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OF
COMPARATIYE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
JFountieti 1)1) jirfbale suOscrfptfon, fn 1861.
The gift of ci^ ^Ca£Oc2ru5itvttvtlL
No. ^1^9
BULLETIN
ESSEX INSTITUTE,
VOLUME VII.
1875.
SALEM, MASS.
PRINTED AT THE SALEM PEESS.
1876.
CONTENTS,
Page.
Regular Meeting, January 4, 1875, 1
F. W. Putnam, Archteolojrical Researches in Kentucky, 2.— William H.
Dall, On the Mode of Burial of the Aleuthian Islands, 9.— Robert
Ridgway, Lists of Birds observed at various localities contiguous
to the Central Pacific Railroad from Sacramento to Salt Lake City, 10.
Eegular Meeting, January 18, 1875, 25
Ilaydn Brown, On Comb Manufacturing, 26.
Regular Meeting, February 1, 1875, 27
A. Graham Bell, On the Subject of Speech, 28. — Lists of Birds observed
at various localities contiguous to the Central Pacific Railroad (con-
tinued), 30. — Catalogue of the Birds ascertained to occur in Nevada,
35.
Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, February 10, 1875, ... 41
Proposals of Misses Mary E. and Abby O. Williams to deposit a col-
lection of Paintings, 41. — A New Draft of the Constitution and By-
Laws proposed, 42.
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 15, 1875, .... 42
G. Batchelor, Memoir of B. F. Browne, 44.— John Robinson, Ferns of
Essex County, 44.
Regular Meeting, Monday, March 1, 1875, 54
F. W. Putnam, Account of the Fortifications and other Enclosures of
the Older Races of Indians in N. A., 56.
Catalogue of the First Art Exhibition, March, 1875, ... 57
Regular Meeting, Monday, March 22, 1875, 63
J. H. Stevens, On the Applications of Galvanic Electricity, 63.
Regular Meeting, Monday, April 5, 1875, 69
E. C. BoUes, On East Indian and Japanese Paper. 71. — Synonymy,
Description, History, etc., of the Prairie Hare, by E. Coues, 73.
Regular Meeting, Monday, April 19, 1875, 85
Regular Meeting, Monday, May 3, 1875, 87
Annual Meeting, "Wednesday, May 12, 1875, .... 87
Retrospect of the year, 89; Members, 89; Meetings, 94; Lectures .and
Concerts, 96; Hoilii-ultural, 97; Art Exhibition. 99; Library, 100;-
Publications, 101; Museum, 101; Financial, 101; Ollicers fleeted, 103.
Field Meeting at Hamilton, Thursday, June 3, 1875, . . . 105
Ramble and Notice, 105.— F. W. Putnam, Notice of Shellheaps and
Indian Relics at Newbury, 10!i.— A. Osgood. Notice of the Mining
Lands of Newbury, 108 —J. H. Stevens, On the Cane Brakes in Lou-
isiana, etc., 108.— L. H. Upton, List of Plants found in flowei', lOU.
Regular Meeting, Monday, June 21, 1875, 110
Notice and Resolutions on the decease of C. W. Upham, 110.
(iii)
IV CONTENTS.
Field Meeting cat Byfield, Tliursday, July 1, 1875, . . .113
Ramljle and Historical Notices, 113.— W. D. Northend, Remarks ou
Bylield aud Dumnier Academy, 120.— Remarks by J. Spofford, F. W.
Putnam, J. Robinson, 126.— Haydn Brown, Aruos Noyes, SamuelJ.
Spalding, 127.
Regular Meeting, Wednesday, July 7, 1875, .... 129
Excursion to the Isles of Shoals, 129.
Field Meeting at Concord, Tuesday, July 27, 1875, . . .131
Ramble, 131.— Opening Remarks by the President, 135. — Remarks by
E. R. Hoar, 135, 139.— E. S. Morse, 137.— F. W. Putnam, 138.— E. C.
Bolles, 139.— G. Reynolds, 140.
Eegular Meeting, Monday, August 2, 1875, 141
Regular Meeting, Monday, September 6, 1875, .... 142
Regular Meeting, Monday, September 20, 1875, .... 144
Adjourned Quarterly Meeting, Monday, October 4, 1875, . . 144
Adjourned Quarterly Meeting, Monday, October 11, 1875, . . 146
Election of Officers, 146.— John Robinson, Addenda to the Ferns of
Essex County, 147.
Regular Meeting, Monday, October 18, 1875, .... 149
Mr. Upham's Paper on the Settlement of Rev. S. Skelton, 149.— Mi-,
Kimball exhibited casts of Indian utensils, 150.
Regular Meeting, Mondaj^, November 1, 1875, .... 150
A. Graham Bell, On Visible Speech, 151.
Second Art Exhibition, 151 ; Catalogue, 152
Regular Meeting, Monday, November 15, 1875 162
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 6, 1875, .... 162
Wright, On " Indian Ridge and its Continuation" m Andover, 165.
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 20, 1875, .... 168
Letters Announced, 1, 25, 27, 42, 55, 69, 85, 87, 118, 141, 142, 148, 150,
162.
Additions to Library, 1, 25, 28, 42, 55, 69, 86, 88, 118, 141, 142, 145, 163.
Additions to Museum, 2, 70, 110, 148.
BULLETIN
OF TUB
ESSIBS: IISrSTITTJTE.
Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., January, 1875. No. 1.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy,
Eegular Meeting, Monday, January 4, 1875.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From E. P. Boon, New York, Uec. 15; Melvil Dewey, Amhei-st, Dec. 21, 26; W.
I.Fletcher, Hartford, Conn., Dec. 31; Daniel A. Gleasou, Boston, Dec. 21; Frank
E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, Dec. 27; Alfred M. Mayer, South Orangje, N. J., Dec. 18;
Charles Phillips, Germantown, Penn., Dec. 30; Lyon, Society d' Agriculture,
Juillet 20.
The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library: —
By Donation.
Hotchkiss, F. E., of New Haven, Conn. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.
Merritt, L. F. Essex County Mercury for Dec. 2, 9, IC, 23, 1874.
Stetson, Chas., of New York, N. Y. The Erie Railway Tourist. 1 vol. 4to.
WiLLSON, E. B. The Christian Freeman and Record of Unitarian Worthies,
Dec, 1874. 8vo pamph.
Worcester Couxtt Musical Association. Seventh Annual Festival, Oct.
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 1874. 8vo pamph.
By Exchange.
ACADfiMIE iMPftRIALE DES SCIENCES, BELLES-LETTKES ET ARTS, LYON. Me-
moi es, v lasse des Sciences. J'ome xx, 1873-74.
Essex Inst. Bulletin. vii 1
iNSTiTtTT HiSTOEiQUE, Taris. L' Invcstigateur. 40 Ann^e, No. 5, 1874.
Soci6t6 d' Agriculture, d' Histoire Naturelle et des arts Utiles,
Lton. Annales, 4e S6i'ie. Tomes iv, v, 1871-72. 2 pamphlets.
SocifiTl^; Linneenne, Lton. Annales. Tome xx. 1873.
Phtsikalisch-medicinisciie Gesellschaft, WiJRznuRG. Verhandlungen,
Neue Folge, Bd. viii. 1-2 Heft. 1874.
Zoologische Gesellschaft, Frankfurt. Zool. Garten xv, Jahrg. Nos.
1-6, 1874.
Publishers. American Naturalist. Forest and Stream. Gloucester Telegraph.
Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody
Press. Salem Observer. Salem Post. Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend.
Donations to the cabinets were announced from George
L. Peabody, of New York City, a rare and valuable
Japanese gold obang; from Louis F. Erailio, gold bearing
quartz from the Vulture Mine, Arizona, and from Charles
T. Jenkins, gold bearing quartz from Ophir Hill, Grass
Valley District, Nevada County, Cal.
Mr. F. W. Putnam, of the committee appointed at a
previous meeting to prepare a memorial for action of
the Institute in relation to a proposed State Topographi-
cal, Geological and Biological Survey, reported the same,
which was referred to the directors, with authority to act.
ARCH^OLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN KENTUCKY.
Mr. F. W. Putnam gave an account of some of his
recent archaological investigations in Kentucky, made
with the assistance furnished b}^ the Peabody Museum of
Archaeology and Ethnology at Cambridge, while he was
engaged as Ichthyologist of the Kentucky State Geologi-
cal Survey, of which Prof. Shaler is chief.
Confining his remarks to researches made in the caves,
and in connection with a peculiar form of burial in cir-
cular graves, he first exhibited a number of skulls and
other bones found under various conditions, and described
the peculiarities of each group, comparing them with
those of uncloiibted Mound Builders, and with those of
the New England Indians. While the skulls of the New
England Indians are long and narrow, those from the
mounds, the circular graves, the stone graves and the
caves, were of the short, broad and high type ; but in
the caves were found two, if not three, classes of burials,
and at least two well-marked forms of skulls.
The skulls found in graves which were, as a rule, pro-
tected by slabs of stone, were, so far as his researches
went, of a form resembling the high, short and broad
crania of the typical Mound Builders, while those from
caves that contained a large number of skeletons repre-
senting bodies that had been thrown into the caves, or
perhaps skeletons which had been placed there after the
flesh had decayed, were quite characteristic from the very
marked depression of the frontal bone and the equally
marked concavity on the anterior part of the parietals.
The skulls from the "circular grave" were also distin-
guished from the others by their decided width and short-
ness, and the more vertical occipital portion.
A series of shin bones was also exhibited, to show the
various degrees of flattening which existed, and to prove,
as shown by the researches of others, that platycnemism,
while most marked in ancient and uncivilized races, could
not be taken as a special race character of any great im-
portance.
The examination of a group of mounds near Glasgow
was then described, and though no human remains were
found in these particular mounds, a most interesting burial
place on a hill close by may have had some connection
with them. This burial place consisted of a number of
circular graves, most of which had been destroyed by the
cultivation of the land ; but one that had been undis-
turbed by the plough was carefully opened. This grave
was nearly a circle of about four feet in diameter, and
had been dug to the depth of about three feet. Upright
slabs of limestone about three feet in hei2:ht, from one to
two feet in width and three or four inches in thickness,
had then been placed round the hole. The bottom of the
grave had been covered with pieces of shale brought from
Peter's Creek, about a quarter of a mile distant. The
bodies, at least ten in number, had been placed in the
grave, evidently arranged in a sitting posture, in a circle,
with their backs against the upright slabs. A few pieces
of stone found on the surface of the grave may indicate
that stones had been placed over it. If any slight earth-
mound had been formed over the grave, it had been
washed away, as the edges of the upright stones were
projecting a few inches above the present surface of the
soil. From the fact that only a fraguient of pottery was
found among the stones on the surface of the grave, and
no implements of any kind in the grave, it may be that
articles since scattered were placed over the grave. The
number of these circular graves that once existed at this
spot on the homestead of Gen. Jos. H. Lewis, who had
taken Mr. Putnam to the place, brings up many thoughts
as to their connection with the group of mounds in the
little valley below them, and speculations regarding their
peculiar j)osition lead ]Mr. Putnam to consider them as
probably indicating a peculiar mode of burial which may
yet be found to be as characteristic of the singular mound-
building race, as the burial under mounds is now sup-
posed to be. The fact that all the bodies must have been
placed in the grave at the same time, and, as shown by
the teeth, that they were those of persons of various ages,
from two children who had still the first set of teeth, to a
person so old as to have many of the alveoli closed up,
while the majority were evidently of middle age ; and
also from the peculiar hole in one of the arm bones, per-
haps indicating a blow with some pointed instrument,
gives opportunity for speculations which cannot l)c proved
or disproved by these silent relics of a once populous race
inhabiting the beautiful countr}^ where their bones were
laid so lone: asfo that tradition of the more recent Indian
tribes gives no clew to them ; w^ hence they came or
whither they went, all is lost in the great mystery of the
past, and only their empty heads and wonderful monu-
ments of industry, with their implements of skill, are
left to tell us of their former power. We know not if
these burials indicate famine, pestilence, war, or the un-
holy sacrifice. We can only conjecture that they were
not the graves of persons who had died a natural death.
The caves of Kentucky were often used as receptacles
for the dead, and many of them contain large numbers of
human skeletons ; but that they were also used as at
least temporary places of habitation is shown by the
relics found in Salt Cave, situated near the Mammoth
Cave, and belonging to the same proprietors. This cave,
which is a rival to the Mammoth in the size of some of
its avenues, is difficult of access. A small stream of
water flows over its mouth, and runs off, through the loose
rocks that have fallen from the roof of the cave, to the
passage on the left. After entering the cave, the descent
of a steep hill of loose rock to the right leads into a large
avenue of several miles in length, the floor of which is
covered with jagged rocks wdiich have fallen from above.
After climbing over this rough road for some distance,
small areas are observed where the rock has not fallen
from above, and where the original dirt floor or river bed
is seen. In these places there are to be found quite level
spots where fires have been kindled, and small piles of
stone placed by human hands. Here and there, in favor-
6
able places, other small piles of stones are to be seen
erected in such a way as to leave a small hole in their
centre, and at the bottom of this hole ashes and the stubs
of burnt sticks can be seen ; while on some of the rocks
about were found small bundles of fagots tied with bark
and of a convenient size to be taken in one hand and
placed in the holes of the rock piles, evidently indicating
that these bundles of sticks were brought into the cave
for use as lights and firewood. Farther on, in side pas-
sages and chambers, other indications of habitation were
noticed, and in one small chamber, in which the foot of a
white man had never stepped before, were seen on the
cave enrth the imprints of feet that had been shod with
peculiar braided moccasons or sandals. Here were in
reality the "footprints on the sands of time." The naked
heel and toes, and the braided covering to the sole of the
foot, have left impressions as distinct in the tenacious and
heavy soil of the cave as if made but a few days pre-
vious. In these side chambers, in only a few of which
Mr. Putnam's guides had been before, were found a num-
ber of cast-oif sandals, very finely made of the twisted
leaves of the cat-tail flag {Typlia) braided in a careful
and artistic way, identical in the manner of braiding
with the straw sandals from China, though of a differ-
ent shape, and having a raised portion from toe to heel,
like the sides of a leather slipper, while all the ends
of the braids were brought forward and united on the
median line over the toes. About twenty-five of these
sandal-like moccasons of various sizes and of several
slightly varying designs, but all worn through at toe and
heel, were found in the interior chambers of the cave. A
piece of cloth more than a foot square and finely and
regularly woven, probably from the inner bark of some
tree, was also found. This cloth was specially inter-
estiug, showing as it did that it had been dyed or colored
with blaclc stripes, and also in exhibiting at one corner a
place where it had been mended by darning. The other
articles found in the cave, which were exhibited at the
meeting, with those already mentioned, consisted of
bunches of the bark such as was used to make the cloth,
and of different degrees of fineness ; a number of piecea
of bark-twine and rope, several showing knots where
pieces had been tied together, some made of twisted
strands simply, while others were of a five-strand braid,
and of a different and more pliable substance than the
coarser-twisted kinds ; a small piece of quite a delicate
fringe or tassel of neatly braided fibres ; a number of
reed "torches," generally burnt only at one end; a few
small fragments of burnt wood, one showing the rough
cutting of a flint axe ; several fragments of large gourds ;
two flint arrow points ; a few fragments of shells of Vnio;
a few feathers, probably of the wild turkey, and a portion
of a wooden platter or dish. No bones of animals indica-
ting the food of these cave people were found , and though
the earth in one of the chambers had been disturbed, and
looked, in several places, as if burials had been made, no
human bones were discovered. Mr. Putnam intended
to make further explorations in this cave, but a severe
illness, brought on by exposure and fatigue in the caves,
prevented him at that time from carrying out his plan.
Enough was discovered, however, to show the importance
of a thorough exploration of the caves in this country,
both to ascertain the facts relating to their having been
used as habitations and as sepulchres, and Mr. Putnam
stated that it was encourao^in»2: to science to feel that the
work begun by the Kentucky Survey, with the assis-
tance given by the Peabody Museum of Archssology at
Cambridge, will be continued until more is known relat-
8
ing to the archoeology of this large and most important
group of American caves.
The discovery, by the saltpetre miners of 1812-15, of
bodies buried with care in some of the caves of Ken-
tucky and Tennessee, and the numerous articles which
had been found with them, was alluded to by Mr. Put-
nam, who stated that since his return from Kentucky he
had examined the body, and what remained of the very
large number of articles found with it, that was so widely
known as the "Mammoth Cave Mummy" sixty years ago.
This body was, in reality, found in Short Cave, situated
about eight miles from the Mammoth Cave, and had been
taken to the latter place for the purpose of exhibition.
Mr. Putnam had visited the spot from which the body had
been taken, and from the location of the grave thought
that there was some evidence of the burial having been
prior to the fall of the roof rock, which seems to have
taken place in many of the caves in this region at a
remote time. In some of the caves large stalagmites
have formed over these fallen rocks, though in most of
the caves where this falling has occurred the passages
were dry at the time, and have so continued. He was
glad to state that though these priceless relics of a former
race had been sadly neglected, and many of the articles
found in the grave had been lost and others had gone to
decay, still enough remained at the rooms of the Amer-
ican Antiquarian Society at Worcester, to identify the
articles found by him in Salt Cave as the same in mate-
rial, design and structure as those found with the body
in Short Cave, so that he had thus secured undoubted
osteological characters of the race to go with the articles
of clothing, etc., of the people who had made use of Salt
Cave as a habitation, and he thought, from all that had
been found, we could, with little doubt, class this people
9
among the more bighl}- civilized and agricultural of the
prehistoric races of America, and it was also very prob-
able that Salt Cave had only been used as a temporary
retreat. A number of fragments of the twine, cloth, etc.,
found with the body now in the collection of the Antiqua-
rian Society, were exhibited side by side with similar
ones from Salt Cave, and were seen to be of the same
character. All the specimens of cloth, etc., from Salt
Cave were extremely brittle, and had only been preserved
by saturatiug in gelatine and afterwards mounting be-
tween glass, while those from the grave in Short Cave
were, from some cause, still in their natural pliable con-
dition. In this connection it is also interesting to record
the fact that the wooden bowl from the Mammoth Cave,
in the collection of the American Antiquarian Society at
Worcester, is the one which tradition gives as having
been found in the passage of the Mammoth Cave, still
known, from this circumstance, as the wooden-bowl cham-
ber, and it is probable that the fragment of the wooden
vessel found in Salt Cave was part of a similar article.
Capt. Wm. H. Dall, of the United States Coast Sur-
vey, alluded to the mode of burial of the Aleutian Is-
landers, and of the preparation of the bodies after death,
by which they were partially mummified. He als« spoke
of the beautiful braided grass- work of the Aleuts, and
stated that the Eskimos made a kind of a stocking of
braided grass, which they wore inside of their boots as
an extra protection to the feet.
10
LISTS OF BIRDS OBSERVED AT VARIOUS LOCALITIES CONTIGUOUS
TO THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD, FROM SACRAMENTO
CITY, CALIFORNIA, TO SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.
Bt Robert Ridgwat.
Continued from page 174, Vol. vi.
The following species were found breeding ou the adjacent moun-
tains eastward of the Sierra Nevada, in July and August, 1867, and
April and May, 1868 : —
1. Sialia arctica. Abundant.
2. Lophophanes inornatus. Common (locally).
3. Psaltriparus minimus plumbeus. Abundant (locally).
4. Salpinctes obsoletus. Very abundant,
5. Catherpes Mexicanus conspersus. Rare.
6. Myiadestes Towusendi. Common?
7. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Orcgonus. Abundant.
8. P. chlorurus. Common.
9. Scolecophagus cyanocephaliis. Very abundant.
10. Corvus corax caruivorus. Abundant.
11. Gymnokitta cyanocephala. Abundant.
12. Empidonax obscurus. Common.
13. Selasphorus rufus. Abundant.
14. Ti'ochilus Alexandri. Abundant.
15. Archibuteo lagopus Sanctijohanuis. Common.
16. Aquila chrysaetus Canadensis. Common.
17. Falco saker polyagrus. Common.
18. F. columbarius. Rare?
19. Nisus Cooperi. Rare.
20. Oreortyx pictus plumifera. Rare.
III. WESTERN NEVADA, ETC.
a. Eagle Valley (November 29, 1867).
In Eagle Valley but one locality was visited, viz., the town of Genoa
and vicinity, including marshes In the valley and pine forests on the
Sierra Nevada. In the former the usual species of water fowl were
found, and also Circus hudsonius and Falco polyagrus. In the pines
the species were the same as those near Carson Citj-, but the mountain
quail ( Oreortyx pictus plumifera^ was more common,
6. Carson Valley (Nov. 27-29, 1867; Jan 13-April 29, 1868),
The species breeding in the vicinity of Carson City were divided
into thi'ee groups — one inhabiting the pine woods of the Sierra
Nevada (Washoe Spur), one the cedar and piiiou groves of the ranges
11
to the eastward, and the other the sage brush wastes and other local-
ities in the valleys. The first two sets are included in lists under the
head of n, d ; the other was composed of the following species, in-
habiting chiefly the sage brush and meadows : —
{Sage-brush plains.)
1. Orcoscoptes raontanus. Very abundant,
2. Eremophila alpestris chrysolsema. Common.
3- Collurio Ludovicianus excubitoroides. Common.
4. Poospiza Belli Nevadeusis. Very abundant.
5. P. bilineata. Pare.
6. Spizella Breweri. Abundant.
7. Choudestes grammaca. Common.
8. Antrostomus Nuttalli. Common.
9. Chordeiles popetue Heuryi. Common.
10. Speotyto cunicularia hypoga3a. Pare.
11. Zenaidura Carolinensis. Very abundant.
12. Ceutrocercus urophasianus. Pare.
{River valley.')
1. Geothlypis trichas. Common.
2. Icteria vireus longicauda. Common.
3. Pyranga Ludoviciana. Common.
4. Vireo gilvus Swaiusoui. Abundant.
5. Pooecetes gramineus confiuis. Rare.
6. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Common.
7. Coturuiculus passerlnus perpallidus. Common.
8. Hedymeles melanocephalus. Common.
9. Cyauospiza amoeua. Common.
10. Carpodacus frontalis. Common.
11. Melospiza melodia Heermanni. Common.
12. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Oregonus. Common.
13. Agelaius phoeniceus. Abundant.
14. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus. Abundant.
15. Sturnella neglecta. Abundant.
16. Icterus Bullocki. Abundant.
17. Pica melanoleuca Hudsonica. Very abundant.
18. Tyrannus verticalis. Very abundant.
19. Contopus Richardsoni. Abundant.
20. Empidonax pusillus. Abundant.
21. Otus vulgaris Wilsonianus. Common.
22. Bubo Virginianus arcticus. Rare.
23. Falco sparverius. Very abimdant.
24. ^gialitis vociferus. Abundant.
12
Tringoides macuLirius. Abundant.
Herodias alba egrctta. Rare.
Nj'ctiardea grisea naivia. Rare.
Botaurus minor. Common.
Grus Canadensis. Common.
30. Porzana Carolina. Common.
31. Fulica Americana. Common.
32. Anas boschas. Common.
33. Querquedula cyanoptera. Common.
{In suitable localities.)
1. Progne subis. Common.
2. Taehj'ciueta bicolor. Abundant.
3. Cotjde riparia. Common.
4. Stelgidopter}'x serripeunis. Abundant.
5. Hirundo horreorum. Common.
6. Petroclielidon lunifrous. Very abundant.
7. Sayoruis Sayus. Common.
8. Cei'yle alcyon. Common.
Farther down the river, where the cottonwood trees increase in
number, the fauna was augmented by N'ephcecetes niger (extremely
abundant), Buteo ISwainsoni and B. borealis calurus, thus becoming
essentially like that of the lower Truckee Valley (see table f.).
CATALOGUE OF WINTER RESIDENTS IN THE VICINITY
OF CARSON CITY.
Turdufl migratoriiis . .
Cinclus Mi'xicanus . .
Sialia ilexicaua . . .
S. arctica
Rcirulus caleudiila . .
Lophoph.'ines inornatus
Parus montanus . . .
Psaltriparus minimus
plumbeus
SittaCarolinensis aculeata
S. iiyumsea
Certhia Americana . .
Catherpes Mexicanus
conspersus
Tehnatoclytes palustris
paludicola
Iroglodytes aedou
Pavlcmanni
T. hycmalis Paciflcus .
Antl'uis Liidovicianus .
Dendroica Audiiboni
CoUurio borealis . . .
Common
Bare . .
Abundant
Abundant
Abundant
Abundant
Abundant
Sometimes met with
Abundant ....
Abundant ....
Not common . . .
Common ....
Common ....
Not common . . .
Rare
Extremely abundant.
Common ....
Not common . . .
Localities frequented.
Willows.
Streams.
Fields and pines.
Cedars and open fields.
Willows.
Pines and cedars.
Pines only.
Brushy ravines.
Pines only.
Pines only.
All wooded places.
Secluded rocky places.
Tules and rushes.
Brushwood and willows.
River bottoms.
All wet open portions.
Willows and cotton woods.
Open situations.
13
28
33
C. Lndovicianus
excubitoroides Abundaut
PlectrophiinesLappouicus Rare
Zonotrichia leucophrys
intermedia Abundant
Jiinco hyemalis Oreptonus Abundant
Poospiza Belli Nevadeiisis Abundant
Spizellamonticola. . . Common
Melospiza melodia , ^
I-Ieermanni Abundant
Passerella scliiytacea . Rare
Pipilo erythroplitlialmus
Oregouus
Eremophila alpestris
chrysolaima
Agelaius phonniceus . .
Xauthocephalus
icterocephalus
Sturuella neglecta
Scolecophagus
cyanocephalus
Pica melanoleuca
Hudsonica
Cyanura Stelleri frontalis
Gymnokitta cyanocepbala
Picicorvus Columbianus
Corvus corax carnivorus
Pic.us villosus Harrisi .
P. albolarvatus ....
Picoides arcticus . . .
Si)hyrapicus thyroideus
Colaptes auratus
Mexicanus
Speotyto cunicularia
hypogaea
Bubo Virginianus arcticus
Otus vulg'uris Wilsonianus
Falco saker polyagrus .
F. columbarius ....
F. sparverius
Circus cyaneus Hudsonius
Nisus Cooperi ....
Aquila chrysaetos
Canadensis
53 Archibuteo lagopus
Sanctijiihannis
53 Buteo borealis calarus
54 B. Swainsoni
55 Oreortyx pictus plumifera
66 ^Egiali"tis vooiferus . .
67 Botaurus minor ....
58 Brant a Canadensis . .
59 B. Hutchinsi
60 Anas boschas ....
61 Aythya Americana . .
63 A. v;illisneria ....
63 Bucephala Americana .
64 B. albeola
65 Fulix marila
66 F. collaris
67 Erismatura ruliida . .
68 Podiceps occidentalis .
69 P. auritus Californicus .
70 Podilymbus podiceps .
Abundant ....
Exceedingly abund't.
Abundant ....
Not common . . .
Abundant ....
Extremely abundaut
Abundant ....
Abundant ....
Abundant ....
Abundant ....
Abundant . . . •
Common ....
Rather common
Rare
Common ....
Localities frequented.
Abundant . .
Rare ....
R;ire ....
Cotnmon . .
Common . .
Rare ....
Very abundaut
Common . .
Rare ....
Common . .
Common . .
Common . .
Common . .
Rare ....
Rare ....
Rare ....
Abundant . .
Abundant . .
Abundant . .
Abundant . .
Abundant . .
Abundant . .
Abundant . .
Abundant . .
Abundant . .
Abundant . .
Common . .
Common . .
Common . .
Oiien situatiouB.
Mixed with flocks of Ere-
mojyhila.
Willows and brushwood.
All wooded places.
Sage-brush only.
Sage-brush and brush-
wood.
Willows and tules.
Willows along streams.
All bushy places.
All open portions.
Vicinity of corrals.
Vicinity of corrals.
Sage-brush and fields.
Vicinity of corrals.
Everywhere, particularly
around slaughter-houses.
Pines and brushy ravines.
Pinou and cedars only.
Pines only.
About slaughter-houses.
All wooded places.
Pines only.
Pines only.
Pines only.
Everywhere.
Sage-brush and fields.
Woods.
AVillows.
Open situations.
Open situations.
Woods chiefly.
Marshes and streams.
General.
Mountains.
General.
Woods chiefly.
River valley.
Mountains.
Streams.
Marshes and streams.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
Lakes, etc.
14
cl. Washoe Valley (May 9, 18G8).
lu passing by the shore of Washoe Lake, liirgo numbers of the
followiug species were seen: — Falica Americana, Sterna recjia, S.
Forsteri and ILjdruchelidon fissijyes. Among the open pine groves and
scattered pine trees which reached from the slope of the lofty and
heavily timbered Washoe Mountains out some distance upon the val-
ley, the characteristic birds were Cyanura Stelleri frontalis, 31elaner-
pes torquatus, Sinlia Mexicana and Turdus migratorius ; penetrating a
short distance into the forest, Picusalbolarvatus and Passerella iliaca
megarhynchus were found to be common.
e. Truckee Meadows (July 16-20; November 5-7 and 11-20, 1867).
The characteristic birds of the summer fauna wore chiefly numer-
ous water-fowl, especially Querquedula cyanoptera, Chaulelasmus strep-
erus, Anas boschas, Fulica Americana, Becurvirostra Americana, and
Himantopus nigricollis, all found in the greatest abundance. In the
fall the following species not met with in the summer, were observed : —
Anthus Ludovicianus (excessively abundant), Corvus Americanus (com-
mon) , Archibuteo lagopus Sanctijohannis (abundant) . A yellow-winged
Colaptes, probably C. chrysoides, was seen.
/. Catalogue of the Birds breeding in the Truckee Valley (May
and June, 1868 and July and August, 1867.)
1. Oreoscoptes montanus. Common.
2. Troglodytes aedou Parkmanni. Abundant.
3. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola. Abundant.
4. Dendroica sestiva. Abundant.
5. Geothlypis trichas. Common.
6. Icteria virens longicauda. Common.
7. Pyrauga Ludoviciana. Common.
8. Hirundo horreorum. Common.
9. Tachycineta bicolor. Very abundant.
10. Progne subis. Rare.
11. Stelgldopteryx serripennis. Abundant.
12. Cotyle riparia. Abundant.
13. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Abundant.
14. Vireo gilvus Swainsoni. Abundant.
15. Collurio Ludovicianus excubitoroides. Common.
16. Carpodacus frontalis. Common.
17. Chrysomitris tristis. Rare.
18. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Common.
19. Pooecetes gramineus couflnis. Rare.
15
20. Melospiza melodia Heerraanni. Abundant.
21. Poospiza bilineata. Common.
22. P. Belli Nevadcnsis. Abundant.
23. Spizella socialis Ai-izoure. Abundant.
24. S. Brewed. Abundant.
25. Chondcstes grammaca. Abundant.
26. Hedymeles raelanocophalus. Common.
27. Cyanospiza anioena. Rare.
28. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Oregouus. Common.
29. P. chlorura. Eare.
30. Molotbrus pecoris. Rare.
31. Agelaius phceniceus. Abundant.
32. Xanthocephalus icterocepbalus. Abundant.
33. Sturnella neglecta. Abundant.
34. Icterus Bullocki. Abundant.
35. Pica melanoleuca Hudsonica. Abundant.
36. Tyrannus Caroliuensis. Common.
37. T. verticalis. Abundant.
38. Myiarchus criuitus cineraficens. Rare.
39. Sayornis Sayus. Rare.
40. Contopus Richardsoni. Abundant.
41. Empidonax pusillus. Abundant.
42. Cliordeiles popetue Henryi. Common.
43. Neplia3cetes niger borealis. Rai*e.
44. Cliajtura Vauxi. Common.
45. Trocliilus Alexandri. Abundant.
46. Ceryle alcyon. Common.
47. Coccyzus Americanus. Rare.
48. Picus villosus Harrisi. Common.
49. Colaptes auratus Mexicanus. Abundant.
50. Bubo Virgiuianus arcticus. Common.
51. Otus vulgaris Wilsonianus. Common.
62. Circus cyaneus Hudsonius. Abundant.
53. Falco sparverius. Very abundant.
54. Buteo borealis calurus. Common.
55. B. Swainsoni. Common.
56. Pandion halisetus Carolineusis. Rai'c.
57. Rhinogryphus aura. Abundant.
58. Zenaidura Carolineusis. Very abundant.
59. J3gialitis vociferus. Common.
60. Recurvirostra Americana. Common.
61. Himantopus nigricollis. Common,
62. Rhyacophilus glareola solitarius. Rare.
63. Tringoides macularius. Common.
16
64. Numenius longirostris. Rare.
65. Herodias alba egretta. Rare.
6G. Nyctiardea grisea iia3via. Rare.
67. Botaurus minor. Common.
68. Ardetta exilis. Rare.
69. Grns Canadensis. Common.
70. Rallus Virgiuianus. Common.
71. Porzana Carolina. Common.
72. Fulica Americana. Abundant.
73. Branta Canadensis. Common.
74. Anas bosclias. Very -abundant.
75. Dafila acuta. Common?
76. Cliaulelasmus streperus. Very abundant.
77. Mareca Americana. Common.
78. Querquedula cyanoptera. Abundant.
79. Q. discors. Rare?
80. Spatula clypeata. Common?
81. Aix sponsa. Rare?
82. Erismatura rubida.
83. Graculus dilophus.
84. Sterna regia.
85. S. Forsteri.
86. Podiceps occidentalis.
87. P. auritus Califoruicus.
88. Podilymbus podiceps.
g. Species breeding on adjacent plateaux.
1. Eremopliila alpestris chrysoliBma. Common.
2. Autrostomus Nuttalli. Common.
3. Speotyto cuuicularia hypogfea. Rare.
4. Centrocercus urophasianus. Common.
h. Species breeding on the rocky islands in Pyramid Lake.
1. Tacliyciueta thalassiua. Abundant.
2. Falco communis anatum. One pair.
3. Haliaetus leucocephalus. One pair.
4. Ardea herodias. Abundant.
5. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus. Excessively abundant.
6. Larus Califoruicus. Excessively abundant.
The following notes relate further to the bird-fauna of "Western
Nevada :
17
List of species observed in the Lower Truclcee Valley ia
May and not at other times.
1. Nephoecetes niger borealis. Rare.
2. Chfctura Vauxi. Common.
3. Trochilus Alexandri. Common.
4. Turdus Swainsoni ustulatus. Rare.
6. Carpodacus frontalis. Abundant.
6. Molothrus pecoris. Rare.
Species seen only in July and August.
1. Selasphorus rufus. "Very abundant.
2. Tyrannus Carolinensis. Several pairs.
3. Myiodioctes pusillus. Rare.
Species seen only in December.
1. Regulus calendula. Very abundant.
2. Anthus Ludovicianus. Very abundant.
3. Dendroica Auduboni. Very abundant.
4. Sialia arccica. Rare.
5. Troglodytes parvulus hyemalis. Rare.
6. Certhia familiaris fusca. Rare.
7. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. Very abundant.
8. Junco hyemalis Oregonus. Very abundant.
9. Spizella monticola. Common.
SPRING AKRIVAL OF BIRDS IN WESTERN NEVADA FN
a. Carson City.
1. Sayoruis Sayus March
2. Salpinctes obsoletus . . .
3. Oreoscoptes montanus . .
4. Tachycineta bicolor . . .
5. Poocsetes gramineus confinis
6. Rhinogryphus aura . . . .
7. Hirundo horreorum . . .
8. Spizella Breweri . . . .
9. Stelgidopteryx serripennis .
10. Empidonax obscurus . . .
11. Tyrannus verticalis . . .
12. Progne subis
13. Zenaidura Carolinensis . .
14. Pipilo chlorurus
KssKX Inst. Bulletin. vit
April
1868.
12.
20.
24.
25.
1.
2.
8.
9.
15.
21.
22.
23.
23.
23.
r«
15. Melanerpes torquatus April 25.
16. Spizella socialis Arizoiife " 29.
17. Cyanocitta Floridana Californica . . ♦* 29.
18. Melospiza Lincolni " 29.
19. Tringoides macularius " 29.
20. Vireosylvia gilva Svvainsoiai ... " 29.
21. Chondestes grammaca May 3.
22. Myiadestes Tovviisendii " 4.
23. Petrochelidon lunifrons " 4.
b. Washoe Valley.
24. Fulica Americana May 9.
25. Sterna regia " 9.
26. Hydrochelidon flssipes *' 9.
(These were all abundant at this date.)
c. Steamboat Valley.
27. Dendroica sestiva May 9.
28. Cyanospiza amoena " 9.
29. Icterus Bullocki " 9.
d. Truckee Meadows.
30. Geothlypis trichas May 10.
31. Icteria virens lon^icauda .... " 10.
32. Pyranga Ludoviciana " 10.
e. Truckee Reservation, near Pyramid Lake.
33. Carpodacus frontalis May 13.
34. Poospiza bilineata " 13.
35. Rhyacophilus glareola solitarias . . " 13.
36. Hedymeles melanocephalus .... " 14.
IV. EASTERN NEVADA, ETC.
a. Birds found in the West Humboldt Mountains,
Sept. 3-Oct. 23, 1867.
1. Turdus migratorius. Common.
2. Sialia arctica. Common.
3. Cinclus Mexicanus. Common.
19
4. Psaltriparus minimus plumbeus. Abundant.
5. Salpinctes obsoletus. Common.
6. Troglodytes aedon Parkmanni. Common.
7. Antlius Ludovicianus. Common.
8. Eremopliila alpestris chrysolfema. Common.
9. Helminthophaga celata. Common.
10. H. celata lutescens. Rare.
11. Dendroica sestiva. Common.
12. D. Auduhoni. Common.
13. Geothlypis Macgillivrayi. Common.
14. Icteria virens longicauda. Common.
15. Myiodioctes pusillus. Abundant.
16. Vireosylvia gilva Swainsoni. Abundant.
17. Lanivireo solitaria Cassini. Rare.
18. L. solitarius. Very rare.
19. Collurio Ludovicianus excubitoroides. Rather common.
20. Carpodacus frontalis. Rare.
21. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Common.
22. Melospiza melodia fallax. Common.
23. M. melodia guttata. One specimen.
24. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. Abundant.
25. Z. coronata. One specimen.
26. I'oospiza Belli Nevadensis. Rare.
27. P. bilineata. Rare.
28. Juneo hyemalis Oregonus. Common.
29. Hedymeles melanocephalus. Common.
30. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Oregonus. Common.
31. P. chlorura. Common.
32. Agelaius phceniceus. Common.
33. Sturnella neglecta. Common.
34. Icterus Bullocki. Rare.
35. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Very abundant.
36. CorvHS corax carnivorus. Common.
37. Pica melanoleuca Hudsonica. Abundant.
38. Cyanocitta Floridana Woodhousii. Common.
39. Sayornis Sayus. Common.
40. Empidonax obscurus. Rare.
41. Colaptes auratus Mexicanus. Common.
42. C. chrysoides? One specimen.
43. Nisus Cooperi. Rare.
44. Ectopistes migratoria. One specimen.
45. Zenaidura Caroliuensis. Abundant.
46. Ccntrocercus urophasianus. Common.
47. Regains calendula. Common.
20
Species breeding on Toyabe Mountains, at an altitude of about
G.500-7,000 feet (Austin, July 2-4. 1SG8).
1. Oreoscoptes rnontanus. Rare.
2. Tardus migratorius. Cominou.
3. Pipilo clilorurus. Very abundant.
4. Enipidonax obscurus. Abundant.
5. Eremopliila alpestris (leucola;ma?) Common.
6. Spizella Breweri. Abundant.
7. Cyanospiza amoina. Common
8. Poocajtes gramineus confinis. Coniniou.
9. Panyptila saxatilis. Rare.
c. Eastern slope of Ruby Mountains (July 13-Sept. 1).
1. Turdus migratorius. Comnion.
2. Oreoscoptes rnontanus. Rare.
3. Sialia arctica. Abundant.
4. Parus rnontanus. Rare.
'6. Psaltriparus minimus plumbeus. Rare.
6. Salpinctes obsoletus. Common
7. Catherpes Mexicanus conspersus. Rare.
8. Troglodytes aedon Parkmanni. Common.
9. Eremopliila alpestris (chrysoliema?) Common.
10. Helminthophaga VirginijE. Common.
11. Dendrolca sestiva. Abundant.
• 12. D. uigresceus. Common.
13. Geotblypis Macgillivrayi. Common.
14. Icteria virens longicauda. Rare.
15. Myiodioctes pusillus. Rare.
IG. P3a*anga Ludoviciana. Common.
17. Tacliycineta tlialassina. Abundant.
18. Ilirundo horreorum. Common.
19. Petrochelidon luuifrons. Very abundant.
20 Vireo solitarius plumbeus. Common.
21. Vireosylvia gilva Swainsoni. Abundant.
22. Collurio Ludovicianus excubitoroides. Common.
23. Carpodacus Cassiui. Very abundant.
24. Loxia leucoptera. One specimen.
25. Chrysomitris pinus. Very abundant.
26. C. tristis. Rare.
27. Poocaetes gramineus confinis. Common.
28. Melospiza melodia fallax. Common.
1 What was taken to be P. melanotis, a North Mexican species, was seen here.
21
29. Poospiza Belli Nevadeusis. Common.
30. Spizella Breweri. Common.
31. S. socialis Arizonse. Very abundant.
32. Chondestes granimaca. Common.
33. Hedymeles melanocephalus. Common.
34. Cyanospiza amoena. Common.
35. Pipilo erythrophthalmus megalonyx. Rare.
8G. P. chlorura. Hare.
37. Icterus Bullocki. Common.
38. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Eare.
39. Corvus corax carnivorus. Common.
40. Picicorvus Columbianus. Common.
41. Gymnokitta fyanocephala. Common.
42. Cyanocitta Florldana Woodhousii. Common.
43. Tyrannus verticalis. Abundant.
44. Myiarclius crinitus ciuerascens. Common.
45. Sayornis Sayus. Common.
46. Contopus borealis. Rare.
47. C. Richardsoni. Abundant.
48. Empidonax obscurus. Abundant.
49. E. pusillus. Abundant
50. Anti'ostomus Nuttalli. Common.
51. Chordeiles popetue Hcnryi. Abundant.
52. Pauyptila saxatilis. Excessively abundant.
63. Stellula calliope. Common.
54. Selasphorus platycercus. Excessively abundant.
55. Trochilus Alexandri. Common.
5G. Picus villosus Harrisi. Rare.
57. Colaptes auratus Mexicanus. Common.
58. Falco saker polyagrus. Common.
59. E. sparverius. Abundant.
60. Aquila chrysaetus Canadensis. Common.
61. Buteo borealis calurus. Common.
62. B. Swainsoni. Common.
63. Nisus Cooperi. Rare.
64. Zenaidura Cai'olinensis. Abundant.
65. Ceutrocercus urophasianus. Common.
d. Species found on the eastern slope of the East Humboldt
Mountains (September 4-10, 1868.)
1. Troglodytes aedon Parkmanni. Common.
2. Helminthophaga ruficapilla.'^ One specimen.
* The species in italic were met with no farther west than this locality.
22
3. H. celata. Very abundant.
4. FI. celata liitcscens.^ Very rare.
6. Dendroira Townsendi. Rare.
G. D. occidentalis. Rare.
7. Geothlypis trichas. Common.
8. G. Macgillivrayl. Common.
9. Turdus Swainsoni. Common.
10. Chrysomitris piniis. Abundant.
11. Poocaetes finimineus conlhiis. Abundant.
12. Contopus Hichardsoui. Common.
13. Empidonax obscurus. Abundant.
14. E. Hammondi. Common.
15. Selasphorus rufus.^ One pair.
16. S. platycercus. Abundant.
17. Melanerpes torquatus. Common.
18. Canace obscara. Common.
e. Species observed in the Upper Humboldt Valley
(September 10-19).
1. Turdus Pallasi nanus. One specimen.
2. T. Swainsoni. Common.
3. Helmintliophaiia celata. Common,
4. Siita Canadensis. Rare.
5. Ampelis cedrorum. Rare.
6. Vireo solitarius. Rare.
7. Passcrculus savanna alaudinus. Common.
8. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. Abundant.
9. Melospiza melodia fallax. Abundant.
10. M. Lincolni. Common.
11. Passerella iliaca schistacea. Common.
12. Junco hyemalis Oregonus. Abundant.
13. Pipilo clilorura. Common.
14. Empidonax obscurus. Common.
15. Antrostomus Nuttalli. Common.
16. Picus villosus Ilarrisi. Common.
17. P. pubesrens Gairdneri. Rare.
18. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis. Rare.
19. Melanerpes torquatus. Rare.
20. Nisus fuscus. Common.
21. Pedioccetes phaslanellus Columbianus. Abundant.
s These species were seen no farther east than this locality.
23
/. Species found in the Lower Humboldt Valley (at the "Sink,"
August 20-27, 18G7).
1. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Abundant.
2. Eremophila ajpestris chrysola^ma. Abundant.
3. Corvus corax carnlvorus. Abundant.
4. IJecurvirostra Americana. Abundant.
6. Himantopus nigricollis. Abundant.
6. Actodromus niinutilla. Abundant.
7. A. Bairdi. Abundant.
8. Ereunetes pusillus. Abundant.
9. Ibis thalassiuus. Abundant.
10. Sterna regia. Abundant.
11. S. Forsteri. Abundant.
At the town of Oreana, about a day's journey above. Ibis thalassinus
was found, and also several species of land birds, in addition to the
above, as Oreoscoptes montnnns, Poospiza Bvlli iXevadenais, Melospiza
vieloilin fallax, Xaiithocephalus icterocephalus, Afjclaius phoeniceus, Stur-
nella neylecta, etc.
g. List of species found at Soda Lake, Carson Desert
(June 28, 1868).
1. Phsenopepla nitens? One specimen.
2. Himantopus nigricollis. Abundant.
3. Recurvirostra Americana. Abundant.
h. Species found at Ruby and Franklin Lakes, Ruby Valley
(July 13-Scptember 4, 1868.)
1. Geothlypis trichas. Common.
2. Telmatodytcs palu^tris paludicola. Common.
3. Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus. Common.
4. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Abundant.
5. Agelaius phoeniceus. Abundant.
6. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus. Abundant.
7. Dulichonyx oryzivorns. Abundant.
8. Ibis guarauna? Abundant.
9. Ardea herodias. Abundant.
10. Fulica Americana. Abundant.
11. Branta Canadensis. Abundant.
12. Anas boschas. Abundant.
13. Sterna Forsteri. Abundant.
14. Hydrochelidon flssipes. Abundant.
24
^'. Species seen in Thousand Spring Valley (Sept. 20-25).
1. Dendroica Townsendi.
2. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia.
3. Empidonax obscurus.
4. Picus villosus Ilarrisi.
5. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis.
6. Nyctale acadica.
j. Species observed at " City of Roclis," southern Idaho
(October 3, 1868).
1. Corvus corax carnivorus. Common.
2. Gyranokitta cyanocephala. Abundant.
3. Cyanocitta Floridana Woodhousii. Abundant.
4. Centrocercus urophasiauus. Common.
6. Rliiuogryphus aura. Common.
k. Species found at Deep Creek, Northwestern Utah (Oct. 5, 1868.)
1. Telmatodytes paliistris paludicola. Abundant.
2. Geothlypis trichas. Common.
3. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. Abundant.
4. Melospiza melodia lallax. Abundant.
6. M. Lincoln!. Common.
V. EASTKUN UTAH.*
a. Species breeding in the Salt Lake Valley (May 20-June 2, and
June 16-21, 1869).
1. Turdus migratorius.t Rare?
2. Oreoscoptes montanus. Common.
3. Galeoscoptes Carolinensis. Common.
4. Sialia arctica.f Common.
5. Troglodytes aedon Parkmanni. Common.
6. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola. Very abundant.
7. Eremophila alpestris chrysolaema. Common. ^
8. Dendroica aestiva. Abundant.
9. Geothlypis trichas. Common.
10. Icteria virens longicauda. Common.
11. Setophaga i-uticilla. Common.
* See Bulletin of the Essex Institute, V, Nov., 1873, pp. 108-173, for paper entitled
4' Notes on the Bird Fauna of the Salt Lake Valley and adjacent portions of the
Wah Batch Mountains."
t Species so marked have been attracted from the adjoining mountains by the
protection and accommodations provided by man.
[ To be continued.]
BULLETIN
OF THB
ESSEX: i:n"stittjte.
Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., February, 1875. No. 2.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.
Eegular Meeting, Monday, January 18, 1875.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From E. J. Attinelli, New York, Jan. 5; F. H. Appleton, Boston, Jan. 7; W. S.
Barton, Worcester, Jan. 14; Haydeu Brown, West Newbury, Jan. 9; G. W. W.
Dove,. Andover, Jan. 9; D. A. Gleason, Boston, Jan. 16; Julia Ward Howe, Boston,
Jan. 19; Jacob Leamon, Crotou, Ohio, Dec. 29.
The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —
By Donation.
Cole, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette for 1874.
Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21.
Hunt, T. F. Spirit of the Fair. 1 vol. 4to. 1864. Our Daily Fare. 1 vol. 4to.
18G4. Hamilton's Genealogical Tables of the Hindus. 1 vol. folio.
Perkins, Sam'l C, of Phila. Proceedings at the Laying of the Corner Stone of
the New Public Buildings in Penn. Square, in Phila., July 4, 1874. 8vo pamph.
U. S. Patent Office. Ofilcial Gazette, Dec. 15, 22, 29.
Waters, J. Linton. The External Aspects of the Sun, by Prof. S. P. Langley.
By Exchange.
Harvard College. Forty-ninth Annual Report of the President. 1873-74.
Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. Annual Report. 1874.
Essex Inst. Bulletin. vii 3
26
Xew York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Genealogical and
Biographical Record. Jan., 1875. 8vo pamph.
New York Lyceum of Natural History. Annals, Vol. xi, Nos. 1-2. July, 1874.
Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Forty-First Annual Report, 1873.
1 vol. 12m o.
Puhlisheks. American Journal of Science and Art. Forest and Stream.
Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chron-
icle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and
Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Public Spirit. Quaritch's
Catalogue. Salem Observer. Salem Post.
The meeting was principally occnpied in listening to a
very interesting and instrnctive presentation of the sub-
ject of comb manufacturing, ])y Hayden Brown, Esq., of
West Newbury, who has been engaged for many years in
the business. He gave a detailed account of the process
of the manufticture of horn combs, interspersed with many
entertaining anecdotes and pithy sayings. The first combs
made in America were manufactured by hand, and with
rude implements, in 1759, by Enoch Noyes, of Newbury,
a self-taught mechanic, who cut horn buttons and coarse
combs as well as he was al)le. He continued at this busi-
ness until 1778, when William Cloland, a deserter from
Burgoyne's army, a comb-maker by profession and a skil-
ful workman, sought out Mr. Noyes and engaged with
him, greatly increasing the production of combs, the man-
ufacture of which has been continued in Newbury to this
day, and immensely increased by the use of the most in-
genious machines, one of which, he stated, tended by a lad
of twelve years, can do the work which formerly required
thirty-five men, and with his present force of fifty men,
he could turn out more and better combs than a regiment
of men could a half or three-quarters of a century ago.
Mr. Brown thought the earliest combs used must have
been made of wood. Specimens were exhibited of the
crude horn, of the material after it had gone through the
several processes required, and of the several varieties of
combs manufactured, beautifully finished and polished.
27
He referred to the immense number of cattle slaughtered
every year, giving some interesting statistics to show
where the horns required for such an immense manu-
facture came from, and stated some of his experiences
abroad and at home in connection with the business. He
was listened to with great attention, and the thanks of
the Institute were voted to him for his entertaining and
instructive address.
Mr. F. W. Putnam stated that combs made of various
materuils were in use among uncivilized nations, and men-
tioned the bronze combs of prehistoric times in Europe as
similar to those now in use.
On motion of Mr. Putnam the thanks of the Institute
were tendered to Mr. Brown for his remarks, and for his
kindness in promoting the technological department of
the Institute.
Arthur S. Gray, of Danvers, Jerome Horton Fiske
and D. Henry Taylor of Salem, were duly elected resident
members.
Adjourned.
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 1, 1875.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Vice President
F. W. Putnam in the chair. Records of preceding
nieeting read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From J. W. Dean, Boston, Jan. 18, 21; F. H. Johnson, Andorer, Jan. 1.3; J. F.
Mayer, New York, .Jan. 18; A. W. Morgan, New York, Jan. -28; A. T. Perkins. Bos-
ton, Jan. 21; Charles Phillips, Philadelphia, Jan. 20; R. Ridgway, Wasliingtoii, J).
C, Jan. 29.
28
Among the donations to the cabinets announced were
the commission of a letter of marque, bearing the signa-
tures of Madison and Munroe, presented by Rev. Mr.
Atwood, and a unique Indian stone implement from Pea-
body, presented by Mr. John V. Stevens, for each of
which thanks were voted to the donors.
Prof. A. Graham Bell, now a resident in Salem, occu-
pied the evening with a singularly interesting and curi-
ously instructive address on the subject of speech, with
illustrative experiments of various kinds, and the aid of
Eev. E. C. BoUes with his camera. Prof. Bell has prac-
tically introduced into this country the system of Visible
Speech invented by his fjither. Prof. A. M. Bell of Uni-
versity College, London. Mr. Bell, in conjunction with
Dr. Clarence J. Blake, the aurist, of Boston, has conducted
a series of experiments, the remarkable results of which
were now first exhibited to a public audience.
Mr. Bell had succeeded in using the membrana tyinpani
of the human ear as a phonautograph. An ear from a
dead subject had been experimented upon. A small style
of hay was attached to one of the ossiculte, and a hearing
tube was inserted in the outer ear. When any sound
w^as uttered into the tube, the membrana tymfpani was set
in vibration, and its motion was communicated to the
style. This latter was then caused to record its vibration
upon a plate of smoked glass passed rapidly underneath.
Mr. Bell stated that each different vowel uttered into the
tube caused the style to trace a different curve upon the
glass. A Uirge number of these tracings were exhibited
to the audience by means of the camera.
Mr. Bell was provided with accurate representations
and models of the vocal organs and organs of hearing so
as clearly to point out their several parts, even to the
29
most delicate, and showed how sound was produced. He
averred that each note was not a single tone, as it appears
to be, but a composite of several, including the funda-
mental, or loudest, with the addition of overtones and
undertones ; there was no such thing as a tone pure and
simple. He explained the pitch, the quality, timbre,
and resonance of tones, and showed how they were pro-
duced. He showed that, as ripples are produced in the
water, so wave ripples are produced in the air by differ-
ent sounds, each sound causing a combination of wave-
lets, the curves of which can be made visible to the eye
and many of which are of exceeding beauty. These
were exhibited to the audience by means of a gas jet,
whose vibrations were reflected in a mirror, through an
ingeniously contrived apparatus, the manometric capsule
invented by Scott and Koenig. He explained how the
notes of diflerent musical instruments operated in the
vibrations of the air, and what caused the differences in
the sounds. In short, he gave a most attractive and in-
structive exposition of the mysteries of speech as it aft'ects
the air, the vocal organs, and the ear, and was listened to
with the most absorbed attention.
After some complimentary remarks from Mr. W. P.
IJpHAM and the presiding officer, the thanks of the audi-
ence were unanimously voted to Prof. Bell for his able
and excellent lecture.
30
LISTS OF BIRDS OBSERVED AT VARIOUS LOCALITIES CONTIGUOUS
TO THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD, FROM SACRAMENTO
CITY, CALIFORNIA, TO SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.
By Robert Ridgway.
[Continued from page 24.1
12. Pyranga Lndoviciaua. Common.
13. Progue subis.f Common.
14. Petrochelidou lunifrous.f Abundant.
15. Tachycineta bicoloi-.f Common.
16. Hirundo horreorum.f Common.
17. Cotyle riparia. Common.
18. Stelgidopteryx serripeuuis. Abundant.
19. Vireosylvia gilva Swainsoni. Abundant.
20. Carpodacus frontalis. Common.
21. Chrysomitris tristis. Common?
22. Passerculus savanna alaudiuus. Common.
23. Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus. Common.
24. Melospiza melodia fallax. Common.
25. Poospiza biliueata. Common.
26. Spizella Breweri. Abundant.
27. S. socialis Arizonse. Common.
28. Chondestes grammaca. Abundant.
29. Hedymeles melanocephalus. Common.
30. Cyanospiza amceua. Common.
31. Pipilo erythropthalmus megalonyx. Abundant.
32. Dolichouyx oryzivorus. Common?
33. Molothi'us pecoris. Common.
34. Agelaius pha3niceus. Very abundant.
35. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus. Very abundant.
36. Sturnella neglecta. Common.
37. Icterus Bullocki. Common.
38. Cyanocitta Floridana Woodhousii. Rare ?
39. Tyrannus verticalis. Abundant.
40. T. Carolinensis. Common.
41. Sayornis Sayus. Common.
42. Contopus Richardsoni. Abundant.
43. Empidouax pusillus. Abundant. '
44. Antrostomus Nuttalli. Common.
45. Chordeiles popetue Henryi. Common.
46. Selasphorus platycercus.f Common.
47. Trocliilus Alexandri.f Common.
48. Ceryle alcyon. Common.
31
49. Melanerpes erythrocepbalus. One specimen.
50. Colaptes auratus Mexicauus. Common.
51. Speotyto cnnicularia hypogasa. Rare?
52. Circus cyaneus Hudsonius. Common.
53. Falco salver polyagrus. Common.
54. F. sparveriiis. Abiuidaut.
55. Buteo Swainsoni. Abundant.
56. Zeuaidura Carolinensis. Abundant.
57. Centrocercus urophasianus. Common?
58. Pediocaetes phasianellus Colurabianus. Common?
59. ^gialitis vociferus. Common.
60. M. cantianus nivosus. Very abundant.
61. Recurvirostra Americana. Very abundant.
62. Himantopus nigricollis. Very abundant.
63. Steganopus Wilsoni. Common.
64. Ereuuetes pusillus. Common.
65. Actodromus minutilla. Common.
66. Tringoides hypoleucus macularius. Common.
67. Symphemia semipalmata. Abundant.
68. Numenius longirostris. Abundant.
69. Ibis guarauna. Abundant.
70. Ardea herodias. Common.
71. Herodias alba egretta. Rare?
72. Botaurus minor. Common.
73. Grus Canadensis. Common.
74. Rallus Virginianus. Common.
75. Porzana Carolina. Common.
76. Pulica Amei'icana. Abundant.
77. Anas boschas. Abundant.
78. Daflla acuta. Common?
79. Chaulelasmus streperus. Abundant.
80. Mareca Americana. Abundant.
81. Spatula clypeata. Abundant?
82. Querquedula cyanoptera. Abundant.
83. Q. discors ? Rare ?
84. Nettion Carolinensis. Rare ?
85. Erismatui'a rubida. Common.
86. Graculus dilophus. Common.
87. Sterna regia. Common.
88. S. Forsteri. Abundant.
89. Hydrochelidon flssipes. Abundant.
90. Podiceps occidentalis. Abundant.
91. P. auritus Californicus. Abundant.
92. Podilymbus podiceps. Common.
32
b. Species breeding only on tlie islands in Great Salt
Lake (June, 18G9).
1. Branta Canadensis. Common.
2. Pelecanus erythrorhynclius. Abundant.
3. Larus Californicus. Very abundant.
c. List of the species breeding in Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains,
Utah (June 23-July 2; July 16-Aug. 16, 1869).
1. Turdus migratorius. Common.
2. T. Swainsoni. Abundant.
3. T. Pallasi Auduboui. Common.
4. Galeoscoptes Carolineusis. Common.
6. Sialia arctica. Common.
6. Cinclus Mexicanus. Common.
7. Regulus calendula. Common.
8. Parus moutauus. Common.
9. Sitta Carolinensis aculeata. Rare.
10. S. Canadensis. Rare.
11. S. pusilla pygrafea. Rare.
12. Certhia familiaris fusca. Rare.
13. Troglodytes aedou Parkmanni. Abundant.
14. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola. Common.
15. Eremophila alpestris (chrj'solajma?). Common.
16. Helminthophaga celata. Common.
17. H. Virginise. Abundant.
18. Dendroica sestiva. Abundant.
19. D. Auduboni. Common.
20. D. uigrescens? Rare.
21. Geothlypis Macgillivrayi. Abundant.
22. G. trichas. Rare.
23. Icteria virens longicauda. Very rare.
24. Myiodioctes pusillus. Rare.
25. Setophaga ruticilla. Rare.
26. Pyrauga Ludoviciana. Rare.
27. Progne subis. Abundant.
28. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Common.
29. Hiruudo hon'eorum. Common.
30. Tachycineta bicolor. Abundant.
31. T. thalassina. Common.
32. Cotyle riparia. Common.
33. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Common.
34. Vireosylvia gilva Swainsoni. Abundant.
33
35. Lanivireo solitaria plumbea. Rare.
36. Collurio Ludoviciaaa excubitoroides. Common.
37. Carpodacus Casslui. Abundant.
38. C. frontalis. Common.
39. Chrysomitris tristris. Eare.
40. C. psaltria. Rare.
41. C. pinus. Very abundant.
42. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Rare.
43. Poocfetes gramineus conflnis. Common.
44. Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus. Rare.
45. Melospiza Lincoln!. Common.
46. M. melodia fallax. Abundant.
47. Jnnco caniceps. Common.
48. Spizella socialis Arizonse. Abundant.
49. S. Breweri. Common.
50. Zonotrichia leucophrys. Abundant.
51. Chondestes grammaca. Common.
52. Passerella iliaca schistacea. Abundant.
53. Calaraospiza bicolor. One specimen.
54. Hedymeles melanocephalus. Common.
55. Cyanospiza amoena. Common.
56. Pipilo erythrophthalmus megalonyx.
57. P. chlorura.
58. Molothrus pecoris.
59. Agelaius phceniceus.
60. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus.
61. Icterus Bullocki.
62. Sturnella magna neglecta.
63. Scolecopliagus cyanoceplialus.
64. Corvus corax carnivorus.
65. Cyanocitta Floridana Woodliousii.
66. Cyanura Stelleri macrolopha.
67. Picicorvus Columbianus.
68. Tyranuus verticalis.
69. T. Carolinensis.
70. Myiarchus crinitus cinerascens.
71. Contopus borealis.
72. C. Eichardsoni.
73. Empidonax obscurus.
74. E. flaviventris difficilis.
75. E. pusillus.
76. Antrostomus Nuttalli.
77. Chordeiles popetue Henryi.
78. Trochilus Alexaudri.
79. Stellula calliope ?
34
80. Selasphorus platycercus.
81. Ceryle alcyon.
82. Picus villosus Harrisi.
83. P. piibescens Gairdneri.
84. Sphyrapicus varius nuclialis.
85. Sphyrapicus thyroideus. Rare.
86. Colaptes auratus Mexicauus. Common.
87. Bubo Virginianus arcticus. Rare.
88. Falco saker polyagrus. Rare.
89. F. sparverius. Common.
90. Circus cyaneus Hudsouius. Rare.
91. Nisus Cooperi. Rare.
92.- N. fuscus. Rare.
93. Buteo borealis calurus. Common.
94. B. Swainsoni. Abundant.
95. Archibuteo lagopus Sauctijolianuis. Rare.
96. Aquila chrysaetos Canadensis. Common.
97. Rhinogryphus aura. Common.
98. Zenaidura Carolinensis. Abundant.
99. Canace obscura. Abundant.
100. Bouasa urabellus umbelloides. Rare?
101. Centrocercus urophasianus. Common.
102. Pedioca3tes phasiauellus Columbianus. Common.
103. ^gialitis vociferus. Common.
104. Gallinago gallinaria Wilsoni. Common.
105. Ereunetes pusillus. Rare.
106. Actodroraus minutilla. Rare.*
107. Symphemia semipalmata. Rare.
108. Tringoides hypoleucos macularius. Common.
109. Rhyacophilus glareola solitarius. Rare.
110. Numenius longirostris. Rare.
111. Grus Canadensis. Rare.
112. Porzana Carolina. Common.
113. P. Jamaicensis? Common.
114. Fulica Americana. Rare.
115. Anas boscbas. Rare.
116. Querquedula cyanoptera. Rare.
d. Pack's CaSon, western spur of Uintah range (July 3-8, 1869).
The fauna of this locality was exactly like that of Parley's Park, with
the exception that Cyanura Stelleri macrolopha was more abundant.
e. Kamas Prairie (July 9, 1869).
The only species seen in this grassy valley, which was not noticed
elsewhere, was the Actiturus Bartramius.
35
/. Caiion of the Provo River (July 10, 1869).
The following species not found by us elsewhere were abundant
among the willows bordering the river :
1. Turdus fuscesceus.
2. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis. '
There were also found Setophaga ruticilla and Galeoscoptes CaroU-
nensis in plentiful numbers, and Pica melanoleuca Hiidsonica, which in
other localities in Utah was found to be rare or entirely wanting.
CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS ASCERTAINED TO OCCUR IN NEVADA.
The following is a complete list of the birds known at the present
time to occur within the limits of the State of Nevada. The number
will doubtless be considerably increased in the course of time, when
portions of the state not visited by us shall have been explored.
Those marked with an asterisk (*) breed within the limits of the
State; those distinguished by a dagger (f) belong to the western
portion, and those with a J are more abundant in the eastern part,
being stragglers from the Rocky Mountains.
*1. Turdus migratorius L.
2. T. Pallasi Cab., var. nanus Aud.f
3. T. Svvainsoui Cab. J
*4. T. Swainsoni Cab., var. ustulatus Nutt.f
*5. Oreoscoptes moutanus (Towns.).
*6. Sialia Mexicana Sw.f
*7. S. arctica Sw.
*8. Cinclus Mexicanus Sw.
*9. Regains calendula (L.).
10. R. satrapa Licht.
*11. Lophophanes inornatus (Gamb.).t
*12. Parus raontanus Gamb.
13? P. atricapillus L.,t var. septentrionalis Harris.
*14:. Psaltriparus minimus (Towns.), var. plumbeus Baird.
15? Psaltriparus melanotls (Hartl.)J
*16. Sitta Carolinensis Gm., var. aculeata Cassin.J
*17. S. Canadensis L.
*18. S. pusilla Lath., J var. pygmsea Vig.
*19. Certhia familiaris L., var. fusca Bart.
*20. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafr.).
*21. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say).
*22. Catherpes Mexicanus (Sw.),'yar. conspersus Ridgw.
36
*23. Troglodytes aedon V., var. Parkmanni Aud.
24. T. parvulus Koch, var. lij'emalis Wils.
*25. Telraatodytes palustris (Wils.), var. paludicola Balrd.
26. Anthus Ludovicianus (Gm.).
*27. Helminthophaga Virginiae Baird.J
28. H. ruflcapilla (Wils.). J
*29. H. celata (Say).
30. H. celata (Say), var. lutescens Ridgw.f
*31. Dendroica festiva (Gm.).
32? D. occidentalis (Towns.).
33. D. Townseudi (Nutt.).
*34. D. uigresceus (Towns.). J
*35. D. Auduboui (Towns.).
*36. Geothlypis triclias (L.).
*37. G. Philadelphia (Wils.), var. Macgillivrayi Aud.
*38. Icteria virens (L.), var. longicauda Lawr.
*39. Myiodioctes pusillus (Wils.).
40. M. pusillus (Wils.), var. pileolata Pall.f
*41. Pyrauga Ludoviciaua (Wils.).
*42. Hirundo horreorum Barton.
*43. Tachycineta bicolor (V.).
*44. T. thalassina (Sw.).
*45. Cotyle riparia (L.).
*46. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.).
*47. Petrochelidou lunifrous (Say).
*48. Progue subis (L.).
49. Ampelis cedrorum (V.).J
*50. Phasnopepla nitens (Sw.).
*51. Myiadestes Townseudi (Aud.).
*52. Vireosylvia gilva (V.), var. Swainsoni Baird.
63. Lauivireo solitaria (Wils.).
54. L. solitaria (Wils.), var. Cassini Baird.f
*55. L. var. plurabeus Coues.J
*56. Collurio Ludovicianus (L.), var. excubitoroides Sw.
*57. Carpodacus Cassini Baird.
*58. C. frontalis (Say).
*59. Loxia leucoptera (Wils.).
60. L. curvirostra L., var. Americana (Wils.).
61. Leucosticte tephrocotis Sw., var. littoralis Baird.
*62. Chrysomitris tristis (L.).
*63. C. pinus (Wils.).
64. Plectrophaues lapponicus (L.).
*65. Passerculus savanna (Wils.), var. alaudinus Bonap.
*66. Pooecetes gramiueus (Gm.), var. conflnis Baird.
37
»
*G7. Coturniculus passerinus (Wils.), var. perpallidus Kidgw.
*68. Melospiza Lincolni (Aud.)-
*69. M. melodia (Wils.). I
*70. var. fallax Baird.
*71. var. Heermauui Baird.f
72. var. guttata Nutt.
*73. Poospiza biliueata (Cass.).
*74. P. Belli (Cass.), var. Nevadensis Eidgw.
*75. Junco hyeraalis (L.), var. Oregonus (Towns. )t
76. Spizella mouticola (Gm.).
*77. S. socialis (Wils.), var. Arizonse Coues.
*78. S. Brewed (Cass.).
79. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.).t
*80. Z. leucophrys (Forst.), var. intermedia Ridgw.f
81. Z. corouata (Pall.).t
*82. Cliondestes grammaca (Say).
*83. Passerella iliaca (Merrem),J var. schistacea Baird.
*84:. Passerella iliaca (Merrem), var. megarhynclaus Baird.f
*85. Hedymeles melanocephalus (Sw.).
*86. Cyanospiza amoena (Say).
*?87. Guiraca cserulea (L.).
*88. Pipilo erylhroplithalmus (L.), var. Oregonus Bell.f
*89. var. megalouyx Baird.f
*t)0. P. cblorurus (Towns.).
*91. Eremophila alpestris (Forst.).
92. E. alpestris (Forst.), var. leucolsema Coues.
*93. var. chrysolseina Wagl.
94. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.),f var. albinucba Ridgw.
*95. Agelaius pboaniceus (L.).
*96. A. phceniceus (L.), var. gubernator Wagl.f
*97. anthocephalus icteroceplialus (Bonap.).
*98. Molothrus pecoris (Gm.).
*99. Sturnella magna (L.), ua?'. neglecta Aud.
*100. Icterus Bullocki (Sw.).
*101. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.).
*102. Corvus corax L., var. carnivorus Bartr.
103. C. Americanus Aud.
*104. Picicorvus Colurabianus (Wils.).
*105. Gymnokitta cyanocephala Max.
*106. Pica melanoleuca V., var. Hudsonica Sab.
*107. Cyanura Stelleri (Gm.),t var. frontalis Ridgw.
*108. Cyanocitta Floridana (Bartr.), var. Californica Vig.
*109. var. Woodliousii Baird.f
*110. Tyrannus Caroliuensis (L.).
38
*111. T. verticalis Say.
*112. Myiarclius crinitus (L.), rar. cinernsccus Lawr.
*113. Sayornis Sayus (Boiiap ).
*114. Coutopus borealis (S\v.)-
*115. C. Richardsoui (Sw.)-
*116. Erapidonax pnsillus (S\v.)>
*117. Empidouax flavivputi'is Baii'd, var. difficilis Baird.
*?118. E. Hammondi Baird.
*119. E. obscurus ;^Sw.).
*120. Autrostomus Nuttalli (And.).
*121. Chordeiles popetue (V.), var. Henryi Cass.
*122. Panyptila saxatilis (Woodh.).J-
*123. Nephoecetes iiiger (Gni.), var. borealis Kennerly.f
*124. Cliajtura Vauxi (Towus.).t
*125. Trochilus Alexandri Bourc.
*126. Selaspliorus rufus (Gin.).
*127. S. platycercus (Sw.).
*128. Stellula calliope Gould.
*129. Ceryle alcyon (L.).
'430. Coccyzus Americaiius (L.).
*131. Picus albolarvatus (Cass.).t
*132. P. villosus L., var. Harrisi And.
*133. P. pubescens L., var. Gairdneri And.
134:. Picoides arcticus (Sw.).
*135. Sphyrapicus varius (L.), var. nuchalis Baird.
*136. var. ruber Gm.f
*137. S. thyroidos (Cass.).
*138. Melanerpes torquatus (Wils.).
139. Colaptes auratus (L.), var. hybridus Baird.
*140. var. Mexicanus Sw.
*?U1. C. clirysoides Malh.
*142. Bubo Virginianus (Gip.), var. Arcticus Sw.
*143. Otus vulgaris (L.), var. Wilsoniauus Less. \
144. Nyctale acadica (Gm.).
*145. Speotyto cuuicularia (Mol.), var. hypugrea Bonap.
♦146 Falco communis Gm., var. anatnm Bonap.
*147. F. saker Schl., var. polyagrus Cass.
*148. F. Columbarius L.
*149. Falco sparverius L.
*1.")0. Pandion haliaetus (L.), var. Carolinensis Gm.
*151. Circus cyaneus L , var. Hudsonius L.
*152. Nisus Cooperi (Bonap.).
*153. N. fuscus (Gm.).
*154. Buteo borealis (Gm.), var. calurus Cass.
39
*155. B. Swainsoni Bonap.
*156. Archibuteo ferrugineus (Licht.).
*157. A. lagopus (Brunn.), var. Sancti-Johaniiis Gra.
*158. Aquila chrysaetos (L.), var. Canadensis L.
*159. Haliaetus leucocephalus (L.).
*160. Rhinogryphus aura (L.).
161. Ectopistes raigratoria (L.)4
*162. Zenaklura Carolinensis (L.).
*163. Cauace obscura (.Say).
*lfi4. Bonasa urabellus (L.), var. umbelloicles Dougl.f
*1G5. Pedioecetes pliasianellus (L.), var. Columbianus Ord.
*1G6. Centrocercus urophasiauus (Bonap.).
*1G7. Oreortj'x pictus (Dongl.),t var. plumifera Gould.
*1G8. ^gialitis vociferus (L.).
*169. Recurvi rostra Americana Gm.
*170. Hiniantopns nigricollis V.
*171. Steganopus AVilsoni (Sab.).
*172. Gallinago gallinaria (Gm.), var. Wilsoni Temm.
*173. Ereunetes pusillus (L.).
174. Actodromus Bairdi Coues.
*175. A. minutilla (V.).
176. Pelidna alpiua (L.), vai: Americana Cass.
*177. Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.).
*178. Rliyacophilus glareola (L.), var. solitarius Wils.
*179. Tringoides hypoleucus (L.), var. macularius L.
*180. Numenius longirostris (Wils.)
181. Tantalus loculator L.
*182. Ibis guarauna (Gm.).
*183. I. thalassinus Ridgw.f
*184r. Ardea lierodias L.
185. Hei'odias alba (L.), var. egretta Gm.
*186. Nyctiardea grisea (L.), var. najvia Bodd.
*187. Botaurus minor (Gra.).
♦188. Ardetta exilis (Gm.).
*189. Grus Canadensis fL.).
*iyO. Rallus Virginianns L.
*191. Porzana Carolina (L.).
*192? P. Jamaicensis (Gm.).t
*193. Fulica Americana Gm.
194. Cygnus buccinator I\ich.
195. Anser liyperboreus Pall.
*196. Brauta Canadensis (L.).
197. B. Hutchinsi Rich.
198. B. bernicla (L.), var. nigricans Lawr.
40
*199. Anas boschas L.
*200. Chaulelasraus streperus (L.).
*201. Mareca Americana (Gm.)-
*202. Nettiou Carolinensis (Gm.)-
*203. Querqueclula cyanoptera (V.)-
*204. Q. discors (L.).
*205. Daflla acuta (L.).
*206. Spatula clypeata (L.).
207. Aix spousa (L.).
208. Fulix marila (L.).
209. F. marila (L.), var. afflnis Eyton.
210. F. collaris (Douov.).
211. Aythya vallisneria (Wils.).
212. A. feriua (L.), var. Americana Eyton.
213. Bucephala albeola (L.).
214. B. clangula (L.), var. Americana Bonap.
*215. Erismatura rubida (Wils.).
216. Mergus merganser (L.), var. Americanus Cass.
217. Mergus serrator L.
218. Lophodytes cucullatus (L.).
*219. Pelecauus erythrorhynclius Gm.
*220. Graculus diloplms (Sw.).
*221. Larus argentatus Briinn., var. Califoruicus Lawr.
222. L. Delawarensis Ord.
*223. Sterna regia Garabel.
*224. S. Forsteri Nutt.
*225. Hydrochelidon fissipes (L.).
*22G. JEclimophorus occidentalis (Lawr.)
*227. Podiceps auritus (L.), var. Califoruicus Heerm.
*228. Podilymbus podiceps (L.).
Total number of species known to breed in Nevada, 179.
BULLETIN
OF TUE
ESSIES: H^STITTJTE.
Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., March, 1875. No. 3.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.
Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, Feb. 10, 1875.
Meeting this afternoon at three o'clock. Vice Presi-
dent F. W. Putnam in the chair. Records of the pre-
ceding qnarterly and regnlar meetings were read.
Frank L. Smith, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.
Mr. Putnam mentioned that the Misses Mary E. and
Abby O. Williams, of Salem, wonkl be willing to deposit,
in the rooms of the Institute, temporarily, their valuable
collection of paintings, many of which were copied by
them from the "old masters," during a residence in Kome
of several 3'ears.
After some conversation, the subject was referred to the
Curators of the Department of Art, to make such arrange-
ments with the Misses Williams as may be deemed advis-
able ; on the understanding that the collection shall be
Essex Inst. Bulletin. vii 4
42
properly cared for by the curators, and that the Institute
be not held responsible in case of fire or accident ; also to
tender to the Misses Williams the sincere thanks of the
Institute for this liberal proposal.
The committee appointed at a previous meeting pre-
sented as their report a new draft of the Constitution and
By-laws of the Institute. After some discussion it was
Voted, That a copy of the report be placed in the rooms
of the Institute, and that the same be presented at the
Annual Meeting in May, for further action.
Eegular Meeting, Monday, February 15, 1875.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Vice Presi-
dent F. W. Putnam in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From E. J. Attlnelli, New York, Feb. 6; Francis H. Appleton, Boston, Feb. 13;
Charles H. Bell, Exeter, N. H., Feb. 5; E. P. Boon, Xew York, Feb. 2; John M.
Bradbury, Ipswich, Feb. 1, 4; C. H. Dall, Boston, Feb. 13; W. H. Dall, Washing-
ton, Feb. 1; George Haskell, Ipswich, Feb. 11 ; A. H. Hoyt, Boston, Feb. 8; Joseph
K. Jenness, Haverhill, Feb. 12; Jacob Leamon, Croton, Ohio, Jan. 25; J. H.
Leavitt, Feb. 2; E. J. Ma3'nard, Newtonville, Feb. 11; Henry Morton, Hoboken,
N. J., Jan. 26; J. W. Moulton, Feb. 10; Nathaniel Paine, Worcester, Feb. 12; W.
S. Perry, Geneva, N. Y., Feb. 9; B. Pcrley Poore, Indian Hill Farm, near New-
buryport, Feb. 1 ; Cyrus Woodman, Cambridge, Feb. 10 ; Bern, Die Naturforschende
Gesellschaft, Aug. ; Dresden, K. Leopoles caro, Deutschen Acad, der Naturfor-
schende, Nov. 17; Eniden, Natui'lbrschende Gesellschaft, Sept. 11; Freiburg, Die
Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Sept. S; Geneve Societe de Physique et d' Histoire
Naturelle, Sept. 15; Neuchatel Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Oct. 19; Yale Col-
lege, Feb. 0; Zurick, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Oct. 1.
The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —
43
By Donation.
BoLLES, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 5.
Humphreys, Brig. Gen. A. A. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers. Pts.
1, 2, 1874. 2 vols. 8vo.
Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Jan. 2, 9, 1'!, 1875.
Mass. Horticultural Society. Schedule of Prizes oflFei'ed by the Mass. Hor-
ticultural Society for 1875.
Peaisody Institute, Danvers. Seventh Annual Report of the Trustees of the,
Year ending March 31, 1874.
Phillips, Chas., of Germantown, Penn. Railroad Report of Penn., 18G3. 1 vol.
8vo. Tlie American Historical Record, 8 numbers. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 91,
Almanacs, 1870, 1871.
PutNAM, H. W. Directory of Peabody, Danvers, Marblehead, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.
K. E. Business Directory, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo. Essex County Directory, 1873. 1 vol.
8vo. Mass. Register and Business Directory, 1872. 1 vol. 8vo.
Ropes, W. L., of Andover, Mass. Catalogue of Andover Theol. Seminary, 1874-75.
U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Jan. 5, 12, 1875.
Waters, J. L. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 50.
Williams, James, of Columbus, Ohio. Annual Report of the Auditor of the
State ot Ohio, 1874. 1 vol. 8vo.
By Exchange.
Accademia"d' Agricoltura Commercio ED Art di Verona. Blemoire, Vol.
L, II Serie, Fasc. 11, 1874. Vol. L, II Serie, Fasc. I, II, 1874,
Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliol. 3e Serie, Tome xiv. No. iv, 1874.
INSTITUT HiSTORiQUE. PARIS. L' Investigateur. 40 Annee. No. vi, Nov., 1874.
Kaiserliche Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutschen Akademie dek
Naturforscher in Dresden. Leopoldina, Heft vii, viii, ix, 1871, 1872, 1873.
Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bern. Mittheilungen, Nos. 812-827, 1873.
Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Freiburg. Berichtc, Band vi, Heft II,
III, 1873. 2 pamphlets.
Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zurich. Vierteljahrsschrift, Jahrg. xviii,
1873.
Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Emden. Jahresbericht, 1873. 8vo. 1874.
New England Historic-Genealogical Society. New England Historical
and Genealogical Register, Jan., 1875.
SociETE D' Acclimation, Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, 3me Serie, Tome i, No. 10,
Oct., 1874.
SociETE D' Anthropologie, Paris. Bulletins, ! ome ix, lie Serie, 2e Fascicule,
1874.
SocifiTfi DES Sciences Naturelles, Neuchatel. Bulletin, Tome x, 1873-4.
Memoires, Tome iv, 2nd pt., 1874.
SociETE de Physique et d' Histoire Naturelle, Geneve. Memoires, Tome
xxiii, 2nd pt., 1873-74.
Publishers. American Journal of Science. Forest and Stream. Gardener's
Monthly. Gloucester Telegrapli. Ilardwicke's Science-Gossip. Haverhill Gazette.
Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Public Spirit.
Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Post. Salem Observer.
Mrs. C. A. Carlton, of Salem', was elected a resident
member.
44
Rev. George Batchelor presented a memoir of our
late associate, Hon. Benjamin F. Broavne, of Salem.
Referred to the publication committee.
Mr. John Robinson read the following paper, illus-
trating the same with diagrams and specimens : —
FERNS OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASS.
One of the most important objects of the Essex Insti-
tute is the collecting and investigation of Essex County
products of every sort. Oakes, Russell, Nichols, Fowler,
Putnam, Packard, Hyatt, Tracy and others have each in
turn worked at this, and all seem to have agreed in
leaving the ferns for some one else to look up. The
rocks, insects, fishes, birds, mammals, early inhabitants
and Indian remains, flowering plants, mosses, and lichens,
have been more or less fully reported upon ; but the ferns,
even so abundant and conspicuous as they are, were
omitted. Searching the publications of Essex County
societies, no notice or list of ferns is to be found ; even
Tracy's "Plants of Lynn" stops just upon them. I have
for some years been interested in these curious and beau-
tiful plants, and have given special notice to those in our
county and have searched myself with friends in the fol-
lowing localities, thoroughly or in part : — Lynn, Swamp-
scott, Saugus, Lynnfield, Danvers, Peabody, Salem,
Beverly, Manchester, Essex, Gloucester, Rockport, Ips-
wich, Newbury, North Andover, Bradford, Wenham,
Topsfield, Marblehead, Groveland, Middleton, and have
had the assistance of Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, of George-
town, who kindly gives me the localities for that region,
about which I know very little myself.
Among the older botanists, now gone, who gave ferns
some particular notice, was William Oakes, of Ipswich,
and judging from looking over the beautifully prepared
45
specimens he left to tell of his earnest labor as a botanist,
I should think he had noticed about two-thirds of our
county ferns.
The arrangement in this paper is according to Gray's
botany, fifth edition, where full descriptions of each
species will be found. ^
We have represented in the county, so for as is now
known, sixteen genera, including twenty-nine species and
about eight book varieties. A very few species may
possibly be added after a careful search, but that is ex-
tremely doubtful.
I will take these species in order, and notice each sep-
arately, commencing with : —
1. Onoclea skxsibilis L.
Sensitive Fern.
So called on account of the habit of quickly turning black after the
first frosts. The fertile and sterile fronds are entirely different in ap-
pearance, the former not showing themselves till August and then
becoming rigid and remaining perfect almost through a second season,
while the sterile fronds commence to unfold eai-ly in May, are very
broad, and perish at the first frost. Common everywhere.
2. A very curious abnormal form is the var. obtuselohata of Torrey,
not a true variety but only an occasional state of a frond of the ordi-
nary plant. This illustrates how the sterile and fertile fronds in
dimorphous ferns can be shown to resemble each other and is only a
half-way state between sterile and fertile, so to speak. Frequent,
with No. 1.
3. Stuutiiioptkris Geiimanica "Willd.
Ostrich Fern.
This is the tallest of all New England ferns, growing to a height
of six feet, and yet it is one of the most graceful of our species. It
is not coarse, and spreads by numerous underground runners, tilling
whole fields in parts of New Hampshire and Vermont, whei-e I have
1 It should be noted that this paper was illustrated by perfect herbarium speci-
mens of each species and variety referred to, renderinj^ botanical descrijjtions
unnecessary. English names are added for each species, though many are poor
enough.
46
walked among plants, though not of the largest growth, with only
my head above them. Like the last, the fruit spike is separate and
rigid, often found the second year black and persistent, while the
spikes of that season are new and green. I included this in the list
of Essex County ferns, as the place from which I knew it was but
just beyond the county line in North Reading, towards Middleton, not
nearer one town than the other. I have since heard from Mrs. Horner,
who reports it from Georgetown ; she, therefore, is first to add this
truly noble fern to our county list.
i. WooDsiA Ilvensis E. Br.
Hairy Woodsia.
This is a rare fern in Europe, but here is very abundant, particu-
larly on the hills about Salem. A short, woolly plant growing in tufts.
It is found in Danvers, Swampscott, Wenham, and in fact in almost
every hilly town.
5. Woodsia obtusa Torrey.
Blunt Woodsia.
Not so abundant as the last, taller and more delicate. The small
forms resemble Cystopteris fragilis, with which it often grows. There
is a fine locality for this at Peabod}', on the Swampscott road, and it
is to be found in Salem pastures, Beverly, Middleton and elsewhere.
6. DiCKSONIA PUNCTILOBULA KUUZC.
Hay-scented Fern.
This is the only American representative of a genus which in the
tropics boasts of the noblest of tree ferns, including the D. antarctica
of Tasmania, the trunk of which rises to the height of thirty or forty
feet, crowned by a circle of enormous fronds, some even twenty feet
to their tips. Our humble Dicksonia is one of our most common and
yet most beautiful ferns. It grows by creeping, underground stems,
and sometimes is found with fronds three or four feet high ; the fruit
is vei'y small on the little lobes of the pinnules, the fronds are much
dissected and almost always widest at the base. When crushed it
has a very pleasant aromatic odor, and after a frost this is quite notice-
able in the woods where the plants grow.
7. Cystopteris fragilis Bernh.
Delicate Bladder Fern.
This will be found in old stone walls where the earth is banked up
high at the back, and in damp, rocky woods or ravines. There are
many fine localities in Salem, Beverly, Essex, Swampscott and else-
47
whore. This is an early fern and often in dry seasons by August the
fruit will have perfected and the fronds entirely have disappeared (it
should be looked for in June). I found at Essex in September, 1873,
a plant that, thinking the dry summer was its winter rest, had with
the September rains again started; I collected several fine young
fronds at that late date.
This varies considerably ; the less cut form is var. dentata, but not
approving of naming every variation, as some seem to do, the most
prominent ones only are given in this list.
8. Adiantum pedatum L.
Maiden Hair.
By many considered our most beautiful fern, and when seen in the
grand clumps two feet or more high, as I have seen them in this
county at the fine locality in North Andover, one can hardly find in
any conservatory a more elegant, graceful or delicate fern. It grows
sparingly in Salem, Danvers, Lynnfield, Georgetown and some other
places. In the western part of this state, Vermont and southward,
it is found by the acre. It varies but slightly even in Californian
specimens.
9. Pteris aquilina L.
Eagle Fern. Bracken.
Common along railroad tracks and gravelly places skirting and in
the woods. This is in England one of the rankest growing ferns,
sometimes attaining a height of twelve feet. I think six feet from
the ground to the tip, when lifted up, is the extreme that has been
noticed here. Most beautifully crisped forms and often strange devel-
opments of the pinnules may be found in the county specimens, some
of which approach the var. caudata which grows south.
10. WooDWARDiA ViRGiNiCA Smith.
Chain Fern.
(The fruit upon the underside of the fertile pinnules is in short
lines, resembling the links of a chain.)
In searching for this fern I spent three days before finding it in a
locality now nearly destroyed, known to Mr. Enssell. Since then I
have found it growing profusely around many ponds or in swamps at
Beverly, Hamilton, Essex, Manchester, Wenham, Georgetown (Mrs.
Horner), etc. This is the only fern I have ever observed growing
under water. Many grow near the water, but this I have I'epeatedly
found growing, even at low water seasons, with the rhizome creeping
48
out iuto the pond, with little if any earth over it, which seems at
variance with the rest of the ferns hereabouts.
11. ASPLENIUM TlUCIIOMANES L.
Dwarf Spleenwort.
A charming little fern growing- upon the rocks, with its black,
thread-like roots working their way so deep into the crevices that it
is with difficulty removed without breaking them off. This varies
greatly in size, but in the cutting very slightly. Not rare ; good
localities in Peabody, Marblehead, Georgetown, etc.
12. ASPLENIUM EBENEUM Ait.
Ebony Si^leenwort.
Found in pine woods near rocks, but not so much on and in them
as No. 11, which in general style it resembles, although never to be
mistaken for it. A much serrated form is frequently met with, and the
fronds are often found split, forming a double apex. Found in nearly
every town ; fine localities in Beverly, Essex, etc.
13. ASPLENIUM THELYPTEROIDES Mlchx.
Silvery Spleenwort.
This is a rare fern with us but very abundant in Vermont and
western Massachusetts, particularly near the eastern end of the
Hoosac tunnel, on the path to the "twin cascades." The fruit on the
fertile pinnules is very regular and distinct, a very beautiful object
under the microscope. The only plant I know of this is at Swarap-
scott. It is at Georgetown (Mrs. Horner), Lynnfleld (Russell), and
" with Mr. Oakes it was a favorite fern and found by him at Ipswich."
(Prof. Tuckerman.)
14. AsPLENiUM FiLix-FCEMiNA Bemh.
Lady Fern.
The most abundant and variable of all our ferns, except, perhaps,
Aspidium spimdosum. It grows everywhere, in sun and shade, and
often so much fruited that the fronds will look black. It sometimes
is found nearly four feet high, and one quite marked variety has the
lower pinnae as long, if not longer than the rest, while in the common
form they are conspicuously reduced.
Some will confound this with Dicksonia, when not in fi'uit, and with
Aspidium spinulosum, but the difference will be I'eadily seen upon
examination. Common everywhere.
49
15. AsPiDiuM ACROSTiCHoiDES Sv/artz.
Christmas Fern.
It is found abundantly near the first pond on tlie road to tlac Che-
bacco liouse, Essex : also in Beverly woods ; near the turnpike and
floating bridge; Audover; Danvers, etc. This is a rigid, evergreen
species, and is very abundant north and south; one of the best for
decorative purposes, as it keeps well. There is some variation to the
cutting of the fronds, and one is called var. incisum. The peculiar
fruiting of tills fern distinguishes it from all others of our species,
hence the name acrostichoides, for the fruit dots becoming confluent,
the pinnae curl, and the whole looks as if one mass of spore cases, as
it is with the genus Acrostichum, hence resembling Acrostichum, or
Acrostichoides.
16. AspiDiUM Thelypteris Swartz.
Marsh Fern.
Formerly this fern was confused with A. Noveboracense, but the
conspicuously reduced pinnae of the latter, as well as the lighter color,
should have been noticed as distinguishing points; it is also quite
difi"ereut in the fruiting. Found in every meadow and by every road-
side as well as in deep woods and in bogs. Perfect specimens can be
found in full fruit from six inches to Jive feet high, and from one inch
to one foot wide. Where it grows exposed to the sun tlie pinnse are
curled up and quite angular, while in tlie shade they are less fruited,
wide spreading and more delicate,
17. AsPiDiuM NovEBOKACENSE Swartz.
New York Fern.
More delicate than the last, not revolute when well fruited, and
growing in less wet places. Common in the woods. By the latter
part of September this and the Dicksonia become, under favorable
circumstances, pure white, and form a very beautiful addition to the
decorating ferns for winter.
18. AspiDiuM SPiNULOSUM Swartz.
PricJclij Toothed Wood Fern.
This is the typical form of a most protean species, varying from
plants perfectly fruited only six inches high to heavy forms four feet
high ; and in width from six inches on a plant four feet high to more
than a foot on a plant but two feet high. And here is not all ; the
variations in cutting are as great as those of height and width. We
50
find it not twice pinnate and fully three times so, with fruit scarcely
visible, and dots so large as to be plainly seen at quite a distance.
Sometimes the lower pinnag are much reduced, sometimes very much
extended. To take prominent varieties one would at a glance pro-
nounce them very different species, so much more do they vary in
appearance than many species which are distinct; but I can show a
suite of specimens which run so gradually from one to another that
it will at once be seen that to draw a separating line would be quite
impossible, and the best that can be done is to name the prominent
forms as varieties. The typical plant is rare and as yet I have only
found it at Essex. Doubtless other localities will be discovered.
19. Var. intermedium. The common form will be found in nearly
every patch of woods.
20. Var. dilatatum is a larger and more cut form, most common at
the mountain regions of New Hampshire. A near approach to it can
be obtained at Essex, Beverly, Georgetown (Mrs. Horner), etc.
21. Var. Boottii is much mox-e narrow, reduced at the base. This,
to judge from the specimens I And, which are very numerous, seems
to resemble much more closely A. cristatum than A. spinulosum. The
sterile fronds particularly resemble each other in these two species
and it is often very difficult to decide to which they belong. Is it
possible that this can be a hybrid between A. spinulosum and A. cris-
tatum? Found in shady, swampy land.
22. AspiDiuM CRISTATUM Swartz.
Crested Buclder Fern.
Not so common as some varieties of the last. It grows in similar
localities, but seldom more than one or two clumps in a place together.
The fertile fronds are usually much taller than the sterile and perish
during the winter, while the sterile ones of the previous year are
found quite perfect the next spring.
Found in nearly every town in localities similar to the last.
23. AspiDiuM MARGiXALE Swartz.
Ilarginal or Evergreen Wood Fern.
(So called as the fruit is close to the edge or margin of the pinnule,
and the fronds are often found as perfect in spring as they were before
winter came.)
This fern is of a beautiful blue-green and is found in rocky vpoods,
where the foliage is not thickest. The fronds are twice pinnate and
occsisionally found still more cut. Eight years since I collected in
Swampscott a plant with very broad and much cut fronds. This I
51
have had under cultivation ever since. It keeps its distinct character,
which is striivingly different from the ordinary form. For conven-
ience I have ticketed herbarium specimens from this as vai". elerjans.
Small forms scarcely six inches high and perfectly fruited are often
met with.^ It grows in almost every town in the county.
24. POLYPODIUM VULGARE L.
Common Polypody.
One of our most common ferns, found on rocks and in mossy woods.
This fern has a great many curious forms and in the English fern
books as many as twenty varieties are described, but as it is useless
to undertake to book varieties which are likely to rise to the hundreds
it is best to throw out all but those which are well established as
being sufficiently different from the typical form and constantly remain
so. Found everywhere.
25. Phegopteris polypodioides Fee.
Beech Fern.
Grows in the Essex woods and I have found it in two places in
Common lane, Beverly; it grows in Danvers (Miss Page). This is a
White and Green Mountain fern and, with the next, is rare here.
These two species of Phegopteris usually are found in about the same
localities, growing together in Essex, and quite near each other in
Beverly. This one almost runs into P. hexagonoptera which occurs
about us, and which I hope may yet be found here.
26. Phegopteris Dkyopteris F6e.
Oak Fern.
This as the last is a mountain fern and is found in localities with it.
Both are European Ferns as well as American. Found in Essex, Bev-
erly, Georgetown (Mrs. Horner).
27. OSMUNDA REGALIS L.
Boyal Flowering Fern.
Common in almost all meadows. Sometimes six feet high. Called
flowering fern on account of its liaving the upper pinnae changed to a
2 This comes nearer being a tree fern than any of our species, the caudex covered
by the bases of the fronds of previous seasons, sometimes resting upon bare rocks
for four or five inches without roots or fronds.
52
spike of fruit. Sometimes it will be found with fertile and sterile
pinnules ou the same little division of the frond.
28. OsAiuxDA Claytoniana L.
Interrupted Flowering Fern.
(So called as the fruit is found in the middle of the frond, with
sterile pinnce above and below the fruited ones.) A sterile frond
closely resembles that of the next, but is more delicate, broader
towards the top, and the segments more rounded. Specimens are
found fruited nearly all the way up from the base and one I believe
clear to the top. Common ; fine localities in North Andover, Tops-
field and Salem.
29. Osmund A cinnamomea L.
Cinnamon Fern.
(So called from its color when coming into fruit.) Familiar to all
in pastures and by the roadside, throwing up its tall spikes of fruit in
the centre of a whorl of sterile fronds. Often when in the shade I
have found sterile fronds of this six feet long.
30. Var. frondosa is a state where a portion of the sterile frond
becomes fertile, very curiously imitating the fertile fronds of No.
28. Found everywhere.
31. Lygodtum palmatum Swartz.
Climbing Fern.
Found at Saugus. I have not searched for it myself, but add it on
the authority of Mr. G. E. Emery, of Lynn, a specimen being in the
Institute collection from him.^ All know this fern, and a descrip-
tion is unnecessary. Judging by the way it is sold in Boston one can
hardly help thinking that if the practice of tearing it up so recklessly
continues, it will soon be quite scarce, even at the Windsor and Con-
cord localities.
32. OpniOGLOSSUM VULGATUM L.
Adder's Tongue Fern.
I know of but one locality for this in the county, in Beverly, where
it was first noticed by J. H. Emcrton, 1872. No doubt others are to
be found, as owing to its inconspicuous habits the fern is easily over-
looked. Meadows and wet ground about the clumps of bushes and
hummocks are the places to be searched for it.
5 Tlie above locality is endorsed by Mr. C. M. Tracy.
53
33. BOTRYCHIUM TERNATUM SwartZ.
Ternate Grape Fern.
The Botrj'chiums form one of the most interesting genera of ferns
we Iiere have represented. There are but ten recognized species of
Botrychium linovvn in the world, seven of wliich grow in America.
Our two larger forms are very distinct, but the smaller ones seem to
run into each other, though there are distinctions not at once notice-
able to a casual observer. B. ternatum lias two perfect fronds, one
sterile and one fertile, distinct to the ground. The typical form is
found in California growing to great size, while here the fertile frond
seldom exceeds ten inches in heiglit, with a sterile frond five inches
across. Found at Essex, 1872-4.
3-1. Var. lunarioidcs has more rounded segments than the typical.
The finest specimen I ever saw was found by Mrs. Horner, in George-
town.
35. Var. obliquum. The segments are longer, and are quite oblique
to the rachis.
36. Var. dissecCum. The whole frond is cut and recut till almost
entirely reduced to points. Nos. 3i, 35, 36, are found both in wet
shady places, and in pastures.
37. BoTRYcniUM VinGiNiANUM Swartz.
BattlrsnaJce Fern.
Found in Beverly, and also in Georgetown (Mrs. Horner). This
beautiful and delicate fern is the largest of all the Botrychiums and is
found from Canada to the tropics. Not rare, yet (owing to its never
spreading except by spores) it is seldom found abundant except as a
number of specimens scattered through the woods. In this the fertile
spike is on the same stalk with the sterile frond, all the limbs spring-
ing from a common centre much above the ground. There are one or
two of the small species of Botrychium which possibly may be found
in the county.
FER.VS THAT POSSIBLY MAY YET BE FOUND GROWING
NATURALLY IN ESSEX COUNTY^ MASS.
1. WooDWARDiA ANGUSTiFOLiA Smith. Now fouud in Hinghara
and Dedhara.
2. rHKGorTEUis HEXAGONOPTERA Fee. Fouud in Portland, Brattle-
boro and South.
3. AspiDiUiM CRiSTAxmi var. Cltntoxianum D. C. Eaton. Fouud in
Vermont and New Hampshire.
54
4. AspiDiuM GoLDiANUM Hook. Found in New Hampshire, Ver-
mont and Connecticut.
5. BoTUYcmuM SIMPLEX Hitch. Found on Long Island, Deerfleld,
Mass, etc.
6. BoTRVCHiUM MATRiCARi^FOLiuM A. Br. Found in New Hamp-
shire, New Yorb, Dedham, Mass.
7. BoTUYCiiiUM LANCEOLATUM Augstrom. Fouud in Sudbury,
Mass., etc.
LYGOPODS FOUND IN ESSEX COUNTY.
Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Essex, Peabody, Georgetown.
L. INUNDATUM L. Beverly, Beaver pond ; Chebacco pond.
L. ANNOTixuM L. Chebacco woods (1872, J. R.) ; probably the local-
ity of this rare species was known to Wm. Oakes about 1840.
L. DENDUOIDEUM Mx. also vuv. OBSCUKUM. Commou in almost every
town.
L. CLAVATUM L. Commou North Andover, Georgetown, Essex,
Beverly, etc.
L. coMPLANATUJi L. Very common, including a variety.
Selaginella apus Spring. West Boxford and Georgetown, abun-
dant (Mrs. Horner).
S. KUPESTKis Spring. Common on rocky, bare hills.
IIYDROPTERIDES.
Marsilia quadrifoi-ia L. Has become fully established in a little
pond by Leggs Hill, where it was planted years ago by Mr. Russell
(S. B. Buttrick).
EQUISETACE^.
Equisetum arvense L. Common everywhere.
E. SYLVATicuM L. Not rare in the woods.
E. LTMOSUM L. Weuhara, Topsfleld, etc.
E. HYEMALE L. Danvcrs (J. H. Sears.)
Regular Meeting, Monday, March 1, 1875.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Vice Presi-
dent F. W. PuTNAJVi in the chair. Records of preceding
mcetins^ read.
55
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From Mary J. Safford Blake, Boston, Feb. 20; John M. Bradbury, Ipswich,
Feb. 24; J. Colburn, Boston, Feb. 20; C. F. Crocker, Lawrence, Feb. 17: S. G.
Drake, Boston, Feb. 25; S. A. Green, Boston, Feb. 27; Frederick A. Lucas, Roch-
ester, N. Y., Feb. 28; Alfred Osgood, Newburyport, Feb. 24; Nathaniel Paine,
Worcester, Feb. 19; A. A. Scott, Saiigus, Feb. 18; Boston Public Library, Feb. 25;
Buffalo Historical Society, Feb. 25; Portland Institute, Feb. 18; Worcester Lyceum
and Natural History Association, Feb. 24.
The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —
By Donation.
BOLLES, E. C. Sunday School Helper, 63 numbers. Christian Leader, 12 num-
bers. Sunday School Journal, 5 numbers. Sunday School Teacher, 3 numbers.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 27.
Bkooks, H. M. Woman's Journal, Apr., June, July, Aug., Oct., Nov., Dec, 1874.
City of Boston. City Documents, 1874. 3 vols. 8vo.
Cutter, A. E., of Charlestown, Mass. Ninth Annual Report of the Winchester
Home Corporation for Aged Women, Jan., 1875. 8vo pampli.
FoOTE, H. W., of Boston, M^ass. Sermon preaclied at King's Chapel, Sunday,
Jan. 3, 1S75. 8vo pamph.
Gkeen, S. a., of Boston, Mass. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 70.
Lee, Johx C. Commercial Bulletin, Feb. 13, 20, 27, 1875.
Mass. Charitable Mechanic Association. Twelfth Exhibition of the, Sept.
Oct., 1874. 8vo pamph.
By Exchange.
American Philosophical Society. Proceedings of. Vol. xiv. June-Dec.
No. 93. 1874.
New England Historic-Genealogical Society-. Proceedings of the, Jan.
6, 1875. 8vo pamph.
Wisconsin Academy. Transactions of the. Vol. li, 1873-4.
Publishers. Forest and Stream. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Sci-
ence-Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Clironicle. Lawrence American.
Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation.
Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Salem Post.
After remarks by the chair in relation to the very in-
teresting photographs of ancient stone houses on the cliffs
of the Mancos Valley, which had been taken by Messrs.
Jackson and Ingersoll, of the Haydeu Expedition, it was
Voted, To invite Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, of the Hay-
den Expedition, to give an illustrated lecture on the
recent archaeological discoveries of the expedition.
56
Mr. Putnam then called Dr. G. A. Perkins to the chair,
and occupied the evening by giving an account of the
fortifications, and other enclosures, made by the Indians
and the older races in North America. First, calling at-
tention to the fortitications which, from historical evi-
dence, were known to have been made and occupied b}- the
different Indian tribes at the early period of the settle-
ment of North America by the white race, he described
their characteristic structure, wjiich, generally, was that
of low earth embankments, with, or without, an outside
ditch, and these embankments were generally surmounted
by palisades. In other instances the walls were of stone
in the place of earth, and in many forts palisades were
used withont additional defence. He then described
those which, for several reasons, were considered as hav-
ing been erected by the monnd builders. These were,
so far as yet known, confined to the great Mississippi
valley, the Ohio valley, and the southern and south-
western parts of the country. These structures are far
more imposing than those made by the Indians, and are
built with more regard to permanence. Many are so
situated as to have formed almost impregnal)le positions,
and we cannot but b'?lieve that their defenders must have
maintained them for 3'ears, until finally they were forced,
by continued battles and probably from lack of subsis-
tence, to migrate farther to the southwest, or were so re-
duced by starvation as to become exterminated.
jNIany interesting comparisons were made between the
fortifications in different parts of the countrv, and also
those of South America, the Pacific Islands and the an-
cient parts of the old world, showing that in all lands, and
during nearly all time, there had been a continued system
of warfare and extermination of races.
BULLETIN
OF THE
Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., Apuil, 1875. No. 4.
One Dollar a Year In Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.
CATALOGUE OF THE FIRST ART EXHIBITION, JIARCH, 1875.
2^0.
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20'
21
22
23
24
23
Marriage of St. Catherine.*
View from Taonnina in Sicily, looking
towards Messina.*
Copy of St. Margaret dispelling the
Dragon with the Cross in the Church
of San Pietro in Vincoli at Rome, by
Guercino.*
Copy of the Madonna Enthroned, by
Pintni'icchio, at Perugia.*
Copy of tlie Marriage of St. Catherine
by Murillo in tlie Vatican Gallery.*
View of Ischia IVom Capri.*
Erithrean Sibyl.*
View on the Koad to Vallombrosa.*
Lake Como fi'oni San Giovanni.*
Lake Maggiore from Bavenc*
Lake Como from Bellagio.*
Study of Capucliiu Monks.*
SansSouci.*
View of Sorrento and Bay of Naples.*
Un Bnjocco per Carita.*
A Roman Maiden.
Heidelberg Castle and Town.*
Cloister Life in the Olden Time.*
The Roman Forum at Sunset; view
from tlie Capitol.*
Copy of some Angels in the Corona-
tion of the Virgin, by Rapliael, in
the Vatican.*
View of Mount ^tna from Taormina.*
Roman Beggar.*
View of Tivoli and its Falls*
.Study of an Arab, from life.*
Roman Peasant Girl.*
Contributor.
Mary E. Williams
Artist.
Antonio Balestra.
A. O. Williams.
Mary E. Williams.
Mary E. Williams.
Mary
A. O.
Mary
A. O.
A.O.
A.O.
A.O.
Mary
Mary
A.O.
Mary
Mary
A.O.
Mary
E. Williams.
Williams.
E. Williams.
Willi;im3.
Williams.
■WilliMms.
Williams.
E. Williams.
E. AVilliams.
AVilliams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
Williams.
E. Williams.
Moretti.
Mary E. Williams.
A. O. AVilliams.
Mary E. Williams.
A.O. Williams.
Mary E. Williams.
Mary E. Williams.
Essex Inst. Bulletin.
VII
58
No.
26 Tomb of Cecilia Metella and the Via
Appia looliing towards Rome.*
27 Study of an Arab's Head, from life.*
28 Little Wild Flower.*
29 Bay of Salerno; view on the road to
Amalfl.*
30 Palermo.*
31 American Autumn.*
32 Old Joanna.*
33 The Alchemil^t.*
34 The Tenants of our Kitchen.*
35 Italian Kitchen.* .
36 Angel of the Annunciation; copied
from Pluturicchio.
37 Madonna; copied from Pinturicchio.
38 Papyrus growing on the River Anapo
in Sicily.*
39 Saracenic Tombs at Taormina.
40 Stella, Roman Costume.*
41 Roman Peasant.*
42 Pifl'eraro.*
43 Capucliin Monk.*
44 Star Grass.
45 Fringed Gentian.
46 Mallows.
47 Lady's Slipper.
48 Mountain Laurel.
49 Lysiinachia and Lobelia.
50 Harebell.
51 I'ainted Cup.
52 Cardinal Flower.
53 Closed Gentian.
54 Gay Feather and Burnett.
55 Nodding Lily.
5B Meadow Lily.
57 A Copy by Farrar, from a Water Color
Sketch by Jno. W. Turner.*
58 A view on the Androscoggin River m
Betliel, Me., a sketch in oils by But-
man.*
59 Crayon drawing from a cast of an
antique head.
60 Millbrook Falls — Thornton, N. H.—
pencil sketch.
61 Water color drawing; Lake Winnipl-
sauke.*
62 Landscape.*
63 Landscape.*
64 Pliotoffraph from a portrait.*
65 Etching, by Vandyke ; portrait of Paul
Pontius.
66 Pliotngraph from a poi-trait of the
Duke d'Olivares.
67 Paul preaching at Atliens; engraving
by Dorigny, after Raphael.
68 Landscape.*
69 The Transfiguration; engraved by
Dorigny after Raphael.*
70 Landscape; engraved by Woolett,
after Claude.*
71 Engraving; "Comfort the Fatherless
and the Widow," from a design by
Fiaxman.
72 Landscape; Livermore Falls, Plym-
outh, N. H.*
73 Landscape; Medford Salt Marshes.*
Contributor.
Mary E.Williams.
G. L. Chandler.
Artist.
A. O. Willi-^ms.
Mary E. Williams.
Mary E. Williams.
A. O. Williams.
A. O. Williams.
A. O. Williams.
Mary E. Williams.
Mary E. Williams.
Mary E. Williams.
Mary E. Williams.
Mai-y E. Williams.
Mary E. Williams, j
A. O.
A. O.
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
M ary
Mary
Williams.
W^illiams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
E. Williams.
F. W. Butman.
G. L. Chandler.
G. L. Chandler.
Wheelock.
S. L. Gerry.
W. A. Gay.
W. M. Hunt.
Vandyck.
Velasquez.
Raphael.
R. H. Fuller.
Raphael.
Claude.
Fiaxman.
G. L. Brown.
G. L. Brown.
59
No.
Contributor,
Artist.
74
Four photoffi-aphs; Landscapes from
Turner's Liber Studiorum.
G. L. Chandler.
Ira W. Turner.
75
Crevasse on the Mer de Glace; Chro-
mo-litlio}rraph.
"
G. L. Chandler.
76
Head of Daniel Webster; a photo-
graph from a relievo in marble, life
77
size.
The Prophet Zachariah; carbon pho-
tograph, from the fresco by M.
Angelo.
"
78
Italian Shepherd.*
Mr. Newcomb.
George Newcomb.
79
View in Conway, N. H., near Artists'
Mill.*
''
George Newcomb.
80
Kiarsarge Brook, Conway.*
"
George Newcomb.
81
Artists' Brook, Conway.*
a
George Newcomb.
82
Mooniise and Sunset, White Head
Harbor, Portland.
E. S. Morse.
H. B. Brown.
S3
Out-door Sketch, Campton, N. H.
"
H. B. Brown.
84
Palette Knife Sketch.
"
H. B. Brown.
85
American Bittern; Pastel from Still
Life.
Mrs. Osgood.
Mrs. G. P. Osgood.
86
Woodcock from Still Life.
"
Mrs. G. P. Osgood.
87
Water Color, Autumn Leaf and Maid-
enhair.
Miss L.H.Cleveland
88
Water Color, Autumn Leaves.
Miss L. H.Cleveland
89
Lake Lucerne.
Helen Philbrick.
90
Autumn Scene.
Helen Philbrick.
91
vVater Color.
Eliza Philbrick.
92
Sketch in Oil.
Chas. T. Jenkins.
G.W.Alston .lenkins
93
Clytie. Charcoal.
Miss Caller.
Miss Ida Caller.
94
Copy from Photograph, Charcoal.
"
Miss Ida Caller.
95
Head — original.
"
Miss Ida Caller.
96
Child's Head. Charcoal.
"
Miss Ida Caller.
97
Eastern Beauty, Charcoal.
" .
Miss Ida Caller.
98
Fruit Piece.
Mrs. Metcalf.
Mrs. E. S. Metcalf.
99
Lamb bound for Slaughter.
<'
Mrs. E. S. Metcalf.
100
Italian Doves.
a
Mrs. E. S. Metcalf.
101
La Cucitrice.
"
Mrs. E. S. Metcalf.
102
Landscape.
Mrs. J. S. Cabot.
Gifford.
103
Portrait of Danish Prince, Copy.
•'
MissM. E.Williams
104
Grapes.
(C
Mrs. R. H. Lathrop.
105
Table Top.
Mrs. Kemble.
Mrs. E. T. Kemble.
106
Table Top.
"
Mrs. E. T. Kemble.
107
Table Top.
<'
Mrs. E. T. Kemble.
108
Tile.
<'
Mrs. E. T. Kemble.
109
Tile.
"
Mrs. E. T. Kemble.
110
Derby Mansion.
E. S. Morse.
E. S. Morse.
111
The Lookout.
"
E. S. Morse.
112
Norman's Woe near Gloucester, Mass.
Scene of the Wreck of the Hes-
perus.*
Mrs. Kindler.
Mrs. A. M. Kindler.
113
Study of Cattle.*
"
Mrs. A. M. Kindler.
114
Eastern Point.
"
Mrs. A. M. Kindler.
115
Marine View.*
li
Mrs. A. M. Kmdler.
116
Full Military Record of Gen. U. S.
Gi-ant executed on the Principle of
Reynold's Escutcheon of Military
Service.
J. P. Reynolds.
R. L. Bi-own.
117
Military Record.
"
R. L. Brown.
118
Militiiry Record.
It
R. L. Brown.
119
Shadow Dance.
Miss Caller.
Miss Ida Caller.
120
Terrier.
"
Miss Alice Callei*.
121
Pen and Ink Composition.
George Flint.
George M. White.
122
Peace.
John Robinson.
123
Pond Lilies.
"
Miss Mary A. Clark
124
House Seven Gables.
"
George M. White.
60
No:
125 I Copy of Portrait of Raphael (pur-
clmseil at Florence).
128 I Castle of St. Angelo.
127 Fancy Heart. . ^, „
128 Land'scape, Head Waters of the Saco
River.
129 Off Cape Race.
130 Fairy Tales.
11 irS^C^Ssi English Water color
Clironio.
133 Bridge at Bassee.
134 John Brown.
135 Crayon from Model.
1.3G The Winnower.
137 Fuchsia on Rice Paper.
138 Painted Cup.
139 Wistaria.
140 Sketch.
141 Water Color.
142 Water Color.
143 View on the Hudson.
144 Portland Harbor from Cushing's Isl
and.
145 Motto in Water Colors.
146 Violets.
147 Water Color.
148 Charcoal Sketch near Readville.
149 Copy from an Oil Painting.
150 The Monk, after Hunt.
151 Pine Grove, Blue Hdl.
152 Copy of Head by Hunt.
153 Italian Boy.
15t Oak Bluff, Water Color.
155 Bird and Nest.
15(! Medallion; Europe; photograph.
157 Medallion; Asia; photograph.
158 Medallion; Africa; photograph.
1.59 Medallion; America; photograph.
I(i0 Sunset.
161 The Mountain Brook.
1G2 Cape Elizabeth.
163 Lucrece.
104 Artists' Reunion.
165 Socrates instructing Alcibiades.
166 L,ilv, charcoal copy.
167 Hand Irom a cast.
liiS Grapes from cast.
169 Japan Lily, Charcoal.
170 Currants.
171 Autumn.
172 Early Morning at Sea.
173 Path in the Woods.
174 Fruit.
175 Gorge near btowe, Vt.
170 Wild Cattle, Engravmg.
177 Panel ; Api)le Blossom.
178 Panel; Lilac.
179 Panel; Wild Rose.
180 Panel; Violets.
181 Panel; Golden Rod.
182 Blue Gentian, Water Color.
183 Thistle Piece,* " ''
184 Table Top. Pen and Ink.
185 Panel.
186 Panel.
A.J. Archer.
Elijah W. Upton.
W. D. Northend.
John Robinson.
N. Kopes.
A. G. Browne.
Mr. Whitney.
Miss Johnson.
Miss M. E. Briggs,
Miss Johnson.
M. G. Wheatland.
Mr. Dodge.
Miss Johnson.
Miss Quimby.
Miss Smith.
Miss Kimball.
Geo. R. Chapman.
E. S. Atwood.
Mrs. F. H. Lee.
O. P. Lord.
Miss Peirson.
Miss Osgood.
Miss Smith.
T. F. Hunt.
W. D. Northend.
Miss Caller.
Miss H. Putnam.
Miss Grant.
Mrs. Davis.
Mrs. G. Z. Silsbee.
Champnev.
S. G. W. Benjamin.
Miss H. F. Osborne.
T.T. Spear.
Dufrosne.
T. S. Noble.
Charles F. Whitney.
Miss Kate Johnson.
Miss Kate Johnson.
Miss Kate Johnson.
Miss Kale Johnson.
Gav.
L. E. Merrill.
Rebecca Munroc.
Miss Forrester.
Miss E
William
Miss K;
Miss A.
Miss S.
Miss S.
Miss S.
Miss S.
Miss S.
Miss S.
Miss S.
Miss S.
Gardner.
B. Dodge,
(te Johnson.
M. Quimby.
E. Smith.
E. Smith.
E. Smith.
E. Smith.
E. Smith.
E. Smith.
S. Kimball.
S. Kimball.
Loemons.
Miss M. T. Hersey.
Goodman.
Hamman.
Schopin.
Pupil of S. E. Smith.
S. E. Smith.
" Miss Williams.
Miss S. E. Smith.
George M. White.
George M. White.
S. G. W. Benjamin.
J. J. Enneking.
Italian.
George M. White.
Land seer.
Miss Alice Caller.
Miss A. Caller.
Miss A. Caller.
Miss A. Caller.
Miss A. Caller.
Miss H. G. Carlton.
Miss C. L. Grant.
Mrs. H. H. Davis.
Miss Silsbee.
Miss Silsbee.
61
No.
Contributor.
Artist.
187
Natli'l Hawthorne at age of 36.
R. C. Manning.
Charles Osgood.
188
Portrait.
"
E. L. Custer.
18!)
Afternoon on L.Wallansee, Svritzer'd.
"
E. L. Cu.^ter.
190
Cascade, Franconia.
a
S. P. Hodgdon.
191
Fruit.
"
192
Study, Landscape.
"
E. L. Custer.
19:5
Horse, Pencil Drawing.
BenJ. Henderson.
194
Portland Ligtit.
E. C. Bolles.
H. B. Browne.
195
Flower Piece.
A. E. Whitiuore.
19G
Flower Piece.
A. E. Wliitmore.
197
Sket(;h in Conway.
C. H. Weston.
George Xewcomb.
198
A Study.
Miss K. Brooks.
Miss Kitty Brooks.
199
View in" South Salem.
Miss K. Pierson.
Miss C. C. Lawrence.
200
Seven Pen Sl^etidies.
Miss Saltonstall.
201
Portrait, painted 1790.
Gardner Barton.
202
Head of a Horse, after Landseer.
Mrs. Merritt.
Mrs. E. S. Merritt.
203
Roman Boy (copy after VV. M. Hnnt).
Miss Smith.
Miss S. B. Smith.
204
Italian Boy, a study from life.
"
Miss S. E. Smith.
205
xMntto, Water Color.
•'
Miss Dunning.
20(i
Baby (copy after W. M. Hunt).
'»
Miss Smith.
207
Rainbow Creek, Florida (copy after
Hunt).
'•
Miss S. E. Smith.
208
Pansies.
i(
Miss S. E. Smith.
209
Red Uose.
Miss S. E. Smith.
210
Flower Panel.
Miss S. E. Smith.
211
Flower Panel.
Miss S. E. Smith.
212
Flower Panel.
Miss S. E. Smith.
213
Flower Panel.
Miss S. E. Smith.
214
Fruit.
S. E. C. Oliver.
215
Ship Rock.
C. Cooke.
George M. White.
210
Study.
George M. White.
217
White .Mountains.
J. A.Gillis.
Gerry.
218
Winter Landscnpe.
MissH.H. Silsbee.
MIss'E. Gardner.
219
Engraving, Sistine Madonna.
B. H. Silsbee.
220
221
Engraving, The descent from the
Cross.
Engraving, St. Michael slaying the
Dragon.
(1
222
Engraving. Christ bearing the Cross.
(1
223
Valley of the Peniigewasset.
<i
S. L. Gerry.
224
C(i|)y of Madonna by Murillo.
i<
225
Engraving, Marriage of St. Catherine.
"
22G
Ferns, etc.
Lucy E. Merrill.
227
Water Color, Cat o' Nine Tail.
Helen F. Ayres.
228
Pink Si)ira;a, Hardback.
Helen F. Ayres.
229
Water Color, Flower piece.
Ellen Robb'ins.
2.{0
Flower Piece.
Ellen Kobbins.
231
( onvolvulus.
Ellen Robbins.
232
Gladioli.
Ellen Robbins.
233
Winter Scene.
M. Macpherson.
234
Landscape.
M. Macpherson.
235
Loon.
M. Macpherson.
230
Eclio Lnke.
J. W. Averill.
237
Gioup of Cattle.
J. W. Averill.
238
Fruit Piece.
I. Fellows.
Mi.ss S. E. Fellows.
239
Landscai)e.*
Miss Perkins.
Miss Annie Perkins.
240
Water Color.*
Miss Annie Perkins.
241
Water Color.
I. Fellows.
Miss S. E. Fellows.
242
Ezokiel.
Mrs. Nourse.
243
Joel.
244
Spanish Lady.
Panel in Oil.
• <
245
E.W.Upton.
Miss .J. A. Stetson.
240
Sliylock and Jessica.
Ames.
247
Feeding Chickens,
Miss H. F. Osborne.
248
Panel, Pansies.
Miss H. F. Osborne.
62
No.
Contributor.
Artist.
249
Poet's Dream.
C. A. Ropes.
Alex. Vion.
250
Canadian Winter.
'•
Creighofl".
251
Kitchen and chicken.
a
Coutericr.
252
Dessert.
a
X. L. Marsh.
253
The Dumb Donkey.
"
Lalaisse.
254
Tlie First Ride.
"
Lalaisse.
265
Madonna.
"
Shraeder.
25t;
The Transfiguration.
"
S. B. Waugh.
257
Resignation.
((
Unknown.
258
Eastern Point.
"
Lane.
259
English Inn.
"
D. F. Noterm.iy.
21)0
Barn Yard.
"
261
Sir Galahad's Guest, from Tennyson's
" Holy Grail."
Miss Osborne.
Miss H. F. Osborne.
262
Portrait of Daniel Webster, a relievo
in marble.*
Mr. Chandler.
G. L. Chandler.
263
Portrait of Washington.
Mr. Southward.
George Southward.
264
Marine View.
•'
George Southward.
265
George Washington.
E. W. Upton.
J. Ames.
266
Fruit Piece.
Miss Pratt.
Miss Pratt.
267
Fruit Piece.
Miss Pratt.
268
Rev. Dr. Cutler's Barn, Hamilton, Ms.
F. Lamson.
H. S. Fiske.
269
View Belknap. N. H.
''
H. S. Fiske.
270
Lamson's Bridge, Topsfleld.
"
C. C. JIarcy.
271
Cymbeline, Water Color.
W. H. Foster.
H. L. Burchniore.
272
Interior.
"
Unknown.
273
Interior.
•'
Unknown.
274
Fruit Piece.
Miss Saltonstall.
.John Sutton.
275
Lynntleld Pond.
'•
R. D. WMlkie.
276
Copy and Design, Breast-plate and
War Mantle. Minerva.
Miss Carlton.
Miss H. E. Carlton.
277
Flowers from Nature.
D. B. Hagar.
Miss H. E. Carlton.
278
Table Top, Roman Mosaic.
Mrs. J. O. Safford.
279
Fancy Carved Ink Stand.
Willie Siiflford.
280
Marine View.
Mrs. John N. Mott.
Dr. Rnggles.
281
Roses.
"
Miss Sindbcrg.
282
Venice, Moonlight.
"
283
Venice, Moonlight.
"
284
Water F.ill.
Mrs. G. H. Wood.
Griggs.
285
Early Autumn.*
Mrs. Kindler.
Mrs. Kindler.
286
A Sibyl; copy from Guercino.
Mrs. J. II. Silsbee.
287
Rabbits, copy.
Miss Grant.
Miss Lydia Grant.
288
Lion, copy, charcoal.
Miss Pickering.
Miss Pickering.
289
Azalia and Vase.
"
Miss Pickering.
290
Cupid from Cast, charcoal.
Miss Brown.
Miss Alice Brown.
291
Winter Scene, copy.
Miss Nichols.
C. F. A. Nichols.
292
Flowers, copy.
"
C. F. A. Nichols.
293
S|>ools, from object.
Miss Oliver.
]\Iiss Lizzie Oliver.
294
Venetian Scene.
J. M. Caller.
Defaux.
295
Church and Piazza of St. Peter's at
Rome.
Miss Williams.
Moretti.
296
View on the Tiber near Rome.
Geo. R. Emmerton.
J. M. Emmerton.
297
Monastery in Gottenberg.
J. M. Caller.
Detaux.
298
Artist's Brook, North Conway.
Daniel Low.
George Newcomb.
299
Panel.
Mrs.F. C.Butman.
Miss Butman.
300
Apple Blossom.
"
Miss Butman.
301
Original painting of Cleopatra, by
Guido.
Miss E. Gardner.
Guido.
302
Terrier Study.
Miss Agge.
Miss A. Agge.
305
Abd El Kndir, from Bronze.
"
Miss Affge.
304
Contentment, water color.
Miss Brown.
C. P. Brown.
305
The Little Foxes.
W. D. Northend.
Carter.
303
Autumn Leaves.
Miss Allen.
Miss Allen.
307
Nangus Head.
Prof. A. S.Packard
Mrs. Hyiitt.
308
Portraits.
J Peirce.
Charles Osgood.
309
Water Color.
Miss A. M. Quimby.
63
Ko.
Contributor.
Artist.
310
Photograph of bust of Wendell Phil-
lips.
A. G. Brown.
311
Water color. Roses.
Pupil of S. E. Smith.
312
PaiDtins, Rose.
Pupil of S. E. Smith.
313
Sepia Tree Study.
Pupil of S. K. Smith.
314
Head of an Armenian Priest.
Miss M. E. Williams.
315
Head of a Pilgrim.
Miss M. P:. Williams.
316
Copy of iiicture in Boston Athenasnm.
Miss M.E. Williams.
317
Picture wrought on silk with chenille
and floss.
Mrs.r. C.Butman.
Lucy Ropes. 1819.
318
Glace Portraits.
J.W.&J.S.Moulton.
319
Albumen Portraits.
J.W.&J.S.Moulton.
320
Albumen Portraits.
J.W.&J.S.Monlton.
321
Spring Flowers.
Mrs. E. Putnam.
Miss E. Gardner.
322
Portrait.
Alfred Peabody.
Mrs. Wayland IToyt.
323
Portrait.
"
Mrs. Wayland Hoyt.
324
Intervale at North Conway.
Miss Gardner.
Miss E. Gardner.
325
Winter's Farewell. This is for sale
for the benefit of the Salem Hos-
pital.*
ti
Miss E. Gardner.
326
Island of Pico.
A. 11. Johnson.
G. W. S. Benjamin.
327
English Channel.
"
G. W. S. Benjimin.
328
Apple Blossoms.
J. M. Caller.
Miss Alice Caller.
329
Roses.
"
Miss Alice Ciller.
330
Charcoal Sketches.
"
Miss Ida Caller.
331
Prayer in the Desert.
C. A. Ropes.
Pupil of Vcruet.
332
Portrait. Cromwell.
A. G. Brown.
333
Landscape.
C. H. HIgbee.
E. Burrill, jr.
334
Flowers.
Miss Gardner.
Mrs. Gardner.
335
Cattle.
W. P. Upham.
O. W. H. Upham.
336
Landscape.
Geo. Newcomb.
Geo. Newcomb.
337
Water Color.
Miss M. Allen.
Miss M. Allen.
338
Landscape.
H. Kilburn. >
H. Kilburn.
339
Landscape.
"
H. Kilburn.
340
M. Angelo; engraving.
C. H. Higbee.
Pictures marked thus* were for sale.
March 11, to Friday evening, March 19.
The exhibition was continued from Thursday,
Regular Meeting, Monday, March 22, 1875.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President in
the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.
Mr. J. H. Stevens delivered an interesting lecture upon
a subject with which he has become pretty thoroughly ac-
quainted by long and patient study.
He commenced by stating that he should treat experimen-
64
tally the applications of galvanic electricity to a few of the
arts of every day life. Electricity, he said, is one of the
more newly developed of the wonderful and beautiful forces
that nature offers with a lavish hand, and in this great awak-
ening on scientific subjects, the efforts to invade the pen-
etralia of her domain have been amply rewarded by the
glorious revelations she has vouchsafed of the operations
carried on in the mysterious depths of her aerial and subter-
ranean laboratories.
Electricity, though long known, has always been, and is
now, very imperfectly understood. It is true it can be lib-
erated from its elemental prison house, measured and sent
laden with intelligence to the uttermost parts of the earth in
a moment of time, but should the question be raised, "What
is electricity?" the lecturer said that he for one should have
to say, he did not know. It is simply known that it is one
of the most powerful of the natural forces, but the intensity
which can carry it, upon a free conductor, entirely around
the circumference of the earth four times in one second is
utterly beyond comprehension.
It is customary to speak of it as a fluid, and talk of a cur-
rent of electricity flowing through a wire. But that cannot
be, for certainly a fluid and a solid cannot occup}' the same
space at the same time. However, that is a convenient way
of speaking, and to call it a current also hides our ignorance
on the subject. As one of the natural forces it is of very
vital importance in every day life. It pervades all things.
The air we breathe is vitalized by its presence. The food
we eat is rendered palatable and nutritious by its power. It
attends the rising and the setting of the sun, and the midday
solar heat causes a suro-in2f of vast electric and miis^netic
forces, which exert a powerful influence in the great economy
of nature.
The methods of developing electricity in considerable
65
quantities for practical use are abundant. As the time
for experiments was necessarily short, the lecturer pro-
ceeded at once with them. He took, at first, one of the
simplest methods of developing a galvanic current. He
said this is done most effectually by subjecting to an acid
solution two metals of an entirely opposite nature, one of
which shall be most easily oxidized by the acid, and the
other not oxidized at all. The easily oxidized or positive
metal is commercial zinc ; the other or negative metal is
pure platinum, the most refractory and valuable of metals
to the chemist and the electrician. If the two metals
were alike, they would be acted upon equally, thus offer-
ing no inducement for a transfer of force from one to the
other, and consequently no electrical action.
The lecturer then placed the metals in a glass of water,
slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. The zinc plate
was amalgamated with mercury, so that no local action
should take place until the condition required for a trans-
fer of the tension or electro motive force from one plate
to the other was fulfilled. That condition is to place a
metallic connection from one plate to the other, outside of
the solution, as a conductor for the current to travel upon.
This was done with a piece of copper wire. The current
then was flowing rapidly along the wire, from the platinum
to the zinc plate. Through the solution it was flowing
from the zinc to the platinum. The water was decom-
posing, the oxygen evolving at the zinc plate and the
hydrogen at the platinum. The sulphur attacking the
zinc was precipitated in the form of crystallized sulphate
of zinc.
The wire conductor may be one inch long or one thou-
sand miles long, and the electric force will be felt equally
along its whole length, the strength of battery being
equal to the resistance of the wire. Now to utilize this
66
current of electricity for a motive power, it must be con-
verted into magnetism, which is easily done by wrapping
insuhitcd copper wire, in many turns, around soft iron of
any convenient shape.
One of the many practical uses of the electric current
he explained by the use of apparatus which was put up
in a circuit about the hall. It represented a circuit of
street ijas-lights, such as have been in use in Ward Three
in this city since last fall, and though the winter has lieen
an unusually severe one, they have proved themselves
equal to it, and have worked with perfect success through
the severest storms. The apparatus consisted substan-
tially of an electro magnet, an armature, ratchet wheel
and pawl. Two wires led from the battery at the cen-
tral station to the first light in the circuit, and thence to
each one in its turn. When a current was sent out on the
lighting wire, the magnet was charged, the armature of
which actuates the pawl and ratchet wheel, thus opening
the cock to let on the gas, at the same time, by an inter-
ruption of the current at the tip, lighting the gas. At
the expiration of the half second of time which it takes
to turn on and light the gas, the current was sent forward,
by the action of a cam and spring, to the next light, and
so on to the end of the circuit. A reversal of the switch
at head quarters sent out a current on the other wire,
which by a similar operation turned off the gas at the rate
of four burners in one second.
After explaining the apparatus very fully and minutely,
in its capacity as a burglar alarm, etc., the lecturer passed
on to the consideration of some other branches of electri-
cal science. The subject of ocean telegraphy Avas taken
up and treated as fully as the time would permit, by the
use of actual working apparatus and diagrams.
After speaking of the importance of international tele-
67
graphic communication, in a political and commercial
light, the lecturer introduced some very delicate receiving
apparatus, to shoAV the great diiference between ocean
and land telegraphy. He explained that instead of the
noise, glare of light, clicking and bustle of an ordinary
telegraph office, the cable office was silent and dark, to
enable the watchful operator to detect the slight deflection
of the tiny pencil of light which was to impart to him
the intellio^ence which had flashed alonsf under a thousand
watery leagues from a distant part of the world. After
explaining the reversing key and the different methods of
working cables, by reversal and change of potential, the
lecturer explained by diagrams some of the methods of
locating a fault or a break a hundred or a thousand miles
away from the shore, down deep upon the bottom of the
ocean ; also how a steamer would go almost directly over
the spot, find, take up and repair the fault. Several
specimens of cables were exhibited.
A very sensitive tangent galvanometer with a small
reflector within its coils was arranged to receive a small
ray of light coming from a lamp, through a small hole in
the side of a box. On the back of the reflector was fas-
tened a very small magnetic needle, which was deflected
to the right or left in obedience to the positive or negative
current sent through the wire by the reversing key at the
sending station. The ray of light from the darkened box
falling upon the reflector through a convex lens, was re-
flected upon a screen at the top of the box.
A positive current through the galvanometer would
throw the little spot of light to the right of zero on the
screen. A negative current would throw it to the left,
thus producing the combination, which to the practised
eye formed the letters of the alphabet.
The lecturer then gave an illustration of the very deli-
cate and difficult process of finding a break or fault in the
68
cable in mid-ocean. For instance, a very slight abrasion
occurs in the insulation of the conductor at some point in
the ocean. It is just sufficient to allow enough of the
current to escape to prevent intelligent communication.
The test is made by disconnecting both ends of the cable
from all apparatus. A test battery and sensitive galva-
nometer are then applied to one end, and the resistance in
OHMS of that portion is obtained, which is the resistance
of the conductor to the fault, plus the resistance of the
fault itself to the earth. Then the same process is re-
peated from the other end.
The resistance of the fault itself must be eliminated
from both tests, and as it will be the same in both cases,
the process will be as follows :
To the known resistance of the whole cable add the
obtained resistance of one test, deduct from that the ob-
tained resistance of the other test, divide that result by
two and you have the resistance of the conductor in the
first test from the office to the fault, in ohms, which is
easily reduced to miles and fractions of a mile.
The chart then gives its locality in the ocean. A
steamer then goes as near to the spot as possible and
drags for the cable until it is fished up. By cutting the
cable it is easily ascertained which side of the steamer
the fault lies.
The cable is then picked up by machinery and passed
along across the deck as the steamer proceeds. By pass-
ing it through a tank of water connected by very delicate
test apparatus to the sea, the fault announces itself the
moment it reaches the tank of water on deck. It is then
cut out. Communication is established with both sides
of the ocean, the cable is joined, the insulation is com-
pleted, and it is dropped down into its bed of infusoria,
to throb again with those mysterious international im-
pulses.
69
The findinsr of a break in the cable is similar in some
respects, he said, to the process jnst described.
The lecturer then explained by diagrams the duplex or
double transmission system, where two messages are sent
at the same time in opposite directions upon the same
wire without interference.
The lecture Avas closed by a series of brilliant experi-
ments in electro-magnetism, the electric light, the defla-
kgration of metals by the electric current, and the explosion
of electric torpedoes.
Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 5, 1875.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From George H.Allen, Boston, March 2,22; Samuel L. Boardman, Augusta,
Me., March 17; John M. Bradbury, Ipswich, March 1; Waldo Higginson, Boston,
March 2; Frank M. Caryl, Franklin, N. J., March 22; A. P. Mayer, Iloboken, N.J,,
March 1; George B. Gavett, Boston, March 10; Rufus King, New York, March 24;
C. F. Maynard, Newton ville, March 5; Thomas E. Proctor, Boston, March 4; R.
Ridgway, Washington, D. C, March 21, 29; Smith & Co., Woburn, April 1 ; Bristol
Naturalist Society, Feb. 28; Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society, Jan. ;
Rhode Island Historical Society, March 9; Buffalo Historical Society, March 24;
Iowa State Historical Society, March 30; Maryland Historical Society, March 26;
New York Historical Society, March 2(i; Wein, K. Akademie der Wisseaschaften,
Mun 9, 16; Worcester, Public Library, March 24.
The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —
By Donation.
Kelt-et, James H. Essex Register for 1828, 1829. 1 vol. folio.
Mackenzie, S. S., of Topsfleld. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 15.
Mass. Horticultural Society. Transactions of. 1874, pt il.
Mercantile Library Association of San Fbancisco. Twenty-Second
Annual Report. 1874.
70
Mercantile Library Company of Phila. Fifty-Second Annual Report.
Jan.. 1875.
Office of the Chief of Engineers. Report in reference to the Canal to con-
nect the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal with the City of Baltimore, by Col. J. J.
Abert. 1838. 4to pamph. Preliminary Report upon Invertebrate Fossils collected
by the Expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, by C. A. White. 8vo. 1874. Proj^ress Re-
port upon Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys west of the
100th meridian.
Perry, W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.
Phippen, Geo. D. Josephns. 1 vol. 4to. Scientific American, 1802. 2 vols,
folio. History of Provencan Poetry. 1 vol. 8vo. Life of A. Lincoln in German.
1 vol. 8vo. Mechanics' Magazine. 4 vols. 8vo. Harmer's Observations. 4 vols.
8vo. Lisle's Husbandry, 1757. 1 vol. 8vo. Greek and English Dictionary. 1 vol.
8vo. Kempton's History. 4 vols. 8vo. Antiquities of Rome. 1 vol. 8vo. Thar
Modern Jesuits. 1 vol. 8vo. American Atlas. 1 vol. folio. Log Books, 4. Mis-
cellaneous pamphlets, 150.
U. S. Naval Observatory. Washington Astronomical and Meteorological
Observations, 1872. 1 vol. 4to,
U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Jan. 26, Feb. 2, 9, March 9, 16, 1875.
Woodman, Cyrus, of Cambridge, Mass. Buxton Centennial, 1772-1872. By J.
M. Marshall. 1 vol. 8vo.
By Exchange.
St. Louis Academy of Science. Transactions. Vol. iii. No. ii. Svo. 1875.
American Geographical Society. Journal. Vol. iv, 1872. 1 vol. 8vo.
Bristol Naturalist Society. Proceedings of. Vol. i, pt. 1. New Series.
1874. Svo.
Geological Survey of Canada. Report of Progress for 1873-4. 8vo.
N. E. Historic-Genealogical Society. Register for April, 1875.
New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Genealogical and
Biographical Record. April, 1875.
Peabody Institute, Peabody, Mass. Twenty-Second Annual Keport of the
Trustees.
Phila. Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings. Pt. iii, Oct., Nov.,
Dec, 1874.
Publishers. American Journal of Education. American Naturalist. Forest
and Stream. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegrai)li. Haverhill Gazette.
Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Salem Post.
Amono; the donations announced were a collection of
glass ware made at the works of, and donated by, the
Boston and Sandwich Glass Company, through Mr. John
C. Lee, of Salem, illustrative of glass manufacture.
Horace Brown, Oliver D. Way and Daniel C. Man-
ning, of Salem, and George W. Grader, of Marblehead,
were elected resident members.
71
Rev. E. C. BoLLEs presented to the Institute about
seventy-five examples of East Indian and Japanese paper,
the former obtained in London through the kindness of
M. C. Cooke, Esq., and the latter derived from exchange
with the Agricultural Department at Washington. After
speaking of the ancient paper made by expanding sec-
tions of the cellular tissues of plants, as the papyrus of
the Egyptians and the rice paper of the Chinese, Mr.
Bolles called attention to the fact that the Japanese paper
exhibited to the Institute was made from the bark of the
Paper Mulberry {Broussonetia papyri/era) , the same sub-
stance which, beaten out without pulping, forms the
Tappa cloth of the Sandwich Islanders. One remarkable
thing about the series of paper presented was its range
of texture and weight ; as the examples exhibited the
most delicate and beautiful tracing paper, the coarsest
"board," and most of the intermediate grades. Many
specimens, especially those used for book-binding and
box-covering, were profusely and artistically ornamented
in color. A very tine and gauzy paper was shown as the
goldsmiths' substitute for cotton. Perhaps the most curi-
ous was the vegetable leather, not to be distinguished in
weight, color or flexibility from the best morocco for
binders' use. A description of the manufacture of this
may be found in the "Journal of the Franklin Institute"
for January, 1875.
The East Indian paper was manufactured from a greater
variety of substances. Some from Cashmere was from
waste silk and examples from Berar from bamboo. A
very delicate, highly colored and tough paper was the
"kite paper" of Oude. Accompanying this series were
the bark of Broussonetia j)apyrifera and Daphne canna-
hina, with the pulps made from both.
It is understood that these series are only in commence-
72
ment of a cabinet illustrating paper-making of all coun-
tries and ages, to which the Institute solicits contribu-
tions.
Mr. Bolles, when in England, procured a large number
of specimens of vegetable fibres, which have been hand-
somely mounted, and will be properly arranged for ex-
hibition, in the new department of Technology, which has
been organized by the Institute, and which cannot foil to
prove both interesting and instructive. He also obtained,
through the courtesy of M. C. Cooke, Esq., a variety of
models in clay, showing the different classes of workmen
engaged in the various processes of paper manufacture as
practised in India. Specimens of each were shown to
the audience.
Mr. F. W. Putnam called attention to the fiict that
very similar materials (the inner bark of trees, leaves of
rushes, etc.), described by Mr. Bolles as used by the
ancient races of the East for the manufiicture of paper,
were also used by the prehistoric races of this country for
the purpose of making garments, as proved by the speci-
mens which he had exhibited at a former meeting.
BULLETIN
OF THE
ESSEIX: IISrSTITTJTE.
Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., May, 1875. No. 5.
One Dollar a Year iu Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.
SYNONYMY^ DESCRIPTION, HISTORY', DISTRIBUTION AND H^VBITS OF
THE PRAIRIE HARE (LEPUS CAMPESTRIS).
By Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A.
Synonymy.
Lepus virginianus vnr.t, Harl., Fn. Amer. 1825,310 (based entirely on the ''Vary-
ing Hare of Lewis and Clark," infra ; description from these authors).
Lejms virginiamis [''Harl."], Rich., F. B. A. i, 1829, 224 (Saskatchewan; N. to
5.0°. Not of Harlax, op. cit. 196, which is L. americanus). — MAXlil., Reise, i, 1839,
508.
Lepus campestris, Bach., J. A. N. S. P. vii, pt. ii, 1837, 349; viii, pt. i, 1839, 80 (in
white pelage). Waterh.,N.H. Mannn.ii, 1848, 127. Gieb., Saugeth. 185.5, 449. Bd.,
M. N. A. 1857, .585. Newb., P. R. R. Rep. vi, 18.57, 03 (upper California and Oregon).
Coop, and SUCKL., N. H. W. T. 1860, pp. 104, 131 (Columbia to the Missouri). Hatd.,
Tr! Am. Phil. Soc. xii, 18G2, 148 (upper Missouri). Maxim, Arch. f. Naturg. xviii,
1862, ; Verz. N.-A. Siiug. 1862, 193. Allen, Bull. Ess. Inst, vi, 1874, pp. .52, 58, 61,
66 (Kansas, Colorada, Wyoming and Utah). Ames, Bull. Minn, Acad. Nat. Sci.
1874, 70 (Minnesota).
Lepus townsendii, BACH., J. A. N. S. P. viii, pt. 1, 18.39,98, pi. 2 (Columbia R., in
summer pelage). Towxs., Narr. 1839, 325. AuD. and Bach., Q. N, A. i, 1849, 25, pi.
3. Stev., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, 462 (Wyoming).
Varying Hare, Lewis and Clark, ii, 179 (earliest identifiable account). Hael.,
op. et I.e. (Not of authors generally.)
Prairie Hare of the Fur Traders. Rich., op. et I. c.
Jackass liablrit, Vulg., in the regions it inhabits.
Essex Inst, Bulletin. vii 6
74
Description (from various specimens collected hy the writer in July and
Aiirjust, in 3Iontana, kit. 49°).
With the general form of the other large, long-limbed, great-eared
hai'es of the west. Eai's, measured from extreme base, decidedly-
longer than head from uose to occiput. Tail vertebras about as long
as ears from their extreme base — longer than height of ear above its
notch. Hind foot rather longer than ears or tail, about twice as long
as fore foot from the wrist. Tail with its hairs longer than ear or
foot. "Width of ear, pressed flat, about one-half its height. Soles
and palms densely hairy throughout, the pads reaching to the ends of
the nails. Whiskers as long as the head, some black, others white.
A few black bristles over the eyes, the lower series constituting true
eyelashes. Edges of the eyelids naked. Muzzle completely clothed.
Ears softly and closely furry both sides, excepting the deeper portions
of the concavity, and with a long thin hairy fringe on the anterior
folded over edge. General pelage extremely long, loose and fluffy.
General color of the upper parts pale dull yellowish gray, greatly
predominating over a dusky brown with which it is mingled. The
bases of the hairs are plumbeous-white, to which succeeds a dusky
interval, the yellowish gray furnishing the tip. This predominant
tone is pretty uniform, but there is an obscurely darker median dorsal
area; while back of the ears, on the sides, hips, buttocks, and in fact
all around the general dorsal area, the color lightens, by extinction
of the dusky, into a pale plumbeous gray, with a faint 5'ellowish gray
tinge. The throat band is of this latter character, and so are the
outer surfaces of the limbs for some distance. Toward the extremi-
ties, however, the limbs become more decidedly yellowish brown,
slightly toned with dusky. The feet-pads are dirty brown, as if soiled
by continued contact with the ground. The under side of the head,
. and, indeed, all the under parts excepting the throat band, are pure
cottony white. The tail is pure white, too — a sti'ong character of
the species — the dark dorsal area which obtains in its allies being
wholly wanting, or merely indicated by a slight plumbeous line, pro-
longed part way down the top of the tail. The crown of the head
agrees with the upper parts in general, but owing to the closeness of
the fur, the pattern is finer, and the darker annulations of the hairs
gives a heavy ground upon which the yellowish tips of the hairs are
more sharply displayed. This darker coronal area is enclosed be-
tween light transocular stripes, not well defined, but still showing
plainly by contrast. The eyelids themselves are white. The extreme
muzzle and the cheeks for a short distance, are light buffy brown, or
pale lawn color, well contrasted against the pure white of the chin.
75
The ears ai-e sti'ongly particolored. The back of the ear is snow-
white to within about an inch of the tip, where it is abruptly black.
The very edge of the posterior border of the ear is snow white at
base, but generally tinged with tawny in the rest of its extent. The
broadly folded over anterior border of the ear, and the furriest part
of the inside of the ear opposite are like the crown of the head, but
the pattern is still finer. The anterior edge of the ear gives a deli-
cate fawn- colored stripe all the way along, supplemented by a pure
white fringe of longer hairs. The tip of the ear in front is black like
the back, but this black tipping is of less extent than it is behind.
The shortest pilous hairs of the concavity of the ear are white, tend-
ing to pale fawn color towards the end of the ear. Sometimes that
portion of the concavity of the ear which is not covered by the fold
of the anterior border shows a quite blackish area, only less conspicu-
ous than the black tip.
The sexes of this species are not distiiiguished by any constant
color-marks, nor have I been able to satisfy myself that there are
any other than the purely sexual external characters, though the
male may average rather the larger, longer-limbed and greater-eared.
Nor are the young, from the time they are a few weeks old, materi-
ally different from the adults. The very young rabbits, however,
have distinguishing color-marks. The dark portions of the hairs are
extensive and intense; while the fur is so remarkably long, loose and
straggling that this dark color is more apparent than it is in the
adults. There are also some curious special head markings. The
most conspicuous of these is a small pure white spot, exactly on the
middle of the crown ; which is usually accompanied by a white eye
stripe, a white patch in front of the eyes, and white on the side of the
nose. These markings are diffuse and irregular, but still quite notice-
able ; and the coronal spot persists usually until the animal is well
grown. The foot-pads are white or whitish until they become grad-
ually discolored by contact with the ground. The incisors are white.
On comparing very young animals with individuals of the same size
of the cotton tail of the I'egion (the latter must be a week or so older
to attain corresponding dimensions) the differences are very obvious.
The larger species already displays the longer limbed and seemingly
"looser-jointed" characteristics of its kind, in comparison with the
close-set, chubby form of the smaller rabbit : the fur is very notably
longer, looser and fluffier, without the smoothness and gloss of that
of the other species ; while the coloration is entirely mixed blackish
and yellowish gray, without any of the rich ruddy tints of the limbs,
breast and nape, which appear from the first in the smaller species.
The black tips of the ears and their fawn colored margins are also
characteristic.
76
Winter pdacje. White, more or less mixed witli gray underneath,
and with rusty marlvings, especially on the legs and ears. The species
probably never becomes entirely pure white, like L. glacialis.
MEASUREMENTS
Coues-,
From tip of nose to
Tail to
end of
Length of
Arm to end
of clawa.
Knee to end
of elaw3.
K umber.
Eje.
Ear.
Occip.
Tail.
Verteb.
Hairs.
Fore ft.
Hiodft.
above notch.
41341
2.40
4.00
4.50
19.00
4.50
6.50
2.75
6.00
7.00
1000
4.30
42002
2.20
3.50
4.50
19.00
4.50
7.00
2.75
5.75
7.50
10.75
5.00
42693
2.25
4.00
4.50
18.00
5.00
7.00
3.75
5.75
7.25
11.00
4.00
The writteu history of this species, though somewhat
involved, may be fully elucidated. As in the cases of
so many of our western animals, we owe our first recog-
nizable account of this species to Lewis and Clark,
whose description, though not entirely correct, is per-
fectly recognizable as belonging here. In 1825, Dr.
Harlan copied their accounts in substance, quer3'ing the
animal as a variety of his X. virginianus (the L. ameri-
canus of authors). In 1829, Sir John Richardson gave
an accurate description, as far as his slight material went,
supplemented with the account of Lewis and Clark, and
from his whole article it is evident he had this species
in view, although he miscalled it L. virginianus, sup-
posing it to be the same as Harlan's animal, which it is
not. The Prince Maximilian repeated Richardson's mis-
take of nomenclature ; his account is otherwise accurate
and unmistakable. In 1837, Dr. Bachmau described it
1 A fresh male specimen from near Milk River, July 5,1874. Testes elongate,
loosely pendulous, inguinal. Ear above occiput, 5.50. Eye grayish yellow. Hu-
merus, 4.00. Femur, 5.00.
2 A fresh female specimen from near Milk River, July 10, 1874. Ear above head,
6.00; width, pressed flat, 3.00.
3 A fresh female specimen from Three Buttes, Montana, Aug., 9, 1874. Ear
above head, 5.00; width, 2.25.
77
in winter dress as L. camrgestris^ the first tenable specific
name. Shortly afterward, receiving it in summer dress,
and being assured that it was not a "varying" hare, he
redescribed it as L. townsendii. His subsequent suspi-
cion, that his two names applied to the same animal in
difierent vestures, as strongly expressed in the later work
above quoted, has been amply verified. Since the recti-
fied collation of synonymy by Prof. Baird in 1857, we
find this well marked, abundant and widely distributed
species noticed at greater or less length, and under its
proper name, by nearly all the naturalists who have visited
the northwestern or western territories, and reported the
result of their observations. It may now be considered
as a well known and thoroughly established species.
Its geographical distribution may be given with an un-
doubted close approximation to accuracy of detail. In
British America, according to our chief if not only au-
thority, Sir John Richardson, it has been traced north to
55° ; "it is a common animal on the plains through which
the north and south branches of the Saskatchewan flow,
and which extend as far eastward as the Winepegoosis
and southern extremity of Winepeg Lake." Along the
northern border of the United States I have myself ob-
served it from the beginning of the great plains just west
of the Red River of the north, in eastern Dakota, to the
base of the Rocky Mountains. It was most abundant in
the region of the Upper Missouri and Milk River ; but I
have traced it in southeastern Dakota almost to the Iowa
border. According to my ol)servations it is the only
jackass rabbit of Dakota and Montana. In Kansas, Mr.
Allen states, "a few were seen in summer on the plains
north of Fort Hays, and in winter from the western bor-
der of the state as far east as Bunker Hill Station." In
this region they are associated with L. callotis. In Colo-
78
rado, the same author mentions that the species occurs in
the parks, another species being there characteristic of
the timbered mountainous region. Mr. Allen also found
it "more or less common everywhere" in sonthwestern
Wyoming, and extremely abundant in certain h)calities.
To conclude with this gentleman's observations, he fur-
thermore noted its common presence in the valle}' of the
Salt Lake, Utah, where, as in Kansas, it is associated
with L. caUotis. So far as we have gone, we now see that
the animal inhabits the prairie region of more than the
northern half of the United States, from the eastern limit
of the great plains westward. Our advices from west of
the Rocky Mountains are equally explicit. Dr. Suckley
reports it from the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and Mr.
George Gibbs states that it is common on the plains of
the Columbia east of the Cascades. In California, Dr.
Newberry has indicated the limit of the range, at the
point where the species is replaced by the ordinary "jack-
ass" of that state, L. californiciis. "The Prairie or
Townsend's Hare is unknown in the valleys of California,
though we found it a short distance south of the parallel
of 42°, so that it may be said to inhabit that state. In
the upper part of the Sacramento Valley, and even in the
hills northeast of Fort Reading, we found the 'jackass
rabbit' (i. calif or nicus) everywhere abundant, the only
hare, in the common acceptation of the term, known to
exist there — L. ariemism, audubonii and trowbridgii
being all called rabbits. Crossing the 'divide' between
Lassen's butte, and coming down into the interior or Kla-
math basin, on the upper branches of Pitt River, we lost
sight of the Californian species, to see no more of it till
our return south months afterward. In its place another
species * * * began to be occasionally seen, at first
very rarely, afterwards oftener, as we approached the
79
Columbia, but never anywhere, in the region we visited,
becoming so abundant as the Californian hare in some
parts of its habitat. I saw the first individual of this
species on the shores of Wright Lake." From this the
limit of southward extension in California would seem to
be more restricted than it is in the regions ftirther east.
We have nothing to show that it occurs on the immediate
Pacific slopes, and it probalily does not. Nor did I ever
ascertain its presence in New ^Mexico or Arizona, where
L. callotis is found.
This, then, is the characteristic hare of the great plains
— towards its southern limit associated with L. callotis
and L. ccdifornicus, and on its mountainous confines
meetinof with the hare of the timber of those re2:ions —
but throughout vastly tlie greater portion of its range
occupying the territory as the only representative of the
several great hares of the west, all of w^hich are known,
wherever found, as "jackass rabbits," to distinguish them
from the small species of the L. sylvaticus type. It is
further notable as the only one of the very large long-
limbed and great-eared group which, like L. americanus,
regularly turns white in winter. The change probably
occurs, in most cases, throughout the range of the species ;
in northern parts it appears to be universal ; and, in fact,
the only advices we have that it does not change are from
Kansas, where, Mr. Allen states, that about half the spec-
imens he secured in December and January retained their
summer colors. There may, however, be some localities
where the change is the exception rather than the rule.
But even in the most northerly portions of its range, the
change does not appear to be complete. There remains
much bluish-gray about the roots of the hairs, and brown,
rusty or yellowish tinges in places. The pale brown or
fawn colored borders of the ears, and the similar colors
80
of the limbs towards their extremities, appear to be al-
ways retained. This is much as in L. americanus. The
periods of the change are April and November.
In noting the habitat of the Prairie Hare, we must
exclude from its range those portions which are wooded.
Emphatically an animal of the plains, it never, so far as
I have observed, enters timber, though ranging up to the
very edge of the woods. Thus, we find it in the under-
brush, sometimes quite heavy, of the river bottoms of
the larger water courses in the west, bnt not in the woods
that immediatel}^ fringe the rivers. It remains with us
as we approach the timbered foot-hills of the liocky
Mountains, but we lose it in half a day's journey as we
fairly enter the timber belt. It is as characteristic of the
great sage barrens of the west as the sasfe cock itself; and
in the more favored, grassy regions it is equally abundant.
I have found it also in vast alkaline deserts I have trav-
ersed, and in those scarcely less forbidding tracts where
a scanty herbage struggles with patches of prickly pear,
milj after mile. In the more desolated regions, the only
associate of its kind is the sage rabbit ; near most of the
water courses it will be found that the timber contains
another ally, the common cottontail ; but out on the
broad rolling prairie, peculiarly its home, it flourishes
almost alone.
Nor is the prairie hare in the least gregari(jus. I have
never seen nor heard of several together, and indeed it
is rare to find even two together, at any season whatever.
It is one of the most solitary animals with which I have
become acquainted. As we measure the weary miles of
a day's march, a hare springs almost from beneath our
feet, and another and another appears in succession, but
always separated and independent of each other. I have
never found any kind of locality even, which, presenting
81
special attractions, might invite many hares together.
All places are alike to them; the oldest frontiersman,
probably, could never guess with any degree of certaint}'
where the next hare to bound off before him would appear.
If it have any preference, however, it is for "weedy"
tracts of wdiich the sage brush regions furnish the best
examples ; there it finds shelter which the low, crisp,
grass of rolling prairie does not afford, and also doubtless
secures a greater variety of food. Like many other ani-
mals of the great plains, it appears independent of water ;
but we must judge this to be only an appearance.
In the regions where I have studied this hare, the
female brings forth in June and early July — oftener the
latter — and apparently only one litter is produced each
season. The number of young is five or six, as a rule.
The form is simply constructed, without burrowdng, in
the grass beneath some low, thick bush or tuft of weeds.
The young are said to suckle and follow the mother for
a month or more. They are agile little creatures, even
"when only a week or two old, and it is only when very
young that they can be caught by hand. lu travelling
along the Milk River (where the species was abundant),
early in July, I had several little ones brought to me, and
some I kept for a time in a box. They had been stum-
bled upon as the}' dodged about in the grass, disturbed
from their nest by the passage of our party. Though
only five or six inches long, they had all the motions and
attitudes characteristic of the parents, and made shift to
run about quite cleverly. They could not eat, but some
of them could be coaxed to lick a little milk. Their ap-
pearance, even at this early age, was unmistakable ; the
differences between them and young sage rabbits of the
same size are elsewhere given. By the end of July we
happened upon no prairie hares still so young as to be
82
taken in hand, though the thh'd or half grown ones used
often to stray about our camps, affording great amusement
in the attempts instantly made by "all hands" to catch
them.
I have not been eye-witness of the peculiar habits
which doubtless mark the rutting period in this as in other
species of the genus, having only been in the regions they
inhabit later in the season. The period is over, I think,
before June. Males taken during that month and the
next are generally poor ; the sexual organs are very ap-
parent, as two long, linear masses iu the inguinal region.
After the care of the young, in July and August, the
females are found much emaciated ; and in fact, at no
time during the summer, are these hares in good condi-
tion for the table. At other seasons the reverse may be
considered the case by those who, unlike myself, are fond
of rabbit-meat, the flesh, when in proper condition, being
light colored, tender and not unpalatable. During the
summer both sexes are terribly infested by a kind of tick,
which fastens anywhere upon the body, but particularly
about the ears, where I have found them almost in clus-
ters. This tick appeared to me so dilierent from any of
those I had noticed on other rabbits, that I supposed it
to be a new species, which I lately named Ixodes leporis-
camjjestris ("Amer. Sportsm.," vol. iv, No. 22, Aug. 29,
1874). I regret that when I had the opportunity I did
not make the necessary dissections, to see whether, like
others of the genus, this species commonly harbors intes-
tinal parasites. A tape- worm, ToBnia pectincUa Goeze
(Diesing, Syst. Helminth, i, 498), is very frequent in
Lepus aquaticus.
According to my experience, this hare is not much es-
teemed, either for its food or for its fur, by the whites of
the region it inhabits, and it is accordingly not often an
83
object of pursuit. I have not Icnown it to be trapped ;
the few I have seen killed, besides those I secured my-
self, were shot wantonly, to test skill with the rifle, or
decide a trivial wager. In the country of bufialo, elk
and antelope, such small game is little heeded, and its
pursuit made an object of ridicule. It is not so easy,
however, to shoot the animal, except by skilful marks-
manship with the rifle ; so timorous is it, that when
startled it rarely stops within range of a shot-gun ; while
its always unexpected appearance, and the great bounds
it gives as it makes ofi", render it a difficult mark, not-
withstanding its size. Mr. Townsend has described a
mode of netting it in numbers, pursued by Indians.
"Some one or two hundred Indians, men, women and
children, collect, and enclose a large space with a slight
net about five feet wide, made of hemp ; the net is kept
in a vertical position by pointed sticks attached to it and
driven into the ground. These sticks are placed about
five or six feet apart, and at each one an Indian is sta-
tioned, with a short club in his hand. After these arrange-
ments are completed, a large number of Indians enter the
circle and beat the bushes in every direction. The fright-
ened hares dart otF toward the net, and in attempting to
pass are knocked on the head and secured. Mr. Pam-
brun, the superintendent of Fort AYallawalla, from whom
I obtained this account, says that he has often participated
in this sport with the Indians, and has known several hun-
dred to be thus taken in a day. When captured alive
they do not scream like the common gray rabbit (Z^. syl-
vaiicus) ."
The extraordinary agility of this animal, which would
be inferred from inspection of its lithe yet muscular and
free-limbed shape, has always attracted attention. Lewis
and Clark speak of its leaping eighteen to twenty-one
84
feet, and doubtless this is no exaggeration. Yet this is a
matter shared by the allied species, and I do not think
that the present surpasses L. callotis for example, in this
respect. The two animals have always seemed to me alike
in their powers of running and leaping. It is difficult
to give one who has not seen the animals alive an idea
of their singular appearance when at full speed, and the
ground they get over in a few seconds is the more re-
markable, considering the force they waste in unnecessary
height of the leaps. The first sign one has usuallj' of a
hare which has squatted low in hopes of concealment, till
its fears force it to fly, is a great bound into the air, with
lengthened body and erect ears. The instant it touches
the ground, it is up again, with a peculiar springy jerk,
more like the rebounding of an elastic ball than the result
of muscular exertion. It does not come fairly down, and
gather itself for the next spring, but seems to hold its legs
stiffly extended, to touch only its toes, and rebound by
the force of its impact. The action is strikingly sugges-
tive of the "bucking" of a mule, an aflair with which
people in the west are only too familiar. With a succes-
sion of these high jerky leaps the animal makes off gener-
ally in a straight course ; there is nothing of the dodging
aud scuttlins: about that marks the running of the smaller
rabbits. As it gains on its pursuers, and its fears subside,
the springs grow weaker, just as a flat stone "skipped" on
the water diminishes in length of the rebounds, and finally
the animal squats in its tracks on its haunches with a jerk,
to look and listen. If perfectl}^ reassured, it may then
lope on with easy steps, till it is out of sight, or it may
squat low and disappear by folding back its ears behind
some bunch of weeds. The ears, b}^ tlie way, are curi-
ously the most conspicuous part of the whole animal ; few
hares are seen, I fancy, as long as they keep those great
85
organs folded flat. But more than likely, on its first halt,
the hare's natural timidity will not permit it either to squat
to steal quietly away. On the contrary it sits erect on
its liaunches, intent to discover new alarm. The attitude
at such times is highly characteristic. One fore foot is
advanced a little before the other, and the ears are held
pointing in opposite directions. A hare in such an atti-
tude as this is always npon the watch, and the slightest
stimulation of its fears at such time is enough to start it
on its bounding course. It is a beautiful exhibition of
timid watchfulness.
I have never seen this hare stand erect with its fore
paws off the ground, as some of its smaller relatives are
wont to do, and I doubt that it ever assumes this attitude
except perhaps momentarily. The position above de-
scribed, and the ordinary squatting in its form, are the
only motionless attitudes I have observed. On the few
occasions when I have seen it feeding quietly, unsuspicious
of danger, it moved about with alternate lengthening and
doubling of the body, like that of the common rabl)it
under similar circumstances.
Regular Meeting, Monday, Api^il 19, 1875.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair.
W. P. Upham was elected secretarj^ ^j;'o tern. Records
of preceding meeting read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From N. J. Bartlett, Boston, Apr. 9; W. H. ^Vllitmol•e. Boston, Apr. 9, 17; Dr.
J. Plason, Wien, Nov. 20, 1874; Daniel A. Rogers, Chicago, 111., Apr. 9; Brunn,
8G
Xaturfov.scher.de Vereiii, Nov., 1871; Minnesota Historical Society, Apr. 3, 0; New
Bedford Freg Public Libr;ir.-. Apr. 2; Quebec Literary ;snd Historical Society,
Apr. 9; Smithsonian Institution, Dec. 30, 1874, Apr. 3; Vermont State Library,
Apr. 10; Yale College, Corporation of, April 14.-
The Librarian reported the following udditions to the
libraiy : —
Jin Donation.
Cole, C. J. Registers and Programmes of tlie State Normal School in Salem,
from 1856-1875. 73 pamphlets.
HUNTINGTOX, A. L. iNliscellaueoiis pamphlets. 6 vols. 8vo. Collection of the
American Statistical Association, Vol. i, 1 vol. Svo. Water Power of Maine. 1vol.
8vo. Patent Office Reports, 1851, 1855, 1857, ls58, 18.59. 5 vols. Svo. Agriculture of
Mass., by C. L. Flint. 3 vols. Svo. Debates in Mass. Convention, 1853. 3 vols. Svo.
Message and Documents, 1852-3. 2 vols. Svo. 185.5-6. 1 vol. Svo. Historj' of the
Reed Family. 1 vol. Svo. Commerce and Navigation, 1850. 1 vol. Svo. History
of Lowell. 1 vol. Svo. Grajca Minora. 1 vol. Svo.
Kimball, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, Dec. 18, 1874, Feb. 12, 19, 26, March 5,
12, 19, 26, Apr. 2, 1875.
Merritt, L. F. Essex County Mercury, Mch. 31, Apr. 7, 14, 1875. Salem City
Document-, 1874. 1 vol. Svo.
Twining, T., of Twickenham. England. Technical Training, by donor. 1 vol.
Svo. London, 1874.
U. S. Board of Education. Report of the Commissioner, 1873. 1 vol. Svo.
U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for March, 1875.
By Exchange.
Americ.vn Antiquarian Society. Proceedings of the, No. 63, 1874. Svo.
Canadian Institute. Can,adian Journal, Vol. xiv. No. iv, March, 1875. Svo.
Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. Sitzungs-berichte,
Jahrg, 1874. 1vol. Svo.
Naturforschender Verein, BrCnn, Austria. Verhandlungen, Bd., xii. Heft
I, II, 1873. Svo.
Naturhistorische Verein der peeussischen Rhetnxande, und West-
PHALENS, Bonn. Verh.andlungen, Jahrg, xxx. III Folge, x Bd. 1873. Jahrg
xxxi, iv Folge, I Bd., 1874. 8vo.
Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft " Isis " in Dresden. Sitzungs-
berichte, jahrg, 1874. Apr.-Sept. Svo.
Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Meklenburg Neubrantd-
ENBURG. Ai-chiv xxviii, Jahrg, 1874. 1 vol. Svo.
Vermont Historical Societv. Registration Reports, 1871, 1872. 2 vols. Svo.
Vermont Legislative Documents, Vols. 1, 2, 4, 1874. 3 vols. Svo. Laws of Vei'-
mont, 1874. 1 vol. Svo. Vermont Legislative Directory, 1874-5. 1 vol. 12nio.
Records of the Governor and Council of the State of Vermont. Vol. II ]77iJ-1782.
1 vol. Svo. Transaction of the Vermont Dairyman's Association, 1873-4. Svo.
pamph.
Publishers. Forest and Stream. Hardwicke's Science-Gossip. Havei-hill
Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Trans-
cript. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Salem Post.
87
Arthur L. Huntington, of Salcm, was elected a resi-
dent member.
Voted, That a committee be appointed to prepare a
list of officers for the 3^ear ensuing, and to report a
printed ballot at the annual meeting, May 12.
The chair appointed Messrs. James Kimball, E. C.
Bolles, and W. Neilson.
Regular Meeting, Monday, May 3, 1875.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Pkesident in
the chair. W. P. Upham was appointed secretary ^ro
tern. Records read.
Arthur W. Foote, Albert H. Smith and John Mangan,
all of Salem, were duly elected resident members.
Adjourned.
Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 12, 1875.
Annual meeting this day at 3 p. m. The President
in the chair. George M. Whipple was appointed sec-
retary pro tern. Records read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From C. A. Cixtter, Boston, Apr. 29; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, Mich., April 22; B.
Quaritch, London, April 22; J. L. Sibley, Cambridge, April 11; W. W. Weildon,
Concord, May 1; Bergen, The Museum, Jan. 11; Berlin, Die Ge.^ellschaft Natur-
forschender Freunde, Feb. 10; Buffalo Historical Society, May 7; Minnesota His-
torical Society, April 20, May 6; Nassauischen Vereius fur M aturkimde, Sept. 1;
New England Historic Genealogical Society, May 5; Worcester Lyceum and Nat-
ural History Association, May 6.
The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —
B)j Donation.
Abbott, A. A. Salem Gazette, Jan. 28, 1794 to Nov. 3, 1795, Jan. 3, 1797-Dec. 29,
1797. Essex Register, Jan. 11, 1S09 (Xo. 3).
BOLLES, E. C. Ladies' Repository. 2vol8. 8vo. Paley's Tlieology. 1 vol. 8vo.
Titles of Jesus. 1 vol. 8vo. Ballou's Select Sermons. 1 vol. 8vo. Course of
Time, by Pollock. 1 vol. 8vo. Lacon. 1 vol. 8vo. Layman's Legacy. 1 vol. 8vo.
Practical Hints to Universalists. 1 vol. 8vo. Chris and Otho. Ivol.Svo. Pepy's
Diary. 3 vols.8vo. Louis xiv and Court of France. 1 vol. 8vo. Lectures on
Domestic Duties. 1 vol. 12mo. Uiiiversalist Magazine, 1821. 1 vol. folio. The
Holy Euchari.st. 1 vol. Svo. Bards of the Bible. 1 vol. Svo. Tlie Old and New.
1 vol. Svo. Life and Character of A. Lincoln. 1 vol. Svo. Ancient History by C.
Rollins. 8 vols. 12mo. History of Universalism. 1 vol. 12mo. Notes on the
Parables. 1 vol. 12mo. History of the Churches of New York. 1 vol. 12mo.
Doddridge on Religion. 1 vol. 12nio. Ballou Review. 1 vol. 12mo. Universalist
Hymn Book. 2 vol, 12mo. The Prophecies of Daniel. 1 vol. 12mo. Winchester
Dialogues. 1 vol. 12mo. Jordan's Review. 1 vol. 12mo. Review on Hall. 1 vol.
12mo. Law of Kindness. 1 vol. 12mo. Rayner's Lecture.*. 1 vol. 12mo. Pin-
gree's Debate. 1 vol. 12mo. History of the Waldenses. 1 vol. 12nio.
Colby U^'1VEKSITY. Charter of, with Acts and Resolves. 1875. Svo.
GoODELL, A. C. Address before tlie Essex Institute, Oct. 5, 1874, at the Centen-
nial ^Anniversary of the Meeting of the Provincial Assembly in Salem, Oct. 5, 1771.
1 vol. Svo.
Hunt, T. P. Designs for Parsonage Houses, etc. 1 vol. 4to.
Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Apr. 24, May 1, 1875.
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Transactions of. Year 1874. Pt. II.
Packard, A. S., Jr. Boston Directory, 18-47-8. 1 vol. Svo.
Pekkins, Geo. A. Robinson Crusoe, by D. Defoe. 1 vol. Svo. Siege of Cor-
inth. 1 vol. ISnio. Evelina, by Miss Burney. 1 vol. ISmo. Life of John Wicliif
and others, by W. Gilpin. 1 vol. 12mo. Life of T. Scott. 1 vol. 12mo. Bacon's
Novum Organum Scientiarum. 1 vol. 12mo. Grey's Hudibras. 2 vols. Svo.
Moore's Zeluco. 2 vols. Svo. Modern Pilgrims, by Wood. 2 vols. Svo. Spirit of
Missions. 20 numbers. Miscellaneous pamplilets, 120.
U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Apr. 6, 13, 1875.
WiiiprLE, Geo. M. Mass. Special Laws, Vols. 9, 10, 1849-50. 2 vols.
JB>j Exchange.
AiiCiuv riJR Anthropologie. Band vii, Heft. II, 1875.
Boston Public Library. Bnlletin for April, 1875.
BOWDOIN (;oLLEGE. Seventy-third Annual Catalogue of. 1874-5. Svo pamph.
KoNiGLicnE Bayerisciie Botanische Gesellschaft Kegensburg. Flora,
1874. 1 vol. Svo.
Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool. Proceedings of the.
Vol. xxviii, 1873-4.
New Jersey Historical Society'. Proceedings of the. Vol. iv, 2d Series, No.
I, 1875. Svo.
Publishers. American Journal of Science. Forest and Stream. Gardener's
Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Law-
rence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peabody
Press. Salem Observer. Salem Post. The Western. Turner's Public Spirit,
f To be continued.
BU L L E T I N
ESSEX XXTSTia?"CrTE.
Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., June, 1875. No. 6.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Co])y.
Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 12, 1875.
[ Continued.'l
The annual reports of the oiScers and curators were
read and accepted, and from them the accompanying
RETROSPECT OF THE TEAR
has been compiled, presenting in a concise form the work
of the Institute, in its various departments, since the
last annual meeting.
Mejibers. — Changes occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names, and the withdrawal of
some by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity,
and by death. In this connection notices of five of the
resident and two of the corresponding members, who
have deceased during the year, are inserted.
Joseph Sebastian Oahot^ died at his residence in Salem,
on Monday afternoon, June 29, 1874. He belonged to a
ESSEX IKST. BULLETIN. VIL 7 (89;
90
family which has been prominent for a century and three-
quarters in the annals of Salem. He was born in Salem
October 8, 1796, and was the son of Joseph and Esther
Orne (Paine) Cabot, grandson of Joseph and Rebecca
(Orne) Cabot, great-grandson of Joseph and Elizabeth
(Higginson) Cabot, great-great-grandson of John and
Anna (Orne) Cabot. The last named ancestor, John
Cabot, came to Salem about the year 1702, from the Isle
of Jersey. After graduating from Harvard College, in
the class of 1815, he studied law for a while in the oflGice
of Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, but did not pursue the
study long. In 1829 he became President of the Asiatic
Bank, and so continued until his death, with brief inter-
vals while he was Bank Commissioner and durino- two
visits to Europe. Mr. Cabot took a deep interest in the
organization of the Harmony Grove Cemetery Corpora-
tion in 1840, and w^as a Trustee and President until his
decease. HewMS also long a President of the Salem Sav-
ings Bank, and for many years on one of its most impor-
tant committees. For several years he was President of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and was noted
for his enlightened interest in, and taste for, horticultural
and kindred pursuits. In 1843 and 1844 he served as an
Alderman of the city, and in 1845-6-7 and 8, he was the
Mayor of Salem, performing the duties with great effi-
ciency and success. Mr. Cabot was twice married ; first,
August 2, 1843, to Martha Laurens Stearns, of Wor-
cester, who died April 21, 1844 ; and secondly, March 3,
1852, to Susan Burley Howes (daughter of the late
Frederick Howes, Esq.), who survives him. The de-
ceased was a very companionable and courteous gentle-
man, and his financial skill was constant'y at the service
of his fellow citizens.
J^dward Brooks Peirson, M. Z)., one of our most
91
skilful surgeons and physicians, died suddenly at his resi-
dence on Wednesday evening, November 18, 1874. He
was a son of the late Dr. A. L. Peirson, likewise an emi-
nent surgeon and phj'sician, who lost his life by the Nor-
walk calamity in 1853 ; and was born Jan. 22, 1820, in
this city. He received his early education in the Salem
schools, was a graduate of Harvard in the class of 1840,
studied his profession with his ftither and at the Harvard
Medical School, and soon entered upon a very large and
successful practice, particularly in surgery. For several
years he was President of the Essex South District Med-
ical Society, and was an earnest and active cooperator
in all our useful local institutions for the benefit of the
unfortunate. During the war he went to the southern
battle fields to attend a wounded brother, and there ac-
quired the seeds of a malarial disease from which he was
never wholly freed. His sudden death will leave a la-
mentable void in this community. Dr. Peirson was twice
married; first, to Catharine Pickman, daughter of Nath'I
and Caroline (Sanders) Saltonstall (born May 18, 1823,
died June 25, 1852) ; secondly, to Ellen, daughter of
Justus and Hannah (Wood) Perry, of Keene, N. H.
Daniel Hojihins Mansfield, one of our old and effi-
cient shipmasters, died on Thursday evening, December
24, 1874, in his 74th year. He was for several years
previous to 1859, United States Consul at Zanzibar, and
in 1863, 1864, and 1865, was an Alderman of this city.
He joined the Salem Marine Society in 1849, and Avas
its treasurer from 1860. He was for a quarter of a cen-
tury or more a member of the First Baptist Church, and
was a gentleman of simple habits and great integrity of
character. He was son of Daniel Hopkins and Marcia
(Tucker) Mansfield, and was born at Salem, January 14,
1801.
92
William Archer. On New Year's morn we were pained
to hear the sndden decease of an associate which occurred
during the evening previous (Dec. 31, 1874), having
attended to his usual business that afternoon. He was a
son of William and Elizabeth (Daniels) Archer, and was
born at Salem July 27, 1816. After leaving the High
School he served an apprenticeship with the late Edmund
Currier, as a jeweller and silversmith, and subsequently
established himself in that business, which he continued
for several years in Beverly, Gloucester and Salem. In
the spring of 1852 he became associated with the late
Israel D. Shepard, as an auctioneer, and continued in that
occupation till his death, having built up a large business
as an auctioneer and real estate and insurance agent. He
was industrious, prompt, energetic and faithful, to the
interests confided to him. He was twice married ; first,
to Mary O., daughter of John H. and Lucy CTrafton)
Glover; she died 9th September, 1860, aged 44 years.
Secondly, June 19, 1862, to Mary J. Brown, of Charles-
town.
John Barloiv, one of our esteemed citizens, died on
Monday afternoon, January 11th, 1875. He was the sou
of Henry and Catherine (Armstrong) Barlow, and was
born in Shercock,Cavan County, Ireland, 10th July, 1813.
He came to Salem July 3, 1823, where he has since re-
sided. He engaged in the boot and shoe business-, in
which he was successful, and from which he retired sev-
eral years since. He was an intelligent, thoughtful,
active and useful citizen; and from his early manhood,
had been associated with the military, the masonic and
other bodies. He was an Alderman of the city in 1864
and 1865, and a Representative in the General Court in
1869 and 1870. He married Emeline C. Becket, daugh-
ter of Jonathan and Jane (Hyland) Campbell Becket.
93
Jeffries Wyman, 31. D., Professor of Anatomy in Har-
vard College, died from a sudden hemorrhage, at Bethle-
hem, N. H., Sept. 4, 1874, where he had gone to escape
the autumnal catarrh. He was the son of Dr. Rufus and
Ann (Morrill) Wyman, and was born at Chelmsford,
Mass., Aug. 11, 1814, graduated at Harvard in 1833,
and soon after commenced the study of medicine. In
1843 he accepted the chair of anatomy and physiology in
the Hampden-Sydney College, in Virginia. In 1847 he
was appointed to succeed Dr. Warren as the Plersey
Professor of Anatomy in Harvard. From 1856 to 1870
he was President of the Boston Society of Natural History.
On the foundation of the Museum of American Ethnology
and Archaeology at Cambridge, he was named one of the
seven trustees, and was at once requested by his fellow
members of the board to take charge of the museum as
its curator. The seven annual reports on the condition
and accessions to the new museum are evidences of what
he did in that direction. Pie also communicated to the
Natural History Society, the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, and to various scientific journals, over one
hundred important papers, the results of anatomical and
anthropological studies. He married in December, 1850,
Adeline Wheelwright, who died in June, 1855, leaving
two daughters. He married secondly, in August, 1861,
Anna Williams Whitney, who died February, 1864, leav-
ing one son.
Nathaniel Bradstreet Shurtleff, M. D., died in Boston
(Dorchester District), October, 17, 1874. He was born
in Boston June 20, 1810, and was the son of Dr. Benja-
min ShurtleiF, a veteran practitioner of eminence. After
his graduation at Cambridge in 1831, he commenced the
study of medicine, taking his degree in 1834. In early
life he was interested in anatomical studies, but latterly
94
his taste lay in other directions, especially in early New
England history. His nuraerons antiqnarian and his-
torical works will canse him to be long remembered. He
was for many years one of the trustees of the Boston
Public Library, a member of the School Committee, and
for three years Mayor of the city. He was also member
of the Board of Overseers of Harvard College, and for a
long period the Secretary. A ceaseless activity character-
ized his whole life, and no man was more familiarly
known, or had connected himself with so many associa-
tions, either of a permanent or temporary purpose. In
July, 1836, he Avas married to Sarah Eliza, daughter of
Hiram Smith, of Boston.
Meetings. — During the summer and early autumn five
Field Meetings have been held. The first at Ipswich, on
Wednesday, June 3, 1874. At the afternoon session, in
the First Church, Prof. E. S. Morse, of Salem, spoke on
" the fertilization of flowers ;" Mr. F. W. Putnam gave
an account of the shell heaps at the Light House and at
Eagle Hill ; Rev. T. Morong an historical notice of the
Public Library the gift of Augustine Heard, Esq. Second y
at Topsfield, Thursday, June 18, 1874. The afternoon
session, in the Methodist Church, was attended by a goodly
number of the citizens. Rev. James H. Fitts of Tops-
field communicated a paper on " Robert B. Thomas, the
maker of the Farmer's Almanac;" Vice-president F. W.
Putnam gave an account of the fishes taken from Ipswich
River ; Charles J. Peabody gave a brief history of Tops-
field ; Dr. Jeremiah Spoiford of Groveland, B. P. Adams
of Topsfield, Richard Phillips, Samuel Todd and Charles
H. Holmes, offered remarks. Third, at West JSTeivhury,
Thursday, July 18, 1874. At the session, in the Second
Church, George D. Phippeu of Salem, spoke on the flowers
95
that had been collected, and also on the unwelcome class
fonnd in our gardens, known as weeds ; Mv. John Rob-
inson spoke of the ferns ; Messrs. D. B. Hagar of the
State Normal School in Salem, Abner G. Phipps, agent
of the State Board of Education, J. Spoflbrd of Grove-
land, Haydn Brown of West Newbury, Stephen ]M. Allen
of Boston, and W. H. H. Marsh of Salem, were among
the speakers. Fourth^ at Rockport, Thursday Angust
6, 1874. Afternoon session in the Town Hall, Alfred
Osgood of Newburyport, F. W. Putnam of Salem, A. W.
Dodge of Hamilton, Albert H. Tuttle of the Ohio Agri-
cultural and Mechanical College, Columbus, Rev. A. B.
Hervey of Troy, N. Y., James Kimball of Salem, and
others, addressed the meeting. Fifth, at Manchester,
Friday October 2, 1874, by invitation of Mr. Lewis Tap-
pan and other citizens of that town ; the afternoon session
at the Town Hall ; among the speakers were F. AV.
Putnam, E. S. Morse, John Robinson and Rev. E. C.
Bolles, all of Salem.
Evening Meetings have been held at the rooms, usually
on the first and third Monday evenings of each month.
At these meetings an increasing interest was manifested,
and several valuable communications were presented, ab-
stracts of which have been printed in the Bulletin, or
reserved for the Historical Collections. The follow-
ing may be specified : "A talk upon Art," by Charles C.
Perkins, of Boston ; " Observations among the various
Scientific Collections of London," by E. C. Bolles ; "A
List of Birds observed at various localities contiguous to
the Central Pacific Railroad, from Sacramento Citv, Cal.,
to Salt Lake City, Utah," by Robert Ridgway ; "Fishes
and Crayfishes from Mammoth Cave," by F. W. Putnam ;
"An account of the process in the manufacture of glass,"
96
by John Robinson; "On the Theory of Evolntion," by
E. S. Morse ; "An account of the Archfeolosfical Discov-
eries of the Hayden Expedition," by F. W. Putnam ;
"Archteological Researches in Kentucljy," by F. W. Put-
nam ; "Comb Manufiicturing," by Haydn Brown; "On
the System of Visible Speech," by A. Graham Bell ;
" Ferns of Essex County," by John Robinson ; " On the
Fortifications and other enclosures made by the Indians
and the older races in North America," by F. W. Put-
nam ; "Synonymy, description, history, distribution,
and habits of the Prairie Hare" {Lepns campestris), by
Elliott Cones; "The applications of Galvanic Electricity
to a faw of the arts of every day life," by J. H. Stevens ;
"On East Indian and Japanese Paper," by E. C. Bollcs.
At the meeting on the IGth of November, 1871, a full
account was given of the examination of an Indian burial
place in Marblehead, and the finding of several skeletons
in situ by A. C. Goodell, Jr., W. P. Upham, E. S. At-
wood, C. Cooke, E. S. Morse, A. H. Johnson and E. C.
Bolles, wdio were present at the examiuntion and excava-
tion. The centennial anniversary of the meeting of the
Provincial Congress at Salem, was duly observed at the
Rooms of the Institute, October 5, 1874, by an address
from Vice-president A. C. Goodell, Jr., and a social gath-
ering.
Lectures axd Concerts. — An interesting series of
eight lectures, concerts and entertainments were given
in Mechanic Hall. 1st, Monday, Nov. 9, James Steele
Mackaye, upon the "Philosophy of Dramatic Expres-
sion; 2d, Monday, Nov. 23, concert by the Boston
Swedish singers ; 3d, Saturday, Dec. 5, concert by Theo-
dore Thomas, with his full orchestra of sixty performers ;
4th, Monday, Dec. 14, Charles C. Perkins of Boston, on
97
"Art," illustrated In' the calciiun light; 5th, Monday,
Jan. 11, Rev. E. C. Bolles of Salem, " Eamblcs in
Europe," illustrated ; Gth, Monday, Jan. 25, Daniel
Dougherty, Esq., of Philadelphia, on "Oratory"; 7th,
Monday, Feb. 8, Rev. E. C. Bolles of Salem, "Rambles
in Europe," illustrated by means of the lantern ; 8th,
Monday, March 15, Prof. A. M. Mayer, of Stevens'
Institute, "Sound and how we hear," illustrated by fine
lantern pictures.
Also a sup]}lementary course, which comprised a con-
cert by the Schumann Club of Boston, under the direc-
tion of Mr. Carlyle Petersilea, on Monday, May 3d ;
Select Readings by Prof. J. M. Churchill, of Andover ;
and a Lecture by Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Salem, subject
"Rambles Abroad," are announced to be given soon.
In addition to the above, James Steele Mackaye, deliv-
ered a lecture, at the Rooms in Plummer Hall, Tuesday,
Nov. 24, on " The Life, Labors, and Peculiar Discoveries
of Francois Delsarte," and on Thursday', March 25, Mr.
E. Ingersoll, a lecture on "The Ancient Inhabitants, or
Cliff Dwellers of the Canons of the Colorado Valley."
Horticultural. — The operations of this department
have been successfully conducted during the past season.
Five exhibitions have been held, two devoted to the show
of special flowers, the others more general in their char-
acter. 1st, on Saturday evening, June 27 ; a beautiful
display ; Cereus nycticollis (variety of Night Blooming
Cereus) a native of Mexico ; Phyllocactus creuatus, and
several other species of cacti ; Cypripedium spectabile,
etc. 2d, Tuesday and "Wednesday, June 30 and July 1,
the rose show. 3d, Tuesday, July 21, special; Clero-
dendron Balfouri ; Alamanda Scottii, etc. 4th, Wed-
nesday, July 29; 5th, the Annual, from Tuesday, Sept.
98
15, to Friday, Sept. 18, maintained the usual character
for a display of many choice and beautiful flowers aud
fine fruit, vegetables, etc., though the decorations were
not so elaborate as in some previous seasons. The fol-
lowing prizes and gratuities were awarded: — Flowers.
Cut flowers ; 1st, Charles A. Putnam, 2d, John Eobinson,
3d, C. A. Beckford. Pot Plants ; 1st, David M. Balch,
2d, John Robinson. Stand of growing plants; 1st, John
E,ol)inson. Arranged Basket of Cut Flowers ; 1st, C.
H. Buxton. Collection of Gladioli ; 1st, Charles A. Put-
nam. Parlor Bouquet ; 1st, Mrs. Arthur Kemble. War-
dian Case ; 1st, John Robinson. Ferneries, circular ; 1st,
John Robinson. Fruit. — Collection of Pears ; 1st, Wm.
Maloon, 2d, Joseph A. Goldthwaite. Best single dish of
Bartletts ; T. Putnam Symonds. Best single dish of
Seckel ; T. Putnam Symonds. Best single dish of Duch-
ess de Angouleme ; Charles A. Ropes. Best single dish
of Louise Bonne ; R. G. Goss. Collection of Apples ; 1st,
C. A. Ropes, 2d, H. F. Skerry. Best single dish of Ap-
ples ; Henry Very. Collection of Peaches ; 1st, George
Bowker, 2d, Charles M. Richardson. Best single dish of
Peaches ; F. Lamson. Best single dish of Rogers No. 4
and 15 ; H. F. Skerry. Best Hartford Prolific ; T. Put-
nam Symonds. Best Creveling ; George Russell. Vege-
tables. — Best peck of Early Rose Potatoes ; E. C. Lar-
rabee. Best four Marrow Squashes ; Plummer Farm
School. Best four heads of Cauliflowers ; E. C. Larrabee.
Best five heads of Cabbages ; Plummer Farm School.
Best dish of Trophy Tomato ; W. F. Gardner. Best dish
of other varieties of Tomato ; E. C. Larrabee. Best five
Beets ; Plummer Farm School. Best peck of Onions ;
Plummer Farm School. Largest and best-shaped Squash ;
Plummer Farm School. Verj^ large aud fine Sweet Corn ;
S. D. Tiltou.
99
Art Exhibition. — At the quarterly meeting in Feb-
ruary, it was mentioned that the Misses Mary E. and
Abby O. Williams of Salem, would be willing to deposit
in the Rooms of the Institute, temporarily, their valuably
collection of Paintings, many of which were copied by
them from the "old masters," during a residence of sev-
eral years in Rome. After some conversation, the subject
was referred to the Curators of the department of Art,
to make the necessary arrangements, and to tender to the
ladies the sincere thanks of the Institute for this liberal
proposal. The collection was received on Thursday,
March 4, and it was deemed expedient, with so fine a
basis, to have an Art Exhibition, and to solicit contribu-
tions to this end, though not without some slight misgiv-
ings of its success, and thus fulfilling a long cherished
desire of those connected with the Institute.
The Exhibition was opened Thursday, March 11, and
continued to Friday evening, March 19. The result was
a surprise. to all parties interested. From the first day
that notice was given, pictures of all kinds were sent in
with the greatest liberality, until some three or four hun-
dred had been collected and hung upon the walls of the
exhibition room. They comprised oil paintings, water
colors, charcoal sketches, pen and ink drawings, and en-
gravings ; among them were works of decided merit.
The sides of the hall were almost entirely covered with
cloth of a maroon color, against which the pictures were
suspended. The alcoves, which seemed at first to pre-
sent some difiiculties, were fitted up with frames, arranged
so as to produce indentations or recesses in the sides of
the hall, and gave an extremely pleasing efiect. All
four sides of the room were completely covered with pic-
tures ; a long array of gas burners fitted with reflectors,
threw down upon them a brilliant light, so that the
100
entire effect of the scene was very cheerful, pleasant and
enlivening.
The whole number of pictures registered was three
hundred and forty ; a Catalogue of which was printed in
the April number of the Bulletin for the present year.
Library. — The additions by donations and exchange
during the year arc as follows : —
Donatio7is.
Folios, 31 Pamphlets and Serials, . . . 5,C03
Qiiavtos, 37 Almanacs, ....... 77
Octavos, 457
Duoilecimos, 1G8 Total, 5,680
Sexdecimos, 30 Total of bound volumes, . . 729
Total, 729 Total of Donations, .... 6,409
Exchaiiffes.
Quartos, 1 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 835
Octavos, 141 Total of bound volumes, . . 145
Duodecimos, 3
— Total of Exchanges, ... 880
Total, 145 Total of Donations 6,409
Total, 7,389
Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 3,143
were pamphlets, and 3,295 serials.
The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and three individuals and fif-
teen societies and departments of the General and State
Governments. The exchanges from seventy-five societies
and incorporate institutions, of which forty-six are for-
eign ; also from editors and publishers.
From the editors of the " American Naturalist " forty-
five serial publications.
101
Museum. — Many valuable specimens in natural his-
tory have been given during the year, and arc on deposit
with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science,
in accordance with previous arrangements. These have
been reported at our meetings, and have been duly ac-
knowledo;ed to the several donors. In addition to the
above, several interesting specimens of an historical char-
acter have been deposited in the Rooms of the Institute,
and contribute very much of interest and value to the
antiquarian and historical portion of the Museum. A
Committee appointed for the purpose have rearranged the
collection of relics, and local antiquities in the eastern
ante-room, and by the efforts of Eev. E. C. Bolles and
others, several series of specimens in Technolog^^ have
been added.
Publications. — The Bulletin has been continued in
monthly numbers, giving full reports of the doings of the
Institute, and abstracts of papers read at the meetings.
The Historical Collections, Vol. xii, Nos. 3 and 4,
and Vol. xiii, No. 1, have been printed.
Financial. — The Treasurer's Report shows the fol-
lowing receipts and expenditures during the year. Addi-
tional means are requisite to perform, in a suitable man-
ner, the various duties which the members may reasonably
expect.
debits.
General Account.
Athenreuni, Reut, etc., $350 00; Salaries, $745.00; Coal, $100.50, .. . $1,255.50
Lectures, $'10.55; Express, $43.32; Postage, $10.50, .... 170.37
Insurance, $50.00; Rosetta Stone, $1G.C0; Gas, $08.35 134.35
Photographs, $35.81; Publications, $1,139.37 1,105.21
Collecting, $5.00; Sundries, $23.38, 28.38
Historical,
Binding, $95.00; Books, $10.00, 105.00
102
Natural History and ITortiruUure.
Horticultural Exhibitions, $90.43; Sundries, $5.89, .
CREDITS.
General Account.
Diviclencls Webster Bank,
Assessments, $1,378.00; Publications, $483.05, .
Life Membership, $30.00; Sundries, $134.63,
Athen?Bum, proportion of coal and janitor,
Cash at beginning of year,
Balance due Treasurer,
Historical.
Dividends Naumkeag Bank
Natural History and Horticulture.
Dividends P. S. & P. R. R., $20.00; Lowell Bleachery, $64.00,
Horticultural Exhibitions,
Davis Fund.
Coupons Burlington and Missouri R. R.,
Coupons Dixon, Peoria and Hannibal R. R.,
96.32
$2,S55.13
30.00
1,761.05
164.63
155.25
182.68
89.58
84.00
85.94
240.00
140.00
$2,9.55.13
The receipts find expenclitures on account of the recent
courses of lectures and entertainments, and the Art Ex-
hibition in March, which were severally placed in charge
of the curators of the department of the Arts, are not
included in the above statement ; the supplementary
course not having been concluded. The same will be
carried to the next year's account.
Mr. W. P. Uppiam read a new draft of the Constitu-
tion and By-laws, as prepared by the special Committee
appointed at the meeting held on the 16th of November
last. After discussion the further consideration was
deferred to the next quarterly meeting on the secoud
Wednesday of August.
103
The following Officers were then elected, until others
shall be chosen in their stead : —
President.
HENRY WHEATLAND.
Vice Presidents.
Of History— k. C. Goodell, Jr. Of Natural History— F. W. Putnam.
Of Horticulture — William Sutton. Of the Arts—D. B. Hagar.
Becording and Home Secretary.
Geo. M. Whipple.
Foreign Secretary.
A. S. Packard, Jr.
Treasurer.
Henry Wheatland.
Librarian.
William P. Upham.
Superintendent of the Museum,
T. F. Hunt.
Curators of Historical Department.
W. P. Upliam, M. A. Stickney, James Kimball.
Curators of Natural History Department.
H. r. King, G. A. Perkins, William Neilson.
Curators of Horticultural Department.
T. F. Hunt, D. M. Balch, W. P. Andrews.
Curators of Department of the Arts.
C. H. Higbee, James A. Gillis, George M. Whipple.
Finance Committee.
John C. Lee, Jas. Upton, Geo. D. Phippen, Jas. 0. Safford.
104
Lecture Committee.
D. B. Ilagar, George Perkins, William Nortliey, C. II. Iligbee,
E. C. Bolles, A. H. Johnsou.
Field 3Ieetinrj Committee.
A. \y. Dodge, E. N. Walton, N. A. Horton, Alfred Osgood.
Library Committee.
J. G. Waters, E. B. Willson, Geo. F. Flint.
Puhlication Committee.
A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, R. S. Rantoul,
Henry M. Brooks, E. S. Atwood.
On motion of Mr. C. H. Higbee it was
Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be
tendered to the officers and members of the Schumann
Club, of Boston, for their valuable services gratuitously
rendered, at the concert given on the evening of May
3d, in the Supplementary Series of Lectures and Enter-
tainments.
James Silver Williams and Henry F. Perkins, both of
Salem, were elected resident members.
Adjourned.
k
BULLETIN
E1SSE12C IltTSTITTJTE.
Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., July, 1875. No. 7.
One Dollar a Tear in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.
Field Meeting at Hamilton, TnuRSDAr, June 3, 1875.
The first field meeting of tlie season was lield at tlie
Chebacco House, in Hamilton, this da3^ There is much
that is enjoyable about the woods and ponds in the vicin-
ity of the hotel, and the place is thereby very popular as
an objective point for parties during the summer months.
It is also a favorite resort for the zoologists and the bota-
nists, as the finding of many of our animals and plants,
some of exceeding interest, are frequent rewards of a
half day's tramp. The members of the Institute are,
therefore, always pleased in the selection of this place
for one of their field days.
The Proprietors of the House, the Messrs. Whipple,
are always courteous and very assiduous in their efibrts
to promote the objects of these meetings, and to con-
tribute to the comfort of the members and friends in
attendance.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VH. 8 (105;
106
The forenoon was clcvotecl to the usnal raml3les in
search of objects of interest, as the inclination of each
dictated, and many tine specimens were fonnd. At one
o'clock lunch was partaken in the woods near the house.
At 2.30 p. M. the afternoon session was held in the
Hall of the Chebacco House. The Puesident in the chair.
The records of preceding meeting were read.
Vice President F. W. Putnam gave an interesting ac-
count of his late visit to Newbur3'port for the purpose of
examining some curious groups of stones recently found
by AV. C. Johnson, Esq., of that city, while prospecting
on his land, about four miles from the city, near Parker
River. These stones were in a few instances of such sin-
gular arrangement as to lead to the supposition that they
possibly indicated something of archaeological importance.
Mr. Putnam mentioned that besides a row of piles of
stones, each about eight feet in diameter, there Avas found
a few hundred feet distant a sin<>:ular arrano^ement of small
stones, in the form of the letter E, the length of the let-
ter being six feet, and the width about two feet. Near
this was a small circle of stones about four feet in diame-
ter, with a number of stones inside the circle. Near this
Avas a slight earth mound. In the immediate vicinity
were a number of small heaps of shells. These were the
surface indications ; and while there was undoubted evi-
dence of the stones having been placed in these positions
a long while ago, so that the soil and sod had nearly cov-
ered them, still there was nothing that indicated a great
antiquity.
Excavations were begun in the expectation of finding
that the stones had been placed as marks of sepulture,
but nothing except a small piece of Indian pottery was
107
brought to light. Finally the small earth mound was
opened, and the clay, burnt to some depth, showed that
a fire had been kept there for a long time. Pieces of the
old-fashioned square brick, fragments of green window
glass and lead sash, such as were imported by the first
settlers, were also found, showing that part, at least, of
the mound had been caused by some of the early settlers,
though there is no tradition of the land in question ever
having been settled upon or cleared for cultivation.
Thus, after a most careful consideration, the singular
arrangement of the stones remains a mystery. That any
white person should take the trouble to arrange the
stones, as found, seems improbable, while the absence of
signs of burial under them, would indicate that if made
by the Indians, they were for the purpose of simply
marking the spot for some particular reason. Stone piles
of various shapes have been found in diiferent parts of
the country, evidently the work of the Indians, and it
may be that tliese at Newburj'port, which was a well
known resort of the Indians, were also their work, though
nothins: definite could be obtained as to their origin.
Photographs of these heaps were exhibited.
Mr. Alfred Osgood of Newburyport, said that the
early white settlers sometimes used stones to mark their
fishing grounds, and suggested that these heaps might be
for that purpose.
Mr. Putnam wished publicly to thank Mr. Johnson for
his thoughtfulness in calling attention to these curious
piles of stones, as often very valuable relics are found by
a little care and research, from indications far less prom-
ising in appearance than those in question, though often,
as in the present case, an examination may prove them
to be unimportant.
108
Mr. Osgood gave an informal talk on the present aspect
of the mining lands and the presence of minerals in the
vicinity of Newburyport, and expressed himself rather
skeptical as to the richness and value of any of the de-
posits yet found. Without doubt valuable ore is there,
though whether it would pay to work the mines, expecting
a large yield, is questionable. He thought that no new
discoveries had been made favorable to such an opinion.
Mr. J. H. Stevens of Salem, being called upon, said
that the Institute was doing much to develop among the
people, and particularly the j'oung people, a knowledge
of natural history. He then gave an interesting account
of the growth of the cane brakes (AruncUnaria 7nac7'0-
sperma) in the Southern States. Hundreds of miles of
country along the Mississippi bottoms are covered by
these brakes, some growing to the height of twenty-five
or thirty feet. When young and tender the leaves furnish
food for deer and other animals. He had often wandered,
rifle in hand, through that country, and felt the want of
the kind of knowledge that the Essex Institute and these
field meetings were disseminating in order to appreciate
the opportunities for the study of nature there presented.
He also spoke of the American Tulip Tree (^Lirioden-
dron lulipijera), which grows luxuriantly in the same
vicinity, and when in bloom presents the appearance, as
seen from the high bluffs, of an immense flower garden
extending sometimes for miles.
Mr. Putnam said that in the Mammoth and several
other caves in Kentucky there were often found pieces
of canes, with one end burned, and it was supposed
that they had been filled with grease and used as torches
by some of the Indian race, who, to a certain extent,
used the caves for various purposes.
109
Miss L. H. Upton of Salem presented the following
list of plants found in bloom during the excursion :
LIST OF PLANTS FOUXD IN FLOWER AT ESSEX,
JUXE 3, 1875.
Anemone nemorosa L. Wind-flower.
Banunculus abortivus L. Small-flowered crowfoot.
• Banunculus acris L. Buttercups.
Coptis trij'ulia Salisb. Gold-thread.
Aquilegia Canadensis L. Columbine.
Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant.
Viola lanceolata L. Lance-leaved white violet.
Viola Manila Willd. Sweet white violet.
Viola cucullata Ait. Blue violet.
Prunus Fennsylvanica L. Wild red cherry.
■^ Potentilla Canadensis L. Cinque-foil.
'' Fragaria Virginiana^lw. Wild strawberry.
Amelanchier Canadensis Torr. & Gray. June-berry.
.^Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild sarsaparilla.
^'Vomits Canadensis L. Dwarf cornel. Bunch-berry.
'^'Oldenlandia coerulea. Houstonia.
Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook. Mouse-ear.
'■Taraxacum dens-leonis Desf. Dandelion.
''^accinium Pennsylvanicum Lara. Dwarf blueberry.
^Vaccinium corymhosum L. High blueberry.
'■^Trientalis Americana Pursh. Star-flower.
Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved speedwell.
< Bumex acetosella L. Sheep sorrel.
'^Arisoema triphyllum Torr. Indian turnip. Jack in the pulpit.
Corallorhiza innata R. Brown. Coral- root.
Cypripedium acaule Ait. Lady's slipper.
vSisyri^ichirim Bermudianum L. Blue-eyed grass.
'■^olygonatum hiflorum Ell. Smaller Solomon's seal.
Smilacina racemosa Desf. False spikenard.
Smilacina bifolia Ker. Wild lily of the valley.
3Iedeola Virginica L. Indian cucumber root.
After remarks from Dr. J. P. Fessenden, Rev. S. C.
Beane and Messrs. E. N. Walton and N. A. Horton of
Salem, and the adoption of a vote of thanks to the
Messrs. Whipple of the Chebacco House, for their kind-
ness in placing at the disposal of the Institute their house
and grounds for the day, the meeting adjourned.
110
Eegular Meeting, Monday, June 21, 1875.
Regular meeting this evening at the rooms. The Pres-
ident in the chair. Records read.
The President read extracts from the will of the late
Abby \V. Ditmore of Salem bequeathing to the Institute
certain sums, subject to conditions which were stated.
As the full amount of the bequests was not to be paid at
present, the matter was laid over for action at a future
meeting.
The President stated that a collection of documents,
papers, prints, etc., relating to the various centennial
celebrations of this period had been commenced, and
requested contributions from members and friends to
this object.
Mr. Charles H. Higbee stated that he had received
some very fine and valuable specimens of algte from Mrs.
A. L. Davis, Mrs. H, A. Cochran and Mrs. Bray of Glou-
cester, also from N. S. B. Herbert of Lynn, and that these
specimens would be placed in the Institute collection.
He desired thus publicly to thank these persons for their
kindness and attention.
J. H. Stevens, Philip H. Kimball and Miss Mary E.
Kinsman of Salem, and H. M. Cross of Newburyport,
were duly elected resident members.
The President alluded to the decease of one of our
associates, Charles Went worth Upham, which took
place on Tuesday morning, June 15, 1875, and gave a
brief account of his connection with the Society and of
his strong interest in its objects. He spoke also of his
Ill
early life and of his various literary labors, and of his in-
terest in the establishment of the State Normal School
in Salem.
Gen. Henry K. Oliver of Salem made some very
appropriate remarks on the death of Mr. Upham, and in
conclusion ofFerect the following resolutions for the con-
sideration of the meeting.
Whereas, it has pleased the Supreme Kuler of events
to remove by death our honored and venerated associate
and fellow citizen, Charles Wentworth Upham, long
connected with the Essex Institute, and for half a cen-
tury identified with this community in many relations :
Resolved, That the members of the Institute, deeply
feeling the irreparable loss it has sustained, enroll his
name with unfeigned grief among the most eminent of its
past associates.
Resolved, That while we mourn the loss of so valued a
member of our society, and so justly esteemed a citizen,
our sorrow is tempered as we look back upon a life, so
true to all the purposes of life, and read the record of
the varied virtues and singular excellencies, which char-
acterized the whole career of our departed associate.
Resolved, That in his career as a faithful and earnest
minister of the Gospel, in his zealous labors as a citizen
for the best interests of our community, as a patriotic
officer in state and nation, as a successful laborer in the
fields of literature, biography and history, he has for
himself fully won the highest reputation, and conferred
increased distinction upon our ancient municipality.
Resolved, That as we review the long and inspiring
catalogue of the great and good men, who from its earli-
est days have adorned and illustrated our historic city,
our just pride receives a new impulse, in adding to the
honored roll the name of one so fully entitled to receive
reverent admiration and honor, among the most highly
honored and revered.
112
Eev. E. C. BoLLES moved the adoption of these reso-
lutions, and paid an eloquent tribute to the character and
memory of Mr. Upham. . .
Rev. E. S. Atwood heartily endorsed the resolutions
offered by Gen. Oliver. He spoke of his long and valued
intimacy with Mr. Upham, who had often expressed to
him his great interest in the various clergymen of the
city, without regard to sect or denomination ; also of his
valuable advice as to the best method of professional life ;
of his interest in the Institute and its objects ; of his ex-
tensive knowledge of books in the various departments of
literature ; of his quick intellect and cheerfulness of mind
to the end of life.
After further remarks from Messrs. C. H. Higbee and
A. C. Goodell, Jr., the resolutions were unanimously
adopted.
Rev. E. S. Atavood said that some more formal notice
should be taken of the death of so distinguished a mem-
ber of the Institute, and suggested that it might be well
to hold, at some future time in the rooms of the Society,
a memorial meeting, at which time a memoir of the de-
ceased should be read, and moved that a committee be
appointed to consider the subject. The motion was
adopted, and Messrs. E. S. Atwood, E. C. BoUes, H. K.
Oliver, A. C. Goodell, Jr., and F. W. Putnam were ap-
pointed as the Committee.
Adjourned.
BULLETIN
Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., August, 1875. No. 8.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.
Field Meeting at Byfield, Thursday, July 1, 1875.
The second field meetins: of the Essex Institute for the
present season was held this day, at Byfield, a locality
highly suitable for a gathering of this character ; its his-
torical associations cannot fail to interest the student in
our local history, and its diversified scenery and natural
conditions ofier a wide field for the exploration of the
naturalist.
This territory, through which the Parker River flows,
having upon its adjacent interval lands some of the most
fertile farms of the county, was granted in 1635, a large
portion on the south side to Richard Dummer and on the
north to Henry Sewall, whose descendants have ever
since held prominent positions in the history of this
country. These lands, more especially that portion near
"The Falls," so called, were first used for the keeping
of cattle and sheep that came over in the Dutch ships
in 1635, and were owned by Richard Dummer, Henry
ESSEX IKST. BULLETIN. VU. 9 (US;
114
Sewall and Richard Saltonstall. It appears that for sev-
eral years afterwards attention was given to the raising
of sheep in this phice.
The people living in this territory, part of which is in
the township of old Newbury and part in that of old
Rowley, being lit a distance from the churches of the two
towns, in 1702 built a church and established a parish
under the name of "Rowlberry." In November, 1706, it
was organized as the "Falls Parish," and Rev. Moses
Hale was settled as. the first minister. In 1710 it was
incorporated as that of Byfield in honor to Nathaniel By-
iield,^ a liberal benefactor to the parish.
To visit this place the members of the Institute and
their friends took the cars of the Eastern Railroad, the
principal portion at Salem, the others at the several sta-
tions on the route, for Newl)ur3'port and thence pro-
ceeded to Byfield, six miles distant, in barges furnished
by Mr. Enoch T. Northend, proprietor of the Newbury-
port and Amesbury Horse Raih'oad. The route taken
was somewhat circuitous in order to fiwor the party with
an inspection of the mining region and other notable
places in the vicinity. A halt was made near the High-
field mines, where- an hour was pleasantly passed in
examining the grounds and witnessing the mining opera-
tions, by the courtesy of Messrs. Patterson, Chipman and
Boynton.
At the Boynton Mine., in charge of Mr. Robertson, the
shaft is the deepest in the whole district. The ore last
taken out is the best. The Chipman works, under the
care of Mr. Patterson, have assumed an orderly and pros-
^Col. Nathaniel ByfleM, son of Rev. Richard Byfield of LongDutton in Sussex,
came to New England in 1074. He was speake • of the House of Ueprescntatives
in 1093; a colonel, Judge of Probate and Common Pleas for the new county of
Bristol, atterwards of Suffolk, also of Ids Majesty's Councd, etc. He died June 6,
1733.
115
perous appearance. A new building has been erected,
65 X 30 feet with attachments, that give an engine
house, a blacksmith and machine shop, pumping gear,
tool room, office and shaft-house combined. All the
machinery is said to be of the most approved kind. The
mine has been timbered. From the depth now obtained,
seventy-five feet, laterals are being run out north, east
and south.
The next stopping place was at the fork of the road
near the "Longfellow house," the "Indian burial grounds"
and the "cave." All three of these places were visited.
The house in which the great-grandfather of the present
Henry W. Longfellow was born is on a sightly spot, sur-
rounded by rich, smooth fields. It is now in a dilapidated
condition. It was probably built in the early part of the
last centur}' by Stephen Longfellow, a son of William,'
the emigrant ancestor, who came in his youth to Newbury,
and married, Nov. 10, 1678, Ann, daughter of Plenry
2 William Longfellow,' born about 1051, in Ilampsliire, Eng., came in his youth
to Newburj'; m. Nov. 10, KiTS, Ann, daugliter of Henry Sewall. He was en.<ign of
the company that embarked in the expedition of SirWm.Phips against Quebec,
and with nine others was shipwrecked on the return at Auticosti (one account
Bays Cape Breton) in October, 1G90.
Stephen Longfellow,- son of the above, b. at Newbury 22 Sept., 1G8.'); m. 25 Mar.,
1713. Abigail, daughter of Rev. Edward Tompson of Marslifleld. He Avas a lieu-
tenant and a selectman; d. 17 Nov., 17G4, at By field.
Stephen Lovff/dlotv,^ son of the above, b. at Byficld 7 Feb., 1723, gr. Harv. Coll.
1742; went to Portland Apr. 11, 1745, and opened a school. He was for many years
one of the most active, useful and intelligent men in the town ; town clerk, register
of Probate and clerk of Judicial Courts; he married in 1749 Tabitha Bragdon, of
York, Me. He died at Gorham, Me., in 17'J0.
Stephen Lonr/felloic,* son of the above, born at Portland in 1750, went to Gorham
in 1775. He was largely employed as a surveyor, selectman, etc. Judge of C. C.
P., Rep. & Senat. in State Legis. In 1773 m. Patience Young of York, Me. He
died in Gorham in lS2t, aged 74 years.
Stephen Lonr/fellow,'^ son of the above, born in Gorham Mar. 23, 177G, gr. Harv.
Coll. 1708, studied law, and on being admitted to the bar in Portland he entered at
once upon a large practice and stood in the front rank of able counsellors; mem-
ber of the Hartford convention in 1814, also a member of U. S. Congress, He died
Aug. 2, 1819.
Henry ]V. Longfellow,^ son of the above, born at Portland, Feb. 27, 1807, gr.Bowd.
Coll. 1825. Prol. at Bowdoin and at Harvard. Poet, Resides at Cambridge.
116
Sewall,^ and this land was part of the estate which she
received from her father, and is now occnpied by Mr.
Joseph Longfellow, a lineal descendant.
Byfield factory, probably the site of the first cotton
mill in the conntry, was then visited. At this place,
about 1790, Jacob Perkins, the well known inventor
(born at NcAvburyport, July 9, 17G6, died at London,
July 30, 1849), put up a small mill and first demonstrated
the practical working of his machine for cutting and
heading nails at one operation. This invention, though,
it is said, not a pecuniary success to the inventor, has
since its introduction completely revolutionized the mode
of manufacturing nails. Here Paul Moody in his youth
found valuable instruction and satisfactory employment,
and laid the foundation of a brilliant career as a mecha-
nician, and whose name will be always identified with
the introduction of manufacturing industries in Waltham
and Lowell. A mile further on was noticed, shaded
by elms, the residence of the second minister of the
s Children of Henry Sewall : —
1. Hannah, born at Tamworth, May 10, 1649; m. Jacob Tappan of Newbury,
Aug. 24, 1G70; d. Nov. 12, 1G99.
2. Samuel, b. Bishopstoke, Hants, March 28, 1652; gr. Harv. Coll. 1671; m. Feb.,
1675-6, Hannah, daughter of John Hull of Boston, Judge Sup. Court, Mass., and
Ch. Justice; d. Jan. 1, 1720-30.
3. John, b. at Baddersly, Hampshire, Eng., Oct. 10, 1654; came to New England
in 1661 ; m. Hannah Fessenden of Cambridge, Oct. 27, 1674; lived with his father at
Newbury, and there died before him, Aug. 8, 1G99.
4. Stephen, b at Baddersly, Aug. 19, 1C57 ; m. Margaret, dau. of Rct. Jor.a. Mitch-
ell of Cambridge, June 13, lG8i ; resided at Salem, where he was Register of Deeds
for Essex, etc.; d. Oct. 17, 1725.
5. Jane, b. at Baddersly, Oct. 25, 1659; m. Moses Gerrish of Newbury, Sept. 24,
1677; d. Jan.29, 171G-17.
6. Ann,\i. at Newbury, N. E., Sept. 3, 16G2; m. 1678, William Longfellow, who
■was drowned Oct., IGiiO; she had for a second husband Henry Short of Newbury,
and died Dec. 18, 170G.
7. Mehilable, b. at Newbury, May 8, 1665; m. William Moody of Newbury; d.
Aug. 8, 1702.
8. Dorothy, b. at Newbury, Oct. 29, 1668; m. 1st, Ezekiel Northend of Rowley,
Sept. 10, 1691; 2nd, Dec. 23, 1732, Moses Bradstreet of Rowley, whose widow she
died June 17, 1752.
117
parish, Rev. Moses Parsons, from June 21, 1744, when
he was ordained, until his death, Dec. 11, 1783. In this
house was born, Feb. 24, 1750, his son Theophihis Par-
sous, the eminent jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court of Massachusetts from 1806 until his decease, Oct.
30, 1813. The house was built, probably, in 1706.
About noon the party arrived at Dumraer Academy,
which is situated in a retired and shady spot at the inter-
section of several roads. This school was organized, in
accordance with the will of its patron and founder, in
1763, during the provincial period of our history, under
the direction of Samuel Moody,* the first Principal. Mr.
Moody had previously been so successful as a teacher in
his uative town, York, Me., that twenty-eight pupils
were present at the opening. For many years the num-
ber of scholars averaged over seventy, and it is inscribed
upon his tombstone: — "He left no child to mourn his
sudden death (for he died a bachelor), yet his numerous
< William Moody, > probably the ancestor of all the Moodys in this section of the
countiy, came in 163-t (it was said a saddler) from Ipswich, Co. of Suffolk. lie
was first of Ipswich, afterwards in 1635 of Newbury, where he continued to reside.
He died Oct. 25, 1673. He had three sons.
1. Rev. Joshua Moody, ^ Harv. Coll., 1653, of Portsmouth and Boston; died July
4, 1697.
2. Caleb Moody,2 married 1st, Sarah Peirce; 2nd, Judith Bradbury. He died
Aug. 25, 1G98.
Rev. Samuel Moody,^ son of the above Caleb, b. Jan. 4, 1676; Harv. Coll.
1607; of York Me.; died Nov. 13, 1747.
Rev. Joseph Moody,* son of Rev. Samuel, born in 1700; Harv. Coll. 1718;
died Mar. 20, 1753, of York, Me.
Rev. Samuel Moody ,5 the preceptor of Dummer, son of the above Rev.
Joseph.
3. Samuel Moody,- married Mary Cutting Nov. 9, 1657; died April 4, 1675.
William Moody,^ son of Samuel above, born June 20, l&iS; married Mehit-
able Sewall Nov. 15, 1684 (see note on page 116); resided in Byfield; died
Feb. 6, 1729-30.
Deacon Samuel Moody* of Newbury, son of the above William and Mehit-
able, born March 21. 1689; died May 25, 1767.
Paul Moody 5 of Newbury, son of the above Samuel, d. Dec. 30, 1823, aged
80; his widow Mary, d. March 10, 1825, aged 82.
Paul Moody" the distinguished mechanician, son of the above Paul and
Mary, b. at Newbury, May 23, 1779; died at Lowell, July 7, 1831.
118
pupils in the United States will ever retain a lively sense
of the sociability, industry, integrity and piety, lie pos-
sessed in an uncommon degree ; as well as the disinter-
ested, zealous, faithful and useful manner in which he
discharged the duties of the Academy for thirty years.
He died at Exeter, Dec. 14, 1795, aged seventy,"
The school was not in session. Tables were spread on
the green in front, beneath the trees, and a refreshing
lunch was soon prepared.
At 2.30 p. M. the afternoon session was held in the
study room of the Academy. The President in the
chair.
The records of preceding meeting read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From W. P. Andrews, May 15; D. M. Baloh, May 15; Bureau of Education,
Washington, June 23; E. P. Boon, New York, June 13, 28; Cornell University,
June 2S; Henry B. Dawson, Morrisania, N. Y., June 23; David B. Gould, May 31;
Laighton & Brotliers, Isle of Shoals, June 10; Charles Lawrence, Danvers, June
25 ; Joel Munsell, Albany, N. Y., June 22 ; W. D. Northend, June 24 ; C. L. Peirson,
Boston, June; John Eobinson, May 11; M. C. D. Silsbee, Boston, June; J. H.
Stevens, June 20; James Upton, June 3, James S. Williams, May 27; Naturfor-
scheiide Gesellschal't, Danrig, May 10; Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, J\Iay 19; K. K. Zoologische-botanische Gesellschaft.
The following additions to the library were reported : —
By Donation.
American Association for the Advancement of Science. Proceedings,
at Hartford, Conn., Aug., 1874. 1 vol. Svo.
BoLLES, E. C. Theological Discussion. 1 vol. 12mo. The School. 1 vol. 12mo.
Celestial Scenery. 1 vol. 12mo. The Ladies' Repository from 1839 to 18GG.
Bolton, H. Carrington, of Columbia Coll., N. Y. Centennial of Chemistiy,
Aug. 1, 1874, at Northumberland, Pa. 4to pamph.
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Cabot, Mrs. J. S. Transactions of the American Pomological Society for ISGO.
1 vol. 8vo. Agriculture of Ma.ss. 1857. 1 vol. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 72.
Cleveland, Mrs. W. S. Six Plans drawn by .Jona. P. Saunders in 1837, of Aca-
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of Tootoillo, Navigators Group. Sandwich Islands. Marquesas, or Washington
Islands. Galapagos Islands.
Dallett, Gillies. Philadelphia Directories, 1844, 1847, 1849, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1855,
1857, 18G1, 1SG2, 18G3, 18G4, 1870, 1871.
119
Gould. David B., of St. Louis, Mo. Directory of St. Lonis, for years 1871, 1872,
187.), 1874, 1875. 5 vols. 8vo.
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Lawkence, Chas., of Danvers, jMass. Moore's View in France, 2 vols. Fitzos-
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Complete Farmer, 1 vol. Manual for Farmers, 1 vol. Memoir of Mrs. Hemans, 1
vol. Memoir of S. Green, 1 vol. Dufief 's Dictionary, 3 vols.
Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, May 8, 15, 22, 29, June 5, 12, 19, 1875.
LoRiNG, Geo. B. Agriculture of Mass.; by C. L. Flint. 1871-5. 1 vol. Svo.
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The President then made a few preliminary remarks,
describing the excursion from Newburyport to this place,
and the historical localities visited. He also gave a brief
biographical sketch of the Sewall fjimily, on whose an-
cient domain at the factory they made a halt. He called
upon Hon. William D. Northend of Salem, who was
born in Byfield, and there had spent his early years, to
give some account of Byfield, of Dummer Academy, the
founder, the teachers and the alumni.
Hon. William D. Northend, in response, gave a very
interesting sketch of Byfield and Dummer Academy. He
remarked that the parish is a religious one, and at no
time during the last century has it numbered over one
hundred families ; probably no place of its size, in the
United States, can present such a record of notable men.
Regarding them and the Academy he said :
121
Richard Diimmer of Bishopstoke, Hants, England, son
of John, born there in 1599, came to New England
in 1632, and was among the first settlers in Newbury.
He afterwards went to England, but returned in 1638
with his brothers Stephen and Thomas. He prospered
and became a man of great wealth, and owned much land
in this parish, including the grounds which this Academy
now occupies ; his sons Jeremiah, Richard, and Rev. Shu-
bael held prominent positions in society ; he died Dec.
14, 1679. His grandson, Jeremy Dummer, son of Jere-
miah, was the ao-ent of the colonies in Ensrland from 1710
to 1721, and advocated their claims w4th great ability.
He is well known as the author of "a defence of New
England Charters;"' and a "letter concerning the expedi-
tion to Canada." He died May 19, 1739, aged 60.
Another grandson, a brother of Jeremy, William Dum-
mer, Avas Lieut. Governor of the colony, and for a time
was acting Governor ; his administration was a wise one,
and he was much respected by the people. His wife was
Catherine, daughter of Gov. Joseph Dudley. He died
s.p. 10 Oct., 1761, aged 84 years. This farm was his
country seat, and the mansion to the right of the Acad-
emy was built by him after the old English style.
Henry Sewall, only son of Henry who followed him to
New England, and died in Rowley, March, 1656-7, in the
81st year of his age, and grandson of Henry w^ho was
several times mayor of Coventry, was born in 1614, came
to New England in 1634 plentifully supplied with money
and English servants, neat cattle and provisions, and
with other things suitable for the commencement of a
plantation, removed to Newbury in 1635, Avhere he be-
came proprietor of a large tract of land known as the
Highfields, at the Falls within this parish.
He married, March 25, 1646, Jane, eldest daughter of
122
Stephen Diimmcr. In 1046 ho went to England, but re-
turned in 1G59, his family ftjUowing in 1661, and resided
in Newbury until his decease, which occurred jNIay 16,
1700, at the ago of SG years. From this marriage came
all the Sewalls in this part of the country. His son,
Samuel Sewall, was Judge of the Supreme Court of the
Massachusetts colony from 1692 to 1728, ten years of
which he was Chief Justice ; Stephen, son of his son
Stephen, was Justice of the same court from 1739 to
1760, eight years of which he was Chief Justice ; David,
grandson of son John, was Justice of the same court from
1777 to 1790; Samuel, great-grandson of son Samuel,
was Justice from 1800 to 1814, and the last year Chief
Justice. Therefore from the descendants of Henry and
Jane Sewall the Supreme Court of this state was fur-
nished with Judges for eighty-two years, and Chief Jus-
tice nineteen j'cars. It may be added that Judge David
Sewall, named above, after his resignation was many
years Judge of the U. S. District Court in Maine. Jon-
athan Sewall, likewise a nephew of Chief Justice Stephen,
was Attorney General of Mass., 1767-75, and Jonathan
and Stephen, sons of the above Jonathan, were respec-
tively Chief Justice and Attorney General of the Prov-
ince of Lower Canada. From the same family have been
a large number of distinguished men of the clergy, espe-
ciallj'" in this state and Maine, and some in other profes-
sions of life. It is doubtful if any one family in the
country has furnished a larger number of more distin-
guished men.
Henry Sewall, either by deed or bequest, gave these
lands to three of his daughters; that portion adjoining
the "Falls" to his daughter Mehitable, wife of William
Moody. Many of the descendants of his grandfiither,
William Moody, the emigrant ancestor, were distiu-
123
guished, among whom may be mentioned Paul Moody,
the mechanician, who was one of the most influential
persons in the building of the manufactories at Lowell,
and Samuel Moody, the celebrated teacher of Dummer
Academy. This estate has continued in the family until
the present generation.
The portion known as "Highfields" was given to his
daughter Anne, wife of William Longfellow. After his
death she married Henry Short. She had children by
both marriao'es. The Lon2:fellows in the second e'en-
eration purchased the share of the Shorts, and the farm
was then divided between Stephen Longfellow and his
sister Ann, who married Abraham Adams. ^ A large
part of the Longfellows' portion has been and is now
owned by descendants of the name. Joseph Longfel-
low is the present owner of a portion of it. Abra-
ham Adams' share is now owned by his descendants,
divided, however, into several farms. From William
Longfellow has descended a man whose name need only
to be spoken, Henry W. Longfellow, the poet. His
great-grandfather was born in the house which was vis-
ited by you this morning. He emigrated to Maine in
1745. Stephen, the grandfather of Henry W. Long-
fellow, was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and
his father, Stephen, Avas a distinguished lawyer and mem-
ber of Congress.
The third portion of the estate was given to his daugh-
^Capt. Abraham Adams, b. May 3, 1676; pub. to Anne Longfellow Nov. 1.3, 1703;
d. April 8, 1763. Ann, his wife, d. Feb. 4, 1758, aged 74 yrs., 11 mo. He was the
son of Serg. Abraham Adams, b. in the year 1639 ; m. Nov. 10, 1670, Mary Pettingill.
He died June 14, 1714, aged 75. His wife Mary died Sept. 19, 170.i. A grandson of
Robert Adams, who with his wife Eleanor came to Ipswich in 1635, thence to
Salem, 1638, finally settled in Newbury in 1640. He died Oct. 12, 1682, aged 81. Hia
wife Eleanor d. June 12, 1677. His second wife, Sara, widow of Henry Short, whose
maiden name was Glover, to whom he was married Feb. 6, 1078, d. Oct. 24, 1697.
124
ter Jane, wife of Moses Gerrish," from whom was de-
scended many persons of note. This portion of the
original estate for the last two or three generations has
been sold out of the family.
Other lands in Newbury were given to his daughter
Dorothy Northend/ and lands within the present limits
of Newbury port to his daughter Hannah Tappan, prob-
ably where is now Tappan's lane. In this connection
allusion has been made principally to the disposition of
that portion of his estate lying in the parish of Byfield.
Mr. Northend then mentioned the names of several
distinguished persons who were born, or had their resi-
dence, in this parish. The following may be specified.
Theophilus Parsons, the most distinguished jurist in
Massachusetts ; John S. Tenney, the late distinguished
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Maine, was born
in the Rowley part of this parish, as was also Samuel
Tenney, a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of New
Hampshire ; Samuel Webber, President of Harvard Uni-
versity ; Prof. Eliphalet Pearson of Harvard and Ando-
ver, Prof. John Smith of Bangor Seminary, and Parker
Cleaveland, the distinguished Professor at Bowdoin Col-
lege, were all born within the limits of this parish. Here
was also settled the distinguished political preacher. Rev.
Dr. Elijah Parish, who in the war of 1812 fulminated
against the acts of the General Government, and whose
6 Moses Gerrish, boru May 9, 1656; m. Sept. 24, 1677, Jane Sewall; died Dec. 4,
1694, aged 38; resided in Newbury. His widow Jane d. Feb., 1716. He was a son
of Capt. William Gerrisli, wlio came from Bristol. England, about the year 1640,
and settled at Newbury; m. April 17, IGin, Joanna, widow of John Oliver, and
became the founder of a family which properly assumed a leading position in the
colony. His brother Benjamin was a prominent citizen of Salem. See Hist. Coll.
Essex Inst., vol. ii, page 21.3, and vol. v, page 2,5. His brother Joseph was the
third pastor of a church in Wenham; b. at Newbury, March 23, 1650; ord. Jan. 13,
1675;d. Jan. 6, 1720.
' For an account of the Northend Family see Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. xii, p. 71.
125
speeches were quoted in the famous discussions of Web-
ster and Haynes.
[In addition to those of Byfield descent mentioned by
Mr. Northend we would add the names of Rev. John P.
Cleaveland, D. D., Hon. Albert Pike, the poet, lawyer,
etc., of Little Rock, Ark., and Rev. Sewall Teuney,
D. D., of Ellsworth, Me.
Mr. Charles Northend of New Britain, Conn., and
Hon. William D. Northend of Salem, are lineal descen-
dants of Ezekiel and Dorothy (Sewall) Northend, and
many of the name of Tappan in New England are descen-
dants of Jacob and Hannah (Sewall) Tappan.® — Eds.]
Dummer Academy was established by Gov. Dummer,
who left for its endowment this farm of 400 acres, with
the buildings upon the same. It first went into operation
in 1763, and was the first institution of the kind in the
state. The first teacher was the celebrated Samuel
Moody, the Dr. Busby of America. Of those who at-
tended his school, two were afterwards Presidents of
colleges, nine were Professors, eleven were Judges of the
Courts, nineteen were members of the House of Repre-
sentatives at Washington, five were members of the U. S.
Senate, one a member of the Cabinet, and one was min-
ister to England.
Mr. Moody retired in 1790, and his successor was Rev.
Isaac Smith, followed successively by Benjamin Allen,
Rev. Abiel Abbott, Samuel Adams, Nehemiah Cleaveland
and others. Among those who were under their tuition
are enrolled many who have become eminent in the seve-
ral professions and worthy members of society.
'Jacob Tappan, born in lfi44; m. Hannah Sewall Aug. 24, 1670, who died Nov. 12,
1690. lie d. Dec. 13, 1717. He was son of Abraham Tappan, who came to New-
bury in 1C37, m. Susanna Goodale of Yarmouth, Eng., who d. March 20, 1C89. Ho
died Nov. 5, 1G72, aged 64.
126
It is a matter of regret that this institution, so well
situated for the education of youth, should have suffered
so much from neglect, and it is to be hoped that eftbrts
will be made to place it again in the position it held in
the past.
Dr. Jeremiah Spoffoiid spoke of the character of
Dumnicr Academy, Avhich he had known for seventy-five
years. He had the honor of Dr. Parish's acquaintance,
and had met Dr. Cleaveland in council. The former was
a most forcible speaker, and a bitter enemy to the Demo-
cratic party. The latter had greater education than many
about him who had greater practice, but he was too digni-
fied for his position.
Mr. Frederick W. Putnam gave an account of the few
zoological specimens he had collected about the grounds
of the Academj^, and in a small neighboring brook. He
specially described the structure of the galls on the wild
rose, and described the insects by which they were made.
He also exhibited a colony of Polyzoa, of a species quite
abundant on the stones in the brook, and described their
different stages of growth, which were so fully illustrated
by Prof. Hjatt several years since, in the Proceedings of
the Institute.
Mr. John Robinson of Salem talked about the plants
which he had collected, remarking that every one should
know enough of botany to be able to distingnish the poi-
sonous plants. Ivy and dogwood were the only ones in
Essex County. With the latter he thought that few per-
sons were acquainted. He then spoke of the fertilization
of plants by insects, and made a few remarks on the
growth of the fungi.
127
]\Ir. Haydn Brown of "West Newl)uiy said the influ-
ence of Dunimcr Academy is felt for miles around in the
manners of the people. The past of the Academy was
secure, but he doubted of the future. The days of pri-
vate institutions were past, now that the state provides
hijjh schools of the same ijrade. lie thou2;ht there were
but few academies self-sustaininc;.
He then changed his subject and spoke of the insects
that devour his crops. He thought that at least a quarter
part of our crops of almost every kind was eaten up by
these pests, and he suggested that the members of the
Institute, and especially its naturalists, should turn their
attention towards the discovery of some mode for the
extermination of the insect pests.
The President said that it would facilitate Mr. Brown's
crusade on noxious insects if local museums were estab-
lished, and children become interested in collecting speci-
mens, and studying the habits of the various plants and
animals that are continually met with.
Amos Notes, Esq., of Newburj'port, considered the
fact referred to by Mr. Brown, that academies were de-
clining, Avas a sign of progress. We had outgrown them
and they could not and should not compete with state
schools.
Eev. Dr. Samuel J. Spalding of Newburyport, spoke
of the Bytield Academy, which grew out of Dummer, and
which sent out many eminent teachers, whose influence
still pervade the schools of the country. He thought
that private institutions were not in their decadence.
Athens had no schools, but the responsibility of educa-
tion was thrown on individuals, and what sages she pro-
128
ducecl. The state cannot do everything, as some would
have it, regulate our meat and drink and hours of labor.
Dummer Academy had lately adopted an improving ele-
ment in the admission of girls, and there were no public
institutions to-day for young ladies so good as private
ones.
Dr. Jeremiah Spofford agreed with the last speaker
that all the business of education should not be done by
the state.
Messrs. Putnam and Broavn here reopened the ques-
tion of injurious insects. Mr. Putnam said that science
was equal to the destruction of many kinds of insects
that prey on the crops of the farmer, and if farmers
would only work together they could exterminate their
insect enemies. For instance, printer's ink is a sure ex-
terminator of the canker worm. Printer's ink has exter-
minated many evils, and here was one more it could cope
with, if all the farmers in a given section would apply it
to their trees. Here was one case at least where the
state should interfere and make a law requiring every
man to assist in abatinsr the canker worm nuisance who
had a tree liable to be attacked by these insects.
Mr. Brown replied that he could take care of the can-
ker worm and caterpillar, but he would give a gold medal
to the man who would eradicate other insects which infest
his farm.
On motion of Mr. Putnam :
Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to
Mr. and Mrs. Ebenezer G. Parsons, the Principals of the
Academy, for their courtesy and kindness so generously
extended to the party during the day.
Adjourned.
BULLETIN
OF THE
EISSE^^ IlsrSTITTJTEI.
Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., Sept. and Oct., 1875. Nog. 9 & 10.
One Dollar a Tear in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.
Eegular Meeting, Wednesday, July 7, 1875.
This was an adjournment of the meeting held on Mon-
day, July 5. President in the chair.
Mention was made that several members of the Insti-
tute and their friends chartered the new, safe, and com-
modious steamer "Governor Andrew," for an excursion
which took place on Monday, June 14, from Salem har-
bor along the eastern coast to the Isles of Shoals, with a
view to deep sea dredging and the collection of speci-
mens of the marine fauna and flora of that group of Isles.
The steamer "Governor Andrew" is a new boat, built
last year for the Boston and Hingham line, and is finely
modelled and furnished, making one of the best excur-
sion steamers in the waters of Massachusetts Bay. The
weather was pleasant ; the sail along the shore was very
enjoyable, and the ftimiliar scenery of the rock-bound
and wooded coast, dotted here and there with the resi-
dences of the summer visitors, never looked more attrac-
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VII. 10 (129)
130
tive. The boat stopped at Gloucester and took on board
some twenty-five or thirty more of the party, and from
there sailed direct to the islands, arriving about noon.
The party landed at "Star Island," and was hospitably
received by the proprietor, John A. Poor, Esq. Some
two hours were pleasantly and profitably spent in exam-
ining the peculiar geological features, the fauna and the
flora. The student in history also found much of interest.
The monnment erected to the memory of Capt. John
Smith, recalled the scenes incident in the first part of the
17th century, when these islands were visited by Cham-
plain, John Smith, and others of those early voyagers
who navigated these seas before the landing of the Pil-
grims at Plymouth. The old stone church, with the ad-
joining burial ground in the stony soil, and its many
graves marked by rude stones, two of which were jDromi-
nent, one in commemoration of Rev. John Tucke, A. M.,
died Aug. 12, 1773, aged 72, the other in memory of
Rev. Josiah Stevens, died July 2, 1804, aged 64 (two
of the old divines who Sunday after Sunday were wont
to minister at the sacred desk to these people), marked
another period in the history of these isles when in the
occupancy of the hardy fishermen. Times have changed
greatly within the last quarter of a century, and now they
have become fashionable w^atering places, and on two of
them, "Appledore" and "Star," have been erected large
and commodious hotels, that are thronged with visitors
during the heated term.
In recognition of the civilities and courtesies extended
to the party during this excursion to the Isles of Shoals,
it was, on motion of Mr. John Robinson :
■Voted, That the cordial thanks of the members and
friends of the Essex Institute who participated in the
131
recent excursion to the Isles of Shoals arc hereby pre-
sented to John A. Poor, Esq., of the "Oceanic" on Star
Island, for his kindness in inviting the party to land at
the island, and also for his various acts of courtesy shown
to the excursionists during their stay.
Messrs. John M. Hagar of Salem and C. W. Kempton
of Newburyport, were elected resident members.
Adjourned.
Field Meeting at Concord, Tuesday, July 27, 1875.
The third field meeting of the present season was held
at Concord, this da}^ having been postponed from Friday
on account of the rain. More than two hundred and
fifty persons attended from Salem and vicinity, the unus-
ually large number, eager to proceed to such an unwonted
distance, evinced a lively continuation of the patriotic
interest in this historic old town inspired by the events
of the 19th of April, 1775, and freshly awakened by the
commemoration of the present year.
An unfortunate delay in the arrival of the Btuigor
train at Salem diminished even the limited time of the
stay at Concord, but the misfortune w^as partially reme-
died by the promptness of the Fitchburg Railroad ofiicials
in furnishing a special train to the excursionists immedi-
ately upon their arrival in Boston. ,
On reaching Concord the company rendezvoused at the
elegant and unique Public Library building, the noble
gift to the town from one of its citizens, Mr. AVilliam
Munroe. It stands on a triangular plat at the junction
of two streets and is a successful adaptation of the pic-
turesque features of medireval architecture to the require-
liients and mode of construction of the present day.
132
This place, with its collections, is worthy of a more
thorough examination than the party was enabled to be-
stow. Here may be seen the busts of Plato, Agassiz,
Emerson, Mann, Hawthorne, Brown, and Munroe, as
well as several valuable historical relics. One alcove is
devoted to the printed works of Concord authors from
the settlement of the town to the present time.
From this point the company proceeded in groups to
visit the various memorable places of this delightful old
town. The citizens generally seemed to have put at the
disposal of the visitors all their private vehicles, and
themselves acted as guides and expositors. There Avas
an outpouring of genial hospitality from first to last, that
was thoroughly characteristic of the Concord people.
Gentlemen of the highest reputation in State affairs and
in literature devoted themselves to the entertainment of
the strangers with an impartiality, earnestness, cordiality
and assiduity which it was refreshing to witness, and the
town officers united with the citizens generally to make
the visit agreeable.
The first objective point was the old North Bridge,
with its impressive surroundings, but we will not repeat
the story so often rehearsed within the last few months.
The newly erected statue of the minute man, designed by
Daniel French, a young Concord artist, now in Italy, in
Powers' studio, excited universal admiration, and is really
one of the finest works in the country. An enhancement
of the pleasure of those who were examining this sacred
spot, and who could not help recalling the oft-repeated
stanza : —
"By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world : "
133
«
was the fact of the presence of the author of the immor-
tal poem of which this verse forms a part. Here also at
the bridge, marked by a rude headstone, lie the remains
of British officers killed in action, and near by stands the
monument erected some time since in honor of the Amer-
ican soldiers engaged in the Concord fight.
Several of the visitors found delightful recreation on
Concord River in the neat and convenient pleasure boats
which were freely placed at the disposal of the party.
Messrs. Morse, Putnam and Bolles visited a shellheap
some two miles up the river, obtaining interesting speci-
mens of Indian relics.
Among the places interesting to Salem people, because
of their connection with their townsman, Hawthorne, was
the old Manse, which is in the near vicinity of the North
Bridge. Here Hawthorne resided for several years.
Now, as he described it long ago, between two tall gate-
posts of rough-hewn stone, we behold the gray front of
the old parsonage, terminating the vista of an avenue of
black ash trees. It was built by the grand fjither of Ralph
Waldo Emerson, and its last inhabitant before Hawthorne
occupied it was the venerable Parson Ripley, who had
died about a twelvemonth before. It was from the study
window facing the river that the clergyman, who then
dwelt in the manse, stood watching the outbreak of a long
and deadly struggle between two nations ; he saw the ir-
regular array of his parishioners on the farther side of the
river, and the glittering line of the British on the hither
bank ; he awaited, in an agony of suspense, the rattling
of the musketry. It came ; and there needed but a gentle
wind to sweep the battle smoke around this quiet house.
Hawthorne says that the old manse had never been pro-
faned by a lay occupant, until that memorable summer
afternoon when he entered it as his home, in 1842. A
134
priest had built it ; a priest had succeeded to it ; other
priest!}' men had, from time to time, dwelt in it; and
children born in its chambers, had grown up to assume
the priestly character. The latest inhabitant alone had
penned in it nearly three thousand discourses, besides the
better, if not the greater number, that had flowed living
from his lips. Here Emerson wrote "Nature," and here
Hawthorne sojourned, sending forth his "Mosses from the
Old Manse" with the declaration :
"For myself the book will always retain one charm, as
reminding me of the river, with its delightful solitudes,
and of the avenue, the garden and the orchard, and espe-
cially the dear Old Manse, with the little study on its
western side, and the sunshine glimmering through the
willow branches, while I wrote."
The Old Manse is now the residence of Judge Ripley,
who gave the visitors a kindl}^ welcome.
We must pass over the visits to other places connected
with the memory of Hawthorne, his later residence, his
walk on the Ridge Path, and his grave ; the home and
haunts of Thoreau, the poet-naturalist, whose favorite
Walden Pond, around Avhose borders he studied nature
so closely and of which he wrote so delightfully, was
passed on the way, and Avas the scene of a gay picnic
party, who probably little thought of the man who had
so often wandered on its former quiet banks ; and of the
many other objects of interest, which crowded a da}' which
will be remembered with delight.
The dinner was spread in the vestry of the First
Church, and here the Indies of Concord took the entire
charge of the preparations, with a lavishness altogether
opposed to the simple requirements of the Institute.
The Concord ladies added largely to the ordinary refresh-
ments, laid and decked the tables in a refreshing and
135
tempting style, while many of the younger portion con-
stituted themselves fair waiting maids, and dispensed the
viands with a grace and dexterity that added charm to
the feast.
The afternoon session was held in the Town Hall, and
was attended by a large audience, including Judge E. R.
Hoar, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the venerable A. Bronson
Alcott, Wm. W. Wheildon, and many others, including
Concord's wisest and best and fairest citizens.
The President of the Institute called to order, and in
his introductory remarks stated that this was the fourth
field meeting held beyond the limits of Essex county ; of
these, one was at Wakefield, and another at Reading ; as
those towns were settled by Lynn people and were known
as Lynn village, they probably at one period may have
been considered as a part of Essex county, until the
lines between Essex and Middlesex were adjusted. The
third was at Kittery, Me., the residence of Sir William
Pepperell, who was connected by marriage with some
of our old Salem families. It was appropriate that
the Institute should visit Concord, for several reasons.
In the first place, to see the grave of a distinguished
son of Salem, which is marked by two small, white
marble stones, with the simple inscription "Hawthorne,''
of whose ancestry and birthplace a brief sketch was
then given. ^
Secondly, it was fitting for the association to visit the
town to which the Legislature adjourned from Salem iu
October, 1774, after having resolved itself into a Provin-
cial Congress and assumed the powers of sovereignty,
which event was duly commemorated by the Essex Insti-
^See Bulletin of Essex Institute, vol. 3, page 25, for a communication on "The
Ancestry and Birthplace of Hawthorne."
136
tute, with an address from A. C. Goodell, Jr., Esq., on
the 5th of October last, at the Institute rooms. ^
The President next alluded to Concord as the home of
Thoreau,^ the poet-naturalist, who had done so much to
make us acquainted with the fauna and flora of Concord
by his writings. It is, likewise, the place where was
originated some two hundred years ago the famous Hunt's
russet apple ;* and also, more recently, the widely known
Concord grape so extensively and generally cultivated.
The President closed his remarks by briefly sketching
the history and objects of the Institute, which is the
usual custom at meetings held in a new locality.
Judge E. R. Hoar then came forward, and in behalf
of his townsmen gave the members of the Institute a
cordial welcome to Concord. He felt he but expressed
the feelings of the people of the town when he said he
was very glad to see them. The Judge continued in a
humorous strain which elicited much laughter and ap-
plause. He alluded to their researches on and around
the sluggish river, and to Hawthorne's declaration that it
was the only river he ever knew that was too lazy to keep
itself clean. His father, the Judge said, had a difierent
idea. He thought the river hated to leave Concord ! In
illustration of the ignorance of many people on the sub-
2 For an account and the address see Bulletin of Essex Institute, Vol. 6, page 160,
The address is printed in full in the Historical Collections of the Essex Institute,
vol. xiii, page 1.
s Henry David Thoreau, b. July 12, 1817, gr. Harv. Univ. 1837, d. May 6, 1862,
dedicated his genius with such entire love to the fields, hills and waters of this
town that he made them known and interesting to the reading public. The river
on whose banks he lived, he knew from its springs to its confluence with the Mer-
rimack.
'The Hunt russet apple, a good and desirable variety, is said to have originated
on the Hunt farm, in Concord, located about one mile north of the village, on the
south side of "Puntakasset" Hill, overlooking the old North Bridge of Revolu-
tionary fame.
137
ject of natural history, he repeated a story told to him
by Thomas Hughes, author of "School-days at Rugby,"
"Tom Brown at Oxford," and other popular books, when
he was visiting at Concord. It was at the expense of
one of the railroad guards of an English train. A lady
in the same carriage with him had a pet rabbit, and the
guard protested that the passenger car was not a proper
place for it ; whereupon a gentleman drew from his pocket
a turtle, saying, that he, the guard, would not think of
ejecting that, and that the rabbit had as much right tliere
as the turtle. The guard went to headquarters to deter-
mine the question, and returning said, "cats is dogs, and
rabbits is dogs, and they must go in the baggage van ;
but turtles is insects, and they go free ; and rabbits must
pay." The Judge remarked that that was the only lesson
that he ever received in natural history. He also alluded
to the rivalry between the North Bridge at Salem and
that at Concord, and claimed that the latter had at least
the substantial fact of the graves of two British soldiers
killed there. He further referred to Hawthorne, spoke
of the important objects of the Institute, and concluded,
as he began, by saying that he was glad to welcome the
members to Concord.
Prof. E. S. Morse was called upon for an account of
his trip on the river. He said he had found plenty of
heat, but very little else, as his time on the river had
been very limited. He had been thinking what he should
take for a subject, if called upon to make any remarks,
and Judge Hoar's story of the tortoise had suggested the
subject of turtles. It was astonishing to an Euglishmau
to see the great number of turtles in this country ; in
England they are very rare. He proceeded to speak of
the similarity between the embryos of turtles and those
138
of birds. No two families of vertebrates seemed to be
more widely dissimilar in their development, yet there
was a similarity almost amounting to identity in their
embryonic forms. He illustrated this fact, and the grad-
ual changes which result in the difterences between them
when they emerge from the eggs, by drawings on the
blackboard, and briefly alluded to the points of similarity
which are evident to a naturalist. To further illustrate
this similarity he described a fossil skeleton found in Ger-
many, which combined the wings and feathers of the bird
with the vertebral development and teeth of the reptile.
In closing, he alluded with great respect and admiration to
the labors of Thoreau in Concord, to which the naturalists
of the vicinity owe so much, and during further remarks
announced himself a believer in the theory of Darwin.
Vice President F. W. Putnam gave an interesting ac-
count of his visit to the Indian shellheap on the river,
from which Thoreau made the valuable collection of relics,
now under his own charge at the archnjological Museum
at Cambridge. He was glad to have seen the place
where Thoreau and Wyman had collected the relics al-
luded to. He also exhibited and commented upon about
a dozen stone implements, of the shape of arrowheads,
which had been picked up there, some of which were
evidently intended for knives rather than arrow or spear-
heads, and gave a general account of the composition
and formation of the shellheaps found on" both coasts of
America, on many of our river banks, and in nearly all
other parts of the world.
Prof. Morse, in answer to a question from Mr. Wheil-
don, explained how the ballooning spiders were sus-
pended in the air.
139
Eev. E. C. BoLLES, of Salem, in some eloquent re-
miirks, spoke of the microscopic forms of life to be found
in Concord River, illustrating upon the blackboard, and
explaining some of the wonders of the simplest forms
and modes of growth of animal life.
Judge Hoar called attention to the importance of accu-
rate observation, and to the difference between the obser-
ver of facts and mere theorists, illustrating his point by
a pertinent law case which once came before him. It was
the trial of a man for robbery. A form house had been
entered in the night, the door of the sleeping room se-
cured so that the occupants could not get out, a lamp lit,
and a desk rifled of quite a large sum of money. Sus-
picion rested on a man who had formerly worked on the
farm, and it was brought out in evidence that at about
that time he was seen to have a good deal of money, and
the tracks about the farm house, the morning after the
robbery, were made by a shoe the size of his, but all the
evidence was circumstantial, and Judge Hoar on the bench
and the jury in their box all thought that the government
would fail to convict the prisoner. At last the govern-
ment attorne}'^ called a neighbor who had visited the house
on the morning after the larceny, and asked him if he
found anything upon the floor of the room where the
lamp had been lit. Yes, he had found a match about
half burnt, evidently thrown down by the person who lit
the lamp. Turning to the officer who arrested the pris-
oner, he enquired what he had found on his person when
arrested, and among other things the oflacer produced
half a card of matches. Taking the burnt match found
upon the floor, and the half card found upon the prisoner,
the government attorney showed the court and jury that
the burnt match h»d manifestly been split from the card
140
in the prisoner's possession, as they fitted so exactly, and
the grain of the wood ran in such a manner that there
could be no doubt whatever in regard to the matter, and
the man was found guilty of the robbery.
The Rev. Grindall Reynolds of Concord, alluded to
some of the historic facts of the Revolution and of the
similarity of events at the North Bridge in Concord, and
the North Bridge in Salem. He also spoke of the value
of such gatherings as the present, in the diifusion of
knowledge combined with the pleasures of a summer's
day picnic.
Prof. D. B. Hagar, of Salem, after some highly com-
plimentary remarks on the reception given by citizens
of Concord to the Institute party, which were endorsed
by the President and the entire company of visitors, of-
fered the following resolutions, which were unanimously
adopted : —
Resolved, That the hearty thanks of *the Essex Institute
are hereby presented to the selectmen of Concord, for
the courteous invitation extended to the Institute to meet
in this place, and for the free use of their Town Hall ; to
the authorities of the First Church for the accommoda-
tions kindly afforded by them ; and to the ladies and
gentlemen of Concord who have contributed so hospitably
and abundantly to the entertainment of the Institute. .
Resolved, That the Institute will hold in grateful re-
membrance the field meetins: at Concord as one of the
most delightful and profitable in all its history.
Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute are due to
the ofiicers of the Eastern and the Boston & Lowell Rail-
roads for kind attentions, and to C. L. Heywood and
John Adams of the Fitchburg Railroad, for their readi-
ness in furnishing a special train for the party to Concord
and for other courtesies. •
141
At half-past five the meeting was closed and the com-
pany returned to Boston over the Lexington branch and
Lowell roads, reaching Salem about eight o'clock, after
one of the most interesting and delightful excursions ever
participated in by the Institute.
Adjourned.
Eegular Meeting, Monday, August 2, 1875.
Regular meeting this evening. The President in the
chair. Records read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From S. P. Boynton, Lynn, July 21; Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., July 17; Buffalo
Hist. Soc, July 12; John J. Babson, Gloucester, July 9; Edward Cogan, Brooklyn,
N. Y.; Concord, Selectmen of, July 13, 19, 23; Globe Publishing Co., Boston, July
19; Henry M. Greenough, Newburyport, July 7; D. B. Hagar, July 15; Charles
W. Kenipton, Newbury port, July 8; Kjobenhavn, K. Danske Videnskab. Selskab,
June 29; Lowell Bleachery, July 9; New Jersey Hist. Soc, July 13; New York
Hist. Soc, July 12; Ohio Hist, and Phil. Soc, July 13; Abner J. Phipps, Boston,
July 3; John R. Poor, Boston, July 29; G. Reynolds, Concord, July 17; Royal
Polytechnic Soc, Cornwall, July 12; Rhode Island Hist. Soc, July 12; Royal Soc.
Of Tasmania, July 23, 1874.
The Librarian reported the following additions: —
By Donation.
Dudley, Dean. Directories:— Plymouth and Barnstable Counties, 1873-4;
Hyde Park, Dedham and Canton, 1874; Quincy, Weymouth and Braintree, 1S73-4;
Cambridge, 1872; Brookline, Jamaica Plain and We.^t Roxbury, 1873-4, 1 vol.;
Concord, 1S74-.5; Dover, Great Falls and Rochester, 1874; Beverly, Peabody and
Warblehead, 1875.
Feaking, a. G., of Boston. Programmes, etc., of the Bunker Hill Monument
Association, June 17, 1875.
FOLGER, W. C, of Nantucket. Miscellaneous Town Reports, 10.
Gates, Geo. S., Groton. Catalogue of the Groton Public Library.
Green, S. A., Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21.
Hartranft, J. F., of Philadelphia, Penn. Pennsylvania Archives, Second
Series, Vol. 1, 1874.
Kimball, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, May to July. Proceedings of the
Mass. Council of Deliberation held in Boston, June 30, 1874. 8vo pamph.
MUNSELL, Joel, Albany, N, Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 31.
142
PuTXAM, F. \V. Geological S\irvey of Missouri, by G. Broadliead. Vol. 1, 1873-t.
Valentine, Mrs. Friend's Review. IS.TO to 1874. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.
By Exchange.
Boston Society of Natural IIistoky. Proceedings. Vol. XVII. Dec, 1874,
Feb. 187.').
Kew York Chamber of Commerce. Annual Report, 1874-75.
N. E. Historic-Genealogical Society. Register. July, 1875.
N. Y. Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record. July, 1875.
PiiiLA. AC^DEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings. Jan. to Apr., 1875.
Yale College. Obituary Record of Graduates. 1875. Yale College in 1875.
Publishers. American Journal of Science. Beetle and Wedge. Boston Daily
Globe. Forest and Stream. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haver-
hill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn
Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Post. Salem Gazette.
Salem Observer. Salem Register. Turner's Public Spirit.
George W. Cressy and Dorcas C. Nourse of Salem
were elected resident members.
, Regular Meeting, Monday, Sept. 6, 1875.
Meetino- this evenincr. The President in the chair.
Records read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From American Numis. and Archseol. Soc, Aug. 10; Bureau of Education,
Washington, Aug. 26; Bristol Naturalists' Soc, Aug. 13; C. H. Dall, Boston, Aug.
7; London Soc. of Antiquaries, Aug. 4; Lisbon Royal Acad. Sci, July 30; Salem
Young Men's Union, Aug. 16; W. Hudson Stephens, Lowville, Aug. 26; W.
Wheeler, West Roxbury, Aug. 16.
The following additions to the library were reported : —
By Donation.
Baker, C. H., Annapolis, Md. Papers and Proceedings of the U. S. Naval In-
stitute. Vol. I. 1874.
Butler, B. F. Message and Documents, 1874-75. Abridgement. 1 vol.
CoNANT, W. P., West Newbury. Missionary Magazine, 1807. Locomotion by
A. Gordan. Georgia Claims.
Cox, E. T., Indianapolis, Ind. Geological Survey of Indiana, 1S74.
Crowell, E. p., of Amherst. Triennial Catalogue of Amlierst College, 1875.
143
Garfield, E. I., Detroit, Mich. Report of the Controller of Detroit, year end-
ing Jan. 31, 1875.
Lee, John' C. Commercial Bulletin, July and August, 1875.
Maush, O. C, New Haven, Conn. Statement of affairs at Red Cloud Agency,
made to the President of tlie U. S.
Meuritt, L. F. Esse.x County Mercury, April to August, 1875.
Oliver, H. K. Report of the Connecticut Board of Education, 1873. School
Report of Michigan, 1872. Penn. Report of the Institute of Mines, 1870. Report
of the Department of Agriculture, 1803. Report on American Fisheries. Smith-
sonian Report, 18(i2. Transactions Mass. Agricultural Society, 3 vols. Agriculture
of Mass., ten years. U. S. Coast Survey, 1832. Worcester's Gazetteer, 2 vols.
Memoir of Ebenezer Bailey. Memoir of Solomon Willard. Mass. State Board of
Charities, 1867, 1870-1, lS73-t. Registration Report, 1873. Auditor's Report, 18G4.
Report of the State Board of Health, 1871. Agiiculture of Maine, 1865, 1866, 18G7.
The Art of Singing, 2 vols. National Lyric, 1 vol. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 64.
Patch, Geo. W., Marblehead. Registration Reports, 1858 to 1872, 15 vols. Board
of State Charities, 1865 to 1873, 7 vols. Report of the State Board of Healtl), 1870
to 1874, 4 vols. Journal of the Mass. House of Reps., 1865, 1866, 2 vols. Census of
Boston, 1845. Industry of Mass., 1865. Census of Mass., 1860, 1865, 2 vols. 8vo. Re-
port of Mass. Board of Education, 18.39 to 1872, 14 vols. Animal Magnetism, 1 vol.
Tlie Psalmist, 1 vol. Railroad Returns, 1863 to 1872, 10 vols. Journal of the Mass.
Convention, 1853, 1 vol. Patent Office Reports, 18.53, 18.55, 1856, 1860, 1861, 5 vols.
Report on Ship Canal, 1864, 1 vol. Logic and Utility ol Matliematics, 1 vol. Reeves'
Biljle History, 1 vol. Vocal Culture, 1 vol. Polyglott Bible, 1 vol. New Testa-
ment, 1 vol. "Vindication of the Government of N. E. Churches, 1 vol. Sacred
Lyre, 1 vol. Bible News, 1 vol. Manual of the General Court, 1856 to 1873.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.50.
Quint, A. H., New Bedford. Minutes of the General Association of Mass., 1875.
U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, June 15, 23, July G, 13, 20, 27, Aug. 3, 10.
By Exchange.
American A.ssociation for the Advancement of Science. Memoirs, No. I.
Archiv der Anthropologie, Paris. Band VIII. Apr., li>75.
Bristol Naturalists' Society. Proceedings. New Series, Vol. I, pt. II, 1874-5.
Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3e Serie, Tome xv. No. 2, 1875.
INSTITUT HisTORiQUE, Paris. L'Investigateur. Mars-Avril, 1875.
Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft "Isis" Dresden. Sitzungs-Be-
richte, Jahi-g. 1874, Oct., Dec.
Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen. Abhandlungen, Bd. IV,
Heft 2, 3. 1874-5. 8vo. Beil.ige, No. IV, 1874. 4to.
N. Y. Ltceu-M OF Natural History. Annals. Vol. xi. Nos. 5-6. 1875.
Royal Society of Tasmania. Montlily Notices for 1873.
SocitTE D'AccLiMATATiON, Paris. Bulletin Jlensuel, 3me Serie. Tome II, No.
II, 1875.
Socii':te d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de laSarthe, Le Mans, France.
Bulletins. Tome xxiii, 1875.
Socif:TE d'Anthropologie, Paris. Bulletins, Tome ix, 2e Serie. jHin--Iuillet,
1874. Tome x, 2e Series. J.an-Mars, 1875.
Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society. Cleveland
Directories, 1845 to 1871. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6.
Publishers. American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. Beetle and
Wedge. Boston Daily Globe. Bradford New Era. Forest and Stream. Gar-
dener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Ilardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill
144
Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Tran-
Bcript. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Gazette. Salem Observer-
Salem Post. Salem Register. The Western. Turner's Public Spirit.
Regular Meeting, Monday, September 20, 1875.
Meeting this evening. Vice President F. W. Putnam
in the chair. Records read.
Ellen B. Kelnian was elected a resident member.
William De Ronx of Panama, and Charles P. Perkins,
U. S. N., Annapolis, Md., were elected corresponding
members.
Adjournment of Quarterly Meeting, Monday,
October 4, 1875.
The adjournment of the August Quarterly Meeting
was held this evening. Vice President F. W. Putnam
in the chair.
On the motion of Rev. E. C. Bolles the Constitution
and By-laws proposed at the Quarterly Meeting in Febru-
ary, and at the Annual Meeting in May, were adopted
after a discussion by Messrs. A. H. Johnson, D. B. Hagar,
E. C. Bolles, John Robinson, W. D. Northeud and C. H.
Higbee.
Adjourned to meet on Mondaj'-, Oct. 11, at 7.30 p. m.
The Regular Meeting was held immediately after
the adjournment of the Quarterly. Records read ; and
the correspondence was announced by the Secretary :
From Belfast Naturalists' Field Club, Sept. 6; Charles Cadman, Detroit, Mich.,
Sept. 2; S. A. Drake, Boston, Sept. 22; J. W. Hawes, New York, Sept. G; J. C.
145
Holmes, Detroit, Mich., Sept. 24; O. A. Jenison, Lansing, Mich., Sept. 6; Rufus
King. New Yorlt, Sept. 23; G. W. Patch, Marblehead, Sept. 8; W. Hudson Stephens,
Grand Ilapids, Mich., Sept. 23; Cliaiies A. Walker, Chelsea, Sept. IG; AVestern
Reserve Historical Society, Sept. U, 17; W. Wheeler, West Roxbury, Sept. 7; W.
C. Wood, Wenham, Sept. 22.
The Librarian reported the following additions to the
Library : —
By Donation.
AIKIN, Edward, East Saginaw, Mich. East Saginaw and Saginaw City Direc-
tories, 18CS-'J, 1870-1.
City of Salem. Centennial Exei-cises, Feb. 26, 1875.
Kimball, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, July, Aug., Sept.
PUTxVAM, F. W. N. Y. Tribune, July to Sept.
Rantoul, Hannah, of Beverly. Mass. Memoires de Sully, 3 vols., 12mo. L'Ob
servation, 2 vols. Fordyce's Addresses, 1 vol. Hebi'ew Grammar, 1 vol. Apoc
ryphal Testament, 1 vol. Modern Materialism. 1 vol. Religions Creed and State
ments, 1 vol. Conn. Evangelical Mag., 1 vol. Historie des Revolutions Roniaines
4 vols. Bielky's Evidences, 1 vol. Moscow, 1 vol. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 107
Spence, F. a. Annual Report of the President of Brown University, July 17;
1875. 8vo.
U. S. Patent Office. Oflicial Gazette, Aug. 17, 31, 1875.
By Exchange.
Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. xvii, pt. iv, Feb.,
April, 1875. 8vo.
Publishers. American Naturalist. Beetle and Wedge. Boston Daily Globe.
Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwioke's .Science-Gossip. Haverliill Gazette. Ipswich
Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation.
Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Gazette. Salem Post. Salem Observer. Salem
Register.
By Addition. Documents, U. S. Cong., 1st Sess., 30 Cong., 4 vols.; 1st Sess.,
33 Cong., 13 vols. ; 2nd Sess., .32 Cong., 8 vols. ; 1st Sess., 33 Cong., 5 vols. Directo-
ries, Concord, 1870; Cambridge, 1868; Lowell, 1870; Bangor, 1871-2; Nashua, 1868-9;
Dover and Great Falls, 1809; Somerville, Arlington and Belmont, 1869-70; Haver-
hill and Bradford, 1869-70, 1872, 2 vols.; Rockland, Belfast, Camden and Thomas-
ton, 1868; Metropolitan Business Directory, 1869, 1870, 2 vols; Waltham and Water-
town, 1869-70.
Mr. Augustus S. Brown presented a bud of the ba-
nana plant from St. Augustine, Florida.
Mr. John Robinson gave a description of the plant,
illustrating his remarks with the bud presented and with
a stalk and leaf from his greenhouse, and by diagrams on
the blackboard.
Prof. E. S. Morse spoke of his recent researches at
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VH. 11
146
Grand Mcnan, and described some points in the embry-
ology of several species of birds.
INIr. James Kimball presented from Capt. J. J. Coker
a specimen of Hippocampus sp., which formed the subject
of remarks by the chairman.
Eva M. Davis of Salem was elected a resident member.
Adjourned Quarterly Meeting, Monday,
October 11, 1875.
Meeting this evenins^ at 7.30 o'clock. Vice President
Putnam in the chair.
On motion of Mr. John Robinson :
Voted, To proceed to the election of officers and that a
committee be appointed b}'' the chair to nominate a list.
Messrs. W. P. Upham, E. S. Atwood and John Robin-
son were appointed as the committee.
The following list was reported and the persons named
were elected :
President: Henry Wheatland.
Vice Presidents: Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Frederick W.
Putnam, William Sutton, Daniel B. Hagar.
Secretary: George M. Whipple.
Treasurer: Henry M. Brooks.
Auditor: Richard C. Manning.
Librarian: William P. Upham.
Curators: History, James Kimball ; Manuscripts, Wil-
liam P. Upham ; Archaeology, Frederick W. Putnam ;
Numismatics, Matthew A. Stickney ; Geology, Alpheus
147
S. Packard, Jr. ; Botany, John Eobinson ; Zoology, E.
S. Morse ; Horticulture, Caleb Cooke ; Music, Charles
H. Iligbee ; Painting and Sculpture, Thomas F. Hunt ;
Technology, Edwin C. Bollcs.
Committees: Finance, John C. Lee, James Upton,
James B. Curwen, James O. Safford ; Library, Joseph
G. Waters, Henry F. King, George F. Flint, Amos H.
Johnson ; Publication, Abner C. Goodell, Jr. ; Edward
S. Atwood, William P. Upham ; Lectures, Charles H.
Higbee, Edwin C. Bolles, William D. Northend ; Field
Meeting, George M. Whipple, Allen W. Dodge, James
R. Nichols, George D. Phippen, Francis H. Appleton,
Amos Noyes, Francis H. Johnson, Amos H. Johnson,
George Perkins.
Rev. Charles Arey of Salem, was elected a resident
member.
Mr. John Robixson presented the following
ADDENDA TO THE FERNS OP ESSEX COUNTY.
(Bulletin E. I., Vol. VII, No. 3, March, 1875.)
10 A. WOODWARDIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Smith.
Dr. Charles Pickering informs me that Mr. Wm. Oakes, In a letter
written some forty years ago, speaks of fluding this species while bot-
anizing. The locality, Dr. Pickering was quite certain, was in Essex
Co., probably at Dauvers.
25 A. Phegopteris hexagonoptera Fee.
Fine specimens of this species were found by Mrs. Horner at
Georgetown, Sept., 1875 (see herb. Essex Co. at P. A. S).
Thus two species are added to the County ferns from
the list in the first paper indicating possible inhabitants.
Among the possible inhabitants see No. 5, B. simplex,
from Long Island, N. Y. This will probably prove to
be a mistake, and should be No. 6, B. matricaritefolium.
Mr. Frank Lufkin of Rockport has sent me Lycopo-
148
DIUM CLAVATUM, L. ANNOTINUM and L. LUCIDULUM from
that town, species not common in the County, and not
reportetl previously from that quarter-^
I have found Equisetum hyemale at Methuen and
Boxford during the past season.
While dredging for animals and plants in "Wenham,
Pleasant and Chebacco ponds, during July and August,
1875, I collected among the Cryptogamous plants the
following :
IsoETES ECHiNOSPORA Durieu var. Braunii. In shallow water at
Pleasant poncl. (The first species of Isoetes yet reported in the
County; doubtless othei'S are to be found.
Characeas (2 gen., 6 species) (named by Mr. C. C. Frost, of Brat-
tleboro, Vt.).
Chara coronata var. Schweinitzii. Wenham pond, abundant.
Chara gymnopus var. elegans A. Br. Pleasant pond, Wenham,
"new to New England."
Chara vulgaris L. (C. foetida of authoi's). Pleasant pond, Wen-
ham, common.
NiTELLA GRACILIS Agh. Chebacco pond, abundant.
Nitella flexilis Agh. Wenham pond.
-? "Unknown to me, perhaps new to this region."
C. C. Frost.
Any local county lists or notes on the plants of the
county will be gladly received.
Capt. Saunders, of Orlando, Me., presented to the
Institute a vampire, several snakes, and a very curious
bone belono-ino; to the dorsal tin of a fish, which were
remarked upon by the chairman.
5 Since the above was communicated, and just as tliis goes to press (May, 1876),
I also found these species in Beverly.
BU L L E T I N
OF THE
Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., Nov. and Dec, 1875. Nos. 11 & 12.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.
Eegular Meeting, Monday, October 18, 1875.
Meeting this eveninof. Vice President F. W. Putnam
in the chair. Records read.
Dr. George A. Perkins exhibited some cnrious speci-
mens of coal and charcoal ; also beautiful impressions of
ferns in coal and stone, and made some remarks on the
subject. The chairman continued the subject, and spoke
on coal deposits in this country, and of the fossil remains
of fish found in several carboniferous deposits.
Mr. William P. Upham read an interesting paper re-
lating to the settlement of Rev. Samuel Skeltou, minister
of the First Church in Salem. He also called attention
to the value of old letters and papers, and the importance
of their preservation. The paper was referred to the
publication committee for insertion in the "Historical
Collections."
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VII. 12 (1^9)
150
Mr. Kimball exhibited plaster casts of two very curi-
ous utensils supposed to have been made by the Indians
and described the way in which they were probably made
and the conditions under which the original specimens
had been found. One was supposed to be a part of a
large mortar and the other a cooking vessel. The chair-
man made some statements of his researches amons; In-
diau relics, explanatory of the casts on exhibition.
Mr. C. H. HiGBEE laid on the table for examination
some specimens of minerals which he had collected, and
gave a brief description of them. This led to a discus-
sion of the minerals of this count}', particularly of those
found in the region of Newbury, and which have recently
excited great interest, Messrs. Higbee, Kimball, Putnam
and others taking part.
Regular Meeting, Monday, November 1, 1875.
Meeting this evening. Vice President F. W. Putnam
in the chair. Records of last meeting read.
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —
From Francis H. Appleton, Boston, Oct. 10; Charles Arey, Salem, Oct. 19; Helen
r. Ayres, Boston, Oct. 19; S. L. Boardman, Augusta, Me., Oct. 5; E. P. Boon, New
York, Oct. 2G; John J. Bagley, Detroit, Mich., Oct. IT; Fidelia Bridges, Brooklyn,
K. Y., Oct. 18; James B. Curwen, Salem, Oct. 13; J. Edmonds Clarke, Wasliington,
D. C, Oct. 28; Samuel A. Drake, Boston, Oct. .5, 7; John Ward Dean, Boston, Oct.
5; J. P. Felton, Salem. Oct. 27; S. A. Green, Boston, Oct. 1.3; F. B. Hough, Wash-
ington, Oct. 2; Rufus King, New York, Oct. IG; H. M. Knowlton, Boston, Oct. ;
Lynn Public Library, Oct. 29; I. P. Langworthy, Boston, Oct. 9; Micliigan State
Library, Oct. 9; Michigan State Geological Survey, Oct. 27; Amos Xoyes, New-
bury port, Oct. IG; Geoige Peabody, Salem, Oct. 30; Richard A. Proctor, Boston,
Oct. 21; E. P. Robinson, Saugus, Oct.G, Jl; W. Hudson Stephens, Lowville, N. Y.,
Oct. 13; Smithsonian Institution, Oct. 12; Joseph G. Waters, Salem, Oct. 13; Justin
Wiusor, Boston, Oct. 15,
151
Prof. A. Graham Bell gave a very interesting lecture
on the system of "visible speech" invented by his father,
illustrated by charts of the symbols representing the
various sounds, and b}"- practical examples of the value of
the system in teaching deaf mutes to speak, as tested by
the ability of a young pupil from the Boston Institution
to interpret the symbols at sight. The exposition of the
value of the system, both in its linguistic and educational
aspects, was listened to with intense interest, and the tests
were eminently satisfactory. t
After the close of the lecture a conversation followed
between Rev. E. B. Willsou, the lecturer, and others, in
which several questions were proposed and answered. A
vote of thanks was then passed to Mr. Bell for the even-
ing's instruction.
Edward J. Johnson of Nahant was elected a resident
member.
The Second Art Exhibition
Opened on Tuesday, Nov. 9, at the rooms of the In-
stitute, Piummer Hall, and closed Wednesday the 17th.
About twelve hundred persons visited the exhibition, not
including members of the Institute and contributors.
The main hall was devoted to the display of oil paintings,
water colors, pen and ink and pencil sketches. The col-
lection of portraits of persons prominent in Salem his-
tory attracted much attention, and among them were
represented the productions of Copley, Stuart, Frothing-
ham, Osgood, Alexander and others of our early artists.
Our local artists presented many choice specimens, enu-
merated in the accompanying catalogue of two hundred
152
and eighty-three pictures by one hundred and eighty-six
contributors.
The eastern ante-room was occupied by the exhibition of
bronzes, porcelain and pottery ; one hundred and five spec-
imens from forty-seven contributors. This was the first
ceramic exhibition in Salem, and it was an entire success,
and many rich and curious articles were there displayed.
CATALOGUE OF THE SECOND ART EXHIBITION, NOVEMBER, 1875.
No. Title.
1 James Miller.
2 Timothy Pickering.
3 John Pickering.
4 Richard Derby.
5 Thomas Cole.
6 Leverett Saltonstall.
7 Wm. Orne.
8 Jona. Webb.
9 Mrs. Edward Lander.
10 Edward Lander.
11 C. W. Upham.
12 William Bentley.
13 Zachariah Hicks.
14 B. Lynde Oliver.
15 C. W. Upham.
16 A. Huntington.
17 Mrs. Lois Paine.
18 Sir Richard Saltonstall.
19 Pickering Dodge.
20 Penn Townsend.
21 Mrs. Samuel Cook.
23 Nathaniel Lord.
23 Alpheus Crosby.
24 Nathaniel Hawthorne.
25 Wm. H. Prescott.
26 Nathaniel J. Lord.
27 Samuel Cook.
28 Family of Benjamin West.
29 Rebecca Cabot, daughter of Tim-
otliy Orne.
30 Benj. Waters, about 1800.
31 View on the Presumpscot.
32 Crayon Head.
Artist.
C. Osgood.
S. L. Waldo.
Chester Harding
Sargent.
C. Osgood.
C. Harding.
Frothingham.
Stuart.
Copy by Miss Gil-
bert.
Alexander.
B. C. Porter.
Copy from Rem-
brandt, by C.
Osgood.
Frothingham.
Contributor.
Mrs. J. F. Miller,
J. Pickering.
J. Pickering.
Misses Derby,
Mrs. T. Cole.
Mrs. J.F.Tuckerman.
Essex Institute.
Gardner Barton..
Misses Lander.
Misses Lander.
Essex Institute.
Essex Institute.
Mrs. S. B. Howe.
J. G. Waters.
Mrs. C. W. Upham.
Mrs. A. Huntington,
Mrs, J. S. Cabot.
Misses Saltonstall.
W. A. Lander,
J. G. Waters.
H. K. Oliver, Jr.
G. R. Lord.
D. B. Hagar,
Mrs. G. B. Loring,
D. B. Hagar.
George R. Lord.
H. K. Oliver, Jr.
Mrs, J. S. Cabot,
Mrs. J. S. Cabot.
J. G. Waters,
H. B. Brown. E. C. Bolles.
Pupil of Mis8
Merrill. S. H. Worcester.
E. Billings.
J. H. Young
153
No. Title.
33 View in Stowe, Vt.
34 Water Color.
35 Drawing "Tlie Page."
36 Flowers, French crayon.
37 Pencil drawing.
38 Charcoal head.
39 Pen sketch.
40 Water color.
41 Out door sketch.
42 Lespieglerie.
43 Sketch at Seabrook.
44 La Mignonue.
45 Charcoal. Fancy head.
46 Copy of an old picture.
47 Charcoal. Fancy head.
48 Monarch of the Glen.
49 Drawing.
50 Beatrice Cenci.
51 St. Francis, founder of the Fran-
ciscan Order.
52 Water-Lilies.
53 Pansies.
54 Road-side View.
55 Flowering Vines.
56 Old Canal.
57 Woodcock.
58 Water color.
59 Woodcock.
GO Palette Knife Sketch.
61 Grief.
62 Head of a Boy.
63 Apple Peddler.
64 The Exile.
65 Portrait of Lady.
66 Wisteria.
67 Portrait, Miss Manning.
68 Interior of a Studio.
69 Apple Blossoms.
70 Apple Tree at Manchester.
71 Priscilla, (after Hunt).
72 Wayside Flowers.
73 Study.
74 The Willows.
75 Sketch.
76 Medford Spires.
77 Cactus.
78 June Day.
Artist.
G. M. White.
J. W. Thyng.
G. B. Haskell,
Miss H. Putnam.
G. B. Haskell.
Miss Ida Caller.
O. W. H. Upham.
David Roberts,
England.
O. W. H. Upham.
G. M. White.
Miss M. C. Allen.
G. M. White.
Miss Ida Caller.
Miss H. F. Carl-
ton.
Miss Ida Caller.
G. Southward.
J. B. Hudson, Jr.
After Guido.
Ribei'a.
Seavey.
Seavey.
J. B. Hudson, Jr.
Miss E. Gardner.
J. B. Hudson, Jr.
Mrs. G.P.Osgood
Sattler.
Mrs. G.P.Osgood,
n. M. Knowlton.
H. M. Knowlton.
H. M. Knowlton.
Pupil of Miss
Knowlton.
H. M. Knowlton.
H. M. Knowlton.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Pupil of Miss
Knowlton.
H. M. Knowlton.
H. M. Knowlton.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Pupil of Miss S.
E. Smith.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Wm. M. Hunt.
H. M. Knowlton.
After Rousseau.
Contributor.
N. G. Simonds.
J. W. Thyng.
G. B. Haskell.
Miss II. Putnam.
C. F. Archer.
J. M. Caller.
O. W. H. Upham.
Misses Saltonstall.
O. W. H. Upham.
G. M. White.
Miss Allen.
G. M. White.
J. M. Caller.
Oliver Carlton.
J. M. Caller.
Observatory Club.
J. B. Hudson, Jr.
Wm. A. Lander.
Mrs. A. L. Peirson.
G. W. Benson.
G. W.Benson.
J.B. Hudson, Jr.
Miss E. Gardner.
J. B. Hudson, Jr.,
, Mr. G. P. Osgood.
John C. Lee.
Geo. P. Osgood.
H. M. Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Smith.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Mr. Hunt.
Mr. Hunt.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss S. E. Smith.
154
BTO. TITLB.
79 Study, charcoal.
80 Study, charcoal.
81 Study, charcoal.
82 Study, charcoal.
83 Sketch, charcoal.
84 Study, moonlight.
85 Study, from life.
86 Study, Azalia.
87 Apple Blossoms.
88 Ginger Jar.
89 Planting.
90 Wild Flowers.
91 Portrait, Josh Billings.
93 Study.
93 Wisteria.
94 Tea Roses.
95 Descent from the Cross.
96 Madonna.
97 Pond Lilies.
98 Saco River, N. Conway.
99 Cardinal Flower.
100 Water Color.
101 Water Color.
102 Water Color.
103 Presunipseot Falls.
104 Moonlight.
105 Dogs Heads.
106 Portrait, Mrs. Fitch.
107 Pen Drawing.
108 After the Storm.
109 Wild Flowers.
110 Baboosic LiUke.
111 Wild Flowers.
112 The Showery Day.
113 Woodcock.
114 White Cactus.
115 Night Blooming Cereus.
116 View on Lake George.
117 The Horse Fair.
118 The Horse Fair.
119 Marine View.
120 Pen Drawing.
121 Pen Drawing.
122 Water Color.
123 Flower Piece.
Artist.
Pupil of Miss
Smith.
Pupil of Miss
Smith.
Miss H. M. Knowl-
ton.
Wm. M. Hunt.
Miss H. M. Knowl-
ton.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Pupil of "
Miss S. E. Smith.
Pupil "
Miss S. E. Smith.
Pupil "
MissH.M.Knowl-
ton.
Pupil of Miss
Smith.
((
Miss S. E. Smith.
(After Overbeck).
Copy from Raph-
ael.
Mary H. Weston.
Geo. Newcomb.
Nina Moore.
Sattler.
J. B. Hudson, Jr.
R. D. Wilkie.
Miss Nellie Had-
dock.
Copley.
Geo. M. White.
Oliver.
Mary H. Weston.
Mrs. F. Cox.
Mary H. Weston.
Mrs. F. Cox.
W. B. Parker.
Miss Kate John sou
Fisher.
Unknown.
Ernest Fenollosa.
Geo. M. White.
Chinery.
Miss K.Johnson.
CONTKIBUTOH.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Knowlton.
Mr. Hunt.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
C. A. Ropes.
B. H. Silsbee.
Miss Weston.
Mr. Newcomb.
Mrs. K. Woods.
Miss Saltonstall.
J. C. Lee.
Miss Saltonstall.
Mr. Hudson.
C. H. Higbee.
Miss Haddock.
Misses Derby.
H. M. Brooks.
C. A. Ropes.
Miss Weston,
Mrs. Cox.
Miss Weston.
Mrs. Cox.
Mr. Parker.
Miss Johnson.
Miss Johnson.
H. M. Brooks.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
Mr. Fenollosa.
H. M. Brooks.
H. M. Brooks.
T. F. Hunt.
Miss Johnson.
155
No. Title.
Artist.
CONTniBUTOB.
124 The Shepherdess.
Henri.
C. A. Ropes.
125 Landscape.
M. Lajoie.
H. M. Brooks.
126 Water Color.
G. M. White.
Mr. White.
127 Water Color.
"
Mr. White.
128 Sea Mosses.
Miss M. Gold-
thwaite.
Miss Goldthwaite.
129 Water Color.
G. M. White.
Mr. White.
130 Water Color.
131 Portrait.
Unknown.
Mrs. C. F. Williams.
132 Portrait, Lady.
Jean Raoux.
Miss Jackson.
133 Shop in Paris.
Lafaye.
George Peabody.
134 Diana's Baths.
Geo. Newcomb.
Mr. Newcomb.
135 Woman Selling Provisions.
After Gerhard.
George Peabody.
13G Interior.
Unknown.
Wm. A. Lander.
137 Landscape.
"
George R. Lord.
138 The Sisters.
Copy from Sir T.
Lawrence.
J. P. Cook.
139 Water Color.
G. M. White.
Mr. White.
140 Water Color.
141 The Dentist.
Mary H. Weston.
Miss Weston.
142 View near Naples.
School of Vernet.
Miss Jackson.
143 Portrait.
Mrs. M. .J. David.
Mrs. E. Putnam,
144 Sunset.
J. J. Enneking.
T. F. Hunt.
145 Scriptural Subject.
Unknown.
J. M. Caller.
146 Heading Magdalen.
Mrs. H. M. Berry
Mrs. Bei-ry.
147 Autumn.
Mrs. A. M. Kind-
ler.
Mrs. Kindler.
148 Deer.
Pupil of Miss
Merrill.
A.E.Whitman.
149 Cloister Life.
Mary E. Williams
. Miss M. E. Williams
150 Roman Forum.
Moretti.
Miss M. E. Williama
151 Angels, after Raphael.
Miss M. E. Williama
152 Monks.
Mary E. Williams
. Miss M.E.Williams
153 St. Peter's.
Moretti.
Miss M. E.Williams
154 Roman Beggar.
Mary E.Williams
. Miss M.E.Williams
155 Study of an Arab.
"
Miss M.E.Williams
156 Heidelberg.
A.O.Williams.
Miss A.O. Williama
157 Sans Soiicl.
MaryE.M'^illiams
. Miss M. E. AVilliama
158 Mt. ^tna.
A. 0. Williams.
Miss A.O.Williams
159 Alchemist.
Mary E.Williams
Miss M. E.Williams
160 View of Tivoli and Falls.
A. O. Williams. ^
Miss A. O. Williama
161 Roman Peasant Girl,
Mary E. Williams
Miss M. E. Williama
162 Market Woman.
Unknown.
W. B. Parker.
163 Game.
Vervoort.
Essex Institute.
164 Landscape.
Bcilim.
James 0. Saflford.
165 Twilight in Venice.
E. Cecchini.
Mrs. J. S. Cabot.
106 Head.
Mary E.Williams.
Miss M. E. WiUiams
167 Capture of Luther.
Van Starken-
burgh.
Mrs. E. D. Kimball.
168 Fancy Head.
Miss Knight.
Miss Knight.
169 Salem Boy.
Geo. Newcomb.
C. S. Clark.
170 Iris ; after Guido.
Mrs. H. M. Berry.
Jlrs. Berry.
171 Mt. Shasta.
H. O. Youug.
C..A. Ropes.
156
No. Title.
172 Landscape.
173 AVatei- Color.
174 Clicrries.
175 Landscape.
176 Norwegian Scenery. After Gude.
177 AVoodbine.
178 Off Baker's Island.
179 Pen Sketch.
180 Ulagdalen.
181 Wasliington.
182 St. Ursula.
183 The Wayside Trough.
1S4 Head; after Miss Knowlton.
185 Osgood Fire Place.
186 Basket of Chestnuts.
187 White Lily.
188 Flower Panel.
189 Wild Flowers.
190 Holy Family.
191 Fruit Piece.
192 Lily of the Valley.
193 Gil Bias.
194 Study.
195 Study from a cast.
196 Crab Apples.
197 Ginger Jar.
198 Flower Piece.
199 Trees on Blue River, Nebraska.
200 View ill Newbury, Vt.
201 Blackberry Vine.
202 Flower Panel.
203 Little Red Riding Hood.
204 Apple Blossom.
205 A fresh puff off shore.
206 Morning on Columbia River.
207 Wild Flowers.
208 The Mountain River.
209 Wild Flowers.
210 Marine View.
211 Gloucester Beach.
212 Study of Rocks at Nahant.
213 Winter Scene.
214 Landscape.
215 Dogs Heads; after Landseer.
216 Portrait.
217 Portrait.
218 Portrait.
219 Placid Lake.
220 Interior; with Figures.
221 Summer Sunset.
Artist.
J. Both.
Miss Needham.
G. M. White.
Wynants.
S. P. Hodgdon.
Mrs. H. H. Davis.
G. M. White.
G. M. White.
Guide.
Jos. Ames.
A. P. Close.
Miss Caller.
Miss K. Brooks.
Miss L.E.Merrill.
Miss Williams.
Miss L.E.Merrill.
Unknown.
Miss L.E.Merrill.
L. L. A. Very.
Van Lerius.
Miss A. A. Agge.
W. H. White.
Miss L.E.Merrill.
Geo. Newcomb.
Miss Emily Wil-
liams.
T. M. Osborne.
MissM.S.BulIard.
MissL.L. A.Very
Miss M. E. Wil-
liams.
MissL.L. A.Very.
Miss C. L. Grant.
S. G.W.Benjamin.
H. O. Young.
Mrs. F. Cox.
J. Warren Thyng.
Mrs. F. Cox.
Geo. M. White.
S. S. Tuckerman.
Mrs. F. Cox.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Frothingham.
Stuart.
Alexander.
S. P. Hodgdon.
Vautier.
Miss H. F. Os-
borne.
CONTEIBtlTOR.
George Peabody.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
T. F. Hunt.
George Peabody.
George Peabody.
Mrs. Davis.
T. F. Hunt.
T. F. Hunt.
Mrs. S. B. Howe.
E.W.Upton.
Mrs.S.B. Howe.
J. P. Cook.
Miss Caller.
H. M. Bi'ooks.
H. M. Brooks.
Miss Merrill.
Miss Williams.
Miss Merrill.
Geo. P. Osgood.
Miss Merrill.
Miss Very.
Miss Jackson.
Miss Agge.
AV. H. AVhite.
Miss Merrill.
Mr. Newcomb.
Miss AVilliams.
Mr. Osborne.
Miss Bullard.
• Miss A'ery.
Miss AA''ilIiams.
Miss A'ery.
Miss Grant.
J. A. Gillis.
J. P. Cook.
Mrs. Cox.
Mr. Thyng
Mrs. Cox.
N. G. Simonds.
J. F. Tuckerman,
Mrs. Cox.
AV. A. Lander.
C. H. Higbee.
Miss Smith.
Jlisses Forrester.
Misses Forrester.
Essex Institute.
E. K. Benson.
Mrs. Mott.
Miss Osborne.
•157
No.
Title.
223 The Play Mates.
223 Winter Sunset.
224 Marine View.
225 Spanish Peasants.
226 Wayside Inn.
227 White Mountain Brook.
228 Marine View.
229 Marblehead Neck.
230 Home they brought her Warrior dead.
231 Flowers.
232 Marine View.
233 Angel.
234 Angel.
235 Water color.
236 Washington.
237 Alexander Hamilton.
238 Sunset at Sea.
239 May Flower.
240 Misty Morning on the Hudson.
241 Pen Drawing; Archb. Williams.
242 From the Cliff, Newport.
243 Water Color.
244 Storks Tower.
245 Study.
246 Flower Piece.
247 Peaches.
248 Dawn off White Island.
249 Misty Morning on Lake Thun.
250 Artists' Brook, N. Conway,
251 Water Color.
252 Water Color.
253 Our Sunny Kaoll.
254 Water Color.
255 Roman Peasant.
256 Ingthani Moat, Sussex.
257 Peasant Girl from the Campagna.
258 Flower Piece.
259 A Quiet Nook.
260 Lilies.
261 Morning Glories.
262 Mill in Suabian Alps.
263 Whitby Abbey.
Artist.
Miss H. F. Os-
borne.
Geo. M. White.
After MuriUo.
Mrs. A. M. Kin-
dler.
Geo. M. White.
Miss H. F. Os-
borne.
Miss H. M. Knowl-
ton.
Miss Caller.
After Fra Angel-
ico.
After Fra Angel-
ico.
After Stuart.
Trumbull.
S. G. W. Benja-
min.
Miss C. L. Grant.
G. D. Brewerton.
Willis B. Young-
man.
G. D. Brewerton.
Miss E. M. Bur-
rows.
Mrs. A.Hyatt.
Geo. M. M'hite.
Miss E. M. Bur-
rows.
Mrs. H. M. Berry.
S. G. W. Benja-
min.
Mrs. A. Hyatt.
Miss L. Lander.
Miss F. Bridges.
(1 «
Miss E. Gardner.
Miss L. Lander.
Buckley, senior.
Miss K. Johnson.
Miss L. Lander.
Helen F. Ayres.
Miss C. L. Grant.
IMrs. A. Hyatt.
CONTEIBCTOR.
Miss H. Silsbee.
Miss Osborne.
H. P. Waters.
Mrs. Mott.
Miss Jackson.
Mrs. Kindler.
H. F. Waters.
Miss Osborne.
Miss Osborne.
H. F. Waters.
Miss Caller.
Mrs. F. H. Lee.
Mrs. F. H. Lee.
W. A. Lander.
Miss H. E. Deland.
Essex Institute.
T. F. Hunt.
Miss Grant.
X. H. Shaw & Son.
E. N. Peabody.
X. H. Shaw & Son.
M. S. Shaw.
Mrs. Hyatt.
H. F. Waters.
Miss L. Tappan.
Mrs. Berry.
Mr. Benjamin.
Mrs. Hyatt.
Miss Lander.
Miss Bridges.
Miss Bridges.
Miss Gardner.
Miss Lander.
Misses Saltonstall.
Misses Saltonstall.
Misses Saltonstall.
Miss Johnson.
Miss Lander.
Miss Ayres.
Miss Grant.
Mrs. Hyatt.
Mrs. Hyatt.
158
No. Title.
264 Water Color.
265 Nobska Beach.
266 Birds.
267 Wisteria.
268 Autumn.
269 After School.
270 Portrait.
271 Scientific Drawing.
272 James Silver.
273 Samuel Webb.
274 Water Color.
275 Josepli Mosely.
276 Ancient Painting.
277 Autumn Leaves.
278 Autumn Leaves.
279 Study.
280 New England Scenery.
281 Everlastings.
282 Pond Lilies.
283 Fancy Head.
Aktist.
Miss E. M. Bur-
rows.
Mrs. A. Hyatt.
Miss L. Lander.
Miss C. L. Grant.
Miss L. Lander.
J. F. Lyon.
Miss Myra Derby.
S. E. Cassino.
Chinery.
Miss Alice Caller.
W. H. White.
H. F. Higgins.
W. H. White.
Mrs. G.P.Osgood,
Geo. Southward.
Contributor.
M. S. Shaw.
Mrs. Hyatt.
Miss Lander.
Miss Grant.
Miss Lander.
Mr. Lyon.
Miss Warner.
Mr. Cassino.
Wm. Silver.
G. Barton.
T. F. Hunt.
Mrs. T. B. Russell.
Nicliolas Pitman.
Miss Caller.
Miss Caller.
Mr. White.
J. P. Cook.
Mr. White.
Mrs. Osgood.
J. M. Caller.
CERAMICS, BRONZES, ETC
No. Title.
1 Collection of Pottery, etc.,
2 China Plate (Canton, modern),
3 Japanese Plate (modern),
4 Japanese cup and saucer (modern),
5 Japanese cup and saucer (modern),
6 Porcelain Pen Rest (Chinese),
7 Japanese.Cup and Saucer (modern),
8 Jade Stone Ornament,
9 Japanese Plate (modern),
10 Cup and Saucer, hand-painted,
11 Cup and Saucer, hand-painted,
12 Cup and Saucer (Sevres China),
13 Christian Lamps and Vases from Catacombs at
Rome,
14 Models of Vases found in Pompeii,
15 Ancient Etruscan Pottery,
16 Ancient Lamp and Medallion,
17 Early North American Pottery,
18 Stone Pipe from Jagga Country, Africa,
19 American Pottery,
20 Four examples of Beverly Pottery, decorated by
Miss Kate Johnson,
21 Two examples of Beverly Pottery, decorated in
India Ink by E. S. Morse,
22 Lambeth Jug,
23 Four examples of Lancaster Pottery,
Coxtributor.
Tech. Dep. Essex Ins.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P.Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
T. F. Hunt.
Mrs. J. P.Cook.
Mrs. Chas. S. Nichols.
Mrs. Chas. S. Nichols.
William Silver.
Miss Mary E. Williams.
Miss Mary E. Williams.
Miss Mary E. Williams.
Miss Louisa Lander.
F. W. Putnam.
Caleb Cook.
Miss Louisa Lander.
J. Robinson.
E. S. Morse.
J. Robinson.
Mrs. C. S. Nichols.
159
No. Title.
24 Six examples of Chinese Pottery,
25 Japanese Pottery,
26 Horse of Marly, Bronze,
27 Bronze Leopard,
28 Silver Bronze Vase,
29 Bronze Leopard,
30 Horse of Marly,
31 Bronze Bell of St. Peter's,
31 a Plate, Cup and Saucer, brought from China in
the Grand Turk, 1785,
32 China Plate,
33 Cup and Saucer, Chinese (ancient),
34 Cup and Saucer, Chinese (ancient),
35 Old Nankins Custard Cup,
36 Tea Set, China, about 1800,
37 Seven pieces of Canton Ware, about 1820,
37 a Four pieces of Old China,
38 Plate, Old China,
39 Bowl, Japan,
40 Plate, 01.1 Cliina,
41 Porcelain and Wicker Work, Bowl and Plate, Japan,
42 Plate, China,
43 Plate, Old China, '
44 Cup and Saucer, Canton Ware,
44 a Old Blue Tea Caddy, Cup and Saucer,
45 Saki Bottle, Japan,
46 Tea Pot, Japan,
47 Dragon Vase, China,
48 Porcelain Pagoda,
49 Pair of Crackle Vases,
50 Porcelain Ornaments,
51 Dragon Vase,
52 Porcelain Vase,
53 Cream Jug, Old China Ware,
54 Old Nanking Tea Pot,
55 Japanese Lacquer Porcelain Tea Pot,
56 Plate, formerly property of Koyal Family, France,
57 Old French Ware, 1676,
58 Old Pencil Ware, four pieces,
59 Two Old Tiles,
BO Cream Jug, Old English Ware,
61 Bowl,
62 Old English Ware,
63 Bowl,
64 Coffee Pot, 1775,
65 Coffee Pot, China, 1803,
66 Pencil Ware, Cup and Saucer,
67 Liverpool Ware, plate,
68 Pitcher, taken by a Privateer, 1812,
69 Chelsea Ware,
70 Sugar Bowl, Gen. James Miller's Wedding Set,
71 Dutch Porcelain Mug,
72 Old English Ware Gravy Dish,
CONTRIBUTOB.
T. F. Hunt.
C. Cook.
J. C. Lee.
J. C. Lee.
J. C. Lee.
J. C. Lee.
J. C. Lee.
J. C. Lee.
Misses Derby.
G. R. Curwen.
G. R. Curwen.
G. R. Curwen.
G. R. Curwen.
Mrs. Jos. Osgood.
Jona. Tucker.
Miss M. Whipple.
Mrs. Frost.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. Frost.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
Mrs. M. A. Andrews.
Mrs. Jona. Perley.
Mrs. Jona. Perley.
Misses Derb)'.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
H. F. Waters.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
Mrs.T. Hunt.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Miss J. F. Bond.
Jona. Tucker.
Jona. Tucker.
Mrs. T. B. Russell.
B. D. Hill.
B. D. Hill.
Mrs. T. B. Russell.
G. P. Daniels.
G. P. Daniels.
Mrs. E. Emnierton.
Miss E. H. Kimball.
G. R. Curwen.
Mrs. M. A. Tufts.
Miss J. F. Bond.
Mrs. 0. H. Higbee.
Miss L. Lander
Miss L. Lauder.
160
No. Title.
73 Sugar Bowl, Wedgwood Ware, Flaxman's designs,
74 Louis 14th Mug and Saucer,
75 Old Indian Mug and Saucer,
76 Independence Ware Plate, .
77 Vase, French,
78 Masonic Wine Glass,
79 Glass Ware,
80 Japanese Crystal,
81 Glass Bottle, 1707,
82 Glasses used by Gen. Miller in war of 1812,
83 Hour Glass Bottle,
84 Old English Glass,
85 Old Beer Jug, English,
85 Native Majolica, Boston, Nov. 9, 1872,
87 Puzzle Pitcher,
88 Beer Mug,
89 German Vase,
90 Bowl and Pitcher,
91 Collection of Coins of all Nations, from the earliest
times to the jiresent, showing the progress of
the art of coinage, arranged and contributed by
92 Modern copy Burnt China,
93 Old Burnt China,
94 Old Burnt China,
95 Delft,
9G Old China,
97 Old China,
98 Delft,
99 Japanese Teapot,
100 Rouen Jar,
101 Japanese Saucer,
102 Burnt China Cu]) and Saucer,
103 Silver Watch 150 years old,
104 Silver Bell, figure of Silenus,
105 Two watclies 150 years old,
106 Old China Cup and Saucer,
107 Rouen Jar,
108 Chinese Teapot,
109 Old Cake Dish,
110 Very old China Bowl,
111 Blue China Dish,
112 Elder Brewster Teapot,
113 Old China Cofi"ee Cup and Saucer,
114 Old China Soup Plate,
115 Specimen of Rogers Ware, English,
116 Old China Tea Caddy and Stand,
117 Delft Plate,
118 Old China Tea Pot,
119 Blue China Dish,
120 Old China Bowl,
121 Decorated China,
122 Twenty-eight pieces of Glass Ware, of English,
German and Venetian make,
Contributor.
Miss L. Lander.
Miss L. Lander.
Miss L. Lander.
E. L. Per ley.
Mrs. C. H. Higbee.
Joua. Perley.
Mrs. G. M. Whipple.
Mrs. I'. Hunt.
Jas. Kimball.
Miss M. E. Miller.
Miss E. H. Kimball.
G. R. Curwen.
B. D. Hill.
J. Robinson.
Jas. Kimball.
Jas. Kimball.
Jas. Kimball.
Miss A. Grant.
J. Robinson.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. AVaters.
Miss aiary E. Williams.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
H. F. Waters.
161
No. Title.
123 Painting on Copper, silver frame,
124 Door Plates,
125 Whist Counters,
126 Wedgwood Portrait Sir W. J. Hooker,
127 Portrait in Wax,
128 Highland Mary Snuff Box,
129 Collection of Miniatures,
130 Painted Table Top,
131 Bronze Medallion of Gibson, the Sculptor,
132 Collection of Manuscripts,
133 Collection of Ceramics,
134 Bronze Figure.
135 Bronze Group of Dogs,
13(3 Bronze figure.
137 Pair of Bronze Vases,
138 Pai;- of Bronze Vases,
139 Sesostris.
140 Metallization of Plaster from "The Cluny,"
141 Esculapius.
142 Japanese Platter,
143 Jupiter,
144 Figure Metallization of Plaster from "The Cluny,"
145 St. George and the Dragon,
146 Bronze Vases, Japanese,
147 Pair of Carved Wood Stands, Chinese^ '
148 Very old Cliinese Bronze Vase,
149 Bronze Figure (Horse),
150 Damascus Metal Bowls,
151 Tlie Dying Gladiator,
l.i2 Bronze Vases, Japanese,
153 Porcelain Vases, Chinese,
154 Old Bronze Incense Burner, Chinese,
155 Japanese Bronze,
156 Incense Burner, Chinese,
157 Pair of Gilded Vases, Chinese,
158 Pair of Japanese Vases,
159 Pair of Bronze Incense Burners, Chinese,
160 Pair of Chinese Vases,
161 Old China Vase (about 1,400),
102 Pair of .Japanese Vases,
163 Pair of Bronze Candlesticks, Japanese,
164 Pair of Bronze Ornaments, Chinese,
165 Pair of Bronze Vases, Chinese,
166 Japanese Stork Candlesticks,
107 Bronze Image Worshipped by the Chinese,
168 Cliinese Gong Bronze,
109 Pair of Japanese Vases,
170 Pair of Candlesticks used in South Church, 1804,
171 Cliinese Porcelain Jar,
172 Pair of Japanese Vases,
173 Japanese Cabinet.
Contributor.
Miss Mary E. Williams.
Miss Kate Johnson,
J. Robinson.
Mrs. E. G. Perkins,
Miss E. H. Kimball,
Mrs. E. T. Kemble.
Miss Louisa Lander,
Manuscript Department,
Essex Institute.
Dep't of Technology, Es-
sex Institute,
Mrs. T. Hunt.
J. C. Lee.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
J. Robinson.
J. Robinson.
Mrs. C. S. Nichols,
J. C. Lee.
H. F. Waters.
J. C. Lee.
Mrs.C. S.Nichols,
A. II. Johnson.
J. P. Cook.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
A. S. Packard, Jr.
J. C. Lee.
Misses Forrester,
Miss Saltoustall.
J. P. Cook.
Mrs. T. Hunt,
J. P. Cook.
J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. Osgood.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
Mrs. J. P. Cook,
Mrs. J. P. Cook,
Mrs. T. Hunt,
Mrs, T. Hunt.
Mrs. J.P.Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook,
J. P. Cook.
J. P. Cook.
J. Robinson.
J. Kobinson.
J. Robinson,
J. Robinson.
J, Robinson.
162
No. Title.
174 Tea Caddy, Chinese,
175 Pair of Japanese Bottles,
176 Roman Lamp,
177 Pair of Japanese Platters,
178 Japanese Lacquer Platters,
179 Florentine Lamp,
180 Japanese Cabinet,
181 Japanese Vase,
182 Collection of Glass, etc.
183 Collection of Tiles, etc.
184 Collection of Beverly Pottery,
185 Paper Making and Jug Making,
186 Collection of Chinese and Fi-pnch Ware,
Contributor.
J. Robinson.
J. Robinson.
Miss M. E. Williams.
J. Robinson.
J. Robinson.
Miss M. E. Williams.
J. Robinson.
J. Robinson.
Dep't of Tech. Essex In.
Dep't of Tech. Essex In.
Mr. Lawrence.
Dep't of Tech. Essex In,
Mrs. C. F. Williams.
Eegular Meeting, Monday, November 15, 1875.
Vice President Goodell in the chair. Records
read.
Mary E. Gould and George L. Upton of Salem were
elected resident members.
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 6, 1875.
Meeting this evening. In the absence of President
and Vice Presidents, Mr. C. H. Higbee was requested to
take the chair. Records read.
The Secretary announced
dence : —
the folloAving correspon-
From Bjston Public Library, Dec. 1; British Archaeological Association, Nov.
27; Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Nov. 30; F. B. Hough, Wa.>-hington, D. C,
Nov. 15; M. Knoedler & Co.. New York, Nov. 3; G. P. Lothrop, Boston. Nov. 13, 16;
Maryland Historical Society, Nov. 24; R..C. Manning & Co., Salem, Dec. 1; New
York Historical Society. Nov. 30; Charles C. Perkins, Boston, Nov. 14; C. O. ihomp-
6on, Worcester, Nov. 13, 16.
163
The Librarian reported the following additions : —
By Donation.
Bagley, Johk J., of Lansing, Mich. Proceedings at the laying of the corner
Btone of tlie Capitol of Mich., Oct. 2, 1873.
Baker, Nathaniel B., of Des Moines, Iowa. Adjutant General's Report of
Iowa, Jan. 1, 1874 to Jan. 1, 1875.
Cole, Mus. N. D. Kindergarten Messenger, 14 numbers.
Hammond, Chas., of JNIonson, Mass. Catalogue of Monpon Academy, 1875-76.
Hl'mphuevs, a. a., of Washington, D.C. Report of a Reconnaissance of the
Black Hills of Dakota made in 1874, by Wm. Ludlow. 1 vol., 4to.
KlsiBALL, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, Oct. and Nov., 1875,
John C. Lee. Commercial Bulletin, Aug. to Nov., 1875.
Levette, Geo. M., of Indianapolis, Ind. Indiana Agricultural Reports, 1874,
5 vols. Transactions of the Indiana Horticultural Society, 1874. Indianapolis
Directory, 187-2-73. House Journal, 1871. Senate Journal, 1871. Oliio Statistics,
1872. New School Law of Indiana, 1873. Laws of the State of Indiana, 1871.
Matthews, W. L., of Warsaw, Ind. Report of the Superintendent of Public
Instrhctions of Indiana, 1874.
Mayer, Alfred M., of Iloboken, N. J. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 5.
Merritt. L. V. Essex County Mercury, May to Nov., 1875.
Neff, J. E.. of Indianapolis, Ind. Documentary Journal of Indiana, 3 vols.,
8vo. Report ol the Secretaiy of State, Oct.. 1873, 1 vol., 8vo.
Putnam, F. W. On the Habits of the Blind Crawfish, 8vo pamph., 1875. New
York Tribune, Sept., Oct., Nov., 1875.
Stephens, W. II., of Lowville, N. Y. Statutes of South Carolina, Vol. 1, 1836.
Stone, B. W. New York Directory, 1873. Essex Co. Directory, 1870. Salem
Directory, IsCO. N. Y. Business Directory, 1874.
Stone, E. M., of Providence, R. I. Report of School Committee of Providence,
June, 1875.
Thornton, J. Wingate, of Boston. The Garden of Health, 1 vol., 4to.
Wadswouth, H. E., of La Porte, Ind. Rockport City Directory, 1872-73.
U. S. Department of Interior. Documents, 42nd Cong., 2 vols. 1st Sess., 43rd
Cong., 3() v(ds.
U. S. Bureau of Education. Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1874.
1 vol., 8vo.
U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Aug., Sept., Oct., and Nov., 1875.
Upton. Jamks. Baptist Missionary Magazine, 1870-74. Good Health, 1871. Mis-
Blonary Magazine. 1870.
Warner, Oliver, of Boston, Mass. Mass. Public Documents, 1874, 5 vols.
Acts & Rcfolves, 1875.
Waters. J. Linton. History and Directory of Kent Co., 1870. Cincinnati
Directory, 1810.
Unknown. Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of the Battle of Lexing-
ton, Apr. IJ, 1875. 1 vol.
By Exchange.
American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings of the, Apr. 28, 1875.
Amherst College Library. Triennial Catalogue, 1875 ■
Archiv fur Anthropologie, BRAUNSCinvEiG. Band viii. Aug., 1875.
Belfast Naturalists' Field Cluu. Annual Report of the, 1873-74. Guide
to Belfast, 1 vol.
164
Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Proceedings of the, Vol. vii. No. ll, 1874.
Boston Society of Natural History. Memoirs of the, Vol. ii. Part IV>
No. li, 1875. Proceedings of, Vol. xvi i, pt. I, II, 187.5. *
BoTANisic TiDSSKRiFT IX KjoBENiiAVX. Tidsskrift, 1874. 2 pamphlets.
Boston Public Library. Bulletin, Oct., 1875.
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Bulletin. Vol. iii, No. 1, 1875.
Canadian Institute. Journal, .Jul)-, 1875.
KoNGELiGE Danske Videnskabeknes Selskab Kjobenhavn. Oversigt, Bd-
1874, No. 11.
L'Academie ImpEriale des Sciences de St. Petersburg. Memoires, Tome ^
xxi, Nos. 6-12, 1874; Tome xxii, Nos. 1-3, 1874-5. Bulletins, Tome xix, Nos. 22-37,
1874; Tome xx, Nos. 1-21, 1874.
Literary .^.nd Historical Society of Quebec. Transactions, 1873-74, 1874-75.
Naturforsciiende Gesellschaft, Danzig. Schriften, Bd. iii. Heft, iii, 1874.
Naturhistorische Gesellschaft zu Hannover. Dieiuudzwanzigster &
Vierundzwanzigster Jahresbeiiclit, 1872-73, 1873-74. 2 pamphlets.
Naturwissexschaftlicher Verein zu Hamburg. Naturwissenschaften, v,
Bd4 4 Abth. 1873.
N. H. Historical Society. Proceedings of, 1874-5. 1 vol.
N. E. Historic Genealogical Society. Register, Vol. xxix. Oct., 1875.
N. Y. Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record, Oct., 1875.
N. Y. Historical Society. Catalogue of Museum and Gallery of Ai-t, 1874.
Physikal Medicin Gesellschaft in WOrzburg. Verhandlungeu, Bd. viii,
Heft iii and iv. 1875.
Royal Cornwall Poly'technic Society. Annual Reports, 1833-74 inc.
SociEtE d'Acclimation, Paris. Bulletin, 3e Serie, Tome 11. Apr., 1875.
SociETii; d'Anthropologie, Paris. Bulletin, Tome x. Mar-Mai, 1875. 8vo.
SocifeTE Linneene Bordeaux. Actes, Tome xxvii, pt. II; Tome xxviii, pt. I,
II, 1872.
SociEtE Royale des Antiquaires du Nord Kjobenhavn. Memoires, 1873-74.
SociEtE des Sciences Naturelles du Grand-Duche de Luxembourg.
Publications of, Tome xv, 1875.
SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE RUSSIE HORJB SOCIETATIS ENTOMOLOGIC^ ROS-
SIC^. Tome ix. No. 3, 1873. Tome x. No. 1-4, 1873-74. Beitrage, 1874.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Report Of the Board of Regents, 1873, 1874. 2 vols.
SociETii Royale des Sciences de Liege. Memoires. Tomes iv, v, 1873, 1874.
Socifi:TE Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, Lausanne. Bulletin, No. 74.
Mai, 1875.
Vereins Fi)R Erdkunde zu Darmstadt. Notizblatt iii, Folge Heft xiii. 1874. •
Veriens Ft)R Erdkunde zu Dresden. Jahresbericht, xi, xii, 1875.
W. H. Yeomans, of Columbia, Conn. Report of the Conn. Board of Agriculture,
1874. Indiana Agricultural Reports, 1870. Geological Survey of Indiana, by E. T.
Cox, 1870. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 3G.
Yale College. Catalogue of the Officers and Students, 1875-76.
Zoologische-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt. Zoologische Garten; xvi Jahrg.
Jan.-Juni, 1875.
Zoologiscii-Mineralogischen Vereins in Regensburg. Abhandlungen,
Zehntes Heft, 1875. Corresponding-Blatt, 1874.
Publishers. American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. Beetle and
Wedge. Boston Daily Globe. Bradford New Era. Gardener's Montlily. Glou-
cester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich
Chronicle. Journal of Conchology. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn
Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritck's Catalogue. Sailor's
Magazine. Salem Gazette. Salem Observer. Salem Post. Salem Register.
Tuft's Collegian. Turner's Public Spirit.
165
Eev. George F. Wright, of Antlover, read the paper
of the evening, an abstract of which is here inserted.-
INDIAN RIDGE AND ITS CONTINUATIONS.
The so-called "Indian Ridge" of Andover, Mass., has
long been an object of curiosity to citizens, and of inter-
est to geologists. In the "Transactions of the Association
of American Geologists and Naturalists," for 1841 and
1842, Pres. Edward Hitchcock, of Amherst College, gave
a detailed account of the formation so far as it had then
been observed.^ This distinguished observer character-
ized it as "decidedly the most interesting and instructive
case [of moraine ridges] which he had met with." A
map of it is given in the same paper, taken from a survey
of Professor Alonzo Gray, then of Andover, now of
Brooklyn, N. Y. This map, in reduced dimensions,
reappears in Hitchcock's Elementary Geology,^ as an il-
lustration of "Submarine Ridges."
The formation is described as a series of narrow, par-
tially parallel and interlacing ridges, composed of sand,
gravel and boulders intermixed. These ridges are said
to be from fifteen to thirty feet high and four or five rods
through at the base, extending a mile and a half or more,
in a line nearly north and south. Similar ridges two or
three miles south are alluded to ; and at South Reading,
now Wakefield, twelve miles south of Andover, still other
and higher ridges of a like nature were observed. At
the close of his remarks upon the subject, Dr. Hitchcock
writes, "I presume that still further careful examination
of the region above described may show other similar
ridges, or a continuation of those on the map.
I would gladly resurvcy all the moraines with which I am
acquainted, in the confident belief that now 'I have learnt
iSee page 198. 2 see page 260 (30th edition).
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VII. 13
166
to see,' I should find many of them continuous ridges
where I have supposed a confused group of moraines to
exist." Acting upon this hint I have given my spare
time for many months baclv, in attempting to add to our
stock of knowledge upon the subject. I herewith furnish
a brief survey of the results.
1. Measurements. Takino; them in order, o-oiuGf west-
ward about half a mile from Andover depot, and meas-
uring from their base, the East ridge is 41 feet high, the
Middle or Indian ridge is 49 feet, and the West ridge 91
feet. The base is 40 feet above the Shawshin river, and
90 feet above the sea level. So that the summits of these
ridges at this point are, respectively, 131, 139, and 181
feet above the ocean. The west ridge at the place of
measurement is 250 feet broad at the base. I am in-
debted to various members of the scientific class of 1875,
in Phillip's Academy, for assistance in securing these
measurements.
2. Composition. These ridges were not primarily
stratified, and so differ in an important respect (if their
observations were sufficiently accurate) from the "Horse-
backs" of Maine, described by Professor C. H. Hitch-
cock,^ and the "Kames" of Scotland, described by James
Geihie.* There is, however, usually a secondary stratifi-
cation along the flanks of the ridge, and around the rim
of the numberless basins that are enclosed by its inter-
lacing branches, and in some places the entire ridge is
stratified. But ordinarily, sand, gravel, pebbles and
boulders are indiscriminately mingled. Boulders from a
few inches to two or three feet in diameter are found in
the higher portions of the Ridge as well as in the lower.
3. Character of the Stones. The stones of the
ridge are uniformly rounded and polished, but I have
f-
3 See Maine Agricultural Reports, 1861, 1862. * See The Great Ice Age, pp. 210-237.
167
failed to find any scratches upon their surface, such as are
frequently found upon those of the "ground moraine" of
this region. They are not of local origin, but consist, in
indiscriminate mixture, of granite, gneiss, and slatestones
from the North. Among these a rose qnartz is abundant.
4. Extent of the Eidge. With only such interrup-
tions as are made by river valleys and water courses, or
by other apparent causes, I have traced this series of
ridges, in continuous line, from Wakefield, through Read-
ing, North Reading, Wilmington, Ballardvale, Andover,
Lawrence and Methuen to Salem in New Hampshire, a
distance of nearly twenty-five miles as the bird flies. I
have with tolerable certainty identified it on either side
of these limits : south, in Melrose and Maiden; north, as
far as Derry Station, N. H.
5. Direction. It will be observed that this line cor-
responds with the direction of the glacial striae of this
vicinity, about 15° N. W. by S. E. The line projected
to the north would coincide with the axis of the Merri-
mack valley above Manchester, N. H.
6. Hypothesis. We have not time to work out the
details of the hypothesis which accounts for the facts so
far as at present observed. It is suflicient to say that we
expect eventually to demonstrate that this net-work of
ridges is the medial moraine of that portion of the con-
tinental glacier which took its local direction from the
Merrimack valley. The floods of water which during the
period of its retreat flowed forth from the foot of that
glacier would account for the partial straCification that is
observed.
7. Conclusion. But we wait for further investigation,
especially in the line north and south. And we solicit
facts from any observers, first, as to the composition of
the hills in this vicinity, and for twenty miles east or
168
west of the line of this Eidge, whether they are of solid
rock, or of loose material, whether stratified or not, and
whether the material is of local origin. And furthermore
Avhat is the direction of the axis of these "drift" hills?
And are there elsewhere such ridges as we have described ;
and Avhat is their direction? The Essex Institute would
do an important work if its members should systemati-
cally collect the facts concerning the whole drift deposit
of the INIerrimack valley. When these are gathered and
arranged, we can popnlarize for this region the intensely
interesting subject of the glacial age, which now does not
have the practical hold of the popular imagination that
its merits, and the proximity of its phenomena, clemancl.
At the close of the lecture the subject was continued
by remarks from Dr. A. H. Johnson, Messrs. W. P.
Upham, C. H. Higbee and others, and a vote of thanks
was passed to Mr. Wright for his instructive paper.
George West, George Newcomb and C. A. Shaw were
elected resident members.
Eegular Meeting, Monday, December 20, 1875.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.
Robert C. Mflls, Charles R. Mills, George W. Benson,
E. K. Benson, Lewis F. Miller, S. F. Chase, D. B. Kim-
ball and Abby R. Knight were elected resident members.
3 2044 i06 258 890
Date Due
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