Bulletin of the
British Museum (Natural History)
Studies on the Old World species of
Holothrips (Thysanoptera:
Phlaeothripidae)
S. Okajima
Entomology series
Vol54 Nol 26 March 1987
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World List abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.)
© Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1987
The Entomology series is produced under the general editorship of the
Keeper of Entomology: Laurence A. Mound
Assistant Editor: W. Gerald Tremewan
ISBN 0 565 06024 4
ISSN 0524-6431 Entomology series
Vol 54 No 1 pp 1-74
British Museum (Natural History)
Cromwell Road
London SW7 5BD Issued 26 March 1987
Studies on the Old World species of Holothrips
(Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
S. Okajima
Laboratory of Entomology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 156, Japan
Contents
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Synopsis
The systematic relationships of the genus Holothrips Karny and the tribe Docessissophothripini of the
subfamily Phlaeothripinae are considered. One genus, Panceratothrips, is recalled from synonymy and
transferred from the tribe, and two genera, Abiastothrips and Pseudosymphothrips, are placed in
synonymy. Almost 50 species of Holothrips have been described from the New World; this paper includes
descriptions of 49 new species and 6 new combinations, and provides a key to 69 Old World species and one
Hawaiian species; a further three Old World species remain unclear and are excluded from the key.
The species in the Docessissophothripini are all fungus-feeders, and are usually found on dead leaves
and branches.
Introduction
The species of Holothrips are medium-sized tubuliferous Thysanoptera belonging to the tribe
Docessissophothripini of the subfamily Phlaeothripinae. All the members of this tribe are
fungus-feeders and are usually found on dead leaves and branches, but sometimes in grass
tussocks or in leaf-litter.
Most of the species in the Phlaeothripinae have slender maxillary stylets (1—3 wm) and, evenif
they are fungus-feeders, there are no fungal spores in their gut. However, the stylets of the
species in the Docessissophothripini are usually moderately broad (4—8 um) and their gut
contents include small spores and even branched hyphae. The only other group of Phlaeothripi-
nae with moderately broad maxillary stylets is the tribe Apelaunothripini (Okajima, 1979;
1984), but that may be distantly related because of the absence of the metathoracic sternopleural
sutures.
Because of the broad maxillary stylets, the genera in the tribe Docessissophothripini had been
placed in the subfamily Idolothripinae (= Megathripinae) by several authors. Recently,
however, Mound & Palmer (1983) transferred them to the Phlaeothripinae, and recognized nine
genera in this tribe, redefining each genus with a checklist of included species. According to this
work, there were 62 Holothrips species in the world, of which 18 were from the Old World and 44
were from the New World. However, in this paper, 54 species are added to the genus from the
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 54 (1): 1-74 Issued 26 March 1987
2 ; S. OKAJIMA
Old World. Of this total of 72 Old World species, 13 are known only from single specimens,
about 20 from 2—4 specimens, about 15 from 5—9 specimens and the others from more than 10
specimens. Moreover, inadequate material of more than 10 undetermined species from this
region has also been examined, indicating that the study of the thysanopterous fauna of the Old
World tropics and subtropics is far from complete. Most of the material used in this paper was
collected recently from a few localities in South East Asia on a limited number of occasions.
Moreover, there are wide areas in the Old World where the thysanopterous fauna is almost
unknown, e.g. North and Central Africa, West Asia and New Guinea. This suggests that many
more species remain to be found, possibly more than double the number of those included in this
study.
The tribe Docessissophothripini seems to be closely related to the genus Hoplothrips of the
tribe Phlaeothripini (see below), but it is interesting that the species are somewhat different
biologically from the species of Hoplothrips. In their distribution, the docessissophothripine
species are mainly tropical and subtropical, with a few in the temperate zone. However,
Hoplothrips species occur more in the temperate zone than the tropics, at least in the Old World.
For example, eight Hoplothrips species have been recorded from England (Mound et al. , 1976)
although only five have been recorded from India (Ananthakrishnan, 1973). Almost all the
species of Hoplothrips show extreme allometry, particularly in the males, and the forelegs of the
large males are distinctly enlarged. However, most docessissophothripine species do not show
this type of size-related variation. Moreover, Hoplothrips species often produce large popula-
tions under the bark of trees, whereas the docessissophothripine species rarely produce large
populations. The present author considers that allometric growth may be related to colony size,
because most of the tubuliferous species showing extreme allometry produce large populations
or colonies. There is a possibility that allometric growth is not only the result of a difference in
nutritive conditions, but also has an ecological or ethological significance. On the other hand,
micropterae are very common in Hoplothrips species in both sexes and macropterae are
sometimes rare, whereas micropterae have been discovered in only four Holothrips species in
the Old World.
Origin of the Tribe Docessissophothripini
Mound & Palmer (1983: 90) redefined this tribe and transferred it from the Idolothripinae to the
Phlaeothripinae, suggesting that it might be related to the tribe Phlaeothripini. The present
author largely agrees with this opinion, although tribal relationships within the Phlaeothripinae
remain unclear. The nominate tribe Phlaeothripini of the subfamily Phlaeothripinae is used here
in a rather different sense from that of Priesner (1961: 290). At least the Hoplothrips-complex,
placed by Priesner in a separate tribe Hoplothripini, must be included in the Phlaeothripini.
Most of the characters defining the tribe Docessissophothripini are shared with those of the
tribe Phlaeothripini. The only distinctive characters of the Docessissophothripini are the
moderately broad maxillary stylets and the reticulated areas of the male on the intermediate
(usually fourth to seventh) sternites (Figs 4-8). These sternal reticulated areas are somewhat
similar to those of the Plectrothripini (Okajima, 1981). However, they are found in both sexes in
the Plectrothripini, although only in males in the Docessissophothripini. Moreover, the form of
the reticles is more or less different in these two tribes, suggesting that they are independent
apomorphies. Recently, sternal reticulated areas have been found in males of Hoplothrips
(Mound & Walker, 1986). These are quite similar to those of the Docessissophothripini, and it
seems possible that they are homologous. In contrast, Hoplothrips species usually have a sternal
glandular area on the eighth sternite in the male (Fig. 3), as is typical of Phlaeothripini, but the
structure of this is distinct from the reticulated areas on the intermediate sternites. If the
reticulated areas found on the intermediate sternites of male Holothrips and male Hoplothrips
are really homologous, then there is a possibility that the Docessissophothripini is derived from
Hoplothrips-like ancestors in the Phlaeothripini. The only apomorphy defining this tribe is thus
the relatively broad maxillary stylets.
Of nine genera recognized by Mound & Palmer (1983) in the tribe Docessissophothripini,
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS |
four are restricted to the Old World; Maxillata and Pongola from South Africa, Asemothrips
from Australia (one species, pallipes, from Java) and Oidanothrips from the Oriental Region.
Three genera, Docessissophothrips, Symphyothrips and Tropothrips, are restricted to the New
World (three Symphyothrips species described from the Old World, aberrans from India,
alifanensis from Guam and longicauda from Baltic amber, may not be congeneric with the
type-species). The remaining genus, Holothrips (with its synonym Abiastothrips), is widespread
in the world. Moreover, this genus is large and includes more than 100 species, whereas the other
seven genera are small, each with only a few species that can be distinguished from Holothrips
only by rather weak characters. From this pattern of speciation, Mound & Palmer (1983)
suggested that this tribe evolved relatively recently from the Phlaeothripini.
Characters studied
Head
Head shape is an important character in identifying species or recognising relationships between
species. The relative length/width, shape of cheeks, dorsal sculpture and median elevation are
useful. Most species have the cheeks weakly and arcuately rounded, but some have almost
straight or shallowly emarginate ones. However, shape is sometimes distorted by cover-slip
pressure, and delicate care is necessary for study.
Maxillary stylets are usually long, reaching eyes and close together in the middle of head, but
sometimes not reaching eyes and more or less apart from each other. They are somewhat
broader (4—8 um) than those of typical Phlaeothripinae (1-3 um). This condition may be
assumed to be apomorphic.
Maxillary guides are simple, but often bowed and distinctly developed. Sometimes they form
a weak bridge (Figs 29, 33, 37, 39, 41, 44). Several species from South East Asia having this
structure may constitute a natural group (apoensis-group, p. 17).
Mouth cone shape is rather clearly divided into two types, rounded (short and obtuse in dorsal
aspect) or pointed (long and acute in dorsal aspect); this is an important key character (key
couplet 4).
Setae are developed as in typical Phlaeothripini. Most species have a pair of long postocular
setae, sharply pointed, expanded, knobbed or blunt at apex, rarely with two pairs in the New
World species (undescribed species in BMNH). The ocellar setae are usually short, but a few
species have well-developed anteocellar setae (e.g. subtilis, Fig. 154) or postocellar setae (Fig.
137). Cheek setae are usually weak.
Antennae are seven-segmented, morphological segments VII and VIII fused, but usually with
a suture, complete or incomplete, between them. One New World species, peruvianus, has
segment VI broadly fused to VII. The relative lengths of the segments are sometimes useful for
identification, but are often affected by sex and body size or allometric growth. The sense cone
formula on segments III and IV is three and four respectively, but two New World species,
phaeura and aberrans, have only two on III.
Thorax
Pronotum shape may be useful in recognizing relationships between species, but it is often
affected by sex and body size. The relative length/ head length or / width, shape of anterior
margin and the sculpture of the surface are considered in this study.
Epimeral sutures are present posterolaterally on the pronotum, and usually complete.
Setae on the pronotum are situated regularly. Five major setae are present, but the
anteromarginal pair is sometimes reduced. The setal apices are variable in shape.
Wings are usually present, micropterae being known in only four species in the Old World.
Forewings, if well developed, have a series of duplicated cilia on the distal hind margin, but these
exhibit a range of both intraspecific and interspecific variation.
Forelegs have a tarsal tooth in both sexes. The shape is variable, small or large, curved or
straight, wide-based or not, and sometimes is affected by sex and body size. The foretibiae rarely
have a subapical tubercle at the inner apex, and the forefemora also rarely have a median
4 S. OKAJIMA
tubercle (Fig. 187) or hump, which may be related to both allometric growth and sex. For
example, the large males of cracens have a forefemoral median hump, but this is absent in the
female and the small male (Ananthakrishnan, 1973). The enlargement and elongation of the
forelegs in males related to allometric growth is usually less distinct than in Hoplothrips species.
Abdomen
Pelta (= first abdominal tergite) is usually bell-shaped or rather triangular, often hat-shaped,
and a little broader than long. The shape and pattern of the sculpture is fairly stable within
species and is sometimes useful in identification. A pair of the micro-pores is present or absent
near the posterior margin of the pelta, and this is an important key character (key couplet 49).
Tergites II to VII each bear two pairs of sigmoid wing retaining setae in macropterae, but
sometimes the posterior pair on VII is reduced to being short and straight. Tergites II to IX each
bear two pairs of major setae (B1 and B2) situated near the lateral angles, but those on tergite IX
are situated medially (B1) and submedially (B2). The outside pair (B2) on tergite II is usually
short and pointed at apex, but the others are well developed and their apices are variable in
shape, sharply pointed, blunt, knobbed or expanded. The combination of shapes of these setae
is often useful in defining species. In a group of several species from the New World, e.g. ingens
(type species of the genus), these setae are flattened and remarkably wide, but this may be
affected by sex because males of these species have these setae more slender.
Tube shape is variable and important in defining species. It is usually straight-sided, but often
weakly constricted near the base or apex, or somewhat heavy in several species. However, in
most cases, this character does not seem to indicate relationships between species, thus
suggesting homoplasy. The relative lengths of the tube and head are sometimes important in
recognising relationships. Members of the apoensis-group (see p. 17), apparently a natural
group from the Old World, have the tube longer than the head, whereas most other species have
a shorter tube. The surface is usually smooth, but is sometimes sculptured with polygonal
reticulation or longitudinal wrinkles.
Sternal reticulated areas (Figs 4—8) are present or absent on the intermediate sternites
(usually IV-VII) of the male, usually transversely developed, but sometimes reduced and
divided into two parts. They are present in up to 60 per cent of those Old World species in which
males are known. However, they are affected by body size or allometric growth.
Measurements
The relative length of head and tube are quite important for the identification of the Holothrips
species. In this paper, the following standards were used. (In all cases care was taken not to
measure specimens distorted by cover-slip pressure.)
Length of head: from anterior margin of eyes to base at middle on dorsal surface (Fig. 1a).
Width of head: maximum width across cheeks (Fig. 1b).
Length of tube: from anterior margin to posterior margin of abdominal segment X on dorsal
surface at middle (Fig. 2a).
Basal width of tube: maximum width near base, excluding basal collar (Fig. 2b).
Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in the descriptions and the key.
An: antennal segment n. MAn: morphological antennal segment n. POS: postocular setae. AA: antero-
angular setae on prothorax. AM: anteromarginal setae on prothorax. ML: midlateral setae on prothorax.
PA: posteroangular setae on prothorax. EPIM: epimeral setae on prothorax. DC: duplicated cilia on
forewings. SWS: subbasal wing setae on forewings (SWSn, numbered from basal one). WRS: wing
retaining setae on abdominal tergites. Sn: abdominal sternite n. Tn: abdominal tergite n. B1: inside pair of
major setae at or near posterior margin on tergite. B2: outside pair of major setae at or near posterior
margin on tergite. [B1(Tn): inside pair on tergite n.] L: length. W: width.
The following abbreviations are used for the depositoriés.
BMNH: British Museum (Natural History), London. CAS: California Academy of Sciences, San
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 5
Francisco. SMF: Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt. SO: S. Okajima collection, Tokyo University of
Agriculture, Tokyo. TNA: Prof. T. N. Ananthakrishnan collection, Loyola College, Madras.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to express his hearty thanks to many colleagues and curators for offering information or
loaning specimens from their collections: T. N. Ananthakrishnan, Loyola College, Madras, India; F. A.
Bianchi, B. P. Bishop Museum, Hawaii, U.S.A.; L. De Santis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, R.
Argentina; K. Haga, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; M. Hasegawa, Saitama, Japan; R. M.
Johansen, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico; N. Kashiwai, Tokyo, Japan; M.
Miyazaki, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan; L. A. Mound, BMNH,
London, U.K.; S. Nakahara, United States Department of Agriculture, Maryland, U.S.A.; J. M. Palmer,
BMNH;; W. J. Pulawski, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, U.S.A.; M. Saikawa, Kanagawa,
Japan; K. Sakimura, Hawaii, U.S.A.; S. Sen, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, India; T. Senoh,
Tokyo, Japan; W. Suzuki, Tokyo, Japan; M. Tomokuni, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan; D.
Voegtlin, Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, U.S.A.; R. zur Strassen, SMF, Frankfurt, West
Germany. Thanks are also due to Professors H. Sawada and Y. Watanabe, Laboratory of Entomology,
Tokyo University of Agriculture, for their constant guidance.
This study could not have been completed without the cooperation of Dr L. A. Mound on various
matters, particularly his expert suggestions after reading through the manuscript.
Nomenclatural summary
Taxa transferred from Holothrips
PANCERATOTHRIPS Bagnall, 1936 gen. rev.
typicus Bagnall, 1936
Holothrips from the Old World
HOLOTHRIPS Karny, 1911
Trichothrips (Abiastothrips) Priesner, 1925 syn. n.
Lathrobiothrips Karny, 1933
Adelothrips Hood, 1938
Cordylothrips Hood, 1937
Ischnothrips Moulton, 1944
Agnostothrips Moulton, 1947
Pseudosymphothrips Kurosawa, 1954 syn. n.
Agnostothrips (Erythrinothrips) Ananthakrishnan, 1956
Stinothrips Ananthakrishnan, 1969
Holmiella zur Strassen, 1972
africanus sp. n.
ananthakrishnani sp. n.
andamanensis (Sen, 1980) comb. n.
andrei sp. n.
angulatus (Priesner, 1927) comb. n.
angulus sp. n.
antennalis sp. n.
apoensis sp. n.
armatus sp. n.
attenuatus sp. n.
australis (Mound, 1974)
breviceps sp. n.
brevicollis sp. n.
brevitubus sp. n.
castanicolor sp. n.
caudatus (Bagnall, 1915)
celebensis sp. n.
cephalicus sp. n.
citricornis (Bagnall, 1913)
cracens (Ananthakrishnan, 1968)
cupreus sp. n.
curvidens sp. n.
falcatus sp. n.
flavicornis sp. n.
flavitubus sp. n.
flavus sp. n.
formosanus sp. n.
fumidus (Ananthakrishnan, 1972)
hagaisp. n.
hasegawai sp. n.
indicus (Ananthakrishnan, 1956)
associatus Ananthakrishnan, 1968
japonicus sp. n.
kuntiae (Sen, 1982) comb. n.
latidentis sp. n.
luteus (Faure, 1954)
Juminosus sp. n.
maxillae sp. n.
mirandus (Ananthakrishnan, 1969)
moundi sp. n.
nepalensis (Pelikan, 1970)
nigripes sp. n.
nigritus (zur Strassen, 1972)
oceanicus sp. n.
ogasawarensis sp. Nn.
okinawanus sp. n.
parallelus sp. n.
peltatus sp. n.
peninsulaze sp. n.
pictus sp. n.
porifer sp. n.
pulchellus sp. n.
quadrisetis sp. n.
ruidus (Ananthakrishnan, 1969)
ryukyuensis sp. n.
sakimurai sp. n.
sawadai sp. n.
schaubergeri (Priesner, 1920) comb. n.
priesneri Bagnall, 1933
lativerticis Post, 1961
semiflavus (Moulton, 1947)
setosus sp. n.
soror (zur Strassen, 1974) comb. n.
speciossissimus (Karny, 1920)
stannardi (Ananthakrishnan, 1972)
storkisp. n.
subtilis (Ananthakrishnan, 1972)
tibialis sp. n.
titschacki (Priesner, 1928)
f. debilis Priesner, 1928
torajanus sp. n.
torosus sp. n.
typicus (Ananthakrishnan, 1967)
unicolor sp. n.
yuasai (Kurosawa, 1954) comb. n.
yurikoae sp. n.
zimmermanni (Moulton, 1944)
S. OKAJIMA
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS Ti
Genus recalled from synonymy with Holothrips
PANCERATOTHRIPS Bagnall gen. rev.
Panceratothrips Bagnall, 1936: 219-220. Type-species: Panceratothrips typicus Bagnall, by monotypy.
[Synonymized with Polyphemothrips Schmutz by Mound, 1968: 146, and with Holothrips Karny by
Mound & Palmer, 1983: 92.]
Mound (1968: 146) and Mound & Palmer (1983: 92) synonymized this genus with Polyphemothrips and
Holothrips respectively. However, the long maxillary stylets of typicus, type-species of the genus, are
narrower than those of docessissophothripine species, and do not differ from those of typical Phlaeo-
thripini. Since the tribe Docessissophothripini is here distinguished from the tribe Phlaeothripini only by
the moderately broad maxillary stylets, Panceratothrips is placed in the tribe Phlaeothripini.
Panceratothrips typicus Bagnall
Panceratothrips typicus Bagnall, 1936: 220. Lectotype 2, MapaGascar (Muséum National d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris) [1 2 paralectotype examined].
Polyphemothrips typicus (Bagnall) Mound, 1968: 146.
Holothrips typicus (Bagnall) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 95.
The seventh and eighth antennal segments of this species are fused completely as in the Docessissophothri-
pini, but this feature is also found in many other phlaeothripine genera.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Madagascar: 1 9 (paralectotype), Province of Tanarive, 1905 (A. Mathiaux) (BMNH).
Taxonomy of the genus Holothrips from the Old World
HOLOTHRIPS Karny
Holothrips Karny, 1911: 502; Mound & Palmer, 1983: 92-95. Type-species: Holothrips ingens Karny, by
monotypy.
Trichothrips (Abiastothrips) Priesner, 1925: 153. Type-species: Trichothrips schaubergeri Priesner, by
original designation. [Raised to genus by Priesner, 1927: 556.] Syn. n.
Cratothrips Priesner, 1927: 494-495. Type-species: Cratothrips angulatus Priesner, by monotypy. [Synony-
mized with Abiastothrips Priesner by zur Strassen, 1974: 119-120. ]
Lathrobiothrips Hood, 1933: 421. Type-species: Lathrobiothrips ramuli Hood, by monotypy. [Synony-
mized by Mound & Palmer, 1983: 92.]
Cordylothrips Hood, 1937: 517-518. Type-species: Cordylothrips peruvianus Hood, by monotypy.
[Synonymized by Mound & Palmer, 1983: 93.]
Adelothrips Hood, 1938: 380. Type-species: Adelothrips xanthopus Hood, by monotypy. [Synonymized by
Mound & Palmer, 1983: 93.]
Ischnothrips Moulton, 1944: 305. Type-species: Ischnothrips zimmermanni Moulton, by monotypy.
[Synonymized by Mound & Palmer, 1983: 93.]
Agnostothrips Moulton, 1947: 172-173. Type-species: Agnostothrips semiflavus Moulton, by monotypy.
[Synonymized by Mound & Palmer, 1983: 93.]
Pseudosymphothrips Kurosawa, 1954: 134. Type-species: Pseudosymphothrips yuasai Kurosawa, by
monotypy. Syn. n.
Agnostothrips (Erythrinothrips) Ananthakrishnan, 1956: 341. Type-species: Agnostothrips (Erythri-
nothrips) indicus Ananthakrishnan, by monotypy. [Raised to genus by Ananthakrishnan, 1964: 94;
synonymized by Mound & Palmer, 1983: 93.]
Stinothrips Ananthakrishnan, 1969: 55. Type-species: Ischnothrips typicus Ananthakrishnan, by mono-
typy. [Synonymized by Mound & Palmer, 1983: 93.]
Holmiella zur Strassen, 1972: 95-98. Type-species: Holmiella nigrita zur Strassen, by monotypy. [Synony-
mized by Mound & Palmer, 1983: 93.]
Diacnosis. Colour yellow to dark brown, usually with red hypodermal pigments. Head usually longer than
broad, sometimes elevated dorsally, dorsal surface partly or generally sculptured. Antennae 7-segmented;
MA7 and MA8& completely fused, but usually with a complete, incomplete or reduced suture between
them; A3 with three sense-cones, A4 with four sense-cones. Mouth-cone variable in shape, short or long,
rounded or pointed; maxillary stylets more or less broad like those of idolothripine species, long, usually
reaching eyes, usually parallel and touching together in the middle of head, but sometimes not reaching
8 S. OKAJIMA
eyes and more or less apart from each other; maxillary bridge usually absent, sometimes present but weak
and narrow. Praepectus absent. Epimeral suture usually complete. Foretarsi each with a tooth in both
sexes. Metathoracic sternopleural sutures present. Metanotal median pair of setae usually weak. Fore-
wings not constricted medially; with DC. Pelta bell-shaped or rather triangular, a pair of micro-pores
present or absent. S4 to S7 of male usually with transverse reticulated areas. Tube usually shorter than
head, sometimes longer, variable in shape.
ComMENTS. Nine genera were synonymized with this genus by Mound & Palmer (1983: 92-93). The
present author has re-examined most of these synonymized genera, and agrees with this treatment of them,
except for the genus Panceratothrips Bagnall (see above).
Abiastothrips was erected originally as a subgenus of Trichothrips for a species, schaubergeri, with the
head almost as long as broad, and with the inter-antennal projection exceptionally broad. However, one of
the subsequent members, soror, has a more slender head which is intermediate between schaubergeri and
Holothrips species. Moreover, one Australian species of Holothrips, australis, has a somewhat broad
inter-antennal projection. Pseudosymphothrips was also erected for a single species, yuasai, and cannot be
distinguished satisfactorily from Holothrips by the general appearance.
The genus Holothrips includes a wide range of shapes of the head, maxillary stylets and tube. The head is
usually short and weakly or not elevated medially, but sometimes elongate and strongly elevated. The
maxillary stylets are usually curved simply or rather straight in the mouth-cone, but sometimes looped or
angulate laterally. Moreover, the range appears as a morpho-cline, more or less continuous and cannot be
divided into subgroups. The genus Docessissophothrips, which is most clearly related to Holothrips, has
been distinguished by the head long and strongly elevated medially and the maxillary stylets looped or
angulate laterally. These features appear to be shared with some Holothrips species and are insufficient to
distinguish the two genera, and Holothrips could therefore well be treated as a synonym of Docessis-
sophothrips. Unfortunately the unique holotype male of ampliceps, the type-species of Docessis-
sophothrips, is in a more or less poor condition, having been remounted into balsam from dry material on a
card, therefore the present author cannot compare these two genera closely.
Key to the Old World species
Three species, angulatus, stannardi and titschacki, have not been studied by the present author and are
excluded from this key. One Hawaiian species, sakimurai, newly described below is included with the Old
World species. The type-locality, not the full distribution, is given in parentheses.
1 Tube shorter than 2-0 times as long as basal width; dorsal surface of head generally covered
with transverse rows of weak and fine striation or reticulation (Figs 9, 11,13) ..................... 2
— Tube longer than 2-1 times as long as basal width, if shorter than 2-0 times, dorsal surface of
head withidistinct polysonalireticnlatton)::s.5c-cceqseee-eseee ee ee ee eee eee eee nee ee eee 4
2 Head much longer than 1-5 times as long as broad; ocellar region distinctly convex (Fig. 9); all
tibiae dark brown (Brunel): . e.aereu dc onena hates nacneane nee eeeeeeee brevicollis sp. n.(p. 19)
— Head shorter than 1-5 times as long as broad; ocellar region not distinctly convexed; mid and
hind tibiae langely yellow, so .ccsjc tae vaccine dose sete see eGat ace mene aeeec ec tere- Oaceee toe aR ee EEE eee 3
3. Maxillary stylets angulate in mouth-cone (Fig. 11); well-sclerotized robust species (Sulawesi)
parallelus sp. n.(p. 39)
— Maxillary stylets not angulate in mouth-cone (Fig. 13); weakly sclerotized feeble species
(Philippines: azOm)e-. 2h ecantee aceon esas. Aon cra eae cece ade ae cere brevitubus sp. n.(p. 20)
4 Mouth-cone short and rounded, at least not sharply pointed ..................ceccceeceeeeeeeeneeeeeeeees 5
= Mouth-conelong andipomtedis ¢ y-esnase-oseetetes oe eee eee eee eee cose en eects eae ee eee eee 43
5 Mid-vertex (mid-dorsal) head setae, also B1 and B2 setae on T9 expanded at apex (South
ATTICA) coco oat npetennich hestacecee Gan amee epee eee luteus (Faure) (p. 32) [cf. titschacki(Priesner) (p. 50)]
— Mid-vertex head setae and B2 setae on T9 sharply pointed at apex, B1 on T9 variable in shape,
poimted, blunt, expanded or knobbedic5. cis. scat pose eeetesaccas see cre eek cee nee eee cae eee ee 6
6) Head muchilongenthan 1-Situmesiasilonpasi/brOadieeseee eee euch sate ote ee ee eee ee eee eee y
= 7) Head'shorter thand-Sitimes:as longiasibroadlerem ees. eee- areca eee -ceee cece eer ee eee ee eee eee y)
7 Metathorax and apical fourth of tube yellow, the rest of body brown to dark brown; maxillary
stylets angulate or looped laterally in mouth-cone (Fiji) .......... zimmermanni (Moulton) (p. 54)
— Body uniformly dark brown; maxillary stylets smoothly curved or rather straight, not strongly
AN GUL ALC cise ce cohnsd oc aedonuse veunise seambeneeentens rey cominaser ae ce csetalssee secines selsctae sameeren te cseee
8 Hindtibiae yellow; head 1-5—1-7 times as long as broad (Fig. 20) (India)
mirandus(Ananthakrishnan) (p. 34)
— Alltibiae dark brown; head 1-75—1-80 times as long as broad (Fig. 17) (Java) nigripessp.n.(p. 36)
16
17
18
19
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS
Mubedimostaslonaasiheddionlongen sais. -cptasaece so dus access decker news telpnnseoadteiostuseacbnadeaSenait
CEE STE og Uo 65 BE pa ee OS ee ee eee
Maxillary stylets almost touching together at median portion of head, without maxillary bridge,
See OSE FIO ARE IIIS OF CYS 025 5 pone nck eamaivcesa cscs van odn% Wau cins dade ducnenvesntaedilds cudeaveuieats
Maxillary stylets more or less apart from each other, with weakly developed maxillary bridge,
not reaching posterior margins of eyes (Figs 29, 33,37, 39, 41,44) ..... 0... cee ceceecenee eee eeee
Tube almost as long as head, with some longitudinal wrinkles (Fig. 23); A7 almost as long as A6
ora little shorter; cheeks almost straight, subparallel (Fig. 22) (Brunei)........ storkisp. n. (p.
Tube slightly longer than head (Fig. 27); A7 longer than A6; head broadest across cheeks at
Ree M NCA REMNENG BED) DOW cian ness htensands ands oaliextbadesenas«ub'easosigoshacennasarces torajanus sp. n. (p.
Body largely yellow; antennae longer than 2-5 times as long as head; A3 longer than 3-0 times
asiene as broad (Fie: 40) (Philippines: Luzon) .....3....-...cssesecsetevesseasnecsecs flavus sp. n. (p.
Body brown to dark brown; antennae shorter than above ..................scceceeeeececeeceeeeeeeeeeenes
Maxillary stylets not reaching level of POS (Fig. 44) (Philippines: Mindanao) maxillaesp. n.(p.
PM emilan sive tSieaCDInPlEVEl OREO a,c. suere es encisnaaananees rine <deiiaaemcticesseenansealeceravenneeiteles
pesexpanded at apex (Pig.41) (BrGnet) 5... connsavnnensacinnsipaennsnenssonsduee armatus sp. n.(p.
POS pointed or blunt at apex, at least not strongly expanded ..................0cccccseceeeeeeceeeeeeeees
A4 to A6 bicolorous, brown with yellowish bases; B2(T9) shorter than 0-6 times as long as tube;
tube 3-00-—3-15 times as long as basal width (Fig. 34) (Philippines: Mindanao)
apoensis sp. n. (p.
A4 to A6 uniformly brown; B2(T9) longer than 0-7 times as long as tube; tube 2-5—2-7 times as
Ria eA ACTA ACTED) EIR SOO, 9 ala tin xv du ecient scabedds asain saa koa dileivonMevehdd@nabntevaansesRajecwenai
Head 1-1 times as long as broad; POS blunt or very weakly expanded at apex (West Malaysia)
Brace ee ee Ie Acie ch nec Poe ules abe a Hatin os cat ed es sic ateghag hagas canis ddacelas peninsulae sp. n. (p.
Head almost as long as broad; POS sharply pointed at apex (Sarawak) .._ caudatus (Bagnall) (p.
Cheeks strongly serrate, or with some strong warts; head usually not strongly elevated;
pronotum well developed, at least with a strong median line and polygonal reticulation (Fig.
Cheeks usually not strongly serrate, if with strong warts, at least shallowly emarginate; head
usually elevated dorsally; pronotum comparatively small, without strong reticulation,
PICU ATMUNO ISLA VsWed Kenan Wade... trict letas ues uiis cae <vcneass deans sateblane valiivids canciones vescacntaae
Maren Ta CULAR USN CONAN FG) CRA EXTON IRG 2. 05 (es aartbesercaee ke Sondpé vive tasmeawcud@ansddes-asacdenbannbensvcascaeens
Eieoloronsivrownrand yellow, OFlargely VEMOW 0! ..e00.cncrenscsncatticneeceoniaensessaccesncsdeesesennwass
Mid-vertex (mid-dorsal) head setae well developed, 100-150 4m; A7 with a complete suture
between MA7 and MA8; prothoracic AA minute, much shorter than AM; pelta with a pair
PRRRTTCE OS CHIE S (RENN VB G-fa-l dan. exten tos cn ves eea ooh ansss arakense cues nigritus (zur Strassen) (p.
Mid-vertex head setae minute, shorter than 50 4m; suture between MA7 and MA8 incomplete
or reduced; prothoracic AA well developed, as long as AM or longer; pelta without
RMB ERO Fa cry eM. Cindy eis paint eigk ayes fuss d waa ade werent aida an sDeneredan dsidhionesancavtewes ite ne gennseiee
HO SSHarplyi POmtediatrapeXimarstie seen tee sae vanchcbess ances Gop vet oamcedosiscnersuseus consetlonesaasosvcteasts
BOSD KOU DEM OL expanded dt APEX cc... .ces socks caesancarnecmaseacscsemecent+roscSsnectse soe ccsvewele cae
Head 1-20—1-25 times as long as broad (Fig. 62) (Japan: Ryukyus) ......... ryukyuensis sp. n. (p.
Head about 1-4 times as long as broad (Fig. 65) (West Malaysia) ................ unicolor sp. n. (p.
Maxillary stylets not reaching level of POS (Fig. 69); interior margin of foretibia with some
SicGue warts: cyescirediar (SitisAapOTe) oo... cceen. Siieeoseeseecndatsnacceseesnnbons torosus sp. n. (p.
Maxillary stylets longer, reaching eyes; interior margin of foretibia smooth .......................065
Cheeks with some strong warts; foretibiae each with an apical tubercle (New Guinea)
semiflavus (Moulton) (p.
Cheeks without strong warts, only serrate (Fig. 58); foretibia without apical tubercle (Brunei)
curvidens sp. n.(p.
Tube largely brown, with paler base; A3 longer than 2-6 times as long as broad (India)
kuntiae (Sen) (p.
Tube largely yellow, with somewhat darker apex; A3 shorter than 2-2 times as long as broad.....
Foretibiae each with a subapical tubercle (Fig. 56); B1(T9) blunt or very weakly expanded at
Bas SIL EN ers)) Mie 3p, de Of a on tibialis sp. n. (p.
Foretibiae without distinct subapical tubercles; B1(T9) sharply or nearly pointed at apex.........
Head and mesonotum brown, concolorous with pronotum; A7 almost as long as A6, without
suture between MA7 and MAS& (Fig. 49); tube weakly constricted at basal third (Fig. 48)
Cbeprtiial eer ete centre sok nactetcleonistew envanoncucinaesiidvaelengddagtee si ruidus (Ananthakrishnan) (p.
37)
20
21
22
44)
52)
51)
23
47)
24)
31)
25
50)
26
44)
10
33
36
3y/
38
39
40
41
S. OKAJIMA
Head and mesonotum yellow to brownish yellow, much paler than brown pronotum; A7 much
longer than A6, with a complete suture between MA7 and MA8 (Fig. 52); tube almost
straight-sided (Fig: Si)i(Ghana) 2.256... eeee et eee ee ee africanus sp. n.(p.
Body largely yellow, atleast prothoraxyellow reesei eeree: -e- ee -eene eee eee er eee tere eerste eee eee eeeeeee
Body largely brown to dark brown, at least prothorax bDrOWN..................csceececneeeceecneeeecnenes
Body bicolorous yellow and brown, anterior portion of head, lateral portions of pterothorax
brownish; all femora shaded with brown apically (India)...... cracens (Ananthakrishnan) (p.
Body almostumnitonmlly yellow tg 7-sssscces-h scree atest a eceer ee ten sere eee ec a: eee eece eee eee eee e ee eee
Head shorter than 1-25 times as long as broad (Fig. 72); epimeral suture incomplete (Japan)
yurikoae sp. n. (p.
Head longer than 1-35 times as long as broad; epimeral suture complete ...................cceeeeeenee
Cheeks shallowly emarginate (Fig. 117), with some warts; A3 about twice as long as broad
(Philippines: Leuzon) cis\--.:aeeeosemccernRCeee eae ee ee ote ees Juminosus sp. n.(p.
Cheeks almost straight or weakly swollen, without any warts; A3 about 3-0 times as long as
broad) (india) ion ahr or ga eh prayer oases typicus (Ananthakrishnan) (p.
Mid and hind tibiae:yellow/i5.ccae-te sineet estan aeette tense tec cbar eens cae PT -ees ei oe eee eee eee
Mid and hindtibiae brown to dark brown, sometimes paler apically ..................0..cceeeeeeeeeeees
Suture between MATandIMAScomplete® fi i5.0.. o-eescse-c seers Rescs sensor cee eee eee eee ree eee eee eee Renee
Suture between MA7 and MAS8incompleteiorreduced)..-c.. 5.0.2.2 .see-snece seco ceseaesee nee eeeeeee
Cheeks shallowly emarginate (Fig. 85); POS sharply pointed at apex; A7 slender, about 5-0
times as long as broad, much longer than A3 (Fig. 86) (Singapore)......... antennalis sp. n.(p.
Cheeks weakly swollen or straight, at least not emarginate; POS expanded or knobbed at apex;
AvMessthan4:0itimesasilongasibroadie.-...ess-e eens ceees-eeeaere eer eete se eee eee ee eee eee
Head longer than 1-3 times as long as broad; Al to AS yellow; POS almost as long as eye;
prothoracic AMinunute (Tanzania) coie5 220 goss nnetaeeek sete meee ceneen citricornis (Bagnall) (p.
Head shorter than 1-2 times as long as broad (Fig. 75); at least A4 and AS brown; POS much
longer than eye; prothoracic AM well developed, expanded at apex (Hawaii)
sakimurai sp. n. (p.
Epimetal sutureimcomplete se 255. c5is.2 ste ce otono oe ects seca eedeie woe ae ee nee nee ee ene eee eee eee
Epimeral suture complete .3......4 .02bc%. assay abaceetwn stevens tucscandveasespitedeses pees ee mede toon ean
Sculpture on head with many fine tubercles or warts (Fig. 89); cheeks weakly emarginate;
B1(T9) longer than tube; hind coxae yellowish, much paler than femora; B2(T3-T7) sharply
pointed (Brunel) isco scusexeescs a Soee acne aac me ee ee cephalicus sp. n. (p.
Sculpture on head normal; cheeks angulate just behind eyes, then distinctly emarginate (Fig.
121); B1(T9) shorter than tube; hindcoxae brownish, almost concolorous with femora;
B2(T3-TS5) very weakly expanded, B2 (T6 and T7) sharply pointed (Singapore)
angulus sp. n. (p.
Head distinctly narrowed towards base (Fig. 119), tinged with yellow at anterior half;
pronotum shorter than 0-4 times as long as head; metanotum with at least 6 pairs of
prominent setae (Fig. 111); B1(T9) almost as long as tube (Philippines: Mindanao)
setosus sp. n.(p.
Head almost parallel-sided (Fig. 92), uniformly brown; pronotum almost half the length of
head; metanotum with 4 pairs of prominent setae; B1(T9) much shorter than tube (Austra-
Tie ica SSS ee IE ek GR LS a ch Yo a oe Ce he oceanicus sp. n.(p.
POS expanGedat apex ov sesocics sins. cvsnisaincn aatenamete ce aslendbade see Oem amen ets oy dss ReRe eee eee eee
POSblunt ornearly pointed at apex; atleastnotexpanded @---....-----s1--cs-cereeve seve saeeeeeneeneeen
Antennae short, shorter than 1-5 times as long as head; cheeks shallowly emarginate; tube
almost half the length of head, weakly constricted at basal third and near apex; tibiae
generally dankibrownl (Australia) meses seeeeeeer see eee eee teense seer australis (Mound) (p.
Antennae about 2-0 times as long as head; cheeks almost straight (Fig. 78); tube 0-75 times as
long as head, almost straight-sided (Fig. 79); tibiae dark brown, but gradually paler apically
(West Malaysia): :200 S20 aceacan- Stes Tce ROSE Sep oa ee ae ent andrei sp. n.(p.
A3 and A4 yellow in basal halves, brown in apical halves (Japan: Ogasawara)
ogasawarensis sp. n. (p.
A3'and Adigenerally brown toidarkibro wiles seas re reece see eee reece cate ee ee eer eee eee eee eee
A7 about 3-5 times as long as broad (Fig. 106); inner side of probasisternum rather pointed
(Fig. 105); peltadarkenedmedially Gapam)ie. 22.9ec0-ee- cee eeee ee eee japonicus sp. n. (p.
A7 shorter than 3-0 times as long as broad; inner side of probasisternum usually rounded (Fig.
108); pelta usually pale ic.25. ds ctinncasea cant eae ssiue peoenas oes mctceee ce See act eee Eee eee ae ete eee
42
43
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS
A7 2-7-3-0 times as long as broad (Fig. 97); prothoracic AA, SWS and most of B1 and B2 setae
g@uideneices Blt at apex (Japai)iniest 5 vine dace cscccctadpacsessnebedeoccsbeunas latidentis sp. n.(p.
A7 shorter than 2-6 times as long as broad (Fig. 97); prothoracic AA, SWS and most of B1 and
B2 setae on tergites pointed at apex (Japan: Ryukyus)...................... okinawanus sp. n. (p.
Body bicolorous yellow and brown, at least posterior portion of head yellowish, paler than
ree era soc times tilly VOMOW oi. idee. deoredescvdlocs .ctvnecnuegenansdverdeceensetducevacisscestoessedene
PPE AI IPRE CUE MALL EATON AN TEAR IS: OWI ogo cic va cae tone ntcmeaints on dem cwnnicatetn Up ogs dunn ve vecaedsieanslesteseineee
B1(T9) weakly expanded or knobbed at apex; pelta without micro-pores (Australia)
speciossissimus (Karny) (p.
B1(T9) sharply pointed at apex; pelta with a pair of micrO-pores ...............02 ccc cece eeeeeeeeeee eee es
A3 and A4 brown, darker than Al and A2; B2(T6) sharply pointed at apex (West Malaysia)
pulchellus sp. n.(p.
Atleast basal thirds of A3 and A4 yellowish, concolorous with Al and A2; B2(T6) expanded or
RO DHEA AGA PE Ke kom deew eee dac ace onacdassianaddsoetcetdesccceencotecers seaceadarestesleccrsvcdecsctetsasdetade
eit Ae EAE ERY YO MONG: oid cides tobormaregddtandentann oad dtrertasedseabent yoevetesdrwcdcaneaceasedesvadcnduns
Basal half of A3 and basal third of A4 yellowish, the rest brown ..................0ccceccececeeeneeeeees
Tube distinctly constricted at basal third and apex (Fig. 136); suture between MA7 and MA8
FEGUCEG CAG AMIAN )itcie eestor sete eattstecec sees sseesaite sce ccna sees andamanensis (Sen) (p.
Tube almost straight-sided; suture between MA7 and MA8 nearly complete
MUITCLL A) ere eatin coh ace ae ae a Nees ie PON oe latins Bost ce eras oi indicus (Ananthakrishnan) (p.
Tube heavy, 0-79—0-82 times as long as head, dorsal surface with distinct polygonal reticulation
GEromsleta (SENCADOLE ise ece cee acc oe ceucse seta es tepldcsexcanade noche tureiec peree's sawadaisp. n.(p.
Tube slender, almost straight-sided, 0-73—0-75 times as long as head, dorsal surface smooth
BRS Ie rE MUP RUINS BMZONIEY vo oe crc ya nn cnntcandcadncndvaniessiéncuscaseaenebesacsdeeene pictus sp. n. (p.
etree tinted [ALGO tNICLO-ONCS conte pian rte waists -tavtiane Saedune fash: «desc ontoadeeeeinat en tennasaceaaserinte hear
Ee ANTE OU EEN CLG OCS meter a atea ewes ai ese seca sores saree scene deanna ansige ce dsen anor sens amines
Mid and hindtibiae brown to dark brown, sometimes with yellowish bases and apices..............
MUU ieliAtt CI MATIGEIISIAC HUE MO Winans tatnnetaaa tat aeeic ss eoenw tes smariesse sods na aden «asiace nuenkuar ape sauenscaners
mubeslender longer than'0-/Stmmes aslohg as head ............0<.scrccarsscacsenencecncneesncesssenreme
PHMDE SHOLCEM MAING 7 TIES ASNONG ASHOAG oo. acseiacnceianisisenansicenasnlsleciansisiavie seas stn’ easveesiseiens sie
Ocellar region not convex; dorsal surface of head weakly sculptured (Fig. 151) (West Malaysia)
peltatus sp. n.(p.
Ocellar region more or less convex; dorsal surface of head distinctly sculptured with polygonal
Ment GLH cht OM eermeer eer ete Ratt at ics aeaasoas eaten had cased eelaanewc old ueucoudssaisalye waged sindeldvaescadenedwes
Head 1-4—1-5 times as long as broad (Fig. 137); postocellar setae well developed, longer than
Rip HERG LEM PER OEE GlS (LIGA) 3.545 00 cxugdenos<nasawskagedocnoneengcores sedvdvederee quadrisetis sp. n. (p.
Head 1-2-1-3 times as long as broad (Fig. 141); postocellar setae minute (Nepal)
nepalensis (Pelikan) (p.
Interocellar setae well developed, almost as long as eye (Fig. 154); tube weakly constricted at
basal third.and apex (Fig: 155)\(Iindia).. ........00....cesenesedenes subtilis (Ananthakrishnan) (p.
Imterocellarsetae minutes tube almost straight-sided)).. ..iccc.ccc.cdecse..sceseccrecetevccscdecsontescedees
Head longer than 1-1 times as long as broad (Fig. 144); POS usually pointed at apex;
inter-antennal projection not so broad (Madeira)......................06. soror (zur Strassen) (p.
Head almost as long as broad, or a little broader (Fig. 146); POS knobbed or weakly expanded
at apex; inter-antennal projection broad (Austria) .................. schaubergeri (Priesner) (p.
Basal two-thirds of tube yellow; foretibiae dark brown (Java) ................. flavitubus sp. n.(p.
Tube brown to dark brown; foretibiae usually yellowish, at least paler than forefemora...........
Fee( RG) short, expanded Or DIE At APEK o.2... (i csaxcnvalncsdnasccvgcentcnceadaccceceessdensconastecasscnbecs
PALO) LOM: Scan PIV OLIME ALAMION cfc. 1 che <ccada cos .ccaconueudsscmdaveusandnignsvessdsanecsedaatenecoessed
Cheeks subparallel (Fig. 157); A5 largely yellow, shaded with brown apically (Singapore)
flavicornis sp. n. (p.
Cheeks gradually narrowed towards base; AS Drown ..................c..0ssensccasssccneseecaerenceteeees
B1(T9) blunt at apex, at least not sharply pointed; tube longer than 3-2 times as long as basal
A ERIE 175) CSREES erery on eae ie daneada ten cnny addadeneesneniacceeautaavinae falcatus sp. n. (p.
B1(T9) sharply pointed at apex; tube about 3-0 times as long as basal width, or a little shorter
GE Sore] D) CVE SGN aA Sic cree chia aot ndutbastilegcnsaded tagsidadacae ssumosenadeobs moundisp. n. (p.
Suture between MA7 and MA8 complete or nearly complete ...................c:ceccecseeeeeeeeeeeee ees
SuturebetweenmlviArranid MIA Sire diced fasenss-caqa. aiien sect c peetAunsed ecole coanlseOicelsaslecaslasisicttine aves
12 S. OKAJIMA
61 Head about 1-2 times as long as broad (Fig. 160); dorsal surface of tube weakly sculptured near
base; body usually chestnut-brown; A4 brown, with yellow base (Taiwan, Japan: Ryukyus)
porifersp.n.(p. 42)
— Head about 1-1 times as long as broad; dorsal surface of tube smooth; body usually dark brown;
A4 yellowish, with apex shaded (India).................0.cecceeeeeee ees ananthakrishnanisp.n.(p. 13)
62 Head almost as long as broad (Fig. 166) (West Malaysia)....................0006- brevicepssp.n.(p. 18)
—. Head'longer than 1-1 timesaslongas broad). ...j2¢ 2: <-2ustea.5o1sesdeodenetbeee pa eateeee os eoeaee sone nee 63
63. Foretibiae yellow (Philippines: Mindanao)... <.-..55-c.08cnssed acted eros cupreussp.n.(p. 23)
= Foretibiae brown (West Malaysia)! x. 2.2 teacc.de.-eee scree cen tececheeouseeeaneet: castanicolorsp.n.(p. 20)
64 Head longer than 1-4 times as long as broad (Fig. 181); cheeks almost straight, subparallel
(Sulawesi) isis5c; <6 dean was Oe eo once coe ee ce eae eee ae celebensissp.n.(p. 21)
— Head shorter than 1-3 times as long as broad; cheeks more or less rounded ...................0se0000s 65
65: POSexpanded at apex: i554 seen. oa meets setdeneee pecoaeeeecines cf. speciossissimus (Karny)(p. 48)
= POS pomtedorblintatapexjatleastnotexpandedyy-.....ece-e-.-cee- cee eee ss -e eee ene ee ee eee eee 67
66 Tube longerthan0-9 timesas long ashead 020-2... 1.0 aeons mene senssmaaensup hep anita: vase eee 67
= Tubeshortenthan!0:S5)tumesasilonpasineadss.aa-na-ceescenere seeee eee aeeee eee ree ene eee eee eee Re eeeee 68
67 Dorsal surface of head sculptured weakly (Fig. 151); POS nearly pointed, but blunt; tube
almost as long as head, dorsal surface with weak sculpture (Fig. 152)..... cf. peltatussp.n.(p. 40)
— Dorsal surface of head with distinct polygonal reticulation (Fig. 184); POS sharply pointed;
tube about 0-9 times as long as head, dorsal surface almost smooth (Taiwan) (Fig. 185)
formosanussp.n.(p. 27)
68 Head about 1-2 timesias long.as bioad.)....2..22.22..scccshocnesosneaec cncenchaaeneeeseeaeeeeenaacees aie ae ee 69
= Headishorterthanill-Itimesiaslongasibroad .7-ccee-an-2s-eeceecesaeee se eeee ee eae seeeeeeeeee eee eee eee 70
69 A4to A6 generally brown to dark brown; cheeks weakly rounded (Fig. 202) (India)
fumidus (Ananthakrishnan)(p. 28)
— A4to A6each with yellowish base; cheeks rather straight and gradually narrowed towards base
(Fig: 205) Gapan: Osasawata)) .c).cs asics mcctecesesnndoeesmonmewornmc es eee eaten hasegawaisp.n.(p. 30)
70 A4to A6each with yellowish base (Japan)................::ceeeeeeeeceeeneenees yuasai (Kurosawa) (p. 53)
—- AAéto AG penerally brownito dark DIOWM .. .... 5.05 sc.<cdoeesone cnc ancucocenrenwiseas-hahe mrated sae 71
71 Tube almost straight-sided, at least not constricted at basal third, dorsal surface almost smooth
(Fig. 191); B1(T9) shorter than 0-8 times as long as tube (Taiwan) ......... attenuatussp.n.(p. 17)
— Tube distinctly constricted at basal third and apex, surface with distinct polygonal reticulation
(Fig. 193); B1(T9) longer than 0-9 times as long as tube (Japan) .................. hagaisp.n.(p. 29)
Descriptions of species
Holothrips africanus sp. n.
(Figs 50-52)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Bicolorous yellow and brown; head brownish yellow; prothorax yellowish brown,
distinctly darker than head; pterothorax yellow, mesothorax shaded with pale yellowish brown; abdomen
yellow to pale brown, gradually darkened towards posterior portion; tube yellow, with apex somewhat
darker; forefemora yellow, mid and hindfemora yellow, shaded with pale brown medially; all tibiae
yellow; Al to A3 yellow, a little paler than head, A4 pale brownish yellow, AS pale brown with yellowish
base, A6 and A7 brown to dark brown; wings shaded with pale brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 50) 1-28 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured postero-laterally, not strongly
elevated; cheeks corrugated, gradually narrowed towards base, almost straight-sided; POS as long as or a
little longer than one-third the length of head, expanded at apex. Eyes rounded, 0-26—0-27 times as long as
head. Antennae (Fig. 52) 1-85—1-89 times as long as head, A7 longer than A3, the longest; A7 with a
complete suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum about 1-4 times as
broad as long, with strong median line, almost smooth; major setae expanded at apex. Forewings each with
7-9 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Pelta bell-shaped, but weakly developed, micro-pores absent. B1(T2-
T8) and B2(T3-T6 and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed at apex. Tube
(Fig. 51) almost straight-sided, gradually narrowed towards apex, about 0-6 times as long as head, about
2-0 times as long as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae almost as long as tube or a little longer.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 3000 (distended). Head L 327, W 255; eye L 87.
Pronotum L 230, W 321; forewing L 1080. Tube L 194, basal W 96, apical W 46. Al to A7 L(W): 77(58);
71(40); 97(48); 92(47); 82(41); 76(38); 108(30).
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 13
Length of setae: POS 112-117. Prothoracic AA 53-58, AM 57-58, ML 75-85, PA 86-87, EPIM 72-76.
SWS1 about 50, SWS2 56, SWS3 66-68. B1(T9) 225-230, B2(T9) 210-217. Anals 198-210.
MA LE. Unknown.
Holotype 9 (mac.), Ghana: Tapinanthus banguensis on cocoa, 1970 (M. P. Room) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Ghana: 2 9, same data as holotype (BMNH).
ComMENTS. In the corrugated head and the rounded eyes, this species may be related to ruidus from India.
However, it has a complete suture between the seventh and eighth morphological antennal segments and
the tube is straight-sided, although ruidus has this suture reduced and the tube not straight-sided. Another
Indian species, kuntiae, resembles africanus in these features, but has different coloration and more
slender antennal segments.
Holothrips ananthakrishnani sp. n.
(Figs 158, 159)
[Polyphemothrips minor Hood; Ananthakrishnan, 1969: 306-307. Misidentification. |
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; metathorax and anterior portion of abdomen
somewhat paler; all femora with extreme apices yellowish, all tibiae and tarsi whitish yellow; Al brownish
yellow, A2 to A4 yellow, A4 shaded with pale brown apically, A5 yellowish at basal two-fifths, brown at the
rest, A6 and A7 brown to dark brown; wings shaded with pale grey, major setae hyaline.
Head (Fig. 158) about 1-1 times as long as broad, dorsal surface weakly sculptured laterally, not strongly
elevated; cheeks weakly, but arcuately rounded; POS expanded at apex, about one-third length of head.
Eyes 0-28—0-29 times as long as head. Antennae 1-88-1-92 times as long as head; A3 and A4 subequal in
length; suture between MA7 and MA8 complete. Mouth-cone long and pointed. Pronotum 1-79-1-95
times as broad as long, major setae expanded at apex. Pelta bell-shaped or rather triangular, with a pair of
micro-pores. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3 and T8) expanded at apex, B2(T4 and TS) variable in shape at apex,
usually nearly pointed, sometimes blunt or very weakly expanded, B1(T9) and B2(T6, T7 and T9) sharply
pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 159) almost straight-sided, 0-70—0-71 times as long as head, 2-34 times as long
as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae almost as long as tube or a little longer.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 3600 (distended). Head L 331, W 296; eye L 92-95,
W 77-82. Pronotum L 202, W 362; forewing L about 1200. Pelta L 126, W 158. Tube L 234, basal W 100,
apical W 45. Al to A7 L(W): 66(56); 82(40); 107(46); 108(47); 87(41); 76(36); 92(31).
Length of setae: POS 107-110. Prothoracic AA 80-86, AM 56-61, ML 86-88, PA 92-95, EPIM about
100. SWS1 62-70, SWS2 92, SWS3 102-108. B1(T9) 245-255, B2(T9) 255-257. Anals 240-250.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Pronotum well developed, with a strong median line;
forefemora more or less enlarged, foretarsal tooth stouter; sternal reticulated areas present on SS to S7;
tube 0-65 times as long as head, 2-05—2-08 as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L 2650 (distended). Head L 316, W 275; eye L 82-88, W
70-76. Pronotum L 230, W 367; forewing L 1160. Pelta L 125, W ?. Tube L 206, basal W 99, apical W 44.
A1 to A7 L (W): 56(53); 76(34); 98(43); 102(41); 86(36); 76(35); 87(26).
Length of setae: POS 174-176. Prothoracic AA 80-86, AM 56-61, ML 107-112, PA 112, EPIM about
100. SWS1 62-64, SWS2 92-96, SWS3 97-107. B1(T9) 230-240, B2(T9) 58-60. Anals 230-240.
Holotype ? (mac.), India: Kerala, Ranni Forest, on dry twigs, 18.xi.1971 (7. N. Ananthakrishnan)
TNA).
Paratypes. India: 1 0’, Kerala, Kulanthupuzha, on decayed twigs, 13.xii.1968 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan)
(SO); 1 O&, Kerala, Aryankavu, on dry twigs, 12.xi.1969, 1 9, 18.xi.1970 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan)
(BMNH); 1 2, Mysore, Kiruvatti Forest, 17.ix.1969 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan) (SO).
ComMENTS. This species had been recorded from India by Ananthakrishnan under the name minor
(Hood). However, the true minor from South America is quite distinct in most features. The cheeks of
ananthakrishnani are weakly rounded, whereas those of minor are shallowly emarginate.
In general appearance, this species resembles porifer described below from Japan and Taiwan, and the
differences between them are discussed under that species.
14 S. OKAJIMA
Holothrips andamanensis (Sen) comb. n.
(Fig. 136)
Polyphemothrips andamanensis Sen, 1980: 353-355. Holotype 9, ANDAMAN Is (Zoological Survey of
India) [1 2 paratype examined].
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Bicolorous yellow and brown; prothorax, anterior margin of mesothorax, mid and
hindfemora brown; forefemora shaded with brown; abdomen shaded with pale brown, darkened marginal-
ly; tube orange yellow, apex shaded with grey; A5 dark brown at apical third, A6 dark brown at apical half,
A7 fully dark brown; portions other than above yellow.
POS, prothoracic major setae, SWS, B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-T6 and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9) and
B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed; A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8; pelta bell-shaped, with
a pair of micro-pores; tube (Fig. 136) slightly constricted at basal fourth and apex, at least not
straight-sided, 0-68 times as long as head, about 2-4 times as long as basal width, surface smooth; anal setae
a little shorter than tube.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Andaman Is: 1 (paratype), Garacharma, Port Blair, on dry twigs, 30.iii.1979 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan
& S. Sen) (Zoological Survey of India).
ComMENTs. This species is very similar to indicus from India, but it can easily be distinguished by the
following features: A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8; tube longer, not straight-sided,
slightly constricted at basal fourth and apex; WRS on T7 well developed.
Holothrips andreisp. n.
(Figs 78-80)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; pterothorax and anterior portion of abdomen somewhat paler;
all tibiae brown at basal halves, yellow at apical halves; Al and A4 to A7 dark brown, A2 dark brown with
pale apex, A3 yellowish brown, shaded with dark brown apically; wings pale, weakly shaded with pale
brown, major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 78) about 1-3 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured postero-laterally, not strongly
elevated; cheeks almost straight or a little rounded, very weakly narrowed towards base; POS well
developed, about 0-4 times as long as head, expanded at apex. Eyes small, shorter than 0-3 times as long as
head. Antennae 2-2—2-3 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 80) with complete (or nearly complete) suture
between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short and not pointed. Pronotum about 2-0 times as broad as long;
major setae expanded at apex. Forewings each with 13-15 DC; SWS expanded at apex, SWS3 very long,
almost twice the length of SWS1 or more. Foretarsal tooth short, directed forwards. Pelta bell-shaped, a
little broader than long, sculptured weakly, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-TS and T8)
expanded at apex, B2(T6) nearly pointed or weakly expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T7 and T9) sharply
pointed. Tube (Fig. 79) almost straight-sided, gradually narrowed towards apex, about 0-75 times as long
as head, 2-18 times as long as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae almost as long as tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 3400 (distended). Head L 341, W 260; eye L 88, W
84. Pronotum L 173-5, W 347; forewing L 1290, W 118. Tube L 255, basal W 117, apical W 57-5. Al to A7
L(W): 76:5(61); 76(41); 127-5(51); 132-5(53); 122-5(50); 107(46); 117(36).
Length of setae: POS 134-140. Prothoracic AA 60-65, AM 56-58, ML 76-80, PA 133-138, EPIM
95-102. SWS1 61-64, SWS2 92-102, SWS3 138-148. B1(T9) 290-300, B2(T9) 290-295. Anals 255-265.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype 2 (mac.), West Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur, on dead branches, 29.xii.1969 (R. G. & F. Andre)
MNH).
Paratype. West Malaysia: 1 ? , same data as holotype, but 24.xii.1969 (BMNH).
ComMENTs. The shapes of the antenna, tarsal tooth and pelta of this species are somewhat similar to those
of cracens and its relatives. However, it can be distinguished by a combination of the following features:
body uniformly dark brown; POS expanded at apex; cheeks weakly swollen.
Holothrips angulatus (Priesner) comb. n.
Cratothrips angulatus Priesner, 1927: 495-496. Holotype 2, Corsica [destroyed].
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 15
Abiastothrips angulatus (Priesner) zur Strassen, 1974: 119-120.
The status of this species is not clear, because the holotype female has been destroyed.
Holothrips angulus sp. n.
(Figs 121, 122)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown, partly yellow; head brown, partly tinged with yellow; prothorax
slightly darker than head, mesothorax almost concolorous with head, but tinged with grey, metathorax
yellowish; abdomen pale brown to brown, gradually darkened posteriorly; tube yellow to orange yellow,
with dark extreme apex; all femora brown, with apices somewhat paler, foretibiae yellow, mid and
hindtibiae whitish yellow; Al and A2 brown, A2 with pale apex, A3 yellow, shaded with brown at apical
third, A4 to A7 dark brown; wings shaded with greyish brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 121) 1-33 times as long as broad, broadest across level of posterior margins of eyes, elevated
dorsally, dorsal surface clearly sculptured; cheeks angulate just behind eyes, then distinctly emarginate;
POS expanded at apex. Eyes about 0-25 times as long as head. Antennae about twice the length of head;
A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short and not pointed. Pronotum about 1-9
times as broad as long; major setae expanded at apex, AM longer than AA. Epimeral suture incomplete.
Forewings each with 12-13 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Foretarsal tooth directed forwards. Pelta
bell-shaped, longer than broad, sculptured weakly, micro-pores absent. B1(T2 to T8) and B2(T3, T4 and
T8) expanded at apex, B1 (T9) and B2(TS and T6) very weakly expanded or nearly pointed, B2(T7 and T9)
long and sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 122) almost straight-sided, surface smooth, about 0-6 times as long as
head, 2-33 times as long as basal width. Anal setae almost as long as tube.
Measurements of holotype female in 4m. Total L about 3400 (distended). Head L 387, W 290; eye L97, W
2782. Pronotum L 208, W 393; forewing L 1274. Pelta L 145, W 178. Tube L 235, basal W 101, apical W SO.
Al to A7 L(W): 81-5(66); 76(45); 112(57); 138(60); 128(51); 106(46); 117(35-5).
Length of setae: POS 95-100. Prothoracic AA 50-60, AM 66-69, ML 76-86, PA 87-92, EPIM 87-90.
SWS1 63-65, SWS2 85-88, SWS3 105-112. B1(T9) 194-200, B2(T9) 240-245. Anals about 240.
MALE (MICROPTERA). Colour paler than female; head, prothorax and mesothorax yellowish brown;
forefemora brownish yellow. Head 1-28 times as long as broad; eyes and ocelli smaller; B1(T9) sharply
pointed; tube about 0-5 times as long as head, 1-77 as long as basal width, ventral surface with transverse
rows of sculpture; sternal reticulated areas absent.
Measurements of paratype male in wm. Total L about 2500 (distended). Head L 321, W 250; eye L66, W 56.
Pronotum L 244, W 367; forewing L 189. Tube L 163, basal W 92, apical W 42. Al to A7 L(W): 66(57);
70(37); 95(46); 106(46); 102(44); 86(41); 97(33).
Holotype ? (mac), Singapore: Macritchie Park, on dead twigs and leaves, 19.viii.1980 (L. A. Mound)
(BMNH).
Paratype. Singapore: 1 ©’, collected with holotype (BMNH).
Non-paratypic material. West Malaysia: 1 9 , Tapah, on dead leaves, 30.vii.1976 (S. Okajima) (SO).
CoMMENTS. This species resembles cracens in general appearance, but it can easily be distinguished by the
following features. Colour darker, mainly brown; cheeks angulate just behind eyes; epimeral suture
incomplete; pelta without micro-pores; anal setae almost as long as tube.
The female listed above from West Malaysia has nearly complete epimeral sutures, although the
holotype female has incomplete ones.
Holothrips antennalis sp. n.
(Figs 85-88)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; head somewhat darker than prothorax; metathorax paler than pro-
and mesothorax; tube yellow, paler posteriorly, with brown apex; foretibiae shaded with brown, mid and
hindtibiae yellow; antennae brown to dark brown, Al and AS to A7 a little darker, basal half of A3
yellowish; wings shaded with pale brown.
Head (Fig. 85) 1-22 times as long as broad, dorsal surface almost smooth, without distinct sculpture,
slightly elevated; cheeks shallowly emarginate; POS well developed, longer than 0-4 times as long as head,
sharply pointed at apex; postocellar setae much longer than diameter of ocellus. Eyes small, shorter than
0-3 times as long as head. Posterior ocelli well separated from eyes. Antennae about 2-5 times as long as
16 S. OKAJIMA
head; A7 (Fig. 86) the longest, with a complete suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short and not
rounded; maxillary stylets distinctly angulate laterally in mouth-cone. Pronotum about 2:4 times as broad
as long; all major setae pointed at apex, AM well developed, almost as long as AA. Forewings each with
6-8 DC; SWS pointed at apex. Pelta (Fig. 87) irregularly bell-shaped, broader than long, sculptured
weakly, micro-pores absent. All B1 and B2 setae on abdominal tergites pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 88)
about 0-8 times as long as head, 2-35 times as long as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae almost as long
as tube or a little shorter.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L 3210 (distended). Head L 341, W 280; eye L81, W 71-76.
Pronotum L 153, W 367; forewing L 1186. Pelta L 135, W 158. Tube L 275, basal W 117, apical W 55. Al to
AT L(W): 76-5(66); 77(45); 133(50); 138(51); 118(45); 117(41); 153(32).
Length of setae: POS 148. Prothoracic AA 89-94, AM 91-94, ML 102-112, PA 128-132, EPIM
123-128. SWS1 71-5—77, SWS2 100-102, SWS3 117-120. B1(T9) 286, B2(T9) 275-286. Anals 230-265.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype Q (mac.), Singapore: (detailed locality unknown), on dead twigs, 4.xi.1973 (L. A. Mound)
(BMNH).
ComMENTS. The seventh antennal segment of this species is exceptionally long, much longer than the third
segment, and with a complete suture between the morphological seventh and eighth segments.
Holothrips apoensis sp. n.
(Figs 33-36)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; head slightly darkened laterally; metathorax paler
posteriorly; tube somewhat darker, paler at apical fifth, with dark extreme apex; Al and A2 brown almost
concolorous with head, A3 to basal half of A6 yellowish, apices of A4 and AS shaded with pale brown,
apical half of A6 and whole of A7 brown, a little paler than head; all tibiae brown with paler apices;
forewings each with a longitudinal brown stripe; major setae yellowish, anal setae somewhat darker.
Head (Fig. 33) 1-06—1-10 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured, but ocellar region smooth;
cheeks subparallel, weakly constricted at base; POS blunt, much shorter than eye. Antennae 2:17—2-20 as
long as head; A7 (Fig. 35) with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short; maxillary
stylets 25—30 um apart from each other, reaching a level of POS, with weak maxillary bridge. Pronotum
1-88—1-95 times as broad as long, weakly sculptured generally; major setae weakly expanded at apex, AA
longer than AM. Forewings each with 18-23 DC; SWS1 expanded, SWS2 and SWS3 blunt or nearly
pointed at apex. Pelta (Fig. 36) with fine reticulation, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-T8)
weakly expanded or blunt at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T9) nearly pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 34) 1-09-1-10
times as long as head, 3-00—3-15 times as long as basal width, surface with weak reticulation. Anal setae
shorter than tube.
Measurements of large (small) female in um. Total L about 3500 (about 3100) (distended). Head L 321
(290), W 270 (255); eye L 117 (107). Pronotum L 204 (178), W 398 (336); forewing L 1622 (1410). Tube L
352 (321), basal W 117 (102), apical W 56 (48). Al to A7 L/W: 76(66)/66(58); 81(71)/41(38); 117(102)/
51(47); 127(114)/51(51); 109(97)/43(41); 92(81)/38(36); 97(97)/28(28).
Length of setae: POS 76-82 (61-64). Prothoracic AA 66-69 (60-62), AM 41—46 (31-35), ML 82-86
(56-71), PA 107-112 (87-97), EPIM 117-125 (102-107). SWS1 61-65 (56-59), SWS2 77-81 (66-72),
SWS3 138-143 (138-142). B1(T9) 214-230 (204-219), B2(T9) 214 (204). Anals 255 (240).
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female, but foretibiae somewhat paler. Head 1-19—1-23 times
as long as broad; eyes 0-39 times as long as head; maxillary stylets not reaching level of POS; tube 1-06—1-09
times as long as head; S5 and S6 with reticulated areas.
Measurements of large (small) male in wm. Total L about 3200 (about 3000) (distended). Head L 300 (285),
W 245 (240); eye L 117 (112). Pronotum L 285 (214), W 382 (367); forewing L 1526 (2473). Tube L 319
(314), basal W 107 (102), apical W 56 (51). Al to A7 L/W: 76(71)/61(61); 76(71)/38(35); 117(110)/51(46);
117(114)/51(46); 107(102)/41(38); 83(81)/36(34); 97(94)/28(27).
Length of setae: POS 97-107 (92-102). Prothoracic AA 66-75 (56-65), AM 24—25 (36-41), ML 86-97
(86-90), PA 102—112 (97-102), EPIM 107-117 (102-112). SWS1 66-71 (61-65), SWS2 97-102 (81-84),
SWS3 173-179 (148-153). B1(T9) 219-230 (194-204), B2(T9) 61 (56-59). Anals 250 (255).
Holotype 2 (mac.), Philippines: Mindanao, Mt Apo, Agko, c. 1300 m, on dead leaves, 3.viii.1979 (S.
Okajima) (BMNH).
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS Wi,
Paratypes. Philippines: 3 9, 2 0’, Mindanao, collected with holotype (SO; 1 9, 10’, BMNH).
ComMENTS. The maxillary stylets of this species are separated from each other, although those of most
Holothrips species are close together in the middle of head. Moreover, it has a weak maxillary bridge.
These interesting features are also found in some other South East Asian species which are newly described
below. This group of species is here referred tentatively to the apoensis-group.
This species resembles peninsulae described below from West Malaysia, but it can easily be distinguished
by the following: A3 and A4 yellowish; tube more slender, 3-00—3-15 times as long as basal width;
mouth-cone shorter; B1(T9) shorter, less than 0-7 times as long as tube; weakly sculptured on the region
between both POS.
Holothrips armatus sp. n.
(Figs 41, 42)
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; abdomen gradually darkened towards apex; tube the darkest; mid
and hindtibiae paler apically; antennae brown, darkened distally, A3 with yellowish basal half; wings
shaded with pale brown, major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 41) about 1-1 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not elevated, weakly sculptured laterally
and posteriorly; cheeks almost straight, gradually narrowed towards base; POS weakly expanded at apex.
Eyes well developed, about 0-4 times as long as head. Antennae about twice the length of head; A7 witha
reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short and not pointed; maxillary stylets about 25 wm
apart from each other, reaching a level of POS, with maxillary bridge. Pronotum 1-5 times as broad as long;
major setae expanded at apex. Forewings each with 10-12 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Forefemora
enlarged, with a hump at middle of inner margin; foretarsal tooth stout. Pelta bell-shaped, broader than
long, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T9) and B2(T3-T8) expanded or blunt at apex, at least not sharply
pointed, B2(T9) short, stout and pointed at apex. Sternal reticulated areas absent. Tube (Fig. 42) almost as
long as head or a little longer, dorsal surface sculptured. Anal setae much shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype male in um. Total L 2250 (distended). Head L 235, W 214; eye L 92, W 62-64.
Pronotum L 197, W 296; forewing L about 1000. Pelta L 107, W 130. Tube L 242, basal W 102, apical W 43.
A1 to A7 L(W): 56(52); 58(36); 81(40); 82(40); 76(32); 61(26); 66(25-5).
Length of setae: POS 81-85. Prothoracic AA 40-45, AM 45-48, ML 62-66, PA 77-82, EPIM 80-85.
SWS1 45-50, SWS2 72, SWS3 110-113. B2(T9) 66. Anals about 200.
FEMALE. Unknown.
Holotype oO’ (mac.), Brunei: Bukit Sulang, nr Lamunin, fogging (Shorea jahovensis), 20.viii.—10.ix.1982
(N. Stork) (BMNH).
Paratype. Brunei: 1 0’, same data as holotype (BMNH).
CoMMENTS. This species belongs to the apoensis-group, with the maxillary stylets slightly apart from each
other, and with a maxillary bridge. From the other members of this group, armatus can be distinguished by
the smaller body, short antennal segments and the expanded postocular setae.
Holothrips attenuatus sp. n.
(Figs 190, 191, 197)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour uniformly dark brown; tube with base and apex somewhat paler; A3
yellowish at extreme base; wings shaded with pale brown, major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 190) 1-04-1-06 times as long as broad, dorsal surface weakly sculptured, not strongly
elevated; cheeks weakly rounded; POS blunt or nearly pointed at apex, 0-35 times as long as head. Eyes
about 0-3 times as long as head. Antennae about 2-2 times as long as head; A4 a little longer than A3, or
subequal; suture between MA7 and MA8 incomplete. Mouth-cone long and pointed. Pronotum 1-93 times
as broad as long, weakly sculptured posteriorly with transverse rows of reticulation; AM setae slender,
almost sharply pointed at apex, all other major setae blunt. Forewings each with 17-20 DC; SWS blunt, but
SWS2 and SWS3 nearly pointed. Foretarsal tooth directed forwards. Pelta (Fig. 197) bell-shaped,
but slender, with distinct sculpture, micro-pores absent. All B1 and B2 setae sharply pointed at apex, but
sometimes B1(T2 and T8) and B2(T3 and T8) blunt. Tube (Fig. 191) almost straight-sided, 0-78 times as
long as head, about 2-2 times as long as basal width, surface almost smooth, but with very weak sculpture.
Anal setae almost as long as tube or a little shorter.
18 S. OKAJIMA
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L 4050 (distended). Head L 357, W 337; eye L 110-112, W
86-90. Pronotum L 230, W 444; forewing L 1643. Pelta L 178, W 153. Tube L 280, basal W 127, apical W
60. Al to A7 L(W): 82(66); 82(46); 130(59); 140(61); 117(50); 82(43); 112(36).
Length of setae: POS about 125. Prothoracic AA about 80, AM about 25, ML about 85, PA 85-92,
EPIM 120-130. SWS1 82-87, SWS2 112-132, SWS3 127-153. B1(T9) 209-214, B2(T9) 177-180. Anals
270-280.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head 1-07—1-08 times as long as broad; POS nearly
pointed at apex; pronotum with a strong median line, 1-67—1-92 times as broad as long; forewings each with
15-18 DC; foretarsal tooth stout, rather triangular; sternal reticulated areas not visible or absent; tube 0-74
times as long as head, 1-95—1-96 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in wm. Total L 3030 (distended). Head L 296, W 275; eye L 86-87, W
71-73. Pronotum L 232, W 388; forewing L 1420. Pelta L 1443, W 123. Tube L 219, basal W 112, apical W
53. Al to A7 L(W): 71(57); 77(40); 112(51); 117(52); 102(44); 78(42); 102(35).
Length of setae: POS 100-110. Prothoracic AA about 70, AM about 50, ML 70-75, PA 62-92, EPIM
about 80. SWS1 62, SWS2 120-124, SWS3 128-138. B1(T9) 202-204, B2(T9) 72-82. Anals about 240.
Holotype (mac.), Taiwan: Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, on dead leaves, 30.iv.1983 (H. Yamazaki)
(BMNH).
Paratypes. Taiwan: 1 9, collected with holotype; 2 9, 2 O’, Nantou Hsien, foot of Mt Nankao-shan,
Wanta, on dead branches, 1.iv.1984 (S. Okajima) (SO; 1 9, 10°, BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species resembles yuasai from Japan in the proportions of the head, but it can be
distinguished by the following features. Antennal segments uniformly dark brown, only with yellowish
extreme base of A3; most of B1 and B2 setae on tergites pointed at apex; tube almost straight-sided; anal
setae almost as long as tube; sternal reticulated areas apparently absent in male. Another Japanese species,
hagai, described below is also similar to this species, but it has a different type of tube which is strongly
constricted at basal third and apex.
The anteromarginal prothoracic setae of the holotype female are reduced. This is probably an
aberration, as these setae are well developed in each of the five paratypes.
Holothrips australis (Mound)
Adelothrips australis Mound, 1974: 12-15. Holotype 2, AustRALIA (Australian National Insect Collec-
tion, Canberra) [1 9, 1 & paratypes examined].
Holothrips australis (Mound) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Head about 1-2 times as long as broad, dorsal surface elevated; cheeks emarginate;
POS short and expanded at apex; antennae short, shorter than 1-5 times as long as head, suture between
MA7 and MA8 complete; inter-antennal projection somewhat broad (about 45 wm); mouth-cone short,
not pointed, maxillary palpi small; pelta rather triangular, micro-pores absent; B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-TS
and T8) expanded at apex, B2(T6) variable in shape, pointed, blunt or weakly expanded, B1(T9) and
B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed; tube short, shorter than 0-5 times as long as head, constricted at basal third
and apex, surface smooth.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Australia: 1 2, 1 O& (paratypes), South Australia, Bordertown, in suction trap, 16.xi.1964 (T. White)
(BMNH); 1 9, nr Adelaide, on aerial trap (500’) (T. White) (BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species is easily distinguished from all the other species of the genus by the short antennae
which are a little shorter than 1-5 times as long as head, and by the short tube which is shorter than half the
length of the head.
Holothrips breviceps sp. n.
(Figs 166, 167)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; mesothorax somewhat paler; A2 yellowish, A3 yellow, tinged with
brown at apical third, A4 to A7 brown to dark brown, but A4 tinged with yellow at basal half; all tibiae and
tarsi yellow; wings slightly shaded with pale brown, major setae hyaline.
Head (Fig. 166) almost as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured postero-laterally, not strongly
elevated; cheeks distinctly swollen just behind eyes, weakly, but arcuately rounded, then gradually
narrowed towards base; POS expanded at apex, shorter than one-third length of head. Eyes small,
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 19
0-24—0-25 times as long as head, slightly prolonged on ventral surface. Antennae about twice the length of
head; sense cones long and slender; A4 distinctly longer than A3; A7 with an incomplete suture between
MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone long and pointed. Pronotum 1-74—1-76 times as broad as long; major setae
expanded at apex. Forewings each with 11-13 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Foretarsal tooth somewhat
slender, but small, directed inwards. Pelta bell-shaped, broader than long, with a pair of micro-pores.
B1(T9) and B2(T6, T7 and T9) sharply pointed at apex, B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-TS and T8) expanded at
apex. Tube (Fig. 167) almost straight-sided, very weakly narrowed at apex, about 0-7 times as long as head,
2:25-2:26 times as long as basal width. Anal setae a little shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in 4m. Total L about 3000 (distended). Head L 316, W 306; eye L 76-80,
W 76-79. Pronotum L 214, W 372; forewing L 1190. Pelta L 214, W 372. Tube L 219, basal W 97, apical
W 41. Al to A7 L(W): 66(56); 70(40); 91(47); 112(45); 97(40); 85(37); 92(28).
Length of setae: POS about 80. Prothoracic AA 60-65, AM 51-57, ML 70-75, PA 87-92, EPIM 85-88.
SWS1 50-52, SWS2 61-66, SWS3 62-82. B1(T9) 195-200, B2(T9) about 240. Anals 204.
Ma ce. Unknown.
Holotype 9 (mac.), West Malaysia: Genting Highlands, 30 ml. E. of Kuala Lumpur, 4500’, on dead
wood and leaves, 28.ix.1973 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH).
Paratypes. West Malaysia: 2 2, collected with holotype (BMNH).
Comments. In general features or appearance, this species resembles castanicolor and cupreus which are
newly described below from West Malaysia and the Philippines respectively. However, the head of this
species is almost as long as broad, although the other two species have rather longer heads.
Holothrips brevicollis sp. n.
(Figs 9, 10)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; A3 brownish yellow, shaded with brown at apical half; tube
blackish brown, with pale base, gradually paler towards apex; forewings each with two obscure longi-
tudinal brown stripes; major setae brownish.
Head (Fig. 9) 1-70—1-74 times as long as broad, dorsal surface elevated, sculptured with transverse rows
of reticulation; cheeks almost straight, subparallel; POS about one-third length of head, blunt at apex.
Eyes about 2-5 times as long as head. Antennae about 1-7 times as long as head; sense-cones short, shorter
than 60 wm; A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short. Pronotum very short,
about 2-5 times as broad as long; major setae blunt or weakly expanded at apex, AM the longest, longer
than twice length of AA. Forewings each with 21-23 DC; SWS1 and SWS2 blunt at apex, SWS3 long and
sharply pointed. Foretarsal tooth small and directed forwards. Pelta longer than wide, sculptured weakly,
micro-pores absent. B1(T9) and B2(T9) long and sharply pointed, other B1 and B2 setae on tergites weakly
expanded or blunt at apex. Tube (Fig. 10) about 0-6 times as long as head, about 1-8 times as long as basal
width, almost straight-sided, gradually narrowed towards apex, surface smooth. Anal setae almost as long
as tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L 4450 (distended). Head L 460, W 264; eye L 117, W
80-92. Pronotum L 163, W 414. Pelta L 153. Tube L 280, basal W 156, apical W 63-5. Al to A7 L(W):
77(61); 82(45); 153(59); 138(54); 108(49); 96(46); 97(35).
Length of setae: POS 158-160. Prothoracic AA 60-66, AM 137-148, ML 45-50, PA 85-92, EPIM
108-114. SWS1 70-72, SWS2 102-118. SWS3 235-240. B1(T9) 367-378, B2(T9) 336-347. Anals
275-280.
MALE (MACRoPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head 1-66—1-74 times as long as broad; pronotum
1-97—2-05 times as broad as long; forewings each with 21-24 DC; foretarsal tooth wide-based, directed
inwards; sternal reticulated areas absent, but S5 to S7 each with a dark transverse area which may be a
vestige of the reticulated area; tube 0-66 times as long as head, 1-96 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L about 4300 (distended). Head L 423, W 255; eye L117, W
79-84. Pronotum L 211, W 433; forewing L 1750. Pelta L 178. Tube L 278, basal W 142, apical W 61. Al to
A7 L(W): 71(66); 76(41); 153(55); 138(53); 112(43); 94(40); 107(35).
Length of setae: POS 158-163. Prothoracic AA 56—?60, AM 138-143, ML 61-87, PA 98-102, EPIM
112-125. SWS1 82-87, SWS2 120-123, SWS3 230. B1(T9) 337-345, B2(T9) 66-68. Anals about 280.
Holotype Q (mac.), Brunei: Bukit Sulang, nr Lamunin, fogging (Shorea macrophylla), 20.viii.-
10.ix.1982 (N. Stork) (BMNH).
20 S. OKAJIMA
Paratypes. Brunei: 1 9, 1 0’, same data as holotype (BMNH); 1 , 1 C’, data very similar to holotype,
but fogging (Shorea jahovensis) (BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species may be related to brevitubus and parallelus, described below, from the Philippines
and Sulawesi respectively. These three species have elongate heads which are sculptured with transverse
rows of fine reticulation, a small prothorax and short tube. However, brevicollis can easily be distinguished
by the darker colouration and the large body size. Moreover, the long anteromarginal prothoracic setae,
which are much longer than the anteroangular setae, are unusual in the genus.
Holothrips brevitubus sp. n.
(Figs 13-16)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour pale brown; sclerotized weakly; tube brown with pale base; Al and A2 pale
brown, concolorous with head, A3 the palest, pale brownish yellow, A4 to A6 pale brownish yellow,
shaded with brown at apical halves, A7 brown; all tibiae and tarsi whitish yellow; wings shaded with pale
grey; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 13) about 1-4 times as long as broad, slightly elevated dorsally; dorsal surface sculptured with
transverse rows of weak reticulation; cheeks almost straight, gradually narrowed towards base; POS
weakly expanded at apex, about 0-3 times as long as head or a little shorter. Eyes shorter than 0-3 times as
long as head. Antennae 1-75 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 16) with a reduced suture between MA7 and
MAS8. Mouth-cone short. Pronotum about 2-0 times as broad as long, surface smooth, weakly sculptured
posteriorly; all major setae weakly expanded at apex, AM most slender, but very weakly expanded at apex.
Probasisternum weak. Foretarsal tooth (Fig. 15) short, directed forwards. Forewings each with 5-6 DC.
Pelta weakly developed, with very weak sculpture, micro-pores absent. WRS on T7 undeveloped, anterior
pair reduced, posterior pair short and straight. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T8) weakly expanded, B1(T9) and
B2(T3-T7 and T9) sharply pointed or nearly pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 41) about 0-55 times as long as
head, about 1-8 times as long as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae a little longer than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L 2650 (distended). Head L 316, W 224; eye L 87, W 69.
Pronotum L 148, W 290; forewing L 1018. Tube L 173, basal W 96, apical W 45. Al to A7 L(W): 59(53);
63(34); 92(42); 87(42); 79(34); 74(36); 76(27).
Length of setae: POS 100-105. Prothoracic AA about 40, AM 40-46, ML 45, PA 71-72, EPIM 67-72.
SWS1 46-48, SWS2 52-56, SWS3 76-78. B1(T9) 193-198, B2(T9) about 220. Anals 188-198.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour and structure very similar to female. Pronotum and forefemora more or less
enlarged; foretarsal tooth stouter, widely based, directed inwards; forewings each with 6—8 DC; S5 and S6
each with a transverse reticulated area. .
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L 2250 (distended). Head L 286, W 189; eye L 79, W 61.
Pronotum L 153, W 275; forewing L 902. Tube L 163, basal W 88, apical W 41. Al to A7 L(W): 53(44);
51(32); 82(36); 82(37); 71(30); 67(29); 72(26).
Length of setae: POS 92-97. Prothoracic AA ?, AM 37—43, ML ?, PA 80-85, EPIM about 70. SWS1
48-50, SWS2 58-60, SWS3 85-88. B1(T9) 198-202. Anals 180-185.
Holotype @ (mac.), Philippines: Luzon, nr Daet, Bicol National Park, on dead branches, 13.viii.1979 (S.
Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Philippines: 1 2 , 1 0’, collected with holotype; 1 0’, Luzon, nr Lucena City, Quezon National
Forest Park, on dead leaves, 16.vii.1979 (S. Okajima) (SO; 10’, BMNH).
CommENts. This species is very similar to parallelus described below from Sulawesi. The differences
between them are discussed under the latter species.
Holothrips castanicolor sp. n.
(Figs 164, 165, 173)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; head a little darker than prothorax; metathorax
somewhat paler than prothorax; abdomen slightly darkened towards apex; tube dark brown at basal
three-fifths, pale brown at apical two-fifths; all femora brown to dark brown, almost concolorous with
body, foretibiae yellowish brown, mid and hindtibiae yellow, with shaded extreme bases; Al and A2
brown, concolorous with head, A3 yellowish brown, with shaded apex, A4 to A7 dark brown, a little
darker than head; wings shaded with pale brown, major setae yellowish.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 21
Head (Fig. 164) 1-15 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not strongly elevated, sculptured postero-
laterally; cheeks weakly rounded, weakly constricted near base; POS longer than eye, expanded at apex.
Eyes about 0-25 times as long as head. Antennae 1-95 times as long as head; A4 a little longer than A3; A7
with a reduced suture between MA7 and MAS8. Mouth-cone long and pointed. Pronotum 1-7 times as
broad as long; major setae expanded at apex, AM shorter than AA. Forewings each with 17-18 DC; SWS
expanded at apex. Foretarsal tooth directed forwards. Pelta (Fig. 173) bell-shaped, almost as long as wide
or a little wider, with a pair of micro-pores. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3 and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9) and
B2(T4-T7 and T9) sharply pointed, sometimes B2(T4) weakly expanded or blunt. Tube (Fig. 165) weakly
constricted at basal third and apex, about 0-75 times as long as head, about 2-6 times as long as basal width,
surface smooth. Anal setae almost as long as tube.
Measurements of holotype female in zm. Total L about 3900 (distended). Head L 398, W 347; eye L102, W
87. Pronotum L 253, W 428; forewing L about 1700. Pelta L 158, W 163. Tube L 300, basal W 116, apical W
50. Al to A7 L(W): 82(71); 94(45); 127(52); 133 (54); 112(44); 99(41); 102(34-5).
Length of setae: POS about 120. Prothoracic AA 80-90, AM 76-79, ML 123-128, PA 132-134, EPIM
127-130. SWS1 66-70, SWS2 91-93, SWS3 102-103. B1(T9) 316, B2(T9) 332. Anals 290.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype (mac.), West Malaysia: Cameron Highland, nr Tanah Rata, Gnung Tengkolok, on dead
leaves and branches, 27.v.1983 (T. Senoh) (BMNH).
Paratypes. West Malaysia: 1 9, collected with holotype; 1 2 , Tanah Rata, on dead branches, 24.vii.1976
(S. Okajima), 1 9, 8.v.1981 (W. Suzuki) (SO; 1 9, BMNH).
Non-paratypic material. West Malaysia: 2 9, Cameron Highland, nr Tanah Rata, Gnung Beremban,
v.1981 (W. Suzuki); 2 2, Tanah Rata, on dead branches, 24.vii.1976 (S. Okajima) (SO).
ComMENTS. The four non-paratypic females listed above may be small individuals of this species. They have
larger head sculpture and shorter body setae, and these features are probably related to their smaller body
size.
Holothrips caudatus (Bagnall)
Allothrips caudatus Bagnall, 1915: 595-596. Holotype 2 , SAaRAWAK (BMNH) [examined].
Polyphemothrips caudatus (Bagnall) Mound, 1968: 146.
Holothrips caudatus (Bagnall) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; foretibiae a little paler; A3 yellowish at basal half; tube somewhat
reddish with darker apex. Head almost as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured laterally, not strongly
elevated; POS sharply pointed, about 0-4 times as long as head; A7 with a reduced suture between MA7
and MA8; mouth-cone short; tube about 1-1 times as long as head, about 2-7 times as long as basal width.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Sarawak: holotype 9, Mt Matang, 11.xii.1913 (G. E. Bryant) (BMNH).
ComMMENTS. This species was described from a unique damaged female from Sarawak, Borneo. The
maxillary stylets are narrowly separated from each other, and the tube is a little longer than the head;
because of these features, caudatus may belong to the apoensis-group. Somewhat similar body proportions
are found in peninsulae, described below from West Malaysia. The differences between them are discussed
under the latter species, but the status of caudatus is still not clear, because the unique holotype female is in
poor condition.
Holothrips celebensis sp. n.
(Figs 181-183, 194)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; extreme base of A3 yellowish; wings shaded with pale brown;
major setae brownish yellow.
Head (Fig. 181) about 1-5 times as long as broad, dorsal surface slightly elevated, sculptured weakly;
cheeks subparallel, very weakly narrowed posteriorly; POS about one-third the length of head or a little
longer; blunt at apex. Eyes about 0-3 times as long as head. Antennae about 1-9 times as long as head;
prominent setae on A2—A4 short, dark and blunt at apex (Fig. 183); A7 3-5 times as long as wide or longer,
with an incomplete suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone pointed. Pronotum about 1-9 times as
broad as long, sculptured laterally, with a strong median line; all major setae blunt at apex. Forewings each
with more than 30 DC; SWS short, blunt or weakly expanded at apex. Foretarsal tooth stout. Pelta (Fig.
7p) S. OKAJIMA
194) elongate, rather bell-shaped, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3, T4 and T8) blunt at apex,
B1(T9) and B2(T5-T7 and T9) nearly or sharply pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 182) somewhat heavy,
gradually narrowed towards apex and strongly constricted near apex, 0-85 times as long as head, about 2-5
times as long as basal width, surface weakly sculptured. Anal setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L about 5000 (distended). Head L 485, W 321; eye L
117-122, W 92. Pronotum L 265, W 501; forewing L 2080. Pelta L 209, W 210. Tube L 413, basal W 168,
apical W 65. Al to A7 L(W): 100(76); 92(49); 163(67); 163(62); 136(49); 117(43); 115(31).
Length of setae: POS 167-169. Prothoracic AA 750, AM about 50, ML ?, PA 92-98, EPIM 102-107.
SWS1 about 40, SWS2 77-82, SWS3 82-84. B1(T9) 430, B2(T9) 420-425. Anals 280-300.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head about 1-4 times as long as broad; pronotum
about 1-6 times as broad as long; sternal reticulated areas present on S5 and S6 (sometimes reduced
reticulated areas present on S4); tube distinctly narrowed at basal fourth and near apex, about 0-9 times as
long as head, about 2-2 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in wm. Total L 4240 (distended). Head L 398, W 287; eye L 102, W77-85.
Pronotum L 280, W 458; forewing L about 1900. Pelta L 179, W 204. Tube L 357, basal W 163, apical W 61.
A1 to A7 L(W): 87(71); 87(44); 153(59); 151(54); 127(44); 112(40); 117(27).
Length of setae: POS about 150. Prothoracic AA about 60, AM less than 40, ML ?, PA 102-108, EPIM
95-110. SWS1 60, SWS2 82, SWS3 96. B1(T9) 410-430, B2(T9) 100-102. Anals 255-265.
Holotype 2 (mac.), Sulawesi: nr Rantepao, Pedamaran, on dead leaves, 10.viii.1984 (S. Okajima)
(BMNH
Paratypes. Sulawesi: 1 2, 3 CO’, collected with holotypes (SO; 2 0’, BMNH).
ComMENTS. The long head of this species is more or less similar to that of mirandus. However, it can easily
be distinguished from the latter by the following features: all tibiae dark brown; A3 dark brown with
yellowish extreme base; POS much shorter than half length of head; dorso-apical setae on A2 to A4 short
and blunt; tube somewhat heavy, strongly constricted near apex, surface weakly sculptured; mouth-cone
pointed.
Holothrips cephalicus sp. n.
(Figs 89-91)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; metathorax and anterior portion of abdomen paler;
tube yellow, shaded with grey or pale brown; Al to A3 pale brownish yellow, A3 shaded with brown
apically, A4 to A7 dark brown; all femora dark brown, mid and hindfemora with pale extreme bases and
apices; foretibiae brown, mid and hindtibiae whitish yellow; wings shaded with pale brown, major setae
yellowish.
Head (Fig. 89) about 1-4 times as long as broad, dorsal surface elevated, weakly sculptured, sculpture
with many small tubercles or warts; cheeks slightly emarginate, subparallel; POS about 0-25 times as long
as head, blunt or weakly expanded at apex. Eyes weakly prolonged on ventral surface. Antennae about 2-1
times as long as head; A5 longer than A3, almost as long as A4; A7 (Fig. 91) with a reduced suture between
MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short and rounded. Pronotum 2:26 times as broad as long, small, anterior
margin shallowly V-shaped, sculptured except median portion; major setae blunt at apex, AM well
developed. Epimeral suture incomplete. Forewings each with 12-13 DC; SWS weakly expanded at apex.
Pelta weakly developed, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T8) blunt or weakly expanded at apex,
B1(T9) and B2(T3-T7 and T9) nearly pointed or sharply pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 90) almost
straight-sided, 0-57 times as long as head, 2-38 times as long as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae
almost as long as tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 3000 (distended). Head L 367, W 258; eye L 87,
ventral L 107, W77. Pronotum L 158, W 357; forewing L 1155. Tube L 209, basal W, apical W 40. Al to A7
L(W): 61(56); 66(42); 122(54); 137(56); 133(50); 107(45); 106(31).
Length of setae: POS 88-92. Prothoracic AA 65-70, AM 74-77, ML 63-67, PA 92-97, EPIM 77-87.
SWS1 66-68, SWS2 83-88, SWS3 87-91. B1(T9) 270-275, B2(T9) 245-250. Anals 204-206.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype ? (mac.), Brunei: Bukit Sulang, nr Lamunin, fogging (Shorea jahovensis), 20.viii.—10.ix.1982
(N. Stork) (BMNH).
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 23
ComMENTs. This species is somewhat similar to cracens and its relatives in appearance. However, the
unique female on which it is based has many small warts on the dorsal surface of the head, and has a
comparatively long fifth antennal segment which is longer than the third segment.
Holothrips citricornis (Bagnall)
(Fig. 84)
Cryptothrips citricornis Bagnall, 1913: 296. Holotype C&’, TANZANIA (BMNH) [examined].
Polyphemothrips citricornis (Bagnall) Mound, 1968: 147.
Holothrips citricornis (Bagnall) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
MALE (MICROPTERA). Colour dark brown; Al to A5 yellow, A6 yellow, shaded with pale brown at apical
half, A7 pale brown; all femora dark brown, with pale extreme apices; all tibiae and tarsi yellow. Head
(Fig. 84) 1-34 times as long as broad; cheeks almost straight or very weakly rounded, weakly constricted
subapically, widest just behind eyes; POS almost as long as eyes, expanded at apex; suture between MA7
and MA8 complete; prothoracic major setae expanded at apex, but AM reduced; B1(T9) and B2(T7 and
T9) sharply pointed at apex, other major setae on tergites expanded; tube almost straight-sided, 0-67 times
as long as head, surface smooth.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Tanzania (Tanganyika): holotype 0’, Arusha, x.—xi.1905 (Katona) (BMNH).
ComMENTSs. This species is known only from the holotype micropterous male. It may be distinguished from
all the other species of the genus by a combination of the following features: Al to A5 yellow, in contrast to
the dark brown head; prothoracic AM reduced; suture between MA7 and MA8 complete; head more than
1-3 times as long as broad.
Holothrips cracens (Ananthakrishnan)
Polyphemothrips cracens Ananthakrishnan, 1968: 55-56. Holotype 9, INp1a (TNA) [examined].
Holothrips cracens (Ananthakrishnan) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Bicolorous yellow and brown; head yellow, tinged with brown to dark brown;
thorax yellow, pterothorax with dark lateral margins; abdomen yellow, lateral margins shaded with pale
brown; tube yellow, with apex grey; legs yellow, femora shaded with pale brown, mid and hindtibiae
whitish; Al to A3 yellow, A4 brownish yellow, with somewhat dark apex, AS to A7 brown to dark brown,
basal two-thirds of AS paler. Head about 1-3 times as long as broad; POS weakly expanded at apex; A7
with an incomplete (nearly complete) suture between MA7 and MA8; mouth-cone very short; pronotum
small, major setae expanded at apex; forewings each with 11-13 DC; pelta with a pair of micro-pores;
B1(T2-T8) and B2(T3, T4 and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(TS-T7 and T9) sharply pointed;
tube almost straight-sided, 0-51 times as long as head, surface smooth; anal setae longer than tube.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
India: holotype 2, Madras, on decaying twig, 9.ii.1967 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan) (TNA).
India: 2 , Aryankavu, on dry twig, 16.xi.1969 (7. N. Ananthakrishnan) (BMNH); 1 9, Tirupathi, on dry
twig, 4.1i1i.1979 (7. N. Ananthakrishnan) (SO).
ComMENTS. The cheeks of the females listed above, including the holotype, are almost straight and
subparallel. However, these specimens are more or less crushed by the cover-slips, therefore the shape is
rather transformed, and it is probable that the cheeks are naturally slightly emarginate and gradually
narrowed posteriorly. According to Ananthakrishnan (1973), the large male has a forefemoral median
hump which is related to the allometric growth.
Holothrips cupreus sp. n.
(Figs 162, 163, 172)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; head and tube a little darker than pterothorax, but
tube with pale apex; all tibiae and tarsi whitish yellow; A3 yellow with apex slightly shaded, the rest of
antennae brown to dark brown, almost concolorous with head; wings shaded with pale brown, major setae
hyaline.
Head (Fig. 162) 1-18 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not strongly elevated, sculptured postero-
laterally; cheeks weakly rounded, gradually narrowed towards base; POS expanded at apex, somewhat
24 S. OKAJIMA
longer than eye. Eyes shorter than 0-3 times as long as head. Antennae about 1-8 times as long as head; A7
with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone long and pointed. Pronotum 1-64—1-70 as
broad as long, weakly sculptured posteriorly; all major setae expanded at apex, AM shorter than AA.
Forewings each with 11-14 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Pelta (Fig. 172) bell-shaped, a little wider than
long, sculptured weakly, with a pair of micro-pores. B1(T2—T7) and B2(T3-TS and T8) expanded at apex,
B1(T9) and B2(T6, T7 and T9) sharply pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 163) almost straight-sided, surface
smooth, about 0-7 times as long as head, 2-4—2-5 times as long as basal width. Anal setae almost as long as
tube or a little shorter.
Measurements of holotype female in 4m. Total L 3650 (distended). Head L 362, W 306; eye L 97, W 81-82.
Pronotum L 245, W 402; forewing L 1440. Pelta L 148, W 158. Tube L 258, basal W 105, apical W 45. Al to
AT L(W): 66(62); 71(40); 107(51); 107(48); 92(41); 81(40); 90(33).
Length of setae: POS 108-113. Prothoracic AA 61-64, AM 40-50, ML 87-90, PA 97-100, EPIM
87-90. SWS1 61-64, SWS2 71-76, SWS3 83. B1(T9) 263-268, B2(T9) 295-300. Anals 240-250.
MAL_LE. Unknown.
Holotype @ (mac.), Philippines: Mindanao, Mt Apo, c. 1300 m, on dead leaves of ever-green trees,
30.vii.1979 (S. Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratype. Philippines: 1 2 , Mindanao, data very similar to holotype, but 3.viii.1979 (SO).
Non-paratypic material. Philippines: 1 2, Mindanao, North Cotabato, Ilomavis, on dead leaves,
28.vii.1979 (S$. Okajima) (SO).
CoMMENTS. This species is most similar to castanicolor from West Malaysia, but can be distinguished by the
following features: A3 yellow, with apex slightly shaded with brown, much paler than brown A4; foretibiae
whitish yellow; B2(T4 and TS) expanded at apex; tube almost straight-sided, about 0-7 times as long as
head.
The non-paratypic female listed above has somewhat pale first and second antennal segments and
expanded B2 setae on the sixth tergite.
Holothrips curvidens sp. n.
(Figs 58-61)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; head and prothorax dark brown; mesothorax brown, somewhat
paler than prothorax; metathorax pale brown; abdomen brown, gradually darkened towards apex, distal
segments almost concolorous with prothorax; tube dark brown, concolorous with head; all femora brown,
a little paler than head, with bases and apices yellowish, foretibiae yellow, mid and hindtibiae whitish
yellow; Al to A3 yellowish, distinctly paler than head, inner margin of Al and apex of A3 shaded with
brown, A4 to A7 brown to dark brown, darkened distally; wings shaded with pale brown, major setae
yellowish.
Head (Fig. 58) 1-25 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not elevated, weakly sculptured; cheeks
weakly rounded; POS expanded at apex, a little longer than eye. Eyes about 0-25 times as long as head.
Antennae 2-24 times as long as head; A6 almost as long as A5 or a little longer; A7 (Fig. 60) with an
incomplete suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum 1-57 times as broad
as long, weakly sculptured marginally, with a strong median line; major setae expanded at apex, but AM
minute and usually pointed, much shorter than AA. Forewings each with 10 DC; SWS expanded at apex.
Forefemora enlarged, foretarsal tooth weakly curved inwards. Pelta (Fig. 61) irregularly bell-shaped,
much broader than long, sculptured weakly, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T6 and T8) expanded at apex,
B2(T3—T6) weakly expanded, B1(T7 and T9) and B2(T7—T9) pointed at apex. Anterior pair of WRS on
T2 to T6 short, straight or simply curved, but a pair on T7 usually absent. Tube (Fig. 59) 0-74 times as long
as head, 2:45 times as long as basal width, almost parallel-sided, distinctly constricted apically, dorsal
surface smooth, ventral surface weakly sculptured with transverse rows of striae. Anal setae shorter than
tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L 2550 (distended). Head L 275, W 219; eye L 72:5, W
62-65. Pronotum L 199, W 312; forewing L 975. Pelta L 100, W 147. Tube L 204, basal W 83, apical W 44.
Al to A7 L(W): 66(56); 71(41); 97(50); 98(49); 89(41); 92(41); 97(36).
Length of setae: POS about 90. Prothoracic AA about 50, AM 20-30, ML 52-54, PA 67—70, EPIM
70-72. SWS1 36-40, SWS2 50-52, SWS3 66-68. B1(T9) 224-226, B2(T9) 240-242. Anals 178-183.
MALE. Unknown.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 725)
Holotype 2 (mac.), Brunei: Bukit Sulang, nr Lamunin, fogging (Shorea jahovensis), 20.viii.—10.ix.1982
(N. Stork) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Brunei: 3 2, same data as holotype (BMNH).
ComMENTsS. This species is similar to ruidus from India, but differs in the following features: colour
uniformly brown; A7 with an incomplete suture between MA7 and MA8; tube subparallel, but distinctly
constricted apically; B1(T7) sharply pointed.
Holothrips falcatus sp. n.
(Figs 174-177)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; head and prothorax dark brown; meso- and
metathorax brown, much paler than prothorax; abdomen brown, weakly darkened towards apex; tube
brown, somewhat yellowish; forefemora dark brown, mid and hindfemora slightly paler than forefemora,
with pale extreme apices; foretibiae brownish, foretarsi yellowish; mid and hindtibiae whitish yellow; Al
to A3 yellow, A3 with brownish extreme apex, A4 to A7 yellowish brown to dark brown, gradually
darkened distally; wings shaded with pale brown, major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 174) 1-16 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not strongly elevated, finely sculptured
posteriorly; cheeks gradually narrowed from a level just behind eyes to basal third of head; POS well
developed, longer than one-third length of head, weakly expanded at apex; one pair of anteocellar setae
well developed, longer than postocellar setae. Eyes comparatively small, about 0-25 times as long as head.
Antennae about 1-8 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 177) with an incomplete suture between MA7 and
MA8. Mouth-cone long and pointed. Pronotum about 1-5 times as broad as long, surface almost smooth,
with a long median line; major setae expanded at apex, AA and AM well developed. Forewings each with
21-23 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Foretarsal tooth stout, falciform. Pelta (Fig. 176) bell-shaped, with a
pair of micro-pores. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-TS and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T6) blunt or
nearly pointed, sometimes weakly expanded, B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 175) almost
straight-sided, somewhat narrowed near apex, about 0-8 times as long as head, longer than 3-0 times as
long as basal width, surface almost smooth. Anal setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in 4m. Total L about 4100 (distended). Head L 444, W 383; eye L
113-117. Pronotum L 357, W 535; forewing L 1750. Pelta L 173, W 188. Tube L 352, basal W 106, apical W
55. Al to A7 L(W): 96(76); 96(50); 138(61); 138(60); 117(51); 97(45); 107(37).
Length of setae: POS 155-165. Prothoracic AA 108-112, AM 92-100, ML 128-133, PA 102-108,
EPIM 80-90. SWS1 82-86, SWS2 97-102, SWS3 108-118. B1(T9) 296-306, B2(T9) 326-330. Anals
270-280.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour and structure very similar to female. Tube 0-75 times as long as head, 2-6
times as long as basal width; sternal reticulated area absent.
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L 3270 (distended). Head L 383, W 327+ eye L 95-97, W
72-77. Pronotum L 321, W 466; forewing L 1470. Pelta L 148, W 169. Tube L 286, basal W 109, apical W
48. Al to A7 L(W): 81(68); 88(44); 112(48); 107(51); 97(42); 87(41); 97(33).
Length of setae: POS 150-155. Prothoracic AA 132-138, AM 102-108, ML 122-132, PA 100-105,
EPIM 100-115. SWS1 72-76, SWS2 87-92, SWS3 118. B1(T9) 245-255, B2(T9) 81-91. Anals about 220.
Holotype (mac.), Sulawesi: nr Rantepao, Pedamaran, on dead twigs with leaves, 10.viii.1984 (S.
Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Sulawesi: 4 9, 1 0’, same data as holotype (SO; 1 9, 1 0’, BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species is closely related to another new species described below under the name of
moundi from West Malaysia. The differences between them are discussed under the latter species.
Holothrips flavicornis sp. n.
(Figs 156, 157, 170)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; pterothorax and anterior portion of abdomen
somewhat paler; foretibiae yellow, shaded with brown basally; mid and hindtibiae whitish yellow; tube
dark brown; Ai and A2 yellowish brown, A3 to AS yellow, apical portion of AS shaded with pale brown,
26 S. OKAJIMA
A6 yellow at basal half, brown to dark brown at apical half, A7 dark brown; wings weakly shaded, nearly
colourless; major setae yellowish.
Head 1-25 (Fig. 156) times as long as broad, dorsal surface weakly sculptured postero-laterally, not
strongly elevated; cheeks straight or very weakly rounded, subparallel; POS almost as long as eye, or a
little longer, expanded at apex. Eyes shorter than 0-3 times as long as head. Posterior ocelli well separated
from eyes. Antennae short, 1-63 times as long as head; A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8.
Mouth-cone pointed. Pronotum about 1-6 times as broad as long, weakly sculptured posteriorly; major
setae expanded at apex. Forewings each with 11-13 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Foretarsal tooth well
developed, comparatively pointed. Pelta (Fig. 170) longer than broad, weakly sculptured, with a pair of
micro-pores. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3—T6 and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T7 and T9) sharply
pointed. Tube (Fig. 157) distinctly narrowed at basal third and apex, 0-74 times as long as head, about 2-5
times as long as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L 3180 (distended). Head L 331, W 265; eye L89, W 71-81.
Pronotum L 230, W 367; forewing L 1187. Pelta L 132, W 117. Tube L 245, basal W 97, apical W 41. Al to
A7 L(W): 61(56); 69(40); 100(51); 92(48); 77(42); 74(38); 87(31).
Length of setae: POS 92. Prothoracic AA 41—46, AM 36-40, ML 56-58, PA 72-76, EPIM 72-77. SWS1
46-48, SWS2 51-56, SWS3 58-61. B1(T9) 214-218, B2(T9) 236-240. Anals 190-194.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype @ (mac.), Singapore: Bukit Timah, on dead wood (? Cryptoronia), 1.xi.1973 (L. A. Mound)
(BMNH).
CoMMENTS. This species can be distinguished from all the other members of the genus by a combination of
the following features: A3 and A4 largely yellow; foretarsal tooth comparatively long and pointed; B2(T7
and T9) sharply pointed, B2(T3—T6 and T8) expanded at apex; anal setae shorter than tube.
Holothrips flavitubus sp. n.
(Figs 148-150, 168)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; metathorax and anterior portion of abdomen a little paler;
tube clear yellow in basal two-thirds, dark brown in apical one-third; Al to A3 brown, A4 to A7 brown to
dark brown, darkened towards apex; all femora dark brown, mid and hindfemora with pale extreme
apices; foretibiae dark brown, mid and hindtibiae whitish yellow; wings shaded with pale brown; major
setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 148) about 1-1 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured, weakly elevated; cheeks
weakly rounded, gradually narrowed towards base, widest across a level of posterior margin of eyes; POS
about one-third length of head, expanded at apex. Eyes a little shorter than POS. Antennae about 2:1
times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 150) with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone long and
pointed. Pronotum about 1-7 times as broad as long, without fine sculpture; all major setae expanded at
apex, AM very slender. Forewings each with 17-18 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Pelta (Fig. 168)
bell-shaped, but weakly developed, with a pair of micro-pores. T2 with a pair of accessory WRS situated
before the regular pairs; anterior pair of WRS on T7 reduced. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3 and T8) expanded at
apex, B1(T9) and B2(T4—T7 and T9) sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 149) very weakly constricted at basal
fourth and near apex, 0-84 times as long as head, 2-76 times as long as basal width, surface very weakly
sculptured. Anal setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in 4m. Total L about 3800 (distended). Head L 346, W 316; eye L
102-103, W 87-89. Pronotum L 239, W 408; forewing L 1654. Tube L 290, basal W 105, apical W 51. Al to
A7 L(W): 74(69); 92(43); 122(51); 127(52); 102(46); 92(41); 92(36).
Length of setae: POS 110-120. Prothoracic AA 72—76, AM 62-74, ML 117, PA 118-122, EPIM
108-112. SWS1 66, SWS2 77-81, SWS3 92-97. B1(T9) 290-300, B2(T9) 318-321. Anals 265-270.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype @ (mac.), Java: Tjibodas Gardens, on dead twigs, 23.x.1973 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH).
ComMENTs. In the colour of the tibiae and tube, this species is distinct from all the other members of the
genus.
There is a specimen very similar to this species in the author’s collection. It is a male from Sabah,
Borneo, and has a paler third and fourth antennal segments. Moreover, it does not have the accessory
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 74}
wing-retaining setae on the second tergite, and has a fore pair of wing-retaining setae on the seventh tergite
which are not reduced.
Holothrips flavus sp. n.
(Figs 37-40)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour yellow; A7 mesothorax, mid and hindfemora tinged with pale brown; tube
orange yellow, paler basally and apically, with dark extreme apex; forewings shaded with grey; major setae
yellowish, anal setae somewhat darker.
Head (Fig. 37) 1-13—1-14 times as long as broad, dorsal surface very weakly sculptured laterally, not
strongly elevated; cheeks weakly rounded, slightly constricted at base; POS well developed, longer than
eye, blunt at apex. Eyes 0-36—0-38 times as long as head. Posterior ocelli in contact with eyes. Antennae
very slender, 2:55—2-60 times as long as head; A3 (Fig. 40) longer than 3-0 times as long as broad; A7 witha
reduced suture between MA7 and MA8&8. Mouth-cone short and rounded; maxillary stylets 10—17 um apart
from each other, reaching a level of POS, but not reaching eyes, with weak and narrow maxillary bridge.
Pronotum 1-84—1-94 times as broad as long, weakly sculptured posteriorly; major setae weakly expanded
at apex, AA longer than AM, ML and EPIM subequal in length, PA longer than EPIM. Forewings each
with 16—20 DC; SWS weakly expanded at apex. Foretarsal tooth short and blunt, directed forwards. Pelta
weak, bell-shaped, about 0-8 times as long as broad, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-T8)
weakly expanded or blunt at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T9) sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 38) 1-17—1-20 times as
long as head, about 3-3 times as long as basal width, very slightly constricted apically, without strong
reticulation. Anal setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L about 3300 (distended). Head L 311, W 275; eye L112, W
87. Pronotum L 199, W 367; forewing L 1530. Pelta L 138, W 173. Tube L 377, basal W 113, apical W 61. Al
to A7 L(W): 76-5(66); 81(41); 148(46); 143(46); 127(40); 104(33); 128(25-5).
Length of setae: POS 128. Prothoracic AA 86-92, AM 51-62, ML 128-132, PA 148-153, EPIM
128-133. SWS1 72, SWS2 107-112, SWS3 158-168. B1(T9) 301-306, B2(T9) 341-350. Anals 280.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female, S5 and S6 each with a transverse orange yellow band of
reticulated area. Head (Fig. 39) more than 1-2 times as long as broad; pronotum less than 1-5 times as
broad as long; forefemora enlarged, with a subbasal hump at inner surface; foretarsal tooth stout; tube 1-05
times as long as head, 3-13 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in 4m. Total L 3070 (distended). Head L 321, W 260; eye L 112, W 84.
Pronotum L 250, W 344; forewing L 1452. Tube L 337, basal W 108, apical W 59. Al to A7 L(W): 76(66);
81-5(41); 173(46); 153(43); 133(35); 110(31); 128(25-5).
Length of setae: POS 133-143. Prothoracic AA 112-117, AM 26-45, ML 133-138, PA 153-158, EPIM
123-128. SWS1 72, SWS2 117-122, SWS3 194-205. B1(T9) 270-275, B2(T9) 61-65. Anals 286-292.
Holotype (mac.), Philippines: Luzon, nr Lucena City, Quezon National Forest Park, on dead
branches, 22.viii.1979 (S. Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Philippines: 4 2 , 2 0’, Luzon, collected with holotypes (SO; 2 2, 1 0’, BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species belongs to the apoensis-group. From the other members of the group, it can be
easily distinguished by the following features: colour uniformly yellow; antennae very slender, longer than
2-5 times length of head, A3 longer than 3-0 times as long as broad.
Holothrips formosanus sp. n.
(Figs 184-186, 195)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; A3 yellow, shaded with brown at apical half, A4 and A5 with
bases yellow; wings shaded with pale brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 184) 1-17 times as long as broad, dorsal surface finely sculptured, not strongly elevated;
cheeks weakly rounded, constricted just behind eyes; POS sharply pointed at apex, longer than half length
of head. Eyes 0-28—0-29 times as long as head. Antennae about 2:2 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 186) with
a nearly complete suture between MA7 and MA& (incomplete on dorsal surface). Mouth-cone long and
pointed. Pronotum 1-77 times as broad as long, weakly sculptured posteriorly; AM setae minute, pointed
at apex, AA and ML blunt, PA and EPIM long and sharply pointed. Forewings each with 35—36 DC; SWS
pointed at apex. Pelta (Fig. 195) irregularly bell-shaped, with distinct reticulation, micro-pores absent. All
B1 and B2 setae on tergites pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 185) almost straight-sided, gradually narrowed
28 S. OKAJIMA
towards base, about 0-9 times as long as head, 2-57 times as long as basal width. Anal setae almost as long as
tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 5500 (distended). Head L 422; W 362; eye L
118-120, W 92-102. Pronotum L 326, W 576; forewing L 2550. Pelta L 240, W 240. Tube L 378, basal W
147, apical W 65. Al to A7 L(W): 100(81); 112(56); 150(76); 155(70); 138(57); 113(51); 137(42).
Length of setae: POS 230-240. Prothoracic AA 160-170, AM 35-50, ML 165-170, PA 215-220, EPIM
about 250. SWS1 117-127, SWS2 183-195, SWS3 300-315. B1(T9) 360-365, B2(T9) 400-410. Anals
380-400.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour as in female. Head 1-17—1-25 times as long as broad; pronotum 1-46—1-80
times as broad as long, AA and ML nearly pointed at apex; forefemora enlarged, foretarsal tooth stout;
forewings each with 26—40 DC; sternal reticulated areas present on S4 to S7, but very weakly developed,
absent on S4 in small male; tube 0-79—0-80 times as long as head, 2-35—2-50 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype large (small) male in um. Total L 4700 (3850) (distended). Head L 408 (346), W
326 (296); eye L 115-117 (100-102), W 91-93 (82-86). Pronotum L 388 (260), W 566 (469); forewing L
2522 (2010). Pelta L 219 (184), W 204 (184). Tube L 326 (275), basal W 130 (117), apical W 63 (55). Al to
A7 L/W: 97(82)/80(69); 107(97)/53(46); 158(135)/67(56); 168(138)/63(54); 143(123)/S0(47); 112(102)/
45(43); 138(118)/38(37).
Length of setae: POS 220-230 (200-220). Prothoracic AA 125—135 (110-120), AM 45-50 (30-35), ML
200-230, PA about 250 (about 200), EPIM 255-260 (220-240). SWS1 110 (95-97), SWS2 173-200
(150-155), SWS3 280-300 (220-250). B1(T9) 350-380 (330-360), B2(T9) 122-123 (100-105). Anals
360-385 (310-330).
Holotype ? (mac.), Taiwan: Nantou Hsien, Meifeng, c. 2000 m, 5.iv.1977 (W. Suzuki) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Taiwan: 3 ©’, Nantou Hsien, Tsuifeng (nr Meifeng), on dead branches, 1.v.1983 (M.
Hasegawa) (SO; 10’, BMNH).
Comments. This species is somewhat similar to fumidus, but it can be distinguished from the latter by the
following features: POS pointed at apex, longer than half the length of head; prothoracic ML, PA and
EPIM longer, pointed at apex; tube almost straight-sided; anal setae a little longer than tube. Moreover,
the peltae of these two species are different in shape from each other.
Holothrips fumidus (Ananthakrishnan)
(Figs 202-204)
Polyphemothrips fumidus Ananthakrishnan, 1972: 429-430. Holotype 9, Inpia (TNA) [examined].
Holothrips fumidus (Ananthakrishnan) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; legs and tube concolorous with body; A3 a little paler
than the remaining segments. Head (Fig. 202) 1-15 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured
posteriorly; cheeks weakly rounded; POS blunt at apex, a little longer than eye. Eyes about 0-3 times as
long as head. Mouth-cone long and pointed. SWS2 much shorter than SWS3; forewings each with 21—28
DC. Prothoracic AM minute, shorter than AA. Pelta (Fig. 204) slender, 1-52—1-56 as long as broad,
micro-pores absent. All B1 and B2 setae on tergites pointed at apex, sometimes these setae on T2 and T3
blunt. Tube (Fig. 203) constricted apically, 0-82—0-84 times as long as head, surface almost smooth.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour and structure almost as in female except for the following: fore legs stouter,
somewhat paler than body; sternal reticulated areas present on S4 to S6, but weakly developed; tube
distinctly constricted at basal fourth, 0-84—0-87 times as long as head.
Measurements of male (from Nepal) in wm. Total L about 3800 (distended). Head L 393, W 311; eye L117.
Pronotum L 316, W 490; forewing L 1876. Pelta L 178, W 153. Tube L 337, basal W 135, apical W 56. Al to
A7 L(W): 82(77); 92(47); 143(61); 158(61); 128(51); 102(439); 115(37).
Length of setae: POS 143-153. Prothoracic AA 86-92, AM 35, ML 122-128, PA 122-128, EPIM
130-155. SWS1 81-87, SWS2 102-110, SWS3 153-163. B1(T9) 365-375, B2(T9) 117-122. Anals about
300.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
India: holotype 9 , Muktheswar, on dry twigs, 19.x.1970 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan) (TNA).
India: 1 ©’, Darjeeling, Tiger Hill, 15.viii.1981 (W. Suzuki) (SO); 1 2, Darjeeling, Lopchu, 31.v.1975
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 29
(W. Wittmer) (SMF). Nepal: 1 2, 2 0’, Kathmandu Valley, Godavari, 11.vi.1981 (W. Suzuki); 1 9,
Syabru, nr Langtang Valley, 4.vii.1981 (W. Suzuki) (SO; 19,10, BMNH).
ComMENTS. There are seven females from Taiwan and Thailand in the author’s collection which may be
related to this species. These females are different from fumidus in not having pointed major setae (B1 and
B2) on most of the intermediate abdominal tergites, and in having somewhat heavy tubes which are
sculptured weakly with polygonal reticulations. This material may be conspecific, or may include two or
more species. The data of these females are as follows. Taiwan: 2 2, Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, on dead
branches, 25.iii.1984 (S. Okajima); 3 2, Nantou Hsien, Meifeng, c. 2000 m, on dead branches, 28.iii. 1984
(S. Okajima). Thailand: 1 9, Doi Suthep, nr Chiang Mai, on dead leaves, 7.viii.1976 (S. Okajima), 1 9,
22.v.1979 (W. Suzuki).
Holothrips hagai sp. n.
(Figs 192, 193, 198, 199)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; abdomen gradually darkened towards apex; basal half of tube
sometimes pale; A3 somewhat pale at base; legs dark brown; wings shaded with pale brown; major setae
yellowish.
Head (Fig. 192) 1-05—1-08 times as long as head, dorsal surface not strongly elevated, sculptured
postero-laterally; cheeks weakly rounded; POS longer than eye, blunt at apex. Eyes 0-29—0-30 times as
long as head. Antennae 1-86 times as long as head; A3 and A4 subequal in length; A7 (Fig. 199) with a
nearly complete suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone long and pointed. Pronotum 2:15 times as
broad as long, major setae blunt at apex, AM shorter than AA. Forewings each with about 20 DC; SWS
blunt at apex, but SWS2 and SWS3 sometimes nearly pointed. Foretarsal tooth usually directed inwards.
Pelta (Fig. 198) bell-shaped, anterior margin not rounded, rather straight, micro-pores absent. B1(T8) and
B2(T8) blunt at apex, all other B1 and B2 setae on tergites sharply pointed, sometimes blunt, but nearly
pointed. Tube (Fig. 193) somewhat heavy, constricted at basal third and apex, 0-72—0-74 times as long as
head, about 2-3 times as long as basal width, surface sculptured with weak polygonal reticulation. Anal
setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L 4050 (distended). Head L 413, W 385; eye L 120-122, W
97-102. Pronotum L 490, W 228; forewing L 1738. Pelta L 178, W 178. Tube L 301, basal W 130, apical W
61. Al to A7 L(W): 77(72); 92(48); 179(58); 179(57); 107(51); 92(46); 117(41).
Length of setae: POS 158-163. Prothoracic AA 87-97, AM 66-72, ML 105-110, PA 107-112, EPIM
about 155. SWS1 82, SWS2 114-116, SWS3 160-170. B1(T9) 255-270, B2(T9) 230-250. Anals 235-245.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head 1-04—1-08 times as long as broad; POS and
prothoracic major setae sometimes pointed at apex; sternal reticulated areas present on S4 to S7, but weak,
sometimes absent on S4; tube heavier, distinctly constricted at basal third, slightly constricted at apex,
0-71-0-72 times as long as head, 1-92—2-04 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in wm. Total L 3250 (distended). Head L 341, W 316; eye L 92-96, W
78-82. Pronotum L 210, W 407; forewing L about 1400. Pelta L 138, W 152. Tube L 244, basal W 127,
apical W 52. Al to A7 L(W): 66(66); 92(41); 108(54); 108(51); 87(46); 82(43); 102(36).
Length of setae: POS 100-104. Prothoracic AA 55-63, AM 50-53, ML 75-85, PA 80-85, EPIM
100-105. SWS1 64-67, SWS2 82-86, SWS3 112-120. B1(T9) 212-215, B2(T9) 92-97. Anals 190-200.
Holotype 2 (mac.), Japan: Izu Is, Mikura I., Kawada, on dead leaves and branches, 4.vi.1983 (M.
Hasegawa) (SO).
Paratypes. Japan: 1 9, 1 CO, Izu Is, Mikura I., collected with holotype, 8 9, 1 C’, 7.vi.1983, 1 9,
Kurosakitakao, 5.vi.1983 (M. Hasegawa); 3 9, 2 O’, Izu Is, Miyake I., nr Tairo-Ike, on dead branches,
26.x.1985 (S. Okajima) (SO; 5 2,2 0", BMNH).
Non-paratypic material. Japan: many females and males from the following localities — Hiroshima,
Hyogo, Nara, Nagano, Kanagawa, Yamanashi (Honshu), Amami-Ohshima I., Okinawa I., Ishigaki I.,
Iriomote I. (Ryukyus) (SO; BMNH).
CoMMENTS. This species is very similar to another sympatric species, yuasai, but it can be distinguished
from the latter by the following features: antennae almost uniformly dark brown; anterior margin of pelta
not rounded, rather straight; B1 and B2 setae on T9 pointed; tube heavier, distinctly constricted at basal
third and apex.
The specimens from the Ryukyus have the tubes longer and not distinctly constricted at basal third.
However, those from Honshu have the tubes intermediate in length and shape between the specimens from
30 S. OKAJIMA
the Ryukyus and the type-specimens from Izu Is. These specimens suggest that hagai exists as a cline
between local populations in Japan.
Holothrips hasegawai sp. n.
(Figs 201, 205-207)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; metathorax and anterior portion of abdomen
somewhat paler, abdomen gradually darkened towards apex; A3 pale at basal third; wings shaded with
pale brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 205) about 1-2 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not strongly elevated, sculptured
weakly; cheeks very weakly rounded or almost straight; POS about one-third length of head, blunt at apex.
Eyes rather small, 0-25—0-26 times as long as head. Antennae 1-72 times as long as head; A4 a little shorter
than A3; suture between MA7 and MA8 incomplete (Fig. 201), but nearly complete. Mouth-cone long and
pointed. Pronotum about 2-0 times as broad as long, sculptured posteriorly; major setae blunt at apex.
Forewings each with 19-22 DC; SWS1 weakly expanded, SWS2 and SWS3 blunt at apex. Foretarsal tooth
small, directed forwards. Pelta (Fig. 207) much longer than broad, rather trapezoid, sculptured weakly,
micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T4) and B2(T3 and T4) blunt or nearly pointed at apex, B1(TS—T7 and T9)
and B2(TS—T7 and T9) sharply pointed, B1(T8) and B2(T8) blunt. Tube (Fig. 206) very weakly constricted
at basal third, 0-77 times as long as head, 2-74 times as long as basal width, surface weakly sculptured with
polygonal reticulation. Anal setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L 4130 (distended). Head L 444, W 372; eye L 112-117, W
102-107. Pronotum L 240, W 484; forewing L 1700. Pelta L 184, W 135. Tube L 342, basal W 125, apical W
54. Al to A7 L(W): 77(77); 100(48); 138(60); 128(61); 112(55); 92(45); 107(40).
Length of setae: POS 147-150. Prothoracic AA 92, AM 72-82, ML about 110, PA 122-138, EPIM
153-163. SWS1 86-97, SWS2 92-97, SWS3 163-168. B1(T9) about 320, B2(T9) 296-306. Anals about
260.
Ma ce. Unknown.
Holotype 2 (mac.), Japan: Ogasawara Is, Haha-jima I., on dead branches, 18.v.1984 (M. Hasegawa)
(SO).
Paratypes. Japan: 4 9, collected with holotype (SO; 2 9, BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species is distinct from all the other members of the genus by a combination of the
following features: cheeks more or less projecting laterally just behind eyes; all tibiae dark brown; pelta
without micro-pores; mouth-cone long and pointed; tube weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation;
eyes rather small, less than 0-3 times as long as head.
Holothrips indicus (Ananthakrishnan)
Agnostothrips (Erythrinothrips) indicus Ananthakrishnan, 1956: 341-342. Holotype 2, Inpia (TNA) [not
examined].
Symphothrips associatus Ananthakrishnan, 1968: 56-57. Holotype 9, Inp1a (TNA) [not examined].
Holothrips indicus (Ananthakrishnan) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
The coloration is variable in this species as follows: head yellow at base, darkened with brown anteriorly,
pterothorax brown, prothorax and abdomen yellow (quoted from the original description of indicus);
whole body yellow; head yellow, darkened at anterior third, prothorax and mesothorax brown, meta-
thorax and abdomen yellow.
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Head a little longer than broad; A7 with a complete suture between MA7 and
MA8; POS, prothoracic major setae, SWS, B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3—T6 and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9)
and B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed; pelta bell-shaped, with a pair of micro-pores; tube straight-sided, 0-58
times as long as head, 2-1—2-2 times as long as basal width, surface smooth; anal setae almost as long as
tube.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
India: 1 CO’, Kumili, on dry twig, 2.viii.1969 (7. N. Ananthakrishnan) (BMNH); 1 9, Jupal, on dry twig,
17.xii.1969 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan) (BMNH); 1 @, Kerala, Kudal, on dry twigs and leaves, 6.x.1969 (T.
N. Ananthakrishnan) (BMNH); 1 Oo’, Anamalai Hills, 6.ii.1971 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan) (TNA).
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 31
ComMENTS. This species is most similar to andamanensis, and the differences between them are discussed
under the latter species.
Holothrips japonicus sp. n.
(Figs 100, 101, 104-106)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour uniformly dark brown; extreme base of A3 yellowish; major setae
yellowish, wings shaded with pale brown.
Head (Fig. 100) 1-30—1-32 times as long as broad, slightly elevated dorsally, sculptured at posterior half;
cheeks almost straight, gradually narrowed towards base; POS blunt at apex, 0-30—0-34 times as long as
head. Eyes 2:60—2-65 times as long as head. Antennae 2-0—2-1 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 106) 3-5—3-6
times as long as broad, with a complete suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short and not pointed.
Pronotum 2-1-—2-3 times as broad as long, sculptured posteriorly, with a strong median line; major setae
blunt at apex; inner side of probasisternum pointed (Fig. 105). Foretarsal tooth short, wide-based, directed
forwards. Forewings each with 23-25 DC; SWS blunt at apex, but SWS3 sometimes nearly pointed. Pelta
(Fig. 104) bell-shaped, tinged with dark brown at portion except for posterior area, micro-pores absent.
B1(T2-T8) and B2(T3-TS and T8) blunt at apex, B2(T6 and T7) nearly pointed, B1(T9) and B2(T9)
sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 101) almost straight-sided, gradually narrowed towards apex, 0-63 times as
long as head, about 2-0 times as long as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae almost as long as tube ora
little shorter.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 4600 (distended). Head L 500, W 377; eye L133, W
102-108. Pronotum L 224, W 515; forewing L 1860. Pelta L 209, W 306. Tube L 316, basal W 153, apical W
66:5. Al to A7 L(W): 108(90); 100(52); 178(66); 173(66); 153(58); 128(51); 143(40).
Length of setae: POS 153-168. Prothoracic AA about 130, AM 97-102, ML 140-150, PA 184-188,
EPIM about 170. SWS1 110-112, SWS2 170-173, SWS3 178-204. B1(T9) 280-300, B2(T9) 316. Anals
306-310.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. POS longer, 0-38—0-40 times as long as head;
pronotum well developed, forefemora enlarged, foretarsal tooth stout, directed inwards; pelta generally
tinged with dark brown; abdominal reticulated areas present in S4 to S7; tube 0-67 times as long as head,
about 1-9 times as long as basal width, weakly sculptured on ventral surface.
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L about 3900 (distended). Head L 413, W 313; eye L111, W
81-84. Pronotum L 220, W 500; forewing L 1720. Pelta L 178, W 280. Tube L 275, basal W 145, apical W
59. Al to A7 L(W): 97(73); 87(48); 158(56); 148(61); 128(52); 112(46); 137(36).
Length of setae: POS 158-163. Prothoracic AA about 100, AM 56-92, ML 158-168, PA 193-205,
EPIM 76-78. SWS1 102-112, SWS2 173-179, SWS3 184-220. B1(T9) 280, B2(T9) 76-78. Anals 280.
Holotype 2 (mac.), Japan: Niigata Pref., Itoigawa-shi, Hiraiwa, on dead branches, 10.x.1982 (M.
Hasegawa) (SO).
Paratypes. Japan: 7 2, 1 oO’, collected with holotype (SO; 3 9, BMNH).
ComMENts. The appearance of this species is somewhat similar to minor (Hood) from South America.
However, the ocellar region of minor is strongly convex, although this is not so in japonicus. Another
Japanese species, Jatidentis, newly described below is very similar to this species, and the differences
between them are discussed under latidentis.
Holothrips kuntiae (Sen) comb. n.
Polyphemothrips kuntiae Sen, 1982: 512-514. Holotype @ , INp1a (Zoological Survey of India) [examined].
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour yellow partly shaded with grey; all femora and abdominal segment IX
shaded with grey; Al shaded with grey, A2 and A3 yellow, A4 yellow at basal three-fourths and dark
greyish brown distally, AS to A7 dark greyish brown, AS and A6 with pale bases; tube greyish brown, with
pale base.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
India: holotype 9, Kerala, Silent Valley, on dry twigs, 18.i.1980 (N. Muraleedharan) (Zoological Survey
of India).
ComMENTS. This species has corrugated cheeks, inwardly curved foretarsal tooth, comparatively enlarged
forefemora and well-developed prothorax. These features are very similar to those of ruidus and its
32 S. OKAJIMA
relatives. However, this species differs from them in the seventh antennal segment which has a nearly
complete suture between the seventh and eighth morphological antennal segments, and in the straight-
sided tube.
Holothrips latidentis sp. n.
(Figs 102, 103, 107-109)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour uniformly dark brown; tarsi yellowish; major setae brownish yellow, wings
shaded with pale brown.
Head (Fig. 102) 1-25—1-29 times as long as broad, slightly elevated dorsally, not sculptured near median
longitudinal line; cheeks almost straight, or very weakly emarginate, gradually narrowed towards base;
POS blunt at apex, 0-34—0-38 times as long as head. Eyes 0-24—0-26 times as long as head. Antennae
1-96-2-10 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 107) 2-7—3-0 times as long as broad, with a complete suture
between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short and not pointed. Pronotum 2-13—2-30 times as broad as long,
weakly sculptured posteriorly, with a strong median line; all major setae blunt at apex. Foretarsal tooth
short, wide-based and directed forwards. Forewings each with 15—20 DC; SWS blunt at apex. Pelta (Fig.
107) rather triangular, sometimes irregularly shaped, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-T6 and
T8) blunt at apex, at least not sharply pointed, B1(T9) and B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed at apex, but
B2(T7) sometimes blunt. Tube (Fig. 103) straight-sided, 0-62—0-63 times as long as head, 2-04 times as long
as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae almost as long as tube or a little shorter.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L about 3800 (distended). Head L 413, W 321; eye L
102-107, W 86-89. Pronotum L 194, W 413; forewing L 1500. Pelta L 168, W 200. Tube L 260, basal W 127,
apical W 56. Al to A7 L(W): 92(77); 87(46); 143(61); 143(57); 122(54); 107(49); 117(40).
Length of setae: POS 142-145. Prothoracic AA 82, AM 66-69, ML 110-115, PA 130-135, EPIM
125-132. SWS1 90-95, SWS2 120-128, SWS3 160-175. B1(T9) 244-252, B2(T9) 244-148. Anals 255.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour similar to female. Forefemora somewhat enlarged, foretarsal tooth stout,
rather triangular in large male; abdominal reticulated areas undeveloped; tube 0-65—0-67 times as long as
head.
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L about 3200 (distended). Head L 413, W 321; eye L87—89, W
77-81. Pronotum L 184, W 372; forewing L 1330. Tube L 240, basal W 119, apical W 57. Al to A7 L(W):
76(67); 82(44); 122(50); 122(51); 112(45); 102(42); 112(35).
Length of setae: POS 135-140. Prothoracic AA about 70, AM 77-80, ML 80-120, PA 132-135, EPIM
115-130. SWS1 92-97, SWS2 102-122, SWS3 117-135. B1(T9) 200-206, B2(T9) 66-70. Anals 240.
Holotype @ (mac.), Japan: Kanagawa Pref., Miura-hantou, Jinmuji Forest, on dead branches,
30.x.1983 (S. Okajima) (SO).
Paratypes. Japan: 1 @, collected with holotype; 2 9, data very similar to holotype, but 6.iii.1983; 1 ?,
Hyogo Pref., nr Kobe, Mt Futatabi, on dead branches, 15.viii.1980 (S. Okajima); 2 2 , Osaka Pref., foot of
Mt Ikoma, Hiraoka Park, on dead branches, 29.xii.1983 (S. Okajima); 1 9, Izu Is, Mikura I., Kurosakita-
kao, on dead leaves, 5.vi.1983 (M. Hasegawa); 29 9, 12 OC’, Izu Is, Miyake I., nr Tairo-ike, on dead
branches, 27.x.1985 (S. Okajima) (SO; 10 9,5 0’, BMNH; 1 9,10’, SMF).
ComMENTs. This species resembles japonicus in appearance, but it can be distinguished by the following
features: body smaller; pelta usually pale; A7 shorter, 2-7—3-0 times as long as broad; inner side of
probasisternum rounded, not pointed (Fig. 108). Another new species, okinawanus, described below from
the Ryukyus is also similar to this species; the differences between them are discussed under okinawanus.
Holothrips luteus (Faure)
Polyphemothrips luteus Faure, 1954: 147-152. Holotype 9 , SourH Arrica (South African National Insect
Collection, Pretoria) [1 O’ paratype examined].
Holothrips luteus (Faure) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
South Africa: 1 CO (paratype), Cape, Somerset West, fallen leaves, 28.ii.1950 (J. C. Faure) (BMNH).
ComMENTSs. Unfortunately, the present author has not studied the holotype female. However, this species
is quite distinct in having expanded mid-vertex (mid-dorsal) head setae and all prominent lateral setae (B1
and B2 setae) on the tergites. However, these features may be in common with titschacki (p. 50).
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 33
Holothrips luminosus sp. n.
(Figs 115-118)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour yellow; mesothorax, mid and hindfemora more or less shaded with brown;
basal half of tube orange yellow, with pale base, apical half of tube yellowish, with brown extreme apex; Al
and A2 yellow, almost concolorous with head, A3 yellow, alittle darker than head, A4 to A6 pale brownish
yellow to brownish yellow, A7 brown; wings shaded with pale brown; all major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 117) 1-43 times as long as broad, dorsal surface with distinct sculpture, elevated dorsally,
broadest across just behind eyes; cheeks weakly emarginate; POS expanded at apex. Eyes shorter than
0-25 times as long as head. Antennae shorter than 2-0 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 116) with a reduced
suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum about 1-8 times as broad as
long, surface smooth, only with weak sculpture at near posterior margin; major setae expanded at apex,
AA longer than AM. Forewings each with 9 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Pelta bell-shaped, sculptured
weakly, sculpture reduced posteriorly, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-TS and T8) expanded
at apex, B2(T6) weakly expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T7 and T9) long and sharply pointed. Tube (Fig.
118) about 0-6 times as long as head, about 2-4 times as long as basal width, almost straight-sided, smoothly
narrowed towards apex, surface without sculpture. Anal setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L 2900 (distended). Head L 372, W 260; eye L 90, W 77.
Pronotum L 184, W 332; forewing L 1050. Pelta L 112, W 178. Tube L 219, basal W 97, apical W 45. Al to
A7 L(W): 61(58-6); 71(41); 91-5(49); 107(51); 102(49); 92(41); 92(34-6).
Length of setae: POS 102-105. Prothoracic AA 50-60, AM 45-46, ML 77-80, PA 77-82, EPIM 77.
SWS1 50-56, SWS2 61-63, SWS3 72-82. B1(T9) 224-228, B2(T9) 234. Anals 200-206.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype ¢ (mac.), Philippines: Luzon, nr Daet, Bicol National Park, on dead branches, 13.viii.1979 (S.
Okajima) (BMNH).
Non-paratypic material. Philippines: 1 2, Luzon, nr Lucena City, Quezon National Forest Park, on
dead branches, 20.vii.1979 (S. Okajima) (SO).
ComMENTS. This species resembles cracens and its relatives in appearance, but can be distinguished by the
following features: colour uniformly yellow; dorsal surface of head sculptured distinctly; B1(T9) and
B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed, other B1 and B2 setae on tergites expanded at apex; anal setae shorter than
tube.
The non-paratypic female listed above may be a large individual of this species. Measurements of it are
as follows (um): total body L 3550 (distended); head L 439, W 326; pronotum L 265, W 469; tube L 265,
basal W 117, apical W 51; Al to A7 L(W) = 82(71), 87(46), 122(56), 142(61), 128(51), 112(45-7), 112(36);
POS about 130.
Holothrips maxillae sp. n.
(Figs 43-46)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour yellowish brown to brown; head and thorax yellowish brown, darkened
laterally; abdomen yellowish brown, tube brown at basal two-thirds, yellowish at apical one-third, with
dark extreme apex; Al brown, A2 brown with apex paler, A3 to A6 yellowish, A6 tinged with brown
apically, A7 brown with base yellowish; all femora brown, foretibiae yellowish brown, mid and hindtibiae
brown with paler bases and apices; forewings each with a longitudinal pale brown stripe; major setae
yellowish.
Head (Fig. 44) 1-19-1-25 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured laterally with weak striae,
ocellar region smooth; cheeks subparallel, weakly incut just behind eyes, slightly constricted basally; POS
much shorter than eye, nearly pointed at apex. Eyes well developed, 0-39—0-42 times as long as head.
Posterior ocelli in contact with eyes. Antennae 2:2—2-3 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 46) with a reduced
suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed; maxillary stylets far apart from each
other, short, not reaching a level of POS, with weak maxillary bridge. Pronotum 1-3-1-5 times as broad as
long, weakly sculptured laterally and posteriorly; major setae expanded at apex, AM shorter than AA.
Forewings each with 20-34 DC; SWS1 and SWS2 weakly expanded at apex, SWS3 blunt. Foretarsal tooth
directed forwards. Pelta (Fig. 43) bell-shaped, with weak sculpture, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8) and
B2(T3-T8) weakly expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T9) very weakly expanded, at least not sharply
pointed. Tube (Fig. 45) 1-05—1-09 times as long as head, 2:88—2-90 times as long as basal width, slightly
constricted apically, without sculpture. Anal setae shorter than tube.
34 S. OKAJIMA
Measurements of large (small) female in um. Total L about 4000 (2950) (distended). Head L 352 (280), 280
(235); eye L 138 (117), W 87 (98). Pronotum L 230 (153), W 423 (321); forewing L 1834 (1378). Pelta L 173
(128), W 209 (158). Tube L 382-5 (296), basal W 132-5 (102), apical W 61 (51). Al to A7 L/W:
81-5(61)/74(5S7); 82(61)/45(37); 132-5(107)/56(49); 158(117)/S6(46); 138(102)/46(41); 107(79)/39(36);
112(92)/28(28).
Length of setae: POS 76-92 (about 50). Prothoracic AA 46-61 (36-41), AM 20-25 (15-20), ML 61-70
(?), PA 102-117 (about 70), EPIM 102-122 (76-80). SWS1 65-71 (45-50), SWS2 80-86 (about 50), SWS3
153-163 (112-117). B1(T9) 255-265 (209-215), B2(T9) 234-245 (178-190). Anals 296-305 (234-250).
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head longer than female, 1-38—-1-41 times as long as
broad; eyes 0-36—0-37 times as long as head; pronotum 1-51—1-55 times as broad as long; forefemora
enlarged, foretarsal tooth stouter; SS (sometimes S4) to S7 each with a reticulated area, that on SS most
developed; tube 0-86—0-87 times as long as head, 2-60—2-65 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of large (small) male in um. Total L 3600 (3180) (distended). Head L 357 (321), W 252 (232);
eye L 130 (120). Pronotum L 286 (224), W 433 (347). Pelta L 153 (133), W 158 (153). Tube L 306 (281),
basal W 117 (106), apical W 59 (56). Al to A7 L/W: 87(76-5)/71(65); 81(76)/41(38); 148(128)/55(50);
156(143)/51(47); 138(128)/46(41); 107(92)/37(36); 112(102)/26-5(25-5).
Length of setae: POS 86-95 (80-85). Prothoracic AA 56-60 (40-50), AM 40-45 (25-30), ML 66-75
(about 70), PA 128-132 (112-117), EPIM about 130 (about 110). SWS1 60-65 (60-64), SWS2 80-100
(80-85), SWS3 153-160 (158-162). B1(T9) 230-235 (214-220), B2(T9) 80-85 (85). Anals 280 (255).
Holotype 2 (mac.), Philippines: Mindanao, Mt Apo, nr Marber River, 1000-1500 m, on dead leaves,
7.i11.1978 (N. Kashiwai) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Philippines: 11 9, 6 0’, Mindanao, collected with holotype (SO; 5 2,3 &', BMNH).
Non-paratypic material. Philippines: 1 &’, Luzon, nr Lucena City, Quezon National Forest Park, on
dead leaves of ever-green tree, 22.viii.1979 (S. Okajima) (SO).
ComMEnTs. This species resembles apoensis in appearance, but it can be distinguished by the following
features: maxillary stylets shorter, not reaching level of POS; head longer, more than 1-15 times as long as
broad; reticulation on pelta weak; antennal segments paler, whole of A3 and A4 yellow, base of A7
yellowish.
A non-paratypic male from Luzon listed above is exceptionally small. The maxillary stylets of this
specimen are somewhat longer than those of paratype males from Mindanao.
Holothrips mirandus (Ananthakrishnan)
(Figs 6, 20, 21)
Polyphemothrips mirandus Ananthakrishnan, 1969a: 305. Holotype 9, Inp1a (TNA) [examined].
Holothrips mirandus (Ananthakrishnan) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown, with yellow tibiae; antennal segments brown, but A3
yellowish at basal half. Head (Fig. 20) 1-50—1-65 times as long as broad, dorsal surface weakly sculptured
postero-laterally; cheeks almost straight-sided, subparallel; POS long, a little shorter than half the length
of head, nearly pointed at apex. A7 with an incomplete suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short,
not pointed. Pelta (Fig. 21) longer than broad, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3, T4 and T8)
blunt at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T5—T7 and T9) sharply pointed at apex. Tube slightly constricted near apex,
0-87—0-90 times as long as head, about 2-9 times as long as basal width.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour similar to female. Head 1-56—1-68 times as long as broad; prothoracic major
setae well developed in large male, but AM short; forefemora enlarged in large male, foretarsal tooth
stout, wide-based and rather triangular; sternal reticulated areas present on S5 to S7 (Fig. 6); tube
0-82—0-90 times as long as head, slightly constricted at basal fourth.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
India: holotype ?, Kallar 2000’, Nilgiris, on fungus infested twigs, 9.ii.1969 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan).
India: 1 C (labelled as allotype), Joopal, Coorg, on dry twigs, 17.xii.1969 (7. N. Ananthakrishnan); 10
(labelled as allotype of Polyphemothrips enormis Ananthakrishnan), Dhoni Forest, Plaghat, on dry twigs,
16.xi.1969 (T. N. Ananthakrishnan) (TNA). West Malaysia: 1 9 , Tregganu, 2600’, Gn. Lawit, East Ridge,
102° 37’ E, 5°25'N, on forest floor (litter), 10.iii.1974 (BMNH); 1 2, Kuala Lumpur, on dead palm leaves,
29.xii.1969, 1 9, 3 O& on dead branches, 26.xii.1969 (R. G. & F. Andre) (BMNH); 1 9, N. E. 30 km from
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 35
Tapah, on dead leaves, 3. iii. 1976 (W. Suzuki); 2 2, Gn. Beremban, v.1981 (W. Suzuki) (SO). Singapore: 1
©’, Macritchie Park, on dead Areca (Palmae), 22.vii.1976 (S. Okajima) (SO).
ComMENts. According to the original description, this species was described from a unique female
collected from ‘Kallar 1200’, Nilgiris, India’. However, the holotype female is labelled as ‘Kallar 2000’,
Nilgiris’. Moreover, there is an allotype male of mirandus in T. N. Ananthakrishnan collection, but the
date of collecting is three months after the date of the original published description. It therefore has no
value as a paratype. On the other hand, there is another male labelled as ‘allotype of Polyphemothrips
enormis Ananthakrishnan’ in this collection. This male cannot be distinguished from mirandus by the
present author, and differs from enormis (now placed in the genus Oidanothrips) in having three sense
cones on the third antennal segment. Moreover, this male bears the collecting data ‘16.xi.1969 from Dhoni
Forest’, although the original description of enormis refers to the allotype male as collected on 9.ii.1969
from Kallar 1200’. This specimen cannot be therefore be the valid allotype of enormis.
Specimens collected from West Malaysia and Singapore listed above have the anteroangular prothoracic
setae longer, and a female from N. E. 30 km from Tapah, West Malaysia has brown midtibiae.
Holothrips moundisp. n.
(Figs 178-180)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; metathorax and anterior portion of abdomen paler; foretibiae
yellow, tinged with brown; mid and hindtibiae whitish yellow; tube brown, basal fifth and apical third
shaded with dark brown; Al brownish yellow, A2 yellow, brownish at base, A3 yellow, A4 brownish
yellow, shaded apically, A5 brown, darkened apically, A6 and A7 dark brown, but A6 a little paler than
A7; wings shaded with pale brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 178) 1-20-—1-26 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured posteriorly, not strongly
elevated; cheeks narrowed towards base; POS expanded at apex, longer than eye. Eyes shorter than
one-third length of head. Antennae 1-71—1-74 times as long as head; A3 almost as long as A4; A7 witha
reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone pointed. Pronotum 1-4—1-5 times as broad as long,
sculptured posteriorly; major setae expanded at apex. Forewings each with 17-18 DC; SWS expanded at
apex. Pelta (Fig. 180) bell-shaped, longer than broad, sculptured weakly, with a pair of micro-pores
(holotype female has abnormally only one pore). B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-—T6 and T8) blunt or expanded at
apex, at least not sharply pointed, B1(T9) and B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 179) almost
straight-sided, distinctly narrowed apically, 0-75—0-78 times as long as head, 2-95—3-00 times as long as
basal width, surface almost smooth. Anal setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L about 3500 (distended). Head L 393, W 326-5; eye L 102,
W 90-102. Pronotum L 441, W 296; forewing L 1356. Pelta L 148, W 130. Tube L 306, basal W 102, apical
W 47.5. Al to A7 L(W): 82(66); 81(47); 112(61); 112(58-5); 93(48-5); 92(44-3); 97(32-5).
Length of setae: POS 110-120. Prothoracic AA 60-62, AM 56, ML 70-72, PA 102-107, EPIM 76-79.
SWS1 56, SWS2 76-5-77, SWS3 76-79. B1(T9) 275, B2(T9) 306. Anals?
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype 2 (mac.), West Malaysia: Gombak Field Stn, 16 ml. E. of Kuala Lumpur, on dead wood,
25.ix.1973 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH).
Paratype. West Malaysia: 1 9, Kuala Lumpur, on dead branches, 26.xii.1969 (R. G. & F. Andre)
(BMNH).
Non-paratypic material. West Malaysia: 1 2 , same data as paratype female (BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species may be related to falcatus from Sulawesi, but it can be distinguished from the latter
by the following features; colour dark brown; head 1-20-—1-26 times as long as broad; tube 0-75—0-78 times
as long as head, 2-95—3-00 times as long as basal width; body a little smaller.
The non-paratypic female listed above may be a small individual of this species. It has a tube which is
different in form from the type-material.
Holothrips nepalensis (Pelikan)
(Figs 141-143)
Adelothrips nepalensis Pelikan, 1970: 366-368. Holotype 2, Nepat (Innsbruck University) [not ex-
amined].
Holothrips nepalensis (Pelikan) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
36 S. OKAJIMA
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; A3 yellow, shaded with brown at apical half, A4 to A6 dark
brown, each with paler base; wings shaded with brown; major setae hyaline. Head (Fig. 141) 1-18-1-27
times as long as head, not strongly elevated; ocellar region slightly convexed; cheeks weakly rounded,
constricted before base; POS long, almost half length of head, or a little shorter, sharply pointed at apex;
suture between MA7 and MA8 complete; mouth-cone pointed; prothoracic AM reduced, other major
setae blunt at apex; SWS1 and SWS2 blunt, SWS3 sharply pointed at apex; pelta (Fig. 143) bell-shaped,
sculptured distinctly with polygonal reticulation, with a pair of micro-pores; T2 with one or two pairs of
accessory WRS situated before regular pairs; B1(T8) and B2(T8) blunt at apex, all other major lateral
setae on tergites sharply pointed; tube (Fig. 142) almost straight-sided, but very weakly constricted at basal
fifth and near apex, about 0-8 times as long as head, about 3-0 times as long as basal width, surface almost
smooth; anal setae shorter than tube.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour similar to female. Head 1-25—1-32 times as long as broad; pronotum
1-42-1-74 times as broad as long; forefemora and foretarsal tooth enlarged in large male; sternal
reticulated areas very weakly developed, nearly absent; tube 0-82—0-87 times as long as head.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
India: 1 9, Darjeeling, Tiger Hill, on dead branches, 10. viii.1981 (W. Suzuki) (SO). Nepal: 6 9,20’,
top of Mt Pulchoki, 2760 m, on evergreen Quercus, 20.vi.1981 (W. Suzuki) (SO; 3 2,10°, BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species may be related to another new species described below under the name of
quadrisetis from Darjeeling, India. Both of them are somewhat similar in head shape, but nepalensis has
minute postocellar setae, whereas quadrisetis has well-developed ones which are longer than half the
length of the postocular setae.
Holothrips nigripes sp. n.
(Figs 17-19)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; head and tube darker than thorax and abdomen; A3 yellowish
with darker apex; all tibiae and tarsi dark brown; wings shaded with brown, major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 17) elongate, about 1-8 times as long as broad or longer, dorsal surface more or less elevated,
sculptured postero-laterally; cheeks almost straight, subparallel; POS long, about half length of head,
nearly pointed at apex. Eyes about one-fourth length of head. Antennae about 1-8 times as long as head;
A7 (Fig. 19) slender, longer than 0-4 times as long as broad, with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8.
Mouth-cone short and not pointed. Pronotum about 2-0 times as broad as long, without distinct sculpture;
major setae blunt at apex, AM well developed. Forewings each with 41-46 DC; SWS blunt at apex. Pelta
sculptured with weak reticulation, longer than broad, micro-pores absent. Anterior pair of WRS on T7
minute; B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3—TS and T8) blunt at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T6, T7 and T9) long and
pointed. Tube (Fig. 18) about 0-9 times as long as head, about 3-6 times as long as basal width, slightly
constricted apically, surface smooth. Anal setae much shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 5300 (distended). Head L 612, W 331; eye L153, W
102. Pronotum L 275, W 551; forewing L 2544. PeltaL 245, W179. Tube L561, basal W 155, apical W 71.5.
Al to A7 L(W): 112(87); 112(61); 194(73); 196(76-5); 163(63); 138(51); 153(37).
Length of setae: POS 286-296. Prothoracic AA 102-148, AM 107-117, ML 224-240, PA 255-265,
EPIM 219-230. SWS1 122-127, SWS2 168-176, SWS3 204-220. B1(T9) 485-495, B2(T9) 485-500. Anals
326.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head 1-76 times as long as broad; pronotum 1-9 times
as broad as long, AA setae very long, but AM reduced; foretarsal tooth stout; B2(T6 and T7) long, but
blunt, not pointed; tube 0-88 times as long as head, about 3-0 times as long as basal width; sternal
reticulated areas present on S5 to S7.
Measurements of paratype male in wm. Total L about 5000 (distended). Head L 520, W 296; eye L 133-137,
W 86-92. Pronotum L 276, W 525; forewing L 2400. Pelta L 235, W 204. Tube L 457, basal W 153, apical W
71. Al to A7 L(W): 107(83); 112(51); 173(66); 163 (71); 138(57); 122(49); 150(36).
Length of setae: POS 250-300. Prothoracic AA more than 300, AM about 30, ML about 300, PA about
300, EPIM1 about 170-180. SWS1 110, SWS2 150, SWS3 175. B1(T9) 420-425. Anals 300-320.
Holotype 2 (mac.), Java: Mt Tengger, on dead leaves, 14.x.1981 (T. Senoh) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Java: 1 9, Tjibodas Gardens, on dead twigs, 23.x.1973 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH); 1 0’, Mt
Arujuna, on dead leaves, 19.iv.1981 (T. Senoh) (SO).
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 37
ComMENTS. This species is closely related to mirandus, but it can be distinguished by the following features:
all tibiae and tarsi brown; head more than 1-75 times as long as broad; reticulation of pelta weaker; tube
more than 3-5 times as long as basal width in female, about 3-0 times in male.
There is a female from central Sulawesi (Pedamaran, nr Rantepao, 10.viii.1984) in the author’s
collection, which is very similar to this species as well as mirandus, although it has the third antennal
segment dark.
Holothrips nigritus (zur Strassen)
Holmiella nigrita zur Strassen, 1972: 96-98. Holotype 2 , Kenya (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm,
Sweden) [not examined].
Holothrips nigrita (zur Strassen) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
This species was described from a unique female. According to the original description, nigritus is well
isolated from all the other members of the genus by having the reduced anteroangular prothoracic setae.
The head and thorax are somewhat similar to those of ruidus and its relatives. However, in nigritus the head
may be more distinctly elevated and the mid-vertex (mid-dorsal) head setae are longer.
Holothrips oceanicus sp. n.
(Figs 92-94, 110)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; head darkest, intermediate abdominal segments somewhat paler;
A1 brownish, paler than head, A2 yellowish, with brownish base, A3 yellowish, with brownish apex, A4 to
A7 brown, A4 and AS with pale bases; all femora brown, all tibiae yellow; tube brown, tinged with orange
yellow, with pale base and apex, but extreme apex greyish; wings shaded with pale brown; major setae
hyaline.
Head (Fig. 92) 1-23 times as long as broad, dorsal surface elevated, generally sculptured; cheeks very
weakly rounded or rather straight, subparallel; POS shorter than one-fourth length of head, expanded at
apex. Eyes slightly prolonged on ventral surface. Antennae 1-68 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 94) with a
reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum small, 2-16 times as
broad as long, weakly sculptured anteriorly and posteriorly, with a weak median line; major setae
expanded at apex. Pelta (Fig. 110) bell-shaped, with distinct reticulation, micro-pores absent. Forewings
each with 11 DC; SWS expanded at apex. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-T6 and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9)
weakly expanded, B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 93) weakly constricted at basal fourth and
apex, 0-68 times as long as head, about 2-3 times as long as basal width. Anal setae a little longer than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L about 2800 (distended). Head L 337, W 275; eye dorsal L
72-76, ventral L 96-97, W 77-82. Pronotum L 163, W 352; forewing L 1110. Pelta L 122, W 158. Tube L
230, basal W 99, apical W 43. Al to A7 L(W): 56(51); 71(38); 89(42); 87(41); 82(36); 76-5(36); 87(28).
Length of setae: POS about 75. Prothoracic AA about 50, AM 46-50, ML about 50, PA 72-77, EPIM
about 70. SWS1 46, SWS2 56, SWS3 87. B1(T9) 153, B2(T9) 210-220. Anals 255.
MA ce. Unknown.
Holotype 2 (mac.), Australia: N.S.W., Abercrombie Rv., 20 ml N. Taralga, on Eucalyptus dead leafy
branches, 2.iv.1968 (L. A. Mound) (Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra).
ComMENtTs. This species may be related to australis, but can easily be distinguished by the following
features: antennae longer than 1-6 times as long as head; cheeks almost straight, at least not emarginate;
suture between MA7 and MA8 reduced; tube longer than 0-6 times length of head. The eyes of this species,
which are prolonged on the ventral surface, are somewhat similar to those of cephalicus. However,
cephalicus has different sculpture on the dorsal surface of the head.
Holothrips ogasawarensis sp. n.
(Figs 8, 98, 99)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour uniformly dark brown; basal half of A3 yellow, basal two-fifths of A4 and
AS brownish yellow, basal one-third of A6 yellowish brown, A4 to Aé6 each with dark extreme base; wings
shaded with pale brown, major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 98) 1-27 times as long as broad, sculptured distinctly, slightly elevated dorsally; cheeks almost
straight; POS blunt at apex, about 0-4 times as long as head. Eyes comparatively small, 0-22—0-23 times as
38 S. OKAJIMA
long as head. Antennae 2-13 times as long as head; A7 2-5—2-6 times as long as broad, with a complete
suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum small, 2-14 times as broad as
long, weakly sculptured posteriorly, with a moderate median line; major setae blunt or very weakly
expanded at apex. Forewings each with 17 DC; SWS blunt at apex. Foretarsal tooth short, directed
forwards. Pelta irregularly bell-shaped or rather triangular, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-
T8) blunt at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T9) sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 99) straight-sided, 0-69 times as long as
head, 2-17 times as long as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae a little shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L about 3800 (distended). Head L 382, W 301; eye L 87-88,
W 77-79. Pronotum L 178, W 382; forewing L 1420. Pelta L 168, W214. Tube L 265, basal W 122, apical W
57. Al to A7 L(W): 92(71); 87(49); 143(62); 148(61); 127(58); 113(51); 107(42).
Length of setae: POS 153-158. Prothoracic AA 75, AM 69-72, ML 110-120, PA 135-145, EPIM about
140. SWS1 67-71, SWS2 120-130, SWS3 132-170. B1(T9) 255-265, B2(T9) 265. Anals 240-250.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head 1-23-1-25 times as long as broad; pronotum 1-95
times as broad as long; forewings each with 14-16 DC; forefemora slightly enlarged, foretarsal tooth stout,
directed inwards; sternal reticulated areas present on S6 and S7 (Fig. 8); tube about 0-7 times as long as
head, 1-84 times as long as basal width, weakly sculptured on ventral surface.
Measurements of paratype male in wm. Total L about 3100 (distended). Head L331, W270; eye L 76-77, W
65-67. Pronotum L 199, W 388; forewing L 1250. Pelta L 153, W 219. Tube L 235, basal W 128, apical W
53. Al to A7 L(W): 77(61); 76(45); 127(51); 122(56); 112(51); 107(48); 97(40).
Holotype 9 (mac.), Japan: Ogasawara Is, Haha-jimaI., 18.v.1984 (M. Hasegawa) (SO).
Paratypes. Japan: 6 2, 13 0’, Ogasawara Is, Haha-jima I., Koshinzuka, 1.xii.1977 (M. Tomokuni) (SO;
3 9,50, BMNH).
ComMENTS. All the paratypes of this species are more or less damaged due to the method of collection, and
most of major setae are missing. This species is very similar to japonicus and latidentis, also from Japan, but
it can easily be distinguished by the paler antennal coloration.
Holothrips okinawanus sp. n.
(Figs 95—97)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour uniformly dark brown; A3 a little paler than A4; tarsi somewhat paler than
tibiae, but shaded with dark brown; wings shaded with pale brown; major setae brownish.
Head (Fig. 95) 1-19 times as long as broad, somewhat elevated dorsally, not sculptured near median
longitudinal line; cheeks almost straight, gradually narrowed towards base; POS nearly pointed at apex,
0-35—0-39 times as long as head. Eyes broader than long, 0-24—0-26 times as long as head. Antennae about
2:0 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 97) about 2-5 times as long as broad, with a complete suture between
MA7and MA8&. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum 2-47 times as broad as long, with a weak median
line, sculptured posteriorly; AM slender, nearly pointed, AA, ML and EPIM weakly expanded at apex,
PA long and pointed; inner side of probasisternum irregularly rounded. Foretarsal tooth short and directed
forwards. Forewings each with 20 DC; SWS1 weakly expanded, SWS2 and SWS3 nearly pointed. Pelta
triangular, with weak sculpture, micro-pores absent. B1(T8) and B2(T8) blunt, B2(T3) blunt or nearly
pointed, B1(T2-T7 and T9) and B2(T4—T7 and T9) sharply pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 96) almost
straight-sided, gradually narrowed towards apex, 0-64 times as long as head, 1-93 times as long as basal
width, surface smooth; anal setae a little shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 3600 (distended). Head L 382, W 321; eye L 92-94,
W97. Pronotum L 163, W 403; forewing L 1420. Pelta L 173, W 198. Tube L 246, basal W 128, apical W 56.
Al to A7 L(W): 89(66); 87(46); 133(54); 128(57); 122(52); 101(49); 107(41).
Length of setae: POS 135-148. Prothoracic AA about 90, AM 56-61, ML 90-95, PA 147-150, EPIM
120-132. SWS1 72-78, SWS2 153-154, SWS3 178. B1(T9) 224-225, B2(T9) 225-230. Anals 220-224.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head longer, 1-32—1-33 times as long as broad; eyes
longer than broad; pronotum 2-05 times as broad as long; forefemora somewhat enlarged, foretarsal tooth
stouter, directed inwards; abdominal reticulated areas present on S5—S7; B2(T3) blunt, sometimes weakly
expanded; tube about 0-6 times as long as head, 1-76 times as long as basal width; anal setae almost as long
as tube.
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L about 3300 (distended). Head L 382, W 288; eye L 96-98, W
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 39
77-78. Pronotum L 194, W 398; forewing L 1480. Pelta L 163, W 204. Tube L 224, basal W 128, apical W
54. Al to A7 L(W): 87(67); 87(41); 184(51); 128(54); 107(50); 97(46); 92(41).
Length of setae: POS 140-160. Prothoracic AA 70-80, AM 50-52, ML 90-92, PA 138, EPIM 100-115.
SWS1 97, SWS2 163, SWS3 179. B1(T9) 214-235, B2(T9) 45-50. Anals 220-230.
Holotype ? (mac.), Japan: Ryukyu Is, Okinawa I., Kunigami-son, nr Benoki, on dead fallen branches,
30.x.1979 (S. Okajima) (SO).
Paratypes. Japan: 3 ©’, collected with holotype (BMNH; 1 0’, SO).
Non-paratypic material. Japan: 1 2, 1 O', Ryukyu Is, Iriomote I., nr Mt Tedou, on dead leaves,
19.vi.1972 (S. Okajima) (SO). Taiwan: 2 0’, Nantou Hsien, nr Jiuyuentan (Sun Moon Lake), on dead
branches, 31.iii.1984 (S. Okajima) (SO); 1 2, 2 Co’, Nantou Hsien, foot of Mt Nankao-shan, Wanta, on
dead branches, 1.iv.1984 (S. Okajima) (SO).
ComMENTS. This species is most similar to /atidentis from Japan, but it can be distinguished by the following
features: A7 shorter, less than 2-6 times as long as broad; prothoracic AA, SWS and most of B1 and B2 on
tergites pointed at apex.
Some non-paratypic females and males listed above are more or less different from the type-series in the
shape of the head and pelta, but it is not possible to know if these are local variations, aberrations or
another new species.
Holothrips parallelus sp. n.
(Figs 11, 12)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; basal half of tube darkest, but with pale base; all
femora brown, concolorous with body, foretibiae pale yellow, tinged with pale brown, mid and hindtibiae
whitish yellow; Al and A2 brown, almost concolorous with head, A3 to A5 yellow, A4 and A5 with brown
apices, A6 yellow at basal third, but with dark extreme base, brown to dark brown at apical two-thirds, A7
dark brown, a little darker than A1; wings shaded with pale brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 11) about 1-4 times as long as broad, dorsal surface weakly elevated, weakly sculptured with
transverse rows of striae or reticulation; cheeks almost straight, subparallel; POS 0-3 times as long as head
or a little longer, blunt or weakly expanded at apex. Eyes about one-fourth length of head. Antennae 1-83
times as long as head; A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone more or less pointed.
Pronotum small, about 1-9 times as broad as long, weakly sculptured posteriorly; major setae blunt, but
AM almost pointed at apex. Forewings each with about 10 DC; SWS blunt or weakly expanded at apex.
Foretarsal tooth directed forwards. Pelta elongately hat-shaped, sculptured weakly, micro-pores absent.
B1(T2-T8) and B2(T8) weakly expanded at apex, B2(T3 and T4) blunt or nearly pointed, B1(T9) and
B2(T5-T7 and T9) sharply pointed. Fore pair of WRS on T7 reduced, hind pair on T7 short and rather
straight. Tube (Fig. 12) short, almost straight-sided, gradually narrowed towards apex, 0-55 times as long
as head, about 1-8 times as long as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae longer than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L 3250 (distended). Head L 342, W 245; eye L 90-92, W
72-76. Pronotum L 184, W 352; forewing L 1325. Pelta L 132, W 153. Tube L 189, basal W 103, apical W
49. Al to A7 L(W): 61(54); 66(40); 107(46); 104(46); 92(41); 82(40); 84(33).
Length of setae: POS 105-110. Prothoracic AA about 35, AM 40-45, ML about 50, PA 88-97, EPIM
80-86. SWS1 51-56, SWS2 61-66, SWS3 87-92. B1(T9) 174-188, B2(T9) 199-204. Anals 214-220.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head about 1-3 times as long as broad; pronotum 1-86
times as broad as long; foretarsal tooth stouter, directed inwards; forewings each with 6—8 DC; fore pair of
WRS on T7 developed, sigmoid; abdominal reticulated areas present on SS and S6, but weakly developed;
tube 0-56 times as long as head, 1-63 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L 2450 (distended). Head L 282, W 219; eye L 72-77, W
65-67. Pronotum L 169, W 315; forewing L 1110. Pelta L 112, W110. Tube L 153, basal W 97, apical W 44.
A1 to A7 L(W): 56(48); 58(34); 92(41); 87(43); 76(36); 71(36); 71(28).
Length of setae: POS 96-98. Prothoracic AA 40-48, AM 42-46, ML 66-68, PA 88-97, EPIM 92-95.
SWS1 52-55, SWS2 61-69, SWS3 87-97. B1(T9) 179-184, B2(T9) about 40. Anals 194-198.
Holotype 2 (mac.), Sulawesi: nr Rantepao, Pedamaran, on dead twigs with leaves, 10.viii.1984 (S.
Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Sulawesi: 7 9, 10 c’, collected with holotype (SO; 3 9,5 0’, BMNH).
Non-paratypic material. Sulawesi: 3 2, collected with holotype (SO).
40 S. OKAJIMA
ComMENTS. This species is very similar to brevitubus from the Philippines, but the body is more strongly
sclerotized and darker. Three non-paratypic females listed above have the tube somewhat slender.
Moreover, one of them has well-developed wing retaining setae on the seventh tergite.
Holothrips peltatus sp. n.
(Figs 151-153, 169)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; A3 yellowish brown, darkened apically; wings shaded with
brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 151) about 1-2 times as long as broad, dorsal surface weakly sculptured postero-laterally, not
strongly elevated; cheeks weakly rounded; POS nearly pointed, much longer than eye. Eyes about 0-3
times as long as head. Antennae 2-10—2-15 times as long as head; A3 and A4 subequal in length; A7 (Fig.
153) with an incomplete suture between MA7 and MAS8. Mouth-cone long and pointed. Pronotum about
1-7 times as broad as long, strongly sculptured posteriorly; major setae blunt, AM a little shorter than AA.
Forewings each with 28-33 DC; SWS blunt or weakly expanded at apex, SWS2 and SWS3 subequal in
length. Pelta (Fig. 169) distinct, shaded with dark brown, about 0-8 times as long as broad, with distinct
reticulation, usually with a pair of micro-pores. T2 with one or two pairs of accessory WRS before regular
pairs. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3, T4 and T8) blunt, at least not pointed, B1(T9) and B2(TS5—-T7 and T9)
sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 152) almost as long as head, 2-70-—2-75 times as long as basal width, weakly
constricted apically, dorsal surface weakly sculptured. Anal setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L 4660 (distended). Head L 372, W 305; eye L 110.
Pronotum L 270, W 464; forewing L 2014. Pelta L 194, W 240. Tube L 377, basal W 138, apical W 61. Al to
A7 L(W): 92(71-5); 97(51); 138(61); 138(61); 122(48-5); 112(46); 117(37).
Length of setae: POS 153-163. Prothoracic AA 56-70, AM 50-60, ML 86-95, PA 178-183, EPIM
168-172. SWS1 64-68, SWS2 138-152, SWS3 127-155. B1(T9) 372-388, B2(T9) 357-362. Anals 265.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour and structure very similar to female. Head about 1-2 times as long as broad;
sternal reticulated areas present on S5 and S6, but weakly developed; tube 0-92 times as long as head, 2-3
times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L about 3500 (distended). Head L 321, W 265; eye L97, W72.
Pronotum L 230, W 398; forewing L 1728. Pelta L 153, W 204. Tube L 296, basal W 130, apical W 61. Al to
A7 L(W): 76-5(61); 71(41); 117(56); 122(56); 112(46); 97(43); 107(36).
Length of setae: POS 127-148. Prothoracic AA 66-71, AM 56-66, ML 97-122, PA 153, EPIM
143-148. SWS1 66-71, SWS2 122-128, SWS3 142-148. B1(T9) 321-330, B2(T9) 71-92. Anals 229-250.
Holotype ? (mac.), West Malaysia: Cameron Highland, Tanah Rata, on dead leaves, 1.iii.1976 (W.
Suzuki) (BMNH).
Paratypes. West Malaysia: 1 ©’, collected with holotype (SO); 4 9, 1 O’, Ringlet, on dead branches,
12.x.1973 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH).
ComMENTs. This species is most similar to fumidus, but it can be distinguished by the following features:
pelta bell-shaped, sculptured distinctly, about 0-8 times as long as broad, shaded with dark brown;
B1(T2-T8) blunt at apex, at least not pointed; tube longer, almost as long as head in female, dorsal surface
weakly sculptured; A3 and A4 subequal in length. The holotype female has no micro-pores on the pelta,
although all the paratype females and males have a pair of micro-pores on each pelta. The author considers
that the absence of micro-pores from the holotype is an aberration.
Holothrips peninsulae sp. n.
(Figs 5, 29-32)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; tube brownish, tinged with orange-yellow, with apical third dark
brown; foretibiae a little paler; A3 with basal half yellowish; wings shaded with pale brown, major setae
ellowish.
: Head (Fig. 29) about 1-1 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured laterally, the remaining
portion smooth, not strongly elevated; cheeks weakly incut just behind eyes, slightly constricted near base;
‘POS blunt or weakly expanded at apex, shorter than eye. Eyes 0-35 times as long as head. Antennae
2-2—2-3 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 31) with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone
short and not pointed; maxillary stylets 20-25 zm apart from each other at the middle of head, not reaching
eyes; very weak maxillary bridge present. Pronotum about 2-0 times as broad as long, weakly sculptured
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 41
posteriorly; major setae blunt or expanded at apex. Forewings each with 12-14 DC; SWS1 and SWS2
weakly expanded, SWS3 pointed at apex. Foretarsal tooth blunt. Pelta (Fig. 32) bell-shaped, a little
broader than long, micro-pores absent. All B1 and B2 setae blunt, at least not sharply pointed. Tube (Fig.
30) constricted apically, about 1-2 times as long as head, about 2-7 times as long as basal width, with some
longitudinal wrinkles, dorsal surface weakly sculptured. Anal setae shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in ym. Total L about 2900 (distended). Head L 265, W 240; eye L94, W
73-76. Pronotum L 158, W 321; forewing L 1314. Pelta L 163, W 178. Tube L 316, basal W 117, apical W
52. Al to A7 L(W): 61(57); 66(41); 97(51); 112(46); 102(41); 87(36); 97(27).
Length of setae; POS 76-85. Prothoracic AA 40—45, AM 40-45, ML 51-56, PA 112, EPIM 102. SWS1
74-77, SWS2 112-117, SWS3 153-175. B1(T9) 245-270, B2(T9) 280-289. Anals 219-230.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. POS longer than eye; pronotum about 1-8 times as
broad as long; forefemora enlarged, foretarsal tooth stout; forewings each with 10-12 DC; tube 1-1—1-3
times as long as head, 2-5—2-6 times as long as basal width; sternal reticulated areas undeveloped, but with
worm-like areas on each side of S6 (Fig. 5).
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L 2550 (distended). Head L 240, W 215; eye L 87, W 66.
Pronotum L 168, W 311; forewing L 1220. Pelta L 128, W 163. Tube L 270, basal W 106, apical W 50. Al to
A7 L(W): 57(51); 66(36); 86(45); 97(44); 87(36); 76-5(30-5); 86(25).
Length of setae: POS 92-100. Prothoracic AA 41-46, AM 46-51, ML 87-97, PA 107-133, EPIM
102-107. SWS1 71-76, SWS2 97-117, SWS3 168. B1(T9) 230-235, B2(T9) 51-61. Anals 138-153.
Holotype 2 (mac.), West Malaysia: Tapah, on dead leaves, 30.vii.1976 (S. Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratypes. West Malaysia: 11 9, 4 0’, collected with holotype (SO; 5 9, 2c’, BMNH).
Non-paratypic material. West Malaysia: 1 9 , Kuala Lumpur, on dead branches, 29.xii.1969 (R. G. & F.
Andre). Singapore: 1 9 , Macritchie Park, on dead twigs and leaves, 19.viii.1980 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH).
CoMMENTS. This species belongs to the apoensis-group. It resembles apoensis from Mindanao, Philippines,
in general appearance, and the differences between them are discussed under the latter species.
H. caudatus from Sarawak may be closely related to this species, but differs in having sharply pointed
postocular setae and a short head which is almost as long as broad. However, the unique holotype female of
caudatus is rather damaged, so that the present author cannot compare them closely. Two non-paratypic
females listed above may be conspecific with this species. The female from Kuala Lumpur has the maxillary
stylets situated nearer to each other, and the female from Singapore is in somewhat poor condition.
Holothrips pictus sp. n.
(Figs 130-132)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour yellowish brown to brown; head yellow, tinged with brown anteriorly;
prothorax brown, in contrast with yellow head; mesothorax brown, slightly paler than prothorax;
metathorax yellow; abdomen yellowish brown; tube orange yellow, paler basally and apically, with dark
extreme apex; all femora pale brown, but forefemora somewhat yellowish; Al to A3 yellowish, A3 shaded
with brown at apex, A4 to A7 brown, A4 slightly paler at base; wings shaded with pale brown; major setae
yellowish.
Head (Fig. 130) 1-15—1-17 times as long as broad, broadest across cheeks just behind eyes, dorsal surface
not strongly elevated, sculptured postero-laterally, but weak; cheeks weakly rounded, gradually narrowed
towards base; POS expanded at apex, almost as long as eye. Eyes about 0-3 times as long as head.
Antennae about 1-9 times as long as broad; A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone
long and pointed. Pronotum 1-5—1-6 times as broad as long, weakly sculptured posteriorly; major setae
expanded at apex. Forewings each with 9-10 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Pelta (Fig. 132) bell-shaped, a
little broader than long, with very weak reticulation, with a pair of micro-pores. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-T6
and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 131) weakly
constricted at basal third and apex, 0-73—0-75 times as long as head, 2-2—2-3 times as long as basal width,
surface smooth. Anal setae almost as long as tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 3000 (distended). Head L 296, W 255; eye L92, W
66-70. Pronotum L 209, W 331; forewing L 1134. Pelta L 128, W 143. Tube L 219, basal W 97, apical W 41.
Al to A7 L(W): 56(56); 71(38); 89(46); 92(46); 76(41); 76(37); 87(28).
Length of setae: POS 87-92. Prothoracic AA 36-46, AM 36-40, ML 61-70, PA 76, EPIM 71-87. SWS1
46-50, SWS2 61-66, SWS3 65. B1(T9) 219-224, B2(T9) 240-255. Anals 178-219.
42 S. OKAJIMA
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Pronotum with a distinct median line; sternal
reticulated areas present on S6 and S7; tube 0-75 times as long as head, ventral surface with transverse rows
of fine sculpture.
Measurements of paratype male in wm. Total L about 2500 (distended). Head L 270, W 250; eye L 77-82.
Pronotum L 189, W 331; forewing L 1007. Pelta L 117, W 123. Tube L 204, basal W 92, apical W 38.
Length of setae: POS 97. Prothoracic AA 61-65, AM 43-46, ML 76-80, PA 76-80, EPIM 70-75. SWS1
46, SWS2 66, SWS3 68-71. B1(T9) 199-215, B2(T9) 70. Anals 188.
Holotype @ (mac.), Philippines: Luzon, nr Daet, Bicol National Park, on dead branches, 13.viii.1979 (S.
Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Philippines: 1 ©’, Luzon, same locality as holotype, on dead leaves, 11.viii.1979, 1 2, ondead
leaves, 12.viii.1979 (S. Okajima) (o’, BMNH; 9, SO).
Non-paratypic material. Philippines: 1 ©’, Mindanao, North Cotabato, Ilomavis, on dead leaves,
28.vii.1979 (S. Okajima); 1 0’, Mt Apo, Agko, c. 1300 m, on dead leaves, 3.viii.1979 (S. Okajima) (SO).
Java: 1 2, Bogor Gardens, on dried legume stems, 28.x.1973 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH). Sulawesi: 2 2, nr
Rantepao, Pedamaran, on dead branches, 10.viii.1984 (S. Okajima) (SO). West Malaysia: 2 9 , 1 0’, Kuala
Lumpur, on dead branches, 26.xii.1969, 1 9, 29.xii.1969 (R. G. & F. Andre) (BMNH). Singapore: 1 9, on
dead twigs, 4.xi.1973 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH). Hawaii: 1 9 , Kauai I., sweeping, 15.x.1983 (D. M. Lasalle)
(W. H. Ewart collection, University of California-Riverside).
ComMENTS. This species is similar to indicus and andamanensis. However, from indicus it can easily be
distinguished by the following features: A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8; B1 and B2 setae
on T9 longer; tube longer, more than 0-7 times as long as head, slightly constricted at basal third and apex.
From andamanensis it differs in the antennal coloration, the length of the prothoracic setae and the
proportions of the tube.
The non-paratypic specimens listed above are probably conspecific with this species, but some
differences (e.g. antennal coloration, body size, and relative length of tube, etc.) have been found between
localities. A female from Hawaii seems to have been transported artificially from South East Asia.
Holothrips porifer sp. n.
(Figs 160, 161, 171)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; head and prothorax darkest, abdomen paler medially, brownish
laterally; all femora brown with paler apices, all tibiae and tarsi yellow, foretibiae often with brown
shadings; Al yellowish brown, distinctly paler than head, A2 yellow to brownish yellow, a little paler than
A1, A3 yellow shaded with brown apically, A4 to A7 brown, somewhat greyish, but A4 to A6 with yellow
bases; wings shaded with pale brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 160) 1-17—1-23 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not strongly elevated, sculptured
postero-laterally; cheeks weakly rounded; POS expanded at apex, almost one-third length of head or a
little shorter. Eyes 0-29—0-30 times as long as head. Antennae 1-78—1-85 times as long as head; A3 and A4
subequal in length; suture between MA7 and MA8 incomplete. Mouth-cone long and pointed. Pronotum
1-85—1-92 times as broad as long, major setae expanded at apex, AM setae slender. Forewings each with
12-14 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Foretarsal tooth directed laterally. Pelta (Fig. 171) bell-shaped, with a
pair of micro-pores. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3-TS and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T6, T7 and T9)
sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 161) very weakly constricted at basal fourth and near apex, 0-79 times as long
as head, about 2-4 times as long as basal width, surface very weakly sculptured. Anal setae almost as long as
tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L 3230 (distended). Head L 322, W 276; eye L 95-97, W
72-76. Pronotum L 178, W 342; forewing L 1134. Pelta L 112, W 126. Tube L 255, basal W 107, apical W
49. Al to A7 L(W): 66(56); 76(40); 92(46); 93(46); 77(38); 71(36); 92(31).
Length of setae: POS 96-102. Prothoracic AA 62-65, AM 50-53, ML 85-90, PA 92-94, EPIM 94-96.
SWS1 about 50, SWS2 76, SWS3 112-117. B1(T9) 260-270, B2(T9) 265-270. Anals 255-260.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female, but forefemora a little paler. Head 1-19—1-22 times as
long as broad; pronotum well developed, with a strong median line, 1-55—1-60 times as broad as long;
forefemora somewhat enlarged, foretarsal tooth stout, rather triangular; sternal reticulated areas present
on S5 to S7; anal setae a little longer than tube.
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L 2980 (distended). Head L 306, W 250; eye L97, W about 70.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 43
Pronotum L 234, W 362; forewing L 1280. Pelta L 128, W 127. Tube L 230, basal W 104, apical W 49. Al to
A7 L(W): 70(56); 78(36); 97(45); 97(46); 82(36); 71(36); 89(31).
Length of setae: POS 107-110. Prothoracic AA 82-87, AM 46-56, ML 112-117, PA 100-102, EPIM
about 110. SWS1 71, SWS2 87-92, SWS3 128-138. B1(T9) 255-258, B2(T9) 82-88. Anals 255.
Holotype 9 (mac.), Taiwan: Pingtung Hsien, Kenting National Park, on dead branches, 18.iii.1984 (S.
Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Taiwan: 2 2, 4 co’, collected with holotype; 1 9, nr Taipei, on dead fern, 21.vii.1975 (S.
Okajima) (SO; 1 9, 2 &', BMNH). Japan: 1 9, Ryukyu Is, Amami-ohshima I., Hatsuno, on dead
branches, 3.vii.1972 (S. Okajima); 1 O&’, Ryukyu Is, Iriomote I., Mt Tedou, on dead leaves, 19.vi.1972 (S.
Okajima); 2 0’, Ryukyu Is, Yonakuni, I., Mt Urabu, on dead leaves, 19.iii.1977 (W. Suzuki) (SO;1C,
BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species is somewhat similar to ananthakrishnani from India, but it can be distinguished by
the paler coloration and longer head.
Holothrips pulchellus sp. n.
(Figs 123-126)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Bicolorous yellow and brownish yellow to brown; head yellow, shaded with brown
anteriorly; prothorax brownish yellow; mesothorax brown, a little darker than prothorax; abdomen
brownish yellow to yellowish brown; tube orange yellow, with dark apex; forefemora brownish yellow, mid
and hindfemora yellowish brown, with paler bases and apices; foretibiae yellow, mid and hindtibiae
whitish yellow; Al and A2 yellow, paler than anterior portion of head, A3 to A7 brown to dark brown,
darkened towards apex, A3 with yellow extreme base; wings shaded with pale brown, major setae
yellowish.
Head (Fig. 123) 1-20—1-25 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured posteriorly, anterior half
smooth, not strongly elevated; cheeks slightly rounded, weakly constricted basally; POS expanded at apex,
much longer than eye. Eyes shorter than one-third length of head. Antennae 2-0—2-1 times as long as head;
A7 (Fig. 126) with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone pointed. Pronotum 1-40-1-52
times as broad as long, weakly sculptured posteriorly; major setae expanded at apex, AM well developed,
almost as long as AA. Forewings each with 13-17 DC; SWS expanded at apex. Pelta (Fig. 125)
bell-shaped, almost as long as broad or a little longer, sculptured weakly, with a pair of micro-pores.
B1(T2-T8) and B2(T3-TS and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T6, T7 and T9) sharply pointed at
apex. Tube (Fig. 124) slightly narrowed at basal fourth and apex, about 0-8 times as long as head, about 2-5
times as long as basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae longer than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in zm. Total about 3100 (distended). Head L 344, W 275-5; eye L102, W
76-5. Pronotum L 265, W 3787; forewing L 1400. Pelta 151, W 138. Tube L 275, basal W 110, apical W S51.
A1 to A7 L(W): 77(66); 84(43-3); 127(56); 122(53); 102(45); 94(37-7); 102(32).
Length of setae: POS 112-115. Prothoracic AA 72-75, AM 68-72, ML 113-115, PA 110-112, EPIM
102-105. SWS1 81-82, SWS2 112-116, SWS3 122-142. B1(T9) 280, B2(T9) 270-275. Anals 290-311.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype ¢ (mac.), West Malaysia: Tanah Rata, on dead branches, 24.vii.1976 (S. Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratype. West Malaysia: 1 9 , Gombak, on dead branches, 13.x.1973 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH).
ComMENTS. The antennal coloration of this species is characteristic, the first and second segments being
yellow and paler than the anterior part of head. The relationships of this species are unknown.
Holothrips quadrisetis sp. n.
(Figs 137-140)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour uniformly dark brown; head darkest; all tibiae shaded brown at apical
two-thirds, yellowish at basal third; Al and A7 dark brown, A2 yellowish, A3 yellow in basal half, with
brown shading in apical half, A4 to A6é dark brown, with yellow bases; wings shaded with pale brown,
major setae hyaline, but anal setae somewhat darker.
Head (Fig. 137) 1-39-1-47 times as long as broad, dorsal surface distinctly sculptured postero-laterally,
more or less elevated; cheeks almost straight or very weakly rounded, gradually, but weakly narrowed
towards base; ocellar region convexed; postocellar setae long and stout, much longer than half length of
44 S. OKAJIMA
POS, sharply pointed at apex; POS long, almost half length of head or longer, sharply pointed at apex.
Eyes about one-fourth length of head. Antennae 1-80—1-84 times as long as head; A3 longer than A4;
suture between MA7 and MA8 complete (Fig. 140). Mouth-cone rather pointed. Pronotum 1-85—2-10
times as broad as long, weakly sculptured posteriorly; major setae blunt or nearly pointed at apex, AM
minute, EPIM a little longer than PA. Forewings each with 18-33 DC; SWS1 and SWS2 blunt, SWS3
usually long and sharply pointed at apex. Pelta (Fig. 139) bell-shaped, 0-87—1-10 times as long as broad,
with a pair of micro-pores. T2 with one or two pairs of accessory WRS; B1(T8) and B2(T8) blunt at apex,
all the other B1 and B2 setae on tergites sharply pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 138) almost straight-sided,
0-75—0-80 times as long as head, 2-9-—3-0 times as long as basal width, surface rather smooth. Anal setae
shorter than tube.
Measurements of large (small) female in wm. Total L about 5100 (about 4000) (distended). Head L 546
(449), W 383 (321); eye L 138 (117), W 97 (87). Pronotum L 306 (209), W 566 (444); forewing L 2360
(1876). Pelta L 219 (163), W 250 (148). Tube L 439 (337), basal W 148 (117), apical W 71-5 (62). Al to A7
L/W: 122(97)/87(71-5); 127(102)/56(50); 194(153)/67(61); 178(143)/66(62); 148(122-5)/52(48); 122(102)/
50(46); 138(117)/40(36).
Length of setae: POS 330-332 (230-245), postocellars 168-189 (143-153). Prothoracic AA 62-72
(56-62), AM less than 25 (less than 25), ML 194—245 (about 150), PA 170-180 (128-143), EPIM 194-210
(about 150). SWS1 97-112 (66-77), SWS2 107-112 (77-87), SWS3 about 290 (150-225). B1(T9) 460-485
(408-423), B2(T9) about 500 (380-400). Anals about 330 (306-316).
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype @ (mac.), India: Darjeeling, Tiger Hill, on dead branches, 10. viii.1981 (W. Suzuki) (BMNH).
Paratypes. India: 1 2, collected with holotype; 3 9, data very similar to holotype, but 15. viii.1981 (SO; 2
Q, BMNH).
ComMENTS. In the long postocellar setae, which are longer than half the length of the postocular setae, this
species is distinct from all other members of the genus.
Holothrips ruidus (Ananthakrishnan)
(Figs 47—49)
Polyphemothrips ruidus Ananthakrishnan, 1969a: 305-306. Holotype 2, Inp1a (TNA) [examined].
Holothrips ruidus (Ananthakrishnan) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Bicolorous brown and yellow; head, pro- and mesothorax brown; metathorax and
abdomen yellow, shaded with brown; Al to A3 yellow, A4 to A6 brown with basal half yellowish, A7
brown to dark brown; all femora brown with pale apices, foretibiae yellow, mid and hindtibiae whitish
yellow; tube yellow, with apex greyish brown; major setae yellowish. Head (Fig. 47) about 1-2 times as long
as broad, dorsal surface not strongly elevated, sculpture weak at median portion; cheeks almost straight,
serrate, with numerous warts; POS expanded at apex. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Prothoracic ML
shorter than AA. B1(T2-T8) and B2(T3—T6 and T8) weakly expanded, B1(T9) nearly pointed, B2(T7 and
T9) sharply pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 48) about 0-7 times as long as head, slightly narrowed at basal third
and near apex, surface smooth.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
India: holotype ?, Kallar, 1200’, Nilgiris, on fungus infested twigs, 9.ii.1969 (7. N. Ananthakrishnan)
(TNA).
Comments. In the shape of the head, foretarsal tooth, prothorax and tube, this species resembles four
Asian species which are newly described in this paper: curvidens, ryukyuensis, tibialis and unicolor.
However, ruidus can easily be distinguished from these four species by the seventh antennal segment in
which the morphological seventh and eighth segments are completely fused with no suture between them
(Fig. 49).
According to the original description, the holotype female was collected at ‘1200’, Nilgiris’, although
‘1700’, Nilgiris’ is written on the label of the holotype.
Holothrips ryukyuensis sp. n.
(Figs 62—64)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; basal third of A3, foretibiae and basal half of tube somewhat paler;
forewings generally shaded with pale grey; major setae yellowish.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 45
Head (Fig. 62) 1-25 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not strongly elevated, distinctly sculptured
except median portion; cheeks almost straight, gradually narrowed towards base, corrugated; POS long
and slender, almost half length of head or longer, sharply pointed at apex. Eyes 0-28—0-30 times as long as
head. Antennae 1-87—1-95 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 64) with a reduced suture between MA7 and
MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum well developed, about 1-6 times as broad as long,
sculptured laterally, with strong median line; major setae sharply pointed at apex, AM minute. Forewings
each with 20-23 DC; SWS sharply pointed at apex, SWS3 longer than twice length of SWS2. All lateral
major setae (B1 and B2) on tergites pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 63) 0-70—0-74 times as long as head,
2-3-2-4 times as long as basal width, constricted at basal third, surface smooth. Anal setae almost as long as
tube or a little shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in xm. Total L about 3500 (distended). Head L 387, W 311; eye L107, W
87. Pronotum L 280, W 449; forewing L 1570. Tube L 270, basal W 117, apical W 51. Al to A7 L(W):
92(71); 87(51); 122(61); 130(61); 120(56); 112(51); 115(43).
Length of setae: POS 184-189. Prothoracic AA 123-133, AM 10-15, ML 128-133, PA 128-133, EPIM
92-117. SWS1 61-69, SWS2 71-76, SWS3 158-188. B1(T9) 275-280, B2(T9) 280-285. Anals 255.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour and structure very similar to female. Head 1-18 times as long as broad;
pronotum 1-4 times as broad as long; forefemora more enlarged; sternal reticulated areas present in S6 and
$7; tube 0-77 times as long as head.
Measurements of paratype male in wm. Total L about 3400 (distended). Head L 332, W 283; eye L97, W77.
Pronotum L 337, W 469; forewing L 1470. Tube L 255, basal W 105, apical W 50. Al to A7 L(W): 77(61);
77(45); 117(56); 122(57); 109(51); 112(43); 107(36).
Length of setae: POS 188-209. Prothoracic AA 168-184, AM about 20, ML 163-174, PA 97-153,
EPIM 107-117. SWS1 66-71, SWS2 87-102, SWS3 205-209. B1(T9) 255-281, B2(T9) 66-77. Anals
224-230.
Holotype 9 (mac.), Japan: Ryukyu Is, Okinawa I., Yona, on dead Quercus leaves, 11.v.1972 (S.
Okajima) (SO).
Paratypes. Japan: 1 ©’, collected with holotype; 1 2, Ryukyu Is, Iriomote I., Mt Tedou, on dead leaves
of ever-green tree, 19.vi.1972 (S. Okajima) (SO).
ComMENTS. This species may be related to ruidus and its relatives, and is very similar to unicolor described
below from West Malaysia. The differences between them are discussed under the latter species. From the
other related species, it can be distinguished by the pointed lateral setae (B1 and B2) on all the abdominal
tergites.
Holothrips sakimurai sp. n.
(Figs 75-77, 83)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to pictus, but tube paler, lemon yellow.
Head (Fig. 75) 1-15 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured laterally, not strongly elevated;
cheeks weakly rounded, slightly constricted near base; POS expanded at apex, 0-33—0-35 times as long as
head; postocellar setae much longer than diameter of ocellus, but very slender. Eyes slightly prolonged on
ventral surface. Antennae 1-93—1-98 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 77) with complete or nearly complete
suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum 1-97—2:20 times as broad as
long, weakly sculptured posteriorly; major setae expanded at apex, PA and EPIM subequal in length.
Epimeral suture usually incomplete or nearly complete, sometimes complete. Forewings each with 7-9
DC; SWS expanded at apex. Foretarsal tooth directed forwards. Pelta (Fig. 83) bell-shaped, micro-pores
absent. B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3—T6 and T8) expanded at apex, B1(T9) and B2(T7 and T9) sharply pointed
at apex. Tube (Fig. 76) slightly swollen at middle, 0-67 times as long as head, about 2-1 times as long as
basal width, surface smooth. Anal setae longer than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L about 2700 (distended). Head L 290, W 253; eye dorsal L
73-76, ventral L 87—90. Pronotum L 153, W 301; forewing L 986. Pelta L 115, W 153. Tube L 193, basal W
92, apical W 41. Al to A7 L(W): 56(51); 66(38); 97(43); 92(45); 82(41); 76(38); 93(31).
Length of setae: POS 97-100. Prothoracic AA about 60, AM 57—62, ML about 60, PA ?, EPIM 95-100.
SWS1 52, SWS2 67, SWS3 ?. B1(T9) 198, B2(T9) 198. Anals 220-230.
Ma e. Unknown.
46 S. OKAJIMA
Holotype ¢ (mac.), Hawaii: Oahu, Helemano, 1100’, on Diospyros sp., foliage beating, 25.iv.1955 (K.
Sakimura) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Hawaii: 1 2, Oahu, Palikea, 2800’, on Urera sp., foliage beating, 12.i.1948 (K. Sakimura)
(SO); 1 2, Oahu, Honolulu, St Louis Heights, 800’, on fallen tree (shady area), 12.vi.1977 (K. Sakimura)
(K. Sakimura collection): 1 9, Kauai, Koloa, on fallen twigs, 10.iv.1951 (K. Sakimura) (USNM); 19,
Hawaii, Hilo Coast, Kolekole Beach Par, sweeping, 19.x.1983 (D. M. Lasalle) (Ewart collection).
ComMENTS. The type-specimens including the holotype are all more or less damaged. The colour of the
holotype and three paratypes is unnatural, due to long storage in AGA solution. However, one paratype
female listed above from Hawaii I. has good colour but is somewhat crushed by the cover slip.
This species resembles indicus from India in coloration, antennal segmentation and shape of the tube.
However, it can be distinguished by the following features: eyes slightly prolonged on ventral surface;
mouth-cone shorter, not pointed; pelta without any micro-pores; tube slightly swollen at middle, longer
than 0-6 times as long as head. From the other bicolorous species related to indicus, e.g. pictus,
andamanensis and speciossissimus, it can easily be distinguished by the complete suture between the
morphological seventh and eighth antennal segments, the absence of micro-pores on the pelta, and the
shape of the tube.
Holothrips sawadai sp. n.
(Figs 133-135)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour and general structure very similar to pictus. Head (Fig. 133) 1-14 times as
long as broad; eyes 0-28—0-30 times as long as head; antennae 1-80—1-85 times as long as head; pronotum
1-65—1-70 times as broad as long; forewings each with 10-13 DC; pelta (Fig. 135) bell-shaped, with a pair of
micro-pores, reticulation more or less distinct; tube (Fig. 134) somewhat heavier than that of pictus,
slightly constricted at basal third and apex, 0-79—0-82 times as long as head, about 2-4 times as long as basal
width, surface sculptured with polygonal reticulation.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L about 3000 (distended). Head L 296, W 260; eye L 82-87,
W 73-79. Pronotum L 198, W 326; forewing L 1060. Pelta L 122, W 513. Tube L 235, basal W 97, apical W
41. Al to A7 L(W): 61(56); 66(38); 87(46); 87(45); 77(38); 73(35); 87(30).
Length of setae: POS about 80. Prothoracic AA 50-55, AM 40-45, ML about 60, PA 66-68, EPIM
70-75. SWS1 50-56, SWS2 60-62, SWS3 66-70. B1(T9) 215, B2(T9) 240-245. Anals 205-220.
Holotype ? (mac.), Singapore: Macritchie Park, on dead leaves, 22.vii.1976 (S. Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Singapore: 1 9, data very similar to holotype, but on dead branches, 3.viii.1976 (SO); 1 9,
City, on dead twigs, 15.i.1979 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH). West Malaysia: 1 9, Tapah, on dead leaves,
28.vii.1976 (S. Okajima) (SO).
Non-paratypic material. West Malaysia: 1 O’ , Genting Highlands, 30 ml. E. of Kuala Lumpur, 4500’, on
dead wood and leaves, 28.ix.1973 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH). Java: 1 9, 2 0’, Bogor Gardens, on dead
twigs, 26.x.1973 (L. A. Mound) (BMNH).
CoMMENTS. This species is very similar to pictus in general appearance. However, it has the tube distinctly
reticulate, although in pictus this is smooth. The female and three males listed above as non-paratypic
material are almost identical, but the male from West Malaysia has a somewhat darker head, and the
specimens from Java have shorter tubes.
The specific name of this species is dedicated to Prof. Hiromasa Sawada, Laboratory of Entomology,
Tokyo University of Agriculture.
Holothrips schaubergeri (Priesner) comb. n.
(Figs 146, 147)
Trichothrips schaubergeri Priesner, 1920: 86-87. Holotype 2, AustRIA (SMF) [not examined].
Trichothrips (Abiastothrips) schaubergeri Priesner; Priesner, 1925: 153.
Abiastothrips schaubergeri (Priesner) Priesner, 1927: 556.
Cratothrips priesneri Bagnall, 1933: 658. Holotype 2, Austria (BMNH) [not examined].
Bolothrips lativerticis Post, 1961: 141-143. Holotype 9, U.S.A. (CAS) [examined].
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; A3 yellowish, shaded with brown at apical half, A4 to
A6 with yellowish bases; wings shaded with greyish brown, but bases and extreme apices colourless, major
setae yellowish. Head (Fig. 146) almost as long as broad, or a little broader, inter-antennal projection
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 47
broad due to small antennal sockets; cheeks weakly rounded; antennae about 1-8 times as long as head; A7
with a complete suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone rather pointed. Pelta bell-shaped, with a pair
of micro-pores. POS and SWS expanded at apex; B1(T2—T8) and B2(T3, T4 and T8) expanded, B2(T5)
weakly expanded or blunt, B1(T9) and B2(T6, T7 and T9) sharply pointed at apex. Tube (Fig. 147)
straight-sided, about 0-7 times as long as head, surface smooth.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
France: 1 2, Montpellier, on Pinus halepensis, 4.vi.1958 (A. Bournier) (SO). U.S.A.: holotype 2 of
lativerticis, Oregon, Hood River County, Herman Creek, in hollow twigs, 31.1.1946 (R. L. Post) (CAS).
ComMENTS. This is only the species widespread in the Holarctic Region. However, its distribution in North
America is limited to north-western U.S.A., although it is widely distributed in Europe. There is a
possibility that the North American population originated from Europe.
The inter-antennal projection of this species is exceptionally broad, but this tendency is also found in
australis, which is intermediate between other members of the genus and schaubergeri. It cannot be
distinguished satisfactorily from other members of Holothrips.
Holothrips semiflavus (Moulton)
Agnostothrips semiflavus Moulton, 1947: 173. Holotype 2 , New Guinea (CAS) [examined].
Holothrips semiflavus (Moulton) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 94.
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; head and pterothorax somewhat yellowish, prothorax a little
darker; forefemora yellowish brown, mid and hindfemora greyish brown; foretibiae yellowish, mid and
hindtibiae clear yellow; Al to A4 yellowish brown, A3 and A4 darkened apically; AS to A7 dark brown.
Head 1-28 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured posteriorly; cheeks slightly swollen behind
eyes, widest across just behind eyes, strongly constricted behind middle, with several small warts; POS
long, blunt or knobbed at apex; A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Prothoracic major setae
and SWS blunt or knobbed at apex; foretibiae each with an apical tubercle. B2(T9) nearly pointed at apex,
all other lateral setae including B1(T9) weakly knobbed at apex; tube 0-76 times as long as head, weakly
constricted at apex, surface smooth; anal setae shorter than tube.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
New Guinea: holotype 9, Maffin Bay, vi.1944 (E. S. Ross) (CAS).
Comments. This species was described from a unique female. In the shape of the head, forefemora and
prothorax, it resembles ruidus and its relatives, but can be distinguished by a combination of the following
features: foretibiae each with an apical tubercle; dorsal surface of head sculptured posteriorly; B1(T9)
weakly knobbed at apex.
Holothrips setosus sp. n.
(Figs 111-114, 119, 120)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; anterior half of head tinged with yellow; all femora brown,
concolorous with thorax, paler apically, all tibiae and tarsi whitish yellow; Al and A2 brown, almost
concolorous with body, A3 to A7 brown to dark brown, slightly darker than Al and A2; abdomen pale
brown to brown, gradually darkened posteriorly, but segment [IX more or less paler than segment VIII,
tinged with yellow; tube yellow in basal half, pale greyish brown in apical half; wings shaded with pale
brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 119) 1-25 times as long as broad, broadest across cheeks just behind eyes, dorsal surface
distinctly sculptured, elevated as a roof at posterior two-thirds; cheeks weakly emarginate; POS weakly
expanded at apex; postocellar setae well developed, longer than diameter of ocellus. Eyes small, shorter
than one-fourth length of head. Antennae about 2-3 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 114) longer than A3,
with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum (Fig. 113) 2-65
times as broad as long, anterior margin emarginate and shallowly V-shaped, weakly sculptured posteriorly;
AM short and pointed at apex, other major setae weakly expanded at apex. Metascutum (Fig. 111) with
fine reticulation, with a series of 13 setae in holotype (30-40 um in length). Forewings each with 8—9 DC;
SWS weakly expanded at apex. Foretarsal tooth (Fig. 112) minute. Pelta bell-shaped, weakly sculptured,
micro-pores absent. WRS on T7 minute and simply curved. B1(T9) and B2(T4—T7 and T9) sharply
pointed, B2(T3) very weakly expanded, B1(T2—T8) and B2(T8) expanded at apex. Tube (Fig. 120)
smoothly narrowed apically at apical half, 0-74 times as long as head, 2-42 times as long as basal width,
surface smooth. Anal setae shorter than tube.
48 S. OKAJIMA
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L 2780 (distended). Head L 318, W 255; eye L 61, W 76-5.
Pronotum L 117, W 311; forewing L 1113. Pelta L 111, W 163. Tube L 235, basal W 97, apical W 51. Al to
A7 L(W): 66(58-6); 71-4(42-3); 122(46); 117(51); 102(46); 97(43-4); 132-6(35-7).
Length of setae: POS 91-100. Prothoracic AA ?, AM 30-36, ML about 110, PA 102-106, EPIM
102-108. SWS1 46, SWS2 77-82, SWS3 100-105. B1(T9) 239-243, B2(T9) 235. Anals 178-182.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype 2 (mac.), Philippines: Mindanao, Mt Apo, Agko, c. 1300 m, on dead leaves of ever-green
tree, 30.vii.1979 (S$. Okajima) (BMNH).
Comments. This species is somewhat similar to angulus from West Malaysia, but it can easily be
distinguished by the following features: anterior half of head tinged with yellow; A3 and A4 brown; A7
longer than A3; B2(T4—T7 and T9) sharply pointed. Moreover, the metascutum of setosus has a series of
more than 10 setae, in which feature it differs from all the other species of the genus.
Holothrips soror (zur Strassen) comb. n.
(Figs 144, 145)
Abiastothrips soror zur Strassen, 1974: 111-120. Holotype 9, Maperra Is (SMF) [2 9, 1 O paratypes
examined].
FEMALE (MACROPTERA AND MICROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; A2 yellow, shaded with brown
basally, A3 yellow, A4 yellow, shaded with brown apically, AS yellowish at basal half, brown at apical half,
A6 and A7 brown, extreme base of A6 yellowish; tibiae with somewhat paler extreme apices. Head (Fig.
144) 1-15—1-20 times as long as broad; cheeks very weakly rounded, gradually narrowed towards base;
POS usually pointed at apex, sometimes blunt; antennae 1-7—1-8 times as long as head; A7 usually with a
complete suture between MA7 and MA8; mouth-cone rather pointed. Epimoral suture usually complete,
sometimes incomplete; pelta broadly bell-shaped or rather triangular, with a pair of micro-pores. Posterior
pair of WRS on T2 and TS developed in macroptera, others in macroptera and all of microptera reduced.
B1(T2-T8) and B2(T3-TS and T8) weakly expanded or blunt, but B1(T6 and T7) and B2(T4 and TS)
sometimes pointed, B1(T9) and B2(T6, T7 and T9) sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 145) straight-sided,
0:70-0:77 times as long as head, surface smooth.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Canary Is: 1 9, 1 CO paratypes, La Palma, Brena Alta, 360 m, on dried twigs of Castanea sativa, 2.v.1970
(R. zur Strassen) (SMF). Madeira Is: 1 2 paratype, Ribeiro de Santa Luzia (Sao Roque), on dead twigs of
Salix canariensis, 18.iv.1967 (R. zur Strassen) (SMF).
ComMENTs. In the following combination of features, this species is distinct in the genus: body uniformly
brown to dark brown, including tibiae; A2 yellowish, much paler than A1; head 1-15—1-20 times as long as
broad; mouth-cone pointed; tube straight-sided; pelta with a pair of micro-pores.
Holothrips speciossissimus (Karny)
(Figs 127-129)
Nesothrips speciossissimus Karny, 1920: 42. Holotype O’, AusTRALIA (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet,
Stockholm) [not examined].
Adelothrips speciossissimus (Karny) Mound, 1974: 16.
Holothrips speciossissimus (Karny) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 95.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Australia: 2 9 , Queensland, Mission Beech, Clump Point, on dead branches, 21.vii.1968 (L. A. Mound)
(BMNH).
ComMENTS. The present author has not examined the holotype male. However, the two females listed
above were compared with the holotype by Mound (1974: 16). These females have weakly expanded
median setae (B1) on the ninth abdominal tergite. In pictus, most similar to this species, these setae are
sharply pointed at the apex.
These two females are somewhat different in coloration from each other. One is bicolorous yellow and
brown, the other is darker, almost uniformly dark brown. However, the present author has not found any
other differences between them.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 49
Holothrips stannardi (Ananthakrishnan)
Polyphemothrips stannardi Ananthakrishnan, 1972: 431-432. Holotype 2, Inp1a (TNA) [not examined].
Holothrips stannardi (Ananthakrishnan) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 95.
Unfortunately, the present author has not studied this species. According to the original description, it
differs from the other members of the genus in a combination of the following features: A3 yellowish, the
remaining segments dark brown; head longer than 1-2 times as long as broad; tibiae brown; B2(T9)
knobbed at apex. However, the status of this species is still not clear.
Holothrips storki sp. n.
(Figs 22-25)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; all tarsi and extreme apices of tibiae paler; antennae
concolorous with body, but basal half of A3 yellowish; wings shaded with pale brown, major setae
yellowish.
Head (Fig. 22) 1-14 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not strongly elevated, sculptured laterally;
cheeks subparallel, weakly rounded; POS about 0-3 times as long as head, blunt, at least not sharply
pointed at apex. Eyes a little shorter than 0-3 times as long as head. Posterior ocelli almost in contact with
eyes. Antennae about twice length of head; A7 (Fig. 24) with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8.
Mouth-cone short and not pointed. Pronotum about 2-2 times as broad as long, sculptured posteriorly;
major setae blunt at apex. Forefemora moderately enlarged. Forewings each with 14 DC; SWS blunt at
apex. Pelta (Fig. 25) bell-shaped, sculptured weakly, micro-pores absent. All B1 and B2 setae on tergites
blunt at apex, at least not sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 23) somewhat heavy, a little shorter than head, about
2:5 times as long as basal width, surface almost smooth, but with some longitudinal wrinkles. Anal setae
much shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 300 (distended). Head L 306, W 268; eye L 87, W
77-80. Pronotum L 162, W 362; forewing L 1250. Pelta L 143, W 178. Tube L 296, basal W 117, apical W
51. Al to A7 L(W): 64(56); 64(40); 97(50); 109(48); 97(41); 77(37); 82(26).
Length of setae: POS 87—91. Prothoracic AA 40-50, AM 34-37, ML about 40, PA 90-92, EPIM 87-93.
SWS1 53-56, SWS2 81-83, SWS3 133-145. B1(T9) 209-224, B2(T9) 260. Anals 200-204.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype 2 (mac.), Brunei: Bukit Sulang, nr Lamunin, fogging (Shorea jahovensis), 20.viii.—10.x.1982
(N. Stork) (BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species is described from the unique female, and its relationships are still unknown. The
long tube is somewhat similar to those of the apoensis-group.
Holothrips subtilis (Ananthakrishnan)
(Figs 154, 155)
Polyphemothrips subtilis Ananthakrishnan, 1972: 430-431. Holotype @, INp1a (TNA) [examined].
Holothrips subtilis (Ananthakrishnan) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 95.
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; head dark brown, thorax somewhat paler than head,
abdomen brown, tube yellow with dark base and apex; A1 yellow, tinged with brown, A2 to A4 yellow, A5
yellow with brownish apex, A6 brown with yellow base, A7 brown; foretibiae brownish yellow, mid and
hindtibiae brown with paler bases and apices; forewings with brownish shade at apical two-thirds; major
setae yellowish. Head (Fig. 154) about 1-2 times as long as broad; POS sharply pointed at apex; a pair of
anteocellar setae well developed, about half length of POS. A7 with a complete suture between MA7 and
MAS8. Prothoracic ML the longest, sharply pointed at apex, AA, PA and EPIM expanded at apex. Pelta
bell-shaped, with a pair of micro-pores. B1(T8) and B2(T8) blunt or expanded at apex, all other B1 and B2
setae on tergites sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 155) weakly constricted at basal third and apex, 0-67 times as
long as head, 2-3 times as long as basal width. Anal setae longer than tube.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
India: holotype 2, Kodaikanal, on dry twigs, 5.viii.1970 (7. N. Ananthakrishnan) (TNA).
ComMENTS. The original description of this species states that B1 and B2 setae on the ninth tergite are equal
50 S. OKAJIMA
in length. However, the holotype female has B2 setae much longer than B1 setae on this tergite. By the long
anteocellar setae, this species can easily be distinguished from all the other members of the genus.
Holothrips tibialis sp. n.
(Figs 53-57, 68)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Bicolorous yellow and brown; head yellowish brown; prothorax dark brown,
mesothorax pale brown, metathorax yellow, shaded with brown anteriorly; abdomen pale brown to
brown, darkened posteriorly; tube brownish yellow, with dark base and apex; forefemora yellowish
brown, with paler apices, mid and hindfemora brown, paler apically; foretibiae yellow, mid and hindtibiae
whitish yellow; Al to A4 yellow, A4 shaded with brown apically, AS to A7 brown to dark brown, AS5 with
yellowish base; wings shaded with pale brown, with bases transparent; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 53) 1-21 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not elevated, strongly sculptured laterally;
cheeks corrugated, weakly rounded, gradually narrowed towards base; POS long, longer than one-third
length of head, blunt or weakly expanded at apex. Eyes rounded, 0-27 times as long as head. Antennae
(Fig. 55) about twice length of head; A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short,
not pointed. Pronotum (Fig. 68) about 1-5 times as broad as long, strongly sculptured anteriorly and
laterally; major setae very weakly expanded or blunt, sometimes nearly pointed, at least not sharply
pointed, but AM minute and pointed. Forewings each with 10 DC; SWS blunt at apex. Foretibiae with a
subapical small hump at inner surface (Fig. 56), foretarsal tooth stout. Pelta (Fig. 57) irregularly
hat-shaped, sculptured weakly, micro-pores absent. B1(T7 and T9) nearly pointed at apex, other B1 and
B2 setae on tergites blunt or weakly expanded at apex. Tube (Fig. 54) 0-64 times as long as head, about
twice as long as basal width, constricted at basal third and apex, dorsal surface smooth, ventral surface
weakly sculptured with transverse rows of striae. Anal setae a little longer than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 2700 (distended). Head L 296, W 244; eye L81, W
66. Pronotum L 235, W 348; forewing L 1176. PeltaL 112, W 118. Tube L 189, basal W 92, apical W 44. Al
to A7 L(W): 76(53); 71(40); 96(50); 92(51); 87(44); 87(43); 82(36).
Length of setae: POS 111-113. Prothoracic AA about 50, AM 32—34, ML 50-55, PA 62-66, EPIM
70-80. SWS1 36-37, SWS2 46-47, SWS3 70-73. B1(T9) 158-160, B2(T9) 195-200. Anals 200-205.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to macropterous female. Head 1-27 times as long as broad; eyes
about 0-3 times as long as head; pronotum about 1-4 times as broad as long; sternal reticulated areas
absent; tube about 0-6 times as long as head, about 1-9 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in wm. Total L 2550 (distended). Head L 275, W 216; eye L 82, W 62.
Pronotum L 240, W 332; forewing L 1150. Pelta L 117, W 133. Tube L 163, basal W 86, apical W 41. Al to
A7 L(W): 64(49); 66(36); 85(45); 87(45); 85(39); 86(37); 79(31).
Length of setae; POS 117-120. Prothoracic AA 46-50, AM shorter than 25, ML 47-52, PA 65-68,
EPIM 70-73. SWS1 33-35, SWS2 38-40, SWS3 51-69. B1(T9) 152-154, B2(T9) 43-45. Anals 178-189.
Holotype @ (mac.), Sulawesi: nr Rantepao, Pedamaran, on dead twigs with leaves, 10.viii.1984 (S.
Okajima) (BMNHB).
Paratypes. Sulawesi: 2 0’, same data as holotype (SO; 1 oh’, BMNH).
Non-paratypic material. Sulawesi: 1 CO’, same data as holotype (SO).
ComMENTs. In the shape of the head, thorax, forelegs and tube, this species is undoubtedly related to ruidus
and its relatives. However, this species has a subapical hump at the inner surface of the foretibiae.
The non-paratypic male listed above was collected with the type-series but is somewhat darker in
coloration, although otherwise similar in structure.
Holothrips titschacki (Priesner)
Docessissophothrips titschacki Priesner, 1928: 53-54. Holotype 9 , SourH AFrica (Hamburg) [destroyed].
Docessissophothrips titschacki var. debilis Priesner, 1928: 54. Holotype 9, SourH Arrica (SMF) [ex-
amined].
Holothrips titschaki (sic!) (Priesner) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 95.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
South Africa: holotype Q of var. debilis, Capland, Port Elisabeth, 15.xii.1898 (H. Brauns) (SMF).
Comments. According to the original description, var. debilis is not distinct from the nominate form of
titschacki. Moreover, the holotype female of var. debilis is very similar to Juteus which is known also from
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 51
South Africa. These are indistinguishable from each other, and there is every possibility that /uteus is a
synonym of titschacki. Unfortunately, however, the type of debilis is in somewhat poor condition, and the
present author cannot compare them closely.
Holothrips torajanus sp. n.
(Figs 26-28)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; A3 with pale extreme base; apices of tibiae a little paler, tarsi
somewhat yellowish; wings each with a pale brown longitudinal stripe; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 26) about 1-2 times as long as broad, broadest across cheeks at posterior third, dorsal surface
not strongly elevated, sculptured weakly; cheeks slightly rounded, weakly constricted subbasally; POS
well developed, longer than one-third length of head, blunt at apex, at least not sharply pointed. Eyes
about one-third length of head. Antennae about 2-2 times as long as head; A7 (Fig. 28) with a reduced
suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum 1-68 times as broad as long,
with a weak median line, sculptured weakly; major setae blunt or weakly expanded at apex, AM setae
comparatively long, but shorter than AA. Foretarsal tooth short and blunt. Forewings each with 26-28
DC; SWS blunt at apex. Metanotal median pair of setae well developed, about 80 um. Pelta bell-shaped,
with distinct reticulation, micro-pores absent. All B1 and B2 setae on tergites blunt, at least not sharply
pointed. Tube (Fig. 27) almost straight-sided, 1-14—1-20 times as long as head, about 3-0 times as long as
basal width, surface almost smooth. Anal setae much shorter than tube.
Measurements of holotype female in um. Total L about 5200 (distended). Head L 362, W 305; eye L
120-123, W 87-89. Pronotum L 271, W 454; forewing L 1823. Pelta L 183, W 229. Tube L 412, basal W
137-5, apical W 60. Al to A7 L(W): 87(73); 92(47); 132(54); 142(53); 119(45); 102(36); 118(32).
Length of setae: POS 130-140. Prothoracic AA about 80, AM 62-66, ML 100, PA 165-168, EPIM
140-145. SWS1 77-82, SWS2 20, SWS3 150-200. B1(T9) 255-265, B2(T9) 275-285. Anals 260-300.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head 1-23 times as long as broad; pronotum about 1-3
times as broad as long; foretarsal tooth well developed, forefemora enlarged; forewings each with 30-31
DC; abdominal reticulated areas present on S5 to S7, that on S7 weakly developed; tube 1-08 times as long
as head, about 2-8 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in um. Total L about 3600 (distended). Head L 321, W 260; eye L 112-113.
Pronotum L 321, W 428; forewing L 1700. Pelta L 163, W 188. Tube L 346, basal W 122, apical W 56. Al to
A7L(W): 81(69); 82(41); 127(51); 133(50); 119(43); 97(38); 108(27).
Length of setae; POS 137. Prothoracic AA 107-110, AM 35-50, ML 142-148, PA 158-163, EPIM
135-145. SWS1 97-100, SWS2 138-142, SWS3 194-204. B1(T9) 255-265, B2(T9) 71-82. Anals 275-290.
Holotype 2 (mac.), Sulawesi: nr Rantepao, Pedamaran, on dead twigs with leaves, 10.viii.1984 (S.
Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratypes. Sulawesi: 38 9, 15 0’, collected with holotype; 200 9, 70 co’, Puncak, 31 km W. of Palopo, on
dead leaves, 16, 19.viii.1984 (S. Okajima) (SO; several 2, o', BMNH, SMF, TNA).
CoMMENTS. This species is somewhat similar to those of the apoensis-group in having a blunt foretarsal
tooth, a long tube which is much longer than the head, and short maxillary stylets which do not reach the
posterior margins of the eyes. However, it differs from the apoensis-group as follows: body larger; head
broadest across cheeks at posterior third; maxillary stylets close together, only a little separated from each
other; metanotal median pair of setae well developed.
Holothrips torosus sp. n.
(Figs 69-71, 81)
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown; abdomen paler than thorax; foretibiae brown, foretarsi brownish
yellow, mid and hindtibiae whitish yellow; tube yellowish brown, with dark apex; antennae brown, A7 and
apices of A4 to A6é dark brown; wings weakly shaded with pale brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 69) 1-37—1-38 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured posteriorly, not strongly
elevated; cheeks almost straight, subparallel, rough and slightly swollen near base; hind pair of anteocellar
setae well developed, much longer than diameter of ocellus (45—56 um in holotype), blunt at apex; POS
about one-third length of head, expanded at apex. Eyes small and rounded, shorter than 0-3 times as long
as head. Antennae about twice length of head; A3 almost as long as AS, shorter than A4; A7 (Fig. 71)
without suture between MA7 and MA8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed; maxillary stylets short, not
Sy) S. OKAJIMA
reaching level of POS. Pronotum well developed, 1-34—1-38 times as broad as long, sculptured anteriorly
and laterally, with a strong median line; major setae expanded at apex. Probasisternum well developed.
Forewings each with 18-24 DC; expanded at apex. Fore legs well developed, forefemora moderately
enlarged, foretarsal tooth stout. Pelta (Fig. 81) much broader than long, micro-pores absent. B1(T2—T8)
and B2(T3—T6) expanded at apex, B2(T8) blunt or weakly expanded, B1(T9) and B2(T7 and T9) sharply
pointed. Tube (Fig. 70) slightly narrowed at basal third and apex, about 0-7 times as long as head, about 2-5
times as long as basal width, ventral surface with transverse rows of weak sculpture, dorsal surface almost
smooth. Anal setae almost as long as tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L 3900 (distended). Head L 408, W 296; eye L 108-110, W
81-83. Pronotum L 377-5, W 505; forewing L 1560. Pelta L 166, W 280. Tube L 280, basal W 110, apical W
58. Al to A7 L(W): 107(71); 92(56); 112(66); 133(66); 122(56); 112(54); 122(41).
Length of setae: POS 133-138. Prothoracic AA 77-87, AM 61-66, ML 107-110, PA 102-110, EPIM
about 100. SWS1 61-64, SWS2 81-84, SWS3 97-100. B1(T9) 306, B2(T9) 300-306. Anals 270-280.
MALE. Unknown.
Holotype (mac.), Singapore: Macritchie Reservoir, on dead twigs, 14.i.1979 (L. A. Mound)
BMNH).
Paratypes. Singapore: 2 ?, collected with holotype (BMNH).
ComMENTS. The three females comprising the type-series are in somewhat poor condition. The head shape
of this species is unique in the genus, especially in its rounded eyes and cheeks. However, the shape of the
prothorax, fore legs, pelta and tube are similar to those of ruidus and its relatives.
Holothrips typicus (Ananthakrishnan)
(Fig. 187)
Ischnothrips typicus Ananthakrishnan, 1967: 235. Holotype 2, INp1A (TNA) [not examined].
Stinothrips typicus (Ananthakrishnan) Ananthakrishnan, 1969: 55.
Holothrips typicus (Ananthakrishnan) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 95.
Unfortunately, the present author has not studied the holotype female. However, five specimens collected
from Taiwan listed below could not be distinguished from the original description of this species. These
include a macropterous female and a micropterous male as follows.
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to micropterous female, but pterothorax more or less darker,
yellowish brown; wings hyaline. Eyes a little larger; forewings each with 11-13 DC; SWS expanded at
apex; posterior pair of WRS short and rather straight.
MALE (MICROPTERA). Colour and structure very similar to micropterous female. Forefemora (Fig. 187) each
with a well-developed tubercle just before middle of interior margin; sternal reticulated areas absent, at
least not visible.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Taiwan: 2 9 (including a microptera), 1 0’, Pingtung Hsien, Kenting National Park, on grass, 22.v.1972
(S. Okajima); 2 9, data very similar to above, but 24.v.1972 (SO; 2 9, BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species is somewhat similar to /uteus from South Africa in appearance, but is distinct from
the latter in having short and pointed mid-vertex head setae.
Holothrips unicolor sp. n.
(Figs 65-67)
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown; head, prothorax, forefemora and tube dark brown;
pterothorax, abdomen, mid and hindfemora brown; all tibiae pale brown, with pale apices; Al and A4 to
A7 brown to dark brown, A4 to A6 with bases a little paler, A2 and A3 yellowish, A3 with brown apex;
wings shaded with pale brown; major setae yellowish.
Head (Fig. 65) 1-38 times as long as broad, dorsal surface not strongly elevated, sculptured laterally;
cheeks almost straight, gradually narrowed towards base, corrugated; POS long, longer than half length of
head, sharply pointed at apex. Eyes rounded, 0-28 times as long as head. Antennae 1-95—2-00 times as long
as head; A7 with a reduced suture between MA7 and MA8&8. Mouth-cone short, not pointed. Pronotum
about 1-4 times as broad as long, sculptured laterally, with a long and stout median line; major setae
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 53
sharply pointed at apex, AM minute. Forewings each with 16-20 DC; SWS sharply pointed at apex. Pelta
(Fig. 67) hat-shaped, weakly sculptured, micro-pores absent; sternal reticulated areas absent; all B1 and
B2 setae on tergites sharply pointed. Tube (Fig. 66) 0-70—0-73 times as long as head, 2:52-2:57 times as
long as basal width, slightly constricted at basal third and apex. Anal setae almost as long as tube.
Measurements of holotype male in 4m. Total L 2950 (distended). Head L 326, W 236; eye L 92, W 66-72.
Pronotum L 275, W 382; forewing L 1300. Pelta L 112, W 148. Tube L 230, basal W 89, apical W 46. Al to
A7 L(W): 76-5(54); 77(46); 98(50); 102(48); 97(46); 97(41); 92(36).
Length of setae; POS 173-204. Prothoracic AA 122-132, AM about 15, ML 122-143, PA 132, EPIM
102-112. SWS1 66-70, SWS2 76-80, SWS3 153-158. B1(T9) 245-255, B2(T9) 61-66. Anals 220-224.
FEMALE. Unknown.
Holotype Co (mac.), West Malaysia: Tanah Rata, on dead branches, 24. vii. 1976 (S. Okajima) (BMNH).
Paratype. West Malaysia: 1 ©’, collected with holotype (SO).
CoMMENTS. This species is similar to ruidus and its relatives, and is most similar to ryukyuensis from Japan.
However, it can be distinguished by the following features: head longer than 1-3 times as long as broad;
ocelli small, 21—25 xm in diameter (30m in ryukyuensis); tube uniformly dark brown; tibiae pale brown,
with pale apices; sternal reticulated areas absent in male.
Holothrips yuasai (Kurosawa) comb. n.
(Figs 7, 188, 189, 196, 200)
Pseudosymphothrips yuasai Kurosawa, 1954: 134-135. Holotype OC’, JAPAN (National Institute of Agro-
Environmental Science, Tsukuba, Japan) [examined].
FEMALE (MACROPTERA). Colour dark brown; A3 to A6é each with yellow base; major setae brownish yellow.
Head (Fig. 188) 1-05—1-10 times as long as broad, cheeks weakly rounded, dorsal surface not strongly
elevated; eyes 0-30—0-32 times as long as head; POS blunt or weakly expanded at apex, almost as long as
eye or longer; suture between MA7 and MA8 incomplete, but nearly complete (sometimes complete) (Fig.
200); pelta (Fig. 196) bell-shaped, micro-pores absent; all B1 and B2 setae on tergites not sharply pointed,
but blunt; tube (Fig. 189) very weakly constricted at basal third and apex, 0-80—0-82 times as long as head,
about 2-4 times as long as basal width.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Japan: holotype CO’, Tokyo, Mt Mitake, 24.vi.1928 (H. Yuasa) (National Institute of Agro-Environ-
mental Science, Japan); many 2, O collected on dead leaves and branches from Honshu, Tsushima I.
and Izu Is (SO; BMNH).
ComMENTS. This species is very similar to hagai in appearance. The differences between them are discussed
under the latter species.
Holothrips yurikoae sp. n.
(Figs 72-74, 82)
FEMALE (MICROPTERA). Colour uniformly yellow; A3 a little brownish, A4 brownish yellow, more or less
darker than A3, A5 and A6 brown with paler basal halves, A7 brown; extreme apex of tube shaded with
pale grey; major setae hyaline.
Head (Fig. 72) 1-24 times as long as broad, dorsal surface sculptured laterally, slightly elevated; cheeks
almost straight gradually, but weakly narrowed towards base; POS expanded at apex, 0-36 times as long as
head. Eyes small. Antennae 1-84 times as long as head, surface of segments distinctly sculptured; A3 and
A4 subequal in length; suture between MA7 and MA8& incomplete (Fig. 74). Mouth-cone short, not
pointed. Pronotum comparatively small, almost twice as broad as long; epimeral suture incomplete; all
major setae expanded at apex. Pelta (Fig. 82) rather triangular, much broader than long, micro-pores
absent. B1(T9) and B2(T9) sharply pointed at apex, all other B1 and B2 setae on tergites expanded at apex;
posterior pair of WRS well developed and sigmoid on T3 and T6, other WRS short and rather straight.
Tube (Fig. 73) straight-sided, 0-67 times as long as head, about 2-0 times as long as basal width, surface
smooth. Anal setae almost as long as tube.
Measurements of holotype female in wm. Total L 2780 (distended). Head L 306, W 247; eye L56, W 56-57.
54 S. OKAJIMA
Pronotum L 168, W 337; forewing L 185-188. Pelta L 101, W 180. Tube L 204, basal W 104, apical W 47.
Al to A7 L(W): 66(56); 71(45); 92(46); 92(46); 78(41); 71(41); 83(34).
Length of setae: POS 108-110. Prothoracic AA 70-80, AM 74-77, ML about 80, PA 94-97, EPIM
85-90. B1(T9) about 190, B2(T9) 195. Anals 179-205.
MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour very similar to female. Head 1-22 times as long as broad; pronotum 1-76 times
as broad as long, with a strong median line, epimeral suture nearly complete; forefemora more or less
enlarged, foretarsal tooth stout; B2(T9) very weakly expanded; sternal reticulated areas present on $4 to
S7, but very weak; tube 0-66 times as long as head, 1-65 times as long as basal width.
Measurements of paratype male in wm. Total L 2226 (distended). Head L 255, W 209; eye L 48-49, W
42-44. Pronotum L 168, W 296; forewing L 105-110. Pelta L 87, W 149. Tube L 168, basal W 102, apical W
42. Al to A7 L(W): 56(48); 66(36); 82(41); 77(41); 65(37); 77(30-5).
Length of setae: POS about 85. Prothoracic AA 65-70, AM 62-67, ML about 70, PA 77-87, EPIM 765.
B1(T9) 173, B2(T9) 50-51. Anals 170-7.
Holotype ¢ (mic.). Japan: Kanagawa Pref., Miura-hantou, Jinmuji Forest, on dead branches,
10.xii.1983 (S. Okajima) (SO).
Paratype. Japan: 1 ©’, data very similar to holotype, but 4.xi.1985 (S. Okajima) (SO).
ComMENTs. This species may be closely related to some North American species, acutus (Stannard),
bratleyi (Watson), junctus (Hood) and xanthopus (Hood), but it can be distinguished by a combination of
following features: body yellow; antennal segments distinctly sculptured (Fig. 74); epimeral suture
incomplete or nearly complete; B2(T7) expanded or very weakly expanded at apex, at least not sharply
pointed.
The specific name is dedicated to the author’s wife, Yuriko Okajima, for her warmhearted help in
various ways.
Holothrips zimmermanni (Moulton)
Ischnothrips zimmermanni Moulton, 1944: 305-306. Holotype 0’, Fur (Bernice P. Bishop Museum,
Honolulu) [examined].
Holothrips zimmermanni (Moulton) Mound & Palmer, 1983: 95.
FEMALE AND MALE (MACROPTERA). Colour brown to dark brown, with posterior portion of metathorax and
abdominal segment I clear yellow; forefemora dark brown, mid and hindfemora brown, with basal third
yellowish; foretibiae brown, gradually lightened to yellow towards apex, mid and hindtibiae brown, a little
paler than femora, with pale bases and apices; tube dark brown, with pale apex; Al dark brown, almost
concolorous with head, A2 yellow with dark base, A3 to A6 yellow, shaded with brown apically, A7 brown,
more or less paler than head; wings hyaline at basal one-fourth, shaded with brown at apical three-fourths.
Head 1-5—2-0 times as long as broad, dorsal surface elevated, with very weak sculpture at posterior
portion; cheeks almost straight, subparallel; POS longer than eye, sharply pointed at apex; suture between
MA7 and MA8& reduced; maxillary stylets each with a single lateral loop in mouth-cone. Prothoracic AA,
AM, ML and EPIM blunt at apex, but nearly pointed, PA sharply pointed at apex. Pelta very weak,
sculpture invisible, micro-pores absent. B1(T8) blunt or weakly knobbed at apex, all other B1 and B2 setae
on tergites sharply pointed. Tube short, straight-sided, 0-42—0-45 times as long as head, surface smooth;
anal setae almost as long as tube.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Fiji: holotype ©’, allotype 9, Navai Mill, Tholo North. Viti Levu, 2500 ft, 15, 17.ix.1938 (Zimmermann)
(B. P. Bishop Museum); 3 9, 1 O’, Nandarivatu, Viti Levu, in scolytid gallery in young mahogany,
viii.1955 (B. A. O’Connor) (BMNH).
CoMMENTS. This species is somewhat similar to some Docessissophothrips species in having long and
laterally looped maxillary stylets. However, typical Docessissophothrips species have a strongly elevated
head and more or less developed mid-vertex (mid-dorsal) head setae, although zimmermanni has
moderately elevated head and short mid-vertex head setae. The coloration of this species is unique in the
genus.
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— 1924. Bernstein-Thysanopteren. Entomologische Mitteilungen 13: 130-151.
—— 1925. Katalog der europaischen Thysanopteren. Konowia 4: 141-159.
— 1927. Die Thysanopteren Europas pp. 343-568. Wien.
—— 1928. Thysanopterologica III. Zoologische Jahrbiicher, Jena 56: 43-66.
—— 1961. Das System der Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Anzeiger Osterreichische Akademie der Wissens-
chaften 1960: 283-296.
Sen, S. 1980. On a collection of Thysanoptera (Insecta) from Andaman Island. Records of the Zoological
Survey of India 77: 343-355.
—— 1982. On a collection of Thysanoptera (Insecta) from Silent Valley, Kerala, India. Records of the
Zoological Survey of India 79: 505-514.
Stannard, J. L. 1956. Six new species of Adelothrips from the New World with critical remarks on this
genus and related genera (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washing-
ton 69: 105-114.
Zur Strassen, R. 1959. Studies in African Thysanoptera, 2. Journal of the Entomological Society of
Southern Africa 22: 174-198.
— 1972. Athiopische Thysanopteran tiberwiegend aus dem Massiv des Mount Elgon in Kenya (Insecta,
Thysanoptera). Zoologica Scripta 1: 85-105.
—— 1974. Neue silvicole Fransenfliigler von den makalonesischen Inseln (Ins., Thysanoptera). Sencken-
bergiana Biologica 55: 105-134.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 57
uy |
fi
HAREM ONAN
Figs1-8 1,2,Measurements standards: (1) head, a—length, b— width, c—eye length; (2) tube, a—length,
b—basal width, c— apical width. 3, 4, males of Hoplothrips species: (3) H. fungi, sternites VII and VIII;
(4) H. semicaecus, left portion of male sternal reticulated areas (S7). 5—8, left portions of male sternal
reticulated areas of Holothrips species: (5) H. peninsulae (S6); (6) H. mirandus (S7); (7) H. yuasai (S7);
(8) H. ogasawarensis (S7).
Figs 9-21 Holothrips species. 9, 10, H. brevicollis 2: (9) head; (10) tube. 11, 12, H. parallelus 2: (11)
head; (12) tube. 13-16, H. brevitubus 9: (13) head; (14) tube; (15) foretarsus; (16) antennal segments
III and VII. 17-19, H. nigripes 2: (17) head; (18) tube; (19) antennal segments III and VII. 20, 21, ? H.
mirandus C from Malaya: (20) head; (21) pelta.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 59
Figs 22-36 Holothrips species. 22-25, H. storki 9: (22) head; (23) tube; (24) antennal segments VII; (25)
pelta. 26-28, H. torajanus Q: (26) head; (27) tube; (28) antennal segments III and VII. 29-32, H.
peninsulae Q: (29) head; (30) tube; (31) antennal segment VII; (32) pelta. 33-36, H. apoensis 2: (33)
head; (34) tube; (35) antennal segments III and VII; (36) pelta.
60 S. OKAJIMA
Figs 37-46 Holothrips species. 37—40, H. flavus: (37) head 9; (38) tube 9; (39) head ©’; (40) antennal
segments III and VII 9. 41-43, H. armatus CO’: (41) head; (42) tube; (43) pelta. 44-46, H. maxillae 2:
(44) head; (45) tube; (46) antennal segment VII.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 61
Figs 47-57 Holothrips species. 47-49, H. ruidus 9: (47) head; (48) tube; (49) antennal segment VII.
50-52, H. africanus 9: (50) head; (51) tube; (52) antennal segments III-VII. 53-57, H. tibialis: (53)
head 9; (54) tube Q; (55) antennal segments III-VII 9; (56) foretibia and tarsus ©’; (57) pelta 9.
62 S. OKAJIMA
Figs 58-68 Holothrips species. 58-61, H. curvidens : (58) head; (59) tube; (60) antennal segment VII;
(61) pelta. 62-64, H. ryukyuensis Q: (62) head; (63) tube; (64) antennal segment VII. 65-67, H.
unicolor C': (65) head; (66) tube; (67) pelta. 68, H. tibialis 2, prothorax.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 63
TasedeVan
ast s
Figs 69-80 Holothrips species. 69-71, H. torosus @ , (69) head; (70) tube; (71) antennal segments III and
VII. 72-74, H. yurikoae Q: (72) head; (73) tube; (74) antennal segments III, IV and VII. 75-77, H.
sakimurai 2: (75) head; (76) tube; (77) antennal segments III and VII. 78-80, H. andrei 9: (78) head;
(79) tube; (80) antennal segments III and VII.
64 S. OKAJIMA
Figs 81-91 Holothrips species. 81-83, peltas: (81) H. torosus; (82) H. yurikoae; (83) H. sakimurai. 84, H.
citricornis O, head. 85-88, H. antennalis 2: (85) head; (86) antennal segments III and VII; (87) pelta;
(88) tube. 89-91, H. cephalicus 2: (89) head; (90) tube; (91) antennal segments III and VII.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 65
Figs 92-103 Holothrips species. 92-94, H. oceanicus Q: (92) head; (93) tube; (94) antennal segments III
and VII. 95-97, H. okinawanus @: (95) head; (96) tube; (97) antennal segments III and VII. 98, 99, H.
ogasawarensis 2: (98) head; (99) tube. 100, 101, H. japonicus 2: (100) head; (101) tube. 102, 103, H.
latidentis 2: (102) head; (103) tube.
66 S. OKAJIMA
Figs 104-116 Holothrips species. 104-106, H. japonicus Q: (104) pelta; (105) probasisternum; (106)
antennal segment VII. 107-109, H. latidentis 2: (107) pelta; (108) probasisternum; (109) antennal
segment VII. 110, H. oceanicus 9, pelta. 111-114, H. setosus 9: (111) mesoscutum; (112) foretarsus;
(113) prothorax; (114) antennal segments III and VII. 115, 116, H. luminosus Q: (115) foretarsus; (116)
antennal segments III and VII.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 67
117 118,
i. Nal os \(
ok
127_7 \_ 128
a ag
)
\y
Figs 117-129 Holothrips species. 117, 118, H. luminosus @: (117) head; (118) tube. 119, 120, H. setosus
Q: (119) head; (120) tube. 121, 122, H. angulus 9: (121) head; (122) tube. 123-126, H. pulchellus Q:
(123) head; (124) tube; (125) pelta; (126) antennal segments III and VII. 127-129, H. speciossissimus 9:
(127) head; (128) tube; (129) antennal segment VII.
68 S. OKAJIMA
wees
Mt ISN
BOE eT
\\
es
Figs 130-143 Holothrips species. 130-132, H. pictus 9: (130) head; (131) tube; (132) pelta. 133-135, H.
sawadai : (133) head; (134) tube; (135) pelta. 136, H. andamanensis 9 , tube. 137-140, H. quadrisetis
Q: (137) head; (138) tube; (139) pelta; (140) antennal segment VII. 141-143, H. nepalensis 9: (141)
head; (142) tube; (143) pelta.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS
69
151 Bo 152c———) «14
Or aa
& \e ee oe See
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)
JP Qk eae
X\
= . p >
\
oo a
>~
a O O 2 *,
a haan Or sae a4
MA | Hy ‘Ne
: ie \ |
bed 2 ASN /
ee Rey
ed \\\ CH
Ee |hi
II\
ee a eee ts Y,
elt 1/158 \ igen iees
\ \ et S / \ \\ y ee
RY ee ee eee /
ss v4 i “7 NN \\ (/ “fi. “f
SX / = \ . ae
* a ‘at pa
Figs 144-155 Holothrips species. 144, 145, H. soror Q: (144) head; (145) tube. 146, 147, H. schaubergeri
Q: (146) head; (147) tube. 148-150, H. flavitubus 2: (148) head; (149) tube; (150) antennal segment
(154) head; (155) tube.
VII. 151-153, H. peltatus 9: (151) head; (152) tube; (153) antennal segment VII. 154, 155, H. subtilis 9:
70 S. OKAJIMA
Figs 156-167 Holothrips species. 156, 157, H. flavicornis Q: (156) head; (157) tube. 158, 159, H.
ananthakrishnani 9: (158) head; (159) tube. 160, 161, H. porifer 2: (160) head; (161) tube. 162, 163, H.
cupreus Q: (162) head; (163) tube. 164, 165, H. castanicolor 9: (164) head; (165) tube. 166, 167, H.
breviceps 2: (166) head; (167) tube.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 71
Figs 168-180 Holothrips species. 168-173, peltas: (168) H. flavitubus; (169) H. peltatus; (170) H.
flavicornis; (171) H. porifer; (172) H. cupreus; (173) H. castanicolor. 174-177, H. falcatus 9: (174) head;
(175) tube; (176) pelta; (177) antennal segment VII. 178-180, H. moundi 9: (178) head; (179) tube;
(180) pelta.
92 S. OKAJIMA
OPS
(
8 JY OR] OV
4
fA
474
cay
/
Figs 181-193 Holothrips species. 181-183, H. celebensis 2: (181) head; (182) tube; (183) apical portion
of antennal segment III. 184-186, H. formosanus 9: (184) head; (185) tube; (186) antennal segment
VII. 187, ?H. typicus CO’, forefemur. 188, 189, H. yuasai : (188) head; (189) tube. 190, 191, H.
attenuatus Q ; (190) head; (191) tube. 192, 193, H. hagai 9: (192) head; (193) tube.
STUDIES ON THE OLD WORLD SPECIES OF HOLOTHRIPS 73
199 200 201
EA AA
Spar se
CES
Figs 194-207 Holothrips species. 194-198, peltas, (194) H. celebensis; (195) H. formosanus; (196) H.
yuasai; (197) H. attenuatus; (198) H. hagai. 199-201, antennal segment VII: (199) H. hagai; (200) H.
yuasai; (201) H. hasegawai. 202-204, H. fumidus 2: (202) head; (203) tube; (204) pelta. 205-207, H.
hasegawai 9: (205) head; (206) tube; (207) pelta.
74
Synonyms are in italics
Abiastothrips 7
Adelothrips 7
africanus 12
Agnostothrips 7
ananthakrishnani 13
andamanensis 14
andrei 14
angulatus 14
angulus 15
antennalis 15
apoensis 16
armatus 17
associatus 30
attenuatus 17
australis 18
breviceps 18
brevicollis 19
brevitubus 20
castanicolor 20
caudatus 21
celebensis 21
cephalicus 22
citricornis 23
Cordylothrips 7
cracens 23
cupreus 23
curvidens 24
debilis 50
Erythrinothrips 7
falcatus 25
flavicornis 25
flavitubus 26
S. OKAJIMA
Index
flavus 27
formosanus 27
fumidus 28
hagai 29
hasegawai 30
Holmiella7
Holothrips 7
indicus 30
Ischnothrips 7
japonicus 31
kuntiae 31
Lathrobiothrips 7
latidentis 32
lativerticis 46
luteus 32
luminosus 33
maxillae 33
mirandus 34
moundi 35
nepalensis 35
nigripes 36
nigritus 37
oceanicus 37
ogasawarensis 37
okinawanus 38
Panceratothrips 7
parallelus 39
peltatus 40
peninsulae 40
pictus 41
porifer 42
priesneri 46
Pseudosymphothrips 7
pulchellus 43
quadrisetis 43
ruidus 44
ryukyuensis 44
sakimurai 45
sawadai 46
schaubergeri 46
semiflavus 47
setosus 47
soror 48
speciossissimus 48
stannardi 49
Stinothrips 7
storki 49
subtilis 49
tibialis 50
titschacki 50
torajanus 51
torosus 51
typicus Holothrips 52
typicus Panceratothrips 7
unicolor 52
yuasai 53
yurikoae 53
zimmermanni 54
Titles to be published in Volume 54
Studies on the Old World species of Holothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
By S. Okajima
Spectacles and Silver Ys: a synthesis of the systematics, cladistics and biology of the Plusiinae
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
By I. J. Kitching
A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
By B. Bolton
Photoset by Rowland Phototypesetting Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd, Dorchester
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