British Museum (Natural History); paratypes in British Museum
(Natural History), in U.S. National Museum, in Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside,
in Australian National Collection, in Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, in
Narodni Museum, Prague, in Coryndon Museum, Nairobi, and in Department of
Agriculture, Pretoria.
Additional material studied. UGANDA: Kangundo, 5 <$, vi.i955, ex Planococcus
citri (Risso) on Coffea arabica (D. J. McCrae). Mr. McCrae wrote in a letter dated
28th January, 1958 that the form reared from P. citri would attack P. kenyae but
that no progeny were reared. No female specimen of this rearing was received in
London ; the males do not appear to me to differ significantly from specimens reared
from P. kenyae, in particular, the marginal vein bears the two conspicuous hairs.
Hungariella indica (Ramakrishna Ayyar), comb. n.
(Text-figs. 19-20)
1929 Tetracnemus indicus Ramakrishna Ayyar, Rec. Indian Mus. 34 : 287-8.
Head collapsed in all specimens available for study, but apparently shaped about as in
coffeicola sp. n. (Text-figs. 17-18). Lateral ocelli about their own diameters from orbital margin.
Eyes weakly hairy (x 100). Pronto vertex reticulate about as in pretiosa but a little finer :
sides of face and inter-scrobal prominence not much more finely sculptured than fronto vertex.
Antenna with scape and first four funicle segments about as in coffeicola sp. n., the fifth funicle
very much larger, more resembling a club segment (Text-fig. 20) .
Reticulation of mesoscutum, scutellum and mesopleura about as coarse as on frontovertex but
much less outstanding, the surfaces more shining.
16
18
FIGS. 13-18. Hungariella species, females. 13, H. mediterranea sp. n., head, seen from
above ; 14, H. piceae Erdos, head in facial view ; 15, H. pretiosa (Timb.), head, seen
from above ; 16, the same in facial view ; 17, H. coffeicola sp. n., head, seen from above ;
1 8, the same, in facial view.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI
163
Fore wings rather weakly infuscate beyond and before speculum ; with prestigma not much
thickened ; with marginal about twice as long as broad ; with radius emitted about as in
peregrina (Comp.).
Head for the most part, mesoscutum, scutellum, propodeum and first large tergite a rather
bright brassy green : occiput, pronotum, mesopleura, sternal regions and most of gaster pale
brown, with weak metallic reflections : antennae having scape wholly stramineous ; having
pedicellus and flagellum pale brown, with multicoloured metallic reflections. Legs with hind
coxae above coloured as mesopleura but paler : otherwise pale testaceous to dull stramineous,
the segments tending to rufous at their apices.
20
21
23
FIGS. 19-24. Hungariella species. 19-20. H. indica (Ram. Ayyar), right antenna, in
dextro-lateral view, of 19, male and 20, female. 21-23. Right fore wing of female of
21, H. pretiosa (Timb.) ; 22, H. mediterranea sp. n. ; 23, H. brounii (Timb.). 24, Part of
right fore wing of female, on larger scale, of H. coffeicola sp. n.
164 G. J. KERRICH
Male differs as follows : reticulation on frontovertex, sides of face and inter-scrobal promi-
nence about as in female. Antennae with fourth ramus very distinctly over-reaching the fifth
funicle segment. Sculpture of thorax as described for female, but the surfaces not so shining.
Fore wings relatively markedly broader, and with marginal vein stouter.
Not much green coloration on first large tergite, and scutellum mainly bronzy : green parts
otherwise as in female, the green, however, much darker, but less dark than in male pretiosa
(Timb.). Antennal colour as described for female. Leg colour much as described for female,
but the hind femora at apex and hind tarsi more darkened.
Redescribed from the following: INDIA: Madras, Coimbatore, 3 $, viii.1924, on
Planococcus citri (Risso), (T.V. Ramakrishna Ayyar} (holotype and paratypes);
Coimbatore, 5 ?, 3 c£, 25.viii.i937, ex Planococcus sp. Hilacinus (Ckll.) (R.H. Le
Pelley}.
Through the kindness of Dr. S. Pradhan I have been able to examine the type of
Tetracnemus indicus Ramakrishna Ayyar from the Zoological Survey of India,
Calcutta, and I am satisfied that it is the same as the species later reared at Coimbatore
by R. H. Le Pelley. There are certain obscurities in the original description. The
type is mounted on a slide with the head detached. The artist has evidently drawn
the text-figure from the facial view but has so altered the focus of the microscope that
the base of the antennal scape is not shown as being above the lower face and genae.
The author has described the scape as projecting far beyond the anterior margin of
the head, which evidently applies to the same view in which these structures are
seen: the scape at rest does not reach the top of the head, in fact the length of
scape and radicle is decidedly less than the distance from the base of the radicle to
the median ocellus, as is shown accurately in the figure. The petiole of the first
funicle segment does appear, in the slide mount, to consist of two rings.
Two other male specimens, mounted on slides and labelled in the same hand-
writing with the same data were among material on loan from Dr. Compere. These
were probably among material given to him when he visited Dr. Ramakrishna Ayyar
at Coimbatore on 28th June, 1932, and are evidently the two paratypes. Compere
has generously agreed that they may be deposited in the British Museum (Natural
History) and the U.S. National Museum respectively.
Further material in Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, at Citrus Experiment
Station, Riverside, and in British Museum (Natural History).
KEY TO SPECIES OF HUNGARIELLA Erdos : FEMALES
1 Of more slender and elongate build than its known congeners, with gaster about equal
to combined length of head, thorax and propodeum : antennae decidedly elongate
and slender, with scape reaching top of head, with flagellum not sharply clavate,
and with first funicle segment quite four times as long as broad : pedicellus almost
wholly stramineous and flagellum conspicuously so at base : Europe . piceae Erdos
Less slenderly built, with gaster much less than combined length of head, thorax
and propodeum : antennae much stouter, with scape not reaching top of head, with
flagellum more or less sharply clavate, and with first funicle segment plainly less
than four times as long as broad : pedicellus only stramineous at apex and beneath,
and funicle not pale at base .......... 2
2 First funicle segment i\ to 3^ times as long as broad [a compact group of species
separable also on individual characters from those in alternate] .... 3
First funicle segment plainly less than twice as long as broad .... 6
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 165
First funicle segment 3^ times as long as broad : head, in facial view, even longer than
in piceae Erdos (Text-fig. 14) : hind femora almost wholly brown: Europe
spilococci (Ferriere)
First funicle segment about 2^ times as long as broad: head, in facial view, much
less elongate (e.g. Text-fig. 16) : hind femora mostly yellow-stramineous . . 4
Antennal funicle strongly expanded towards the club, the fifth segment distinctly longer
as well as broader than the fourth and thus appearing transitional : ocelli relatively
small, the lateral ones twice their own diameters from orbital margin: fore wings
hyaline, relatively narrow (Text-fig. 23) : scutellum pale brassy green : mesopleura
pale brown, with very weak metallic reflections: New Zealand
brounii (Howard MS.) (Timberlake)
Antennal funicle slightly expanded towards the club, the fifth segment subequal in
length to the fourth and not appearing transitional : lateral ocelli about their own
diameters from orbital margin: fore wings at least moderately infuscate, broader:
scutellum and mesopleura more or less bronzy or reddish violet, the metallic colour
on the mesopleura strong .......... 5
Head from above (Text-fig. 15): eyes moderately hairy, distinctly so X 65: fore
wings moderately broad, with uncus normal (Text-fig. 21): distribution wide-
spread .......... pretiosa (Timberlake)
Head from above (Text-fig. 13) relatively broad and less deeply emarginate: eyes
strongly and rather densely hairy, very distinctly so X 45 : fore wings still
broader, the radius having a long, sharp uncus (Text-fig. 22) : Mediterranean area
mediterranea sp. n.
First funicle segment hardly longer than broad, shorter than any of the following (see
Compere, 1939, fig. 2): head about same shape as in pretiosa Timb. (Text-fig. 15):
eyes strongly and densely hairy, very distinctly so X 45 : frontovertex and
mesoscutum blue-green, duller: distribution widespread . . peregrina (Compere)
First funicle segment nearly twice as long as broad, longer than any of the three
following: head from above much longer (e.g. Text-fig. 17): eyes weakly hairy
( x 100) : frontovertex and mesoscutum medium green to bright brassy green . 7
Fifth funicle segment about as long as the first and much larger than any of the
preceding, more like a club segment (Text-fig. 20) : marginal vein not bearing two
very conspicuous hairs: scape wholly stramineous: hind femora pale testaceous,
rufous towards apex : southern India . . . indica (Ramakrishna Ayyar)
Fifth funicle segment decidedly shorter than first and not much larger than fourth:
marginal vein bearing two very conspicuous hairs (Text-fig. 24) : scape pale brown
on about apical half: hind femora, except at base and apex, brownish black with
metallic reflections: East Africa ...... coffeicola sp. n.
KEY TO SPECIES OF HUNGARIELLA Erdos : MALES
Antennae with fourth ramus hardly or only a little over-reaching the fifth funicle
segment : species known from northern and middle Europe ..... 2
Antennae with fourth ramus very distinctly over-reaching the fifth funicle segment :
Mediterranean region and extra-European ....... 3
Antennal scape pale in about basal two-thirds : eyes less strongly hairy (see descrip-
tion) ............ piceae Erdos
Antennal scape pale at extreme base only : eyes more strongly hairy spilococci (Ferriere)
Antennal scape pale at extreme base only: radius more slender, and emitted at an
acuter angle ......... cf. spilococci (Ferriere)
Antennal scape flavo-testaceous in about basal two-thirds: radius stouter, and
emitted at a less acute angle .......... 4
Antennal club about one-fifth longer than scape without radicle : eyes distinctly hairy
X 65 . . . . . . . . . . pretiosa (Timberlake)
166 G. J. KERRICH
Antennal club about equal in length to scape without radicle .... 5
5 Ocelli relatively small, the lateral ones twice their own diameters from orbital margin :
fore wings relatively narrow, though less narrow than in female of same species : eyes
moderately hairy, just distinctly so X 65: mesopleura rather pale, with weak
metallic reflections: New Zealand . . . brounii (Howard MS.) (Timberlake)
Ocelli relatively larger, the lateral ones about or even less than their own diameters
from orbital margin: fore wings relatively broader: eyes decidedly either more
strongly or more weakly hairy : mesopleura darker ...... 6
6 Eyes strongly hairy, very distinctly so X 45 : larger species ..... 7
Eyes weakly hairy ( x 100) : smaller species ....... 8
7 Reticulation of frontovertex finer, less regular and outstanding: eyes less densely
hairy : fore wings with prestigma markedly thickened, and with radius having a long,
sharp uncus : antennal scape and club relatively longer : scrobal impressions bright
blue-green : mesopleura blue and reddish violet : Mediterranean area tnediterranea sp. n.
Reticulation of frontovertex coarser, more regular and outstanding: eyes decidedly
more densely hairy than in any other known species: fore wings with prestigma
scarcely thicker than first abscissa of submarginal, and with uncus of radius normal :
antennal scape and club relatively shorter: scrobal impressions bronzy: distribu-
tion widespread including Mediterranean area .... peregrina (Compere)
8 Fore wings with marginal vein nearly twice as long as broad, not bearing two especially
conspicuous hairs: scrobal impressions green: hind femora dull stramineous,
weakly infuscate in about apical third . . . indica (Ramakrishna Ayyar)
Fore wings with marginal vein not nearly twice as long as broad, bearing two very
conspicuous hairs (see Text-fig. 24): scrobal impressions bronzy: hind femora,
except at base and apex, brownish black with metallic reflections . . coffeicola sp. n.
ERICYDNUS Walker, 1837
1837 Ericydnus (Haliday MS.) Walker, Ent. Mag. 4 : 363.
1875 Ericydnus Walker ; Thomson, Hymenoptera Scandinaviae 4 : 123-4.
1876 Ericydnus Walker ; Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25 : 762-3.
1909 Ericydnus Walker ; Schmiedeknecht, Genera Insectorum 97 : 195—8, 203.
1921 Ericydnus Walker; Mercet, Trab. Mus. nac. Cienc. nat., Madr.\ 60-1, 73-5, 158-9.
1952 Ericydnus Walker ; Nikol'skaya, Opred. Faune SSSR 44 : 324-6, 356.
1953 Ericydnus Walker ; Ferriere, Mitt, schweiz. ent. Ges. 26 : 6-20.
1964 Ericydnus Walker ; Peck, Bouc"ek & Hoffer, Mem. ent. Soc. Canada 34 : 64-77.
Elongate, slender Encyrtidae, with antennae and legs of female decidedly elongate : moderately
strongly sclerotized, so that in death the head is not especially liable to collapse or distortion as
it is in some allied genera.
Head from above reniform (Text-figs. 25-26), in this view not or but little emarginate
anteriorly on account of the scrobal impression, rather strongly to strongly emarginate posteriorly :
eyes rather sparsely but always distinctly pubescent, generally distinctly so x 25, nearly but
never quite reaching the posterior margin, which is sharp and distinctly raised : frontovertex
broader than an eye, bearing punctures of no more than moderate depth, that commonly are
separated by about their own diameters : lateral ocelli close to eyes : toruli obovate, separated
from mouth by less than their own length : common scrobal impression extending less than half
way up orbits. Mandibles greatly narrowed from base, bidentate, with upper tooth the longer.
Antennae of female not strongly clavate : scape elongate, not dilated : funicle 6-segmented, the
segments increasing gradually in breadth : club 3-segmented, the first segment a little broader
than the sixth funicle. Thorax rather flattened above, not deep dorsoventrally : axillae
contiguous, with a short longitudinal suture between them1 : scutellum elongate except in very
short-winged forms, having a weak to strong laminate apical margin (Text-figs. 27-29).
1 In very short-winged specimens the axillae may appear separate owing to the hind margin of the
mesoscutum, when bent back, overlying the common suture.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 167
Propodeum with a pair of transverse keels, weakly or strongly developed, which bend round at
sides to near apices of the longitudinal keels which run back from the inner side of the spiracles.
Fore wings (Text-figs. 30-34) of normal breadth to narrow : marginal vein several times as long
as broad, and postmarginal at least about as long as marginal, usually considerably longer :
brachypterous forms frequent.
The species of this genus have been very much confused. Thanks, to a large
extent, to the loan of really extensive material by Drs. Z. Boucek and A. Hoffer, it
has proved possible to achieve a satisfactory separation of the macropterous forms :
in Europe there are here recognized six species, of which one may be a mutant form.
The micropterous forms are more difficult to separate since they are, to a greater or
lesser extent, more weakly characterized: the head shape, proportions of antennal
segments, and the propodeum are particularly affected.
Precise data of the Czechoslovak specimens are not included here, partly because
the material is so extensive, and partly because I understand it to be the intention of
Dr. Hoffer to make a more intensive study of the fauna of his own country in due
course.
Ericydnus ventralis (Dalman)
(Text-figs. 25, 30)
1820 Encyrtus longicornis var. ventralis Dalman, K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 41 : 166.
1837 Ericydnus paludatus (Haliday MS.) Walker, Ent. Mag. 4 : 363-4.
1876 Ericydnus ventralis Dalman ; Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25 : 763-5 (non var.
biplagiatus}.
1921 Ericydnus dichrous Mercet ($ non £), Trab. Mus. nac. Cienc. nat., Madr.: 159, 164-7.
1957 Ericydnus dichrous Mercet ; Erdos, A eta zool. hung. 3 : 21-3.
1966 Ericydnus ventralis Dalman ; Kerrich, Opusc. ent. 31 : 119.
Head, seen from above (Text-fig. 25) narrow and rather elongate, very weakly rounded or
broadly emarginate in front, having occiput extending back so that it is clearly visible behind the
occipital margin from above, in facial view with cheeks well rounded. Fro nto vertex very finely
reticulate ; with piliferous punctures of less than moderate size, nearly all separated by more
than their own diameters, and the orbitals not very small, separated by about their own
diameters : face and cheeks very finely scaly-reticulate. Eyes rather densely hairy.
Antenna with scape nearly reaching the median ocellus ; with pedicellus about twice as long
as broad and a little shorter than the first funicle segment : funicle broadening rather gradually,
having first segment about twice as long as broad and a little shorter than the second or third,
with the following decreasing in length gradually : club about equal to combined length of
segments four and five.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum very finely and weakly reticulate and densely
beset with weak piliferous punctures that are separated, some by more but many by less than
their own diameters. Scutellum sharply margined, very weakly laminate at apex, little raised
above metathorax. Mesopleura behind scaly -reticulate about as on cheeks, in front very finely
alutaceous. Propodeum on sides with reticulation about as on scutellum ; having a partly
reticulate median area bordered by or containing fine longitudinal keels, often a median keel, and
distinctly raised at mid base ; elsewhere very finely alutaceous and shining, with transverse
keels rather weak.
Wings relatively narrow, as in Text-fig. 30 or even considerably narrower, with postmarginal
vein extending relatively far beyond uncus. In this species only slight wing reduction is known,
and this condition is scarce.
Male antenna with scape reaching a little beyond the median ocellus ; with pedicellus
relatively shorter than in female, much shorter than the first funicle segment ; with flagellum
168 G. J. KERRICH
almost filiform : first funicle segment about twice as long as broad, second a little longer than
first and third a little longer than second, the remainder about equal : club less than the
combined length of the two preceding segments.
Frontovertex normally in greater part and inter-scrobal prominence red-violet, though
frontovertex broadly blue-green along hind margin and sometimes more extensively : scrobes,
temples and cheeks bronzy with bright reflection. Pronotum almost entirely dull blue-green.
Mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum and propodeum varying from almost entirely dull blue-green,
usually with a little testaceous colouring just above the tegulae, to (in a Spanish and, more
curiously, a Norwegian specimen) chrome-yellow, with little dark colouring except on upper
surface of propodeum : light red- violet reflection is widespread. Post-spiracular sclerite and
mesopleura varying from undarkened chrome-yellow (in a Spanish specimen) to dull testaceous,
the mesopleura almost wholly darkened. Gaster varying from bright testaceous, moderately
darkened in middle above (Spanish specimen) to dull testaceous, mostly darkened. Antennae
brownish black, with weak metallic reflections ; having scape often beneath and sometimes
almost wholly, pedicellus at apex and beneath, and sometimes basal segments of funicle, more
or less pale brown. Legs yellow-testaceous, with the following darkened : tarsal apices, hind
femora, at least in part, and tibiae and tarsi above, and often, especially in male, the fore and
mid femora and tibiae in part.
Dalman described this species, recording it as having been taken by Boheman in
the Swedish province of Smaland.
Six specimens stand in the Boheman collection as ventralis Dalman: all were
taken by Boheman in Smaland with the exception of the fourth, which was captured
in the Stockholm area, and the second, which seems to be a Zetterstedt specimen.
I designate the third specimen in the series as LECTOTYPE : this specimen is also
considered by Dr. M. de V. Graham to agree best with the original description. All
specimens in the series, except the first, which is now determined as sipylus Walk.,
belong to this species.
The first, second, third and fifth specimens in the series are marked as having been
seen by Thomson. In the Thomson collection there are specimens of this species
standing in the series named as both longicornis and ventralis.
I have studied the type of paludatus Walker, which is in the Haliday collection and
is a male from Portmarnock with very slightly reduced wings.
I believe Mayr's diagnosis (1876) to refer to this species.
I have not seen the female holotype of dichrous Mercet but feel confident of the
identity of the insect described. The male from the same locality, associated by
Mercet and illustrated by Professor Ceballos in his work, I have been able to study :
1 have not been able to identify this micropterous specimen with confidence, but
place it provisionally as a form of the species now determined as strigosus Nees.
The lamina at apex of the scutellum is more strongly developed than in any macrop-
terous male specimen of ventralis Dalm. that I have been able to study.
Material studied. IRELAND: Co. Down, Portmarnock, i $, type of paludatus
(Haliday ms.) Walker. ENGLAND : unlocalized, 2 $, 2 <£, Dale coll. ; Oxon., Lewknor,
2 $, 2.V1.IQ57, Otmoor, 2 $, 5.vi.i958, Bald Hill, i <j>, 3 $, vi.igsy, Berks., Bagley
Wood, i <j>, 3i.vii.ig54, Wytham Wood, i <£, I7.viii.i952, i <J, 5^.1958, 2 ?,
8.vii.T_959 (M. de V. Graham or M. F. Claridge); Berks., Silwood Park, i $, 22. v.
1950, on grass (0. W. Richards) ; Cambridge, i $, Hope-Westwood coll. NORWAY :
Jaeren Orre, i $, n.vii.i953, (Ardo). SWEDEN: Skane, Smaland and Stockholm
district, n specimens including lectotype, Dalman and Thomson colls. ; Narke,
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 169
Orebro district, i ex., 2i.v~4.vii (A. Jansson). SPAIN: Fuenterrabia, i $, I4.viii.
1919 (G. Mercet). GERMANY: Aachen, 6 $, coll. Forster. AUSTRIA: i $, i <£, ?
Ruschka. CZECHOSLOVAKIA: 59 $, 37 ^, iv.-iy.ix (Z. Boucek and ^4. Hoffer colls.).
HUNGARY: Tasnad, i $, Vacz. Tudosdomb, i <?, 6.vii.i93o, (/. Biro), Tompa,
2 $, i6.v, 2 ?, 25. v. 1950, Kelebia, 2 $, io.vi.i949, 2 ?, 19. v. 1950 (/. Erdos)
(mostly det. Erdos as dichrous Merc.). U.S.S.R., Tbilisi, Lisci, 2 $ vi.i957 (A.
Hoffer and /. Dlabola).
Ericydnus caudatus Erdos
1957 Ericydnus caudatus Erdos, Acta Zool. hung. 3 : 23-4.
Differs from ventralis Dalman as follows : ovipositor sheaths projecting by about two-fifths
length of gaster : microsculpture on frontovertex and dorsum of thorax decidedly more out-
standing.
So exceeding like ventralis Dalman in all other respects that I can only regard it as
a mutant form that is perhaps evolving into a distinct species through the develop-
ment of different oviposition habits.
Material studied. CZECHOSLOVAKIA: 9 <j>, 2 <£, iv.-25.viii, (Z. Boucek and A. Hoffer
colls.). HUNGARY: Tompa, 2 $, 16, r $, 30. vi. 1950, i $, i ^, 7.vii.i95i, (/. Erdos)
(cotypes).
Ericydnus japonicus (Tachikawa)
1963 Grandoriella japonica Tachikawa, Mem. Ehime Univ. VI 9 (i) : 58-61, figs. 11-12.
1966 Ericydnus japonicus Tachikawa ; Kerrich, Opusc. ent. 31 : 119.
The following redescription was made from a single female paratype kindly sent on
loan by Professor Tachikawa, by direct comparison with the European species of
Ericydnus, especially E. ventralis Dalman.
Head, seen from above, resembling that of ventralis Dalman in being relatively narrow and
rather elongate, but with eyes nearly reaching back of head, and not having the occiput visible
behind the occipital margin : in facial view more elongate and with cheeks little rounded.
Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture relatively coarse and sharp, though less outstanding
than in caudatus Erdos ; with piliferous punctures, except in inter-ocellar area, relatively small
and sparse, the orbitals not small but also sparse, separated by much more than their own
diameters : cheeks finely striate-reticulate. Eyes rather coarsely and sparsely hairy.
Antenna (see description and figure of Tachikawa (1963)) with scape relatively elongate,
slightly over-reaching the median ocellus, and with pedicellus (according to Tachikawa's figure)
decidedly but not greatly shorter than the first funicle segment (15 : 17).
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum very finely and weakly reticulate, sparsely
beset with weak piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by much more than their own
diameters. Scutellum sharply margined, very weakly laminate at apex, little raised above
metathorax. Mesopleura extremely finely alutaceous in front, weakly reticulate behind.
Propodeum on sides weakly reticulate, a little finer than on hinder part of mesopleura, above
finely alutaceous, with a scarcely defined median area that is not markedly raised at mid base :
keels running back from inner side of spiracles developed but difficult to see.
Fore wings as described and figured for ventralis Dalman, but the radial and postmarginal
relatively longer (see Tachikawa's illustrations) .
Frontovertex a deep blue-green behind, merging to strong red-violet just above the inter-
scrobal prominence ; the latter again deep blue-green, together with areas to the side of it and
the mouth region : cheeks dull bronzy. Pronotum, except at sides below, dull green with
170 G. J. KERRICH
bright reflection. Remainder of thorax and abdomen bright testaceous, the mesoscutum having
weak red-violet reflection : lateral areas of metanotum, and gaster in large part above and at
sides, blackish with weak green reflection. Mandibles pale testaceous, darkened at apices.
Antennae with scape and pedicellus bright testaceous, the latter considerably darkened above :
flagellum (according to original description) black. Legs bright testaceous, with fore and mid
tarsi somewhat darkened, and hind tibiae and tarsi mostly blackish.
Ericydnus strigosus (Nees)
(Text-figs. 28, 31)
Ericydnus longicornis auctt. plur. (non Dalman, 1820).
1834 Encyrtus strigosus Nees ab Esenbeck, Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium Mono-
graphiae 2 : 227—8.
1837 Ericydnus strigosus (Nees) Walker, Ent. Mag. 4 : 334.
1872 Metallon atriceps Walker, Notes on Chalcidiae 7 : 115-6.
1876 Ericydnus longicornis Dalman ; Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25 : 763-4 [Mis-
identification] .
1876 Ericydnus apterogenes (Forster MS.) Mayr, Ibidem, 25 : 763-4.
1921 ? Ericydnus dichrous Mercet <$ (non $), Trab. Mus. nac. Cienc. nat., Madr.: 159-60, 165-7,
fig. 50-
1966 Ericydnus strigosus (Nees) ; Kerrich, Opusc. ent. 31 : 119.
Head, seen from above, rather narrow (i.e. narrower than in macropterous forms of sipylus
Walk.) ; in facial view with cheeks slightly to moderately rounded. Frontovertex with reti-
culate microsculpture fine to very fine ; with piliferous punctures within and beside ocellar area
mostly separated by less than their own diameters, those before median ocellus much sparser
but not absent from the median area, and with orbitals not very small : face and cheeks very
finely scaly-reticulate. Eyes moderately densely hairy, distinctly so x 25.
Antenna with scape not reaching median ocellus ; with pedicellus nearly twice as long as
broad, and about equal in length to first segment : funicle broadening rather gradually, with
segments gradually decreasing in length, the first about one and a half times as long as broad,
the sixth almost as broad as long : club distinctly more than combined length of the two
preceding segments.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum with reticulate microsculpture fine, beset with
moderate piliferous punctures that are not very superficial and mostly are separated by about
their own diameters. Scutellum (Text-fig. 28) relatively narrow, dorsally almost flat, strongly
laminate at apex. Mesopleura rather strongly scaly -reticulate, often quite coarsely so behind.
Propodeum (Text-fig. 28) reticulate on sides, and with a reticulate median area which sometimes
contains a strong median keel ; elsewhere very finely alutaceous and shining, with transverse
keels rather weak to rather strong.
Fore wings (Text-fig. 31) moderately narrow.
In this species there is a considerable range of microptery, from forms with fore wings hardly
reaching apex of propodeum to others with fore wings covering the gaster for about two-thirds
its length. Micropterous are much less frequently found than macropterous forms.
Male antennae with scape reaching about to median ocellus ; with pedicellus twice as long as
broad or less, decidedly shorter than first funicle segment ; with flagellum longer than that of
female ; funicle almost filiform, showing considerable intra-specific variation in proportions of
the individual segments, but the segments gradually increasing in length : club about equal to
combined length of the two preceding segments, tapering strongly to apex.
Coloration in middle European latitudes— frontovertex, inter-scrobal prominence usually,
pronotum above, mesoscutum above, axillae, scutellum and sides of propodeum a rather dark
green, with reddish violet and bronzy reflections in very varying proportion : colour from
frontovertex merging through peacock-blue, which is seen also on inter-scrobal prominence, to
the upper face which usually is mostly reddish violet ; lower face, cheeks, temples, occiput and
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 171
propleura brownish black with indeterminate metallic coloured reflections of moderate strength :
remainder of thorax, propodeum above and gaster brownish black (faded to medium brown in
old specimens), with mostly weak and indeterminate metallic reflections, but the gaster above
often determinately dark green in part. Male gaster generally largely pale brown at base.
Mandibles pale brown, darker at apices. Antennae brownish black, the scape and pedicellus
with faint dark green reflections. Legs dull testaceous, to a greater or lesser extent darkened
more especially on hind legs, the fore coxae usually only darkened at extreme base though
sometimes much more extensively.
Coloration in Madeira — head a decidedly brighter green, with duller reflections little in
evidence : thorax and abdomen for the most part chrome-yellow : mesopleura except in front,
and propodeum between spiracles and median area, blackish with metallic reflections : gaster
above in about apical half dark green. Antennae with scape and pedicellus usually paler.
Legs bright testaceous, with only the tarsal apices more than slightly darkened.
The main collection of Nees ab Esenbeck is known to have been destroyed. Three
specimens of this species, two female and one male, stand as strigosus Nees in the
Walker collection, and I accept the interpretation of Walker as first reviser. Further,
although Mayr (1875) stated that Forster also determined another species as strigosus,
the only two specimens now in the Vienna museum labelled by Forster as strigosus
belong to this species.
A single mount in the Vienna museum is labelled " Er. apterogenes Forster, type "
and also "Aachen ". It bears five very small pins, from one of which the specimen
is missing. The four remaining specimens I determine as brachypterous males of
strigosus Nees: one of these, as indicated by my own label, I designate as LECTO-
TYPE.
Of Spanish material determined by Mercet as longicornis Dalm., I have seen one
female and one male of this species, and one female of a species only subsequently
recognized as distinct.
In the British Museum collection there have stood as atriceps Walker a macrop-
terous male, and one macropterous and five brachypterous females. The macrop-
terous female bears the green Walker type label and the label Metallon atriceps in
Walker's writing, but from the original publication one would deduce that the male
was the type. Fortunately this series is clearly conspecific. A study of inter-
mediates from southern Italian islands confirms my conclusion that this is a colour
form of strigosus Nees.
Material studied. ENGLAND: unlocalized, 2 $, I <$, Walker coll., 2 $, 2 $, Hope-
Westwood coll., i $, 2 <£, Dale coll. ; N. Devon, Martinhoe Common, I $, 22 . vii . 1955
(/. A. & D. J. Clark); Oxon., Lewknor, I $, 2.vi.i957, Bald Hill, 2 $, 18. vii. 1957;
Bucks., Hell Coppice, i <$, 23. vii. 1957; Kent, West Wood, i $, 6.ix.i957; Lines.,
Woodhall Spa, i ^, 25. vii. 1951 (M. de V. Graham or M. F. Claridge); Berks.,
Silwood Park, 3 $, 2 $, em. 4.vii-i3.ix.i949, ex Heterococcus pulverarius (Newst.)
(K. Boratynski). SWEDEN : Skane, Smaland, and Vastergotland, 3 $, 4 J, Thomson
coll.; Skane, Dalby, i $, 13. v., i <$, 7^.1938 (D. M. S. &J. F. Perkins); Stockholm
district, i $, 3i.viii.i95i, Narke, Orebro district, i ^, 9^.1954 (A. Jansson).
MADEIRA : 6 $ i $ (Wollaston) (material of atriceps Walker). SPAIN : Madrid province,
Cercedilla, i $, viii.i9i6, i $, 20. vii. 1917 (C. Bolivar). ITALY, Pantelleria, 2 $,
vii. 1954 (Pippa); Sicily, Madonia, 9 $, 2 ^, ix.i954 and 1955 (Gendago). AUSTRIA:
4 $> 5 c? (? all Ruschka); Leithagebirge, i $, 26. vii. 1951, coll. of G. Domenichini.
172 G. J. KERRICH
GERMANY: Aachen, 3 $, 4 <$ (A.Forster) (including syntypes of apterogenes (Forst. MS.)
Mayr. CZECHOSLOVAKIA: 136 $, 133 £, iv-x (Z. Boucek & A. Hoffer colls.).
HUNGARY: Szigetszentmiklos, I $, X.IQII, Nagyened, i ?, 1917, Vacduka, I $,
3.ix.i925, Fejervarcsvrgo, I J, 29.vii.i923, Tihany, i <$, 25. ix. 1930 (/. Biro};
Tompa, i <$, x.1954 (Z. Boucek}. U.S.S.R.: Odessa, i <j>, vi.1957, Tbilisi, 4 <j>, 3 $
(A Ho/«f &/. Dlabola).
Ericydnus robustior Mercet
(Text-figs. 26, 29, 32)
1921 Ericydnus ventralis var. robustior Mercet, 7>a£>. Mus. nac. Cienc. nat., Madr. : 164.
1952 Ericydnus aeneus Nikol'skaya, Opred. Faune SSSR, 44 : 356-7.
1966 Ericydnus robustior Mercet ; Kerrich, Opusc. ent. 31 : 119.
Head, seen from above (Text-fig. 26) broad, broadly and distinctly emarginate in front ; in
facial view with cheeks very little rounded. Frontovertex with punctation as described for
strigosus Nees, but with reticulation sharper and more outstanding : face and cheeks finely
scaly-reticulate. Eyes moderately densely, conspicuously white-hairy, very distinctly so x 25.
Antenna relatively more elongate than in strigosus Nees, with scape generally over-reaching
the median ocellus : funicle broadening more gradually and with segments hardly decreasing in
length, the first one-third longer than the pedicellus, the sixth one-third longer than broad :
club a little more or less than combined length of the two preceding segments.
Thorax structure as described for strigosus Nees, but scutellum (Text-fig. 29) weakly laminate
at apex : scutellum dorsally almost flat in female, but moderately convex in male. Propodeum
with reticulation on median area weaker than in strigosus Nees, often hardly developed.
Male antennae with pedicellus not much longer than broad : flagellum stouter in basal half
than in strigosus Nees, tapering markedly and with segments becoming gradually shorter from
middle ; club about equal to combined length of the two preceding segments.
Fore wings (Text-fig. 32) of breadth normal in the Encyrtidae, i.e. decidedly broader relatively
than in other species of this genus. Micropterous forms scarce.
Coloration normally (f. aeneus Nik.) very much as described for middle European populations
of strigosus Nees, but antennae and legs tending to be darker, the fore coxae generally pale only
at extreme apex.
Coloration of the unique female type of robustior Merc, is as follows : head a decidedly brighter
green, with duller reflections little in evidence : thorax and propodeum for the most part
chrome-yellow : pronotum except broadly behind, and mesoscutum medially in front, blackish
with blue-green reflection : mesoscutum and scutellum in middle with extensive light red-violet
reflection : metanotum, and propodeum above between spiracles, black with bright reflection :
gaster mostly blackish, overspread with dark green to bronzy reflections, dull testaceous at
sides near base. Antennal scape dull testaceous. Legs dull testaceous, with hind tibiae and
tarsi, and about apical half of fore tarsi, decidedly darkened. Fore wings moderately infuscate
around about apical half.
It is noteworthy that the mesopleura are chrome-yellow in this form, whereas in the similarly
coloured Madeiran form of strigosus Nees they are mainly blackish.
I have been able to make direct comparison between the unique type of robustior
Merc., a paratype of aeneus Nik. and other material of the green-bodied form.
Despite the striking colour difference, and that both yellow-bodied and green-bodied
forms have been taken within the province of Madrid, I find no significant difference
in structure, and have to regard the forms as conspecific.
Holotype £ studied. SPAIN: Madrid province, El Escorial, ^..vi
(G. Mercet).
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 173
Material studied of f. aeneus Nik. SWEDEN: Narke, Orebro, Brickebacken, I $,
4.viii.i955 (A. Jansson). SPAIN: Madrid province, Cercedilla, i $, 24.viii.i9iy
(C. Bolivar). FRANCE: Montpellier, 2 $, 20. ix. 1951, associated with Pinus (E.
Biliotti). CZECHOSLOVAKIA: 17 $, 14 <$, 5.v-2.ix. (Z. Boucek and A. Hoffer colls.).
U.S.S.R. : Bukhara region, i $, 8.ix.i948 (Petrova) (paratype of aeneus Nik.).
Ericydnus longicornis (Dalman)
(Text-fig. 33)
1820 Encyrtus longicornis Dalman, K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 41 : 165-6.
1861 Ericydnus atripes Forster, Programm Realschule Aachen 1860-61 : xxxiii.
1966 Ericydnus longicornis (Dalman) ; Kerrich, Opusc. ent. 31 : 119.
Head from above broad, scarcely emarginate anteriorly ; in facial view with cheeks distinctly
rounded. Fronto vertex with reticulate microsculpture relatively sharp and outstanding, and
with piliferous punctation relatively sparse ; the punctures in and beside the ocellar area are
mostly separated by more than their own diameters, and there is a sparse row of comparable
sized punctures on each side close to the orbital rows, leaving the frontovertex very broadly
impunctate before the median ocellus. Eyes relatively weakly and sparsely hairy.
Antenna with scape distinctly over-reaching median ocellus : with pedicellus one and a half
times as long as its greatest breadth and two-thirds length of the first funicle segment : funicle
broadening strongly to middle, the first segment one and two-thirds times as long as broad, the
fourth only slightly longer than broad, and the fifth and sixth slightly broader than long ; club
equal to the combined length of the two preceding segments, and equal to them in width.
Reticulate microsculpture on pronotum and mesoscutum extremely fine, that on axillae and
scutellum sharper : piliferous punctures on these sclerites fine and superficial, mostly separated
by distinctly more than their own diameters. Scutellum relatively broad and convex, weakly
laminate at apex. Mesopleura shining, no more than finely alutaceous. Propodeum finely
reticulate on sides, shining and very finely alutaceous above, with no distinct median area.
Fore wing of moderate breadth, with marginal vein relatively shorter than in strigosus Nees
but with postmarginal relatively longer, more than twice the length of the marginal ; in female
with a broad fascia of infuscation along outer half of fore margin and a weaker one along outer
half of hind margin (Text-fig. 33). Micropterous forms unknown.
Male flagellum relatively stout, slightly spindle-shaped, i.e. tapering markedly from middle
to both base and apex ; club appreciably less than the combined length of the two preceding
segments.
Frontovertex, pronotum above, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum very dark green to indigo,
merging to red-violet or bronzy on face and cheeks : pleura and abdomen a more or less bright
testaceous, the pleura usually in greater part, and propodeum and gaster largely above, over-
spread with blackish. Mandibles pale brown, darker at apices. Antennae having scape
testaceous, slightly to moderately darkened above, and pedicellus and flagellum brownish black
with weak metallic reflections. Legs testaceous, with darkening on usually only the fore coxae
at base, on all femora above in about apical half, and on all tibiae and tarsi.
Male differs as follows : pleura, propodeum and gaster brownish black with weak reflections.
Antennal scape much less markedly paler than pedicellus and flagellum.
It would not have been possible for me to gain an adequate idea of this species but
for the loan of a series of specimens from the collections of Drs. Z. Boucek and A.
Hoffer, and it is no wonder that the unique type in the Stockholm museum, which I
have studied, has invariably been misinterpreted in literature.
I have also studied the unique male type of atripes Forster, which is in the Vienna
museum. The locality, in eastern Switzerland, appears to be the furthest west that
the species is known.
ENTOM. 20, 5. 9
174 G. J. KERRICH
Material studied. SWEDEN: unlocalized, <$ type. SWITZERLAND, Roseg Tal,
<$ type of atripes Forster. AUSTRIA : Lower Austria, Gars, I ^, 5 . vii . 1904 (tRuschka}.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA: 7 ?, i.vi.-i8.viii, 33 <J, iS.v.-iy.ix (Z. Boucek and yl. ^Tq^r
colls.). U.S.S.R. : Caucasus, Mt. Elbruz, 2,200-2,500 m., i $, viii.i96o (E. S.
Sugonyaev).
Ericydnus sipylus (Walker)
(Text-figs. 27, 34-35)
1837 Encyrtus sipylus Walker, Ent. Mag. 4 : 445.
1838 Encyrtus baleus Walker, Ibidem, 5 : 428.
1861 Encyrtus basalis Forster, Programm Realschule Aachen 1860-61 : xxxiii.
1875 Ericydnus latiusculus Thomson, Hymenoptera Scandinaviae 4 : 125.
1876 Ericydnus ventralis var. biplagiatus (Forster MS.) Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25 :
763, 765-
1921 Ericydnus ventralis Dalman ; Mercet, Trab. Mus. nac. Cienc. nat. Madr., 159-60, 162-4
[Mis-identification] .
1949 Ericydnus ventralis var. biplagiatus Mayr ; Hellen, Notul. ent. 29 : 43.
1952 Ericydnus bicolor Nikol'skaya, Opred. Faune SSSR 44 : 356-7.
1966 Ericydnus sipylus (Walker) ; Kerrich, Opusc. ent. 31 : 120.
Head, seen from above, moderately broad, regularly rounded or scarcely emarginate in front,
in facial view with cheeks generally almost rectilinear. Frontovertex with reticulate micro-
sculpture regular and rather outstanding ; with piliferous punctures relatively sparse, usually
nearly all being separated by more than their own diameters, and the orbitals very small ; face
and cheeks moderately reticulate. Eyes moderately densely hairy, very distinctly so X 25.
Antenna with scape not reaching median ocellus ; with pedicellus greatly narrowed to base,
twice as long as broad and slightly longer than first funicle segment : funicle broadening
gradually, with segments gradually decreasing in length from the second, the first one and
three-quarter times as long as broad, the sixth almost as broad as long : club gradually broaden-
ing from funicle, almost the combined length of the three preceding segments.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum dull, finely alutaceous, beset with piliferous
punctures that are sharp but fine, and are separated by more than their own diameters. Scutel-
lum (Text-fig. 27) relatively broad, markedly more convex than in most species, strongly
laminate at apex. Mesopleura moderately reticulate. Propodeum with sides moderately
reticulate ; with median area bordered by and containing longitudinal keels, but not much less
finely alutaceous than the areas flanking it ; with transverse keels sharp, the segment rather
sharply declived behind them.
Fore wing (Text-fig. 34) relatively a little broader than in strigosus (Nees), and with marginal
vein relatively short.
Head for the most part blue-green, with indeterminate metallic reflections, very occasionally
red-violet, the upper face more bronzy. Thorax and abdomen bright testaceous, having large,
pale blackish marks with weak green reflection which normally are as follows : pronotum except
at sides extending on to mesoscutum, axillae almost wholly, large central mark on scutellum,
mesopleura, propodeum except on median area, and about hinder half of gaster above.
Mandibles testaceous, only slightly darkened at apices. Antennae with scape and pedicellus
pale brown, to a greater or lesser extent darkened above ; with flagellum brownish black, with
weak metallic reflections. Legs pale testaceous, with only the tarsal apices more than slightly
darkened.
Male antenna with scape over-reaching median ocellus : with pedicellus ij times as long as
broad, decidedly shorter than first funicle segment ; with flagellum longer than that of female :
funicle almost filiform, the segments increasing gradually in length : club decidedly less than
combined length of the two preceding segments (9 : u), tapering strongly to apex.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 175
Brachypterous forms of both sexes have the legs often much more darkened, especially the
hind femora near apex and the hind tibiae ; the undarkened parts are a duller testaceous.
Brachypterous males have the darkened parts of the thorax and abdomen a decidedly brighter
blue-green : macropterous males are unknown.
E. sipylus f . baleus Walker differs as follows : head sometimes as bright a blue-green but usually
duller, often with bronzy reflection : thorax and abdomen dull blue-green, with no testaceous
colouring or almost none, sometimes a little on and adjoining the tegulae. Antennal scape and
pedicellus generally considerably darkened. Legs, as in brachypterous specimens of f. sipylus,
generally darkened.
Text-fig. 35 illustrates a wing typical of this form. There is not much size range, for the wing
covers the first large tergite to about half its length ; but there is considerable variation in
shape, for the wing may be much more or much less pointed than as shown.
In this species, macropterous female specimens with extensive bright testaceous
coloration are normal in middle European latitudes, and those without such colora-
tion extremely rare. Micropterous females have been collected in perhaps larger
numbers than the macropterous, and of these, forms with little or no testaceous
coloration (f . baleus Walker) and those coloured more like the normal macropterous
specimens are about equally numerous. Micropterous females and males have been
collected in about equal numbers, but macropterous males are unknown. This is
the only species of the genus known in North America, where it has been found only
in California and only in the micropterous form.
In the British Museum collection are two female specimens labelled sipylus in
Walker's writing : the micropterous specimen must be the type, but fortunately it is
a relatively well characterized specimen with coloration so similar to that of the
macropterous that one can be confident of its identity.
A single brachypterous green-bodied female specimen is labelled baleus, and this
I take to be the type.
In the Thomson collection there are two mounts standing as latiusculus. One is
labelled " Him. Stal " and bears a specimen of sipylus f. baleus, while the other is
labelled " O " (=0land) and bears two specimens, the upper a female sipylus f. baleus
and the lower a brachypterous male of strigosus Nees. Professor C. H. Lindroth
writes that, despite extensive search, no specimen standing as latiusculus from
Smaland has been found among Thomson's duplicate material. Consequently I
designate the specimen collected by Stal in the Stockholm district as NEOTYPE of
latiusculus Thomson, which thus falls in synonymy with sipylus f. baleus Walker.
It is possible that Thomson made a lapsus in recording the locality, for he had other
Ericydnus collected in Smaland by Boheman, who had a country house in that pro-
vince.
In the Vienna museum there are eight mounts labelled " Er. basalis Forster, type ",
but only three of these are also labelled to indicate the locality Roseg Tal in the
Engadine, Switzerland. From these I select and designate the one remaining
female specimen as LECTOTYPE and determine it as a brachypterous sipylus
Walker. The specimens on the five other mounts are Protyndarichus britannicus
Alam. All twelve specimens standing as biplagiatus Forst. are brachypterous forms
of sipylus Walk. The first four mounts comprising five specimens are labelled
" Er. biplagiatus Forster, type ". I select and designate the first specimen as
LECTOTYPE.
176 G. J. KERRICH
I have studied a Spanish specimen determined by Mercet as ventralis. I have also
been able to study a paratype of bicolor Nik.
Material studied of f. sipylus Walker. ENGLAND: near London, 2 $ (including
type), F. Walker coll. ; unlocalized 3 $, Hope-Westwood coll. ; Berks., Silwood Park,
2 $, 15-30. viii. 1949, one ex Heterococcus pulverarius (Newst.), (K. Boratynski};
Kent, Bedgebury, i <£, 4. viii. 1935 (0. W. Richards}. SWEDEN: unlocalized, i $,
18 . viii . , Zetterstedt coll. ; Smaland and Gotland, i $, 2 <$, Thomson coll. FINLAND :
Nystad, i $, (W. Hellen). SPAIN: El Pardo, i $, lo.vi.igig (C. Bolivar}. GER-
MANY: Aachen, 14 $, (A. Forster) (as biplagiatus (Forst. MS.) Mayr). SWITZERLAND:
Roseg Tal, i $, 4 $, (A. Forster} (as basalis Forst.). CZECHOSLOVAKIA: 105 $, 8 $,
5.vi.-i6.ix. (Z. Boucek and A. Hoffer colls.). U.S.S.R. : Crimea, Sebastopol,
i $, 2.iii.i9ii (W. Pliginskii} (paratype of bicolor Nik.). U.S.A.: California, Los
Angeles, i $, Provancher coll.; San Bernadino, Mill Creek, i <$, 5.x. 1947, on
Erigonum subscapum (P. H. Timberlake}.
Material studied of f. baleus Walker. ENGLAND: Oxon. i $, 2.vi., i <£, 5.vii.
1957 (M. F. Claridge); Surrey, Box Hill, i $, 2.vii.i964 (Z. Boucek}. SCOTLAND:
Ross-shire, Gairloch, i $, 3.vii.i934 (0. W. Richards}. SWEDEN: Stockholm
district, I $ (Stdl) (neotype of latiusculus Thomson); Oland, i $, Thomson coll.;
Gotska Sandon, i $, Narke, Orebro, i $, 21. vi. 1941 (A. Jansson). FRANCE:
Fontainebleau forest, i $ (F. Walker) (type). CZECHOSLOVAKIA: 175 $, 44 $,
i.iv.-20.ix. (Z. Boucek & A. Hoffer colls.). HUNGARY: Tasnad, i $, 8.vii.i9i2,
Vacduka, i $, 6.vii.i930 (/. Bird). U.S.S.R.: Odessa, 2 $, i <$, Tbilisi, 5 <j>, 2 g,
vi.i957 (A. Hoffer &J. Dlabola).
KEY TO SPECIES OF ERICYDNUS WALKER : MACROPTEROUS FORMS
1 Head, seen from above (e.g. Text-fig. 25) relatively elongate and narrow: scutellum
hardly or very weakly laminate at apex: fore wings (Text-fig. 30) relatively very
narrow: frontovertex, at least in part, and mesoscutum in middle at least tinged
with, reddish violet ........... 2
Head, seen from above (Text-fig. 26) shorter and broader, scutellum rather weakly
to strongly laminate at apex (Text-figs. 27-29); fore wings (Text-figs. 31-34)
relatively broader ............ 4
2 Head, seen from above (Text-fig. 25) with eyes not nearly reaching back of head, and
having occiput extending back so that in this view it is clearly visible behind the
occipital margin; in facial view with cheeks well rounded: antennal scape (°.)
nearly reaching the median ocellus: eyes rather densely hairy: punctation of
frontovertex and dorsum of thorax (see description) : propodeum distinctly raised
at mid base: Europe ........... 3
FIGS. 25-35. Ericydnus species, females. 25-26. Head, seen from above, of 25, E. ventralis
(Dalm.) and 26, E. robustior Merc. f. aeneus Nik. 27-29. Scutellum and propodeum, seen
from above, of 27, E. sipylus (Walk.) ; 28, E. strigosus (Nees) and 29, E. robustior Merc. f.
aeneus Nik. 30-35. Right fore wing of 30, E. ventralis (Dalm.) ; 31, E. strigosus (Nees) ;
32, E. robustior Merc. f. aeneus Nik. ; 33, E. longicornis (Dalm.) ; 34, E. sipylus (Walk.)
and 35, E. sipylus Walk. f. baleus (Walk.), teg. = tegula.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI
177
25
27
29
30
178 G. J. KERRICH
Head, seen from above, with eyes nearly reaching back of head, and with occiput
not visible in this view behind the occipital margin ; in facial view with cheeks little
rounded : antennal scape ($) relatively elongate, slightly over-reaching the median
ocellus: eyes rather sparsely hairy: punctation of frontovertex and dorsum of
thorax much finer and sparser : propodeum not markedly raised at mid base : Japan
japonicus (Tachikawa)
3 Styli not or hardly projecting: frontovertex and dorsum of thorax with very finely
reticulate microsculpture ....... ventralis (Dalman)
Styli projecting by about two-fifths length of gaster: frontovertex and dorsum of
thorax with microsculpture decidedly more outstanding . . . caudatus Erdos
4 Scutellum rather weakly laminate at apex (Text-fig. 29) : head relatively broad
(Text-fig. 26) : fore wings relatively broad or with postmarginal vein more than
twice length of marginal : f unicle of male antenna stout ..... 5
Scutellum strongly laminate at apex (Text-figs. 27-28): head narrower: fore wings
narrow or moderately narrow (Text-figs. 31, 34), the postmarginal vein not twice the
length of the marginal : f unicle of male antenna almost filiform .... 6
5 Frontovertex with a row of moderate punctures on each side close to the orbitals,
broadly impunctate between these before median ocellus: cheeks distinctly
rounded : eyes relatively weakly and sparsely hairy : mesopleura shining, no more
than finely alutaceous: fore wing of moderate breadth, with postmarginal vein
more than twice length of marginal, in female with a broad fascia of infuscation
along outer half of fore margin and a weaker one along outer half of hind margin :
scutellum moderately convex in both sexes: funicle of female antenna broadening
strongly to middle, thence about parallel-sided, the sixth segment slightly broader
than long: funicle of male antenna stoutest in middle tapering to both base and
apex, with club appreciably less than combined length of the two preceding
segments longicornis (Dalman)
Frontovertex distinctly though sparsely beset with moderate punctures in middle
before median ocellus: cheeks very little rounded: eyes moderately densely,
conspicuously white-hairy: mesopleura scaly-reticulate: fore wing broad, with
postmarginal vein less than twice length of marginal, almost hyaline in both sexes :
scutellum flatter dorsally in female: funicle of female antenna broadening much
more weakly right to apex, the sixth segment distinctly longer than broad : funicle
of male antenna stoutest near base, tapering to apex, with club equal to combined
length of the two preceding segments . robustior Mercet ( = aeneus Nikol'skaya)
6 Scutellum relatively broad and convex (Text-fig. 27): propodeum sharply declived
behind the transverse keels, with surface of median area little more strongly
alutaceous than the dorsal areas to the side of it: orbital piliferous punctures
minute, mostly separated by more than their own diameters: head regularly
rounded anteriorly, in facial view with cheeks almost rectilinear: fore wings
(Text-fig. 34) of moderate breadth, with marginal vein relatively short : thorax and
base of gaster with extensive bright testaceous coloration (Spain to Finland) :
macropterous males unknown, and brachypterous male very scarce . sipylus (Walker)
Scutellum relatively narrow, dorsally almost flat (Text-fig. 28): propodeum not
sharply declived behind the transverse keels, the median area with stronger reticu-
late microsculpture: orbital piliferous punctures, though small, not minute,
separated by about their own diameters : head shallowly emarginate anteriorly, in
facial view with cheeks moderately rounded: fore wings (Text-fig. 31) narrow, with
marginal vein relatively longer : dorsum of thorax, in middle-European populations,
a rather dark green (though chrome-yellow in Madeira and intermediates occurring
in Mediterranean area) ; macropterous males and females about equally often
encountered strigosus (Nees)
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 179
KEY TO SPECIES OF ERICYDNUS : REDUCED WINGED FORMS
1 Head, seen from above, having occiput extending back so that it is clearly visible
behind the occipital margin : [forms with very reduced wings unknown] ventralis (Dalman)
Head, seen from above, having occiput not thus extending back, and not seen in
this view behind the occipital margin ........ 2
2 Orbital piliferous punctures minute, mostly separated by distinctly more than their
own diameters: propodeum sharply declived behind the transverse keels: scutel-
lum broad, strongly laminate at apex ........ 3
Orbital piliferous punctures, though small, not minute, separated by about their
own diameters : propodeum not sharply declived behind the transverse keels : if the
scutellum is strongly laminate at apex it is less broad ...... 4
3 Thorax and base of gaster with extensive bright testaceous coloration . sipylus (Walker)
Thorax without, or with very little, testaceous coloration
sipylus (Walker) f . baleus (Walker) ( = latiusculus Thomson of neotype)
4 Scutellum rather weakly laminate at apex (Text-fig. 29) and tending to be broader:
head relatively broad (Text-fig. 26) . . . . . . robustior Mercet
Scutellum strongly laminate at apex (Text-fig. 27) and tending to be narrower:
head narrower .......... strigosus (Nees)
Species incorrectly placed in Ericydnus Walker
Ericydnus megalarus (Walker)
1838 Eulophus megalarus Walker, Ent. Mag. 5 : 477.
1909 Ericydnus megalarus (Walker) ; Schmiedeknecht, Genera Insectorum 97 : 203.
This species was collected at St. George's Sound, Australia, by C. Darwin. The
type specimen was deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), but today
there remain only two fore wings largely gummed together and two parts of a leg
or legs. These parts seem more likely to be Pteromalid than Encyrtid.
Ericydnus chryscus (Walker)
1839 Pteromalus? chryscus Walker, Monographia Chalciditum 2 : 34-5.
1909 Ericydnus chryscus (Walker) Schmiedeknecht, Genera Insectorum 97 : 203.
This unique specimen has precisely the same data as the preceding. The head and
gaster are missing, but the thorax, propodeum and wings are intact, and also the legs
except for one tarsus. My colleague Mr. R. D. Eady has kindly examined this type,
and has determined it as genus near Tanaostigmodes(Eupelmida.e, Tanaostigminae).
Ericydnus reinhardi Mayr
1875 Ericydnus reinhardi Mayr Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25 : 763-5.
Graham (1958, Ent. Tidskr. 79 : 151) identified this as a species of Ectroma
Westwood, but did not see the type. Through the kindness of Dr. E. Konigsmann I
have examined the undoubted type, a specimen in the Reinhard collection from
Dresden labelled with the data quoted by Mayr. I confirm Graham's conclusion.
See also Hoffer 1957, Cas. csl. Spot. ent. 54 : 45-6, 51-2 + PI. fig. 4.
Ericydnus hemipterus Girault
1915 Ericydnus hemipterus Girault Mem. Queensland Mus. 4 : 172.
Riek (1962, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 87 (2) : 151-2) has transferred this species
to Xenoencyrtus Riek, a genus related to Ooencyrtus. There are specimens in the
collection of the British Museum (Natural History).
i8o G. J. KERRICH
Ericydnus clavicornis Compere
1939 Ericydnus clavicornis Compere Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 7 (4) : 62-3.
Compere has long since recognized the true generic placement of this species, which
is treated in the present work below (p. 225).
Ericydnus ivorensis Risbec, 1953
Through the kindness of Dr. R. M. Quentin of Bondy, I have been able to examine
the unique type of this species in London. It is clearly not an Ericydnus: my
colleague Mr. R. D. Eady considers it closely related to Ooencyrtus.
GRANDORIELLA Domenichini, 1951
This genus is very closely related to Ericydnus Walker, and the single species has
been studied with and is here redescribed in comparison with the Ericydnus species.
Grandoriella lamasi Domenichini
(Text-fig. 6)
1951 Grandoriella lamasi Domenichini, Boll. Zool. agr. Bachic. 17 (3) : 18-21.
Head from above (Text-fig. 6) relatively short and broad, with anterior emargination scarcely
perceptible ; in facial view (Domenichini, 1951, fig. vii, 4) with cheeks long, almost straight.
Frontovertex regularly, rather finely reticulate, beset with very distinct but superficial piliferous
punctures, a row along each inner orbit, another row inward of each of these, and other punctures
scattered irregularly between and around the ocelli ; the median area, however, between median
ocellus and scrobal impression, impunctate : face and cheeks much more finely scaly -reticulate.
Antennae [the figure of Domenichini 1951 is apparently inverted] with scape slightly over-
reaching median ocellus ; with pedicellus short, hardly a quarter longer than broad and hardly
longer than the breadth of the first funicle segment ; funicle broadening very gradually, the
first segment about three times length of its greatest breadth, the sixth about one and two-thirds
times : club very little broader than sixth funicle segment, about three-quarters the combined
length of the two preceding.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum covered with reticulation finer than that on
frontovertex and densely beset with weak, superficial piliferous punctures. Scutellum raised
well above propodeum, sharply margined but not laminate at apex. Mesopleura scaly-reticulate
as on face. Propodeum on sides with reticulation about as on scutellum, between spiracular
sulci almost smooth, with no trace of median area or keel, and with transverse keels weakly
developed and placed well forward.
Fore wings (see Domenichini, 1951, figs, vi, vii, i, 3).
Frontovertex, pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum and sides of propodeum green, with
reflections mostly brassy but on hind margin of frontovertex and on scutellum more bronzy :
propodeum a rather duller green : colour from frontovertex merging through peacock-blue,
which in Californian specimens is seen also on inter-scrobal prominence, to the face and cheeks
which are reddish violet : temples, occiput, mesopleura and mesosternum blackish green, with
more or less strong metallic reflections : tegulae, postspiracular sclerite and gaster yellow-
testaceous, the last tergites, however, more or less extensive green to violet but always leaving
the gaster broadly yellow-testaceous at base. Mandibles pale brown, darker at apices.
Antennae brownish black, with weak metallic reflections ; having scape, except for a line
above, and pedicellus at apex and beneath, more or less pale brown. Legs yellow- testaceous,
with the following blackened : fore and mid tarsi from about apex of metatarsus, hind femora
above, hind tibiae in about apical two-thirds, and hind tarsi.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 181
Redescribed from the following. U.S.A. : California, Fillmore, 2 $, 2 ^, 15 . v . 1935,
ex Phenacoccus sp. (/. D. Maple}. MEXICO: Morelos, Cuernavaca, I $, ii.1945, from
fruit of Lantana camara (N. L. H. Krauss). Material in U.S. National Museum and
in British Museum (Natural History).
CLAUSENIA Ishii, 1923
It may happen that a description of a monobasic new genus makes mention of
characters that prove later to be of only specific significance ; but not many points in
Ishii's description have been contra-indicated by the study of further species.
However, I should describe the toruli as nearer obovate than oblong. The description
of the thorax as elevated at the suture of the mesoscutum and axillae was presumably
made from specimens artificially bent in that position. The gaster is normally
shorter than the thorax rather than longer, especially in one of the new species ; and
the ovipositor is not or very little exserted when in a position of rest. Ishii's des-
cription "hypopygium prominent; ovipositor extruded" was presumably made
from specimens in which these are at least partly everted and not in the normal
resting position, and such specimens of purpurea Ishii do appear to have the gaster
a little longer than the thorax. The proportions given for the wing veins do not
apply to all the species; and the hairs distal to the speculum appear to become
gradually finer and denser towards wing apex.
The generic description may now be given as follows : integument metallic coloured, weakly
sclerotized and weakly sculptured. Head from above sub-reniform (Text-figs. 36-37) ; with
eyes over-reaching occipital margin, pubescent : frontovertex not narrow, finely reticulate, with
superficial piliferous punctures : toruli obovate, separated from mouth by less than their own
length : scrobal impressions wide and rather deep, meeting above and extending back to a level
about a third to half way up orbits. Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth rounded at apex.
Antennae of moderate length and not strongly clavate : scape elongate, not or but little dilated
below : funicle 6-segmented, sub-cylindrical, the first segment relatively short, the following
slightly and progressively increasing in size : club only moderately wider than funicle. Thorax
convex and moderately deep dorsoventrally : mesoscutum with notauli short but discernible :
axillae hardly separated : in certain lights a weak subapical furrow, suggesting a frenal furrow,
can be traced on the scutellum laterally, reaching the large, sub-apical bristles, in all species
except purpurea Ishii. Propodeum finely to very finely reticulate. Mid tarsus and tibial spur
rather short and stout. Wings relatively short and broad. Fore wings with the usual diagonal
speculum arising from near radius ; proximal to this with coarse hairs, and with a large hairless
area in region of basal cell ; distally covered with normal hairs, which become finer and denser
towards wing apex : submarginal vein thin and, in African species, hyaline just before its
meeting with marginal, gently curved at junction with the obsolete basalis, so that the costal
cell is almost parallel-sided for most of its length ; having about seven stout hairs on the basal
abscissa and a double row on prestigma : marginal vein usually quite three times as long as
broad, distinctly longer than radial, and moderately longer or shorter than postmarginal.
Gaster usually a little shorter, in one species much shorter, than thorax and propodeum.
Male differs as follows : frontovertex relatively much wider than in female, distinctly wider
than an eye ; with lateral ocelli separated by about their own diameter from eye (much less in
female) : toruli higher on face, separated from mouth by distinctly more than their own length.
Antennae with scape relatively much shorter, more dilated below ; with flagellum sparsely and
coarsely hairy (Rosen, 1965, figs. 10 and 21).
i8a G. J. KERRICH
Since the species of this genus are weakly sclerotized, specimens easily become
distorted ; so care must be taken in interpreting some generic and specific characters,
especially the shape of the head.
Parthenogenesis is evidently very frequent in this genus. Tachikawa (1963)
states that, in C. purpurea Ishii, females are commonly produced by unmated females.
Rosen (1965) states that males are abundant in josefi Rosen but extremely rare in
Purpurea Ishii. I have studied males of confusor sp. n., but have seen none of the
other three African species.
Clausenia purpurea Ishii
(Text-figs. 36, 38)
1923 Clausenia purpurea Ishii, Bull. imp. Plant Quarant. Sin 3 : 98-101, PI. XVIII, figs. 1-8.
1963 Clausenia purpurea Ishii ; Tachikawa, Mem. Ehime Univ. VI, 9 : 70-72.
1965 Clausenia purpurea Ishii ; Rosen, Proc. R. ent. Soc. (B) 34 : 61-63.
Female : head from above (Text-fig. 36) with frontovertex nearly a third the total breadth ;
in side view with cheeks not sharply narrowed to mouth ; in facial view (Text-fig. 38) : scrobes
moderately impressed. Eyes strongly and densely hairy, very distinctly so x 25. Fronto-
vertex with reticulate microsculpture relatively strong, with piliferous punctation neither fine
nor sparse but rather irregular, the punctures separated by once to twice their own diameters :
scrobal impressions and genae with reticulation very definite, the latter bearing scattered
punctures.
Antenna (Rosen, 1965, fig. 15) with scape distinctly a little dilated below, contracting some-
what to base ; with pedicellus somewhat elongate : funicle with first four segments distinctly
longer than broad, but fifth and sixth only a very little longer : club moderately stouter than
sixth funicle segment, with first suture moderately oblique, and second strongly oblique and
curved, nearly obliterating the lower margin of the second segment.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum covered with fine reticulation, as on head, the
mesoscutum densely beset with piliferous punctures of moderate strength, separated by about or
rather more than their own diameters, the scutellum much more sparsely punctate.
Fore wings with marginal vein distinctly longer than radial, and postmarginal about as long
as marginal.
Head blue-green to blackish, with bronzy reflections, the inter-scrobal prominence usually
bronzy. Pronotum, mesopleura and propodeum above blackish with bright reflections :
mesoscutum steely green to bronzy or purplish : scutellum and sides of propodeum mainly a
bright reddish purple, occasionally more green. Gaster blue-green, reddish purple and bright
bronzy. Antennae having scape pale testaceous, usually darkened above ; having pedicellus
and flagellum blackish brown, darkened above and with weak metallic reflections, the pedicellus
above often distinctly green or purplish. Legs having coxae and fore femora except at apex,
mid and hind femora and fore tibiae except at base and broadly at apex, blackish brown with
green or purplish metallic reflections ; otherwise yellowish testaceous, the mid and hind tibiae
darkened above near base, or sometimes more extensively, and the tarsi infuscate at apex.
Redescribed from the following. JAPAN: i $, ix.i9i3, ex Pseudococcus comstocki
Kuwana (S. J. Kuwand), per H. H. Smith; I $, x. 1917, ex mealybug on citrus (C. P.
Clausen). CHINA: Hunan, i $, 9.vii.i949, coll. Djou; unlocalized, 2 $, " ex no.
A4I4 " (/. L. Gressitt); no further data, i $, 23. vi. 1950. FORMOSA: 2 $, xii.1950,
i $, xi.igsi (T. C. Mao). " PALESTINE " unlocalized, 10 $, xi.i938, ex Pseudococcus
comstocki Kuwana (N. Bergen) (imported into U.S.A.), no data, 17 $, per H. Compere.
Material in Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, and British Museum (Natural
History).
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 183
Clausenia corrugata sp. n.
(Text-fig. 37)
Female : head from above (Text-fig. 37) relatively slightly broader than in purpurea Ishii ;
frontovertex relatively narrower, about a quarter the total breadth ; in side view with cheeks
sharply narrowed to mouth ; in facial view longer, with cheeks narrowed at about half a right
angle : scrobes weakly impressed. Eyes moderately hairy, distinctly so X 25. Head sculp-
ture differing from that described for purpurea Ishii in having the punctures larger, those on
genae quite large, and the frontovertex with transverse corrugations between median ocellus and
top of scrobal impression : scrobal impression smooth just beside and above inter-scrobal
prominence.
Antenna with scape narrow, not distinctly dilated below ; with pedicellus and flagellum much
as described for purpurea Ishii.
Dorsum of thorax decidedly more shining than that of purpurea Ishii, the reticulation clear-cut
but much finer, and the piliferous punctation on mesoscutum sparser and much sharper, the
punctures separated by about or rather less than twice their own diameters. Mesosternum
much more strongly sclerotized than in the other species, and produced backwards broadly
in middle.
Fore wings with marginal vein almost twice as long as radial, and postmarginal distinctly
longer than marginal.
More shining than the other species. Head, pronotum above, metathorax, and propodeum
above blackish, with weak, mostly bronzy, metallic reflections : sides of pronotum, mesoscutum,
scutellum, and sides of propodeum bright blue-green, with very conspicuous infusion of reddish
purple, or propodeum sides may be more blue : mesopleura a much weaker reddish purple on a
blackish or brownish background. Gaster blue-green above, bright bronzy in middle ; with
metallic reflections much weaker below. Antennae blackish brown with weak metallic reflec-
tions : pedicellus above and scape above and at sides coloured almost as mesoscutum. Legs
having coxae and trochanters except at apex, and femora except at base and apex, pale blackish
brown with weak, mostly purplish, metallic reflections ; otherwise pale testaceous, except that
the tibiae are a little darkened above near base, and the tarsi infuscate at apex.
Holotype $. GHANA: Tafo, 19.1.1953, ex Pseudococcus concavocerarii James on
Theobroma cacao (R. G. Donald).
Paratypes. GHANA: 3 $, same data as holotype. NIGERIA: Ibadan, i $, 17. v.
1951 (/. T. Davey).
Holotype and paratypes in British Museum (Natural History), paratype in U.S.
National Museum.
Clausenia josefi Rosen
1965 Clausenia josefi Rosen, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Land. (B) 34 : 61-63.
Head from above shaped similarly to that of purpurea Ishii though more deeply emarginate
behind ; in side view with cheeks sharply narrowed to mouth ; in facial view rather short,
narrowed at more than half a right angle. Eyes just distinctly hairy x 25. Frontovertex
with reticulate microsculpture fine, extending on to the scrobal impressions but there becoming
much weaker : piliferous punctures before the median ocellus fine and rather sparse, but those
on genae considerably larger than in purpurea Ishii.
Antenna as described and illustrated by Rosen (1965), notably the scape very slightly dilated
below, the lower margin of the second club segment very short, as in purpurea and corrugata, but
the fifth and sixth funicle segments about one and a half times as long as broad.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum with microsculpture finer than on frontovertex,
and sparsely beset with piliferous punctures that are very fine, rather difficult to discern x 65,
and mostly separated by much more than twice their own diameters.
184 G. J. KERRICH
Fore wings (see Rosen, 1965, fig. 7) with marginal vein widened to apex, only slightly longer
than radial, and postmarginal slightly longer than marginal.
Head steely green to blackish, with bronzy reflections. Thorax and propodeum reddish purple
with strong bronzy and occasional weak green reflections : scutellum with conspicuous bright
blue-green colouring near apex ; propodeum above blackish with bright reflections. Gaster
bright blue-green, with slight bronzy and reddish purple reflections above, very much duller
below. Antennae brownish black with moderate metallic reflections, the scape very narrowly
paler at base. Legs having coxae and fore femora except at apex, mid and hind femora and
fore tibiae except at base and apex, and mid and hind tibiae except at base and on about apical
third to half, brownish black with green or purplish reflections ; otherwise pale testaceous, the
tarsi infuscate at apex.
ISRAEL: redescribed from two female paratypes and one further specimen: two
male paratypes also studied. Despite the excellent description published by Rosen,
it was found necessary to write this redescription in order to make my study of the
species fully comparative with that of the other species treated.
Paratypes female and male are deposited in the British Museum (Natural History).
Clausenia guineensis sp. n.
(Text-figs. 39, 42)
Female : head from above about as broad, relatively, as in purpurea Ishii, but more deeply
emarginate behind ; in side view (Text-fig. 42) with cheeks not sharply narrowed to mouth ;
in facial view (Text-fig. 39) long, with cheeks narrowed at less than half a right angle : scrobes
moderately impressed. Eyes just distinctly hairy x 65. Head sculpture much finer than in
purpurea Ishii, the reticulate microsculpture very fine, and the punctures before median ocellus
smaller and much sparser : scrobes and upper part of inter-scrobal prominence shining and
almost smooth.
Antenna with scape distinctly a very little dilated below, and with flagellum more slender and
elongate than in purpurea Ishii : funicle with segment 6 about one and a half times as long as
broad, and 5 relatively longer than that : club moderately stouter than sixth funicle segment,
with first suture at about a right angle to the axis, and second rather strongly oblique, but leaving
the lower margin of the second segment more than half the length of the upper.
Dorsum of thorax covered with fine reticulation, about as strong as that on purpurea Ishii
and stronger than on head of this species : piliferous punctures on mesoscutum sparser and finer
than in purpurea, mostly separated by considerably more than their own diameters though less
than twice, those on scutellum very fine and sparse.
Fore wings with marginal vein almost twice as long as radial, and postmarginal about as long
as marginal.
Head, thorax and propodeum brownish black with metallic reflections : mesoscutum and
scutellum reddish purple, often with infusions of bluish, on a background of green : sides of
propodeum seldom a decidedly bright purple. Gaster blue-green, reddish purple and bright
bronzy. Antennae blackish brown, darkened above and with weak metallic reflections, the
pedicellus above and scape above and at sides distinctly purplish, or more rarely greenish, and
the scape pale at base. Leg colour as described for purpurea Ishii except that the hind femora
are more or less narrowly pale at apex.
Holotype $. NIGERIA: Ibadan province, Idiayunre, 3i.viii.i954, ex Planococ-
coides njalensis (Laing) on Theobroma cacao (R. G. Donald).
Paratypes the following: NIGERIA: i $, same data as holotype but y.xi.1954;
Abeokuta province, Ilaro, I $, 15. vi. 1953, ex Planococcus kenyae (Le P.), I $,
27 . i . 1954, ex Planococcus sp. ; Benin province, Utbogiobo, I $, 15 . v . 1954, Cameroons
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 185
province, near Kumba, I $, 2i.iii.i954, ex Planococcus citri (Risso), (all R. G. Donald);
6 $, Olofin, Agaloke, Otun, Olavo, Akasan and Ojokoro, 6.iii.-i5.v.i95i (/. T.
Davey). GHANA: all ex Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) on Theobroma cacao, Tafo,
5 <j>, xi.i949 (F. E. Decker), 4 <j>, iS.iii, 3 $, v.1949, i <J>, 6.iv.i95o, Oyoko, i <j>,
30.iv. 1950 (R. G. Donald).
Holotype in British Museum (Natural History); paratypes in British Museum
(Natural History), in U.S. National Museum, in Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside,
in Australian National Collection, in Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, in
Narodni Museum, Prague, in West African Cacao Research Institute, in Coryndon
Museum, Nairobi, and in Department of Agriculture, Pretoria.
Clausenia comperei sp. n.
(Text-fig. 41)
Head from above about as broad, relatively, as in purpurea Ishii, and about as deeply emargi-
nate behind ; in side view (Text-fig. 41) with cheeks rather sharply narrowed to mouth ; in
facial view long, with cheeks narrowed at less than half a right angle : scrobes deeply impressed.
Eyes distinctly hairy x 45. Head sculpture even weaker than in guineensis sp. n., the fronto-
vertex shining, with microsculpture and punctures extremely fine : scrobes and the inter-scrobal
prominence shining and almost smooth.
Antenna with scape almost parallel-sided in about apical half, regularly narrowed from before
middle to base, where it is very narrow ; with pedicellus and flagellum much as described for
guineensis sp. n., but club perhaps a little less swollen.
Dorsum of thorax with reticulation very fine, and beset with punctures that are very fine,
mostly separated by well over twice their own diameters.
Fore wings with marginal vein about twice as long as radial, and postmarginal about as long
as marginal.
Head, thorax and propodeum as described for guineensis sp. n., but sides of propodeum a
bright purple. Gaster blue-green, reddish purple and bright bronzy, the first large tergite mainly
blue-green. Antennal coloration much as described for guineensis sp. n., but the brighter colour
on scape and pedicellus less distinct. Leg colour as in guineensis sp. n. except that the hind
tibiae are rather narrowly pale at apex.
Holotype $. SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, 1924-5, " Rust's no. L2 ". This
number refers to specimens obtained by E. W. Rust in various localities in the Cape
Province and recorded as reared from Baccacoccus sp. and Saissetia spp. : H. Compere
suspects, however, that they issued from overlooked mealybugs (Pseudococcinae).
Paratypes. SOUTH AFRICA, 3 $, same data as holotype ; Transvaal, Pienaarspoort
i $, ii.i954, 2 $, v.1955, ex Diaspine scale, (E. C. G. Bedford). ERITREA: Asmara,
i $, 19. iv. 1930 on Acacia cyanophylla, Eztaclesan, i $, n.v.i93o on Croton macro-
stachys, Cheren, i $, 15.^.1930 (H. Compere).
Holotype in British Museum (Natural History); paratypes in British Museum
(Natural History), in Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, in Department of
Agriculture, Pretoria and in Coryndon Museum, Nairobi.
Clausenia confusor sp. n.
(Text-fig. 40)
Head from above very similar in proportion to that of purpurea Ishii ; in side view (Text-fig.
40) with cheeks sharply narrowed to mouth ; in facial view short, with cheeks narrowed at more
than half a right angle : scrobes moderately impressed. Eyes just distinctly hairy x 45.
Head sculpture much as in guineensis sp. n.
1 86
G. J. KERRICH
Antenna with scape as described for purpurea Ishii ; with pedicellus relatively shorter than in
that species : flagellum altogether relatively short and stout : funicle segments 5 and 6 only
one and a quarter times as long as broad : club considerably stouter than sixth funicle segment,
with first suture at about a right angle to the axis, and second not very strongly curved or
oblique, not nearly obliterating the margin of the second segment.
Mesoscutum very finely reticulate, irregularly beset with piliferous punctures that are separated
by about their own diameters : scutellum very finely and sparsely punctate, very finely
alutaceous and shining.
Fore wings with marginal vein about as long as postmarginal, and almost twice length of
radial.
Caster much shorter than thorax : apical sternite semitruncated and notched in the middle.
Head, thorax and propodeum brownish black or blackish brown with metallic reflections :
mesoscutum and scutellum blue-green, with a greater or lesser infusion of reddish purple, or
sometimes in part bright bronzy (the purple appearing the more dominant the less the back-
purp
39
FIGS. 36-42. Clausenia species. 36-37. Head, seen from above of 36, C. purpurea Ishii
and 37, C. corrugata sp. n. 38-39. Head, in facial view of 38, C. purpurea Ishii and 39,
C. guineensis sp. n. 40-42. Head, in dextro-lateral view, of 40, C. confusor sp. n. ; 41,
C. comperei sp. n. and 42, C. guineensis sp. n.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 187
ground colour is high-lighted) : sides of propodeum greenish, purplish or bronzy. Gaster
blue-green, reddish purple and bright bronzy above, much duller below. Antennae having
scape blue-green to blue, with infusion of reddish purple, and pedicellus and flagellum blackish
brown, with weak metallic reflections. Leg colour as in guineensis sp. n., but hind tibiae varying
from only moderately darkened in about basal half above to only rather narrowly pale at apex.
Male : head, dorsum of thorax and gaster, and sides of propodeum with bright metallic
reflections on a mostly dark green background ; antennae similar but, except sometimes for
scape, more weakly coloured ; pleura, propodeum above, coxae except at apex, and femora and
tibiae more or less broadly in middle, similar but still more weakly so ; legs otherwise stramineous
to pale testaceous.
Holotype $. GHANA, Tafo, 9.111.1950, ex Planococcoides njalensis (Laing),
(R. G. Donald).
Paratypes. GHANA: Tafo, 2 ?, 2 ^, 1947, i $, 11.1949, 4 $, xi.i949, Oyoko, 3 $,
111.1950, Bunsu, 3 $, iv.i95o, Adonkwanta, 2 $, 13.111.1950, all ex Planococcoides
njalensis (Laing) (A. H. Strickland, R. G. Donald or F. E. Decker}; Akwadum, I $,
i <$, 30.111.1951, Tafo, 2 $, 30. iv. 1954 (F. E. Decker). NIGERIA: Ibadan Province,
Idiayunre, 3 $, 7.!, 6 $, 28. ix. 1954, ex Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) on Theobroma
cacao, Benin Province, Ugbogiobo, 2 $, 15. v. 1954, ex Planococcus citri (Risso) on
Theobroma cacao, Abeokuta Province, Ilaro, i <$, 26.1.1954, ex Pseudococcine nymph
on Theobroma cacao (all R. G. Donald).
Holotype in British Museum (Natural History); paratypes in British Museum
(Natural History), in U.S. National Museum, in Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside,
in Australian National Collection, in Narodni Museum, Prague, in West African
Cacao Research Institute, in Coryndon Museum, Nairobi, and in Department of
Agriculture, Pretoria.
KEY TO SPECIES OF CLA U SEN I A ISHII : FEMALES
1 Gaster much shorter than thorax: hypopygium semitruncated and notched in the
middle, scarcely boat-shaped: [antennal club with second suture not strongly
curved or oblique: frontovertex shining, with reticulate microsculpture very fine
and punctation sparse] : Africa ....... confusor sp. n.
Gaster not much shorter than thorax : hypopygium boat-shaped, pointed at apex 2
2 Antennae having f unicle segments 5 and 6 only a little longer than broad : frontovertex
more strongly sculptured, hardly shining (see couplet 3) : eyes strongly or rather
strongly hairy (Text-figs. 36-37) : [mesoscutum beset with punctures of moderate
strength] ............. 3
Antennae having sixth funicle segment about one and a half times as long as broad
and fifth still longer: frontovertex more shining, with reticulate microsculpture
very fine and punctation sparse: eyes moderately or weakly hairy ... 4
3 Head from above less broad (Text-fig. 36), and in side view with cheeks not sharply
narrowed to mouth : frontovertex not having transverse corrugations : mesoscutum
more densely punctate: marginal vein of fore wing only moderately longer than
radial : head usually dominantly dark green : antennal scape pale testaceous, usually
darkened above : Asia, introduced to U.S. A purpurea Ishii
Head from above broader (Text-fig. 37), and in side view with cheeks sharply nar-
rowed to mouth: frontovertex having weak but distinct transverse corrugations
between median ocellus and top of scrobal impression: mesoscutum less densely
punctate: marginal vein of fore wing almost twice length of radial: head not
dominantly dark green : antennal scape blackish brown with metallic reflections, not
testaceous beneath: West Africa ...... corrugata sp. n.
i88 G. J. KERRICH
4 As in the two preceding species, second suture of antennal club strongly oblique and
curved, leaving the lower margin of the second club segment very short (especially
apparent on inner side), and also head in facial view shorter (cf. Text-fig. 38) : fore
wings with marginal vein widened to apex, only slightly longer than radial: eyes
moderately hairy, just distinctly so X 25; Israel . . . . josefi Rosen
Antennae having second suture of club rather strongly oblique yet leaving the
lower margin of the second club segment more than half length of upper : head in facial
view longer (e.g. Text-fig. 39) : fore wings with marginal vein parallel-sided, almost
or quite twice length of radial : eyes more weakly hairy : Africa .... 5
5 Head in side view (Text-fig. 42) with cheeks not sharply narrowed to mouth: punc-
tures on mesoscutum not very fine, many separated by less than twice their own
diameters : hind tibiae usually mainly pale, darkened above, but if more extensively
darkened then at least broadly pale at apex : West Africa . guineensis sp. n.
Head in side view (Text-fig. 41) with cheeks rather sharply narrowed to mouth:
punctures on mesoscutum very fine, mostly separated by well over twice their own
diameters: hind tibiae only rather narrowly pale at apex: South Africa, Eritrea
comperei sp. n.
Species incorrectly placed in Clausenia Ishii
Clausenia saissetiae Yasumatsu & Yoshimura, 1945, Mushi, 16 : 31-32.
Those authors stated that the position of this species within the genus was
anomalous. The species is treated in the present work below (p. 226).
AENASIINA
KEY TO GENERA OF THE AENASIINA : FEMALES
1 Head, seen from above, menisciform: frontovertex relatively broad, at narrowest
about twice as broad as an eye; covered with coarse, umbilicate, contrastingly-
coloured punctures that are well-separated above, at least beside the interocellar area,
but become more reticulate near the malar groove, to which they extend (Text-fig.
43) : head in side view regularly rounded down to mouth, with facial impression
weak or virtually absent (Text-fig. 44) : mesoscutum relatively short, hardly more
than half the length of the scutellum: costal cell bearing a single row of hairs on
both upper and under surface, rarely with a few other hairs near apex (Text -fig. 45) :
[antennal scape never more than slightly dilated below] ..... 2
Head, seen from above, not or hardly menisciform: frontovertex at narrowest
never more than slightly broader than an eye, usually much narrower; its punctation
various but if coarse, then almost wholly closely reticulate above (e.g. Text-fig. 55) :
head in side view not so regularly rounded, with facial impression always more or
less large and strong (Text-figs. 61-66 and 109-110) : mesoscutum relatively longer,
always much more than half the length of the scutellum ..... 3
2 Facial impression virtually absent, not reaching lower level of eyes, the ill-defined
scrobes shorter than the toruli: antennal scape, except in Australian species, almost
cylindrical, very slender and elongate: costal cell sub-parallel to apex, the wing
margin, except in Australian species, very little emarginate there: marginal vein
several times as long as broad, much longer than postmarginal and radial (Text-fig.
45): southern Europe, Africa, Australia . . . METAPHAENODISCUS Mercet
Facial impression weak but distinct, reaching well above lower level of eyes, the
scrobes quite distinct, much longer than the toruli: antennal scape slightly but
distinctly dilated below, much less elongate (Text-figs. 46-48) : wing margin
emarginate at apex of costal cell : marginal vein not or hardly twice as long as broad,
much shorter than postmarginal and radial (Text-figs. 49-50) : America and Africa
CHALCASPIS Howard
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI
189
Frontovertex of moderate breadth, one-third to one-sixth the total head breadth;
covered, except near occiput, with coarse, umbilicate punctures, which are wholly
or almost wholly reticulate, especially just above facial impression (Text-figs. 54-58
and 67-68) : punctures that are at least moderately coarse descend at least some
way between eyes and facial impression : [venation not as in Neodiscodes, see below] 4
Frontovertex nearly always less than one-sixth the total head breadth [but cf.
venation of Neodiscodes : punctation shallow to moderate, frequently in large part,
but usually not almost wholly, reticulate (Text-figs. 94-95) : none but fine punctures
descend between eyes and facial impression ....... 5
Postmarginal vein not, or not very much, longer than radial (Compere, 1937, fig- 3) :
reticulate punctation descending at least some of the way between eyes and facial
impression (Text-figs. 65-66 and 83-87) : a large group of species has the female
antennal scape strongly dilated below ..... AENASIUS Walker
Postmarginal vein very much longer than radial (Text-fig. 89) : reticulate puncta-
tion reaching top of facial impression but stopping short there, the punctures
descending between eye and facial impression being scattered, shallower, and only
moderately coarse (Text-figs. 90-91): female antennal scape not strongly dilated
below BLEPYR US Howard
Antennal scape (female) strongly dilated below, 2 to 2£ times length of its greatest
breadth (Compere, 1931, fig. 3e) : postmarginal and radial veins both rather long,
the postmarginal slightly the longer, the radial emitted at a very acute angle with
it (Text-figs. 96-98) : frontovertex with punctation rather coarse and deep, stronger
before than behind median ocellus, and often in large part reticulate (Text-figs.
94-95) : scutellum, except at sides, about as shining as the mesoscutum : Africa and
Asia NEODISCODES Compere
44
45
FIGS. 43-45. Metaphaenodiscus species, females. 43, M. nemoralis Mercet head, seen
from above ; 44, the same, in sinistro-lateral view ; 45, right fore wing of African species.
ENTOM. 20, 5.
IQO G. J. KERRICH
Antennal scape (female) weakly dilated below, 3^ to 6£ times length of its greatest
breadth (Text-figs. 106-108) : postmarginal vein generally considerably longer than
radial, the latter emitted at a less acute angle with it and also relatively shorter than
in alternate (Text-figs. 111-112): frontovertex with punctation shallow to moder-
ate, stronger behind than before median ocellus, and seldom reticulate: scutellum
generally decidedly less shining than the mesoscutum: America
E UR YRHOPAL US Howard
METAPHAENODISCUS Mercet, 1921
(Text-figs. 43-45)
1921 Metaphaenodiscus Mercet, Trab, Mus. nac. Cienc. nat., Madr. : 59, 60-64, 626-9.
Material of this genus is not adequate for a revision, but the diagnosis of two
undescribed species will give further information on the distribution and range of
structure. The Australian species is clearly the most nearly related to the next
genus, Chalcaspis Howard.
DIAGNOSES OF THE SPECIES OF METAPHAENODISCUS MERCET : FEMALES
A. Antennal scape very slender and elongate, almost cylindrical: all funicle segments
distinctly longer than broad: club suddenly expanded from funicle, about four-
fifths length of combined funicle segments.
Mesoscutum closely reticulate-punctate: scutellum rather loosely so.
Spiracles of propodeum moderately large, clearly transverse, and clearly less than
their shorter diameter from both anterior margin and declivity.
Fore wings strongly infuscate.
SPAIN : (see Mercet, 1921) . . . . . . nemoralis Mercet
Material in Instituto Espanol de Entomologia, Madrid.
B. Antennal scape as described for nemoralis Mercet: all funicle segments, except the
first, distinctly broader than long : club not suddenly expanded from funicle, about
equal in length to pedicellus and all funicle segments combined.
Mesoscutum very loosely reticulate-punctate: scutellum with piliferous punc-
tures, except at sides, well separated.
Spiracles of propodeum small, weakly transverse, clearly further than their
longitudinal diameter from both anterior margin and declivity.
Fore wings strongly infuscate.
SOUTH AFRICA : Transvaal, (D. P. Annecke) ...... sp.
Material in Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria.
C. Antennal scape slightly but distinctly dilated below, five times length of its greatest
breadth (rather similar to that of Chalcaspis lucidus sp. n., Text-fig. 46): first
funicle segment slightly, the remainder distinctly, transverse: club not suddenly
expanded from funicle, a little shorter than pedicellus and all funicle segments
combined.
Mesoscutum rather loosely reticulate-punctate : scutellum with punctures sharply
marked but relatively shallow, many almost contiguous in transverse though much
further separated in longitudinal direction.
Spiracles of propodeum almost circular, about their own diameter from both
anterior margin and declivity.
Fore wings moderately infuscate in about basal two-fifths, beyond that weakly so.
AUSTRALIA : Queensland, S.E., (R. E. Turner) ...... sp.
Material in British Museum (Natural History).
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 191
CHALCASPIS Howard, 1895
1895 Chalcaspis Howard, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 17 : 606.
1915 Chalcaspis Howard; Girault, Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 8 : 280.
Three species of this genus were previously known, all occurring in the U.S.A.
Dr. B. D. Burks has kindly compared the types of all three, which are located in
Washington, with specimens I had studied, having at hand typescript copies of my
descriptions and keys, and photocopies of my figures. A new species from the
Caribbean is now described.
Two species have been received from southern Africa, each in a single specimen
caught in a trap. They have in common several characters by which they differ
from the American species. In this paper they are diagnosed but not validated.
The specimens are located in the Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria.
Chalcaspis lucidus sp. n.
(Text-figs. 46, 51)
Frontovertex shining, with reticulate microsculpture extremely fine, just comfortably dis-
cernible x 65 ; with orbital piliferous punctures conspicuous, separated by about their own
diameters, and punctures near median ocellus well separated by about their own diameters.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 46) over 5^ times length of its greatest breadth, very slightly
expanded below to about middle, almost parallel-sided beyond this ; with pedicellus twice
length of its greatest breadth ; with funicle segments short cup-shaped to short cylindrical, the
sixth one and a half times as broad as long, and club one and a quarter times length of combined
funicle segments.
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture fine, beset with rather shallow piliferous punctures
that mostly are separated by rather more than their own diameters : axillae and scutellum
similarly shining and with fine reticulate microsculpture, beset with shallow piliferous punctures
that mostly are separated by considerably more than their own diameters (Text-fig. 51).
Fore wings with fore margin moderately emarginate at apex of costal cell and beyond post-
marginal : radial and postmarginal stouter than in pergandei How., extending the same distance
to the narrow hyaline streak : radius almost rectilinear before the decidedly broadened stigma.
Head coppery, with punctures and sometimes also the scrobal impressions bright brassy green.
Dorsum of thorax and sides of propodeum brassy green with infusions of coppery which, in the
type, are strong on mesoscutum. Pleura and propodeum above dull green : gaster green with
infusions of coppery to brassy. Antennae with scape a bright testaceous ; with pedicellus pale
castaneous ; with flagellum a pale testaceous, the club darkened to pale, dull brown in about
apical half or almost to base. Legs mainly a bright testaceous, the tarsi paler, but dark at apex :
coxae dull green, and femora and mid tibiae to some extent from base infuscate with metallic
reflection.
Holotype $. CUBA: Rio Cauto, 21. xi. 1930, ex Phenacoccus solani (Ferris),
" C.S.C. Ent. no. 5119 ".
Paratype: i ? (same data as holotype).
Holotype in U.S. National Museum, paratype in British Museum (Natural History).
IQ2 G. J. KERRICH
Chalcaspis pergandei Howard
(Text-figs. 47, 50, 52)
1895 Chalcaspis pergandei Howard, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 17 : 606-7.
Frontovertex shining, with reticulate microsculpture extremely fine, just comfortably dis-
cernible x 65 ; with orbital pilif erous punctures large, separated by less than their own diameters,
and punctures near median ocellus in a loose reticulation.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 47) nearly five times length of its greatest breadth, expanded to
about two-fifths its length, then almost parallel-sided ; with pedicellus twice length of its
greatest breadth ; with funicle segments short cup-shaped to short cylindrical, the sixth nearly
twice as broad as long, and club about one-third longer than combined funicle segments.
Mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum rather dull, with reticulate microsculpture rather fine to
moderate, beset with coarse piliferous punctures that are almost in a loose reticulation
(Text-fig. 52).
Fore wings (Text-fig. 50) with fore margin moderately emarginate at apex of costal cell, rather
strongly emarginate beyond postmarginal : radial and postmarginal relatively slender, extending
the same distance to the broad hyaline streak : radius decidedly curved and with stigma scarcely
broadened.
Head coppery, with punctures, marginal parts and mouth region bright brassy green. Dorsum
of thorax and sides of propodeum a fundamental brassy green, with infusions of coppery to
brassy. Pleura and propodeum above steely green ; gaster a much brighter green, with strong
brassy to coppery reflections. Antennae having scape a dull testaceous, narrowly dark-marked
on upper and lower margins ; having pedicellus blackish, with metallic reflections ; having
funicle pale testaceous, the basal segments considerably darkened, and club dull brown with
weak metallic reflections. Leg coloration much as described for lucidus sp. n., but the testaceous
colouring duller and the infuscation more extensive.
Redescribed from the following: U.S.A.: Arizona, Sabino Co., i $, 14.^.1937
(R. A. Fleck); New Mexico, 13^ m. N. of Roswell, i $, 2i.vm.ig2g on L. alyssoides
(V. E. Romney); Texas, Brown Co., i $, I2.vii.i937 on peach (ref. T 5344), Bangs,
i $, i8.viii.i937 on peach (Christenson & Jones) (ref. C 3269); Kansas, Onaga, i $,
Crevecoeur; Nebraska, Halsey, i $, 6.viii.i958 (H. Henzlik). Material in U.S.
National Museum and in British Museum (Natural History).
Chalcaspis arizonensis Girault
(Text-fig. 48)
1915 Chalcaspis arizonensis Girault, Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 8 : 280.
Frontovertex less shining than in pergandei How. and lucidus sp. n., with reticulate micro-
sculpture extremely fine yet more outstanding than in those species ; with orbital piliferous
punctures large, separated by less than their own diameters, and punctures near median ocellus
and on inter-ocellar area in a loose reticulation.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 48) over four times length of its greatest breadth, broadest about
in middle, almost parallel-sided beyond this, with upper margin markedly bowed downward
before middle ; with pedicellus long-necked then strongly expanded, twice length of its greatest
breadth ; with funicle segments short-cylindrical, the sixth one and a half times as broad as
long, and club one and a quarter times length of combined funicle segments.
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture rather fine, beset with piliferous punctures of
moderate depth that mostly are separated by much less than their own diameters : axillae and
scutellum dull, with reticulate microsculpture regular and of moderate strength, beset with
piliferous punctures that are smaller and shallower but denser.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 193
Fore wings with fore margin moderately emarginate at apex of costal cell and beyond post-
marginal : radial and postmarginal stouter than in pergandei How., the radial the stouter :
radius rather strongly curved and with stigma scarcely broadened, extending very slightly
beyond postmarginal, but the broad hyaline streak is perpendicular to the wing margin.
Head coppery, with punctures and marginal parts a more or less bright brassy green. Dorsum
of thorax and sides of propodeum dull blue-green, mainly overspread with infusions of dull
bronzy. Pleura and propodeum above steely green ; gaster a brighter green, with weak, mostly
brassy, infusions. Antennal coloration as described for pergandei How., but the scape and basal
funicle segments not always dark-marked. Legs having coxae steely green ; having femora
and tibiae dull brown overspread to some extent, often mainly, with infuscation which has
metallic reflection, the tibiae and sometimes femora paler at apex : tarsi stramineous, a little
darkened at apex.
Redescribed from the following. U.S.A.: Arizona, Phoenix, 2 $, i6.vii.i943,
ex Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (R. Fleck) (Lot no. 43. 8395); Utah, St. George,
I $, 15. iv. 1930 on Salsola pestifer (D. E. Fox}] Idaho, Burley, I $, i6.ix.i930 on
Salsola pestifer, I $, 13 . x . 1932 in wind vane trap (P. N. Annand) ; Texas, Brownwood,
I $, 26.viii.i937 on peach (Christensen & Jones) (ref. c 3776); Missouri, Maplewood,
" mealybug parasite issued by 4.ix.3o" (Satterthwait) (Webster Grvs. no. 30276).
Material in U.S. National Museum and in British Museum (Natural History).
Chalcaspis phenacocci (Ashmead)
(Text-fig. 53)
1902 Blepyrus phenacocci Ashmead, Can. Ent. 34 : 301.
1922 Chalcaspis phenacocci (Ashmead) Timberlake, Proc. Hawaii ent. Soc. 5 (i) : 170.
Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture regular, very fine, very comfortably discernible
X 65 ; with orbital piliferous punctures small, separated by about their own diameters, and
punctures near median ocellus relatively small, well separated.
Antenna with scape over five times length of its greatest breadth, slightly expanded to about
middle, almost parallel-sided beyond this ; with pedicellus over two and a half times length of
its greatest breadth ; with funicle segments cup-shaped to cylindrical, the sixth one and a third
times as broad as long, and club one-third longer than combined funicle segments.
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture rather fine, beset with rather sharp piliferous
punctures that are separated by rather less to rather more than their own diameters ; axillae
and scutellum rather dull, with reticulate microsculpture of moderate strength, beset with
piliferous punctures that are smaller and denser, mostly separated by less than their own
diameters, and not so shallow as in arizonensis Grit. (Text-fig. 53).
Fore whig with fore margin moderately emarginate at apex of costal cell, very weakly
emarginate beyond postmarginal : radial and postmarginal stouter than in pergandei How. :
radius decidedly curved and with stigma scarcely broadened, extending not quite as far as tip of
postmarginal, the rather narrow hyaline streak sloping outward to the wing margin.
Head coppery, with punctures and marginal parts brassy green. Dorsum of thorax dull
blue-green, with indefinite bright to dull bronzy reflections. Pleura and propodeum above
steely blue to green : gaster a brighter blue-green, with moderate brassy to coppery reflections.
Antennae having scape and funicle a more or less dull testaceous with dark marking ; and
having pedicellus blackish and club dull brown, both with metallic reflections. Leg coloration
much as described for arizonensis Grit., but the tarsi often extensively darkened at apex.
Redescribed from the following. U.S.A.: California, Rialto, i $, vi.1934, ex
Phenacoccus solani Ferris (Jourbert), Riverside, i $, viii.1935, ex P. solani (J. D.
Maple), Fontana, i $, 1953, ex P. solani (Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control] ;
194
G. J. KERRICH
Colorado, Rocky Ford, I $, 20.viii.i909, "bred from Syrphid " (H. 0. Marsh),
Texas, Roma, i $, 23.x. 1950 (T. P. Chapman). Material in U.S. National Museum
and in British Museum (Natural History).
KEY TO SPECIES OF CHALCASPIS HOWARD : FEMALES
i Postmarginal vein very much shorter than radial (Text-fig. 49) : hyaline streak absent:
marginal and postmarginal contiguous with costal margin: costal cell bearing, on
upper surface only, a row of rather large hairs, comparable in size with the larger
ones on postmarginal (Text-fig. 49) : antennal scape with upper margin bowed
downward much more strongly than in arizonensis Grit, (cf . Text-fig. 48) : antennal
club markedly shorter than combined funicle segments: scutellum with piliferous
punctures sharply marked and rather large but very shallow : African species . 2
46
47
48
49
52
FIGS. 46-53. Chalcaspis species, females. 46-48. Right antennal scape, in dextro-lateral
view, of 46, lucidus sp. n. ; 47, pergandei How. and 48, arizonensis Grit. 49—50. Part of
right fore wing of 49, African species A and 50, pergandei How. 51-53. Axillae and
scutellum, seen from above, of 51, lucidus sp. n. ; 52, pergandei How. and 53, phenacocci
(Ashm.).
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 195
Postmarginal and radial veins of similar length (Text-fig. 50) : hyaline streak
present : marginal and postmarginal not quite contiguous with costal margin : costal
cell bearing, on upper and under surfaces, a row of very much smaller hairs (Text-fig.
50) : antennal scape bowed downward as in arizonensis Grit. (Text-fig. 48) or less
strongly: antennal club markedly longer than combined funicle segments: scutel-
lum with piliferous punctures markedly impressed : American species ... 3
2 Mesoscutum rather shallowly yet sharply piliferous-punctate, the punctures mostly
separated by less than their own diameters : antennae infuscate, with weak metallic
reflections: fore wings rather strongly infuscate in basal, and moderately so in
apical half ........... African species A
Mesoscutum beset with moderate piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by
about their own diameters : antennae with scape and funicle yellow-testaceous, each
a little darkened at base : fore wings moderately and more evenly infuscate
African species B
3 Scutellum and axillae decidedly shining, with piliferous punctures relatively shallow,
mostly separated by considerably more than their own diameters (Text-fig. 51) : fore
wings with radius almost rectilinear before the decidedly broadened stigma:
Caribbean ........... lucidus sp. n.
Scutellum and axillae much duller and with punctation otherwise: fore wings with
radius decidedly curved, the stigma scarcely broadened: U.S.A. ... 4
4 Dorsum of thorax a fundamental brassy green with infusions of coppery to brassy:
scutellum and axillae with piliferous punctures large and rather deep, almost in a
loose reticulation (Text-fig. 52) : fore wing margin rather strongly emarginate
beyond postmarginal (Text-fig. 50) ...... pergandei Howard
Dorsum of thorax dull blue-green, with weak bronzy reflections: scutellum and
axillae with piliferous punctures relatively much smaller: fore wing margin
moderately to weakly emarginate beyond postmarginal ..... 5
5 Head with punctures on inter-ocellar area in a loose reticulation: scutellum and
axillae with piliferous punctures rather shallow : antennal scape with upper margin
markedly bowed downward before middle (Text-fig. 48) : fore wing margin
moderately but very distinctly emarginate beyond postmarginal : radius extending
very slightly beyond postmarginal, the hyaline streak broad, perpendicular to the
wing margin .......... arizonensis Girault
Head with punctures on inter-ocellar area well separated: scutellum and axillae
(Text-fig. 53) with piliferous punctures deeper: antennal scape with upper margin
not markedly bowed downward before middle: fore wing margin very weakly
emarginate beyond postmarginal : radius not extending quite as far as tip of post-
marginal, the hyaline streak rather narrow, sloping outward to the wing margin
phenacocci (Ashmead)
AENASIUS Walker, 1846
1846 Aenasius Walker, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (i) 18 : 181.
1937 Aenasius Walker ; Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 383-8.
Aenasius hyettus Walker
(Text-figs. 54, 59, 69)
1846 Encyrtus hyettus Walker, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (i) 18 : 181 [designated on same page as
type -species of Aenasius Walker].
Head from above (Text-fig. 54) moderately long, median length about half breadth ; fronto-
vertex about one-fifth total breadth ; in side view rather evenly curved to mouth ; in facial
view (Text-fig. 59) with cheeks sharply narrowed to mouth : facial impression nearly half height
ig6 G. J. KERRICH
of head, bordered by a distinct keel above and at sides. Frontovertex with microsculpture very
fine, with orbital piliferous punctures distinct but small, and at narrowest with four rows of
large punctures, which are relatively shallow, between these.
Mandibles slender, bidentate, the teeth about equal.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 69) about three-quarters longer (dorsally) than its greatest
breadth, the lamina curving slightly inward from apex ; with pedicellus not much longer than
apically broad ; with funicle segments rather short and broad, the first five saucer-shaped, the
club longer than the combined funicle segments. Greatest width of scape 1-3 times narrowest
width of fronto vertex.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum finely reticulate, beset with moderate, shallow,
piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by much more than their own diameters.
Fore wings with outer margin distinctly a little curved (i.e. not almost straight as in the
species closest related to caeruleus Brues), and with anal angle moderately rounded : post-
marginal extending almost to level of tip of uncus, the radial rather strongly curved : hyaline
streak very distinct but narrow : costal cell bearing three rows of rather strong hairs.
Head blue-green to brassy green, with red-violet weakly on most of frontovertex, but more
strongly above and at sides of facial impression, and also at sides of scrobes and across inter-
scrobal prominence. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum dull blue-green,
with weak bronzy reflections (thus in igth century specimens, possibly stronger in recent
material). Pleura, propodeum and gaster dull brown to brownish black, with moderate metallic
reflections. Antennae blackish brown to brownish black, with weak metallic reflections.
Legs brownish black, with weak metallic reflections, merging to testaceous brown : mid femora
much paler at apex, mid tibiae almost whitish before apex, and mid and hind tarsi whitish
except at apex.
Redescribed from the following material. ST. VINCENT: i $, Lansdown Guilding.
GRENADA: windward side, 2 $, leeward side, Mount Gay Estate, i $ (H. H. Smith).
Holotype in University Museum, Oxford: two specimens in British Museum
(Natural History) and one in U.S. National Museum.
This species is not known from reared material; but male specimens from Grenada,
in the British Museum (Natural History) and the U.S. National Museum, from the
series determined by L. O. Howard, have the antennae rather much as figured by
Compere (1937), though the antennal club is clearly 3-segmented.
Aenasius similis sp. n.
(Text-figs. 61, 70)
1937 Aenasius hyettus Walker ; Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 388-90, 395-7 [Mis-
identification].
Head from above moderately broad, median length to breadth = i : 2-0 to 2-2 ; frontovertex
to total breadth = i : 4-1 to 4-8 ; in side view (Text-fig. 61) somewhat angled above sides of
facial impression ; in facial view with cheeks narrowed at about half a right angle : facial
impression about four-ninths height of head, bordered by a distinct keel above and at sides.
Frontovertex with microsculpture extremely fine, with orbital piliferous punctures scarcely
distinct above, and at narrowest with four rows of large, relatively shallow, punctures between
them.
Mandibles slender, bidentate, the teeth about equal.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 70) about one-half longer (dorsally) than its greatest breadth,
the lamina falling almost vertically at apex ; with pedicellus about a quarter longer than broad ;
with funicle segments rather short and broad, the first four saucer-shaped, the club shorter than
the combined funicle segments. Greatest width of scape 1-7 times narrowest width of fronto-
vertex.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 197
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum finely reticulate, shining, regularly beset with
rather small to moderate piliferous punctures that are separated by much more than their own
diameters.
Fore wings as described for hyettus Walker.
Head colour as described for hyettus Walker. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and
scutellum blue-green, with bronzy to red-violet reflections. Pleura, etc. as described for
hyettus Walker. Antennae brownish black to blackish brown, with weak metallic reflections.
Leg colour as described for hyettus Walker.
Holotype $. PANAMA: Montelirio, 111.1924 (D. T. Fullaway).
Paratypes the following. PANAMA : Montelirio, i ?, v . 1924, 2 ?, iv . 1924 and 1929,
on banana, Barro Colorado, i $, viii.1932, on banana, unlocalized, i $, vii.i9i4
(D. T. Fullaway); Canal Zone, Paraiso, r $, 20.111.1911 (E. A. Schwarz); Canal
Zone, Summit, 2 $, Aquadulce, i $, xi.i946 (N. L. H. Krauss). GUATEMALA:
I ?, 20.vii.i934, on banana debris (taken at Philadelphia, U.S.A.). VENEZUELA:
San Esteban, i $, xi.i939 (Pablo Anduze). PERU: Piura, i $ (reared at South
American Parasite Lab.) (P. A. Berry}.
Holotype in U.S. National Museum: paratypes in U.S. National Museum and in
British Museum (Natural History).
Males taken with female specimens on banana in Panama have the antennal club
solid. Compere's figure of the male antenna of hyettus Walker is most probably to be
attributed to this species.
Aenasius maplei Compere
(Text-figs. 55, 62, 71)
1937 Aenasius maplei Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 384, 388-91, 397-8.
Head from above (Text-fig. 55) broad, median length to breadth = i : 2-3, with frons rather
prominent, and facial impression in this view deep ; frontovertex relatively broad, to total
breadth about i : 3-4, with ocelli in a slightly obtuse triangle (95°) ; in side view (Text-fig. 62)
curved rather evenly to sides of facial impression and then bent round sharply to mouth region ;
in facial view with cheeks decidedly rounded, sharply narrowed to mouth : facial impression
about two-fifths height of head, bordered by distinct keels at sides but not above. Frontovertex
with microsculpture of moderate strength, with orbital piliferous punctures very distinct, and at
narrowest with four to five rows of coarse punctures between these.
Mandibles slender, bidentate, the upper tooth much the longer and broader.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 71) about one-half longer (dorsally) than its greatest breadth,
the upper margin rising relatively steeply from base, the lamina bulging outward at apex ; with
pedicellus not much longer than broad ; with first five funicle segments saucer-shaped but the
sixth much longer, and club about one-half longer than the combined funicle segments. Greatest
width of scape 0-9 to i-i times narrowest width of frontovertex.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum with reticulate microsculpture regular and
strong, beset with piliferous punctures that are separated by about their own diameters and
usually are very shallow.
Shape of fore wings as described for personatus sp. n. but the wings distinctly less broad.
Veins relatively stout : postmarginal clearly not extending to level of tip of uncus, the radial
distinctly curved : hyaline streak relatively narrow and with two or three small hairs intruding
into it : costal cell bearing four rows of strong hairs.
Head blue-green, with reflections merging from brassy, in region of ocelli, through golden to
bronzy ; and with weak red-violet coloration beside the facial impression and on genae.
ig8 G. J. KERRICH
Antennae brownish black to blackish brown, with bright reflections. Pronotum, mesoscutum,
tegulae, axillae and scutellum steely green with indefinite bright reflections, more definitely
bronzy at sides. Pleura, propodeum and gaster brownish black or paler, with bright reflections.
Legs brownish black, merging to dark testaceous-brown, with metallic reflections, the mid
tibiae moderately dark : mid and hind tarsi whitish, dark toward apex.
Redescribed from the following material. U.S.A.: California, Fillmore, 4 $,
6 and 25.111.1936, ex Puto yuccae (Coq.) (/. D. Maple). Material in U.S. National
Museum, Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, and British Museum (Natural
History).
The male has the facial impression bordered above by a sharp fold. The antenna
was figured by Compere (1937, p. 384).
Aenasius personatus2 sp. n.
(Text-figs. 56, 60, 72)
Head from above (Text-fig. 56) moderately broad, median length to breadth about 1:2-1;
frontovertex to total breadth about i : 4-5 ; in side view curved evenly above, and then bent
round sharply to mouth region ; in facial view (Text-fig. 60) with cheeks narrowed to mouth at
about half a right angle : facial impression about one-third height of head, not distinctly keeled
on upper margin but sharply so at sides : eyes less strongly divergent than in hyettus Walker.
Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture regular and of moderate strength, with orbital
piliferous punctures moderate, and at narrowest with four rows of coarse punctures between
these.
Mandibles slender, bidentate, the upper tooth longer and rather broader.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 72) about one-third longer (dorsally) than its greatest breadth,
the lamina bulging outward at apex ; with pedicellus scarcely longer than broad ; with first
five funicle segments saucer-shaped, the sixth decidedly longer, and club about one-half longer
than the combined funicle segments. Greatest width of scape 1-8 times narrowest width of
frontovertex.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum very finely reticulate, beset with shallow
piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by about or rather more than their own diameters.
Fore wings with lower part of outer margin almost straight and with anal angle relatively
sharp : postmarginal clearly not extending to level of tip of uncus, the radial slightly curved :
hyaline streak present : costal cell bearing four or sometimes three, rows of rather strong hairs.
Head, for the most part, red-violet and blue-green, or sometimes almost blue : these colours
vary in proportion, but generally the violet is on the ridges of the reticulations and in a band
above the toruli, and the green in the punctures and on the less heavily sculptured parts : mouth
region often more brassy. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum blue-green
with strong red-violet reflection. Pleura, propodeum and gaster brownish black with pale
metallic reflections, the gaster beneath and propodeum above paler, the propodeum in region
of spiracles with brighter coloured reflections. Antennae brownish black, overspread with
bright pale bronzy reflection. Legs brownish black, with weak metallic reflections, merging to
testaceous-brown, the mid tibiae palest : mid metatarsi, except at apex, and first three hind
tarsal segments, whitish.
Holotype $. U.S.A.: Florida, Hialeah, 24.viii.i953, on Hibiscus tiliaceus (0. D.
Link).
z Etym. " masked ", also the " masquerader ".
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI
igg
FIGS. 54-60. Aenasius species, females. Head, seen from above, of 54, Aen. hyettus
Walker ; 55, Aen. maplei Comp. ; 56, Aen. personatus sp. n. ; 57, Aen. caeruleus Brues
and 58, Aen. masii Domen. Head, in facial view, of 59, hyettus Walk, and 60, personatus
sp. n.
200 G. J. KERRICH
Paratypes the following. U.S.A.: 4 $ (same data as holotype). TRINIDAD:
I.C.T.A., i $, v.1952, i $, vi.i953, 14 $, 6.ix.i953, ex Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) on
cacao, 2 $, ix . 1953, San Juan, i $, 5 . xi . 1953, ex Ferrisia on Gliricidia (F. D. Bennett}.
Holotype in U.S. National Museum: paratypes in U.S.N.M., Citrus Experiment
Station, Riverside, Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture and British Museum
(Natural History).
Aenasius caeruleus Brues
(Text-fig. 57)
1910 Aenasius caeruleus Brues, Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 28 : 84-85.
1937 Aenasius caeruleus Brues ; Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 388-90, 395.
Head from above (Text-fig. 57) decidedly broad, median length to breadth = 1:2-2 to 2-4 ;
frontovertex to total breadth — i : 4-2 to 4-9 : in side view curved almost evenly to mouth :
in facial view with cheeks narrowed to mouth at more than half a right angle : facial impression
relatively shallow, about two-fifths height of head, not distinctly keeled on upper margin but
sharply so at sides. Frontovertex with microsculpture regular and of moderate strength, with
orbital piliferous punctures moderate, at narrowest with four rows of coarse punctures between
them.
Mandibles conspicuous, bidentate,3 the smaller lower tooth sharply ridged below.
Antenna with scape three-fifths longer (dorsally) than its greatest breadth, the lamina bulging
outward at apex ; with pedicellus about one-third longer than broad ; with funicle segments
very short and broad, saucer-shaped, and club about one-half longer than combined funicle
segments. Greatest width of scape i£ times narrowest width of frontovertex.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum with reticulate microsculpture rather fine,
beset with rather shallow piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by less than their own
diameters.
Fore wings as described for personatus sp. n.
The colour of the type and one other specimen may be described as follows : head for the
most part red-violet and peacock blue, with bronzy reflections above the facial impression,
and with blue-green coloration in region of malar space and on inter-scrobal prominence.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum red-violet and bronzy, with streaks and
patches of blue-green. Pleura and propodeum pale brown with metallic reflections mostly
very weak, strong and bright in region of propodeal spiracles : gaster blackish with strong
metallic reflections. Antennae brownish black to blackish brown, with weak, mostly pale
bronzy, reflections. Leg colour as described for regularis sp. n.
Four other specimens differ as follows : head and thorax above dominantly a very blue-green,
sometimes brassy green in region of ocelli, with much red-violet, especially beside facial im-
pression and on scutum and scutellum.
Redescribed from the following material. MEXICO: Vera Cruz, Santa Rosa,
La Buena Ventura, i $, I3.vii (holotype) (A. Petrunkevitch}. PORTO Rico: Maya-
guez, on coffee, i $, 23.^.1936 (M. R. Smith}. PANAMA, Canal Zone, Paraiso, 2 $,
6.ii.i9ii (E. A. Schwarz). VENEZUELA: Barinas, i $, 1.1943 (P. Anduze}. URU-
GUAY: Montevideo, S. Amer. Parasite Lab., i $, 31.^1.1942 (P. A. Berry}.
Holotype in American Museum of Natural History, other specimens in U.S.
National Museum and in British Museum (Natural History) ,
3 Brues described the mandibles as having three teeth, but I believe him to have been mistaken.
The mandibles are piliferous and have, on the upper surface (i.e. nearest the clypeus) a few smaller hairs
which, according to the angle of viewing, can create the impression of a minute, set-back, uppermost tooth.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 201
Aenasius regularis sp. n.
(Text-fig. 73)
Head from above broad, mostly a little broader than in personatus sp. n. and in well developed
specimens sharply menisciform ; median length to breadth = i : 2-0 to 2-1 ; frontovertex to
total breadth about i : 4-3 : in side view curved evenly above, then bent round, but not sharply,
to mouth region ; in facial view with cheeks rather sharply narrowed to mouth : facial impres-
sion about one-third height of head, not distinctly keeled on upper margin though sharply so at
sides. Frontovertex with microsculpture regular, rather fine ; with orbital piliferous punctures
moderate ; at narrowest with four rows of coarse punctures between these.
Mandibles slender, bidentate, the upper tooth rather the broader.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 73) about three-fifths longer (dorsally) than its greatest breadth,
the lamina bulging outward at apex ; with pedicellus about one-half longer than broad ; with
funicle segments very short and broad, saucer-shaped, the club nearly twice as long as the
combined funicle segments. Greatest width of scape i J times narrowest width of frontovertex.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum with reticulate microsculpture regular and of
moderate strength, regularly beset with rather small and ill-defined piliferous punctures that are
separated by much more than their own diameters.
Shape of fore wings as described for personatus sp. n. : postmarginal extending very nearly to
level of tip of uncus, the radial distinctly curved : costal cell bearing only two rows of strong
hairs, the remaining hairs much smaller.
Head blue-green, bronzy on ridges of reticulations, and with red-violet coloration on genae
and in a band above the toruli. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum dull
blue-green, with bright bronzy, or in part red-violet, reflections. Pleura, etc. as described for
personatus sp. n. Antennae brownish black, with weak metallic reflections. Leg colour as
described for personatus sp. n., but the hind tarsi a little darkened above.
Holotype $. TRINIDAD: I.C.T.A., iv.1952, ex Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) on cacao
(F. D. Bennett).
Paratypes the following. TRINIDAD: I.C.T.A., 14 °-, 1952-53, ex Ferrisia virgata
(Ckll.) on cacao, i $, v.1953 on guava, 4 <j>, V.IQ53, ex Ferrisia on guava, 2 ?, vi-ix.
I953» ex Ferrisia on Gliricidia (F. D. Bennett). SALVADOR: Rosario, Cuscattan,
i ?, 1955 (P. A. Berry).
Holotype and paratypes in British Museum (Natural History), paratypes in
U.S. National Museum, in Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California, and in
Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture.
Aenasius punctatus Compere
(Text-fig. 74)
1937 Aenasius punctatus Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 388-9, 391, 394-5.
Head, pro- and mesothorax, and to a lesser extent metathorax, propodeum and sides of
gaster with reticulate microsculpture very strong and regular : this gives the species a velvety
appearance which is in striking contrast with that of its shining congeners.
Head from above relatively long, median length about half breadth ; frontovertex to total
breadth = i : 3-7 ; with ocelli in a decidedly to moderately acute triangle ; in facial view with
cheeks strongly curved, narrowed to mouth at more than half a right angle ; in side view rather
long and strongly curved : facial impression about two-fifths height of head, not bordered by a
distinct keel above or at sides. Frontovertex with orbital piliferous punctures small, but very
distinct and regular, and at narrowest with four rows of large punctures, which are relatively
clear-cut and deep, between these.
202 G. J. KERRICH
Mandibles slender, bidentate.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 74) twice as long (dorsally) as its greatest breadth, the lamina
bulging very slightly outward at apex ; with pedicellus about as long as broad ; with first five
funicle segments saucer-shaped, the sixth a little longer, and club about 1-3 times length of
combined funicle segments. Greatest width of scape 0-9 times narrowest width of frontovertex.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum beset with rather strong piliferous punctures
that mostly are separated by much less than their own diameters. Propodeum with spiracles
large and sub-circular.
Fore wings relatively narrow, with outer margin strongly curved and anal angle strongly
rounded : marginal vein relatively very short, the postmarginal extending about to tip of uncus
or beyond it, the radial stout, a little curved : hyaline streak from tip of uncus absent : speculum
not free of small hairs : prebasal area regularly beset with hairs which are not so very much
larger than those on postbasal area and do not tend so much to be in distinct rows as in other
species, the costal cell rather similar.
Head a medium green, with brassy and bronzy reflections, and with some red-violet coloration
especially beside the facial impression and on genae. Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and
scutellum a medium green, usually with bronzy to red-violet reflections : mesopleura and sides
of propodeum usually much like mesoscutum but sometimes paler : tegulae usually paler, often
in part quite a pale brown. Gaster beneath and on sides much like mesopleura, though some-
times paler ; on its smooth upper surface blackish to brownish, with bronzy to purplish reflec-
tions. Antennae brownish black to blackish brown, with metallic reflections, the lamina of scape
strongly shining, the remainder of antenna much less so : scape and pedicellus above sometimes
a dull green. Legs with coxae coloured about like mesopleura : fore and hind femora and
tibiae in part similar, but paler : legs otherwise brownish, the mid and hind tarsi whitish,
dark at apex.
Redescribed from the following material. BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Orchidarum, ex
Phenacoccus sp. on Tabouchina granulosa, I $ (paratype), 5.xi.i934 (H. Compere);
Limeira, i $, 3.vii.i958 (S. Flanders}. URUGUAY: Montevideo, Carrasco, i $, ex
Pseudococcus sp., 1943, 2 $, ex leaf galls on Baccharis, 21. v. 1943 (H. L. Parker);
S. Amer. Parasite Lab., i $, 24. ¥.1946 (P. A. Berry). Material in U.S. National
Museum, Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, and British Museum (Natural
History).
Aenasius vexans sp. n.
(Text-fig. 63)
Head from above moderately broad, median length about half breadth ; frontovertex about
a quarter total breadth ; in side view rather long and strongly curved (Text-fig. 63) ; in facial
view with cheeks narrowed to mouth at more than half a right angle ; facial impression over
two-fifths height of head, bordered by a distinct keel above but not at sides. Frontovertex
sculpture as described for hyettus Walker.
Mandibles slender, bidentate, the upper tooth a little the longer.
Antenna with scape one-half longer (dorsally) than its greatest breadth, the lamina bulging
very slightly outward at apex ; with pedicellus a little longer than broad ; with first four
funicle segments saucer-shaped, the fifth and sixth longer, and club one-fifth longer than the
combined funicle segments. Greatest width of scape i-i times narrowest width of frontovertex.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum finely reticulate, beset with shallow piliferous
punctures that mostly are separated by rather more than their own diameters on mesoscutum,
and are rather sparser on scutellum.
Fore wings relatively narrow, with outer margin strongly curved and with anal angle very
well rounded : postmarginal extending beyond tip of uncus, the radial hardly curved : hyaline
streak absent : costal cell narrow, bearing two rows of strong hairs.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 203
Head blue-green with much red -violet coloration. Pronotum, mesoscutum in greater part,
axillae and scutellum blue-green with bright reflections and sometimes with red-violet colora-
tion : tegulae and sides of mesoscutum pale brown, with weak metallic reflections. Pleura,
propodeum and gaster pale brown, darkened in part, with weak metallic reflections. Antennae
brownish black to blackish brown, with bright metallic reflections, the scape distinctly pale at
apex above. Legs usually paler than in most species, from blackish brown on coxae, merging
to pale testaceous : mid and hind tarsi usually whitish, dark towards apex.
Holotype $. BRAZIL, Sao Paulo, xii.1935, ex Phenacoccus sp. (E. Hambleton).
Paratypes the following. BRAZIL, Sao Paulo, i $, 28.xii.ig34, ex Phenacoccus sp.
on Bougainvillea, i $, xii.1935, ex Phenacoccus sp. (E. Hambleton}. MEXICO,
Magdalena Is., Tres Marias, $, 26^.1925 (H. H. Kiefer}.
Holotype $ in U.S. National Museum, paratypes in collection of Citrus Experiment
Station, Riverside, and in British Museum (Natural History).
Aenasius phenacocci Bennett
(Text-fig. 75)
1957 Aenasius phenacocci Bennett, Can. Ent. 89 (12) : 569-70.
Head from above rather long, median length to breadth — i : 1-7 to 2-0 ; fronto vertex about
a quarter total breadth ; in side view rather strongly and evenly curved, though more strongly
just above side of facial impression : face rather long, with cheeks narrowed to mouth at about
half a right angle : facial impression about two-fifths height of head, not bordered by a distinct
keel above or at sides. Frontovertex with microsculpture extremely fine : head sculpture
otherwise as described for hyettus Walker.
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth the longer and broader.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 75) one-half longer (dorsally) than its greatest breadth, the
lamina curving inward from apex ; with pedicellus one-half longer than broad ; with funicle
segments short and broad, the club about one-half longer than the combined funicle segments.
Greatest width of scape i-i times narrowest width of fronto vertex.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum very finely reticulate, somewhat shining, beset
with shallow piliferous punctures that are separated by about their own diameters on meso-
scutum but are sparser on scutellum, especially near apex. Propodeum with spiracles broad-
oval to sub-circular and very large.
Fore wings with outer margin distinctly curved and with anal angle well rounded : post-
marginal clearly not extending to level of tip of uncus, the radial slightly curved : hyaline
streak absent : costal cell bearing three rows of rather strong hairs.
Head blue-green, in part brassy green, with some red-violet coloration near facial impression,
sometimes much more widespread : mouth region more bronzy. Pronotum, mesoscutum,
tegulae, axillae and scutellum blue-green, with reflections weak but bright. Pleura, propodeum
and gaster brownish black, with moderate metallic reflections. Antennae blackish brown,
overspread with bright, pale bronzy reflection, the scape and pedicellus very distinctly pale
brown, sometimes almost whitish, at apex. Leg colour much as described for hyettus Walker,
but the whitish parts infused with pale brown.
Redescribed from the following. ST. VINCENT, i $ (H. H. Smith], (mixed with
hyettus Walk, in Brit. Mus. coll.). TRINIDAD, I.C.T.A., 2 9, v.1955, ex Phenacoccus
gossypii Towns. & Ckll. on Acalypha; ri $, v.1953, ex P. gossypii on Hibiscus;
St. Augustine, 3 $, in. 1961, "ex mealybugs" (F. D. Bennett}. BRITISH GUIANA,
Georgetown, 3 $, 15. x. 1961, "on ornamentals" (F. D. Bennett). Material in
204 G- J- KERRICH
Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, in Citrus Experiment Station,
Riverside, in U.S. National Museum and in British Museum (Natural History).
This and the two following species are very closely related.
Aenasius masii Domenichini
(Text-fig. 58)
1951 Aenasius masii Domenichini, Boll. Zool. agr. Bachic. 17 (3) : 168-71.
Head from above (Text-fig. 58) decidedly broad, median length to breadth = 1:2-1 to 2-3 ;
frontovertex to total breadth = i : 4-6 to 4-9, with ocelli in an acute triangle ; in side view more
strongly curved above than in middle : face rather long, with cheeks narrowed to mouth at about
or less than half a right angle : facial impression about half height of head, not bordered by a
distinct keel above or at sides. Frontovertex with microsculpture of moderate strength ;
with orbital piliferous punctures small, and at narrowest with three or four rows of coarse
punctures between these, the coarse punctation irregular and relatively deep.
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth the longer and broader.
Antenna with scape one-half longer (dorsally) than its greatest breadth, the lamina curving
well inward from apex ; with pedicellus about one-half longer than broad ; with first five funicle
segments saucer-shaped, the sixth longer, and club about one-half longer than the combined
funicle segments. Greatest width of scape 1-5 times narrowest width of frontovertex.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum with reticulate microsculpture regular and
rather strong, beset with piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by about or rather less
than their own diameters on mesoscutum but are rather sparser on scutellum.
Shape of fore wings as described for phenacocci Bennett : postmarginal reaching nearly as far
as tip of uncus, the radius moderately curved : hyaline streak absent (or only indicated) :
costal cell bearing three rows of rather strong hairs.
Head for the most part red-violet with some bronzy reflections, and with patches of green and
blue in region of ocelli and lower part of inter-scrobal prominence, or more widespread. Pro-
notum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum a dull, steely to olive-green, with bronzy to
red- violet reflections. Pleura, propodeum and gaster blackish or paler, with metallic reflections.
Antennae blackish brown with weak, mostly pale bronzy, reflections, the scape sometimes paler
at extreme apex. Legs darker coloured than in most known members of the hyettus group,
mostly deep brownish black with metallic reflections, including even the mid tibiae : mid
femora sometimes mostly pale brown : mid and hind tarsi whitish with infusion of pale brown,
dark at apex.
Redescribed from the following. PERU, Valle Carabayllo, i $ (paratype) " paras-
sita di Pseudococcus citri e P. maritimus " (/. Lamas] ; Canete, i $, 10. v. 1941 (P. A.
Berry}. Material in collection of G. Domenichini and in U.S. National Museum.
Aenasius flander si sp. n.
Head from above decidedly broad, median length to breadth = i : 2-0 to 2-4 ; frontovertex a
quarter the total breadth ; in side view much as in masii Domen. ; in facial view with cheeks
narrowed to mouth at more than half a right angle : facial impression about one-third height of
head, not bordered by a distinct keel above or at sides. Frontovertex with microsculpture of
moderate strength ; with orbital piliferous punctures small, and at narrowest with about four
rows of relatively shallow, coarse punctures between them, not so irregular as in masii Domen.
Mandibles slender, bidentate, the upper tooth broader and much the longer.
Antenna with scape one-half longer (dorsally) than its greatest breadth, the lamina curving
well inward from apex ; with pedicellus moderately longer than broad ; with first four funicle
segments saucer-shaped, the fifth and sixth longer, and club slightly longer than the combined
funicle segments. Greatest width of scape equal to that of frontovertex.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 205
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum with reticulate microsculpture regular and of
moderate strength, beset with piliferous punctures that are separated by about their own
diameters on mesoscutum but are much sparser on scutellum.
Fore wings with outer margin more curved and anal angle more rounded than in phenacocci
Bennett : postmarginal not reaching level of tip of uncus, the radial moderately curved :
hyaline streak absent : costal cell bearing four rows of rather strong hairs.
Head blue-green, with reflections brassy to bronzy, and with some red-violet coloration on
genae. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum dull blue-green to steely green,
with indefinite metallic reflections. Pleura, propodeum and gaster blackish, with bright
reflections. Antennae brownish black, with bright metallic reflection, the scape very distinctly
pale at apex. Leg colour much as described for masii Domen., or rather paler.
Holotype £. U.S.A.: California, San Diego, Balboa Park, I5.viii.i958 on
Pittosporum (S. Flanders).
Paratypes. PERU: unlocalized, 3 $, io.vi.iQ58, ex mealybug on cotton (S.
Flanders) ; Canete, 9 $, v-vi . 1941, ex caged cotton buds (P. A . Berry), 2 $, (no further
data) (E. J. Hambleton); Piura, I $ (P. A. Berry). URUGUAY, Montevideo, I $,
24.viii.i942 (P. A. Berry).
Holotype in U.S. National Museum, paratypes in U.S. National Museum, in
Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, and in British Museum (Natural History).
Aenasius connectens sp. n.
(Text-figs. 64, 76, 83)
Head, seen from above, moderately long, median length to breadth = 1:1-9; frontovertex
over a quarter total breadth ; in side view (Text-fig. 64) more strongly curved below than above
middle, and bent round rather sharply from sides of facial impression to mouth region : facial
impression about two-fifths height of head, decidedly broad (Text-fig. 83), bordered by a distinct
keel above but not at sides. Frontovertex dull, with microsculpture fine to moderate, with
orbital piliferous punctures small and rather indistinct, and at narrowest with four rows of
coarse punctures, which are not very shallow, between these : one to two rows of large punctures
descend between eye and facial impression, and do not nearly reach the malar line (Text-fig. 83).
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 76) about three-fifths longer than its greatest breadth, the
lamina falling almost vertically at apex ; with pedicellus one-half longer than apically broad ;
with first three funicle segments saucer-shaped, the remainder short-cylindrical, the sixth three
times as broad (apically) as long, the club about one-fifth longer than combined funicle segments.
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth slightly the longer and larger.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum with reticulate microsculpture regular
and strong, beset with weak piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by more than their
own diameters.
Fore wings with outer margin strongly curved and anal angle strongly rounded ; costal cell
sub-parallel almost to apex, where the wing margin is sharply incised : marginal vein relatively
short, the postmarginal extending well beyond tip of uncus, the radial emitted at a very acute
angle, slightly curved : hyaline streak absent : costal cell bearing two rows of strong hairs on
upper surface, the remaining hairs much smaller.
Head blue-green, with brassy to coppery reflections strongest above, and with red-violet
strongest above the facial impression. Pronotum blue-green, mesoscutum duller, and axillae
and scutellum still duller, with bright reflections which are more definitely bronzy to red-violet
on scutellum. Postspiracular sclerite pale testaceous-brown ; mesopleura and sides of pro-
podeum duller, and having dark patches bearing weak metallic green reflection : propodeum
above and gaster dark brown, largely overspread with dull blue-green. Antennae blackish brown,
ENTOM. 20, 5. ii
206
G. J. KERRICH
61
62
65
66
FIGS. 61-68. Aenasius species, females. 61-66. Head, in dextro-lateral view of 61, Aen.
similis sp. n. ; 62, Aen. maplei Comp. ; 63, Aen. vexans sp. n. ; 64, Aen. connectens sp. n. ;
65, Aen. advena Comp. and 66, Aen. frontalis Comp. 67-68. Head, seen from above, of
67, Aen. frontalis Comp. and 68, Aen. cariocus Comp. f. theobromae Kerrich (drawn from
holotype of theobromae).
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 207
with metallic reflections, the scape on outer side and pedicellus above distinctly green : scape
and pedicellus narrowly at apex, and funicle segments 4 and 5 pale yellow-testaceous, the first
three and sixth funicle more or less dusky. Legs having coxae and trochanters dull brown with
green metallic reflections, merging to pale testaceous-brown : mid tibiae dark at apex and
mid tarsi largely whitish.
Holotype $. URUGUAY: near Montevideo, S. American Parasite Lab., reared
24. ¥.1946 (P. A. Berry).
Paratype. URUGUAY: i $ (same data as holotype).
Holotype in U.S. National Museum: paratype in British Museum (Natural
History).
This species forms a clear connecting link between advena Comp. and the group
composed of paulistus Comp. and insularis Comp. It shares with paulistus and
insularis the incision of the fore margin of the wing at the apex of the costal cell, the
broad facial impression, and the feature of the large punctures not descending to
near the malar line, though they do descend further than in those species. It differs
from them most notably in having the frontovertex relatively narrow, with the ocelli
in an obviously acute triangle, the facial impression sharply bordered above, and the
mandibles not tridentate. The broadly laminate antennal scape places it near
advena Comp., whereas paulistus and insularis have the scape of a form not found in
any other known species (cf. Text-fig. 79).
Aenasius advena Compere
(Text-figs. 65, 77, 84)
1937 Aenasius advena Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 384, 388-9, 393.
1937 Aenasius ianthinus Compere, Ibidem: 388, 391, 393-4, here considered as variety of
the above, stat. n.
Head, seen from above, more or less broad, breadth at least about twice median length, about
2-3 times in best developed specimens ; frontovertex about one-fifth total breadth ; in side view
(Text-fig. 65) rather evenly curved to mouth ; facial impression about one-third height of head,
narrow, especially narrowed above, not bordered by a distinct keel above or at sides (Text-fig. 84).
Frontovertex with microsculpture very fine, with orbital piliferous punctures small but regular,
and at narrowest with four rows of large punctures, which are relatively shallow, between these :
two to three rows of large punctures descend between eye and facial impression, and nearly
reach the malar line.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 77) 1-5 times to nearly twice as long as its greatest breadth, the
lamina curving strongly inward from apex ; with pedicellus about twice as long as apically
broad ; with funicle segments more short-cylindrical than saucer-shaped, the sixth three times
as broad (apically) as long, the club one-half longer than the combined funicle segments.
Greatest width of scape 0-9 times narrowest width of frontovertex.
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth the longer and broader.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum with reticulate microsculpture regular and
rather strong, beset with piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by about their own
diameters on mesoscutum but are sparser on scutellum.
Fore wings with lower part of outer margin moderately curved, with anal angle rather sharp :
postmarginal clearly not extending to level of tip of uncus, the radial emitted at a relatively
acute angle, slightly curved : hyaline streak absent : costal cell bearing usually four rows of
rather strong hairs.
2o8 G. J. KERRICH
Coloration of the type series and of similar specimens is as follows : head blue-green, in large
part with brassy reflections, around median ocellus more coppery and golden ; with a little
red-violet before occipital margin and on hinder genae. Pronotum blue-green, with red-violet
especially on shoulders : mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum more a steely green, with
indefinite bright reflections. Pleura, propodeum and gaster blackish or paler, with bright
reflections. Antennae blackish brown, with metallic reflections : scape and pedicellus at apex,
and first four, or sometimes only three, segments pale yellow-testaceous : pedicellus often
distinctly green above. Legs brownish black, the mid legs rather paler : tarsi testaceous to
whitish, dark at apex.
Specimens attributed to var. ianthinus Compere are coloured as follows : head a much deeper
blue-green, with a triangular red-violet mark extending forward from occiput between ocelli, and
with red-violet strong above, beside and to some extent across the facial impression, and on
genae : brassy reflections on frontovertex absent, or weak and indeterminate. Red-violet
coloration strong on scutellum and strong to very strong on scutum.
Compere (1937) described this form as a species, though he wrote that it was
structurally much like advena Compere and might be a variant of it. I now know
numerous intermediate colour gradations and find, moreover, that the colour is not
always approximately constant in all specimens of a reared series. In consequence,
the form is here reduced to varietal status. Dr. B. D. Burks has compared the type
with several colour forms and with reference to my manuscript description, and he
concurs.
Redescribed from the following material. BRAZIL: Bahia, Sao Salvador, i $,
4.x. 1934, ex Pseudococcus on Macquilla tomentosa (H. Compere); unlocalized, I $,
I953> " ex 6526 " (D. C. Lloyd] (propagated at Riverside by S. Flanders); Rio de
Janeiro, 2 $, 27.x. 1962, i $, ^.1963, on citrus (A. Perachi & F. D. Bennett).
TRINIDAD: I.C.T.A., 3 $, 1952-53, exFerrisia virgata (Ckll.) on cacao, 7 $, viii.1953,
exFerrisia on Gliricidia, Toco, I $, v.1953, Manzanilla, 8 $, v-vi. 1952-53, exFerrisia
virgata on cocoanut (F. D. Bennett). PANAMA: 7 $, 23. iv. 1911 (E.- A. Schwarz).
ST. THOMAS : Charlotte Amalie, i $, 31 . v. 1917, " parasite of Pseudococcus virgatus "
(H. Morrison). PORTO Rico: Isabela, i $, 27. ix. 1935, on mealybug (L. C. Fife).
MEXICO: " Laredo POE ", i <j>, 17.^.1953 (Baker). HAWAII: Oahu, Koko Head,
1 $, 13. ii, i $, 27. ii., i $, I5.iii.i934 (0. H. Swezey) (paratypes); Honolulu, i $,
27.xii.i943 (N. L. H. Krauss); Johnston Is., i $, i.vi.i952 (K. L. Maehler),
2 $, 8.vii.i948, on Vitex trifolia L. (L. B. Laring). FIJI: Naduruloulou, 4 $,
ii.i949, ex mealybug on Albizzia lebbek (B. A. O'Connor). PHILIPPINES: Manila,
3 $, xii.i958, on guava (Krauss). MALAYA, Selangor, Rubber Research Institute,
2 $, ii. 1958, Bukit Rotan, 2 $, 16. vii. 1961, exFerrisia virgata (Ckll.) per (^4. Newsam).
E. PAKISTAN: Dacca, 2 $, 1963, ex Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.), per (Government Entomolo-
gist). INDIA: Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, 2$, 25. xi. 1966, ex Ferrisia virgata
(Ckll.) (B. N. Modi). Material in U.S. National Museum, Citrus Experiment
Station, Riverside, Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture and British Museum
(Natural History).
This is the only species of the genus known to have a distribution extending outside
the neotropical region and southern U.S.A. Specimens of quite typical coloration
have been examined from Mexico, Hawaiian Islands and Philippines, specimens
attributed to var. ianthinus from Brazil, West Indies and Hawaiian Islands.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 209
Aenasius advena Compere var.
Small specimens : large punctures on frontovertex and punctures on mesoscutum abnormally
shallow : antennal scape twice or just over twice as long as its greatest breadth : antennae with
whole funicle a rich yellow-testaceous, with scape at least broadly at apex, and in one specimen
also with club similarly coloured, having only weak infuscation.
Described from the following. U.S.A.: Florida, Key Largo, 2 $, 26.xii.iQ54
(H. V. Weems Jr.).
Aenasius frontalis Compere
(Text-figs. 66-67, 78)
1937 Aenasius frontalis Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 388-9, 391-2.
Head, seen from above (Text-fig. 67), elongate, median length to breadth = i : 1-8, with
frontal emargination deep ; frontovertex between a fifth and a quarter the total head breadth,
with ocelli in a moderately acute triangle (80°) ; in side view (Text-fig. 66) seen to be falling
forward and then bent round at almost a right angle to mouth region : facial impression about
one-third height of head, bordered by a sharp keel above and at sides. Frontovertex strongly
shining, with microsculpture very fine to rather fine, with orbital piliferous punctures quite
small but regular, and at narrowest with four rows of large punctures, which are coarse but
usually rather shallow between these : two rows of large punctures descend between eye and
facial impression, and rather nearly reach the malar line.
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth much the longer.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 78) 1-5 to 1-8 times length of its greatest breadth, the upper
margin rising relatively steeply from base, the lamina curving well inward from apex ; with
pedicellus twice as long as its apical breadth ; with funicle segments cup-shaped to short-
cylindrical, the sixth about 2^ times as broad as long ; with club about i£ times length of
combined funicle segments.
Reticulate microsculpture fine on pronotum, sides of mesoscutum, tegulae and axillae, of
moderate strength on scutellum, sharp and strikingly transverse on most of mesoscutum :
mesoscutum and scutellum sharply beset with piliferous punctures that, except sometimes at
sides, are separated by more, usually much more, than their own diameters.
Fore wings relatively rather narrow, with lower part of outer margin slightly emarginate and
with anal angle relatively sharp : radial strongly curved, without a defined uncus, the post-
marginal clearly not reaching level of its tip : hyaline streak present : costal cell bearing two
rows of strong hairs, the remaining hairs much smaller.
Head bright blue-green to peacock-blue, with red-violet reflection, which is strongest beside
the facial impression ; brassy-green before occipital margin, narrowly along orbits, and in
region of mouth and toruli. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum a much
duller blue-green than the head, sometimes almost a steely green, with red-violet and bronzy
reflections especially at sides. Pleura, propodeum and gaster pale brown to brownish black, with
reflections which on gaster in part and sides of propodeum are green. Antennae with scape in
greater part, pedicellus and club brownish black, with bright metallic reflection : scape quite
broadly at apex above, pedicellus at extreme apex, and funicle segments yellow-testaceous, the
sixth funicle segment slightly darkened, or quite dark like the club. Legs with coxae and
trochanters mostly blackish brown, with femora, tibiae and fore tarsi testaceous, often rather
pale : mid and hind tarsi more whitened, dark toward apex.
Redescribed from the following material. PANAMA: Montelirio, i $, Taboga,
i $, iii.1924 (D. T. Fullaway] (paratypes); Canal Zone, Paraiso, i $, iii.igii (E. A.
Schwarz). TRINIDAD: I.C.T.A., i $, V.IQ52, 2 $, 1952-53, exFerrisia virgata (Ckll.)
on cacao (F. D. Bennett}. Material in U.S. National Museum, Citrus Experiment
Station, Riverside, and British Museum (Natural History).
210 G. J. KERRICH
Aenasius chapadae Ashmead
1900 Aenasius chapadae Ashmead, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 22 : 371.
1904 Aenasius chapadae Ashmead; Ashmead, Mem. Carneg. Mus. 1 (4) : 496, PI. XXXVIII,
fig. i.
1937 Aenasius chapadae Ashmead ; Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 388, 394.
Thinking that the more bluish form of frontalis Comp. might be chapadae, I sent
one such specimen in 1962 to Dr. B. D. Burks. He kindly compared it with the type,
referring to my manuscripts, and replied that chapadae ran down in my key with
frontalis but was not the same as the species sent. He kindly supplied the dif-
ferentiating characters now incorporated in the key, adding that Ashmead's figure
represented accurately the relative breadth of the frontovertex in chapadae.
Aenasius paulistus Compere
(Text-figs. 79, 85)
1937 Aenasius paulistus Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 385, 388-92, 401-3.
Head from above with median length to breadth = 1:2-0 to 2-2 ; frontovertex to total
breadth — i : 3-3 to 3-6, with ocelli in about a right-angled triangle ; in side view rather long
and almost evenly curved, almost as in advena Comp. (Text-fig. 65) : cheeks rather short and
sharply narrowed : facial impression broad, about two-fifths height of head, not sharply
bordered except beside lower half of toruli. Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture fine,
with orbital piliferous punctures rather strong, and at narrowest with five rows of large punctures,
which are of fully normal depth, between them : large punctures descending not far below
upper margin of facial impression (Text-fig. 85).
Mandibles obscurely tridentate, with an uppermost tooth much the smallest and well set back.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 79) two and a half times length of its greatest breadth ; with
pedicellus nearly twice as long as broad ; with funicle segments short-cylindrical to broad
saucer-shaped, the club 1-7 times length of the combined funicle segments.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum with microsculpture rather fine, beset
with piliferous punctures that on mesoscutum are regular, relatively deep, and mostly separated
by about or rather less than their own diameters, but are shallower and sparser on axillae and
scutellum. Propodeum with spiracles large, very broad-oval.
Fore wings with lower part of outer margin rather strongly curved, and anal angle well
rounded : fore margin moderately incised at apex of costal cell (Compere, 1937, fig. 4) : marginal
vein rather long, the postmarginal extending just beyond tip of uncus, the radial moderately
curved : hyaline streak not fully developed (though it may be indicated) : costal cell bearing
three rows of strong hairs on upper surface, the lower two merging in about distal half : wing
infuscation fading out towards outer margin.
Head blue-green, with light brassy reflections ; sometimes bronzy around ocelli, in mouth
region and on hinder genae. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum a duller
blue-green, with considerable bronzy reflection. Sometimes there is much violet on the fronto-
vertex, especially on the ridges of the reticulations, and much red-violet on pronotum and
mesoscutum. Pleura, propodeum and gaster dull brown to brownish black, with moderate
metallic reflections which in parts are blue-green. Antennae with scape largely, pedicellus at
apex, and funicle segments yellow-testaceous ; with scape at base and along much of lower
margin and part of upper margin, pedicellus mainly, and club blackish brown with green metallic
reflections. Legs with coxae, trochanters, and femora in part brownish black, with metallic
reflections, merging to dull testaceous on femora and tibiae : tarsi pale testaceous, darkened
at apex.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 211
Redescribed from the following. BRAZIL : Sao Paulo, 3 $, 4 . xi . 1934, with Pseudo-
coccus fragilis Brain and P. longispinus Targ. (=aonidum auctt.) on Hedera helix,
i $, 4.xii.i934 (H. Compere); Sao Paulo, i $, 28.xii.i934, ex Phenacoccus sp. on
Bougainvillea (E. Hambleton). Material in collection of Citrus Experiment Station,
Riverside and in British Museum (Natural History).
Aenasius insularis Compere
1937 Aenasius insularis Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 388-92, 400-1.
Head shape much as in paulistus Comp., but the cheeks more rounded : large punctures
descending even less far below upper margin of facial impression (cf. Text-fig. 85), the impression
similar in shape but very ill-defined at sides. Head median length about half breadth ; fronto-
vertex to total breadth = about i : 3-6, with ocelli in about aright-angled triangle. Pronto vertex
with reticulate microsculpture fine, with orbital piliferous punctures small above, moderate
below, and at narrowest with four to five rows of large punctures, which are relatively shallow,
between them.
Mandibles as in paulistus Compere, obscurely tridentate.
Antenna with scape of the same general shape as in paulistus Compere but rather longer, over
two and a half but well under three times length of its greatest breadth ; with pedicellus one
and a half times to nearly twice as long as broad ; with funicle segments short cup-shaped to
saucer-shaped, the club one and two-thirds times length of the combined funicle segments.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum with microsculpture finer than in
paulistus Comp., the piliferous punctures on mesoscutum rather shallower and mostly separated
by more than their own diameters, and on axillae and scutellum quite shallow and sparse.
Propodeum with spiracles transverse-oval, not abnormally large.
Fore wings much as described for paulistus Comp., but the costal cell sometimes bearing only
two rows of strong hairs on upper surface : wing infuscation curving outward from apex of
radial, leaving the wing very broadly hyaline by outer margin.
Head blue-green, with light brassy reflections, bronzy in part on frontovertex, mouth region
and on hinder genae. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum with some blue-
green, but scarcely discernible beneath the overspread of red-violet to bronzy. Coloration of
pleura, propodeum and gaster as described for paulistus Comp., but the brown much paler in
one small specimen. Antennal colour much as in paulistus Comp., but the club largely dull
yellow-testaceous, pale blackish brown near base. Leg colour much as described for paulistus
Comp.
MEXICO. Redescribed from two paratypes and one specimen with similar data.
Aenasius nitens sp. n.
Head, seen from above, elongate, median length (measured from above scrobal impression) to
breadth = 1:1-9; frontovertex relatively broad, to total breadth = 1:2-6, with ocelli in a
decidedly obtuse triangle ; in side view very gently curved both above and below middle, where
it is almost angled, then at level of toruli more sharply bent round to mouth region ; in frontal
view with cheeks long and well rounded, with facial impression small, about a quarter the height
of head, sharply margined at sides, and with inter-scrobal prominence broad, and so convex that
it is visible when the head is viewed from above. Frontovertex strongly shining, with micro-
sculpture so extremely fine as to be almost imperceptible x 65, with orbital piliferous punctures
strong, and with larger punctures in a loose reticulation, four of them in transverse line with the
median ocellus but a transverse row of six immediately in front of these : three rows of large
punctures, merging to two, and the orbitals, descend between eye and facial impression and
almost reach the malar line.
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth slightly the longer.
212 G. J. KERRICH
Antenna with scape 3-4 times length of its greatest breadth, broadest in basal third ; with
pedicellus twice length of its greatest breadth ; with funicle segments cup-shaped to cylindrical,
the sixth not twice as broad as long : club only moderately expanded from funicle, relatively
elongate, 2^ times length of its greatest breadth and equal in length to funicle and pedicellus
together.
Pro- and mesonota decidedly shining, though less strongly than the frontovertex : reticulate
microsculpture on mesoscutum and axillae fine but very distinct, and on scutellum appreciably a
little stronger : these sclerites sharply piliferous-punctate, the punctures separated by, on
average, about their own diameters.
Fore wing narrow, with lower part of outer margin moderately emarginate and with anal
angle somewhat sharp : radial strongly curved, without a defined uncus, the postmarginal not
quite reaching level of its tip : hyaline streak present : costal cell bearing two rows of strong
hairs, which merge to one row in apical fifth.
Head bright green, with brassy reflections on the ridges, merging to coppery from before the
median ocellus down to the malar line. Pro- and mesonota bright green, overspread with brassy
and, in small patches, bronzy reflection. Pleura and propodeum above blackish brown with
weak reflection : propodeum at sides and gaster the same, but with reflections brighter and in
part green. Antennae with scape a rich orange-testaceous, slightly darkened along upper and
lower margins ; having pedicellus except at apex black, with bright reflection ; having pedi-
cellus at apex and first five funicle segments dull brown, somewhat infuscate above, and sixth
funicle segment and club blackish brown with weak reflection. Legs blackish with bright
reflections, the femora at apex and tibiae in greater part brown : tarsi testaceous, the mid
metatarsi whitish except at apex.
Holotype $. U.S.A.: Nebraska, Halsey, I5.vii.ig57 (R. Henzlik}. Holotype in
U.S. National Museum.
This is the species most resembling a Chalcaspis, on account of the strongly
shining, relatively broad frontovertex.
Aenasius pacificus Compere
(Text-figs. 80, 86)
1937 Aenasius pacificus Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 388-91, 399-400.
Head from above moderately broad, median length to breadth = i : 1-8 to 2-2 ; frontovertex
to total breadth = i : 3-4 to 3-9, with ocelli in about a right-angled triangle ; in side view rather
short, evenly curved round to mouth : cheeks short, sharply narrowed : facial impression small
and shallow, about a third the height of the head, not sharply bordered. Frontovertex with
reticulate microsculpture regular and rather fine, with orbital piliferous punctures moderate
above, strong below, and at narrowest with four rows of large punctures, which are rather
shallow, between them : two rows of large punctures and the orbital punctures descend between
eye and facial impression, and reach just below level of bottom of eye (Text-fig. 86).
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth longer than the lower.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 80) 3 to 3^ times length of its greatest breadth, broadest just
before middle ; with pedicellus almost twice length of its greatest breadth ; with funicle
segments broad cup-shaped to short-cylindrical, the sixth 2^ times as broad as long : club
(see Compere, 1937) equal in length to pedicellus and funicle together.
Reticulate microsculpture on pronotum, mesoscutum and axillae very fine, on scutellum much
stronger and more regular : punctures on mesoscutum coarse though shallow, clearly separated
by less than their own diameters ; on axillae and scutellum finer and sparser, especially towards
apex of scutellum.
Fore wing shape much as infrontalis Comp., relatively rather narrow, with lower part of outer
margin slightly emarginate and with anal angle somewhat sharp ; subcostal vein markedly
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 213
expanded before apex, marginal vein relatively short, the postmarginal clearly not reaching tip
of uncus, the radial very strongly curved : hyaline streak present : costal cell bearing two rows
of strong hairs, the lower fading out in apical quarter.
Head blue-green, with frontovertex largely overspread with purplish bronzy reflections,
merging further forward to red-violet on the ridges and more brassy in the punctures and on
facial impression : mouth region and sometimes hinder genae rather bronzy. Pronotum,
mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum with fundamental dull blue-green showing weakly
through the bright, rather bronzy, reflection. Pleura, propodeum and gaster brownish black to
blackish brown with bright reflections, more strongly blue-green around propodeal spiracles and
on parts of gaster. Antennae with pedicellus in upper half and club on outer face blackish brown,
with metallic green reflection : scape yellow-testaceous, darkened narrowly at base and half way
along upper margin, and more broadly along lower margin to beyond middle : remainder
yellow-testaceous, the basal funicle segments sometimes, on outer surface, and the club to some
extent, a little darkened. Legs with coxae and trochanters, fore and hind femora in greater
and mid femora usually in lesser part, and hind tibiae above, brownish black to blackish brown
with weak metallic reflections, otherwise dull testaceous : tarsi dull white, darkened at apex.
Redescribed from two female paratypes. MEXICO.
Aenasius longiscapus Compere
1937 Aenasius longiscapus Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 388-91, 398-9.
Head from above with median length to breadth = i : 1-8 ; frontovertex to total breadth =
i : 3-4 to 3-9, with ocelli in a slightly obtuse triangle ; in side view longer than in pacificus Comp.,
bent round rather sharply from sides of facial impression to mouth region (rather as in frontalis
Comp., Text-fig. 66, but less strongly) : facial impression rather small, about one-third height
of head, strongly narrowed above, bordered by sharp keels at sides up to level of large punctures
but not higher. Frontovertex markedly shining, with reticulate microsculpture very fine, with
orbital piliferous punctures moderate above, strong below, and at narrowest with four rows of
large punctures, which are of normal depth, between them : three rows of large punctures
merging to two, and the orbital punctures, descend between eye and facial impression and
reach well below bottom of eye.
Mandibles bidentate.
Antenna with scape (see Compere, 1937, P- 3^9) nearly four times length of its greatest breadth,
broadest just beyond basal third ; with pedicellus i£ times length of its greatest breadth ;
with funicle segments cup-shaped to short-cylindrical, the sixth twice as broad as long and as
broad as the pedicellus is long : club a little longer than pedicellus and funicle combined.
Microsculpture very fine on pronotum, mesoscutum and axillae, regular and of moderate
strength on scutellum (i.e. weaker than in pacificus Comp.) : punctures on mesoscutum coarse,
separated by less than their own diameters, on scutellum similar, but rather sparser in posterior
half.
Fore wings as described for pacificus Comp., but the marginal rather longer.
Head blue-green, overspread with pale bronzy in region of ocelli, and red-violet on the ridges
further forward : facial impression brassy green, the mouth region more bronzy : genae a duller
blue-green, with strong brassy reflection. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutel-
lum with fundamental blue-green showing weakly through the bright bronzy reflection. Pleura,
propodeum and gaster as described for pacificus Comp. Antennae with scape for the most part,
pedicellus at apex, and funicle yellow-testaceous ; the scape at base and half way along lower
margin, pedicellus for the most part, and club blackish brown, with very distinct green reflec-
tions. Leg colour of similar pattern to that of pacificus Comp. but darker, the brownish black
deeper and more shining, and the tarsal colour pale testaceous.
Redescribed from the following. TRINIDAD: Wallerfield, i $, xi.ig^S, on Piper;
I.C.T.A., I $, iv.i954, ex, Ferrisia sp. on Gliricidia (F. D. Bennett}.
2i4 G. J. KERRICH
The unique holotype was deposited in the U.S. National Museum, but a slide mount
of the left antenna and pair of wings remained with H. Compere, and this has been
available on loan to the present author. In the type, the sixth funicle segment is
blackish brown like the club. The slight discrepancy between the proportion of the
antennal scape given in the present work and that given by Compere (1937) is due to
the angle at which the scape settled in the slide mount. Dr. B. D. Burks kindly com-
pared the specimen taken on Piper with the type in Washington, with reference to
my manuscripts, and wrote on 26th September, 1962 as follows: " In the type the
mesoscutum and mesopleuron are more heavily sculptured than in your specimen,
but in the absence of other differences I finally convinced myself that they are the
same. Certainly the type runs to longiscapus in your key."
This species is very closely related to pacificus Comp.
Aenasius vadosus sp. n.
Head from above with median length to breadth = 1:2-2; fronto vertex to total breadth =
i : 4-8, with ocelli in an acute triangle ; in side view curved more strongly in lower than in
upper half, but nowhere sharply bent : cheeks short, sharply narrowed at well over half a right
angle, though well rounded : facial impression small, about a third the height of head, bordered
by sharp keels at sides up to level of large punctures but not higher. Frontovertex with reti-
culate microsculpture regular and of moderate strength, with orbital piliferous punctures weak
above, moderate below, with large punctures irregular and relatively very shallow and loosely
reticulate in region of ocelli : two rows of large punctures and the orbital punctures descend
between eye and facial impression, and reach just below bottom of eye.
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth slightly the longer.
Antenna with scape just over three times length of its greatest breadth, broadest at basal
two-fifths, then almost rectilinearly narrowed ; with pedicellus i£ times as long as broad ; with
funicle segments short, the sixth two and a third times as broad as long : club broad, i£ times
length of combined funicle segments.
Reticulate microsculpture extremely fine on mesoscutum and axillae, very fine on scutellum :
punctures very shallow, mostly separated by much more than their own diameters on scutum,
still sparser on scutellum.
Fore wings as described for pacificus Comp., but quite strongly emarginate above the hyaline
streak.
Head with blue-green scarcely discernible beneath the overspread of bright, pale bronzy in
region of ocelli, normal bronzy further forward ; brassy green on facial impression and in the
punctures above and beside it, the mouth region bronzy : genae blue-green, with brassy to
bronzy reflections. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum bright bronzy.
Antennae with scape, funicle and club yellow-testaceous, the scape only darkened at extreme
base and the club only slightly darkened : pedicellus, except beneath, brownish black with
green metallic reflections. Legs with coxae, trochanters, fore femora wholly and hind femora,
except at apex, brownish black with metallic reflections : there is similar but paler colour on
fore tibiae in about basal two-thirds, on hind tibiae above, and on mid femora and tibiae in
about basal three-quarters and at extreme apex, merging to a rich testaceous : mid femora and
tibiae before apex and tarsi at base almost whitish, the tarsi otherwise pale testaceous.
Holotype $. PORTO Rico, Mayaguez, xi . 1959 on coffee (F. D. Bennett}. Holotype
in British Museum (Natural History).
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 215
Aenasius acuminatus sp. n.
(Text-fig. 81)
Head from above with median length half breadth : frontovertex a quarter the total breadth,
with ocelli in an acute triangle : in side view weakly curved in upper, more strongly in lower
half : cheeks much longer than in vadosus sp. n., narrowed at well under half a right angle :
facial impression rather small, just over one-third the height of head, bordered by sharp keels up
to level of large punctures but not higher. Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture of
moderate strength, with orbital piliferous punctures moderate, and at narrowest with four rows
of piliferous punctures, which are of normal depth, between them : three rows of large punctures
and the orbital punctures descend between eye and facial impression and reach well below
bottom of eye.
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth slightly the longer.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 81) five times length of its greatest breadth, broadest at basal
third, then almost rectilinearly narrowed ; with pedicellus 2 J times length of its greatest breadth ;
with funicle segments broad cup-shaped to short-cylindrical : club elongate and having the
sutures very oblique, over 2\ times as long as broad and over i£ times length of combined
funicle segments.
Reticulate microsculpture on pronotum, mesoscutum and axillae very fine, less fine and more
regular towards apex of scutellum ; punctures rather coarse, not exceptionally shallow ; mostly
separated by rather more than their own diameters on mesoscutum, if anything a little denser
on scutellum except near its apex.
Fore wings as described for pacificus Comp., but the marginal rather longer.
Head blue-green, largely overspread above with bronzy, merging to red-violet on the ridges
above and beside the facial impression : mouth region and genae with much brassy to bronzy
reflection. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum blue-green, almost wholly
overspread with bright bronzy. Antennal colouring as described for longiscapus Comp., but the
club paler. Legs with the same fundamental colour-pattern as in vadosus sp. n., but considerably
paler.
Holotype $. TRINIDAD: Maracas, ¥.1953, ex Dysmicoccus brevipes (Ckll.) on
cacao (F. D. Bennett). Holotype in British Museum (Natural History).
Aenasius brasiliensis (Mercet)
1926 Chalcaspis brasiliensis Mercet, Eos 2 : 46-48.
1937 Aenasius brasiliensis (Mercet) Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 288-90, 398.
Head from above moderately broad, median length to breadth = 1:2-1; frontovertex to
total breadth = i : 3-3, with ocelli in a slightly obtuse triangle ; in side view short and almost
evenly curved : facial impression shallow and not sharply bordered, nearly half height of head.
Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture regular and strong, with orbital piliferous punctures
rather strong, and at narrowest with four to five rows of punctures between these.
[Conformation of mandibles not clearly visible on unique type specimen.]
Antenna with scape weakly laminate, almost four times length of its greatest breadth, broadest
a little before the middle ; with pedicellus i£ times length of its greatest breadth ; with funicle
segments short-cylindrical, the sixth not twice as broad as long ; with club about equal in
length to combined funicle segments.
Mesoscutum finely transversely striate-reticulate, beset with moderate, rather deep, clear-cut
punctures that mostly are separated by rather more than their own diameters : scutellum and
axillae with reticulate microsculpture shallow but wide, beset with coarse but rather shallow
piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by less than their own diameters but are smaller
and sparser at sides and on axillae. Propodeum with spiracles large, broad-oval.
216 G. J. KERRICH
Fore wings with lower part of outer margin distinctly a little curved, and with anal angle well
rounded : subcostal vein markedly expanded before apex, postmarginal clearly not extending
to level of tip of uncus, the radial narrow, very strongly curved : hyaline streak present, though
with a row of hairs in it : costal cell broad, bearing two rows and a half row of rather strong,
rather sparse, hairs.
Head blue-green, with bronzy coloration in area of ocelli, merging to red-violet and developed
mainly on the ridges of the reticulations forward of this and to sides of facial impression.
Mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum and tegulae a fundamental dull blue-green, almost entirely
overspread with purplish bronzy reflection. Pleura, propodeum and gaster blackish brown to
brownish black, with bright reflections, blue-green around propodeal spiracles and in part on
gaster above. Antennal scape at base, above and along lower margin, pedicellus except at
extreme apex, and club blackish brown with bright reflections, the scape and pedicellus green
above : scape in greater part, pedicellus at extreme apex, and funicle yellow-testaceous, the
funicle segments a little darkened above. Legs medium brown, with metallic reflections very
weak, merging to pale yellow-brown, the tarsi all pale but with apical segment dark, the mid
and hind metatarsi whitish in basal half, the mid tibiae dark at apex.
Redescribed from the unique holotype from Corumba, Matto Grosso, Brazil.
Mercet (1926) described the colour of the tegulae as " azules ", and Compere (1937)
gave " tegulae blue " as a key character. However the colour may have appeared
in the specimen when almost fresh, it does not now appear as more than a dull
blue-green. Moreover, Mercet described blue-green coloration as " azul " in other
cases.
Aenasius cariocus Compere
(Text-figs. 68, 82)
1921 ? Blepyrus tachigaliae Brues, Zoologica 3 (9) : 229-30. New York.
1937 Aenasius cariocus Compere, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 9 (3) : 388-91, 399.
1937 Aenasius colombiensis Compere, Ibidem,*) (3) : 403-4, syn. n.
1953 Aenasius theobromae Kerrich, Bull. ent. Res. 44 (4) : 796-7, syn. n.
Head from above variable in breadth, median length to breadth = i : 1-7 to 2-3 ; frontovertex
to total breadth = i : 2-8 to 3-9, with ocelli in a slightly obtuse triangle (Text-fig. 68) ; in side
view more strongly curved below than above : facial impression moderately deep, over two-
fifths height of head. Frontovertex shining, with reticulate microsculpture very fine to moderate
in strength, with orbital piliferous punctures normally moderate, and at narrowest with four,
occasionally five, rows of relatively rather shallow punctures between them.
Antenna with scape (Text-fig. 82) moderately laminate, 3 to 3^ times length of its greatest
breadth, broadest about in middle ; with pedicellus scarcely a quarter longer than apically
broad ; with funicle segments cup-shaped to short-cylindrical, the sixth not quite twice as broad
as long ; with club one-fifth to one-half longer than combined funicle segments.
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth slightly the longer and larger.
Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum with reticulate microsculpture very fine to
rather fine, beset with moderate piliferous punctures that are separated by rather more to rather
less than their own diameters. Propodeum with spiracles large, broad-oval.
Fore wings much as described for brasiliensis (Mercet) , but with hyaline streak usually sharper :
costal cell occasionally bearing only two rows of rather strong hairs, which may merge in apical
quarter.
Head blue-green, overspread in region of ocelli with bright, pale bronzy merging to red-violet
above and beside the facial impression on the ridges, almost blue in the punctures : facial
impression blue-green to brassy green, the mouth region more bronzy : genae dull blue-green
with weak reflections. Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum and tegulae dull blue-green,
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 217
which is scarcely discernible beneath the overspread of purplish-bronzy reflection. Pleura,
propodeum and gaster brownish black to blackish brown, with bright reflections, blue-green in
region of propodeal spiracles and sometimes on gaster above. Antennal scape very broadly
above and below blackish with metallic reflections, yellow-testaceous along middle in about
apical half, and more or less broadly at apex : pedicellus except at extreme apex and club
brownish black, the pedicellus green above : pedicellus at extreme apex and funicle yellow-
testaceous, the first four funicle segments somewhat darkened above : the sixth funicle segment
sometimes, like the club, brownish black, and rarely the fifth also darkened. Leg colour as
described for brasiliensis (Mercet), but in one series the mid and hind femora are paler and more
extensively so.
Redescribed from the following material. BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Garuja, 5 $, vii.
r935> " ex Pseudococcus sp. 16 " (E. Hambleton); Sao Paulo, 2 $, ¥111.1935, "ex
Pseudococcus sp. 15 " (E. Hambleton); Campinas, 7 $, ^.1936, " ex Pseudococcus sp.
12 " (E. Hambleton). COLOMBIA: Barbosa, 6 <j>, x.1935, ex Pseudococcus sp. (E. G.
Salas) (paratypes of colombiensis Comp.); Bucaramanga, 5 $, ix.1935, ex Pseudo-
coccus sp. (E. G. Salas); River Vaupes, 7 $, x-xii.1952, " ex Coccid D 334 ", I $,
x-xii.i952, " ex Coccid D 257 on pineapple " (D. J. Taylor). PANAMA: Canal Zone,
Paraiso, 2 $, 20.1.1911 (A Busck); Montelirio, I $, 17.^.1924, unlocalized, 2 $,
iii.i924 (D. T. Fullaway); Barro Colorado, i $, ¥1.1941, on Heliconia marina
(J. Zetek}. TRINIDAD: Maracas, 3 $, x.1949, ex Dysmicoccus brevipes (Ckll.) on
cacao pod (T. W . Kirkpatrick], (holotype and paratypes of theobromae Kerrich),
5 $, 6.ix.i953, same locality and host data (F. D. Bennett}. Material in U.S.
National Museum, in Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside and in British Museum
(Natural History).
Compere (1937) described colombiensis as a species differing only in colour from the
two series of cariocus he then had. From a study of the greater number of series
now available, I consider these colour differences not to have significance. In
particular I find that some qualities of metallic coloration are revealed by a mixture
of moderate artificial light and good daylight, whereas they may be obscured by
stronger artificial light which penetrates to the melanin. It is apparent that in
some other species with the antennal funicle partly yellow, one more funicle segment
than is usual may be dark. Consequently I place colombiensis as a straight synonym
of cariocus. Dr. B. D. Burks, after studying the two types in comparison with speci-
mens from several of the above series and with reference to my manuscripts, has
expressed agreement with this synonymy.
In 1953 I described, as a new species theobromae, a form that appeared to differ
from cariocus Comp. in four structural and two colour key characters. It should be
noted that the frontovertex was described as having six rows of punctures at
narrowest, but that these six include the orbital punctures which are exceptionally
large in that series of specimens (Text-fig. 68). This form has the head, seen from
above, over half as long as broad, the punctation of the mesoscutum relatively
coarse, the frontovertex more obviously green, the antennal scape with relatively
little dark marking, the antennal club relatively swollen, and the propodeal spiracles
relatively large. Prolonged study, however, of the type series and another series,
in conjunction with the numerous series previously placed as cariocus Comp., lead
me to regard this as a form of cariocus exhibiting extremes of variation in several
respects. I cannot now maintain it as a distinct species.
2i8 G. J. KERRICH
This species is so variable that it seems possible that brasiliensis (Mercet) is another
aberrant form of it.
H. Compere has recognized Blepyrus tachigaliae Brues as belonging to the genus
Aenasius, and specimens that I place as cariocus have been determined as tachigaliae
by D. T. Fullaway, A. B. Gahan and B. D. Burks. I would think it premature,
however, to accept this as definite synonymy before the type has been re-examined.
The type is not in the U.S. National Museum, and cannot be traced in the American
Museum of Natural History, the collection of the New York Zoological Society, or the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard.
Aenasius brethesi De Santis
(Text-figs. 87-88)
1964 [1963] Aenasius brethesi De Santis, An. Comn Invest, dent. Prov. Bs Aires 4 : 255, 257-60.
Head from above broad, median length to breadth = i : 2-2 ; frontovertex to total breadth
= 1:3-9, with ocelli in a right-angled triangle ; in side view almost regularly rounded : cheeks
of moderate length and well rounded : facial impression over a third the height of head. Fronto-
vertex with reticulate microsculpture fine, with orbital piliferous punctures small, and at
narrowest with four rows of large punctures between them : facial impression broad and no-
where sharply bordered, about two-fifths height of head, the large punctures descending only a
short way below its upper margin (Text-fig. 87).
Mandibles (De Santis, fig. 124) bidentate.
Antenna (according to measurements cited and fig. 122) with scape 3-9 times length of its
greatest breadth, broadest well beyond middle ; with pedicellus twice length of its greatest
breadth ; with funicle segments short cup-shaped, the sixth twice as broad as long : [club
incomplete] .
Reticulate microsculpture on mesoscutum and axillae rather fine, on scutellum of moderate
strength : these sclerites beset with moderate piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by
rather more than their own diameters.
Fore wing with lower part of outer margin strongly curved and with anal angle regularly
rounded : radial straight in basal two-thirds, then curved, and sharply pointed at apex, the
postmarginal clearly extending beyond its tip (Text-fig. 88) : hyaline streak absent : costal cell
bearing three rows of strong hairs, merging to two in about apical third.
Head dull blue-green with occasional patches of bronzy reflection, on facial impression merging
to more strongly bronzy below. Pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum dull blue-green,
with bronzy reflection especially at sides. Pleura and propodeum blackish brown, and gaster
brownish black, with weak reflections. Legs brownish black, with bright reflections, merging
to dull testaceous.
Holotype $. ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Delta del Parana, 25.1.1908 (/. Brethes).
I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Manuel J. Viana for according me the loan
of this type from the collection of the Museo Argentine de Ciencias Naturales
" Bernadino Rivadavia ", Buenos Aires. This has enabled me to make direct
comparison between the species and its closer relatives. I have not, however, seen
the antennae, mandibles and right wings, which had been dissected off for illustration.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 219
Aenasius bolowi Mercet
1928 Aenasius sp. Mercet, Eos 4 : 11-12.
1947 Aenasius bolowi Mercet, Revta R. Acad. Cienc. exact, fis. nat. Madr. 41 : 466-7, species
dubium.
This species was validated in a paper consisting of manuscript descriptions pieced
together and published 14 years after their distinguished author's death. The
description of Aenasius bolowi was evidently based on a specimen that Mercet had
for study, and referred to but did not validate in a paper published in 1928. Un-
luckily this specimen cannot be traced in the Madrid museum at this time, nor is it
in the Zoologisches Museum der Umversitat, Berlin or the Deutsches Entomolo-
gisches Institut. The description does not appear to fit any species of Aenasius
treated in the present paper, and it is possible that Aen. bolowi belongs to some other,
similar genus.
KEY TO SPECIES OF AENASIUS WALKER : FEMALES
Antennal scape expanded into a broad lamina, only about one and one-third times to
about twice length of its greatest breadth (Text-figs. 69-78) : mandibles bidentate 2
Antennal scape less strongly laminate, at least 2^ times length of its greatest
breadth (Text-figs. 79-82) : mandibles bidentate, in two species obscurely tridentate 16
Antennal funicle blackish brown to brownish black, with weak metallic reflections,
the first 4 or 5 segments very broad, rather saucer-shaped ..... 2
Antennal funicle with at least two segments pale yellow-testaceous, the segments
usually short-cylindrical, none more than about 3 times as broad as long [in one
species in which the first three are saucer-shaped the wing margin is sharply
incised at apex of the sub-parallel costal cell] . . . . . . . 13
Fore wing with a hyaline streak running from tip of radial to tip of postmarginal
(Compere, 1937, n§- 3> longiscapus and others), with lower part of outer margin
less strongly curved and with anal angle less rounded : facial impression bordered
by a distinct keel at least at sides ......... 4
Fore wing without such streak (Compere, 1937, fig. 3, punctatus and others), with
outer margin distinctly to strongly curved and with anal angle well rounded:
facial impression not bordered by a distinct keel at sides and seldom above . . 9
Facial impression also bordered by a distinct keel above (almost as distinct as in
frontalis Comp.), the face distinctly angled in this position: punctation of fronto-
vertex relatively shallow: lamina of antennal scape not bulging outward at apex
(Text-figs. 69 and 70) : fore whig with outer margin distinctly a little curved and
with anal angle moderately rounded ........ 5
Facial impression bordered by distinct keels at sides but not above : punctation of
fronto vertex deep: lamina of antennal scape bulging outward at apex (Text-figs.
71-73) : fore wings with lower part of outer margin almost straight and with anal
angle relatively sharp ........... 6
Antennal scape three-quarters longer than its greatest breadth, the lamina curving
inward from apex (Text-fig. 69) : antennal club longer than the combined funicle
segments ........... hyettus Walker
Antennal scape one-half longer than its greatest breadth, the lamina falling almost
vertically at apex (Text-fig. 70) : antennal club shorter than the combined funicle
segments ........... sitnilis sp. n.
220
G. J. KERRICH
69
hyet
72
pers.
mapl.
70
73
reg.
74
75
76
punc t.
V J
phen. >>* X
77
78
79
Paul.
front.
80
81
82
pacif.
cari.
FIGS. 69-82. Aenasius species, females. Left antennal scape, in dextro-lateral view, of
69, Aen. hyettus Walk. ; 70, Aen. similis sp. n. ; 71, Aen. maplei Comp. ; 72, Aen.
personatus sp. n. ; 73, ^4gw. regularis sp. n. ; 74, ylew. punctatus Comp. ; 75, ylew. phena-
cocci Bennett ; 76, Aen. connectens sp. n. ; 77, Aen. advena Comp. ; 78, Aen. frontalis
Comp. ; 79, Aen. paulistus Comp. ; 80, Aen. pacificus Comp. ; 81, Aen. acuminatus sp. n.
and 82, Aen. cariocus Comp.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 221
6 Fron to vertex relatively broad, nearly a third the total head width, with ocelli in a
slightly obtuse triangle (95°) (Text-fig. 55), antennal scape not or but little broader
than the f rontovertex : frons rather prominent, the facial impression rather deep
as seen from above, the head in side view bent round rather sharply to mouth
region (Text-fig. 62) ......... maplei Compere
Frontovertex less than a quarter total head width, with ocelli in a decidedly acute
triangle (65-70°) (Text-figs. 56-57), antennal scape much broader than the fronto-
vertex : frons less prominent, the facial impression appearing less deep from above,
the head in side view more evenly curved, less sharply bent round to mouth region 7
7 Antennal scape (Text-fig. 72) very broad, about one-third longer (dorsally) than its
greatest breadth : head from above moderately broad (Text-fig. 56) . personatus sp. n.
Antennal scape (Text-fig. 73) about three-fifths longer (dorsally) than its greatest
breadth: head from above mostly broader (Text-fig. 57) ..... 8
8 Mesoscutum beset with shallow but well-defined piliferous punctures that mostly
are separated by less than their own diameters: fore wing with radial vein only
slightly curved : head and thorax usually with much red-violet . . caeruleus Brues
Antennal club nearly twice as long as combined funicle segments: mesoscutum
beset with rather small and ill-defined piliferous punctures that are separated by
much more than their own diameters : fore wing with radial vein distinctly curved :
head and thorax with little red-violet ...... regularis sp. n.
9 Head, pro- and mesothorax, and to a lesser extent metathorax, propodeum and sides
of gaster with reticulate microsculpture very strong and regular, giving the species
a velvety appearance : antennae with scape twice as long (dorsally) as its greatest
breadth, the lamina bulging very slightly outward at apex (Text-fig. 74) : wings with
prebasal area regularly beset with hairs which are not so much larger than those on
postbasal, and do not tend so much to be in distinct rows as in other species
punctatus Compere
Not as above: antennal scape about one-half longer than its greatest breadth,
with lamina, except in the next species, curving inward from apex . . . 10
10 Facial impression bordered by a sharp keel above but not at sides : head in side view
rather long and strongly curved (Text-fig. 63) : lamina of antennal scape bulging
outward slightly at apex : postmarginal extending beyond tip of uncus : costal cell
bearing two rows of strong hairs ....... vexans sp. n.
Facial impression not bordered by a distinct keel above or at sides: head in side
view shorter: lamina of antennal scape curving inward from apex (Text-fig. 75):
postmarginal not reaching level of tip of uncus; costal cell bearing three or four
rows of strong hairs ........... n
11 Head from above moderately long, median length to breadth = 1:1-7 to 2-0: reti-
culation on frontovertex, mesoscutum and scutellum very fine: propodeal
spiracles broad-oval to sub-circular and large: mid tibiae pale testaceous-brown
phenacocci Bennett
Head from above decidedly broad, median length to breadth = 1:2-0 to 2-4:
reticulation on mesoscutum and scutellum of at least moderate strength : propodeal
spiracles transverse-oval, not abnormally large : mid tibiae usually blackish brown
to brownish black, sometimes paler . . . . . . . . 12
12 Punctation of frontovertex (as in phenacocci) relatively shallow and rather regular:
greatest width of scape about equal to narrowest width of frontovertex : antennal
club only slightly longer than combined funicle segments: head with little
red- violet ........... flandersi sp. n.
Punctation of frontovertex deeper and less regular: greatest width of scape about
i£ times narrowest width of frontovertex: antennal club about one-half longer
than combined funicle segments: head with much red-violet . masii Domenichini
13 Costal cell sub-parallel almost to apex, where the wing margin is sharply incised:
antennal scape with lamina falling almost vertically from apex (Text-fig. 76) :
ENTOM. 20, 5. 12
222
G. J. KERRICH
88
89
FIGS. 83-87. Aenasius species, females. Head, in facial view, of 83, Aen. connectens sp. n. ;
84, Aen. advena Comp. ; 85, Aen. paulistus Comp. ; 86, Aen. pacificus Comp. and 87,
Aen. brethesi De S.
FIGS. 88-89. Part of left fore-wing of 88, Aenasius brethesi De S. and
89, Blepyrus clavicornis (Comp.).
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 223
head in side view (Text-fig. 64) neither so evenly curved as in advena Comp. nor so
sharply bent round as in frontalis Comp. (Text-figs. 65 and 66) : facial impression
decidedly broad (Text-fig. 83), bordered by a distinct keel above but not at sides:
one to two rows of large punctures descend between the eye and facial impression,
and do not nearly reach the malar line: postmarginal vein clearly extending
beyond tip of uncus : [hyaline streak absent] .... connectens sp. n.
Costal cell distinctly tapered to apex, where the wing margin is not sharply in-
cised : antennal scape with lamina curving well inward from apex : head hi side view
(see Text-figs. 65 and 66 and following couplet): facial impression less broad,
either not bordered by a distinct keel or bordered by a sharp keel above and at
sides: two to three rows of large punctures descend between eye and facial im-
pression, and nearly reach the malar line: postmarginal vein not reaching tip
of uncus ............. 14
14 Head from above decidedly broad, about twice or more as broad as long, with frontal
emargination shallow; in side view rather evenly curved to mouth (Text-fig. 65):
frontovertex hardly shining, about one-fifth the total head width : facial impression
narrow above (Text-fig. 84), not bordered by a distinct keel: fore wings with lower
part of outer margin moderately curved : hyaline streak absent . . advena Compere
a. Head blue-green, in large part with brassy reflections, around median ocellus
more coppery and golden: antennae with club and last two funicle segments
blackish brown ........... type form
b. Head dominantly red -violet above, blue-green near the median ocellus (but
intermediates are now known) ..... var. ianthinus Compere
c. Small specimens: antennae with scape twice or just over twice as long as its
greatest breadth and with whole funicle a rich yellow-testaceous: U.S.A., Florida . var.
Head from above elongate, much less than twice as broad as long, with frontal
emargination deep (Text-fig. 67); in side view (Text-fig. 66) seen to be falling
forward and then bent round at about a right angle to mouth region : frontovertex
strongly shining, about a quarter the total head width: facial impression less
narrow above, bordered by a sharp keel above and at sides : fore wings with lower
part of outer margin slightly emarginate : hyaline streak present . . . 15
15 Frontovertex between a fifth and a quarter the total head breadth: mesoscutum
with relatively fine, transversely lineolate microsculpture : legs, except coxae and
trochanters, mainly testaceous ...... frontalis Compere
Frontovertex one-third the total head breadth: mesoscutum shagreened between
the punctures : legs blackish, with only the tarsi paler . . chapadae Ashmead
1 6 Antennal scape two and a half to less than three times as long as broad, and shaped
as in Text-fig. 79 : fore wing rather sharply incised at apex of costal cell, without a
definite hyaline streak, and with postmarginal extending beyond tip of radius:
facial impression broad, the large punctures not descending far below its upper
margin (Text-fig. 85) : mandibles obscurely tridentate . . . . . 17
Antennal scape at least about three times as long as broad and shaped differently
(Text-figs. 80-82) : fore wing not sharply incised at apex of radial cell: except in
brethesi De S., fore wing with a hyaline streak and with postmarginal not extending
as far as tip of radius, and facial impression less broad, the large punctures descend-
ing much further: mandibles bidentate . . . . . . . . 18
17 Cheeks and large punctures as in Text-fig. 85: large punctures on frontovertex of
fully normal depth: piliferous punctures on mesoscutum regular and relatively
deep, mostly separated by about or rather less than their own diameters, on
scutellum not inconspicuous; propodeum with spiracles large, very broad-oval:
fore wing with infuscation fading out towards outer margin: antennal club
blackish brown with green metallic reflections : tarsi pale testaceous, darkened at
apex : Brazil ......... paulistus Compere
224 G. J. KERRICH
Cheeks more rounded, and large punctures descending even less far below upper
margin of facial impression: large punctures on frontovertex relatively shallow;
piliferous punctures on mesoscutum rather shallower and mostly separated by more
than their own diameters, on scutellum rather inconspicuous: propodeum with
spiracles transverse-oval, not abnormally large : fore wing with inf uscation curving
outward from apex of radial vein, leaving the wing very broadly hyaline by outer
margin: antennal club largely dull yellow-testaceous, blackish brown near base:
tarsi rather darker : islands of Mexico ..... insular is Compere
1 8 Fore wing shape much as in frontalis Comp., relatively rather narrow, with lower
part of outer margin slightly emarginate and with anal angle relatively sharp:
cheeks usually short, sharply narrowed, and facial impression relatively small, not
more than about a third the height of head (Text-fig. 86) . . . . . 19
Fore wings broader, with lower part of outer margin curved gently outward, and
with anal angle more rounded: cheeks longer and less narrowed, and facial
impression relatively large, about two-fifths or more the height of head . . 23
19 Frontovertex at narrowest well over a quarter the total head breadth: ocelli in about
a right angled or slightly obtuse triangle : punctures on mesoscutum separated by
less than their own diameters . . . . . . . . .20
Frontovertex at narrowest a quarter or less the total head breadth: ocelli in a
decidedly acute triangle: punctures on mesoscutum mostly separated by rather
more than their own diameters . . . . . . . . .22
20 Head, seen from above, with orbital piliferous punctures strong, and with larger
punctures in a loose reticulation: inter-scrobal prominence visible when the head
is viewed from above ; mesoscutum conspicuously bright green, markedly shining
(though less strongly so than the frontovertex), and with punctation notably
sharp: U.S.A. .......... nitens sp. n.
Head, seen from above, with orbital piliferous punctures not strong, and with
larger punctures in a close reticulation : inter-scrobal prominence not visible when
the head is viewed from above: mesoscutum dull blue-green showing weakly
through the rather bronzy reflection, not markedly shining, the microsculpture
stronger, and with punctation not notably sharp . . . . . . 21
21 Frontovertex not especially shining, the dull blue-green coloration largely over-
spread, with punctures rather shallow: head in side view rather short, evenly
curved round to mouth : antennal scape 3 to 3 \ times length of its greatest breadth,
broadest just before middle (Text-fig. 80): antennal club equal in length to pedi-
cellus and funicle combined ....... pacificus Compere
Frontovertex decidedly shining and more conspicuously green, with punctures of
normal depth: head in side view rather longer, bent round rather sharply from
sides of facial impression: antennal scape nearly 4 times length of its greatest
breadth, broadest just beyond basal third: antennal club longer than pedicellus
and funicle combined ........ longiscapus Compere
22 Frontovertex with punctures relatively very shallow: cheeks very short, narrowed
at well over half a right angle : two rows of large punctures and the orbitals descend
between eye and facial impression, and reach just below bottom of eye: antenna
with scape just over 3 times, and club about i^ times, length of its greatest
breadth : punctures on mesoscutum and scutellum very shallow, mostly separated
by much more than their own diameters ..... vadosus sp. n.
Frontovertex with punctures of normal depth: cheeks longer, narrowed at less
than half a right angle: three rows of large punctures and the orbitals descend
between eye and facial impression, and reach well below bottom of eye : antenna
with scape (Text-fig. 81) 5 times, and club 2^ times, length of its greatest breadth:
punctures on mesoscutum and scutellum not exceptionally shallow, mostly
separated by little more than their own diameters except near apex of scutellum
acuminatus sp. n.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 225
23 Facial impression broad, the large punctures descending only a little way below its
upper margin (Text-fig. 87): sixth funicle segment 2-£ times as broad as long:
fore wing with hyaline streak absent, with radius emitted at a relatively acute
angle and straight in basal two-thirds, the postmarginal clearly extending beyond
tip of uncus (Text-fig. 88) : frontovertex and mesonotum very conspicuously dull
blue-green : Argentina brethesi De Santis
Facial impression less broad, the large punctures descending to about bottom of
eye : sixth funicle segment not quite twice as broad as long : fore wing with hyaline
streak present, with radius emitted at well over 45° and strongly curved, the
postmarginal clearly not reaching level of tip of uncus: frontovertex and meso-
notum with blue-green coloration mainly overspread ..... 24
24 Antennal scape almost 4 times length of its greatest breadth, broadest just before
middle: facial impression relatively shallow, almost half height of head: meso-
scutum with moderate, rather deep, clear-cut punctures that are smaller than the
coarse but shallower punctures on the middle of the scutellum (but this character
is not especially obvious) ....... brasiliensis (Mercet)
Antennal scape (Text-fig. 82) not more than about 3^ times length of its greatest
breadth : facial impression of normal depth and somewhat smaller : punctures on
scutellum not coarser than those on mesoscutum . . . cariocus Compere
BLEPYRUS Howard, 1898
1898 Blepyrus Howard, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 21 : 233-4.
1922 Blepyrus Howard ; Timberlake, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 5 : 168-70.
Blepyrus clavicornis (Compere) comb. n.
(Text-figs. 89, 90, 92)
1939 Ericydnus clavicornis Compere, Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 7 (4) : 62-3.
Head from above with median length to breadth = i : 2-1 ; frontovertex to total breadth =
i : 4-6 to 4-9, with ocelli in an acute triangle ; in side view curved rather evenly to mouth :
cheeks rather long, strongly curved (Text-fig. 90) : facial impression shallow and not sharply
bordered, nearly half height of head. Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture regular and
of moderate strength, with orbital piliferous punctures small, and at narrowest with four rows
of large punctures between them : large punctures descending between eye and facial impression
rather scattered below. Piliferous punctures in malar area moderate.
Mandibles bidentate, the upper tooth somewhat the larger and longer.
Antenna (see Compere, 1939, fig. 3) with scape hardly expanded beneath, seven times length
of its greatest breadth ; with pedicellus twice length of its greatest breadth ; with funicle
segments cup-shaped to short cylindrical, the sixth 1-4 times as broad as long : club a little
longer than combined funicle segments and with sutures very oblique.
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture rather strong, beset with shallow piliferous
punctures that mostly are separated by less than their own diameters. Axillae and scutellum
with microsculpture finer and much more outstanding, giving these sclerites a duller appearance :
piliferous punctures fine : scutellum quite sharply pointed at apex (Text-fig. 92).
Fore wings relatively elongate, with outer margin and anal angle well rounded : marginal vein
about half length of radial, the latter emitted at an angle of about 45° (Text-fig. 89) : costal cell
bearing four rows of hairs on upper surface.
Head blue-green to blue, on frontovertex with much red-violet, and below that with slight
infusion of red-violet to bronzy. Mesoscutum, except peripherally, strongly red-violet with
some infusion of blue at sides : otherwise the dorsum of thorax is a fundamental blue-green to
blue, mainly overspread with dull red-violet to bronzy reflections. Mesopleura, propodeum
226 G. J. KERRICH
above and gaster blackish with weak reflections, but sides of propodeum conspicuously blue-
green. Antennal scape yellow : pedicellus and flagellum brownish black, with weak green
reflections. Legs blackish at base to brownish, with weak reflections, the hind tibiae paler in
apical third : fore and mid tibiae in apical two-thirds, and all tarsi yellow.
Redescribed from two paratypes. BRAZIL.
Blepyrus insularis (Cameron)
(Text-figs. 91, 93)
1886 Encyrtus? insularis Cameron, Mem. Proc. Manchr lit. phil. Soc. (3) 10 : 243-5.
1922 Blepyrus insularis (Cameron) ; Timberlake, Proc. Hawaii, ent. Soc. 5 : 167-73.
1945 Clausenia saissetiae Yasumatsu & Yoshimura, Mushi 16 : 31-2, syn. n.
Head from above with median length to breadth i : 1-9 to 2-3 ; fronto vertex to total breadth
= i : 3-6 to 4-8, with ocelli in an acute triangle ; in side view curved very evenly : cheeks short
and sharply narrowed though strongly curved (Text-fig. 91) : facial impression shallow and not
sharply margined, nearly half height of head. Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture
regular and of moderate strength, with orbital piliferous punctures small but regular, and at
narrowest with five rows of large punctures, which are rather shallow, between them : one row
of large punctures, diminishing in size from above, descends obscurely between eye and facial
impression. Piliferous punctures in malar area rather fine.
Mandibles tridentate, all teeth sharp, the middle one much the longest.
Antenna (see Timberlake, 1922, fig. i) with scape very little expanded beneath, five to six
times length of its greatest breadth ; with pedicellus twice length of its greatest breadth ; with
funicle segments saucer-shaped, and club more than one-half longer than the combined funicle
segments.
Dorsum of thorax with reticulate microsculpture fine, that on axillae and scutellum little
more outstanding than that on mesoscutum. Piliferous punctures on mesoscutum and axillae
of moderate depth, mostly separated by less than their own diameters, those on scutellum finer,
mostly separated by more than their own diameters : scutellum less pointed than in clavicornis
(Comp.) and axillae more widely separated (Text-fig. 93).
Fore wings as described for clavicornis Comp., but radial emitted at a slightly acuter angle :
costal cell bearing three rows of hairs on upper surface, rather broadly glabrous next the sub-
marginal vein.
Head a fundamental dull blue-green overspread, usually in greater part, with dull red-violet
and bronzy. Dorsum of thorax a fundamental blue-green showing weakly through the
reflection, which normally is very conspicuously red-violet on mesoscutum, pale bronzy on
scutellum. Mesopleura, propodeum, and gaster in greater part, blackish with bright reflection,
the gaster conspicuously blue-green near base above. Antennal scape yellow to yellow-
testaceous ; pedicellus and flagellum dull testaceous below, and pale brown with weak greenish
reflections above. Coxae, trochanters, fore femora wholly, and mid and hind femora in about
basal half, blackish with weak reflections : legs otherwise yellow-testaceous except that the
mid femora are dull brown in apical half and the mid tibiae strongly infuscate in basal half.
Redescribed from the following. HAWAIIAN Is.: Honolulu, 6 $, 2-5.^.1916, ex
Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) (P. H. Timberlake). MARIANNA Is.: Saipan, i $, 12. v. 1940,
on Terminalia sp. supposedly ex Saissetia sp. (K. Yasumatsu & S. Yoshimura),
(type of saissetiae Yasu. & Yoshi.). PAPUA: Milne Bay, 3 ?, 12. x. 1958, ex ^Piano-
coccus citri (Risso) on coffee (W. C. Dormer}. SARAWAK: 10 $, ex mealybug
(C. R. Wallace). MALAYA: Selangor, i $, viii.1948 (no further data), i $, vi.i95i,
" ex ovisac of Pulvinaria maxima ", I $, ^.1952, ex F. virgata (Ckll.), per Rubber
Research Institute; Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, 4 $, 24.^.1956, per Department of
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI
227
Agriculture. CEYLON: Peradeniya, 3 $, 20. v. 1954, exF. mrgata (Ckll.) per Depart-
ment of Agriculture. INDIA: Madras, I $, 4.11.1958, ex mealybug on guava, per
V. P. Rao. NIGERIA: Ibadan, 3 $, viii. 1954, ex F. mrgata (Ckll.) on Theobroma cacao,
3 $, viii. 1954 on Gliricidia sp. (R. G. Donald). Much of this material in British
Museum (Natural History).
The mount which bore the Cameron type specimen is in the British Museum
(Natural History), but the type specimen, which was examined by J. Waterston, is
now missing.
This species is evidently a tropicopolitan parasite of Ferrisia mrgata (Ckll.).
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BLEPYRUS Howard : FEMALES
A. Cheeks rather long (Text-fig. 90) : antennal scape seven times length of its greatest
breadth: funicle segments cup-shaped to short-cylindrical: mandibles bidentate:
scutellum more pointed than in alternate (Text-fig. 92), and much less shining
than mesoscutum : costal cell bearing four rows of hairs on upper surface : flagel-
lum brownish black: hind tibiae considerably darkened . . clavicornis (Compere)
92
93
FIGS. 90-93. Blepyrus species, females. 90-91. Head, in facial view, of 90, B. clavicornis
(Comp.) and 91, B. insularis (Cam.). 92-93. Scutellum and axillae of 92, B. clavicornis
(Comp.) and 93, B. insularis (Cam.).
228 G. J. KERRICH
B. Cheeks much shorter (Text-fig. 91): antennal scape five to six times length of its
greatest breadth: funicle segments saucer-shaped: mandibles tridentate: scutel-
lum less pointed than in alternate (Text-fig. 93), and little less shining than
mesoscutum: costal cell bearing three rows of hairs on upper surface: flagellum
pale brown: hind tibiae yellow-testaceous .... insularis (Cameron)
Species incorrectly placed in Blepyrus Howard
Blepyrus tachigaliae Brues, 1921 is discussed in the present work (pp. 216-8).
Blepyrus saccharicola Gahan, 1942 is treated in the present work (p. 237).
NEODISCODES Compere, 1931
1931 Neodiscodes Compere, Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 5 (14) : 272-4.
1939 Neodiscodes Compere; Compere, Bull. ent. Res. 30 (i) : 24.
JQ53 Neodiscodes Compere ; Kerrich, Bull. ent. Res. 44 (4) : 793 ex parte.
In this study of the genus, seven species are recognized; but they are closely
related, and only two are represented by long series, so that the range of variation in
other cases has yet to be determined.
Compere (1939) examined two specimens in a rearing from Pseudococcus sp. on
Kei Apple in Kenya, but did not consider them distinct from the type species. One
of these specimens was deposited in the British Museum collection and Kerrich (1953)
did consider it specifically distinct but did not validate it. A further reared series
agreeing closely with this specimen having been received, the species is now validated ;
yet two other specimens show variation in either direction from the form considered
as typical.
Neodiscodes parvus sp. n.
Head, seen from above, relatively strongly emarginate behind : median length to breadth
about i : 1-8 ; frontovertex to total breadth = i : 4-5, with median ocellus one and a half times
its own diameter from orbital margin : in side view relatively long, relatively much longer than
in lepelleyi Kerrich (cf. Text-fig. 96) ; in facial view with cheeks well rounded. Frontovertex
with reticulate microsculpture of moderate strength ; with orbital piliferous punctures small ;
with larger punctures between ocelli of moderate strength, rather shallow, but mostly not well
separated, those before median ocellus much coarser and deeper, and in a reticulation. Eyes
very distinctly and not sparsely hairy (x 45).
Antennal scape 2-5 times length of its greatest breadth.
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture very fine, a little coarser and more outstanding at
sides, beset with fine, rather sparse, piliferous punctures : axillae and scutellum very similar,
but the punctation still sparser. Scutellum narrowly rounded at apex.
Fore wing twice length of its greatest breadth, with outer margin moderately curved and with
anal angle well rounded : radius emitted at an angle of about 45°, decidedly expanded from
base and moderately curved, with a long uncus that does not extend nearly as far as apex of
postmarginal.
Head deep blue-green, with dull bronzy reflections strong on frontovertex, weak on facial area.
Thorax above a fundamental dull blue-green, overspread with weak bronzy reflection. Pleura,
propodeum and gaster blackish brown, with weak bronzy reflection and some blue-green on
first large tergite. Antennae blackish brown, with metallic reflections weak to moderate :
pedicellus narrowly paler at apex. Legs brownish black, the mid and hind femora and tibiae
very largely a rather pale brown : tarsi stramineous, pale brown at segmental apices.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 229
Holotype $. CHINA: Hunan, ii.vii.i94g, "ex A524 ", Djou coll.
Paratype. I $ "shipment no. A2ii ".
Holotype in British Museum (Natural History): paratype in Citrus Experiment
Station, Riverside. Two males have similar data to the holotype, and one is to be
deposited in each institution.
Neodiscodes comperei sp. n.
(Text-fig. 94)
1953 Neodiscodes sp. Kerrich, Bull. ent. Res. 44 : 795-6.
Head, seen from above (Text-fig. 94), relatively long, with median length to breadth = i :
1-5 to 1-9 ; frontovertex to total breadth = i : 5-5, with median ocellus one and a half times its
own diameter from orbital margin : in side view relatively long, sharply curved ; in facial view
with cheeks weakly rounded. Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture of moderate
strength ; with orbital piliferous punctures very small but not minute ; having larger punctures
between ocelli of moderate strength with some wide interspaces, those just before median ocellus
scarcely larger and denser, but increasing in size and density forwards so as normally to form a
reticulation above the facial area (Text-fig. 94). Eyes weakly and rather sparsely hairy ( x 45).
Antennal scape 2-6 times length of its greatest breadth.
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture fine in middle and not much more outstanding at
sides, beset with piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by less than their own diameters
in middle, and are not much smaller and sparser at sides. Axillae and greater part of scutellum
with microsculpture a little less fine than on middle of mesoscutum, and with piliferous punctures
markedly sparser, mostly separated by much more than their own diameters. Scutellum
moderately pointed at apex.
Fore wing two and a quarter times length of its greatest breadth, with outer margin almost
straight but with anal angle well rounded : radius emitted at a moderately acute angle,
moderately to quite strongly curved, with a long, sharp uncus that extends just beyond apex of
postmarginal.
Head a fundamental blue-green, mainly overspread with dull bronzy reflection. Thorax
above dull blue-green to steely green. Pleura, propodeum and gaster brownish black, with weak
bronzy reflection. Antennae blackish to paler, with weak metallic reflections, the pedicellus
paler at apex. Leg colour much as described for lepelleyi Kerrich.
Holotype $. SOUTH AFRICA, Cape Province, Addo, ii. 1963, ex Allococcus quaesitus
(Brain) on citrus (W. Hannekom).
Paratypes. KENYA: Nairobi, National Agricultural Laboratory, i $, 6.iii.i937,
ex Pseudococcus sp. on Kei Apple (Albizzia sp.) (A. R. Melville) (see Kerrich, 1953).
SOUTH AFRICA: 2 $ (same data as holotype).
Holotype, and paratype from Kenya, in British Museum (Natural History);
paratypes in collection of Department of Agriculture, Pretoria and in United States
National Museum.
This species, received in series from Dr. D. P. Annecke and described by the present
author, is named in gratitude for the inspiration given to both of us by Dr. H.
Compere.
230 G. J. KERRICH
Neodiscodes lepelleyi Kerrich
(Text-fig. 96)
J953 Neodiscodes lepelleyi Kerrich, Bull. ent. Res. 44 : 794-6.
Head, seen from above, about twice as broad as median length : frontovertex to total breadth
about i : 8-5, with median ocellus half its own diameter from orbital margin : in side view
(Text-fig. 96) relatively short ; in facial view with cheeks moderately rounded. Frontovertex
with reticulate microsculpture moderate to rather strong ; with orbital piliferous punctures
minute ; having larger punctures between ocelli of moderate strength, mostly with wide inter-
spaces, those before median ocellus larger, becoming coarser and closer just above facial area
but mostly well separated. Eyes weakly and rather sparsely hairy (x 45).
Antennal scape 2-6 times length of its greatest breadth.
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture very fine except at sides, where it is a little coarser
and considerably more outstanding, beset with piliferous punctures that in middle are mostly
separated by a little more than their own diameters, but at sides are much finer and sparser.
Axillae similar to middle of mesoscutum. Scutellum duller, the microsculpture less fine :
piliferous punctures markedly sparser. Scutellum very bluntly pointed, almost rounded,
at apex.
Fore wing twice length of its greatest breadth, with outer margin moderately curved and with
anal angle sharply rounded : radius emitted at a very acute angle, almost straight, with a
markedly enlarged pterostigma and with uncus not extending quite as far as apex of postmarginal.
Head blue-green, with bronzy reflections on frontovertex strong and more or less extensive, on
facial area weak or absent. Thorax above steely green, with some very weak violescent reflec-
tions when viewed obliquely. Pleura, propodeum and gaster brownish black, with pale bronzy
reflection.
Antennae blackish to paler, with weak metallic reflections. Legs blackish brown, the mid
and hind femora and tibiae paler in part, least so the hind tibiae : tarsi stramineous, the fore
tarsi extensively, the mid and hind tarsi below and at segmental apices, pale brownish.
Redescribed from the following material. CEYLON: Peradeniya, 2 $, n.vii.i937
(including holotype), ex Planococcus lilacinus (Ckll.), i $, 5.viii.i937, supposedly
ex Scymnus sp. (Coccinellidae), (R. H. Le Pelley). INDIA: Orissa, Bhubaneswar,
i $, 3.^.1962, ex mealybug on " Paladhua " (G. N. Das). Material in British
Museum (Natural History) and in Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside.
Neodiscodes martinii Compere
(Text-figs. 97, 99)
1931 Neodiscodes martinii Compere, Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 5 (14) : 273-4.
*953 Neodiscodes martinii Compere; Kerrich ex parte, Bull. ent. Res. 44 (4) : 794-6 (excluding
fig- 9).
Head, seen from above, with median length to breadth = i : i -8 to 1-9 ; frontovertex to total
breadth = about i : 5-6, with median ocellus about its own diameter from orbital margin : in
side view longer than in lepelleyi Kerrich (cf. Text-fig. 96), not sharply curved ; in facial view
with cheeks moderately rounded. Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture of moderate
strength ; with orbital piliferous punctures distinct, separated by about their own diameters or
less; with larger punctures between ocelli large, in a loose reticulation, those before median
ocellus decidedly larger, reticulate. Eyes moderately strongly hairy, the hairs discernible with
difficulty x 25.
Antennal scape 2-2 times length of its greatest breadth.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 231
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture rather fine, moderately finer and more outstanding
at sides, beset with piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by less than their own
diameters in middle, but are finer and very much sparser at sides. Axillae and scutellum with
microsculpture much coarser and more outstanding, with piliferous punctures about equally
coarse but rather sparser, mostly separated by more than their own diameters. Scutellum
relatively sharply pointed at apex (Text-fig. 99).
Fore wing twice length of its greatest breadth, with outer margin rather strongly curved and
with anal angle rather strongly rounded (decidedly less so than in Aenasius punctatus Comp.) :
radius emitted at an angle approaching 45°, quite strongly curved, with a poorly defined stigma,
but tapering to a small uncus that does not extend quite as far as apex of postmarginal (the
apex of which is difficult to make out with precision) (Text-fig. 97).
Head blue-green with bronzy reflections, merging to blue on facial area, fore part and hind
margin of frontovertex. Thorax above a very dull blue-green. Pleura, propodeum and gaster
brownish black, with weak bronzy reflection. Antennae blackish to paler, with weak metallic
reflections, the pedicellus narrowly pale at apex. Leg colour as described for lepelleyi Kerrich.
Redescribed from the following. ERITREA: Nefasit, i $, 16.^.1930, ex Piano-
coccus citri (Risso) on Olea chrysophylla (H. Compere), (paratype) : i $, same data but
" ex L. viridis ". Material in British Museum (Natural History).
Neodiscodes abengouroui (Risbec) sp. rev.
(Text-fig. 95)
1951 Coccophoctonus abengouroui Risbec, Mem. Inst. franf . Afr. noire 13 : 128, 145-6, 149.
1953 Neodiscodes martinii Compere ; Kerrich, Bull. ent. Res. 44 (4) : 793-5 ex parte (including
fig. 9) [Mis-identification].
J955 Neodiscodes martinii Compere ; Risbec, Agron. Trop., Nogent 10 (2) : 236.
Head, seen from above (Text-fig. 95), with median length to breadth = 1:1-7 to 2'2 '• fronto-
vertex to total breadth — i : 5-6 to 7-3, with median ocellus about two-thirds its own in diameter
from orbital margin : in side view about as in martinii Comp., in facial view with cheeks weakly
rounded. Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture fine ; with orbital piliferous punctures
distinct and sharp, separated by about their own diameters or much less ; with larger punctures
between ocelli large, in a reticulation that sometimes is loose, those before median ocellus
decidedly larger, reticulate (Text-fig. 95). Eyes densely and very strongly hairy, very
distinctly so x 13.
Antennal scape about 2-1 times length of its greatest breadth.
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture rather fine, more regular and outstanding than in
martinii Comp., less regular and more outstanding at sides, beset with piliferous punctures that
mostly are separated by less, often much less, than their own diameters in middle but are smaller
and much sparser at sides. Axillae and scutellum with microsculpture about as on middle of
mesoscutum, and with punctures about equally coarse or less so, usually sparser and separated
by more than their own diameters. Scutellum bluntly pointed at apex.
Fore wing twice length of its greatest breadth, with outer margin moderately curved and with
anal angle rather sharp : radius emitted at a slightly less acute angle than in indicus Naray. &
Subba Rao, moderately curved near base but almost straight in more than apical half, with
uncus that does not extend quite as far as apex of postmarginal.
Head blue-green to blue, with bronzy reflections more or less strong and extensive, on facial
area often tending more to brassy. Thorax above steely green, with bronzy reflection weak to
rather strong. Antennae blackish brown, with weak metallic reflections : scape and pedicellus
markedly pale at apex, and basal flagellar segments similarly pale. Leg colour as described
for lepelleyi Kerrich.
232 G. J. KERRICH
Redescribed from the following. GHANA: Tafo, i $, xi.i945, 7 $, 1947, 4 ?, 1949,
ex Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) on cacao (A. H. Strickland}. IVORY COAST:
Abengourou, 2 $, ex Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) (F. Datiguy); Divo, 5 $, 21. x.
1951, 0* Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) (/. Magnin).
This species, when reared from Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) on cacao in Ghana,
was determined as martinii Compere. Later Mr. R. G. Donald, on the basis of host
data, suspected that Coccophoctonus abengouroui Risbec was the same species. This
identity was confirmed both by myself, and also by Monsieur Risbec who published
the synonymy (1955). When studying the genus more intensively in 1966, 1 requested
the loan of Risbec's type. Dr. R. M. Quentin kindly sent two slides, both labelled
as type. One contains two female specimens from Ivory Coast, Abengourou,
reared from PI. njalensis (Laing), and I am convinced that these are the same as the
species reared from the same host in nearby Ghana. I hereby restrict the selection
of lectotype to these two specimens, but refrain from choosing between them since,
on the mount, some features can be seen better on one and some on the other. The
other slide contains the single specimen from Senegal, Bambey : this is in poor con-
dition and I cannot determine it with confidence as the same species, though I
believe it to be so. The specimens recorded from Kenya (Kerrich, 1953) as female
and male are two males.
Text-fig. 95 of the present work was drawn from the same specimen as Fig. 9 of
Kerrich, 1953, but at a very different angle, in order to correspond with Text-fig. 94
and to illustrate the macrosculpture in both species.
Neodiscodes subbaraoi sp. n.
Head, seen from above, relatively long, with median length to breadth = 1:1-7; fronto-
vertex to total breadth = about i : 6-5, with median ocellus half its own diameter from orbital
margin : in side view rather as in lepelleyi Kerrich (cf. Text-fig. 96) but more evenly curved ;
in facial view with cheeks scarcely rounded. Fronto vertex with reticulate microsculpture fine ;
with orbital piliferous punctures distinct, separated by about their own diameters or less ;
with larger punctures between ocelli large and mostly not well separated, those before median
ocellus very large and in a loose reticulation. Eyes strongly hairy, very distinctly so X 25.
Antenna relatively stout, the scape 2-0 times length of its greatest breadth, the pedicellus less
than twice as long as broad, the sixth funicle segment more than 2^ times as broad as long, and
the club about as broad as long.
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture fine and regular, decidedly denser but little more
outstanding at sides, beset with shallow piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by more
than their own diameters in middle, and are very much sparser at sides. Axillae and scutellum
with microsculpture a little more outstanding than on middle of mesoscutum, and with piliferous
punctation sparse and irregular. Scutellum rounded at apex.
Fore whig twice length of its greatest breadth, with outer margin well curved and with anal
angle well rounded : radius emitted at a moderately acute angle, moderately curved, with uncus
that does not quite extend as far as apex of postmarginal.
Head deep blue-green, with weak bronzy reflections, the facial area and adjacent part of
frontovertex deep blue. Thorax above with fundamental dull blue-green scarcely evident
except peripherally, strongly overspread with dull bronzy. Pleura, propodeum and gaster as
described for indicus Narayanan & Subba Rao. Antennae blackish, with metallic reflections
very weak. Legs brownish black, with all femora and tibiae in large part much paler : tarsi
stramineous, weakly darkened beneath and at segmental apices.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 233
Holotype $. HONG KONG: " ex mealybug " (5. Flanders) (given to H. Compere,
Paratypes. HONG KONG: i $ (same data as holotype). JAVA: Bogor, i $,
5. v. 1937, ex Planococcus lilacinus (Ckll.) (R. H. le Pelley).
Holotype and the paratype from Java in British Museum (Natural History),
paratopotype in Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside.
This species is named for Dr. B. R. Subba Rao in recognition of his contributions
to our knowledge of the Chalcidoidea of economic importance in India.
Neodiscodes indicus Narayanan & Subba Rao
(Text-figs. 98, 100)
1960 Neodiscodes indicus Narayanan & Subba Rao, Indian J. Ent. 22 : 75-77.
Head, seen from above, with median length to breadth = i : 1-7 to 2-1 ; frontovertex to total
breadth = i : 5-1 to 7-3, with median ocellus its own diameter from orbital margin or rather
less : in side view about as in lepelleyi Kerrich (Text-fig. 96); in facial view with cheeks moderately
rounded below, conspicuously though shallowly emarginate above. Frontovertex with reti-
culate microsculpture strong ; with orbital piliferous punctures very distinct, separated by
rather more than their own diameters ; with larger punctures between ocelli rather large but
mostly well separated, those before median ocellus larger, mostly well separated in hinder half
but becoming reticulate above facial area. Eyes rather strongly hairy, distinctly so X25.
Antennae rather stouter than in most species : antennal scape two and a quarter times length
of its greatest breadth, sixth funicle segment about three times as broad as long, and club
almost as broad as long.
Mesoscutum in middle shining, having reticulate microsculpture very fine, but at sides dull,
with the microsculpture coarser and much more outstanding, beset with piliferous punctures that
usually are mostly separated by more than their own diameters in middle, but at sides are
markedly shallower and much sparser. Axillae and scutellum with microsculpture decidedly
more outstanding than on middle of mesoscutum but not much less shining, more sparsely beset
with piliferous punctures of very mixed sizes. Scutellum rounded at apex (Text-fig. 100).
Fore wing twice length of its greatest breadth, with outer margin moderately curved and with
anal angle relatively sharp : radius emitted at a very acute angle, slightly, sometimes moderately,
curved, with a defined stigma, and with a small to moderate uncus that extends as far as apex
of postmarginal (Text-fig. 98).
Head blue-green, often paler on frontovertex and deeper on facial area ; with reflections
brassy to red-coppery, on frontovertex usually extensive, on facial area usually confined to
lower part of inter-scrobal prominence but sometimes more extensive. Pronotum and meso-
scutum dull blue-green, axillae and scutellum steely-green, all with considerable bright bronzy
reflection. Pleura, propodeum and gaster brownish black to blackish brown, with weak bronzy
reflection, the pleura and the propodeum at sides dull, with very weak reflection. Antennae
having scape and pedicellus blackish with weak reflections, the scape sometimes markedly paler
near apex ; having flagellum normally with two to five basal segments dull stramineous to pale
testaceous, at least below, merging to the blackish brown funicle apex and club. Leg colour
much as described for lepelleyi Kerrich but the amount of darkening very variable.
Redescribed from the following material. INDIA: New Delhi, i $, 4~x.i957, ex
" citrus scale " (G. W. Angalet); Puri, r $, 9.^.1960, ex mealybug on Casuarina;
Gwalior, Madhya Prad., 4 $, g.ix.ig^g, ex grape-fruit mealybug (S. U. Kittur};
Gwalior, 5 $, ex grape-fruit mealybug, per B. R. Subba Rao. W. PAKISTAN, nr.
234
G. J. KERRICH
Rawalpindi, Wah, 4 <j>, n.viii.igGi, ex mealybug on Morus alba, per Comm. Inst.
Biol. Control. Material in British Museum (Natural History) and in U.S. National
Museum.
SiSdHW™
Kjcaoob;
\««> 00
CDOf
*QaC.
ffl O O
'"o_2-
96
FIGS. 94-100. Neodiscodes species, females. 94-95. Head, seen from above, of 94, N.
comperei sp. n. and 95, N. abengouroui (Risb.). 96. Head, in dextro-lateral view, of
N. lepelleyi Kerrich. 97-98. Part of right fore-wing, of 97, N. martinii Comp. and 98,
N. indicus Naray. & Subba Rao. 99-100. Scutellum and axillae of 99, N. martinii Comp.
and 100, N. indicus Naray. & Subba Rao.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 235
KEY TO SPECIES OF NEODISCODES COMPERE : FEMALES
Smaller species of length scarcely i mm. : fron to vertex at narrowest two-ninths the
total head breadth: uncus not nearly reaching apex of postmarginal : [median
ocellus about i^ times its own diameter from orbital margin: radius emitted at
about 45°] : Hong Kong ........ parvus sp. n.
Larger species, length i£ to 2 mm.: fronto vertex less than a fifth the total head
breadth: uncus reaching very nearly to apex of postmarginal or even slightly
beyond: [the other two characters not combined, the radius emitted at a much
acuter angle except in martinii Comp. (Text-fig. 97)] ...... 2
Fore wing 2j times length of its greatest breadth, with outer margin almost straight:
median ocellus about i£ times its own diameter from orbital margin: head, seen
from above (Text-fig. 94), in side view relatively long, especially below, and sharply
curved: frontovertex with green coloration mainly overspread with dull bronzy:
Africa ............ comperei sp. n.
Fore wing twice length of its greatest breadth, with outer margin moderately
curved : median ocellus about its own diameter from orbital margin or less : head in
side view relatively shorter, less sharply curved : frontovertex normally with green
coloration conspicuous ........... 3
Eyes weakly and rather sparsely hairy ( x 45) : inter-ocellar area having punctures
of only moderate strength with wide interpsaces (as in comperei sp. n., Text-fig. 94) :
antennal scape 2-6 times length of its greatest breadth: [median ocellus half its own
diameter from orbital margin] : Ceylon and India . . . lepelleyi Kerrich
Eyes moderately to strongly hairy: inter-ocellar area with stronger punctures in a
reticulation or almost so (e.g. Text-fig. 95) : antennal scape 2 J times length of its
greatest breadth or less .......... 4
African species : head in side view longer than in alternate : antennae of normal build
for the genus: scutellum somewhat pointed at apex (e.g. Text-fig. 99) ... 5
Asiatic species: head in side view of length about as in lepelleyi Kerrich (Text-fig.
96): antennae relatively stouter: scutellum rounded at apex (Text-fig. 100): [eyes
not so very strongly and densely hairy as in abengouroui (Risb.) .... 6
Median ocellus about its own diameter from orbital margin : eyes moderately strongly
hairy, the hairs discernible with difficulty x 25 : microsculpture on axillae and
scutellum much coarser than on middle of mesoscutum : scutellum relatively sharply
pointed at apex (Text-fig. 99) : radius emitted at an angle approaching 45°,
moderately curved (Text-fig. 97) ...... martinii Compere
Median ocellus about two-thirds its diameter from orbital margin: eyes densely
and very strongly hairy, very distinctly so x 13 (Text-fig. 95) : microsculpture on
axillae and scutellum about as on middle of mesoscutum: scutellum more bluntly
pointed at apex: radius emitted at a much acuter angle and less curved
abengouroui (Risbec)
Median ocellus half its own diameter from orbital margin : frontovertex with reticulate
microsculpture fine: mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture little more
outstanding at sides than in middle : antennae without paler colouring : Hong Kong,
Java ............ subbaraoi sp. n.
Median ocellus its own diameter from orbital margin or rather less: frontovertex
with reticulate microsculpture strong : mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture
much more outstanding at sides than in middle : antennae having flagellum normally
with two to five basal segments pale, at least below: India and W. Pakistan
indicus Narayanan & Subba Rao
EURYRHOPALUS Howard, 1898
Only two species have previously been ascribed correctly to this genus.
236 G. J. KERRICH
Euryrhopalus pretiosus (Timberlake)
(Text-fig. 113)
1924 Synaspidia pretiosa Timberlake, Proc. Hawaii ent. Soc. 5 (3) : 397-402.
1942 Euryrhopalus pretiosus (Timberlake) Gahan, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 92 : 49.
Head, seen from above, less than twice as broad as median length : frontovertex one-sixth
the total head breadth, with median ocellus two-thirds its own diameter from orbital margin
(similar to Text-fig. 101) : in side and facial views as described for kirkpatricki (Kerrich).
Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture fine behind median ocellus, very fine before it ;
with orbital piliferous punctures very fine ; with larger punctures between ocelli of less than
moderate strength, separated by less than their own diameters, those before median ocellus of
moderate strength, situated in two rows diverging with the orbits. Piliferous punctures in
malar area rather fine. Eyes rather sparsely hairy, discernibly so x 25.
Mandibles tridentate, the middle tooth the longest.
Antenna with scape four times length of its greatest breadth ; with pedicellus twice as long
as its greatest breadth ; with funicle segments short cup-shaped to short cylindrical, the club
one-sixth longer than the combined funicle segments and two-thirds as broad as long.4
Mesoscutum and axillae shining, with reticulate microsculpture very fine, beset with piliferous
punctures that are rather fine and of moderate depth, separated by about or more than their
own diameters : scutellum similar, but with piliferous punctures finer, often very much finer,
and relatively more separated. Scutellum very obtuse at apex (Text-fig. 113), margined by a
sharp ridge or fold. Propodeum with spiracles sub-circular, larger than in other species of this
genus (Text-fig. 113).
Fore wings, except on speculum, uniformly weakly infuscate, markedly broader, relatively,
than in kirkpatricki (Kerrich), their length (from apex of tegula) under twice their greatest
breadth, with outer margin and anal angle moderately rounded : postmarginal three and
two-thirds times length of marginal, and radial, which has a long, pointed uncus, two and
two-thirds times.
Head blue-green to blue, the frontovertex often with some red-violet and bronzy reflection,
the mouth region and hinder genae dull bronzy. Dorsum of thorax with fundamental blue-green
overspread with metallic reflection which on scutellum and axillae is bright bronzy, on meso-
scutum weaker and sometimes more violaceous. Coloration of pleura, propodeum and gaster
as described for kirkpatricki (Kerrich). Antennal coloration as described for kirkpatricki
(Kerrich), but weaker. Legs blackish brown with metallic reflections, the tarsi pale brown to
whitish, somewhat darkened, the mid femora at apex and mid tibiae at base translucent.
Redescribed from the following. MEXICO : Vera Cruz, 5 $, 1922-23 (holotype and
paratypes), ex mealybug on Tillandsia and ex Dysmicoccus brevipes (Ckll.) on Brome-
liaceous plants (H. J. Osborn). GUATEMALA: San Sebastian, I $, V.IQ34, per W.
Carter; Guatemala, unlocalized, i $, 26.1.1937, ex Dysmicoccus brevipes (Ckll.),
(E. G. Solas] (shipped to Hawaii).
Holotype in Bishop Museum, Honolulu : material in collections of Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Association and of State Department of Agriculture, Honolulu, in Citrus
Experiment Station, Riverside, in U.S. National Museum and in British Museum
(Natural History).
4 In the figure of Timberlake (1924), the pedicellus and flagellum are represented as one would wish
them to be but, in the specimen illustrated, the scape was evidently foreshortened either by lateral
curvature or by coming to rest in a different plane when the slide mount was made.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 237
Euryrhopalus schwarzi Howard
(Text-fig. 102)
1898 Euryrhopalus schwarzi Howard, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 21 : 237.
1942 Euryrhopalus schwarzi Howard ; Gahan, Ibidem, 92 : 49.
The unique type of this species is located in the U.S. National Museum. The
head was fragmented on a slide by A. A. Girault. Dr. B. D. Burks, referring to
specimens oipretiosus (Timb.) and kirkpatricki (Kerrich), my manuscript description
of those species and copies of certain figures, very kindly sent me a description of
the type of schwarzi and answered supplementary questions. Girault's slide of the
head was made available to me on loan. From this slide I was not able to describe
the sculpture or colour, but I was able to draw two fragments separately and piece
the two drawings together, thus producing Text-fig. 102, and also to measure the
antennal segments. The following description is compounded from these sources.
Head with frontovertex very narrow, the median ocellus a quarter its diameter from orbital
margin (Text-fig. 102).
Antenna with scape nearly five times length of its greatest breadth; with pedicellus more
than twice length of its greatest breadth; with funicle segments short cup-shaped to
short cylindrical, the sixth 2-3 times as long as broad, the club slightly longer than the com-
bined funicle segments and three-quarters as broad as long.
" Mesoscutum and axillae subshining, with surface almost smooth, only very indistinct
surface sculpture present: piliferous punctures extremely shallow, separated by more than
their own diameters. Scutellum slightly less shining, with faint reticulate microsculpture :
piliferous punctures as on mesoscutum." Scutellum very obtuse at apex (cf. Text-fig. 113),
margined by a sharp ridge or fold. Propodeum with spiracles very large (cf. Text-fig. 113),
and with white hair lateral to them "very dense and long".
"Fore wing twice as long as broad (75 : 38), with outer and anal margins rounded much as
in kirkpatricki : postmarginal 3^ times length of marginal, and radial 2^ times length of
marginal: apex of radial vein vaguely defined, with a faint uncus present."
"Thorax and abdomen uniformly black: fore and hind legs, except for tarsi, black: mid
legs, except for tarsi, dark brown," the femur at apex and tibia at base not noticeably paler :
"all tarsi white, apical segment of each slightly darkened. Fore wing with a prominent dark
brown shadow enveloping apex of submarginal vein, marginal, postmarginal and radial veins,
and extending across wing to its middle ".
Redescribed from the following: U.S.A.: Florida, Biscayne (Bay), i ?, i6.v.
(holotype). Holotype in U.S. National Museum (cat. no. 5029).
Euryrhopalus saccharicola (Gahan) comb. n.
(Text-fig, in)
1942 Blepyrus saccharicola Gahan, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 92 : 47-49.
Head from above moderately broad, median length to breadth = i : 2-1 to 2-3 ; frontovertex
about one-seventh the total head breadth (more in small specimens), with median ocellus more
than half its diameter from orbital margins : in side view relatively distinctly shorter than in
kirkpatricki (Kerrich), rather evenly curved ; in facial view with cheeks relatively short and
evenly rounded. Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture regular and of moderate strength
ENTOM, 20, 5. 13
238 G. J. KERRICH
behind median ocellus, rather fine before it ; with orbital piliferous punctures very fine ; with
larger punctures between ocelli of moderate strength and before median ocellus obviously finer,
in both positions not scattered or in rows, but separated by much less than their own diameters.
Piliferous punctures in malar area rather fine. Eyes rather closely hairy, discernibly so X 45.
Mandibles tridentate, the middle tooth the longest.
Antenna with scape slightly expanded below, five times length of its greatest breadth ; with
pedicellus twice length of its greatest breadth ; with funicle segments short cup-shaped to
short-cylindrical, the sixth i£ times as broad as long, and club one-quarter longer than combined
funicle segments and 1-7 times as long as broad.
Mesoscutum with reticulate microsculpture fine, beset with fine but dense piliferous punctures,
which are separated by about or less than their own diameters. Scutellum with reticulate
microsculpture still finer but much more outstanding, giving the sclerite a velvety appearance :
pilosity less dense than on mesoscutum. Axillae intermediate in sculpture between mesoscutum
and scutellum.
Fore wings relatively elongate, about 2-3 times as long as broad, with outer margin and anal
angle well rounded : marginal vein relatively long, just over half length of postmarginal, and
almost as long as the radial, which has a large uncus (Text-fig, in) : hair rows on costal cell
relatively dense.
Head blue-green to dull blue, almost entirely overspread with dull violet to bronzy. Pro-
notum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum with fundamental blue-green to blue
showing, often rather weakly, through the bronzy to red-violet reflection. Pleura, propodeum
and gaster brownish black, with weak but bright blue-green and bronzy reflection. Antennal
scape yellow, slightly darkened at apex : pedicellus and flagellum blackish brown with weak
green reflections, the pedicellus pale at apex and beneath. Legs having coxae, femora and fore
trochanters blackish brown, with weak metallic reflections, the femora at apex and the mid
and hind trochanters paler : tibiae and tarsi yellowish white, the tibiae a little darkened near
base.
Redescribed from the following. U.S.A. : California, Fontana, 4 $, 1953, reared
on Phenacoccus solani Ferr., Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control. Material
in British Museum (Natural History).
Euryrhopalus pulchrior sp. n.
(Text-figs. 104, 112)
Head, seen from above, with median length to breadth — i : 1-8 ; frontovertex nearly
one-seventh the total head breadth, with median ocellus two-thirds its own diameter from
orbital margin : in side view hardly shorter than in kirkpatricki (Kerrich) and almost evenly
rounded ; in facial view with cheeks well rounded, very much shorter : toruli slightly less than
their own length from eye (Text-fig. 104). Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture fine but
rather outstanding ; with orbital piliferous punctures relatively strong, separated by about or
rather more than their own diameters ; with larger punctures between ocelli of moderate
strength, separated by less than their own diameters ; with punctation for some distance before
median ocellus shallower and smaller, but then again becoming larger and attaining an almost
reticulate condition above scrobal impression. Piliferous punctures on malar area fine. Eyes
coarsely and closely hairy.
Mandibles tridentate, the middle tooth the longest.
Antenna with scape slightly expanded beneath, about five times length of its greatest breadth ;
with pedicellus twice length of its greatest breadth ; with first five funicle segments short
cup-shaped, the sixth 2^ times as broad as long and club strongly expanded, three-quarters
longer than the combined funicle segments and twice as long as broad.
239
Mesoscutum and axillae with reticulate microsculpture strong and sharp, beset with moderate
piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by rather more than their own diameters.
Scutellum with microsculpture similar, but becoming gradually a little finer towards apex, and
with punctures much shallower, finer and sparser.
Fore wings up to and below radius rather strongly infuscate, weakly so above it, and beyond
rather broad, about 2-1 times as long as broad, with outer margin and anal angle well rounded :
postmarginal vein 2-0 times and radial, which has a sharp uncus, 1-8 times length of marginal ;
thus, the marginal is relatively long, the postmarginal is relatively short and does not extend far
beyond the radial (Text-fig. 112).
Head bright green, around and before the median ocellus with bright brassy reflections,
behind median ocellus and on hinder genae more blue-green. Pronotum bright blue-green
above. Mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum, sides of propodeum and gaster a rather duller green
than the head, and overspread with duller brassy to bronzy reflections : mesopleura and pro-
podeum above steely black with weak reflections. Antennae yellow-testaceous : scape in about
basal half, pedicellus except at apex and beneath, and club infuscate with moderate metallic
reflections, the basal funicle segments slightly darkened above. Coxae a similar green to the
sides of propodeum : legs otherwise yellow-testaceous, the fore and hind femora in about basal
half, and the trochanters infuscate with metallic reflections, and the fore tibiae and mid femora
with slight darkening.
Holotype $. JAMAICA: Hope Gardens, V.IQ64, on Acalypha (F. D. Bennett}.
Holotype in British Museum (Natural History).
This species is not a typical Euryrhopalus in appearance but is more suggestive of
an Aenasius.
Euryrhopalus tenuiscapus sp. n.
(Text-fig. 106)
Head, seen from above, moderately broad, median length to breadth = i : 2-1 ; frontovertex
one-sixth the total head breadth, with median ocellus nearly its own diameter from eye : in side
view relatively distinctly shorter than in kirkpatricki (Kerrich), quite strongly curved above but
weakly so below ; in frontal view with cheeks moderately curved and evenly narrowed to mouth :
toruli much more than their own length from eye. Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture
rather strong behind median ocellus, of moderate strength before it ; with orbital piliferous
punctures relatively close together and only moderately fine ; with larger punctures between
ocelli of less than moderate strength and irregular, some separated by about their own diameters
and others almost contiguous, those before median ocellus of similar strength, situated in two
rows diverging with the orbits but also with others between. Piliferous punctures on malar
area fine. Eyes closely hairy, distinctly so X 45.
Mandibles tridentate, the middle tooth the longest, the uppermost small and well set back.
Antenna (Text-fig. 106) with scape weakly expanded below, slender, 6£ times length of its
greatest breadth ; with pedicellus ^\ times length of its greatest breadth ; with funicle segments
short cup-shaped, the sixth twice as broad as long, and club very strongly expanded, over a
quarter longer than combined funicle segments and twice as long as broad.
Mesoscutum and axillae with reticulate microsculpture fine, beset with piliferous punctures
that are very shallow and rather fine, and are mostly separated by more than their own diameters.
Scutellum with microsculpture much more regular and outstanding, and beset with fine piliferous
punctures that are about as dense as on mesoscutum.
Fore wing shape as described for kirkpatricki (Kerrich) : postmarginal five times length of
marginal, and radial, which has a small uncus, three times.
Head blue-green to blue, almost entirely overspread with dull violet to bronzy. Colour of
thorax, propodeum and gaster as described for saccharicola (Gah.). Antennae blackish brown,
240 G. J. KERRICH
with weak metallic reflections, the scape and pedicellus paler at apex. Legs brownish black to
blackish brown, with weak metallic reflection : tarsi, and mid and hind tibiae narrowly at apex,
pale brown to whitish.
Holotype $. U.S.A.: California, Fillmore, 7.x. 1936, ex Phenacoccus sp. (/. D.
Maple). Holotype in U.S. National Museum.
Euryrhopalus rhopoideus sp. n.
(Text-figs. 105, 107, 109, 114)
Head, seen from above, a little less than twice as broad as its median length ; frontovertex
one-seventh the total head breadth, with median ocellus two-thirds its diameter from orbital
margin : in side view relatively much shorter than in kirkpatricki (Kerrich), but rather evenly
curved (Text-fig. 109) ; in frontal view with cheeks rather long and evenly curved : toruli nearly
twice their own length from eye (Text-fig. 105). Sculpture of frontovertex as described for
pretiosus (Timb.), but the punctures before median ocellus of less than moderate strength.
Piliferous punctures on malar area fine. Eyes closely hairy, just distinctly so x 25.
Mandibles tridentate, the uppermost tooth small and well set back, the lower two very sharp,
the middle one the longer (Text-fig. 105).
Antenna (Text-fig. 107) with scape slightly expanded beneath, more than five times length of
its greatest breadth ; with pedicellus twice length of its greatest breadth ; with flagellum
relatively only moderately clavate, the club not abruptly broader than the funicle : with first
five funicle segments very short cup-shaped, the sixth twice as broad as long, and club one-third
longer than the combined funicle segments and twice as long as broad.
Dorsum of thorax as described for tenuiscapus sp. n. : see also Text-fig. 114.
Fore wing shape as described for saccharicola (Gah.), but broader than in that species, about
two and a quarter times as long as broad : postmarginal four times length of marginal, and
radial, which has a moderate uncus, two and a third times.
Head blue-green to blue, almost entirely overspread with dull violet to bronzy. Colour of
thorax, propodeum and gaster as described for saccharicola (Gah.). Antennae a rather pale
brownish black, with weak, predominantly green, metallic reflections : scape, pedicellus, and
club beneath, paler at apex. Legs brownish black, the fore tibiae at extreme base and apex and
the mid tibiae a rich brown ; tarsi pale brown to whitish.
Holotype $. U.S.A.: Texas, Denison, 15. vi. 1938, on peach (Christenson &
Clancy). Holotype in U.S. National Museum.
Euryrhopalus carolinensis sp. n.
(Text-fig. 101)
Head, seen from above, twice as broad as its median length : frontovertex one-seventh the
total breadth, with ocelli relatively large, the median ocellus just under half its diameter from
orbital margins (Text-fig. 101) : in side view relatively distinctly shorter than in kirkpatricki
(Kerrich), quite strongly curved above but weakly so below ; in frontal view with cheeks longer
than in kirkpatricki (Kerrich), weakly narrowed to where they turn sharply in to mouth region.
Frontovertex sculpture as described for pretiosus (Timb.). Piliferous punctures in malar area
rather fine. Eyes closely hairy, quite distinctly so X 25.
Mandibles rather stout, tridentate, the middle tooth the longest, the uppermost small and
well set back.
Antenna with scape more than slightly expanded, four times length of its greatest breadth ;
with pedicellus relatively elongate, three times length of its greatest breadth ; with funicle
segments short cup-shaped to short-cylindrical, the sixth nearly twice as broad as long, and club
one-half longer than combined funicle segments and nearly two-thirds as broad as long.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 241
Mesoscutum and axillae with reticulate microsculpture fine, beset with piliferous punctures
that are of moderate depth and mostly are separated by less than their own diameters.
Scutellum with microsculpture more regular and outstanding, and beset with fine piliferous
punctures that are about as dense as on mesoscutum. Propodeum weakly hairy behind spiracle.
Fore wing shape as described for kirkpatricki (Kerrich), about two and a quarter times as long
as broad : postmarginal five times length of marginal, and radial, which has a moderate uncus,
about two and a half times length of marginal.
Head dull blue-green, almost steely green, overspread on frontovertex weakly and on lower
face and genae strongly with blackish violet. Colour of dorsum of thorax as described for
saccharicola (Gah.). Pleura, propodeum and gaster brownish black, with weak metallic reflec-
tion. Antennae brownish black, with blue-green to bronzy reflections which are strongest on
scape and pedicellus. Legs brownish black with metallic reflections, the tibiae and fore femora
only narrowly paler at apex : tarsi stramineous with infusions of pale brown, the fore and hind
tarsi above and all at apex slightly darkened.
Holotype $. U.S.A.: N. Carolina, L. Junaluska, 24. v. 1954 (H. V. Weems).
Holotype in U.S. National Museum.
Euryrhopalus kirkpatricki (Kerrich), comb. n.
(Text-figs. 103, 108, no)
X953 Neodiscodes kirkpatricki Kerrich, Bull. ent. Res. 44 (4) : 793-5.
I9545 Neodiscodes kirkpatricki Kerrich ; Kirkpatrick, Rep. Cacao Res. (1952) : 68. Imperial
College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad.
Head, seen from above, about twice as broad as its median length : frontovertex exceptionally
narrow, at narrowest less than a tenth the total head breadth, with median ocellus about a
quarter its diameter from orbital margin (Text-fig. 103) : in side view (Text-fig, no) relatively
long and evenly curved ; in facial view with cheeks relatively short and evenly rounded.
Frontovertex with reticulate microsculpture regular and of moderate strength behind median
ocellus, very fine before it ; with orbital piliferous punctures very fine but regular ; with larger
punctures between ocelli of moderate strength, mostly separated by less than their own diameters,
and before median ocellus obviously finer and more scattered. Piliferous punctures in malar
area moderate. Eyes moderately closely hairy, just distinctly so X 45.
Mandibles tridentate, the middle tooth much the longest.
Antenna (Text-fig. 108) with scape slightly expanded below, about 4^ times length of its
greatest breadth ; with pedicellus almost twice length of its greatest breadth ; with funicle
segments short cup-shaped to short-cylindrical, the sixth at longest over twice as broad as long,
and club about one-half longer than combined funicle segments and two-thirds as broad as long.
Mesoscutum and axillae shining, with microsculpture extremely fine, beset with rather
shallow piliferous punctures that mostly are separated by about or less than then* own diameters.
Scutellum much less shining, with reticulate microsculpture moderately coarse, regular and
outstanding ; with piliferous punctures sharper than on mesoscutum, in greater part rather dense
but posteriorly separated by much more than their own diameters. Scutellum margined at
apex by a sharp ridge or fold. Propodeum coarsely and densely white-hairy round spiracle.
Fore wings relatively considerably broader than in saccharicola (Gah.), but well over twice
as long as broad, with outer margin rather weakly and anal angle only moderately rounded :
postmarginal 3^ times length of marginal, and radial, which has a small uncus, i\ times length
of marginal.
5 This part was published bearing the date November 1953, which was actually the date on which the
material was sent from the London office of the College to the printer. The late Dr. W. J. Hall was
definite that the publication was not available earlier than nth January, 1954. Kirkpatrick attributed
this and other species to Kerrich and not to himself : his brief but possibly valid descriptions were not
intended to, and did not in fact antedate the descriptions of Kerrich published on I5th December, 1953.
242 G. J. KERRICH
Head blue-green to blue, often with much red-violet on frontovertex ; the shining facial area
blue-green with brassy reflection, the mouth region and sometimes hinder genae or ocellar area
dull bronzy. Pronotum, mesoscutum, tegulae, axillae and scutellum fundamentally blue-
green, the mesoscutum, except peripherally, with conspicuous red-violet reflection, the remaining
parts, notably the scutellum generally, strongly bronzy. Pleura, propodeum and gaster brownish
black with metallic reflections predominantly blue-green and bronzy, the blue-green most
conspicuous at sides of propodeum, the gaster paler beneath. Antennae blackish brown, with
rather weak green metallic reflections, which are strongest on scape and pedicellus ; the two
latter segments narrowly pale at apex. Legs brownish black, with weak metallic reflections,
merging to pale brown : tarsi pale brown to whitish, very little darkened at apex.
Redescribed from the following material. COLOMBIA: nr. Palmira, 3 $, 1.1953,
" ex Coccid " (D. J. Taylor}. TRINIDAD: I.C.T.A., 14 $ (including holotype) 1950
ex Dysmicoccus sp. near brevipes (Ckll.) on cacao (T. W. Kirkpatrick). PANAMA:
Canal Zone, Paraiso, i <j>, i . 1911 (E. A . Schwarz). Material in U.S. National Museum,
Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, and British
Museum (Natural History).
Euryrhopalus propinquus sp. n.
Very closely related to kirkpatricki (Kerrich), differing as follows : head, seen from above,
relatively long, 1-5 to 1-7 times as broad as its median length ; frontovertex between an eighth
and a tenth the total head breadth, with median ocellus over a quarter its diameter from orbital
margin (more obviously separated therefrom than in kirkpatricki) : in facial view with eyes
diverging less strongly. Frontovertex with microsculpture behind median ocellus fine, with
larger punctures between ocelli of more than moderate strength and sometimes almost con-
tiguous, those before median ocellus rather irregularly placed though tending to be in two
diverging rows. Eyes weakly and sparsely hairy.
Antenna with scape somewhat broader, 3 \ to 4 times length of its greatest breadth.
Mesoscutum and axillae with small piliferous punctures that are clearly separated by more
than their own diameters : scutellum with piliferous punctures shallow, rather inconspicuous
and relatively sparse.
Fore wings relatively elongate, about 2-3 times as long as broad, with outer margin weakly and
anal angle rather well rounded ; postmarginal four times length of marginal, and radial, which
has a large uncus, 2% times length of marginal.
Head a rather bright blue-green ; pronotum and mesoscutum conspicuously dark blue-green
except peripherally : pleura, propodeum and gaster paler than in kirkpatricki.
Holotype $. HAWAIIAN Is.: Oahu, 25.viii.i94r, ex Dysmicoccus brevipes (Ckll.)
on Carissa sp. (D. T. Fullaway).
Paratypes the following. BRAZIL: 27° n' S., 52° 23' W., i $, 1937 (F. Plaumann).
BRITISH GUIANA: i $, 23. xi. 1936, " parasitic on P. brevipes " (E. G. Salas) (shipped
to Hawaii). HAWAIIAN Is.: Oahu, i $ (same data as holotype); i $, io.iii.i956,
ex Dysmicoccus brevipes (Ckll.) on sugarcane (/. W. Beardsley); Barber's Point, i $,
iv.T_959, ex Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley on " cat's claw " (/. W. Beardsley);
Lanikai, 3 $, x. 1965, ex Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley on sea grape (C. J. Davis).
Holotype in Bishop Museum, Honolulu: paratypes in collection of Hawaiian
Sugar Planters' Association, in Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, in U.S.
National Museum and in British Museum (Natural History).
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 243
KEY TO SPECIES OF EURYRHOPALUS HOWARD : FEMALES
Scutellum shining, very obtuse at apex, where it is margined by a sharp ridge or fold :
propodeum with spiracles especially large (Text-fig. 113) . . . . 2
Scutellum not shining, much less obtuse at apex, and not margined there in all
species; propodeum with spiracles smaller (e.g. Text-fig. 114) .... 3
Head with frontovertex less narrow, the median ocellus two-thirds its own diameter
from orbital margin (similar to Text-fig. 101) : antennal scape four times length of
its greatest breadth: pilosity around propodeal spiracle of moderate length and
density: fore wings, except on speculum, uniformly weakly infuscate; propodeum
conspicuously blue-green on sides: mid femora at apex and mid tibiae at base
translucent ......... pretiosus (Timberlake)
Head with frontovertex very narrow, the median ocellus a quarter its own diameter
from orbital margin (Text-fig. 102): antennal scape nearly five times length of its
greatest breadth: pilosity beside propodeal spiracle very dense and long: fore
wings with prominent dark brown infuscation enveloping apex of submarginal, the
marginal, postmarginal and radial veins and extending across to middle of wing:
no blue-green colour on the propodeum : mid femora at apex and mid tibiae at base
not noticeably paler ........ schwarzi Howard
Marginal vein relatively long, the postmarginal not quite twice the length of the
marginal (Text-fig, in): scutellum of velvety appearance, due to the reticulate
microsculpture being very fine and outstanding .... saccharicola (Gahan)
Marginal vein relatively shorter, the postmarginal at least three times length of
marginal: scutellum not presenting a velvety appearance, the microsculpture being
only moderately fine and outstanding ........ 4
Median ocellus more than half its diameter from orbital margin (Text-figs. 104-5):
antennal scape only slightly expanded beneath, about five times length of its
greatest breadth or more .......... 5
Median ocellus half its diameter from orbital margin or less: antennal scape more
distinctly expanded below, about four and a half times length of its greatest breadth
or less .............. 7
Head, in facial view, with cheeks short and toruli slightly less than their own length
from eye (Text-fig. 104): punctation before median ocellus of moderate strength,
and attaining an almost reticulate condition above scrobal impression: eyes
coarsely hairy: microsculpture on scutellum similar to that on mesoscutum, the
punctation moderately coarse and dense on mesoscutum but much finer and sparser
on scutellum : postmarginal vein only a little longer than radial : head bright green,
and dorsum of thorax very conspicuously green: hind tibiae yellow- testaceous :
Jamaica .......... pulchrior sp. n.
Head, in facial view, much longer, and toruli much more than their own length from
eye (e.g. Text-fig. 105): punctation before median ocellus of less than moderate
strength, the punctures mostly in longitudinal rows and well-separated: eyes not
coarsely hairy: microsculpture much more outstanding on scutellum than on
mesoscutum, the punctation rather fine and about equally dense on both: post-
marginal vein much longer than radial: head and dorsum of thorax mainly over-
spread with dull colouring : hind tibiae in greater part darkened .... 6
Antennal scape exceptionally slender, six and a half times length of its greatest breadth,
and club abruptly broader than funicle (Text-fig. 106): larger punctures before
median ocellus arranged in two rows diverging with the orbits but with other
punctures between: mid tibiae blackish brown, rather narrowly paler at apex:
California .......... tenuiscapus sp. n.
Antennal scape rather over five times length of its greatest breadth, and club not
abruptly broader than funicle (Text-fig. 107) : frontovertex between those diverging
rows impunctate or almost so : mid tibiae mainly a rich brown, very little darkened :
Texas ........... rhopoideus sp. n.
244 G. J. KERRICH
7 Frontovertex wider, one-seventh the total head breadth: ocelli relatively large
(Text-fig. 101): eyes closely and strongly hairy, very distinctly so X 25: head
in side view considerably shorter, weakly curved below: pedicellus three times length
of its greatest breadth : microsculpture of mesoscutum moderately fine : scutellum
not margined at apex: propodeum weakly hairy behind spiracle: N. Carolina
carolinensis sp. n.
/7^^
// ^r~^
// ^ — s
^
FIGS. 101-108. Euryrhopalus species, females. 101-103. Head, seen from above, of 101,
E. carolinensis sp. n., 102, E. schwarzi How. (fragmented) and 103, E. kirkpatricki
(Kerrich). 104-105. Head, in facial view, of 104, E. pulchrior sp. n. and 105, E. rhopoideus
sp. n. 106-108. Left antenna, in dextro-lateral view, of 106, E. tenuiscapus sp. n., 107,
E. rhopoideus sp. n. and 108, E. kirkpatricki (Kerrich).
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI
245
Frontovertex narrow, one-eighth to one-tenth the total head breadth or less:
ocelli relatively smaller: eyes weakly and sparsely hairy, just discernibly so X 45:
head in side view longer, strongly curved below (Text-fig, no): pedicellus under
twice length of its greatest breadth (Text-fig. 108) : microsculpture of mesoscutum
extremely fine: scutellum at apex margined by a sharp fold: propodeum coarsely
and densely white-hairy round spiracle ........ 8
Head, seen from above, about twice as broad as its median length: frontovertex less
than a tenth the total head breadth, with median ocellus about a quarter its
diameter from orbital margin (Text-fig. 103) : reticulate microsculpture behind
median ocellus of moderate strength: mesoscutum and axillae with moderate
piliferous punctures separated by about or less than their own diameters : scutellum
with piliferous punctures moderately fine and dense . . . kirkpatricki (Kerrich)
Head, seen from above, relatively long, 1-5 to 1-7 times as broad as its median length:
frontovertex one-eighth to one-tenth the total head breadth, with median ocellus
over a quarter its diameter from orbital margin (and more obviously separated
therefrom than in alternate): reticulate microsculpture behind median ocellus
finer : mesoscutum and axillae with small piliferous punctures clearly separated by
more than their own diameters : scutellum with piliferous punctures relatively small,
shallow and sparse propinquus sp. n.
12
13
FIGS. 109-114. Euryrhopalus species, females. 109-110. Head, in dextro-lateral view, of
109, E. rhopoideus sp. n. and no, E. kirkpatricki (Kerrich). 111-112. Part of right
fore wing of in, E. saccharicola (Gah.) and 112, E. pulchrior sp. n. 113-114. Propodeum
and part of thorax of 113, E. pretiosa (Timb.) and 114, E. rhopoideus sp. n.
246 G. J. KERRICH
Species incorrectly placed in Euryrhopalus Howard
Euryrhopalus diaphorocerus Masi 1917, Novit. zool. 24 : 148-9, figs. 19-20 = Coccidoxenus
diaphorocerus (Masi), comb. n.
This species was described from a single female. The type is located in the British
Museum (Natural History). A series of both sexes was received with the following
data: MAURITIUS: Reduit, 1.1950, ex Saissetia hemispherica Targ. (/. R. Williams}.
The species is hereby transferred to the genus Coccidoxenus Crawford : my colleague
Mr. R. D. Eady concurs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
For information and/or loan or exchange of material, as mostly acknowledged in the
text, the author wishes to thank Dr. D. P. Annecke, Dr. F. Bachmaier, Dr. J. Beards-
ley, Dr. F. D. Bennett, Dr. Z. Boucek, Dr. B. D. Burks, the late Prof. G. Ceballos,
Dr. M. F. Claridge, Mr. H. Compere, Prof. L. De Santis, Prof. G. Domenichini,
Mr. R. G. Donald, Mr. R. D. Eady, Dr. J. Erdos, Dr. C. Ferriere, Dr. M. Fischer,
the late Mr. D. T. Fullaway, Mr. J. Ghesquiere, Mr. E. S. Gourlay, Dr. M. de V.
Graham, Dr. A. Hoffer, Dr. E. Konigsmann, Dr. S. Pradhan, Dr. R. M. Quentin,
Prof. O. W. Richards, Mr. E. F. Riek, Dr. D. Rozen, Dr. J. G. Rozen, Dr. B. R.
Subba Rao, Prof. T. Tachikawa, Dr. V. A. Tryapitsyn, Prof. K. Yasumatsu and
Dr. C. Yoshimoto. Through the kindness of Mr. H. Compere and Dr. D. P. Annecke
the types of African and Asiatic species described in this paper on their material are
deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). Mr. H. Compere very kindly
provided the photographs and drawing for Plates I and II, and Dr. G. Viggiani very
kindly made the skilful drawings for Plates III and IV and text-figures n and 12.
Text-figures 82, 96, 103, 108 and no were taken or adapted from some published by
Kerrich (1953) by kind permission of the Editor of the Bulletin of Entomological
Research. Dr. D. J. Williams kindly reviewed the names of the Coccid hosts.
REFERENCES
ASHMEAD, W. H. 1904. Classification of the Chalcid Flies or the superfamily Chalcidoidea,
with descriptions of new species in the Carnegie Museum, collected in South America by
Herbert H. Smith. Mem. Carneg. Mus. 1 (4), i-xi + 225-555 + 9 pis.
BURKS, B. D. 1952. A new mealybug parasite (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae). JIN.Y. ent.
Soc. 60 : 179-182.
COMPERE, H. 1937. The species of Aenasius, Encyrtid parasites of mealybugs. Proc. Hawaii.
ent. Soc. 9 : 383-404.
— 1939. Mealybugs and their insect enemies in South America. Univ. Calif. Publs Ent.
7 : 57-74-
- 1947- A report on a collection of Encyrtidae with descriptions of new genera and species.
Ibidem, 8 : 1-23.
COMPERE, H. & ANNECKE, D. P. 1960. A reappraisal of Aphycus Mayr, Metaphycus Mercet,
and allied genera (Hymenopt. : Encyrtidae). /. ent. Soc. sthn Afr. 23 : 375-389.
DE SANTIS, L. 1959. Descripci6n de un nuevo genero y de una nuevo especie de Encirtido del
Brasil (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea). Adas Trab. prim. Congr. sudamer. Zool. 3 : 61-65.
La Plata.
— 1964 [1963]. Encirtidos de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). An.
Comn Invest, dent. Prov. B. Aires 4 : 11-398 + 12 PI.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANAGYRINI 247
ERDOS, J. 1946. Genera nova et species novae Chalcidoidarum (Hym.). Annls hist.-nat.
Mus. natn. hung. 39 : 131-165.
FERRIERE, C. 1955. Encyrtides nouveaux ou peu connus. Mitt, schweiz. ent. Ges. 28 :
H5-I39.
I957- Die Parasiten von Spilococcus nanae Schmutterer in Siid-Bayern. Opusc. zool.,
Munch. 10 : 1-9.
GHESQUIERE, J. 1956. Remarques taxonomiques et biologiques sur quelques Encyrtides
(Hym. Chalcidoidea) . Boll. Lab. Zool. gen. agr. Portici 33 : 683-707.
GRAHAM, M. W. R. DE V. 1959. The identity of Tetracnemus diver sicornis Westwood (Hym.,
Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) as shown by the rediscovery of its type ; and a second British
record of the species. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 95 : 66.
HOFFER, A. 1959. Miscellanea Encyrtidologica III (Hym. Chalcidoidea). Shorn, ent. Odd.
ndr. Mus. Praze 33 : 5-36 + 8 PI.
HOWARD, L. O. 1892. Insects of the subfamily Encyrtinae with branched antennae. Proc.
U.S. natn. Mus. 15 : 361-9 + 2 PI. [Quotes Howard, 1890].
ISHII, T. 1928. The Encyrtinae of Japan. Bull. imp. agric. Exp. Stn Japan, 3 (2) : 79-160.
KERRICH, G. J. 1953. Report on Encyrtidae associated with mealybugs on cacao in Trinidad,
and on some other species related thereto. Bull. ent. Res. 44 : 789-810.
1964. On the European species of Dusmetia Mercet, and a new oriental genus (Hym.,
Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae). Entomophaga 9 : 75-79.
1964. Comment on the proposed replacement of Mirini Ashmead, 1900. Bull. zool.
Nom. 21 : 267.
KRYGER, J. P. 1951. Notes on Chalcids II. Ent. Meddr 26 : 98-121.
MERCET, R. G. 1921. Himen6pteros, fam. Encirtidos. Trab. Mus. nac. Cienc. nat., Madr.
i-xi + 1-732.
1922. Los g6neros Tetracnemus y Charitopus (Him. Chalcfdidos) . Boln R. Soc. esp. Hist.
nat. 22 : 51-54.
1928. Nota sobre algunos Encirtidos americanos. Eos 4 : 5-12.
NIKOL'SKAYA, M. N. 1952. [Chalcids of the Fauna of the USSR (Chalcidoidea)]. Opred.
Faune SSSR, Moscow 44 : 1-575.
PECK, O. 1951. Superfamily Chalcidoidea. In MUESEBECK, C. F. W. et al. Hymenoptera of
America north of Mexico : synoptic catalog. Agriculture Monogr. 2 : 410-594.
ROSEN, D. 1965. A new species of Clausenia Ishii (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) from Israel.
Proc. R. ent. Soc. (B) 34 : 61-64 + 3 PI.
SCHMIEDEKNECHT, O. 1909. Hymenoptera fam. Chalcididae. Genera Insectorum 97.
Brussels.
TACHIKAWA, T. 1963. Revisional studies on the Encyrtidae of Japan (Hymenoptera :
Chalcidoidea). Mem. Ehime Univ. VI 9 (i) : 1-264.
TIMBERLAKE, P. H. 1929. Three new species of the Hymenopterous family Encyrtidae from
New South Wales. Univ. Calif. Publs Ent. 5 : 5-18.
ADDENDUM
A paper by Man Mohan (195.6 Taxonomy of Encyrtid parasites (Hymenoptera:
Chalcidoidea) of Indian Coccoidea. Ada hymenopt., Tokyo 2(2): 37-97) in which
that author described a new species Ericydnus ceroplastis, was not received in London
until April 1967. Dr Man Mohan kindly sent me the unique holotype on loan.
It had been dissected, and the parts mounted on two slides. The species appears
to me not to conform with Ericydnus but, from the form of the gaster, to belong in
some genus of the subtribe Anagyrina.
248
G. J. KERRICH
INDEX TO NAMES IN HYMENOPTERA
Principal references in bold type: junior or invalid synonyms in italics.
abengouroui Risbec, 231, 235, 235
Acroaspidia Compere & Zinna, 145
acuminatus sp.n., 215, 224
advena Compere, 207, 207, 208, 209, 223
Aenasiina, 143, 145
Aenasius Walker, 189, 195, 239
aeneus Nikol'skaya, 172, 173
Aglyptoideus De Santis, 145
Aglyptus Forster, 147, 150, 154
Alamella Man Mohan, 145
Anagyrietta Ferriere, 146
Anagyrina, 145
Anagyrini, 144, 145, 153
Anagyrus Howard, 154
Anarhopus Timberlake, 147
Antheminae, 144
Antipodencyrtus Kerrich, 147
Anusia Forster, 145
Anusoidea Girault, 151
Aphycina, 146
Aphycini, 146
apterogenes Mayr, 170, 171, 172
Aquaencyrtus Hoffer, 147
arizonensis Girault, 192, 193, 194, 195, 195
Arrenophaginae, 144
atriceps Walker, 170, 171
atripes Forster, 173
baleus Walker, 174, 175, 176, 179
basalis Forster, 174, 175, 176
bicolor Nikol'skaya, 174, 176
biplagiatus Mayr, 167, 174, 175, 176
Blepyrus Howard, 189, 225
bollowi Mercet (Parencyrtus), 153
bolowi Mercet (Aenasius), 219
Bothriothoracini, 144
Bothriothorax, 145
brasiliensis Ashmead, 152, 153
brasiliensis (Mercet), 215, 216, 218, 225
brethesi De Santis, 218, 225
britannicus Alam, 175
brounii Timberlake, 154, 159, 165, 166
bucculentus De Santis, 153
caeruleus Brues, 196, 200, 221
Calliencyrtus De Santis, 153
cariocus Compere, 216, 217, 218, 225
carolinensis sp.n., 240, 244
caudatus Erdos, 149, 169, 176
ceroplastis Man Mohan, 247
Chalcaspis Howard, 188, 190, 191, 212
Chalcaspis species not named, 194, 195
chapadae Ashmead, 210, 223
chryscus Walker, 179
Chrysoplatycerus Ashmead, 146
Clausenia Ishii, 143, 151, 181
clavicornis (Compere), 180, 225, 226, 227
Coccidoxenus Crawford, 246
Coelaspidia Timberlake, 146
coffeicola sp.n., 156, 161, 162, 165, 166
colombiensis Compere, 216, 217
comperei sp.n. (Clausenia), 185, 188
comperei sp.n. (Neodiscodes), 229, 235, 235
Camper encyrtus De Santis, 149, 152
confusor sp.n., 182, 185, 187
connectens sp.n., 205, 223
corrugata sp.n., 183, 183, 187
diaphorocerus (Masi), 246
Dicarnosis Mercet, 145
dichrous Mercet, 167, 168, 169, 170
Dinocarsiella Mercet, 150, 151
Dinocarsiina, 145
Dinocarsiini, 145
Dinocarsis Forster, 145, 152
diversicornis Westwood, 154
Doliphoceras Mercet, 145
Dusmetia Mercet, 146
Ectroma auctt., 147, 150, 154
Ectromatopsis Compere, 145
Ectromini Ashmead, 144, 153, 154
Encyrtidae, 143, 144, 179
Encyrtinae, 143, 144
Encyrtini, 144
Ericydnina, 143, 145, 146, 152
Ericydnini, 145
Ericydnus Walker, 147, 151, 153, 166, 179
Eulophus Geoffrey, 179
Eupelmidae, 179
Euryrhopalus Howard, 190, 235, 239
flandersi sp.n., 204, 221
flaviclava De Santis, 152, 153
frontalis Compere, 209, 210, 212, 219, 223,
223, 224
Grandoriella Domenichini, 143, 151, 153, 180
guineensis sp.n., 184, 185, 188
INDEX TO NAMES IN HYMENOPTERA
249
Hambletonia Compere, 146
hemipterus (Girault), 179
Heteroleptomastix Ishii, 153
hispanica Mercet, 152, 154
Hungariella Erdos, 143, 147, 154
hyettus Walker, 195, 197, 198, 202, 203, 219
ianthinus Compere, 207, 208, 223
indica Ramakrishna Ayyar, 162, 165, 166
indicus Narayanan & Subba Rao, 232, 233,
235
insularis (Cameron), 226, 228
insularis Compere, 207, 211, 224
ivorensis Risbec, 180
japonicus (Tachikawa), 169, 176
josefi Rozen, 182, 183, 187
kirkpatricki (Kerrich), 236, 237, 239, 240,
241, 241, 245
lamasi Domenichini, 180
latiusculus Thomson, 174, 175, 176
lepelleyi Kerrich, 228, 229, 230, 230, 231,
232, 235, 235
Leptanusia De Santis, 145
Leptomastix Forster, 154
longicornis auctt., 170
longicornis Dalman, 168, 171, 173, 178
longiscapus Compere, 213, 215, 219, 224
lucidus sp.n., 190, 191, 195
maplei Compere, 197, 221
martini! Compere, 230, 231, 235, 235
Masia Mercet, 149
masii Domenichini, 204, 204, 205, 221
matranus Erdos, 152
mediterranea sp.n., 158, 159, 165, 166
megalarus Walker, 179
Metaphaenodiscus Mercet, 188, 190
Metaphaenodiscus species not named, 190
Mirini Ashmead, 144, 152
nemoralis Mercet, 190, 190
Neodiscodes Compere, 189, 189, 228
Neodusmetia Kerrich, 149, 150
Neoplatycerus Subba Rao, 146
nitens sp.n., 211, 224
pacificus Compere, 212, 213, 214, 215, 224
paludatus Walker, 167, 168
Paraenasioidea Hoffer, 145
Parastenoterys Girault, 153
Parastenoterys Girault, De Santis, 151, 152
Parectromoides Girault, 153
Parencyrtus Ashmead, 152
Parencyrtus Mercet, 151
parvus sp.n., 228, 235
paulistus Compere, 207, 210, 211, 223
Pauridia Timberlake, 150
Pentacladocerus Erdos, 149, 152
peregrina (Compere), 158, 159, 160, 161, 163,
165, 166
pergandei Howard, 191, 192, 193, 195
personatus sp.n., 197, 198, 200, 201, 221
phenacocci (Ashmead), 193, 195
phenacocci Bennett, 203, 204, 221, 221
piceae Erdos, 154, 155, 156, 157, 164, 165,
165
pretiosa (Timberlake) (Hungariella), 154,
155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164,
165
pretiosus (Timberlake) (Euryrhopalus), 236,
237, 243
propinquus sp.n., 242, 245
Pteromalidae, 179
pulchrior sp.n., 238, 243
punctatus Compere, 201, 219, 221, 231
punctatus Girault, 153
purpurea Ishii, 181, 182, 182, 183, 184, 185,
186, 187, 187
regularis sp.n., 200, 201, 221
reinhardi (Mayr), 179
rhopoideus sp.n., 240, 243
robustior Mercet, 172, 178, 179
saccharicola (Gahan), 228, 237, 239, 240, 243
saissetiae Yasumatsu & Yoshimura, 226
schwarzi Howard, 237, 243
similis sp.n., 196, 219
sipylus Walker, 168, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179
spilococci Ferriere, 157, 165
strigosus (Nees), 168, 170, 171, 172, 174,
178, 179
subbaraoi sp.n., 232, 235
Synaspidia Timberlake, 236
tachigaliae Brues, 216
Tanaostigminae, 179
Tanaostigmodes, 179
tenuiscapus sp.n., 239, 240, 243
Tetracladia Howard, 149
Tetracnemini, 154
Tetracnemus Timberlake, 147, 154
Tetracnemus Westwood, 149, 152, 154
theobromae Kerrich, 216, 217
250
G. J. KERRICH
Tropidophryne Compere, 146
vadosus sp.n., 214, 215, 224
ventralis Dalman, 167, 168, 169, 174, 176,
176, 179
vexans sp.n., 202, 221
Vosleria Timberlake, 150
Xanthoectroma Mercet, 150
Xanthoencyrtus Ashmead, 145, 150
Xenoencyrtus Riek, 179
Zaplatycerus Timberlake, 146
Zarhopalus Ashmead, 145
INDEX TO COCCID HOST NAMES
aonidum auctt. (Pseudococcus)
see longispinus Targ.
Baccacoccus sp., 185
brevipes (Ckll.) (Dysmicoccus), 215, 217, 236,
243
citri (Risso) (Planococcus), 162, 164, 185,
187, 204, 226, 231
" citrus scale ", 233
comstocki Kuwana (Pseudococcus), 182
concavocerarii James (Pseudococcus), 183.
" Diaspine scale ", 185
Dysmicoccus sp. near brevipes (Ckll), 242.
Ferrisia sp., 200, 201, 208, 213
fragilis Brain (Pseudococcus), 156, 160, 211
gossypii Towns. & Ckll. (Phenacoccus), 203
" grape-fruit mealy-bug ", 233
hemispherica Targ. (Saissetia), 246
kenyae Le Pelley (Planococcus), 161, 162, 184
lilacinus (Ckll.) (Planococcus), 164, 230, 233
longispinus Targ. (Pseudococcus), 156, 160,
161, 211
maritimus (Ehrhorn) (Pseudococcus), 204
maxima Green (Pulvinaria), 226
" mealybug on Albizzia ", 208
" mealybug on cotton ", 205
nanae Schmutterer (Spilococcus), 158
neobrevipes Beardsley (Dysmicoccus), 245
njalensis (Laing) (Planococcoides), 184, 185,
187, 232
Phenacoccus sp., 181, 202, 203, 211, 240
piceae (Loew), 157
Planococcus sp., 184
Pseudococcinae, 185
Pseudococcus sp., 159, 161, 202, 208, 217,
228, 229
pulverarius Newstead (Heterococcus), 171,
176
quaesitus (Brain) (Allococcus), 229
Saissetia sp. or spp., 185, 226
solani Ferris (Phenacoccus), 191, 193, 238
solenopsis Tinsley (Phenacoccus), 193
virgata (Ckll.) (Ferrisia), 200, 201, 208, 209,
226, 227
yuccae (Coq.) (Puto), 198
Bull. BY. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 20, 5
PLATE i
ENTOM, 20, 5.
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PLATE 4
A LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS
TO THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES
OF THE BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
1. MASNER, L. The types of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the British
Museum (Natural History) and in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford.
Pp. 143. February, 1965. £5.
2. NIXON, G. E. J. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera :
Braconidae). Pp.284; 348 Text-figures. August, 1965. £6.
3. WATSON, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). Pp. 177 ;
18 plates, 270 Text-figures. August, 1965. £4 45.
4. SANDS, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera,
Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172 ; 500 Text-figures. October,
1965- £355.
5. AHMAD, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera : Alydidae) of the World. Pp. 156 ;
475 Text-figures. November, 1965. £2 15$.
6. OKADA, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae & Drosophilidae.
Pp. 129 ; 328 Text-figures. £3.
7. GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family
Coccidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea). Pp. 168 ; 43 Text-figures. February, 1967.
£33s.
8. FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the
world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera : Geometridae) . Pp. 119; 14 plates, 146
Text-figures, 9 maps. February, 1967. £3 los.
9. HEMMING, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species
(Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera). In press.
10. STEMPFFER, H. The Genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera : Rhopa-
locera). In press.
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD & SON LIMITED, EARTH OLOMEW PRESS, DORKING
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES
IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY)
(HEMIPTERA : LYGAEIDAE)
G. G. E. SCUDDER
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 6
LONDON: 1967
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES
IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
(HEMIPTERA : LYGAEIDAE)
BY
G. G. E. SCUDDER__y JL
\J
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 8, B.C., Canada
Pp. 251-285
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 6
LONDON: 1967
THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.
Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.
In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each
Department.
This paper is Vol. 20, No. 6 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited
follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.
World List abbreviation :
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.).
Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1967
TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
Issued I August, 1967 Price Fifteen Shillings
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES IN THE BRITISH
MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
(HEMIPTERA : LYGAEIDAE)
By G. G. E. SCUDDER
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ........... 253
LIST OF SPECIES .......... 255
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......... 284
REFERENCES ........... 284
APPENDIX. List of Rhyparochrominae holotypes in British Museum (Nat.
Hist.) not considered in this paper ..... 285
SYNOPSIS
This paper is concerned with the selection and designation of lectotypes for taxa belonging
to the Lygaeid subfamily Rhyparochrominae. The material studied in the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.) was described by Champion, Dallas, Distant, Douglas & Scott, Germar, Kirby,
Kirkaldy, Rambur, Saunders, Scott, Uhler, Walker, White and Wollaston. The stabilization
of taxa is necessary for future work on a monograph of the subfamily. Two neotypes are also
selected, and some new synonymy and new combinations given.
INTRODUCTION
IN the entomological collections of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) is to be found
type material of species described by a number of early workers including G. C.
Champion, W. S. Dallas, W. L. Distant, J. W. Douglas & J. Scott, E. F. Germar,
W. F. Kirby, G. W. Kirkaldy, J. P. Rambur, E. Saunders, J. Scott, P. R. Uhler,
F. Walker, F. B. White and T. V. Wollaston. These Hemipterists, like other
entomologists of the time, when describing new species from more than one specimen,
did not designate a single specimen as the 'Type' or if they did, they did not cite the
specimen so that it conforms to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,
1964 edition, Article 73a or 73b, and so all material may be regarded as syntypic
(Article 73c).
In the Museum collections, type labels have been added to many specimens,
sometimes erroneously. This is unfortunate because it does not constitute a lecto-
type designation and can lead to much confusion in the taxon. In 1964-65, the
material in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) was studied by the author, and the
opportunity taken to designate lectotypes where this was necessary. This was
undertaken in connection with the preparation of a monograph on the subfamily.
In the selection of lectotypes, reference has been made to the original description,
in order to confirm the description and locality listing. In the following list, arranged
alphabetically under specific names, the original binomen is given, followed by a
coded reference to the original description: the code is the same as that used by
Slater (1964). Following the reference is listed the sex and status of the specimen,
ENTOM. 20, 6. I5§
254 G. G. E. SCUDDER
with new lectotype designations cited in CAPITALS. After this is given details of
the label (s) borne by the specimen, each label being enclosed in quotation marks and
the individual label(s) separated by a semicolon (;). The circular red B.M. type
label referred to is the standard British Museum (Nat. Hist.) type label (as used in
the Department of Entomology), a circular label with the word Type' encircled
with a red ring. The circular green B.M. type label, on the Walker material, is
similar to the red label, but is encircled with green instead of red. In order to save
space, in referring to the specimens described in the Biologia Centrali-Americana
by Distant (1880-93) I have not given the full data from each label, but only noted
such labels as 'the B.C.A. label'. This is done because these labels merely give the
name of the species and the B.C.A. information as follows for Ozophora pallescens
(Distant) — 'B.C.A., Hem. I Davila pallescens.': this information is available from
the coded reference given in the text of this paper and the original binomen given
for each species.
All lectotypes here designated have been labelled with a purple B.M. lectotype
label. In addition, each lectotype has been labelled with a pink label which cites
the original binomen, etc. as shown for Metochus abbreviatus Scott as follows —
'METOCHUS ABBREVIATUS Scott 1874 LECTOTYPE G. G. E. Scudder 1965'. These
lectotype labels are not listed in the paper. Holotype specimens in the collection
also have been clearly labelled with pink labels containing comparable data.
Since Walker (1871-73) clearly indicated the number of specimens before him
(by letters, a, b, c, etc.) it has been possible to recognize when only a single specimen
was present in the original material. Thus, some of Walker's material, can unques-
tionably be labelled 'holotype' : the sex of these as listed in the original description
is not always correct. Dallas (1852) used a series of letters in his listing of material,
but it is clear that the letters in this case indicate different localities and not number
of specimens. Therefore, in all of the Dallas species, the number of specimens in the
original series is indefinite and so lectotypes have been selected in all cases. Finally,
for most of the Distant species, there is no indication of the number of specimens in the
type series. Further, a search through the accessions in the Museum has turned up
specimens which obviously could be regarded as type material, but there is no label
on them to indicate this. Distant did label some specimens 'type', but this does not
constitute a type designation since the information was not included in the original
description and has not been published subsequently, as far as known. Where
possible, lectotypes for the Distant species have been selected from the specimens
bearing determination labels in Distant's handwriting; furthermore, the one
labelled 'type' by Distant has been selected whenever possible.
Taxa in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collection, described by recent workers
(China, Kiritshenko, Lindberg, Miller, Scudder, Southwood) are not considered in
the main text of this paper, since holotype designations have been published.
However, as recommended in the International Code (720(4)), the list of additional
species in the collections is given as an Appendix.
Finally, I have included in the paper the Distant types that are located in other
Museums. This is done so that workers will have a complete listing of the location
of the Distant material. Lectotype designations for the Distant material in the
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 255
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Geneva have already been published (Scudder,
1966). The lectotype for Pseudopamera aurivilliana Distant is designated in this
paper, the lectotype being in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm.
LIST OF SPECIES
abbreviatus (Metochus) Scott, 18740: 434. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'JAPAN'; 'Type. Scott Coll. 98 — n.'; ' — abbreviatus, n sp.' Pinned
through scutellum; left antenna, end two segments of right antenna, left fore and middle
leg and all of right legs missing; first two segments of left antenna and right hind leg glued
to card below specimen.
acuminatus (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 567. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'Ent. Club. 44 — 12.'; 'N. Holl.'; '184. RHYPAROCHROMUS ACUMINATUS,'.
Glued to card; end segment of left antenna, end three segments of right antenna, middle and
hind left tarsi and right middle leg missing. Present combination Myocara acuminata (Dallas) .
adtnistus (Caridops) Distant, igogc: 333. LECTOTYPE ? with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Maramaldus admistus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'BniM TAL 4500 FT.
KUMAON N.A. 22-27-IX-o6' ; 'Distant Coll. 1911- — 383.' Micropinned through scutellum
from below and mounted on card ; abdomen missing. Present combination Caridops admistus
(Distant).
aeruginosus (Peritrechus) Distant, 19040: 76. Lectotype in Genoa, designated by Scudder
(1966). Paralectotype in collection $ with labels: circular red B.M. type label; 'aeruginosus
Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Mandalay Birmania Fea IV 1885'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383'.
Present combination Orieotrechus aeruginosus (Distant).
aethiopica (Exopatnera) Distant, 19186: 258. LECTOTYPE ^ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Exopamera aethiopica Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Brit. E. Afr.
Kibwezi. 3000 ft. Apl. 2-4, 1911. S. A. Neave.'; '1911 — 177'. Pinned through scutellum ;
left fore and hind leg, end three segments of right antenna and right hind leg missing.
aethiops (Calyptonotus) Douglas & Scott, 18686: 28. Holotype $ with labels: circular red
B.M. Type H.T. label; 'aethiops D & S.' [Saunders* handwriting]; 'Saunders Coll. Brit. Mus.
1910 — 357.' Micropinned through pronotum and mounted on card; left antenna with
terminal three segments missing and all of right antenna missing. Present combination
Aphanus rolandri aethiops (Douglas & Scott). Comb. n.
aethiops (Cligenes) Distant, 19045 : 435. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Cligenes aethiops Dist.1 [Distant's handwriting]; 'Hex River, C.G.H. i6th Aug. '02
1420' ; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383'. Glued to card point; end segment of right antenna missing.
Present combination Botocudo aethiops (Distant).
affinis (Daerlac) Distant, 19016: 1901. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'affinis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Launceston 91 — 155'. Glued to card point:
right hind leg and end segment of left antenna missing. Synonym of Daerlac tricolor Signoret,
1 88 1. Syn. n.
affinis (Trapezus) Distant, 19016: 500. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: '88'; circular red B.M.
type label; 'affinis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; '64' ; 'Grand Etang (Windward side) 1900 ft.
Grenada, W.I. H. H. Smith'; '95 — 206'. Glued to card point ; end segment of both antennae
missing. Present combination Cryphula affinis (Distant).
africanus (Lethaeus) Dallas, 18520: 557. Described from a. Sierra Leone (Pres. Rev. D. F.
Morgan), b. S. Africa (Pres. Earl of Derby), c. S. Africa (Pres. Dr. A. Smith). The Sierra
Leone specimen is not in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.); South African specimen in collec-
tion does not fit original description in essential detail and selection of this as lectotype would
change present concept of africanus. A South African specimen in collection and with labels:
'S. Africa 43.19'; 'i. LETHAEUS AFRICANUS' is identical with Lethaeus tartareus Stal. NEO-
256 G.G.E.SCUDDER
TYPE $ selected with labels: 'SIERRA LEONE NJALA at light DATE i3.vi.25 E. Hargreaves';
'BRIT. Mus 1925 — 280'; 'Lethaeus africanus Dall. W.E. CHINA, det.'; 'NEOTYPE
LETHAEUS AFRICANUS Dallas 1852 det. Scudder 1966'.
africanus (Maxaphanus) Distant, 19186: 265. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Maxaphanus africanus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Mlanje,
Nyasaland. 21.11.1912. S. A. Neave.'; '1913 — 140.' Pinned through scutellum; right
antenna missing. Present combination Dieuches africanus (Distant).
alacer (Thaumastopus ?) Walker, 18720: 147. Holotype (sex unknown) with labels: cir-
cular green B.M. type label; 'Canary's'; 'Saunders. 65.13'; '2. THAUMASTOPUS ? ALACER.'
Pinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip ; end two segments of left antenna,
end segment of right antenna, left middle tarsus, left hind leg, right fore and hind legs, abdo-
men and wings missing. Synonym of Noualhieria quadripunctata (Brulle 1838).
alacris (Thaumastopus ?) Walker, 18720: 147. Holotype $ with labels: circular green B.M.
type label; circular dark green label; '404 3 521'; '2. THAUMASTOPUS ? ALACRIS.' Pinned
through pronotum; end two segments of right antenna, middle left tarsus, left hind leg
missing. Synonym of Cnemodus mavortius (Say 1831).
albicollis (Mirrhina) Distant, 19200: 155. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Mirrhina albicollis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Houadou, New Cale-
donia. 26.x. 1914. P.D.Montague. 1918 — 87'. Glued to card.
albidomaculatus (Lachnophorus) Distant, 19130: 1913. LECTOTYPE $ with labels:
'Mahe, '08-9. Seychelles Exp.'; circular red B.M. type label; 'Lachnophorus albidomaculata
Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Percy Sladen Expedition. 1911 — 497.' Glued to card;
left antenna and hind leg missing; abdomen dissected and in vial. Present combination
Lachnesthus albidomaculatus (Distant).
albigera (Aphanus) Distant, 19186: 264. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: 'Durham. F. Muir.
1902.'; circular red B.M. type label; 'Aphanus albigera Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting];
'Sharp Coll. 1905 — 313.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on cork; end segment of
left antenna and right middle leg missing. Present combination Rhyparochromus albigerus
(Distant).
alboannulata (Pamera) Champion, 19130: 6. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Pamera alboannulata Ch' [Champion's handwriting]; ' <$' ; 'Orosi, Costa
Rica, ex C. Picado.'; 'Found in Bromeliads.'; '1913 — 83.' Glued to card point; right hind
leg missing. Present combination Lygofuscanellus alboannulatus (Champion).
albomaculata (Plociomera) Distant, 18930: 400. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M
type label; 'Plociomera albomaculata Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'S. Geronimo, Guate-
mala. Champion.'; 'Sp. figured.' Glued to card: right fore leg missing. Present combina-
tion Exptochiomera albomaculata (Distant).
albomaculatus (Calyptonotus) Scott, 18740: 439. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'Calyptonotus albomaculatus n. sp.'; 'JAPAN'; '21'; 'Pachymeris
(Raglius) n. sp. see remarks in list'; 'Type Scott Coll. 88 — n'. Pinned through scutellum;
end of right antenna, right foreleg, left middle tarsus and left hind leg missing. Present
combination Graptopeltus albomaculatus (Scott).
albomarginatus (Gyndes) Scott, 18740: 437. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Gyndes albomarginatus, n. sp.'. Glued to card. Present combination
Eucosmetus albomarginatus (Scott).
alien us (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 105. Holotype $ with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; *SAR.'; 'Saunders. 63.13.'; '175. RHYPAROCHROMUS ALIENUS.' Pinned
through scutellum and mounted on card ; both antennae and left middle leg missing. Present
combination Neolethaeus alienus (Walker). Comb. n.
andrewsi (Pamera) Distant, 19016: 481. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Andrewsi Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Flying-fish cove. VIII. 97.'; 'Christmas I.
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 257
C. W. Andrews. 92 — 20.' Glued to card point; end segment of both antennae, left hind
leg and right middle leg missing. Present combination Remaudiereana andrewsi (Distant) .
antennalis (Diniella) Distant, igiSc: 243. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Diniella antennalis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Tonkin. Hoabinh.
Dec. 1916. R. V. de Salvaza.' Glued to card. Present combination Lamproceps antennalis
(Distant).
antennatus (Thebanus) Distant, 19180: 197. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Thebanus antennatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Nandidrig
V.I3 S.India. T.V.C.'; Thebanus politus Dist.?'; '401'; 'S.India. E.A.Butler. 1915-60.'
Glued to card; right hind leg missing. Also in the collection are i <J, 2 $ labelled 'S. India,
T.V.C.'. Synonym of Thebanus mysorensis (Distant, 1918).
antennatus (Tropistethus) Scott, 18740: 429. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Tropistethus antennatus, n. sp.'; 'JAPAN'; 'Type. Scott Coll. 88 — n.'
Glued to card. Present combination Lamproceps antennatus (Scott).
anticus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 100. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'E. Ind. 58 50'; '159. RHYPAROCHROMUS ANTICUS.' Pinned through
scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip ; left antenna, end three segments of right antenna,
left middle leg, right fore and middle tibiae and tarsi, right hind tarsus missing. Synonym
of Dieuches femoralis (Dohrn, 1 860) .
apicalis (Pamera) Distant, 1904^: 268. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'apicalis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Townsville, Qld. 11.10.02. F. P. Dodd';
'1903 — 356'. Glued to card, with another <$ above. Present combination Daerlac apicalis
(Distant).
apicalis {Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 562. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Int: S. Africa 43 19'; '126. RHYPAROCHROMUS APICALIS,'. Pinned through
scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; end two segments of left antenna, end three
segments of right antenna, left fore and hind leg, and right hind leg missing. Present com-
bination Naphius apicalis (Dallas).
apicatus (Trapezus) Distant, 18820: 217. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Trapezus apicatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'S. Geronimo, Guatemala.
Champion.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card; end segment of left antenna missing.
There are several additional specimens in the collection. Present combination Cryphula
apicata (Distant).
archetypus (Entisberus) Distant, 19030": 74. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Entisberus archetypus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Peradeniya, Ceylon,
11.1901'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus
strip ; end segment of left antenna and tibia and tarsus of left hind leg missing.
armatipes (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 91. Holotype with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; '5i2a'; '116. RHYPAROCHROMUS ARMATIPES.' Represented by head and
prothorax only. Synonym of Dieuches armipes (Fabricius, 1794).
assamensis (Lethaeus) (Distant, 19016: 507. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'assamensis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Naga Hills (Doherty)'; 'Distant
Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum; end segment of left antenna, end two segments
of right antenna, left fore leg, left middle tarsus and left hind leg missing.
assimilandus (Petissius) Distant, 18930: 407. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Petissius assimilandus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Bugaba, 800-1500 ft.
Champion.'; 'Sp. figured'; and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card. There are other specimens
in the collection in addition.
assimilis (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 572. Type material not located in the collec-
tions. Present combination Metochus assimilis (Dallas).
ater (Prytanes) Distant, 18930: 402. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M. type label;
'Amula, Guerrero 6000 ft. Aug. H. H. Smith'; 'Sp. figured.'; 'Prytanes ater Dist.' [Distant's
258 G. G. E. SCUDDER
handwriting]. Glued to card; left antenna missing and abdomen dissected and mounted on
slide.
atotnarius (Aphanus) Distant, 19040*: 353. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'atomarius Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Zoutpansberg. Transvaal. J. Junod.
1903 — 202.' Glued to card point; both antennae and both hind legs missing. In addition
there are 2 $, i $ in the collection. Present combination Rhyparothesus atomarius (Distant).
Comb. n.
atratus (Locutius) Distant, 19180: 192. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Locutius atratus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'L26'; 'Chikkaballapura, S.
India. T. V. Campbell.' Glued to card; left middle tibia and tarsus missing. Present
combination Plinthisus atratus (Distant) .
attenuatus (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 579. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; '64035226'; '28. PLOCIOMERUS ATTENUATUS,' Pinned through
scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; both antennae, left fore and hind leg, and right
middle and hind leg missing. Present combination Paromius attenuatus (Dallas).
aurantiacus (Lethaeus) Distant, 19146: 382. Type material apparently not in the collec-
tions. Present combination Hebrolethaeus aurantiacus (Distant).
aurantiacus (Tropistethus) Distant, 19180: 197. LECTOTYPE £ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Tropistethus aurantiacus Dist type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Chikkaballa-
pura. S.India. T.V.C.'; '3/2'; 'S.India. E.A.Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card with a
$ specimen to left; right fore leg and end segment of left antenna detached. Synonym of
Camptocera glaberrima (Walker, 1872).
aurifera (Potamiaena) Distant, 19100: 61. LECTOTYPE ^ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Potamiaena aurifera Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Paresnath W. Bengal
4300-4400 ft. 15. IV. 09'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end two segments of
left antenna, end three segments of right antenna, and both hind legs missing; abdomen
dissected.
aurivilliana (Pseudopamera) Distant, 18820: 209. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: Tehuan-
tepic'; 'Type'; 'Typus'. Pinned through scutellum ; right middle tibia and tarsus and both
hind tarsi missing. In the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm.
australis (Aphanus) Distant, 19016: 502. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; '5176'; 'australis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Troughton Island. 92 — i.'
Glued to card. Present combination Elasmolomus australis (Distant).
australis (Arrianoides) Distant, 19186: 491. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: Townsville,
Qld. 1902 F. P. Dodd.'; circular red B.M. type label; 'Arrianoides australis Dist. type'
[Distant's handwriting] . Glued to card ; end segment of right antenna missing and abdomen
dissected. Present combination Myocara australis (Distant).
australis (Bosbequius) Distant, 19186: 260. LECTOTYPE ^ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Bosbequius australis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Adelaide R., N.W.
Australia, J. J. Walker'. Glued to card.
balteatus (Phaeax) Distant, 18930: 413. Lectotype $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Phaeax balteatus Dist.'; 'Bugaba, 800-1500 ft., Champion' ; 'Sp. figured.'. Glued to
card. Lectotype designated by Woodward (1962).
basalts (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 575. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'North Amer E.D.'; '99. RHYPAROCHROMUS BASALTS,'. Glued to card
with <$ to right. Present combination Pachybrachius basalis (Dallas).
bengalensis (Aphanus) Distant, igogc: 337. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Aphanus bengalensis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Pusa Bengal'; 'Dis-
tant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on card; end segment of left
antenna, left middle and hind leg missing. Present combination Rhyparothesus bengalensis
(Distant). Comb. n.
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 259
bengalensis (Diniella) Distant, igogc: 334. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Diniella bengalensis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Pusa Bengal'. Pinned
through right clavus and mounted on polyporus strip.
bengalensis (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 572. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'N. Bengal 42. 25.'; '151. RHYPAROCHROMUS BENGALENSIS'. Pinned
through scutellum; left antenna, end three segments of right antenna, right fore tibia and
tarsus, and right hind leg missing. Present combination Metochus bengalensis (Dallas).
bicolor (Drymus) Distant, 19016: 508. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'bicolor Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Mungphu'; 'Atkinson Coll. 92-6.' Glued to
card point; end two segments of left antenna and right middle leg missing. There is also a
$ in the collection.
bicolor (Nabis) Walker, 18730: 145. Holotype <$ with labels: circular green B.M. type label;
'39. NABIS BICOLOR.'; 'Nabis bicolor. Walker's Catal.' Glued to card; left antenna
missing. Synonym of Paromius piratoides (Costa, 1864).
biplagiatus (Noliphus ?) Walker, 18710: 177. Holotype $ with labels: circular green B.M.
type label; 'Gil.'; 'Saunders. 65.13.'; '7. NOLIPHUS ? BIPLAGIATUS.' Pinned through
pronotum and mounted on polyporus strip ; end segment of left antenna, end three segments
of right antenna, left and right hind legs missing. Present combination Narbo biplagiatus
(Walker).
bipunctatus (Ligyrocoris) Kirby, 18900: 547. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Fern Na'; 'Ligyrocoris bipunctata Kb' [Kirby 's handwriting]. Glued to
card point ; end segment of both antennae, left middle and hind leg, right hind tibia and tarsus
missing. Synonym of Pachybrachius vinctus (Say, 1831).
borealis (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 565. LECTOTYPE ? with labels: 'Hudson's
Bay 44.17'; 'Rhyparochromus ferus. Walker's Catal.' Pinned through thorax; end two
segments of left antenna and end segment of right antenna, left middle leg missing. Also in
collection are $ with labels: 'R'; '760'; '97. RHYPAROCHROMUS FERUS.'. and i ex. with
labels: 'R'; '761'; 'Rhyparochromus ferus. Walker's Catal.' Synonym of Eremocoris ferus
(Say, 1831).
brevipennis (Budaeus) Distant, 19040: 76. LECTOTYPE a nymph with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'Budaeus brevipennis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Lohardaga';
'Atkinson Coll. 92-6.' Glued to card point; antennae except for basal segments, and left
fore leg missing. A synonym of Pachybrachius pallicornis (Dallas 1852).
brevis (Scolopostethus) Saunders, 18670: 221. Not located.
brunneus (Locutius) Distant, 19180: 193. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Locutius brunneus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chikkaballapura,
S. India. T. V. Campbell'; 'L3i'; 'S. India. E. A. Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card;
end segment of left antenna, right antenna, left middle leg and all three right legs missing.
Present combination Plinthisus brunneus (Distant) .
brunneus (Prosomoeus) Scott, 18740: 436. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; '24'; 'JAPAN'; 'Prosomoeus nov. gen. — —brunneus, n. sp.' Pinned
through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; right antenna, left and right hind legs
missing.
burmanicus (Usilanus) Distant, igogc: 341. LECTOTYPE <? with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Usilanus burmanicus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Carin Asciuii
Ghecu 1400-1 5oom. L. Fea. III-IV.88.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through right
hemielytron and mounted on card ; right antenna missing.
caeca (Plociomera) Distant, 18820: 210. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Quiche Mts., 7-9,000 ft. Champion.'; and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card with
a $ to right. Present combination Exptochiomera caeca (Distant).
caliginosus (Trapezonotus) Distant, 18820: 216. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Trapezonotus caliginosus' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Quezaltenango, 7800 ft.
260 G. G. E. SCUDDER
Champion.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card with a $ to left; both fore legs and right
middle leg missing.
capensis (Aphanus) Dallas, 18520: 559. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; '12. APHANUS CAPENSIS,'. Glued to card; end two segments of left antenna, end
segment of right antenna, and all legs on right side missing; abdomen dissected. Present
combination Sinierus capensis (Dallas).
capitatus (Vertomannus) Distant, 1903^: 46. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'capitatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Carin Asciuii Ghecu 1400-1500 m.
L. Fea. III-IV.88.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911— 383.' Glued to card.
carbonarius (Pachymerus) Rambur, 18390: 148. LECTOTYPE $ with label : 'Pachymerus
carbonarius'. Pinned through scutellum; left hind leg missing. Present combination
Microtomideus carbonarius (Rambur).
cardui (Dieuches) Distant, 19130: 155. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: '204'; 'Mahe, '08-9.
Seychelles Exp.'; circular red B.M. type label; 'Dieuches cardui Dist. type' [Distant's hand-
writing]; 'Percy Sladen Trust Expedition. 1911 — 497.' Glued to card: both fore legs and
right hind leg missing ; right hemielytron detached and glued to card beside lectotype.
castaneus (Bubaces) Distant, 18930: 409. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Bubaces castaneus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Sp. figured.'; 'Temax, N. Yucatan,
Gaumer'. Glued to card; end segment of both antennae and all legs except fore legs (less
tarsi), missing; abdomen dissected.
cephalotes (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 577. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'New Holl. 444'; '188. RHYPAROCHROMUS CEPHALOTES'. Glued to
card ; end three segments of both antennae missing. In addition in the collection are 2 $ with
labels: '44 40 V.D.L.'; 'Rhyparochromus cephalotes. Walker's Catal.' Present combination
Daerlac cephalotes (Dallas).
ceromatica (Mahisa) Distant, 19060: 413. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Mahisa ceromatica Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Wellawaya. Ceylon,
XI-O5.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus
strip; right antenna and right hind leg missing ; abdomen dissected.
championi (Acolhua) Distant, 18930: 394. Holotype with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Acolhua championi Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Sp. figured.'; 'Zapote, Guatemala,
G. C. Champion.' Glued to card; abdomen missing.
chinensis (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 566. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'Hong Kong 48 : 60'; '149. RHYPAROCHROMUS CHINENSIS,'. Micro-
pinned through right clavus and mounted on polyporus strip; end two segments of right
antenna, left hind leg missing; abdomen detached and in gelatine capsule. Present combina-
tion Dieuches chinensis (Dallas).
cincticornis (Ophthalmicus) Walker, 18720: 138. Holotype $ with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; '32. OPHTHALMICUS CINCTICORNIS'. Glued to card; underside of card
with number '67.25'. Present combination Appolonius cincticornis (Walker).
cincticornis (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 108. LECTOTYPE $ with labels : circular
green B.M. type label; 'Batchian (Molucc.)'; 'Saunders 65.13'; '181. RHYPAROCHROMUS
CINCTICORNIS'. Glued to card with a $ ; last segment of antennae missing. Present combina-
tion Pachybrachius cincticornis (Walker) .
cingalensis (Sinierus) Distant, 19040: 65. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'cingalensis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Peradeniya, Ceylon, n — 1901';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through pronotum from below and mounted on card;
end segment of both antennae missing. Synonym of Sinierus brevis (Motshulsky, 1863).
circumcinctus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 97. LECTOTYPE a nymph with labels:
circular green B.M. type label; '147. RHYPAROCHROMUS CIRCUMCINCTUS'. Glued to card;
underside of card with 'Wright, Seychelles' ; left antenna and left middle leg missing. Present
combination Pachybrachius circumcinctus (Walker) .
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 261
clavatus (Aphanus) Dallas, 18520: 560. Specimens not traced in the collection. Synonym
of Ptochiomera nodosa Say, 1831.
clypeatus (Gonatas) Distant, 19040: 90. Lectotype in Genoa, designated by Scudder (1966).
Paralectotype in collection $ with labels: circular red B.M. type label; 'clypeatus Dist.'
[Distant's handwriting]; 'Birmania Shwego Myo Fea X 1885'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Glued to card ; end segment of left antenna and right middle leg missing. Present combina-
tion Kanigara clypeata (Distant).
coleopteroides (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 108. LECTOTYPE $ with labels:
circular green B.M. type label; 'Cer E'; 'Saunders 65.15.'; '180. RHYPAROCHROMUS
COLEOPTEROIDES.' Glued to card; right hind leg missing. Present combination Telocoris
coleopteroides (Walker). Comb. n.
collaris (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: in. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: 'Adelaide
59 52' ; '195. RHYPAROCHROMUS COLLARIS'. Pinned through right hemielytron and mounted
on polyporus strip ; left hind tarsus, right middle tarsus and right hind leg missing. Present
combination Fontejus collaris (Walker).
As noted by Distant (1901) and Gross (1962) there is no specimen labelled 'type' in the
collections. In the original description, Walker (1872) lists material from Adelaide and
Tasmania, and a Var B. with fore wings ferruginous from Australia. Only the latter specimen
is present in the collections and since it is the only syntype remaining, it can be selected as
lectotype as has been done above. By so doing, Fontejus collaris Stal, 1874 becomes a syn-
onym of Fontejus collaris (Dallas).
collina (Rhaptus) Distant, 18930: 410. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Rhaptus collina Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Quiche Mts., 7-9,000 ft. Champion.';
and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card to left of an additional $ specimen; left middle leg
missing. Present combination Xestocoris collinus (Distant).
coloratus (Abanus) Distant, 19096: 493. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Abanus coloratus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'CHAPRA BENGAL MACKENZIE';
'Distant Coll. 1911—383.' Pinned through pronotum and mounted on polyporus strip; left
hind leg missing. Present combination Dieuches coloratus (Distant).
concavus (Davila) Distant, 18930: 395. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Bugaba, Panama. Champion.'; 'Sp. figured.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card,
with an additional $ to left; end two segments of left antenna missing. Present combina-
tion Ozophora concava (Distant).
This species was described from Mexico: Orizaba, Atoyae in Vera Cruz, Teapa in Tabasco;
Guatemala: El Tumbador, Cerro Zunil, Zapote, Teleman; Panama: Bugaba, Caldera,
Volcan de Chiriqui. Within the syntypic series there at least four distinct species. Only
specimens from Orizaba, Atoyae, Teapa, Teleman and Bugaba are true concava. O. concava
is a large species with clavus dark brown and with a pale streak; the hemielytra are hirsute.
concinnulus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 93. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'Rhyp. concinnulus 5 Mad'; '121. RHYPAROCHROMUS CONCINNULUS.'
Glued to card ; end segment of right antenna missing.
As noted by Slater (1964) the type specimen is identical with Tropistethus seminitens Puton,
1889, but the description is of Raglius alboacuminatus (Goeze, 1778).
consanguineus (Davila) Distant, 18930: 395. LECTOTYPE £ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Davila consanguineus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Cerro Zunil, 4000 ft.
Champion.'; 'Sp. figured.'; and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card with an additional $ to
right; end segment of left antenna missing. Present combination Ozophora consanguinea
(Distant).
consanguineus (Dieuches) Distant, 19041;: 268. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: 'Townsville,
Qld. 16.1.03. F- P- Dodd'; circular red B.M. type label; 'consanguineus Dist.' [Distant's
handwriting]; '1903 — 322.' Glued to card with an additional <$ above.
ENTOM. 20, 6. i5§§
262 G. G. E. SCUDDER
consimilis (Dieuches) Distant, 19186 : 266. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Dieuches consimilis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Entebbe, Uganda.
14.8.11. C. C. Gowdey. 1912 — 101.' Glued to card point; end segment of left antenna,
end three segments of right antenna and hind tarsi missing.
consocialis (Aphanus) Distant, 19130: 154. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Aphanus consocialis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Mahe, '08-9. Sey-
chelles Exp.'; 'Percy Sladen Trust Expedition. 1911 — 497.' Glued to card; end segment
of left antenna, right middle leg missing; card has the number '107' Present combination
Elasmolomus consocialis (Distant). Comb. n.
consuta (Orthaea) Dallas, 185213 : 580. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Pudognolugua'?; 'Columbia 4620'; 'i. ORTHAEA CONSUTA,'. Micropinned through
pronotum and mounted on polyporus strip ; end segment of right antenna, right middle and
hind leg missing. Present combination Pachybrachius consutus (Dallas).
contractus (Sisamnes) Distant, 18930: 402. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Sisamnes contractus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Duenas, Guatemala, G. C.
Champion.'; 'Sp. figured'. Glued to card.
convelatus (Rhyparochromus) Distant, 19016: 485. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'convelatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Bombay'; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383.' Glued to card; right antenna missing. Synonym of Lachnesthus singalensis
(Dohrn, 1860).
costaricensis (Gonatas) Distant, 1903^: 526. LECTOTYPE £ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'costaricensis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Costa Rica (Beverly)';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card. Present combination Paragonatas costaricensis
(Distant).
crassa (Agunga) Distant, 19060: 413. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Agunga crassa Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Peradeniya. Ceylon 1-05';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Covered with fungal hyphae, micropinned from below through
scutellum and mounted on card; end segment of both antennae missing. Present combination
Appolonius crassus (Distant).
crassicornis (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 571. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'Rhyparochrom. crassicornis, Dallas. (Type)'; '4043489'; circular
green label; 'Type'; 'crassicornis'. Pinned through metathorax and mounted on polyporus
strip; end three segments of left antenna and end segment of right antenna missing. Syn-
onym of Peritrechus angusticollis (Sahlberg, 1848).
cuneata (Pamerana) Distant, igogc: 332. LECTOTYPE £ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Pamerana cuneata Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Calcutta i8-VIII-o8
N.A.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on card; end
segment of right antenna, and right fore wing missing; abdomen dissected. Synonym of
Pamerana nigritula (Walker, 1872).
cupreus (Adauctus) Distant, 19096: 492. LECTOTYPE 6* with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Adauctus cupreus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Pusa Bengal 189';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Micropinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip;
last three segments of left antenna and end segment of right antenna, left hind leg missing.
dallasi (Lethaeus) Scott, 18740: 438. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'JAPAN'; 'Type. Scott Coll. 88 — n.'; 'Lethaeus Dallasi, n. sp.' Pinned through
scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; end two segments of both antennae and right
hind leg missing. Present combination Neolethaeus dallasi (Scott). Comb. n.
dallasi (Pamera) Distant, 18820: 208. New name for Rhyparochromus lineatus Dallas 1852 nee
Fabricius. Synonym of Pachybracius bilobatus (Say, 1831).
delineata (Salacia ?) Distant, 18930: 406. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Salacia ? delineata Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; Pena Blanca, 3,000-4,000 ft.
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 263
Champion.'; 'Sp. figured.'; and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card; end segment of right
antenna missing. Present combination Botocudo delineatus (Distant) .
delineatus (Pachymerus) Rambur, 18390: 151. LECTOTYPE with labels: 'Grenada'; a
green square label; 'P. delineatus Ramb.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on poly-
porus strip; abdomen missing. Present combination Ragliodes delineatus (Rambur).
delineatus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 103. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'Cer.'; 'Saunders. 65.13.'; '169. RHYPAROCHROMUS DELINEATUS.'
Pinned through metathorax from below and mounted on card point ; head and all legs except
right hind leg missing; abdomen and pronotum detached and glued back to specimen.
Synonym of Pachybrachius pallicornis (Dallas, 1852).
delitus (Ligyrocoris) Distant, 18820: 201. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Ligyrocoris delitus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Guatemala City. Champion.'
Glued to card ; end three segments of right antenna and both hind legs missing.
denotatus (Usilanus) Distant, igogc: 342. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Usilanus denotatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Bhamo Birmania Fea
VIII 1880'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; both antennae and both middle and
hind legs missing.
descriptus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 103. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'Sul'; '170. RHYPAROCHROMUS DESCRIPTUS.' Pinned through
scutellum and mounted on card ; left antenna, end segment of right antenna, left middle leg,
right fore leg, right middle tibia and tarsus, right hind tarsus missing. Present combination
Neolethaeus descriptus (Walker). Comb. n.
diffinis (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: no. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; 'Moreton Bay 57 130'; '193. RHYPAROCHROMUS DIFFINUS'. Pinned
through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; left and right fore tarsi, left middle and
hind legs, right middle tarsus and right hind leg missing ; terminal segment of both antennae
missing; abdomen dissected. There is also a <$ in collection with the same locality data.
Present combination Aristaenetus diffinis (Walker).
ditnidiatus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 107. Holotype $ with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'Dor.'; 'Dorey Wallace'; 'Saunders. 65.13.'; '179. RHYPARO-
CHROMUS DIMIDIATUS.' Glued to card; left middle tarsus missing. Synonym of Mizaldus
woodwardi Slater & Carayon, 1963, a new name for Rhyparochromus dimidiatus Walker, which
is preoccupied.
discifer (Nabis) Walker, 18700: 2380. Type material not located. Synonym of Paromius
gracilis (Rambur, 1839).
discoguttatus (Aphanus) Distant, 19180: 199. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Aphanus discoguttatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Kodai Kanal
S.India. Campbell.'; '64'; 'S.India. E.A.Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card; underside
of card with data 'K.K. 4.14 64'. Present combination Dieuches discoguttatus (Distant).
dispar (Ophthalmicus) Walker, 18720: 139. Holotype $ with labels: circular green B.M.
type label; 'Thwaites. 67.25'; '33. OPHTHALMICUS DISPAR.' Glued to card; end segment
of left antenna missing; right antenna oligomerous. Synonym of Rhodiginus ceylonicus
(Lethierry & Severin, 1894) which is a new name for Ophthalmicus dispar Walker, 1872, the
latter being preoccupied.
dispositus (Perigenes) Distant, 18930: 396. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Perigenes dispositus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chiacaman, Vera Paz.
Champion.'; 'Sp. figured.'; and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card, to right of an additional °-.
dissimilis (Dieuches) Distant, 18830: 438. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'dissimilis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383.' Glued to card. Present combination Paradieuches dissimilis (Distant).
dissimilis (Lygaeus) Walker, 18720: 61. Holotype $ (not <$) with labels: circular green B.M.
type label; 'N.G.?'; 'SAR.'; 'Saunders. 65.13.'; '128. LYGAEUS DISSIMILIS.' Pinned
264 G. G. E. SCUDDER
through scutellum ; end segment of both antennae, middle left leg and both hind tarsi missing ;
abdomen dissected. Present combination Dyakana dissimilis (Walker).
distinctus (Cligenes) Distant, 1893*3: 405. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Caldera, Panama. Champion.'; 'Sp. figured.'; the B.C. A. label; 'Cligenes distinctus
Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]. Glued to card; end two segments of both antennae missing.
distinctus (Noliphus?) Walker, 18710: 176. Holotype $ with labels: circular green B.M. type
label; 'SAR.'; 'N.G.?'; '6. NOLIPHUS? DISTINCTUS.'; 'Saunders. 65.13.' Pinned through
scutellum; end three segments of left antenna, end segment of right antenna, right and left
middle legs missing. Synonym of Narbo longipes Stal, 1867.
distinctus (Petizius) Distant, 19016: 501. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'distinctus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Balthazar (Windward side) Grenada,
W.I. H. H. Smith. 42.' Glued to card; right antenna oligomerous. There are about
22 additional specimens in the collection from the same locality. Present combination
Valtissius distinctus (Distant).
divergens (Gonatas) Distant, 18820: 219. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Gonatas divergens Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'S. Geronimo, Guatemala.
Champion.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card, to left of a $. Present combination
Paragonatas divergens (Distant).
diversus (Petissiusl) Distant, 18930: 407. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Petissius? diversus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'David, Panama. Champion.';
the B.C. A. label; 'Sp. figured.' Glued to card; end segment of left antenna and abdomen
missing. Present combination Valtissius diversus (Distant).
dominica (Mar gar eta) White, 18780: 75. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Margareta dominica B.W.' [White's handwriting]; 'New Zealand'; 'Pres. by
Perth Museum. B.M. 1953 — 629.'; '25. Margareta dominica BW.' Glued to card; right
antenna, left hind tibia and tarsus missing.
douglasi (Plociomerus) White, 18760: 105. LECTOTYPE ^ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Plociomerus douglasi B.W. TYPE'; 'New Zealand'; 'Pres. by Perth Museum.
B.M. 1953 — 629.'; '20. Plociomerus Douglasi, Buch. White.' Glued to card, with an
additional 3 <J to left; end three segments of both antennae and left hind leg missing. Syn-
onym of Remaudiereana nigriceps (Dallas, 1852).
dubius (Pachymerus) Rambur, 18390: 152. LECTOTYPE $ with label: 'Pachymerus
dubius' on green paper. Pinned through scutellum; end segment of right antenna, end three
segments of left antenna, right middle and hind legs, left fore leg, left middle tarsus and left
hind leg missing. Synonym of Stygnocoris sabulosus (Schilling, 1829).
dudgeoni (Aphanus) Distant, igogc: 336. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Aphanus dudgeoni Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Kangra Valley 4500 ft.
June 1899 Dudgeon.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on
card; end two segments of left antenna missing. Present combination Rhyparothesus
dudgeoni (Distant). Comb. n.
ejuncida (Pamera) Distant, 18830: 433. LECTOTYPE ? with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'ejuncida Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Glued to card. Synonym of Paromius pallidus (Montrouzier, 1865).
electa (Targarema) White, 18780: 74. LECTOTYPE ? with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Targarema electa B.W.'; 'New Zealand Broun'; 'Pres. by Perth Museum. B.M.
1953 — 629.' Glued to card; end two segments of both antennae and left hind tibia and
tarsus missing. Card has data '17.3 N.Z. Broun'.
elegans (Nabis) Walker, 18730: 144. Holotype <$ with labels: circular green B.M. type label;
'Nabis elegans. Walker's Catal.'; '31. NABIS ELEGANS.'; TETROPOLIS Feby. 1857.
J. Gray 5757'. Glued to card. Present combination Heraeus elegans (Walker).
emersoni (Pamera) Distant, 19096: 491. Said to be in the Vienna Museum, but not located.
Synonym of Pachybrachius nietneri (Dohrn, 1860).
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 265
erosus (Aphanus) Distant, 19016: 503. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'erosus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'E. Africa, 92 — 23.' Pinned through
scutellum and attached to card ; both antennae, left fore leg, right middle leg and left corium
and membrane missing. Present combination Naphius erosus (Distant).
erosus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 113. Holotype $ with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; '199. RHYPAROCHROMUS EROSUS.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted
on polyporus strip; end two segments of left antenna, end segment of right antenna, left
fore and hind tibia, right middle tarsus and right hind leg missing. Present combination
Metochus erosus (Walker). •
erubescens (Pamera) Distant, 18830: 434. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'erubescens Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383.' Glued to card; legs and antennae somewhat damaged and glued to card. Syn-
onym of Pachybrachius luridus (Hahn, 1826).
excavatus (Arrianus) Distant, 19040 : 74. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels : circular red B.M. type
label; 'Arrianus excavatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Mungphu'; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383.' Glued to card point; antennae, left fore leg, left hind leg, right middle and hind
leg missing; abdomen dissected.
exigua (Pamera) Distant, 18830: 434. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'exigua Dist.'; 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end
segment of right antenna missing. Present combination Paromius exiguus (Distant).
eximius (Heraeus) Distant, 18820: 204. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Heraeus eximus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Las Mercedes, 3000 ft. Champion.';
and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card; right fore leg missing.
extremus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 99. Holotype <$ (not $) with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'Siam'; 'Saunders. 65.13.'; '157. RHYPAROCHROMUS EXTREMUS.'
Pinned through pronotum and mounted on card point ; end three segments of both antennae,
left middle and hind leg, right fore and hind leg missing. Present combination Neolethaeus
extremus (Walker). Comb. n.
Jasciatus (Narbo) Distant, 19016: 505. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'fasciatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'S.E.Borneo'; 'Atkinson Coll. 92-6.' Pinned
through scutellum.
fasciatus (Trapezus) Distant, 18820: 217. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Trapezus fasciatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'San Isidro, 1600 ft.
Champion.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card. Present combination Cryphula fasciata
(Distant).
ferrugineus (Aphanus) Distant, 19186: 263. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Aphanus ferrugineus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Nyassa (Cotter-
ell)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip;
end three segments of left antenna, right antenna, left fore leg, right fore and hind leg missing.
Present combination Naphiellus ferrugineus (Distant). Comb. n.
festiva (Pamera) Distant, 18830: 436. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'festiva Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Glued to card. Present combination Pachybrachius festivus (Distant).
festivus (Poeantius) Distant, 19016: 506. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Poeantius festivus Dist. '[Distant's handwriting]; 'Calc. 5913/11'; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383.' Pinned through pronotum and mounted on card; left antenna, end segment of
right antenna and left hind leg missing.
firmus (Neocattarus) Distant, 18820: 213. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Neocattarus firmus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Caldera, 1200 ft. Champion.'; and
the B.C.A. label. Glued to card.
flavomarginata (Kanigara) Distant, 19060: 415. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Kanigara flavomarginata Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Peradeniya,
266 G. G. E. SCUDDER
Ceylon, 10 — 05'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Micropinned from below through scutellum and
mounted on polyporus strip ; end segment of both antennae and both hind legs missing.
flavonotata (Pamera) Distant, 19146 : 380. LECTOTYPE $ with labels : circular yellow B.M.
cotype label; 'Pamera flavonotata Dist cotype' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Oubatche, N.
Caledonia. Sept. 1911;' 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end three segments of
left antenna, end two segments of right antenna, both fore tarsi and both fore wings missing.
Synonym of Pachybrachius nietneri (Dohrn, 1860).
flori (Lasiocoris) Douglas & Scott, 18686: 67. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
• type label; 'Flori D. & S. Type'; 'Saunders Coll. Brit. Mus. 1910 — 357.' Micropinned
through pronotum and mounted on card; right hind leg missing. Synonym of Lasiocoris
anomalus (Kolenati, 1845).
forbesii (Aspilocoryphus) Kirkaldy, 18996: 46. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Aspilocoryphus forbesii Kirk type* [Kirkaldy 's handwriting]; 'Jean-
agahan, Socotra. 1200 feet. 29. Jan. 99. W. R. O. Grant. 29-85.'; 'Socotra. W. R.
Ogilvie Grant. 1901 — 289.' Pinned through hind part of pronotum. Present combination
Dieuches forbesii (Kirkaldy) .
formicarius (Phaeax) Distant, 1893(2: 413. Lectotype <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Phaeax formicarius Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'V. de Chiriqui, 25-4000 ft.
Champion.'; 'Sp. figured.'; and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card. Lectotype designated
by Woodward (1962).
formosa (Plociomera) Distant, 18820: 210. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'S. Geronimo, Guatemala. Champion.'; and the B.C.A. label. Remounted on
card point. Present combination Exptochiomera formosa (Distant) .
forreri (Pseudopamera) Distant, 18930: 399. LECTOTYPE Q* with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Pseudopamera forreri Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Presidio Mexico Forrer';
'Sp. figured.' Glued to card. Present combination Caenopamera forreri (Distant).
fraternus (Cligenes) Distant, 19180: 197. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Cligenes fraternus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Ceylon. E. E. Green.';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Remounted on card point; end two segments of both antennae
missing. Present combination Botocudo fraternus (Distant) . Comb. n.
The type series of this species consisted of 2 $ specimens mounted on the same card: the
two were not congeneric. Both were similar in coloration, but one has a median longitudinal
fuscous streak on the hind lobe of the pronotum. The original description says 'the pale
posterior area sometimes crossed by a central castaneous line' and at the end 'Allied to C.
patricius Dist.' A study of the lectotype of patricius in Genoa shows that the specimen of
'fraternus' with the dark streak on the hind part of the pronotum, is very similar to patricius,
so this $ has been selected lectotype of fraternus.
fulgida (Agunga) Distant, igogc: 334. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Agunga fulgida Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Calcutta, N.A. 3/4.viii.O7';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Micropinned through scutellum from below and mounted on pith;
left hind leg missing; abdomen dissected. Synonym of Appolonius cincticornis (Walker,
1872). Syn. n.
funestus (Aphanus) Distant, igi8c : 243. LECTOTYPE <J with labels : circular red B.M. type
label; 'Aphanus funestus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Indo-China. Kompong
Kedey, V. R. de Salvaza 1917-98.' Glued to card; end two segments of both antennae
missing. Present combination Rhyparothesus funestus (Distant) . Comb. n.
fuscans (Dieuches) Distant, 19040: 83. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'fuscans Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Seebsanga. S.E. Peal.'; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; end segment of
both antennae, right hind leg, left fore and hind leg missing; abdomen dissected.
gardineri (Cligenes) Distant, 19130 : 153. LECTOTYPE <J with labels : circular red B.M. type
label; 'Cligenes gardineri Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Mahe, '08-9 Seychelles Exp.';
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 267
'Percy Sladen Trust Expedition. 1911 — 497'. Glued to card; end segment of left antenna
missing. Present combination Botocudo gardineri (Distant). Comb. n.
gemtnata (Pamera) Distant, igiSc: 242. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'gemmatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Tonkin. Hoabinh. Jan. 1917.
R. V. de Salvaza.' Glued to card; left middle and hind leg, right hind leg missing. Present
combination Pachybrachius gemmatus (Distant) .
gemmatus (Fabulinus) Distant, 19180: 196. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Fabulinus gemmatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Lovedale Nilgiri
Hills. S. India. T. V. Campbell.'; '136'; 'S. India. E. A. Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to
card. Present combination Bocundostethus gemmatus (Distant).
germanus (Eremocoris) Distant, 18930: 407. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Eremocoris germanus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Sp. figured.'; 'Totoni-
capam, 85-10,500 ft. Champion'. Glued to card. Present combination Bergidia germana
(Distant).
glaberrimus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 94. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circulai
green B.M. type label; '122. RHYPAROCHROMUS GLABERRIMUS.' Glued to card; end
segment of both antennae and left hind leg missing. Present combination Camptocera
glaberrima (Walker).
globosus (Pry tones) Distant, 18930: 401. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Prytanes globosus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'R. Sarstoon. B.Honduras.
Blancaneau.'; 'Sp. figured.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card; left antenna and right
hind leg missing.
gracilis (Neocattarus) Distant, 18820: 215. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'gracilis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'San Isidro, 1600 ft. Champion.'; and the
B.C.A. label. Glued to card.
gracilis (Porta) Distant, 1903^: 246. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.: type
label; 'Porta gracilis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Bulsit Besar. Siam: Malay States
No. P'.1 Pinned through pronotum and mounted on card; left antenna, end segment of
right antenna, and both fore legs missing. There is also i $ in collection with the same data.
gracilis (Sphaerobius) Uhler, iSgy: 711. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Sphaerobius gracilis Uhler1; 'Leeward side St. Vincent, W.I. H. H. Smith.
88.'; '95-206.' Glued to card point ; left fore leg missing.
gracilis (Stenocoris) Rambur, 18390: 140. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: 'Corse'; '28.';
'Stenocoris R gracilis R' on green paper; 'Paromius gracilis R.' Glued to card; pronotum,
left antenna, end segment of right antenna and both fore legs missing. Present combination
Paromius gracilis (Rambur) .
greeni (Altomarus) Distant, 19030": 73. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Altomarus greeni Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Gampola Ceylon. 2.1902'; '906';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Micropinned through scutellum from below and mounted on card;
abdomen dissected.
greeni (Rhyparochromus) Kirby, 18910: 100. LECTOTYPE £ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Rhyparochr. Greeni, Kb. type'; 'Pundalova Ceylon 4'. Glued to card
point; end three segments of right antenna, left middle tibia and tarsus, left hind leg and
right hind leg missing. Present combination Neolethaeus greeni (Kirby) . Comb. n.
gutta (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 573. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'N. India 48 13'; '152. RHYPAROCHROMUS GUTTA,'. Glued to card.
Present combination Pachybrachius guttus (Dallas) .
guttata (Orthaea?) Dallas, 18520: 580. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Jam Gope'; '2. ORTHAEA GUTTATA,'; 'Saunders. 65. 13.' Pinned through apex
1 A somewhat illegible pencil number, first numeral struck out (?), other possibly 70.
268 G. G. E. SCUDDER
of right clavus and mounted on polyporus strip ; all legs except right fore leg, both antennae
except first segment of right, and right hemielytron missing. Present combination Heraeus
guttatus (Dallas).
Note: Distant's B.C.A. material from Guatemala is not conspecific.
hemipterus (Diplonotus) Scott, 18740,: 431. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; '28'; 'JAPAN'; 'hemiptera n. sp.'. Pinned through scutellum; left hind
leg missing. Present combination Togo hemipterus (Scott).
hewitti (Aphanus) Distant, 19060: 415. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Aphanus hewitti Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Kuching April 1906 JH';
'133'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through base of abdomen and mounted on poly-
porus strip. Present combination Elasmolomus hewitti (Distant).
holsti (Metochus) Distant, 19186 : 265. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Metochus holsti Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Tsur I. Hoist. 98-214.';
'Tsuchima I. P. Hoist. 98-214.' Pinned through scutellum ; left antenna, end segment of
right antenna, left fore leg, right fore and hind leg missing.
horvathi (Plinthisus) Saunders, 18770: 104. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M.,
Type H.T. label; 'Plinthisus Horvathi E.S. Type'; 'Saunders Coll. Brit. Mus. 1910 — 357.
Glued to card; end three segments of left antenna missing. Underside of card has letters
'B.B.' Synonym of Plinthisus marginatus (Ferrari, 1874).
illitus (Heraeus) Distant, 18820: 205. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label: 'Heraeus illitus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'San Juan, Vera Paz. Champion.'
Glued to card.
illuminatus (Dorochosa) Distant, 18930: 409. Lectotype <J with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Dorochosa illuminatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Quiche Mts.,
7-9000 ft Champion.' Glued to card to left of another Q\ Designated by Slater & Ashlock
(1966). Present combination Delochilocoris illuminatus (Distant).
illuminatus var. umbrosus (Dorochosa) Distant, 18930: 409. See umbrosus.
illustris (Metochus) Distant, 19180: 200. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Dieuches illustris Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chikkaballapura. S.
India. T. V. Campbell'; 'Li5*; 'S.India. E.A.Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card. Syn-
onym of Pachybrachius nietneri (Dohrn, 1860).
incisus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 100. Holotype $ (not <J) with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'incisus W. type'; 'Thwaites 67.25'; 'Rhyparochromus incisus.'
Glued to card; left fore leg missing. Original description says specimen a <$. Present
combination Eucosmetus incisus (Walker).
inconspicuus (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 574. Type material not located. Present
combination Pachybrachius inconspicuus (Dallas) .
indicus (Aphanus) Dallas, 18520: 559. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'N. India'; '14. APHANUS INDICUS,'. Glued to card. Present combination
Lamproceps indicus (Dallas).
indicus (Lethaeus) Dallas, 18520: 558. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'N. Bengal 42.25'; '2. LETHAEUS INDICUS,'. Pinned through scutellum and mounted
on polyporus strip ; end two segments of left antenna, end segment of right antenna, left hind
leg and right middle tarsus missing.
indicus (Primierus) Distant, 19016 : 478. LECTOTYPE $ with labels : circular red B.M. type
label; 'indicus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Calcutta'; 'Atkinson Coll. 92-6.' Glued to
card ; left antenna, end segment of right antenna and both fore legs missing. In the collec-
tion, in addition there are i <J, 2 $.
inermibus (Myodocha) Distant, 18820: 204. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Myodocha inermibus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'V. de Chiriqui, 25-4000 ft.
Champion.' Glued to card; right fore leg missing.
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 269
infumatus (Ligyrocoris) Distant, 18820: 202. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Ligyrocoris infumatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Quiche Mts.,
7-9000 ft. Champion.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card, with an additional £ to
left; both hind legs missing.
inornatus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 112. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'N. Zeal. 54.4'; '196. RHYPAROCHROMUS INORNATUS.' Pinned
through scutellum and mounted on card point. Present combination Remaudiereana inornatus
(Dallas). Comb. n.
insignis (Critobulus) Distant, 1903/1: 250. LECTOTYPE a nymph with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Critobulus insignis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Margherita' ; 'Distant
Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through pronotum; end segment of both antennae missing; left
hind leg, right fore and hind leg missing. Present combination Dieuches insignis (Distant) .
insignis (Diniella) Distant, 19180: 198. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Diniella insignis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chikkaballapura. S. India.
T.V.C.'; '471'; 'S. India. E. A. Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card; underside of card has
number '47'.
insignis (Eucosmetus) Distant, 19016: 482. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Eucosmetus insignis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Margherita 9318'; 'Distant
Coll. 1911 — 383.' Micropinned through anterior lobe of pronotum and mounted on cork;
end three segments of both antennae missing. Present combination Caridops insignis
(Distant).
insignis (Pamerd) Distant, 19016: 481. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'insignis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Jan 98 North Coast'; 'Christmas I. C. W.
Andrews. 98 — 20.' Glued to card point; end three segments of left antenna missing.
Present combination Pachybrachius insignis (Distant).
insignis (Pephysena) Distant, 18820: 121. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Pephysena insignis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Bugaba, 800-1500 ft.
Champion.' Glued to card; right hind leg missing. Present combination Distingphyses
insignis (Distant).
insititia (Erlacda?) Distant, 18820: 401. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M. type label;
'Erlacda? insititia Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Amula, Guerrero 6000 ft. Aug. H. H.
Smith' ; 'Sp. figured.' Glued to card; end three segments of right antenna missing. Present
combination Ligyrocoris insititius (Distant).
intaminatus (Abdolominus) Distant, 19040: 91. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'intaminatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Carin Cheba. 900-1 loom.
L. Fea V XII-88'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end two segments of left
antenna and end segment of right antenna missing. Present combination Diniella intaminata
(Distant).
intermedia (Myodocha) Distant, 18820: 203. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'intermedia Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Aceituno, Guatemala.
Champion.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card.
The original description mentions material from Mexico : Orizaba ; Guatemala : Pantaleon,
Aceituno and Senahu. Later Distant added intermedia from Mexico: Jalapa, Atoyae in
Vera Cruz, Chilpaningo in Guerrero; Guatemala: Les Mercedes. Only the specimens from
Orizaba, Jalapa, Chilpaningo, Aceituno and Les Mercedes are conspecific with the lectotype.
intrusa (Ampera) Distant, 19190: 41. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Ampera intrusa Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Java 1918 Dr. Van Horn,
From stored rice'; '1919 — 125'. Glued to card; last two segments of left antenna and last
segment of right antenna missing; abdomen dissected. In the collection in addition there
are 2 <J.
irrorandus (Neocattarusl) Distant, 18930: 404. Holotype $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Neocattarus irrorandus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Cubilguitz, Vera
270 G. G. E. SCUDDER
Paz. Champion.'; 'Sp. figured.'; and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card; end segment of left
antenna missing.
japonica (Plociomera) Distant, 18830: 437. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'japonica Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 —
383.' Glued to card. Present combination Stigmatonotum japonicum (Distant).
jejunus (Patnera) Distant, 18830: 434. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'jejunus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Glued to card. Present combination Paromius jejunus (Distant).
karenia (Uzza) Distant, igogc: 339. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Uzza karenia Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Carin Ghecu 1400-1500 m. L. Fea.
III-IV.88.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end segment of left antenna missing;
right antenna apparently oligomerous. There is also i $ in the collection in addition.
kydippe (Ptochiomera) Kirkaldy, 19050: 346. LECTOTYPE 6* with labels: 'TYPE';
'Lifu Loyalty Is. A. Willey D.Sc. Reg. Mar. i. 1898.'; circular red B.M. type label; 'Brit.
Mus. 1950-82' ; 'Ptochiomera Kydippe Kirk. Type.' Glued to card; left fore leg, right middle
tibia and tarsus missing. Present combination Remaudiereana kydippe (Kirkaldy).
later alis (Aphanus) Distant, 19180: 198. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Aphanus lateralis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; '54' ; 'Kodai Kanal S. India,
Campbell.'; 'S.India. E.A.Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card; underside of card has data
'K.K. 4.14. 54' Synonym of Dieuches neolateralis Scudder, 1962, a new name for Dieuches
lateralis (Distant) which is preoccupied.
lateralis (Diplonotus) Scott, 18740: 432. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'JAPAN'; ' lateralis, n. sp.' Glued to card; part of end segment of left
antenna and tibia and tarsus of left hind leg missing. Present combination Pachybrachius
lateralis (Scott).
laticeps (Ischnocoris) Saunders, 18930: 100. Holotype <J with labels: circular red B.M. Type
H.T. label; 'Tetuan, Morocco. J. J. Walker.'; 'laticeps Mihi' [Saunders' handwriting].
Glued to card ; left fore leg missing.
latus (Aphanus) Distant, 19040: 81. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'latus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Rangoon'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to
card; end two segments of both antennae missing. Present combination Naphiellus latus
(Distant).
latus (Bosbequius) Distant, 19040: 65. Lectotype in Genoa, designated by Scudder (1966).
leucoceras (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 101. Holotype <J with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'Ceylon 52 62'; 'leucoceras W. type' [Walker's handwriting]; '161.
RHYPAROCHROMUS LEUCOCERAS.' Glued to card point; all appendages except hind legs
missing; pronotum crushed. Present combination Dieuches leucoceras (Walker).
leucospilus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 98. Holotype $ with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; 'Sylhet'; 'Bowring. 63.47'; <]:55- RHYPAROCHROMUS LEUCOSPILUS.'
Pinned through metathorax and mounted on polyporus strip; left antenna, left middle leg,
left hind tarsus and right hind leg missing. Present combination Lachnesthus leucospilus
(Walker).
levis (Pephysena) Distant, 18820: 211. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Pephysena levis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Tamahu, Vera Paz. Champion.'
Glued to card, with an additional $ on right; right hind leg missing. There are in addition
7 ^ from Tamaha and i $ from Senahu in the collection.
The two males from which the lectotype has been selected, differ in the length of the 'neck',
and were figured by Distant (18820: PL 18, figs. 24 & 25) : that figured with the short 'neck'
(fig. 24) has been selected as lectotype.
lewisi (Lethaeus) Distant, 18830: 440. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'lewisi Dist'. [Distant's handwriting]; 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Glued to card. Present combination Neolethaeus lewisi (Distant). Comb. n.
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 271
lewisi (Mizaldus) Distant, 19016: 484. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Mizaldus Lewisi Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Ceylon (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383.' Glued to card; abdomen dissected.
lewisi (Paradieuches) Distant, 18830: 439. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'lewisi Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Glued to card.
lineatus (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 185201: 575. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; '5 41 232 17'; '98. RHYPAROCHROMUS LINEATUS,'. Glued to card on side;
right hind leg missing. Synonym of Pachybrachius bilobatus (Say, 1831).
lineosus (Aphanus) Distant, 19016: 503. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'lineosus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Ceylon (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 —
383.'. Glued to card; fore and middle legs on left side missing; underside of card has date
'27/1/84". Present combination Elasmolomus lineosus (Distant).
littoralis (Aphanus) Distant, 19186: 262. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Aphanus littoralis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Blue Nile. E. S.
Crespin. 1905 — 329.' Glued to card point; of appendages only left antenna present.
Synonym of Elasmolomus sordidus (Fabricius, 1787).
longicollis (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 570. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; '185. RHYPAROCHROMUS LONGICOLLIS,'. Pinned through scutellum
and mounted on polyporus strip; head, pronotum, scutellum, left middle and right fore leg
only present. Present combination Dieuches longicollis (Dallas).
longulus (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 578. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; '40 4 3 657'; '198. RHYPAROCHROMUS LONGULUS,'. Pinned through
scutellum; head, pronotum, fore legs and right hind leg missing. Present combination
Paromius longulus (Dallas).
lounsburyi (Pamera) Distant, 19040: 435. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'lounsberyi Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Paarl, C.G.H. i Sept. '01'; 'Distant
Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card point; end segment of both antennae missing. Synonym
of Pachybrachius capicolus (Stal, 1874).
luridus (Diplonotus) Scott, 18740: 432. LECTOTYPE with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; '26.'; 'JAPAN'; ' — luridus, n. sp.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on
polyporus strip ; metathorax and hemielytra only present. Synonym of Pachybrachius scotti
(Distant, 1901), new name for P. luridus (Scott) which is preoccupied.
tuscinus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 93. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; '120. RHYPAROCHROMUS LUSCINUS.' Glued to card and joined to a $
in copula. Synonym of Beosus maritimus (Scopoli, 1763).
luteicornis (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 107. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'Mak'; 'Celebes Saunders'; '178. RHYPAROCHROMUS LUTEICORNIS.'
Remounted on card point; right hind leg missing. Present combination Faelicianus lutei-
cornis (Walker).
luteovaria (Lachnophoroides) Distant, 19200: 153. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'Lachnophoroides luteovaria Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting];
'Central New Caledonia. 30. xi. 1914. P. D. Montague. 1918-87.' Glued to card;
abdomen dissected.
macularia (Baladeana) Distant, 19146: 381. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular yellow
B.M. cotype label; 'Baladeana macularia Dist. cotype' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Panic,
N. Caledonia. 500 m. 27.6.11."; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end three
segments of left antenna missing; abdomen dissected.
maculatus (Bathycles) Distant, 18930: 403. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Bathycles maculatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Pantaleon, 1700 ft.
Champion'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card; right middle leg missing.
272 G. G. E. SCUDDER
maculatus (Lethaeus) Distant, 19016: 507. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'maculatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Flying Fish Cove. Oct. 97.'; 'Christ-
mas I. C. W. Andrews. 98 — 20.' Glued to card point; end segment of right antenna, left
hind leg and right middle leg missing. Present combination Elasmolomus maculatus (Distant) .
Comb. n.
maculatus (Neocattarus) Distant, 18930: 403. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Neocattarus maculatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chilpancingo, Guerrero,
4600 ft. June. H. H. Smith.'; 'Sp. figured.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card; left
antenna, end two segments of right antenna and right hind leg missing.
maculicollis (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: in. Holotype $ with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'Adelaide 59 52'; '194. RHYPAROCHROMUS MACULICOLLIS.' Pinned
through right clavus and mounted on polyporus strip ; left legs and end three segments of left
antenna missing. Present combination Dieuches maculicollis (Walker).
maculipennis (Lethaeus) Distant, igiSc: 244. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Lethaeus maculipennis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Indo-China.
Kompong Kedey, V. R. de Salvaza 1917-98.' Glued to card; end segment of left antenna,
end two segments of right antenna missing. Present combination Usilanus maculipennis
(Distant).
maderensis (Rhyparochromus) Wollaston, 18580: 123. LECTOTYPE ? with labels:
circular red B.M. type label; 'Rhyparochromus Maderensis. Woll.'; 'Madeira. Wollaston.
55.7'. Pinned through scutellum. There are in addition i <$, i $ with similar data in the
collection, and i $ with '1480' on underside of card. Present combination Eremocoris maderen-
sis (Wollaston).
majusculus (Gonatas) Distant, 1904*1 : 90. LECTOTYPE ,$ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'majusculus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Tenasserim M. Mooleyit 1800-1900 m.
Fea. Marzo 1887.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card. Present combination Tricho-
drymus majusculus (Distant).
manipurensis (Naudarensia) Distant, 1909^: 339. LECTOTYPE ^ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'Naudarensia manipurensis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Ukhrul
Manipur. 6400 feet. Lat 25. Long 94-95 E. VIII-o8. Revd. W. Pettigrew'; 'Distant
Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum from below and mounted on card; end segment
of left antenna, end three segments of right antenna missing.
marginatus (Drymus) Distant, 18830: 440. NEOTYPE $ with labels: 'Ichiuchi 30. iv.-
2.v.8i.'; 'Japan. G. Lewis. B.M. 1926 — 269'. Glued to card; underside of card with
'1.5.81'. The Distant type material has been destroyed, although a pin with labels is present.
The neotype is selected from material which was added to the collections in 1926.
membraneus (Lamproplax) Distant, 18330: 440. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'membraneus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant
Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card. In addition in the collection there are 1^,1$ with the
same data.
membraneus var. pallescens (Lamproplax) Distant, 18830: 441. See pallescens.
merula (Lachnophorus) Distant, 19040: 70. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'merula Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Burma Karenee'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 —
383.' Glued to card; end three segments of left antenna and end segment of right antenna
missing. Present combination Lachnesthus merulus (Distant).
mimicus (Eucosmetus) Distant, igogc: 332. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Eucosmetus mimicus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Palon (Pegu)';
'Distant Coll. 191 1 — 383.' Glued to card point ; end two segments of left antenna, left middle
tarsus and both hind tibia and tarsus missing. Present combination Caridops mimicus
(Distant).
mirabilis (Aphanus) Distant, 19036: 471. LECTOTYPE with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'mirabilis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Fernando Poo, Sa. Isabel. 1903 — 188.'
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 273
Glued to card point; end two segments of both antennae, left middle and hind leg, all right
legs and abdomen missing. Present combination Exopamera mirabilis (Distant).
moerens (Pachymerus) Germar, 18370: 139. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Cape Gd. Hope. 42-77. Ex. coll. Drege. No. 1209'; '42/77 C.G.H.';
'1209'; 'Pachymerus moerens Germar det. (type)'. Glued to card; head, pronotum, right
middle and hind legs missing. Present combination Rhyparochromus moerens (Germar).
tnoesta (Reclada) White, 18786: 370. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; '19. Reclada moesta TYPE'; '19 Honolulu'; 'Reclada moesta B.W.'; '19'; 'Pres.
by Perth Museum. B.M. 1953 — 629.' Glued to card; left hind leg missing.
montanus (Manatanus) Distant, 19096: 495. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Manatanus montanus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'under stones';
'Matiana 8000 ft. Simla hills N.A.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through metathorax
and mounted on card; end segment of both antennae and left fore leg missing. Present
combination Scolopostethus montanus (Distant).
multicolorata (Albanyaria) Distant, 19186: 259. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Albanyaria multicolorata Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; '4283';
'Albany, W. Australia. 91-155.' Glued to card; abdomen dissected. Present combination
Euander multicolorata (Distant). Comb. n.
muttilinea (Ischnodemus) Walker, 18720: 131. Holotype $ with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; 'Cape'; 'Saunders 65.13.'; '29. ISCHNODEMUS MULTILINEA.' Pinned
through scutellum and mounted on card; head and pronotum detached and glued to card;
left antenna, end segment of right antenna, both middle and hind legs missing. Synonym of
Phorcinus albofasciatus (Stal, 1865).
munda (Tomopelta) Uhler, 1893^ 709. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Tomopelta munda Uhler'; '95-206.' Glued to card point. Synonym of Cligenes
distinctus Distant, 1893.
mundulus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720 : 94. Holotype $ with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; 'Blissus ? mundus 15 Mad'; '123. RHYPAROCHROMUS MUNDULUS'. Glued
to card ; left fore leg, right hind tarsus and part of abdomen missing. Synonym of Ischnocoris
mundus (Walker, 1872).
mundus (Nysius) Walker, 18720: 69. Type material not located in the collections. Present
combination Ischnocoris mundus (Walker).
murrhea (Pamerd) Distant, 19016: 482. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'murrhea Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]. Glued to card. Present combination
Pachybrachius murrheus (Distant).
mysorensis (Fabulinus) Distant, 19180: 195. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Fabulinus mysorensis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Nandidrig.
S.India. T.V.C.'; 'L28'; 'S.India. E.A.Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card to right of <J.
In the collection also is i $ with data as lectotype and i $ with data 'Mysore State. S. India.
T.V.C.' Present combination Thebanus mysorensis (Distant).
naini (Eremocoris) Distant, 19096: 494. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Eremocoris naini Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'NAINI TAL KUMAON:
6400 ft. N.A.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on
card; left hind leg missing. Present combination Drymus naini (Distant). Comb. n.
natalensis (Gonatas) Distant, 19186: 270. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Gonatas natalensis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Natal. Bell-Morley.';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end two segments of left antenna, end three seg-
ments of right antenna and right fore leg missing. Present combination Stilbocoris natalensis
(Distant).
nereis (Pachymerus) Kirkaldy, 19050: 347. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: 'Pachymerus
nereis'; 'TYPE'; 'Lifu Loyalty Is. A. Willey, D.Sc. Reg. Mar. i 1898'; circular red B.M.
274 G- G. E. SCUDDER
type label; 'Brit. Mus. 1950-82.'; 'Pachymerus nereis Kirk. Type'. Glued to card with,
another $ on left. Present combination Elasmolomus nereis (Kirkaldy).
nexus (Polycrates) Distant, 1904*3: 64. Lectotype in Genoa, designated by Scudder (1966).
niger (Lethaeus) Dallas, 1852(1: 592. Refers to same type material as Lethaeus africanus
Dallas 1852, of which it is a synonym.
nigrellus (Aphanus) Distant, 19186: 264. LECTOTYPE 6" with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Aphanus nigrellus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Nyasaland. Btwn. Ft.
Mangoche & Chikala Boma. about 4,000 ft. 20-25 Mch. 1910. S. A. Neave.'; '1912 — 216.'
Glued to card ; end segment of left antenna, left middle leg and right fore leg missing. Syn-
onym of Lachnesthus singalensis (Dohrn, 1860).
nigricans (Daerlac) Distant, 19186: 492. LECTOTYPE cj with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Daerlac nigricans Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Sydney, N.S.W. 1900-
1903. J. J. Walker. 1910 — 384.' Glued to card.
nigriceps (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 1852*1: 577. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; '502. d'; '168. RHYPAROCHROMUS NIGRICEPS,'. Glued to card; end seg-
ment of left antenna, end three segments of right antenna and left fore leg missing. Present
combination Remaudiereana nigriceps (Dallas).
nigrinus (Thebanus) Distant, 19186: 261. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Thebanus nigrinus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Carin Asciuii Ghecu,
1400-1500 m. L. Fea II-IV. 88'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end two seg-
ments of right antenna missing. Present combination Lemnius nigrinus (Distant). Comb.n.
nigripes (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 1 852*1: 578. Type material not located in the collec-
tions. Synonym of Daerlac cephalotes (Dallas, 1852).
nigritulus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 1872^: 106. Holotype $ with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; 'SAR.'; 'Saunders 65. 13'; '176. RHYPAROCHROMUS NIGRITULUS.' Pinned
through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; end two segments of both antennae,
right fore and hind leg missing. Present combination Pamerana nigritula (Walker) .
nigrocapitatus (Adauctus) Distant, igiSa: 195. LECTOTYPE $ with, labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Adauctus nigrocapitatus Dist type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chik-
kaballapura S. India T. V. Campbell' ; '1342'; 'India. T. V. Campbell 1913 — 535'. Glued
to card with an additional <$ and £ to right. Synonym of Adauctus cupreus (Distant, 1909).
Syn. n.
nigronitens (Eucosmetus) Distant, igiSa: 191. LECTOTYPE <^ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Eucosmetus nigronitens Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Kodai Kanal.
S.India. Campbell.'; '124'; 'S.India. E.A.Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card. Present
combination Caridops nigronitens (Distant) . Comb. n.
nitidus (Mimicus) Douglas & Scott, 18686: 66. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: 'Mimicus
nitidus DS Type.'; circular red B.M. type H.T. label; 'Saunders Coll. Brit. Mus. 1910 — 357.'
Pinned through pronotum and mounted on card; both antennae, left fore tarsus, left middle
tibia and tarsus missing. Present combination Lethaeus nitidus (Douglas & Scott).
niveomaculatus (Cligenes) Distant, 1920^: 154. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Cligenes niveomaculatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Houadou,
New Caledonia. 26. X. 1914. P.D.Montague. 1918-87.' Glued to card. Present com-
bination Sylvacligenes niveomaculatus (Distant).
noctis (Lachnophorus) Distant, 1904^ 69. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'noctis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Burma, Karennee'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 —
383.' Glued to card; right hind tarsus and end segment of right antenna missing. Present
combination Lachnesthus noctis (Distant) .
noctua (Clerada) Distant, 19016: 476. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'noctua Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'N. Borneo'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Glued to card ; end segment of left antenna missing.
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 275
notabilis (Lethaeus) Distant, 19116: 310. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Lethaeus notabilis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Sigiriya Ceylon. 8.09';
'2740'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
notutus (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 569. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'New S. Wales 54 2'; '186. RHYPAROCHROMUS NOTATUS,'. Pinned
through right clavus and mounted on polyporus strip ; middle right leg only present. Present
combination Dieuches notatus (Dallas).
notulata (Bedunia) Distant, 19016 : 478. LECTOTYPE $ with labels : circular red B.M. type
label; 'Bedunia notulata Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'M'; 'Saunders 65. 13'. Glued to
card point; left antenna, both hind legs and left middle tarsus missing.
novitius (Caeneus) Distant, 18930: 404. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Caeneus novitius Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Bugaba, Panama. Champion';
'Sp. figured.' Glued to card; abdomen dissected. Synonym of Bathydema quadristillata
(Stal, 1858).
novitius (Nysius) Distant, 18926: 254. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'novitius Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Pretoria (W.L.D.)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 —
383.' Glued to card. Present combination Graphoraglius novitius (Distant). Comb. n.
oblitus (Ligyrocoris) Distant, 18820: 202. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Ligyrocoris oblitus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'S. Geronimo, 3000 ft.
Champion.' Glued to card; left hind leg missing.
obscura (Metagerra) White, 1 878*3 : 34. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Metagerra obscura B.W. TYPE'; 'New Zealand'; 'Pres. by Perth Museum. B.M.
1953- — 629.'; '22. M. obscura, n. sp.' Glued to card; underside of card with 'N. D. Wake-
field.'
obscuripes (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 104. Holotype <J with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; 'Dorey Wallace'; 'Dor'; 'Saunders 65.13.'; '171. RHYPAROCHROMUS
OBSCURIPES.' Glued to card; right hind tarsus missing. Present combination Dieuches
obscuripes (Walker).
oceanicus (Aphanus) Distant, 19016: 502. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; '1361'; 'oceanicus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]. Glued to card; right hind
leg missing. Present combination Dieuches oceanicus (Distant).
orientalis (Aphanus) Distant, 19040: 81. LECTOTYPE # with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Aphanus orientalis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Ranchi Irvine' ; 'Distant
Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card point; end two segments of right antenna, right fore tarsus,
right middle tarsus, right hind tibia and tarsus, and left hind tarsus missing. Present combina-
tion Rhyparothesus orientalis (Distant).
ornandus (Scolopostethus) Distant, 19040: 93. Lectotype in Genoa, designated by Scudder
(1966). Paralectotype in collections <$ with labels: circular red B.M. type label; 'ornatus
Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Carin Asciuii Ghecu 1400-1500 m. L. Fea. III-IV.88.';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card.
ornata (Edulica) Distant, 19036: 45. LECTOTYPE £ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Edulica ornata Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Peradeniya, Ceylon, 3. 1902'; '1124';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Micropinned through scutellum from below and mounted on
polyporus strip; end segment of left antenna missing. Present combination Harmostica
ornata (Distant).
ornatipennis (Lachnophoroides) Distant, 19146: 381. Type material not in B.M. collec-
tions.
ornatulus (Aphanus) Distant, 19096 : 336. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Aphanus ornatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Dhakna Bagh Nepal Terai
23-34. IV. 07'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on card;
right fore tibia and tarsus, and right hind leg missing. Present combination Rhyparothesus
ornatulus (Distant). Comb. n.
276 G.G.E.SCUDDER
ornatus (Aphanus) Distant, 19180: 199. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Aphanus ornatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chikkaballapura, S. India.
T. V. Campbell.'; '245'; 'S. India. E. A. Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card; underside of
card with data 'C.B. 9.14'. Present combination Dieuches ornatus (Distant).
ovalis (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, i852a: 568. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Colombia 46 20'; '104. RHYPAROCHROMUS OVALIS,'. Pinned through
scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip ; end segment of left antenna, end two segments of
right antenna, right fore and middle leg missing. Present combination Ozophora ovalis
(Dallas).
ovatus (Lemnius) Distant, 19040: 67. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Lemnius ovatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Ceylon (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end segment of left antenna missing; abdomen dissected.
pallens (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 567. This species was described from a female
taken in North Bengal (Lieut. Campbell's Coll.). Walker (1872) lists material as follows:
'a. North Bengal. From Lieut. Campbell's collection, b. — ? Presented by W. W.
Saunders Esq.' In the collections, I can only locate the latter specimen, a male in poor
condition. It is pinned through the pronotum and mounted on a polyporus strip; end three
segments of left antenna, end segment of right antenna, all legs on left side, right fore tarsus,
middle leg and right hind tarsus missing. It has labels 'Saunders. 65 . 13.' ; '150. RHYPARO-
CHROMUS FALLENS,'. Since this specimen was not apparently included in the original des-
cription, it has not been selected as the lectotype, although no other material is present.
Synonym of Elasmolomus sordidus (Fabricius, 1787).
pallescens (Davila) Distant, 18930: 395. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Davila pallescens Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'V. de Chiriqui, 2-3000 ft. Champion.' ;
'Sp. figured.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card; end two segments of left antenna, end
segment of right antenna missing. Present combination Ozophora pallescens (Distant).
pallescens, membraneus var. (Lamproplax), Distant 18830: 441. LECTOTYPE $ with
labels: 'Japan (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383'. Glued to card with written data on
underside '8 4 81'.
pallescens (Locutius) Distant, 19180: 193. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Locutius pallescens Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chikkaballapura,
S. India. T. V. Campbell.'; '356'; 'S. India. E. A. Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card.
Present combination Plinthisus pallescens (Distant) .
pallicornis (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 573. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'E. India 48 22'; '153. RHYPAROCHROMUS PALLICORNIS,'. Glued to
card; left fore and middle leg, right middle leg missing — membrane and end of abdomen
damaged. Present combination Pachybrachius pallicornis (Dallas).
pallidulus (Dieuches) Distant, 19040: 85. LECTOTYPE ? with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'pallidulus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Sind'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Evidently a little teneral; pinned through pronotum and with end three segments of left
antenna, right antenna and both hind legs missing.
pallidus (Pygaeus) Uhler, 18946: 187. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; '169'; 'Grand Etang Rd. (Leeward side) Grenanda, W.I. H. H. Smith.'; '67';
'95-206'. Glued to card point; end segment of both antennae, both middle and hind legs
missing. Present combination Antillocoris pallidus (Uhler).
pallipes (Lasiosomus) Scott, 18740: 429. LECTOTYPE ? with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'JAPAN'; 'Lasiosoma pallipes, n. sp.'; 'Type Scott Coll. 88~n.' Glued to card.
Present combination Diniella pallipes (Scott).
pallipes (Paradieuches) Distant, 19180: 201. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Paradieuches pallipes Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Chikkaballapura
S. India. T. V. Campbell.'; 'L 40'; 'S. India. E. A. Butler. 1915-60.' Pinned through
scutellum ; end segment of right antenna, both fore tibia and tarsi and left middle leg missing.
Present combination Dieuches pallipes (Distant) . Comb. n.
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 277
papuanus (Aphanus) Distant, 19016: 502. LECTOTYPE with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'papuanus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Peak Downes' ; 'Distant Coll. 1911 —
383.' Glued to card and damaged; end segment of both antennae, wings, abdomen and both
hind legs missing. Present combination Elasmolomus papuanus (Distant).
parvipictus (Dieuches) Distant, 19186: 266. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Dieuches parvipictus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Lufira R.
Katanga. 3,500 ft. 31-8-07'; 'Neave Coll. 1907 — 230.' Glued to card point; left antenna,
end two segments of right antenna, right middle leg and most tarsi missing.
parvulus (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 576. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'North AmerE.D.'; '9. PLOCIOMERUS PARVULUS,'. Of male and female
glued to same card, male to left selected lectotype; end segment of left antenna missing.
Synonym of Pachybrachius vinctus (Say).
parvus (Neocattarus) Distant, 18820: 215. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'parvus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'V. de Atitlan, 23-3500 ft. Champion.';
and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card.
patricius (Cligenes) Distant, 19040: 72. Lectotype in Genoa, designated by Scudder (1966).
Present combination Botocudo patricius (Distant) .
pedata (Naudarensia) Distant, 19040 : 86. LECTOTYPE $ with labels : circular red B.M. type
label; 'Naudarensia pedata Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Shillong LaTouche.';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end three segments of both antennae, left hind leg,
right fore and middle tarsi missing; abdomen dissected.
percultus (Heraeus) Distant, 18820: 205. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'percultus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Guatemala City, 5000 ft. Champion.'
Glued to card; left hind tarsus missing. Synonym of Heraeus setosus (Stal.).
phaeophilus (Rhyparochrotnus) Walker, 18720: 106. Holotype $ (not $,) with labels:
circular green B.M. type label; 'Mak. 40'; 'Celeb Wallace'; 'Saunders. 65.13.'; '177.
RHYPAROCHROMUS PHAEOPHILUS.' Glued to card. Present combination Navarrus phaeo-
philus (Walker).
picinus (Abdolominus) Distant, 19040: 91. Lectotype in Genoa, designated by Scudder
(1966). Paralectotype in collection $ with labels: circular red B.M. type label; 'picinus Dist.'
[Distant's handwriting]; 'Carin Cheba, 900-1100 m., L. Fea. V.XII-88"; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383.' Glued to card; left antenna damaged and abdomen dissected.
pictipennis (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 571. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; '44 40 V.D.L.'; '187. RHYPAROCHROMUS PICTIPENNIS,'. Pinned
through scutellum; both antennae, left middle tarsus, right fore tarsus and right middle and
hind legs missing. Synonym of Euander lacertosus (Erichson).
picturata (Salacia ?) Distant, 18930: 406. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Salacia? picturata Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'V. de Chiriqui, 2-3000 ft.
Champion'; and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card and to left of another female specimen.
Present combination Botocudo picturata (Distant).
Described from eight specimens from Guatemala: Cerro Zunil and Panama: Volcan de
Chiriqui and Bugaba. The original description states that the antennae are variable in hue,
with the first and fourth segments usually ochraceous. The specimen figured however, has
the fourth antennal segment brown. There thus seems to be more than one species in the
original series. The lectotype selected has the fourth antennal segment ochraceous.
picturatus (Appolonius) Distant, 19180: 191. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Apollonius picturatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chikkaballa-
pura, S. India. T. V. Campbell'; 'S.India. E.A.Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card.
We may note the difference in spelling of the published generic name and that given on the
data label: presumably Distant based his spelling on Apollo, the Greek Olympian god of the
278 G. G. E. SCUDDER
picturatus (Pamera) Distant, 1904^: 267. LECTOTYPE ? with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'picturatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; Townsville, Qld. Oct. '02. F. P.
Dodd.'; '1903 — 356'. Glued to card; middle left leg missing. Present combination Daerlac
picturata (Distant).
picta (Pamera) Scott, 18800: 306, 311. Not traced. Present combination Pachybrachius
pictus (Scott).
pictus (Lethaeus) Distant, igiSc: 243. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Lethaeus pictus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Laos, Luang Prabang. R. V.
de Salvaza 1917-98.'. Pinned through metathorax. Present combination Usilanus pictus
(Distant).
plenus (Rhyparochromus) Distant, 18820: 216. LECTOTYPE £ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Rhyparochromus plenus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Quezaltenango,
7800 ft. Champion.'. Partially brachypterous and glued to card. Present combination
Kolenetrus plenus (Distant).
politus (Thebanus) Distant, 19040: 67. Lectotype in Genoa, designated by Scudder (1966).
Paralectotypes i <J, i <j> in collection with labels: circular red B.M. type label; 'politus Dist.'
[Distant's handwriting] ; 'Carin Ghecu 1400-1500 m. L. Fea. III-IV.88.'; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383. Glued to card.
porrectus (Catenes) Distant, 18930: 397. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Catenes porrectus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Sp. figured.'; 'Zapote, Guate-
mala, G.C. Champion.' Glued to card; abdomen dissected.
proximus (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 579. LECTOTYPE with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Sierra Leone Morgan' ; '29. PLOCIOMERUS PROXIMUS,'. In poor condition,
pinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; meso and metathorax, middle
and hind legs, right fore and hind wings only present. Synonym of Paromius gracilis (Ram-
bur).
punctata (Salacia ?) Distant, 18930: 406. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Salacia? punctata Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Sp. figured.'; 'Pena Blanca,
3,000-4,000 ft. Champion.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card; end segment of both
antennae missing. Present combination Stygnocoris punctatus (Distant). Comb. n.
purpurata (Esuris) Distant, 18930: 410. Holotype $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Esuris purpurata Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Sp. figured.'; 'Paso Antonio, 400 ft.
Champion.' Partially brachypterous and glued to card. Synonym of Lipostemmata
humeralis Berg, 1879. Comb. n.
pusillus (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 577. Represented by abdomen of $ only, and
lectotype not selected. Pin bears labels: circular red B.M. type label; '197. RHYPARO-
CHROMUS PUSILLUS,'. Glued to card. Present combination Pachybrachius pusillus (Dallas).
putoni (Calyptonotus) Saunders, 18760: 221. Holotype <$ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Putoni E.S. Type'; 'Algeria'. Glued to card; terminal three segments of both
antennae, left fore tibia and tarsus, left hind leg, right fore and middle tibia and tarsus and
right hind leg missing. Synonym of Raglius pineti (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835).
putoni (Scolopostethus) White, 18780: 75. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Scolopostethus Putoni B.W.'; 'New Zealand'; 'Pres. by Perth Museum B.M.
X953 — 629'. Glued to card; last two segments of left antenna, all of right antenna, left hind
leg and right hind tibia and tarsus missing. Present combination Brentiscerus putoni (White) .
raja (Aphanus) Distant, 19060: 415. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Kuching Dec 1905 JH'; '123'; 'Aphanus raja Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting];
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'. Pinned through abdomen; end segment of both antennae and
right hind leg missing. Synonym of Neolethaeus descriptus (Walker, 1872).
reductus (Plociomerus) Walker, 18720: 120. LECTOTYPE $ (not <J) with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; '34. PLOCIOMERUS REDUCTUS.' Glued to card, with data 'Wright'
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 279
and two undetermined words on underside; left antenna missing. Present combination
Pachybrachius reductus (Walker).
relatus (Dieuches) Distant, 19016: 505. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'relatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Umfili R. Mashonaland (Guy Marshall)';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; in
poor condition with left antenna, end two segments of right antenna, left fore and hind legs,
right middle and hind legs missing ; head and pronotum partly detached from rest of body.
repressus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720,: 104. Holotype with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; 'Mak'; 'Celeb Wallace'; 'Saunders. 65.13.'; '172. RHYPAROCHROMUS
REPRESSUS.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; head and thorax
only present; end three segments of left antenna, end segment of right antenna and all legs
missing. Synonym of Pachybrachius nietneri (Dohrn, 1860).
reticulatus (Atkinsonianus) Distant, igogc: 344. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Atkinsonianus reticulatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Sikkim';
'Atkinson Coll. 92 — 6.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted on card ; legs and antennae
missing.
rolandri (Naudarensia) Distant, 19186: 492. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Naudarensia rolandri Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'S.W. Australia.
Yallingup. Nov. 1913. R. E. Turner. 1914 — 190.' Glued to card point; end three
segments of both antennae, and right middle leg missing. Present combination Udeocoris
rolandri (Distant).
rudolflanus (Lachnophoroides) Distant, 19186: 262. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'Lachnophoroides rudolfianus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting];
'Soudan. Kaig. 9.111.04. C. Singer. 1906-78.'; '1911 — 177.' Pinned through scutellum
and mounted on polyporus strip; in poor condition, with both antennae, all legs on left, and
right middle leg missing. Present combination Dieuches rudolfianus (Distant).
rufocinctus (Aphanus) Distant, 19016: 501. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'rufocinctus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Perim I. 90-106.' Glued to
card to right of a female. Synonym of Liolobus pallidicornis Reuter, 1891. Syn. n.
rusticus (Diplonotus) Scott, 1874*1: 430. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'JAPAN'; 'Diplonotus rusticus, n. sp.' Glued to card. Present combination Pachy-
brachius rusticus (Scott).
sanguineus (Calyptonotus) Douglas & Scott, 18686:28. LECTOTYPE $ with labels:
circular red B.M. type H.T. label; 'Sanguineus Type D.S.'; 'Saunders Coll. Brit. Mus.
1910 — 357.' Pinned through pronotum, right hind tibia and tarsus missing. Present com-
bination Rhyparochromus phoeniceus sanguineus (Douglas & Scott).
scotti (Patnera) Distant, 19016: 479. New name for Diplonotus luridus Scott 1874, which is
preoccupied. Present combination Pachybrachius scotti (Distant).
scutellatus (Dieuches) Distant, 1904*;: 268. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label ; 'scutellatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Townsville, Qld. 14 . 5 . 03 F. P. Dodd' ;
'1904-27.' Glued to card with a <$ specimen above.
scutellatus (Rhyparochromus) Dallas, 18520: 575. LECTOTYPE <? with labels: circular
red B.M. type label; 'North Amer'; '100. RHYPAROCHROMUS SCUTELLATUS,'. Glued to
card to left of another $ specimen; end three segments of right antenna missing. Present
combination Pachybrachius bilobatus scutellatus (Dallas) .
scutellatus (Udalricus) Distant, 19040: 49. Lectotype in Genoa, designated by Scudder
(1966).
segtnentata (Bedunia) Distant, 19016: 479. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'segmentata Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'PERAK, DOHERTY'; 'Distant Coll.
1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and in poor condition; right antenna, right fore leg,
left middle and hind leg, much of right middle and hind legs missing; abdomen dissected.
28o G.G.E.SCUDDER
semidolens (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18700: 2378. Not located in the collections.
semilucens (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 99. Holotype 9 with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; 'North Ind'; 'Saunders. 65.13.'; '156. RHYPAROCHROMUS SEMILUCENS.'
Pinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; left antenna oligomerous ; end
segment of right antenna and left middle tarsus missing. Synonym of Lachnesthus singalensis
(Dohrn, 1860).
serripes (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 92. Holotype (J (not $) with labels: 'PETRO-
PILIS Feby 1857. J. Gray'; '117. RHYPAROCHROMUS SERRIPES.' Glued to card ; right hind
leg missing.
sevosus (Dinia) Distant, 19016: 497. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'sevosus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Ceylon (Lewis)'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Glued to card, with data '12 12. 87' on underside. Present combination Diniella sevosa
(Distant).
seychellesus (Plociomerus) Walker, 18720: 120. LECTOTYPE $ with labels : circular green
B.M. type label; '33. PLOCIOMERUS SEYCHELLESUS.' Glued to card, with data 'Round Is.
70 46' on underside. Synonym of Paromius gracilis (Rambur, 1839).
siamicus (Rhyparochromus) Walker, 18720: 102. Holotype $ (not <$} with labels: circular
green B.M. type label; 'Siam'; 'Saunders. 65.13.'; '163. RHYPAROCHROMUS SIAMICUS.'
Pinned through pronotum and mounted on polyporus strip ; end segment of both antennae,
left middle leg missing; specimen covered in fungal hyphae. Present combination Dieuches
siamicus (Walker).
signanda (Salacia) Distant, 1903^ 46. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'signanda Dist.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Green Ceylon'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Glued to card point ; last two segments of left antenna and left hemielytron missing. Present
combination Botocudo signanda (Distant). Comb. n.
signatus (Lethaeus) Distant, 19016: 506. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'signatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Ceylon'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Pinned through pronotum and mounted on card ; left antenna, end segment of right antenna,
right middle and hind leg missing. Present combination Neolethaeus signatus (Distant).
Comb. n.
simpsoni (Lethaeus) Bergroth, 19120": 195. LECTOTYPE with labels: circular red B.M.
type H.T. label; 'Badagri S. Nigeria. J. J. Simpson. 1910 — 213. i — 2 — 10'; 'Lethaeus
simpsoni Bergr.' [Bergroth's handwriting]; '1914-65.' Pinned through scutellum and
mounted on card ; end three segments of left antenna, right fore tibia and tarsus, wings and
abdomen missing. Synonym of Lethaeus africanus Dallas, 1852. Syn. n.
simulans (Tropistethus) Distant, 19060: 414. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Tropistethus simulans Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Peradeniya,
Ceylon, 3 — 05'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum from below and
mounted on polyporus strip. Present combination Lamproceps simulans (Distant).
sladeni (Pamera) Distant, 19130: 152. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Pamera sladeni Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Silhouette, '08. Seychelles
Exp.'; 'Percy Sladen Trust Expedition. 1911 — 497.' Glued to card; right antenna missing;
card with number '29'. Present combination Pachybrachius sladeni (Distant).
sloggetti (Dieuches) Distant, 19186: 267. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Dieuches sloggetti Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; '6 — 3 — 02 Deelfontein
C.C.'; 'Deelfontein S.A. Col. Sloggett. 1903 — 109.' Glued to card point; end segment of
left antenna, right antenna, left fore and hind leg, right middle and hind leg missing.
smithi (Dieuches) Distant, 19186: 267. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Dieuches smithi Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Dr. Smith. S. Afr. 44-6';
'Rhyparochromus armipes. Walker's Catal.' Pinned through scutellum and in poor
condition; end segment of left antenna, right antenna, left fore and hind legs, middle right
leg and all tarsi missing.
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 281
sobrina (Pamera) Distant, 19016: 480. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'sobrina Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Calcutta'; 'Atkinson Coll. 92-6.' Glued to
card with an additional male to left and a female abdomen to right; right antenna missing.
Present combination Remaudiereana sobrina (Distant).
soda (Bathydema) Uhler, i8gy. 710. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Bathydema socia Uhler' [Uhler's handwriting]; 'Soufriere volcano. Apr. 3000 ft.
In moss.'; 'St. Vincent'; '95-206'. Glued to card point; end segment of both antennae
missing.
sparsus (Aphanus) Distant, 19040 : 81. LECTOTYPE ? with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'sparsus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Bor Ghat Dixon'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.'
Glued to card point. Present combination Rhyparothesus sparsus (Distant). Comb. n.
spinosus (Gonsalvus) Distant, igogc: 344. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Gonsalvus spinosus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'at light Calcutta
IO-XI-O7. Mus. Coll.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through scutellum and mounted
on polyporus strip ; end segment of both antennae and left fore leg missing. Present combina-
tion Proderus spinosus (Distant).
splendens (Scythinus) Distant, 18930: 405. Holotype <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; circular green B.M. type label; 'Scythinus splendens Dist.' [Distant's handwriting];
'V. de Chiriqui, 25-4000 ft. Champion.'; 'Sp. figured.' Glued to card; left hind leg missing;
abdomen dissected.
splendens (Speusippas) Distant, 19016: 499. Not traced in the collections.
stali (Targarema) White, 18780:73. LECTOTYPE $ with labels : circular red B.M. type label;
'Targarema Stali B.W. TYPE' ; 'N. Zealand Broun'; 'Pres. by Perth Museum. 1953 — 629.'
Glued to card on right of a male specimen.
staphylinus (Pachytnerus) Rambur, 18390: 154. LECTOTYPE $ with green label : 'Pachy-
merus staphilinus'. Glued to card point; head, pronotum and right middle leg missing.
Present combination Piezoscelis staphylinus (Rambur).
stellatus (Lethaeus) Distant, 19130: 155. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Lethaeus stellatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Aldabra, '08-9. J. C. F.
Fryer.'; 'Percy Sladen Trust Expedition. 1911 — 497.' Glued to card, with the number
'308'; end segment of left antenna and tarsi of both hind legs missing.
strictus (Rhyparochrotnus) Walker, 18720: 108. This species belongs in the Heterogastrinae.
suratensis (Aphanus) Distant, igogc: 338. LECTOTYPE with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Aphanus suratensis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Surat Bombay';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Micropinned through metathorax and mounted on polyporus
strip ; in poor condition with end segment of left antenna, end two segments of right antenna,
abdomen and all legs (except left front) missing. Present combination Dieuches suratensis
(Distant).
tartarea (Lua) Distant, igogc: 343. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type label;
'Lua tartarea Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Nolanda Ceylon. x-o6'; 'S. India.
E. A. Butler. 1915-60.' Micropinned from below and mounted on polyporus strip; right
fore leg missing. Present combination Diniella tartarea (Distant).
tenebrosus (Lethaeus) Distant, 19146: 382. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular yellow
B.M. Cotype label ; ' Lethaeus tenebrosus Dist. Cotype.' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'Oubatche,
N. Caledonia Sept. 1911 '; 'Distant Coll. 1911-383.'. Pinned through scutellum; end two
segments of left antenna, and end three segments of right antenna missing. Present combina-
tion Neolethaeus tenebrosus (Distant) .
terminalis (Gastrodes) Walker, 18720: 122. Holotype $ with labels: circular green B.M.
type label; 'Mak 43'; 'GASTRODES TERMINALIS.'; 'Saunders. 65.13.' Glued to card.
Synonym of Clerada apicicornis (Signoret, 1863).
terminalis (Rhyparochromas) Walker, 18720: 105. Holotype $ with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; 'Cer.'; 'Saunders. 65.13.'; '173. RHYPAROCHROMUS TERMINALIS.'
282 G. G. E. SCUDDER
Pinned through scutellum and mounted on polyporus strip; end three segments of both
antennae and all legs on right side, missing. Synonym of Narbo biplagiatus (Walker 1871).
testaceipes (Rhyparochrotnus) Walker, 18720: 101. Holotype °- with labels: circular green
B.M. type label; 'Ceylon 60 34'; 'R. testaceipes W. type' [Walker's handwriting]; '160.
RHYPAROCHROMUS TESTACEIPES.' Glued to card point, but previously has been pinned
through pronotum ; end two segments of left antenna, end segment of right antenna, middle
left tarsus, left hind leg, right hind tibia and tarsus missing; right fore leg detached and glued
to card point beside specimen. Synonym of Dieuches punctipes Dohrn, 1860.
thoracica (Pamera) Distant, 19016: 481. LECTOTYPE ? with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'thoracica Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Peak Downes'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 —
383.' Glued to card; end segment of left antenna and end three segments of right antenna
missing. Present combination Pachybrachius thoracicus (Distant) .
thoracicus (Neocattarus) Distant, 18930: 403. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Neocattarus thoracicus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Bugaba, Panama.
Champion.'; 'Sp. figured.'; and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card.
tibialis (Polycrates) Distant, 1918*1: 194. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Polycrates tibialis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chikkaballapura, S.
India. T. V. Campbell'; 'L4i'; 'S. India. E. A. Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card;
antennae missing and most legs detached.
tineoides (Lamprodema) Distant, 19016: 500. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Lamprodema tineoides Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Ceylon (Lewis)';
'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card. Present combination Plinthisus tineoides (Distant).
trabeatus (Dinia) Distant, 19010: 498. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'trabeatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Nagpur Atkinson.'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 —
383.' Glued to card point; end three segments of left antenna, right antenna, right middle
and hind leg missing. Present combination Lamproceps trabeatus (Distant).
tricolorata (Pamera) Distant, 19186: 489. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Pamera tricolorata Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'N. Queensland.
Kuranda, 1,100 ft. May 3-June 20, 1913. R. E. Turner. 1913 — 438.' Glued to card point;
antennae missing. Synonym of Pachybrachius nietneri (Dohrn, 1860).
trimaculatus (Trapezus) Distant, 18820: 217. LECTOTYPE $ with circular red B.M. type
label; 'Trapezus trimaculatus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Guatemala City, 9000 ft.
Champion.'; and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card; end segment of both antennae missing;
hind legs partly detached and abdomen dissected. Present combination Cryphula trimaculata
(Distant).
tropicus (Eremocoris) Distant, 18820: 218. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Eremocoris tropicus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Quiche Mts., 7-9000 ft.
Champion.' Glued to card; end segment of both antennae and left middle leg missing.
Present combination Scolopostethus tropicus (Distant).
turneri (Austropamera) Distant, 19186: 490. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Austropamera turneri Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting] ; 'N. Queensland.
Kuranda, i.iooft. May 3-June 20, 1913. R.E.Turner. 1913 — 438.' Glued to card point ;
end segment of left antenna and left hind tarsus missing; abdomen in a vial. Present
combination Bedunia turneri (Distant).
typicalis (Laxamana) Distant, 19060: 416. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Laxamana typicalis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Kuching Dec 1905
JH'; '2'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Pinned through thorax and mounted on card; end
segment of both antennae missing. Synonym of Narbo longipes (Stal, 1867).
typicus (Gonatas) Distant, 1882: 219. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Gonatas typicus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Bugaba, 800-1500 ft. Champion.';
and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card on right of another female specimen. Present combina-
tion Gonatoides typicus (Distant).
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES 283
typicus (Neolethaeus) Distant, igogc: 340. LECTOTYPE <$ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Neolethaeus typicus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Palon (Pegu) L. Fea.
VIII. IX— 87'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383.' Glued to card; end two segments of both antennae,
left hind leg, right hind tibia and tarsus missing; abdomen dissected.
typicus (Orbellis) Distant, 19130: 156. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Orbellis typicus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Mahe'; 'Percy Sladen Trust
Expedition. 1911 — 497.' Glued to card with number '79'.
typus (Gonsalvus) Distant, 19040: 93. Lectotype in Genoa, designated by Scudder (1966).
Present combination Proderus typus (Distant).
ugandensis (Abanus) Distant, 19186: 269. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Abanus ugandensis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Entebbe, Uganda.
Aug. 1912. C. A. Wiggins.' Pinned through scutellum; right antenna missing. Present
combination Dieuches ugandensis (Distant).
uhleri (Rhaptus) Distant, 19016: 189. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'uhleri Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; '100'; '8.289'; 'Mount Gay Est. (Leeward side)
Grenada, W.I. H. H. Smith.'; '61'; '95-206'. Glued to card point; end segment of left
antenna and legs on left side (except middle femur) missing. Present combination Bubaces
uhleri (Distant). Comb. n.
umbrosis (Dorachosa illuminatus) Distant, 18930: 409. Lectotype $ with labels: 'Boll
Texas 1875'; 'Distant Coll. 1911 — 383' Pinned through scutellum; end segment of right
antenna missing.
This Texas specimen is not conspecific with the other type material from Guatemala and
Panama. Slater and Ashlock (1966) have considered the identity of this material and have
designated the lectotype. Present combination Atrazonotus umbrosus (Distant).
uniformis (Dieuches) Distant, 19040: 84. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'uniformis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Yatiyantota, Ceylon 3.1902' Glued to
card; end segment of left antenna, end two segments of right antenna and right middle leg
missing.
uniformis (Polycrates) Distant, 19180: 194. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Polycrates uniformis Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chikkaballapura,
S. India. T. V. Campbell'; 'L4i'; 'S. India. E. A. Butler. 1915-60.' Glued to card;
end segment of right antenna missing.
variabilis (Balboa) Distant, 18930: 408. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Balboa variabilis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Sp. figured.'; 'V. de Chirique,
2-3000 ft. Champion.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card to left of another male.
variegatus (Heraeus) Kirby, 18900: 547. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; '01 88'; 'Heraeus variegatus Kb type'. Pinned through pronotum and mounted on
card; end segment of both antennae missing. Present combination Ozophora variegata
(Kirby). Comb. n.
variegatus (Poeantius) Distant, 19186: 268. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Poeantius variegatus Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Nr. Chirinda Forest.
Gaza L'd. Mch '07. G. A. K. Marshall. 1908 — 212.' Pinned through scutellum and
mounted on card ; end segment of left antenna, end three segments of right antenna, left hind
leg and right middle leg missing. Synonym of Poeantius nigropictus (Stal, 1855). Syn. n.
vegetus (Neocattarus) Distant, 18820: 214. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'Neocattarus vegetus Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Bugaba, 800-1500 ft.
Champion.'; and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card; end segment of left antenna missing.
vicinalis (Pamera) Distant, 18820: 207. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Pamera vicinalis Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Chiacaman, Vera Paz. Champion.';
and the B.C. A. label. Glued to card of left of a female specimen. Present combination
Pachybrachius vicinalis (Distant).
284 G. G. E. SCUDDER
vicinus (Rhyparochrotnus) Dallas, 18520: 576. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'N. Am'; '27'; '101. RHYPAROCHROMUS VICINUS/ Pinned through
scutellum; both antennae, both fore legs, left middle leg and right hind leg missing. Synonym
of Ligyrocoris sylvestris (Linnaeus, 1758).
vigens (Neocattarus) Distant, 18820: 214. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'vigens Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'S. Geronimo, Guatemala. Champion.';
and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card.
vitalisi (Pamera) Distant, 19180: 242. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'vitalisi Dist. type' [Distant's handwriting]; 'Indo-China. Kompong Kedey, V. R.
de Salvaza. 1917-98.' Glued to card; end two segments of left antenna and all legs (except
right middle) missing. Present combination Pachybrachius vitalisi (Distant).
vittata (Lamprodema) Distant, 19016: 500. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red B.M.
type label; 'vittata Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; '5219'; 'Parry Harbour. C. Bougain-
ville. 92-1.' Present combination Telocoris vittata (Distant).
vivida (Pamera) Distant, 18820: 208. LECTOTYPE <J with labels: circular red B.M. type
label; 'Pamera vivida Dist.' [Distant's handwriting]; 'S. Geronimo, Guatemala. Champion.';
and the B.C.A. label. Glued to card. Present combination Pachybrachius vividus (Distant).
walkeri (Calyptonotus) Saunders, 18760: 221. LECTOTYPE $ with labels: circular red
B.M. type label; 'Walkeri Type ES' [Saunders' handwriting]; 'Malta Walker'; 'Saunders
Coll. Brit. Mus. 1910 — 357.' Glued to card; left hind leg missing. Present combination
Liolobus walkeri (Saunders).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The collection was studied while I was in receipt of a Royal Society and Nuffield
Foundation Commonwealth Bursary. The research was supported by grants from
the National Research Council of Canada and the University of British Columbia.
For the period 1964-65, I was able to study the European collections while on study
leave from the University of British Columbia and in receipt of a travel grant from
the National Research Council of Canada. I am indebted to Dr. W. E. China,
Mr. ]. P. Doncaster, Dr. W. J. Knight and the Trustees of the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.) for help and permission to study the collections. I would also like to thank
Mr. B. J. Clifton and Miss P. Gilbert of the Entomology Library at the Museum, for
invaluable assistance with obtaining original descriptions. Prof. O. W. Richards,
F.R.S. kindly provided facilities at the Imperial College of Science & Technology,
University of London.
REFERENCES
DALLAS, W. S. 1852. List of the specimens of Hemipterous insects in the collection of the British
Museum. Part II. London.
DISTANT, W. L. 1880-93. Insects. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Biologia Cen-
trali- Americana. London.
DISTANT, W. L. 1901. Rhynchotal notes. XI. Heteroptera : Fam. Lygaeidae. Ann.
Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 8 : 497-510.
GROSS, G. F. 1962. Aberrant Australian brachypterous Myodochine Bugs (Lygaeidae,
Rhyparochrominae) . Rec. S. Austr. Mus. 14 : 371-396.
SCUDDER, G. G. E. 1966. Type designations for the Distant Rhyparochrominae (Hemiptera:
Lygaeidae) in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova. Doriana 4 (170) : 1-4.
SLATER, J. A. 1964. A Catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the World. University of Connecticut,
Storrs.
RHYPAROCHROMINAE TYPES
285
SLATER, J. A. & ASHLOCK, P. D. 1966. Atrazonotus, a new genus of Gonianotini from North
America (Hemiptera : Lygaeidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 68 : 152-156.
WALKER, F. 1871-73. Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of
the British Museum. London.
WOODWARD, T. E. 1962. Phaeax Distant transferred from Pyrrhocoridae (Larginae) to
Lygaeidae (Hemiptera : Heteroptera). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 31 : 122-126.
APPENDIX
List of Rhyparochrominae holotypes in British Museum (Nat. Hist.) not considered in this paper.
acanthothorax (Plinthisus (Plinthisus)) Kirit-
shenko, 19310 : 375-
aeneiventris (Trapezonotus) Kiritshenko,
19310: 377-
annulicornis (Eucosmetus) Kiritshenko,
193™ • 372.
ashanti (Botacudo) [sic] Southwood, 19630 :
172. Present combination Botocudo
ashanti Southwood.
cephalotes (Orthaea) Kiritshenko, 1931 a : 373.
Present combination Stigmatonotum
cephalotes (Kiritshenko) .
distanti (N audarensia) Kiritshenko, 1931 a :
380.
garnhami (Harmosticana) Miller, 1957*? : 206.
Present combination Pholeolygaeus garn-
hami (Miller).
insignis (Ruavatua) Miller, 19566 : 655.
longicornis (Bryanella) China, 19306 : 136.
Present combination Bryanellocoris
longicornis (China).
maculatus (Locutius) Kiritshenko, 1931 a : 376.
Present combination Plinthisus macu-
latus (Kiritshenko).
melleus (Hexatrichocoris) Kiritshenko, 1931 a :
379-
minuta (Clerada) China, 19246 : 435. Syn-
onym of Reclada moesta White, 1878.
minuta (Retoka) China, 19350 : 302.
mungus (Lethaeus) Scudder, 19586 : 139.
Synonym of Neolethaeus tenebrosus
(Distant, 1914).
myrmecoides (Aegyptocoris) China, 19360 :
165.
puberula (Orthaea) China, 19306 : 131. Pre-
sent combination Pachybrachius puber-
ulus (China).
quadratus (Appolonius) Scudder, 19566 : 359.
rennellensis (Cligenes) Scudder, 19586 : 140.
Present combination Botocudo rennell-
ensis (Scudder). Comb. n.
rodriguezensis (Lachnesthus) China, I925C :
163.
sikkimensis (Lachnodrymodes) Kiritshenko,
19310 : 382. Present combination Tri-
chodrymus sikkimensis (Kiritshenko).
slateri (Drymus) Southwood, 19630 : 172.
snelli (Lethaeus) China, 19246 : 434.
swezeyi (Cligenes) China, 19306 : 138.
Present combination Botocudo swezeyi
(China). Comb. n.
swezeyi major (Cligenes) China, 19306 : 139.
Present combination Botocudo swezeyi
major (China). Comb. n.
typica (Chotekia) China, 19350 : 300.
ventralis (Orthaea) China, 19306 : 130. Pre-
sent combination Pachybrachius ven-
tralis (China).
wollastoni (Microthisus) Lindberg, 19586 : 66.
A LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS
TO THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES
OF THE BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
1. MASNER, L. The types of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the British
Museum (Natural History) and in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford.
Pp. 143. February, 1965. £5.
2. NIXON, G. E. J. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera :
Braconidae). Pp. 284 ; 348 Text-figures. August, 1965. £6.
3. WATSON, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). Pp. 177 ;
18 plates, 270 Text-figures. August, 1965. £4 45.
4. SANDS, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera,
Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172 ; 500 Text-figures. October,
1965- £3 5*.
5. AHMAD, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera : Alydidae) of the World. Pp. 156 ;
475 Text-figures. November, 1965. £2 155.
6. OKADA, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae & Drosophilidae.
Pp. 129 ; 328 Text-figures. £3.
7. GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family
Coccidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea). Pp. 168 ; 43 Text-figures. February, 1967.
£33s.
8. FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the
world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera : Geometridae). Pp. 119; 14 plates, 146
Text-figures, 9 maps. February, 1967. £3 los.
9. HEMMING, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species
(Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera). In press.
10. STEMPFFER, H. The Genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera : Rhopa-
locera). In press.
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD & SON LIMITED, EARTH OLOMEW PRESS, DORKING
OCTI967
THE TYPES OF THE SCOLIIDAE
DESCRIBED BY FREDERICK SMITH
(HYMENOPTERA)
J. CHESTER BRADLEY
and
J. G. BETREM
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 7
LONDON: 1967
THE TYPES OF THE SCOLIIDAE
DESCRIBED BY FREDERICK SMITH
(HYMENOPTERA)
BY
J. CHESTER BRADLEY (v
Cornell University, I thaca U.S.A.
and
J. G. BETREM Xv, / ,
Rubensstraat 65, Deventer, Netherlands)
Pp. 287-327
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20 No. 7
LONDON: 1967
THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.
Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.
In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each
Department.
This paper is Vol. 20, No. 7 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited
follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.
World List abbreviation
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.).
Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1967
TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
Issued 29 September, 1967 Price Sixteen Shillings
THE TYPES OF THE SCOLIIDAE
DESCRIBED BY FREDERICK SMITH1
(HYMENOPTERA)
By J. CHESTER BRADLEY and J. G. BETREM
IN 1926 J. G. Betrem spent a few days at the British Museum and at Oxford
intensively studying the type-material of Smith's Indo-Australian Scoliidae. The
results were published in his great monograph of those wasps (1928). His frequent
statement ' Hololectotype Smith's B.M. ' or ' Oxford ' was actually intended, in
many cases, to serve as equivalent to a selection of lectotype, but we are agreed that
it is insufficient to meet all the technicalities of lectotype selection, and in this paper
we have tried to make clear the status of individual specimens as holotypes or
lectotypes, following Betrem's original intent wherever another course is not
clearly indicated. Betrem continued his study at Oxford in July, 1958, and
subsequently, and at the British Museum on several subsequent dates up to and
including August, 1966.
In the autumn of 1928 and in 1929 Bradley spent many months at the British
Museum, and a period at Oxford, working on Scoliidae, and giving particular atten-
tion to the study of types. He placed red holotype or lectotype labels on many of
Smith's, Cameron's and Kirby's specimens.
Frederick Smith was born in London in 1805. As a boy he was a close friend of
W. E. Shuckard, who, himself developing a taste for entomology, introduced his
companion to its pleasures. Smith became a professional engraver. From about
1841 to 1850 he held the post of Curator of the Collections and Library of the Ento-
mological Society of London. Then he became Assistant Keeper of Insects in the
British Museum. Up to this time, Smith's numerous papers (Horn and Schenkling
list 150 up to 1863) were mostly on bees or ants, but thereafter he broadened his
field to include aculeate Hymenoptera in general with a few papers on beetles.
Although often thought of as only a museum taxonomist, we are told that Smith
had in reality an extensive field knowledge of British aculeate Hymenoptera. He
died in London in 1879, in his 74th year.
Dr M. W. R. de Vere Graham, curator of insects in the Oxford Museum, has
prepared and sent to us through courtesy of Professor G. C. Varley, the following
statement concerning Scoliidae in that institution:
1 This paper was completed with aid of a grant from the National Science Foundation of the U.S.A.
ENTOM. 20, 7. i6§
2QO J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
' The collections of Hymenoptera made by Alfred Russel Wallace in the eastern
part of Indonesia and in New Guinea passed (at least mainly) into the hands of W. W.
Saunders.2 They form the entire substance of the series of papers subsequently
published by Frederick Smith in the Journal of the Linnean Society. This material
is now divided between the British Museum (Natural History) and the Hope Depart-
ment of the Oxford University Museum. The old museum collection of the latter
institution (Hope-Westwood collection) also contains Scoliidae, including Gray's
type of Scolia fulva, and some species given manuscript names by Westwood;
another, the Rottney collection, contains Scoliidae studied by Cameron '.
' It is clear that in some cases, syntypes of a particular species may exist both in
the B.M. and in the Hope Department; such cases must be examined individually
in order to decide on a lectotype.'
Before selecting a lectotype Bradley has endeavoured to locate each syntype,
wherever located, and to select the one that is most suitable to become lectotype,
taking into account its sex, its conformity with the original description, its locality
of capture, and the collection in which it is located; also whether Betrem, 1928,
intended to make a selection.
[I have found two more places in the literature which confirm that the Wallace
insect-collections, except the Coleoptera, were the property of W. W. Saunders.
I. Wallace stated in the introduction to his book The Malay Archipelago (4th
ed., 1872 : VIII) : ' The remaining orders of insects . . . are in the collection of Mr.
William Wilson Saunders . . . The Hymenoptera alone amounted to more than nine
hundred species . . . '
II. Smith (1862 : 36) wrote: ' Many fine additions of the Aculeata are contained
in the present collections which are the property of William Wilson Saunders, Esq.'
It seems reasonable to me that Smith sent back to Saunders the specimens that
we now consider as typical (syntypes) and that he retained the duplicates. Therefore
we must select lectotypes in the first place from the Wallace material in the Saunders
collection. It follows that a lectotype may be selected from the duplicates in the
British Museum only if it can be demonstrated that there is no material that accords
with the description in the Saunders collection.
It has been assumed that all the material that Wallace collected is either in the
museum at Oxford or in the British Museum. Therefore I was greatly astonished
to find some Wallace material in New York in the collection of the American Museum
of Natural History when I restudied their scoliid collection in December, 1965. A
2 The evidence for this is contained in Jour. Proc. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 1857, 1 : 4 where Saunders states
' A large portion of Mr. Wallace's entomological collections pass into my hands ' . . . Saunders further
states that he asked Francis Walker to catalogue the Diptera ; presumably, in the same way, he must
have asked Smith to deal with the Hymenoptera.
[Smith, 1861 : 94 wrote ' This fine collection is the property of W. W. Saunders ', a note which may
indicate that the other Wallace material was also Saunders' property. In the paper in question he
described Scolia culta, morosa, and ducalis as new. The following entries in the accessions book of the
British Museum show that some of the material collected by Wallace was sold to Stevens : ' ff. n
April, purchased from Stevens, coll. by Alfred Wallace, 75 Hym., plus many other insects ', and ' gf
from Salawaty of New Guinea, purchased of Stevens, coll. by A. R. Wallace '.
Horn (1926, Suppl. Ent. 12 : 107) stated that the Hymenoptera of the W. W. Saunders collection
went to the Hope Museum via J. O. Westwood, which is certainly not, in general, true. J.G.B.]
In describing the majority of his oriental species, Smith has stated that the material is in the Saunders
collection.
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 291
female of Scolia apicata and a specimen of Scolia dimidiata are there. The former is
probably type of the species. Furthermore there is a syntype of Scolia zonata, a
species that Smith described from the British Museum collection. All three were
derived from the collection of J. Angus that was obtained by the American Museum
many years ago. That gentleman was an old-timer who had a large private collec-
tion. He exchanged material with entomologists all over the world. Very likely
he obtained this material from the British Museum, possibly through Smith. It is
not at all probable that he exchanged with the museum at Oxford, because one of
the species, Scolia zonata, definitely comes from the British Museum.
There are many indications (see, e.g. 5. indica, ignita, erratica, and fasciatopennis]
that Smith studied the older material of the Museum at Oxford before he wrote the
scoliid portion of his Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the
the British Museum. It is not improbable that some of his types were originally
part of the material in the Oxford Museum. J.G.B.]
[Notes on the localities where Wallace or Allen collected in the East Indies
Smith wrote the following two lists dealing with the distribution of the Hymenop-
tera that are of interest to us:
I. Notes on the geographical distribution of the aculeate Hymenoptera collected
by Mr A. R. Wallace in the Eastern Archipelago (1863). This list gives more
localities than the second one, but does not contain the localities mentioned in Smith's
1864 paper.
II. A catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneumonidae of India and
the Eastern Archipelago, with introductory remarks by A. R. Wallace (1870).
The introduction by Wallace is important because of its biological notes. The
list of localities of the scoliids is very incomplete. In this paper Smith followed the
system of the catalogue of de Saussure & Sichel and accepted Elis, now Campsomeris,
as a good genus.
More peculiarities about the localities where Wallace collected may be found in
the second list and in his book: The Malay Archipelago (ist ed., 1869).
Wallace did not himself visit all of the localities from where material in his col-
lection came. Many were visited only by his assistant Charles Allen, especially
many of the islands in the Moluccas. I have indicated the localities which were
visited especially by the latter.
Singapore. Wallace collected especially in the central hills where primary forests
still existed.
Penang. This island was not mentioned by Wallace in his publications. It
seems that he or Allen collected there during the journey to or from the Malay
Archipelago.
Malacca. This is a country in the south-eastern portion of Malaya. Almost all
the collecting was done on Mount Ophir; cf. Smith, 1857.
Borneo. Wallace collected there only in the south-western portion of what is
now called Sarawak. The town of Sarawak, which he mentioned, is Kutching
(Koetjong). The different localities are not indicated on the labels.
292 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
Sumatra. Wallace collected in the residency Palembang, mostly along the river
Ogan, probably near the present Batu Radjah.
Java. Wallace collected in east Java mostly in the village of Djapanan near
Wonosalam in the district of Bareng, according to his map near Modjo-Agung. This
locality is not on the slopes of Mt Ardjuno as he stated, but on the slopes of Mt
Welirang.
In west Java, Wallace collected mostly on Mt Megamedong on Pundjakpas, at
4,500 ft, 20 miles south-east of Bogor (Buitenzorg) .
Bali. Wallace collected at Bileling (Buleleng).
Lombok. Collecting was done by Wallace at Ampenan and Labuan Tring.
Flores. Allen collected here, not Wallace.
Timor. Wallace collected at Coupang (Kupang) in the Indonesian half and at
Belli (Dilly) in the Portuguese portion.
Celebes. Wallace visited this island three times, the first time from September
to November, 1856. He collected at Makassar and the district Goah, east of Makas-
sar. Smith reported about this collection in 1858.
The second time Wallace was in the Celebes was from July to September, 1857;
he collected then at Maros, 30 miles north of Makassar. Smith enumerated the
collected species in his paper of 1861. No scoliids were caught. It seems that all
specimens were labelled Makassar.
The third time Wallace collected in the north of Celebes in the country called
Minahassa, from June to September, 1859. Menado or Tondano is written on the
labels. Smith published about this collection in 1864.
Wallace himself collected on the Banda Islands, Ambon, Burn, Goram, Martabello
(Ceram Laut Islands), Waigiou (Waigeou), Ternate, Tidore, Makian, Kaisaa (Kaioa),
Batchian (Batjan), Aru-ls\a.nds and the X^y-Islands.
Charles Allen collected on the Sw/a-Islands (Isle Mangolal), Morty (Morotai),
My sol, and Salwatty (Salawaty).
Both men collected on Ceram. The specimens labelled Wahai were perhaps
collected by Allen. Both collected on Gilolo. The specimens recorded in the paper
of 1864 by Smith were probably collected by Allen in north Gilolo.
Wallace and Allen both collected in New Guinea. Wallace's insects were labelled
' Dorey ', those of Allen probably: ' New Guinea '. They were collected in Sorong
(Mai. Arch. : 571) one of most western localities on this island, and on a trip inland.
The specimens collected by Allen were treated by Smith in his publications of 1863
and 1864. J.G.B.]
In his 1855 Catalogue, Smith printed ' B.M. ' in the margin if the museum con-
tained specimens of a given species. But that does not necessarily mean type-
material.
The serious error that can arise from abbreviated pin-labels is illustrated by
Wallace's specimens from Makassar in the South Celebes, which, Betrem points
out, are all labelled just ' Mak '. This was invariably interpreted by Betrem, 1928,
to mean ' Makian ', an island in a region that is zoogeographically quite different.
Since ' Makian ' was therefore erroneously published as the type-locality of a number
of species in Betrem's monograph, corresponding corrections must be made.
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 293
Betrem states that in the Wallace material, according to the museum authori-
ties, the locality-label was placed on the pin of only the first of a series of specimens
from the same locality. This explains why we often encounter unlabelled syntypes.
Betrem & Bradley have considered all points in this paper, and are in agreement
upon each. Where the manuscript has been written by Betrem it is followed by
his initials and enclosed in square brackets. Bradley is author of the remainder.
Betrem's manuscript was written at Ithaca, N.Y., in March, 1962, November, 1964,
November, 1965, September, 1966 and in London in July, 1966. Bradley's manu-
script was written much earlier.
The synonymies that follow the centre-headings are not complete bibliographies
of the species. All of Smith's new names or nominal species and what is believed
at the moment to be the correct formula for the taxonomic species involved, are
entered. The latter are indicated by a preceding ' equals ' sign (=). In Palaearctic
and Indo-Australian species, as well as African Campsomerinae, these have usually
been determined by Betrem, and all such have been verified by him. In addition,
references have been entered that indicate the origin of senior synonyms, or that
indicate shifting generic or subgeneric position, as well as some others for special
reasons.
In work in progress on the Scoliidae, Betrem will create certain new subgenera,
and he, Mr C. Jacot Guillarmod and myself are agreed, that, in revising the classi-
fication of the family, certain taxa, heretofore ranked as subgenera, should be
accorded full generic rank. These changes will have been published in a paper in
press, it is hoped, before this paper appears.
Betrem proposed many years ago in a letter to me that Austroscolia, Carino-
scolia, Laeviscolia, Microscolia, Liacos, and Diliacos should each be elevated to the
status of genus. He accepted my representation that the time was not then ripe
for such action. Since then we have learned so much more about the world fauna,
especially the Ethiopian, that it is clear that in order properly to represent the
taxonomy and zoogeography of the Scoliidae, Betrem's proposal should now be put
into effect.
Betrem, 1967 : 25 has raised Campsomeriella to generic rank.
All new combinations of generic and specific names that appear in the list of
species are to be accredited to Betrem.
[DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SUBGENERA
Here follow the descriptions of one new genus and three new subgenera in order
that their names may be used in the list of species that follows, without being nomina
nuda.
GAMPSOMERINAE, tribe TRIELINI
GUIGLIANA gen. n.
Type-species: Scolia aliena Klug, 1835 = Guigliana aliena (Klug, 1835) comb. n.
$. Anterior rim of the clypeus complete, not interrupted at the sides; disc of the clypeus
usually not strongly elevated, but strongly elevated in one subgenus, with a semicircular marginal
carina. No frontal cross-furrow above the spatium frontale; punctuation of the spatium
frontale not extending beyond the upper end of the laminae frontales, as is the case in the genus
ENTOM. 20, 7. i6§§
2Q4 J- CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
Campsomeris. Mesopleura with a distinct elevation below the forewings as in Scolia. Transi-
tion between the dorsal area and the vertical portions of the metapleura gradual. Three sub-
marginal cells; two recurrent veins. First submarginal cell not setose. Black wasps, usually
with black, but rarely with yellow-brown, vestiture.
(J. Quite like the female, almost no sexual dimorphism.
Habitat: Ethiopian Region.
Tribe CAMPSOMERINI
CAMPSOMERIS
MEGAMERIS subgen. n.
Type-species: Campsomeris mansuefacta Bradley, 1931 = Campsomeris (Megameris)
soleata (Gerstaecker, 1870).
$. Front usually impunctate medially, short ; carina occipitalis complete above. Transition
between the dorsal and the vertical areas of the mesopleura not strongly elevated either medially
or anteriorly, straight or almost straight; transition between the dorsal and the vertical areas
of the metapleura sharp but not like a carina. First submarginal cell setose only above. Longer
spur of tibia III usually very dark; acute, blunt, or rarely spatulate. Basal portion of the
carina lateralis attaining the spiracles ; transition between the area horizontalis lateralis and the
area lateralis sharp, usually with a high carina that has a groove on the inner side. Basal
tergites usually opaque, rarely more or less shining. Vestiture on the thorax often dense and
long. Large to very large species.
cJ. Spatium frontale densely punctate. Basal tergites usually with broad, yellow, apical
bands that are strongly broadened medially in front. Volsellae very densely covered with
long setae.
Habitat: Ethiopian Region.
This subgenus is allied to Megacampsomeris Betr., 1928 of the Indo- Australian
Region.
MICROMERIS subgen. n.
Type-species: Scolia marginella Klug, 1805 = Campsomeris (Micromeris) margin-
ella marginella (Klug, 1805).
$. Front impunctate medially; carina occipitalis complete above; temporal groove absent.
Transition between the dorsal and the vertical areas of the mesopleura gradual, somewhat
elevated medially; transition between the dorsal and the vertical areas of the metapleura very
gradual; upper plate of the metapleura impunctate. First submarginal cell bare, setose only
along its upper margin. Area posterior medialis impunctate or with fine punctures; transition
between the area horizontalis lateralis and the area lateralis rounded, without a distinct carina
lateralis except for an apical indication; basal portion of the carina lateralis attaining the
spiracles. Basal tergites opaque. Vestiture never entirely dark. Small species.
<J. Interspaces between the punctures of the spatium frontale larger than their diameters.
Volsellae not densely setose.
Habitat: Ethiopian Region, Southern Palaearctic Region, Indo- Australian Region
as far as, but not including, New Guinea.
PHALERIMERIS subgen. n.
Type-species: Elis (Campsomeris) phalerata Sauss., 1858 = Campsomeris (Phaleri-
meris) phalerata (Sauss., 1858).
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 295
9. A group of deep punctures on the front before the anterior ocellus; temporal groove
usually not deep but present; carina occipitalis usually more or less interrupted above. No
shallow groove on the scapulae; transition between the dorsal and the vertical areas of the
mesopleura not elevated medially, practically straight; transition between the dorsal and the
vertical areas of the metapleura not gradual, sometimes almost without an edge, sometimes
with a distinct edge, never like a carina. First submarginal cell setose in greater part. Spurs
white, longer spur of tibia III blunt or acute, never spatulate. Basal portion of the carina
lateralis attaining the spiracles. Basal tergites opaque. Vestiture usually in greater part
brown-yellow. Tergites often with yellow apical bands.
(J. Area frontalis densely punctate. Scutellum and metanotum usually yellow. Paramera
with an angular circumference.
Habitat: Indo- Australian Region including New Guinea and adjacent islands,
but not Australia. J.G.B.]
THE LIST OF SPECIES
i. agilis
1859. Scolia agilis Smith, <J : 10. ' Hab. Celebes '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) agilis Saussure & Sichel, <J: 203, n. 8.
1928. Campsomeris leefmansi leefmansi Betrem, $, $: 130, syn. n., teste Betrem.
1928. Campsomeris leefmansi problematica Betrem, $: 131, syn. n., teste Betrem.
1967. Campsomeriella (Campsomeriella) agilis Betrem, $ : 28.
= Campsomeriella (Campsomeriella} agilis (Smith) Betrem.
There is a male of agilis in the Saunders collection. It bears the pin-label ' Mak '.
(Makassar, South Celebes) and also Smith's manuscript label ' Scolia agilis ' . It
was marked by Betrem ' lectotype '. Its palettes are exposed, and as Betrem's
key stands it runs quite certainly to manokwariensis on p. 78, but this is without
significance, since the males of related species cannot be distinguished, as Betrem
notes below, and since the male that he described as leefmansi (actually agilis} is
not included in his key.
[I referred in 1928 : 130, to the male from Makassar as holotype of agilis but
placed it as the male of C. micans bernsteini, because I thought at that time that
' Mak. ' was an abbreviation of Makian. A second male came from Celebes
and is in the British Museum. On p. 124 of the same work I referred to it as ' type
of agilis Smith ', but queried it there as a probable synonym of C. manokwariensis
Cam. My label ' lectotype ' on the specimen in the Oxford Museum is therefore
correct, and its publication as ' holotype ' in my monograph must be correspondingly
corrected. The males of the species of Campsomeriella in the eastern part of Indo-
nesia cannot be distinguished from one another with certainty. They can be named
only by the locality in which they were caught. The identity of the Celebes male
in the British Museum therefore remains questionable. The only species that occurs
in the South Celebes is C. leefmansi Betr., 1928. This name must now be replaced
by C. agilis (Smith). The subspecies problematica that I described from the South
Celebes, and the subspecies leefmansi that occurs in Eastern Java, must both be
suppressed, because it appears, now that more material is available, that these
nominal taxa cannot be distinguished. There is a second male of C. agilis in the
Saunders collection from ' Wag. ' (Waigiou). This cannot be a syntype. Probably
it is a male of C. loriae Cam., because it has only three yellow bands on the abdomen.
J.G.B.]
296 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
2. albofimbriata
1879. Scolia (Dielis} albofimbriata Smith, $, <$: 189. ' Hab., Costa Rica, Cache '.
1893. Elis albofimbriata Cameron, $, Biol. Centr. Amer., Hym. 2 : 229, pi. 12, f. 13.
= 1957. Campsomeris (Lissocampsomeris) columba albofimbriata (Smith) Bradley: 75.
The holotype is in the British Museum and bears the number: ' 15.1378 '. For
details cf. Bradley, 1945 : 30.
3. alecto
1858. Scolia alecto Smith, $, <$: 10. ' Hab. Celebes '.
1864. Scolia (Triscolia) alecto Saussure & Sichel, $, <$: 48, n. 24.
1928. Scolia (Triscolia) alecto Betrem, §, <fj: 237.
= 1964. Megascolia (Regiscolia) alecto alecto (Smith) Betrem & Bradley: 443, n. 4a.
The lectotype is the only female in the Saunders collection without locality label,
but bearing Smith's mss. label ' Scolia alecto Sm.' It has been marked by Betrem
and published by him (1928 : 237) as ' Hololectotype '.
The male specimen which Betrem (1928 : 237) referred to as ' allotype ' bears the
pin-label ' Mak ' (Makassar, S. Celebes). There are also a male and a female in the
British Museum which Betrem referred to as paratypes.
[The mesoscutum of the female lectotype is more densely punctate anteriorly
than in Megascolia alecto regnatrix (i.e. cincta) ; it is broadly impunctate medially,
very remotely punctate posteriorly as well as along the parapsidal grooves. The
carina behind the tubercle on tergite 2 (i) is blunter and longer than in M. alecto
regnatrix. Wings reflecting blue- violet; the veins dark; no distinct pale area in
the first submarginal cell. J.G.B.]
4. ambigua
1862. Scolia ambigua Smith, §: 52. ' Hab. Gilolo '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) ambigua Saussure & Sichel, $: 108, n. 99.
1928. Campsomeris (Dielis) nigerrima ambigua Betrem, §: 106.
1963. PCampsomeris (Laevicampsomeris) nigerrima Krombein, $: 568.
= Campsomeris (Laevicampsomeris) nigerrima (Smith) Betrem, infrasubspecific form ambigua
Smith.
The lectotype is in the Saunders collection and bears a label ' Gil ' and a Smith
mss. label ' Scolia ambigua Sm. '. It has been labelled and published by Betrem as
' Hololectotype ' (1928 : 106). [There are two other female syntypes in the Oxford
Museum, one labelled ' Gil ', the other ' G '. One of these has three punctures on
one side of the scutellum, while the scutellum of the other is impunctate. Krombein
regards ambigua as only a variant of nigerrima. J.G.B.]
5. apicata
1862. Scolia apicata Smith, $: 52. ' Hab. Celebes ' (Tondano).
1864. Scolia (Triscolia) apicata Saussure & Sichel, $: 46, n. 21.
1928. Scolia (Microscolia) apicata Betrem, §>, <J: 208.
= Microscolia apicata (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
[There is one female of Scolia apicata Smith in the American Museum of Natural
History. It bears three labels : (i) a round, white label ' Tond. ' (Tondano) such
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 297
as is normal for Wallace material; (2) ' 349 '; (3) ' Collection J. Angus '; cf. the
introduction.
Since neither of us could find the type nor any specimen whatsoever of apicata
in either Oxford or London, and since this specimen belongs to the Wallace material
and came from the type-locality, Tondano, it must be presumed to be the holotype,
although it would seem that Smith or the British Museum would only have sent
the unique type to Angus through some error. The specimen agrees exactly with
the description. J.G.B.]
6. ardens
1854. Scolia fervida Burmeister, <$, $: 20, n. 12.
1855. Scolia ardens Smith: 112, n.n. for fervida Burm., 1854, nee Smith, 1852. ' Hab. Mexico '.
1864. Scolia (Triscolia) fervida Saussure & Sichel, $: 53, n. 30.
= 1964. Triscolia ardens (Smith) Betrem & Bradley: 437.
1966. Triscolia ardens Bradley & Betrem, $, <J: 75.
A new name tor fervida Burmeister and therefore with the same type.
7. arrogans
1853. Scolia decorata Burmeister, <J, <j>: 20, n. 39.
1865. Scolia arrogans Smith, cj: 81. ' Hab. Sumatra ', syn. n. Betrem..
1928. Campsomeris arrogans Betrem, <$: 332.
= 1964. Scolia (Discolia) decorata Betrem & Bradley: 93, n. 66.
1966. Scolia (Discolia) decorata decorata Bradley & Betrem, $, <$: 75.
The unique male in the Saunders collection is the holotype and has been so labelled
by Betrem. It bears a pin-label ' Sum ' and Smith's mss. label ' Scolia arrogans Sm.'
aureipennis
1855. 'Scolia aureipennis St. Fargeau ' Smith, $: 94. ' Hab. South Africa (Gambia) B.M. ',
a misidentification.
1864. PScolia (Discolia) smithii Saussure & Sichel, ?$, $: 86, n. 64, nee Fox, 1896.
1906. ? Scolia (Discolia) smithii Schulz.
Smith cited St. Fargeau as author, but the material in the British Museum, seen
in 1929, that he had before him, as well as the Gambian locality, shows that he
misidentified Lepeletier's oriental species. As a consequence Smith established no
new name and no type.
[I could not find any material in the British Museum from Gambia in 1966 that
Smith could have studied. J.G.B.]
Saussure & Sichel described both $ and $ of smithii, the former with a query.
They cited Smith's misidentification of aureipennis as a synonym of the probable
female, but whether rightly or wrongly can only be determined after the lectotype
of smithii Saussure & Sichel has been selected. The material of Saussure & Sichel
came from Cape of Good Hope, not Gambia, and the female is excluded from selection
as a lectotype, because it was attached to smithii with a query.
Since this taxon involves no Smith type, I have assigned it no number in the
heading.
298 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
8. aurulenta
1855. Scolia aurulenta Smith, $, ' Habitat Philippine Ids. B.M. '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) aurulenta Saussure & Sichel, $: 206, n. 221.
1928. Campsomeris (Dielis) aurulenta aurulenta Betrem, $, $: 98.
= Campsomeris (Phalerimeris) aurulenta aurulenta (Smith) Betrem.
[The holotype is in the British Museum, and bears the following labels: (i) ' 53/71'
which means ' Philippine Islands, purchased from Cuming ' ; (2) ' aurulenta Smith
type '; (3) ' B.M. type Hym. 15.1318 '; (4) ' Holotype ', added by Betrem in 1966.
The vestiture on the head, thorax, and femora is yellow-brown, except that it is
partly white on femora III, and is white on the base of the abdomen.
There are three other females that stand as aurulenta in the British Museum, none
of them syntypes: One is C. aurulenta defectiva Betr., and bears the following labels:
(I) ' 55/8 ', which means ' Ceram, purchased of S. Stevens, collected by Mrs Ida
Pfeiffer '.
The structure is as in typical aurulenta, but the vestiture on the under side of the
head, on the propleura, mesopleura, base of t. 2(1), and on all femora is white.
This colouration agrees with that of the subspecies tondanensis Betr., but in that
subspecies the yellow-brown apical bands on the basal tergites are narrow.
The second specimen is C. aurulenta tondanensis and comes from Tondano in the
Celebes.
The third specimen is C. extrania leveri Krombein. It bears the following label:
' 56/85 ', which means, ' Salomon Island, 467 collected by Sir Y. Siddel. Purchased
by the B.M. after 1855 '. J.G.B., July, 1966].
9. bifasciata
1775. Scolia bicincta Fabricius, $, $, Syst. ent. : 356, n. 6, nee Scopoli, 1786, nee Rossi, 1792.
1855. Scolia bifasciata Smith: 97. ' Hab. North America ', n.n. for bicincta Fabricius.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) bicincta Saussure & Sichel, $, <$: 129-130, n. 135.
= Scolia (Discolia) bicincta Fabricius.
Smith gave no description, but intended bifasciata as a new name for bicincta
Fabr. which he mistakenly quoted as from the Ent. syst., 1793, and therefore invali-
dated by bicincta Rossi, 1792, whereas bicincta Fabr. actually dates from the Syst.
ent., 1775, and itself preoccupies all the other uses of Scolia bicincta. Smith also
included obscura Klug and radula Sulz. in the synonymy of bifasciata. The former
is a synonym of bicincta F., and the latter is not an American species. From a
nomenclatural standpoint it can be questioned whether Smith did anything more
than create a nomen nudum, or if it be held that he proposed a new name for one
of the three that he cited, and that the first reviser has settled which, then Saussure
& Sichel, 1864 : 130, have restricted it to being a replacement-name for bicincta F.
The matter is of only academic interest, since bifasciata was itself preoccupied by
Rossi, 1792, and bicincta F. is a valid name. For somewhat similar cases see erratica
and soror.
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 299
ro. bimaculata
1854. Scolia frontalis Saussure, $, <J, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Genzve 14 : 38, n. 16, fig. 13;
teste Betrem, syn. n.
1855. Scolia bimaculata Smith, $: 115, ' Hab. New Holland, Port Stephen. B. M. '.
1855. Scolia coronata Smith, $: 112, ' Hab. Australia (Adelaide)'; teste Betrem, syn. n.
1928. Scolia (Laeviscolia} frontalis frontalis Betrem, $, <J: 222.
= Laeviscolia frontalis (Saussure, 1854) Betrem, comb. n. and syn. n.
[There is one female in the British Museum with the label ' 44/105 ', on the reverse
' P. Stephen'; this means: ' Port Steven(s) ' (harbour in New South Wales, Co.
Gloucester, 32° E., 42° S.) ' pres. by the Earl of Derby, coll. by Mac Gillavry '.
This specimen is the holotype of Sc. bimaculata. It agrees with Smith's description,
and the type locality is so extraordinary, that there can be no doubt about it. I
have labelled it ' Holotype '. It is registered as B.M. type, Hym. 15.1423.
There is one male of the same species in the British Museum collection with
the label ' Adelaide ' and ' Smith coll. pres. by Mrs Farren- White 99-303 '. It is
not a syntype, because Smith did not mention a male.
Betrem (1928 : 113) synonymized this species with Elis anthracina var. consangu-
inea Saussure, 1854, probably on the authority of Saussure & Sichel (1864 : 140,
n. 148), although he had seen the type in the British Museum in 1926.
Smith placed bimaculata in the wrong division. The type has no second
recurrent vein in the fore wings. This fact and the very obvious transverse yellow
band on the vertex leave no doubt that bimaculata is a synonym of 5. frontalis
Saussure, 1854. J.G.B.]
n. captiva
1862. Scolia captiva Smith, <$: 52. ' Hab. Gilolo '.
1862. Scolia ambigua Smith, $: 52. ' Hab. Gilolo '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) captiva Saussure & Sichel, $: 107, n. 98.
1928. Campsomeris (Dielis) captiva Betrem, $: 107.
T933- Campsomeris (Laevicampsomeris) captiva Betrem: 240.
= Campsomeris (Laevicampsomeris) captiva (Smith) Betrem, <$.
A male from Gilolo (i.e. Halmahera) in the Saunders collection agrees with Smith's
description and was referred to by Betrem, 1928 : 107, as Smith's holotype. I
hereby designate it to be the LECTOTYPE. There is also a male from Gilolo in
the British Museum bearing the Smith collection printed label on which someone,
but not Smith, has written ' type '. It may be a syntype or it may be from later
material, probably the former.
[The male of Scolia captiva in the British Museum bears the pin-label ' Gil ', not
' Cel ' as I had thought in 1926. The locality that I gave for ' Paratype Smith's, '
1928 : 107, should therefore be Gilolo, not Celebes. This male also bears the follow-
ing information on its labels: ' F. Smith Coll. 19-22 ', and ' type no. 15-1392 '.
In 1864 : 28, Smith recorded this species also from Waigeou and Martabella. A
specimen marked ' Wag. ' is in the Saunders collection.3
I placed Scolia captiva in my monograph in the synonymy of Scolia (Austroscolia)
3 Krombein, 1963 : 566, regards Smith's Waigiou and New Guinea specimens as being C. (L.) bonguensis
Betrem, 1933.
300 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
nitida also (1928 : 210). I indicated that the male allotype of nitida is the holotype
of Scolia captiva Smith. These references must be deleted. They probably were
inserted by an error, the nature of which cannot now be ascertained, since the notes
that I made in 1926 were lost in Java during the war. On re-examining the collec-
tions of the Hope Museum at Oxford in 1964, I could not find a specimen of any
species of Austroscolia. This erroneous citation has already caused some confusion
in the literature, ex. gr. Krombein, 1963 : 566.
There are two females of Carinoscolia opalina Smith under the label captiva in
the Oxford Museum, which must have been placed there by accident.
It is not known with which female C. captiva belongs, because the males of almost
all species of the subgenus Laevicampsomeris are so similar.
Krombein (1963 : 159), could also not distinguish the males of C. bonguensis
from those of C. nigerrima. The male type of captiva and the female type of ambigua
are each from Gilolo so that they appear to belong together. If we synonymize
ambigua Sm. with nigerrima Sm., captiva Sm. would become a synonym of the last
mentioned nominal species. J.G.B.]
12. cincta
1858. Scolia cincta Smith, <j>: 89. ' Hab. Borneo ' (Sarawak), nee Scolia cincta Klug.
1864. Scolia (Triscolia) cincta Saussure & Sichel, $: 45, n. 19.
1928. Scolia (Triscolia) alecto cincta Betrem, $: 226.
= 1964. Megascolia (Regiscola) alecto regnatrix Betrem & Bradley: 442.
There are two females in the Saunders collection each bearing Smith's mss. label
' Scolia cincta Sm. '. One bears a pin-label ' Sum ', the other ' Sar. '. Betrem has
correctly labelled the latter ' Holotype '. On the back of Smith's name label on
this specimen is written: ' New sp. most like patricialis but without pale maculae
on abd. '. The specimen agrees with Smith's description. The other female from
' Sum ' is not a type. It is a different species, azurea according to Betrem (see
below). Betrem, 1928 : 226, has included ' alecto subsp. cincta Sm. ' in his key, but
has omitted the subspecies cincta under his account of the species alecto on p. 237.
He therefore gives a short description here of the holotype.
[Description of the Holotype of Scolia cincta
?. Spatium frontale above, front, vertex and upper temples yellow. Vestiture black except
long setae on the central apical part of tergite 2(1), the fringes of tergite 3(2), long setae on the
epipygium, and fringes on the sides of the last sternite yellow-red.
Mesonotum densely punctate anteriorly, broadly impunctate medially and posteriorly, more
densely punctate along the parapsidal furrows. Tubercle of tergite 2(1) not very large, elongate
in the form of a carina.
Wings with a greenish, yellow -golden effulgence; a distinct transverse pale area in the first
submarginal cell; veins yellowish.
The female from Sumatra in the Saunders collection, bearing Bradley's label ' i . 4 . 2 . 29
alecto ' is a specimen of azurea, as is proven by the presence of a deep groove behind the tubercle
of tergite 2(1). It has red setae only on the epipygium, and there are two obscure red spots on
tergite 4(3). The pale colour on the head is yellow. J.G.B.]
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 301
13. conspicua
1845. Colpa wesmaeli Lepeletier, $: 536, n. 3.
1855. Scolia conspicua Smith, $: 107. ' Hab. Brazil (Para) (H. W. Bates) B.M.'.
1864. Elis (Dielis) conspicua Saussure & Sichel, $, <J: 228, n. 243.
1945. Campsomeris wesmaeli Bradley, ?, <J: 25.
= 1957. Campsomeris (Lissocampsomeris] wesmaeli (Lepeletier) Bradley: 76.
The holotype is in the British Museum, cf. Bradley, 1945 : 26.
14. coronata
1854. Scolia frontalis Saussure, $, <$, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Geneve, 14 : 38, n. 16, fig. 13.
1855. Scolia coronata Smith, $: 112. ' Hab. Australia (Adelaide) B.M. '.
1928. Scolia (Laeviscolia} frontalis frontalis Betrem, $, $: 222.
= Laeviscolia frontalis frontalis (Saussure, 1854) Betrem, comb. n.
[The specimens in the British Museum are:
A. A female bearing the following labels: (i) ' S. coronata Sm. type ', a white
label with red margin; (2) ' lectotype ', attached by Betrem in 1966. There is no
locality label. It is registered as B.M. Type, Hym. 15 . 1427. Smith did not observe
the three submarginal cells, because the very dark wings are folded over the back.
B. A female labelled: (i) ' 52/9 ', with ' Adelaide ' on the reverse. This label
means ' S. Australia (Adelaide), purchased from Stevens, collected by Dr. Wilson ';
(2) ' paralectotype ' attached by Betrem in 1966.
C. A male also labelled ' 52/9 '.
D. A male labelled: '99-303' meaning 'Adelaide, Smith coll., presented by
Mrs Farren- White '.
E. Another male, with the same label as D, but actually a male of bimaculata Sm.
The males are not syntypes, since Smith did not describe that sex. J.G.B., 1966.]
15. culta
1838. Scolia formosa Gu6rin, $, in Duperry, Voy. Coquille., Zool., 2, pt 2 : 252.
i86i.4 Scolia culta Smith, <j>: 117. ' Hab. Dory ' (N. Guinea).
1864. Scolia (Discolia) culta Saussure & Sichel, $: 122, n. 123.
1928. Campsomeris (Pseudotrielis] formosa culta Betrem, $, <J: 87.
1963. Campsomeris (subg.?) formosa Krombein, $, $: 571, fig. 16.
= Campsomeris (Laevicampsomeris] formosa formosa (Gu^rin, 1838) Turner, infrasubspecific
form culta Smith.
A specimen in the British Museum was collected by Wallace at Dory and was
purchased in 1858 from Stevens; it is the only culta in that museum. But Smith
described culta as from the Saunders collection (cf. Smith, 1861 : 94) and there is a
specimen in that collection which bears Smith's mss label ' Scolia culta Sm ', but
not ' type '. Betrem has marked but not recorded it as ' type '. I hereby confirm
it as LECTOTYPE, assuming that Smith saw also the British Museum specimen.
The latter agrees with Smith's description, except that the hind tibiae are not black
4 This is a correction of the reference to the preceding volume 4, 1860, both by Dalla Torre and by
Betrem, 1928 : 87.
ENTOM. 20, 7. i6§§§
302 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
beneath at base, and the line on tergite 5(4) is very weak. The type in Oxford has
a much stronger second recurrent vein, as also the line on tergite 5(4) and the hind
tibiae dark at base within.
The strength of the second recurrent vein is variable. The types agree with
typical formosa (Guerin) as described by Betrem, 1928 : 86. The taxonomic sub-
species identified by Betrem as culta must be abandoned, certainly the name culta,
as has been suggested by Tuijn, 1961, and by Krombein, 1963 : 572, to which Betrem
agrees.
16. dub in
1864. Scolia dubia Smith, <$: 28, nee Say, 1837. ' Hab. Ceram '.
1889. Diliacos dubia Kirby, ?, Trans. Ent. soc. Lond. : 444, a misidentification.
1896. Scolia loewitii Dalla Torre: 168, n.n.
1928. Scolia (Austroscolia) aruicola Betrem, ^, §: 216.
1933. Scolia (Austroscolia) loewitii Betrem,: 254.
= Austroscolia loewitii (Dalla Torre, 1896) comb. n.
Three males in the Saunders collection bear Smith's mss. label ' dubia '. One,
from ' Wag ' is not a syntype, another is from ' Ceram. '. The third bears the label
' Cer. E. ' (East Ceram) and is the lectotype. It is the specimen called ' Holotype '
of loewitii by Betrem, 1928 : 212, although it does not belong in the taxonomic
species in which he placed it.
[This is the taxonomic species that I described as aruicola, 1928 : 216, but which
is in fact Sc. loewitii Dalla Torre, 1896. The taxon that I erroneously called Sc.
(Austroscolia) loewitii Dalla Torre (loc. cit.: 212), I renamed Scolia (Austroscolia)
nitidella dallatorrei in 1933 : 354.
A female stands under the label dubia in the British Museum with the pin-label
' Ceram -•/-'. It is Diliacos gracilipes Micha, 1927 : 75. I think that it cannot be
a syntype of dubia, because it seems to have been already acquired in 1855. The
females recorded by Kirby from the Solomon Islands are Diliacos glabrata Micha,
subspecies praslini Bradley, according to the specimens in the British Museum.
Another female from Ceram in the British Museum standing as dubia, was presented
by Turner (1913-438) but is in reality a specimen of Micha's gracilipes mentioned
above. J.G.B.]
17. ducalis
1861. Scolia ducalis Smith, $: 118. ' Hab. Kaisaa '.
1864. Scolia (Triscolia) ducalis Saussure & Sichel, $: 49, n. 25.
1928. Scolia (Megascolia) ducalis ducalis Betrem, $: 244.
= 1964. Megascolia (Megascolia) velutina ducalis (Smith) Betrem & Bradley: 444, n. 3a.
An unique female in the Saunders collection bears the pin-label ' Kai ' and also
Smith's mss. label ' Scolia ducalis Sm. '. It is the holotype, and has been so labelled
by Betrem, who (1928 : 244) recorded it erroneously as being in the British Museum.
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 303
18. erratica
1854. Scolia verticalis Burmeister, <$: 37, n. 61. A misidentification of S. verticalis Fabricius.
1855. Scolia erratica Smith, <$, not $: 88. ' Hab. India, Sumatra', a new name for Scolia
verticalis Fabricius, as misidentified by Burmeister.
1911. Scolia erratica Turner, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 8 : 619.
1928. Scolia (Scolia) erratica erratica Betrem, $, <£: 271.
1964. Scolia (Discolia) erratica Betrem & Bradley: 92, n. 29.
— Scolia (Discolia} erratica erratica Smith, 1855.
Burmeister in 1854 described a male Scolia from Sumatra under the name verticalis
Fabricius. This was a misidentification of the Fabrician species, which came from
' New Holland ' (Australia).
The following year Smith proposed a replacement name for verticalis sense of
Burmeister, not of Fabricius. This new name was ' erratica '. He did not say
' new name ', to use those words was not his custom, but he did write as a synonym
' Scolia verticalis Burm., Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle, 1.37.61 (nee. Fabr.) ' and he backed
up the synonymy by translating Burmeister's Latin description of the male (the
only sex described by Burmeister5).
To this he added a single character (' the prothorax sometimes red ') drawn from
a female of another species6 which he erroneously supposed to be the female of
erratica.
The case obviously comes under Article 72 (d) of the code7 and the type must be
sought for among Burmeister's specimens.
The fact that Saussure misidentified erratica Smith in 1858 and that he and
Sichel, 1864 : in, n. 104, renamed his misidentified material molesta, has no bearing
on the matter.
Turner, 1911 : 619, noted that Saussure's description of molesta answers well
' to Smith's type ' (of erratica}, but it is not possible to construe this as having any
bearing upon the identity of the latter.
[There is a specimen in the British Museum labelled in Smith's handwriting
' erratica Sm. type '. It bears a second label: ' B.M. type Hym. 15 : 311. '. It
has no locality label. In July, 1962, I marked it ' lectotype ', but probably wrongly.
Smith's label suggests that he intended to establish a new species, but our present
rules do not seem to admit that interpretation. Since it is a male of Scolia erratica
erratica the matter is not of great significance. Its fore wings are dark, with a
coppery reflection, more rose-purple at apex. J.G.B.]
[There is a male in the old collection of the Oxford Museum that is labelled ' Sc.
erratica verticalis '. This is further indication that Smith studied the material in
that museum. J.G.B.]
5 Betrem, 1928 : 271, under the synonymy of erratica refers to verticalis Burmeister ' <$, nee $ ' ; but
as Burmeister described only the male, ' nee $ ' must be struck out. For the same reason the entire
first line in the synonymy of vollenhoveni on p. 289 must be struck out.
• [The specimen is in the collection of the British Museum and is a female S. vollenhoveni Saussure.
1859. J.G.B.]
7 ' Article 72(d). Types of replacement nominal species.
If an author proposes a new specific name expressly as a replacement for a prior name, but at the
same time applies it to particular specimens,' (the male erratica and mistakenly identified female that
Smith had before him) ' the type of the replacement nominal species ' (here erratica) ' must be that
of the prior nominal species ' (verticalis Burmeister, nee Fabricius) ' despite any contrary designation of
type-specimen or different taxonomic usage of the replacement name '.
304 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
19. eximia
1854. Scolia guttata Burmeister, $: 36, n. 57.
1855. Scolia eximia Smith, $: 99. ' Hab. India, B.M. '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) eximia Saussure & Sichel: 195, n. 208.
1928. Campsomeris eximia Betrem, $: 333.
1964. Scolia (Discolia) guttata, var. eximia Betrem & Bradley: 96, n. 134.
= Scolia (Discolia} guttata Burmeister, infrasubspecific form eximia Smith.
A female in the British Museum (type no. 15 . 1282) has no locality label but bears
Smith's mss. label ' eximia Sm. type '. It is the holotype, and is a specimen of
guttata Burm., the published locality ' India ' being incorrect. Bingham reported,
incorrectly, that the type is not in the British Museum. This species should be
deleted from Betrem's key to Campsomeris, 1928 : 66, couplet ib, and from p. 333.
It is a neotropical taxon.
20. facilis
1839. Elis elegans Brulle, <$, $, Hist. nat. des lies Canaries, 2, pt. 2 : 91, n. 50, pi. 3, fig. 18, <J,
19, ?•
1855. Scolia facilis Smith, $: 98. ' Hab. Canary Ids. (Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq.) '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) elegans Brulle, Saussure & Sichel, $, <^: 174, n. 177.
= Campsomeris (Micromeris) aureola elegans (Brulle) comb. n. and stat. n., teste Betrem.
There are two female syntypes in the Saunders collection from the Canary Islands.
They stand in front of the label ' facilis Smith ' . I hereby designate the one with a
large spot at each side of the third tergal band ' LECTOTYPE ', and I have so
labelled it. It is an elegans with an exceptional amount of yellow on the first three
tergites.
[There are also two females labelled ' Can'y ' (Canary Islands) in the old collection
at Oxford. They have an exceptional amount of yellow on the basal tergites. I
suppose that these are syntypes. J.G.B.]
Betrem is responsible for giving elegans the status of a subspecies of aureola
in the subgenus Micromeris, but Turner transferred aureola to Campsomeris.
[The wings not pilose except extreme anterior margin; longer spur of tibiae III
distinctly but slightly spatulate; transition between the horizontal area and the
vertical parts of the metapleura forming a blunt angle. Clypeus striate anteriorly.
The preceding characters appertain to the lectotype and paratype. J.G.B.]
21. fasciatopennis
1855. Scolia fasciatopennis Smith, $, <$: 103. ' Hab. West Africa (Coll. F. Smith) '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) fasciatipennis [sic!] Saussure & Sichel, $, <$: 169, n. 171, an emendation.
1889. Discolia fasciatipennis Kirby, §, $, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond.: 448.
= 1964. Scolia (Discolia) fasciatipennis Betrem & Bradley: 94, n. 95.
There is a female in the British Museum that bears a mss. label 'fasciatipennis
Sm. ' [sic\] and a second printed label ' F. Sm. Coll. 79 : 22 ' with ' type ' written
on it. It is the British Museum Type 15.1287. It agrees with the description.
I hereby designate it LECTOTYPE and Betrem has labelled it, July, 1966.
Another female in the British Museum has no label except ' W. Afr. ' but there is
nothing to indicate that it came from the Smith collection. The two are identical.
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 305
The male allotype, from ' Gambia ' is also in the British Museum. It is one of a
series of types purchased by the Museum from the Smith collection after his death.
The original description of this species was included among those having two
recurrent veins, but the lectotype has only one. Kirby says this was done inad-
vertently, but it caused Saussure & Sichel to confound fasciatopennis with a species
of Campsomeris.
[There is a specimen marked ' type ' in the Oxford Museum and it is in drawer
43 of the type-collection, but has been extracted from drawer 40 of the old Hope
collection. It is a Scolia from Sierra Leone as indicated by the initials ' S. L. ' on
the label.
The following specimens are labelled fasciatipennis [sicl] in drawer 40 : (i) a
female Campsomeris with dark anterior wing-margin from Sierra Leone; (2) a
female Liacos labelled ' Raddon, W. Africa ' ; (3 and 4) two male Scoliae from Sierra
Leone; (5) a male Scolia labelled ' Raddon, Gold Coast '; (6) a female Liacos from
Lake N'Gami, Castelneau, 1862. It is possible that Smith saw this mixture of
specimens that all look alike but have different wing- venation, and that it is the
explanation of his confusion.
Except the Castelneau specimen, I suppose that the other specimens are old
because William Raddon published in 1835 and 1836 according to Horn. J.G.B.]
22. fascinatus
1873. Scolia (Discolia) fascinatus Smith, <$: 185. ' Hab. Hiogo Japan '.
1917. Discolia fascinatus Matsumura, <$, Konchu Bunruiguku 2 : 307.
1928. Scolia (Carinoscolid) vittifrons vittifrons Betrem, <$, nee $: 186.
1941. Scolia (Carinoscolid) fascinatus fascinatus Betrem, <$, $: 113.
= Carinoscolia fascinatus fascinatus (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
There is only one male from Japan in the British Museum. It bears a printed
label ' Hiogo Japan ', a museum printed type-label, a mss. label ' Scolia fascinatus
Smith ', and a printed label ' Smith Coll. ' on one end of which is written ' type '.
It is the holotype. In Betrem's key (1928 : 177) it runs to vittifrons with which
Betrem at that time identified it.
[I could not find the type in the British Museum in 1966. I now regard the
Japanese fascinatus as a species distinct from the Chinese vittifrons. I have stated
the reason in my 1941 paper. J.G.B.]
23. fenestrata
1854. Elis dimidiatipennis Saussure, $, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Geneve 14 : 64, n. 32.
1855. Scolia fenestrata Smith, <j>: 104. ' Hab. Congo = Gambia '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) dimidiatipennis Saussure & Sichel, §: 168, n. 170.
1896. Scolia dimidiatipennis Dalla Torre : 154.
= Campsomeriella (Campsomerielld) dimidiatipennis (Saussure) Betrem.
Although Betrem, 1947 (1945) : 413, listed dimidiatipennis as a subspecies of
thoracica, he no longer so regards it. There are three female syntypes in the British
Museum, two from ' Congo ' and one from ' Gambia '. One of those from Congo is
marked ' type ' on Smith's mss. label, and I hereby designate it LECTOTYPE.
306 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
[The lectotype bears the labels: (i) ' Congo '; (2) a white label with red margin,
' fenestrata Sm. type ' ; (3) ' lectotype ', label added by Betrem, 1966. It is registered
as B.M. Type, Hym. 15.1425. I find two syntypes from Gambia.
A female in the old collection at Oxford is labelled ' S. L. ' (= Sierra Leone).
Since Smith did not mention this locality it is not a syntype. J.G.B.]
24. fervida
1805. Scolia analis Klug, ?, Beitr. z. Naturk. 1 : 36, n. 31, nee Fabricius, 1804.
1810. Scolia cruenta Klug, $, loc. cit. 2 : 168, n.n. for analis Klug, nee Fabricius.
1852. Scolia fervida Smith, $: 46, ' Hab. Poona, collected by Ezra T. Downes. Presented
to the Honorable The East India Company '.
1928. Scolia (Scolia) sexpustulata Betrem, 1928: 310.
= 1964. Scolia (Discolia) cvuenta Klug, Betrem & Bradley: 93, n. 59.
[The holotype, a female in the British Museum, bears the following labels: (i)
' Ind ' (India) ; (2) a blue paper label, ' fervida Smith ' ; (3) ' 99-303 ', which means:
' Smith coll., presented by Mrs Farren- White '; (4) ' holotype ', added by Betrem
in 1966. It is registered as B.M. Type, Hym. 15.1430.
This is Scolia cruenta Klug without any doubt. Some difficulty arises in my key,
1928 : 257, because the type has a distinct, but faint, red cross-band on the front.
J.G.B., July, 1966.]
25. flavidula
1855. Scolia flavidula Smith, $: 115. ' Hab. Australia, B.M. '.
1864. Elis (Trielis} flavidula Saussure & Sichel, $: 143, n. 151.
1909. Campsomeris (Trielis) flavidula Turner, 9. c?. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 4 : 171.
1928. Campsomeris (Pseudotrielis) flavidula Betrem, $: 85.
— Trisciloa (Pseudotrielis) flavidula (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
The holotype in the British Museum bears Smith's mss. label 'flavidula Sm.
type ', and the type-number: 15.1518.
26. flavopicta
1854. Scolia decorata Burmeister, $, <$: 30, n. 39.
1855. Scolia flavopicta Smith, $: 91. ' Hab. Java. B.M. '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) decorata Saussure & Sichel, $, <$: 122, n. 122.
1928. Scolia (Scolia) decorata decorata var. flavopicta Betrem, $: 321.
= Scolia (Discolia) decorata decorata Burmeister, infrasubspecific form flavopicta Smith, teste
Betrem.
[The holotype, a female in the British Museum, bears the following labels: (i)
' 49/5 ' with ' Java ' on the reverse, means ' 14 Hym. Java purchased of Argent ' ;
(2) ' holotype ', attached by Betrem in 1966. It is registered as B.M. Type, Hym.
I5-I432.
There is another female of flavopicta in the British Museum labelled ' 54/76 ',
on the reverse ' Sumatra ' ; the reference means ' various localities, purchased of
Stevens '. A specimen of Megascolia (Regiscolia) azurea is similarly labelled, and
bears additional labels: (i) 'flavopicta, type '; (2) ' B.M. type Hymen. 15.1296 ';
(3) a white label with red margin, ' type '. Type-labels on this female are of course
false. J.G.B., 1966].
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 307
27. fraterna
1855. Scolia fraterna Smith, $, <$: 94. ' Hab. Port. Natal'.
— 1864. Scolia (Discolia) fraterna Smith, Saussure & Sichel, $, <J: 82, n. 59.
A female in the British Museum from ' Port Natal ' bears Smith's mss. label
' Sc. fraterna Sm. type ' and ' B.M. Hym. 15 . 1285 '. I hereby designate it LECTO-
TYPE. It does not exactly agree with the description which fails to mention red
antennae, and the punctation on the abdomen is very fine and sparse, especially on
tergite 2(1).
28. fulgidipennis
1859. Scolia fulgidipennis Smith, $, £: 152. ' Hab. Aru '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) fulgidipennis Saussure & Sichel, ?: 109, n. 101.
1889. Diliacos fulgidipennis Kirby, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond.: 444.
1928. Scolia (Liacos) fulgidipennis Betrem, $, (J: 175.
1963. Scolia (Liacos) fulgidipennis Krombein, $, <£: 609.
= Liacos fulgidipennis (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
A female and a male are in the Saunders collection labelled ' Aru ', and a female
labelled ' Dor ' (= Dorey). I hereby select the female labelled ' Aru ' to be LECTO-
TYPE (Betrem, 1928 : 175, referred to it as holotype). It agrees with Betrem's
description but its wings reflect brilliant green, more yellow-green toward the margin.
Seen in a certain light their reflection is violet-blue on the basal part, green-blue at
the margins. A specimen in the British Museum bears, incorrectly, the label ' type
I5-I374'-
29. fulvipennis
1859. Scolia fulvipennis Smith, <$: 10. ' Hab. Celebes '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) fulvipennis Saussure & Sichel, $: 125, n. 129.
= 1928. Scolia (Scolia) fulvipennis Smith, Betrem, $, $: 276.
There are two male syn types in the Saunders Collection. Betrem has labelled
' lectotype ' the one that bears Smith's mss. label 'fulvipennis ', but he referred to
it (1928 : 276) as ' holotype Smith's ' from Makian, misinterpreting its locality
label ' Mak ' as meaning the island of Makian, instead of Makassar in the South
Celebes. I hereby confirm the status of this specimen as LECTOTYPE. It. agrees
with Betrem's interpretation of the species 1928 : 276.
30. habrocoma
1855. Scolia habrocoma Smith, $: 100, ' Hab. India (Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq.) '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) habrocoma Saussure & Sichel, $: 198, n. 212.
= 1928. Campsomeris (Megacampsomeris) habrocoma (Smith) Betrem, $, $: 144.
An unique female in the Saunders collection agrees exactly with the original
description. It stands in front of the label ' habrocoma Sm. Ind. '. It bears a
pin-label ' E.I. ', but, as pointed out by Betrem, it bears a label ' E. servillei Guer.?
Voy. Coq. '. This label, if not indeed present by mischance, is without significance.
It can represent nothing more than someone's incorrect endeavour to identify the
specimen with servillei which is South American. The pin label ' E.I. ' is correct,
308 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
since the taxonomic species habrocoma occurs in Java, but not in India. Smith
published a wrong type-locality. Betrem, 1928 : 144, referred to this specimen as
' holotype ' and I have so labelled it.
31. hirtipennis
1855. Scolia oryctophaga Coquerel, $, Ann. Soc. ent. France (3) 3 : 170, pi. 10, fig. 2.
1855. Scolia hirtipennis Smith, $, <J: 95. ' Hab. Madagascar (coll. F. Smith) '.
= 1864. Scolia (Discolia) oryctophaga Coquerel, Saussure & Sichel, $, $: 78, n. 52.
A female in the British Museum bears Smith's mss. label ' Scolia oryctophaga Co.
5. hirtipennis Smith ' and also a museum printed label ' Smith Coll. ' with the word
' type ' written on it. Another female bears Smith's mss. label ' hirtipennis Smith
type ' but there is nothing to indicate that it came from the Smith collection. This
specimen has a hairy propodeum which does not appear sericeous and which has its
punctures more or less obscured by hair. In the former the propodeum is denuded,
therefore appears ' more finely punctate and covered with a sericeous pile ' as
described by Smith. I hereby designate the female with Smith's mss. type-label
to be LECTOTYPE, and have so labelled it (B.M. type, Hym. 15.1421), despite the
fact that the other agrees better with his description.
32. ignita
1854. Scolia indica Saussure, $, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist, nat., Geneve, 14 : 46, fig. 10.
1855. Scolia ignita Smith: 101, $, ' Hab. Silhet, North Bengal; Travan, B.M. '.
1928. Campsomeris (Campsomeris) indica Betrem, $, <$: 116.
1928. Campsomeris (Trielis) assamensis Betrem, $: in, syn. n., Betrem.
1941. Campsomeris (Colpacampsomeris) indica Betrem: 101.
= Campsomeris (Colpacampsomeris} indica indica (Saussure) Betrem, stat. n. teste Betrem.
[The holotype was in the British Museum labelled ' type T%5T Sylhet ' but I could
not locate it in 1966, and it is not in the card-index of types. This species is identical
with indica Saussure for which that author mentioned no type-locality. I distinguish
four subspecies as follows:
1. C. (Colpacampsomeris} indica indica (Saussure, 1854) Betrem [— ignita Smith,
J855] [= assamensis Betrem, 1928, syn. n.]. Silhet.
2. C. (Colpacampsomeris} indica eliformis (Saussure), stat. n. Ceylon.
3. C. (Colpacampsomeris) indica salvazai Betrem, 1941. Cochin China (South
Vietnam) .
4. C. (Colpacampsomeris} indica pseudojavanica Betrem, 1928, stat. n. Taiping,
in Perak, Malay Peninsula.
Saussure & Sichel, 1864, give ' Bengalia, Silhet ' as locality for indica Saussure,
1854. This may be construed as fixing a type-locality for that species, and as it is
the type-locality for ignita one may conclude that Saussure & Sichel were correct
in synonymizing the two. Sylhet is in extreme north-eastern East Pakistan, in
what was formerly Assam, but prior to 1874 was partly Bengal.
There are three females named ' indica ' in the Oxford Museum. Their pin-labels
are respectively ' Sylhet ', ' Travancore ', and ' India '. They may be syntypes of
ignita. J.G.B.]
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 309
33. instabilis
1854. Scoliajurinei Saussure, ?, <$, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist, nat., Geneve, 14 : 45, n. 21.
1855. Scolia instabilis Smith, ?, ^ : 88. ' Hab. India. B.M. '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia} aureipennis Saussure & Sichel, °-, <J: 109, n. 102. Misidentification of
aureipennis Lepeletier.
1928. Scolia (Scolia) aureipennis Betrem, <j>, <J : 280. Misidentification of aureipennis Lepeletier
1941. Scolia (Scolioides} jurinei Betrem : 136.
= 1964. Scolia (Discolia} jurinei Saussure, Betrem & Bradley: 93, n. 34.
[There is only a single female in the British Museum that agrees with the original
description and that is old enough to be a syntype; it bears the following labels:
(i) ' Madras ', (mss.), and (2) ' instabilis Smith ' on blue paper in Smith's mss. I
hereby designate it LECTOTYPE, and have added a label to that effect. It is
registered as B.M. Type, Hym. 15.1424. The male syntype referred to by Smith
was in the extension collection of the British Museum. It was presented by Mrs
Farren- White. J.G.B., August, 1966].
34. insularis
1859. Scolia insularis Smith, $: 153. ' Hab. Key Islands. Saunders Coll. '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia} insularis Saussure & Sichel, <J: 107, n. 97.
= 1927. Diliacos insularis (Smith) Micha, <£, nee $: 73.
1928. Scolia (Diliacos} insularis Betrem: 191.
Four males in the Saunders collection bear Smith's mss. label ' Scolia insularis
One is from Aru, one has no locality label, one is from ' Cer. E. ' and the fourth is
labelled ' Ke ' which I assume to mean Key Id. This last one agrees with the original
description and I hereby designate it LECTOTYPE and have so labelled it. It
was referred to by Betrem, 1928 : 192, as ' holotype ' but not labelled. Since the
male without pin-label may be a syntype it is safer to say lectotype rather than
holotype.
[The male lectotype in the Saunders collection labelled ' Ke ' has somewhat
reddish effulgence of the wings. That of the male from Aru is more golden. There
is some difference between the two in the punctation of the mesoscutum. The male
from eastern Ceram is Diliacos gracilipes Micha, 1927, which was described from
Ambon. The apical half of the disc of its tergite 2(1) is impunctate, whereas in
insularis it is entirely, rather densely, punctate.
The material labelled insularis in the British Museum consists of two males of
insularis from ' Ke I. ' from the Smith collection, one presented by Mrs Farren-
White, and another male from the Smith collection no. 79-22 that is not an insularis,
because the lower plate of the mesopleura is deeply, roughly, punctate, possibly it
is the male of Liacos schindleri (Betrem), 1933, comb. n. J.G.B.]
35. intrudens, 1862
1862. Scolia intrudens Smith, cJ, ?: 53. ' Hab. Celebes (Tondano) ' nee 1868 : 241.
1864. Scolia (Triscolia) intrudens Saussure & Sichel, <J: 42, n. 14.
1928. Scolia (Megascolid) ducalis gribodoi Betrem: 244, syn. n., teste Betrem.
= 1964. Megascolia (Megascolia} velutina intrudens (Smith) Betrem & Bradley: 441, n. 3b.
3io J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
The holotype, a male, is in the Saunders collection. It bears a label ' Tond. '
(i.e. Tondano, N. Celebes) and Smith's mss. label ' Scolia intrudens Smith ' and has
been noted by Betrem, 1928 : 246. It is a male of the taxonomic species to which
Betrem, (1928 : 245) applied the name ' velutina Sauss. '. The two other males in
the Saunders collection are neither one from the type locality, hence are not syntypes.
36. intrudens, 1868
1775. Tiphia radula Fabricius, $ Syst. ent.: 354, n. 5.
1868. Scolia (Dielis) intrudens Smith, $: 241. ' Hab. Champion Bay (Australia) '.
1909. Campsomeris radula Turner, Ann. & Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 3 : 484.
1928. Campsomeris (Dielis} radula Betrem, $, £: 88.
= 1962. Campsomeris (Radumeris) radula (Fabricius) Betrem, teste Betrem, Ent. News: 206.
[The holotype, a female in the British Museum, bears the following labels: (i)
' Champion Bay '; (2) ' H. du Boulay, Smith coll. '; (3) ' Scolia (Dielis] intrudens '.
Smith, 1868 : 231, stated ' The species not indicated as being in the National
collection are in my own collection '.
Without a doubt this is radula F. There are specimens in the British Museum
that have a narrow, yellow, apical line on tergite 2(1), but none with red tibiae and
tarsi. J.G.B., July, 1966].
37. iridicolor
1855. Scolia iridicolor Smith, <J: 95. ' Hab. Madagascar (Coll. F. Smith) '.
= 1864. Scolia (Discolia) iridicolor Smith, Saussure & Sichel, <$: 79, n. 54.
The holotype male is in the British Museum, and I have so labelled it. It bears
the museum type number 15.1422. It agrees with the description and bears a
label ' F. Sm. Coll. 79 . 22 ' and a mss. label (probably Smith's) ' Scolia iridicolor Sm. '.
Another specimen in the British Museum that bears the museum ' type ' label and
also Smith's mss. label ' iridicolor Sm. type ' is not a type, for it is a female, much
too large to fit the description and did not come from the Smith collection but was
purchased in 1858 from Stevens.
38. irregularis
1793. Scolia variegata Fabricius, Ent. syst., 2 : 230, n. 10.
1855. Scolia irregularis Smith, $, £: 107. ' Hab. Brazil. B.M. '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) variegata Saussure & Sichel, $, <J: 226, n. 242.
= 1957. Campsomeris (Aelocampsomeris) variegata (Fabricius) Bradley, 1957: 74.
In 1940 : 6, I incorrectly referred to the ' holotype ' from Brazil. As the species
was described from syntypes representing each sex, this must now be corrected to
lectotype, $. The LECTOTYPE, by present designation, is in the British Museum;
it agrees with Smith's description.
[The female lectotype bears the labels: (i) ' Braz '; (2) ' irregularis Sm. Type ';
(3) a round white paper label with red margin ' type ' ; (4) a red label ' lectotype ',
added by Betrem in 1966 to replace the former holotype label ; (5) ' stands as varie-
gata in the Smith coll.'. It is registered as B.M. Type, Hym. 15.1426. There
are no males. J.G.B., July, 1966].
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 311
39. japonica
1787. Tiphia histrionica Fabricius, 9. Mant. ins. 1 : 243, nee Scolia histrionica F., 1798.
1873. Scolia japonica Smith, $, <$: 185. ' Hab. Hiogo (Japan) '.
1928. Scolia (Scolia) japonica Betrem, 9. <$: 322.
1941. Scolia (Scolioides) japonica Betrem, 9> <3- if>6.
= 1964. Scolia (Discolia) histrionica histrionica (Fabricius) Bradley & Betrem: 15.
Betrem (1928 : 322) referred to Smith's female syntype in the British Museum
as the holotype, but since there are at least two syntypes, female and male, it is
necessary to designate the female LECTOTYPE. Its bears the museum type-
number 15.1298.
40. laeviceps
1855. Scolia laeviceps Smith, 9. <$, p. 91. ' Hab. Hong Kong. B.M. '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) laeviceps Smith, Saussure & Sichel, 9. c?: IJ8, n. 116.
1928. Scolia (Scolia) laeviceps Betrem, 9. <£: 265.
= Scolia (Discolia) laeviceps Smith.
The lectotype (' Hololectotype ') male, selected by Betrem, 1928 : 266, is in the
British Museum.
[The lectotype bears the following labels: (i) ' 48/60 ', on the reverse: ' Hong
Kong'; (2) 'laeviceps Sm., type'; (3) ' B.M. type Hymen. 15.1401 '; (4) a white
paper label with red margin ' Type '. J.G.B., 1966].
41. larradiformis
1864. Scolia larradiformis Smith, $: 28. ' Hab. Waigeou '.
1864. Scolia morata Smith, $: 28. ' Hab. Mysol ', new probable synonymy, Betrem.
1927. Diliacos larradiformis Micha : 140, 9.
1928. Scolia (Diliacos) larradiformis Betrem, 9: 196.
1963. Scolia (Diliacos) larradiformis larradiformis Krombein, 9. c?: 615.
— Diliacos quadriceps larradiformis (Smith) Micha, stat. n.
The unique type is in the Saunders collection, as already indicated by Betrem,
1928 : 196, and I have labelled it ' Holotype '. It bears a pin-label ' Waig. ' and
Smith's blue mss. label 'Scolia larradiformis Sm. '. One wing is half torn. It
agrees with Smith's description. [I re-examined the types of larradiformis and of
quadriceps Smith in 1964 and regard them as subspecies, differing only in wing-
colour. J.G.B.]
42. litigiosa
1855. Scolia litigiosa Smith, $: 113. ' Hab. India. B.M. '.
1864. Elis (Trielis) litigiosa Saussure & Sichel, 9: T58, n. 164.
1950. Campsoscolia (Campsoscolia) litigiosa Bradley: 436.
= Trielis (Trielis) litigiosa (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
The holotype is an unique female in the British Museum bearing a mss. label
' litigiosa Smith type '. Its number is 15 . 1362. It agrees with Smith's description.
3i2 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
[Description of the holotype of Scolia litigiosa Smith.
$. Black, the following parts brown-yellow: the sides of the clypeus, area frontalis, spatium
frontale, front, vertex, upper temples, scapulae, tergites 4(3) and 5(4) each except for a median
line.
Clypeus with a broad anterior margin, the median part rather finely striate, scarcely raised,
the sides coarsely punctate. Spatium frontale with only a few coarse punctures, somewhat
raised, the transverse groove deep, dark-brown; fissura frontalis deep on the spatium frontale,
slightly indicated on the front. Front with only a few rather coarse punctures ; the postfrontal
suture distinct on the sides of the front, forming a depression; front outside of this depression
impunctate. Vertex very broad with coarse punctures behind the lateral ocelli.
Scapulae with sparse, coarse, punctures; mesoscutum punctate except for a rather large
impunctate median area; scutellum impunctate except for some punctures anteriorly and at
the sides; metanotum in greater part impunctate; metapleura strongly raised medially below
the front wings; the upper anterior area of the mesopleura densely, coarsely, punctate; the
upper posterior area densely punctate, except for a small area ; the posterior, lower, part of the
mesopleura punctate except anteriorly and posteriorly; mesopleural crest not sharp, with
sparse punctures; metapleura impunctate except for some punctures below the hind wings;
transition between the horizontal and vertical parts very gradual.
Area horizontalis medialis densely, coarsely, deeply, punctate. Area horizontalis lateralis
with the same kind of punctures except for an impunctate area on the inner basal corner.
Area before the stigma impunctate; carina lateralis distinct; area lateralis punctate above,
sparsely below ; area posterior medialis punctate except below ; area posterior lateralis regularly
punctate.
Wings dark, reflecting blue, not setose, a transverse brown-yellow line in the first submarginal
cell. Longer spur of tibia III absent on the type on both sides. Vestiture black.
Tergites sparsely, rather coarsely, punctate; tergite 2 (i) without a tubercle.
This description was drawn from the type in the British Museum, which bears
three pin-labels : ist label, ' B.M. type Hymenoptera 15 . 1362 ' ; 2nd label, ' litigiosa
Smith, type '; 3rd label, ' Ind. '. I doubt whether India is the correct locality, at
most it could have come from West Pakistan.
This species is allied to Trielis intermpta (Fabricius). It differs from Trielis klugii
(v.d. Linden), comb, n., its closest ally, by its more punctate vertex, the deeper
depression on the front, the more sparsely punctate scapulae, and the darker wings.
J.G.B.]
43. luctuosa
1854. Scolia ^-guttulata Burmeister, $: 21, n. 17.
1855. Scolia luctuosa Smith, $: 101. ' Hab. Silhet (India) B.M.'.
1864. Elis (Dielis) luctuosa Saussure & Sichel, $, <$: 194, n. 206.
1928. Campsomeris (Colpa) peregrina Lepeletier var. ^-guttulata Betrem, $: 115.
1941. Campsomeris (Sericocampsomeris] ^-guttulata Betrem: 92.
= Campsomeris (Sericocampsomeris} quadriguttulata quadriguttulata (Burm.) Betrem, stat. n.
[The holotype is a female in the British Museum. It bears the following labels:
(i) ' Silhet '; (2) ' luctuosa Sm., type '; (3) a white label with red margin, ' type ';
(4) ' B.M. type Hymen. 15.1343 '; (5) ' Holotype ', added by Betrem, 1966. An-
other old specimen in the British Museum is from Sarawak. It was purchased from
Stevens. There are two females in the Oxford Museum that may be syntypes.
Both are from Silhet in the extreme north-eastern part of East Pakistan (Bengal in
1855). One has an entirely black abdomen. The other has four yellow spots on it.
J.G.B.]
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 313
44. minuta
1859. Scolia minuta Smith, $: n. ' Hab. Celebes '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) minuta Saussure & Sichel, <$: 125, n. 128.
1928. Campsomeris (Campsomeris) marginella terminata (Smith) Betrem: 137.
T937- Campsomeris marginella terminata var. minuta Betrem, $: 41, footnote.
1941. Campsomeris (Campsomeriella) marginella terminata Betrem: 90.
= Campsomeris (Micromeris) marginella terminata (Smith) Betrem, infra-subspecific form minuta
Smith, teste Betrem.
A male in the Saunders collection bears a label ' Mak ' and has been correctly
labelled ' holotype ' by Betrem (1928 : 137). But its pin-label 'Mak' refers to
Makassar in the South Celebes, not to the island of Makian.
[The holotype belongs to the subspecies terminata of Campsomeris (Micromeris}
marginella but differs as a variety in being much smaller, having only two yellow
scutellar spots, and in having its metanotum yellow medially. Its abdominal bands
are normal. J.G.B.]
45. modest a
1855. Scolia modesta Smith, ?, <J: 91. ' Hab. Philippine Islands, B.M. '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) modesta Saussure & Sichel, $, $: 124, n. 126.
1893. Discolia modesta Gribodo, $, Bull. Soc. ent. ital. 25 : 178.
1928. Campsomeris (Campsomeris) marginella modesta Betrem, $, $: 136.
1941. Campsomeris (Campsomeriella) marginella modesta Betrem : 90.
= Campsomeris (Micromeris) marginella modesta (Smith) Betrem.
Betrem (1928 : 136) stated that the holotype is in the British Museum and indicated
that a male syntype belongs to a different species. Since modesta was described
from syntypes, I hereby designate the female to be LECTOTYPE, not holotype,
and it has been so labelled.
[The lectotype bears the following labels: (i) ' 42/22 ', on its reverse ' Philip. Isl ' ;
(2) ' modesta type Smith '; (3) ' B.M. type Hym. 15.1332 '; (4) a white paper label
with red margin. J.G.B., 1966].
46. morata
1864. Scolia morata Smith, <$: 28, ' Hab. Mysol '.
1864. Scolia larradiformis Smith, <j>: 28, ' Hab. Waigeou '.
1963. Scolia (Diliacos) larradiformis morata Krombein, (J: 615, 619, fig. 30.
= Diliacos quadriceps larradiformis (Smith) Micha or possibly Diliacos quadriceps morata (Smith)
Micha.
[There are two males in the Saunders collection. Specimen A bears a circular
label on which is written just ' M ', which presumably stands for Mysol. Specimen B
bears no label, but undoubtedly is also a syntype from Mysol, being an instance of
what is referred to in the introduction where only the first of two specimens from the
same locality bears the locality label. Specimen B bears my label ' Holotype '
but since the species was described from syntypes, I now select it to be the LECTO-
TYPE, and have so labelled it.
Professor Varley of the Oxford Museum very kindly loaned these two syntypes to
Dr Krombein, who sent them to me for re-examination here in Ithaca, March, 1962.
I examined them again in 1964. Both agree with Smith's original description.
3i4 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
Both belong to the same taxon, but differ slightly in structure. Specimen (A) has
the disc of the clypeus and of the mesonotum less punctate than has specimen (B).
My description of the male of morata (1928 : 192) was drawn from specimen (B),
the lectotype. The male lectotype of morata Smith is probably the male of Diliacos
larradiformis (Smith, 1864), which was described from the female. Krombein
established morata as a subspecies of larradiformis; on p. 615 he says: ' The female
of larradiformis larradiformis may not be separable from that of /. morata. I
have examined the male type of S. morata from Mysol. It differs slightly in the
shape of the parameres (squamae), the volsellae (fig. 30) are slightly more slender
and the wings have greenish golden reflection '.
The female from Mackay that I assigned to morata (1928 : 192) is not the female of
that species. In 1933, I made it the holotype of a new species, papuasiae, which
Krombein (1963 : 622) has synonymized with D. glabrata glabrata Micha. He also
has described the male (loc. cit.). I agree with him. J.G.B.]
47. morosa, 1861
1859. Scolia velutina Saussure, <$, Stettin, ent. Ztg 20 : 175.
1861. Scolia morosa Smith, $: 118. ' Hab. Amboyna, Saunders Collection ', nee 1862 : 53.
1864. Scolia (Triscolia) velutina Saussure & Sichel, <$: 41, n. 13.
1927. Triscolia velutina velutina Micha: 102.
1928. Scolia (Megascolia) velutina velutina Betrem, $, £: 245.
= 1964. Megascolia (Megascolia) velutina velutina (Saussure) Betrem & Bradley: 441, n. 3c.
The female ' holotype ' of morosa in the Saunders collection has been so labelled
by Betrem and is referred to in his monograph, 1928 : 246. It agrees with Smith's
description. It belongs to the taxonomic species and subspecies to which Betrem
applied there the name velutina.
[There is a second female in the Saunders collection labelled ' Scolia morosa Smith,
Sul. ' i.e. Sulu Islands. It stands above a label ' nigrita Fabr. '. It cannot be a
syntype. J.G.B.]
48. morosa, 1862
1862. Scolia morosa Smith, $: 53. ' Hab. Celebes (Tondano), Saunders Coll. ', nee 1861.
1864. Elis (Dielis) morosa Saussure & Sichel, $: 193, n. 204.
1897. Scolia celebesiaca Dalla Torre : 151.
— Campsomeris (Sericocampsomeris) quadriguttulata celebesiaca (Dalla Torre) Betrem, comb. n.
and stat. n.
Betrem was originally unable to find the type in the Saunders collection, where it
should be. There is, however, a female labelled ' Tond ' in that collection that is
not labelled as morosa '62, but that agrees precisely with Smith's description of that
species. We agree that it is undoubtedly the holotype. Probably Saunders or
someone noted that it did not agree with specimens in the collection labelled ' morosa
Smith ' (but which are morosa 1861, not 1862) and set it aside without a label, not
realizing that Smith had described a second morosa. I have labelled it ' Holotype
morosa Smith 1862, nee 1861 '. Since celebesiaca D. T. was a new name for morosa,
1862, both have the same type.
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 315
S. celebesiaca D.T. as defined by Smith's type of morosa '62, is not the species to
which Betrem misapplied the name morosa Sm. (1928 : no). The latter taxonomic
species at present stands without a name but Betrem is here establishing a name for
it. See below.
Provision for celebesiaca D.T. (= morosa Smith '62, nee '61) can be made by the
following addition to Betrem's key to the females of Campsomeris, 1928 : 74 (for
revision of couplet 76 see Betrem, 1933 : 239).
In lieu of 77a, read:
yya. V. und Tempera fast ganz glatt . . . . . . . . 77 1/2
77 i/2a. T. nicht matt, glanzend, deutlich fein punktiert, hinter der subapikalen
Punktreihe nur schmal glatt; Scut, fein, ziemlich dicht, eingestochen p.,
hinten glatt (? auch in sitolensis) ........ 78
b. T. matt; Scut, glanzend, vorn und auf den Seiten mit einigen groben P.
celebesiaca D.T.
In lieu of 7ga read:
7Qa. P. der Ar.h.m. feiner, ziemlich fein p. so gross wie die Zwischenraume zwischen
ihnen; P. der T. dichter ...... bradleyi Betrem.
[Description of the holotype of Scolia morosa Smith, 1862.
$. Anterior margin of the clypeus rounded, broader medially than at the sides of its central
portion, the lateral lobes flattened, disc uneven, its anterior border striate. Impunctate part
of the front short; fissura frontalis deep; a small group of punctures just below the front
ocellus. Vertex impunctate except its declivous portion deeply and densely punctate; a row
of punctures next to the orbits; temples impunctate; sides of the front near the orbits deeply
punctate.
Scapulae densely and deeply punctate with a deep longitudinal depression, their posterior
margin broadly impunctate; sides behind the punctate callosity impunctate, sharply limited
above from the punctate scapulae. Upper area of the mesopleura almost entirely impunctate
except for a small area below the fore wings ; the upper half of the lower posterior area of the
mesopleura impunctate. Transition below the hind wings blunt; metapleura with only minute
punctures. Carina lateralis long, extending to the sides of the area horizontalis lateralis and the
area posterior lateralis. Mesoscutum impunctate medially, deeply, coarsely, and densely
punctate anteriorly and laterally; scutellum impunctate except for lateral anterior, triangular,
coarsely punctate areas; metanotum densely, deeply punctate, except at the sides, posteriorly,
and a narrow impunctate median strip. Area horizontalis medialis not so coarsely punctate
as the metanotum, laterally finely punctate, an indication of a blunt transverse carina at its
apex; area horizontalis lateralis with a transverse punctate area; area posterior impunctate
except for fine punctures on the upper third of its median plate.
Fore wings without setae, except along their anterior margins. Inner spur of tibia III brown,
blunt, not spatulate. Basal tergites opaque. Tergite 2(1) truncate anteriorly. Description
drawn from the holotype of Scolia morosa Smith, from Tondano. J.G.B.].
[Campsomeris (Tristimeris) bradleyi Betrem, sp. n.
1928. Campsomeris (Trielis) morosa Betrem, ?, ^: no. A misidentification of Scolia morosa
Smith, 1862, nee 1861.
1938. Campsomeris bradleyi Betrem, nomen nudum: 358 and 360.
In discussing the Scoliidae of the Celebes I twice mentioned a Campsomeris
bradleyi (Betrem, 1938 : 358 and 360). This is a manuscript name which I now wish
to validate.
316 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
$. The description of the female applied incorrectly to Campsomeris morosa
(Smith, 1862) by Betrem, 1928 : no, is the description of the female of this species.
Holotype $. The holotype is the female referred to by me, loc. cit., as ' Plesio-
type (Paratype Smith's?) Celebes, leg. Pfeiffer, Coll. Smith, pres. by Farren- White,
B.M. '. It is registered as B.M. Type, Hym. 15.1431.
(J. The description of a male applied incorrectly to C. morosa Smith by Betrem,
1928 : no, is the description of the male of this species.
Allotype, J. The allotype is the male referred to by me, loc. cit., as ' Allotype:
Pagoewat, Celebes, leg. Rosenberg, M. L. '. J.G.B.]
49. nigerrima
1861. Scolia nigerrima Smith, $: 116. ' Hab. Dory, Saunders Coll. '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) nigerrima Saussure & Sichel, $: 105, n. 93.
1928. Campsomeris (Dielis) nigerrima nigerrima Betrem, $: 106.
— I933- Campsomeris (Laevicampsomeris) nigerrima (Smith) Betrem: 238.
1963. Campsomeris (Laevicampsomeris) nigerrima Krombein, $: 568.
The holotype is in the Saunders collection and bears a label ' Dor ' and Smith's
mss. label ' Scolia nigerrima. ' Betrem has labelled it ' type ' and recorded it as
' Holotype ', 1928 : 106.
50. nitida
1859. Scolia nitida Smith, $: 152. ' Hab. Aru '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) nitida Saussure & Sichel, $: 108, n. 100.
1928. Scolia (Austroscolia) punctatissima cupreopennis Betrem, $, <$: 212.
1963. Scolia (Austroscolia) nitida nitida Krombein, $, $: 641.
= Austroscolia nitida nitida (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
This is not the taxonomic species which Betrem (1928 : 210) termed nitida and
which (1933 : 254) he renamed nitidella. A female specimen in the Saunders
collection has been labelled ' Lectotype ' by Betrem, but not published. Thinking
that it was the only example from Aru I incorrectly labelled it holotype.
[I hereby designate the female from Aru in the Saunders collection to be the
LECTOTYPE.
There is also a female syntype in the British Museum labelled as follows : (i) ' Sc.
nitida Sm. Aru '; (2) ' Smith coll., presented by Mrs. Farren- White '; (3) ' Type '.
A male from Aru (variety) and a female and a male from Morty Island are not
syntypes. J.G.B., July, 1966].
The following characters appertain to the lectotype of nitida'. Wings green-gold
to gold-green, with the apical third purplish red. Dorsal surface of the propodeum
polished and almost impunctate, but with very fine, sparse, shallow punctures ; disc
of tergite 2(1) highly polished and impunctate behind the middle; sides of the
tergites punctate, but not closely so; propodeum and sides of the tergites not
long-hairy.
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 317
51. nudata
1855. Scolia nudata Smith, °.: no. ' Hab. North Bengal. B.M. '.
1864. Scolia (Triscolia) nudata Saussure & Sichel, $, £: 38, n. 7.
1928. Scolia (Austroscolia) nudata Betrem, $: 219.
= Austroscolia nudata (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
There are only two females among the older material in the British Museum.
One is from ' Madras ', hence not the type. The other bears the museum ' Type '
label, a label ' N. Bengal ', and Smith's mss. label ' nudata Sm. type. '. It is the
specimen from which Betrem (1928 : 219) drew his description and referred to as
' holotype '. I have labelled it ' Holotype '. It is registered as B.M. Type, Hym.
15.1400. It agrees with nudata, female, in couplet yb of the key to species of
Austroscolia, Betrem, 1928 : 209.
52. opalina
1858. Scolia opalina Smith, $, <J: 89. ' Hab. Sarawak '.
1864. Scolia (Triscolia) opalina Saussure & Sichel, $, <J: 42, n. 15.
1928. Scolia (Carinoscolia) opalina opalina Betrem, ?, $: 178.
= Carinoscolia opalina opalina (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
Betrem, 1928 : 178, incorrectly stated that the holotype is from Borneo in the
British Museum. He should have said ' in the Saunders collection '. Since there
are two male, and one female syntypes in the Saunders collection it is necessary to
select a lectotype labelled ' Sarawak '. I hereby designate a female in the Saunders
collection to be LECTOTYPE and have so labelled it. It is the female above
mentioned that Betrem labelled and published as holotype. It bears labels ' Sar '
and in Smith's mss. ' Scolia opalina Sm. ' and Betrem's label ' Holotype '. The
type agrees with opalina subspecies opalina in Betrem's key, 1928 : 178, couplet
ga, Bb.
[There are also two females in the British Museum, both representing a manuscript
species that Smith never described. One bears the labels : (i) ' Sar ' ; (2) ' 56/44 ' ;
(3) ' type ' ; (4) ' type, Hym. 15 . 1407 '. It has no card in the index. J.G.B., 1966].
53. ornata
1830. Scolia maculata Guerin, $, in Duperry, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 2, pt. 2 : 255.
1855. Scolia ornata Smith: 96. ' Hab. Georgia ', nee ornata Lep., 1845.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) nobilitata var. maculata Saussure & Sichel: 132, n. 138.
= Scolia (Discolia) nobilitata Fabricius, infrasubspecific form maculata Guerin, stat. n.
This was proposed as a new name for Scolia maculata Guerin, nee Drury, and
therefore takes the same type. Both maculata and ornata are invalid as subspecific
names for this variety, but as an infrasubspecific variant, although a name is not
essential, maculata is available.
54. personata
1854. Scolia fulvifrons Saussure, <j>, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist, nat., Geneve, 14 : 43, pi. 19, fig. n.
1855. Scolia personata Smith, $ : 91. ' Hab. Silhet. B.M.'.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) fulvifrons Saussure & Sichel, $, <J: 116, n. n.
1928. Scolia (Triscolia) fulvifrons Betrem $, <J: 238.
= 1964. Megascolia (Regiscolia) fulvifrons (Saussure) Betrem & Bradley: 444, n. 7.
318 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
[The holotype, a male, is in the British Museum and bears the following labels:
(i) ' 45/107 ' with ' Silhet ' on the reverse (3 Hymenoptera from Silhet, purchased
of Rev. Stainsforth) ; (2) ' personata Sm., type '; (3) a white label with red margin
'type'; (4) ' Lectotype ', attached by Betrem, 1966. It is registered as B.M.
Type, Hym. 15 . 1428. There is also a female from Silhet, but Smith did not describe
it. J.G.B., July, 1966].
55. prismatica
1855. Scolia prismatica Smith, $: 102. ' Hab. Shanghai. B.M. '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) prismatica Saussure & Sichel, $: 199, n. 214.
= 1928. Campsomeris (Megacampsomeris) prismatica (Smith) Betrem, $, ^: 152.
[The holotype, a female, is in the British Museum. It bears four labels: (i)
' 52/28 ' (meaning from Shanghai, collected by Mr Fortune) and on the reverse
' Shanghai ' ; (2) a white mss. label ' prismatica Sm. type ' ; (3) a white label with red
margin ' type '; (4) ' B.M. type Hym. 15.1329 '. I have added a holotype label.
J.G.B.]
[Characters of the holotype of S. prismatica
$. Front imp. except deeply p. laterally; v. entirely deeply p., medially, anteriorly rather
coarsely, densely p., interspaces between the p. very narrow; mesoscut. imp. medially, its hind
margin p. ; scut, heavily damaged by the pin, but probably p. in greater part (cf. S. farrenwhitei
below). J.G.B., July, 1966].
[There are two other female specimens in the British Museum named ' S. prismatica
by Smith but probably not syntypes. The one, which I designate ' A ', bears two
labels: (i) a mss. label on blue paper ' prismatica Smith '; (2) ' F. Sm. coll. 79-22 '.
It is a true specimen of prismatica. Fr. p. only laterally; fiss.fr. distinct; mesoscut.
p. along its posterior margin; scut, densely p., except its posterior margin.
The second specimen, which I designate ' B ' is the holotype of S. farrenwhitei
Betrem, 1928, a valid species. It bears six labels: (i) a white, triangular, mss.
label ' E. Ind ' ; (2) a blue mss. label ' prismatica Smith ' ; (3) ' Campsomeris farren-
whitei Holotype det. Betrem ' ; (4) ' Smith coll. pres. by Mrs. Farren- White 99-303 ' ;
(5) a white label with red margin ' Type '; (6) ' B.M. type Hym. 15.1335 '. Fr.
imp., fiss.fr. deep; anterior portion of v. more or less p., its left half more so; post
frontal suture deep and distinct, entirely obscured by p. in the holotype of prismatica ;
posterior margin of the mesosc. imp.; scut, broadly imp. medially. J.G.B.]
56. pulchra
1854. Scolia picteti Saussure, $, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist, nat., Geneve, 14 : 42, n. 18.
1855. Scolia pulchra Smith, §: 88. ' Hab. India. B.M. '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) histrionica Saussure & Sichel, $: 121, n. 121, nee Fabricius, 1787.
1928. Scolia (Scolia) histrionica Betrem, $: 330.
1941. Scolia (Scolioides) picteti Betrem: 166.
= 1964. Scolia (Discolia) picteti Saussure, Betrem & Bradley: 94, n. 73.
[The female holotype in the British Museum bears the following labels: (i) ' $,
Ind. '; (2) 'pulchra Sm. type '; (3) ' histrionica F. pulchra Sm. of Smith's coll. ';
(4) a white label with red margin ' type '; (5) ' B.M. type Hym. 15.1373 '; (6)
' Holotype ' attached by Betrem in 1966. J.G.B., July, 1966].
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 319
57. quadriceps
1859. Scolia quadriceps Smith, £, $: 153. ' Hab. Aru. Saunders Collection '.
1864. Liacos (Diliacos) quadriceps Saussure & Sichel, $: 37, n. 6.
1928. Scolia (Diliacos) quadriceps Betrem, $, <$: 194.
1963. Scolia (Diliacos) quadriceps Krombein, $: 613, 615.
— Diliacos quadriceps quadriceps (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
There are two females but no males in the Saunders collection. One of the females
bears the pin-label ' Bac ' meaning Bachian and Smith's white mss. label ' Scolia
quadriceps Smith '. Since this specimen does not come from Aru it is not a syntype
of quadriceps, and has, in fact, been made the holotype of poultoni Betrem, 1928.
The second female bears no locality label. As Betrem, 1928 : 194, pointed out, it
does not belong to the same taxon as the female from Bachian, and is in fact the
specimen of quadriceps which he used when differentiating poultoni from that species.
A third female is in the British Museum. It bears the pin-label ' Aru ' and also a
printed Smith collection label on which has been written (but not by Smith) the
word 'type'; Betrem (1928 : 194) referred to this specimen as Smith's holotype,
but we must now say LECTOTYPE. He has re-examined it in 1964, and finds it
identical with the unlabelled female in the Saunders collection. Doubtless the two
originally stood together, the second one also from Aru, but not given a pin-label.
[S. quadriceps differs from larradiformis only in the colour of the wings. Krom-
bein, 1963 : 613, has written ' 5. quadriceps Smith from Aru is an earlier name and
may replace either larradiformis or ribbei for one of those polytypic species '.
J.G.B.]
58. rubromaculata
1855. Scolia rubromaculata Smith, $: 99. ' Hab. India. B.M. '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) rubromaculata Saussure & Sichel, 9: T96, n. 209.
1928. Campsomeris (Dielis) rubromaculata rubromaculata Betrem, $: 119.
= 1941. Campsomeris (Sericocampsomeris) rubromaculata rubromaculata Betrem, $: 94, 95.
[There are three females in the old collection of the British Museum, one is un-
labelled, the other two bear old labels ' Ind? '. Probably they belonged originally
with the series in Oxford (a female from India and another without pin-label). I
believe that the lectotype should be selected from among the three females in the
British Museum. J.G.B., July, 1966].
59. ruficeps
1855. Scolia ruficeps Smith, $, £: in. ' Hab. Philippine Islands. B.M. '.
1927. Triscolia ruficeps ruficeps Micha, <$ : 96.
1928. Scolia (Austroscolia) ruficeps ruficeps Betrem, $, $: 217.
= Austroscolia ruficeps ruficeps (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
There are only three specimens amongst the old material in the British Museum :
two males from the Philippines and one female with the labels ' E. Ind ' and ' 43 : 43 '
as well as Smith's mss. label ' ruficeps Smith type '. The notation '43 : 43 ' refers
to an accession book which shows the specimen came from ' Moulmein, E. India '
i.e. Burma. Since the typical subspecies, well-characterized by its cupreo-violaceous
320 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
wings in both sexes, is widely distributed over the Philippines, Java, Burma, eastern
India, and elsewhere, it seems very likely that the female from Moulmein is actually
the specimen from which Smith drew his description, and that he merely failed to
publish that locality in addition to the Philippines from which his males came.
Betrem, 1928 : 217, wrote ' Holotype Smith's Philippinen, B.M. $ ', but there is no
female from the Philippines to be found and he and I are forced to conclude that he
had reference to the Moulmein female, and that recording it from the Philippines
was an error in his notes, which unfortunately were destroyed during the war.
[Smith published an eight-line description of the female, and only a two-line
description of the male. Although he gave only the Philippines as locality, his
female did not come from there, because he stated for that sex ' Wings dark fuscous,
and having a bright coppery effulgence, dashed with purple in certain lights '.
This is true of all Asian females, but not those from the Philippines, the wings of
which have a blue-violet effulgence. This species has been split into a number of
subspecies in the East Indies. Philippine material is of a subspecies different from
the Asian.
From these considerations I hereby designate the female from Moulmein to be the
LECTOTYPE. It bears the following labels: (i) '43/43', on the reverse ' E.
Indies', the number means: 'Six Hymenoptera, E. Inclies (Moulmein) purchased
from Archdeacon Clerk ' ; (2) ' ruficeps Sm. type ' ; (3) a white label with red margin
' type '; (4) a red label ' lectotype ' attached by Bradley in 1929; (5) ' B.M. type
15.1889'. The wings of the lectotype are more bronze, without purple. This
involves a correction of the published type-locality.
The subspecincally different males bear the label ' 55/77 ' meaning: ' 6 Hymenop-
tera. Philippine Isl. purchased from Cuming '. J.G.B., July, 1966].
60. rufipes
1855. Scolia rufipes Smith, <J: 95. ' Hab. Port Natal. B.M. ' nee Illiger, 1802.
1864. Scolia (Discolid) rufipes Saussure & Sichel, $, $: 91, n. 75.
= 1964. Scolia (Discolia} rufipes Smith, teste Betrem & Bradley: 95, n. 118.
This is a species which I cannot at present place. An unique male in the British
Museum labelled ' Port Natal, 52-79 ' and bearing Smith's mss. label ' rufipes Sm.
Type ' is the holotype. It is not advisable to rename this nominal species before
its synonymy is known.
61. senex
1855. Scolia senex Smith, (J: 94. ' Hab. Cape of Good Hope (Coll. Saunders, Esq.) '.
= 1864. Scolia (Discolia} senex Smith, Saussure & Sichel: 98, n. 87.
There is only one male in the Saunders collection. It bears a label ' S. incana mss.
C. G. H. Drege ' (i.e. Cape of Good Hope), and a mss. label, not written by Smith,
that it is Scolia senex Sm. I have labelled it ' Holotype '.
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 321
62. signata
1855. Scolia signata Smith, $: 105. ' Hab. South Africa (Gambia). B.M. ' nee Panzer, 1799.
1864. Elis (Dielis) signata Saussure & Sichel, ?$: 176, n. 180.
1906. Scolia (Dielis) labilis Schulz n.n., Spolia hymen.: 164.
= Campsomeris (Megameris) labilis (Schulz) Betrem, comb. n.
The holotype, an unique female, is in the British Museum marked ' type ' on
Smith's mss. pin-label. [This specimen bears four labels, as follows: ' B.M. Type
Hym. 15 . 1355 ', ' Holotype signata Smith teste 1928, J. C. Bradley ', ' signata type,
Smith' ' Gambia '. J.G.B.] It is registered as B.M. Type, Hym. 15 . 1227.
[Description of the type of Scolia signata Smith
?. Black; mandibles and anterior margin of the clypeus dark-brown; the following parts
yellow; the apical half of tergite 2(1), the apical 2/3 of tergite 3(2), except for dark lateral in-
cisions, and the apical 2/3 of tergite 4(3), narrowed laterad at halfway from the centre. Vesti-
ture almost white except for the setae on abdominal segments 5(4) and following, those on the
sides of tergite 4(3) and the fringes of sternites 3(2) and 4(3). Wings yellow-hyaline; veins
brown, the costa and subcosta very dark. Longer apical spur of tibiae III somewhat spatulate
but not very broad, dark brown; spines of tibiae almost black.
The structure is quite like that of Campsomeris soleata (Gerstaecker), but is more punctate
between the ocellar triangle and the upper part of the eyes; the mesoscutum medially is more
impunctate, the scutellum and metanotum have fewer punctures, the latter being rather sparsely
punctate. The very sharp crest of the mesopleura is notable.
Described 5th July, 1964 from the holotype in the British Museum. J.G.B.]
63. soror
1845. Scolia cyanipennis Lepeletier, $, Hist. nat. ins. Hymen. 3 : 524, n. 7. A misidentification
of Scolia cyanipennis Fabricius, 1804.
1855. Scolia soror Smith: 96, n. 50, n.n.
1855. Scolia viridipennis Smith; 96, n. 52, n.n.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) soror Saussure & Sichel: 126, n. 131.
1928. Scolia (Austroscolia) soror Betrem, $, <J: 213.
= Austroscolia soror (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
Four lines apart on p. 96 of his catalogue Smith rechristened Lepeletier's mis-
identification of cyanipennis Fabr. first soror, then viridipennis. Lepeletier, p. 254,
printed a description of a female from ' Port- Jackson, Nouvelle Holland ' which he
misidentified as cyanipennis F. He did not use cyanipennis as a name for a new
species, homonym of cyanipennis F., but the description that he gave applies to a
species that had not at that time been given a name of its own. Consequently there
is neither holotype nor syntypes of cyanipennis Lepeletier, because the type of that
nominal species is Fabrician.
The type-material of both soror and viridipennis must be identical, and can only
be that upon which Lepeletier's new description of what he misidentified as cyani-
pennis was based. In searching for Lepeletier's types, I paid no attention to cyani-
pennis for that was not one of Lepeletier's nominal species. However, Saussure &
Sichel, p. 126, referred to material from ' Nova Hollandia ' in ' Musea Guerinianum,
Parisiense, Saussurianum. '. Some of these collections may contain Lepeletier's
specimens, especially Paris. But search must also be made in Turin.
322 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
Which name, soror or viridipennis , shall be retained has been settled by Saussure
& Sichel, 1864, as first revisers. They adopted soror.
[The use of two new names by Smith for Scolia cyanipennis, sense of Lepeletier,
not of Fabricius, may be explained by the fact that he had before him two forms:
the one that he called soror has wings with blue effulgence, the other that he called
viridipennis has wings with green effulgence. Wings of the latter type occur among
subspecies of Austroscolia nitida Smith, a form of which occurs in Australia, but I
have no specimens from there for comparison.
I was unable to find a specimen in the British Museum that Smith had labelled
viridipennis. J.G.B., September, 1966.]
[I am uncertain about the real identity of Scolia cyanipennis in the sense of Lepele-
tier, not Fabricius. As long as the type is unknown we are agreed that it is better
to accept my interpretation (1928, p. 213) which is based on specimens in my col-
lection.
There is only one specimen of soror, a male, in the British Museum that predates
the establishing of the name soror; it bears the following labels: (i) ' 63/56 ' with
' Sydney, NSW. ' on the reverse, the numerals meaning also: ' NSW. Sydney pres.
by Dr. Andrew St. Clair '; (2) ' cyanipennis St. F. soror Sm. of Smith coll. '.
The mesonotum in soror is entirely, very remotely, punctate. J.G.B., July, 1966].
64. specified
1855. Scolia specified Smith, $: 89. ' Hab. India (Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq.) '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) specfica Saussure & Sichel, $: 89, n. 13.
1928. Scolia (Scolia) decorata specfica Betrem, <j>: 322.
1964. Scolia (Discolia) decorata Betrem & Bradley: 93, n. 66.
= Scolia (Discolia) decorata specfica Smith.
Betrem has indicated that a female in the British Museum is the holotype, but
it is only a syntype. Smith stated that his description is based on material in the
Saunders collection. There is an unique female in the Saunders collection which it
is necessary to designate LECTOTYPE and I hereby do so.
An interrupted yellow line on the shoulders of the type, mentioned by Smith,
throws the species into couplet 3ga on p. 260 of Betrem's key, 1928. Sc. histrionica
[= japonica] also comes under couplet
65. speciosa
1858. Scolia speciosa Smith, §: 90. ' Hab. Sarawak '.
1864. Scolia (Triscolia) speciosa Saussure & Sichel, $: 44, n. 17.
1928. Scolia (Megascolia) speciosa Betrem, $>, <$: 243.
- 19640. Megascolia (Megascolia) speciosa (Smith) Betrem & Bradley: 441, n. 4.
The holotype (so labelled by Betrem, although he does not mention it in his mono-
graph, 1928 : 243) is in the Saunders collection. It is an unique female labelled
' Sar ' and bearing Smith's mss. label ' Scolia speciosa Sm. '. It agrees exactly with
Smith's description.
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 323
66. subobscura
1845. Colpa infuscata Lepeletier, ' $ ' (recte <J) Hist. nat. ins. Hymen., 3 : 537, n. 4, nee Klug,
1832. Cayenne.
1854. Scolia infuscata Burmeister, $: 23, n. 23.
1855. Scolia subobscura Smith: 102, n. n. for infuscata Lepeletier.
1855. Scolia vitripennis Smith, $: 108. ' Hab. Brazil (Amazonas) Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq. '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) infuscata Saussure & Sichel: 215, n. 230.
1864. Elis (Dielis} vitripennis Saussure & Sichel, <J: 216, n. 231.
- 1957. Campsomeris (Campsomeris} vitripennis (Smith) Bradley: 75.
Subobscura was a new name for infuscata Lep., hence based on Lepeletier's type.
In 1957, as first reviser, I selected vitripennis as the valid name of the species,
rejecting subobscura. For a full discussion of this case see Bradley, 19640 : 106.
67. terminata
1859. Scolia terminata Smith, <$; 10. ' Hab. Celebes '.
1864. Scolia (Discolia} terminata Saussure & Sichel, $: 124, n. 127.
1928. Campsomeris (Campsomeris} marginella terminata Betrem, 9. 3'- I37-
I937- Campsomeris marginella terminata Betrem, g : 92.
1941. Campsomeris (Campsomeriella} marginella terminata Betrem: 90.
= Campsomeris (Micromeris} marginella terminata (Smith) Betrem.
The holotype is an unique male labelled ' Mak ' in the Saunders collection. This
label refers to Makassar and not Makian. This specimen bears Smith's mss. label
' Scolia terminata Sm. ' and Betrem's holotype label. It runs to ' marginella sub-
species terminata ' in Betrem's key, 1928 : 79, couplet 47a. Betrem (1937 : 93) has
published a revised key. Betrem, from a re-examination of the type, notes that the
scutellum and metanotum are yellow, and that the band on tergite 3(2) turns abruptly
forward at each side; compare also minuta.
68. undulata
1775. Tiphia tricincta Fabricius, <£, Syst. ent.: 354, n. 6.
1855. Scolia undulata Smith, $: 104. ' Hab. Africa (Coll. F. Smith.) '.
1864. Elis (Dielis} undulata Saussure & Sichel, $, <£: 175, n. 179.
1927. Campsomeris tricincta Rohwer, §: 153.
1957. Campsomeris (Xantho campsomeris} tricincta Bradley: 71.
= Campsomeris (Xanthocampsomeris} tricincta (Fabricius) Rohwer.
Two females from the Smith collection are in the British Museum, labelled respec-
tively in the same mss. ' Afr. ' and ' W. Afr. '. The former also bears Kirby's mss.
blue label ' undulata Sm. ' and a museum type-label ' 15. 1361 '. It agrees with the
description, while the other varies in detail of colour markings and has black anten-
nae. I have labelled the former ' Holotype '. One antenna is broken at the third
segment and the other is lacking. The three segments are rufous, infuscated above.
The locality is false, for the type is a specimen of the West Indian tricincta.
324 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
69. ventralis
1873. Scolia ventralis Smith, <$: 186. ' Hab. Hiogo (Japan) '.
1928. Campsomeris ventralis Betrem, $ : 337.
1941. Scolia (Scolioides) histrionica ventralis Betrem, ?, <J: 165.
= Scolia (Discolia) decor ata ventralis Smith.
[The holotype is in the British Museum, it bears the museum number ' 15.1333 ',
' Ihogo ' [sid] ' Japan, Scolia ventralis Smith type <$',' type ', and ' Smith collection
79-22'. J.G.B.]
70. venusta
1855. Scolia venusta Smith, $, <$: go. ' Hab India (Coll. Saunders, Esq.) '.
= 1864. Scolia (Discolia) venusta Smith, teste Saussure & Sichel, $, <J: 120, n. 120.
1928. Scolia (Scolia) venusta, $, $ Betrem: 292.
1941. Scolia (Scolioides) venusta Betrem: 147.
There are a male and a female in the Saunders collection, labelled ' Ind ' and a
female labelled ' Ceylon '. Betrem, 1928 : 292, referred to the female from India
as ' Holotype ' but since the species was described from both sexes it is only a syn-
type. I hereby designate it LECTOTYPE, and have so labelled it.
71. viridipennis
1845. Scolia cyanipennis Lepeletier, §: 524, n. 7, nee Fabricius.
1855. Scolia soror Smith: 96, n. 50, n. n.
1855. Scolia viridipennis Smith: 96, n. 52, n. n.
1864. Scolia (Discolia) soror Saussure & Sichel, $, (J: 126, n. 131.
= Austroscolia soror (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
See under ' 63 soror ' for details of this case.
72. vitripennis
1845. Colpa infuscata Lepeletier, ' $ ' (recte ^): 357, n. 4, nee Klug, 1832.
1854. Scolia infuscata Burmeister, $: 33, n. 33.
1855. Scolia subobscura Smith: 102, n. n. for infuscata Lep., nee Klug.
1855. Scolia vitripennis Smith, <J: 105. ' Hab. Brazil (Amazonas) (Coll. W. W. Saunders,
Esq.) '.
1864. Elis (Dielis) infuscata Saussure & Sichel, ' $ ' (recte <J): 215, n. 230.
1864. Elis (Dielis) vitripennis Saussure & Sichel, <$: 216, n. 231.
— 1957. Campsomeris (Campsomeris) vitripennis (Smith) Bradley: 75.
The holotype, which I have so labelled, is in the Saunders collection. It bears a
label : ' Amaz. ' and agrees with the description. For a detailed discussion of this
case, see Bradley, 19646 : 106. Also see under infuscata Smith, above.
[There are also two males in the British Museum, one incorrectly labelled type.
They are: (A) labelled (i) ' Mex. 61/118 '; (2) ' vitripennis Sm. type '; (B) labelled
' Para, 70/16 '. Neither can be a syntype, since they were obtained by the British
Museum later than 1855. J.G.B., July, 1966].
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 325
73. vivida
1855. Scolia vivida Smith, (J: 89. ' Hab. Madras, B.M. '.
= 1864. Scolia (Discolia) vivida Smith, teste Saussure & Sichel, <$: 123, n. 125.
1928. Scolia (Scolia) vivida Betrem, $, <J: 329.
[There are two males in the British Museum. I hereby designate the LECTOTYPE
to be the one bearing the following labels : (i) ' Madras ' ; (2) ' 99/303 ' which means
' Smith coll. presented by Mrs. Farren- White '; (3) ' Lectotype ', label attached by
Betrem, 1966. It is registered as B.M. Type, Hym. 15.1429. The second speci-
men, without a label, is probably a syntype. J.G.B., July, 1966].
74. zo nn tu
1855. Scolia zonata Smith, $, $: 116. ' Hab. New Holland. B.M. '.
1864. Elis (Trielis) zonata Saussure & Sichel, $, <J: 141, n. 150.
1928. Campsomeris (Pseudotrielis) zonata Betrem, $, <J: 83.
— Trisciloa (Pseudotrielis) zonata (Smith) Betrem, comb. n.
A female in the British Museum bears a museum type-label ' 15.1310 ', a label
' 56/94 ' (which means ' Between Sydney and Moreton Bay or in S. Australia ')
and Smith's mss. label reading ' Zonata. Sm. Type '. I hereby designate this female
to be the LECTOTYPE and have so labelled it. Betrem, 1928 : 84, called it ' Holo-
type ' but the species was described from two sexes without specification of the type.
[There is one female of Scolia zonata in the American Museum of Natural History.
It bears the following labels: (i) ' Austr. ' on a round blue label, characteristic
for Smith; (2) ' Collection J. Angus 346 '; (3) ' Scolia zonata Sm. '; (4) ' Australia '.
It came from the collection of J. Angus, along with the presumptive holotype of
Sc. apicata, referred to above. This female may be regarded as an additional syn-
type. J.G.B.]
REFERENCES
BETREM, JOHAN GEORGE. 1928. Monographic der indo-australischen Scoliiden (Hym. Acul.)
mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. Treubia 9, suppl., 388 pp., 5 pi.
1933- Die Scoliiden der indoaustralischen und palaarktischen Region aus dem Staatlichen
Museum fur Tierkunde zu Dresden (Hym.). Stettin, ent. Ztg 94 : 236-263.
— 1937. Males of the Indo-Australian Campsomeris-species with yellow metanotum (Hymen-
optera, Scoliidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 6 : 91-96.
1938. Die Scoliiden-fauna van Celebes en haar ontstaan. Hand, ned.-indisch. natu-
urw. Congr. Soerabaya 8 : 357-360.
— 1941. fitude systematique des Scoliidae de Chine et leurs relations avec les autres groupes
de Scoliidae. Notes Ent. chin. 8 : 45-188.
— 1947. Analyse van enkele fauna-elementen van de Maleische Scoliiden. Tijdschr. Ent.,
1945 (1947), Feestbundel 88 : 409-416.
— 1962. The taxon Trielis (Hym. Scoliidae) and its type. Ent. News 73 : 146.
— 1967. The natural groups of Campsomeriella Betrem, 1941 (Hymenoptera Scoliidae).
Ent. Ber., Amst. 27: 25-29.
& BRADLEY, JAMES CHESTER. 1964. Annotations on the genera Triscolia, Megascolia
and Scolia (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae). Zool. Meded. First part, 39 : 433-444. Second
part, 40 : 89-96.
326 J. CHESTER BRADLEY & J. G. BETREM
BRADLEY, JAMES CHESTER. 1945. The Scoliidae (Hymenoptera) of northern South America,
with especial reference to Venezuela, i. The genus Campsomeris. Boln Ent. venez.
4 : 1-36.
— 1950. The most primitive Scoliidae. £05, Madr., Tomo extraordinario : 427-438.
— 1957. The taxa of Campsomeris (Hymenoptera-Scoliidae) occurring in the New World.
Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 83 : 65-77.
1964. The type-specimens of the Scoliidae described by Amedee Lepeletier, Comte de
Saint-Fargeau (with notes by J. G. Betrem) and by the Marchese Massimiliano Spinola.
Annali Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Giacomo Doria 75 : 186-196.
— ig64a. Further notes on the American taxa of Campsomeris (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae).
Ent. News 75 : 101-108.
& BETREM, JOHAN GEORGE. 1964. The Fabrician types of Scoliidae (Hymenoptera)
with notes and an appendix by J. G. Betrem. Spolia zool. Mus. haun. 21 : 38 pp.
1966. Burmeister's work on Scoliidae with especial reference to types and synonymy.
Beitr. Ent. 16 : 73-84.
BURMEISTER, HERMANN CARL CONRAD. 1854. Bemerkungen iiber den allgemeinen Bau und
die Geschlechtsunterschiede bei den Arten der Gattung Scolia Fabricius. Abh. naturforsch.
Ges. Halle 1 : 1-46.
DALLA TORRE, KARL WILHELM VON. 1897. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum
systematicus et synonymicus 8. Lipsiae.
KROMBEIN, KARL VON VORST. 1963. The Scoliidae of New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago
and Solomon Islands. Nova Guinea, Zoology, 22 : 543-651.
LEPELETIER, AMEDEE Louis MICHEL, Comte de Saint-Fargeau. 1845. Histoire naturelle des
insectes. Hym6nopteres, 3. Paris.
MICHA, ILSEMARIE. 1927. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Scoliiden (Hym. Acul.) (Liacos Guer.,
Diliacos Sauss. Sich., und Triscolia Sauss. Sich.). Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 13 : 1-156.
ROHWER, SIEVERT ALLEN. 1927. Some scoliid wasps from tropical America. Proc. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 17 : 150-155.
SAUSSURE, HENRI DE & JULES SICHEL. 1864. Catalogus specierum generis Scolia (sensu
latiori). Geneve et Paris.
SMITH, FREDERICK. 1852. Descriptions of some Hymenopterous insects captured in India,
with notes on their economy, by Ezra T. Downes, Esq., who presented them to the Honour-
able the East India Company. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (2) 9 : 44—50.
— 1855. Catalogue of Hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part
III. Mutillidae. 206 pp., 6 pis. London, Trustees of the British Museum.8
1858. Catalogue of the Hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount
Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace. /. Linn. Soc. Land. (Zool.) 2 : 42-
130, 2 pi.
— 1859. Catalogue of Hymenopterous insects collected at Celebes by Mr. A. R. Wallace.
Loc. cit. 3 : 4-27.
— 1859. Catalogue of the Hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace at the
islands of Aru and Key. Loc. cit. 3 : 132-178.
— 1861. Catalogue of Hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands
of Bachian, Kaisaa, Amboyna, Gilolo, and at Dory in New Guinea. Loc. cit. 5 : 93-143,
i pi.
1862. Catalogue of Hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands
of Ceram, Celebes, Ternate, and Gilolo. Loc. cit. 6 : 36-66, i pi.
1863. Notes on the geographical distribution of the aculeate Hymenoptera collected by
Mr. A. R. Wallace in the Eastern Archipelago. Loc. cit. 7 : 109-145.
1864. Catalogue of Hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands
of Mysol, Ceram, Waigiou, Bouru, and Timor. Loc. cit. 7 : 48.
8 [I did not find the exact date of publication known in the British Museum, but the preface is dated
March 7, 1855. J.G.B.]
SMITH'S TYPES OF SCOLIIDAE 327
SMITH, FREDERICK. 1865. Descriptions of new species of Hymenopterous insects from the
islands of Sumatra, Sula, Gilolo, Salwatty, and New Guinea, collected by Mr. A. R.
Wallace. Loc. cit. 8 : 61-94, i pi.
— 1868. Descriptions of aculeate Hymenoptera from Australia. Trans, ent. soc. Lond.
1868 : 231-258.
— 1871. A catalogue of the aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneumonidae of India and the
Eastern Archipelago. /. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 11 : 285-415.
— 1873. Descriptions of aculeate Hymenoptera of Japan, collected by Mr. George Lewis
at Nagasaki and Hiogo. Trans, ent. soc. Lond. : 181-206.
1879. Descriptions of new species of Hymenoptera in the collection of the British Museum.
xxii, 240 pp. London, Trustees of the British Museum.
TUIJN, P. 1961. Annotated list of the Scoliidae of New Guinea in the Leiden Museum
(Hymenoptera). Nova Guinea (n.s.) 10 : 227-244.
WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and
the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature. London, Mac-
millan and Co., 2 vols.
INDEX TO VOLUME XX
New taxonomic names are in bold type
abbreviatus, Metochus
abengouroui, Neodiscodes
Acephana
acte acte, Ticherra
acte liviana, Ticherra
acte retracta, Ticherra
Actinochaetopteryx
Acucera
acuminatus, Aenasius
acuminatus, Rhyparochromus
Acuphocera .
admistus, Caridops
advena, Aenasius
aenea, Cheritra .
aenigma, Cheritra
aeruginosus, Peritrechus
aestiva, Nupedia
aethiopica, Exopamera .
aethiops, Calyptonotus .
aethiops, Cligenes ....
affinis, Daerlac
affinis, Trapezus
africanus, Lethaeus
africanus, Maxaphanus
Agalmia .....
agilis, Campsomeriella (Campsomeriella)
Akosempomyia ....
alacer, Thaumastopus
alacris, Thaumastopus
albicollis, Mirrhina
albidomaculatus, Lachnophorus
albigera, Aphanus
alboannulata, Pamera
albomaculata, Plociomera
albomaculatus, Calyptonotus .
albomarginatus, Gyndes .
alecto alecto, Megascolia .
aliena, Guigliana
alienus, Rhyparochromus
Alophorophasia ....
Altaia ......
Amphitropesa ....
Amplipila .....
Anaeudora .....
Anagonia .....
Anamastax .....
Anaperistommyia ....
Anatropomyia ....
Anavoria .....
Andrewarthaia ....
andrewsi, Pamera ....
Androcyptera ....
Aneogmena .....
• 255
231, 234 (fig.)
5
. 85
86, Pis. i, 2, 4
86
5
5
215, 220 (fig.)
• 255
5
• 255
2O6 (fig.), 207, 22O (figS.)
95, PI. i, 2, 4
94, PI. i, 2, 4
• 255
• 132
• 255
• 255
• 255
• 255
• 255
• 255
• 256
5
• 295
5
256
256
. 256
• 256
• 256
256
. 256
. 256
• 256
296
• 293
• 256
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
47-51
• 256
6
6
antennalis, Diniella .... 257
antennatus, Thebanus . . . .257
antennatus, Tropistethus . . .257
anticus, Rhyparochromus . . . 257
Apalpostoma ..... 6
Alpalpus ...... 6
Apatemyia ...... 6
Aphantorhaphopsis .... 6
Aphrimyobia ..... 6
apicalis, Pamera . . . . .257
apicalis, Rhyparochromus . . .257
apicata, Microscolia .... 296
apicatus, Trapezus .... 257
Apilia ....... 6
Aprotheca ...... 6
archetypus, Entisberus . . . .257
Archimera ...... 6
Arcuthrips . . . . . . 51-53
ardens, Triscolia ..... 297
Argyrothelaira ..... 6
arizonensis, Chalcaspis . . 192, 194 (fig.)
armatipes, Rhyparochromus .
Arrhenomyza ....
Arrhinodexia . ....
arrogans, Campsomeris
Asbellopsis .....
Asetulia .....
Asiocarcelia .....
assamensis, Campsomeris .
assamensis, Lethaeus
assimilandus, Petissius .
assimilis, Rhyparochromus
ater, Prytanes ....
atomarius, Aphanus
Atractocerops ....
Atractodexia ....
atratus, Locutius ....
attenuatus, Rhyparochromus .
aurantiacus, Tropistethus
aurea, Andrewrthaia .
aurea aurea, Ritra . . 99,
aurea cuprea, Ritra
aurea volumnia, Ritra
aureipennis, Scolia
aureola elegans, Campsomeris .
aurifera, Potamiaena
aurivilliana, Pseudopamera
aurulenta aurulenta, Campsomeris .
australis, Aphanus
australis, Arrianoides
australis, Bosbequius
australis, Desmothrips
. 297
7
7
7
. 308
• 257
• 257
• 257
• 257
. 258
7
7
. 258
. 258
. 258
49
PI. i, 2
48 (fig-). 57,
61 (fig.),
. 297
• 3°4
. 258
. 258
. 298
. 258
. 258
. 258
58 (fig.),
67 (fig.)
33°
INDEX
Australotachina
Austrodexia .
Austromacquartia
Austrophasia .
Austrophasiopsis
Austrophorocera . .
Austrophryno
Avibrissia
Avibrissina .
Bactromyiella
bagnalli, Desmothrips
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
48 (fig.), 58 (fig.), 60,
67 (fig.)
7
. 258
7
. 258
7
. 258
• 259
Ballardia ....
balteatus, Phaeax
Barydexia ....
basalis, Rhyparochromus
Bellina ....
bengalensis, Aphanus
bengalensis, Diniella
bengalensis, Rhyparochromus . . .259
Besserioides ...... 7
Bezziomyiobia ..... 7
bicincta, Scolia ..... 298
bicolor, Drymus ..... 259
bicolor, Nabis . . . . .259
bifasciata, Scolia ..... 298
bimaculata, Scolia ..... 299
Biomyopsis ...... 7
biplagiatus, Noliphus .... 259
bipunctatus, Ligyrocoris . . .259
Blepharella ...... 7
bolowi, Aenasius . . . . .219
borealis, Rhyparochromus . . . 259
Boromyia ...... 8
Bothrophora ..... 8
Bothrostira ...... 8
Botriopsis ...... 8
Brachymeropsis ..... 8
bradleyi, Campsomeris (Tristimeris) . . 315
brasiliensis, Aenasius . . . .215
brethesi, Aenasius . . . 218, 212 (figs.)
brevicornis, Winthellia • • • 33
brevipennis, Budaeus .... 259
brevis, Scolopostethus . . . .259
brounii, Hungariella . . 159, 163 (fig.)
brunneus, Locutius .... 259
brunneus, Prosomoeus . . . .259
burmanicus, Usilanus . . . .259
Caeca, Plociomera .
caeruleus, Aenasius
Calcager
Calcageria
caliginosus, Trapezonotus
Calopygidia .
Calosia
Calotachina .
Calotheresia .
Calotheresiopsis
• 259
199 (fig.), 200
259
Calozenillia .
Calyptromyia
Campbellia . . .
Campylia
capensis, Aphanus .
capitatus, Vertomannus .
carbonarius, Pachymerus
Carceliella
Carcelimyia .
Carceliopsis
cardui, Dieuches . .
8
8
8
8
260
260
260
8
8
8
260
cariocus, Aenasius . 206 (fig.), 216—217, 220 (fig.)
carolinensis, Euryrhopalus 240, 244 (fig.)
castaneus, Bubaces .... 260
Catacarcelia ...... 9
Catapariprosopa ..... 9
caudatus, Ericydnus . . . .169
Centeter ...... 9
cephalotes, Rhyparochromus . . . 260
ceromatica, Mahisa .... 260
Cerosomyia ...... 9
Chaetexorista ..... 9
Chaetogastrina ..... 9
Chaetomyiobia ..... 9
Chaetophthalmus ..... 9
Chaetopletha ..... 9
Chaetoptiliopsis ..... 9
Chaetoweberia ..... 9
championi, Acolhua .... 260
chapadae, Aenasius . . . .210
Charitella ...... 9
Cheritra ...... 88-97
Cheritrella ...... 84
Chetogaster ...... 9
chinensis, Rhyparochromus . . . 260
Chlorodexia ...... 9
Chlorogastrina ..... 9
Chlorogastropsis ..... 9
Chloropales . . . . . .10
Chlorotachina . . . . .10
Chromocharis . . . . .10
Chrysopasta . . . . . .10
Chrysopygia . . . . . .10
Chrysorutilia . . . . .10
cincta, Scolia. ..... 300
cincticornis, Ophthalmicus . . . 260
cincticornis, Rhyparochromus . . 260
cinctus, Arcuthrips .... 52
cinerella, Paregle . . . . .125
cingalensis, Sinierus . . . .260
circumcinctus, Rhyparochromus . . 260
clavatus, Aphanus .... 261
clavicornis, Blepyrus 222 (fig.), 225, 227 (figs.)
clypeatus, Gonatas. . . . .261
Codium ...... 10
coei, Delia . . . 115 (figs.), 116-7
coffeicola, Hungariella 161, 162-3 (ngs-)
coleopteroides, Rhyparochromus . . 261
collaris, Rhyparochromus . . .261
collina, Rhaptus ..... 261
INDEX
331
coloratus, Abanus .... 261
columba albofimbriata, Campsomeris (Lisso-
campsomeris) ..... 295
comperei, Neodiscodes . 229, 234 (fig.)
Compsiluroides . . . . .10
Compsoptesis . . . . .10
concavus, Davila . . . . .261
concinnulus, Rhyparochromus . . 261
confusor, Clausenia . . 185, 186 (fig.)
connectens, Aenasius 205, 206 (fig.), 220 (fig.)
consanguineus, Davila .... 261
consanguineus, Dieuches. . . .261
consimilis, Dieuches .... 262
consocialis, Aphanus .... 262
consuta, Orthaea ..... 262
contractus, Sisamnes .... 262
convelatus, Rhyparochromus . . . 262
coronata, Scolia ..... 299
coronata, Scolia ..... 301
corrugata, Clausenia . . 183, 1 86 (fig.)
Cossidophaga . . . . .10
costaricensis, Gonatas .... 262
Cranothrips ..... -53-54
crassa, Agunga ..... 262
crassicornis, Rhyparochromus . . 262
Crossotocnema . . . . .10
cruenta, Scolia ..... 306
Crypsina ...... 10
Cryptosplyosia . . . . .10
culta, Scolia . . . . .301
cuneata, Pamerana .... 262
cupreus, Adauctus .... 262
Curtocera . . . . . .10
Cylindromyiella . . . . .10
Cystometopia . . . . .10
dallasi, Lethaeus ..... 262
dallasi, Pamera ..... 262
davidsoni, Desmothrips ... 68
decorata, Scolia ..... 297
decorata specifica, Scolia . . .322
decorata ventralis, Scolia . . . 324
Degeeriopsis ..... 10
delineata, Salacia . . . . .262
delineatus, Pachymerus . . . 263
delineatus, Rhyparochromus . . . 263
delitus, Ligyrocoris .... 263
Deltomyza . . . . . .10
Demoticoides . . . . .10
denotatatus, Usilanus .... 263
descriptus, Rhyparochromus . . . 263
Desmothrips ..... 54-71
detracta, Hylemya . 123 (figs.), 124 (figs.)
Dexiomima . . . . . .11
Dexiomimops . . . . .11
Dexiotrix . . . . . .11
Diatraeophaga . . . . .11
Dicephalomyia . . . . .11
diffinis, Rhyparochromus . . . 263
Diglossocera . , . , n
dimidiatipennis, Campsomeriella (Campsomeri-
ella) ...... 305
dimidiatus, Rhyparochromus . . . 263
discifer, Nabis ..... 263
discogutatus, Aphanus .... 263
dispar, Ophthalmicus .... 263
dispositus, Perigenes . . . .263
dissimilis, Dieuches . . . .263
dissimilis, Lygaeus . . . .263
distinctus, Cligenes .... 264
distinctus, Noliphus .... 264
distinctus, Petizius. .... 264
divergens, Gonatas. .... 264
di versus, Petissius . . . . .264
Doddiana . . . . . .11
Doleschalla . . . . . .n
Doleschallopsis . . . . .11
Dolichocoxys . . . . . .11
Dolichopodomintho . . . .11
dominica, Margareta .... 264
Donovanius . . . . . .11
douglasi, Plociomerus .... 264
Drinomyia . . . . . .11
dubia, Scolia ..... 302
dubius, Pachymerus .... 264
ducalis, Scolia ..... 302
ducalis gribodoi, Scolia . . . 309
dudgeoni, Aphanus .... 264
Ecatocyptera . . . . .11
Echrysopasta . . . . .11
Efftayloria . . . . . .11
Eipogonoides . . . . . .11
ejuncida, Pamera ..... 264
electa, Targarema . . . .264
elegans, Desmothrips .... 65
elegans, Nabis ..... 264
Elfriedella n
Elodimyia . . . . . .n
emersoni, Cranothrips .... 54
emersoni, Pamera ..... 264
Eoacemyia . . . . . .12
Eocarcelia . . . . . .124
Eocarceliopsis . . . . .12
Eocyptera . . . . . .12
Eocypterula . . . . .12
Eodexiosoma. . . . . .12
Eodolichocolon . . . . .12
Eogymnophthalma . . . .12
Eomintho . . . . . .12
Eomyocera . . . . . .12
Eomyoceropsis . . . . .12
Eoparachaeta . . . . .12
Eophyllophila . . . . .12
Eoptilodexia . . . . .12
Eozenillia . . . . . .12
Epixorista . . . . . .12
Epseudocyptera . . . . .12
Erebiomima . . . . . .12
eriophthalmum, Lasiomma , 124, 125 (figs.)
332
INDEX
Eristaliomyia ....
erosus, Aphanus ....
erosus, Rhyparochromus
erratica erratica, Scolia (Discolia)
erubescens, Pamera
Erythronychia ....
Euamphibolia ....
Eucompsa .....
Encomus .....
Eufischeria .....
Eugymnochaetopsis
Euhypochaetopsis ....
Eupalpocyptera ....
Euproctimyia ....
Eurygastropsis ....
Eustacomyia ....
Euthelairosoma ....
Eutorocca .....
Eutrixopsis .....
Euvespivora .....
Everestiomyia ....
excavatus, Arrianus
Exechopalpus ....
exigua, Pamera ....
exima, Scolia ....
eximius, Heraeus ....
extremus, Rhyparochromus
facilis, Scolia ....
fasciatopennis, Scolia
fasciatus, Aeolothrips
fasciatus, Narbo ....
fasciatus, Trapezus
fascinatus fascinatus, Carinoscolia
fenestrata, Scolia ....
Feriola .....
ferrida, Scolia ....
ferrugineus, Aphanus
festiva, Pamera ....
festivus, Poeantius
firmus, Neocattarus
flandersi, Aenasius
flavibasis, Delia ....
flavidula, Scolia ....
flavidula, Trisciloa
flavomarginata, Kanigara
flavonotata, Pamera
flavopicta, Scolia ....
flori, Lasiocoris ....
forbesii, Aspilocoryphus
formicarius, Phaeax
Formicophania ....
formosa, Plociomera
Formosia .....
Formosodoria ....
Formosolophosia . . .
forreri, Pseudopamera
fraterna, Scolia ....
fraternus, Cligenes
freja, Cheritra . . . 89,
12
265
265
303
265
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
J3
13
13
13
13
13
13
!3
13
265
14
265
304
265
265
304
304
47
265
265
305
• 305
14
306
. 266
265
. 265
. 265
204—205
119 (figs.)
306
306
. 265
. 266
• 3°6
. 266
. 266
. 266
14
. 266
14
14
14
. 266
• 3°7
. 266
Pis. i, 2, 3
freja butleri, Cheritra .
freja evansi, Cheritra .
freja fracta, Cheritra .
freja freja, Cheritra .
freja frigga, Cheritra .
freja jafra, Cheritra .
freja ochracea, Cheritra .
freja pseudojafra, Cheritra
freja sabanga, Cheritra .
Froggattimyia . .
frontalis, Aenasius .
frontalis, Scolia
frontalis, Laeviscolia
. 90
.91
93, PI. i, 2
. 92
93, PI. 3
. 94
94, PI. i, 2
90, PI. 3
... 92
. . .14
206 (fig.), 209, 220 (fig.)
299
. 299
frontalis frontalis, Laeviscolia . .301
Frontiniellopsis . . . . .14
fulgida, Agunga ..... 266
fulgidipennis, Liacos . . . 307
fulvifrons, Megascolia (Regiscolia) . . 317
fulvipennis, Scolia ..... 307
f u mi dors is, Pseudomyopina 135, 136 (figs.),
funestus, Aphanus
fuscans, Dieuches
Gaediogonia
gardineri, Cligenes .
Gastroptilops
gemmata, Pamera .
gemmatus, Fabulinus
Genotrichia .
Geraldia
germanus, Eremocoris
Germariochaeta
Gerocyptera . . . ,
Gerotachina .
glaberrimus, Rhyparochromus
globosus, Prytanes
Glossosalia
Gonanamastax
Goniophana .
Goniophyto .
Gracilicera
gracilis, Neocattarus
gracilis, Porta
gracilis, Sphaerobius
gracilis, Stenocoris
Graphia .
Grapholostylum
Graphotachina
greeni, Altomarus .
greeni, Rhyparochromus
Guigliana .
guineensis, Clausenia .
gutta, Rhyparochromus .
guttata, Orthaea
Gymnamedoria .
habrocoma, Campsomeris
Habrota
266
266
14
. 266
14
. 267
. 267
14
14
267
14
14
14
. 267
267
14
14
14
14
14
267
267
267
. 267
15
15
15
267
. 267
293-4
184, 186 (figs.)
267
267
15
• 3°7
I5
INDEX
Halidayopsis ....
hamata, Graspedochoeta no, in
Hamaxia .....
Hapalioloemus ....
Hega
Hemidegeeria ....
Hemilinnaemyia ....
hemipterus, Diplonotus .
Hertingia .....
Heteria .....
Heterometopia ....
hewitti, Aphanus ....
Hexamera .....
Hillia
hirtipennis, Scolia
histrionica histrionica, Scolia .
Hobartia .....
holisti, Metochus ....
Homohexamera ....
Homotrixa .....
horvathi, Plinthisus
Hungariella .....
Huttonobesseria ....
hyalinipennis, Aeolothrips .
hyettus, Aenasius . . . 195,
Hygiella .....
Hyleorus .....
Hystricina .....
Hystricovoria ....
• 15
(figS.), 112
15
15
15
15
15
. 268
15
15
15
. 268
15
15
. 308
• 3"
15
. 268
15
15
. 268
154-166
16
49
199 (figs.)
16
16
16
16
Idania ...... 16
ignata, Scolia ..... 308
Ilia 16
illitus, Heraeus ..... 268
illuminatus, Dorochosa . . . 268
illuminatus v. umbrosus, Dorochosa . 268
illustris, Metochus ..... 268
incisus, Rhyparochromus . . . 268
inconspicuus, Rhyparochromus . . 268
indica, Hungariella . . 162, 163 (figs.)
indica eliformis, Campsomeris (Colpa-
campsomeris) ..... 308
indica indica, Campsomeris . . 308
indica pseudojavanica, Campsomeris (Col-
pacampsomeris) .... 308
indicus, Aphanus ..... 268
indicus, Lethaeus ..... 268
indicus, Neodiscodes . . 233, 234 (figs.)
indicus, Primierus .... 268
Indosturmia ..... 16
inermibus, Myodocha .... 268
infumatus, Ligyrocoris . . . .269
inornatus, Rhyparochromus . . . 269
insignis, Critobulus .... 269
insignis, Diniella ..... 269
insignis, Eucosmetus .... 269
insignis, Pamera ..... 269
insignis, Pephysena .... 269
insititia, Erlacda ..... 269
instabilis, Scolia , 309
insularis, Aenasius
insularis, Blepyrus
insularis, Scolia
intaminatus, Abdolominus
intermedia, Myodocha
intrudens, Scolia
intrusa, Ampera
iridicolor, Scolia
irregularis, Scolia .
irrorandus, Neocattarus
Isocarceliopsis
Isochaetina .
Isosturmia
Janthinomyia
japonica, Plociomera
japonica, Scolia
japonicus, Ericydnus
jejunus, Pamera
josefi, Clausenia
jurinei, Scolia (Discolia) .
333
. 211
226, 227 (fig.)
. 309
269
. 269
• 309
269
. 310
. 310
269
16
16
16
16
270
• 3"
169
270
. 183
• 3°9
Kambaitimyia . . . . .16
karenia, Uzza . . . . .270
kellyana, Andrewarthaia 49 (fig.), 49, 50 (fig.),
61 (fig.), 69 (fig.)
Kinabaluia . . . . . .16
kirkpatricki, Euryrhopalus 241, 244 (fig.),
255 (fig-)
Koralliomyia . . . . .16
Kosempomyia . . . . .16
Kosempomyiella . . . . .16
Kurintjimyia. ..... 16
Kuwanimyia . . . . .17
kydippe, Ptochiomera . . . .270
labilis, Campsomeris (Megameris) . 321
Laccura . . . . . .17
laericeps, Scolia . . . . .311
lamasi, Grandoriella . . 148 (fig.), 180
larradiformis, Scolia . . . .311
Lasiocalypter . . . . .17
Lasiocalyptrina . . . . -17
lateralis, Aphanus .... 270
lateralis, Diplonotus . . . .270
laticeps, Ishnocoris .... 270
latus, Aphanus ..... 270
latus, Bosbequius ..... 270
leefmansi leefmansi, Campsomeris . 295
leefmansi problematica, Campsomeris 295
Leiosia . . . . . .17
Leiosiopsis . . . . . .17
lepelleyi, Neodiscodes . . 230, 234 (fig.)
Leskiola . . . . . .17
leucoceras, Rhyparochromus . . . 270
leucospilus, Rhyparochromus . . . 270
Leverella . . . . . .17
levis, Pephysena ..... 270
lewisi, Lethaeus ..... 270
lewisi, Mizaldus , . . . .271
INDEX
lewisi, Paradieuches . . . .271
lineatus, Rhyparochromus . . .271
lineosus, Aphanus . . . . .271
litigiosa, Trielis (Trielis) . . .311
littoralis, Aphanus . . . . .271
longicollis, Rhyparochromus . . .271
longicornis, Ericydnus . . 173, 177 (fig.)
longiscapus, Aenasius . . . .213
longulus, Rhyparochromus . . .271
Lophosiocyptera . . . . .17
Lophosiodes . . . . .17
Lophosiopsis . . . . .17
lounsburyi, Pamera . . . .271
lucidus, Chalcaspis . . 191, 194 (figs.)
luctuosa, Scolia . . . . .312
luridus, Diplonotus . . . .271
luscinus, Rhyparochromus . . .271
luteicornis, Rhyparochromus . . .271
luteovaria, Lachnophoroides . . .271
loewittii, Austroscolia . . . 302
Lyphosia . . . . . .17
Macreuthera . . . . . .17
Macrochloria . . . . .17
Macrolophosia . . . . .17
Macropia . . . . . .17
Macropodexia . . . . .17
Macrosophia . . . . . .17
Macrozenillia . . . . .17
macularia, Baladeana . . . .271
maculatus, Bathycles . . . .271
maculatus, Lethaeus . . . .272
maculatus, Neocattarus . . .272
maculicollis, Rhyparochromus . . 272
maculipennis, Lethaeus .... 272
maculosus, Lamprothrips ... 72
maderensis, Rhyparochromus . . .272
majusculus, Gonatas .... 272
Makilingimyia . . . . .17
Malaiocrocuta . . . . .17
Malaisimyia . . . . . .18
Malayia . . . . . .18
Malay ocyptera . . . . .18
Malayodinera . . . . .18
Malayodoria . . . . .18
Malayomedina . . . . .18
Mallochomacquartia . . . .18
manipurensis, Naudarensia . . .272
maplei, Aenasius . . . 197, 199 (figs.)
marginatus, Drymus . . . .272
marginella modesta, Campsomeris (Campsomeris)
313
marginella terminata, Campsomeris . . 323
marginella terminata, Campsomeris (Micromeris)
313
martinii, Neodiscodes . . 230, 234 (figs.)
massi, Aenasius . . . 199 (fig.), 204
Medinacemyia . . . . .18
Medinodexia . . . . . .18
Medinomyia , , , , 18
mediterranea, Hungariella
Megameris .
Megistogastropsis .
Melanasomyia
membraneus, Drymus
membraneus, Lamproplax
mendozai, Desmothrips 62
Menevillea
merula, Lachnophorus
Mesembriomintho .
Metopomintho
Metoposisyrops
Microcarcelia
Microceromasia
Microhystricia
Micromeris
Microphytomyptera
Microrutilia .
Microtropesa
miltoni, Lamprothrips
mimicus, Eucosmetus
minor, Andrewarthaia
Minthocyptera
miiiuta, Scolia
mirabilis, Aphanus
modesta, Scolia
moerens, Pachymerus
moesta, Reclada
Molliopsis .
Monoleptophaga
Montanarturia
montanus, Manatanus
morata, Scolia
morula, Phorbia
multicolorata, Albanyaria
multilinea, Ischnodemus
munda, Tomopelta
mundulus, Rhyparochromus .
mundus, Nysius
murrhea, Pamera .
Mycteromyiella
Myiofijia . . . .
Myiotrixa .
Myobiomima
mysorensis, Fabulinus
Myxocarcelia
naini, Eremocoris .
natalensis, Gonatas
Neoduvaucelia
Neoerythronychia
Neomedina .
Neophryxe
Neoplectops .
Neorutilia
Neotachina .
Neotryphera .
nepalensis, Delia
1 58-159, 162-163
(figs.)
• 294
18
.18
272
. 272
(fig.), 63, 67 (fig.)
18
. 272
18
19
19
19
19
19
• 294
19
19
19
72
272
5i
19
• 3i3
272
• 313
• 273
• 273
19
19
19
• 273
• 3i3
130, 131 (figs.)
• 273
• 273
• 273
• 273
• 273
• 273
19
19
19
19
• 273
19
• 273
• 273
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
113, 114 (figs.)
INDEX
335
nereis, Pachymerus . . . -273
Neximyia ...... 20
nexus, Polycrates . . . . .274
niger, Lethaeus . . . . .274
nigerrima, Campsomeris . . . .316
nigerrima, Scolia . . . . .316
nigrellus, Aphanus . . . .274
nigricans, Daerlac . . . . .274
nigriceps, Rhyparochromus . . . 274
nigrinus, Thebanus . . . .274
nigripes, Rhyparochromus . . .274
nigritulus, Rhyparochromus . . .274
nigrocapitatus, Adauctus . . .274
nigronitens, Eucosmetus . . .274
nitens, Aenasius .... 211-212
nitida, Scolia . . . . .316
nitida nitida, Austroscolia . . .316
nitidus, Mimicus . . . . .274
niveomaculatus, Cligenes . . . 274
nobilata muculuta, Scolia (Discolia) . 317
noctis, Lachnophorus . . . .274
noctua, Clerada . . . . .274
notabilis, Lethaeus. . . . .275
notatus. Rhyparochromus . . .275
Nothypostena . . . . .20
notulata, Bedunia .... 275
novitius, Caeneus ..... 275
novitius, Nysius . . . . .275
nudata, Austroscolia . . . -317
nudata, Scolia . . . . .317
nupera, Pegohylemyia . . 128 (figs.) 129
oblitus, Ligyrocoris
obscura, Metagerra
obscuripes, Rhyparochromus .
obsoletus, Desmothrips 61 (fig.)
Occisor ....
oceanicus, Aphanus
Ochromeigenia
Ochrophasia
Ochropleurum
Ocypteropsis
Oestrocara
opalina, Scolia
opalina opalina, Garinoscolia
Opsocyptera ....
Opsophana ....
Opsophasiops
Orectocerina ....
orientalis, Aphanus
Orientodoria ....
Orilliopsis ....
Ormiominda ....
ornandus, Scolopostethus
ornata, Edulica
ornata, Scolia
ornatipennis, Lachnophoroides
ornatulus, Aphanus
ornatus, Aphanus .
• 275
• 275
• 275
63. 67 (fig.)
20
• 275
20
orpheus, Cheritra . . . .96
orpheus eurydice, Cheritra . . 96, PI. 4
orpheus orpheus, Cheritra . . 97, PI. 4
orpheus orphnine, Cheritra. 97, PI. i, 2
oryctophaga, Scolia (Discolia) . . . 308
ovalis, Rhyparochromus .... 276
ovatus, Lemnius . . . . .276
Oxydexiops . . . . . .21
Oxyphyllomyia . . . . .21
Oxyrutilia . . 21
pacificus, Aenasius
Palexorista .
Palia .
Paliana.
pallens, Rhyparochromus
pallescens, Davila .
pallescens, Locutius
212, 220 (fig.), 222 (fig.)
21
21
21
. 276
276
276
pallicornis, Rhyparochromus . . .276
pallida, Cheritra . . .88, Pis. i, 2, 4
pallidulus, Dieuches .... 276
pallidus, Pygaeus . . . . .276
pallipes, Lasiosomus . . . .276
pallipes, Paradieuches . . . .276
Palpina . . . . . .21
Palpostoma . . . . . .21
Palpostomotrixa . . . . .21
I >:im iron sis, Pseudomyopina 137, 138 (figs.)
Pancala . . . . . .21
papuanus, Aphanus . . . .277
Parabrachelia . . . . .21
Paragonia . . . . . .21
Paralophosia . . . . .21
Paramphibolia ..... 22
Paratropeza . . . . . .22
Pareupogona . . . . .22
Paropsivora . . . . .22
parvipictus, Dieuches . . . .277
parvulus, Rhyparochromus . . .277
parvus, Neocattarus . . . .277
parvus, Neodiscodes . . . 228-229
patricius, Cligenes .... 277
paulistus, Aenasius, . . 210, 220 (figs.)
pedata, Naudarensia . . . .277
Pentatomophaga . . . . .22
Penthosiosoma . . . . .22
percultus, Heraeus .... 277
peregrina, Hungariella . . . .160
Peremptor . . . . . .22
pergandei, Chalcaspis . . . 192, 194
Perigymnosoma . . . . .22
Perilophosia . . . . .22
Perrissina . . . . . .22
Perrissinoides . . . . .22
personata, Scolia . . -317
personatus, Aenasius . 198, 199 (figs.)
phaeophilus, Rhyparochromus. . .277
Phalerimeris ..... 294
Phaoniella . . . . . .22
Phasiodexia . ,22
336
Phasioormia
phenacocci, Aenasius
phenacocci, Chalcaspis
Philippodexia
Philippodoria
Philippoformosia .
Philippolophosia
Philotrichostylum .
Phorcidella .
Phoriniophylax
Phorocerosoma
Phorocerostoma
Phrynactia .
Phryxosturmia
Phytorophaga
piceae, Hungariella
picinus, Abdolominus
picta, Nexirnyia .
picta, Pamera
picteti, Scolia (Discolia)
pictipennis, Rhyparochromus
picturata, Salacia .
picturatus, Appolonius .
picturatus, Pamera
pictus, Lethaeus
Pilimyia
Plagioderophagus .
Plagiomyia .
Platerycia
Platytachina
Platytainia .
plenus, Rhyparochromus
Plesiocyptera
Plethochaetigera
Podomyia
Pogonagalmia
politus, Thebanus .
Polychaeta
Polygastropteryx
porrectus, Catenas .
poultoni, Cranothrips
pretiosa, Hungariella
pretiosus, Euryrhopalus .
INDEX
22
203, 220 (fig.)
193, 194 (ng-)
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
156, 162 (fig.), PI. 3
• 277
33
. 278
. 318
• 277
. 277
• 277
. 278
. 278
23
23
23
23
23
23
. 278
23
23
23
23
. 278
23
23
. 278
50 (figs.), 54
155, 162 (figs.)
236, 245 (fig.)
prismatica, Campsomeris (Megacampsomeris) 318
prismatica, Scolia
probilis, Hylemya
Proceromyia .
Prodegeeria .
Prodiaphania
Prohypotachina
Promedina
Promintho
Proparathelaira
Prophorichaeta
. 318
121, 122 (figS.), 123 (figS.)
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
propinquus, Desmothrips
propinquus, Euryrhopalus
Proriedelia
Prosenina
Proseuosoma
48 (figs.), 65, 67
(fig.)
. 242
24
24
, 24
Prosenostoma
Prosheliomyia
Prosophia
Prosopodopsis
Prosopofrontina
Prosturmia .
Protohystricia
Protomeigenia
Protonemoraea
proximus, Rhyparochromus
Psaronia
Psaroniella
Pseudactia
Pseudobrullaea
Pseudocyptera
Pseudoformosia
Pseudokea
Pseudomyopina
Pseudopalpostoma
Pseudorectocera
Pseudoservillia
Pseudotrichopoda .
pulchra, Scolia
pulchrior, Euryrhopalus
punctata, Salacia .
punctatus, Aenasius
purpurata, Esuris .
purpurea, Clausenia
pusillus, Rhyparochromus
putoni, Calyptonotus
putoni, Scolopostethus .
Pygidimyia
Pygocalcager
. 24
• 24
24
24
. 24
. 24
24
24
25
. 278
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
133-138
25
25
25
25
. 318
238, 245 (fig.)
. 278
2OI-2O2, 220 (figS.)
. 278
182, 186 (fig.)
. 278
. 278
. 278
25
25
Quadra ...... 25
quadriceps, Scolia . . . . .319
quadriceps larradiformis, Diliacos . 311
quadriceps quadriceps, Diliacos . .319
quadriguttulata celebesiaca, Campsomeris
(Sericocampsomeris) 314
quadriguttulata quadriguttulata, Campso-
meris (Sericocampsomeris) 312
quinlani, Pegohylemyia . . 126, 127 (figs.)
radula, Campsomeris (Radumeris) . . 310
raja, Aphanus . . . . .278
reductus, Plociomerus .... 278
reedi, Desmothrips 55 (fig.), 58 (fig.), 61 (fig.)
66, 69 (fig.)
regularis, Aenasius . . 201, 220 (fig.)
relatus, Dieuches ..... 279
repens, Delia . . . 117, 118 (figs.)
repressus, Rhyparochromus . . .279
reticulatus, Atkinsonianus . . .279
Rhaphis 25
Rhinaplomyia ..... 25
Rhinomyobia ..... 25
Rhinomyodes ..... 25
rhopoideus, Euryrhopalus 240, 244 (figs.),
245 (figs-)
INDEX
337
Rhynchiodexia ..... 26
Ritra 97~99, Pis. 1-3
robustior, Ericydnus . . 172, 177 (figs.)
rolandri, Naudarensia . . . .279
rubromaculata, Scolia . . . -319
rubromaculata rubromaculata, Campsomeris
(Sericocampsomeris) . . . -319
rudolfianus, Lachnophoroides . .279
ruficeps, Scolia ..... 320
ruficeps ruficeps, Austroscolia . .319
rufocinctus, Aphanus .... 279
rufolateralis, Pygidimyia . . -33
rusticus, Diplonotus . . . .279
Rutilia 26
Rutilodexia . . . . . .27
Rutilotrixa ...... 27
saccharicola, Euryrhopalus . 237, 245 (fig.)
saissetiae, Clausenia .... 226
sanguineus, Calyptonotus . . . 279
Saralba ...... 27
Scaphimyia . . . . .27
schindleri, Liacos .... 309
Schistochilus ..... 27
Schizactiana . . . . . .27
Schizoceromyia . . . . .27
schwarzi, Euryrhopalus . . 237, 244 (fig.)
Scologaster . . . . . .27
scotti, Pamera . . . . .279
scutellatus, Dieuches . . . -279
scutellatus, Rhyparochromus . . .279
scutellatus, Udalricus .... 279
segmenta, Bedunia. . . . .279
semidolens, Rhyparochromus . . . 280
semilucens, Rhyparochromus . . . 280
Semisuturia . . . . . .27
senex, Scolia ..... 320
Senexorista . . . . . .27
Senostoma ...... 27
Sericotachina . . . . .27
Sericozenillia . . . . .27
serripes, Rhyparochromus . . . 280
Servillina . . . . . -27
Servilliodes . . . . . .27
Servilliopsis . . . . . .27
Setasiphona . . . . . -27
sevosus, Dinea ..... 280
seychellesus, Plociomerus . . . 280
siamicus, Rhyparochromus . . .280
Sigelotroxis . . . . .28
signanda, Salacia . . . . .280
signata, Scolia . . . . .321
signatus, Lethaeus .... 280
similis, Aenasius . . 196, 199 (figs.)
Simoma ...... 28
simpsoni, Lethaeus .... 280
simulans, Tropistethus .... 280
sipylus, Ericydnus . 174-176, 177 (figs.)
Sisyropa ...... 28
Sisyropododexia . . . . .28
sladeni, Pamera
sloggetti, Dieuches
Smidtiola
smithi, Dieuches
sobrina, Pamera
socia, Bathydema .
soror, Austroscolia
soror, Scolia
sparsus, Aphanus .
specifica, Scolia
speciosa, Megascolia
speciosa, Scolia
spilococci, Hungariella
spinosus, Gonsalvus
Spiroglossa .
Spixomyia .
splendens, Scythinus
splendens, Speusippas
stali, Targarema
staphylinus, Pachymerus
staudingeri, Ticherra .
steeleae, Desmothrips
(figs-),
stellatus, Lethaeus
Stenodexiopsis
Stiraulax
strictus, Rhyparochromus
strigosus, Ericydnus
Sturmiodoria
Sturmiopsis .
Stylogynemyia
Stylurodoria .
subbaraoi, Neodiscodes . . . 232
subobscura, Scolia ..... 323
Suensonomyia . . . . .28
Sumatrodexia ..... 28
Sumatrodoria ..... 28
Sumatrosturmia ..... 28
Sumatrotachina ..... 28
Sumpigaster ..... 28
suratensis, Aphanus . . . .281
Tachineo ...... 28
Tachinodexia ..... 28
Takanoella ...... 29
Takanomyia ...... 29
Talaractia ...... 29
Tamanukia ...... 29
tartarea, Lua . . . . .281
tasmanensis, Chlorogastrina . . 33
Tasmaniomyia ..... 29
tenebrosus, Lethaeus . . . .281
tenuicornis, Desmothrips 48 (fig.), 58 (fig.), 60
(fig.), 68, 69 (fig.)
tenuiscapus, Euryrhopalus . 239, 244 (fig.)
Teretrophora ..... 29
terminalis, Gastrodes . . . .281
terminalis, Rhyparochromas . . .281
terminata, Scolia . . . . -323
testaceipes, Rhyparochromus . . .282
. 280
. 280
. 28
. 280
. 281
. 281
321, 324
. 321
. 281
- 322
- 322
- 322
157-158
. 281
28
28
. 281
. 281
. 281
. 281
87, Pis. i, 2, 4
48 (fig.), 55 (figs.), 58
61 (figs.), 66, 69 (fig.)
. 281
28
28
. 281
170-172, 177 (figs.)
28
28
28
28
338
Tetrapteromyia
Thelairoleskia
Thelycarcelia .
Theresiopsis .
Therobia
Therobiopsis .
thoracica, Pamera .
thoracicus, Neocattarus
Thryptodexia
tibialis, Polycrates
Ticherra
tineoides, Lamprodema .
Tongamyia .
Torocca
Toxocnemis .
trabeatus, Dinea
Trichoformosomyia
Trichostylum
tricincta, Campsomeris
tricolorata, Pamera
trimaculatus, Trapezus .
Trischidocera
Tritaxys
Trixomorpha
Trophomyia
Trophops
tropicus, Eremocoris
truncipennis, Cheritrella
Truphia
Trypherina .
turneri, Austropamera
Tylodexia
typicalis, Laxamana
typicus, Gonatas
typicus, Neolethaeus
typicus, Orbellis
typus, Gonsalvus .
tysoni, Phorbia .
Uclesiella
ugandensis, Abanus
Ugimeigenia
Ugimyia
uhleri, Rhaptus
umbrosis, Dorachosa
undulata, Scolia
uniformis, Dieuches
uniformis, Polycrates
uniguttus, Desmothrips .
Urodexia
Urodexiomima
Uroeuantha .
Uromedina
Uschizactia .
vadosus, Aenasius
variabilis, Balboa .
INDEX
29
variegatus, Franklinothrips
71
29
variegatus, Heraeus ....
283
29
variegatus, Poeantius ....
283
29
vegetus, Neocattarus ....
283
29
Veluta
30
29
velutina ducalis, Megascolia (Megascolia) .
302
. 282
velutina, Scolia .....
314
. 282
velutina intrudens, Megascolia .
309
29
velutina velutina, Megascolia (Megascolia)
314
. 282
ventralis, Ericydnus . 167-169, i77(figs.)
85-87
ventralis, Scolia .....
324
. 282
venusta, Scolia .....
324
29
Vespivora ......
31
29
Vespocyptera .....
31
29
vexans, Aenasius . 202-203, 206
(fig.)
. 282
vicinalis, Pamera .....
283
29
vicinus, Rhyparochromus
284
30
vigens, Neocattarus ....
284
(Xanthocampsomeris)
viridipennis, Scolia. ....
324
323
vitalisi, Pamera .....
284
. 282
vitripennis, Campsomeris
324
. 282
vitripennis, Campsomeris (Campsomeris) .
323
30
vitripennis, Scolia .....
324
30
vittata, Lamprodema ....
284
30
vivida, Pamera .....
284
30
vivida, Scolia .....
325
30
Voriella ......
31
. 282
"Vorina .......
3i
30
walkeri, Calyptonotatus ....
234
30
Wattia
31
. 282
Weingaertneriella .....
30
Wiedemanniomyia ....
31
282
Winthellia
31
. 282
• 283
Wulpitachina .....
. 283
. 283
Xanthoerigone .....
3i
129, 130 (figs.)
Xanthooestrus .....
Xanthopteromyia .....
31
Xenolophosia .....
31
30
Xenorhynchia .....
31
. 283
Xenosturmia .....
31
30
30
Zambesa ......
31
. 283
Zambesoides ......
31
. 283
Zambesopsis ......
• 323
Zamimus ......
31
• 283
Zealandotachina .....
31
. 283
48 (fig.), 69 (fig.), 71
Zebromyia ......
Zenargomyia .....
3°
Zita
32
30
zonata, Scolia .....
325
30
zonata, Trisciloa ....
325
3°
Zoramsceus .....
32
30
Zosteromeigenia .....
32
Zosteromyia .....
32
. 214
Zosteromyiopsis .....
32
. 283
Zosteropsis ......
32
Lelocampsomeris) 310
Zygocarcelia ......
32
A LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS
TO THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES
OF THE BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
1. MASNER, L. The types of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the British
Museum (Natural History) and in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford.
Pp. 143. February, 1965. £5.
2. NIXON, G. E. J. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera :
Braconidae). Pp.284; 348 Text-figures. August, 1965. £6.
3. WATSON, A. A revision of the Ethiopian Drepanidae (Lepidoptera). Pp. 177 ;
18 plates, 270 Text-figures. August, 1965. £4 45.
4. SANDS, W. A. A revision of the Termite Subfamily Nasutitermitinae (Isoptera,
Termitidae) from the Ethiopian Region. Pp. 172 ; 500 Text-figures. October,
1965- £35s.
5. AHMAD, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera : Alydidae) of the World. Pp. 156 ;
475 Text-figures. November, 1965. £2 155.
6. OKADA, T. Diptera from Nepal. Cryptochaetidae, Diastatidae & Drosophilidae.
Pp. 129 ; 328 Text-figures. £3.
7. GILIOMEE, J. H. Morphology and Taxonomy of Adult Males of the Family
Coccidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea). Pp. 168 ; 43 Text-figures. February, 1967.
£33s.
8. FLETCHER, D. S. A revision of the Ethiopian species and a check list of the
world species of Cleora (Lepidoptera : Geometridae). Pp. 119; 14 plates, 146
Text-figures, 9 maps. February, 1967. £3 los.
9. HEMMING, A. F. The Generic Names of the Butterflies and their type-species
(Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera). Pp. 509. August, 1967. £8 los.
10. STEMPFFER, H. The Genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera : Rhopa-
locera). Pp. 322; Coloured frontispiece, 348 text figures. August, 1967. £8.
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