Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College

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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
H

Library of the

Museum of

Comparative Zoology

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXV, No. 1.

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF AN

EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWESTERN HIGHLANDS

OF TANGANYIKA TERRITORY

INTRODUCTION AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY

By Arthur Loveridge

With Three Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A:

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

January, 1933

No. 1 . — Reports on the Scientific Results of an Expedition to
the Southwestern Highlands of Tanganyika Territory

I
Introduction and Zoogeography

By Arthur Loveridge

The following remarks are intended to serve as an introduction to
the series of reports which have been prepared on collections made by
the writer during an eight months' safari in East Africa on behalf of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology.1

There is much invertebrate material still awaiting study and on
which it is hoped that further reports will appear. The mollusca are
being utilized by Dr. Joseph Bequaert and W. J. Clench for their
revisionary work on the genera of African land and freshwater shells.
The paper on nematodes deals with only a portion of the parasitic worms
collected. In addition to these invertebrates, and seven thousand, four
hundred and eleven vertebrates, about half a ton of ethnological speci-
mens were purchased, labeled and brought back for the Peabody
Museum of Harvard University. The personnel of the expedition
consisted of the writer and three native assistants, whom he had pre-
viously trained in the preservation of mammals, birds and reptiles.

Objective of the Expedition

The purpose of the journey might be said to be threefold. The
primary object was to add to our very scanty knowledge of the her-
petological fauna of the chain of mountains in Tanganyika Territory,
commonly referred to as the southern and southwestern highlands,
with a view to throwing light on the composition of the unusually
interesting fauna occurring in the Uluguru Mountains of East Central
Tanganyika.

As a secondary consideration special attention was to be paid to
the zoologically little known range flanking the eastern shore of Lake
Nyasa and known to cartographers as the Livingstone Mountains.
To the local inhabitants, however, this name is utterly unknown; they
refer to its various sections by the name of the inhabiting tribe, thus
the northern portion is called the Ukinga Mountains as the Wakinga
dwell there.

•This expedition would have been impossible without a grant of half the expenses from the
Carnegie Institution of Washington, the sum involved originally voted by the Carnegie Cor-
poration of New York. It is a great pleasure to tender our grateful thanks and acknowledge-
ments to these institutions and their presiding officers, Dr. John C. Merriam and Dr. F. P.
Keppel. (T. Barbour, Director.)

4 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

It seemed a pity to proceed on so expensive a safari, costly because
so far removed from the railway and easy communication with the
coast, without taking advantage of the opportunity to secure certain
species still lacking in the collections of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology; particularly species of uncertain taxonomic status whose
position would be more firmly established if adequate topotypic series
composed of both sexes could be secured. With this object in view
a return itinerary was planned which would embrace certain type
localities. This then formed the third motive of the trip.

Perhaps it would have been better to have attempted less. So
great an area had to be covered, occasionally by such primitive
methods of travel as walking, that inadequate time — in some in-
stances only two days — had to be allowed in which to collect topo-
types of such elusive genera as Typhlops, Leptotyphlops, and Am-
phisbaenula. At the same time a certain measure of success attended
these efforts and topotypes of a large number of species unrepresented
in any American museum were secured.

As to the second objective referred to above, viz. a zoological recon-
naisance of the whole of the Livingstone Mountains, I failed, for
only three weeks were spent in the range and all of these were in the
temperate rain forest section surrounding Madehani at the northern
end of Lake Nyasa. My reasons for abandoning a thorough examina-
tion of the range were numerous. After a couple of short journeys
southwards along the range I came to the conclusion that anything
like a comprehensive study of the fauna would be impracticable in
the time at my disposal. The steepness of the mountain sides to be
negotiated and the wearisome detours necessitated by some physio-
graphical feature were such that in a day's march porters could not
cover much more than five miles as the crow flies. Probably a straight-
forward march down the centre of the range would occupy between
one and two months. Anyone attempting a zoological survey of the
Livingstones should be prepared to devote at least six months to the
undertaking. Judging by the number of new forms found at Madehani,
a thorough investigation would be productive of new races or species,
but these would be more likely among the mammals and birds than
among the reptiles.

The fauna is not rich and is unlikely to differ in any important
respect from that of the adjacent Ubena Highlands through which
we passed, or on the other hand from that of the Shire Highlands and
Nyasaland Plateau into which it merges. Such parts as I saw were
subjected to intensive cultivation, the valleys and hilltops were in

loveridge: African zoogeography o

places quite thickly populated. The Wakinga are exceptionally in-
dustrious and grow European wheat so successfully that natives
from all the surrounding country, even a hundred miles away, pro-
ceed to Ukinga to purchase flour. Most of the uncultivated ground
was rolling grassland over which flocks of cattle and goats wandered
in charge of little goatherds who were unhampered by clothing.
Missionaries, whose work took them on itineraries in the mountains,
as well as the Forest Officer at Tukuyu, informed me that there were
no areas of primary forest left except those in the vicinity of Madehani
where I camped.

The southwestern and southern highlands from Rungwe east to
the north end of Lake Nyasa and northeast to Iringa, have a mean
altitude of about 4,000 feet, though Rungwe Volcano itself rises to
9,850 feet and the highest peaks of the Ukinga Mountains are 9,600
feet.

Except for their lower altitude and less precipitous slopes, the high-
lands south of Iringa are not greatly dissimilar from parts of the
Ukinga Mountains. They consist of a pleasantly undulating hilly
country though in places steep-sided hills occur and the whole plateau
is bounded in parts by lofty escarpments. The undulating country
is largely grassland where the Wahehe graze their herds; the steeper
hills are often clothed in dense scrub and bush of secondary growth
while surviving patches of virgin forest are rare and widely scattered.
This latter feature distinguishes them from the greater areas of rich
primary forest occurring on Rungwe and the Ukinga range.

It is more than a coincidence that the heavily forested areas are
those possessing the greatest rainfall; thus the mean rainfall at Iringa,
based on records of a period of eleven years, is 26.57 inches; that of
Tukuyu, lying near the foot of Rungwe Volcano, is 91.51 inches, this
figure being the mean for seventeen years. This is the greatest rainfall
for any part of the Territory and may in part be attributed to Tukuyu
being situated between the great lakes of Nyasa and Tanganyika,
whose heavy evaporation under a tropical sun is precipitated by the
adjacent forested peaks. It is interesting to note that the next highest
rainfall records are from Amani in the tropical rain forests of the
Eastern Usambara range where the records kept for a period of
eighteen years give an average of 80.09 inches per annum.

No figures are available for the Uluguru Mountains lying south of
the Usambara and northwest of Iringa but they are not likely to be
far short of the Amani average. The Uluguru support a similar
forest to the Usambara, and are important as being the most southerly

6 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

area of tropical rain forest of any extent. This forest is readily dis-
tinguishable from the temperate rain forest of the mountains to the
south. The highest peak of the extensive Uluguru massif reaches
8,000 feet. On their northern aspect these mountains rise relatively
steeply from the plains, but to the south they pass gradually into
hilly country not unlike that of the Iringa Highlands.

Itinerary

The following detailed information concerning the camps at which
collecting was carried on, has been arranged in the order of the itiner-
ary; the same arrangement has been observed in the listing of the
material in the systematic reports dealing with the specimens collected.

After the name of the locality, the approximate altitude of the camp
is given, followed by more precise data as to the position of the camp
and the period during which collecting was carried out in the vicinity.
This is intended to serve as a check to the dates on the labels accom-
panying each specimen in case the figures become defaced or illegible
with the passage of time.

The climatic conditions are of such outstanding importance
in the collecting of lower vertebrates that the meteorological aspect
of each camp during our stay is given in detail.

Mention is then made of some characteristic forms or rare species
to enable a taxonomist to visualize the faunistic features of the
neighborhood.

In the systematic papers dealing with the terrestrial vertebrates,
the local names applied by the various tribes to the creatures taken
in their vicinity, have been inserted. To be confident of absolute
accuracy in regard to such names one really should live among the
particular tribe for many years; this not being possible I have en-
deavoured to take reasonable precautions to secure accuracy but it
is not to be expected that some errors will not have crept in. Every
native is not a zoologist but every native in his desire to be obliging
is apt to call an animal by the name he thinks most applicable, if
he should be unfamiliar with the correct one. To avoid such errors,
specimens were submitted to groups of natives who argued or dis-
cussed alternative names before submitting the final opinion to me.
For example, at the conclusion of my stay at Madehani, the whole
congregation visited my camp at the end of the morning church service
and were shown an example of each species taken in the neighborhood.
At Ilolo, through the exceeding kindness of Herr Gemusens, I was

loveridge: African zoogeography 7

able to exhibit representative specimens of the Ilolo and Rungwe
collections to the whole school of the Moravian Mission and had
the additional advantage of Herr Gemusen's own unrivalled knowl-
edge of the Kinyakusa tongue.

When a species has been recorded previously from any of the
localities visited during the course of the trip, this fact is entered
under the heading Distribution, together with the name of the author
who recorded it.

Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam District, Usaramo. Alt. 100 feet.

The capital and chief port of entry of Tanganyika Territory.

In hotel November 4th to 7th and 18th to 19th, 1929.

A little rain fell.

My time being fully occupied in unpacking crates and repacking their
contents into safari boxes of portable size, getting licenses, etc., I made no
attempt at collecting. Salimu, however, was sent to get large series of Lygo-
dactylus p. picturatus and Cryptoblepharus b. africanus, in which he was suc-
cessful.

On our return from Bagamoyo we reached Dar es Salaam at 3.30 p.m.
and left at 11.30 next morning having railed all equipment in the interval.

Bagamoyo, Bagamoyo District. Alt. 100 feet.

Situated on the east coast opposite Zanzibar and forty miles north of Dar
es Salaam.

Camped from November 8th to 18th, 1929.

During the last week of October two heavy showers had occurred and
each morning from the 10th to the 14th one or two rainstorms swept the
town but quickly passed so that an hour or two later it was difficult to believe
that rain had fallen, so rapidly was it absorbed by the hot dry sand.

In consequence of this aridity the only spots which rewarded the digger
were at the base of bananas in the native gardens' a little further inland.
These plants seem unable to flourish at Bagamoyo unless planted in a pit.
Half-a-dozen such pits were examined and yielded Hemisus m. marmoratum
squatting upon its eggs or tadpoles in the moist soil at the base of the bananas.
Several Typhlops s. mucruso were secured in this type of environment.

Following the Ngeringeri road after it crosses the Ruvu River, one reaches
open woodland about three miles on the far side of the ferry. It was here
that most of the bird collecting was done and a Pachycoccyx validus shot.
Parrots, plantain-eaters and hornbills occur, though they were not abundant;
on the other hand several species of bee-eaters were very common.

Bagamoyo is type locality for Leptotyphlops braueri (Sternfeld), Rhampho-
leon boettgeri and Hylambates argenteus of Pfeffer; it was in the hope of securing
topotypic series of these that Bagamoyo was visited, but without success.

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Morogoro, Morogoro District, Ukami. Alt. 1,628 feet.

A station on the Central Railway of Tanganyika, 126 miles west of Dar es
Salaam. Principal town of the Ukami country situated at the foot of the Ulu-
guru Mountains.

In hotel November 20th, 1929.

Only a shower or two had fallen during the month and everything was
very parched and dry. It was the more surprising therefore to secure close
to the station and with little difficulty a topotypic series of Megalixalus
loveridgii (syn. of M. fornasinii) including a number of young specimens.

A couple of hours spent in turning logs, stones and debris gave no results
though in digging at the base of a banana a queen soldier ant or siafu (Dorylus
helvolus) was unearthed much to the annoyance of the myriads of workers and
warriors. Dr. W. Morton Wheeler, who kindly made the identification, tells
me that this is the first female of its species in any collection in the United
States.

Mpwapwa (Mpapwa, Mpapua), Dodoma District, Ugogo. Alt. 4,000 feet.

Situated eighty-five kilometres east, slightly southeast, of Dodoma and
about ten miles north of Gulwe (Igulwe) station on the Central Railway.

Camped from November 21st to 23rd, 1929.

At this place the lesser rains usually commence about November 15th
but the countryside was desperately parched at the time of my arrival for
only one small shower had fallen and that a week before our visit. The Vet-
erinary Department very kindly placed their newly built and unoccupied
office at my disposal for the two and a half days that I spent at Mpwapwa.
This office faces a belt of fine trees, wild fig predominating, which fringe the
water course that comes down from the 6,000 foot range behind. The river
was, of course, dry, but a very small stream, whose source was a spring in the
river bed, trickled down the course.

The domestic bananas opposite the office were devoid of frogs, and their
roots, grounded in sandy soil, were dry. Along the edges of the stream we
secured a very few young Rana f. chapini and near the head of the valley,
where conditions were moister, hundreds of Arthroleptis xenodactylus hopped
about among the dry leaves which formed a belt along either side of the stream.
A great many dead tree trunks, situated more or less near the stream, were
broken open and examined and the ground beneath them dug up but only
one of the whole number produced any reptiles. The excavation of this
one resulted in the removal of a good cartload of rubbish and uncovered a
Paragonatodes quattuorseriatus, Amphisbaena sp. n., Melanoseps ater and
Prosyrnna ambigua. Of these the lizards as well as A. xenodactylus are crea-
tures associated with mountain rain forest and it is obvious that at Mpwapwa
we have a remnant of virgin forest fauna in a region that is fast undergoing
desiccation.

To the east of the office there is open thorn bush growing on a volcanic
ash soil of rufous color; in places sand overlays the soil to a depth of six inches

loveridge: African zoogeography 9

and everything was so dry that the soil was like caked dust. A broad river
bed occupied the open valley bottom and on one bank of this was the charred
stump of an old tree which yielded results. All the other dead trunks and
stumps in the vicinity were non-productive without a single exception. We
spent two hours in digging out the decayed roots of this giant tree and re-
moved a ton of soil altogether. It struck me as curious that so many species
should be represented by only single specimens. The catch from this one
tree was: Rhinocalamus dimidiatus (topotype), Causus defilippi, Hemidactylus
w. werneri, 2 Riopa s. modestum (topotypes), 3 Ablepharus wahlbergii, 2 Bufo
r. regularis, 3 Arthroleptis s. stenodactylus besides many invertebrates — scor-
pions, centipedes and polydesmids.

Mpwapwa is also type locality for Geocalamus modestus and Arthroleptis
scheffleri in addition to the topotypic species secured.

Kilimatinde, Manyoni District, Ugogo. Alt. 3,591 feet.

Situated fifteen kilometres south of Saranda station on the Central Railway
and southeast of Manyoni which is 4,160 feet.

At Mission on November 26th and 27th.

The rains had failed except for a very few showers, in consequence every-
thing was parched and the fields of stubble were blanketed with dust; the
areas of red volcanic soil were somewhat more compact.

Five hyrax (Heterohyrax brucei prittmtzi) were shot one evening in this,
its type locality; they yielded a rich harvest of parasitic worms. Other mam-
mals seen were Papio neumanni, Cercopithecus a. johnstoni, Myonax grantii,
M. s. proteus, warthog, bushbuck, duiker and dikdik, the last of which were
very common.

Reptiles were scarce except for H. mabouia, A. a. dodomae and M. v. varia
which occur upon the rocks in the dry watercourses. A Chameleon d. dilepis
and Chiromantis p. petersi (topotype of C. pictus Ahl) were taken upon a
Manyara hedge. The only snakes seen were two Psammophis biserialus and
a Naja nigricollis.

Saranda, Manyoni District, Ugogo. Alt. 3,511 feet.

A station on the Central Railway between Dodoma and Tabora.

Camped from November 28th to 30th and December 18th to 19th, 1929.

No rains had fallen at the time of our first visit though daily threatening
and dust storms whirled across the countryside. The types of country in
the vicinity of Saranda are numerous, open thorn bush in the vicinity of
the station, miles of almost impenetrable scrub to the south while maiombo
bush of varying density flourished on the dry and stony escarpment to the
northwest.

Though a halt was only made at Saranda to change from train to motor
lorry it was hoped to secure topotypic material of Guttera edwardi granti and
Lygodactylus manni, two species of doubtful status. In this we were success-

10 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

ful, with the result that granti which has been discredited, is considered valid
and manni becomes a synonym of picturatus.

Unyanganyi {Kinjanganja) , Singida District. Alt. circa 4,500 feet.

Situated between Singida and Kondoa Irangi due north of Saranda.

Camped from December 3rd to 9th, 1929.

The first of the lesser rains fell on the afternoon of the 5th., but was quickly
absorbed by the parched ground though some pools remained in the mbugwe.
It rained steadily for a couple of hours on the night of the 5th but remained
fine thereafter.

This place was visited, since "Kinjanganja am Turu" is the type locality
for the smallest and supposedly one of the rarest skinks in East Africa, Able-
pharus megalurus Nieden. Kinjanganja is synonymous with Unyanganyi,
no definite locality but an area of the former German district of Turu, partly
inhabited by the Wanyaturu and Wataturu. In the Unyanganyi country
there are various scattered groups of huts usually known by the name of
the petty chief or jumbe. The jumbes whose names appear on German maps
have since died or been superseded and some are almost forgotten already.
My camp was half-a-mile south of Jumbe Abdulla's of Kifumbu. There are
a group of shops beside the main road from Singida to Kondoa Irangi, about
fifteen miles east of the former and I was assured that this was the approxi-
mate centre of Unyanganyi. This village is at the north end of an "island"
of raised ground with a kopje occupying the centre, the raised ground is
mostly red volcanic ash though so sandy in spots as to be like a desert. It
is surrounded by a very extensive mbugwe (plain) of black (or gray) cotton
soil which being very desiccated at the time of our visit is full of fissures.
The plain is a mile or more broad and is backed to the north and west by
a steep escarpment.

Drinking water was obtained from holes dug ten feet deep in this mbugwe
and was like thick soup by reason of the gray mud in suspension. Each
afternoon clouds collected in the east and hurricanes of wind raised "dust
devils" which whirled through camp leaving one choking, and a deposit of
dust, sand and straws over everything.

Masiliwa, Turu, Singida District. Alt. circa 4,500 feet.

Situated just south of Jumbe Ali's village, Kalingwa on the Singida to
Kondoa Irangi main road a day's march east of the camp at Unyanganyi.

Camped on the night of November 9th, 1929.

Several showers had occurred in this dry thorn-bush and rock-strewn
country. Porters arrived at 3 p.m. with the loads and a heavy downpour
lasted from 4 till 5 p.m., then steady rain from 7 p.m. through most of the
night.

Rhinoceros were said to be a great pest here, waiting about the water
holes and menacing natives and cattle; they certainly had wrought havoc
with the manyara hedge fifty feet from my tent. Dikdik were seen and signs

loveridge: African zoogeography 11

of larger game. During the night a leopard remained very close to camp,
coughing three times during that period. Lions were heard in the distance.

After dinner I took a lamp and walked to and fro over a recently hoed
field resulting in the capture of a large series of several burrowing amphibia
Rana delalandii, Hemisus marmoratum guineensis and one Breviceps mossam-
bicus. Half-a-dozen of the latter were taken the following morning in open
maiombo bush a few miles away, also a Boomslang was found swallowing a
Leptopelis bocagii and had another in its stomach; it was of interest to note
that all four species taken in this arid country were of different genera yet
provided with shovel-shaped metatarsal tubercles to enable them to "dig-in"
during the dry season.

Harida, Usandawi, Kondoa Irangi District. Alt. circa 4,000 feet.

On a cross-country trail from Kalingwa to Mangasini.

Midday halt on November 10th, 1929.

An open area cleared of maiombo bush for cattle grazing. A series of deep
water holes in the valley bottom are surrounded by thorny fences or bomas
of piled-up thorn bush. To the south of these water holes, acacia thorn bush
of considerable extent followed by open mbugwes; a promising game country
but none seen.

Maji Malulu, Usandawi, Kondoa Irangi District. Alt. circa 4,000 ft.

On a cross-country trail from Handa to Mangasini.

Camped on the night of November 10th, 1929.

Slight showers had fallen and one storm during the night of our stay which
was from about 4 p.m. to 7 a.m.

Tents were pitched beneath a baobab, one of several in a large area of
cleared land in which were a dozen native tembes. To the south this area
was surrounded by thorn bush on gray soil, to the north some maiombo
forest on red soil. Water is said to be very scarce hereabouts.

Though I went out with a local native from 5 to 7 p.m. little of interest
was seen and the only reptiles collected were a gecko (H. w. werneri) and an
Egg-eating Snake (Dasypeltis scaber).

Mangasini, Usandawi, Kondoa Irangi District. Alt. circa 4,000 feet.

Mangasini is a native corruption of the word Magazine and was given
to the village which was used as a store base by the German troops during
the earlier part of the East African Campaign. A few miles distant is the
German farm of Kwa Mtoro, type locality of Werner's Mabuya obsti, a syno-
nym of M. quinquetaeniata. It was with the object of securing topotypic
material of this skink that Mangasini was included in the itinerary but no
trace was found of this skink on the kopjes about Kwa Mtoro though it un-
doubtedly occurs there.

Camped from December 11th to 16th, 1929.

12 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Hardly any rain had fallen up to the time of our arrival and the whole
countryside was parched and dusty. At 5 p.m. on the 12th it began to rain
and after sunset there was a terrific thunderstorm and the rain came down
in torrents continuing without cessation until noon of the following day.
This storm awoke the amphibian and insect life and enabled us to secure
series of things which under normal conditions would have been impossible.

A small undescribed species of Bufo was found in the mbugwe where thirty
were collected, here also Rana floiveri of the Sudan was found in surprising
numbers. This was also the case with Chiromantis p. petersi for these arboreal
frogs assembled and started making their froth "nests" about the accumu-
lations of rain water.

The large black scorpions (Pandinus cavimanus) were common, as also the
Trombid mites of a plush appearance which the natives call "the child of the
rain" as they make their appearance after showers.

Kikuyu, Dodoma District, Ugogo. Alt. 3,900 feet.

Kikuyu is but a mile and a half south of Dodoma whose physical character-
istics I have recently described (Loveridge, 1928, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
73, Art. 17, pp. 3-4). This Kikuyu should not be confused with Ikikuyu to
the south of Gulwe station where I collected in 1923. Specimens collected
from here are just as much topotypes of species accredited to Dodoma as
if they were so labelled as they were hunted in the intervening area.

Camped from December 21st to 26th, 1929.

The weather was fine for three of the four days spent here but little collect-
ing was done, the halt before proceeding south being made to enable me to
purchase Wagogo ethnological material and to pack and dispatch to the
coast the results of the past six weeks collecting. We arrived late in the
afternoon of the 21st and left before 9 a.m. on the 26th, motoring to Iringa
which was reached at 10 p.m. the same night.

Topotypes were collected of Elephantulus renatus, Pedetes dentifer and
Agama a. dodomae as well as an undescribed species of Leggada found running
about the road at night.

Dabaga, Uzungwe (Utschungive) Mountains, Iringa District. Alt. 6,000 feet.

Situated forty miles south of Iringa in south central Tanganyika though
frequently spoken of as the southwestern highlands. Uzungwe was spelt
Utschungwe by the Germans and undoubtedly Uhehe was often given as a
type locality for things coming from this region where Wahehe are settled.
The altimeter reading for the camp, situated half-a-mile below Houter's
farm, was 6,025 feet which was in accordance with various survey calcula-
tions made in the vicinity.

Camped from evening of December 27th, 1929 to January 4th, 1930.

Sunday was the only entirely fine day during the week; once it rained
almost continuously for thirty-six hours. As a general rule the mornings

loveridge: African zoogeography 13

were fine with rain between noon and 3 p.m. and frequently rain again at
5 or 6 p.m.

The country is composed of rounded rolling hills covered (at the time of
my visit) with freshly springing grass and sometimes with shrubs. Many
of the hills have clumps of trees scattered here and there with dense thickets
at their base, others are studded with shrubs for the most part under six
feet in height, the dominant kind being a species of Protea. Others again
are densely clothed in stunted forest, the trees twisted and gnarled by the
action of lianas and rarely exceeding thirty feet in height, the undergrowth
of brambles and, on the outskirts bracken, is so dense that it is quite impene-
trable for collecting purposes. Though scheduled as rain forest it can hardly be
considered primary tropical rain forest and the timber is useless except for fuel.

Dabaga becomes the type locality for three new reptiles which we collected,
the finest being a new tree viper, Athens harbour i. The others were races of
Lycophidion capense and Chamaeleon werneri. Topotypes of Ch. goetzi and
Ch. tempeli tempeli were also secured.

Kigogo, Uzungwe Mountains, Iringa District. Alt. 6,000 feet.

Altimeter readings showed considerable variations attributable to rain
and temperature fluctuations. The average was just under 6,000 feet but
Survey Department reading for points 500 yards below and above the camp
were 6,090 and 6,234 feet respectively.

Camp was actually situated a hundred yards behind the Forest Officer's
house which is near the extreme southern end of the Uzungwe Mountains
and a few miles from Mufindi. I was advised that this was the only large
remnant of forest in the southern part of the range. During my stay much
assistance and kindness was given to me by Mr. Fraser, the Forest Officer.
Kigogo takes its name from the river which flows past the Forestry quarters,
plantations and nurseries.

Camped from January 11th to 31st, 1930.

Only one or two days were entirely free from rain though much of it was
in the form of mist or fine driving rain. There was more sunshine between
showers than one experienced at the same altitude in the Uluguru Mountains;
drying of skins was noticeably better.

While the country might still be called undulating, many of the hillsides
were more precipitous than at Dabaga. Shrubs were also scarcer, the hillsides
being covered with bracken and grass and the tops capped with forest. Over
considerable areas the forest survives on the caps of the hills and is both
higher and more open than the forest in the immediate vicinity of Dabaga.
Bamboo was apparently much more extensive and quite large patches of it
occurred on some of the hillsides. A striking feature of this temperate rain
forest was the abundance of moss which clothed the trunks and branches of
the trees and from which long wisps of moss depended.

As the result of our visit Kigogo becomes type locality for five new forms
or species of Cryptomys hottentotus, Francolinus squamatus, Apalis thoracica

14 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

and Chamaeleon, paratypes of three other new things were also taken there.

Only four species of reptiles were at all abundant, these were: Duberria I.
shiranum, Trimerorhinus t. tritaeniatus, Mabuya v. varia and Chamaeleon
tempeli, topotypes of Ch. w. werneri were also taken as well as the interesting
limbless lizard Melanoseps ater.

Amphibia were scarce except for three species, viz. Arthroleptis minutus,
A. parvulus and Hyperolius marginatus besides which only six other species
were taken, the rarest being a new race of Bufo taitanus.

Madehani, Ukinga Mountains, Rungwe District. Alt. 7,200 feet.

Camp was made among the ruins of the German Lutheran Mission a hun-
dred yards south of the village which is situated in the mountains at the
north end of Lake Nyasa.

Camped from noon on February 13th to daybreak on the 27th, 1930.

The average of hours of sunshine per day during the fortnight was cer-
tainly not more than two. The routine of meteorological conditions was fairly
regular during our stay. The day would dawn with a clear sky; about 8 a.m.
the sky would be obscured by fleecy white clouds. An hour or two later a
white mist would come creeping up from the lake, wisps of it would blow
past about 10 a.m. and gradually thicken until 11 a.m. by which time we
would be enveloped in a blanket of fog, raw and especially unpleasant if
accompanied by a cold wind. By noon all the trees would be dripping with
precipitated moisture, one's clothes quite wet by precipitation. At 1 p.m.
a crack of thunder, followed a few minutes later by a downpour of rain, at
times the latter continued until 4 p.m. or alternatively in a series of heavy
showers with intervals of sunshine lasting from ten to fifteen minutes. From
4 till 6 p.m. it would not rain but the sky would be hidden by clouds, the
vegetation would be sodden and everything clammy to the touch. When
darkness fell at 7 p.m. it would begin to rain softly though on a few evenings
it held off till 9 p.m. ; rain would continue on and off till 3 or 4 a.m. ; sometimes,
but not generally, heavy downpours occurred during the night. Naturally
both collecting and preservation of specimens was difficult under these con-
ditions, and but for Dr. James P. Chapin's valued suggestion that I should
take a Primus stove to dry the skins, they would undoubtedly have suffered.

Four new races of mammals and one of birds were found at Madehani,
some of which at least apparently owe their differentiation to heavy rainfall
and moist conditions. The genera involved are Aethosciurus, Praomys, Otomys,
Claviglis and Illadopsis.

The forest consisted of fine large trees set far apart so that there was a
more or less dense undergrowth of shrubs and grass. The trees were often
heavily laden with moss and ferns. Here and there along the forest edge, or
on the sides of ravines in the forest, were large patches of bamboo. A road
traversed both forest and bamboo for a couple of miles and it was along this
road, or in cultivated patches of former forest land, that we secured the series
of Crotaphopeltis h. tornieri and Atheris barbouri, all the other snakes came

loveridge: African zoogeography 15

from the open grasslands and gardens. Lygodactylus angularis occurred on
big trees along this road and on smaller isolated trees in what was obviously
cleared forest land. The new species of chameleon as well as the three other
kinds were found on shrubs or trees at the forest edge.

The fern-grown and most promising looking banks of the streams within
the forest were entirely unproductive of amphibian life. We failed to find
Nectophrynoides vivipara of which these mountains are part type locality.
Arthroleptis reichei lived in the forest and A. schubotzi at the base of wild
bananas just outside the forest. Wild bananas were abundant two miles
down the road from our camp but a close examination of them failed to reveal
any frogs. The Hyperolius marginatus were captured along the sides of swiftly-
flowing streams in the valley bottoms of the grasslands without the forest,
Rana f. angolensis was in a similar habitat while R. f. merumontana was taken
in the grasslands and A. parvulus in boggy areas of the same. These bogs
were studded with sundew plants.

Mwaya, Lake Nyasa, Rungwe District. Alt. 1,700 feet.

Much of the material from this locality is labelled "Near Mwaya" as camp
was pitched three miles west of the village and lakeshore to avoid a percentage
of the mosquitoes. Mwaya is just north of Karonga, Nyasaland on the north-
west shore of Lake Nyasa, actually the village is separated from the lake
by about a mile of swamps.

Camped from March 1st to 11th, 1930.

Rain was fitful; at first we had several entirely fine days with heavy rain
at night, this period was succeeded by one in which downpours lasting an
hour or more occurred both morning and afternoon; during the last two
days of our stay there was almost continuous rain. When not raining the
sun shone with great force.

As one descended from Madehani in the Livingstone Mountains, the last
thousand feet or so closely resembled the hills just north of Kilosa station;
the same open maiombo bush, the same red soil and gravelly paths. At
2,300 feet one passed through a ravine bordered by big trees where butter-
flies typical of the Kilosa fauna — Euphaedra neophron and Hamanumida
daedalus — settled upon the leaf-strewn path. Emerging from the ravine
we marched for miles through sword grass precisely like that to be found on
the Kilosa flats.

Camp was made beside the Mwaya-Tukuyu road at a village named Ndora
where banana plantations were very extensive. The Mbaka River, type
locality for a race of waterbuck described by Matschie, flowed close by and
the rank vegetation which smothered its banks might have been that of the
Myombo River near Kilosa.

To the south stretched plains of which great patches were inundated at
this season and on part of which rice was being cultivated. All the animals
collected at Mwaya were common to Kilosa except three forms of antelope
which had their counterparts in Usagara.

16 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

In the main the birds were also those of the Kilosa region but with an
admixture of southern forms.

The snakes were all common and widely distributed species with the ex-
ception of Dromophis linealus, Rhamphiophis acutus and Vipera supereiliaris.
The taking of the two last mentioned species provided the first records for
Tanganyika Territory.

There was little of interest among the frogs except the taking of Arthro-
leptis whytii, Leptopelis johnstoni and Megalixalus brachynemis, all of which
had been described from near Karonga just across the border.

Tukuyu, Rungwe District. Alt. 5,000 feet.

In 1918 Neu Langenburg reverted to its native name of Tukuyu; it is the
capital town of the Rungwe District but is about twenty miles southwest
of the mountain which gives its name to the district. It is forty miles by
road to Mwaya on Lake Nyasa.

At rest house from March 12 to 14th, and April 18 to 23rd, 1930.

Frequent showers and driving mist occurred during our stay.

These brief stays at Tukuyu on the way to and from Rungwe and the
Porotos were made to replenish stores, arrange for transport, and to perma-
nently pack specimens obtained at Mwaya and Rungwe. As the transport
expected on the 21st failed, though hampered by uncertainty as to its arrival,
we managed to get some collecting done.

The region about Tukuyu consists of rolling, hilly country with a vege-
tation and climate strongly reminiscent of the Kikuyu highlands in the vicin-
ity of Nairobi. There is no forest but a great deal of planting of introduced
trees has been accomplished. One ravine has been laid out as a public garden
by a past administrator — Major Carveth Wells, and wild bananas and other
local forest plants or trees flourish in profusion and form a centre of attraction
for forest-living birds which would be absent otherwise.

Typhlops s. mucruso and Boaedon lineatus were the only snakes collected
but Sternfeld lists six species, among them two very doubtful ones, viz.
Chlorophis irregularis and Psammophis notostictus, one wonders if these should
not be Philothamnus s. dorsalis and Psammophis sibilans both of which were
common at Mwaya.

Of amphibia we collected X. poweri, B. r. regularis, R. f. angolensis, R. m.
mascareniensis, A. whytii and saw A. schubotzi. Nieden lists three of these
and adds P. bifasciata, R. oxyrhynchus and Phrynobatrachus acridoides.

Ilolo, Rungwe District. Alt. 4,600 feet.

Camp was made for a week-end beside the village just below the Rungwe
Mission and three miles below my subsequent camp in the Nkuka Forest.
There is an uplands fauna at Ilolo, as distinct from that of the forest, and
during the earlier part of my stay in the forest children came up from the
village with specimens which were duly labelled "Ilolo," thus for the period

loveridge: African zoogeography 17

from March 24th to April 17th labels may read either Ilolo or Nkuka Forest
for the same date. Once or twice Salimu or I went down to Ilolo and col-
lected birds in the vicinity either coming or returning.

March 15th, 16th, 24th to 31st and April 1st to 17th, 1930.

Rain daily and heavy. Empty four-gallon kerosene drums placed any-
where beneath the awning of my tent were full and running over on the
morning of the 16th.

While the village is concealed among dense banana plantations, the sur-
rounding country largely consists of open grassland savannah with a few
scattered shrubs here and there; the general appearance being very similar
to types of country in the vicinity of Nairobi. In the direction of the Poroto
Mountains there is a steady rise and both streams and rivers tend to cut
deep ravines which become choked with shoulder-high grass, brambles and
stunted trees.

Nyamwanga, Poroto Mountains, Rungwe District. Alt. 6,400 feet.

Nyamwanga is an Usafwa (Usafua) village a hard day's march north of
Tukuyu. It is sometimes known as Marupindi's village after the name of
the chief.

Camped on the nights of March 17th and 20th on the way up and down
from Ngosi Volcano.

There was heavy rain on both the afternoons that I was at this camp,
it was cloudy and dull in the intervals between downpours.

Nyamwanga is situated in rolling grasslands, rising steeply to the moun-
tains which surround it on three sides. Shrubs are common but trees are
scarce in the immediate vicinity though plentiful three miles away; doubtless
they have been cut for fuel and timber in the neighborhood of the village.

Not a snake or a lizard was brought in by the natives; on the other hand
four species of chameleons were so abundant that I bought over a hundred
in two hours among which were a good series of topotypes of C. fullebomi
and a few of a new kind.

Frogs also were plentiful but no great variety of species so that it was
necessary to limit purchases which were at the rate of a dollar per four hundred.
At this price the children considered themselves well repaid, i. e. an East
African cent for each frog.

From the above it will be seen that the people, who see very few Europeans,
were friendly at unusually short notice and are quite keen to get money.
Perhaps rather too keen, as the chief's clerk and tax collector visited my
tent about midnight with a view to investigating the cash box; failing to
achieve this, however, he spent six months in jail.

Ngosi Volcano, Poroto Mountains, Rungwe District. Alt. 7,170 feet.

The Crater Lake of this well-known volcano was Nieden's type locality
for Rana fullebomi and Arthroleptis reichei and was visited with a view to

18 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

securing topotype series in which we were successful; it is a three hour's
march from Nyamwanga.

Camped on the narrow lip of the crater from March 18-20th, 1930.

We arrived at noon on the 18th in driving rain which continued without
intermission until 9 a.m. the following day. It rained on and off during our
stay with a minimum of sunshine. The sodden condition of the forest during
the rainy season probably causes many of the birds and mammals to leave it
for that period.

Colobus, Blue Monkey and leopard were the only animals of which we had
evidence, the former we actually saw.

Birds were so scarce that I only observed four species during the three
days we spent on the volcano, viz. Corvultur albicollis, Pseudoalcippe stierlingi,
Batis mixta and a coot which was swimming on the crater lake. No birds
were shot as generally they would have fallen from fifty to a hundred feet
and been hopelessly lost among the vegetation.

The only reptiles seen were the diminutive chameleon, Brookesia platyceps,
which appeared to be tolerably common.

In addition to the topotypes mentioned above we took a single specimen
of Arthroleptis adolfi-friederici. The commonest amphibia were Nectophry-
noides vinpara and Hyperolius marginatus Peters; since my return, what I
should call marginatus, has been twice redescribed under the names of H.
pictus and H. ngoriensis, Dr. Ahl giving "Ngori" Crater Lake as type locality
for both, the former is based on adults and the latter on the young! We
failed to find caecilians, though the situation seemed to be ideal and they
should be present.

It was 3 p.m. on the day of our arrival before we got the lip of the crater
sufficiently levelled off to be able to pitch, or rather sling, two tents be-
tween cables affixed to trees growing up from the precipitous sides of the
crater. No collecting was attempted the first day, but we set out when the
rain stopped at 9 the following morning and secured forty frogs in four and
three-quarter hours, being subjected to frequent heavy showers. The next
day we left camp at 8.30 a.m. and returned at 3.30 p.m., drenched to the
skin after an hour's scramble up from the crater lake in pouring rain. During
the dry season it is possible that meteorological conditions are very different
and more propitious for collecting.

Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mountains, Rungwe District. Alt. 5,460 feet.

Though all labels from this camp read "Rungwe Mtn." the actual site of
the camp was on that occupied by Mr. R. E. Boulton of the American Museum
Expedition and was in the Nkuka Forest just above the Nkuka River close
beside the trail used by the lumbermen employed by the Rungwe Mission.
Dr. Fiilleborn stayed at the Mission which was scarcely three miles from the
camp, Ahl cites Rungwe or Rugwe (sic) for the material which he collected.

Camped from March 24th to April 17th, 1930.

loveridge: African zoogeography 19

We scarcely saw the sun during the whole of the first fortnight of our stay.
Rain fell in torrents at any hour of the day and during most of the night.
One night the rain gauge at the mission station (below and outside the forest)
having been emptied at sunset was found overflowing the next morning, i. e.
a fall of over 125 mm. (5 inches) in one night. On April 2nd-3rd it rained for
26 hours without stopping. Naturally such conditions militated against
the best collecting, setting rat-traps was useless and by day birds were so
scarce that I have walked for two hours without getting a single specimen.

With the new moon, about April 6th, a change took place and though,
with one exception, rain fell daily thereafter, it came chiefly between noon
and 4 p.m. leaving the mornings clear and sunny. With the changed condi-
tions native children began bringing up frogs from the region of cultivation
half-an-hour's walk down the mountain (these were labelled Ilolo) but they
showed little ability or energy in attempting to secure any but the most
common and obvious creatures.

The forest itself is magnificent, the trees in large areas attain a great height
and support masses of ferns, moss and lianas of various species. In ravines
the tree ferns predominate and reach a height of twelve feet. Wild bananas
are more abundant than in any other East African forest with which I am
familiar. Where the trees are very tall the undergrowth is of the thicket
type and often impenetrable in places; in areas where the trees are smaller,
the forest floor is largely covered with grass and plants including many stinging
nettles. About 2,000 feet above the camp, one enters the bamboo belt where
these plants predominate.

Mammals are by no means common with the exception of colobus, blue
monkey and blue duiker; leopards, squirrels and moles are not rare but ele-
phant shrews were decidedly so in this part of the forest. Though no bats
were collected at least six species were seen but they flew about the tops of
the trees and seldom came so low as to be within striking distance of a net.
Twenty years ago elephant and buffalo were to be found in this forest but
have long since disappeared. One pit for elephant is still to be seen near the
summit of the mountain and I have talked with a native who remembers
having seen elephant on Rungwe.

As compared with the Uluguru Mountains, birds were scarce except for
a few dominant species of bulbul, flycatcher and crested hornbills, the strident
cries of the latter might be heard at most hours of the day. Four undescribed
races were collected and for two of these — forms of Illadopsis stictigula and
Linurgus kilimensis — the Nkuka Forest becomes type locality.

Reptiles were scarce; with the exception of Crotaphopeltis h. tornieri, the
only other snakes found in the forest were Natrix olivaceus and Chlorophis
hoplogaster. Not a lizard was found in the forest but Lygodactylus angularis
and three species of chameleons, one of which was new, occurred at the forest
edge and some of the chameleons undoubtedly might be found in glades where
there was sufficient sunlight.

Bufo r. regularis actually occurred in clearings near the lower edge of the

20 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

forest. Nectophrynoides vivipara, for which Rungwe is part type locality,
having been collected there by Fiilleborn, is almost restricted to the bamboo
belt at a high altitude; at first I was inclined to think that it was the common-
est amphibian in the forest but with the change in climate we discovered
that the lower forest swarmed with Arthroleptis schubotzi and to a less extent
with A. reichei. A. whytii lives at the forest edge as does Rana f. angolensis
though several of the latter were taken in deep forest. Leptopelis vermiculatus
of the Usambara Mountains was taken. An undescribed race of Probreviceps
macrodactylus of the Usambara Mountains completes the list of amphibia.
With all their abundance not a single wild banana plant was found harbor-
ing a frog; this was certainly remarkable.

Igale, Poroto Mountains, Rungwe District. Alt. 6,000 feet.

Camp was made beside the road a little over a mile on the Mbeya side of
Igale Pass, Tukuyu to Abercorn road.

Camped from April 24th to May 1st, 1930.

We arrived at 6.30 p.m. in driving rain and pitched tents by lantern light
in a high wind; the rain continued until 10 a.m. the following day. The
25th was fine, practically rainless but on the 26th it rained from dawn till
sunset, the fine rain driving before a blustering gale that made one think of
the seashore. Unfortunately, having arrived in the dark, we had chosen a
somewhat exposed position.

The country is rather difficult to describe, consisting as it does of steep
hillsides, the tops are crowned with more or less short grass which increases
in height as one descends until in the valleys the rank growth of grass and
sedges is well above one's head. Tn the ravines the vegetation was not dis-
similar to that growing in the vicinity of Morogoro and included a large
number of acacia trees. Near the camp was a patch of rain forest not a hun-
dred cubic yards in extent but a rendezvous for many birds. It was on the
outskirts of this patch that most of the ornithological collecting was done.
A few miles back towards Tukuyu there was abundance of forest but somewhat
dry and not very interesting, it was here that squirrels were encountered.
Streams occur along the bottoms of the principal valley and otters visited
them for the sake of the freshwater crabs.

We concentrated on bird collecting as Unyika or the Nyika Plateau is
type locality for many southern forms. New races of Bessornis albigularis
and Zosterops virens resulted from this work, both coming from the nearby
forest alluded to above.

Two reptiles were exceedingly abundant, the Striped Schaapsteker (Trimero-
rhinus t. tritaeniatus) and the Variable Skink (Mabuya v. varia); apart from
these two forms, reptiles were decidedly scarce. I was greatly puzzled by the
scarcity of chameleons in this part of the Porotos when they were so numerous
at Nyamwanga and in the vicinity of Ngosi Volcano. The shrubs and other
vegetation adjacent to the forest were not dissimilar. One can only postulate
that the climate is too wet and cold for the development of their eggs which

loveridge: African zoogeography 21

would not affect ovoviviparous species like the Variable Skink; yet this
seems scarcely likely to be the only explanation.

Nyamkolo, Lake Tanganyika, Northern Rhodesia. Alt. 2,700 feet.

Nyamkolo has been variously spelt as Niomkolo, Kinyamkolo, and Kinyam-
kole. The prefix "Ki" is an augmentative in the local dialect in direct contrast
to its use as a diminutive in Swahili. I learned this from Mr. White, a veteran
missionary of the London Missionary Society, who told me that Moore had
stayed at Nyamkolo the year previous to his own arrival.

Camped from May 7th to 11th, 1931.

The rains had ended in March and the country round about was already
dry and dusty.

My tent was pitched on the edge of a rocky bluff a hundred feet above,
and two hundred yards from the lakeshore. In the immediate vicinity was
arid scrub composed of stunted trees; the very large village was a hundred
yards behind. Below the bluff were semi-swamped grasslands and some
acres of grass and sedge standing in water. Over the swamped grass dragon-
flies of many species darted and hovered; nearly a hundred were netted in an
hour. Further out in the acacias and sedges weaver birds clung to their
nests for some were still building though other nests held young. A great
bank comprised entirely of shells extended as a breakwater for half a mile
or more around the bay in whose waters crocodiles might be seen swimming
lazily in the early morning.

We had come to Nyamkolo because it was the type locality of a frog Arthro-
leptis moorii only known from a holotype collected by Moore in 1901; we
only found it on the second day among the still verdant grass of a cattle
pasture near the lakeshore. The taking of Hyperolius rhodoscelis, H. grants
latus, and Phrynobatrachus perpahnatus all of which were described from Lake
Mweru, due west of Nyamkolo, was of considerable interest. The toads also,
which I am calling Bufo r. regularis seem to be intermediate with B. lemairii
though I regard the latter as distinct. The only other species taken were H.
callichromus, R. occipitalis and R. m. mascareniensis.

Kasanga, Lake Tanganyika, Namanyere District, Urungu. Alt. 2,700 feet.

Kasanga is the original native name of Bismarckburg and lies on a flat
river delta at the southeastern end of the lake a little north of the border
between Tanganyika and Northern Rhodesia.

A few hours on May 13th, camped from May 16th to 17th, 1930.

Dry season.

Three hours were spent collecting porters for the journey to Kitungulu
when we arrived on the morning of May 13th. On our return we reached
Kasanga after midday on the 16th. The same afternoon I set out for the
rocks in search of the aquatic cobra and both morning and afternoon of the
17th in a boat after the same quarry.

22 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The promontories bounding Kasanga Bay to the north and south are
composed chiefly of masses of rock, while a very short distance behind the
town rises a semicircle of stone-strewn hills which are densely clothed with
scrub and close-set dry forest. The town itself is very well provided with
palms and mango trees and its vegetation is generally similar to what one
finds at any sea-level coastal town such as Dar es Salaam.

The bay was delightful, many gorgeously coloured little fish could be
seen swimming in the clear waters adjacent to the rocky headlands. It is
doubtless due to the abundance of fish that the water cobra — Boulengerina a.
stormsi — is so common.

Salimu attempted to secure Procavia munzneri which we had seen on the
rocky shore south of the town as we rowed up the coast; the species was
described from Kasanga. Though he failed to get it he procured an inter-
esting squirrel — Paraxerus cepapi quotus.

Kitungulu, Namanyere District, Urungu. Alt. circa 4,000 feet.

Kitungulu is in the hills east of Kasanga. Despite the "Ki" the village is
composed of less than a dozen huts. Ntungulu lies still further east of Ki(n)-
tungulu. It is on the old German road from Kasanga to Tukuyu which has
fallen into disuse and likely to remain so as being unsuitable for motor traffic.
Though only twelve miles from Kasanga it is a good five hours march over a
stony track that appears to be something of a nightmare to the local porters
and I was informed that all able-bodied men were leaving Kasanga because
they disliked porterage.

Camped from May 14th to 15th, 1930 without tentage.

Dry season.

Kitungulu is the type locality for Typhlops gracilis collected here about
1909-1910 by Capt. Fromm and Herr Hauptmann who made a prolonged
stay in the neighbourhood while collecting birds. I visited their old camp
site and every conceivable place where the blind snake might be found but
though, without any help from the local natives, we secured eleven snakes
of eight species we failed to get this interesting reptile.

At Kitungulu there is a patch of rain forest bordering the river, little is left
of it for it is no longer being preserved as in German times and the natives
are felling and burning it. We searched among the rotting trunks of felled
and half burnt trees whose dead leaves still strewed the ground and among
which great numbers of Arthroleptis xenodactylus were found, the larger
A. s. stenodactylus was in the dry forest.

Adjacent to this relic of virgin forest was very dry orchard forest similar
in type to that at Saranda on the Central Railway, the soil was also of the
same red and stony nature so that two entirely different faunas were existing
in close proximity.

Lemurs were heard at night and a blue duiker was seen one day; a shrew
that was taken in a midden proved to be a new race of Suncus varilla.

A flock of gray parrots was seen at close quarters and only took to flight

loveridge: African zoogeography 23

as Salimu was stalking them. Coracias s. spatulatus and Lybius I. macclounii
were perhaps the most interesting of the birds collected.

An undescribed Bufo was found in dry forest in the vicinity of the primary
forest, where it was more abundant.

Kipili, Lake Tanganyika, Namanyere District, Urungu. Alt. 2,700 feet.

A port of call of the lake steamers on the east shore of the lake.

May 19th, 1930.

Dry season.

A jetty is built out from the low-lying sandy bay. At the time of our visit
the hills, which rise from the bay, were clothed in rank dry grass among
which were stunted trees.

Some guineafowl (Numida m. rikwae) and reptiles, including a new race of
agama lizard, were collected. Frogs were found in stagnant pools of water
in the native gardens where castor oil plants and mango trees were much in
evidence. Opposite to Kipili across the bay is a rocky shore where otters and
water cobras are to be found.

Sumbwa, Lake Tanganyika, Ufipa. Alt. 2,700 feet.

A port of call of the lake steamers on the east shore of the lake.

May 20th, 1930.

Dry season.

Three or four hours were spent ashore at this port; there are only two
native huts by the jetty which had been pounded to bits by the strong waves.
The reason for the steamer calling at this desolate spot is to collect produce
brought down from a densely populated area some seven miles away.

To the north a beautiful, though narrow, strip of sandy beach stretches
for many miles. Shells were abundant along this beach and sand-colored tiger
beetles rose in clouds or ran ahead of one along the shore. On the far side
of the beach, fifty feet from the water's edge, are deep and impassable swamps
reaching to the sluggish river which, concealed by dense beds of sedge, acacia
bushes and other vegetation, empties itself to the right of the jetty.

A freshly deceased example of a scarce snake (Glypholycus bicolor) was
found upon the beach; it is of aquatic habits and is known only from Lake
Tanganyika. The finding of a little frog (Phrynobatrachus perpalmatus)
in the swamp constituted the first record of its occurrence in Tanganyika
Territory.

Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika, Kigoma District. Alt. 2,800 feet.

Ujiji (Udjiji), the famous old Arab settlement on the east coast of the
lake, is five miles south of Kigoma, the terminus of the Central Railway which
connects the lake with Dar es Salaam on the coast.

Camped from May 22nd to 29th, 1930.

Dry season.

24 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Ujiji looks very attractive in the distance for it is well supplied with mango
trees which offer a grateful shade after the open and treeless country round
about. Unfortunately, however, the many marshes in the vicinity and lying
between Ujiji and the lake, breed hordes of mosquitoes and gnats which
render life unpleasant by biting day and night. At this season of the year
Ujiji is not a good collecting centre though probably excellent at the breaking
of the rains. Visits were made down the coast to the Luiche (Luitsche) River
and north to the Bangwe headland, where quantities of the freshwater medusa
(Limnocorida tanganyicae) were seen.

Search was made for the Slender-snouted Crocodile {Crocodylus cataphractus)
which has been reported from Ujiji but more probably came from the Luiche
River. The species appears to be well-known to the fishermen but on reaching
the river, up which we paddled for a great distance, we found it still in flood,
overflowing its banks and inundating acres of surrounding country, as a
result of the unprecedented rains of 1930. A skull of this crocodile was seen
in the Provincial Commissioner's house. Nile Crocodiles were plentiful though
very wary.

Ujiji is type locality for Amphisbaena phylofiniens Tornier; we were un-
successful in locating any but secured a pair of another interesting rain-
forest form, Typhlops graueri, heretofore only known from the type which
came from the forested region northwest of the lake. Lygodactylus picturatus
gutturalis is a western race which was unknown from east of the lakes but is
abundant at Ujiji; in all probability having been introduced in loads of produce
when there was so much traffic with the Congo in the days of the slavers.

Shinyanga, Shinyanga District, Usukuma. Alt. 3,669 feet.

Shinyanga is 123 miles north of Tabora on the Tabora to Mwanza branch
line of the Central Railway.

I was the guest of the late Mr. J. B. Charlesworth from June 2nd to 4th,
1930.

The annual rainfall is about thirty inches and occurs between October
and April, November being the wettest month. At the time of my arrival,
Shinyanga had already experienced two months of drought and the country-
side was bone-dry with the exception of a few shrinking pools here and
there.

Bird life is rich and varied, particularly among the scattered baobabs a
few miles out on the Ibadikuli road where a great variety of eagles and hawks
were seen. The whistling cries of the small love birds (Agapornis fischeri)
are quite prominent among the sounds of the bush.

The stop-over in Shinyanga was made with the object of meeting Mr. J. B.
Charlesworth. No snakes were seen, and the only abundant reptiles were
Pachydactylus boulengeri and Agama agama mwanzae which occur on the
rocks a few miles southeast of the station. Amphibia were naturally not
much in evidence at such a season and few were collected beside the pre-

loveridge: African zoogeography 25

sumably aestivating Chiromantis p. petersi found in a crow's nest on the top
of a baobab.

Mwanza, Mwanza District, Usukuma. Alt. 3,800 feet.

Mwanza on the south or southeast shore of Lake Victoria.

Camped from June 5th to 9th and July 21st to 22nd, 1930.

It was said to be a couple of months since rain had fallen but at least one
heavy shower fell each day, or at night, during the two week-ends of our
stay.

Little collecting was done as my time was taken up with packing and con-
signing collections to the coast and making arrangements for further safari.
I only made one excursion — of some three hours duration — during which
time with thirty-three shots I secured thirty specimens, mostly mammals,
Coleura afra and topotypes of Procavia matschie and Heterohyrax brucei
victorianjansae. Topotypes of Tatera vicina muansae, M ostomy s microdon
victoriae and Arvicanthis abyssinicus muansae were also preserved.

Perhaps the most astonishing thing is the boldness of the hyrax; elsewhere
one is accustomed to seeing these timid creatures disappear into their rocky
fortresses while one is still far away. Near Mwanza they may be seen in great
abundance placidly sitting within easy gunshot or occasionally one will
actually climb from its cranny to the top of a boulder in order to get a better
view of the visitor.

Mwanza is rich in bird life, the calling of Sea Eagles over the township
is a matter of daily occurrence, cormorants ornament every little jutting rock
while Hadadah Ibis and Egyptian Geese plod about in the marshes quite
close to the main road.

Ukerewe Island, southeastern Victoria Nyanza. Alt. 3,800 feet.

Camp was made at Murutunguru where there is a long-established Roman
Catholic Mission known as Marienhof.

Camped from June 10th to 20th, 1930.

Dry season. No rain had fallen for some time prior to our arrival and
none during our stay. The heat, very pronounced in sheltered spots, was
tempered elsewhere by breezes from the lake; towards midday these became
so violent as to raise clouds of dust which was in due course deposited over
all one's possessions.

The level of the lake varies from year to year and in authoritative works
is variously stated to be 3,720, 3,780 and 3,800 feet; the island rises from a
hundred to two hundred feet above the lake. Dr. Bailey Willis has suggested
that about fifty miles of solid crystalline rocks lie below the lake and that
great heat has forced up the less solid margins so that the lake is comparable
to a shallow saucer. The island is only separated from the mainland by a
narrow channel, so that a lion was able to swim it early in 1930, and was
still resident on the island at the time of my visit.

26 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

From Mwanza one crosses the entrance to Speke Gulf by a steam tug
and lands at Nansyo, the port on Ukerewe. The journey takes from five to
six hours. From Nansyo it is ten miles to Murutunguru; I was driven over
by an Indian owning the only lorry on the island, a fact of which he was
fully cognisant and kept reminding me. I returned to Nansyo on foot while
the loads were brought on three ox-carts hired from the mission; porters are
almost unobtainable as the people do not like such work and are sufficiently
affluent as to be independent.

The reason for selecting Murutunguru was partly for its central location,
but chiefly because Pere A. Conrads is still resident there. Pere Conrads
is an entomologist with a general interest in zoology, and I had come to the
island in search of topotypic material of several forms discovered by him.
We were successful in getting Hystrix galeata conradsi and Coliuspasser ma-
crourus conradsi but failed in finding Calogale conradsi, Rhinoptilus ductus
emini and Atractaspis conradsi.

The abundance of carnivora on the island is one of its interesting features,
doubtless this accounts for the shyness of the game birds. There is an abun-
dance of bird life upon the island. Reptiles were also plentiful but, for the
most part, of common and widely distributed species. Amphibia were scarce
at the time of our visit.

We owed much to the kindly interest of Pere Conrads who did everything
possible to ensure the success of our work and showed me much hospitality.
The Wakerewe, doubtless due to the long training of Pere Conrads, were most
helpful in bringing in specimens, though as only a small proportion speak
Swahili, we had some difficulty in making known what we did not want.

Bukoba, southwestern shore of Victoria Nyanza. Alt. 3,800 feet.

Three hours (9 to 12 a.m.) were spent ashore while the S. S. Usoga was in
harbor.

The morning was very overcast and threatening and remained so for the
first two hours until the sun came out.

The town is rather pleasantly situated in a semicircle of rock-strewn hills
with a sandy shore in the centre of the bay, reed-grown swamps and rocky
promontories beyond. The rank growth of grass and weeds rendered col-
lecting in the waste lands difficult so presently we wandered to the native-
owned coffee plantations and here encountered a wealth of small bird life.
Sixteen birds were shot including a topotype of Pogoniulus leucolaema nyansae.

Entebbe, north shore of Victoria Nyanza, Uganda. Alt. 3,800 feet.

Camped from June 26th to 29th, 1930.

According to native reports, no rain had fallen for two months until the
day before our landing, when it had rained in torrents. Thunder showers
occurred about noon on the 27th and 28th and a tropical downpour, lasting
several hours, on Sunday 29th, but too late to affect collecting as we left
shortly after sun-up on the 30th.

loveridge: African zoogeography 27

The Botanical Gardens remind one of Amani and everywhere are acres of
well-swept lawns. The grass along the lake shore is kept cut and all the
drain furrows have close-cropped banks of green instead of being shaded by
the rank growth of grass beloved by frogs; furthermore these furrows are
flushed with a strong disinfectant, and as if to render Entebbe still more
distasteful to amphibians, the marshes and swamps are generously oiled as
a measure of mosquito larvae destruction.

Mabira Forest, near Jinja, Uganda. Alt. circa 4,000 feet.

Spent the day collecting on July 1st, 1930.

Though it was the dry season when we visited Mabira Forest, the weather
had been erratic and several showers had fallen during the past few weeks,
still the forest was very dry.

The forest is of vast extent covering some 150 square miles and it should
be borne in mind that my impression is based only on a couple of square
miles in the vicinity of the rubber and coffee plantation which was started
by the late Dr. Cuthbert Christy, the discoverer of Leptopelis christyi and
Hylambates verrucosus, both of which were described from the Mabira Forest,
Chagwe. It was on the off-chance of procuring one or both of these desiderata
that the forest was visited.

The trees are very tall and fine, but progress among them is impossible
over large areas on account of the dense undergrowth intermingled with
sword grass. I was driven some three miles through the forest to a more
open section where one could get about with tolerable ease. Here the forest
floor was leaf-strewn, rotten logs and stumps with both moist and dry interiors
were plentiful and everything seemed ideal for reptile life, but in two hours
four Europeans and a native found nothing but some tree mice (Hylomyscus
stella kaimosae) and saw a squirrel.

The Problem of East Africa's Mountain Forest Fauna

To return to the primary object of the trip, viz. the composition
of the vertebrate fauna of these mountains in relation to that of the
Uluguru range. As is well known, the plains and savannah fauna of
East Africa up to about 5,000 feet is comprised for the most part of
forms common to South Africa or widely distributed outside of the
forest areas throughout the continent south of the Sahara desert
barrier.

So long ago as 1896 it was pointed out by the late Professor J. W.
Gregory that the botanical and zoological life of the higher mountains
in this region showed closer affinities with their respective groups in
West Africa than with the plains fauna and flora in their own im-
mediate vicinity. Today these widely scattered mountains are like

28 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

so many islands, their higher slopes clothed in rain forest, which sup-
ports a fauna that is presumably unable to exist under the climatic
and topographical conditions found in the intervening areas. In the
case of birds it is easy to postulate flight as the method of distribution
and the seeds of plants may have been disseminated in some instances
through avian agency but it is a problem of no small biological interest
to visualize earlier conditions through a study of the distribution
of the amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

As an interesting example one might cite the arboreal lizard,
Lacerta jacksoni, which occurs on the Kivu Volcanoes, Mt. Ruwenzori,
Mt. Elgon, Mt. Gargues, Mt. Kenya, Mt. Kilimanjaro and the
Usambara range but is absent from the intervening areas except at
high altitudes where rain forest occurs. The sluggish, heavy bodied
Gaboon Viper, Bitis gabonica, for long known only from the West
Coast has been found in Uganda forests and in comparatively recent
times was discovered in the forested regions of the Usambara Moun-
tains within sixty miles of the Indian Ocean.

Gregory has shown that as the glaciers recede up Mt. Kenya the
rain forest follows; naturally the process is a very slow one and the
area of forest does not increase by reason of the constant assault
by natives on the forest fringe at lower levels where they fell and
burn its component trees, coveting the rich soil for raising crops.
This encroaching on the forest has been proceeding for centuries
and early explorers such as Mackay and Johnston speak of the remains
of great forest trees on lower ground now covered by scrub or bush.
It is noteworthy that the exploited and abandoned garden areas
never revert to forest but produce a secondary growth of scrub and
thorn which is far harder to clear than the original forest as it contains
many fire-resistant types and its denser thickets are impervious to
annual burning.

After a few seasons the soil of the cleared areas, exposed to the
rays of a tropical sun, becomes friable and the rich soil is washed away
by the heavy rainstorms; gravel and stones are left behind. The
rushing floods, no longer conserved by roots and leaf mould, tear
down the hillsides cutting gulleys as they go: the damage done has
to be seen to be appreciated. In the Ubena Highlands it was no un-
common experience to find roads abruptly terminating in a twenty-
foot drop as a result of the rush of water down them. In course of
time a lessened rainfall appears to go hand in hand with the destruc-
tion of virgin forest and is considered by many to account for the
indisputable desiccation of large areas in Tropical Africa. The relic

loveridge: African zoogeography 29

faunae of Mpwapwa and Ujiji, struggling for survival today, un-
doubtedly points to the fact that these regions were covered with
forest in the past. At the present time, large mobs of cattle, unduly
multiplied under European protection, raise clouds of dust as they
wander through the thorn-bush areas of Mpwapwa in search of
pasturage.

In Nyasaland, which has been longer under observation than
Tanganyika, it has been computed that the impoverished land will
only support half the population that it did a hundred years ago.
Dr. Robert Laws, resident for half a century in the country, recently
stated in evidence before the Nyasaland Lands Commission, that so
recently as fifty years ago, northern sections of the country were
well wooded and supplied with perennial streams. He mentioned
twenty large streams which had ceased to flow in the Mombera
country today but which formerly flowed all the year round prior
to the wholesale destruction of the forests which had rendered the
region uninhabitable. I mention this to invite attention to the im-
perative need for conservation of the forests. The fauna, with the
exception of a few adaptable species, perishes with the forest. Officers
of the Forestry Service in Tanganyika are keenly alive to the
desirability of preserving the remaining forest areas but under the
last administration District Officers were loth to prosecute natives
for destroying forest reserves; even though the offenders were caught
flagrante delicto by the forest guards.

From a cursory review of the distribution of the species in these
mountains, it seemed likely that the oldest group of terrestrial ver-
tebrates, viz. the Amphibia, slow of movement and restricted in migra-
tion, would throw most light on the problem; next the reptiles, then
the mammals and lastly the birds which, by reason of their ability
to fly, are less likely to furnish useful data.

Before proceeding further to discuss the conclusions, it would be
well to present the data on which they are based. In compiling the
following lists, drastic elimination of all species which are not almost
entirely dependent on the rain forest has been necessary, for the inclusion
of mountain-valley and high-plateau forms not only would swell
the lists to two or three times their present size, but would give rise
to complications, as so many of these types extend their range to the
savannah.

30 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

S
Amphibian Fauna Associated with g

Mountain Rain Forest •§

□

3

00

P

Boulengerula boulengeri L

Boulengerula uluguruensis

Scolecomorphus vittatus L

Scolecomorphus uluguruensis

Scolecomorphus attenuatus

Scolecomorphus kirki

Bufo brauni L

Bufo micranotis

Bufo taitanus uzunguensis

Nectophrynoides tornieri L

Nectophrynoides vivipara

Phrynobatrachus krefftii L

Arthroleptis stenodactylus uluguruensis . . L

Arthroleptis adolfi-f riederici L

Arthroleptis reichei

Arthroleptis schubotzi

Arthroleptis xenodactylus L

Arthroleptides martiensseni L

*Leptopelis rufus T

Leptopelis aubryi L

Leptopelis vermiculatus L

Leptopelis uluguruensis (inc. tanganus) ... A

Leptopehs parkeri

Callulina kreffti L L

Probreviceps macrodactylus macrodactylus L
Probreviceps macrodactylus loveridgei .... L

Probreviceps macrodactylus rungwensis. . .

Probreviceps uluguruensis L

Spelaeophryne methneri L

Parhoplophryne usambaricus L

Hoplophryne rogersi L

Hoplophryne uluguruensis L

*

* Common to the Cameroon Mountains.
A = Recorded by Ahl.
L = Collected by Loveridge.
N = Recorded by Nieden.
T = Recorded by Tornier.

a

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L

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L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

N

L

L

L

Total 17 20

loveridge: African zoogeography 31

A consideration of the foregoing shows that the affinities of the
Uhiguru fauna are intimately associated with those of the Usambara
range to the north but have comparatively little in common with
those of the southwestern highlands, only four species (or 13% for
one of these has broken up into races) being found in both. Two
species of the genus Leptopelis occurring in the Usambara, range across
the Central African rain forests to the Cameroon Mountains on
the west coast. One might be inclined to question the specific iden-
tity of these eastern and western frogs were it not that their distribu-
tion is paralleled by several reptiles such as Bitis gabonica, Lygodacty-
lus fisckeri and Holaspis guentheri, therefore there seems no valid
reason for proposing fresh names for East African Leptopelis rufvs
and aubryi as has recently been done.

The caecilian genera Boulengerula and Scolecomorphus (with
which Bdellophis has been united) presumably originated in extreme
East Africa as neither genus has Central or West African representa-
tives so far as is known. The only caecilian genus common to both
East and West is Dermophis, represented in Kenya Colony by gregorii
of Ngatana and in the west by thomensis of St. Thomas Island in the
Gulf of Guinea. So strange is this interrupted dispersal that one
wonders if the genus is a natural one.

No toads associated with the East African rain forest are common
to the West Coast though they have their counterparts both in
species and genera, for the viviparous tree toads (Nectophrynoides)
of the east are represented by the oviparous tree toads (Nectophryne)
of the west.

Phrynobatrachus is a widely distributed genus with numerous
savannah-dwelling forms, but P. krefftii of the Usambara Mountains
and its relatives from the Central African Lake Region — P. graueri,
P. petropedetoides, P. versicolor seem to be associated with pools in,
or at the edge of, virgin forest. While the fauna of the Kivu Volcano
region and adjacent primary forests are principally western in type
they do possess an admixture of eastern forms as illustrated by the
genus Arthroleptis for A. adolfi-friederici and reichei occur there
but so far as is known do not extend their ranges further to the west.

The amphibia of Rungwe have more in common with the fauna
of the Kivu Volcanoes than with the Usambara Mountains and one
may justifiably postulate connection by virgin or gallery forest down
the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika where traces of a vanishing
forest fauna still persist at Ujiji {Typhlops graueri) and Kitungulu
{Typhlops gracilis, Arthroleptis xenodactylus, etc.).

32 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The five Brevieipitid genera — Callulina, Probreviceps, Spelaeo-
phryne, Parhoplophryne and Hoplophryne — are, with the exception
of one race on Rungwe, known only from the Usambara and Uluguru
Mountains as far as the area under discussion is concerned. Spelaeo-
phryne was described from Kilwa and possibly may not be a true
rain-forest species. While Probreviceps may be derived from Breviceps
of South Africa, the ancestry of Parhoplophryne and Hoplophryne
is obscure, a separate subfamily (Hoplophryninae) has been created
for their reception by Noble.

I

« • g

a _• a a

2

■*^ — — ** r

Reptilian Fauna Associated with « S * ^ S £

Mountain Rain Forest -9 1 6 3> £ 2

a ■ § a a o

S3 § 2 a S

p P p P A A

Typhlops kleebergi f . W

Typhlops uluguruensis L

Typhlops punctatus gierrai L L

Natrix olivaceus (mountain type) L L L

Lycophidion meleagris L L

Prosymna ornatissima L

Geodipsas vauerocegae L L

Geodipsas procterae L

Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia tornieri L L L L L

Crotaphopeltis werneri W

*Miodon gabonensis L

Aparallactus werneri L L

Aparallactus uluguruensis L L

*Elapsoidea guentheri (nigra type) L L

Causus defilippii L L N

*Bitis gabonica L

*Atheris ceratophorus L

Atheris barbouri L L

Paragonatodes africanus L L

Lygodactylus fischeri L L

Lygodactylus angularis L L

Lacerta jacksoni L

*Holaspis guentheri L ?

* Common to West Africa.

L = Collected by Loveridge.
N = Recorded by Nieden.
W = Recorded by Werner.

*

loveridge: African zoogeography 33

*2 2 b £

- a § 2 5 I

S 3 > _ OJ

§ Si S b 5?

a 2

& 5 a s k o,

a

Mabuya comorensis L L

Siaphos kilimensis L L

Scelotes eggeli L

Scelotes uluguruensis L

Scelotes tetradactyla L

Melanoseps ater L L L

Chamaeleon goetzei L L

Chamaeleon tempeli L L

Chamaeleon fischeri matschiei L L

Chamaeleon fischeri multituberculatus ... L

Chamaeleon deremensis L L

Chamaeleon fulleborni

Chamaeleon werneri werneri L

Chamaeleon werneri dabagae L

Chamaeleon incornutus L

Chamaeleon laterispinis L

Chamaeleon melleri L L

Chamaeleon tenuis L

Chamaeleon spinosus L

Brookesia temporalis L

Brookesia brevicaudatus L L

Brookesia platyceps L

Total 29 24 8 7 8 4

L = Collected by Loveridge.

The reptiles give further conclusive evidence as to the distinctness
of the Usambara-Uluguru fauna from that of the southwestern high-
lands. The paucity of both amphibian and reptilian life in the tem-
perate rain forest of the southwestern highlands as compared with that
of the tropical rain forest is very striking. It should be borne in mind,
however, that one and a half months were spent in both the Usambara
and Uluguru ranges as against a month each in the Uzungwe, Ukinga
and Rungwe Mountains and only a fortnight in the Porotos.

Actually only two species of snakes are common to both the Uluguru
and southwestern highlands and each of these has a closely related

34 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

and widespread lowland relative. Natrix olivaceus is dwarfed in the
colder climate of the rain forest and Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia tornieri
has a reduced number of sealerows as compared with the savannah
race; it may be that these two forms are later adaptations to forest
life at high altitudes recently developed from the widespread savannah
stock and not an integral part of the supposedly primitive forest-
dwelling fauna. What is true of Natrix and Crotaphopeltis as to their
having lowland relatives applies to most of the other ophidian genera
associated with the rain forest; only two, or at most three, genera
(Geodipsas, Miodon and Atheris) are exclusively forest-dwelling as
regards all their species. One of these — Geodipsas — is possibly an
unnatural assemblage of forms as it embraces Malagasy and mainland
species, the only other colubrine genus with a similar distribution
being the ancient and widespread Natrix. When we come to consider
the species we find that only four (or 22%) are common to the forested
regions of East and West Africa while no fewer than eleven species
(or 61%) are endemic and nine (50%) of these are known only from
the Uluguru and Usambara Mountains.

Of the lizards, only one, a burrowing type, is common to both
Uluguru and southwestern highlands; this skink (Melanoseps) has
been taken at a low altitude (Mkata Station) but in a surviving belt
of gallery forest on the banks of a permanent river which suggests a
possible means of later dispersal. Two species (or 18%) are common
to West Africa; half-a-dozen are only known from African forests
east of, and including, Ruwenzori; two (or 18%) are confined to the
Uluguru and Usambara ranges, these endemic forms are skinks of
the genus Scelotes which burrow in the rich leaf mould and the debris
of decaying trees.

The slow-moving chameleons have been particularly susceptible
to speciation and no form is common to the Uluguru and the southern
highlands. In addition it might be remarked that all sixteen forms
(or 100%) are confined to East Africa, none being known from the
West coast, furthermore eight (or 50%) are restricted to the Uluguru-
Usambara and associated mountains and eight to the southern and
southwestern highlands. In the case of chameleons it has not been
possible to adhere so strictly to a division as between forest and non-
forest forms for in life few of these reptiles actually live in forest
glades but are most abundant in the low trees and bush surrounding
the forest; many live in the uplands quite independently of forests
but none of those listed occur at low altitudes with the exception of
C. melleri.

03

3

.

a

*s

CO

a

s

s

s
y.

3

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a

9

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a

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0

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L

L

L

P

L

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L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

loveridge: African zoogeography 35

s

Avifauna Associated with the £

Mountain Rain Forest |

p

Stephanoaetus coronat us L

Buteo oreophilus L

Francolinus squamatus usambaricus L

Francolinus squamatus uzungwensis

Sarothrura elegans languens

Sarothrura rufa elizabethae ?

Sarothrura sp

Columba arquatrix arquatrix L

Turturoena delegorguei sharpei L

Turtur afer kilimensis L

Aplopelia larvata larvata

Cercococcyx montanus patulus M

Turacus livingstonii cabanisi

Turacus livingstonii livingstonii L L

Turacus fischeri L

Turacus hartlaubi L

Bycanistes buccinator L L

Bycanistes cristatus brevis . L L L L L

Apaloderma narina narina L

Heterotrogon vittatum vittatum L L L L

Buccanodon leucotis kilimensis L L

Buccanodon olivaceum olivaceum L L L L

Protodiscus insignis reichenowi L

Mesopicos griseocephalus kilimensis L

Mesopicos griseocephalus ruwenzori L

Smithornis capensis suahelicus L ?

Motacilla clara L L L L

Illadopsis rufipennis distans L

Illadopsis stictigula stictigula L L

Illadopsis stictigula pressa L L L

Pseudoalcippe abyssinicus abyssinicus L

Pseudoalcippe abyssinicus stierlingi L L L

Suaheliornis kretschmeri kretschmeri L S

Phyllastrephus terrestris suahelicus L

Phyllastrephus flavostriatus flavostriatus L L

Phyllastrephus rabai L

Phyllastrephus fischeri placidus L L L

Phyllastrephus cerviniventris L

L = Collected by Loveridge.
M = Collected by Moreau.
S = Recorded by Sclater.

a

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36 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

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3
A

a
a

K

Arizelocichla nigriceps percivali L

Arizelocichla nigriceps neumanni

Arizelocichla nigriceps fusciceps

Arizelocichla tephrolaema usambarae L

Arizelocichla milanjensis striifacies L

Arizelocichla masukensis roehli L

Arizelocichla masukensis masukensis

Arizelocichla chlorigula

Chlorocichla flaviventris centralis L

Andropadus insularis insularis

Eurillas virens virens L

Alseonax adustus f ulleborni L

Alseonax minimus roehli S

Dioptrornis fischeri amani M

Dioptrornis nyikensis

Batis mixta L

Batis minor nyanzae

Batis molitor soror

Platystira peltata peltata

Trochocercus bivittatus

Trochocercus albonotatus subcaeruleus .... L

Turdus libonyanus tropicalis

Turdus olivaceus roehli L

Turdus olivaceus uluguru L

Turdus olivaceus nyikae L L

Turdus gurneyi usambarae S L

Turdus gurneyi otomitra L

Cossypha heuglini intermedia L L

Cossypha natalensis L L

Cossypha caffra iolema L L L L

Bessornis albigularis albigularis L

Bessornis albigularis porotoensis L

Sheppardia cyornithopsis bangsi L

Sheppardia cyornithopsis sharpei L

Alethe fiilleborni fiilleborni L L

Alethe fiilleborni usambarae S L

Alethe anomala montana S

Alethe macclounii

Pogonocichla stellata orientalis L L

L = Collected by Loveridge.
M = Collected by Moreau.
S = Recorded by Sclater.

L L L

L

L L L
S L L
L
L

L L

L L L L

L L L

L L L L L
L
L

L L

L

L L L L

L

loveridge: African zoogeography 37

a

a
—

S

9}

ex

= 5

L = Collected by Loveridge.
M = Collected by Moreau.
S = Recorded by Sclater.

s a

"S S3 * I & 2

J«S 3 o

5 3 5 3* &h

Pogonocichla stellata johnstoni L L L L

Seicercus ruficapilla minulla L L

Seicercus ruficapilla johnstoni L L

Bradypterus usambarae S L L L L L

Apalis thoracica uluguru L

Apalis thoracica interjectiva L

Apalis thoracica murina L L L

Apalis moreaui L

Apalis alticola L L

Apalis flavida golzi L

Apalis flavida niassae S

Apalis chapini L L

Altisornis ruficeps ruficeps S

Altisornis ruficeps altus L

Campephaga flava (incl. nigra & hartlaubi) L L

Campephaga quiscalina munzneri L

Chlorophoneus rubiginosus munzneri L L

Chlorophoneus nigrescens M

Chlorophoneus nigrifrons nigrifrons L L

Chlorophoneus nigrifrons manningi L L

Chlorophoneus quadricolor intercedens .... L

Malaconotus alius L

Onychognathus walleri walleri L L

Onychognathus walleri nyasae L L L

Onychognathus morio shelleyi L L L

Onychognathus tenuirostris L L

Stilbopsar kenricki L L

Zosterops virens usambarae L L

Zosterops virens stierlingi L L

Zosterops virens sarmenticia L L

Cinnyris mediocris usambarae L

Cinnyris mediocris fiilleborni L L L L

Cinnyris loveridgei L

Spermophaga ruficapilla cana L

Cryptospiza reichenowi ocularius L L L L

Pirenestes minor minor and frommi L

Linurgus kilimensis kilimensis L

Linurgus kilimensis rungwensis L L

Totals ... 56 69 29 23 34 23

38 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

In the case of the birds I have been able to augment the records
of my own collecting by some communicated to me by Mr. R. E.
Moreau and a dozen mentioned bv Sclater in his Systema Avium
Aethiopicarum which publication has been of the greatest assistance
to me in the compilation of the above list. By the exclusion of most
of the non-passerines and a great many upland species the list of
birds collected in these mountains has been reduced to half.

An examination of the foregoing list shows that birds are more widely
distributed than any other group of vertebrates considered, but that
many species have been so long separated from their allies on other
ranges that they have split up into well-defined races. If Kilimanjaro
were included it would be seen that more than a dozen forms occur
there which are represented by a different subspecies in the Usambara
though over a score of forms are common to both Kilimanjaro and
the Usambaras. Undoubtedly when more collecting has been done
on the latter range the number of forest species will be in excess of
those to be found on the Uluguru.

The futility of expecting much assistance from a study of the
avifauna is exemplified by the fact that all except four (i. e. 93%)
of the fifty-two genera listed above, are common to West Africa
though not necessarily to the mountains for many occur in lowland
forest. Of these four, two (Pogonoeichla and Stilbopsar) occur also
in the mountains of the Central Lake Region, leaving only Suaheliornis
and Artisornis as endemic East African genera. The recently pro-
posed Artisornis was considered by Sclater to be synonymous with
Apalis; if this view be taken then Suaheliornis remains as the sole
genus confined to the mountain rain forests of East Africa.

loveridge: African zoogeography 39

=

a ■ a

** S e

«a c — 2 a

Mammalian Fauna Associated with a S ~ jg g

</^ Mountain Rain Forest J 3 I g, j* o

3 So a a S o

a a a •-; 5 u

£ 1= P £ CC &.

Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni L L ?

Rhinonax pet ersi petersi L L S

Petrodromus sultan sultan L L

Petrodromus nigriseta L

Crocidura martiensseni • T L

Crocidura bicolor elgonius L

Crocidura monax L

Crocidura maurisca geata L

Chlorotalpa tropicalis L

Chlorotalpa stuhlmanni L L L

Nandinia binotata arborea L L L

Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora L S

Cercopithecus leucampyx monoides L L

Cercopithecus leucampyx moloneyi L L L S

Colobus polykomos palliatus L L

Colobus polykomos sharpei S L S S

Colobus badius gordonorum L

Anomalurus orientalis L L ?

Heliosciurus undulatus undulatus L L

Heliosciurus mutabilis shirensis L L L

Funisciurus vexillarius L

Aethosciurus byatti byatti L L L

Aethosciurus byatti laetus subsp. n L

Aethosciurus lucifer L

Dendromus mesomelas nyasae L L L ?

Praomys tullbergi delectorum •. L

Praomys tullbergi melanonotus subsp. n. . . L L L L

Hylomyscus weileri L L L

Cricetomys gambianus osgoodi L L

Cricetomys gambianus viator ? L

Lophuromys aquilus aquilus L L L L L L

Lophuromys sikapusi ansorgei L

Claviglis murinus isolatus L

Claviglis soleatus collaris subsp. n L

Cephalophus harveyi harveyi L L

Cephalophus melanorheus schusteri L L

Cephalophus melanorheus lugens S L

Nesotragus moschatus moschatus L L

Dendrohyrax terricola terricola L

Dendrohyrax terricola schixsteri L

Heterohyrax lademanni T L

Totals... 16 22 12 14 16

L = Collected by Loveridge.
S = Seen, but not collected.
T = Type locality.

40 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Of mammals the only species taken in every range was a rat (Lo-
phuromys a. aquilus) which, though usually found at the forest edge,
undoubtedly adapts itself to bush life and a more generalized upland
distribution. Of a dozen species common to both the Uluguru and
Usambara Mountains, nine (or 75%) were not found in the south-
western highlands: on the other hand, fifteen (or 62%) of the twenty-
four forms occurring in the southwestern highlands were not taken
in the more northern mountains. The distribution is interesting as
showing a less marked tendency to division between the faunae of
the two areas than was found to be the case with the amphibians and
reptiles. Undoubtedly mammals, owing to their ability to withstand
climatic changes and their greater migratory powers, have presumably
spread since conditions supervened which were inimical to further
reptilian dispersal.

When we consider the twenty-three mammalian genera listed above,
we find that sixteen (or 69%) are common to West Africa and only
five (or 21%) are endemic in East Africa: the remaining two (or 8%)
extend their range to the mountains of the Central Lake Region where,
as with the reptiles, we find species common to the more eastern rain
forests. Few, if any, mammalian species associated with the eastern
forests, extend their range to the west coast without splitting up into
races.

Conclusions and Summary

Any conclusions as to the present day distribution of vertebrate
life must be based on considerations of climate and environment
which in turn involves taking into account the geological history of
the area which is being studied. Fortunately much of the route
traveled had been covered only the year before by Dr. Bailey Willis,
as Research Associate of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, and
whose work "Living Africa" (1930) touches on the geology of the
region under consideration.

Dr. Willis believes that: "In Mesozoic time Africa was a great plain
that sloped very gently to sea level. The climate was monotonously
tropical within the tropics and nowhere modified locally by heights
that concentrate rainfall. Rivers meandered sluggishly in courses
that are now lost." Then lifting force was exerted, warping the old
plain and elevating some areas more than others, such unequal ele-
vation resulting in the formation of escarpments by rupturing the
surface; he cites the Iringa Highlands as an example of such warping,

loveridge: African zoogeography 41

the whole plateau having been raised 3,000 feet. Naturally such
processes were extremely slow.

There is good evidence for the belief that at one time forest extended
over much of tropical Africa, indeed Meinertzhagen (1930) referring
to the remains of fossil trees in Egypt where no forest exists today,
draws the following picture of the first Pluvial period in Egypt which
"terminated about 370,000 years ago and during that period Northern
Africa must have had a huge rainfall and would have been a most
disagreeable country for residence. Vast forests must have clothed
the desert, marshes would have filled every depression and huge rivers
roared their way to the sea." (page 14.)

A vivid description of the tropical forest still existing in Tanganyika
is given by a contributor to The Handbook of Tanganyika (1930),
who writes: "The rain forest proper is confined to the mountain
masses of Kilimanjaro, Meru, Usambara, Uluguru, Pare and Nguru,
all in the north east, but the mountains of Iringa and Rungwe in the
south-west also have many remanents of the type. It is a wet dense
mass of evergreen vegetation penetrable only with difficulty off the
track. Great stems tower up through the tangled undergrowth and
support an upper canopy inextricably interwoven by scandent lianas,
shutting out the air and heat and light of the tropical sun. Under-
foot is a thick carpet of rotting vegetation studded with fungoid
growths which absorbs and holds the rainfall like a sponge and, after
saturation, slowly yields it up to feed the streams issuing from the
mountains and maintains their head of water well into the long
drought seasons." (page 230.)

The conclusion seems inescapable that the dispersal of the am-
phibians, reptiles, and probably of some of the mammals inhabiting
this luxuriant forest today, occurred at a remote period, possibly in
the Miocene, when the forest belt was continuous from the Cameroons,
through the Congo, past Elgon and Kenya to Witu on the east coast,
southwards to Zanzibar (possibly to Kilwa along the coast) and
inland as far as Meru, and the Usambara and Uluguru ranges. The
forests of the Central Lake Region were possibly linked up with the
Uganda forests lying to the north of them.

It would appear that a southward extension of forest connected
the Kivu region with the Poroto Mountains and Rungwe and by this
means permitted the distribution of such amphibia as Arthrolcptis
adolfi-friederici, A. reichei, and ^4. schubotzi to reach the southwestern
highlands. Among the reptiles of that region Atheris barbouri, Lygo-
dactylus angularis, Brookesia platyceps and other chameleons, though

42 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

specifically distinct, show affinities with Kivu species rather than with
anything occurring upon the Usambara or Uluguru Mountains.
With the mammals also, it is abundantly clear that a strong admixture
of Kivu forms exists alongside a few races which are also to be found
in the Usambara and Uluguru ranges.

With the destruction of the forest, the shade and surface moisture,
essential to the existence of many lower vertebrates, disappeared
and the forest fauna vanished together with the forest over great
tracts of lowland and plateau but survived as a relic upon the moun-
tains. It would appear that deforestation has taken place over much
of the Uzungwe Mountains and resulted in changes inimical to the
survival of the forest-dwelling forms. Matthews (1930) has stated:
"It is to be observed that it is not the barrier that limits distribution
in many instances, but the sharp diversity of climate conditioned by
or associated with that barrier." (page 37.) In some portions of the
Ukinga Mountains the survival of the forest and of the less progressive
animal types associated with it, may be attributed to the steepness
of the slopes which are at times even too precipitous to tempt a native
agriculturist. Briefly then we may summarize the position as follows:

(1) We may postulate a very ancient trans-African forest connect-
ing the Cameroon Mountains in the west with the Usambara and
Uluguru ranges in the east : the Uluguru supporting the most southerly
remanent of truly virgin tropical rain forest in East Africa.

(2) The vertebrates (omitting birds)' by their distribution over-
whelmingly demonstrate a close connection between the Usambara
and Uluguru until comparatively recent times yet sufficiently remote
to have permitted the differentiation of quite a number of subspecies
in the latter (or former) range.

(3) On the other hand there is little ground for visualizing a forest
connection between the Uluguru and the southwestern highlands for
the two groups have few species in common. Taken class by class
we find that:

The Amphibian fauna of the Uluguru rain forest shows a close
affinity with that of the Usambara range to the north and very
little with that of the southwestern highlands. A heavy proportion
of the genera (69%) are confined to East Africa and do not occur
on the West Coast.

The reptiles show a similar disposition, a score of species being
common to the Uluguru and Usambara and only three to the Ulu-
guru and southwestern highlands. None of the genera are endemic
in East Africa but all have West African representatives.

loveridge: African zoogeography 43

To a great extent the possession of flight negatives the value
of anv conclusions which mav be drawn from the avifauna. Onlv
two of the fifty-two genera are endemic, 93% are common to the
mountains of the West Coast.

Among mammals, most of whose present day dispersal was
presumably due to migrations during and since the Tertiary, the
division is not so clearly cut, and until more is known of their
distribution speculation is somewhat idle. Of the thirty-four
species listed, thirteen (or 38%) are common to the Uluguru and
Usambara and ten (or 29%), though as differentiated races, to the
Uluguru and southwestern highlands. Of the twenty-three mam-
malian genera only five (or 21%) are endemic; 69% are common
to West Africa.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, G. M. and Loveridge, A.

1927. "Mammals from the Uluguru and Usambara Mountains, Tangan-
yika Territory." Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 38, No. 9, pp. 413-441.

Barbour, T. and Loveridge, A.

1928. "A Comparative Study of the Herpetological Faunae of the
Uluguru and Usambara Mountains, Tanganyika Territory." Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, pp. 87-265, pis. i-iv.

Friedmann, H.

1928. "A Collection of Birds from the Uluguru and Usambara Moun-
tains, Tanganyika Territory." Ibis, pp. 74-99.
Gregory, J. W.

1896. "The Great Rift Valley."
Loveridge, A.

1932. "New Reptiles and Amphibians from Tanganyika Territory
and Kenya Colony." Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, pp. 375-387.
Matthew, W. D.

1930. "The Dispersal of Land Animals." Scientia, pp. 33-42.
Meinertzhagen, R.

1930. "Nicholl's Birds of Egypt." Vol.1.
Sayers, G. F.

1930. "The Handbook of Tanganyika Territory."

SCLATER, W. L.

1924 and 1930. "Systema Avium Aethiopicarum." Parts 1 and 2.
Willis, Bailey

1930. "Living Africa."

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

Loveridge. — African Zoogeograph y

PLATE 1

MAP SHOWING THE ROUTE TAKEN

The itinerary is marked by crosses. Landing at Dar es Salaam, the author
passed through Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Tukuyu, Abercorn, Ujiji, Mwanza,
Bukoba, Entebbe, Jinja, Nairobi and sailed from Mombasa.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Loveridge. African Zoogeography. Plate 1

= Main Roads

r^~- Other Motor-able Roads

— Important Tracks

Scale or Miles

O SO 100 200

PLATE 2

Loveridge. — African Zoogeography

PLATE 2

-GRAZING LAND SHOWING FOREST REMNANTS ON THE LOWER
SLOPES OF RUNGWE MOUNTAIN at 2000 metres

It appears probable that most of this country has been deforested through
human agency. It is rich in bird life but most of the species are wide-ranging
forms, not local like those inhabiting the adjacent forest further up the moun-
tain. (After photograph by Walther Goetze).

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Loveridge. African Zoogeography. Plate 2

PLATE 3

Loveridge. — African Zoogeography

PLATE 3

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST ON THE ULUGURU MOUNTAINS
between 1300 and 1400 metres

The evergreen tropical rain forest of East Africa supports a much richer and
more varied fauna than the subtropical forests of the southwestern highlands.
Only on Rungwe did the trees approach those of the tropical rain forest in
magnificence and abundance. (After photograph by Walther Goetze).

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Loveridge. African Zoogeography. Plate 3

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. LXXV, No. 2

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF AN

EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWESTERN HIGHLANDS

OF TANGANYIKA TERRITORY

II

MAMMALS

By Glover M. Allen and Arthur Loveridge

With One Plate

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

February, 1933

No. 2. — Reports on the Scientific Results of an Expedition to
the Southwestern Highlands of Tanganyika Territory

II

Mammals

By Glover M. Allen and Arthur Loveridge

The collection on which the following report is based, was made by
the junior author while investigating the herpetological fauna of the
southwestern highlands of Tanganyika Territory on behalf of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, aided by a grant from the Carnegie
Institution of Washington.

The whole of the taxonomic work has been done by the senior author
while the junior author has collaborated in contributing the field
measurements and field notes. Where the singular pronoun is used in
the taxonomic discussions it applies to the senior author, in the re-
counting of field observations to the junior.

The altitudes and other information regarding the localities in which
collecting was carried on have already been dealt with in the introduc-
tion to this series of reports which treats of the whole vertebrate fauna
of the southwestern highlands in relation to that of the Usambara and
Uluguru ranges to the northeast.

The period of collecting mammals was from November 9, 1929, to
July 1, 1930, during which time over 700 specimens representing 114
species or races of mammals were secured, of which 49 forms were new
to the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Seven of
these appear to be entirely new and are therefore described beyond:

Suncus varilla minor
Aethosciurus byatti laetus
Praomys tullbergi melanotus
Leggada gerbillus
Ototnys anchietae lacustris
Claviglis soleatus collaris
Cryptomys hottentotus occlusus

Kitungulu, Urungu.
Madehani, Ukinga Mtns.
Uzungwe, Ukinga, Rungwe, etc.
Dodoma, Ugogo.
Uzungwe, Ukinga, Rungwe, etc.
Madehani, Ukinga Mtns.
Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns.

Attention is also directed to such rare forms as Rhynchocyon cirnei
hendersoni, Chlorotalpa stuhlmanni, Colobus badius gordonorum,
Aethosciurus lucifer, Thallomys damarensis scotti, Heterohyrax lade-
manni and others of which good series were secured.

When measurements are given serially they are always in the fol-
lowing order: — (1) length from snout to anus; (2) length of the tail

48 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

without terminal hairs; (3) length of hind foot without claws; (4) length
of ear from tip to notch. In the case of bats a fifth measurement is
added: (5) length of wing from axilla to tip. All dimensions are in
millimetres.

We should like to take this opportunity of thanking His Excellency
the Governor of Tanganyika Territory and the Director of Game
Preservation for their courtesy in furnishing the necessary license for
scientific collecting. Thanks are also due Dr. Joseph Bequaert and
Dr. J. H. Sandground of the Harvard Department of Tropical Medi-
cine for their kindness in identifying the parasitic ticks and worms.

List of Species Collected *

ERINACEIDAE Page

Atelerix albiventris hindei (Thomas) 52

MACROSCELIDIDAE

Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni Thomas 53

(Rhinonax petersi petersi (Bocage)) 55

Petrodromus matschiei venustus Thomas 55

Petrodromus (Cercoctenus) sultan sultan Thomas 55

Elephantulus ocularis Kershaw 56

Elephantidus renatus Kershaw 56

SORICIDAE

Suncus lixa (Thomas) 57

Suncus varilla minor subsp. nov 57

Crocidura nyansae kivu Osgood 58

Crocidura nyansae nyansae Neumann 59

Crocidura neavei Wroughton 59

Crocidura suahelae Heller 60

Crocidura hildegardeae hildegardeae Thomas 60

Crocidura bicolor cuninghamei Thomas 61

CHRYSOCHLORIDAE

Chlorotalpa stuhlmanni (Matschie) 61

PTEROPIDAE

Epomophorus minor Dobson 63

Epomophorus anurus Heuglin 64

* Species in parenthesis were not collected but are discussed.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 49

EMBALLONURIDAE Page

Coleura afra (Peters) 64

Taphozous mauritianus E. Geoffroy 65

Taphozous Sudani Thomas 65

NYCTERIDAE

Nycteris aethiopica luteola Thomas 66

Nycteris damarensis damarensis Peters 66

Nycteris revoili A. Robin 67

RHINOLOPHIDAE

Rhinolophus hildebrandti eloqucns Andersen 67

Rhinolophus lobatus Peters 68

HIPPOSIDERIDAE

Hipposideros ruber (Noack) 68

MEGADERMIDAE

Lavia frons rex Miller 68

VESPERTILIONIDAE

Myotis bocagii hildegardeae Thomas 69

Pipistrellus nanus (Peters) 69

Pipistrellus r'uppelii (Fischer) 70

Glauconycteris argentata (Dobson) 70

MOLOSSIDAE

Mops {Allomops) osborni J. A. Allen 71

Chaerephon limbatus (Peters) 71

CANIDAE

Thos mcsomclas mcmillani Heller 71

Otocyon mcgalotis virgatus Miller 72

MUSTELIDAE

Aonyx cap>ensis subsp 73

VIVERRIDAE

Civettictis civetta schwarzi Cabrera 74

Genetta stuhhnanni stuMmanni Matschie 74

Nandinia binotata arborea Heller 75

Myonax grantii (Gray) 75

Myonax sanguineus proteus (Thomas) 76

Herpestes ichneumon funestus (Osgood) 76

Atilax paludinosus rubescens (Hollister) 76

Ichneumia albicauda grandis (Thomas) 77

50 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology

Page

Ichneumia albicauda ibeana (Thomas) 78

Helogale victorina Thomas 79

Mungos mungo colonus (Heller) 79

HYAENIDAE

(Crocuta crocuta germinans (Matschie)) SO

FELIDAE

Acinonyx jubatus ngorongoreims Hilzheimer 81

(Felis pardus suahelica Neumann) 81

Felis capensis hindei Wroughton 83

GALAGIDAE

Galago crassicaudatus argcntatus Lonnberg 84

Galago sencgalensis moholi Smith 84

CERCOPITHECIDAE

Cercopithecus leucampyx moloneyi Sclater 85

Cercopithecus aethiops centralis Neumann 86

Papio fneumanni Matschie 87

COLOBIDAE

Colobus polykonios sharpei Thomas 87

Colobus badius gordonorum (Matschie) 90

ANOMALURTDAE

(? Anomalurus orientalis Peters) 91

SCIURIDAE

Heliosciurus undulatus rhodesiae (Wroughton) 92

Heliosciurus mutabilis shircnsis (Gray) 93

Acthosciurus byatti byatti (Kershaw) 94

Aethosciurus byatti laetus subsp. nov 96

Aethosciurus lucifer (Thomas) 97

Paraxerus cepapi quotus Wroughton 98

CRICETIDAE

Dipodilliis hardwoodi luteus Dollman 99

Tatera vicina muansae (Matschie) 99

Tatcra bohmi varia Heller 100

MURIDAE

Dendromus mesomelas nyasae Thomas 100

Dendromus melanotis nyikae Wroughton 101

Thamnomys surdaster surdaster Thomas & Wroughton 102

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 51

Page

Thallomys damarensis scotti Thomas & Hinton 103

Rattus rattus kijabius (J. A. Allen) 104

Praomys tullbergi jacksoni (De Winton) 106

Praomys tullbergi melanotus subsp. nov 106

Hylomyscus weileri (Lonnberg & Gyldenstolpe) 108

Hylomyscus stella kaimosae (Heller) 110

Mastomys concha victoriae (Matschie) 110

Leggada triton murilla Thomas Ill

Leggada bella induta Thomas Ill

Leggada gerbillus sp. nov 112

Cricetomys gavibianus viator Thomas 113

Lophuromys aquilus aquilus (True) 114

Lophuromys sikapusi ansorgei De Winton 114

Dasymys f helukus Heller 115

Pelomys falla.v insignatus Osgood 116

Arvicanthis abyssinicus rubescens Wroughton 116

Arxicanthis abyssinicus muansae (Matschie) 117

Arvicanthis abyssinicus neumanni (Matschie) 117

Lemniscomys striatus massaicus (Pagenstecher) 118

Rhabdomys pumilio diminutus (Thomas) 118

Otomys percimli Dollman 119

Otomys (Anchotomys) anchietae lacustris subsp. nov 120

GRAPHIURIDAE

Claviglis murinus isolatus (Heller) 122

Claviglis soleatus collaris subsp. nov 122

PEDETIDAE

Pedetcs cafer dentatus Miller 123

BATHYERGIDAE

Cryptomys hottentotus whytci (Thomas) 124

Crypto my s hottentotus occlusus subsp. nov 125

HYSTRICIDAE

Hystrix galeata conradsi F. Miiller 126

THRYONOMYIDAE

Thryonomys swinderianus variegatus (Peters) 127

LEPORIDAE

Lepus capensis victoriae Thomas 128

SUIDAE

Koiropotamus koiropotamus daemonis (Major) 129

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BOVIDAE Page

Cephahphus melanorheus lugens Thomas 129

Sylvicapra grimmia subsp 130

Raphicerus campestrus neumanni (Matschie) 131

Rhynchotragus kirki nyikae Heller 131

Redunca arundinum (Boddaert) 132

Kobus ellipsiprymnus kondensis Matschie 133

Adenota vardoni senganus (Sclater & Thomas) 134

Tragelaphus scriptus massaicus Neumann 134

ELEPHANTIDAE

Loxodonta africana knochcnhaueri (Matschie) 135

PROCAVIIDAE

Procavia matschiei Neumann 136

Hcterohyrax brucei victor ia-nj 'ansae Brauer 136

Heterohyrax brucei dicsneri Brauer 137

Hcterohyrax brucei prittwitzi Brauer 138

Heterohyrax lademanni Brauer 139

ERINACEIDAE
Atelerix albiventris hindei (Thomas)

Erinaceus hindei Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 6, p. 193: Kitui,
near Mt. Elgon, Kenya Colony.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 25708-9) Mangasini, Usandawi. 14. xii. 29.
cf 9 9 (M. C. Z. 26425, 26743-4) Ukara Id., Lake Victoria. 14-19.
vi. 30.

Native names. Kamasi (Kisandawi); kenye (Kinyaturu); nabuku
(Kikerevve).

Distribution. This hedgehog does not occur on Ukerewe Island
according to Pere Conrads; Ukara Island is close to Ukerewe; the
absence of this animal from the larger island is possibly attributable
to the presence of large numbers of Carnivora on Ukerewe.

Discussion. Of this series three show the paler type of coloring
in which the spines are white-tipped, with a dark brownish-black
band in the middle, then a whitish base. Two of the Ukara speci-
mens have the whitish tips and bases pale ochraceous, but since
both are older animals, this may be a result of age. It was appar-
ently this variation which led Heller to describe sotikae which Hollister

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 53

has shown to be synonymous with hindei. In all, the feet and faces
are dark brown.

Measurements. The largest cf (Ukara Id.) measured 160. 20. 25.
20 mm.; the largest 9 (Mangasini) 135. 15. 26. 25 mm.

Diet. One hedgehog attacked and disembowelled a live Egg-
eating Snake (Dasypcltis scabcr) which had been temporarily placed
in the same cage.

MACROSCELIDIDAE
Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni Thomas

Rhynchocyon hendersoni Thomas, 1902, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 10, p. 403:
Plateau west of Lake Nyasa, Nyasaland.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 26741-2) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 1. i. 30.
9 9 (M. C. Z. 26739-40) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 18 & 20. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 26448) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 7. iv. 30.
also seven native skins without skulls, purchased at Dabaga.

Native names. Sangi (Kihehe); kasonde (Kinyakusa).

Discussion. With the elimination of Rhynchocyon chrysopygus
and petersi, the black and rufous elephant shrews, to form a separate
genus, Rhinonax, as proposed by Thomas (1918, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (9), 1, p. 370), Rhynchocyon becomes limited to the checkered-
backed species R. cirnei and its geographical forms, which occupy
an area from central Tanganyika west to the eastern Belgian Congo
and south into Mozambique. Typical cirnei, described by W. Peters
from Mozambique, has the pattern least marked, consisting of two
pairs of stripes on each side of the midline, broken into alternate
chestnut and pale-buffy spots with a faint indication of a third clearly
continuous lateral pale line. Its range extends at least to the south-
eastern corner of Lake Nyasa.

In northern Nyasaland occurs hendersoni, the type of which prob-
ably came from near Livingstonia where Mr. Henderson lived who
sent specimens to Thomas. In this form the ground color is darker
and the broken stripes much better developed, the dorsal pair nearly
black and continuous on the median border, and the alternating
paler spots forming nearly whitish indentations on the outer portion.
The second pair of stripes is more rufous but with the white spots
equally contrasted and forming similar reentrants on the outer edge
of each; the third row of white spots is nearly continuous and is
separated by a dark chestnut band from the row above it; the terminal
fourth of the tail is white.

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To the northeast, in eastern Tanganyika is a paler race, swynnertoni,
with buffier ground color and slightly buffy instead of white spots,
of which the Museum of Comparative Zoology has a pair of topotypes
collected by Loveridge at Kipera, Kilosa.

To the northwest, on the plateau west of Lake Tanganyika, is
found the much redder reichardi whose type locality is Marunga,
eastern Belgian Congo. The late Dr. J. A. Allen has pointed out the
extremes of color variation in the species, or subspecies, stuhlmanni
of the Semliki River.

It is interesting to find that the form collected by Loveridge on
Rungwe Mountain, at the northwest end of Lake Nyasa is obviously
hendersoni, the dark color of which may be correlated with the more
moist conditions under which it lives as contrasted with either cirnei
or swynnertoni.

Measurements. The only cf (Dabaga) measured 250. 190. 70.
30 mm.; the largest 9 (Rungwe) 270. 256. 70. 34 mm.

Breeding. A female killed at Kigogo was apparently suckling young;
the specimen from Rungwe was not in breeding condition, there
was no fetus. I found the nest of one of these animals in the Nkuka
Forest at an elevation of 7,500 feet. The entrance was between two
moss-covered roots of a sapling; these roots formed an arch whose
apex was six inches from the ground. On the further side was a
depression which appeared to have been scratched out by the ele-
phant shrew, then filled with dead leaves till the total mass of leaves
formed a domed nest in size and shape comparable to a regulation
Rugby football. The animal curls up in the middle of this mass.
I confess that I did not know what animal had made it until I had
drawn Salimu's attention to the nest when he said immediately that
it was the nest of an elephant shrew for in his own home forests on
the LTluguru Mountains he had seen these creatures bolt from such
nests when he had approached them.

Parasites. Tapeworms were found in the stomach of the Rungwe
elephant shrew.

Habitat. The Dabaga specimen was shot in the New Forest Re-
serve just above the Sonson River on the left side of the Dabaga-
Muhanga track. I shot one Kigogo shrew as it was running across
an open sunlit patch in the rain forest. During three weeks spent
hunting in this forest less than half a dozen shrews were heard or
seen so it may be assumed that they are uncommon. The Rungwe
animal lacks a right ear, an old injury, probably the result of fighting.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 55

Rhinonax petersi petersi (Bocage)

Rhynchocyon petersi Bocage, 1SS0, Journ. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisboa, 7, p.
159: Tanganyika Territory, region of Zanzibar.

Diet. On April 1, 1930, Salimu reported having seen a Peters'
Elephant Shrew, a species with which he is perfectly familiar, feeding
on soldier ants (Dorylus -nigricans burmeisteri) which were crossing
the path in the vicinity of the bamboo belt in the Nkuka Forest.
Unfortunately we failed to secure any examples of this species during
our stay in the forest.

Petrodromtjs matschiei venustus Thomas ,

Petrodromus venustus Thomas, 1903, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 12, p. 339:
Namwiwe, northern Nyasaland.

3 cf 9 (M. C. Z. 25685-8) Unyanganyi, Turu. 6. xii. 29.

Native name. Nyenge (Kinyaturu).

Discussion. The four specimens of this beautiful buffy shrew from
Unyanganyi, east of Singida, appear to constitute an extension of
its known range from northern Nyasaland northward, well into
central Tanganyika. They are strikingly pale in comparison with
neighbouring forms, having a vinaceous dorsal area, bright buffy
sides and white belly. The tail is black above and all round on its
distal half. In style of coloration and the rather abundant hair
of the tail they resemble P. matschiei, but are paler above, through
a great reduction of the long black hairs. Their relationship is doubt-
less with the latter animal, of which they are here regarded as a
subspecies.

Measurements. The largest cf measured 220. 170. 60. 38 mm.;
the 9 220. 170. 60. 38 mm.

Petrodromus (Cercoctenus) sultan sultan Thomas

Petrodromus sultani Thomas, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 435: Mombasa,

Kenya Colony.
Petrodromus sultan Thomas, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 928: correction

of misprint.

c? (M. C. Z. 26876) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 3. i. 30.

Native name. Dongi (Kihehe).

Discussion. A single native skin purchased at Kigogo, constitutes
an interesting inland record for this coastwise species. Its dark

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color, lacking the paler gray sides and with whitish instead of ochra-
ceous belly indicate that it is a male.

Elephantulus ocularis Kershaw

Elephantulus ocularis Kershaw, 1921, Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist. (9), 8, p. 563:
Dodoma, Tanganyika Territory.

24 (M. C. Z. 25649-56, 58, 59, 61-68, 72, 74) Kikuyu, Dodoma. 21. xii. 29.

Discussion. This series of twenty skins and four alcoholics are
really topotypes being collected in the same patch of country from
which Loveridge secured the types. Kikuyu is only a couple of miles
from Dodoma and rather less from Loveridge's former camp.

This elephant shrew is distinguished from the somewhat darker
race following, chiefly by its much more extensive buffy to ochraceous
tint which extends over the median area of the back, correlated per-
haps with a rather hotter, drier environment.

Measurements. The largest <? measured 140. 125. 34. 25 mm.;
the largest 9 145. 140. 35. 25 mm.

Elephantulus renatus Kershaw

Elephantulus renatus Kershaw, 1923, Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist. (9), 11, p. 588:
Gwao's village, near Singida, Tanganyika Territory.

33 (M. C. Z. 25648, 57, 60, 69, 77, 79, 82, 83 (+alcoholics)) Unyan-

ganyi, Turu. 4-6. xii. 29.
18 (M. C. Z. 25670, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, S4 (+ alcoholics)) Man-

gasini, Usandawi. 12. xii. 29.

Native names. Mbulu or mbulu sange (Kinyaturu and Kisandawi).

Discussion. The above series of which twenty-two are alcoholics
are distinctly of this form, as might be expected coming as they do
from points just northeast and east of the type locality.

They are nearly uniformly buffy brown over the back, without
the characteristic ochraceous tint of E. ocularis to which, however,
they are evidently closely related. Both are no doubt to be regarded
as only subspecifically related and probably should be entered as
subspecies of rufescens.

Measurements. The largest c? (Mangasini) measured 135. 130.
30. 25 mm.; largest 9 (Unyanganyi) 145. 130. 35. 25 mm.

Breeding. A young male measuring 60. 53. 25. 12 mm., obtained
at Unyanganyi on December 4, had its stomach full of milk.

Parasites. Female nematodes (Physaloptcra sp.) were present in
Unyanganyi shrews.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 57

SORICIDAE

Suncus lixa (Thomas)

Crocidura (Pachyura) lixa Thomas, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 930:
Nyika Plateau, Nyasaland.

9 (Mi C. Z. 26759) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 9. vi. 30.

Discussion. Shrews of this genus seem rare in Africa; perhaps
they are already in process of becoming eliminated by the more
numerous and progressive Crocidura. In its bicolor tail this Mwanza
shrew agrees with the description of lixa of northern Nyasaland
rather than with the dark-tailed S. I. aequatoria of the Taita Hills
of Kenya Colony. The upper surface is distinctly gray with a faint
brownish tinge, the lower side clear dark gray, the feet whitish, tail
dark above, whitish below. The skull length is 19.5 mm.; basal
length 17.7 mm.; palatal length 8.7 mm.; greatest width 8.5 mm.;
upper toothrow S.6 mm.; lower toothrow 7.7 mm.

Measurevients. This 9 measured 65. 46. 10. 8 mm.

Habitat. It was taken under the boxes in my tent where it probably
found an abundant food supply in the hundreds of field cockroaches
that swarmed in the grass. The tent was only fifty yards from the
landing stage used by the Ukerewe boats.

Suncus varilla minor subsp. now

Type. No. 26,754 Museum of Comparative Zoology. Adult 9
skin and skull from Kitungulu, Urungu, Tanganyika Territory.
Collected by A. Loveridge, May 14, 1930.

Description. A minute shrew resembling S. varilla in its grayish-
brown upper surface, but of somewhat smaller proportions; cranial
length 15.2 mm. against 17.4 mm. in varilla. General color of entire
dorsal surface of head and body pale cinnamon brown tinged with
gray on account of the minute gray tips or subterminal rings of the
hairs; longest hairs of the back about 4 mm.; sides and under surface
of body clear gray tipped with whitish giving a silvery effect. LTpper
side of tail brownish with longer gray bristle hairs scattered through-
out its length; its lower side pale whitish; backs of feet and bases
of ears thinly clad with minute white hairs, upper part of ears brown-
ish like back.

The skull is minute, considerably smaller than that of varilla,
15.2 mm. in greatest length. The main cusp of the large first upper

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incisor is gently curved downwards, its basal cusp low and rounded.
The first upper unicuspid is largest, its tip reaching the level of the
cusp of the anterior incisor; the second and third unicuspids are
nearly equal in size, the second minutely narrower in profile but its
cusp quite as high as that of the third; the fourth unicuspid is much
smaller, but stands full in the tooth row, is well visible in side view,
and its cusp is almost half as high as that of the third.

Measurements. The field measurements of the type are as follows:
head and body 45 mm., hence 7-12 mm. smaller than in varilla and
infinitesima, but the short tail is about the same, 30 mm.; foot 10
mm.; ear 10 mm. The skull is intermediate in size between that
of these two: greatest length 15.2 mm. (against 17.4 and 14.5 mm.
respectively); basal length 14 mm.; palatal Length 6.6 mm.; greatest
breadth 6.8 mm.; upper tooth row 6.2 mm.; i1 to p4 inclusive 4.2 mm.;
lower tooth row 6.1 mm.; lower jaw from condyle to tip of incisor
9.2 mm.

Discussion. This pygmy shrew differs from S. infinitesima (type
from Rumruti, Laikipia Plateau, Kenya Colony) in its distinctly
gray-mixed dorsal side, as in varilla, not uniform brown as in the
former; in its slightly larger hind foot and larger skull, and in the
relative size of the upper unicuspids, of which the first is large, the
second and third subequal instead of the second markedly smaller
(only about half the size of the third).

The members of this genus are so rare in collections that I cannot
yet be certain of the range of individual variation in size, but since
it does not seem possible wholly to reconcile the characters of this
specimen with those of the few other described forms, I am regarding
it as a smaller northern race of S. varilla of the Cape.

Habitat. This shrew was found beneath a log in dry orchard forest.

Crocidura ny ansae kivu Osgood

Crocidura flavescens kivu Osgood, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 370:
Lake Kivu, Eastern Belgian Congo.

c? (M. C. Z. 26748) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 9. xi. 29.
cf (M. C. Z. 26749) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 14. i. 30.
c? 9 9 (M. C. Z. 26745-7) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 16. vi. 30.

Native names. Nyunga (Kihehe); msusukwe (Kikerewe).
Discussion. These three large shrews agree in the dark velvety
and glossy pelage, which is so different from that of other shrews

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 59

as to suggest possible aquatic habits. Two are immature but nearly
full grown.

Two others from Dabaga and Kigogo in the Uzungwe Mountains
are probably the same or at least closely related to this form, although
a little smaller and less glossy (due to wear and fading of pelage).
Their skulls are about 27-28 mm. long, upper toothrow 12 mm.

Measurements. Dabaga c? 115. 70. 20. 10 mm.; Kigogo cT 100.
66. 20. 10 mm., though it should be noted that the measurement of
the foot when dried is 18 mm. The young c? from Ukerewe Island
measured 100. 70. 20. 10 mm., as did also the young 9 , while the
adult 9 measured 125. 85. 20. 10 mm.

Parasites. The encapsuled larvae of an ascarid (Anisakinae) were
very numerous on the back and hindquarters of the Kigogo shrew.

Enemies. Another of these shrews was recovered from the stomach
of a Striped Schaapsteker (T rimer orhinus tritaeniatus) , also at Kigogo.

Crocidura ny ansae nyansae Neumann

Crocidura flavescens nyansae Neumann, 1900, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 6, p. 544:
Fort Lubwa, Usoga, Uganda.

c? (M. C. Z. 26750) Albertville, Lake Tanganyika. 21. v. 30.

Discussion. This single large shrew from Albertville, Belgian
Congo, is probably nearer to nyansae than to C. n. kivu. It appears
to be in fresh short pelage which is not yet fully grown out, giving it
a pale brownish-gray tint. The typical form is supposed to be char-
acteristic of the country at the north end of Lake Victoria.

Measurements. This cf measured 120. 85. 20. 10 mm.

Habitat. Taken beneath a bundle of thatching grass lying near
an unfinished hut on the outskirts of the town and very near the
lake shore.

Crocidura neavei Wroughton

Crocidura neavei Wroughton, 1907, Manchester Mem., 51, no. 5, p. 7: Kafue
River, Northern Rhodesia.

d" 9 (M. C. Z. 26257-8) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 31. i. 30.

Discussion. In his review of the African Crocidurae Dollman says
that but two examples of this species were known, the type from
Kafue River, northern Rhodesia, taken by Neave and a second se-
cured by the same collector on the Kalungwisi River, east of Lake
Meru. It is, therefore, a considerable eastward extension of the
known range to record these two from Tanganyika.

60 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The very dark blackish-brown color above, dark-gray underside,
long hind feet and the long blackish tail with its very few bristles
confined to the base, are distinctive characters.

Measurements. The c? measured 76. 66. 17. 10 mm.; the 9 80.
70. 17. 10 mm.

Habitat. Taken inside a decayed tree trunk at a height of about
three feet from the ground.

Crocidura suahelae Heller

Crocidura suahelae Heller, 1912, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 60, No. 12, p. 6:
Mazeras, Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 25689) Bagamoyo, Tang. Terr. 9. xi. 29.

Discussion. This reddish-brown shrew seems to be a coastwise
species in Kenya Colony, so that it is not very surprising to find
it at Bagamoyo on the coast in the adjacent part of Tanganyika
Territory.

Measurement. This 9 measured So. 56. 14. 8 mm.

Crocidura hildegardeae hildegardeae Thomas

Crocidura hildegardeae Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 14, p. 240:
Fort Hall, Kenya Colony.

4 (M. C. Z. 26755-8) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 27. i. 30.

5 (M. C. Z. 26252-6) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 22. ii. 30.
2 (M. C. Z. 26752-3) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 24. iv. 30.

1 (M. C. Z. 26751) Albertville, Lake Tanganyika. 21. v. 30.

Native names. Nyunga (Kihehe) ; ntzeki (Kikinga) ; akasene (Kinya-
kusa).

Discussion. As Hollister showed, this is a common and widely
distributed species in eastern Africa. He recorded it from many
localities in Kenya Colony as well as from Uganda and Kilimanjaro.
In the series of twelve secured by Loveridge mostly in southwestern
Tanganyika Territory, there seems to be nothing to separate them
clearly from the typical form of this species, although they probably
average a little darker brown. The specimen from Albertville ex-
tends the known range to the west side of Lake Tanganyika.

Measurements. The largest d1 (Kigogo) measured 76. 66. 17.
10 mm. ; the largest 9 (Kigogo) 80. 70. 17. 10 mm.

Breeding. Three of these shrews were found beneath a log, rotted
and concave on its lower surface, on the outskirts of the rain forest.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 61

There was no nest and all three animals were active though only
one ran away. This was a female which I took to be the mother for
she was ten millimetres longer in the body than either of the pair
of young which measured 65. 45. 15. 10 mm. A male captured the
same day was actually taken seven miles away.

Crocidura bicolor cuninghamei Thomas

Crocidura cuninghamei Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 14, p. 240:
Island in Victoria Nyanza.

9 (M. C. Z. 26383) Entebbe, Lake Victoria. 27. vi. 30.

Native name. Kavinuvmu (Luganda).

Discussion. This specimen seems to agree well with the descrip-
tion of the type which was taken on a small uninhabited island, a
mile north of Sajitu Island in Victoria Nyanza. Since our specimen
was taken under a log only ten feet from the lake shore, it may be
that this species prefers the borders of streams or lakes.

Measurements. 9 65. 45. 14. 10 mm.

CHRYSOCHLORIDAE

Chlorotalpa stuhlmanni (Matschie)

Chrysochloris stuhlmanni Matschie, 1894, Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin,
p. 123: Runssoro near Karevia, Ukondjo and Kinjawanga, etc., Belgian
Congo.

d" (M. C. Z. 26736) Ihanganya, Uzungwe Mtns., 6. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 26738) Ludilo, Uzungwe Mtns. 8. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 26737) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 22. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 26447) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 2. ii. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 26314) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 17. iv. 30.

Native names. Ifufula (Kihehe); lisukadope (Kikinga).

Discussion. This series of five specimens is very uniform in general
appearance, having the facial region soiled whitish or buffy, with a
whiter spot marking the eye (? or ear). The fur of the dorsal side is
glossy blackish brown with green and purplish reflections, the lower
surface grayer. They doubtless represent Matschie's stuhlmanni.
In this genus there are normally forty teeth (ten in each jaw on each
side) but one specimen (No. 26,736) has eleven on each side above
although only ten in the mandible on each side. The eleventh tooth,

62 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

perhaps representing an original m3, is similar to the usual last tooth,
transverse, and slightly pear-shaped in crown view.

All the specimens agree in having such inflated bullae that the
greatest antero-posterior diameter of the bulla equals the distance
from bulla to last molar, whereas in the unique specimen from the
Uluguru Mountains which we described as C. tropiealis, the bullae
are so much smaller, that the distance between the bulla and the
last molar is nearly one and a half times this diameter. In addition
the Uluguru animal is browner with a clear white and more extensive
facial mask than in any of the five specimens of stuhlmanni.

Measurements. The single d" measured 135. 0. 13. 0 mm.; the
largest 9 (Madehani) 130. 0. 10. 0 mm.

Breeding. None of the four females appeared to be breeding.

Enemies. A skull is also preserved which I imagine resulted from
a disintegrated pellet disgorged by an owl; this skull was in the bot-
tom of a saw-pit in the Nkuka Forest.

Habitat. The Ihanganya specimen was found lying dead beside
the path near Jumbe Ubamba's village; two carrion beetles were
crawling over it. The mole was very draggled and had apparently
been drowned out of its burrow by the almost continuous rain of the
past forty-eight hours; probably exposure had finished the creature
when in an exhausted and half-drowned condition.

On arrival at Ludilo I showed the skin of this mole to a group of
natives (as I had done at each halting place on the way) and offered
fifty cents (12c in U. S. currency) for every one that might be brought
in in good condition. I saw a bright-faced youngster look up at his
aged father and say something quickly in Kihehe. "Go, bring it,"
was the terse reply in Kiswahili. The boy broke away from the group
and raced off in the direction of the gardens. Presently he returned
walking, gingerly holding a dead mole between two sticks. I put
the fifty cents in his hand and the look of wondering amazement
that he gave me was most refreshing. He looked from me to the
fifty-cent piece, turned it over, then looked at his father, who told
him to keep it. It was probably the first fifty cents he had ever pos-
sessed as their home was in a very remote spot. I told him to go and
bring me some more at the same price but he shook his head; it
transpired that the one he had brought had been killed and thrown
away that morning when hoeing was in progress. The lad remained
for an hour watching me at work, so it was pretty evident that he
thought further search would be useless, for several times I reminded
him that there were only two hours of daylight left and that, as I

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 63

would be leaving at dawn, his opportunity would then be gone.
His attitude merely corroborated that of the natives whom I had
interrogated along the way, they one and all considered that searching
for an ifufula was a hopeless business.

The Kigogo and Madehani moles were brought in by natives,
and though I was camped for three weeks at each of these places
no others were forthcoming despite special encouragements being
offered.

On arrival at the Nkuka Forest, we found old bamboo mole-traps
and set many ourselves but without result. Moles seemed to be
more plentiful on Rungwe than in any other place that we had visited,
fresh lines of upturned earth would appear every few days in the
vicinity of the camp but though the local natives were urged to
hunt for them, none was produced. The day before we left Rungwe
I told Salimu to take a labourer and make the securing of a mole
his first business. He started digging where two days before a mole
had raised a trail across a path close to my tent. After three hours
excavating he located the mole, a female, in its nest — a mass of
dry leaves — under the sheltering roots of a large tree within a hun-
dred feet of my tent! I was called and observed an insect running
over the leaves which had formed the nest. Salimu stated that there
had been many of them but that the others had disappeared. I
secured the one that remained.

PTEROPIDAE
Epomophorus minor Dobson

Epomophorus minor Dobson, 1880 (for 1879), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 715:
Zanzibar.

10 (M. C. Z. 26214-23) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 5-7. iii. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26707) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 26. v. 30.

Distribution. Andersen, in his monograph of the family, records
this bat from the Zanzibar region on the coast and from Ujiji, Lake
Tanganyika; the present series extends the known range southwards
to Lake Nyasa.

Native name. Ilipulwnusi (Kinyakusa).

Discussion. The whole series consists of males; in none of the nine
fully adult specimens do the temporal ridges meet to form a sagittal
crest, in contrast to the condition in E. anurus. All the series agree
in their dark-brown color above, prominent white epaulettes and

64 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

whitish abdomens; at the sides of the chest the dark brown becomes
smoky brown.

Measurements. The largest cf measured 115. 0. 15. 20. 200 mm.;
juvenile tf (Ujiji) 60. 0. 15. 22. 185 mm.

Breeding. The fact that only males were obtained at Mwaya would
suggest that the females were roosting apart with young at this time —
March 7. At Ujiji a young animal was independent.

Parasites. One Mwaya bat had some parasites, which I failed to
detach, along the edges of its right wing; another a parasitic dipteron,
Tripselia amiculata, which was preserved; others were collected
from the fur of the Ujiji bat.

Habitat. The Mwaya series were shot from palms and mango trees
surrounding the hospital; they were hanging singly or in groups of
two and three.

Epomophorus anurus Heuglin

Epomophorus anurus Heuglin, 1S64, Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Carol., Halle, 31,
pt. 8, p. 12: Bongo, Bahr el Ghazal.

1 (M. C. Z. 26426) Ilolo, Rungwe. 31. iii. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 26682-90) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 14. vi. 30.

Discussion. There are apparently no adult males in the series.
In none is there a well-marked whitish abdominal area, but instead
the lower side is nearly uniform pinkish buff, only slightly paler on
the belly.

Measurements. The largest o71 measured 115. 0. 15. 25. 230 mm.,
the largest 9 115. 0. 16. 21. 230 mm. A juvenile 9 from Ilolo
85. 0. 15. 25. 160 mm.

Habitat. The series was obtained from mango trees near the mission
where they roosted.

EMBALLONURIDAE

Coleura afra (Peters)

Emballonura afra Peters, 1852, Reise nach Mossamb., 1, p. 51, pi. 12, fig. 1
and pi. 13, figs. 18 and 19: Tette, Mozambique.

15 (M. C. Z. 26725-34) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.

Discussion. The capture of a series of this rare bat at Mwanza
extends its known range in East Africa from Voi on the coast, to
the Central Lake Region. Hollister suggested that gallarum may
prove to be merely a subspecies of it, but probably it is really a dis-

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 65

tinct species, with shorter forearm and brown instead of sooty color.
The upper canines of afra have a very pronounced cingulum cusp
on the inner side, about as large as the incisor; the minute upper
premolar too has a distinct cingulum and low rounded crown. Five
of the series are preserved in alcohol.

Measurements. The largest cf measured 60. 20. 10. 15. 150 mm.;
only 9 65. 20. 10. 15. 150 mm.

Habitat. Attracted by the squeaking of bats to some large caverns
among the jumble of massive rocks on a headland a few miles north
of Mwanza, I climbed down into a great, yet well-lighted, cavern.
From the rocky ceiling numbers of bats depended by their feet but
each was separate from its fellows and not in clumps or even Aery
close together, so that each one was shot separately with dust shot
from a .22 cartridge.

Taphozous mauritianus E. Geoffroy

Taphozous mauritianus E. Geoffroy, 1813, Description de 1'Egypte, 2, p. 127:
Mauritius.

1 (M. C Z. 25721) Unyanganyi, Turu. 7. xii. 29.

2 (M. C. Z. 26226, 26270) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 7. iii. 30.

2 (M. C. Z. 26718, 26722) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 25. v. 30.

Distribution. Also seen on the coconut palms at Bagamoyo.

Native name. Ilipulumusi (Kinyakusa).

Discussion. This wide-ranging species is doubtless, as suggested
by Lang and Chapin, characteristic of bush-veld country in eastern
Africa, avoiding forests. They found it in the eastern Congo fre-
quently hanging by day close under the projecting thatch of houses,
but in Tanganyika it seems to be associated more often with palms
and mango trees.

Measurements. The largest d71 measured 85. 20. 15. 20. 195 mm.;
larger 9 95. 26. 12. 21. 197 mm., from Mwaya and Unyanganyi
respectively.

Habitat. From a solitary palm (? bussu) at UJnyanganyi, and
ornamental palms forming an avenue to the hospital at Mwaya.

Taphozous Sudani Thomas

Taphozous Sudani Thomas, 1915, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 15, p. 561: Mon-
galla, Upper Nile.

9 (M. C. Z. 26724) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 30. iv. 30.

Discussion. This single example agrees closely with the original
description of a specimen from the Upper Nile and with specimens

66 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

listed by J. A. Allen, Lang and Chapin from the northeastern Uele
District. Its occurrence at Igale constitutes another interesting
locality record and extends its known range considerably to the south
to the vicinity of the north end of Lake Nyasa. Its nearly uniform
sooty-brown body with white bases to the hairs and its whitish wings
are obvious characters.

Measurements. 9 80. 30. 13. 19. 190 mm.

Habitat. Taken in a rock crevice.

NYCTERIDAE *
Nycteris aethiopica luteola Thomas

Nycteris aethiopica luteola Thomas, 1901, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 8, p. 30:
Kitui, Kenya Colony.

22 (M. C. Z. 25722-7, 25729, 28112-5) Unyanganyi, Turu. 7. xii.29.

Native name. Tai (Kinyaturu).

Discussion. The whole series, of which fifteen are preserved in
alcohol, includes adults of both sexes as well as several naked young.
They were taken from a hollow baobab tree by four native lads.

Measurements. The largest cf measured 75. 57. 15. 30. 165 mm.;
and 9 72. 65. 15. 33. 170 mm.

Breeding. Several of the females were nursing young.

Nycteris damarensis damarensis Peters

Nycteris damarensis Peters, 1870, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 905, fig. 7:
Damaraland, Southwest Africa.

4 (M. C. Z. 25730-3) Saranda, Ugogo. 17. xii. 29.

Discussion. These specimens with forearm 46-48.5 mm. seem best
referred to the typical race. Their long ears and pale grayish-brown
backs and almost whitish underside distinguish them from the small
dark revoili and the larger Ar. a. luteola.

Measurements. The larger cf measured 50. 50. 10. 30. 140 mm.,
and both 9 9 55. 60. 10. 30. 142 mm.

Breeding. One female carried a young male measuring 45. 40. 10.
25. 120 mm.

Habitat. All four were hanging in a grass hut in the government
rest camp.

* Nycteris takes precedence over Petalia by fiat of the International Zoological Congress.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 67

Nycteris revoili A. Robin
Nycteris revoili Robin, 1881, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 5, p. 90: Somaliland.

10 (M. C. Z. 28126-35) Unyanganyi, Turu. 7. xii. 29.
4 (M. C. Z. 26427-30) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 25. ii. 30.

Discussion. The four examples from Madehani average much
sootier brown than specimens from the drier thorn-bush country
of eastern Tanganyika and Kenya Colony. One is, however, quite
the same shade of dark brown above, so that the darker shade of
the others is perhaps due to immaturity though they are fully grown.
The skulls are slightly smaller than those of capensis to the south,
with longer crests.

Measurements. The only Madehani cf measures 50. 55. 10. 30.
135 mm., and the largest Madehani 9 measures 50. 55. 10. 30.
135 mm.

Habitat. If the statement of their native captors is to be relied
upon the Unyanganyi series (preserved in alcohol) were taken in
the same hollow baobab tree together with the series of Nycteris
aethiopica luteola and a pair of Rhinolophus lobatus Peters.

RHINOLOPHIDAE

Rhinolophus hildebrandti eloquens Andersen

Rhinolophus hildebrandti eloquens Andersen, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7),
15, p. 74: Entebbe, Uganda.

9 (M. C. Z. 25728) Unyanganyi, Turu. 7. xii. 29.

Discussion. This single specimen in its measurements represents
about the maximum given by Andersen for topotypes of this race
from Entebbe — forearm 60.5 mm., third metacarpal 43 mm., fourth
and fifth metacarpals 46 mm., tibia 25.8 mm., foot 13.6 mm. In
the skull the minute upper premolar, though forced outward from
the tooth row, nevertheless separates the canine and the large pre-
molar by a minute space. In the lower jaw, the minute premolar
is lacking on the right side, but present on the left as a minute spicule
under the cingulum of the large p4. No doubt, as suggested by Ander-
sen, this is an inland form, characteristic of the Central Lake Region;
the present record perhaps constitutes the most southeasterly made.

Measurements. 9 65. 60. 15. 30. 160 mm.

68 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Rhinolophus lobatus Peters

Rhinolophus lobatus Peters, 1852, Reise nach Mossamb., 1, p. 41, pis. ix and
xiii, figs. 16 and 17: Sena, Mozambique.

2 (M. C. Z. 28136-7) Unyanganyi, Turu. 7. xii. 29.

Native name. Tai (Kinyaturu, but not specific).
Discussion. This pair, a male and female, are preserved in alcohol.
Habitat. According to their native captors, these bats were taken
in a hollow baobab tree in company with two species of Nycteris.

HIPPOSIDERIDAE

Hipposideros ruber (Noack)

Phyllorhina rubra Noack, 1S93, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 7, p. 5S6: "Lugerrunjere
River."

9 (M. C. Z. 26675) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 10. vi. 30.

Discussion. The single specimen from Ukerewe Island is in the
gray phase in which the pelage is uniformly sooty above to the roots
of the hairs; drab below.

Measurements. 9 45. 38. 10. 15. 150 mm.; the forearm measures
50 mm.

MEGADERMIDAE

Lavia frons rex Miller

Lavia rex Miller, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 18, p. 227: Taveta, Kenya
Colony.

<? 9 (M. C. Z. 26694-5) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 28. v. 30.
c? 9 and young (M. C. Z. 26691-3) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 10-18.
vi. 30.

Discussion. These represent the larger East African race of the
handsome yellow-winged bat. Two of the Ukerewe specimens are
young, the smaller about a third grown, June 10, the other of nearly
adult proportions, June 18.

Measurements. The largest d" measured 75. 0. 18. 46. 185 mm.,
and largest 9 75. 0. 15. 46. 195 mm., both from Ukerewe Island.

Habitat. Ujiji specimens were shot from mango trees forming an
avenue in one of the main roads.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE : AFRICAN MAMMALS 69

VESPERTILIONIDAE

Myotis bocagii hildegardeae Thomas

Mijotis hildegardeae Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 13, p. 209: Fort
Hall, Kenya Colony.

2 (M. C. Z. 26699-700) Kasanga, Lake Tanganyika. 16-17. v. 30.

Discussion. These two males are quite like a specimen from
Aba, Belgian Congo. The bright fulvous red of the back is in con-
trast to the gray of the undersurface faintly washed and buffy.

Measurements. The larger d71 measured 52. 45. 10. 15. 125 mm.;
forearm 38 mm.

Habitat. Taken in domestic banana plants.

Pipistrellus nanus (Peters)

Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852, Reise nach Mossamb., 1, p. 63, pi. 16, fig. 2:
Inhambane, Mozambique.

3 (M. C. Z. alcoholic) Bagamoyo. 16. xi. 29.
10 (M. C. Z. 26431-40) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 24. ii. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26696) Kitungulu, Urungu. 15. v. 30.
7 (M. C. Z. 26697-8, 26701-5) Kasanga, Lake Tanganyika. 16. v.

30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26441) Mabira Forest, Uganda. 1. vii. 30.

Native names. Lilema (Kikinga); kasusu (Kirungu).

Discussion. A considerable series of these little bats was obtained.
They agree completely with Peters' description. There is relatively
little color variation in the series, most of them being dusky brown
above and gray below with dark-based hairs. A few, however, show
a brighter tint, yellowish brown above, faintly washed with the
same below. The Uganda specimen is slightly darker than the others,
perhaps due to immaturity.

Measurements. The largest cf (Ukerewe) measured 45. 38. 5. 10.
150 mm.; and largest 9 (Madehani) 45. 35. 5. 10. 100 mm.

Habitat. It is probable that the Madehani series, brought in by a
native, were taken in some adjacent low-lying valley as none was
seen as high as the village. Wild bananas, however, are common
and these were examined without results. I personally took the
Bagamoyo and Kitungulu bats from the central shoot, as yet un-
furled, of domestic banana plants.

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Pipistrellus ruppelii (Fischer)

Vespertilio ruppelii Fischer, 1829, Synopsis Mamm., p. 109: Dongola, Sudan.

9 (M. C. Z. 26706) Kasanga, Lake Tanganyika. 17. v. 30.

10 (M. C. Z. 26665-8, 26676-81) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 10

vi. 30.

Discussion. The series from Ukerewe Island includes only one
adult male, six adult females and three immatures, perhaps two-
thirds grown. The contrastingly pure white under side and the brown-
ish-gray back make an unusual color pattern in this genus. Indeed,
Miller and J. A. Allen include the species in the genus Scotozous,
but Hollister in his list of East African specimens in the United
States National Museum, relegates it, and I believe correctly, to
Pipistrellus, for, as this fine series clearly shows, the small outer
upper incisor is not vestigial ("not extending beyond the cingulum
of the inner") but is only a little shorter than the large cusp of the
inner tooth, and stands normally in the alveolar line. The Kasanga
specimen is from the extreme southeastern end of the lake.

Measurements, cf 55. 35. 8. 15. 110 mm.; largest 9 50. 40. 8.
12. 110 mm.

Habitat. The single bat from Kasanga was found at a height of
about five feet from the ground beneath plaster on the wall of the
ruined German fort at the south end of the bay.

Glauconycteris argentata (Dobson)

Chalinolobus (Glauconycteris) argentatus Dobson, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 385: Cameroon Mountains.

3 (M. C. Z. 26227-9) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 5-6. iii. 30.

Native name. Ilipulumusi (Kinyakusa).

Discussion. These three specimens are tentatively referred to
G. argentata, the type locality of which is Cameroon Mountains,
West Africa, an area of greater humidity and hence likely to be in-
habited by darker-colored forms than those of the drier country to
the east of the lakes. Two of them are immature, the third somewhat
older, and just changing from the dark drab coloring of youth (which
still shows as two broad bands along the sides) to the paler •buffy
brown of the adult, which is already coming in as a narrow triangu-
lar patch in the centre of the upper back.

Measurements. & 45. 42. 7. 12. 132 mm.; 9 52. 50. 7. 12. 140
mm.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 71

MOLOSSIDAE
Mops (Allomops) osborni J. A. Allen

Mops (Allomops) osborni J. A. Allen, 1917, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 37,
p. 473 : Kinshasa, near Leopoldville, Belgian Congo.

13 (M. C. Z. 26708-17, 19, 21, 23) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 25. v. 30.

Distribution. This large species, first described from the Lower
Congo, was next recorded from the Lake Region by Loveridge who
secured it at Kisumu on the east shore of Lake Victoria. The present
series extends the known range southward to the shores of Lake
Tanganyika.

Discussion. There are a few minor points wherein these skins do
not wholly agree with the original description — thus the fur on the
back is said to be whitish at the extreme base, but in our series the
fur is uniformly brown throughout. In none of the specimens is the
sagittal crest so high as in the type, but in measurements there is
a fairly close correspondence. In only one male is the tuft of long
hairs of the forehead very prominent, perhaps because it is partly
white and stands out.

Measurements. The largest c? measured 80. 45. 15. 18. 175 mm.;
the largest 9 75. 45. 15. 18. 175 mm.

Habits. These bats are a great nuisance to householders both at
Kigoma and Ujiji. In passing along the streets one frequently gets a
pungent whiff from some house in which these animals have been
pleased to take up their residence.

Chaerephon limbatus (Peters)

DysopeslimbatusFeters, 1852,ReisenachMossamb., l,p. 56, pi. 14: Mozambique.
1 (M. C. Z. alcoholic) Mombasa Id., Kenya Colony. 28. x. 29.

Habits. This iree-tailed bat flew on board the liner when lying
in Kilindini harbor and was found sprawling about the deck. Pre-
served in alcohol.

CANIDAE

Thos mesomelas mcmillani Heller

Thos mesomelas mcmillani Heller, 1914, Smithsonian Misc. Contr., 63, no. 7,
p. 6: Mtoto Andei, Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 27149) Near Njombe, Ubena Mtns. 6. ii. 30.

Native names. Nckewe (Kihehe); ngewe (Kikinga); the Banyakusa
have several names probably indicating that they are acquainted

72 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

with more than one species of jackal: imbcra, imbila, akambwe,
ingeive (Kinyakusa, the first two are renderings of the same word).

Distribution. Jackals, whether of this or allied subspecies, were
seen on several occasions; the first at dusk when motoring from
Mpwapwa to Igulwe on 23. xi. 29; another west of Ipemi at 10 a.m.
when it was trotting along a distant hillside, pausing now and again
to watch the safari, this was on 8. i. 30; another just after sunset
about twenty miles north of Alufindi on 1. ii. 30. Skins were offered
for sale at both Ilolo and Nyamwanga in Rungwe District.

Discussion. The single specimen is no doubt referable to this race
of the coast region and rift valley, and agrees well with other East
African skins except that the red of the sides and haunches is a little
less intense, and the dorsal area is unusually silvery due to the long
white rings on the hairs which show through, while the black tips
seem less evident than usual.

Measurements. 9 650. 300. 135. 100 mm.

Parasites. A tick (Rhipicr phalus sanguineus) was found on its ear.

Habits. I shot this animal about 9 p.m. as it was trotting along
the road ahead of the lorry in which we were travelling. The first
shot — No. 3 from the choke bore — hit it behind without touching
any vital spot, but caused it to jump round, when I killed it with
No. 8 from the other barrel. It sprang into the air and dropped un-
conscious where it had stood.

Folklore. An old man of the Banyakusa tribe told me at Ilolo that
if you heard a jackal calling you should go out and say, "What is
it?" This is done by the knowing ones who inquire, "Is it a death?"
to which the jackal will reply, "Yes," if this is the case; on the other
hand, if war is impending and you ask, "Is it war?" the animal will
remain silent.

Otocyon megalotis virgatus Miller

Otocyon virgatus Miller, 1909, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 52, p. 485: Naivasha
Station, Kenya Colony.

c? (M. C. Z. 25739) near Gwao's village, Singida. 2. xii. 29.

Native name. Bili (Kinyaturu).

Discussion. The specimen is an old male with much worn molars.
Hollister's suggestion that this and other named forms are merely
subspecies of 0. megalotis is doubtless the correct view.

Measurements, cf 480. 250. 115. 100 mm.

Diet. A migratory locust and termites were in its stomach.

Habits. Shot at night as it was trotting along the road.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 73

MUSTELIDAE

AONYX CAPENSIS Subsp.

Lutra capensis Schinz, 1821, Cuv. Thierreich, 1, p. 214: Cape region, South
Africa.

9 juv. (M. C. Z. 26544) Igale Pass, Poroto Mtns. 24. iv. 30.

Discussion. This young female with the milk dentition only is too
immature for subspecific determination since most of the distinctions
are based on relative size of teeth or body. The toes of the fore feet
are quite without claws but those of the hind feet have each a small
flattened nail. An excellent account with figures of the milk denti-
tion is given by J. A. Allen in the report on "Carnivora collected
by the American Museum Congo Expedition," 1924.

Distribution. Otters occur at Mwaya and around the shores of
Lake Nyasa. While we were searching for aquatic cobras at Kipili
on Lake Tanganyika, Salimu saw an otter among a pile of rocks;
they are said to be common there.

Measurements. This 9 measured 315. 165. 70. 15 mm. when it
died on May 6, 1930.

Breeding. On April 24 a native met me on the road as I was return-
ing from a hunt and showed me a baby otter. I offered him a shilling
for it which he accepted, adding casually that perhaps I might give
one and sixpence (37 cents U. S. currency). I asked him where was the
second cub, but he replied that he had but one. On reaching camp
I took immediate precautions to make the little beast comfortable
for it was trembling with the bitter cold at this high elevation. As
I was making arrangements for it, I remarked that I wished that
there had been two for they would have helped to keep each other
warm. It was only then that I learned that there had been two,
that the second, in charge of another native, had been waiting near
camp for my return. I sent a boy to get it; he returned saying that
the man refused to sell it and had run off saying that he was going to
eat it. All next day I endeavoured to trace it but only met with lies,
for everybody denied knowledge of who had it or where it was, etc.
My own personnel said that it had probably been killed to make
medicine.

Folklore. I was informed that a piece of otter skin applied to a
stiff neck would cure it and that this belief was held by most tribes.

An old Mnvakusa told me that onlv chiefs were allowed to wear
otter skins in former days, if a commoner was found doing so it was

74 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

taken from him and he was fined an ox. Thus it became customary
for any man who was so fortunate as to kill an otter to hand over
the skin to the chief.

YIVERRIDAE
Civettictis civetta schwarzi Cabrera

Viverra civetta orientalis Matschie (not V. orientalis Hodgson, 1842 = V.

zibetha Linnaeus), 1891, Arch, fur Naturgesch., 1, p. 352: Zanzibar.
Civettictis civetta schwarzi Cabrera, 1929, Mem. R. Soc. Espanol. Hist. Nat.,

Madrid, 16, No. 1, p. 36, footnote: Bagamoyo, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 26480) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 17. vi. 30.

Discussion. This is a very fine large specimen, with a skull measur-
ing 157.5 mm. in condylobasal length, hence slightly exceeding the
largest male in Dr. J. A. Allen's list of Congo specimens. Like them
it has the black band of the cheeks continuous across the snout instead
of broken as in the typical race; the pale ground color of the body is
slightly but clearly buff instead of white.

Cabrera has proposed the name schwarzi to replace orientalis,
invalidated through its previous use by Hodgson for an Indian civet.

Measurements. This female measured 910. 440. 140. 55 mm.

Parasites. Ticks (Rhipicephalus simus and Hacmaplujsalis leachii).

Habitat. Civets are common in the open bush which covers much
of Ukerewe Island. I shot this specimen at night when it was at-
tracted to the dead body of a baboon placed near the tree in which
I was spending the night.

Genetta stuhlmanni stuhlmanni Matschie

Genetta stuhlmanni Matschie, 1902, Verh. V. Int. Zool.-Congr., Berlin, p.
1142: Bukoba, Tanganyika Territory.

Skin (M. C. Z. 26878) Dabaga, TJzungwe Mtns. 3. i. 30.

Native name. Tondolcga (Kihehe).

Discussion. A skin, purchased from the natives, represents this
species and is identical in coloring with examples from E'enya. Ger-
man settlers at Dabaga confirmed the occurrence of genets there.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 75

Nandinia binotata arborea Heller

Nandinia binotata arborea Heller, 1913, Smithsonian Misc. Contr., 61, no. 13,
p. 9: Lukosa River, northeast of Kisumu, Kenya Colony.

1 (M. C. Z. 27148) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. ii. 30.

1 (M. C. Z. 26550) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. iv. 30.

Native navies. Imbukula (Kikinga & Kinyakusa); imbuli (Kinyika).

Discussion. These two native-made skins indicate the presence of
this tree-civet in the mountains of southwestern Tanganyika Terri-
tory. The Madehani skin has been remade from a bag; the vendor of
the Rungwe specimen assured Loveridge that it had been taken in the
Nkuka Forest.

In their reddish dorsal coloring, unspotted bellies and narrow-
ringed tails they agree with Heller's description of the eastern form,
but a comparison with Cameroon skins shows that the range of color
variation is considerable and that the color characters are hardly
diagnostic.

Myonax grantii (Gray)

Calogale grantii Gray, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 561: Tanganyika Ter-
ritory. "Mgunda Mkali*."

9 (M. C. Z. 26546) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 14. i. 30.

Native name. Lukiciru (Kihehe).

Discussion. This beautiful mongoose seems to be uncommon in col-
lections. Its nearly uniform bright-ochraceous coloring with a deep-
chestnut tail-tip render it a striking species. The skull measures:
greatest length 68 mm.; basal length 64 mm.; palatal length 35 mm.;
zygomatic width 32.3 mm.; mastoid width 24 mm.; width outside
molars 21.5 mm.; upper tooth row 28 mm.; lower tooth row 28 mm.
The skull differs in minor details from that of the specimen I identify
as proteus, having slightly broader upper molars, longer ear bullae and
pterygoids.

Measurements. 9 325. 285. 60. 25 mm.

Parasites. Nematodes (Dtijardinia sp.) were numerous in its stomach.

Habits. This mongoose was one of three which ran across a path
through dense undergrowth, then paused to look back at me. I ap-
proached the copse silently, then heard the others calling to it with a
whistling cry; presently one scolded close by in the tangled cover, I
moved slightly and it sprang back having come to within ten feet of me.

1 Mgunda is a Kiswahili substantive for cultivated lands, mkali the adjective for fierce. It
would seem more probable that this is an incorrectly transcribed name for the animal rather
than the type locality.

76 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Myonax sanguineus proteus (Thomas)

Mungos gracilis proteus Thomas, 1907, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 19, p. 119:
Ruwenzori East. Thomas & Wroughton, 1910, Trans. Zool. Soc. London,
19, p. 496, pi. 21.

1 (M. C. Z. 26879) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 3. i. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26540) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 26. iv. 30.

Native name. Kihindi (Kihehe, according to the vendor of the
Dabaga skin).

Discussion. These two specimens are provisionally referred to the
race proteus, first described from Mt. Ruwenzori. The Dabaga speci-
men, in the normal pelage, agrees closely with the colored figure of
Thomas & Wroughton's plate in its rich rufous-ochraceous coloring
and clear bright rufous feet. This is a native skin without a skull,
purchased from natives. The second specimen is melanistic, blackish
brown all over minutely ticked above with paler. The two phases are
shown in the colored plate referred to above.

Measurements. The Igale d" measured 320. 275. 60. 20 mm.

Diet. There were small cockchafers in its stomach.

Parasites. A tapeworm and species of nematode were present in its
viscera.

Herpestes ichneumon funestus (Osgood)

Mungos ichneumon funestus Osgood, 1910, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool.
ser., 10, no. 3, p. 17: Naivasha, Kenya Colony.

1 (M. C. Z. 27317) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. ii. 30.

Native name. Nycretzi (Kikinga).

Discussion. A flat skin remade from an entire skin which had been
used as a bag, purchased from a native who stated that the mongoose
had been killed in Madehani village.

*&v

Atilax paludinosus rubescens (Hollister)

Mungos -paludinosus rubescens Hollister, 1912, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 25,
p. 1 : Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 26458) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 3. hi. 30.

Native name. Mkekwa (Kinyakusa).

Discussion. This single specimen of the marsh mongoose is smaller
in skull measurements than any of those listed by Hollister, although

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 77

it is fully adult and sexed (perhaps wrongly) as a male. With a con-
dylobasal length of 96 mm., it is much smaller than A. p. mordax from
northwest of Lake Nyasa in which this measurement is 115 mm.; in
A. macrodon of the Upper Congo Basin it is 108.8 mm. It may per-
haps best be considered as representing rubescens.

Measurements. Alleged a "male" measuring 460. 320. 90 (with
claws 95). 35 mm.

Enemies. Said to have been killed by a dog; this animal appeared
to be in a somewhat diseased condition.

ICHNEUMIA ALBICAUDA GRANDIS (Thomas)

Herpestes grandis Thomas, 1889, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 622: ? Limpopo
or Zululand.

5 (M. C. Z. 26554-5, 27145-7) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 12-19. vi. 30;

Discussion. These five adults agree in their strikingly large size
as compared with I. a. ibeana which at first they were taken to be.
None of the series from Kenya Colony equals them in this respect,
and I have no doubt, on account of the close coincidence of their
measurements, that they represent Thomas's Herpestes grandis.
This was based on a skeleton of a large White-tailed Mongoose, the
exact origin of which was unknown, though it was believed to have
been collected by T. E. Buckley either on the Limpopo or in Zululand,
South Africa. I have found nothing further concerning this animal
since its original description, so that the following notes may be
acceptable. The color of the body is the same mixed gray and black
seen in 7. albicauda ibeana with a considerable admixture of black
in the median area from nose to base of tail. The lower part of the
legs, fore and hind, and the feet are uniform brownish black. The
tail seems to be much less white than in the usual type of albicauda,
only the terminal quarter being clear white, the basal three-quarters
mixed black and white, most of its hairs having a long white base,
followed by a black ring nearly as long, then a shorter white tip.
The skulls are all longer than the maximum listed by Hollister in
his table, but the supposed differential character mentioned by
Thomas of a distinct metaconid on the last lower molar does not seem
to hold; it may be present too in little-worn teeth of H. albicauda
ibeana. The distinction, therefore, rests chiefly on size, but this is
so very striking that grandis may be regarded as valid, though
doubtless only in a subspecific sense.

78

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Measurements. The field measurements are as

follows :

agister no.

Head & body

Tail

Hind foot

Ear

Sex

26554

660 mm.

440 mm.

120 mm.

40 mm.

9

26555

615 mm.

425 mm.

130 mm.

40 mm.

d

27145

603 mm.

460 mm.

120 mm.

40 mm.

d

27146

590 mm.

460 mm.

120 mm.

40 mm.

d

27147

590 mm.

460 mm.

120 mm.

40 mm.

d

The skull measurements follow, as well as those of the largest of
the thirteen specimens listed by Hollister from Kenya Colony.

Upper

Lower

Register

Greatest

Basal

Palatal

Zygomatic

cheek

cheek

Number

length

length

length

width

teeth

teeth

26554

—

—

65 mm.

—

43 mm.

48 mm.

26555

116 mm.

1 10 mm.

68 mm.

62 mm.

45 mm.

50 mm.

27145

112 mm.

106 mm.

66 mm.

58.5 mm.

43 mm.

48.5 mm

27146

114 mm.

109 mm.

67 mm.

60 mm.

44.6 mm.

49 mm.

27147

115 mm.

109.5 mm.

68.5 mm

61 mm.

45 mm.

49 mm.

U. S. N.

M. Ichneumia albicauda ibeana (Hollister's largest).

182346

110 mm.

—

—

56 mm.

43 mm.

47.8 mm

Diet. Grasshoppers and termites were present in the stomachs of
three of the mongooses.

Parasites. Ticks (Haemaphysalis leachii and Rhipicephalus sp.)
were present in their fur, tapeworms in their stomachs and linguatu-
lids in the liver.

Habitat. All five were shot at night, mostly between 1 and 2 a.m.
as they came trailing a meat bait which had been dragged for a mile
along a path through the bush.

Ichneumia albicauda ibeana (Thomas)

H(erpestes) a(lbicaudus) iheanus Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 13,
p. 409: Athi-ya-Maui (i. e. Stony Athi Station), Kenya-Uganda Railway,
Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 25836) Unyanganyi, Turn. 4. xii. 29.

Native names. Saka (Kinyaturu); kananga (Kikami).

Discussion. This identification is made with reserve as the mongoose
is only half-grown and so unidentifiable by subspecific characters.
This form is, however, known to occur a little to the east of Unyan-
ganyi, and there seems to be no reason to doubt its identity with
ibeana.

Measurements. 9 378. 290. 93. 35 mm.

Diet. Some insects, taken from its stomach, were preserved.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 79

Helogale victorina Thomas

Helogale victorina Thomas, 1902, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 120: Nassa, Speke
Gulf, Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 26531) Kikuyu, Ugogo. 23. xii. 29.

Native name. Sola (Chigogo).

Discussion. This single specimen from Kikuyu on the outskirts of
Dodoma is similar to others from Tanganyika in the collection of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Measurements. 9 240. 120. 45. 20 mm.

Mungos mungo colonus (Heller)

Crossarchus fasciatus colonus Heller, 1911, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 56, No. 17,
p. 16: Southern Guaso Nyiro, Kenya Colony.

d" (M. C. Z. 26530) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 7. vi. 30.

3 (M. C. Z. 26526-8) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 12. vi. 30;

Native name. Nkala (Kisukuma).

Discussion. These specimens agree in their gray shoulders with
Heller's description, and have shorter tails than the race macrurus
of Ruwenzori. There is more or less variation of an individual nature
in the amount of rusty color of the paler transverse bands.

Measurements. Two juvenile males from Mwanza and Ukerewe
measure 210. 130. 50. 20 mm. and 240. 145. 55. 15 mm.

Breeding. In addition to the young males mentioned above three
still smaller animals were brought to me alive on the twelfth and
thirteenth; these represented two litters and show that May or early
June is apparently the breeding season in this region.

Parasites. Poroccphalus was present in the liver of an adult.

Habits. Though the three young alluded to above were from
different litters, one animal being much smaller than the other two,
yet one of the larger, from the very first, dissociated itself from
its companions and exhibited an astonishing preference for human
society. This threw the two weaker animals together and they were
bullied by the friendly one whom we can call A. It was customary
for A to snap at B and C and drive them from the dish of food until
he had fed to repletion; also if anyone attempted to stroke B or C
when A was in the vicinity, he would hurl himself upon them viciously.
If the lid of their large and roomy cage was raised, A would leap and
squeak or chirp, for he loved to be taken up and petted, his ears and

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armpits rubbed, or his fur stroked forwards or backwards. He might
be rolled on his back, pulled about by the tail or dragged along by
a leg; no indignity could surprise him into an exhibition of bad temper.
A fortnight after receiving them I was camping at Entebbe and
allowed them to roam at large — the sliding front door of their cage
was propped up so that they could run back into it if alarmed. At
Jinja also, they were allowed freedom for several hours a day, but
one could not handle B and C for they would utter an explosive
note and spring forward with a snap; one good bite upon my finger
tip taught me caution and instead of lifting them back into their
cage, they were shepherded home when it was desirable to fasten
them up for the night. Then followed a week of travelling when
they could not be allowed out. On board ship their cage was placed
on the forward hatch (shaded when necessary) and A was permitted
to roam at large daily. At first the cage was often surrounded by
passengers whose sudden movements were at times a source of great
alarm to B and C. There were, however, three boys on board who
helped tremendously by playing with the mongooses for hours at a
time. After four days at sea, C was gingerly lifted out and raced
about in enjoyment of this freedom till she was scared by the wind
blowing a hat along the deck and fled off the hatchway. I was fetched
and after a little manoeuvering succeeded in retrieving her. On
the morning of the eighth day at sea I lifted out the tame animals,
but when B was approached he snapped as usual and after two at-
tempts I desisted. Later in the day I returned and sitting beside
the cage attempted to rub his ears. To my astonishment he crouched
down and though evidently in great alarm, he submitted. After
petting him for several minutes I quietly lifted him out of the cage
and set him down outside. This was almost the last time that I had
any trouble with him. The trio raced about the hatchway, stretched
out in the sun, rolled over, biting each other in play; two coils of
wire hawser were selected by them as their headquarters and refuge
from both friends and fancied foes. In due course they arrived at
their destination and were presented to the Zoological Society of
London.

HYAENIDAE

Crocuta crocuta germinans (Matschie)

Hyaena (Crocotta) germinans Matschie, 1900, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde
Berlin, p. 27: Lake Rukwa, Tanganyika Territory.

Folklore. An old Mnyakusa at Ilolo related to me the following
rather foolish story of the hyena: A hyena said to his friend, "Wait a

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 81

moment and let me precede you, then look well and tell me if my figure
is all right." His friend laughingly exclaimed, "No, very bad." Then
the friend went ahead and the first hyena laughed at his appearance in
the same way; in this manner they continued their nocturnal prowl,
each in turn laughing at his companion's build and gait.

FELIDAE

Acinonyx jubatus ngorongorensis Hilzheimer

Acinonyx guttatus ngorongorensis Hilzheimer, 1913, Sitzber. Ges. naturf.
Freunde Berlin, p. 290: Ngorongoro, Tanganyika Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 26467) Ipemi, Uzungwe Mtns. 7. i. 30.

Native name. Dhambanyika (Kihehe).

Discussion. In his discussion of the East African cheetahs, Hollister
indicates slight differences that may be constant between those of
northern and central Kenya and Tanganyika. It is still a question how
far one may go in recognizing geographical races, for the material
available for comparison is hardly representative enough. The fine
specimen from the Uzungwe region agrees, however, with Hilzheimer's
description of ngorongorensis in its pinkish buff sides and belly, lacking
white below. Compared with a skin from Asia Minor in which the
belly is part white, the black spots are much more numerous and
larger. Since Hilzheimer's name has slight priority over Heller's
raineyi and velox for the cheetahs of Kenya, I am using it in preference,
especially since the description, though based on a menagerie speci-
men, seems to agree rather with our animal in the replacement of
white by buffy below.

Felis pardus suahelica Neumann1

Felis leopardus suahelicus Neumann, 1900, Zool. Jahrb. Syst,, 13, p. 551:
"East Africa," specimens mentioned from Tanga, etc.

Diet, etc. Colobus (Colobus polykomos sharpei) and Mountain Duiker
(Cephalophus melanorheus lugens) were found in the excrementa of
leopards in the Nkuka Forest on Rungwe as was Blue Monkey (Cer-
copithecus leucampyx moloneyi) ; in addition intestines of this monkey
were found in Ngosi Crater where this leopard abounds.

'Pocock (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1932, p. 558) has recently advocated that the name of this
leopard should be Panlhera pardus fusca (Meyer), since he is unable to distinguish it from the
Indian race. Nevertheless, since the typical race pardus pardus intervenes between the range
of the East African and the Indian forms, we prefer for the present to retain the name suahelica
for the former, and to regard Panlhera as a subgenus of Felis.

82 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

While I was camped on Rungwe a leopard carried off a suckling pig
from the near-by Rungwe Mission, three miles below my camp in the
forest. The pig was found lodged in the branches of a tree at a height
of about twenty feet from the ground. Gun traps were set at the foot
of the tree but the leopard ascended without disturbing the strings; in
descending with the pig, however, it fired a gun which shattered the
leopard's right forefoot. Later the leopard was located in a small hill
close to the mission buildings; thither three of the staff went, Mr.
Scharff armed only with a revolver. Without warning the leopard
sprang upon him from quite short grass and, seizing his right arm
above the elbow in its jaws, bore him to the ground by the suddenness
of the impact, at the same time it prevented his making use of the re-
volver; the animal started to claw him and he rolled over to protect his
face. Fortunately he was wearing a thick coat at the time which saved
him but he received some quite unpleasant wounds nevertheless.
Leaving him, the leopard attacked four natives in quick succession be-
fore it was killed by a shot from Mr. Staub's rifle. Mr. Scharff related
the incident to me several days after it occurred.

On arrival at Njombe the District Officer — Mr. J. E. Seymour —
related the following incident which, at my request, he was kind enough
to write down for me. I was shown the claw marks of the leopard on
the door of a cupboard in his lounge. Mr. Seymour's account follows :
"We were just going to have dinner when our big dog (about the size
of an ordinary foxhound) came into the room covered with blood and
water. We presumed that he had gone to drink at the furrow and a
leopard had attacked him. They had probably fallen into the water
and the leopard had taken fright. The dog was in a pretty bad way
but my wife bandaged him up. The next night when we went to bed
we left the dog asleep in our lounge before a roaring fire which must
have burnt all night. The front door was shut but the back door was
open. During the night the leopard came in and seized the dog. Claw
marks can still be seen on the tiled floor. The next morning we saw
the tracks of the leopard leading to the thick bush near the river.
During the day the spoor was followed and the remains of the dog were
found. These were poisoned and though the leopard had another go at
the carcass the next night it appears he got rid of the poison. The next
night he again returned to the house where he clawed the meat safes
on the back verandah and also tried to get into the kitchen where an-
other dog had been locked up for safety. Though several gun traps
were set the leopard was never caught." I might add that the kitchen
door was clawed to a height of six feet.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 83

Felis capensis hindei Wroughton

Felis capensis hindei Wroughton, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 205:
Machakos, Kenya Colony.

<7 (M. C. Z. 25738) Saranda, Ugogo. 30. xi. 29.

Distribution. Native skins were also offered for sale at Dabaga,
Madehani and Ilolo.

Native navies. Nulua (Kihelie); nyombe (Kikinga); injusi (Kinya-
kusa).

Measurements, cf 850. 320. 95. 110 mm.

Diet. Mouse fur present in stomach but the animal decidedly
emaciated.

Parasites. An enormous number of fleas (Ctenocephalus felis and C.
connautus), a few ticks (Rhipiccphalus appendiculatus), sixteen hip-
poboscid flies (Hippobosea capensis) were captured, while as many again
escaped. Between the skin and the shoulders was a mass of tape-
worms which Dr. J. H. Sandground informs us are a pseudophyllidean
type and, to the best of his belief, constitute the first record of
proliferating Spharganum larvae in Africa. He considers it probable
that the animal contracted this infection through eating frogs or fish
infested with an earlier larval stage of Spharganum. An Acanthoce-
phalid and numerous other nematodes ( Toxocara mystax, Physaloptera
praeputiale, and Prosthenorchis partialis) were present in the stomach.

Remarks. The encounter with this animal was so unusual that it
seems worth recording. Accompanied by a native I had been following
a baboon trail on which were cat tracks, down through the thickets
which clothe the escarpment. On emerging from the undergrowth we
saw many baboons which made off rather more slowly than usual but
perhaps this was because I carried no firearms. They barked defiance
as we came scrambling down the rocks. I halted for a moment to ap-
preciate the scenery when my attendant exclaimed: "Look at that
leopard," as he pointed to a tree thirty feet below upon whose base a
serval crouched. On seeing us it slipped off and walked away, down the
ravine, till it disappeared round a bend fifty yards away. We watched
it in astonishment, my companion suggesting that it had been at-
tacked by baboons, hence its inability to travel at a serval's cus-
tomary speed. We followed, little expecting to see it again, but on
rounding a rock, came suddenly upon it. The animal rose with a snarl
and climbing ten feet farther up the side of the ravine collapsed be-
neath a bush. I climbed to within ten feet of it, then approached

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within six. Having no gun I threw three stones : the first two cleared the
bush but missed the serval which only snarled in response; the third
struck it full on the forehead and stunned it, a blow from a stick
finished it. There were no signs of its having been attacked by the
baboons and I concluded that it had succumbed to heavy infestation
by parasites which, perhaps, it might have been able to overcome but
for the drought.

GALAGIDAE
Galago crassicaudatus argentatus Lonnberg

Galago argentatus Lonnberg, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 11, p. 167: Ukina,
near Shirati, Tanganyika Territory.

tf (M. C. Z. 26877) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 16. vi. 30.

Native name. Muiilalila (Kikerewe).

Discussion. In Schwarz's (1931) review of Galago, this is recognized
as a valid race of G. crassicaudatus, distinguished by its beautiful
silvery gray pelage. He has also mentioned its occurrence on Ukerewe
Island.

A second form, characterized by entirely black pelage, occurs upon
the island and is probably but a melanistic phase of argentatus; though
of distinctive appearance the natives do not distinguish it by a separate
name.

Measurements, cf 320. 375. 55. 60 mm.

Habits. These galagos are extremely abundant in the dense thickets
or bush which cover parts of the island. Even for galagos they are
exceptionally noisy on moonlight nights; though they cry at sunrise
and sunset they are fairly quiet till the moon is up, thereafter their
strange cries "haahaa, wuurrk" and throaty growling resound on
every side.

Galago senegalensis moholi Smith

Galago moholi A. Smith, 1839, Illus. Zool. S. Africa, 1, pi. lxxxviii bis: South
Africa.

4 (M. C. Z. 26446, 26449-51) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14-17. ii. 30.

Native name. Quite unknown to the natives of Madehani.

Discussion. Comparison of this small series with a specimen repre-
senting the South African G. s. moholi, shows no important difference,
and Schwarz is doubtless correct in referring to this race the small

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 85

South African galagos from Tabora, Tanganyika Territory, south-
ward. The series from the Uluguru Mountains that we previously
identified doubtfully with cocos, are scarcely distinguishable and
are perhaps nearer G. s. braccatus.

Measurements. The largest d* measured 140. 165. 50. 35 mm.; the
largest 9 150. 190. 55. 35 mm.

Breeding. None of the specimens was in breeding condition.

Habits. One evening I heard the call of a galago within fifty yards
of my tent; hurrying to the spot I caught a glimpse of two scurrying
forms, one in a cypress, the other in a eucalypt, running to the forest.
The following evening I posted myself at the spot just before dark
and after a wait of ten minutes again heard the cry which immediately
preceded the arrival of a galago which desired to cross from the tip
of one branch to that of another in an adjacent tree. About ten
appeared, of which I shot three, the rest going on into the forest.
On the evening of the fifteenth and again on the sixteenth, I posted
natives to watch from whence these galagos came. In this way we
tracked three back to a mass of vegetation in a big tree not far from
the forest edge. Next morning Salimu climbed to what was apparently
a "nest" but only one galago came out. The "nest" was a natural
assemblage of dead and decaying leaves into which the galago had
burrowed. That evening I again watched with several natives at
6.20 p.m. (still daylight), the time when they usually appeared.
None was detected, however, either because we had just had a heavy
downpour which had left all the foliage dripping, or else because our
attentions had scared them from the vicinity.

CERCOPITHECIDAE
Cercopithecus leucampyx moloneyi Sclater

Cercopithecus moloneyi Sclater, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 252, pi. 17:
Karonga, Nyasaland.

d1 9 9 (M. C. Z. 26547, 26831-2) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 14-27. i. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 26829) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 18. ii. 30.
Skull & <?(? (M. C. Z. 27316, 26830, 27174) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn.
28. iii. 30.

Native names. Dumbili (Kihehe) ; neri (Kikinga) ; indoweka (Kinya-
kusa); munzu (Kimahausi).

Discussion. The type of moloneyi came from Karonga, at the north-
west end of Lake Nyasa, so that the specimens from Madehani and

86 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Rungwe are nearly topotypical. The Uzungwe series is quite the same.
Sclater's excellent figure, reproduced in Elliot's Review of the Primates,
2, pi. 6, shows the color characters very well.

Measurements. The largest o71 (Madehani) measured 640. 820.
110. 40 mm.; largest 9 (Kigogo) measured 555. 680. 130. 35 mm.,
and the young 9 255. 275. 82. 35 mm.

Breeding. The adult female shot at Kigogo on January 14 was
nursing the young one.

Diet. At Kigogo these monkeys were disturbed when feeding
upon the bamboos; the ground round about was littered with the
broken and chewed fragments.

Parasites. Nematodes (Oesophagostomum paehycephalum and
Streptopharagus intermedins) were both present in monkeys from the
Nkuka Forest, the former only in the Kigogo monkeys.

Enemies. A Martial Hawk-Eagle (Stephanoaetus eoronatus), shot
at Kigogo, held the bones of one of these monkeys in its stomach.
In the crater of Ngosi Volcano we found the remains of a Moloney's
Monkey with the intestines intact, evidently a recent leopard-kill.
While we were examining it at 2 p.m., both blue monkey and colobus
were barking or grunting away to our left, disturbed either by a
leopard or eagle to judge by the uproar. Finger nails and fur were
found in the excrement of a leopard in the Nkuka Forest, where
these monkeys are much sought after by the Banyakusa who eat
the meat.

Habitat. While I was sitting motionless in the Nkuka Forest
one evening as night was falling, a large party of monkeys led by
an old male, came into the surrounding trees and even right above
my head. The trees were of small size, but one was rather larger
than the rest and had been selected apparently as the resting place
by the leader who "barked" loudly. The small monkeys arrived
and passed into the surrounding trees in which they kept up a bird-
like twittering; it was quite dark when I left them and they were
still moving about and uttering cries of one kind or another. It
seemed strange that they should be so noisy at such a time, advertis-
ing their resting place to any leopard that might be on the prowl.

Cercopithecus aethiops centralis Neumann

Cercopithecus centralis Neumann, 1900, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 13, p. 533: Bukoba,
west shore of Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 264S1) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 18. vi. 30.
Native name. Enkende (Kikerewe).

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 87

Discussion. This skin and skull of an adult female are apparently
quite typical.
Measurements. 9 460. 510. 110. 20 mm.

Papio ? neumanni Matschie

Papio neumanni Matschie, 1897, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 181:
Donyo Ngai, Tanganyika Territory.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 26472-3) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 10 & 16. vi. 30.

Native name. Enkobe (Kikerewe).

Discussion. Two skins and skulls of immature animals from Ukerewe
Island are presumably of this form, though it must be said that the
distinction of the various named varieties of baboons from eastern
Africa is still unsatisfactory. The skins show a greater proportion
of tawny than of black in the pelage, the tails are untufted and some-
what grayer than the body. The hands and feet of one are deep black,
with a few small, partly hidden tawny marks; of the other a nearly
uniform mixture of tawny and black like the body.

Measurements. The cf measured 530. 380. 165. 60 mm.

Parasites. Many nematodes (Phi/saloptera caucasia) were present
in the stomach of the male.

COLOBIDAE

Colobus polykomos sharpei Thomas

Colobus sharpei Thomas, 1902, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 118: Fort Hill,

Nyasaland.
Colobus polykomos sharpei Schwarz, 1929, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 597.

d" 9 (M. C. Z. 26828, 27175) Fungwe Forest near Madehani, Ukinga
Mtns. 17. ii. 30.

Distribution. Elsewhere this species was reported as present in the
New Forest Reserve at Dabaga, and seen within and without the Ngosi
Volcano Crater and in the Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mountain, where
guerezas are more abundant than in any other place visited by the
collector.

Native names. Imbega (Kihehe, Kikinga and Kinyakusa).

Discussion. The type locality, Fort Hill, is near the northwest end
of Lake Nyasa, hence the pair of colobus from near Madehani should
represent this race which, however, is very close to palliahis (whose

88 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

type locality is the coast opposite Zanzibar) differing only in larger size
and in certain correlated skull characters.

Enemies. In the Fungwe Forest, three hours south of Madehani and
near the northeast shores of Lake Nyasa, these guerezas are as shy as
at Madehani ; it took two hours of scrambling up and down very steep
forest-clad hillsides before this pair was obtained. Half a dozen colo-
bus skins were brought to the camps at Madehani, Nyamwanga and
Rungwe and offered for sale; these were refused and the vendors pro-
fessed entire ignorance of any contravention of game regulations in
killing the animals. Doubtless they were primarily killed for food as
the Wahehe, Wakinga and Banyakusa all eat colobus. The Wahehe
make ingenious bag nets which are placed on the larger limbs of the
tree — facing the trunk — in which the guerezas are sleeping. The
animals sleeping in the top of the tree are then scared and as they run
out along the limbs of the tree they are enveloped in the bags (which
can be set one behind the other) and each bag drops from the branch,
but remains attached by the cord which simultaneously closes the
aperture; this results in the animal being suspended in the air, unin-
jured but imprisoned in the bag. The Banyakusa have a different
method, they fell the trees adjacent to the one in which the guerezas
are sleeping, then ascend the tree cutting off the branches as they go
until the scared animals are at their mercy.

Colobus fur was found in the excrement of a leopard in the Nkuka
Forest.

In this same forest a Martial Hawk-Eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus)
was shot while engaged in eating a colobus ; a second eagle flew away.
Salimu, who shot the bird, brought back a hind leg of the colobus, a
fully adult animal, which was in the talons of the eagle. A great many
small maggots were present in what appeared to be talon marks on the
limb, I should say that at least forty-eight hours had elapsed since the
animal had been killed; it is obvious, however, that an eagle could not
devour so large a monkey in one meal and would naturally return to
the kill again and again.

One frequently hears a rippling cry of "cooe-cooe" oft repeated in
the forest and while I declared it was made by a hawk, Salimu affirmed
that it was a preliminary call of a colobus for it usually terminated
with their hoarse, throaty growl; on one occasion he had stalked a tree
from which the cry had come and found only an old colobus in it.
Shortly after this argument, however, Salimu came upon an eagle in a
tree actually giving the call of "cooe-cooe." He was manoeuvering for
a shot when a big male colobus, uttering its harsh warning cry, rushed

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE : AFRICAN MAMMALS 89

up the tree to the eagle which flew off to an adjoining tree actually
pursued by the colobus which caused it to take to wing again. Salimu
said that the rest of the company of colobus were all crouching among
the leafage on the big limbs of the first tree and so occupied in looking
upwards that they failed to observe him below.

Habits. How persistently a colobus may remain concealed was well
illustrated on another occasion when we were endeavouring to smoke,
or drive, an alleged flying squirrel from the hollow trunk of a two-
hundred-foot tall tree. After cutting and breaking down the saplings
surrounding the tree, we spent half an hour in trying to light a smoky
fire and in hammering on the tree-trunk. After this noisy period there
followed a silence which appeared to be more trying to the guereza
than the noise for to our great surprise, as we had not suspected its
presence, it sprang from the tree.

These colobi are tamer in the Nkuka Forest than in any other place
known to me. One afternoon a guereza returned to within sixty feet of
me three times to take another look; evidently fearful, its curiosity
overcame its fear. The interesting thing about the incident was the
noise which it made as it departed, a noise which I had never before
heard from a colobus; it was an explosive, sneeze-like sound which I
can only compare to a noise frequently made by goats.

After spending the morning in feeding and wandering through the
forest these guerezas often rest at noonday. On April 14 I was follow-
ing a path up the mountain at 1 p.m. when I observed two guerezas
taking a siesta in a tree on my left so that the animals were only sixty
feet from me and quite unaware of my presence; this induced me to sit
down and watch them. Presently a few drops of rain fell and one of the
guerezas awaking, stretched out its left leg and scratched the left
buttock very vigorously. I had not found any ectoparasites on any of
the colobus collected, in fact Rungwe Mountain seemed to be too wet
for fleas for not one was found on any mammal in this forest, despite
the long series of squirrels secured. Having relieved the irritation to its
satisfaction the colobus bent forward and commenced a minute in-
spection of the toes of its left foot, employing both hands to separate
them; while engaged in this manner it leaned still farther forward and
so caught sight of me from between its legs. With a single bound it
landed in the next tree and running along a branch was soon lost to
sight. Its companion, thus suddenly aroused from slumber, raised its
head which had fallen forward upon its chest. For many seconds it
made no further move, then suddenly bounded off in the same manner
as the first.

90 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Colobus badius gordonorum (Matschie)

Piliocolobus gordonorum Matschie, 1900, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin,

p. 186: Uzungwe (Udschungwe) Mtns, Tanganyika Territory.
Colobus badius gordonorum Schwarz, 1928, Zeitschr. f. Saugetierk., 3, p. 95.

4 (M. C. Z. 2655-3, 26736) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 30. xii. 29.

Native names. Nguluwa or kulula (Kihehe).

Discussion. Two adult females and two youngish specimens were
obtained at Dabaga in the Uzungwe range of southwestern Tangan-
yika to which this strikingly handsome form seems to be confined.

Matschie described this monkey as a distinct species in 1900 on the
basis of an imperfect skin found in a native hut, and two other skins
secured in the same region by the brothers von Gordon, for whom it is
named. So local is this race that apparently no others had reached
Europe when Elliot, in 1912, published his Review of the Primates;
nor was it until 1923 that another specimen was recorded, when the
first to be received by the British Museum was sent by Loveridge. Of
this specimen Kershaw (1923) writes that the entire back from shoul-
ders to tail is mostly red, but the skin is much worn. One of the adult
females secured by Loveridge has the top of the head rufous bordered
narrowly at the sides by black, and the entire back is deep shiny black
with almost no admixture of red hairs even at the base of the tail. The
fore limbs are black, the hind limbs black mixed with silvery. The tail
is mixed black and ochraceous. The lower surfaces are white.

The skulls measure: greatest length 108.5, 105 mm.; condylobasal
length 86.5, 85 mm.; palatal length 41, 41 mm.; zygomatic width 80,
76 mm.; width of palate outside molars 33, 34 mm.; width of brain
case 61.5, 57 mm.; outside orbits 64.5, 61 mm.; maxillary tooth row
(c-m3) 35; mandibular tooth row (c-ni3), 38.

Of the two young, one is rather small, but both are coloured like the
adult except that the tails show a variable amount of black.

The nearest relative of this handsome monkey is believed to be
C. kirki of Zanzibar, and although regarded (and no doubt rightly) by
Schwarz as merely a subspecies of C. badivs, its present isolated posi-
tion and striking color pattern seem to set it off well from others of the
genus. Probably at some former time its distribution was more
extended.

Measurements. The adult females measured 655. 685. 180. 35 mm.
and 600. 640. 170. 35 mm., and a nursling male 170. 320. 100.
30 mm.

Breeding. Both adult females were nursing young when shot;
it was impossible to see this at the time, as they were shot on the run.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 91

Parasites. Nematodes (Streptopharagus intermedins) were recovered
from the stomachs of these guerezas.

Enemies. The bodies were eaten by Wahehe porters.

Habitat. The forest where these animals were killed lay about
three miles east or southeast of my camp and at an altitude of 5,000
feet. It was almost dusk when we came up with the troop and had
to shoot the animals on the run and at a great height.

ANOMALURIDAE

?Anomalurus orientalis Peters

Anomalurus orientalis Peters, 1880, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 45, p. 164:
"Zanzibar" probably Nguru Mtns., Tanganyika Territory.

Distribution. Shortly after my arrival in the Nkuka Forest on
Rungwe Mountain, I learned that Mr. Scharff, one of the mission
staff, had seen a flying squirrel in 1927, when the forest was being
inspected with a view to cutting timber. During the twenty-six
days of our stay I made repeated inquiries from natives as to the
existence of such a creature, but it was not till the end of the third
week that I met a man — a Mnyika — who declared that he had
twice seen one of these animals during a lifetime spent in the forest.
He completed the description quite accurately and added that he
had never met anyone before who knew anything about the creature,
even its name being unknoAvn to him. From the description furnished
by this man as well as by Mr. Scharff, it would appear that the flying
squirrel of Rungwe Mountain is identical with, or closely related to,
A. orientalis of the coastal mountains Uluguru, Nguru and Usambara.

That the animal is extremely rare is obvious for we made it the
main object of our search during the best part of a week. At the
base of a hollow tree of enormous dimensions — perhaps two hundred
feet in height — and covered with parasitic growths, Salimu found
some excrement which very possibly came from a flying squirrel.
Both the tree and its situation, which was on the summit of a spur
of the mountain, seemed just such as a flying squirrel would have
chosen in the Uluguru Mountains; on the other hand the droppings
may have been those of a red squirrel (Aethosciurus lucifer) for on
two occasions one was disturbed in an adjacent tree. Whether the
red squirrel lives in hollow trees instead of in a nest among the branches
I cannot say, as no nests were seen in the forest during our stay;
one would suspect that they build in hollow trees because of the
continuous downpour.

92 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

SCIURIDAE

Heliosciurus undulatus rhodesiae (Wroughton)

Funisciurus annulatus rhodesiae Wroughton, 1907, Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc.
Manchester, 51, pt. 2, art. 5, p. 15: Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.

9 (M. C. Z. 26544) Kitungulu, Urungu. 15. v. 30.

Native name. Kapali (Kirungu).

Discussion. A single adult female from Kitungulu, near the south-
east end of Lake Tanganyika, unquestionably represents rhodesiae
and constitutes its most northeastern record. The exact relationships
of this squirrel seem still uncertain. Major Ingoldby has recently
advocated its close affinity to the small gambiamis group of the western
forest, listing it, however, as a distinct species, but these, although
similar in pattern, seem to be smaller forms, and the thumb has its
claw narrow and compressed, more like a functional claw, in contrast
to the flattened nail-like claw on the thumb of rhodesiae and other
East African Heliosciuri. Indeed, it appears to be much nearer
H. undulatus, agreeing in the relatively long narrow tail with annu-
lations, the shortened ear, and generally coarse ticking of its hair-
pattern. The prominent short white lines, one above and one below
the eye, are in undulatus of a deep ochraceous, and the clear white
of the lower surface of the body and limbs is replaced in undulatus
by a light rusty wash. Otherwise, however, and except for the slightly
smaller size of rhodesiae, the two seem very similar, so that I have
ventured to associate the latter with undulatus as a subspecies.

The skull of this specimen measures: greatest length 50 (48) mm.;
basilar length 38 (36) ; palatal length 23; zygomatic width 29 (27) mm.;
interorbital width 15 (14) mm.; upper molar row 10 (9) mm.; lower
molar row 9.8 mm.; length of bulla 11.5 (11) mm. The measurements
in parenthesis are those given for the type of rhodesiae. Those of our
specimen are slightly larger, as was to be expected from the fact
that the locality is intermediate between the area whence the type
came, and the Kilimanjaro region where undulatus is typical.

A skin without a skull purchased from a native at Dabaga, Uzungwe
Mountains, where the species is known as kihindi to the Wahehe, is
perhaps an intermediate between rhodesiae and typical undulatus,
with its undersurface light yellowish brown and the hind feet grizzled
gray like the back, instead of rusty. As no living examples were seen
at Dabaga it may be uncommon.

Meastirements. 9 210. 250. 45. 16 mm.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 93

Heliosciurus mutabilis shirensis (Gray)

Macroxus shirensis Gray, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), 20, p. 327: Shire
River, Nyasaland.

4 (M. C. Z. 26442-5) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 13. ii. 30.

7 (M. C. Z. 26207-12, 26215) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 24. iii &

8. iv. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26541) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 25. iv. 30.

Native names. Kipcremende (Kikinga); imbelemende (Kinyakusa);
imbelembe (Kinyika).

Discussion. In his recent paper on African squirrels, Major Ingoldby
(1927) regards the race chirindensis, from Chirinda Forest of southeast
Rhodesia, inseparable from typical mutabilis of Mozambique, leaving
shirensis as the only other recognizable form of mutabilis, if this be
regarded as a species distinct from the undulatus group.

The series of twelve specimens listed above is very uniform in
dorsal coloration, an evenly mixed black, ochraceous and gray,
in which the gray predominates. The hairs of the back are dark
at the base, succeeded by a ring of dull ochraceous, then one of black,
with a gray tip. In three from the Chirinda Forest the ochraceous
element is much more marked, giving the back an obviously yellowish
tone instead of gray. The cheeks are nearly clear gray, the tail has
some sixteen or twenty black rings alternating with ochraceous,
and overlain by the long white tips of the hairs. The lower surface
of the body and limbs varies from nearly clear white with a line of
buffy bounding the dorsal coloration, to a light buff which may be
more intense on the hind legs.

Measurements. The largest cf measured 240. 270. 50. 15 mm.; the
largest 9 250. 290. 50. 20 mm.; both are from Rungwe Mountain.

Breeding. No fetuses were found in any of the eight females.

Parasites. A flea {Ceratophyllus infestus duratus subsp. n.) was
found on the Igale specimen.

Enemies. There was a great demand for the bodies by both Wakinga
and Banyakusa who eat these animals.

Habits. It seemed a strange thing to me that after shooting two
pairs of these squirrels on the day of our arrival at Madehani no more
should be seen for ten days, though during the interval I shot ten
examples of a new race of byatti and desisted from shooting more.
Salimu, however, reported seeing two pairs feeding on wild fruit in
a tree in the forest some two miles down the mountainside below
our camp.

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On February 23 I was sitting in my tent when I heard the familiar
"kuwheking" call of Aethosciurus byatti and taking my field glasses
I made my way to the forest edge. The "kuwheking" grew louder
and noisier, though at intervals it was supplemented by a low growling
note, an astonishing sound for a squirrel to produce. Suddenly another
call broke out in a tree above, I can only liken it to the noise of some-
one tapping a nail with regularity, "peng-peng-peng" ; at times this
sound trailed off into a kind of squeak. Then I observed a squirrel
descending a slightly sloping tree-trunk, approaching very slowly
and with frequent pauses but continuously jerking its tail. This
Shire Squirrel was within thirty feet before it saw me, and then,
except for a start, stood its ground silently watching me, occasionally
emitting its cry. All the time the angry "kuwheking" and growling
continued very close to me until at last I discovered that the squirrel
which was making the noise was between the trunks of two big trees
which were growing from the same spot. This animal, a form of
Byatt's Squirrel, was ten feet from me at most and only four feet
from the ground. Suddenly it caught sight of me, stopped its cry
and gazed spellbound for a matter of seconds; the next minute it
vanished round the bole of one of these trees and then scampered
away in the undergrowth. At this the Shire Squirrel bolted up its
tree a further fifty feet or so but as I remained quiet, it began to
descend; when it had come down to within forty feet I put the field
glasses on it, watched it for some time and becoming tired at last,
I turned away. The squirrel remained, head downwards on the trunk
in the same exposed position and stared after me as I walked off.
I thought the contrast in the behavior of the two animals was so
remarkable that I wrote it down.

Aethosciurus byatti byatti (Kershaw)

Funisciurus byatti Kershaw, 1923, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), 11, p. 592: Moshi,

Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.
Aethosciurus byatti Kershaw, 1923, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), 11, p. 708.

8 (M. C. Z. 26533-9, 26203) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 12-30. i. 30.

Native name. Sindikuleti (Kimhansa).

Discussion. Although no topotypical Kilimanjaro specimens are
available for comparison, yet the series previously collected by Lover-
idge on the Usambara and the Uluguru ranges to the south, were
considered to be specifically identical by Kershaw, while Loveridge

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 95

and I in a later paper agreed that specimens in comparable pelage
from the two ranges showed no tangible differences. The range of
byatti therefore extends from the Kilimanjaro forests, southward
more or less interruptedly on the two ranges mentioned to the Uzungwe
Mountains in southwestern Tanganyika, where a series of eight in
fresh unbleached pelage was collected at Kigogo in January. They
all agree in the bright ochraceous color of the feet and the distinctly
greenish tint of the fur. November skins from the Usambara range
are a distinctly brownish shade, due apparently to bleaching. This
squirrel seems to be closely related to rmvcnzorii, but is characterized
by the less clearly defined white underparts, more rufous feet and
forelimbs, and by the prevalence of white tips on the hairs of the
distal four-fifths of the tail, which are apparently lacking in the dis-
tinctly banded tail of the Ruwenzori squirrels. For the present
byatti may be regarded as a distinct species.

Measurements. The larger cf measured 200. 190. 50. 20 mm.;
largest 9 225. 210. 50. 20 mm.

Habits. These squirrels are by no means common at Kigogo in
such sections of the forest as I visited; moreover their habits made
them far more difficult to collect than their relatives in the Uluguru
and Usambara Mountains. When disturbed these latter usually
sought refuge in the tops of the high forest trees and might be shot
generally as they climbed, though in the Amani forests they often
ascended out of gunshot range because the trees were so tall.

While a few of the trees in the Kigogo forest are of large size, the
majority are small and I never saw Byatt's Squirrels more than
twenty feet from the ground; usually they were at only half that
height. At the slightest noise — and they were exceptionally alert —
they would slip round to the reverse side of the trunk and descend
to the ground where the tangle of undergrowth provided security
and rarely afforded one the chance of a shot. Two other factors
militated against the collector; at Kigogo these squirrels lacked that
curiosity which causes so many members of the family to pause
in flight for a moment to take a peep at the disturber of their peace,
secondly their coloration renders them inconspicuous for practically
all the tree trunks are heavily smothered in moss of a shade exactly
like the body pelage while a pendant tail resembles one of the myriad
trailing lichens.

96 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Aethosciurus byatti laetus subsp. now

6 d1, 4 9 (M. C. Z. 26196-202, 26204-6) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns.
14-22. ii. 30.

Type. No. 26,198 Museum of Comparative Zoology. Adult cf
skin and skull from Madehani, Ukinga Mountains, north end of Lake
Nyasa, Tanganyika Territory. Collected by A. Loveridge, February
22, 1930.

Description. Similar to A. byatti but with muzzle and feet greenish
oehraceous instead of rufous. Pelage long and full, the longest dorsal
hairs about 19 mm. Entire upper surface from the nose to the tail
and the basal inch or so of the latter a finely speckled olive green and
black, the individual hairs black at base with a narrow subterminal
ring of greenish yellow and a black tip. On each side of the muzzle
is a patch of clear oehraceous extending, with some admixture of
darker, to the area in front of and below the eye; forearms bright
oehraceous, the hands and backs of the feet clear and slightly paler
oehraceous in distinct contrast to the rufous tint of these parts in
byatti; ankles and tibial region rusty, merging into the color of the
back. A very small post-auricular patch of buffy. Chin and inguinal
region greenish oehraceous; rest of the bod}' below gray, the hairs
mostly with slaty bases and dull whitish tips. Tail bushy, not taper-
ing, the hairs of its distal four-fifths chiefly black above and below,
with long white tips, and in addition a basal and often a central
narrow band of buffy, which, however, does not produce a cross-
barred effect such as is shown in Thomas and Wroughton's figure
of ruwenzorii.

Skull. From the postorbital processes the temporal ridges continue
backward in adults to meet at the occiput. The nasals are broad and
extend back slightly beyond the level of the premaxillaries, their
combined posterior border forming a bracket-shaped outline, with a
median notch. At the sides the nasals are slightly pinched in with
concave outline, and expand a very little distally.

Measurements. The field measurements of the type are: head and
body 230 mm.; tail 200 mm.; hind foot without claw 50 mm., with
claw 55 mm. ; ear 20 mm.

The skull measurements are: greatest length 56 mm.; basal length
47 mm.; palatal length 27.5 mm.; nasals 17 mm.; zygomatic breadth
29.5 mm.; width outside molars 13.7 mm.; mastoid width 23 mm.;
upper cheek teeth 10.5 mm.; lower cheek teeth 10.3 mm.

The largest cf measured 235. 265. 55. 20 mm., and the largest
9 235. 170. 50. 20 mm.

ALLEN AND LOYERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 97

Discussion. This fine series of ten skins is from the northern end
of Lake Nyasa, at a point which is apparently the most southerly
known for this species, meeting and slightly overlapping the range
of the very differently colored A. lucifer. It is noteworthy, however,
that Loveridge did not actually find these two species occurring any-
where together, although it is possible that they may do so for lucifer
extends its range well to the south.

Parasites. Fleas (Ceratophyllus infestus duratus) were plentiful on
these animals.

Enemies. The bodies of these squirrels are in great demand for
food among the Wakinga and the corpses of the above series were
carried off as soon as skinned.

Habits. This species occurs in the same forest as Heliosciurus
mutabilis shirensis, but is abundant while the latter is rare. Its cry
"kuwhek-kuwhek" was indistinguishable from that of byatti at
Kigogo. On February 18 I killed a pair with one shot as they were
"kuwheking" to the accompaniment of jerking tails within six inches
of one another. Another day, hearing the call being repeated with
regularity, I crept in the direction of the sound and approached so
softly that I was within three feet of the squirrel, which was in the
grass, before it saw me. It was evidently intently listening to, or
approaching, another animal which was calling about forty feet away.
So startled was this squirrel that it dashed up the nearest tree, a
bent-over sapling no thicker than a man's arm, which, as it was
leaning in my direction, brought the animal to within six feet of,
and level with, my head. I covered it with my gun automatically
but did not fire for it would have resulted in blowing the creature
to pieces. There we stood eyeing each other, neither moving, for a
considerable time; finally I lowered the gun and immediately the
squirrel was off like a flash, round the other side of a big tree and
up to the very topmost branches far out of range. The difference in
the conduct of Madehani squirrels as contrasted with those at Kigogo
was noticed many times; while the latter sought refuge in the under-
growth the Madehani animals more usually ascended the trees.

Aethosciurus lucifer (Thomas)

Xerus (Paraxerus) lucifer Thomas, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 430, 932,
pi. 54 (colored) : Kombe Forest, Masuku Range, 7,000 feet, Nyasaland.

16 (M. C. Z. 26180-95) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. iii-iv. 30.

Native name. Kasindi (Kinyakusa).

Discussion. This beautiful squirrel is apparently of very local dis-

98 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

tribution in the forests at the northern end of Lake Nyasa. Its striking
orange body and tail, with the black middorsal stripe, give it a very
different appearance from any other African squirrel, yet it shows its
relationship to the Aethosciurus group in the curiously greenish-yellow
tint where the orange of the hind legs pales into the gray of their inner side.

Measurements. The largest cf measured 260. 190. 55. 20 mm.; and
9 230. 210. 50. 20 mm. The sexes are equally divided and all adult.

Breeding. None of the females was pregnant.

Parasites. No external or internal parasites were found.

Habits. I heard the cry of this squirrel shortly after our arrival in
the forest; to me the call seemed indistinguishable from that of A. b.
byatti and the animal seemed equally noisy; the cry "ku whek" was
heard chiefly in the late afternoon; whether it was raining or fine ap-
peared to make no difference.

When disturbed these animals make for the tops of the highest
trees which are tall enough to be out of gunshot range. It might be
supposed from an examination of their handsome orange-red pelts with
conspicuous black dorsal patch, that these squirrels would be very
obvious among the verdure of the rain forest. This, however, is far
from being the case for on many of the trees is an epiphytic fern of
exactly the same shade of orange-red, while the dark midribs of the
ferns are very similar to the dark dorsal patch of the squirrel.

Folklore. The following story was related by an old Mnyakusa living
outside the forest who said that these squirrels will enter the Banya-
kusa granaries in search of food. Once upon a time a hare, hearing
that a squirrel was going to raid a granary, suggested that they should
go together, a request to which the squirrel acceded. They entered by
the door which was not properly closed and began to feed. The hare fed
so noisily, however, that the owner heard and went to inspect the
granary. As he appeared in the doorway the squirrel escaped through
a small hole in the opposite wall. The hare endeavoured to follow but,
being too large to get through, it was overtaken and killed by the man.
Whether this seemingly pointless tale had some basis in fact or was
purely folklore I cannot say.

Paraxerus cepapi quotus Wroughton

Paraxerus cepapi quotus Wroughton, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 3, p. 516:
Katanga district, Belgian Congo.

9 (M. C. Z. 26532) Kasanga, Lake Tanganyika. 16. v. 30.

Native name. Kapale (Kirungu).

Discussion. The single specimen from Kasanga in its pale mixed

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 99

gray coloration and white under parts, is almost a miniature of the
Heliosciurus undulatus rhodesiae Wroughton from Kitungulu with, how-
ever, a slightly more ochraeeous wash on shoulders and hindquarters.
The type locality is the Katanga district of the southern Belgian
Congo, considerably to the west of Kasanga across the lake, but the
present specimen in its buffy, instead of white, hands and feet, seems
to agree with this rather than with P. c. soccatus of the south end of
Lake Nyasa (N. Angoniland) to which Wroughton says that "some
specimens from the adjoining Nyasa-Tanganyika Plateau appear to
belong." Possibly it is intermediate but suitable material for com-
parison is not at hand.

Two other specimens, collected in 1928 by Mr. F. G. Carnochan,
extend the range of this bush squirrel northward to the vicinity of
Tabora (Kewewe's and Mwanasomano's) in west central Tanganyika
Territory. They seem to be identical in all respects with the Kasanga
specimen.

Measurements. This fully adult 9 measured 180. 165. 40. 15 mm.

Breeding. It was noted that the teats were enlarged.

Habitat. Shot in the dry scrub forest on the banks of Lake Tangan-
yika just south of the ruins of the old German fort and boma.

CRICETIDAE
Dipodillus harwoodi luteus Dollman

Dipodillus luteus Dollman, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 14, p. 489: southern
Guaso Nyiro, Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 26585) Dodoma, Ugogo. 23. xii. 29.

Native name. M body a (Chigogo).

Discussion. This specimen from Dodoma reflects in its pale buffy
color above the desert conditions under which it lives. It is super-
ficially similar to the pale Leggada from the same locality.

Measurements. 9 60. 74. 20. 10 mm.

Habitat. Taken about 8 p.m. when running about the road.

Tatera vicina muansae (Matschie)

Gerbillus (Tatera) vicinus muansae Matschie, 1911, Sitzber. Ges. naturf.
Freunde Berlin, p. 333: Mwanza, Tanganyika Territory.

c? (M. C. Z. 25690) Mangasini, Usandawi. 13. xii. 29.
Native name. Bumbi gubara (Kisandawi).

Discussion. A single very pale-buffy specimen, with black-tufted
tail from Mangasini is practically identical with topotypes of muansae

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from the southeastern end of Lake Victoria, indicating that this race
covers an extensive area in western Tanganyika Territory. Farther
east, it doubtless merges into the race swaythlingi which is only a little
darker in the color of its dorsal surface as shown by topotypes in the
collection.

Measurements. & 155. 190. 36. 22 mm.

Tatera bohmi varia Heller

Tatera varia Heller, 1910, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 56, no. 9, p. 1: Loletai
Plains, southern Guaso Nyiro, Kenya Colony.

d" (M. C. Z. 26578) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 2. i. 30.
4 (M. C. Z. 26486, 26489, 26579-80) Ukerewe Id. 10. vi. 30.

Native names. Ingombwe (Kihehe); isagai (Kikerewe).

Discussion. These large gerbils are readily distinguished by their
very long tails which are white all round in the distal third, and mixed
black and ochraceous dorsally on the basal two-thirds. The specimen
from Dabaga has a slightly darker back than those from Ukerewe
Island, due to admixture of more black hairs. As noticed by Hollister
the immature examples are a nearly uniform buffy gray above until
the development of the ochraceous-tipped hairs is complete.

The type locality of bohmi is Mpala, Marungu, west of Lake Nyasa
and Thomas has recorded it from Fort Hill in the northern part of
Nyasaland. The subspecies varia is apparently not very different but
for want of comparative material, the Ukerewe specimens are tenta-
tively referred to it.

Measurements. The largest cf in the Ukerewe series measured: 185.
245. 45. 20 mm.; 9 155. 210. 45.20 mm.; the Dabaga & 180. 220.
42. 25 mm.

MURIDAE

Dendromus mesomelas nyasae Thomas

Dendromus nyasae Thomas, 1916, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 18, p. 241: Nyika
Plateau, northern Nyasaland.

9 (M. C. Z. 26612) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 24. i. 30.
22 (M. C. Z. 26230-51) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. ii. 30.

Native name. Nandalanendu (Kikinga).

Discussion. This seems to be the common species of tree mouse at
the head of Lake Nyasa but scarcer in the Uzungwe Mountains where
only a single specimen was secured, while further comparison shows

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 101

that the specimen previously recorded by us from the Uluguru Moun-
tains as nigrifrons True is in reality nyasae. Thomas named this
more northern form of the South African striped-backed mouse on
the ground of its slightly shorter tail and more tawny, less fulvous
flanks. The tail length, however, is variable in the present series,
ranging from 90 to 110 mm. in the flesh, whereas Thomas's measure-
ment of 85 from the dried vertebrae in place is probably too small.
The color of the under side though on the average whitish, the hairs
of chest and belly slaty based, may be slightly washed with ochraceous
buff, or this may be confined to a broad collar on the throat.

The type and one other specimen on which this race was founded
came from the northern part of the Nyika Plateau at the northwest
end of Lake Nyasa, where it seems to have been outnumbered by
D. nyikae of the Poemys group. It may be added that although
Thomas regards his D. insignis from Nandi, Kenya Colony, as a
species distinct from nyasae, the two really differ in little but size,
the latter with a skull length of 22.5 mm. against 25 mm. in the
more northern animal.

Measurements. The largest cf and 9 both measured SO. 100.
20. 15 mm.

Breeding. Nos. 26,244-51 are all immature. The presence in late
February of so many half-grown young would seem to indicate that
the breeding season is early in the year at Madehani.

Dendromus melanotis nyikae Wroughton

Dendromus nrjikae Wroughton, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 3, p. 248:
Nyika Plateau, northern Nyasaland.

9 (M. C. Z. 26613) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11. vi. 30.

Discussion. This tree mouse from Ukerewe Island is the only
example taken of the subgenus Poemys, characterized by a nail
instead of a claw on the fifth hind toe. It is nearly uniform tawny
above, with a faintly marked middorsal line, dusky ears, and an
ochraceous wash over the otherwise white feet and belly. Its evident
and close relationship to melanotis have induced me to regard it as a
subspecies, differing in "rather smaller" size.

Measurements. This breeding 9 measured 70. 80. 18. 16 mm.

Breeding. This mouse was brought in together with her nest and
eight young by a native. The nest was constructed of very fine
grasses. The mother died during the night, presumably having
been injured in capture, and her nose was partly eaten away by ants

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before morning. A litter of eight is apparently a large number for a
mouse of this genus to produce.

Diet, etc. One young one died but the rest throve on dry bread,
potatoes, mhoga, etc. They were kept in a cage thickly carpeted with
dry moss. An adult gerbil (Tatera bohmi varia) was introduced into
their cage and to my astonishment the little tree mice took to sleeping
with the big gerbil coiled round them; they invariably slept in a
bunch and when disturbed might be taken up on one's hand without
showing signs of great alarm. Within the week three young rats
(Mastomys concha victoriae) were added to the party, then half a dozen
full grown rats (Arvicanthis abyssinicus rubescens). I was afraid that
the latter might do some injury to the wee mice, so a week later
removed all but one of the Arvicanthis. The strangely assorted party
of rodents then had a week of constant travelling and were none
the worse, but had to be placed in a more suitable box instead of the
glass-sided cage in which they had been living. On the night of
July 8, i. e., four weeks after capture, they were left in Kilindini
customs warehouse prior to embarkation next day. During the
night the Mastomys, perhaps smelling all the good things with which
they were surrounded, gnawed a hole in the side of the box and
escaped, together with the Dendromys. The Tatera and Arvicanthis
were too big for the hole and so remained, and in due course reached
Europe. I mention this as it seems highly probable that the Dcndromus
will establish themselves upon Mombasa Island.

Thamnomys surdaster surdaster Thomas & Wroughton

Thamnormjs surdaster Thomas & Wroughton, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
550: Zomba, Nyasaland.

3 (M. C. Z. 26582-4) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 30. xii. 29.
2 (M. C. Z. 26660-1) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 16 & 22. i. 30.
2 (M. C. Z. 26262, 26407) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 20. ii. 30.

Native names. Nyalutanda (Kihehe); tengela (Kikinga).

Discussion. In this series of bush rats, the five from Uzungwe are
very uniform in color of the back which is mixed ochraceous and
black, giving a general dull yellowish brown, without the more rufous
tints, but this is in part due to immaturity. The pair from Madehani
are brighter, more rufous above, especially over the lower back and
differ from all the other Tanganyika specimens examined in having
the hind feet nearly pure white with a faint buffy tinge to the base
of the metatarsus instead of having most of the foot buffy. Without

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 103

more specimens from the other parts of its range, however, the sig-
nificance of the difference is not clear.

Measurements. The largest cT (Madehani) measured 125. 265. 25.
20 mm.; the largest 9 (Kigogo) 125. 156. 25. 20 mm.

Breeding. A native youngster brought in a nest at Madehani on
February 20, which held a female measuring 111. 164. 26. 18 mm.,
and two suckling young (preserved in alcohol), that measured cf
60. 55. 15. 7 mm., and 9 55. 45. 15. 8 mm.; these measurements,
of which the adult and one young were taken by myself, tend to
show that the very elongate tail is a more recent adaptation to arboreal
life. The nest was almost spherical and a rat was seen to leave a
similar nest which had been placed in a low thorny tree in a gloomy
spot near the forest edge; the situation of the nest was about eight
feet from the ground.

Thallomys damarensis scotti Thomas & Hinton

Thallomys scotti Thomas & Hinton, 1923, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 494:
Junction of Thika and Tana Rivers, Kenya Colony.

d1 9 (M. C. Z. 26484-5) Kikuyu, Ugogo. 26. xii. 29.

Discussion. These very beautiful black-masked tree rats were
obtained in the dry thorn-bush country a few miles outside Dodoma
and seem to agree perfectly with the description of scotti from Kenya
Colony. The type of the genus is T. nigricauda of which loringi,
described from Lake Naivasha, is a subspecies, and Thomas has
described several other "species" from southwest Africa. Apparently,
however, these various forms may be resolved into two (or perhaps
at most three) species, typified by nigricauda larger and darker with
the white hairs of the ventral side more or less slaty at their bases,
and a smaller, huffier species, typified by damarensis, in which the
hairs of the lower side are snowy white throughout to their bases.
The black eye mask is a striking color marking, but appears to be
somewhat variable, perhaps more reduced in the latter group. The
contrastingly gray forehead, cheeks and flanks and the tendency to
develop a whitish mark at the back of the ear, are also characteristic.
As our specimens fall into the second group, they are provisionally
regarded as a race of damarensis. Their capture apparently constitutes
the first record for Tanganyika Territory, and the field notes corrobo-
rate other testimony as to the tree-living habits of the genus.

Measurements. c? 135. 160? 25. 20 mm.; 9 145. 160. 25. 20 mm.

Habits. On Christmas eve I was sitting in my tent when three rats

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dropped in a bunch from the acacia tree overhead. Though they must
have fallen ten feet they immediately rushed to the tree and disap-
peared. Later I saw them, silhouetted against the sky, actively run-
ning about in the branches but the sprays of the branches were too
thick to make shooting possible. On Christmas day I told Salimu about
them and remarked that if he wished to give me an Xmas present to
secure these rats for me before we left. Next morning, after he had
packed the last tent, and I was upon the lorry superintending the
stowing of the last loads, shouts broke out around the tree — Salimu
had introduced a wand into the hollow trunk of the acacia and poked
out the rats from its base; he had grabbed one rodent and was chasing
the other. Presently he approached me, a rat in either hand, and said,
"Here is your Christmas present!" One of the creatures had bitten
deeply into his finger but he never paid much attention to such
wounds. I dressed it with iodine and it healed rapidly.

Rattus rattus kijabius (J. A. Allen)

Mus kijabius J. A. Allen, 1909, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 169: Kijabe,
Kenya Colony.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 26576, 26578) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 1. i. 30.

<? 9 (M. C. Z. 26324-5) Ilolo, Rungwe district. 26. iii. '30.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 26492-3) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 10. vi. 30.

Native names. Ngosuwi (Kihehe); imbewa (Kinyakusa); imbeba
(Kikerewe).

Discussion. Hollister has indicated that the form of Rattus rattus
common in eastern Africa is "certainly not typical of true rattus of
northern Europe or of the subspecies alexandrinus of the Mediterra-
nean shores of Europe and northern Africa." He has therefore used
J. A. Allen's name kijabius for it, and regards Mus mwanzae and M.
rattiformis of Matschie as synonyms. The several specimens listed
above are very uniform in appearance and are undoubtedly all one
form to which the name kijabius may be applied. The adults are dark
grayish brown, with a buffy tint due to the mixture of many black
hairs with others having a gray base, a narrow subterminal ochraceous
ring and a minute black tip. On the sides of the body the ochraceous
becomes paler, buffy and with less black, while the belly is clear gray
washed with buffy. The feet are dark and there is often a small white
fleck in the middle of the chest.

Measurements. The largest d71 (Dabaga) measured 180. 200. 35.
25 mm. ; and largest 9 (Ukerewe) 155. 142. 130. 24 mm.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 105

Diet, etc. On the night of December 30 I was disturbed a couple of
times by a rat in my tent which was pitched in the bush half a mile
from the nearest farm. The following night again I heard a noise and
flashing my torch in the direction of the sound saw a rat's tail disap-
pear behind a box; in the morning it was found that two skins of
Lophuromys a. aquilus and one of Thamnomys s. surdaster had disap-
peared but were eventually found six feet away. While the arsenically
treated skins were undamaged, the attached skull of one Lophuromys
had the brain eaten out and the skull of Thamnomys had wholly dis-
appeared. Two traps were set on the night of the 31st and baited with
bread. At 12.30 p.m. I rose and found that the bait of both had been
taken and one trap sprung though I had not heard any sound. I reset
both after baiting with corned beef. Just before 5 a.m. I was awakened
by one trap being sprung, the bait had been taken from the other
without setting off the break-back wire. Beside the trap which was
sprung was a large rat — temporarily stunned — I aimed a blow at it
but it sprang past me and ran for a couple of feet before collapsing,
when I killed it with another blow.

Enemies. Rats of this race were recovered from the stomachs of an
Underlined Sand Snake (Psammophis subtaeniatus) and Puff Adder
(Bitis arietans) at Mangasini.

Folklore. An old Mnyakusa at Ilolo related the following story
which savours much of Aesop's fables. A lion was accustomed to
bask daily upon a large rock and was lying stretched out in the sun
one day when a rat, which had repaired to the spot for the same pur-
pose, mistaking the lion for a boulder, ran over him and settled to sun
itself upon the lion's shoulder. The lion, awakening, called out, "Who
are you so small that you are running over my back with your dirty
feet? If I were to eat you I should still be hungry for you would be lost
between my teeth when I attempted to chew you." The rat replied,
pertly, "Big as you are and think yourself, yet you are not so strong
as I." The lion roared at this rejoinder and the rat scampered off.

Some while afterwards the lion visited a byre and in endeavouring
to get at the cattle he put his head in a snare which the herdsman had
set for such as he. Half choked he roared and coughed by turns. The
rat, hearing the commotion, said to himself: "Whatever is the matter
that he is making such a commotion?" Being curious, he ran to the
place and seeing at a glance what was amiss he ran up the lion and
gnawed at the rope till the lion was free. Thus he demonstrated that
he was stronger than the lion. After the rescue they shook hands (or
paws) and became friends again.

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Praomys tullbergi jacksoni (De vYinton)

Mus jacksoni De Winton, 1897, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (6), 20, p. 318: Entebbe,
Uganda.

<? (M. C. Z. 26424) Mabira Forest, Uganda. 1. vii. 30.

Discussion. This adult male from beneath the thatch of a fallen hut
in a banana plantation on the outskirts of the Mabira forest at a point
forty miles west of Jinja, Uganda, is almost a topotype of the race
jacksoni and is contrastingly browner than the very dark form from
southwestern Tanganyika Territory described below.

Measurements, d" 130. 145. 25. 20 mm.

Parasites. Two fleas and a larval mite in its fur escaped preserva-
tion.

Praomys tullbergi melanotus subsp. nov.

1 (M. C. Z. 26498) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 24. i. 30.
11 (M. C. Z. 26259, 26387-94, 26411, 26497) Madehani, Ukinga

Mtns. 19-28. ii. 30.
8 (M. C. Z. 26285-92) Nyamwanga, Poroto Mtns. 17. iii. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26293) Ilolo, Rungwe district, 26. iii. 30.
3 (M. C. Z. 26295-7) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 17. iv. 30.

Native names. Nandalancndu (Kikinga); imbingi (Kinyika);
imhewa (Kinyakusa).

Type. No. 26,287 Museum of Comparative Zoology. Adult cf
skin and skull from Nyamwanga, Poroto Mountains, northwest end
of Lake Nyasa, Tanganyika Territory. Collected by A. Loveridge,
March 21, 1930.

Description. A very dark, saturated race: general color above,
including muzzle to eyes, the forehead, ears and central area of the
back, dark blackish brown, many of the hairs entirely black, others
with minute subterminal ochraceous rings that are barely noticeable;
on the sides of the face and body and on the nape, these rings are
longer, producing a dull rufous to ochraceous wash over these areas.
Lower surfaces dull grayish white, the hairs everywhere with slaty
bases. The tail, which equals the head and body in length, is blackish
all around, with narrow rings, between which come out minute
blackish-brown hairs, scarcely visible except with a lens. The feet
are very dark smoky brown, with silvery toes, slightly mixed with
duller on the hind feet.

The skull is of the usual slender narrow type, with long narrow
nasals terminating in a slightly notched transverse line on a level

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 107

with the posteriormost extension of the premaxillaries ; the incisive
foramina just reach the level of the front edge of the molars instead
of penetrating to the level of the anterior third of m1. Although
Hollister regarded the East African forms as subspecies of tullbergi
of the Cameroons, it seems quite probable that they are instead a
distinct species, jacksoni, differing in the larger ears with consequently
larger auditory bullae, and having the outer cusp of the first trans-
verse lamina in the upper m1 well developed instead of obsolete.

Measurements. The field measurements of the type are as follows:
head and body 120 mm.; tail 120 mm.; hind foot 25 mm.; ear 25 mm.
The largest pair in the Nyamwanga series measured : c? 125. 130. 23.
20 mm.; 9 112. 124. 24. 19 mm.

The skull of the type measures: greatest length 29.0 mm.; basal
length 23.9 mm.; palatal length 14.3 mm.; incisive foramina 5.5 mm.;
zygomatic width 13.2 mm.; breadth of brain case 12.0 mm.; upper
tooth row 5.0 mm.; lower tooth row 4.8 mm.; across molars 5.4 mm.

Discussion. This race is closely related to P. jacksoni (type locality,
Entebbe) and the subspecies delectorum (type locality, Mlanje,
southern Nyasaland). It differs noticeably from both, however, in
its extremely dark appearance, a series looking nearly blackish in
most lights, while jacksoni is a distinctly ochraceous animal and
delectorum, though somewhat darker, differs in the decided rusty
wash of the forehead and fore back, while both jacksoni and delectorum
have white hands instead of dark wyith whitish fingers. The extremely
saturated appearance of this new race is doubtless to be correlated
with the abundant moisture and rainfall of the area it inhabits among
the mountains at the head of Lake Nvasa. In this connection, com-
parison has again been made with the skins from the Uluguru Moun-
tains previously referred to delectorum. Although these are a shade
darker above than a topotype of the latter, they are not very different
and in their white feet and slightly rusty foreheads, are closer to it
than to melanotics, and on the whole may be referred to delectorum
until a more thorough knowledge of the variation shown by specimens
from the intermediate area is available.

Breeding. At Madehani, on February 21, a native brought me a
female rat together with four well-grown young. I noticed that the
mother had four pairs of nipples.

Habitat. The female and young had been killed in a wheat granary.
Wheat-growing was introduced by missionaries and wheat is now
the staple article of diet among the Wakinga who build granaries —
rather resembling big beehives of the skep type on stilts — in which

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to protect their grain from rats. I was surprised to learn that the
common rat (Rattus r. kijabius) was not present at Madehani. Most
of the Madehani series were taken in snap-back rat traps baited solely
with ground-nut butter and set at the forest edge. That the rats
emerge to feed shortly after darkness falls I ascertained by visiting
the traps at 8 p.m., a necessary procedure where ants are so numerous.
At Rungwe a rat was taken in a trap baited with meat.

Hylomyscus weileri (Lonnberg & Gyldenstolpe)

Rattus (Praomys) weileri Lonnberg & Gyldenstolpe, 1925, Ark. for Zool., 17,
B, No. 5, p. 3: Burunga, western foothills of Mt. Mikeno, eastern Belgian
Congo.

1 (M. C. Z. 26499) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. i. 30.
8 (M. C. Z. 26406, 26409-10, 26412-6) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns.
24. ii. 30.

Discussion. A single adult from Kigogo and the series of eight
rats from Madehani, adult and immature, are provisionally placed
under this species, with the description of which they agree. They
are small long-tailed tree rats, having but six mammae, and in com-
parison with //. denniae are shorter-haired and much duller colored,
lacking the bright ochraceous tints; instead they have a dark brownish
back minutely ticked with buff which is clearer along the sides of
head and body. The feet are a little shorter and the skull is smaller
with a shorter rostrum than in denniae which in a general way they
appear to considerably resemble. The immature animals are much
darker through lack of the buffy-tipped hairs, which in adults give
a buffy tint to the entire dorsal surface. The hind feet average about
20 mm. in length against 22 or 23 mm. in denniae and the tails also
are a few millimetres shorter, usually 125 to 140 mm.

Here should be mentioned that in our former paper on "Mammals
from the Uluguru and Usambara Mountains, Tanganyika Territory,"
five specimens of a Hylomyscus from Yituri were erroneously included
with Praomys delectorum. These, although a trifle less dark above,
are clearly the same as the Madehani Hylomyscus, bearing about the
same relation to the latter as the specimens of Praomys from those
mountains do to the very little darker series which we have named
melanotus from the mountains north and northwest of Lake Nyasa.
This Hylomyscus then has a somewhat extensive range from the
Lake Kivu country south to the Livingstone Mountains and east-
ward in forest areas to the Uluguru Mountains near the east coast.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 109

Measurements. The largest d" measured 80. 110. 20. 20 mm.; and
largest 9 80. 140. 20. 20 mm.

Habits. After being completely defeated by the galagos moving
their quarters I took up a position at sunset one evening to watch
the lacework of branches at the forest edge as silhouetted against
the sky. Presently I saw a small animal running along the twigs
of a tree, pause for a moment at its tip, then take a leap, worthy of
a galago, which landed it in the twigs of the next tree. A minute
or two later it was followed by a second, while at intervals others
arrived until I had counted eight, most of which may have been
Claviglis. I heard squeaking in the tree from which they had come,
a typical rain-forest giant, smothered in lianas and tree ferns of
several species. These formed a dense mat around every branch.

The following morning Salimu essayed to climb the tree but its
girth, combined with the slipperiness of its bark, prevented him. Noth-
ing daunted he climbed thirty feet up the perfectly smooth stem of an
adjacent tree whose top leaned against the forest giant. Incidentally
on descending three hours later he offered twenty cents to anyone who
could climb this tree. Only one of the half-dozen natives present took
up the challenge and, failing, he came sliding down to the accompani-
ment of a chorus of jeers from his companions.

When about forty feet up Salimu discovered the well-worn trail I
had told him to look for; before he could ascend farther, however, it was
necessary to dislodge a great mass of ferns and moss together with a
quantity of dead leaves which had accumulated among the fronds of
the former. As this matted growth crashed to earth a number of
dormice sprang from it — at least five I should think. I was alone
below and regret to say that all escaped. I was sure that my helmet
covered one but on raising the helmet found the dormouse gone. I
searched in the neighbouring grass and caught it by the tail but the tip
came off and the rodent was fifty feet up a tree in a moment; fortu-
nately I was able to shoot it without damage. I returned to camp
for a couple of boys, a saw, axe, ball of string, etc. Having drawn up
the saw Salimu cut off branch after branch and as they crashed to
earth we rushed to examine them. Two more dormice were secured in
this way but so nimble were the little creatures in ascending adjacent
trees that I should not care to say how many we lost.

Salimu then set about methodically stripping the branches of their
parasitic growths, working downwards towards the main stem. In
doing so he dislodged eight rats, all of which we captured. If others
escaped we were not cognizant of it. They were certainly not nearly
as nimble and active as the dormice.

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Hylomyscus stella kaimosae (Heller)

Epimys alleni kaimosae Heller, 1912, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 59, no. 16, p. 7:
Kaimosi, Kenya Colony.

c? & 9 9 (M. C. Z. 26420-3) Mabira Forest, Uganda. 1. vii. 30.

Discussion. Through the kindness of Dr. Remington Kellogg of the
United States National Museum, we have had topotypes of this
forest mouse for comparison and they are identical with the above
series from the Mabira Forest which lies to the west of Kaimosi. Their
small size and bright ochraceous color, with somewhat darker mid-
dorsal area are distinctive.

Measurements. All in the series were uniform in size, viz. 80. 125.
16. 15 mm.

Habitat. Five of these tree mice were found in a much decayed, but
still standing, tree trunk; one escaped.

Mastomys coucha victoriae (Matschie)

Mus {Epimys) microdon victoriae Matschie, 1911, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde
Berlin, p. 342: Mwanza, Tanganyika Territory.

21 (M. C. Z. 26294, 26298-308, 26315-21, 26323) Ilolo, Rungwe.
iii. 30.

2 (M. C. Z. 26494-5) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 29. iv. 30.
• 3 (M. C. Z. 26500, 26512, 26515) Kitungulu, Urungu. 14. v. 30.

4 (M. C. Z. 26490-1, 26512-3) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria, vi. 30.

Native names. Imbewa (Kinyakusa); pwela (Kirungu); imbeba
(Kikerewe).

Discussion. A series of multimammate mice representing Mastomys
coucha was secured from the above localities mostly lying between
Fakes Nyasa and Tanganyika. They seem to be indistinguishable
from those taken on Ukerewe Island in Fake Victoria, which is un-
doubtedly the same as Matschie's victoriae from the adjacent shore,
and I have therefore referred them all to that race provisionally. It
may be that these are not sufficiently different from M. coucha micro-
don from the Zambesi to be separable, but adequate material for com-
parison is not at hand. They are readily told from the race ugandae
by their clear gray bellies, lacking the brownish wash of the latter.
The immatures are a dark gray above, hardly lightened by the buffy
tint which becomes well developed, especially along the sides, in the
adults.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 111

Measurements. The largest c? (Ilolo) measured 164. 125. 25. 18
mm.; and 9 (Ukerewe) 140. 125. 25. 20 mm.

Breeding. The Kitungulu specimens consist of a 9 and a pair of
young, each of which measures 70. 52. 16. 7 mm.

Parasites. Nematodes (Arduenna sp. and Protospiura muricola)
were recovered from the stomachs of Ilolo and Ukerewe specimens re-
spectively, while mites were also found in the fur of a rat from Ukerewe
Island.

Leggada triton murilla Thomas

Leggada triton murilla Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 91:
Machakos, Kenya Colony.

3 (M. C. Z. 26507-9) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. xii. 29.

2 (M. C. Z. 26510-1) Luvuna, Uzungwe Mtns. 9. i. 30.
6 (M. C. Z. 26501-6) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. i. 30.

3 (M. C. Z. 26404, 26260-1) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. ii. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26313) Ilolo, Rungwe district. 26. iii. 30.

Native names. Bimda (Kihehe); sesi (Kinyika); imbewa (Kinya-
kusa).

Discussion. This large, gray-bellied, pygmy mouse is widely dis-
tributed in East Africa, from Machakos in Kenya Colony, southward
and westward. The series includes adults and immature individuals,
the latter less bright in color than the former.

Measurements. The largest cf (Kigogo) measured 70. 50. 15. 11
mm.; and largest 9 (Ilolo) 85. 55. 16. 10 mm.

Leggada bella induta Thomas

Leggada induta Thomas, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 89: Molopo,
northern Bechuanaland.

9 (M. C. Z. 26521) Ludilo, Uzungwe Mtns. 8. i. 30.
cf 9 (M. C. Z. 26522-3) Nyamkolo, Lake Tanganyika. 10. v. 30.
c? , 3 9 (M. C. Z. 26517-20) Kitungulu, Urungu. 15. v. 30.

9 9 (M. C. Z. 26524-5) Albertville, Lake Tanganyika. 21. v.
30.

Native name. Kuzuru (Kirungu).

Discussion. Apparently adults of this pygmy mouse are less easy to
obtain than immature examples. The series of nine, old and young, is
very uniform in color with dark median dorsal area, more russet sides
than the brighter russet of typical L. bella. It appears* to represent the
subspecies described by Thomas from northern Bechuanaland.

112 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Measurements. The larger cf (Nyamkolo) measured 46. 45. 10. 8
mm. ; and 9 (Albertville) 65. 50. 15. 10 mm.

Breeding. The Ludilo specimen was found beneath a hollowed log
where it had its nest; this was about five inches in aiameter and was
composed of loosely woven dry grasses, coarser outside and fine and
soft at the centre. The log was lying on rubbish-strewn ground on the
outskirts of a village. The Kitungulu series consists of a mother and
three young which I dug from a village rubbish heap; no nest was seen.
The young male measured 40. 30. 13. 10 mm. and the two young
females 50. 40. 13. 10 mm.

Habitat. The Albertville mice were taken beneath a bundle of grass
and a sheet of galvanized iron respectively.

Leggada gerbillus spec. nov.
cf (M. C. Z. 26586) Dodoma, Ugogo. 23. xii. 29.

Type. No. 26,586 Museum of Comparative Zoology. An adult cf
skin and skull from Dodoma, Ugogo, Tanganyika Territory. Col-
lected by A. Loveridge, December 23, 1929.

Description. A very pale species with a conspicuous pure white area
below and behind each ear.

Above, from base of whiskers to tail, as far ventrally as a line about
a millimetre below the eye, and excluding the free part of the fore leg,
a clear "warm buff," darkened by admixture of blackish hairs over a
very narrow median area that is darkest on the crown and ends in a
point on the forehead at the level of the eyes. The clear buff of the
sides extends down the outer side of the hind limb to the ankle. Lips,
lower cheeks, entire fore legs, belly and hind feet, as well as a con-
spicuous ring from the inner base of the ear around the posterior side
of the outer base, pure white to the roots of the hairs. Tail thinly clad
with very minute appressed hairs which are dark brown above and
whitish below.

The skull compared with that of L. bella is obviously shorter in the
rostrum with wider incisive foramina, which penetrate between the
tooth rows not quite to the level of the antero-internal tubercle of m1.
The palate is more prolonged, so that the median posterior border is a
millimetre behind the level of the last molars. The masseteric knob is
prominent and about halfway back on the zygomatic plate instead of
near its anterior edge. The upper incisors curve strongly backward at
their tips. The audital bullae are obviously smaller.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 113

Measurements. The field measurements of the type specimen are
practically those of L. bclla but the tail is shorter: head and body 55
mm.; tail 35 mm.; hind foot 13 mm.; ear 10 mm.

The skull measures: greatest length 17.0 mm.; basal length 14 mm.;
palatal length 9.6 mm.; incisive foramina 3.5 mm.; zygomatic width
about 9 mm.; across m1 4.5 mm.; upper tooth row 3.4 mm.; mandible
(condyle to tip of incisor) 11.2 mm.; lower tooth row 2.2 mm.

Discussion. Of this little mouse only a single specimen was secured,
but after careful comparison with specimens and descriptions I am
quite unable to reconcile its characters with any of them, so have re-
garded it as a new species, probably of the bclla group, but different
in the proportions of the skull, length of palate, and position of mas-
seteric knob. Its almost uniform clear buffy coloring, only slightly
darkened on the median line, and the conspicuous white area sur-
sounding the back of the ear, give it at first sight quite the appearance
of a pygmy gerbil or immature Steatomys. In other specimens of the
group available the white spot below the ear is either absent or very
inconspicuous.

Habitat. Taken running about the road on outskirts of town about
S p.m.

Cricetomys gambianus viator Thomas

Cricetomys gambianus viator Thomas, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 13, p.
413: Likangala, Nyasaland.

5 (M. C. Z. 26452-5, 26542) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. iii-iv. 30-

Distribution. This pouched rat also occurs in native gardens at
Madehani, Ukinga Mountains.

Native names. Benga and akabenga (Kinyika and Kinyakusa).

Discussion. This subspecies of giant rat ranges from the Southern
Lake Region to Mozambique. With increasing age, the white of the
underside is replaced by a dull buffy tint across the chest and upper
abdomen.

Measurements. The only d71 measured 340. 380. 70. 40 mm.; the
largest 9 380. 375. 75. 40 mm.

Breeding. There were no fetuses in any of the four females but
one taken on April 14 appeared to be nursing young.

Parasites. Orthopteran parasites {Hemimerus nanseni) and a flea
(Ceratophyllus infestus duratus) were collected from one of these rats.

114 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Lophuromys aQuilus aQuilus (True)

Mus aquilus True, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15, p. 460: Mt. Kilimanjaro,
8,000 feet, Tanganyika Territory.

3 (M. C. Z. 26622-4) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 30. xii. 29.
10 (M. C. Z. 26627-36) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. i. 30.
2 (M. C. Z. 26263, 26385) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. ii. 30.
2 (M. C. Z. 26328, 26378) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. iii-iv. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26625) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 29. iv. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26626) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11. vi. 30.

Distribution. A damaged specimen was brought to me at Nyam-
wanga.

Native names. Nydkihuhu (Kihehe); kursi (Kikinga); nguya (Kin-
yika); imbewa (Kinyakusa); imbeba (Kikerewe).

Discussion. Although the above series shows more or less variation
in color, they can be matched in every respect by specimens from
Mt. Kenya which, as Hollister has shown, are really inseparable
from typical aquilus, although regarded by Dollman as distinct
under the name zena (type from the Aberdare Range, Kenya Colony).
The latter author has given the name rita to a slightly redder race
from the Katanga, but there seem to be no grounds for regarding
any of the present series as different from L. aquilus.

Measurements. The largest d71 measured 140. 75. 20. 20 mm.;
largest 9 135. 85. 20. 20 mm., both from Dabaga.

Breeding. Two of four females trapped at Kigogo on 24. i. 30 held
fetuses; one held two measuring 45. IS. 8. 4 mm., the other three
measuring 52. 20. 10. 5 mm.

Habitat. It was noted that at both Madehani and Nkuka these
rats were diurnal and were successfully trapped with meat bait. The
tails of this species are very apt to be reduced to a mere stump, pre-
sumably through fighting among themselves; many were rejected
on this account.

Lophuromys sikapusi ansorgei De Winton

Lophuromys ansorgei De Winton, 1896, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 607, pi. 27:
Kavirondo, Lake Victoria, Kenya Colony.

4 (M. C. Z. 26376-7, 26379, 26384) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 19-22.
ii. 30.

Native name. Kursi (Kikinga).

Discussion. The four specimens listed above were the only ones
secured and it is interesting to note that Madehani is the only locality

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 115

where both this species and L. a. aquilus were found together, for their
general areas of distribution overlap. Typically L. sikapusi is the
species of the West African forest area, while the speckled L. aquilus
is characteristic of eastern Africa. Considering the amount of indi-
vidual variation shown in these mice, there is surprisingly little
difference between those of central and western Africa. Externally
the Madehani series is not distinguishable from two skins from Liberia
considered to represent sikapvsi whose type locality is the Gold
Coast, but specimens from the Cameroons seem to average a little
darker above. De Winton named ansorgei from Kavirondo, Victoria
Nyanza, distinguishing it from sikapusi by its "rather larger size
and much darker colouring," but with more specimens for comparison
these differences seem very small indeed. I have, therefore, used
the name in a subspecific sense until a more thorough revision can be
made. It seems obvious that Matschie's L. sikapusi mantcufeli
from Mwanza, Victoria Nyanza, based on an imperfect specimen in
alcohol, is a svnonvm.

Measurements. The largest cf measured 115. 65. 22. 16 mm.; the
only 9 95. 65. 20. 15 mm.

Diet. Trapped with meat bait during the day, the trap being set
at the forest edge.

Dasvmys ? helukus Heller

Dasymys helukus Heller, 1910, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 54, p. 2: Sirgoit,
southeast of Mt. Elgon, Kenya Colony.

d" (M. C. Z. 26663) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 2. i. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 26659) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 17. i. 30.
tf 9 (M. C. Z. 26360, 26408) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 20. ii. 30.
d1 9 (M. C. Z. 26312, 26322) Ilolo, Rungwe. ih-iv. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 26662) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 24. iv. 30.

Native names. Ikumba (Kihehe); ngerule (Kikinga); imbewa (Kin-
yakusa).

Discussion. This small series from five different localities in south-
western Tanganyika is quite uniform in general appearance, a dull
mixed reddish brown and black above, paling to ochraceous and
black lined on the sides, and a curious shade of whitish below, faintly
tinged with light olive buff. They are nearly indistinguishable from
D. helukus of the plateau to the southeast of Mt. Elgon, and are
provisionally placed with that animal in the absence of comparable
specimens of incomtus which comes from much farther south (Natal),
or of the Congo races.

116 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The shape of the skull is quite characteristic with the curiously
depressed nasals, pinched together at their tips, the strong sharp
interorbital ridges, and the deep palatal gutter continuous from
the incisive foramina to the hind margin of the palate. A small
series from the Lualaba River seems to be closely similar.

Measurements. The largest c? (Ilolo) measured 172. 151. 31.
19 mm.; the largest 9 (Madehani) 172. 151. 31. 19 mm.

Breeding. A female, only 150 mm. in head and body length, was
brought in at Ilolo on April 17, together with three nestlings, whose
eyes were still unopened. The nestling cf measured 70. 50. 18.
10 mm., and the 9 9, 60. 55. 18. 10 mm.

Pelomys fallax insignatus Osgood

Pelomys fallax insignatus Osgood, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 5, p. 276:
Fort Hill, Nyasaland.

& (M. C. Z. 26311) Ilolo, Rungwe. 8. iv. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 26657) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 21. iv. 30.

Native names. Siangi (Kinyakusa).

Discussion. Of these two specimens, from localities only ten miles
apart and situated in southwestern Tanganyika Territory, both
agree in the lack of a dark dorsal line and in the coarse nature of the
pelage, but the male is much the paler, almost golden, becoming
very little rufescent at the base of the tail, and white below with
faintly gray bases to the hairs. The female is much darker and has
the whole fore part of the chest strongly ochraceous buff.

Measurements. & 140. 140. 35. 20 mm.; 9 160. 155. 32.20 mm.

Enemies. The female was caught and presented by a cat.

Arvicanthis abyssinicus rubescens Wroughton

Arvicanthis abyssinicus rubescens Wroughton, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (S),
4, p. 358: Kibero, Unyoro, Uganda.

12 (M. C. Z. 26361-72) Entebbe, Uganda. 27. vi. 30.

Native names. Imbeba (Kinyoro); mesi (Luganda).

Discussion. The dozen specimens from Entebbe represent the form
common in Uganda west of the Nile, about the northwestern end of
Lake Victoria. They are characterized by their dark blackish color
with a reddish wash over the back. This is often due to fading for in

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 117

fresh pelage the paler portions are more nearly ochraceous. A trace
of the dark median line can usually be made out.

Measurements. The largest c? measured 175. 115. 30. 20 mm.; the
largest 9 160. 130. 30. 20 mm.

Breeding. The largest 9 held six embryos measuring 36 mm. in
head and bod}'; 15 mm. tail; 7 mm. hind foot; the ears were folded
and too small to measure in the field.

Arvicanthis abyssinicus muansae (Matschie)

Mus (Epimys ?) muansae Matschie, 1911, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin,
p. 340: Mwanza, Tanganyika Territory.

d" c? 9 (M. C. Z. 26619-21) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.

Native name. Imbeba (Kikerewe).

Discussion. These three topotypes of the race muansae are inter-
esting to compare with their close relative, neumanni, of which a
series was also secured near the type locality. The latter is a very
pallid animal, with almost clear buffy- white sides, while those from
Mwanza are appreciably darker with a faint suggestion of a dorsal
line and with darker sides. How distinct it may be from the more
northern races, the material at hand is insufficient to show.

Measurements, c? 135. 100. 25. 15 mm.; 9 120. 100. 25. 15 mm.

Enemies. Another of these rodents was recovered from the stomach
of a Brown House Snake (Boaedon lineatus).

Arvicanthis abyssinicus neumanni (Matschie)

Mus neumanni Matschie, 1894, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 204:
Burungwe, near Irangi, Tanganyika Territory.

7 (M.C.Z. 25691, 93, 25700,03, 05-07) Unyanganyi, Turu. 5. xii. 29.
10 (M. C. Z. 25692, 94-99, 25701, 02, 04) Mangasini, Usandawi. 12. xii. 29.

Discussion. This series of seventeen skins, consisting of nine males
and eight females, comes from localities which are a comparatively
short distance west or southwest of the type locality, Burungwe.
They are very uniform in their pale appearance, and show no trace
of the dark median line.

Measurements. The largest o* measured 130. 115. 25. 15 mm.;
and 9 135. 130. 25. 15 mm.

118 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Lemniscomys striatus massaicus (Pagenstecher)

Mus {Lemniscomys) barbarus var. massaicus Pagenstecher, 1885, Jahrb. Ham-
burg Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 45: Lake Naivasha, Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 26614) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 16. vi. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 26382) Mabira Forest, Uganda. 1. vii. 30.

Native name. Imbeba (Kikerewe).

Discussion. Considering the abundance of this species in some
localities, it is rather noteworthy that the above-listed rats were
the only ones secured. Although rather pale like macculus, it has the
large hind foot of the striatus group.

Measurements. The larger 9 (Ukerewe Id.) measured 130. 145. 25.
16 mm.

Rhabdomys pumilio diminutus (Thomas)

Isomys pumilio diminutus Thomas, 1892, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 551:
Mianzini, east of Lake Naivasha, Kenya Colony.

13 (M.C.Z. 26599-611) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. xii. 29-i. 30.
12 (M.C. Z. 26587-98) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. i. 30.

1 (M.C.Z. 26867) Tandala, Ukinga Mtns. 11. ii. 30.

4 (M.C.Z. 26863-6) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 15. ii. 30.

3 (M.C.Z. 26271, 26282, 26287) Nyamwanga, Poroto Mtns. 17. hi. 30.
11 (M.C.Z. 26272-80, 26284) Ilolo, Rungwe. hi. 30.

Native names. NyagaUa (Kihehe); bunga (Kikinga); malamala
(Kinyakusa and Kinyika).

Discussion. There is considerable variation in color in the above
series, but this is apparently a matter of age or individuality. The
two pale dorsal stripes may be nearly whitish or rather gray like the
sides, and the amount of yellowish wash on the shoulders and sides
varies in intensity. Two old adults are rather paler than the rest of
the specimens. The ears in this species are conspicuous by their
contrasting rusty color with a small intensely black spot covering the
proectote (outer anterior portion).

Measurements. The largest c? measured 135. 75 (missing tip). 20.
12 mm.; and largest 9 120. 100. 20. 15 mm.

Parasites. Nematode worms (Arduenna sp.) were found in a Dabaga
rat.

Enemies. At Igale, Poroto Mountains, one of these rats was re-
covered from the stomach of a Puff Adder (Bitis arietans).

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 119

Otomys percivali Dollman

Otomys percivali Dollman, 1915, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 15, p. 168: Lake
Olbollossat, Naivasha district, Kenya Colony.

12 (M. C. Z. 26645-53, 26655-6, 26664) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. xii.
29-i. 30.
8 (M. C. Z. 26637-44) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 14-31. i. 30.

Native name. Gudi (Kihehe).

Discussion. This fine series from the Uzungwe Mountains corre-
sponds in every detail to Dollman's description of 0. percivali, itself
probably a close relative of 0. jacksoni from Elgon, and perhaps
only subspecifically different. It is of large size, and externally re-
sembles 0. tropicalis, but has coarser fur and is considerably paler
in its general ochraceous tint, heavily lined with black. The ochra-
ceous band on the dorsal hairs is paler and wider than in tropicalis.
The skull is obviously arched in profile, with prominent raised ridges
over the eyes, and strongly depressed rostrum. The lower incisors
have two deep grooves, the last upper molar has seven laminae, the
first lower molar four. The nasal bones are of the usual spatulate
form, but do not exceed 7.5 mm. in combined width. Nearly all of
the series are adult or approximately so.

This species has apparently not been found hitherto except at
the type locality, twelve miles south of Lake Olbollossat, Naivasha
district, Kenya Colony. The present record is, therefore, a considerable
extension of the known range, to the southern part of the Tanganyika
Plateau, and perhaps marks its southward limit.

There seems to be something of particular interest in the local
distribution of the species of this genus. The above series from two
localities in the Uzungwe Mountains and the species following were
the only examples of the genus collected on the present trip. In
1922, however, one of Mr. Loveridge's trained collectors secured two
of the very large 0. angoniensis elassodon between Iringa and Dabaga.
Of the similar but smaller species 0. nyikae, nothing was found, nor
of the 0. tropicalis group, which is mainly of more northern distribu-
tion. On the present expedition, at Madehani, at the north end of
Lake Nyasa, none of these species was found, but instead a good
series of an undescribed form.

Measurements. The largest <?' measured 215. 85. 23. 15 mm.; and
largest 9 170. 95. 25. 20 mm.

Parasites. Nematodes (Wellcomia sp.) were found in the stomach
of a Kigogo Swamp Rat.

120 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Otomys (Anchotomys) anchietae lacustris subsp. nov.

9 (M. C. Z. 26654) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 2. i. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 26359) Tandala, Ukinga Mtns. 11. ii. 30.

14 (M. C. Z. 26344-51, 26353-8) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. ii. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 26326) Ilolo, Rungwe district. 31. iii. 30.

J* (M. C. Z. 26658) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 30. iv. 30.

Native names. Gudi (Kihehe); nuke (Kikinga); mbewa (Kinyakusa) ;
sogo (Kinyika).

Type. No. 26,358 Museum of Comparative Zoology. Adult 9 skin
and skull from Madehani, Ukinga Mountains, north end of Lake
Nyasa, Tanganyika Territory. Collected by A. Loveridge, February
21, 1930.

Description. With the general characters of 0. anchietae of western
Angola, but smaller and less brightly colored.

Head and body above dark blackish brown, with a ferruginous cast
due to the mixture of long black hairs with hairs having a narrow sub-
terminal rusty ring and a black tip. The tint is very even over the
whole upper surface of the head and body and on the cheeks and sides.
Backs of the ears and feet blackish brown, sparsely clad with minute
blackish hairs. Tail long and slender, blackish, thinly clad with minute
blackish hairs that do not conceal the scales, its lower side a very little
paler. Ventral side of body and limbs, slaty with a wash of ochraceous
across the chest and upper abdomen.

The skull has a slightly depressed rostrum, with broadened spatulate
nasals contracting behind as in most of the species north of the
Zambesi, raised supraorbital edges extending back as usual to form a
marked supraorbital angle, and thence across the middle of the
parietals. The combination of a single deep external groove on the
lower incisors, the possession of five distinct transverse laminae on the
first lower molar and seven on the last upper molar, suffice at once to
place this in the subgenus Anchotomys (Thomas, 1918, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (9), 2, p. 208), to which at present only the single species 0.
anchietae is relegated.

Measurements. The field measurements of the type are as follows:
head and body 175 mm.; tail 100 mm.; hind foot (with claws) 30 mm.;
ear 20 mm. Those of the largest paratypes, both from Madehani, are:
0* 185. 100. 30. 25 mm.; 9 180. 110. 30. 25 mm.

The skull of the type measures: greatest length 40 mm.; basal
length 35 mm.; palatal length 20 mm.; zygomatic width 20 mm.;
mastoid width 15 mm.; interorbital width 4.6 mm.; width outside

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 121

molars 7.5 mm.; nasals 14.8 x 7 mm.; upper cheek teeth (alveoli) 8.6
mm.; lower cheek teeth (alveoli) 8.5 mm.

Discussion. The eighteen specimens from four mountain ranges as
listed above, appear to be the first of this Angolan subgenus to be dis-
covered in the lake region, the Dabaga specimen carrying the range
unexpectedly towards central Tanganyika Territory. While agreeing
precisely in the peculiar combination of tooth characters shown by
0. anchietae (type locality Kakonda, western Angola), these are uni-
formly smaller, the hind foot measuring 30 against 37 to 40 mm. in
the latter, and the skull not exceeding 40 mm. instead of reaching 50
in total length; other external measurements are proportionately less
(head and body in anchietae 240 mm., tail 120 mm.).

The coloration, also, to judge from descriptions is less intense. In
general outward appearance this swamp rat is very different from the
tropicalis group of eastern Africa, differing in its darker, richer colora-
tion and especially in the long, slender tail, dark all around, and
clothed scantily with more minute blackish hairs. In these respects it
shows so close a resemblance to 0. kempi from the Kivu region, that
the two are hardly distinguishable externally. Indeed, it seems likely
that 0. kempi and 0. denti really form with 0. anchietae a group of very
closely related species which should constitute the subgenus Ancho-
tomys but so plastic are the characters of molar lamination and incisor
grooving, that a classification based on these alone does not bring out
the true relationship. If this interpretation be correct, 0. anchietae
extends across Africa from Angola to central Tanganyika on the south
edge of the forest area, as a species with 5-laminated first lower molar
and a 7-laminated last upper molar, while north of it in the Kivu region
and again in the Uluguru Mountains of eastern Tanganyika its place is
taken by 0. kempi with 4-laminated first lower molar and 6-laminated
last upper molar. Still farther north, in Ruwenzori East, comes 0.
denti in which the last upper molar is reduced to 5 laminae. Dollman
has pointed out that in the two last species, the single groove of the
lower incisors divides the tooth into an inner broader and an outer
narrower section, the latter of which is nearly always the paler. This
condition is less characteristic of the new subspecies, but obtains in
about fifty per cent of the Madehani series and perhaps further em-
phasizes their relationship. Altogether this forms an interesting addi-
tion to the mammal fauna of Tanganyika Territory.

122 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

GRAPHIURIDAE
Claviglis murinus isolatus (Heller)

Graphiurus murinus isolatus Heller, 1912, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 69, no. 16,
p. 3: Mt. Umengo, Taita Mountains, Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 26581) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 2. i. 30.

Native name. Mdcri (Kihehe).

Discussion. This single specimen from the forests of Uzungwe is in-
distinguishable externally from C. m. saturatus, in its dark smoky
coloration, which merges gradually into the slightly paler underside,
faintly washed with buffy. Hollister has shown, however, that the
audital bullae are smaller, and this is true also of the Dabaga specimen,
which thus extends the recorded range of this race over three hundred
miles to the southwest of those localities in southeastern Kenya and
Mt. Kilimanjaro, whence he reports its occurrence.

Measurements. 9 84. 80. 15. 12 mm.

Claviglis soleatus collaris subsp. no v.
d1 cf 9 (M. C. Z. 26373-75) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 24. ii. 30.

Native name. Ulengera (Kikinga).

Type. No. 26,373 Museum of Comparative Zoology. Adult 9
skin and skull from Madehani, Ukinga Mountains, north end of
Lake Nyasa, Tanganyika Territory. Collected by A. Loveridge,
February 24, 1930.

Description. A medium-sized dormouse resembling soleatus of
Mt. Ruwenzori and raptor of Mt. Kenya in the close buffy-gray fur
above, the dark feet with white toes, and relatively large ears. It
differs from both, however, in having the lower Surface of the throat,
chest and belly washed with pale ochraceous, which forms a more
conspicuous buffy band across the lower throat.

Entire dorsal surface of body a buffy gray, the pelage consisting
of hairs with slaty bases and a short ochraceous tip, sometimes with
a very minute terminal point of black; among these are scattered
all-black hairs but not enough to cause a darkening of the coloration
on the middle area of the back as in C. microtis. A slightly dusky
area just in front of each eye but not reaching to the muzzle and
not extending as an ocular ring. Tail drab all around, ears dusky.
Hands white, only slightly clouded on the wrist, but the feet with the
entire metatarsal area dark brown, the toes white. The upper lips

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 123

buffy whitish, chin white; entire lower surface of body slaty gray,
many of the hairs minutely tipped with ochraceous giving a pale-buffy
wash over the gray, which is so much developed across the lower
throat as to give a buffy collar. The type has, abnormally, a tuft
of white hair at the back of the elbow, perhaps as the result of a wound.

Skull. The skull measures: greatest length 25.0 mm.; basal length
20.6 mm.; palatal length 10.0 mm.; zygomatic width 14.0 mm.;
mastoid width 12.1 mm.; upper cheek teeth 4.0 mm.; lower cheek
teeth 3.4 mm.; width across upper molars 5.5. mm.

Measurements. The field measurements of the type are as follows:
head and body 90 mm.; tail 60 mm. but tip missing; hind foot 15 mm.;
ear 15 mm. A d71 measured SO. 45 but tip missing. 15. 15 mm.

Discussion. Hollister, in reviewing the specimens of this genus in
the United States National Museum (see Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no.
99, p. 152, 1919), regarded saturatus and raptor, both of which occur
on Mt. Kenya, as subspecies of murinas, supposing raptor to be
the high-level representative, for it occurs near the upper limit of
forest. Topotypes of raptor, however, show that in its dorsal colora-
tion, of an even buffy gray, and in its shorter closer fur, as wrell as
in the greater extent of dark color on the hind feet, it is of a quite
different type and is undoubtedly a distinct species, the first-named
form of which is probably solcatus of the eastern valleys of Mt. Ruwen-
zori, 5-6,000 feet. The Kenya representative is apparently very
similar and both have the belly gray washed with whitish. This
race from the Livingstone Mountains differs in its buffy-tipped hairs
below, which form a more or less marked collar.

Habitat. A full account of the taking of these dormice will be
found under Hylomyscus weileri, both rodents being found among
the epiphytic growths of a giant forest tree.

PEDETIDAE
Pedetes cafer dentatus Miller

Pedetes cafer dentatus Miller, 1927, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 40, p. 113:
Dodoma, Tanganyika Territory.

cf (M. C. Z. 25988) Dodoma, Ugogo. 23. xii. 29.

Discussion. This topotype of the race dentatus is a fully adult male,
but does not have quite such large incisors as the type, so does not
bear out well this racial character attributed to it. The cranial
measurements follow, with the corresponding ones of the type in

124 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

parenthesis : median upper length 85.3 (88) mm. ; condylobasal length

72.2 (77) mm.; palatal length 38.7 (41) mm.; median length of nasals
31.5 (31.6) mm.; zygomatic width 53.5 (57) mm.; interorbital width

34.3 (38) mm.; width across bullae 41.5 (45.6) mm.; combined breadth
of nasals anteriorly 14 (15) mm.; posteriorly 20.5 (22.8) mm.; alveolar
frontal depth 33.7 (36.2) mm.; maxillary tooth row 19 (21.4) mm.;
combined breadth of upper incisors at cutting edge 9.5 (10.6) mm.;
of lower incisors at cutting edge 8.5 (9.4) mm.

Measurements, cf 410. 400. 125. 75 mm.

Parasites. Nematodes (Trichocephalus sp.) were found in its
stomach.

Habitat. I visited the warren of springhaas just south of the station
at 8 p.m. and saw two pairs of eyes by the light of the torch attached
to my gun; bagged one with the first shot but the second animal
decamped and though we waited in darkness for half an hour, no other
springhaas appeared. We set five traps in the entrance of the burrows:
four were sprung but no hares taken as they are powerful enough
to wriggle out of these humane wire traps.

BATHYERGIDAE

Cryptomys hottentotus whytei (Thomas)

Georychus whytei Thomas, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 432: Karonga,
Lake Nyasa, Nyasaland.

16 (M. C. Z. 26328-43) Ilolo, Rungwe district, iii-iv. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26375) Tukuyu, Rungwe district. 21. iv. 39.
1 (M. C. Z. 26574) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 30. iv. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26573) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 30. v. 30.

Native name. Ifuku (Kinyakusa and Kinyika).

Discussion. The fine series of seventeen skins and skulls of blesmols
from the vicinity of Rungwe Mountain are fairly uniform in their
general cinnamon-gray coloring, which is only slightly duller below,
although in some the rusty tint does not extend to the under side.
They apparently represent Thomas's Georychus whytei described
from Karonga which is about sixty miles southwest of Tukuyu and
Ilolo. A single specimen from Ujiji on the east shore of Lake Tangan-
yika also seems to be the same. This mole-rat is very similar externally
to C. hottentotus of South Africa, but differs in its considerably broader
interorbital region and in the tendency of the premaxillae to surpass
the posterior end of the nasals. As elsewhere stated by Thomas, the

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 125

skull of the type was of unusual size, and in zygomatic breadth is
not equalled by any of the Rungwe series. A specimen from Mt.
Chirinda in southeastern Rhodesia, presented by Dr. J. H. Sand-
ground and taken to represent C. darlingi, is intermediate in the
characters of the frontal region between typical hottentotus and
irhytei, and since it seems likely that the various named forms are
chiefly at least mere geographical representatives of a single wide-
spread species, we have ventured to regard whytei as a subspecies.
Of the series listed, four show a slight trace of albinism in the presence
of a narrow white edge bordering the dorsal rim of the nose pad.
One from Ilolo (26,335) is melanistic, in that the cinnamon tips are
practically lacking, and the entire pelage is dark slaty, with only
an indication of the buffy wash. A second specimen (26,340) is nearly
similar, with, however, a slightly more marked cinnamon tint. As
an interesting correlation, these are the only ones of the series which
have a small white blaze on the forehead, while the first has in addi-
tion a white median spot on the belly.

Measurements. The largest c? measured 160. 20. 20. 0 mm.; and
9 160. 20. 25. 0 mm.; both are from Ilolo. As they lack external
ears no measurements can be given.

Enemies. One was recovered from the stomach of a House Snake
(Boacdon lineatus) at Ilolo.

Habitat. The mounds thrown up by these blesmols were very nu-
merous in the gardens of the natives both at Tukuyu and Ujiji,
but having secured an adequate series (there is a series in alcohol in
addition to those listed above) no attempt was made to get more.

Cryptomys hottentotus occlusus subsp. nov.
16 (M. C. Z. 26557-72) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. i. 30.

Native name. Fuko (Kihehe).

Type. No. 26,557 Museum of Comparative Zoology. Adult d71
skin and skull from Kigogo, Uzungwe Mountains, southwestern
Tanganyika Territory. Collected by A. Loveridge, January 18, 1930.

Description. A large race, resembling whytei but slightly larger
and of a much more slaty color; the nasals are abruptly tapered
posteriorly and the tips of the premaxillae hook sharply inward nearly
meeting behind them.

Entire pelage slaty gray with a faint cinnamon wash above, the
whole shining or silvery like that of a mole; hands and feet sparsely cov-
ered with shining whitish hairs; nose pad narrowly ringed with white.

126 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

In general the skull resembles that of its nearest relative whytei
in the breadth across the frontal region, but the nasals and posterior
part of the premaxillae are quite different, for instead of tapering
gradually to a point from near their middle, the nasals increase in
breadth throughout almost their entire length and then are bevelled
sharply off to their median point of contact, while the ascending
portions of the premaxillae, instead of continuing nearly straight
backwards to end just beyond the level of the nasals, hook sharply
inward, practically meeting on the mid-line behind the nasals. The
audital bullae are slightly larger than in whytei and in adult male skulls
the median and orbital ridges are more pronounced.

Measurements. The field measurements of the type are as follows:
head and body 165 mm.; tail 10 mm.; hind foot 25 mm. The largest
a71 measures 170. 10. 25. 0 mm.; and 9 155. 10. 25. 0 mm.

The skull of the type measures: greatest length 41 mm.; basal
length 34 mm.; palatal length 24.5 mm.; diastema 13 mm.; zygomatic
width 25.8 mm.; mastoid width 18.2 mm.; width across frontals
12.8 mm.; interorbital constriction 8.2 mm.; nasals 15 mm.; upper
cheek teeth 6 mm.; lower cheek teeth 6 mm.; greatest diagonal width
of bulla 10 mm.

Discussion. In the Uzungwe region, this colony of mole-rats dis-
covered by Loveridge appears to have developed a number of local
peculiarities in color, size, and the relations of the bones of the ros-
trum, that are sufficiently marked to differentiate it at once from its
nearest relatives to the south and west. This apparently is the most
northeastern member of the genus yet discovered, although to the
westward and northwestward it attains a wider distribution. Possibly
its ecological niche is to some extent occupied to the northeastward
by Hcliophobius of similar habits. In all, if one includes those pre-
served in alcohol, more than a score of these blesmols, very uniform
in color and in cranial peculiarities, were collected at Kigogo in the
Uzungwe Mountains.

HYSTRICIDAE

Hystrix galeata conradsi F. Miiller

Hystrix galeata conradsi F. Miiller, 1910, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin?
p. 314: " Mwanza and Neuwied" (TJkerewe Island), Tanganyika Territory.

d" 9 (M. C. Z. 27126-7) TJkerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 16-19. vi. 30.

Native name. Nogoti (Kikerewe).

Discussion. The two skins and skulls listed above are topotypes

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 127

of this form which is further represented in the Museum by three
others collected at Sagayo near Mwanza. All agree in the extraor-
dinary inflation of the nasal chamber as well as in the great breadth
of the nasals which extend back about to the level of the middle of
the orbito-temporal fossa. The inflation of the anterior part of the
nasal cavity is obviously much greater than in a skull from southeastern
Rhodesia representing 11. africac-australis and there is no doubt of
the distinction between the two forms but until a more thorough
and monographic study of the African porcupines can be made, the
question of their subspecific relationships must be considered as
still unsettled. I have, therefore, followed Muller in making this a
subspecies of galeata rather than of cristata or africae-australis. The
matter is further complicated by Miiller's naming of a specimen
from Tabora, Tanganyika Territory, which is about two hundred
miles south of Ukerewe, H. africac-australis prittwitzi. This name
appears only in connection with the figure of a skull on a previous
page, the new name having evidently been omitted in its proper
place by a printer's error, where only Hystrix africae-avstralis appears.
If the two prove to be the same, prittivitzi has page precedence, but
the figure seems to show it as having more tapering nasals.
' Pere Conrads, the collector of the types, informed the junior
author that all the porcupines sent by him to the Berlin Museum
were collected on Ukerewe Island and not at Mwanza on the neighbor-
ing lake shore.

Measurements, d1 im. 530. 80. 70. 30 mm.; and 9 695. 100. 100.
42 mm.

Parasites. Ticks (Rhipiccphalus sim.us var. planus Neumann)
were taken from the female on which no fleas were found; fleas were
very abundant on the male.

THRYONOMYIDAE

Thryonomys swinderianus variegatus (Peters)

Aulacodus variegatus Peters, 1852, Reise nach Mossamb., 1, p. 138: Tete,
Mozambique.

c? (M. C. Z. 26860) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 19. vi. 30.

Measurements, cf 430. 170. 75. 30 mm.

Discussion. The cane rat from Ukerewe Island is referred to this
race on the basis of Thomas's review of the group. It covers a wide
range from Uganda to the south and east.

128 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

LEPORIDAE
Lepus capensis victoriae Thomas

Lepus victoriae Thomas, 1893, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 12, p. 268: Nassa,
Speke Gulf, Lake Victoria, Tanganyika Territory.

<? (M. C. Z. 27151) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 21. ii. 30.
1 (M. C. Z. 26545) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 16. vi. 30.

Distribution. Hares, though not necessarily of this species, were
also seen at Mpwapwa, Kilimatinde, Saranda, Unyanganyi, Mangasini,
Dabaga, Kigogo and on the Senjeri Pass between Tukuyu and Aber-
corn.

Native names. Sungula (Kihehe); sude (Kikinga); kalulu (Kinya-
kusa); kami (Kikerewe).

Discussion. The Madehani specimen is a very large male, with the
ochraceous areas of nape and fore limbs slightly deeper in tone than
in the younger example from Ukerewe Island which is almost a topotype.

The skull of the former measures: occipi to-nasal length 93 mm.;
basal length 74 mm.; palatal length 40 mm.; zygomatic width 45 mm.;
mastoid width 35 mm.; upper cheek teeth (alveoli) 15.5 mm.; lower
cheek teeth (alveoli) 18 mm.

Measurements. The cf from Madehani measured 480. 100. 110.
100 mm. No measurements were taken of the second specimen which
had been skinned by the native who brought it in; unfortunately
he had not saved the pads though he had left the skull in place in
the skin which had only just been removed.

Enemies. While hares were nowhere abundant, less than a dozen
being seen during the eight-months' trip, it is probable that more
might have been collected if they were not an article of diet. Evi-
dently the Ukerewe specimen was skinned because the captor was
fearful that he might not get the body back, though I always endeav-
oured to make it widely known that the bodies of any animals would
be returned to the vendors without deduction in the reward offered
for that particular species. The Madehani hare was brought to me
by two native youngsters who had surprised and killed it in its form.

Folklore. Under Aethosciurus lucifer one story of a hare has already
been related; another, which was told me by the same old Mnyakusa
was as follows. Once upon a time a man was out hunting with his
three dogs when they disturbed a hare and started in pursuit. The
fleeing hare eventually sought refuge in a grass hut where it perceived
a cock among the rafters. "Come down here to me," said the hare.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 129

"Why should I come down?" answered the fowl. "You are only an
animal, is there any reason why I should obey you? ': To this the
hare made reply, "Word has just come from the Europeans that we
are all to live peaceably together." "All right," said the cock "then
perhaps you will come up here and sit with me." The hare attempted
to climb one of the posts but failed. Just at that moment the fowl,
from its elevated position, saw the three dogs approaching and ex-
claimed, "I see some dogs coming." "Good-bye," shouted the hare,
and bolted. The cock called after him, "Why should you fear the
dogs if it is, as you say, the Europeans' regulation that we should
all live peaceably together."

The humour of this story is more apparent to those who are familiar
with the early history of this corner of the Territory where so much
intertribal fighting was in vogue until the advent of Europeans en-
forced law and order.

SUIDAE

KoiROPOTAMUS KOIROPOTAMUS DAEMONIS (Major)

Potamochoerus chaeropotamus daemonis Major, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 367: Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.

2 skulls (M. C. Z. 27314-5) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. i. 30.

Native name. Ngubi (Kihehe).

Discussion. Two skulls were obtained from the natives at Kigogo,
one of a young animal with worn milk teeth, and the first molar in
place, the other with the permanent dentition all in place except
the last molar. In the younger one there is yet no sign of the bony
projection behind the canine forming the wall of the groove for the
tendons of the snout.

BOVIDAE

Cephalophus melanorheus lugens Thomas

Cephalophus lugens Thomas, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 393: Urori,
Usangu, Tanganyika Territory.

4 (M. C. Z. 26549, 27239-41) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 28. iii.
& 12. iv. 30.

Native names. Asesi (Kikinga); akasasi (Kinyakusa).

Discussion. These specimens were taken not far southwest of the
type locality, and agree closely with the original description. We
regard this form as only a subspecies of C. melanorheus, from which

130 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

it differs in darker coloring without the contrasting white hip stripe.
In color it is curiously similar to the small Chinese deer of the genus
Elaphodus, which it resembles in the uniform blackish brown above
with sharply contrasted white beneath the tail and white on the
inner side of the ear, but in the antelope, the outer base instead of the
tip of the ear is white.

Measurements. The larger cf measured 600. 90. 155. 60 mm.,
larger 9 650. 100. 160. 60 mm.

Breeding. A female shot on April 12 appeared to be nursing.

Diet. The stomach of a young male measuring 500. 70. 145. 55
mm. held vegetable matter but no milk.

Parasites. Nematodes were taken from the stomach of one male.

Enemies. Fur of this duiker was found in the fresh droppings of
a leopard not far from where the animals were shot.

Habits. When scenting a human being these forest duiker emit an
explosive, sneeze-like sound as they make off through the under-
growth ; they are very rarely seen except by those who set out specially
to seek them. I shot one female at 5 p.m. as it glided into view and
paused behind a stump before crossing a trail through the forest.
Though I had been sitting watching the spot I heard no sound of
its coming. It dropped stone dead with a charge of No. 3 shot from
a 12-bore choke barrel. An adult and juvenile male were killed with
one charge of slug shot, the younger animal being concealed when
the former was fired at.

Sylvicapra grimmia subsp.
9 (M. C. Z. 27238) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 24. i. 30.

Native name, f Haluzi (Kihehe).

Discussion. In view of the various subspecific names applied to
East African bush duikers of this species and the lack of sufficient
comparable material, it seems advisable to omit the trinomial. Prob-
ably it is close to nyansae which was described from the Kavirondo
district, Lake Victoria.

Measurements. 9 990. 150. 295. 114 mm.

Breeding. Shot on January 24 when it was undoubtedly nursing.

Diet. The leaves of an euphorbiaceous shrub were found in its
stomach.

Parasites. There were ticks in its coat and tapeworms (Tricho-
cephalus sp.) in its stomach.

Habits. Shot at 6 p.m. when it was stealing along near the edge of
a patch of forest, probably having come out to feed.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 131

Raphicerus campestris neumanni (Matschie)

Pediotragus neumanni Matschie, 1S94, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, p.
122: Ugogo, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 27255) Near Njombe, Ubena Mtns. 6. ii. 30.

Discussion. The above specimen should be nearly typical. It has
the dark coronal spot well defined though small but the eyelids are
buffy whitish instead of clear white, the body bright chestnut, the
neck much paler, nearly ochraceous.

Measurements. 9 830. 55. 220. 107 mm.

Habits. On January 31, when near Herr Fink's farm about ten
miles west of Mufindi Post Office, no fewer than six of these beautiful
little steinbuck were seen between 8 and 9 a.m. as we drove along the
road in a motor lorry. The grass had been burnt off and fresh short
grass had sprung up in the open ground between the scattered, but
numerous, thickets. One pair was standing together, the other
four individuals were seen at intervals; all exhibited great boldness,
remaining motionless within a hundred yards of the lorry.

On February 6, when forty-five miles west of Mufindi Post Office,
on the Njombe Road, a solitary female was observed resting in the
grass, she rose and ran a short distance, then halted by a thicket
where I dropped her dead.

Rhynchotragus kirki nyikae Heller

Rhynchotragus kirki nyikae Heller, 1913, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 61, no; 3,
p. 3: Ndi, near Voi, Kenya Colony.

c? (M. C. Z. 25735) Saranda, Ugogo. 20. xi. 29.
& (M. C. Z. 25734) Unyanganyi, Turu. 5. xii. 29.
cf (M. C. Z. 25720) Mangasini, Usandawi. 14. xii. 29.

Native name. Nguyhuya (Kinyaturu and Kisandawi).

Discussion. This is a pale race which inhabits the dry thorn bush
country, its range extending southwards into central Tanganyika.

Measurements. The largest c? measured 680. 30. 170. 75 mm.,
the juvenile from Mangasini, only 300. 25. 115. 55 mm.

Breeding. The Mangasini dikdik could have been born only a short
time previously. It was brought in by a native who said that his dog
had caught it. At dusk the mother came close to camp uttering a
wheezing call. I prepared to take the animal out but by the time I
had caught it she had bolted and to leave it in the open was to offer
it to the prowling hyenas. It was observed that the young one made

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no reply to the calls but during the night it emitted a whistling sound
and wandered about the tent with luminous matter on its nose as
well as on the fore and hind feet of the left side; presumably it had
been nosing one of the phosphorescent geophilids. Though only
fit for a milk diet it refused all attempts to feed it and so was chloro-
formed the following morning.

Parasites. Nematodes (Setaria sp.) were recovered from the stomach
of the Unyanganyi male.

Redunca arundinum (Boddaert)
Antilope arundinum Boddaert, 1785, Elenchus Anim., p. 157: Unknown.

3 (M. C. Z. 26468, 27228-9) Ipemi, Uzungwe Mtns. 7. i. 30.
Fetus and 4 (M. C. Z. 27311, 27231-2, 35) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 1-7.
iii. 30.

Native names. Ngholigata (Kihehe); suwela (Kinyakusa; corrup-
tion of swara ?).

Discussion. These specimens of the South African Reedbuck are
interesting as bringing its range into the Uzungwe Mountains of
south-central Tanganyika Territory. It has been reported also as
far north as the Bahr el Ghazal region, but this may require confirma-
tion.

The coloration seems to be typical of the usual fulvous or fawn
condition, rather than of the more grayish type, described by Sclater
as ihomasinae, from Nyasaland, but regarded by Lydekker as a
variant of the same species.

Measurements. The largest d" (Ipemi) measured 1,500. 270. 480.
175 mm.; largest 9 (Mwaya) 1,410. 260. 405. 168 mm.

Breeding. The female from Ipemi contained no fetus, neither
did one shot at Mwaya on March 1, which was running with a male.
On March 5, however, a female was killed carrying a fetus measuring
9 280. 67. 91. 36 mm., and a big young one, quite able to take
care of itself, was seen on the same day. On March 7, I chloroformed
a young one ( 9 510. 100. 220. 70 mm.), which was brought to me,
as it would not have survived the long motor-lorry journey which
lay ahead of us.

Habits. South African Reedbuck were very plentiful at Ipemi at
the time of our visit; half a dozen pairs were seen lying or standing
on the hillsides at various hours of the day. If suddenly surprised
close at hand, the male utters a loud wheezing cry as he makes off.
When thoroughly alarmed refuge is sought in one of the numerous

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 133

deep ravines, more or less choked by rank grass and vegetation, with
which the mountain sides are scarred. These reedbuck would not
permit one to approach within two hundred yards but at anything
over that distance they would stand to be shot at, trot a little way
and stand again so that it was much like shooting cattle in a pasture.
At Mwaya, on the other hand, they were found in the water-
logged plain which stretches from the Mbaka River to the mountains
of Nyasaland. The grass was waist- and in places shoulder-high
so that the animals lay low till one was almost upon them before
making off and in general they appeared wild and shy. On the even-
ing of March 7, I saw a mother and a big young one feeding near
camp. They behaved very foolishly for they ran round a clump of
sedges then crept into it in full view; I left them unmolested.

KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS KONDENSIS Matschie

Kobus ellipsiprymnus kondensis Matschie, 1911, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 5,

p. 556: Mwaya and Mbaka, Tanganyika Territory.
Kobus ellipsiprymnus lipuwa Matschie, 1911, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 5, p. 560:

Mwaya, Tanganyika Territory.

4 (M. C. Z. 27102-4, 27312) Mwaya to Mbaka, Lake Nyasa. 3-4.
iii. 30.

Discussion. Shot between Mwaya and the Mbaka River six miles
west or northwest of Mwaya, these specimens are topotypes of both
Matschie's forms. Without a sufficient series for comparison it is,
of course, impossible to give a definite opinion as to the validity of
kondensis. The characters claimed for it are: the incompleteness
of the white hoof band and the dark color of the rest of the foot,
while the generally less- dark coloring is supposed to distinguish it
from its neighbor to the north, to which Matschie gives the name
thikae. Lydekker lists these and various other races without being
able to pass upon their status.

Measurements. The largest c? measured 2,150. 330. 490. 200 mm.,
only 9 2,090. 340. 480. 190 mm.

Breeding. The female shot on March 3 was running with three
other does and upon dissection was found to be carrying a fetus
(9 780. 200. 300. 120 mm.), which at most was within three days
of birth. Its skin and skull were preserved.

Parasites. Nematodes (Setaria hombyi) and bots were collected
from the stomach of the female.

Habits. In the early morning these fine waterbuck might be found

134 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

feeding in the glades of the rather dry woodlands, but during the
intense heat of noonday they retire to the vast swamps where they
must lie in the water which was about a foot deep at the spot where
I disturbed them. Though there was maiombo forest and dense
thickets in close proximity to the swamp they evidently prefer the
latter, where they were completely hidden by the sword grass which
was from nine to twelve feet in height. Nor could they be approached
quietly in this situation for any attempt to push through the grass
resulted in noise which gave them ample warning and they would be
heard splashing away but never seen.

Adenota vardoni senganus (Sclater & Thomas)

Cobus senganus Sclater & Thomas, 1896, Book of Antelopes, 2, p. 145: Senga,
northern Rhodesia.

3 (M. C. Z. 27230, 27233, 27236) near Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 1-5.
iii. 30.

Native name. Kangosa (Kinyakusa) .

Discussion. This race differs from typical vardoni, according to
Lydekker's key (1914, Cat. Ungulates, 2, p. 268), in slightly smaller
size, larger black ear-tips occupying fully one third the length of
the backs of the ears, and in the generally darker color. The localities
indicated in his list of specimens, however, make one skeptical of
the value of these characters. Nevertheless as the three specimens
from Mwaya agree in the extensive black tips to the ears, and as
Mwaya, on the northwest end of Lake Nyasa is not far east of the
type locality, Senga in the Upper Loangwa Valley, I refer them to that
form.

Measurements. The juvenile d" measured 1,510. 310. 430. 160.
mm., the larger 9 1,640. 220. 420. 150 mm.

Parasites. No parasites were found on the first lechwe, but bots
were present in the stomach of a second and a tabanid was taken on
the skin.

Tragelaphus scriptus massaicus Neumann

Tragelaphus massaicus Neumann, 1902, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin,
p. 96: upper Bubu Valley, northwest of Irangi, Tanganyika Territory.

Young 9 (M. C. Z. 27234) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 2. i. 30.

Distribution. Many were seen at Kigogo, a fine male in a swamp at
Mwaya and tracks observed at Ilolo.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 135

Native names. Main (Kihehe); imbarwara (Kinyakusa).

Discussion. This specimen is very young but shows the essential
pattern of the adult, with four transverse white stripes and a series
of white spots on the haunches. There is, however, no nose spot,
and the dark stripe on the fore legs is very faint. The neck is well,
haired, without bare area, but with a distinct, though small, whorl
at the base dorsally where the hair is directed outward and slightly
forward. This race ranges from Mombasa to Nyasaland.

Measurements. 9 juv. 620. 100. 200. 100 mm.

Folklore. The following story was related by an old Mnyakusa and
seems so peculiar as to have had, perhaps, a basis in fact. Once
upon a time a woman said to her child, "Now that your father is dead
I wish that you would go and hunt a bushbuck and when you have
killed it, give me the skin to wear." The lad did as he was asked,
was successful in the hunt and gave his mother the skin to wear.
Sometime afterwards they were working together in the fields when
his mother said she was tired and would rest awhile at the edge of
the garden where it abutted on the forest. As she was sleeping,
some hunters came along and catching sight of the bushbuck's skin
through the bushes, cast a spear which killed the old woman. "What
do you mean by killing my mother in her own garden?" cried the son
to the hunters, "you owe me much for this." As a result of their mis-
take the youth profited greatly for he was given cows, a goat and other
things by way of compensation.

ELEPHANTIDAE

LOXODONTA AFRICANA KNOCHENHAUERI (Matscllie)

Elephas africanus knochenhaueri Matschie, 1900, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde
Berlin, p. 197: Tanganyika Territory.

Foot skin (M. C. Z. 27318) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria, vi. 30.

Discussion. The skin of an elephant's foot from Ukerewe Island
was presented to the museum by Pere Conrads, being from one of
the animals killed (shortly before Mr. Loveridge's visit) by order of
Sir Donald Cameron, who had the whole herd exterminated. This
specimen is of interest on account of the reputed racial difference
of the island animals from those of the adjacent mainland. No doubt,
however, at times of unusually low water, elephants could have crossed
the separating channel, and it is hardly to be doubted that this is the

136 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

same as the animal of Tanganyika Territory for which the proper
name is perhaps that given above. The systematic value of the
variations in ear outline of African elephants is, however, very ques-
tionable, but Matschie has adduced skull characters as well, which
he believed distinctive of this race. Notwithstanding the generally
naked appearance of elephant hide, it is in fact beset with short
scattered hairs, even the foot is well studded with them.

PROCAVIIDAE

Procavia matschiei Neumann

Procavia matschiei Neumann, 1900, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 13, p. 555: Mwanza»
Tanganyika Territory.

& (M. C. Z. 26556) Mwanza, Usukuma. 4. vi. 30.

Discussion. In the series of hyraxes from Mwanza, is a single
topotype of P. matschiei, briefly characterized by Neumann. The
species is very different in color from those of the brucei group, of a
general pale yellowish brown, or olive brown, with a yellowish-white
dorsal spot, the forehead a darker brown, the face grizzled gray and
brown like the feet. This hyrax is of large size and a member of the
big-toothed group. The skull (in stage viii) measures: greatest length
94 mm.; basal length 91 mm.; palatal length 50 mm.; zygomatic
width 55 mm.; mastoid width 37 mm.; across molars 33 mm.; upper
cheek teeth 40 mm.; lower cheek teeth 41 mm. In the skull, the
temporal ridges have met at the occiput.

Measurements. This cf measured 550. 0. 70. 30 mm.

Parasites. Nematodes (Crossophorus coUaris) were present in its
stomach.

Heterohyrax brucei victoria-njansae Brauer

Heterohyrax brucei victoria-njansae Brauer, 1917, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde
Berlin, p. 299: Nyangesi, Mwanza, Tanganyika Territory.

7 (M. C. Z. 26482, 26529, 26902, 26904-7) Mwanza, Usukuma. 6. vi. 30.

Discussion. This series of four males and three females of the
brucei group should represent Brauer's victoria-njansae, the types
of which were from Nyangesi, Mwanza and Mondo. They are dis-
tinguished from prittwitzi by the more obvious yellowish wash of
the throat and belly, a tint that extends to the paler areas of the
muzzle and ocular regions as well. From the neighbouring race

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 137

diesneri of Speke Gulf, they differ further in having gray bases to the
belly hairs as well. The differences claimed for these three races,
though not very well marked, seem nevertheless appreciable in the
series at hand. One young one is very much darker than the adults.

Measurements. The largest cf measured 480. 0. 70. 30 mm.; the
largest 9 440. 0. 70. 30 mm.

Breeding. Only one of the females held fetuses, and these (two)
were well developed. The cf measured 160. 0. 28. 15 mm.; the 9
160. 0. 27. 16 mm. A native brought in a young c? hyrax which
measured 230. 0. 40. 22 mm.

Parasites. Worms (Crossophorus collaris) were present in their
stomachs.

Habits. This series was shot on the rocks an hour's walk north of
the town yet close to the lake shore. When walking back to camp
in the moonlight I was astonished to hear these hyraxes calling
with a musical and attractive bird-like note; they are very noisy
creatures and are able to utter a great variety of sounds.

Heterohyrax brucei diesneri Brauer

Heterohyrax brucei diesneri Brauer, 1917, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde, Ber-
lin, p. 298: Speke Gulf, and vicinity, Lake Victoria, Tanganyika Territory.

d1 (M. C. Z. 26903) Ukerewe Id.. Lake Victoria. 12. vi. 30.

Discussion. Brauer in his description of this race mentioned no
type specimen nor type locality. He had specimens, however, from
Ukerewe Island, two localities on Speke Gulf and others from the
Serengeti Plains. He states that it differs from the race victoria-
njansae in the white instead of whitish-gray belly and in the much
shorter interparietal. The single specimen obtained by Lover idge
on Ukerewe Island does, indeed, differ from the Mwanza series of the
latter in having the belly hairs white to the roots instead of being
whitish with gray bases. In other respects the two forms are essen-
tially alike in color, but if the character mentioned is constant, the
race diesneri may be considered valid. The specimen, a male, is in
stage viii, and is of maximum size. Its skull measures: greatest length
85 mm.; basal length 81 mm.; palatal length 44 mm.; zygomatic
width 50 mm.; width across molars 17.5 mm.; mastoid width 35 mm.;
upper cheek teeth 34.5 mm.; lower cheek teeth 34 mm.

Measurements, cf 480. 0. 65. 35 mm.

Habits. These animals are somewhat scarce on the island, though
the people say that they do not eat them. When contrasted with

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the numerical abundance of the allied race found near Mwanza
township the relative scarcity of hyrax upon the island is surprising.

Heterohyrax brucei prittwitzi Brauer

Heterohyrax brucei prittwitzi Brauer, 1917, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Ber-
lin, p. 299: Kilimatinde; Mpwapwa and Uhehe, Tanganyika Territory.

5 (M. C. Z. 25834-5, 25837-9, 26852) Kilimatinde, Ugogo. 27. xi. 29.
3 (M. C. Z. 26856-8) Unyanganyi, Turu. 5. xii. 29.
2 (M. C. Z. 26548-9) Dodoma, Ugogo. 23. xii. 29.

Native name. Pimbi (Kinyaturu).

Discussion. Brauer separates as a subspecies, prittwitzi, the form
of Heterohyrax brucei at Kilimatinde, Mpwapwa and Uhehe on the
ground of very short dorsal portion of the supraoccipital (less than
3.5 mm. long) and faint yellowish tint of the whitish under surfaces.
The series of topotypes (to select Kilimatinde as the type locality)
secured by Loveridge includes immatures and adults, which seem
to differ also from neighboring races in the very pale shoulders and
large extent of the pale area behind the ears, the great length of the
ochraceous median line and the ochraceous, rather than whitish,
supraorbital patch, which is so extensive as nearly to form a ring about
the eye.

Two others from Dodoma to the east and three from Unyanganyi
slightly farther north, come from within the range of this form as
defined by Brauer.

The character mentioned by Brauer, of the very short dorsal por-
tion of the supraoccipital, seems to hold on the average, although in
one adult the length is 4 mm.

Measurements. The largest cf (Kilimatinde) measured 420. 0. 65.
33 mm.; largest 9 (Unyanganyi) 490. 0. 70. 36 mm.

Parasites. In all three localities these hyraxes were infested with
nematodes (Crossophorus collaris); in addition the Dodoma speci-
mens held Hoplodontophorus flagellum, Theiliana brachylaima, and
Set aria sp.

Habits. At Kilimatinde these animals were exceedingly shy and
I only obtained the series by waiting quietl}' until they should emerge
from their retreats among the rocks in the dry bed of the river, and
at dusk by intercepting three which were out feeding some little dis-
tance from their rocks; these were all shot on the run. Salimu actually
secured the pair from Dodoma by shooting with dust shot from a
.410 collecting gun.

ALLEN AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN MAMMALS 139

Heterohyrax lademanni Brauer

Heterohyrax lademanni Brauer, 1917, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, p.
298: Mwakete, Livingstone Mtns., etc., Tanganyika Territory.

c? d* 9 (M. C. Z. 26457, 26901, 26916) Rungwe Mountains. 4-5. iv. 30.

Discussion. This, as Brauer says in describing it, is colored much
like Dcndrohyrax validus, of which, through the kindness of Mr. G. S.
Miller, Jr. and Dr. R. Kellogg, I have been able to examine topo-
types from Mt. Kilimanjaro. It is, however, although equally dark-
colored above, and dull ochraceous below, a much grayer animal,
lacking the rich ochraceous tones of D. validus, while its skull is that
of a Heterohyrax, without sign of the interparietal even in immature
animals of stage vi or vii, and with the postorbital process separate
from the jugal. Compared with skulls of H. brucei, an obvious charac-
teristic is that the temporal ridges are nearly parallelsided on the par-
ietal walls and look as if they wTould not meet even in old age.

This species, like Aethosciurus lucifer, seems to be one of restricted
range in the Livingstone Mountains and the adjacent region. Brauer's
original specimens came from Mwakete in the Livingstone Range
and Milow, Msangwa and Mlando in Upangwa just to the east.
Brauer states that they live in trees, which is probably correct, but
Loveridge found them among moss-grown rocks outside the forest.

Measurements. The larger d71 measured 480. 0. 75. 35 mm.; and
the 9 380. 0. 65. 30 mm.

Parasites. Nematodes (Inermicapsifer sp.) were found together
with cestodes in their stomachs.

Habitat. These hyrax were obtained after an hour's quick walking
from my camp in the Nkuka Forest, along the edge of the forest in
a northerly direction. The spot where they are most abundant is
on the slopes of Rungwe where a square mile is strewn with volcanic
boulders, presenting a sharp rough surface and often a jagged edge.
Progress across this area was very difficult for many of the rocks
were loosely balanced and tipped up when stepped upon, shrubs and
even stunted trees grew in profusion. In fact some areas were so
densely overgrown with vegetation as to be impenetrable and one
was reminded of similar spots in Massachusetts usually given over to
cat-thorn; though here, fortunately, there wras no thorn, and brambles
were comparatively rare. A further reminder of home was the presence
of numerous webs of caterpillars in the trees! All the rocks provided
a base for lichens of many different species and most of them were

140 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

overgrown with moss as well. This moss often concealed crevices,
which were many feet in depth, between the boulders, and sometimes
when one stepped upon an apparently flat surface the moss would
slip and slide away down a concealed slope. Such accidents caused
one to sit down suddenly and if upon a patch of moss the result was
the same as sitting upon a wet sponge.

Progress was often similar to a scramble over seaweed-covered
rocks at low tide, though here one was hampered by carrying a gun.
At last a hyrax was observed quietly watching us from a distance
of a hundred feet away; apparently they are not nearly so shy as
those on the kopjes at Dodoma and elsewhere but, as I only secured
this individual, others may have been present and slipped away unseen.

A striking difference was to be observed between the dens of lade-
manni and those of the brucei races in the Central Province. While
those of brucei are foul smelling and surrounded by the excrement
accumulated over a period of years, these dens on Rungwe — owing
doubtless to the constant downpour of rain — are clean and almost
entirely free of excrement, which must get washed down into the
depths of the larva formation. Presumably as a corollary to these
conditions the pelts of these Rungwe hyrax were clean and free
from disease and no fleas or other ectoparasites were observed.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

PLATE 1

Allen and Lovewdge — African Mammals.

PLATE 1

Fig. 1. Elephant Entrapped in a Morass at Kipara, Usandawi

When the junior author was camped at Mangasini, Usandawi, he was pre-
sented with a remarkable photograph taken by Mr. H. J. Fliegner, at that
time resident of Kwa Mtoro Farm. The picture shows an elephant entrapped
in a morass at Kipara, Usandawi, on February 27, 1929. Kipara is more or
less north of Saranda on the Central Railway. Mr. Fliegner informed Mr.
Loveridge that in this region there are mud springs in otherwise hard ground ;
the welling up of the mud has been going on for years. The grass in the
vicinity of the mud is salt grass and attracts game, while the mud forms a
veritable trap for unwary animals. The natives say that many rhinoceros and
elephant perish by being engulfed. After taking the photograph Mr. Fleigner
shot the elephant for humanitarian reasons. It was quite impossible to recover
the ivory, and shortly after being killed the whole animal disappeared in the
morass. This incident was communicated to the weekly "East Africa" for
April 10, 1930, in whose columns a discussion was in progress on the subject
of what became of old elephants. We are indebted to the Editor for the
use of the block reproduced above.

Fig. 2. Typical Gallery Primary Forest in Tanganyika

Such gallery forest occurs along the banks of the larger rivers. It occasion-
ally harbors rain-forest forms and provides a possible means of dispersal.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Allen and Loveridge. African Mammals. Plate 1.

185

rt"?A^

« -r r\

H C.-L.L

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. LXXV, No. 3

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF AN

EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWESTERN HIGHLANDS

OF TANGANYIKA TERRITORY

III

BIRDS

By Outram Bangs and Arthur Loveridge

With One Plate

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

February, 1933

144 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Parasites are treated under a separate heading following the species
in, or on, which they were found. In this connection we should like
to express our indebtedness to our colleagues, Dr. J. H. Sandground
and Dr. J. Bequaert, for making the identifications of the endo-
and ectoparasites respectively.

We should also like to thank Dr. H. Friedmann for comparing
certain skins with the types in the United States National Museum
and for making provisional identifications of half a dozen immature,
or female, weaver birds, and to Dr. E. Streseman for comparing the
series of Bradypterus with the types in the Berlin Museum, also
Mr. W. L. Sclater for examining certain white-eyes and confirming
our opinion as to their identity. Like all other workers in the field
of African ornithology, our labors have been greatly lightened and
assisted by Mr. Sclater's Systema Avium Aethiopicarum, 1924
and 1930, whose arrangement and nomenclature are closely followed
in this paper excepting in a few cases where we recognize races that
he has placed in the synonymy.

Systematic List of Species Collected

COLYMBIDAE

Poliocepiialus ruficollis capensis (Salvadori)

Podiceps capensis Salvadori, 1884, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2), 1, p. 252:
Shoa, Ethiopia.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,201) Mangasini, Usandawi. 16. xii. 29.

Habitat. Taken at a small waterhole in this typically dry thorn-
bush country.

PHALACROCORACIDAE

Phalacrocorax africanus africanus (Gmelin)

Pelecanus africanus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 577: Africa.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,202) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 6. Hi. 30.
d" (M. C. Z. 148,203) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.

Parasites. Nematodes (Contracaecum spiculigerum) were recovered
from the stomach of the female Long-tailed Cormorant.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 145

ANHINGIDAE

Anhinga rufa rufa (Lacepede & Daudin)

Plotus rvfus Lacepede et Daudin, 1802, in Buff on 's Hist. Nat. (18 mo, Didot
ed.) Quadr., 14, p. 319: Senegal (ex Daubenton, PI. Enl. 107).

9 (M. C. Z. 148,204) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 24. v. 30.

Breeding. On May 24, when paddling up the Luiche River, we came
upon a colony of African Darters. There must have been nearly
fifty adult birds perched in one or other of two thorn trees which,
partly submerged, were growing from the river, in flood at the
time of our visit. Neither tree was of very great size, for they only
projected about twenty feet above the surface of the water. Nine
nests were to be seen and one of the boatmen, or myself, procured
clutches in all the four lower ones; we were unable to reach the
others. Beside each of two of the topmost nests were perched
three young; those of one group were almost fledged. They dived
promptly from their perches to disappear beneath the water and
were not seen again. The other three young were still in white down,
and one of these I shot and preserved. Whether the nests beside which
they were perched contained eggs or not I am unable to say. I came
to the conclusion that as soon as one hatching was able to leave the
nest, the latter was probably utilized for a fresh laying.

The condition of the eggs was no less interesting, one clutch (marked
"A") was perfectly fresh, clutches "B" and "C" were slightly incu-
bated but easily blown, while in two of the eggs of the remaining
clutch "D" there were young ones with well-formed feet, but still
were blowable through 6 mm. diameter holes. Three of the clutches
consisted of three eggs and one of four. The shells were thin and easily
drilled; actually they are the same greenish-blue as the egg of a heron
but are so overlaid with chalk as to have the blue almost entirely
obscured and thus exhibit an appearance rather like miniature gannet
eggs. Several of the eggs had blood smears upon their surface. The
measurements of the eggs in these four clutches were as follows:
(A) 52 x 38 mm. ; (B) 52 x 34 mm. ; (C) 56 x 36 mm. ; (D) 53 x 37 mm. ;
and 50 x 38 mm. From the measurements of the eggs in this last
clutch, which consisted of four, it would appear probable that the
single egg which is 3 mm. shorter than the other three was laid by a
different bird from the one which laid the three.

146 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

ARDEIDAE

Ardea melanocephala Vigors & Children

Ardea melanocephala Vigors & Children, 1826, in Denh. & Clapp. Trav., 2,
App. xxi, p. 201: probably near Lake Chad.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,205) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 4. hi. 30.
d" (M. C. Z. 148,206) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

Breeding. On March 10, 1930, while taking a stroll about sunset
in the vicinity of Mwaya, I observed many Black-headed Herons
winging their way to a large tree which was two miles west of Lake
Nyasa; almost every bird carried long wisps of grass or sedge in its
bill so that I concluded that the many nests which I could see were
only in process of construction. However, when we struck camp the
following morning, I detailed Salimu and another native to remain
behind and examine the nests before proceeding to the next camp.
Later in the day Salimu arrived and reported that many of the nests
contained young and though he had found others in which there
were eggs, he had held these eggs to the light and they appeared so
near to hatching that he did not remove anv.

On June 28, 1930, I noticed several Black-headed Herons, with
grass in their beaks, flying to a group of trees behind some Indian
shops almost in the centre of Entebbe, Uganda. Salimu climbed
one of these trees and brought me a clutch of three eggs which were
blowable, though they held well-formed young. The eggs were of the
typical greenish-blue of heron's eggs and measured 60 x 38 mm.

Diet. The stomach of the male, which is in immature plumage,
held rat's fur, a grasshopper and a large black cricket.

Ardea purpurea purpurea Linnaeus

Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst, Nat. 12th ed., 1, p. 236. "in Oriente."

9 (M. C. Z. 148,207) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 24. v. 30.

Breeding. I shot this Purple Heron among papyrus growing from
the lake just south of Ujiji. The bird was in such beautiful plumage
that it seems impossible to escape from the conviction that it was a
breeding bird, probably nesting in the vast swamps of sedge and
papyrus which border the lake for miles at this spot.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 147

Bubulculus ibis (Linnaeus)

Ardea ibis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. 10th ed., p. 144: Egypt.

d" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,208-9) Bagamoyo. 11. xi. 29.

Diet. The stomachs of these Buff-backed Herons held a Mascarene
Frog. (Rana m. mascareniensis) , a great many grasshoppers and a
cockchafer.

Erythrocnus rufiventris (Sundevall)

Ardea rufiventris Sundevall, 1851, Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockholm for
1850, p. 110: Caffraria superior, type in the Stockholm Museum collected
on the Mooje (i.e. Mooi) River, near Potchefstroom, Transvaal.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,210) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 6. iii. 30.

Habitat. Shot on a small pool on the flooded flats southwest of
Mwaya, several other Rufous-bellied Herons were seen the same
day but were very wary.

Ixobrychus minutus payesii (Hartlaub)

Ardea payesii Hartlaub, 1858, Journ. Ornith., p. 42 (ex Verreaux): Casamanse,
Senegal.

cT (M. C. Z. 148,211) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 26. v. 30.

SCOPIDAE

Scopus umbretta bannermani C. Grant

Scopus umbretta bannermani C. Grant, 1914, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 35, p. 27:
Mt. Leganisho, Kenya Colony.

Breeding. No attempt was made to secure specimens of the well-
known Greater Hammerkop, but at Ukerewe Island in Lake Victoria
a nest was found in the fork of a tree. It was placed at a height of
only eight feet from the ground and on June 17, 1930 held three re-
cently hatched young; these we left unmolested.

CICONIIDAE

Sphenorhynchus abdimii (Lichtenstein)

Ciconia abdimii Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 76: near
Dongola, Sudan.

<? (M. C. Z. 148,212) Unyanganyi, Turu. 5. xii. 29.
This White-bellied Stork was shot from a flock of fifty or more

148 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

birds which appeared near our camp one morning; they were ad-
vancing slowly in a wide semicircle, devouring insects as they strode
along.

Leptoptilos crumeniferus (Lesson)

Ciconia crumenifera Lesson, 1831, Traite d'Orn., p. 585: Senegal.

Marabou in astonishing numbers were seen on the lofty cliffs
just below the Kalambo Falls, the falls themselves being eight hun-
dred feet high. It seems probable that they were nesting at the time
of my visit (May 12, 1930), but we were too far off to be able to dis-
tinguish nests.

PLEGADIDAE

Hagedashia hagedash nilotica Neumann

Hagedashia hagedash nilotica Neumann, 1909, Ornis, 13, p. 193: Kimo, near
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

& (M. C. Z. 148,213) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 4. iii. 30.
c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,214-5) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.

Variation. The bills of the two Mwanza birds are distinctly shorter
than that of the Nyasa bird, though one would expect the opposite
to be the case. Dr. Friedmann, who has also examined these speci-
mens, considers them somewhat intermediate between nilotica and
erlangeri.

Parasites. Lice were recovered from the plumage of the Mwaya
Nile Valley Hadada and nematode worms {Contracaecum sp. and
Heterakis sp.) from the stomach of one of the Mwanza birds.

ANATIDAE

Sarkidiornis melanonotus (Pennant)

Anser melanonotus Pennant, 1838, Ind. Zool., p. 12, pi. xi: Ceylon.

cT (M. C. Z. 148,216) Kitingwe, near Bahi, Ugogo. 19. xii. 29.
2d" 3 9 (M.C.Z. 148,217-21) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 4. vi. 30.

Variation. The five Shinyanga birds are immature, the males
lacking all trace of the fleshy protuberance so characteristic of the
adult Knob-billed Goose.

Parasites. Lice were recovered from the plumage of the Shinyanga
birds.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 149

AEGYPIIDAE

Necrosyrtes monachus pileatus (Burchell)

Vultur pileatus Burchell, 1824, Travels, 2, p. 195: country south of Orange
River, South Africa.

J* (M. C. Z. 148,222) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns., 21. i. 30.

Vultures were daily seen in these mountains but always circling
at a great height. The Southern Hooded Vulture obtained, ventured
down to investigate the skinners when at work.

FALCONIDAE

Falco biarmicus biarmicus Temminck

Falco biarmicus Temminck, 1825, PI. Col., livr. 55, pi. 324: Caffraria and Cape
of Good Hope, South Africa.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,223) Unyanganyi, Turu. 7. xii. 29.

Parasites. Tapeworms (Dispharynx sp) were found in the stomach
of this South African Lanner.

* Falco subbuteo subbuteo Linnaeus
Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 89: Europe.
<? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,224-5) Saranda, Ugogo. 17. xii. 29.

Parasites. Nematodes (Habronema leptoptera) were recovered
from the stomach of one of these Hobbies.

Falco tinnunculus carlo (Hartert & Neumann)

Cerchneis tinnunculus carlo Hartert & Neumann, 1907, Journ. f. Orn., p. 592:
Bissidimo, near Harrar, Ethiopia.

3 c? 2 9 (M. C. Z. 148,226-30) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23-26. v. 30-

Habitat. These are characteristic examples of the African Moun-
tain Kestrel, which we were rather surprised to find in such a locality.
They were killed with three shots as they were perched in a tall
palm growing among the ruins of the Usagara building in the native
town.

Variation. One male is noticeably lighter than the other four birds.

150 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

*Falco naumanni naumanni Fleischer

Falco naumanni Fleischer, 1818, in Laurop & Fischer's Sylvan for 1817-
1818, p. 174: southern Germany.

(?9 9(M. C. Z. 148,231-3) Ilolo, Rungwe. 15. iv. 30.

Falco ardosiaceus Bonnaterre & Vieillot

Falco ardosiaceus Bonnaterre & Vieillot, 1823, Encyl. Meth. Orn., pt. 3, p.
1238: Senegal.

? sex (M. C. Z. 148,234) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 17. vi. 30.

Parasites. Lice were recovered from the plumage of this Gray Kestrel.

Mtlvus migrans parasitus (Daudin)

Falco parasitus Daudin, 1800, Traite d'Orn., 2, p. 150: South Africa.

d1 (M. C. Z. 148,235) Unyanganyi, Turu. 4. xii. 29.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,236) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 22. ii. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,237) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 3. vi. 30.

Native names. Ngama (Kikinga); lieiee (Kinyakusa).

These African Black Kites were shot when they began to take too
great an interest in the skins of the small mammals which were drying
in the open.

Folklore. An old Mnyakusa at Ilolo at the foot of Rungwe Moun-
tain related the following story to me in explanation of the fact that
kites sometimes kill chickens.

"Once upon a time the kite and the fowl were friends until one day
when the fowl went to borrow a hatchet from the hawk. With the
hatchet he went to the forest to cut some firewood, but in doing so
lost the hatchet. The fowl returned to his friend to report the loss,
expressed his regrets and said, 'Until I return it you are at liberty to
take one of my children when you want one.' To this day the hatchet
has never been found."

Elanus caeruleus caeruleus (Desfontaines)

Falco caeruleus Desfontaines, 1789, Hist. (i. e. Mem.) Acad. Roy. Paris, for
1787, p. 503: near Algiers.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,238) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 26. ii. 30.

<? (M. C. Z. 148,239) Ilolo, Rungwe. 3. iv. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,240) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

Native names. Kikuwiwi (Kikinga); akapula (Kinyakusa &Kinyika).

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 151

Parasites. Nematodes {Habronema sp. and Physaloptera sp.) were
recovered from the stomach of the Ilolo specimen of the Black-
shouldered Kite.

Aquila rapax rapax (Temminck)
Falco rapax Temminck, 1828, PI. Col. livr. 76, pi. 455: South Africa.
d" (M. C. Z. 148,241) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 2. vi. 30.

This Tawny Eagle was shot while resting in a baobab tree in open
grasslands.

Parasites. Tapeworms (Schiztoccphalus solidus) were recovered
from its stomach.

Stephanoaetus coronatus (Linnaeus)

Falco coronatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. 12th ed., p. 124: Guinea (i. e.
West Africa).

9 (M. C. Z. 148,242) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 31. i. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,243) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 7. iv. 30.

Native name. Masimula (Kinyakusa).

Diet. In the stomach of the Crowned Hawk-Eagle from Kigogo
were bones and fur of a monkey (Cercopithecus leucampyx molinoi)
while the Rungwe bird was one of a pair which were engaged in
eating a colobus monkey (Colobus polykomos sharpei); a full account
of the relations of colobus and eagle will be found in the report dealing
with the mammals collected on the expedition.

Lophaetus occipitalis (Daudin)

Falco occipitalis Daudin, 1800, Traite, 2, p. 40: the Anteniquoi country, i. e.
Knysna district, Cape Province, Cape Colony.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,244) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13. i. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,245) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 4. in. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,246) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 13. vi. 30.

Native name. Mquali (Kikerewe).

Parasites. Tapeworms were collected from the stomach of the
Ukerewe Id. example of the Long-crested Hawk-Eagle.

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Cuncuma vocifer vocifer (Daudin)

Falco vocifer Daudin, 1800, Traite, 2, p. 65: Keurboom River, Cape Province,
Cape Colony (ex. Levaillant).

d1 (M. C. Z. 148,247) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 24. v. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,248) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 16. vi. 30.

Native name. Mpungu (Kikerewe).

Measurements. The wings of the adult male measure 555 mm. and
thus conform to that given for the typical form.

Breeding. To the north of Ujiji Bay are the conglomerate cliffs of
Bangwe headland which I visited on May 28, 1930. From one of the
cliffs was growing a small tree which was about thirty feet from the
top of the cliff and fifty feet from the bottom. Its roots reached down
over the face of the cliff which was sheer. By climbing into another
tree growing at the base of the cliff and thence to the roots of the tree
growing from the cliff face, Salimu was able to ascend to where there
was a large nest of sticks which I had observed from the dugout
canoe in which we were cruising up the coast. Salimu reported that
the nest was lined with water weeds of a type which are washed up
in considerable quantities all along this shore; furthermore there
were several globular nests of weaver birds which had also been util-
ized for a lining. The nest did not appear to have been recently
constructed but contained a full clutch comprised of two perfectly
fresh eggs of a uniform white exterior. These eggs measured 76 x 56
mm. and 75 x 55 mm. respectively.

I had seen the parent birds leave trees at the summit of the cliff
and during the half hour which we spent in the vicinity of the nest
they remained quietly perched in trees just out of sight on the northern
aspect of the headland.

The female bird listed above was brought to me alive; it was a
fledgling only just able to fly. I put a ring round its leg and tethered
it. For several days it fed on fish, meat and the eggs of a Nile Monitor
lizard until one day, when it broke its leg in flying from its perch.
Thereafter it refused food, so I shot it and preserved the skin.

Diet. The stomach of the LTjiji bird held a fish.

Parasites. The plumage of the Ukerewe African Sea Eagle was
swarming with lice which were preserved.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 153

Gypohierax angolensis (Gmelin)

Falco angolensis Gmelin, 178S, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 252: Angola.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,249) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 28. v. 30.

Diet. When we were returning from Bangwe cliffs in a dugout
canoe, this Vulturine Fish-Eagle came flying towards us and I brought
it down with No. 3 shot. In its gullet were quantities of the fruit of
the oil palm. I showed these to Herr Wolfe, who was staying in
Ujiji at the time, and he told me that he had also shot these birds
and found that they had fed upon palm nuts. I thought this a re-
markable observation but in consulting Bannerman's Birds of
Tropical West Africa, 1930, p. 273, on my return home, found that
it was a well established fact.

Buteo buteo vulpinus (Gloger)

Falco vulpinus Gloger, 1833, Aband. Vog. durch Einfl. des Klima's, p. 141:
Africa ex. Licht. MS. in Berlin Mus.

d1 (M. C. Z. 148,250) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14. ii. 30.

Native name. Ruewe (Kikinga).

Diet. The stomach of this Steppe Buzzard held grasshoppers and
a very large caterpillar.

Habitat. Shot from a low tree in cattle pasture close to the village.

Buteo oreophilus Hartert & Neumann

Buteo oreophilus Hartert & Neumann, 1914, Orn. Monatsb., 22, p. 3 1 : Koritscha,
southern Ethiopia.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,251) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 14. i. 30.

Diet. The horn of a chameleon (Chamaeleon werneri werneri) was
found in the stomach of this Mountain Buzzard.

Parasites. Lice were numerous in its neck feathers while nematodes
(Porrocaecum sp.) were recovered from its stomach.

Accipiter 1 badius polyzonoides Smith

Accipiter polyzonoides Smith, 1838, 111. Zool. S. Afr., 2, pi. ii: "N. of 26° S. lat.,"
probably near Mafeking, Cape Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,252) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. i. 30.

1 Astur of Sclater and auct.

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Accipiter tachiro sparsimfasciatus (Reichenow).

Astur sparsimfasciatus Reichenow, 1895, Orn. Monatsber., 3, p. 97: Zanzibar.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,253) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 2. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,254) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 24. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,255) Kasanga, Lake Tanganyika. 16. v. 30.

Native name. Lutema (Kihehe).

Variation. All three examples of the East African Goshawk are
somewhat intermediate between A. t. sparsimfasciatus of Zanzibar
and A. t. tachiro of Knysna, South Africa.

Diet. The feathers of a small bird and remains of a chameleon
(Chamaeleon tempcli) were recovered from the stomach of the Dabaga
Accipiter while that of the Kigogo hawk held mouse fur.

As we entered one of the back streets of Kasanga on our return
from Kitungulu, a goshawTk swooped down upon a full-grown native
fowl, rose with it four feet from the ground, then, as the fowl
cackled and vigorously flapped her wings, dropped its prey and rose
to perch in a mango tree close by. Salimu shot it and we found on
subsequent dissection that its stomach was empty.

Parasites. Lice were found in the plumage of the Kigogo bird.

Melierax metabates mechowi Cabanis

Melierax mechowi Cabanis, 1882, Journ. f. Orn., p. 229: Melandje ( = Malanji),
Angola.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,256) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 3. vi. 30.

The junior author observed this bird float up to a baobab tree
which was standing in open grass country. As he approached she
distinctly settled down on a nest in the tree. A native was sent up
and reported the nest an old one and empty. I then shot the bird.

PHASIANIDAE

Francolinus coQui hubbardi Grant

Francolinus hubbardi Ogilvie-Grant, 1895, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 4, p. xxvii:
Nassa, southeast shore of Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,257) Unyanganyi, Turu. 7. xii. 29.

Parasites. A nematode worm (Heterakis sp. ? longicauda) was found
in the stomach of this Hubbard's Coqui.

Enemies. This bird was purchased from a native who had snared it.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 155

Francolinus sephaena grantii Hartlaub

Francolinus grantii Hartlaub, 1866, Proe. Zool. Soc. London for 1865, p. 665,
pi. xxxix, fig. 1: Unyamwezi, Tanganyika Territory.

c? cf 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,258-61) Saranda, Ugogo. 29. xi. & 17. xii. 29.

Habits. Grant's Crested Franeolin -always goes in threes while
Ptcrnistes cranchii itigi, feeding over the same ground, is only to be
seen in pairs, as far as my experience goes.

Parasites. Lice were recovered from the plumage of one of these
birds.

Francolinus sp.

Breeding. While engaged in spooring a wounded leopard on Ukerewe
Island on June 18, 1930, we disturbed a pair of francolins in a dense
thorn thicket on the side of a rocky hill; later a native went in and
brought out a single, perfectly fresh egg measuring 46 x 35 mm.
No francolins were shot during our short stay on the island, but
they were seen flying over the bush on several occasions. Doubtless
the presence of large numbers of small carnivores accounts for the
exceptionally secretive behaviour of the francolins upon the island;
daily at dusk they might be heard calling from afar but on going
to the place one always found that the birds were calling from dense
and humanly impenetrable thickets. As, however, only two species
of franeolin are said to occur upon the island (one of which is, I believe,
the small F. c. hubbardi) it should not be difficult to identify this egg
in course of time.

Francolinus squamatus uzungwensis Bangs & Loveridge

Francolinus squamatus uzungwensis Bangs & Loveridge, 1931, Proe. New
Eng. Zool. Club, 12, p. 93: Kigogo, Tanganyika Territory.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,262) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 30. i. 30.

Habits. This franeolin occurred within, as well as on the outskirts
of, the rain forest at Kigogo. The birds were very secretive, remaining
quiescent until one was within a few feet of them, when they would
take to wing with startling suddenness, flying in and out of the bushes
and trees in a manner ^hich made it almost impossible to shoot.
They could hardly be considered abundant, for not more than half a
dozen pairs were seen during the three weeks of daily collecting which
we spent at Kigogo; possibly the same pair was seen on several oc-
casions.

156 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Pternistes cranchii itigi Bowen

Pternistes cranchii itigi Bowen, 1930, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 82, p. 86:
Gwao's Village, Itigi, Tanganyika Territory.

<? (M. C. Z. 148,263) Unyanganyi, Turu. 6. xii. 29.
cf (M. C. Z. 148,264) Mangasini, Usandawi. 12. xii. 29.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,265) Saranda, Ugogo. 29. xi. 29.

The skins listed above have been compared with three specimens
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology identified by Mr. Wedgewood
Bowen when describing this strongly marked form.

Parasites. Nematodes were found in the Saranda spurfowl.

Pternistes cranchii intercedens Reichenow

Pternistes cranchi intercedens Reichenow, 1909, Orn. Monatsb., 17, p. 88:
Lake Rukwa, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,264) Tandala,Ukinga Mtns. 11. ii. 30.
5c? 2 9 (M. C. Z. 148,265-73) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 6-8. iii. 30.
5<? (M. C. Z. 148,274-8) Ilolo, Rungwe. 5-18. iv. 30.

Native names. Nerekere (Kikinga); Ingwale (Kinyakusa).

Variation. The Tandala bird is immature and its race is conse-
quently assumed on geographical grounds. One or two of the Mwaya
birds are brighter than any of the Ilolo series.

Breeding. At Mwaya, on March 7, 1930, three recently hatched
young were offered for sale but not purchased.

Distribidion. All three localities from which this material was ob-
tained lie but a hundred miles or so to the southwest of the type
locality — Lake Rukwa.

Habitat. The Mwaya birds were shot in the native gardens on the
outskirts of the village. Here they were very abundant and started
calling about an hour before sunset each evening. The birds were
in pairs, unaccompanied by young, and were comparatively bold.
The Ilolo series was secured in the cleared lands of the Rungwe Mis-
sion plantations on the lower slopes of Rungwe Mountain.

NUMIDA MELEAGRIS MITRATA Pallas

Numida mitrata Pallas, 1767, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. iv, pi. iii: Madagascar.

tf (M. C. Z. 148,279) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 3. iii. 30.

Native name. Ilikanga (Kinyakusa).

Affinities. Bannermann (1930, Birds of Tropical West Africa,
i, footnote to p. 347) has given cogent reasons for considering that

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 157

all the races hitherto considered forms of mitrata should be included
as forms of meleagris which is the older name.

Breeding. At Mwaya, on March 8, 1930, a native came up to me
saying that he had some eggs for sale. I referred him to the cook
who did the buying for the commissariat. Later three eggs arrived
on the table with a curry; after dinner the cook enquired whether they
had been all right as they were guinea fowl eggs. I was horrified to
learn that I had ruined a clutch of ten in this way and sent for the
remaining seven eggs which I promptly blew as specimens, though
their contents afterwards furnished a savoury omelet! It was some
consolation to find the shells of these eggs unusually hard; even with
the assistance of a file to start a drill hole, the drilling was quite a
task. The eggs measured 50 x 37 mm. and were quite typical — white,
but so heavily overlaid with buff as to almost exclude the white;
the surface was glossy and minutely pitted.

NUMIDA MELEAGRIS REICHENOWI Grant

Numida mitrata reichenowi Ogilvie-Grant, 1894, Ibis, p. 536: Makarungu,
Ukamba district, Kenya Colony.

d" <? (M. C. Z. 148,280-1) Unyanganyi, Turu. 5. xii. 29.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,282) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 10. vi. 30.

Coloration. The young female from Ukerewe Island is identified
with some misgivings as the coloration of the soft parts seemed to
the collector to be different from his recollections of such coloring
in reichenowi. This coloration may be due to its immaturity.

Numida meleagris uhehensis Reichenow

Numida uhehensis Reichenow, 1898, Orn. Monatsb., p. 88: Uhehe, Tanganyika
Territory.

cT (M. C. Z. 148,283) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 27. xii. 29.

Affinities. Though considered by Sclater to be a doubtful form,
this almost topotypic specimen of the Uhehe Helmet-Guinea fowl
leads us to regard the race as recognisable.

Numida meleagris rikwae Reichenow

Numida rikwae Reichenow, 1900, Orn. Monatsb., 8, p. 40: southern shore of
Lake Rukwa, Tanganyika Territory.

cf <? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,284-6) Kipili, Ufipa. 19. v. 30.

Native name. Ikanga (Kifipa).

158 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Coloration. The collector was struck by the very different colora-
tion of the skin of the head to that of any guinea fowl with which
he was familiar. This is another form which Sclater considers doubt-
ful but the small rounded helmets are totally different from those
of the mitrata in our series. While our birds are obviously identical
with frommi Kothe (1911) from the west shore of Rukwa, that form
is hardly likely to be distinct from rikwae.

Distribution. Kothe not only referred Uanda birds to frommi but a
series collected by Capt. Fromm at Mbuga and Mfile, Ufipa which
is close to the locality from which the above mentioned birds come.

Two of these guinea fowl were shot as they paused at the edge of
Lake Tanganyika, having come down to drink after sunset.

GUTTERA EDWARDI GRANTI (Elliot)

Numida granti Elliot, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 584: Ugogo, Tangan-
yika Territory.

<? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,287-8) Saranda, Ugogo. 19. xii. 29.

Affinities. Though Sclater considers granti a doubtfully distinct
form we have compared these skins with examples of Guttcra jmchcrani
from Taveta, Kenya Colony and find them strikingly different. Our
topotypes of granti are much darker birds, less bluish and with a
shorter crest. We also have compared them with G. e. edwardi,
G. e. sethsmithi and G. sclateri, from all of which thev differ in the
much smaller extent of the black collar on the chest, as well as in the
general coloration.

Habitat. Crested Guinea fowl are not uncommon at Saranda, where
the junior author obtained two alive in 1926 for the Smithsonian-
Chrysler Expedition. In 1922 his collector, Salimu, preserved three
from Mahaka not far from Saranda; these were presented to Tring
Museum. Three birds belonging to this race were seen at Kidete
in 1923.

They are, however, extremely wary at Saranda and, though sought
for daily during the first week spent in the vicinity of Saranda, none
were obtained. On the last morning of our return visit we had only
three shot-gun cartridges left. These I gave to Salimu, who departed
with his brother before daybreak while I busied myself with packing
for the journey to Kikuyu. Salimu returned at 9 a.m. with the pair
of birds listed above. He lost the third cartridge while crawling
through the undergrowth!

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 159

RALLIDAE

Crecopsis egregia (Peters)

Ortygometra (Crex) egregia Peters, 1854, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 134:
Tete, Zambesi, Mozambique.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,289) Saranda, Ugogo. 30. xi. 29.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,290) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 7. iii. 30.

Breeding. The Mwaya bird was apparently breeding for the ovules
were enlarged.

Sarothrura sp.

Fully half a dozen crake were seen during the stay at Kigogo,
Uzungwe Mountains. None were obtained owing to their peculiar
habits. They remained quiescent in the knee-high grass until almost
trodden upon then, rising with a somewhat snipe-like flight, they would
fly only twenty or thirty feet away to drop as suddenly as they had
risen. Apparently, immediately on landing, they run off at full speed
for all attempts to surround them failed 'as inevitably as endeavors
to discover them by quiet stalking and search at the point where they
had dropped. Never more than one bird was flushed at a time (Janu-
ary, 1930), and had one fired at such short range the probability
would have been that the tiny bird would have been blown to pieces.

Gallinula angulata. Sundevall

Gallinula angulata Sundevall, 1850, Oefv. Vet. -Akad. Forh. Stockholm, p. 110:
lower Caffraria, i. e. Natal.

Sex ? (M. C. Z. 148,291) Entebbe, Uganda. 28. vi. 30.

This Lesser Moorhen was brought to me by a native who had
snared it.

BALEARICIDAE

Balearica pavonina gibbericeps Reichenow

Balearica gibbericeps Reichenow, 1892, Journ. f. Orn., p. 126: Lake Jipe,
near Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.

cf cf 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,292-5) Unyanganyi, Turu. 6. xii. 29.

Diet. Salimu had just shot one of these cranes at Unyanganyi on
December 6, 1929, when a native came up to me and said that he

160 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

wished I would come and shoot three of the birds which were eating
matama seed that he had only sown the previous day. I accompanied
him to his shamba where the three birds were feeding along in a row,
all three were killed with a right and left barrel as they rose. In their
stomachs were a great many white beads, besides a quantity of seeds.
These were submitted to Dr. J. F. V. Phillips, ecologist of the Tsetse
Investigation Department, but up to the time of going to press no
report has been received upon them.

Parasites. Lice were recovered from their plumage. No parasites
were detected in their stomachs.

Balearica pavonina regulorum (Bennett)

Anthropoides regulorum Bennett, 1833, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 118:
South Africa.

Breeding. At Mwaya, on March 4, 1930, I was wading about in a
foot of water in a vast swamp that was much frequented by waterfowl
and waterbuck, when a Crowned Crane rose from its nest, within six
feet of me. The nest, at most a couple of feet in diameter, was a
loose assemblage of dead sedges rising about a foot above the surround-
ing water level. It held three large chalky white eggs but with a
hard surface and measuring 80 x 60 mm. ; these eggs were in an ad-
vanced stage of incubation. The bird flew off and did not return.
Mr. A. H. Paget Wilkes (192S, Bateleur, 1, p. 9) has given an excellent
and detailed account of the nesting of the East African race at Kitale,
Kenya Colony on September 17, 1928, at which time a clutch of two
eggs were slightly incubated.

CHARADRIIDAE

Stephanibyx coronatus coronatus (Boddaert)

Charadrius coronatus Boddaert, 1783, Tabl. PI. Enlum., p. 49: Cape of Good
Hope, South Africa (ex Daubenton).

d* 9 (M. C. Z. 148,296-7) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 3. vi. 30.

Native name. Tuletule (Kikerewe)

Habitat. These Crowned Lapwings were shot on the bush-grown
flats lying between Old Shinyanga and New Shinyanga; several other
pairs were seen.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 161

GLAREOLIDAE

CURSORIUS TEMMINCKII TEMMINCKII Swainson

Cursorius temminckii Swainson, 1822, Zool. lllustr., 2, pi. 106: Senegal (cf.
Swainson, 1837, B. W. Afr., 2, p. 230).

cf (M. C. Z. 148,298) near Idewa, Uzungwe Mtns. 6. i. 30.

Habitat. One of a pair which rose from short grass on the hillside;
these were the only Temminck's Coursers seen in the mountains.

BURHINIDAE

Burhinus capensis capensis (Liehtenstein)

Oedicnemus capensis H. Liehtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 69:
Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.

cT 9 (M. C. Z. 148,299-300) near Njombe, Ubena Mtns. 6-7. ii. 30.

Habits. Shot at night on the track between Malangali and Njombe
where they were quite abundant. The driver of the lorry told me that
they are frequently so dazed by the lights of the car that he runs
over them ; suiting the action to the word, and before I could stop him,
he drove over one crushing its head completely. The natives who
accompanied us decapitated it in accordance with Mohammedan law,
after which they ate it.

Burhinus vermiculatus vermiculatus (Cabanis)

Oedicnemus vermiculatus Cabanis, 1868, Journ. f. Orn., p. 413: East Africa,
i. e. Lake Jipe, near Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory (vide Finsch &
Hartl., Vog. Ostafr., p. 623).

cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,301-2) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 28. v. 30.

Habitat. Shot on a pebble-covered beach between Ujiji and Bangwe.
Parasites. Lice were recovered from the plumage of one of these
Water Dikkops.

162 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

JACANIDAE

Actophilornis africanus (Gmelin)

Parra africana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 709: Africa; restricted
type locality, Ethiopia (Grant, 1915, Ibis, p. 59).

d1 9 (M. C. Z. 148,303-4) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 24. v. 30.

Habitat. Lily-Trotters were very plentiful on the lily pads growing
in the bays and lagoons just south of Ujiji.

LARIDAE

Larus cirrocephalus poicephalus Swainson

Larus poicephalus Swainson, 1837, Birds W. Afr., 2, p. 245: no type locality;
probably West Africa.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,305) Kalambo River Mouth, Lake Tanganyika. 12. v. 30.

Breeding. I was asked by several persons, including Capt. Sharpe
of the S.S. Liemba, where these birds bred, as no one had ever found
them nesting in the vicinity of the lake. It seemed to me that a
suitable site would be in the seclusion of the vast swamps and reed-
beds just south of Ujiji; possibly they join the birds on Naivasha,
which is a well known breeding haunt. In May they were in flocks,
and the above specimen was shot from a flock resting on the sandbar
which projects into the lake.

Diet. In its crop was a quantity of small fish (Lampriethys tangan-
icae), identified for us by Dr. N. Borodin.

COLUMBIDAE

Columba arQuatrix arQuatrix Temminck & Knip.

Columba arquatrix Temminck & Knip, 1809, Pigeons, Colombes, p. 11, pi. 5:
"d'Anteniquoi" i. e. Knysna, Cape Province, South Africa.

cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,306-7 Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 17. i. 30.
c? 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,308-10) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 25. iii-
8. iv. 30.

Native names. Isele (Kinyakusa); inzungumi (Kinyika).

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 163

Streptopelia lugens (Riippell)

Columba lugens Riippell, 1837, N. Wirbelth. Vog., p. 64, pi. 22, fig. 2: Ethiopian

highlands.
Streptopelia lugens Friedmann, 1929, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 153, pp. 213-216.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,311) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 28. iv. 30.

Affinities. We accept Friedmann's conclusions as set forth in the
paper cited above, in not recognising funebrca van Someren (Elgon)
as a southern race of the Abyssinian Pink-breasted Turtle-Dove.

Streptopelia semitorquata semitorquata (Riippell)

Columba semitorquata Riippell, 1837, Neue Wirbelth. Vog., p. 66, pi. 23, fig. 2:
Taranta Mtns., Ethiopia.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,312) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 21. ii. 30.
tfd1 9 (M. C. Z. 148,313-5) Ilolo, Rungwe. 8. iv. 30,

Native names. Nuta (Kikinga) ; ngunguwia (Kinyakusa) ; gunguwija
(Kinyika).

Streptopelia decipiens perspicillata (Fischer & Reichenow)

Turtur perspicillata Fischer & Reichenow, 1884, Journ. f. Orn., 32, p. 179:
Nguruman, Lake Natron, Tanganyika Territory.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,316) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 3. vi. 30.

Native name. Kisanga (Kikerewe).

Streptopelia capicola anceps Friedmann

Streptopelia capicola anceps Friedmann, 1928, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 10,
pp. 67-68: Kilosa, Tanganyika Territory.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,317-8) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 12. vi. 30.
Native name. Seraicituta (Kikerewe).

Stigmatopelia senegalensis aeQuatorialis (Erlanger)

Turtur senegalensis aequatorialis Erlanger, 1904, Orn. Monatsb., p. 98: Mena-
balla, Ethiopa.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,319) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 9. vi. 30.

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Tympanistra tympanistra fraseri Bonaparte

Tympanistra fraseri Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Av., 2, p. 67: Fernando Po.
d" (M. C. Z. 148,320) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 10. iv. 30.
Native name. Kapumbuhili (Kinyika).

Aplopelia larvata larvata (Temminck & Knip)

Columba larvata Temminck & Knip, 1810, Pigeons, Colombes, p. 71, pi. 31:
"d'Anteniquoi" i. e. Knysna, Cape Province, South Africa.

d> 9 (M. C. Z. 148,321-2) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 8-9. iv. 30.

Native name. Kakuguivickanandi (Kinyika).

Habitat. Not infrequently encountered feeding upon the forest
floor but difficult to shoot on account of the dense undergrowth
through which, however, they are expert in flying away.

Vinago calva salvadorii Dubois

Vinago calva salvadorii Dubois, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 784: eastern
and central tropical Africa; restricted type locality, western shores of
Lake Tanganyika (Hartert).

d> 9 (M. C. Z. 148,326-7) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-15. i. 30.

Breeding. At Ipemi, Uzungwe Mtns., on January 8, 1930, a Green
Pigeon, not necessarily this race, fluttered down from a branch just
above my head, and flew slowly away almost into the grass. Such
behaviour being unusual for so swift a bird, I looked up and saw a
flimsy nest, or what remained of one, depending from a branch, while
in the fork from which it had presumably been dislodged, crouched
two very small nestlings, side by side, upon a branch which was only
nine feet above the ground.

Parasites. Nematodes (Ascaridia fasciata) and trematodes were
recovered from the stomachs of these birds.

Distribution. The above records constitute a considerable exten-
sion of the range of this race in a southeasterly direction.

Vinago calva granviki Grote

Vinago calva granviki Grote, 1924, Journ. f. Ornith., p. 102: Ukerewe Id.,
Victoria Nyanza; Tanganyika Territory.

cf c? (M. C. Z. 148,328-9) Unyanganyi, Turu. 4. xii. 29.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 165

Vinago delalandii delalandii (Bonaparte)

Phalacrotreron delalandii Bonaparte, 1854, Comptes Rendu, 39, p. 873: Port
Natal, i. e. Durban, Natal.

9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,323-4) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 18. i. 30.

Affinities. If granti van Someren (Kilwa, T. T.) can be recognised
as a valid subspecies, and Sclater has done so (1930, Syst. Avium
Aethiop., p. 850), then possibly these Green Pigeons should be re-
ferred to that race, but as far as our material shows, they are wholly
similar to the birds of our South African series.

Vinago wakefieldii wakefieldii (Sharpe)

Treron wakefieldii Sharpe, 1874, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1873, p. 715,
pi. 58, fig. 2: Mombasa, Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,325) Uolo, Rungwe district. 18. iv .30.

Distribution. The range of the typical form of Wakefield's Green
Pigeon is given by Sclater as "The eastern portion of Kenya Colony
south to the Pangani." Four specimens from the Usambara Moun-
tains have been compared with our Ilolo bird, and there is no appreci-
able difference, though this fresh record constitutes a considerable
extension of its previously recognised range.

CUCULIDAE

Cuculus solitarius Stephens

Cuculus solitarius Stephens, 1815, in Shaw's Genl. Zool., 9, p. 84, pi. 18:
Caffraria, i. e. eastern Cape Province, South Africa (ex Levaillant).

9 (M. C. Z. 148,330) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 16. i. 30.

Cuculus clamosus Latham

Cuculus clamosus Latham, 1802, Genl. Syn., 2, Suppl., p. xxx: Cape of Good
Hope, South Africa.

o* (M. C. Z. 148,331) Bagamoyo. 14. xi. 29.

Pachycoccyx validus (Reichenow)

Cuculus validus Reichenow, 1879, Orn. Centralb., p. 139: Muniuni, Tana
River, Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,332) Bagamoyo. 14. xi. 29.

Distribution. This additional record of the occurrence of the rare

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Thick-billed Cuckoo right on the east coast is of particular interest.
It was shot in open forest about two miles west of the Ruvu River
or about five miles from the coast. Another example in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology (M. C. Z. 233,500) comes from Mogogoni,
which is also on the Ruvu River but some forty-five miles farther
south.

Clamator glandularius (Linnaeus)

Cuculus glandularius Linnaeus, 175S, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. Ill: North
Africa and southern Europe.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,333) Unyanganyi, Turu. 5. hi. 29.

Breeding. At Unyanganyi, on December 4, 1930, I observed a
crow (Corpus albus) driving a kite away from a baobab tree, which
was in flower and just breaking into leaf. Later, from afar, I saw a
crow settling on a nest and the male perched close by. Despite three
bees' nests in the tree, Salimu went up and brought down an extraor-
dinary clutch of seven eggs! Two were obviously crow's eggs and
measured 46 x 31 mm. and 45 x 29 mm.; five others were very similar
in color and markings but were much smaller, four of them measur-
ing 31 x 25 mm., while the fifth, which appeared addled, was only
29 x 36 mm.; the four larger eggs held developing young, while those
of the crow were less well developed.

The next morning Salimu shot a Great Spotted Cuckoo in the
vicinity and in her oviduct was a pigmented egg exactly like the
five smaller eggs from the crow's nest, which settled any doubts
as to the identity of the five small eggs which the crow had been
brooding. The egg from the oviduct was unfortunately broken but
was preserved in alcohol.

Later the same morning, at 10 a.m. to be precise, I saw a pair of
these cuckoos fly into a fig tree above my tent. When they flew
from this tree they separated, the male (?) going to a leafless baobab
fifty yards or so from the tent while the second bird, which I presume
was the hen, flew on to the baobab in which was the rifled nest.
Though I watched the nest carefully through my field glasses, my
view was considerably obstructed by foliage and I was unable to see
if the cuckoo went on to it. After waiting for a quarter of an hour
I approached the tree as an Augur Buzzard (Buteo rufofuscus augur)
had settled just above the nest; as I approached, the cuckoo flew
away and joined its companion in the defoliated baobab. No sooner

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 167

had I reached my tent, however, than it returned to the tree which
held the nest. I sat down to write up these notes when at 10.55 a.m.
I was disturbed by five crows flying about the nest with much cawing;
three settled in the tree in the vicinity of the nest, then two of them
flew away, leaving one perched close to the nest. Last thing before
we left Unyanganyi on the ninth, Salimu reexamined the nest, but it
was still empty. Whether the cuckoo had placed an egg in the nest
and this had roused the curiosity of the five crows and one had eaten
it is purely a matter of conjecture.

Dr. V. G. L. van Someren and Dr. H. Friedmann inform me that
this is the first record of a Great Spotted Cuckoo laying in East
Africa, though Sir Charles Belcher tells me that a single egg has
been taken in Nyasaland.

Lampromorpha caprius (Boddaert)

Cuculus caprius Boddaert, 1783, Tabl. PI. Enlum., p. 40, no. 657: Cape of
Good Hope, South Africa.

? (M. C. Z. 148,334) Mwera, Zanzibar. 21-24. x. 29.
<? (M. C. Z. 14S,335) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 28. v. 30.
cf (M. C. Z. 148,336) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11. vi. 30.

Native name. Insegu (Kikerewe).

Habitat. The Didric Cuckoo from Ujiji was shot in some bushes
overhanging the lake, into which it fell; the adjacent bushes were
loaded with the nests of weaver birds.

Centropus superciliosus loandae Grant

Centropus superciliosus loandae Grant, 1915, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 33, p. 54:
near Dalla Tando, North Angola.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,337-8) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 3-10. iii. 30.

Native name. Ingyoholibo (Kinyakusa).

Breeding. At Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika, on May 26, 1930, I refused
to purchase a fledgling of the Central African White-browed Coucal,
which was brought to me by a native child who had found it near
my camp.

At Ukerewe Island, Lake Victoria, on June 13, 1930, a native
showed me a nest of one of these coucals. It had been built at a
height of four feet from the ground against a slight shrub; the shrub
was enveloped in rank grass and sedge some seven feet high. The
structure, which hardly merits the name of a nest so loosely is it put

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together, was constructed of dry sedges bent in an oval and measuring
12 x 8 inches, though the interior measured only 6x4 inches. It
held three glossy white eggs measuring 29 x 20 mm., 27 x 20 mm. and
27 x 19 mm. respectively. The bird had already started incubating
them for there were slight embryos in all three eggs. Later in the
day another clutch was brought to me; it also consisted of three
eggs, but even less incubated than those in the first clutch. They were,
however, slightly larger and measured 30 x 23 mm., 30 x 22 mm. and
29 x 22 mm.

MUSOPHAGIDAE
Turacus livingstonii livingstonii Gray

Turacus livingstonii Gray, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 44: Manganja
highlands, Nyasaland.

cf 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,339-42) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 13-20.
ii. 30.
4 c? 4 9 (M. C. Z. 148,343-50) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 31.
iii-9. iv. 30.
c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,351-52) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 25-30. iv. 30.

Native names. Nyamakara (Kikinga); ingulusvtu (Kinyakusa);
chUemba (Kinyika).

Distribution. These birds are quite typical, though the localities
fifty miles northwest and due north of Lake Nyasa show that the
typical form ranges somewhat farther north than Sclater in the
Systema Avium Aethiopicarum would lead us to suppose.

Turacus livingstonii cabanisi (Reichenow)

Corythaix cabanisi Reichenow, 1883, Journ. Ornith., p. 221: Bagamoyo,
Tanganyika Territory.

5 c? 6 9 (M. C. Z. 148,353-63) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-2S. i. 30.

Variation. Our series of the Tanganyika Lourie from Kigogo tends
to be somewhat intermediate and is definitely not such a deep blue-
green as examples from the Uluguru Mountains, as one might expect
on geographical grounds. They are, however, quite definitely nearer
to cabanisi than to the typical form.

Habitat. The Tanganyika Lourie was sought for in its type locality
but was not found; unless its occurrence is seasonal, it is apparently
a scarce bird at Bagamoyo, perhaps only a straggler from the not far

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 169

distant Nguru Mountains. At Kigogo, where they were very numerous,
they frequented the scattered groups of trees and bush which are
found in the grasslands of the Mufindi region. These small patches
of bush would appear to be partially fire-resistant thickets surviving
from the adjacent rain forests.

Gallirex porphyreolophus chlorochalmys Shelley

Gallirex chlorochalmys Shelley, 1881, Ibis, p. 118: Ugogo, Tanganyika Territory.

cf 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,364-6) Bagamoyo. 14. xi. 29.
& 9 (M. C. Z. 148,367-8) Saranda, Ugogo. 30. xi. 29.

Habitat. The East African Purple-crested Lourie inhabits open
bush in hot dry country and occurs but rarely at altitudes over
3,000 feet as far as the junior author's experience goes.

MUSOPHAGA ROSSAE Gould

Musophaga rossae Gould, 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 93: said to have
come from the western coast, of Africa, i. e. Loanda, Angola.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,369) Kitungulu, Urungu. 15. v. 30.

Habitat. Kitungulu, as mentioned elsewhere, possesses a fast-
disappearing patch of semi-dry primary forest in which many West
African species are to be found.

Gymnoschizorhis leopoldi (Shelley)

Schizorhis leopoldi Shelley, 1881, Ibis, p. 117, pi. 2: Ugogo, Tanganyika
Territory.

d" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,370-1) Mangasini, Usandawi. 14. xii. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,372) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 3. vi. 30.

Native name. Mnemba (Kikerewe).

Variation. We accept Dr. Friedmann's conclusions that G. I.
centralis Neumann cannot be recognised. It wras described from
Kitengule, Kagera River, Uganda.

PSITTACIDAE

Psittacus erithacus erithacus Linnaeus

Psittacus erithacus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 99. Guinea.

Distribution. A flock of Grey Parrots was seen by the junior author
in the remnant of primary forest at Kitungulu, which is some twelve
miles east of Kasanga on the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika.

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Mr. Wolff of the Uzungwe Mountains tells me that in a rare little
book (in German) by Dr. Fischer, it is stated that the Grey Parrot
occurs on Kilimanjaro. He would not credit the statement at the
time, but when the East African campaign took him to the Kili-
manjaro forests he kept a special look out for these birds and was
rewarded, so he says, by seeing a flock one morning shortly after
davbreak.

POICEPHALUS FUSCICAPILLUS TANGANYIKAE Bowen

Poicephalus fuscicapillus tanganyikae Bowen, 1930, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philad., 82, p. 267: Kilosa, Tanganyika Territory.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,375) Bagamoyo. 14. xi. 29.

Distribution. Bagamoyo being exactly opposite, and only forty
miles distant from, Zanzibar which is the type locality of P. f. fusci-
capillus, it is interesting to record that the wing measurements are
148 mm., the minimum length recorded by Bowen.

Breeding. The testes were enlarged so that the bird probably
breeds at the coast during the lesser rains.

Poicephalus meyeri saturatus (Sharpe)

Poeocephalus saturatus Sharpe, 1901, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xi, p. 67: North
Ankole, Uganda.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,373) Kitungulu, Urungu. 15. v. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,374) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 12. vi. 30.

Native name. Nswenja (Kikerewe).

Affinities. On geographical grounds one might expect the Kitun-
gulu birds to represent the Congo race ncavci, but a careful comparison
of the two specimens listed above shows no variation in the direction
of neavei.

Breeding. The testes were small in the Kitungulu example of the
Uganda Brown Parrot.

Agapornis fischeri Reichenow

Agapornis fischeri Reichenow, 1887, Journ. Ornith., p. 54: Ussure, Tanganyika
Territory.

c? d" (M. C. Z. 148,376-7) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 2. vi. 30.

Habitat. Fischer's Love Bird favours the baobab trees which are
scattered about the open country and through the thorn bush of the
Usukuma country. It was from the bare branches of baobabs that
these noisy little parrots were shot.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 171

CORACIIDAE

*Coracias garrulus garrulus Linnaeus

Coracias garrulus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 107: Europe; re-
stricted type locality, southern Sweden.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,378) Ilolo, Rungwe. 3. iv. 30.

Native name. Imbusanya (generic, of course, Kinyakusa).

A number of European Rollers, evidently migrant birds proceeding
north, appeared on the day on which this bird was shot but were not
seen again.

Coracias spatulatus spatulatus Trimen

Coracias spatulatus Trimen, 1880, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 31: Leshumo
valley, near Victoria Falls; Kothe, 1911, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 354:
Kitungulu, etc.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,379) Kitungulu, Urungu. 15. v. 30.

Affinities. We cannot agree with Sclater that iceigalii is the young
of spatulatus.

Habitat. Small parties of these noisy birds were occasionally seen
in the open dry bush, an environment exactly comparable to the
miombo bush at Kipera, where the junior author collected this species
on February 22, 1923! On the label of the Kitungulu bird he noted
"Call like that of the monkey-chatterer — Irrisor." An observation
corroborating that made by Fromm, as cited by Kothe, in the refer-
ence given above.

Coracias caudatus caudatus Linnaeus
Coracias caudatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 160: Angola.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,380) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 2. vi. 30.
Native name. Nawagara (Kikerewe).

Eurystomus afer suahelicus Neumann

Eurystomus afer suahelicus Neumann, 1905, Journ. f. Orn., p. 186: Tschara,
Tana River, Kenya Colony.

tf1 (M. C. Z. 148,381) Bagamoyo. 12. xi. 29.

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ALCEDINIDAE

Ceryle rudis rudis (Linnaeus)

Alcedo rudis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 116: Egypt.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,382) Kipili, Lake Tanganyika. 19. v. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,383) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 9. vi. 30.

Native names. Mrovi (Kikerewe); mwituzu (Kisukuma).

Breeding. On June 9, 1930, just before sailing from Mwanza for
Ukerewe Island, my attention was attracted by the behavior of one
of these birds which was sitting with a fish in its bill in a rubber
tree some two hundred yards from the lake shore opposite the
landing stage for Lkerewe boats. Near by where the bird was sitting
was a disused quarry and on examining this I found a number of
kingfisher nesting holes, mostly old. In the entrance of one, how-
ever, was a stone and on removing this I found a dead hen Pied King-
fisher covered with ants but so recently dead as to be easily pre-
served. The stone had almost certainly been placed in the entrance
by some rascally native youngster, and it is on account of their heart-
less and destructive ways of collecting birds that I almost invariably
refuse to purchase birds from them. As the great majority of birds
brought in are mother birds or nestlings, purchasing from natives
involves much cruelty, and the wholesale destruction of bird life in
the vicinity of a camp.

On opening up the hole, it was found to extend five feet into the
bank, at first with a slightly rising gradient and then slightly descend-
ing until it widened into the terminal nest chamber. In this chamber
were four white eggs, measuring 29x22 mm., lying on the earth
floor on which were scattered sparsely some fish scales. In the same
quarry a second nest was examined; the hole in this case was rather
higher up the bank — about seven feet instead of five, but the tunnel
only penetrated inwards for a distance of four feet; in both cases the
entrances were about two feet below the top of the bank. The second
nest was similar to the first and also held four eggs, but they varied
in size from 30 x 21 to 28 x 21 mm. Both clutches were hard set and
held well-developed young.

On June 11, 1930, at Lkerewe Island, a native brought a Pied
Kingfisher to camp. I accused him of having trapped it in its burrow
which he readily admitted.

On June 28, 1930, when at Entebbe, LTganda, a native brought in
one of these birds together with its four eggs, the latter were very near
hatching and were not purchased.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 173

CORYTHORNIS CRISTATA CRISTATA (Pallas)

Alcedo crislata Pallas, 1764, in Vroeg. Cat. Adumb., no. 55, pi. i: Cape of
Good Hope, South Africa.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,384) Bagamoyo. 11. xi. 29.

cT (M. C. Z. 148,385) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 6. iii. 30.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,386) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 24. v. 30.

Breeding. The bill of the LTjiji Malachite Kingfisher is black, a
sign of juvenility.

ISPIDINA PICTA NATALENSIS (Smith)

Alcedo natalensis Smith, 1831, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 1st ser., no. 5, p. 14: east
of Cafferland, i. e. Natal.

cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,387-8) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 19. vi. 30.

Breeding. Both are barely fledged nestlings brought by a native
who procured them from their nesthole. They were accepted as we
were about to depart from the island, and to save them from a worse
fate. Being juvenile, we assume the race on geographical grounds.

Halcyon senegalensis senegalensis (Linnaeus)

Alcedo senegalensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 180: Senegal.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,389) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 3. vi. 30.

Affinities. This Red-and-black-billed Kingfisher is undoubtedly
senegalensis or the race cinereicapillus, if the latter be recognisable,
but it is certainly not cyanoleucos.

Halcyon senegaloides ranivora Meinertzhagen

Halcyon senegaloides ranivora Meinertzhagen, 1924, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 44,
p. 44: Pangani River, Tanganyika Territory.

3 eggs (M. C. Z. 7,599) near Mombasa Id., Kenya Colony. 29. x. 29.

Breeding. While visiting the mainland opposite Mombasa Island,
on October 29, 1929, I observed fresh tracks outside a burrow in one
of the pits which are excavated by the natives to get material for the
mud walls of their huts; the pit was certainly within fifty feet of the
house. As we were digging out the burrow and were just approaching
the end, which was only three feet from the entrance, a bird burst
forth and flew with loud cries to a near-by mango tree, so that one

174 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

had a good opportunity of observing its red bill, whitish, though
slightly dusky throat and breast and black wings edged with pale
blue. These wrere noted down on the spot, and I think that the identi-
fication is correct beyond question. The bird was evidently sitting
on the three eggs, one of which was slightly incubated, the other two
apparently addled. These eggs were laid on the bare sand, there
being no beetle wings or other debris; they were white, sparsely
freckled with pale browrn and measured 25 x 24 mm.

Halcyon leucocephala leucocephala (Miiller)
Alcedo leucocephala P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Syst. Nat., Suppl., p. 94: Senegal.
3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,390-2) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.

Native name. Kaseko (Kikerewe).

Breeding. At Mwanza on June 9, 1930, two Brown-bellied or Grey-
headed Kingfishers were observed pecking out nesting holes in a
high cliff. When camped on Ukerewe Island (June 10 to 19) as well
as on my return to Mwanza (June 21) natives brought several of
these birds (which I refused to purchase) that had evidently been
captured in their nesting holes.

Halcyon chelicuti variegata (Vieillot)

Alcedo variegata Vieillot, 1820, Ency. Method., 1, p. 397: Senegal.
Halcyon chelicuti zinjense Stoneham, 1930, Bateleur, 2, p. 51: Dar es Salaam,
Tanganyika Territory.

2 eggs (M. C. Z. 7,598) near Mombasa, Kenya Colony. 29. x. 29.

Breeding. When on the mainland just opposite Kilindini harbour
on October 29, 1929, a native lad, who was following me as I passed
beneath a mango tree, descried an East African Coastal Striped
Kingfisher fly from a hole in the end of a broken-off branch which
was about twTelve feet from the ground. He climbed to the limb and
looking in espied two fresh eggs lying on the bare disintegrated w7ood
which was more like rich loam than wood. It is probable that a full
clutch would consist of three eggs; the two in this instance were pure
white and measured 20 x 17 mm. and 19 x 17 mm. respectively.
We follow Mr. W. Wedgewood Bowen in using variegata for the East
African coastal form of this bird.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 175

MEROPIDAE

*Merops apiaster Linnaeus

Merops apiaster Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 117: southern Europe.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,393) Unyanganyi, Turu. 4. xii. 29.

*Merops persicus persicus Pallas
Merops persicus Pallas, 1773, Reise, 2, p. 708: shores of the Caspian Sea.
d> 9 (M. C. Z. 148,394-5) Bagamoyo. 14. xi. 29.

Aerops albicollis major Parrot

Aerops albicollis major Parrot, 1912, Orn. Monatsb., 18, p. 12: Bagamoyo,
Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,396) Bagamoyo. 12. xi. 29.

Melittophagus pusillus meridionalis Sharpe

Melittophagus meridionalis Sharpe, 1892, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 17, p. 45, pi. i,
fig. 4: Pinetown, Natal.

Breeding. At Unyanganyi, on December 4, 1928, I was shown a
female together with two newly hatched young.

Melittophagus bullockoides (Smith)

Merops bullockoides Smith, 1834, S. A. Quart. Journ., 2d ser., p. 320: South
Africa.

9 (M. C. Z. 184,397) Bagamoyo. 14. xi. 29.

BUCEROTIDAE

Bycanistes bucinator (Temminck)

Buceros bucinator Temminck, 1824, PI. Col. livr. 48, pi. 284: Cape of Good
Hope, South Africa.

c? d" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,398-400) near Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 1. iii. 30.

Habitat. These Trumpeter Hornbills were shot in some large trees
in the middle of a village through which we passed on the way to
Mwaya, their raucous cries were mingled with those of the Silvery-
cheeked Hornbill, with which they were associating here as at Mt.
Lutindi in the Usambara range.

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Bycanistes cristatus brevis Friedmann

Bycanistes cristatus brevis Friedmann, 1929, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 11,
pp. 32-33: Mt. Lutindi, Usambara Mtns., Tanganyika Territory.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,401) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. i. 30.
a* 9 (M. C. Z. 148,402-3) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 25. ii. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,404) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 1. iii. 30.
5 c? 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,405-12) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 25. iii-14.
iv. 30.

Native names. Minongo (Kikinga); kasanga (Kinyakusa); ngonga
(Kinyika).

Affinities. This series was collected with the specific view to check-
ing the validity of Friedmann's recently described southern race
of the Silvery-cheeked Hornbill. We find that it certainly upholds
his contention that southern birds are smaller than Ethiopian ones.
Thus, in the above series, we find that the wing measurements of the
males range from 342-360 mm., with an average of 350 mm.; while
those of the females range from 330-340 mm., with an average of
337.5 mm.

Lophoceros nasutus epirhinus (Sundevall)

Buceros epirhinus Sundevall, 1851, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. for 1850, p. 108:
Caffraria sup. ad. lat. 24° S., i. e. probably upper Limpopo Valley.

cf 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,413-5) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11. vi. 30.

Native name. Kantera (Kikerewe).

Lophoceros erythrorhynchus erythrorhynchus (Temminck)

Buceros erythrorhynchus Temminck, 1823, PI. Col. livr. 36, sp. 19: Senegal.
d" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,416-7) Kilamatinde, Ugogo. 27. xi. 29.

Lophoceros melanoleucos melanoleucos (Lichtenstein)

Buceros melanoleucos Lichtenstein, 1793, Cat. Rer. Rar. Nat., p. 8: Kaffirland.

d1 c? 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,418-21) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14. ii. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,422) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 25. iii. 30.
9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,423-4) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 30. iv. 30.

Native names. Kasweswe (Kikinga, Kinyakusa and Kinyika).

Affinities. According to Friedmann (1930, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.,
153, p. 427), these birds should be L. m. stegmanni judged by the
distribution of the races. On measuring the wings of the five females,

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 177

however, we find the wing ranges from 220-237 mm., with an average
of 227 mm., and they should, therefore, be referred to the typical form.
The wings of the males measure 225-250 mm., the wing of the smaller
being less than given for any of the races. This series presents so
much variation in regard to sheen, darker or paler plumage, or duskier
tips to the bills, that we are utterly at a loss to find sufficient grounds
to uphold the races suahelicus and stegmanni, and are inclined to
agree with Sclater's opinion and that of Friedmann in an earlier paper
(1928, Ibis, p. 81) and drop both.

PHOENICULIDAE

Rhinopomastus minor extimus Friedmann

Rhinopo?nastus minor extimus Friedmann, 1929, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club.,
11, p. 29: Dodoma, Ugogo, Tanganyika Territory.

6" (M. C. Z. 148,425) Mangasini, Usandawi. 16. xii. 29.

Affinities. The wing measurement of this male is 109 mm., thus
supporting Friedmann's conclusions. Mangasini is sixty miles (as
the Scimitar-bill flies) northwest of Dodoma, the type locality of
this race.

TYTONIDAE

Tyto alba affinis (Blyth)

Slrix affinis Blyth, 1862, Ibis, p. 388: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,426) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 21. iv. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,427) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

Native name. Ngwiitwa (Kinyakusa).

STRIGIDAE

Otus leucotis granti (Kollibay)

Pisorhina leucotis granti Kollibay, 1910, Orn. Monatsb., 18, p. 148: southwest-
ern Africa.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,428) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 26. v. 30.

Breeding. This bird is a juvenile but almost fledged, and was
brought to me by a native youngster who said that he had found
three in a hollow tree.

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Distribution. Sclater gives the range of granti as: "South Africa,
north to Angola and Nyasaland," so that this record extends the
range considerably to the north and is confirmed by several other
skins from central Tanganyika Territory taken in past years by the
junior author. The typical form extends from Senegambia and the
Nile south to Kenya Colony.

Bubo africanus africanus (Temminck)

Strix africana Temminck, 1823, PI. Col. livr. 9, pi. 50: Cape of Good Hope,
South Africa.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,429) Saranda, Ugogo. 28. xi. 29.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,430) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.

Breeding. At Saranda, on the evening of November 28, 1929, I
observed an owl leaving a baobab tree as I approached. It alighted
in an acacia, where it was being mobbed by a flock of starlings (Spreo
tricolor) when I shot it. On returning to the baobab, I discovered a
hole which had previously escaped my notice. In it was a single
nestling Spotted Eagle-Owl that was almost fully fledged. I took
it and kept it for a week until I could leave it in the care of the lady
missionaries at Kilimatinde who were going to release it when able
to fly and take care of itself.

Parasites. Lice were found on the Saranda bird.

CAPRIMULGIDAE

* Caprimulgus europaeus unwini Hume

Caprimulgus unwini Hume, 1871, Ibis, p. 406: Agrore valley, Hazara district,
northwestern India.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,431) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 27. i 30.

Caprimulgus fossi clarus Reichenow

Caprimulgus clarus Reichenow, 1892, Journ. f. Orn., p. 29: Bukoba, Victoria
Nyanza, Tanganyika Territory.

<? (M. C. Z. 148,432) Bagamoyo. 12. xi. 29.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,433) Kasanga, Lake Tanganyika. 17. v. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,434) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11. vi. 30.

Measurements. The wings of these three birds measure cf 146 mm.,
9 150 mm. and the Ukerewe Island 9 147 mm.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS

179

Breeding. The Bagamoyo male was shot from the "nest" on which
it was brooding two eggs of the usual mottled rufus color and meas-
uring 25 x IS mm.

COLIIDAE

Colius striattjs berlepschi Hartert

Colius leucotis berlepschi Hartert, 1899, in Ansorge's "Under the African Sun,"
App. Bds., p. 333: Neu-Helgoland, Songea district, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,435) Ilolo, Rungwe. 26. iii. 30.
Native name. Isyakuku (Kinyakusa and Kinyika).

Colius striattjs kikuyuensis van Someren

Colius strialus kikuyuensis van Someren, 1919, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 40,
p. 26: Chagwe, Uganda.

tftf 9 (M. C. Z. 14S,436-8) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 9. vi. 30.

Native name. Musilia (Kikerewe).

Affinities. We follow Friedmann in recognising this race which
Sclater regarded as a synonym of ugandensis.

TROGONIDAE

Heterotrogon vittatum vittatum (Shelley)

Hapaloderma vittatum Shelley, 1882, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 306: Mamboio;
i. e. Mamboya, Ugogo, Tanganyika Territory.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,439-30) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 24-26. ii. 30.
d* d> 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,441-44) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 28. iii-10.
iv. 30.

Native names. Mbuyakitzi (Kikinga); mwakalindile (Kinyakusa);
m wcmjali (Kinyika) .

Curiously enough the Narina Trogon was not seen during any
part of the eight month's safari.

CAPITONIDAE

Lybiits levaillanti macclounii (Shelley)

Melanobucco macclounii Shelley, 1899, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 8, p. xxxv:

Luchinde, north of Lake Nyasa.
Lybius macclouni Kothe, 1911, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 352: Kitungulu,

Tanganyika Territory.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,445-6) Kitungulu, Urungu. 14. v. 30.

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Tricholaema lacrymosum radcliffei Grant

Tricholaema radcliffei Ogilvie-Grant, 1904, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 15, p. 29:
Mulema, Uganda.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,447) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

Bucconodon olivaceum olivaceum (Shelley)

Barbatula olivacea Shelley, 1880, Ibis, p. 334, pi. vii: Rabai, near Mombasa,
Kenya Colony.

d* 9 (M.C.Z. 148,448-9) Nkuka Forest, RungweMtn. 28. iii-14. iv. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,450) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 29. iv. 30.

Native name. Indalvlambwa (Kinyakusa and Kinyika).

VlRIDIBUCCO SIMPLEX LEUCOMYSTAX (Sliarpe)
Barbatula leucomystax Sharpe, 1892, Ibis, p. 310: Sotik, Kenya Colony.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,451) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 20. i. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,452) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14. ii. 30.
d1 o71 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,453-6) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 22-23. iv. 30.

Native name. Givirire (Kikinga).

Pogoniulus leucolaima nyansae (Neumann)

Barbatula leucolaima nyansae Neumann, 1907, Journ. f. Orn., p. 347: Bukoba,
Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika Territory.

Breeding. I shot a cock Lemon-rumped Tinker Bird on the branch
of a tree at Bukoba, the type locality of the form, on June 24, 1930.
Unfortunately the skin was lost among the packing. A moment after
the cock was shot, a hen (?) bird appeared, flew straight to the broken
limb above, on which the cock had been perched, and dived into a
freshly-pecked-out hole, though her tail never disappeared from sight.
Salimu climbed to the place but found on examination that the hole
was comparatively shallow and only in process of excavation.

Pogoniulus bilineatus fischeri (Reichenow)

Barbatula fischeri Reichenow, 1880, Orn. Centralb., p. 181: no locality; Zanzi-
bar (vide Journ. Ornith., 1885, p. 125).

6 (M. C. Z. 148,457-62) Mwera, Zanzibar. 21-24. x. 30.

As Dr. Friedmann had requested me to procure a topotypic series
of this bird, I wrote from Mombasa (where our boat was likely to be

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 181

delayed for several days) to Dr. Spurrier who promptly sent out a
native collector and had the skins made up and ready for me by the
time we reached Zanzibar; unfortunately the native collector did
not sex the skins.

Affinities. We have measured the wings of these six birds and find
that they range from 50-52 mm. They certainly differ from P. b.
conciliator which was recently described from the Uluguru Mountains
by Friedmann; he is not correct, however, in assuming that P. b.
fischeri has a slightly more yellowish superciliary stripe; this is only
true of young birds. It is pure white in the five topotypic adults.

Trachyphonus emini Reichenow

Trachyphonus emini Reichenow, 1891, Journ. f. Orn.,pp. 149 & 209: Mpwapwa,
Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,463) Unyangaiiyi, Turu. 4. xii. 29.

INDICATORIDAE

Indicator indicator (Sparrman)

Cuculus indicator Sparrman, 1777, Phil. Trans., 67, p. 43, pi. i: Great Fish
River, near Somerset East, Cape Province, South Africa.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,464) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11. vi. 30.

Native name. Narusegu (Kikerewe).

Habitat. Curiously enough very few Black-throated Honey Guides
were seen during the safari; in fact the junior author only recalls
having seen two, and they were observed on the march from Kitungulu
to Kasanga. The reason for this scarcity would appear to be that
thev favour the miombo forest, where bees are often numerous and
that thev are not to be found in rain forest to the same extent.

PICIDAE
Dendropicos lafresnayi hartlaubii Malherbe

Dendropicos hartlaubii Malherbe, 1849, Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 532: Zanzibar.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,465) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 30. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,466) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 20. ii. 30.

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Mesopicos griseocephalus ruwenzori Sharpe

Mesopicos ruwenzori Sharpe, 1902, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 13, p. 8: Ruwenzori,
Uganda.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,467) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 1. i. 30.
& 9 (M. C. Z. 148,468-9) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 16. i. 30.

Distribution. Neumann, in reviewing the specimens in the Berlin
Museum, lists a bird from Mufindi, which is scarcely six miles from
Kigogo, as well as others from the Livingstone range, Tukuyu and
Mbeya.

ALAUDIDAE

Eremopterix leucopareia (Fischer & Reichenow)

Coraphites leucopareia Fischer & Reichenow, 1884, Journ. f. Orn., p. 55: Klein-
Aruscha, Tanganyika Territory*

J> (M. C. Z. 148,470) Unyanganyi, Turn. 4. xii. 29.
Jc? 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,471-4) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 2. vi. 30.

Breeding. At Shinyanga on June 2, 1930 a nest was found, clean
and fresh, apparently ready to receive eggs.

MOTACILLIDAE

Motacilla aguimp vidua Sundevall

Motacilla vidua Sundevall, 1850, Oefv. Vet.-Ak. Forh., 7, p. 128: Syene, i. e.
Assouan, upper Egypt.

Breeding and folklore. At Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika, I observed an
African Pied Wagtail on May 25, 1930, adding grass to a nearly com-
pleted nest built into the thatch of a house in one of the side streets.
It had placed it immediately above the entrance door and so low
down that one could almost have reached it without assistance.

These wagtails are exceptionally tame at Ujiji, the reason being
that the natives will not molest them for they believe that misfor-
tune will attend the occupants of a house which is not visited by a
wagtail during the first fortnight of its construction. So strong is
this conviction, that I was told of a petty chief who had already
had the site for a new village cleared and the first hut built, abandon-
ing the project entirely because no Pied Wagtail came to sing upon
the thatch after the hut was completed.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 183

A recruiter of labor told me that last year these birds were con-
stantly in and out of his house and that his efforts were attended by
great success; the following year they did not visit him and his head-
man confidently prophesied that poor results might be anticipated.
This proved to be the case. Another explanation, though unconnected
with the presence or absence of wagtails, might be found in that he
recruited so many thousands of laborers during his first year that
the supply of available volunteers was depleted.

A pair of Pied Wagtails travelled on the lake steamer — the S.S.
Usoga — from Mwanza to Bukoba on June 23 and 24, 1930, and I
was told by the captain that it was a common occurrence and that
they generally disembarked at Bukoba and returned to Mwanza
by the next boat. Of course the steamer, whose lights attract millions
of neuropterus insects of the mayfly type, furnished them with a rich
feast for they might be seen actively running about the decks and in
the scuppers capturing prey. Once a pair attempted to build on board
but it was thought that rats had destroyed the eggs as nothing came
of it.

Motacilla clara Sharpe

Motacilla clara Sharpe, 1908, Ibis, p. 341; nom. nov. pro
Motacilla longicauda Ruppell (nee Gmelin), 1840, N. Wirbelt. p. 84, pi. 29,
fig. 2: Simen, Ethiopia.

& (M. C. Z. 148,475) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 25. ii. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,476) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 9. iv. 30.

Distribution. Sclater gives the distribution as from Liberia to
Ethiopia, south to Natal and Cape Province, where suitable rocky
mountain-streams are to be found.

Habitat. In East Africa the junior author has found the Mountain
Wagtail associated with streams in the mountain rain forests of the
Usambara and Uluguru, as well as the ranges mentioned above.

*Budytes flavus flavus (Linnaeus)

Motacilla flava Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 185: Europe; south-
ern Sweden, apud Hartert.

& 9 (M. C. Z. 148,477-8) Ilolo, Rungwe. 3. iv. 30.

Native name. Indimangom.be (Kinyakusa).

184 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Anthus sordidus nyassae Neumann

Anthus nicholsoni nyassae Neumann, 1906, Journ. Orn. , p. 233: between
Sangesi and Songea, northeast of Lake Nyasa.

3 c? 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,479-84) Uolo, Rungwe. 15. iii-18. iv. 30.
2 <? (M. C. Z. 148,485) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

Native names. Imbyabyatila (Kinyakusa); sheshali (Kinyika).
Distribution. Both these widely separated and strangely different
localities are within the range allocated to this race by Sclater.

* Anthus trivialis trivialis (Linnaeus)
Alauda trivialis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 166: Sweden.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,487) Mangoto, Ukinga Mtns. 10. ii. 30.
Native name. Kihorawulime (undoubtedly generic in Kikinga).

Macronyx croceus croceus (Vieillot)

Alauda crocea Vieillot, 1816, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 1, p. 365: Java ! Senegal
(Swainson).

<? (M. C. Z. 148,488) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

Macronyx croceus fulleborni Reichenow

Macronyx fulleborni Reichenow, 1900, Orn. Monatsb., 8, p. 39: Nyika Plateau,
Nyasaland.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,489) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. xii. 29.

Breeding. Fulleborn's Long-claw was quite common at Dabaga.
The specimen listed above was flushed from its nest under an over-
hanging tussock in foot-high grass bordering a swamp in a valley
bottom. The nest, measuring 90 mm. in outside diameter and 30 mm.
in depth (approximately 3)4 inches by 1 inch), was very loosely con-
structed of soft dry grasses and neatly lined writh fibres and roots.
It held three eggs, whose incubation had just commenced, their
ground color is whitish mottled all over with pale purple and brown,
the markings being concentrated towards the larger pole and sparse
around the lesser; in size they are uniform and measure 25 x 18 mm.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 185

Macronyx ameliae wintoni Sharpe

Macronyx wintoni Sharpe, 1891, Ibis, p. 444: Kavirondo, Kenya Colony.

d" J< 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,490-3) near Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 7-10. iii.30.

Affinities. We follow Sclater in referring these birds to wintoni,
though they are considerably darker than either of the two examples
of wintoni from Nairobi in the Museum of Comparative Zoology;
this darkness may be attributed to the fact that they are in worn
plumage with the light edges of the feathers abraded away. We have
no typical ameliae for comparison, but Sclater states that southern
specimens of wintoni are intermediate and gives the range as "Western
part of Kenya Colony, south through Tanganyika Territory and
Northern Rhodesia to the Zambesi valley and Lake Ngami."

TIMALIIDAE

Illadopsis stictigula pressa Bangs & Loveridge

Illadopsis stictigula pressa Bangs & Loveridge, 1931, Proc. New Eng. Zool.
Club, 12, p. 94: Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn, Tanganyika Territory.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,494) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 11. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,495) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 15. ii. 30.
cf 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,496-9) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 29. iii-7.
iv. 30.

Habits. This bird, like its ally of the Uluguru Mountains, lives in
the underbrush of big forest, where it may be seen hopping about
feeding among the dead leaves which carpet the forest floor. The
skins were shown to upwards of a hundred natives at Madehani and
Ilolo, but none of them knew it by sight nor had a name for it. An
Mnyika, who lived in the Rungwe forest, said that it was known as
katwakerikanandi to members of his tribe.

Pseudoalcippe stierlingi (Reichenow)

Turdinus stierlingi Reichenow, 1S98, Orn. Montasb., 6, p. 82: Iringa, Tangan-
yika Territory.

c? cf 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,500-3) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-24. i. 30.

9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,504-5) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 17. iii-14.iv. 30.
c? cf (M. C. Z. 148,506-7) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 22. iv. 30.
cf (M. C. Z. 148,508) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 29. iv. 30.

Habitat. The Kigogo birds are from just eighty miles south of Iringa,
the type locality. In the Uluguru and Uzungwe Mountains these

186 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Hill Babblers were found at the edge of the bamboos but at Tukuyu,
in the gardens laid out in a ravine with ornamental clumps of bamboo
and many rain-forest trees.

PYCNONOTIDAE

Pycnonotus tricolor minor Heuglin

Pycnonotus nigricans var. minor Heuglin, 1869, Orn. Nordost. Afr., 1, p. 398:
Bahr el Abiad, i. e. upper White Nile.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,509) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 13. vi. 30.

Native name. Ngulie (Kikerewe).

Affinities. This specimen is in immature plumage but has been
compared with both immature and adult White Nile Brown-capped
Geelgats from Kome, Mwanza.

Pycnonotus tricolor fayi Mearns

Pycnonotus layardi fayi Mearns, 1911, Smiths. Misc. Coll. Wash., 56, No. 20,
p. 7: Fay's Farm, Njabini, Kenya Colony.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,510) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,511) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 23. iv. 30.

Breeding. At Ujiji on May 28, 1930, a pair of Black-capped Geel-
gats, presumably of this race, were observed feeding several noisy
and demonstrative fledglings.

Distribution. Though the birds listed above were taken far south
of the range as given by Sclater, there seems to be no question as to
their being fayi.

Phyllastrephus fischeri placidus (Shelley)

Xenocichla placida Shelley, 1889, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 363: Kiliman-
jaro, Tanganyika Territory.

9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,512-3) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-18. i. 30.
<? d" (M. C. Z. 148,514-5) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 7. iv. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,516) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 30. iv. 30.

Native name. Inyila (Kinyika).

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 187

Arizelocichla nigriceps fusciceps (Shelley)

Xenocichla fusiceps Shelley, 1893, Ibis, p. 13: Milanji Plateau, 4,000-5,000
feet, Nyasaland.

6 c? 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,517-26) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 24.

hi- 7. iv. 30.

7 c? 7 9 (M. C. Z. 148,527-40) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 24-30. iv. 30.

Native names. Ndwekeri (generic in Kinyakusa and Kinyika).

Arizelocichla milanjensis striifacies (Reichenow & Neumann)

Xenocichla striifacies Reichenow & Neumann, 1895, Orn. Monatsb., 3, p. 74:
Marangu, Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.

3 c? (M. C. Z. 148,541-3) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 15-18. i. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,544) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 22. iv. 30.

Arizelocichla masukensis masukensis (Shelley)

Andropadus masukensis Shelley, 1897, Ibis, p. 534: Masuku Range, 7,000 feet,
northwest of Lake Nyasa, northern Rhodesia.

3 c? 2 9 (M. C. Z. 148,545-9) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-18. i. 30.
4c? 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,550-6) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 17-22. ii. 30.
4c? 11 9 (M. C. Z. 148,567-71) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 25. iii-10.
iv. 30.

Native names. Luwiko (generic in Kikinga); ndwekeri (generic in
Kinyakusa and Kinyika).

Arizelocichla chlorigtjla (Reichenow)

Xenocichla chlorigula Reichenow, 1899, Orn. Monatsb., p. 8: Kalinga, Iringa
district, Tanganyika Territory.

5 c? (M. C. Z. 148,572-76) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-18. i. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,577) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14. ii. 30.

Native name. Luwiko (generic in Kikinga).

Eurillas virens virens (Cassin)

Andropadus vir ens Cassin, 1857, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 34: Cape Lopez,
Gaboon.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,578) Bagamoyo. 14. xi. 29.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,579) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 23. iv. 30.

1SS bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

MUSCICAPIDAE

Alseonax aQuaticus ruandae Gyldenstolpe

Alseonax infulatus ruandae Gyldenstolpe, 1922, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 43,
p. 36: Bufundi, Kigezi district, Uganda.

d* (M. C. Z. 148,580) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 26. v. 30.

Compared with a specimen from Bunyoni, Uganda in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology.

Alseonax adustus fulleborni Reichenow

Alseonax adustus fulleborni Reichenow, 1900, Orn. Monatsb., p. 122: Rupira,
Tanganyika Territory.

c? c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,581-3) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 20-28. i. 30.
c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,584-5) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 17-18. ii. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,586) Ilolo, Rungwe. 3. iv. 30.

Affinities. The pair from Madehani, as well as a pair of the Kigogo
birds, are juveniles in speckle-breasted plumage. This race is not
recognized by Sclater but neither does he allow for the occurrence of
any race of adustus in this region. The adults have been compared
with birds from the Uluguru Mountains.

■■&>

Alseonax minimus pumilus Reichenow

Alseonax pumila Reichenow, 1892, Journ. f. Orn., pp. 32, 218: Bukoba,
Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,587) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

We take this opportunity of drawing attention to the misprints
on pages 39S and 399 of Sclater's Systema Avium Aethiopicarum,
where races of minimus appear as races of murinus in two instances,
evidently a typographical error as shown from the context.

Parisoma plumbeum orientale Reichenow & Neumann

Parisoma orientale Reichenow & Neumann, 1895, Orn. Monatsb., 3, p. 74:
Kibwezi, Kenya Colony.

cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,588-9) Bagamoyo. 14. xi. 29.

Breeding. Of these Eastern Grey Tit-babblers, the male had enlarged
testes, while the ovaries of the female held well-developed ova indi-
cating that the bird breeds in the lesser rains at the coast.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 189

Bradornis microrhynchus microrhynchus Reichenow

Bradornis microrhynchus Reichenow, 1887, Journ. f. Orn., p. 62: Irangi, Tangan-
yika Territory.
Bradornis griseus griseus Reichenow auct.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,590) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 3. vi. 30.

Grote has recently shown in the Orn. Monatsb. that microrhynchus
must be substituted for griseus as the name of this common Grey
Flycatcher.

Dioptrornis nyikensis (Shelley)

Muscicapa nyikensis Shelley, 1899, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 8, p. 35: Nyika
Plateau, Nyasaland.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,591) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. xii. 29.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,592) Ilolo, Rungwe. 3. iv. 30.
d1 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,593-5) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 28. iv. 30.

Distribution. The Ilolo Nyasa Slaty Flycatcher is practically a
topotype, and the others come from localities within the range of
the race as defined by Sclater.

Empidornis semipartitus kavirondensis (Neumann)

Bradyornis kavirondensis Neumann, 1900, Journ. f. Orn., p. 257: Kwa Kissero,
Kavirondo, Uganda.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,596) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 3. vi. 30.

Chloropeta natalensis massaica Fischer & Reichenow

Chloropeta massaica Fischer & Reichenow, 1884, Journ. f. Orn., p. 54: Tschaga,
base of Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.

d" 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,597-600) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 28-30. i. 30-
9 (M. C. Z. 148,601) Bulongwa, Ukinga Mtns. 12. ii. 30.

Native name. Sokoscla (Kikinga).

Affinities. As these birds agreed with the description of Richmond's
C. n. similis from Kilimanjaro in being smaller than natalensis, and
as there are no specimens of similis in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, we submitted the series to Dr. H. Friedmann for comparison
with the type of similis, which is in the National collection. Dr.
Friedmann replies that he considers our birds to be massaica.

190 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Measurements. Two of the Kigogo birds are immature. The wing-
length of the adult male is 62 mm. and that of both females 60 mm.,
while those of the immature birds are 57 and 58 mm. respectively.
Richmond's type of similis was not quite adult, with a wing of 55 mm.

Batis mixta (Shelley)

Pachyprora mixta Shelley, 1889, Proc. Zool. Soc. London., p. 359, pi. xl:
Kilimanjaro, 6,000-7,000 feet, Tanganyika Territory.

5 d" 2 9 (M. C. Z. 148,602-8) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-24. i. 30.

cfd" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,609-11) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 15-19. ii. 30.

tf & 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,612-6) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 25.iii-8. iv.30.

o" <? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,617-9) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 24-30. iv. 30.

Native names. Kimbasasa (Kikinga); horora (Kinyika).

Platystira peltata peltata Sundevall

Platystira peltata Sundevall, 1850, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockholm, 7, p. 105:
Caffraria inferiore; i. e. Umlezi River, near Durban, Natal.

a* 9 (M. C. Z. 148,620-1) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 29. iv. 30.

Erranornis longicauda teresita (Antinori)

Elminia teresita Antinori, 1864, Cat. Descr. Ucc, p. 50: Djur, Bahr el Ghazal,
Sudan.

c? 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,622-4) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

Breeding. Two nests of the Bahr el Ghazal Blue Flycatcher were
found at Bukoba on June 24, 1930. One was situated on the horizontal
branch of a coffee tree and the bird was sitting; a more dainty sight
could hardly be imagined than was presented by this brilliant little
blue bird on its nest of grey lichen and cobwebs with a background
of red coffee berries and rich green leaves. The nest was about four
feet from the ground. Externally it measures 40 mm. in height and
60 mm. across, it is covered with grey lichen held in place by cobwebs,
a single feather is woven into the structure; internally it measures
43 mm. across and 23 mm. in depth and is lined with fine hair-like
fibres and a downy feather or two. The two eggs have a white ground
color with a tonsure-like band of olive, slightly flecked with purple,
round the larger pole, though a considerable distance from it. They
measured 15 x 13 mm. and the shells were so thin, as they had been
incubated to the point of hatching, that they were unblowable. Both
parent birds were collected.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 191

The second nest was placed in the fork of a very young coffee tree;
it held two recently hatched young, quite freshly dead and swarming
with large black ants that were engaged in eating them piecemeal.

ERRA.MORNIS ALBICAUDA (Bocage)
Elminia albicauda Bocage, 1877, Journ. Sci. Lisboa, 6, p. 159: Caconda, Angola.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,625) Ilolo, Rungwe. 8. iv. 30.
c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,626-7) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 21-22. iv. 30.

Affinities. If it were possible to recognise Grote's E. a. kiruensis
then these skins should belong to that race but it does not appear to
us that the Kivu birds can be differentiated.

Trochocercus albonotatus subcaeruleus Grote

Trochocercus albonotatus subcaeruleus Grote, 1923, Orn. Monatsb., 31, p. 19:
Mlalo, Usambara Mtns., Tanganyika Territory; Friedmann, 1928, Ibis,
p. 85: Uluguru and Usambara localities.

c? d" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,628-30) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-15. i. 30.

4 c? (M. C. Z. 148,631-4) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 7-8. iv. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,635) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 25. iv. 30.

Native name. Nelea (Kinyika).

Affinities. Sclater considers this form indistinguishable from
albonotatus which was described from Mt. Elgon. Like Friedmann,
we have no typical albonotatus for comparison and only tentatively
refer them to Grote's race as we find them identical with the series
of twelve skins reported on by Friedmann in 1928.

Tchitrea viridis suahelica (Reichenow

T\

;

Terpsiphone perspicillata suahelica Reichenow, 1898, in Werther, Mittl.
Hochl. D. Ostafr., p. 275: Kibosho, Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.

& (M. C. Z. 148,636) Dodoma, Ugogo. 23. xii. 29.

Tchitrea nigriceps emini (Reichenow)

Terpsiphone emini Reichenow, 1893, Orn. Monatsb., 1, p. 31: Bukoba,
Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika Territory.

d1 (M. C. Z. 148,637) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

192 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

TURDIDAE

Turdus olivaceus nyikae Reichenow

Turdus nyikae Reichenow, 1904, Orn. Monatsb., 12, p. 95: Nyika Plateau,
Nyasaland.

d" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,638-9) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 11-15. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,640) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 29. iii. 30.

Native name. Xamusosho (Kinyika).

Breeding. The female specimen of the Nyika Olive Thrush from
Kigogo was flushed from a nest on January 11, 1930. The nest was
built into the central fork of a sapling at a height of about thirty
feet from the ground according to Salimu who found it; he further
stated that the sapling wras of no greater proportions at its base than
the thickness of a man's leg above the knee. It is a typical thrush
nest composed of orchid roots and rich green moss lined with fine
dry and dead grass. Outside diameter 150 mm. (6 inches), inside
diameter SO mm. (about 3 inches), outside depth 90 mm. (33^ inches),
inside depth 50 mm. (2 inches). The two eggs are a rich sea-green
blotched and smeared with chestnut browTn; except for the brighter
ground color they might be mistaken for the eggs of an English
Blackbird. They measure 27x21 mm. and held well- developed em-
bryos. The Rungwe bird is in immature plumage.

Turdus (Geokichla) gurneyi otomitra (Reichenow)

Geocichla gurneyi otomitra Reichenow, 1904, Orn. Monatsb., 12, p. 95: Bu-
longwa, northeast of Lake Nyasa, Tanganyika Territory.

d" d" (M. C. Z. 148,641-2) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 18-26. ii. 30.

Native name. Kimukima (Kikinga).

Distribution. Bulongwa, the type locality of the Nyasa Orange
Thrush, is scarcely six miles from Madehani by road and much less
in a direct line. One bird is in the speckle-breasted juvenile plumage.

Turdus (Psophocichla) litsipsirupa stierlingi (Reichenow)

Geocichla litsipsirupa stierlingi Reichenow, 1900, Orn. Monatsb., 8, p. 5:
Iringa, Tanganyika Territory.

c? cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,643-5) Ilolo, Rungwe. 4. iv. 30.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 193

Thamnolaea arnotti collaris (Reichenow)

Myrmeocichla nigra var. collaris Reichenow, 1905, Vogel Afr., 3, p. 707:
no locality given; Kakoma, Tabora district, Tanganyika Territory (see
Neunzig, 1926, Journ. f. Orn., p . 754).

d" (M. C. Z. 148,646) Kitungulu, Urungu. 15. v. 30.

Variation. This bird is in immature plumage but shows indications
that the crown of the head will be white when adult. Owing to its
being a juvenile, we have identified it with this race partly on geo-
graphical grounds, as our locality lies to the southwest of Kakoma.

Saxicola torqtjata promiscua Hartert

Saxicola torquata promiscua Hartert, 1922, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 42, p. 51:
Uluguru Mtns., Tanganyika Territory.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,647) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. xii. 29.
<? 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,648-50) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 24. i. 30.
cf (M. C. Z. 148,651) Mangoto, Ukinga Mtns. 10. ii. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,652) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 25. iv. 30.

Native name. Kambasaa (Kikinga).

These birds have been compared with a topotypic series of skins
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Cossypha heuglini occidentalis Reichenow

Cossypha heuglini occidentalis Reichenow, 1909, Journ. f. Orn., p. 108: Lufuku,
west of Tanganyika.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,653) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

Affinities. ^Ye follow Friedmann, who has recently revised this
species and its races, in recognising occidentalis. We have compared
the Ujiji bird with Ruanda skins and find them inseparable.

Cossypha cafra iolema Reichenow

Cossypha caffra iolema Reichenow, 1900, Orn. Monatsb., 8, p. 5: East Africa;
Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.

d" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,654-5) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 16 & 31. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,656) Mangoto, Ukinga Mtns. 10. ii. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,657) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 28. iv. 30.

Native name. Ndorora (Kikinga).

Breeding. At Kigogo, on January 17, 1930, I flushed a bird from
its nest composed of moss and built into a groove of the trunk of a
huge forest tree at a height of six feet from the ground. The tree

194 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

was situated about twenty feet into the gloomy forest from the forest
edge. The deep nest held two eggs almost on the point of hatching
so the parent bird was not collected and the identification is a sight
one. The ground color of the eggs was pale buff very inconspicuously
tinged with rufous-brown except at the lesser pole; there were also
a few minute brown flecks to be noted with the aid of a lens. The
embryo from one egg was preserved, the other egg was left and the
bird continued to sit.

Bessonornis albigularis porotoensis Bangs & Loveridge

Bessonornis albigularis porotoensis Bangs & Loveridge, 1931, Proc. New Eng.
Zool. Club, 12, p. 94: Igale, Poroto Mtns., Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,658) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 7. iv. 30.
9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,659-60) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 28 & 30. iv. 30.

Native name. Horora (Kinyika, but also applied to Batis and
Sheppardia).

Habitat. Since the discovery of albigularis thirty-five years ago,
it has not been found elsewhere but on the Uluguru Mountains,
therefore the occurrence of a smaller race on ranges far to the south-
west of the Uluguru is of especial interest. The Poroto White-throated
Robin-Chat frequents rain forest where there is ample undergrowth;
in the junior author's recollection it is particularly associated with
large patches of nettles. The type was shot on the western side of
Igale Pass in the small patch of isolated forest bisected by the Tukuyu-
Mbeya Road and close to his camp site.

Sheppardia cyornithopsis sharpei (Shelley)

Callene sharpei Shelley, 1903, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 13, p. 60: Masisi Hill,

Nyika Plateau, Nyasaland.
Alethe sharpei Sclater, 1930, Systema Avium Aethiopicarum, p. 480.
Sheppardia cyornithopsis sharpei Friedmann, 1930, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc.

Nat. Hist., pp. 323-324.

d1 cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,661-3) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 2 & 14.
iv. 30.

Native name. Horora (Kinyika but applied to the last species also).

Habitat. These birds were obtained not so very far distant from the
type locality of sharpei, a race which we believe until now was only
known from the unique type. They were shot by the junior author
in the wet bamboo belt three hours walk up the trail from where it
enters the lowest forest after passing through the Rungwe Mission
coffee plantations. Sharpe's Akalat hops about among the broken

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 195

bamboos in a quiet and inconspicuous fashion which probably ex-
plains the small numbers that are taken by collectors.

Alethe fulleborni fulleborni Reichenow

Alethe fulleborni Reichenow, 1900, Orn. Monatsb., 8, p. 99: "Peroto-Ngosi,
Tandalla" sic. See note below.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,664) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 15. ii. 30.
cfcf1 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,665-8) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 29.iii-7.iv.30

Type locality. The unfortunate type locality given by Reichenow
is also cited by Sclater; it is "Peroto-Ngosi, Tandalla." It may be
that at the time of Fiilleborn's visit the Tandala Mission was the
most important European centre near Ngosi, but it is hardly probable
for Tandala is a hard week's march from Ngosi Volcano and Tukuyu
(formerly New Langenburg) only two days. It is more probable
that the type was obtained on the march between Ngosi Volcano,
Poroto Mountains and Tandala in the Ukinga Mountains; if this was
the case then our birds are topotypes, for both Madehani and Rungwe
lie on the road between these places. There is a typographical slip
occurring four times on page 479 of the Systema where fulleborni is
erroneously given as "fulliborni."

Native names. Mesa (Kikinga); mwanjali (Kinyakusa); ndwekeri-
gulumbica (Kiny ika) .

Affinities. This series of the White-chested Alethe has been com-
pared with specimens of the northern race from the Uluguru Moun-
tains and the differences are found to hold good.

Habitat. The White-chested Alethe is scarce and besides is difficult
to shoot by reason of its fondness for hopping about on the forest
floor where there is a dense tangled undergrowth. Having obtained
one bird on the 29th of March I showed it to Salimu and told him to
spend a day in an effort to secure more; it is due to his persistency
and keenness that the others were shot on April 7.

POGONOCICHLA MARGARITIFERA JOHNSTONI Shelley

Pogonocichla johnstoni Shelley, 1893, Ibis, p. 18: Milanji Plateau, Nyasaland.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,669) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 1. i. 30.
9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,670-1) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 11-13. i. 30.
d" tf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,672-4) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 15-22. ii. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,675) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 5. iv. 30.
d" (M. C. Z. 148,676) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 23. iv. 30.
d1 (M. C. Z. 148,677) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 30. iv. 30.

Native names. Ndolola (Kikinga); siruwili (Kiny ika).

Affinities. This series was collected with a view to throwing light

196 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

upon the delimitation of P. m. johnstoni and its more northern (Uluguru
and Usambara) relative P. m. orientalis. The whole series, however,
agrees with the Nyasa White-starred Bush- Robin in having the outer
edge of the primaries of an olivaceous color.

Though the Madehani birds are topotypic of Reichenow's P.
olivaceus, they do not lack the black border to the outer tail feathers
and Sclater is probably correct in assuming that olivaceus only repre-
sents some juvenile phase of plumage. Two of our Madehani birds
are young with speckling on the upper surface, thus differing strik-
ingly from those obtained at Rungwe and Tukuyu, both of which are
in juvenile plumage but are olivaceous green above with only the
faintest trace of speckling. In this respect the latter compare well
with young P. m. orientalis from the Uluguru Mountains. It would
appear as if there is a uniform breeding season through the mountains
of southwestern Tanganyika which commences in January and that
the young birds collected exhibit a sequence of plumages.

Breeding. At Dabaga, on January 1, 1930, a nest measuring 130 x
110x80 mm. deep outside (approximately 4x5x3^2 inches) and
70 x 60 mm. inside (2$4 x 2 inches), constructed of dead and skeleton-
ized leaves, moss, grass, tendrils and sparsely lined with feathers.
It held three slightly incubated eggs of a white ground color, one
was distinctly greenish-white, heavily mottled with rufous-brown
around the larger pole and decreasing towards the lesser pole. The
eggs measured 20 x 14 mm. Female collected.

At Kigogo, on January 11, Salimu brought in a hen bird together
with two fresh eggs less heavily mottled with rufous than those from
the Dabaga clutch.

At Madehani fledglings were collected in mid-February and later
stages of plumage farther south as related in the second paragraph
on the affinities of this form.

SYLVIIDAE

*Hippolais olivetorum (Strickland)

Salicaria olivetorum Strickland, 1837, in Gould's Birds Europe, 2, pi. 107:
Zante.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,678) Port Sudan, Red Sea. 16. x. 29.

When our vessel touched at Port Sudan on the outward voyage
this bird was found lying in the road dead, but undamaged. At
that time the vicinity of Port Sudan was alive with migrants. Van

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 197

Someren has recorded this Olive-tree Warbler from as far south as
Teita in Kenya Colony.

ACROCEPHALUS BAETICATUS CINNAMOMEUS ReichenOW?

Acrocephalus cinnamomevs Reichenow, 1908, Orn. Monatsb., 16, p. 161:
north side of Lake Albert Edward.

Breeding. When at Ujiji during the last week of May, 1930, many
wTarblers, which the junior author took to be the Tropical African
Reed-Warbler, were building their nests among the sedges which
were growing out in the lake to the south of the town. Several nests
were examined but no eggs were found, though the nests appeared
quite ready to receive them.

*Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus (Linnaeus)

Motacilla trochilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 188: England
(see Hartert, V. p. F., p. 507).

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,679-80) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 31. i. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,681) Ilolo, Rungwe. 15. iii. 30.

During the winter months the Willow Warbler is knowrn to pass
through East Africa and southwards as far as the Cape Province of
South Africa.

Seicercus ruficapilla johnstoni W. Sclater

Seicercus ruficapilla johnstoni W. Sclater, 1927, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 48,
p. 13: Kombi, Masuku Range, 7,000 feet, northwestern Lake Nyasa,
Northern Rhodesia.

3 c? 2 9 (M. C. Z. 148,682-6) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 25. iii-10.
iv. 30.
<? (M. C. Z. 148,687) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 25. iv. 30.

Native name. Wetiti (Kinyika, but also applied to Zosterops).

Distribution. According to Sclater this race is only known from the
Masuka Mountains but these are not far distant from the above
localities. The Nyasa Yellow-throated Flycatcher-Warbler flies in
flocks, visiting tree after tree of the smaller trees in the lower Nkuka
Forest.

Bradypterus usambarae Reichenow

Bradypterus usambarae Reichenow, 1917, Journ. f. Orn., p. 391: Usambara
Mtns., Tanganyika Territory.

198 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Bradypterus roehli Grote, 1920, Orn. Monatsb., 28, p. 6: Mlalo, near Lushoto,

Usambara Mtns., Tanganyika Territory.
Turdinus spadix Friedmann, 1927, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 10, p. 3: Nyingwa,

Uluguru Mtns., Tanganyika Territory.

c? c? (M. C. Z. 148,692-3) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 11 & 24. i. 30.
3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,688-9, 148,694) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. ii. 30.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,690) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 10. iv. 30.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,691) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 30. iv. 30.

Variation. This series, together with the holotype of Turdinus
spadix, was sent to Dr. Stresemann at Berlin with the request that
he compare them with the types of B. usambarae and B. roehli. His
opinion was also asked as to what he thought of the light colored
and the dark colored individuals that occur together in the same
places and at the same seasons of the year. He replied that upon
comparison he found that the names xisambarae, roehli and spadix
all refer to one and the same form.

As to the light and dark specimens, he agrees with us that if this
really proves to have nothing to do with age and sex it can only be
explained by the theory of dichromatism.

Habits. Bradypterus was found in the beds of nettles and tangled
undergrowth in ravines in the rain forest. \Yhen one is in close proxim-
ity, the bird maintains a constant twittering but remains so well
concealed that it is next to impossible to shoot. At most one catches
only a fleeting glance as a bird darts from one patch of cover to an-
other. Only after considerable difficulty and by the expenditure of
much time did the junior author secure the series listed above; they
were eventually obtained by getting a couple of natives to walk
slowly through the clumps of nettles and thus drive out the birds.

Apalis thoracica murina Reichenow

Apalis murina Reichenow, 1904, Orn. Monatsb., 12, p. 28: Mararupia, Ro-
vuma Valley, Tanganyika Territory.

3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,695-7) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 15-19. ii. 30.
d" 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,698-700) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 25. iii-2.
iv. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,701) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 30. iv. 30.

Native name. Kaluambo (Kikinga); titi (Kinyakusa).

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 199

Apalis thoracica interjectiva Bangs & Loveridge

Apalis thoracica interjectiva Bangs & Loveridge, 1931, Proc. New Eng. Zool.
Club, 12, p. 95: Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns., Tanganyika Territory.

cfc? 99 (M. C. Z. 148,702-5) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 16-28. i. 30.
The foregoing constitute the type series.

Apalis alticola (Shelley)

Cisticola alticola Shelley, 1899, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 7, p. 35: "Nyasaland";
Fife, between Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika, Northern Rhodesia.

cf 9 (M. C. Z. H8,706-7) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14-18. ii. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,708) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 22. iv. 30.

Native name. Kaukuswa (Kikinga).

Apalis chapini Frieclmann

Apalis chapini Friedmann, 1928, Proc. NewEng. Zool. Club, 10, p. 47: Nyingwa,
Uluguru Mountains, 8,000 feet, Tanganyika Territory.

cf39 (M. C. Z. 148,709-12) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-24. i. 30.

Affinities. These four skins have been compared with the type
male and female collected by the junior author in the LTluguru range
at a slightly higher altitude.

Cisticola juncidis perennia Lynes

Cisticola juncidis perennia Lynes, 1931, Ibis, p. 105: Mokia, Ruwenzori,
Uganda.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,713-4) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

Cisticola lais semifasciata Reiehenow

Cisticola semifasciata Reiehenow, 1905, Vog. Afr., 3, p. 544: Tandala, south-
western Tanganyika Territory.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,715) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. i. 30.
d> (M. C. Z. 148,716) Ilolo, Rungwe. 15. iii. 30.
4 c? (M. C. Z. 148,717-20) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 25-30. iv. 30.

Native names. Imbitila (Kinyakusa); kitorora (Kinyika).

200 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

ClSTICOLA CHENIANA VICTORIA LyneS

Cisticola cheniana victoria Lynes, 1931, Ibis, p. 264: Amala River, Kenya
Colony.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,980) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 13. vi. 30.

Native name. Zuzu (Kikerewe).

Cisticola nigriloris Shelley

Cisticola nigriloris Shelley, 1897, Ibis, p. 536, pi. 12, fig. 2: Kombi, Masuku
Range, northwest of Lake Nyasa, Northern Rhodesia.

tf1 9 (M. C. Z. 148,722-3) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. xii. 29.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,724-5) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 24. i. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,726) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14. ii. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,727) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 5. iv. 30.

d" 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,728-30) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 28-30. iv. 30.

Native names. Ndidi (Kikinga); imbitiko (Kinyakusa); kapitila
kanandi (Kinyika); in Kikinga sosolera appears to be applied to the
smaller species of grass warblers only.

Cisticola galactotes suahelica Neumann

Cisticola lugubris suahelica Neumann, 1905, Orn. Monatsb., 13, p. 78: Begu,
Bagamoyo District, Tanganyika Territory.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,731-2) Unyanganyi, Turu. 4. xii. 29.

Cisticola woosnami schusteri Reichenow

Cisticola schusteri Reichenow, 1913, Journ. fur Ornith., p. 557: Uluguru Mtns.,
Tanganyika Territory.

<? (M. C. Z. 148,721) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.

Prinia mistacea immutabilis v. Someren

Prinia mistacea immutabilis van Someren, 1920, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 40,
p. 93: Lake Nakuru, Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,733) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 13. vi. 30.

Native name. Lukira (Kikerewe).

Prinia leucopogon reichenowi (Hartlaub)

Burnesia reichenowi Hartlaub, 1890, Journ. f. Orn., p. 151: Njangalo, northeast-
ern Belgian Congo.

cT 9 (M. C. Z. 148,734-5) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 201

HIRUNDINIDAE

*Hirundo rustica rustica Linnaeus

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 191: Europe; restricted
type locality, Sweden (Hartert, Novitates Zool., 29, p. 210).

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,736-7) Bagamoyo. 11-14. xi. 29.
c? 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,738-41) Bulongwa, Ukinga Mtns. 13. ii. 30.

Native name. Ki live we (Kikinga, probably generic).

Variation. The Bagamoyo birds are peculiar, possibly they are from
the same brood and migrated in the same flock. The male (November
11) has a white throat and white front and pure white underparts
posterior to the black pectoral band — a semi-albino. The female
(November 14) is normally colored as to the chestnut front and
throat, but has pure white posterior underparts: also a semi-albino.

Migration records. At Iringa, on January 31, 1930, a large flock
of European Swrallows wras observed flying over the English Hotel.
At Mufindi, February 1, 1930, when motoring through open bush
country, numbers of these birds were seen hawrking flies. There were
European Bee-eaters with them. When about half way between
Mufindi and Njombe on February 6, 1930, at eventide, I saw many
swallows and bee-eaters wThich appeared to be feeding. On leaving
Bulongwra, February 13, 1930, a flock of about fifty birds were as-
sembled on the telegraph wire flanking the Bulongwra-Madehani
road. It was from this flock that the above series was shot.

Hirundo atrocaerulea Sundevall

Hirundo atrocaerulea Sundevall, 1850, Oefv. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 7, p. 107:
lower Caffraria; type from Umvoti, Natal.

d1 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,742-4) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 2. i. 30.
<? (M. C. Z. 148,745) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 24. i. 30.

Native name. Nyanyamba (Kihehe).

Breeding. At Dabaga. January 2, 1930, I saw a dozen Blue Swallows
flying low on the hillside and occasionally disappearing from view;
going to the place I found a large antbear burrow to the roof of which,
but at a distance of about four feet from the entrance, there was
attached a typical swallow's nest brimful of yellow- mouthed young.

At Kigogo, January 31, 1930, I watched a pair of these birds build-
ing beneath an overhanging bank immediately above a stream.
An old nest was only a few feet away.

At Bulongwa, February 12, 1930, Blue Swrallows were observed
building in a similar situation to those at Kigogo.

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Hirundo smithii SMiTHii Leach

Hirundo smithii Leach, 1818, in App. Tuckey's Voy. Congo, p. 407: Chisalla
Island, Congo.

Nestling (M. C. Z. 148,746) Tanganyika Territory. 1930.

The label had become detached so that the precise locality, be-
lieved to be Ukerewe Island, is uncertain.

Hirundo senegalensis monteiri Hartlaub

Hirundo monteiri Hartlaub, 1862, Ibis, p. 340, pi. xi: Angola.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,747) Kitungulu, Urungu. 15. v. 30.

Shot from a small party of half a dozen birds which were sunning
themselves shortly after dawn on the bare branches of a baobab tree.
Monteiro's Mosque-Swallow has already been recorded from Kitun-
gulu by Kothe (1911) in his report on Fromm's collection.

Riparia paludicola ducis Reichenow

Riparia ducis Reichenow, 1908, Orn. Monatsb., 16, p. 81: western Ruanda.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,748) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 23. vi. 30.

Breeding. At Mwanza, June 9, 1930, an East African Sand-Martin
was flushed from a hole situated a foot below the summit of a high
cliff forming part of a quarry. On excavating the hole a new nest was
found at the terminus but no eggs in it. On the 21st another bird
was seen to be engaged in excavating a nest hole.

PsALIDOPROCNE PETITI ORIENTALIS Reichenow

Psalidoprocnc petiti orientalis Reichenow, 18S9, Journ. f. Orn., p. 277: Lewa,
Dodoma District, Tanganyika Territory.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,749) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 23. iv. 30.

CAMPEPHAGIDAE

Coracina caesia pura (Sharpe)

Graucalus purus Sharpe, 1891, Ibis, p. 121: Mt. Elgon.

J* (M. C. Z. 148,750) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 18. ii. 30.
d1 99 (M. C. Z. 148,751-3) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 31. iii-14.iv. 30.

Native navies. Dakudaku (Kikinga, possibly generic for shrikes);
nt wakititu (Kinyakusa).

The Madehani bird lacked a tail before it was shot.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 203

DICRURIDAE

Dicrurus adsimilis divaricatus (Lichtenstein)

Muscicapa divaricata Lichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin,
p. 52: Senegal.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,754) Masiliwa, Turu. 10. xii. 29.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,981) Kitungulu, Urungu. 14. v. 30.

Breeding. At Saranda, November 29, 1929, I watched a Senegal
Glossy-backed Drongo building.

At Masiliwa, December 10, 1929, a hen bird was flushed and shot
from her nest which was built upon a horizontal fork of a tree; the
nest, which was placed ten feet from the ground, measured 110 x 90
mm. by 30 mm. deep inside and was composed of fine twigs and root-
lets bound together at the edges by cobwebs. It was so flimsy that
the three eggs, which it held, could be seen from beneath. These eggs
were white mottled with brown and purplish brown and measured
22 x 17 mm.; they were slightly incubated.

Dicrurus ludwigii ludwigii (Smith)

Edolius ludwigii Smith, 1834, S. Afr. Quart. Journ., 2d ser., p. 144: Port Natal;
i. e. Durban, Natal.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,755) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 15. ii. 30.
d1 9 (M. C. Z. 148,756-7) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 29. iii.-7.
iv. 30.

Native name. Suka (Kinyakusa).

PRIONOPIDAE

ElTROCEPHALUS RUEPPELLI BOHMI Zedlitz

Eurocephalus anguitimens bohmi Zedlitz, 1913, Orn. Monatsb., p. 58: Unija-
manga, Langenburg District ( = Nyamwanga, Rungwe District), Tangan-
yika Territory.

cT (M. C. Z. 148,758) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 3. vi. 30.

Nilaus nigritemporalis Reichenow

Nilaus nigritemporalis Reichenow, 1892, Journ. f. Orn., p. 218: "Africa orien-
talis."

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,759-60) Bagamoyo. 11. xi. 29.

204 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

LANHDAE

Lanius collaris humeralis Stanley

Lanius humeralis Stanley, 1814, in Salt's Voyage to Abyssinia, App., p. 51:
Chelicut, Ethiopia.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,761) Kitungulu, Urungu. 14. v. 30.
cf (M. C. Z. 148,762) Kasanga, Lake Tanganyika. 16. v. 30.
c7 9 (M. C. Z. 148,763-4) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

Lanius collaris marwitzi Reichenow

Lanius marwitzi Reichenow, 1901, Orn. Monatsb., 9, p. 90: Ngomingi, Uhehe
District, Tanganyika Territory.

Breeding. At Dabaga, Uzungwe Mountains, January 1, 1930,
a small boy showed me a nestling of the Uhehe Fiscal which he was
carrying, one of four, he said, which he was going to eat.

Lanius excubitorius bohmi Reichenow

Lanius bohmi Reichenow, 1902, Journ. f. Orn., p. 258: Boga Katani, Ujiji
District, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,765) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 13. vi. 30.

Native name. Nawagarra (Kisukuma).

Laniarius erythrogaster (Cretzschmar)

Lanius erythrogaster Cretzschmar, 1829, in Riippell, Atlas Vog., p. 43, pi. 29:
Sennar, Sudan.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,766) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. iv. 30.

Distribution. Several Abyssinian Gonoleks were seen hopping
about in the palms on the edge of the lake shore. Sclater gives Kenya
Colony as the southernmost limits, but the junior author has previously
obtained this species atSagayo, Kome Island and Chantwara in the
Mwanza and Bukoba districts of Tanganyika Territory.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 205

Laniarius funebris funebris (Hartlaub)

Dryoscopus funebris Hartlaub, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 105: Meninga,
Unyamwezi, Tanganyika Territory.

<? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,767-8) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 31. i. 30.

3d1 (M. C. Z. 148,769-71) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14-26. ii. 30.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,772) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 30. iv. 30.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,773) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11. vi. 30.

Native names. Dakudaku (Kikinga, possibly generic for shrike);
mwika (Kikerewe).

Laniarius ferruginetjs major (Hartlaub)
Telephomis major Hartlaub, 1848, Rev. Zool., p. 108: Elmina, Gold Coast.

d" d" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,774-6) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 31. xii. 29.

tf1 (M. C. Z. 148,777) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 21. iv. 30.
<? rf1 9 (M. C. Z. 148,778-80) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

Two of the Dabaga birds are in immature plumage. The beautiful
call note of the West African Boubou was a common sound emanating
from the thickets which are scattered through the mountainous grass-
lands of Dabaga.

Laniarius ferrugineus sublacteus (Cassin)

Dryoscopus sublacteus Cassin, 1851, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 246:
East Africa.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,781) Bagamoyo. 12. xi. 29.

Dryoscopus cubla hamatus Hartlaub

Dryoscopus hamatus Hartlaub, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 106: Kaseh,
Unyamwezi, Tanganyika Territory.

c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,782-3) Bagamoyo. 14. xi. 29.

Breeding. A breeding pair of East African Puff-backs, the male
with enlarged testes and the female with well-developed ovules.

Dryoscopus cubla erwini Sassi

Dryoscopus gambensis erwini Sassi, 1923, Orn. Monatsb., 31, p. 109: forest
west of Lake Tanganyika.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,784) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.

206 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

TSCHAGRA AUSTRALIS CONGENER (Reichenow)

Pomatorhynchus australis congener Reichenow, 1902, Journ. f. Orn., p. 258:
Neu-Helgoland, Songea District, Tanganyika Territory.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,785) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 22. iv. 30.

Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus similis (Smith)

Malaconotus similis Smith, 1S36, Rep. Exp. Centr. Afr., p. 44: north of Kurri-
chane, i. e. Rustenberg District, Transvaal.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,786) Mangasini, Usandawi. 16. xii. 29.

Chlorophoneus nigrifrons manningi (Shelley)

Malaconotus manningi Shelley, 1899, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 8, p. 35: Nyasa-
Tanganyika Plateau.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,787) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14. ii. 30.
& 9 (M. C. Z. 148,788-9) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 25-30. iv. 30.

Native name. Dolola (Kikinga).

Affinities. We have compared these topotypic specimens of the
Nyasa Black-fronted Bush-Shrike with typical nigrifrons from the
Uluguru Mountains from which they are readily distinguishable by
the richer orange shading of the breast.

Habitat. These handsome birds were shot in heavy forest, where
they were seen hopping about in the epiphytic growths at a height
of from thirty to sixty feet above the ground.

PARIDAE

Parus niger insignis Cabanis

Parus (Pentheres) insignis Cabanis, 1S80, Journ. f. Orn., p. 419: southwest
Africa ( = Malanji, Angola, see Reichenow, 1905, Vogel Afr., 3, p. 513).

9 (M. C. Z. 148,790) Bagamoyo. 12. xi. 29.
&<? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,791-3) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 2. i. 30.
a" (M. C. Z. 148,794) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 29. iv. 30.

Distribution. These records, particularly that from Bagamoyo,
extend the known range of this form considerably, for, hitherto, the
only Tanganyika record was Reichenow's type of P. n. fuelleborni
from Undis, Songea district. Should the latter eventually prove to
be distinct, then fuelleborni would probably be the race to which the
above listed specimens belong; we have no other material of insignis
for comparison.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 207

CORVIDAE

Corvus albus Miiller
Corvus albus P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Syst. Nat., Suppl., p. 85: Senegal.
cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,795-6) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 26. v. 30.

Native name. Lihobe (Kikinga but also applied to the next species) ;
nkonguu (Kinyaturu).

Breeding. At Bagamoyo, November 10, 1929, I watched a pair of
these birds building in a palm tree close to camp. As seen through
field glasses, one was busily stalking about gathering coconut fibre
while the other cawed continually except when he (?) occasionally
picked up a large piece which he carried from place to place but never
took up to the nest. The nest was examined on November 13 and
was still empty. On the morning of our departure, November 18,
it was again examined and found to contain three fresh eggs of the
usual type.

At Unyanganyi, December 4, 1930, a crow was found sitting on a ■
clutch consisting of two of her own eggs and five eggs of the Great
Spotted Cuckoo (Clamator (jlandularius), under which species a full
account of the incident has already been recorded.

At Unyanganyi, December 7, 1929, another nest was examined
and found to contain four fledglings; this nest was also in a baobab,
but others were seen in Bussu palms and these were safe from investi-
gation.

At Dodoma, December 24, 1929, a native youngster brought a
number of fledglings in a gasoline drum and offered them for sale.
It was surprising to find the species nesting for at the same time hun-
dreds of Pied Crows were assembling nightly, with much commotion,
to roost in some large trees growing in the dry water course near
the pumping station at Kikuyu, a couple of miles south of Dodoma.
I surmise that the nestlings seen were of a late hatching and that
the majority of birds were already fledged and roosting in flocks
with their parents.

At Shinyanga, June 3, 1930, half a dozen tree frogs (Chiromaniis p.
petersi) were found aestivating in an empty crow's nest at the very
top of a baobab. The dry season had commenced already and the
weather was very hot.

Diet. I found ground nuts and mouse fur in the stomach of the
female Pied Crow killed at Ujiji and listed above.

208 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Corvultur albicollis (Latham)
Corvus albicollis Latham, 1790, "Ind. Orn.," p. 151: Africa.

<? d1 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,797-800) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 19-20. ii. 30.
d1 (M. C. Z. 148,801) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 29. iv. 30.

Native name. Lihobe (Kikinga, but also applied to the preceding
species.)

Diet. The Igale bird had its stomach full of maize.
Enemies. See note under Sprco bicolor following.

STURNIDAE

ClNNYRICINCLUS LEUCOGASTER LAURAGRAYAE Bowen

Cinnyricinclus leucogaster lauragrayae Bowen, 1930, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 82, p. 166: Meru, Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,802) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. xii. 29.
d" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,805-6) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 12. vi. 30.

Native name. Bugome (Kikerewe).

Lamprotornis purpuropterus purpuropterus Riippell

Lamprotomis purpuropterus Riippell, 1845, Syst. Uebers., pp. 64, 75, pi. 25:
Shoa, Ethiopia.

d* 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,805-7) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 12. vi. 30.

Native name. Nmwika (Kikerewe).

Onychognathus walleri nyasae (Shelley)

Amydrus nyasae Shelley, 1898, Ibis, p. 557: Nyasaland.

3 d" (M. C. Z. 148,S08-9, 148,982) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-18. i. 30.

d1 (M. C. Z. 148,810) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 18. ii. 30.
d" d* (M. C. Z. 148,811-2) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 1. iv. 30.

Native names. Mulea (Kikinga); ingulio (Kinyakusa, Kinyika).

Affinities. Unfortunately our topotypic specimens of 0. w. walleri
from the L^sambara Mountains, as well as three from the Uluguru,
are all females, so that we are unable to compare the present series
with them. These birds have, therefore, been named solely on geo-
graphical grounds.

Habitat. The Nyasa Chestnut-wing occurs in the forests chiefly

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 209

at the very summit of the mountains where they descend in flocks
upon any fruit-bearing trees. Despite their noisy whistling cries,
these birds are sufficiently wary as to be rather difficult to secure.

Onychognathus morio shelleyi (Hartert)

Amydrus morio shelleyi Hartert, 1891, Kat. Vogelsam. Mus. Senck., p. 75 note:
Ugogo, Tanganyika Territory.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,813) Kikuyu, Ugogo. 23. xii. 29.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,814) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14. ii. 30.

Onychognathus tenuirostris (Riippell)

Lamprotornis tenuirostris Riippell, 1836, N. Wirbelt., Vog., p. 26, pi. 10, fig. 1:
Ethiopia.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,815) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 14. i. 30.

Spreo superbtjs (Riippell)

Lamprocolius superbus Riippell, 1845, Syst. Uebers., pp. 65, 75, pi. 26: Shoa,
Ethiopia.

Habits. At Dodoma, November 25, 1929, a pair of Superb Starlings
were seen to be vigorously persecuting a White-necked Raven (Cor-
vultur albicollis) which, perched upon the metal roof-ridge of the
galvanized iron roof of the hotel, had the greatest difficulty in keeping
its balance as it stabbed, or pecked, at its assailants who swooped
past its head or, by menacing it suddenly from behind, caused it
to go slipping down the roof.

At Saranda, November 28, 1929, a flock of these starlings engaged
in mobbing a Spotted Eagle Owl (Bubo africanus africanus).

ZOSTEROPIDAE

Zosterops virens stierlingi Reichenow

Zosterops stierlingi Reichenow, 1899, Journ. f. Orn., p. 418: Iringa, Uhehe,
Tanganyika Territory.

5 c? 1 9 (M. C. Z. 148,816-21) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 16-28. i. 30.
3d" 2 9 1 unsexed (148,822-7) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14-19. ii. 30.

Habits. At the time of our visit, the Uhehe Green White-eyes were
encountered singly or in pairs in the little patches of bush or forest
scattered through the Uhehe highlands.

210 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Affinities. "While the series from Kigogo are typical stierlingi, as
might be expected for they are nearly topotypic, those from Madehani
are somewhat intermediate between stierlingi and the more southern
form which we describe as new. Madehani birds, however, are defi-
nitely closer to stierlingi than to the new race.

Zosterops virens sarmenticia Bangs & Loveridge

Zosterops virens sarmenticia Bangs & Loveridge, 1931, Proc. New Eng. Zool.
Club, 12, p. 95: Igale, Poroto Mtns., Tanganyika Territory.

3d* 9 (M. C. Z. 148,829-31) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 8-14. iii. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,832) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 23. iv. 30.
4 c? 4 9 (M. C. Z. 148,833-40) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 25-30. iv. 30.

Measurements

Igale 4 males, wings 5S-61 mm. ; bills to base of foreheads 13-14 mm.
Igale 4 females, wings 56-58 mm. ; bills to base of foreheads 12-13 mm.
Tukuyu 1 female, wing 58 mm.; bills to base of foreheads 12.5 mm.
Rungwe 1 female, wing 58 mm.; bills to base of foreheads 12.5 mm.
Rungwe 3 males, wings 58-59 mm. ; bills to base of foreheads 13 mm.

NECTARINIIDAE

Nectarinia famosa famosa (Linnaeus)

Certhia famosa Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 187: Cape of Good
Hope, South Africa.

d* (M. C. Z. 148,841) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 31. i. 30.
d" d1 (M. C. Z. 148,842-3) Mangoto, Ukinga Mtns. 10. ii. 30.

Native name. Kalusongivc (Kikinga for sunbird).

Distribution. Both these records for typical Malachite Sunbirds
are somewhat northwest of their known range which, according to
Sclater, extends to the mountains northwest of Lake Nyasa. Kothe
recorded it from Igale when reporting on the Hauptmann-Fromm
collection in 1911. The junior author saw Malachite Sunbirds several
times on the outskirts of the Nkuka Forest on Rungwe Mountain.

Affinities. As might be expected, the Kigogo and Mangoto birds
are rather more bluish than a Natal bird which we have for comparison,
and are, therefore, somewhat intermediate between the typical form
and N. f. aeneigularis of the Kenya highlands. The Kigogo bird is
only assuming adult plumage.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 211

Nectarinia kilimensis arturi P. L. Sclater

Nectarinia arturi P. L. Sclater, 1906, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, 19, p. 30: Wolver-
hampton, S. Melsetter District, Southern Rhodesia.

<? (M. C. Z. 148,844) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 31. xii. 29.
tf1 (M. C. Z. 148,845) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 31. i. 30.
cf (M. C. Z. 148,846) Mangoto, Ukinga Mtns. 10. ii. 30.
& (M. C. Z. 148,847) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 23. iv. 30.

Native name. Kalusongwe (Kikinga for sunbird).

Affinities. While referring these birds to the Mashonaland Bronzy
Sunbird, of which we have no specimens available for comparison,
it might be remarked that they agree fairly closely with examples
of N. k. filiola from Lulenga, Belgian Congo in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology collection, but show more reddish purple iridescence
than does that form.

Nectarinia erythrocerca erythrocerca Hartlaub

Nectarinia erythrocerca Hartlaub, 1857, Syst. Orn. Westafr., p. 270: no local-
ity; White Nile, south of 8° N. L. (fide Heuglin).

d" (M. C. Z. 148,848) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

Nectarinia melanogastra melanogastra Fischer & Reichenow

Nectarinia melanogastra Fischer & Reichenow, 1884, Journ. f. Orn., p. 181:
Nguruman, Lake Natron, Tanganyika Territory.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,849) Unyanganyi, Turu. 4. xii. 29.
<? (M. C. Z. 148,850) Mangasini, Usandawi. 13. xii. 29.

Habits. Both these sunbirds were shot when feeding at the blossoms
of the huge baobab trees, which latter are quite a feature of the arid
thorn-bush country of the Central Province.

Cinnyris cupreus cupreus (Shaw)

Certhia cuprea Shaw, 1811, Gen. Zool., 8, p. 201: Malimba, Gaboon.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,851) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 26. v. 30.
d" (M. C. Z. 148,852) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

Affinities. Both these Coppery Sunbirds are in eclipse plumage but
have been compared with a typical bird (M.C.Z. 97,599) from Beni
in the eastern Congo.

Distribution. The above records somewhat complete the range

212 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

which, as defined by Sclater, is "Senegal to the Congo, and east
through Belgian Congo to the Nile, Sennar, S. W. Abyssinia, and in
the south to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland."

ClNNYRIS BIFASCIATUS BIFASCIATUS (Shaw)
Certhia bifasciata Shaw, 1811, Gen. Zool., 8, p. 198: Malimba, Gaboon.
o* (M. C. Z. 148,853) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11. vi. 30.

Native name. Kasonsoni (Kikerewe) .

Affinities. This Little Purple-banded Sunbird has been compared
with specimens of forma typica and an example of C. b. microrhynchus
from Mombasa.

Cinnyris mariquensis suahelicus Reichenow

Cinnyris suahelica Reichenow, 1891, Journ. f. Orn., p. 161: Tabora District,
Tanganyika Territory.

o* (M. C. Z. 148,854) Mangasini, Usandawi. 12. xii. 29.

Distribution. This example of the Swahili Mariqua Sunbird was
shot almost exactly a hundred and fifty miles due east of the type
locality.

Cinnyris venustus falkensteini Fischer & Reichenow

Cinnyris falkensteini Fischer & Reichenow, 18S4, Journ. f. Orn., p. 56: Lake
Naivasha, Kenya Colony.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,855) Mangasini, Usandawi. 13. xii. 29.
tf1 (M. C. Z. 148,856) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 28. i. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,857) Ilolo, Rungwe. 8. iv. 30.
o* 9 (M. C. Z. 148,858-9) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 29. iv. 30.

Native name. Sonibio (Kinyakusa).

Affinities. The Igale Kenya Buff-breasted Sunbirds are from the
area of intergradation between C. v. falkensteini and C. v. niassae.

Cinnyris mediocris fulleborni Reichenow

Cinnyris fiilleborni Reichenow, 1899, Orn. Monatsb., 7, p. 7: Kalinga, Iringa
District, Tanganyika Territory.

3 c? 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,860-4) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13-28. i. 30.
<? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,865-6) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 14-17.ii.30.
c? <M. C. Z. 148,867) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 18. iv. 30.
9 c? 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,868-82) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 25-30. iv. 30.

Native name. Kalusongwe (Kikinga for sunbird).

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 213

Habitat. The Iringa Double-collared Sunbird was so scarce in, or
on, the outskirts of the Xkuka Forest that only one specimen was seen
and that on the day of departure as we were awaiting the arrival of
the porters. It favors more open country and was extraordinarily
abundant among the blossoms bordering the road where it passes
through the forest on Igale Pass.

Chalcomitra senegalensis aequatorialis (Reichenow)

Cinnyris aequatorialis Reichenow, 1899, Orn. Monatsb., 7, p. 171: Bukoba,
Lake Victoria, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,883) Unyanganyi, Turu. 5. xii. 29.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,884) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 13. vi. 30.

Native name. Kasomoni (Kikerewe).

Sex. The Unyanganyi example of this Scarlet-chested Sunbird
was labelled "9 , see note." by the junior author, who was evidently
satisfied in the field that it was a female though in adult cock plumage.
Unfortunately no note was made and there remains the possibility
that the body produced by the skinners may have been that of another
bird.

Cyanomitra verticalis niassae (Reichenow)

Chalcomitra verticalis niassae Reichenow, 1910, Orn. Monatsb., 18, p. 174:
Rutenganio, Kondeland, northwest of Lake Nyasa.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,885) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 31. iv. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,886) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 28. iv. 30.

Affinities. Unfortunately these two birds are in immature plumage
and, therefore, impossible to place subspecifically. As, however,
they come from very near the type locality of niassae we refer them
to that form, which Sclater thinks is very probably a synonym of
C. v. cyanocephala described from Malimba, Gaboon. On the other
hand, Kothe, in 1911, refers a male collected by Fromm at Tukuyu
(New Langenburg) to C. viridisplendens, now considered a race of
verticalis, of Bukoba.

Anthreptes collaris ugandae van Someren

Anthreptes collaris ugandae van Someren, 1921, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 41, p.
113: Maraquet, Uganda.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,887) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11. vi. 30.

Native name. Kasonsoni (Kikerewe for sunbird).

214 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

PLOCEIDAE

Passer griseus suahelicus Reichenow

Passer griseus suahelicus Reichenow, 1904, Vogel Afr., 3, p. 231: Busisi,
Mwanza District, "Tanganyika Territory.

3d" 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,888-92) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 27-28. v. 30.
cf" (M. C. Z. 148,893) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 2. vi. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,894) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.

Native name. Siantali (Kikerewe).

Ploceus nigricollis mgricollis (Vieillot)
Malimbus nigricollis Vieillot, 1805, Ois. Chant., p. 74, pi. 45: Malimba, Gaboon.
<? (M. C. Z. 148,898) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

Ploceus xanthops camburni (Sharpe)

Hyphantornis camburni Sharpe, 1890, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 10, p. 35: Mt.
Kenya, Kenya Colony.

<? (M. C. Z. 148,901) Kitungulu, Urungu. 14. v. 30.

Ploceus xanthopterins (Finsch & Hartlaub)

Hyphantornis xanthopterus Finsch & Hartlaub, 1870, Vog. Ost.-Afr., p. 399:
Shupanga.

c? d" (M. C. Z. 148,899-900) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 6-7. iii. 30.

Breeding. On March 7, 1930 a number of Zambesi Brown-throated
Weavers were hovering about their nests of coarsely-woven grass
suspended from a thorny bush growing out in Lake Nyasa near
Mwaya; the bush was about thirty feet from the shore. Many of the
nests contained young, but I collected one measuring 110 mm. which
held two very slightly incubated eggs. These eggs are a pale sap-green
minutely speckled with grey-brown over the whole surface, they
measure 21 x 14 mm.

Ploceus castanops Shellev
Ploceus castanops Shelley, 1888, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, p. 35: Wadelai,

Uganda.

d* (M. C. Z. 148,902) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 215

Ploceus stuhlmanni sharpii (Shelley)?

Otyphantes sharpii Shelley, 1898, Ibis, p. 557: Nyasaland.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,903) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 31. xii. 29.

Our example of the Uhehe Stuhlmann's Weaver is in immature
plumage and has been determined with some doubts by Dr. Fried-

mann.

Ploceus capitalis fischeri Reichenow?

Ploceus fischeri Reichenow, 1887, Journ. Orn., p. 69; Kagehi, southern end
of Lake Victoria, Tanganyika Territory.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,905) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

This is another immature bird kindly identified for us, but with
reservations, by Dr. Friedmann. Sclater considers that fischeri is a
synonym of P. c. dimidiatus Antinori & Salvadori.

Ploceus jacksoni Shelley

Ploceus jacksoni Shelley, 1888, Ibis, p. 293, pi. 7: Kilimanjaro; probably Lake
Jipe, near Kilimanjaro, Tanganyika Territory.

c? (M. C. Z. 148,895) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,904) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

The identification of the female has been tentatively made by
Dr. Friedmann who was engaged in studying the weaver birds at the
time.

Ploceus ocularius crocatus (Hartlaub)

Hyphantornis crocata Hartlaub, 1881, Abhandl. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 7, p. 100:
Magungo, Victoria Nile.

tf1 (M. C. Z. 148,896) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 22. iv. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,897) Kitungulu, Urungu. 14. v. 30.

Distribution. Though these localities, which are intermediate in
position between the ranges of two forms, are far east for crocatus,
the birds themselves appear to belong to that form rather than to
P. ocularius ocularius of South Africa.

216 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Quelea Quelea aethiopica (Sundevall)

Ploceus aethiopicus Sundevall, 1850, Oefv. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Fdrh., 7, p. 126:
Sennar, Sudan.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,906) Unyanganyi, Turu. 4. xii. 29.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,907) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23. v. 30.

Euplectes hordacea sylvatica (Neumann)

Pyromelana flammiceps sylvatica Neumann, 1905, Journ. f. Orn., p. 345: Jaunde,
Cameroon.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,912) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 2. vi. 30.

Native name. Magubu (Kikerewe).

Affinities. We are indebted to Dr. Friedmann for identifying this
bird which the junior author assumed was the female of the next
species, for he shot it within ten yards of the cock Euplectes gierowii
friederichseni. As regards the breeding note there is no doubt as to
the identification of the species.

Breeding. At Mwaya, March 1, 1930, a nest containing two eggs
was found attached to tall elephant grass growing near my tent, the
nest was placed some nine feet from the ground. I drew the grass
down to feel the eggs, the cock bird witnessing the act. I decided
to leave the clutch to ascertain the period of incubation. However,
on examining the nest two days later I found the eggs gone and the
entrance to the nest more or less wrecked, apparently having been
done by the birds themselves.

At Nyamkolo, May 10, 1930, many nests were found in process
of construction and the birds actually observed engaged in building.
These nests were attached to sedges growing in Lake Tanganyika
and were placed about six feet above the level of the water which was
three feet deep at that spot. One nest held three hard set eggs, another
contained nestlings, while from another — to judge by the dirt in the
bottom of the nest — the young had recently flown.

Euplectes gierowii friederichseni Fischer & Reichenow

Euplectes friederichseni Fischer & Reichenow, 1884, Journ. f. Orn., p. 54: Nguru-
man, Lake Natron, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,908) Unyanganyi, Turu. 6. xii. 29.
3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,909-10, 148,913) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 23.V.30.
d" (M. C. Z. 148,901) Shinyanga, Usukuma. 2. vi. 30.

Affinities. The Unyanganyi and Ujiji birds are identified with

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 217

reservations and the determinations should be accepted with caution
until adult males have been recorded from these places.

Urobrachya axillaris zanzibarica Shelley

Urobrachya zanzibarica Shelley, 1881, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 586, pi. 30,
fig. 1 : Malinda, i. e. Malindi, Kenya Colony.

3 c? (M. C. Z. 148,914-6) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 7-8. iii. 30.

Distribution. Typical axillaris occurs from South Africa north to
Nyasaland and one would naturally expect the Mwaya birds to belong
to that form. This does not appear to be the case, however, and we
must refer them to zanzibarica whose range, according to Sclater,
is "Coastal districts of Eastern Africa from Lamu, south to the Rufigi;
not known from Zanzibar Island."

Coliuspasser macrourus conradsi Berger

Coliuspasser macroura conradsi Berger, 1908, Journ. f; Orn., p. 487: Ukerewe
Island, Lake Victoria, Tanganyika Territory.

4c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,917-21) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11-13. vi. 30.

Native name. Magubu (Kikerewe).

Breeding. A nest and two eggs of the LTkerewe Yellow-mantled
Whydah were brought in by Salimu, but unfortunately a rat entered
my tent during the night and destroyed the eggs to eat the contents.
Both nest and eggs closely resembled those of the Tanganyika race
of Coliuspasser ardens, the eggs being green mottled with brown.

Coliuspasser hartlaubi psammocromius (Reichenow)

Penthretia psammocromia Reichenow, 1900, Orn. Monatsb., p. 39: Tandala,
northeastern Lake Nyasa, Tanganyika Territory.

3 c? 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,922-6) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 30-31. xii. 30.
d> 9 (M. C. Z. 148,927-8) Mangoto, Ukinga Mtns. 10. ii. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,929) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 21. ii. 30.

Native name. Nyerbeta (Kikinga).

Habitat. Tandala, the type locality of the Nyasa Marsh-Whydah,
lies between Mangoto and Madehani and a night was spent there on
the march to Madehani. This whydah is a common species throughout
the southwestern highlands wherever sedge-grown swampy bottoms
occur among the hills. It occurs close to Coliuspasser ardens eoncolor,
a species that was seen at Tandala and at many points along the route.

218 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Spermestes cucullatus scutatus Heuglin
Spermestes scutatus Heuglin, 1863, Journ. f. Orn., p. 18: Dembea, Ethiopia.

cf cf 9 9 (M. C. Z. 148,930-3) Kitungulu, Urungu. 14-15. v. 30.
cf cf (M. C. Z. 148,934-5) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

Breeding. A nest of the Ethiopian Bronze Mannikin containing
eight fresh eggs was brought to me at Ukerewe Island on June 17,
1930. The nest was placed in the cage of an Egg-eating Snake (Dasy-
peltis scaber) which made short work of the clutch, as also of two eggs
of this species recovered from the stomach of a Boomslang (Disphol-
idus typus) which fell from a mango tree in which there were several
nests of these mannikins.

Cryptospiza reichenowi ocularis Sharpe

Cryptospiza ocularis Sharpe, 1902, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 13, p. 8: Ruwenzori,
Uganda.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,936) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. IS. i. 30.
cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,937-8) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 20-21. ii. 30.
4 c?1 (M. C. Z. 148,939-42) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 25-30. iv. 30.

Native name. Kilutundulu (Kikinga).

Pytilia melba belli Ogilvie-Grant

Pytelia belli Ogilvie-Grant, 1907, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 21, p. 14: southeast
Ruwenzori; type from Mokia, Toro District, Uganda.

cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,943-4) Unyanganyi, Turu. 4. xii. 29.

Affinities. The Central African Melba was not seen during the
brief stay made on Ukerewe Island, the type locality of P. m. eonradsi,
a form, however, which Sclater considers synonymous with P. m. belli.

Lagonosticta senegala ruberrima Reichenow

Lagonosticta brunneiceps ruberrima Reichenow, 1903, Orn. Monatsb., 11, p. 24:
Bukoba, Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika Territory.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,945) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 10. iii. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,946) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 28. iv. 30.
cf (M. C. Z. 148,947) Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika. 28. iv. 30.
cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,948-9) Bukoba, Lake Victoria. 24. vi. 30.

Affinities. The Bukoba birds are topotypic of this race, the cock
compares well with those from Ijiji and Mwaya excepting that both

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 219

the latter show rather more white speckling on their flanks. Perhaps
the Igale and Mwaya birds should be referred to the southern race
L. s. rendallii from the Upper Shire, a form of which we have no
material for comparison.

Breeding. At Mwaya, March 5, 1930, some Banyakusa in removing
a pile of dried grass, stacked for thatching, uncovered a nest of the
Bukoba Red-billed Fire-Finch which had been built into the grass.
The nest, measuring approximately 80 mm. in outside height and 120
mm. in horizontal diameter, was a loose assemblage of dry sedge-like
coarse grass outside, while within was fibre and fine grass and a lining
of fowl feathers. The four white eggs which it contained were in a
very advanced stage of incubation; they measured 13 x 10 mm.

Estrilda astrilda nyassae Neumann

Estrilda astrilda nyassae Neumann, 1907, Journ. f. Orn., p. 596: Neu-Helgoland,
Songea District, Tanganyika Territory.

<? d" 9 (M. C. Z. 148,950-2) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. 28-31. xii. 29.
c? c? 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,953-7) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 21. i. 30.

Affinities. Sclater may be correct in considering this form synony-
mous with E. a. cavendishi Sharpe from Mapicuti, Cheringoma dis-
trict, Mozambique but for the present we think it better to keep them
distinct.

Enemies. These Nyasa Waxbills are trapped by the Wahehe in the
Uzungwe Mountains who, after they have pulled out all the flight
feathers, confine them in little reed cages where the majority die
from the rough treatment to which they have been subjected. The
natives informed me that they ate them as a savory with their
porridge of corn meal.

GRANATINA IANTHINOGASTER IANTHINOGASTER (Reichenow)

Uraeginthus ianthinogaster Reichenow, 1879, Orn. Centralb., p. 114: Massa,
Tana River, Kenya Colony.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,958) Kikuyu, Ugogo. 23. xii. 29.

Hypochera chalybeata amauropteryx Sharpe

Hypochera amauropteryx Sharpe, 1890, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 13, p. 309:
Rustenberg, Transvaal.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,959) Mwaya, Lake Nyasa. 3. iii. 30.

220 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Hypochera funerea funerea Tarragon
Hypochera funerea Tarragon, 1847, Rev. Zool. Paris, p. 180: Natal.

cf (M. C. Z. 148,960) Mwanza, Lake Victoria. 6. vi. 30.

d" (M. C. Z. 148,961) Ukerewe Id., Lake Victoria. 11. vi. 30.

Native name. Insimbi (Kikerewe).

FRINGILLIDAE

Serinus mozambicus mozambicus (Miiller)

Fringilla mozambica P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, Syst. Nat., Suppl., p. 163: Mozam-
bique.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,962) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 14. iii. 30.

Affinities. Kothe in 1911 recorded this bird from Tukuyu ( = Neu
Langenburg) under the name of Serinus icterus madarazi, a form
described by Reichenow from Myombo, N. Nyasaland but considered
by Sclater to be a synonym. Our material is insufficient to form the
basis of an opinion but if madarazi be recognisable then Tukuyu birds
should be assigned to that form.

Serinus sulphuratus shelleyi Neumann

Serinus shelleyi Neumann, 1903, Orn. Monatsb., 11, p. 184: Kafuro, Bukoba
Province, Tanganyika Territory.

<? (M. C. Z. 148,963) Lukungu, Ubena Mtns. 8. ii. 30.
c? 9 (M. C. Z. 148,964-5) Tukuyu, Rungwe. 23. iv. 30.

Native names. Suluwiri (Kikinga); isuluwiri (Kinyakusa).
Affinities. Sclater, having examined the type of S. frommi from
Namanyere, Ufipa considers it to be a synonym.

Poliospiza whytii (Shelley)
Serinus whytii Shelley, 1S97, Ibis, p. 528, pi. xi: Nyika Plateau, Nyasaland.

d" 3 9 (M. C. Z. 148,966-9) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 15-31. i. 30.
9 (M. C. Z. 148,970) Tukuyu, Rungwe Mtn. 23. iv. 30.
cf 9 (M. C. Z. 148,971-2) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 28-30. iv. 30.

Birds from the last two localities are almost topotypic of this
Yellow-browed Seed- eater.

BANGS AND LOVERIDGE: AFRICAN BIRDS 221

Poliospiza gularis reichardi Reichenow

Poliospiza reichardi Reichenow, 1882, Journ. f. Orn., p. 209: Kakoma, Tabora
District, Tanganyika Territory.

9 (M. C. Z. 148,973) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 31. i. 30.
c? (M. C. Z. 148,974) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 24. iv. 30.

Affinities. The localities in which the Nyasa Streaky-headed Seed-
eater was obtained lie north and south of the Ukinga Mountains which
is type locality for Reichenow's Serinus mclanochrous which Sclater
considers a synonym of reichardi.

Measurements. The wings of the male and female measure 81 and
83 mm. respectively.

Linurgus kilimensis rungwensis Bangs & Loveridge

Linurgus kilimensis rungwensis Bangs & Loveridge, 1931, Proc. New Eng.
Zool. Club, 12, p. 96: Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn., Tanganyika Terri-
tory.

Ad1 (M. C. Z. 148,975-8) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 8-10. iv. 30.
tf (M. C. Z. 148,979) Igale, Poroto Mtns. 29. iv. 30.

Native names. Lndalambwa (Kinyakusa); sogoseranandi (Kinyika).
The Kinyakusa name should be accepted with reserve as it may be
the result of confusion with a golden weaver.

Habitat. These Oriole-finches were shot from the lower branches of
trees in the big mahogany forest about a mile up the trail beyond the
bridge which crosses the Nkuka River.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

Bangs and Lovehidge — African Birds.

PLATE 1

Fig. 1. Typical Bush Forest of the Uzungwe Mountains

This type of growth merges into the subtropical rain forest and is frequented
by such genera as Pseudoalcippe, Arizelocichla, Batis, Bessornis and Pogono-
cichla. (Photo by Captain Wolfe.)

Fig. 2. Grasslands of the Uzungwe Mountains

Typical also of much of the Ubena, Ukinga and Poroto ranges. It is the
habitat of such birds as Macronyx, Cisticola, Saxicola and Nectarinia. (Photo
by Captain Wolfe.)

BULL. MUS. COM. ZOOL.

Bangs and Loveridge. African Birds. Plate 1.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXV, No. 4

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF AN

EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWESTERN HIGHLANDS

OF TANGANYIKA TERRITORY

IV

OLIGOCHAETA

By J. Stephenson, D.Sc, F.R.S.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

June, 1933

No. 4. — Reports on the Scientific Results of an Expedition to the South-
western Highlands of Tanganyika Territory

IV

Oligochaeta
By J. Stephenson, D.Sc, F.R.S.

The following pages contain an account of the Oligochaeta obtained
by Mr. A. Loveridge on his recent expedition to Central Africa. The
worms here mentioned were taken in Tanganyika Territory and at
Albertville in the Belgian Congo.

The localities do not indicate any extension of the hitherto known
range of the several genera, and the results are therefore not of very
great zoo-geographical interest. But nearly all the forms obtained are
new, and the investigation demonstrates how very far from complete
our knowledge of the Oligochaeta of Central Africa still is; it is quite
certain that rich harvests will be gathered in this region for very many
years to come.

My thanks are due to Mr. Loveridge for kindly sending me his
collection for examination, and to the authorities of the British Mu-
seum (Natural History) for the facilities which they have placed at my
disposal. The types of the new species are deposited in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Harvard.

Family MEGASCOLECIDAE

Subfamily Diplocardinae
Genus Dichogaster Beddard

DlCHOGASTER FLAGELLIFERA sp. nOV.
Albertville, Belgian Congo. 21.V.30. Four specimens, all with sexual marks.

External Characters. The largest specimen measures 92 mm., with
108 segments, a second 72 mm., with about 101 segments (not count-
able over part of the body), the shortest (also with sexual marks) 48
mm., with 105 segments; average diameter 3 mm., maximum 4 mm.
Colour a darkish brown, the ventral surface slightly paler. No distinct
secondary annulation.

Prostomium epilobous \, tongue small, with parallel sides; a trans-
verse groove not at the hinder end of the tongue but a little way in
front of this.

226 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Dorsal pores from furrow 5/6.

The setae are closely paired; in the middle of the body and behind
the elitellum aa = 4-5ab = be = 4-5ed, while dd = ca. § of the cir-
cumference; in the preclitellar segments aa is less, — distinctly less
than be, while dd = f of the circumference, all the setal bundles being
closer together on the ventral surface.

The elitellum covers segms. XIII-XX ( = 8), and is saddle-shaped,
or at least thinner and lighter in colour along a midventral strip.

The prostatic pores, on XVII and XIX, are in line with the ventral
setae, possibly with b rather than with a. The seminal grooves are
straight, and bounded by slightly swollen walls on each side.

The female pores were not seen.

The spermathecal apertures are two pairs, in furrows 7/8 and 8/9,
rather close together, in line with setae ab.

Internal Anatomy. No septa are notably thickened, — 12/13, 13/14
and 14/15 slightly so, and perhaps one or two more very slightly. The
thin septum behind the pharyngeal mass is probably 4/5; 5/6 I think
is represented by extremely delicate strands running obliquely for-
wards in front of the anterior spermatheca, and 6/7 by one or two
strands in the ventral part of the body-cavity associated with blood-
vessels which pass off the gut on to the body -wall ; an extremely delicate
septum, 7/8, envelopes the hinder gizzard; septum 8/9 is distinct, and
9/10 forms the anterior boundary of the testis sacs.

The gizzards, in VI and VII, are large, and separated only by a
slight constriction. The calciferous glands occupy XV-XVII, the
first two pairs opaque white, the last pair dull brown ; there is not much
difference in size, — in one specimen the last pair were rather smaller
than the others, but in another specimen this was scarcely noticeable
(the gland on the left side of XVII perhaps a little smaller).

The last hearts are in segm. XII. The micronephridia are distributed
as a single row of not very minute organs (in each segment behind the
elitellum), about a dozen on each side, smaller and less regularly
arranged at the inner (lower) end of the row.

The testis sacs include the whole contents of segms. X and XI, —
alimentary canal, dorsal vessel, hearts, seminal vesicles of XI, as well
as the seminal funnels and much coagulum; the sacs appear in the
dissection as a single opaque white mass, a membranous sac, divided
internally into anterior and posterior portions by a partition ( = sep-
tum 10/11), and projecting forwards some distance ventrally beneath
and ventrolateral to the gut. The anterior wall of the sac represents

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA

227

septum 9/10, the posterior wall 11/12; but there is no connection
between the sac walls and the parietes ventrally" or laterally. Testes
were not seen, — they had probably dissolved into the mass of genital
cells which filled out the sacs; the seminal funnels were however large
and obvious.

The seminal vesicles are small, in segms. XI and XII; in one speci-
men they were lobed, those in XI indeed being divided down as far as
their base; in the second dissected specimen the vesicles were almost
smooth.

The prostates occupy parts of two segments, XVII and XVIII, or
XIX and XX. Beginning in the anterior of the two segments, XVII
or XIX, the gland pierces the septum, its larger portion then forming a

Fig. 1. Dichogaster flagellifera; a and b, spermathecae from different
specimens.

loop with closely apposed limbs in the posterior of the two segments,
XVIII or XX; passing forwards again and entering XVII (XIX) it
becomes the duct, of some length, regularly or irregularly looped, thin
and shining, the ental limb of the loop the thinner, the ectal limb being
nearly twice as thick as the ental.

Ovaries and funnels are present in XIII; there is a small racemose
ovisac on one side in XIV in the second dissected specimen.

The spermathecal ampulla (fig. 1) is sac-like, and constricted from
the duct; this is longer than the ampulla, swollen in its ental half,
which in some organs is almost as wide as the ampulla (fig. 1 a),
narrower and tubular ectally and often somewhat curved; both the
relative and absolute length of the duct vary. A comparison with other

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forms suggests that the swollen part of the duct should more properly
be considered as a middle section, a separate part of the apparatus,
concerned in the production of spermatophores. The diverticulum is
single, a small ovoid dependent chamber, attached by a stalk, which
may be bent on itself, to the middle section of the apparatus not far
below the ampulla.

The penial setae (fig. 2) are one per bundle, thin, the greater part of
the shaft curved in the form of a gentle bow, a segment of a circle, and

Fig. 2. Dichogaster flagellifera; penial seta, a, whole seta, x 25; b, distal
end, x 430.

the distal end sinuous. In length they measure 3.3 mm., while the
diameter at the middle of the shaft is only 10m, towards the proximal
end 18m more or less, and towards the distal end 7ju; hence the general

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA 229

form is thread-like. The tip gradually tapers to a blunt point, the last
6(V being straight. The ornamentation consists of moderately large
triangular teeth on the sinuous portion (about 0.25 mm.) near the
distal end; these are somewhat irregularly distributed, yet with a
tendency to a spiral arrangement; the terminal straight bit is almost
free from the teeth.

Remarks. This species is rather like D. aloysii sabaudiae Cogn. ('09),
especially in the spermathecae; that, however, is a much smaller worm,
the testes and funnels are free, and though the penial setae have a faint
resemblance, yet in reality they are quite distinct. D. daemoniaca
Cogn. ('09) resembles the present form in the spermathecae, and also
possesses testis sacs ('seminal pseudoeapsules,' Cognetti, '09), though
not quite of the same form (septa 9/10, 10/11 and 11/12 united peri-
pherally at their insertion into the parietes) ; but the penial setae are
distinctive.

The specific name flageUifcra refers to the whip-like appearance of
the penial setae.

Dichogaster itoliensis (Mich.) var. minor var. nov.

Benhamia itoliensis Mich. '92, Mitt. Mus. Hamburg, 9, ii, p. 31. Itoli, S.W.
Victoria Nyanza.

see also

Dichogaster itoliensis Cogn. '09, Sped. Ruwenzori, 1, p. 360.

Kitungulu, Urungu, Tanganyika Territory (a little to the E. of the S. end of L.
Tanganyika). 14.T.30. Six specimens, two mature, larger than the rest but
one incomplete behind (collector's note: "green rapidly soluble in
alcohol").

External Characters. Length 132 mm.; diameter 4-5 mm. Colour
(in the present condition) dark brown, somewhat lighter ventrally;
the worms have apparently at some time, perhaps before preservation,
become surface-dry and surface-hard, — hence probably the dark
colour. Segments 147.

Prostomium indistinguishable in the present condition.

There is a distinct dorsal pore in furrow 5/6 in one specimen, and
then apparently two smaller ones (in 6/7 and 7/8) which give vent to a
slight oozing on squeezing the worm. Thereafter for several segments
nothing in the shape of pores can be detected; but the condition of the
specimens has to be remembered.

230 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The setae are paired; in the middle of the body aa is rather greater
than be, but in front of the clitellum aa is approximately equal to be;
dd is about two-thirds of the circumference.

The clitellum is not developed. The prostatic pores, on XVII and
XIX, are in line with the ventral setae, probably with b, each on a small
papilla surrounded by a groove which is especially marked on the
anterior and outer (in the anterior) or on the posterior and outer (in
the posterior papillae) parts of their circumference. The seminal
grooves are straight, without marked walls.

The female pores were not seen. The spermathecal apertures, incon-
spicuous, are in furrows 7/8 and 8/9, in line with setae b.

Internal Anatomy. Septum 4/5, behind the pharyngeal mass, is
somewhat strengthened ; 5/6 is represented only by one or two strands
of connective tissue; 6/7, which should be attached between the two
gizzards, is indistinguishable in this specimen; 7/8 is thin, 8/9 perhaps
faintly strengthened, 9/10 and 10/11 slightly thickened, 11/12-13/14
moderately strengthened, 14/15 and 15/16 slightly so.

The gizzards occupy segms. VI and VII; the division between them
is marked by the course of a transverse bloodvessel, and by a narrow
softer annulus, but scarcely by a constriction; the anterior gizzard
is rather longer than the posterior, while both are broader than long.
The calciferous glands, in XV-XVII, increase somewhat in size
backwards.

The last hearts are in XII. There are about a dozen micronephridia
on each side in the postclitellar segments.

Testes and funnels, in an early stage, are free in X and XI. The
seminal vesicles are very small (? in an early stage) in XI and XII.
The prostates are not fully developed, but each appears to extend into
two segments (XVII and XVIII, or XIX and XX). Ovaries are present
in XIII.

The spermathecae (fig. 3) are in an early stage of development, but
the three parts of the adult organ are distinguishable, — the rounded
thin-walled ampulla, the thicker-walled intermediate portion, from
which the multiple-chambered diverticulum is given off, and the
immensely thick-walled duct.

The penial setae, 3.7 mm. long, 86/i in diameter at the middle, are
fully grown, since they possess the short right-angled curve at the
proximal end, — the last part of the seta to be formed. The thick
straight cylindrical shaft with characteristic transverse striation, and
the bluntly pointed lead-pencil-like tip are those of D. itoliensis.

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA

231

Remarks. Cognetti ('09) united with Michaelsen's D. itoliensis the
Benhamia moorei and johnstoni of Beddard ('01), and Michaelsen ('10)
added to these also Beddard's Benhamia mollis. I have recently been
through all the literature on these forms, and have examined Beddard's
types and a considerable amount of other material in the British

Fig. 3. Dichogaster itoliensis; spermatheca of young sexual specimen.

Museum, including co-types of Dichogaster jaculatrix Baylis ('15), and
other examples labelled Dichogaster itoliensis, Dichogaster johnstoni, as
well as a number of specimens of large Central x\frican worms awaiting
identification. I hope to publish shortly at somewhat greater length
some further details of this investigation; the result, shortly expressed,
is that all the forms mentioned belong to a single rather variable spe-
cies in which it is impossible to distinguish separate varieties or even
'forms.' The length, in specimens so far examined, varies between 205
and 560 mm. (592 mm. in life), the diameter between 7 and 20 mm.,
and the number of segments between 170 and 226. Though the present
specimens are so very much smaller than the largest, or even than the
average, of the species, I am not thoroughly convinced that I am right
in separating them even as a variety; there may exist, and may later
be found, examples which fill up the interval between the present
specimens and the smallest (205 mm.) previously known. It may be
that in this species growth in size continues till long after sexual
maturity is reached, or even goes on throughout life, and that the
very considerable differences in size represent merely differences in age.
Testis sacs of the kind found in D. itoliensis were not noted in the speci-
men dissected; but it was in quite an early stage of sexual maturity,
and just possibly the sacs might have developed later, though it is
not very easy to understand how.

232 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

DlCHOGASTER KIGOGOANA sp. IIOV.

Forest, Kigogo, Uzungwe Mts., Tanganyika Territory. 16.L30. Two speci-
mens, one in two pieces.

External Characters. Length 30 mm.; maximum diameter 3 mm.
Colour brownish, rather lighter ventrally. Segments 91.

Prostomium (fig. 4) triangular, pointed behind, the point reaching to
within a short distance of furrow 1/2, and continued backwards to the
furrow by a median groove. Furrow 1/2 indistinct, almost obliterated.

Fig. 4. Dichogaster kigogoana; prostomium.

Dorsal pores begin in furrow 5/6.

The setae are paired; aa = be mostly, but in front of the clitellum
be is greater; dd is equal to § of the circumference.

The clitellum, saddle-shaped, extends over segms. XIII-XIX
( = 7). The prostatic pores, on XVII and XIX, are in line with the
ventral setae; the seminal grooves are straight, bordered by faint lips.
The female and spermathecal apertures could not be distinguished.

Internal Anatomy. Septa 10/11-12/13 are somewhat thickened,
13/14 slightly so, the rest thin; 6/7 is present, but excessively tenuous,
perhaps incomplete.

The gizzards, of some size, are in VI and VII. The calciferous glands,
in XV-XVII, present no obvious differences in size. The last hearts
are in XII.

Testes and funnels are free in X and XI. The seminal vesicles, in
XI and XII, are large, — much larger than is usual in these Central
African species of the genus; they are cauliflower-like, cut up into a
large number of small lobules.

The prostates are tubular, rather small, apparently confined to one
segment, not coiled. The duct is very thin, short, and of the same di-
ameter throughout.

Ovaries and funnels are present in XIII, and ovisacs in XIV.

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA

233

The spermathecae (fig. 5) consist each of three parts : (I) a sac-like
thin-walled ampulla, separated by a constriction from (II) a middle
portion, bulkier and more opaque than the ampulla and apparently
with thicker walls, rounded, broader than long; (III) the duct, shining
and muscular, as long as the middle portion,
broadest above, narrowing gently towards its
exit. The diverticulum is single, ovoid or almost
spherical, shortly stalked, attached to the base
of the middle portion and dependent by the (
side of the duct.

The penial setae (fig. 6) are one per bundle,
1.34 mm. long, and 15^ in diameter at the
middle of the shaft. The shaft is very slightly
bowed, the proximal end bent through the
quadrant of a circle, somewhat like a hockey
club; the tip is bluntly pointed and slightly
hooked ; there may be a few very faint undula-
tions on the distal third or half of the shaft,
which however may be almost indistinguish-
able. The ornamentation consists of a few in-
cisures — they can
hardly be called teeth
— on the terminal 0.25
mm. of the shaft, which
cause a faint indenta-
tion of the margin of the
shaft (the convex mar-
gin) as seen in profile.

Fig. 5. Dichogaster
kigogoana; sperma-
theca.

Fig. 6. Dichogaster
kigogoana; penial seta.

a, whole seta, X 95;

b, distal end, X 400.

234 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

DlCHOGASTER LOVERIDGEI sp. nOV.

Kogogo, Uzungwe Mts., Tanganyika Territory. 18.i.30. Seven specimens,

with two fragments, in bad condition.
Ihenye, Ukinga Mts., Tanganyika Territory. 8.U.30. Several specimens and

fragments, in bad condition.

External Characters. Length 71-87 mm. ; maximum diameter 4 mm.
Colour greyish or ochreous. Segms. 146, 148; preclitellar segments after
the first few triannular.

Prostomium pro-epilobous, with a deep median groove prolonged
backwards completely through segm. I.

Dorsal pores from furrow 5/6.

Setae closely paired, all ventral; in the middle and hinder regions aa
is distinctly though not very much greater than be, while in front of the
clitellum aa = be; dd = f of the circumference.

The clitellum extends over the posterior third of XIII backwards to
include two-thirds or the whole of XX ( = 7-7§) it is thinner below,
the ventral setae being visible, and the furrows ; the furrows are obliter-
ated above, but the dorsal pores are visible.

The prostatic pores are two pairs, on XVII and XIX, in line with
setae b, on prominent spout-like porophores situated at the angles of a
square or rectangle; the apertures have the form of lipped grooves
which face the middle point of the square, — i.e. are subapically situ-
ated on (in the anterior pair) the inner and posterior or (posterior pair)
inner and anterior aspect of the porophore. The included square is
slightly depressed, flattened, and corrugated. The seminal grooves,
bounded by slight lips, in their course on segm. XVIII are straight,
along a line rather internal to that of the pores, and bend obliquely
outwards at each end (i.e. on segms. XVII and XIX) to join the slit-
like apertures on the porophores.

The female pores are in the setal zone of XIV internal to setae a.

The spermathecal apertures, inconspicuous, are in furrows 7/8 and
8/9, in line with the ventral setae.

Internal Anatomy. Septum 4/5 appears as a thin muscular sac or
bag, closely investing the pharyngeal mass, from which it can be sepa-
rated off; 5/6 appears to be absent; 6/7, between the gizzards, is repre-
sented only by a strand on the left side of the dissected specimen, and
could not be distinguished at all on the right; 7/8 and 8/9, lying close
together, are very thin; 9/10 is slightly thickened, 10/11-13/14 some-
what or moderately thickened, shining; the rest are thin.

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA

235

The gizzards, in VI and VII, are of moderate size, rather rectangular,
broader than long. The caleiferous glands, in XV-XVII, show no great
difference in size and none in colour or general appearance; those in
XV are perhaps a little smaller, especially the one on the left side; in
XVII a small separate lobe is seen depending from the hilus.

The last hearts are in XII. The micronephridia, not very small or-
gans, are arranged in the segments behind the prostatic region as a row
of about half a dozen on each side.

The testes and funnels are free in segms. X and XL The seminal
vesicles are two pairs, in XI and XII, those in XII rather the larger and
lobed, those in XI smooth.

Fig. 7. Dichogaster loveridgei; spermatheca.

The prostates are tubular, each beginning in the same segment,

XVII or XIX, in which it ends; after a short course it passes back into

XVIII (XX), where it forms an irregularly convoluted mass, and again
comes forward into XVII (XIX), ending abruptly by passing into the
much narrower duct. The duct forms a loop with a short, very short, or
almost non-existent narrow ental limb, the ectal limb being much
longer, thicker, and more shining; the whole duct is however relatively
rather short, and ends in close proximity to the stout muscular penial
setal sac.

Ovaries and funnels are present in XIII, and rudimentary ovisacs in
XIV.

The spermathecae (fig. 7) are of moderate size; the ampulla is
smooth, subspherical, and constricted off from the middle portion, a
soft sac of somewhat subspherical or irregular form, of approximately
the same size as or rather broader than the ampulla; the middle portion

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passes at its base into the short thick shining muscular duct. The diver-
ticulum is single, pear-shaped (or ovoid and stalked), dependent,
attached to the base of the middle portion, and bound down by con-
nective tissue to the upper part of the duct.

A single stout penial seta (fig. 8) is contained in each setal sac; in
length it is 2.24 mm., in diameter 53ju in the middle, 20^t near the tip.

AA
"A \A
A* A A
AA Ax
AA A
A» 1

AA

•A 11

V-_**.^-

Fig. 8. Dichogasterloveridgei; penial seta, a, whole seta, X 46; b, distal end,
X 300 (the ornamentation is not, as shown here, all in focus at once, since the
groups of denticles are alternately on opposite sides of the shaft).

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA 237

The shaft is slightly bowed, the distal two-fifths or so gently undulat-
ing,— about five faint undulations ; the tip narrows to form a small
hook. A few faint transverse striations, irregularly distributed, are
seen in the substance of the shaft. In the concavities, apparently, of
the undulations are four to six longitudinal rows, limited in extent and
arranged more or less in pairs, of tiny sculpturings, resembling small
teeth; sometimes the grouping is less regular. What appears as a con-
vexity on one side of the shaft is a concavity on the other, and hence
there are two series of such sculpturings, on opposite sides of the shaft,
brought into view not all at once, but separately, by focussing at
different levels. The ornamentation extends over the whole of the
undulating part of the shaft; the more proximal groups of sculpturings
are very distinct, the distal less so and smaller.

Remarks. The present species resembles D. sellae in some respects
(Cognetti, '09) ; the groove leading backwards from the prostomium is
rather reminiscent of that form, as also (in very general outline) are
the penial setae and spermathecae. But in D. sellae dd = half the cir-
cumference, the undulations of the penial setae are closer together and
the ornamentation sparser, and the spermathecal diverticulum may be
many -chambered.

Perhaps a closer resemblance is furnished by D. monticcllii (Cog-
netti, '14), where the ornamentation of the penial setae alternates, as
here, on opposite sides; but the penial setae are not hooked, and the
rows of denticles are not in pairs, and not so close together as here; and
the middle portion of the spermatheca is not swollen (if indeed a middle
portion can be distinguished in D. monticellii), but is of the same di-
ameter as the duct.

DlCHOGASTER RUNGWEENSIS sp. nOV.

Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn., Tanganyika Territory (to the N.E. of the N. end
of Lake Nyasa). 17.iv.30. Two specimens, in bad condition.

Madehani, Ukinga Mts., Tanganyika Territory (at the N. end of Lake Nyasa) :
ii.30. Two specimens, in bad preservation.

External Characters. I regret that the condition of the specimens
renders impossible anything more than a very cursory description of
the external features. The longest specimen (which broke immediately
into three pieces) measured 105 mm., but on account of the softening
and consequent extension this is quite unreliable; another measured

238 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology

90 mm. Diameter 3-4 mm. Colour purplish brown, cuticle iridescent.
Segments?

The prostomium forms a considerable rounded lobe with a narrow
triangular tongue, pointed backwards, the point just reaching furrow
1/2; a transverse furrow in front of the tongue (combined pro-epilobous
and tanylobous).

The dorsal pores begin in furrow 5/6; in one of the examples from
Madehani there was a rudimentary pore in 4/5.

The setae are paired ; in front of the clitellum (where alone they can
be distinguished) aa is usually equal to be, occasionally slightly greater
than be; dd = about two-thirds of the circumference.

The clitellum, embracing XIII-XX ( = 8), is ring-shaped on XIII-
XVI, though thinner mid-ventrally, where it is paler and the ventral
setae are visible; it is absent mid-ventrally and hence saddle-shaped,
on XVII-XX.

The prostatic apertures, on XVII and XIX, are in line with the ven-
tral setae, more exactly, perhaps, with b; the seminal grooves are very
slightly bowed inwards, and are bordered by faint whitish lips; the
male area, including the prostatic apertures and seminal grooves, has
the form of a square.

The female pores were not visible.

The spermathecal apertures are small, in furrows 7/8 and 8/9, in
line with setae b.

Internal Anatomy. Septum 4/5, behind the pharyngeal mass, is
thin but quite obvious; 5/6 is very thin, perhaps incomplete, situated
in front of the anterior gizzard; 6/7, between the two gizzards, is thin
and probably incomplete, or even considerably reduced; 7/8 is more
or less, 8/9-11/12 somewhat or moderately thickened, 12/13 slightly so.

The gizzards, in VI and VII, are well developed, cylindrical, the
anterior being the larger, — both broader and longer. The calciferous
glands, kidney-shaped, attached by the hilus, in XV-XVII, increase in
size backwards, those in XV being the smallest, those in XVII the
largest.

The last hearts are in XII. The micronephridia in the clitellar region
are 9-10 on each side per segment (6 in a specimen from Madehani);
behind the clitellum they are indistinguishable in these specimens.

The testes and funnels are free in X and XI. Seminal vesicles are"
present in XI and XII, those in XII of moderate size, with a granular
surface but not divided into large lobes, those in XI rather smaller but
similar in appearance.

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA

239

The prostates are tubular, not very long, irregularly bent; the duct
is relatively short, very narrow, irregularly bent, quite sharply limited
from the glandular part.

The ovaries and funnels are in XIII, and ovisacs are present in XIV.

The spermathecae (fig. 9) are composed, as before, of three parts:
(I) the ampulla, elongated, spindle-shaped, joined by a rather narrow
neck to the next, or (II) middle portion, opaquely white like the am-
pulla, widening gradually towards its base; (III) the duct, shining,

a

Fig. 9. Dichogaster rungweensis; a and b, spermathecae of two different
specimens.

muscular, as broad as the middle portion at its upper end, but narrow-
ing somewhat as it passes towards the body-wall. The diverticulum is
small, ovoid, shortly stalked, glistening, and dependent, and is attached
to the middle portion at its lower end, where this merges into the duct.
In a specimen from Madehani the spermathecae were shorter and rela-
tively thicker, as if contracted (fig. 9 b).

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One fully grown and one incompletely developed penial seta are
found in each bundle (fig. 10). In length a seta is about 1.8 mm., in
diameter 20/z at the middle of the shaft, 28/x near the base, 16ju shortly
before the tip. The shaft is slightly bowed, uneven in outline, in part

Fig. 10. Dichogasler rungweensis; penial seta, a, whole seta, X 58; b, distal
end, X 400.

sinuous, in part gently swollen and contracted alternately, somewhat
like the ventral nerve cord as seen in dissection, but less regular. The
tip is slightly curved, and tapers to a blunt point; the distal fourth or so
(0.4-0.5 mm.) is ornamented by a number of teeth, which may be
described as broad jagged notches, irregularly situated, hardly standing

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA 241

off at all from the surface. The seta may be slightly thicker near the
tip than further up the shaft (as in fig. 10 b). In the specimens from
Madehani these setae were slightly longer (1.9-2 mm.) and thicker
(25/jl at the middle, 33/u near the base, 17/u near the tip).

Remarks. The shape of the spermathecae is very strongly reminis-
cent of D. mundamcnsis, which however is a much smaller worm
(length 40 mm., diameter 2 mm.), and differs in numerous other par-
ticulars,— e.g. the penial setae are hooked at the end, the distal portion
tapers much more, and the character of the ornamentation is different.

Family EUDRILIDAE

Subfamily Eudrilinae
Genus polytoreutus Mich.

POLYTOREUTUS STRIATUS Sp. nOV.

Madehani, Ukinga Mts., Tanganyika Territory (at the N. end of Lake Nyasa).
ii.30. A single specimen, in two pieces, in bad condition (along with speci-
mens of Dichogaster rungweensis) .

External Characters. Length 115 mm. (softened); maximum di-
ameter 4 mm. Colour purple dorsally, with a banded appearance
behind the clitellum (hence the specific name), due to the interseg-
mental furrows being pale, and also to a series of transverse pale
bands across the dorsum at the middle of each segment; ventrally the
worms are pale, the passage from purple to pale at the sides being
rather sudden. Segments ca. 195.

Prostomium prolobous.

Dorsal pores absent.

The setae are paired, the ventral widely, the lateral more closely
(the setae can only be seen in front of the clitellum) ; aa is rather less
than 2ab, and is equal to be; cd = ca. \ab s= ca. \be, but the ratios vary
somewhat; dd is scarcely as much as half the circumference.

The clitellum includes f of segm. XIII in front and the whole of
XVII behind; it is rather lighter in colour than the surrounding
regions, not swollen, and the grooves are not completely obliterated.
The huge genital field takes up much of the clitellar region on the ven-
tral surface, so that it is difficult to say if it is saddle-shaped.

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The genital field (fig. 11) may be described as roughly triangular,
with truncated apex (anterior end) and much rounded angles. The
area includes (I) a lip, thick in front and behind, narrow at the sides;
(II) three oval papillae, one smaller, median and anterior, within the
curve of the lip, the flat surface of the papilla sloping backwards, and

Fig. 11. Polytoreutus striatus; genital field, a.p., anterior papilla; d, median
depression; lip, lip surrounding papillae; l.p., lateral papillae; sp., spermathecal
aperture with surrounding lip; d\ position of male aperture.

two very large, lateral, their long axes directed forwards and slightly
inwards, and their sharply cut margin bounded by a narrow groove
on the outer side where the papilla is closely adjacent to the lip, and
by a very deep groove on itsfnner side; their surfaces flat, and marked,
rather external to their long axes, by a long, straight, narrow but quite
shallow furrow; (III) a median depression, bounded by the two large
papillae at the sides, the small anterior papilla in front, and the poste-
rior lip behind; owing to the disposition of the large papillae this de-
pression is broader behind than in front. Furrow 16/17 seems to bend
forwards strongly and to pass in front of the lip, which overhangs it;

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA 243

furrow 18/19 passes on the posterior lip, the hinder border of which is
not well defined, and melts away in the mid-ventral region.

The male aperture is median, a slit between the anterior lip in front
and the anterior of the three papillae behind; from the course of furrow
16/17 this would correspond to a position on segm. XVII.

The female apertures are not visible externally, but from dissection
appear to be laterally situated on segm. XIV.

The spermathecal aperture is single, behind the genital field, moder-
ately conspicuous, surrounded by a broad lip which is more prominent
behind the aperture than in front of it; the whole transversely oval in
shape, taking up more than half the width of the ventral surface,
extending backwards over the whole of XX, while in front the lip of the
spermathecal aperture melts into the lip bounding the genital area
behind. On careful examination furrow 19/20 can be faintly seen,
passing a little way behind the spermathecal aperture, across its pos-
terior lip; the aperture is therefore on the hinder part of segm. XIX,

Internal Anatomy. Septum 4/5 is very thin, but apparently com-
plete; 5/6 is thin; 6/7 shows a commencing thickening, 7/8 is some-
what and 8/9-10/11 moderately thickened, 11/12 slightly so, and the
rest thin.

The gizzard, in segm. V, is firm and of some size, broad anteriorly,
narrowing backwards. The calciferous glands are unpaired and ven-
trally situated in IX-XI, of moderate size, attached to the gut by a
short narrow stalk, and paired in XIII, fairly bulky, attached by a
broad base, not stalked.

The last hearts are in XI.

The worm is metandric; a pair of testis sacs are present in XI,
rather small, sessile on septum 11/12. From each sac emerges in segm.
XI a sperm reservoir, a looped or slightly convoluted tube, shining
because of the contained spermatozoa, the second (or ectal) limb of the
loop thicker than the first (or ental). Penetrating septum 11/12, the
reservoir becomes the vas deferens, a straight tube which passes back-
wards by the side of the ventral nerve cord.

Leaving the testis sac, another tube, long, straight, narrow and semi-
transparent, passes backwards from the hinder aspect of septum 11/12,
side by side with its fellow, on the dorsal side of the gut; this is the
seminal vesicle, which when it reaches segm. XXVII begins to swell out
segmentally, — slightly in XXVII and XXVIII, more considerably in
XXIX-XXXII, where it ends; these swollen portions of the vesicles
are also on the dorsal side of the gut.

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The prostates (fig. 12) are paired, the right (in this specimen at
least) bent into a loop directed forwards and extending as far as segm.
XIV, the left straight and stretching backwards to XXV; each is

Fig. 12. Polytoreutus striatus; female organs, median and of right side, with
part of the prostates, at., terminal slight dilatation of spermatheca ( = atrim);
b.-p., bursa propulsoria; c.t., connecting tube; es., egg-sac;/., enclosed funnel;
h., anterior horn of spermatheca; od., oviduct; pr., prostate of left side; sp.,
spermathecal tube; v.d., vas deferens.

cylindrical, slightly shining, rather soft, and faintly constricted at the
sites of the septa. The vas deferens joins a teat-like papilla situated
near the ectal end of the gland, just before it narrows and turns inwards

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA 245

to join its fellow in the middle line, beneath the nerve cord in XVIII.
The single tube, narrow at its commencement, then passes forwards,
swells out again to form a considerable ovoid longitudinally placed sac
(bursa propulsoria) and finally again contracting somewhat, pierces
the body-wall on a level with the nephridia of XVI (which corresponds
to segm. XVII externally, — cf. fig. 11).

The spermatheca (fig. 12) is a median, shining, fairly regularly
cylindrical tube, single throughout practically the whole of its extent
(nearly as far as its anterior end), which passes forwards from its junc-
tion with the body-wall in XIX, over the place of junction of the two
prostates, by the right side of the prostatic bursa to segm. XIV. It is
faintly dilated at its posterior end, where it joins the body-wall, and
its anterior half again is rather wider than the part behind this. There
are no diverticula. At its anterior end the tube bifurcates to form two
short horns, also shining; each horn is continued outwards by the con-
necting tube to the enclosed funnel, a swollen region, with which com-
municate a moderate-sized rounded mammillated egg-sac, and a mul-
tiple sperm-magazine which is hardly recognizable except in sections.
The oviduct, a short straight tube directed outwards, places the en-
closed funnel in communication with the exterior.

The horns of the spermatheca and all the organs subsequently
described are situated in segm. XIV; none have any connection with
the thin septum 13/14, and no genital organs are visible in XIII;
ovaries and ovarian sacs have disappeared in the present specimen.

A few additional particulars can be gathered from the examination
of sections (fig. 13) : — The connecting tube, into which the horn of the
spermatheca is continued, is narrow and bent, thick-walled, muscular,
and lined with columnar epithelium. The enclosed funnel is an irregu-
lar cavity with a thick wall of (muscle and ?) connective tissue cells
and fibres, lined by elongated columnar cells. The egg-sac is attached
to the posterior aspect of the enclosed funnel by a broad base, and is
thus shaped somewhat like a mushroom with a broad very short
stalk; the mammillations of the surface correspond to egg-follicles;
the ova are, if large, one or two in a follicle, but masses of smaller ova
may occur, or one medium-sized ovum may occupy a follicle along
with a number of small ova; the cavity in the base and stalk of the sac
communicates widely with that of the enclosed funnel.

The sperm-magazine consists of about half a dozen small loculi,
each somewhat pear-shaped, arranged side by side, their mouths (the
narrow ends of the pears) converging somewhat to open into the base

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of the enclosed funnel (or beginning of the oviduct) close against the
stalk of the ovisac.

h.

Fig. 13. Polytoreutus strialus; female organs of the right side, diagrammatic,
constructed from a series of sections; the opening from the cavity of the egg-sac
into the base of the enclosed funnel is at a different (lower) level from the
openings of the chambers of the sperm-magazine, cav., cavity of egg-sac; c.t.,
connecting tube; es., egg-sac;/., enclosed funnel; h., horn of spermatheca; od.,
oviduct; s.m., chambers of the sperm-magazine.

The oviduct is narrow and thin-walled, and leaves the anterior aspect
of the sperm-magazine.

Family GLOSSOSCOLECIDAE
Subfamily Microchaetinae
Genus alma Grube
Alma emini (Mich.) f. iypica

Siphonogaster emini Michaelsen '92, Mitt. Mus. Hamburg, 9, ii, p. 36, Taf. fig.

4, 5. Bukoba, Tanganyika Territory.

see also
Alma emini Michaelsen '15, Ergeb. 2. Deutsch. Zent.-Afr.-Exp. 1910-11. 1,

Teil i, p. 296.

Albertville, Belgian Congo. 21.V.30. A single specimen, not fully mature.

STEPHENSON: AFRICAN OLIGOCHAETA 247

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE

Baylis, H. A.

1915. A new African Earthworm collected by Dr. C. Christy. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 16.

Beddard, F. E.

1901. On some Species of Earthworms of the genus Benhamia from
Tropical Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901, ii.

COGNETTI DE MARTIIS, L.

1909. Lombrichi del Ruwenzori e dell' Uganda. Spedizione al Ruwenzori
di S. A. R. il Principe L. Amadeo di Savoia. Parte Scientifica. 1.
Milan.

1914. Oligochetti raccolti da S.A.R. la Duchessa di Aosta nella regione
dei grandi laghi dell' Africa equatoriale. Annu. Mus. Zool. Univ.
Napoli, 4.

MlCHAELSEN, W.

1892. Beschreibung der von Herrn Dr. Fr. Stuhlmann am Victoria Nyanza
gesammelten Terricolen. Mitt. Mus. Hamburg, 9, ii.

1910. Die Oligochiiten des inneren Ostafrikas und ihre geographischen
Beziehungen. Wiss. Ergeb. Deutsch-Zentral-Afrika Exp., 3.
Leipzig.

1915. Zentralafrikanische Oligochaten. Ergeb. 2. Deutsch. Zentral-
Afrika Exp. 1910-11. Leipzig.

n . l. . l - <-

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXV, No. 5

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF AN

EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWESTERN HIGHLANDS

OF TANGANYIKA TERRITORY

V

CRABS

The Library
Museum of Comparative Zoology-
Harvard University

By Mary J. Rathbun

With Seven Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

June, 1933

No. 5. — Reports on the Scientific Results of an Expedition to
the Southwestern Highlands of Tanganyika Territory

V

Crabs
By Mary J. Rathbun

The fresh-water crabs collected by Mr. A. Loveridge during his
recent expedition number eight species of Potamon and one of Deckenia.
Only one Potamon, P. bottegoi, has a lateral spine or tooth on the cara-
pace. In the remainder the postfrontal crest forms an obtuse angle
with the lateral margin behind the crest. Some species have a deep
hollow between the orbit and the crest; the most striking is loveridgei,
a large strongly convex species; near it there is a small form with
hollow less deep; it belongs to the subgenus Geothelphusa on account
of the crest bluntly rounded except at the ends. Also closely allied is
the species reichardi of moderate size, with the carapace not so convex
nor so deeply hollowed behind the orbit. In johnstoni unisidcatus the
carapace is much swollen, the ischial furrow absent from the maxilliped
or onltr faintly marked. The identity of P. suprasulcatus with the true
hilgendorfi has been proven.

The well-known shore species, Ocypode kuhlii, is included for figur-
ing.

POTAMONIDAE

Potamon (Potamonautes) loveridgei spec. nov.

Plate 1 ; Plate 2, Figure 1

10 cf 14 9 (M.C.Z. 7676) Luiche River, Ujiji. 24.V.30.

1 d1 (M.C.Z. 8022) Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. i.1.30.

This belongs to Group A of the subgenus Potamonautes1 in which
there is no tooth on the lateral border of the carapace behind the
orbital tooth. Carapace about two-thirds as long as broad, very con-

'Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1905, 7, p. 162.

252 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

vex longitudinally, less so transversely, being rather flat in the middle
third. Branchial regions much swollen but not expanded laterally as
far as the orbit is wide, in either old or young. Grooves deep about the
urogastric area and the front and sides of the cardiac region; narrow
part of mesogastric region well defined, roof-shaped, a deep median
groove extends from it half way down the front. Anterior part of
cervical suture feeble. Surface smooth to the naked eye, covered with
a fine depressed granulation with larger distant punctae interspersed.
A few short, faint striae on the antero-lateral surface. Postfrontal crest
transverse except near the middle, the epigastric lobes, where it is
slightly advanced and thicker and blunter; the outer ends join the
lateral margins of the carapace at an obtuse angle and without form-
ing a tooth. In strictly dorsal view the crest stands over and conceals
the middle border of the orbit; in front view it is strongly arched, each
half curved down a little toward the median line. Behind the crest the
lateral margin is marked for half its length by a narrow smooth raised
line with a row of punctae through its middle; near the crest the margin
is compressed and outstanding but posteriorly it becomes gradually
lower until it fades away on the postlateral border. Anterior margin
of front invisible in dorsal view; its width is twice as great as the median
height of the front; it is arcuate and forms an angle of about 45° with
the lateral margin; frontal margin formed of a prominent smooth rim
which widens a little just below the attachment of the eye-stalk.
Orbit narrowing from the inner to the outer end, the upper margin
very oblique, the lower transverse; the orbit is pinched in at the
middle opposite the compression of the eyestalk, its upper margin
slenderer than the frontal margin, and its lower margin slenderer than
the upper. Some specimens, however, have the lower margin not sinu-
ous or bent upward at the middle, but forming a regular downward
curve from end to end. The outer third of the postfrontal crest is in
front view subparallel to the upper orbital crest, although these crests
are further apart at the outer than the inner ends; the interspace is
deeply hollowed out in a gutter, the deepest spot close to the sinus of
the upper orbital margin; the outer end terminates in a broad V-sinus,
the point of the V being immediately behind the suborbito-branchial
sinus. This sinus is bordered by a line of granulo-crenulations directed
forward; the anterior part of the pterygostomian ridge by a line of
separated granules.

The groove on the ischium of the outer maxilliped is deep and
terminates short of the distal end of the article. Anterior end of male
sternum rather narrow; anterior groove deep and transverse; second

KATHBUN: AFRICAN CRABS 253

groove broadly V-shaped, shallow at middle, deep at either end. In
front of the abdominal cavity there is a smooth, glossy, raised, arched
area subparallel to the terminus of the telson and extending some
distance beyond.

Chelipeds very unequal in cf, less so in 9 ; surface coarsely punctate;
margin of merus armed with appressed spines above, blunt outstand-
ing teeth below, and small triangular teeth or coarse denticles on the
inner edge, with also a large conical spine near distal end; a moderate
spine at inner angle of carpus, a smaller one beneath ; palms unequal
in both sexes, the major one swollen and in c? higher than superior
length; palms rough above; fingers long, rather slender, narrowly gap-
ing, multidentate with a few larger teeth on each finger. Legs stout,
merus of second pair about three times as long as broad.

Abdomen of male with the sides slightly concave from middle of
third to middle of sixth segment. There is considerable variation in
the width especially of the sixth segment; in two specimens of equal
size this segment has the same length, 7.2 mm.; the width in the type-
specimen is 9 at the small end, 10.8 at the union with the fifth seg-
ment; in the other specimen these widths are respectively 9.8 and
11.4 mm.

In general appearance this species suggests a relationship to P. (Pota-
monautes) fioweri,1 which however is much wider, with a tooth behind
the orbit, a postfrontal crest strongly advanced at the extremities, a
bilobed front, a single horizontal sternal groove.

Measurements. The males vary in width from 31.4 to 48.4 mm., the
females from 35 to 52 mm.

Measurements of type specimen :

Length of carapace 33.6
Width of carapace 48.4
Width at postfrontal crest 37.1
Fronto-orbital width 33.1
Width of lower edge of front 12.6
Width of upper line of front 18.5
Height of front to postfrontal crest 6.1.

The small male from Dabaga is 14.3x20.1 mm. In the main it
agrees with the specimens of the type lot, all of which are much larger;
the margin of the front is less arcuate and at the middle bends back-
ward; the color after preservation in alcohol is a deep red.

1 De Man, 1901, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 94, pi. X; Rathbun, 1921, Bull. Amer. Mus
Nat. Hist., 43, p. 406, text-fig. 6, pi. XX, fig. 2.

254 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Potamon (Potamonautes) reichardi (Hilgendorf)

Plate 3; Plate 4, Figures 3 and 4

Telphusa reichardi Hilgendorf, 1898, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika 4, p. 13: German
East Africa.

Potamon reichardi de Man, 1898, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (2)
19, p. 438 [57].

2 9 (M.C.Z. 8023) Madehani, Ukinga Mtns. 11.30.

7 & 14 9 (M.C.Z. 7677) Nkuka Forest, Rungwe Mtn. 24.111.30.

A small species related to P. (Potamonautes) loveridgei. Compared
with a specimen of the latter, also male, of subequal size, about 31 mm.
wide, the following differences appear: Body less thick — 12.8 against
15.6 mm. in loveridgei. Carapace less swollen, anterior margin of front
visible in dorsal view. The anterior part of the mesogastric region is
narrower and but very slightly constricted, then widening a little with
sides angular and gradually narrowing to a point near the postfrontal
crest; the median furrow reaches half way down the front. The sur-
face of the carapace has a different aspect owing to a fine wrinkling
added to the flat granular pavement and the punctae, which are more
numerous than in the larger species. Postfrontal crest though advanced
at middle not thicker there than elsewhere; it is directed slightly for-
ward at the outer end, but not nearly so much downward ; it does not
conceal nor reach so far forward as the line of the orbits; it is feebly
crenulate the crenules most evident at the outer fifth. In those cara-
paces about 23 mm. and less in width the crest more often does not
bend forward at outer end. The lateral margin is broken into smooth
oblong tubercles, the first few behind the crest somewhat dentiform,
the posterior ones gradually smaller. Margin in front of crest not V-
shape, but forming a broad U. Front less high than in loveridgei,
anterior margin wider, slightly bilobed and nearly three times as wide
as the median height of the front; sides of front more longitudinal than
in the allied form. Lower margin of orbit not sinuous, more promi-
nent, and with a narrower, deeper outer sinus.

Groove on ischium of outer maxilliped extraordinarily deep. Upper
surface of carpus and manus of cheliped less rough, fingers stouter,
meeting without gape. Ambulatory legs shorter and narrower. The
posterior of the two sternal grooves is developed only at the extremities
and there faintly. The anterior end of the abdominal cavity is bor-
dered by a narrow ridge ; no trace of a glossy raised area further forward

RATHBUN: AFRICAN CRABS 255

on the sternum as in loveridgei. Sides of male abdomen nearly straight,
sixth segment slightly constricted near distal end. In small males the
terminal segment projects laterally a little beyond the adjoining end
of the sixth segment.

Measurements of largest male.

Length of carapace 22.4 mm.

Width of carapace 31.2

Width at postfrontal crest 24.6

Fronto-orbital width 20.9

Width at lower edge of front 8.4

Width at upper line of front 11.1

Height of front to middle of postfrontal crest 3.

POTAMON (POTAMONAUTES) JOHNSTONI UNISULCATUS SUbspeC nOV.

Plate 2, Figures 2-4

5 c? 4 9 (2 ovig.) 3 broken (M.C.Z. 7678) Bagilo, Uluguru Mtns. IX.26.

Type lot.
3 9 (1 ovig.) (M.C.Z. 7679) Nyange, Uluguru Mtns. 9.X.26.

Differs as follows from typical johnstoni:1 the largest specimen
(Bagilo) ( 9 ) 35 x 52 mm. resembles Caiman's fig. 11 ifi the crest being
well marked but differs in the forward curvature of the outer extremi-
ties. The toothing of the anterior margin of the arm is the same as in
the figure. In small specimens the two halves of the postfrontal crest
may be straight or nearly so and slope slightly backward from the
median line. In the larger specimens, 32 to 52 mm. wide, the swollen
condition of the antero-lateral region has driven the outer portion of
the crest forward, so that the two halves of the crest are concave for-
ward and not as a whole inclined backward from the middle. The
male abdomen does not have straight sides as in Caiman's fig. 10, but
the margin of the 4th-6th segments is concave. The males, 32 mm. and
less in width, lack the posterior of the two sternal grooves figured by
Colosi (fig. 15a), there being only very faint indications of the same.2

1 See Caiman, 1909, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 19, pt. 1, p. 51, text-figs. 9-12.
' Ark. f. Zobl., Stockholm, 1924, 16, p. 21.

256 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

POTAMON (POTAMONAUTES) HILGENDORFI (Pfeffer)

Telphusa hilgendorfi Pfeffer, 1889, Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst., (2) 6,
1888, p. 32: On the way to Kilimanjaro.

Telphusa suprasulcata Hilgendorf, 1898, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, 4, p. 8, pi.,
fig. 5-5d: German East Africa.

Potamon suprasulcatum de Man, 1898, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova
(2) 19, p. 438 [57].

Potamon (Potamonautes) hilgendorfi de Man, 1901, Proc. Zo&l. Soc. Lon-
don, p. 102; not Telphusa hilgendorfi Hilgendorf, 1898, Deutsch-Ost-
Afrika, 4, p. 9, fig. 3.

2 c? 4 9 2 broken (M.C.Z. 7682) Amani, Usambara Mtns. XII. 26.
1 d" (M.C.Z. 7683) Mkarazi, Uluguru Mtns. 21.X.26.
1 9 ovig. (M.C.Z. 8024) Kigogo, Uzungwe Mtns. 13.11.30.

Dr. Panning has kindly sent me for study all the specimens of
P. hilgendorfi remaining in the Hamburg Museum. They correspond
to those described and keyed by Hilgendorf as Telphusa suprasulcata
(1898, pp. 7-9): Carapace moderately swollen; postfrontal crest sharp-
edged; carpal tooth conical; side wall three-parted; mesogastric furrow
slit-form; furrow lacking on outer maxilliped and present on fixed
finger; anterior branch of cervical furrow present.

Measurements.

9 , Amani

Greatest width bf carapace 72.6

Length of carapace 51.2

Distance between extraorbital

angles 41.6

Breadth of anterior frontal margin 19.2

Breadth of orbits 12

A small c? specimen, M.C.Z. 8025, Madehani, Ukinga Mountains,
11.30., 11.5 x 15.3 mm., may be a variety of hilgendorfi. It differs from
the larger specimens of that species as follows: The lateral regions of
the carapace are rougher, the crenulated carinae more numerous; this
may be an age variation. The postfrontal crest is straighter and more
oblique; as in the old specimens it joins the lateral margin without a
semblance of a tooth. The upper margin of the orbit is regularly con-
cave, not bent downward or forward at the middle.

cf , Amani

C? Mkarazi

62.2

29.1

40.2

21.3

37

20.6

16.1

9.8

10.2

6

RATHBUN: AFRICAN CRABS 257

POTAMON (POTAMONAUTES) USAMBARAE nom. nOV.

Plate 6

Telphusa hilgendorfi Hilgendorf, 1898, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, 4, p. 9, fig. 3;
not T. hilgendorfi Pfeffer 1889.

2 c? 2 9 (M.C.Z. 7680) Amani, Usambara Mtns. XII.26.

1 c? 1 9 ovig. (M.C.Z. 7681) Kizerui, Usambara Mtns. 8.XII.26.

A large species, 59 mm. broad (Hilgendorf). The small specimens
in hand appear to belong here, although the sinus below the outer
angle of the orbit is shallow, not deep as described for the large speci-
men.

Carapace rather flat behind, inclined downward anteriorly, edge of
front not visible in dorsal view. Surface microscopically granulate and
finely wrinkled, punctate, a few very faint oblique striae on the antero-
lateral region. Cardiac furrows and middle portion of cervical suture
distinct, lateral branches lacking. Postfrontal crest well marked, acute,
punctate, transverse in dorsal view except at extremities which are
directed a little forward and downward, forming an obtuse angle with-
out tooth; in front view the two halves are separately convex. Median
mesogastric furrow broad, continued halfway down the front. Upper
margin of orbit trending obliquely forward, downward and outward,
slightly sinuous; lower margin arcuate; both margins turn forward at
outer end to tip of outer tooth, rectangular in dorsal view. Lateral
expansion of carapace a little greater than width of orbit ; margin finely
denticulate, ending in front of the gastro-cardiac line. Subbranchio-
hepatic furrow nearly obsolete but marked by a row of minute gran-
ules; pterygostomian furrow more distinctly granulate. Furrow on
ischium of outer maxilliped deep, not continued to either end. Anterior
sternal furrow in male continuous, wider and deeper at the extremities;
posterior furrow incomplete, developed at outer ends, inner half
obsolete. Sternum swollen along insertion of the cheliped. Abdomen
(cT) triangular, sides slightly concave from third to sixth segment.
Merus of chelipeds with outer and upper surface rough with short
granulate rugae; inner and outer margins denticulate, a longish spine
near distal end of inner margin. Inner spines of carpus well-developed,
conical. Surface of wrist and palm rough with scabrous granules.
Chelae in both sexes unequal, swollen, in major chela narrowly gaping,
fingers very rough. Merus of ambulatory legs expanded at middle.

258 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Measurements.

d\ Amani 9 , Kizerui

Length of carapace 16.8 18.2

Width of carapace 22.6 26.3

Width at postfrontal crest 18 20.4

Fronto-orbital width 16 17.2

Width of lower edge of front 6.2 6.4

Width of upper line of front 8 8.4

Height of front to postfrontal crest 2.3 2.8

Potamon (Potamonautes) bottegoi de Man

Potamon (Potamonautes) bottegoi de Man, 1898, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
(2) 19, p. 262 [3], pi. Ill: Somaliland.

1 <? (M.C.Z. 7684). Miritini, Kenya Colony. 30.X.29.

Potamon (Acanthothelphusa) niloticus (Milne Edwards)

Thelpheusa nilotica Milne Edwards, 1837, Hist. Nat. Crust., 2, p. 12.

Thelphusa nilotica Milne Edwards, 1854, Arch. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, 7, p. 170,
pi. xii, fig. 2.

Potamon (Acanthothelphusa) nilotica Ortmann, 1S97, 10, p. 300.

Id* 5 9 (M.C.Z. 8026). Entebbe, Uganda. 27.VI.30.

Potamon (Geothelphusa) emini (Hilgendorf) var. Bouvier

Plate 4, Figures 1 and 2; Plate 5

Potamon (Geothelphusa) emini (Hilgendorf) Bouvier, 1921, Voy. Alluaud et
Jeannel en Afr. Orient., Crust., 3, p. 50 (part: specimens from Kijabe,
text-fig. 4).

1 J1 1 9 paper shell, 2 9 (one bearing young, the other eggs) (M.C.Z.
7685). Kigogo River, Uzungwe Mtns. 25.1.30.

A small form, the largest specimen 20 mm. wide, length 3/4 of
width. Surface smooth to naked eye, paved with very fine granulation,
mixed with scattered punctae; on the postlateral region a patch of
larger punctae closer together; horizontal striae and punctae cover the
intestinal region; no antero-lateral striae. Gastro-cardiac furrow
broad and deep; at either end a short curved furrow, the posterior end
of which forms a hook on the branchial region ; in front of this two or
three small round dimples ; a shallow elongate depression indicates the

RATHBUN: AFRICAN CRABS 259

middle of each branch of the cervical suture. Antero-lateral border
narrow, raised, entire, ending at a point in line with the gastro-cardiac
furrow. Front bilobed; anterior width less than 1/3, posterior width
about 2/5, of width of carapace. Outer orbital tooth short, thick, rec-
tangular; orbital margin regularly curved, coarsely punctate; upper
margin more deeply cut than lower and inclined downward toward the
outer end. Postorbital ridge resolvable into low epigastric lobes, sepa-
rated by an obscure median furrow and faintly so from the smooth pro-
togastric portion ; outer portion of crest beginning behind the middle of
the eyestalk strongly carinated and curved downward parallel to the
orbital border and separated from it by a deep gutter. The antero-
lateral margin of the carapace in front of the crest forms a very broad
V, the anterior end thickened. Hepatico-branchial boundary finely
granulate; anterior end of pterygostomian region granulate. Ischium
of external maxilliped deeply grooved.

Chelipeds unequal in both sexes, coarsely punctate; proximal spine
on inner edge of merus very short, subdentiform ; major manus swollen ;
fingers narrow, grooved. Ambulatory legs rather slender.

Sternal groove between maxillipeds deep; that between chelipeds
is angular, almost obsolete in middle, laterally broad and deep, stop-
ping short of the lateral margin of the sternum. A narrow rim around
end of abdominal cavity, extends a little beyond the abdomen itself.

Male abdomen oblong-triangular, sides nearly straight, of sixth
segment slightly convex, of seventh sinuous, this segment extending
laterally slightly beyond the adjoining end of the sixth.

Measurements.

& 9

Length of carapace 10.2 14.8

Width of carapace 14.2 20

Width at postfrontal crest 11.4 16

Fronto-orbital width 10.7 14.5

Width of lower edge of front 4.7 6

Width of upper line of front 5.6 8

Height of front to postfrontal crest 1.6 2.2

Deckenia mitis Hilgendorf

Deckenia mitis Hilgendorf, 1S9S, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, Lief, ix, Dekap.,
p. 24, fig. 8.— Rathbun, 1906, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris,
7, p. 71, text-fig. 123, pi. xix, fig. 7.

1 cf (M.C.Z. 7686) Ruvu River, Bagamoyo. 14.XI.29.

260 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

OCYPODIDAE

Ocypode kuhlii de Haan

Plate 7

Ocypode {Ocypode) kuhlii de Haan, 1835, Fauna Japon., Crust., Dec. 2,

p. 58: Indian Ocean.
Ocypoda kuhlii Miers, 1882, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 10, p. 384, pi. xvii,

fig. 8-86.

5 c? 5 9 (M.C.Z. 7687) Bagamoyo, T.T. 13.xii. 29.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

Rathbun — Crabs

PLATE 1

Potamon (Potamonautes) loveridgei <? holotype

Fig. 1. Ventral view, showing chelae, nat. size.

Fig. 2. Frontal view, x about 1~H-

Fig. 3. Ventral view, showing maxillipeds and sternum, x about 1^.

Note the raised white arch in front of abdominal cavity.
Fig. 4. Ventral view, showing abdomen, x about 1}^.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Rathbun. African Crabs. Plate 1

PLATE 2

Rathbun — Crabs

PLATE 2

Fig. 1. Potamon {Potamonautes) johnstoni unisulcatus 9 , dorsal view, nat. size.
Fig. 2. Potamon {Potamonautes) johnstoni unisulcatus cf cotype, ventral view,

x2.
Fig. 3. Potamon {Potamonautes) loveridgei cf holotype, dorsal view, nat. size.
Fig. 4. Potamon {Potamonautes) johnstoni unisulcatus cf cotype, sternum and

abdomen, x 3.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Rathbun. African Crabs. Plate 2

PLATE 3

R athbun — Crabs

PLATE 3

Potamon (Potamonautes) reichardi cf

Fig. 1. Frontal view, x 2.

Fig. 2. Dorsal view, x 2.

Fig. 3. Ventral view, showing chelae, x 2.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Rathbun. African Crabs. Plate 3

PLATE 4

Rathbun — Crabs

PLATE 4

Fig. 1. Potamon (Geothelphusa) emini c\ dorsal view, x 3.

Fig. 2. Potamon {Geothelphusa) emini d1, ventral view, x 3.

Fig. 3. Potamon (Potamonautes) reichardi d1, ventral view showing maxilli-

peds and sternum, x 2.
Fig. 4. Potamon (Potamonautes) reichardi d1, ventral view showing abdomen,

x 2.

BULL. MUS. CO MP. ZOOL.

Rathbun. African Crabs. Plate 4

m

PLATE 5

Rathbun — Crabs

PLATE 5

Potamon (Geothelphusa) emini

Fig. 1. 9 , frontal view, x 3.

Fig. 2. 9 , dorsal view, x 3.

Fig. 3. cf, ventral view, showing maxillipeds, x 4.

Fig. 4. cf, ventral view, showing abdomen and sternum, x 4.

BULL. MUS COMP. ZOOL.

Rathbun. African Crabs. Plate 5

PLATE 6

Rathbun — Crabs

PLATE 6

Potamon (Potamonautes) usambarae
Fig. 1. 9 , chelae, x 2.
Fig. 2. 9 , dorsal view, x 2.
Fig. 3. 9 , frontal view, x 3.
Fig. 4. d\ ventral view, x 3.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Rathbun. Africa\ Crabs. Plate 6

'S

PLATE 7

Rathbun — Crabs

PLATE 7

Ocypode kuhlii d\ about natural size.
Fig. 1. Dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Ventral view.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Rathbun. African Crabs. Plate 7

187

I 270S

C 70 1 ■

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. LXXV, No. 6

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF AN

EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWESTERN HIGHLANDS

OF TANGANYIKA TERRITORY

VI

PARASITIC NEMATODES FROM EAST AFRICA
AND SOUTHERN RHODESIA

By J. H. Sandground

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

August, 1933

No. 6. — Reports on the Scientific Results of an Expedition to
the Southwestern Highlands of Tanganyika Territory

VI

Parasitic Nematodes from East Africa and Southern Rhodesia
By J. H. Sandground

This report is based on material secured by Mr. Arthur Loveridge
of this museum on the occasion of his recent zoological collecting expe-
dition to Tanganyika Territory, and on a collection made by the author
incidental to the prosecution of certain special helminthological studies
in Southern Rhodesia and Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa) at
about the same time. The report is restricted in its scope to the nema-
todes, of which nine new species are here described. The parasitic
worms of other groups will be made the subject of later studies,.

Preceding the systematic descriptions of the new forms, it has been
thought worth while to give a list of other nematodes identified in this
collection adequate descriptions of which are already available, which
extends either the host or geographic ranges of species. In some
instances, owing to an unfortunate insufficiency of material, only the
generic identification of the parasites has been possible.

The author desires to record his appreciation to Mr. Loveridge for
the opportunity of studying his collection and to Messrs. Glover M.
Allen, Outram Bangs and James L. Peters for their kind services in the
authoritative identification of the bird and mammalian hosts of the
parasites.

The type specimens of the new forms described are deposited in the
helminthological collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.

MAMMALIA

Primates

Cercopithecus leucampyx
moloneyi

C. I. beirensis

C. aethiops pygerythrus
C. aethiops centralis
Colobus badius gordonorum

Papio (neumanni?)

Tanganyika

S. Rhodesia

Mozambique
Tanganyika

Oesophagostomum pachyce-

phalum
Streptopharagus pigmentatus

u u

Trichiurus trichiura
Oesophagostomum brumpti

" pachycepha-

lum
Streptopharagus pigmentatus
Physaloptera caucasica

264

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Papio porcarius

S. Rhodesia

Cheiroptera

Rhinolophus augur zambesiensis

Carnivora

Thos adustus

Felis capensis hindei

Insectivora

Crocidura nyanzae kivu

Hyracoidea

Procavia brucei fromtni

Pedetes dentatus
Mastomys microdon victoriae
Tatera lobengulae
Leggada minutoides
Otomys irroratus
Cricetomys gambianus

Tanganyika

S. Rhodesia

a

Streptopharagus pigmentatus
Oesophagostomum brumpti
Strongylaides fulleborni

Strongylacantha glycirrhiza

Ancylostoma braziliense

" caninum

Toxocara mystax
Physaloptera praeputiale

Amplicaecum sp. (encapsuled
larvae)

Crossophorus collaris
Hoplodontophorus flageUum
Theileriana brachylaima
Setaria loveridgei
Trichuris sp
Protospirura muricola

Heterakis spumosa

Accipitriformes

Falco biarmicus biarmicus

F. s. subbuteo

Elanus caeruleus

Circaetus cinereus
Galliformes
Guttera edwardi

Francolinus coqui hubbardi
Pternistes cranchii itigi

Lacertilia

Agama agama turnensis

A. atricollis
Chamaeleon goetzei
Chamaeleon tempeli

AVES

Tanganyika

a

S. Rhodesia

Tanganyika

a

REPTILIA

Tanganyika

Dispharynx sp.
Habronema leptoptera

u «

Physaloptera alata
Porrocaecum depressum

Ascaridia numidiae
Heterakis bre mspiculum
Heterakis sp.
Porrocaecum sp.

Strongyluris gigas
S. ornata (?)
S. ornata{1)
S. brevicaudata

sandground: African parasitic nematodes

265

Mabuya planifrons

Gerrhosaurus major zechi

Varanus niloticus

Ophidia

Typhlops punctatus punctatus

Boaedon lineatus

Grayia tholloni

Trim erorhin us tritaeniatus

Psammophis sibilans

Naja melanoleucus

Tanganyika

Physaloptera sp*
Tanqua tiara
Kalicephalus sp*

Rana mascareniensis

AMPHIBIA

S. Rhodesia

Amphibiophyllus acanthocirra-
tus.

Superfamily TRICHUROIDEA

Family TRICHURIDAE

Subfamily Capillariinae

Hepaticola hepatic a (Bancroft, 1S93)

Hosts: Acomys selousi, and (?) Homo sapiens.
Locality: Mount Silinda, Southern Rhodesia.

At present four species are recognized in the genus Hepaticola, on
which considerable interest has recently been focussed because of the
report of an authentic case of infection with H. hepaticola in man.
(MacArthur, 1924 and later reports of several human infections in
Russia and Panama.)

The type species, //. hepaticola, is a relatively long, very fragile
worm which lives in the tissue of the liver, primarily of mice, rats, the
hare and, in this country, also the coyote. H. hepatica enjoys a cosmo-
politan distribution coincident with that of its rodent hosts. When the
number of worms is high, as it frequently is, considerable destruction
of liver tissue occurs with consequent pathological sequelae. Other
species that have been described are: H. soricicola Xishigori, 1924
from the liver of Sorex sp. in Formosa; H. anthropopithici Trosier et ah,
1928, from the liver of the Chimpanzee in West Africa; i/. gastrica

♦Because of the considerable variation found associated with the so-called specific characters,
many of the large number of species that have been proposed in the genera Kalicephalus and
Physaloptera are indistinguishable. I consequently refrain from attempting specific identification
of the reptilian representatives of these genera pending more comparative material which will
make a critical study possible.

266 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Baylis, 1926, from the stomach of Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus in
Europe; //. muris Uyeyama, 1928, from the stomach of Epimys
(Rattus) norvegicus in Japan.

The morphology of //. hepaticola, as well as that of the other species,
is rather imperfectly known since even by the most careful dissection
it is difficult to extract the fragile sinuous worms from the matrix in
which they are intimately embedded. For morphological study usually
little more can be secured than fragments of the anterior and posterior
parts of the body.

To add to the difficulty of classification, the male worm, which
possesses the most important taxonomic characters, is found even less
frequently than the female. In consequence of this, the various species
established have been based on a presumable specificity of habitat of
the worm and certain characteristics of the egg.

In our case, the specific identification has been based primarily on
size of eggs, and their comparison in structure and shape with eggs of
H. hepaticola secured from Rattus norvegicus in Boston. The variation
in size was found to be from 52 to 58^u by 27.6 to 29/*, a figure which
falls very well within the relatively extensive range reported by others.

Hepaticola hepatica was found to be very prevalent among field mice
at Mount Silinda, the livers frequently being massively infected in all
their lobes. Attempts to dissect out entire worms yielded disappointing
results.

As has been well established by many workers, the eggs of Hepaticola
hepatica are usually well walled off by adventitious connective tissue
in the liver, and are not released from this organ before the death of the
host. Only on rare occasions have they been found in small numbers
in the intestinal contents and faeces. Considerable interest from the
standpoint of tropical medicine, consequently attaches to our finding a
very rich supply of eggs indistinguishable from H. hepatica in a stool
from a single individual out of several hundreds examined at Mt.
Silinda. The individual, a woman of the Ndau tribe, neither displayed
symptoms, nor gave any history of any previous illness that might be
attributable to a massive Hepaticola infestation. By the time that the
anomaly of finding the stool heavily laden with the eggs of II. hepaticola
was realised, the woman, who was a visitor in this neighborhood, had
gone away and no further stools could be secured.

In view of the propensity of African natives to consume various
forms of rodent life among which rats, porcupines and squirrels may be
specifically cited as evidenced by our own observation, it is highly
probable, in our opinion, that human cases in which the Hepaticola

sandground: African parasitic nematodes

267

eggs are found in the stools may be relegated to the growing category of
pseudo-parasitism in which eggs found in faeces represent innocent
passengers through the human alimentary canal. The helminthological
examination of the faeces over several days, when the diet of the pa-
tient is controlled, would establish the correctness of this surmise.

Superf amily STRONGYLOIDEA

Family TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE

Subfamily Trichostrongylinae

Haemonchus lawrencei sp. nov.

Host: Cephalophus monticola.

Locality: Mt. Silinda, Southern Rhodesia.

Scrapings of the mucosa of the small intestine, more especially the
duodenum of a blue duiker, caught in the rain forest at Mt. Silinda,
brought to light an infection with minute colorless nematodes. Later
examination of the material, which was fixed in formalin, showed the
infection to be a multiple one, involving two, as yet undetermined,
species of the genera Trickostrongylus and Cooperia, and a species of the
genus Haemonchus, which we think has not previously been described
and for which we propose the name Haemonchus lawrencei in honor of
Dr. W. T. Lawrence of the Mount Silinda mission.

The more important measurements of H. lawrencei are given in milli-
meters in the accompanying table :

Total length
Maximum breadth
Length of Oesophagus
Antr. end to excr. pore
Antr. end to cervical pap.
Vulva to postr. end
Anus to postr. end
Eggs
Gubernaculuml Measured

[on dissected
Spicules J specimens

Distance of barbs to tip
of spicules

Female
10.6-11.56
0.32
1.0-1.07
0.21

0.3-O.35
0.147 to 0.155
0.035 to 0.377
0.065 x 0.038 to 0.082 x 0.043

Male
7.6-9.9
0.24

0.96-0.98
0.22-0.27
0.29

0.150-0.160

0.340-0.36
0.029-0.035 (1st)
0.061-0.066 (2nd)

The worms, of which we have carefully examined more than twenty
examples and compared with the type species Haemonchus contortus

268

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from various hosts, besides being definitely smaller than any of the
species previously described in the genus, may be readily distinguished
from all others except H. vegliai LeRoux by the presence, on both right
and left spicules, of a barb-like prominence some distance from the
normal terminal barb.

Fig. 1. Haemonchus lawrencei, n. sp. Ventral view of bursa showing bursal
lobes and rays of one side, genital cone, spicules and gubernaculum.

It apparently is also to be contrasted with other species in the genus
in that the dorsal lobe of the bursa (fig. 1) is symmetrical with respect
to the two lateral lobes and does not take origin from the base of the
left lateral lobe. Aside from these points, the morphology of the para-
site is characteristic of the genus. Incidentally it may be noted that,
while in the majority of female specimens the vulva is provided with a
salient linguiform process, in other specimens, although these are
mature and gravid, the vulva has no conspicuous lips. This observa-
tion brings further support for the view expressed by several authors
to the effect that the presence or absence of a linguiform process cannot
be legitimately used as a specific criterion and hence, insofar as this
feature is stressed, the validity of //. ccrviims Bavlis and Daubnev
1922, and of H. similis Travassos 1914, is doubtful.

Affinities

The size range of H. lawrencei is distinctly smaller than that de-
scribed for other species, and similar relatively diminutive dimensions

sandground: African parasitic nematodes

269

apply to the various organs of the body. Because of variation within
the species in this genus, the size criterion, if it can be used at all, must
be applied with caution as a specific character. The length of the spi-
cules within limits, however, appears to be constant in specimens of
different size, and Le Roux (1929, p. 452) asserts the value of the spicule

Fig. 2. Haemonchus lawrencei, n. sp. Isolated left spicule magnified.

characteristics, more especially the position of the barbs, in distin-
guishing the various species. The possession of two barbs on the
spicules is a character shared apparently only with H. vegliai (Le
Roux 1929) but size of the gubernaculum and total length of the
spicules seem to be sufficient to establish the distinction between these
two species.

Family ANCYLOSTOMIDAE

Subfamily Necatorinae
Necator americanus (Stiles, 1902)

Host: Papio porcarius.

Locality: Near Mt. Silinda, Southern Rhodesia.

A single male specimen of the genus Necator, approximately 9 mm.
in length, was found attached to the wall of the duodenum of one of
seven baboons shot in this locality. The genus has, to my knowledge,
never before been recorded from the baboon, although two species,
namely N. exilidens Looss, 1912 and A7. congoJeiisis Gedoelst, 1916

270 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

have been described from the Chimpanzee. N. americanus, the species
that commonly parasitises man, has, however, been recorded from the
gorilla. A large porportion of the natives in this region are infested
with N. americanus, and for this reason the specimen found in the
baboon is attributed to the same species, it being well known that cer-
tain parasites which have chanced to invade a host only partially suit-
able for their development will be stunted in their growth. Aside from
the general dwarfing, the specimen from the baboon could not be dis-
tinguished from specimens of Necator americanus of human origin.

Superfamily OXYUROIDEA

Family OXYURIDAE

Subfamily Oxyurinae

Syphacia paraxeri sp. nov.

Host: Paraxerus palliatus.
Locality: Mt. Silinda, So. Rhodesia.

Numerous specimens of a typical species of Syphacia were examined
from this host. The male possesses only two cuticular mamelons, a
character shared with only two previously described species of the
genus, namely S. pallaryi Seurat, 1915 from Xerus gctulus and S. pearsi
Baylis, 1928 from Heliosciurus isabellinus.

In the accompanying table the principal morphological measure-
ments (in millimeters) of these two species are set down for comparison
with those of the species here described.

As will be seen from the above measurements S. pallaryi, S. pearsi
and S. paraxeri are closely related. They do not appear to exhibit any
differences in morphology. Aside from size criteria, which in our mate-
rial do not show great variations, S. paraxeri and S. pearsi are to be
readily distinguished from S. pallaryi by the posterior position of the
vulva relative to the end of the oesophagus and also by the relative
positions of the two mamelons, the anterior mamelon in S. pallaryi
being in the middle of the body while in S. paraxeri, as in S. pearsi,
both mamelons are situated nearer the cloacal region. S. paraxeri may
be differentiated from S. pearsi by the relative size of the body of
both sexes, distinctly smaller eggs, tail and spicules. Like S. pearsi,
the gubernaculum of S. paraxeri appears, even under the highest
magnification, to be devoid of a terminal barb-like hook such as is
noted in <S. palaryi and S. thompsmvi Price, 1928.

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271

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272 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Family HETERAKIDAE

Subfamily Heterakinae

Heterakis silindae, sp. now

Host: Pternistis afer swynnertoni.
Locality: Mt. Silinda, Southern Rhodesia.

The new species described below is based on some twenty male and
female worms found in the rectal caeca of the red-necked francolin of
Mashonaland.

The worms are rather slender in build. The anterior extremity is
gently curved dorsally and the body tapers gradually from about its
middle point to a finely drawn tail. The three dome-shaped lips are
relatively large with small but prominent subapical papillae. Lateral
alae, that arise near the head on either side, reach their greatest width,
0.074 mm., at the level of the middle of the oesophagus and extend
along the anterior third of the body.

The principal measurements of the organs, tabulated below, together
with the diagram illustrating the arrangement of papillae and other
structures at the caudal extremity of the male should suffice for the

recognition of the species.

Male Female

Total length 9-10.5 11-12.5

Maximum width 0.41 0.43

Pharynx 0.074 0.074

Oesophagus (including bulb) 1-07 1.25

Tail 0.53 0.96

Nerve ring from antr. end. 0.37 0.39

Excretory pore from antr. end. 0.51 0.53

Vulva from antr. end. 6.25

Eggs 0.066 x 0.040

In the male the sucking disc, situated from 0.18 to 0.20 mm. in
front of the cloaca, measures 0.095 mm. in diameter, including the
wide outer rim.

The spicules are spike-like with large heads and thick tapering shafts.
They are equal in size, measuring 0.44 to 0.46 mm. in length.

There are thirteen pairs of ventral caudal papillae. The first pair of
these are small but readily detected in ventral view and are situated
some distance in front of the sucker, just behind the heads of the spic-
ules. The remaining twelve posterior pairs of papillae are distributed
in the normal manner as exemplified in the type and certain other
species of the genus and as figured in the accompanying diagram.

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273

Among other characters of minor importance, it is the constant posses-
sion of the anteriorly situated pair of papillae that serves to distinguish

ft

X"

m~J~

a

lev*
O

Fig. 3. Heterakis silindae, n. sp. Caudal extremity of male; ventral view.

H. silindae from other species of the genus which have thirteen pairs of
caudal papillae, such as H. beramporia Lane, 1914, H. bonasae Cram,
1927, etc.

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Strongyluris paradoxus, sp. nov.

Host: Hagedashia hagedash nilotica (Glossy Ibis)
Locality: Mwanza, Tanganyika Territory.

Eight specimens of an Oxyuroid that must be referred to the genus
Strongyluris Miiller, 1894, were found in the same vial with material
described below as Contracaecum hagcdashiae, n. sp.

Since these worms conform in all particulars with the definition of
the genus, there is no need of a detailed description. It is probable that
the measurements of the chief morphological features given in tabular
form below and diagrams of the male and female caudal extremities
will suffice for their recognition.

Male

Female

Length*

11.-11.5

11.2-12.3

Maximum breadth

0.6- 0.65

0.70

Height of lips

0.042

0.043

Pharynx

0.22

0.26

Oesophagus

1.85

2.0

Tail

0.12

0.25

Diameter of sucker

0.105

Sucker from postr. extremity

0.127

Vulva from postr. extremity

4.1-4.4

Caudal papillae postr. extremity

0.090

Spicules

1.1-1.2

Eggs

0.065-0.071x0.04

We have closely compared the material with the following species
of Strongyluris from East and West Africa in our collection: S. brevi-
caudata Miiller from Agama spp. Mabuya spp. and Chamaeleon spp.,
S. gigas Spaul from Agama agama dodomae, and S. (?) ornaia Gendre
from Agama atricollis and find that, in general appearance and details
of structure, it most closely resembles S. brevicavdata as this species is
understood by Taylor (1924). Our form differs from other species
in the genus in that there are 8 pairs of caudal papillae instead of the
usual 10 pairs. There is only a single pair of sessile, median, post-anal
papillae and but two pairs of slender stalked papillae in the terminal
caudal region, in place of the two and three pairs of papillae that regu-
larly are found respectively in these situations.

Aside from the number of papillae, S. paradoxus is distinguishable

*A11 measurements are in millimetres.

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275

especially from S. brevicaudata in that the caudal alae in the male are
reduced to a mere vestige discernable only when the worm is seen from
the lateral aspect.

The several species of the genus Strongyluris have hitherto been
recorded exclusively from lacertilians. This is the first time that it is

Fig. 4. Strongyluris paradoxus, n. sp.
view showing distribution of papillae.

Caudal extremity of male; ventral

reported from a bird. Had there not been specimens of the typically
avian genus Contracaecum in the same vial, there might be strong
grounds for suspecting a mislabelling of the host. Mr. Loveridge,
however, assures me that such a confusion is not likely. Another possi-
ble explanation for such an unusual host relation is that the parasites
represent the undigested remains from a lizard previously eaten by the
host. This likewise seems improbable, since Hagedashia hagedash is a

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wading bird, feeding, so far as is known, on aquatic food found in the
muddy bottoms of the shallow streams that it frequents, where lizards

mm.

Fig. 5. Strongyluris paradoxus, n. sp. Caudal extremity of male; lateral
view showing distribution of papillae.

are not likely to occur. It may be mentioned that our material is in a
fine state of preservation indicating that the parasites were living at
the time of fixation.

Family SUBULURIDAE
Subfamily Subulurinae

SUBULURA CALLOSA, sp. nOV.

Host: Petrodromns tetradactylus.
Locality: Mt. Silinda, Southern Rhodesia.

The only nematodes found in three elephant shrews examined in this
locality were two males of an Heterakid genus recovered from the large
intestine. In so far as the worms do not entirely conform to the generic
definition of what appears to be their closest relatives, we think it best
to identify them provisionally with the genus Subulura sensu lato.

The worms are creamy white in color; body straight with posterior
extremity curved slightly in ventral direction. They measure 7.8 mm.
and 8.2 mm. with maximum breadth (near the middle of the body) of
0.54 and 0.62 mm. respectively. Body tapers to an obtuse anteriorly

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277

directed mouth. Posterior to the cloaca there is a rapid tapering to an
acutely pointed conical tail. There are a pair of translucent lateral
cervical alae 36/u at their widest point which commence at the head and
extend as far as the middle of the anterior cylindrical portion of the
oesophagus where it disappears insensibly into the dense cuticle which
covers the remainder of the body. This cuticle, which is extraordi-
narily thick (25/*), shows an exceedingly fine striation in addition to a
superimposed corrugation or broad annulation. Lateral cervical
papillae are not discernable. The mouth, 60/u wide, is limited laterally
by apparently two indistinct lips provided each with three papillae of
which the lateral are more massive than the submedian. There is a
well developed buccal cavity, 50 ^ deep, characteristically divided into

0 3 mm.

Fig. 6. Strongyluris paradoxus, n. sp. Caudal extremity of female; ventral
view showing lateral papillae.

an upper compartment about 25/t broad and 30/x deep with heavily
cuticularised walls, and a lower infundibuliform chamber, from the base
of which there project three massive blunt teeth. The oesophagus,
measuring 0.88 mm. in length, is divisible into two well-defined parts.
The anterior part, with thick muscular walls, is club-shaped and its
broad base is constricted off into a narrow isthmus that connects it
with a spherical bulb, 0.21 mm. wide, provided with cuticularised
valves. The intestine is straight and opens through a well-defined
rectal portion at the cloaca about 0.23 mm. from the extremity of the
tail. An ampulliform cloacal gland may be seen at the side of the rec-
tum discharging apparently into the cloacal cavity. The cloacal aper-
ture is spacious but there are no salient cloacal lips. Caudal alae
absent. Some 0.67 mm. in front of the cloaca is a massive sucker prac-
tically circular in outline (0.154 mm. diameter) with a "chitinous"
rim nearly 30/x wide. There are 8 pairs of stalked caudal papillae. The
first pair are large and parasuctorial in position. The second pair also

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large, are a little more than half way toward the cloaca. The third pair
are smaller and just precloacal in position. The fourth and fifth pairs of
papillae are large and disposed side by side at the level of the cloaca.
The sixth, seventh and eighth pairs of papillae grow progressively
smaller. (See fig. 6.)

Fig. 7. Subulura callosa n. sp. Caudal extremity of male; ventral view.

The spicules are similar and seemingly equal in length. The proximal
end is slightly dilated; the shaft is of uniform width (18m) and the distal
pointed ends bear a narrow membranous expansion. The length of the
spicules is 440^. The gubernaculum as seen from the side is more or
less awl-shaped with a broad head and pointed distal end. It measures
140/i in length.

Systematic Affinities. It is in relatively recent times that the multi-
plicity of species formerly attributed to the extensive genus Heterabis
have been divided up and distributed among two families, — the

sandground: African parasitic nematodes 279

Heterakidae, Railliet and Henry, 1914, and the Subuluridae, Yorke
and Maplestone, 1926, distinguished chiefly by the presence of three
well-defined lips, a simple pharynx without teeth and a circular chitin-
bound preanal sucker in the male of the Heterakidae, and ill defined
lips, a buccal vestibule with teeth in its base, and an elongate pseudo-
sucker in the male of the Subuluridae. There is no question but that
this division has, in the main, been practical, and taxonomically con-
venient. The presence of a wTell-developed preanal sucker with a strong
chitinous rim in material described in the present paper would require
its classification with the Heterakidae but otherwise its morphology
especially of the buccal cavity proclaims it a very typical member of the
Subuluridae. Aside from the presence of a circular preanal sucker with
a chitinous rim and the fact that the left spicule is equal in size and in
the extent of its chitinization with the right, the form may be regarded
as congeneric with the genus Numidica. Baylis (1930) has brought out
that the distinction between the genera Numidica and Oxyncma is a
dubious one, and it is questionable whether a generic distinction be-
tween Numidica and Subulura is entirely justifiable. In consequence of
this, rather than to create a new genus we have referred our specimens
to the genus Subulura, the diagnosis of which will accordingly require
emendation. However, it appears desirable to defer such an action
until the female of S. callosa is available to complete the study. The
species, which we have here described, increases the doubts raised by
Baylis and at the same time affords an interesting connecting link,
at least so far as presented by the morphology of the male, between the
genera Heterakis and Subulura.

Superfamily ASCAROIDEA

Family HETEROCHEILIDAE

Subfamily Anisakinae

CONTRACAECUM HAGEDASHIAE, sp. nOV.

Host: Hagedashia hagedash nilotica.
Locality: Mwanza, Tanganyika Territory.

Although more than 20 specimens of the species are at hand, it is not
possible to give a complete description since the females, while having
the sexual organs developed, have not attained full maturity. For the
most part, the worms are enveloped in a triple layer of cuticle, which
no doubt represent the unshed cuticles of the third and fourth larval

280 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

stages. By stripping oft' these coverings, the caudal papillae of the
males are plainly discernable, and it is on the assumption that these
structures constitute the full complement of the adult worm that the
species is described as new. Because of the relative immaturity of the
material, all measurements must be regarded as minimal ones subject
to a further accretion before the fully mature condition is attained.

The worms are creamy white in color with a deep transverse stria-
tion of the cuticle. The lips, three in number, are more or less quad-
rangular in shape and are set off from the body of the worm by a
shoulderlike annular constriction. (Fig. 7.) The interlabia narrow

0.2 ram. 8

Fig. 8. Contracaecum hagedashiae, n. sp. Cephalic extremity.

from the base upwards and curve inwards between the lips. The length
of male and female specimens is up to 34 mm. and 43 mm. respec-
tively. In the largest females the oesophagus is 9.1 mm. long. In
another female specimen, about 40 mm. long, the oesophagus meas-
ures only 3.4 mm. Such a striking variation in the relative length of
this organ is seldom recorded and indicates the caution that must
accompany the use of this ratio for purposes of taxonomy. The ante-
riorly directed intestinal caecum is about two-thirds of the length of the
oesophagus. The posterior appendix measures from 0.89 to 1.25 mm.
in length. The vulva opens inconspicuously on the external surface
12.5 mm. from the anterior end in the largest specimen. The posterior
extremity tapers gradually to an acute point. The anus is subterminal,
0.08 mm. from the extremity. As already stated, none of the females
are gravid.

The tail of the male is conoid in shape. The anus opens 0.12 mm.
from the extremity. There are at least 65 pairs of minute preanal
papillae extending along the sublateral field to a point 3.2 mm. anterior

sandground: African parasitic nematodes 281

to the cloaca. There are a pair of papillae on each side in the adanal
position. Postanally there are six pairs of papillae, (including one
papilla that has a double appearance) on each side of the tail (Fig. 9).
The spicules are equal in length and measure 1.25 mm. with a breadth
of 0.025 mm. No trace of a gubernaculum was found.

9

Fig. 9. Contracaecum hagedashiae, n. sp. Caudal extremity of male showing
papillae.

This species may be distinguished from all previously described
avian members of the genus by the characteristic arrangement of the
postanal papillae and the unusually large number of preanal papillae
in the male.

Dujardinia, sp. indet.

Host: Myonax grantii.

Locality: Kigogo, Tanganyika Territory.

The material consists of four females and several small larvae and is,
unfortunately, not in a satisfactory condition to make specific identifi-
cation possible. The genus, which is readily identified by the structure
of its oesophagus, has previously been recorded from fishes, reptiles
and marine mammals (Dugong). It may consequently be a foreign or
spurious parasite in the mongoose, where its presence is to be accounted
for as the undigested remains of a previously consumed reptile.

Amplicaecum involutum (Gedoelst, 1916)

Hosts: Bujo regularis and Dispholidus typus.
Locality: Mt. Silinda, Southern Rhodesia.

In addition to a small infection found in Bufo regularis, the type host
of A. africanum Taylor, 1924, the same species of parasite was found in

282 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

large numbers in Dispholidus typus, a colubrine snake. The genus has
previously been recorded from Amphibia, Laeertilia and Aves. The
present is apparently the first record from the Ophidia. Khalil has
recently (1926) tabulated the main characters of the species of this
genus. From his table it is apparent that A. africanum is very closely
related to A. involutum, a species apparently overlooked by Taylor.
The main differences that could be used to separate A. africanum from
A. involutum, as these species have been described, are slight differences
in the spicule length and the presence in A. africanum of a single pre-
anal papilla. This papilla is not present in material from either of our
hosts and the length of spicules (0.765-0.98 mm.) covers the range of
both Gedoelst's and Taylor's species. They are apparently the same
form, and on grounds of priority A. africanum should, in our opinion,
be placed in the synonomy of A. involutum (Gedoelst) Yorke and
Maplestone.

Superfamily SPIRUROIDEA
Family SPIRURIDAE
Subfamily Arduenninae
Arduenna africana, sp. nov.

Hosts: Mastomys (Epimys) microdon victoriae — Rungwe Mt., Tanganyika.
Rhabdomys pumilio diminutus, Dabaga, Uzungwe Mtns. Tanganyika.
Boaedon lineatus — Unyanganyi, Turu, Tanganyika.

The numbers of specimens derived from the three sources indicated
above are respectively, 16, 7 and IS. Despite careful search for con-
stant differences of a significant order in thia material, we have failed
to detect anything that would warrant its being considered as repre-
senting more than one species. On general principles, however, it seems
probable that Boaedon lineatus is not a true host of the parasite, its
presence in the snake being explainable on the assumption that the
worms represent the undigested residue from the true host previously
consumed by the reptile. On the other hand, it may be noted that the
specimens from the snake are in as good a condition of preservation as
are those from the rodent sources.

The following description covers the material from the three hosts
mentioned above:

Specific diagnosis: Arduenna of relatively large size with the char-
acters of the genus.

sandground: African parasitic nematodes

283

The cuticle is finely annulated by striations 7/x apart. Cervical
papillae acicular, exceedingly minute and difficult to find. In male
specimens, they were observed asymmetrically disposed, the right
papilla at the level of the nerve ring, the left 105^ to 14(V anterior to
this point. In favorably mounted specimens a very narrow cervical
ala may be seen on the left side arising immediately behind the cervical
papilla and extending about half the length of the oesophagus.

The mouth opening is bounded dorsally and ventrally by two tri-
lobed lips guarded by the usual pair of fine teeth which arise from the
anterior edge of the pharyngeal walls.

Fig. 10. Arduenna africana, n. sp. Caudal extremity of male. Ventral view.
Specimen from Mastomys microdon victoriae.

The pharynx, with spiral markings, measures 11(V in smaller speci-
mens to 147 fi in the largest; it is from 41 to 44/x wide with walls about
11^ thick. Its base is marked by an annular ring about 15ju wide.

The oesophagus is composed of a narrow, anterior portion, about
0.35 mm. long, and a wider glandular portion posteriorly. In the
female the entire oesophagus measures from 2.3 mm. to 3.5 mm. in
length, this being from 1/8 to 1/1 1th of the body length. In the male,
the oesophagus is relatively shorter, being on the average l/6th of the
total length.

The nerve ring encircles the oesophagus near the junction of its
anterior and posterior divisions, from 0.34 to 0.46 mm. from the ante-

284 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

rior extremity of the body. The excretory pore is about 150/* posterior
to this point.

The females vary in length from 24 to 44 mm. and in maximum
breadth from 0.5 to 0.7 mm. Posteriorly the body is gradually atten-
uated to end in a bluntly pointed tail. The anus is situated 0.30 to 0.53
mm. from the caudal extremity. The vulva is not salient on the exter-
nal surface, and must be diligently sought for. Its position oscillates
around the middle point of the worm, dividing the body in proportion
of 1:0.55 to 1:1.5. The eggs embryonated in utero, with fairly thick,
even, walls, measure from 32 to 43.4/i by 17 to 25.3/t. These variations
in the size of the eggs and in the relative position of the vulva apply to
worms from each of the three hosts from which our material was
derived.

The male, when full grown, is from 18 to 21 mm. in length with a max-
imum breadth averaging about 0.66 mm. Among the worms taken from
Mastomys, however, there was found a male of distinctly diminutive
size, measuring 12.5 mm. in length and 0.44 mm. at its widest point.
The caudal region of this specimen exhibited the typical characters of
the other male specimens and we are consequently constrained to be-
lieve that the specimen, while bearing all the adult characters, is
mature but not yet grown to full size. The caudal extremity of the
male is always tightly coiled ventrally, making it difficult to orient the
specimen so as to secure a good view of the ventral surface, but by
tedious manipulation and, occasionally, by severing the posterior end,
we succeeded in securing ideal preparations of four males. Clearing in
hot lacto-phenol enables one to make out all the details of the spicules
and to measure these structures with a good degree of accuracy other-
wise not obtainable.

In the full grown male the caudal wings are practically symmetrical
on both sides. They extend from a point 1.05 mm. from the posterior
extremity. They are covered ventrally by serial rows of elongate boss-
like thickenings of the cuticle. The alae are supported by 5 pairs of long
pedunculate papillae; four pairs are preanal and one postanel. Of the
preanal papillae, the first three pairs are almost equidistantly sepa-
rated, while the fourth pair closely approximates the third. Viewing
the worm from the side, one may observe that the papilla sense organs
are situated almost on the very edges of the alae. The anus is situated
about 0.52 from the end of the body. Ornamenting its right side is an
elevated band of cuticle semilunar in shape and carrying more or less
sharp serrations on its edge. Within this semilunar area there are two
fairly large, sessile papillae in the post-anal position. Towards the

sandground: African parasitic nematodes 285

extremity of the ventral surface of the tail is an oval area free from
cuticular bosses and displaying, when suitably cleared, ten pairs of
relatively minute papillae; three pairs arranged in a triangle and two
pairs in tandem series at the base of the tail.

The spicules are unequal and dissimilar. The right, a little wider but
considerably shorter than the left, is from 0.515 to 0.61 mm. in length
and the average thickness of its fluted shaft is 0.022 mm. The left
spicule, which usually takes up a broadly sinous position, shows con-
siderable variation in its length, being from 1.62 mm. to 2.85 mm. in
fully grown specimens. (In the small stunted male specimen mentioned
above, the left spicule measured 2.80 mm.) The width of the left
spicule averages about 10/jl. A true gubernaculum is not present, but
in one specimen a slight hyaline thickening of the wall of the rectum
or of the muscles in the neighborhood of the anus, so simulated an
accessory piece that it might have been taken for one had no other
specimens been examined.

Affinities

Until Schulz (1927) x described Arduenna katussi from various ro-
dents from Southern Russia and Turkestan, only two species, namely
Arduenna strongylina (Rudolphi, 1819) and A. dentata (v. Linstow,
1904) had been attributed to the genus. A. strongylina is a fairly com-
mon parasite in the stomach of the hog and wild boar and its distribu-
tion is apparently coincident with that of its host; on the other hand,
A. dentata which is also from the hog, has only been recorded from the
Orient.

In the accompanying table, the measurements of the taxonomically
important organs are given for the three previously described species
together with those of A. africana described above.

Although the size of the body and of its various organs may be of
service in distinguishing A. dentata, for the other species, as will be
seen from the foregoing table, a consideration of size alone has little,
if any, differential value.

The position of the vulva is often difficult to detect without resorting
to dissection. Railliet and Henry have questioned the accuracy of von
Linstow's determination of the relative position of this organ in .4.
dentata. However, a markedly anterior position of the vulva appears
to be one of the chief distinguishing features for A. katussi. In the

1 1 am indebted to Dr. N. A. Borodin of this museum for his translation of Schulz's paper from
the Russian.

286

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sandground: African parasitic nematodes 287

other species, the position of the vulva vacillates around the middle of
the worm, tending towards a definitely posterior position. Our exam-
ination of immature worms from Mastomys indicates that the varia-
tion in the position of the vulva is to a certain extent to be correlated
with the size of the individual.

Because of the considerable variations exhibited within the species,
it appears that neither the absolute size nor the size relationship that
the spicules bear towards each other can be regarded as a specific
differential character.

The most significant characters, then, upon which the distinction
between the different species in the genus appear to rest, are the secon-
dary sexual characters of the male. The serrated elevation known as
the pericloacal crown which forms a complete circle around the cloaca
in A. dentata distinguishes this species from A. strongylina and .4.
africana where it is crescentic or semilunar in shape. A pericloacal
crown is neither described nor depicted for A. katussi. A similar struc-
ture is present in Streptopharagus baylisi Ortlepp, 1925. Le Roux (1930)
regards this serrated ridge as an artifact not discernable in living
material and produced by the pressure of the coverslip on the rather
loose cuticle of the male venter. In this view I am unable, however,
to concur, since it is a definite structure produced by a peculiar arrange-
ment of cuticular bosses in some species and apparently not in others,
and in the species where it occurs it can often be demonstrated without
subjecting the region of the venter to any uneven pressure.

The number and distribution pattern of the sessile papillae, or
caudal pores as they have sometimes been called in other genera, on the
ventral surface of the caudal extremity in the male at present appears
to be the most constant specific character available for comparative
purposes. Further investigations in other species may, I suspect,
show them to be uniformly present in all species. These diminutive
papillae have not been described in A. dentata, and Foster (1912, p. 14)
was unable in his American material to corroborate the presence of the
five pairs of terminal caudal papillae depicted by Ciurea (1911) in
A. strongylina from hogs in Roumania, a difference which reflects
either on the accuracy of Foster's observations on this point, or indi-
cates a specific difference in the material examined by these two au-
thors. In addition to the 5 pairs of pedunculate papillae present in all
species of the genus, Schulz in A. katussi describes an unpaired preanal
papilla, a postanal pair of sessile papillae and three single diminutive
papillae at the caudal extremity. In A. africana, as in A. strongylina
as depicted by Ciurea, there are five pairs of terminal papillae, but their

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

topographical arrangement is different and in addition A. africana
may be distinguished by the possession of a pair of large post-anal
papillae.

Key to the Species of Arduenna

I. Pericloacal crown absent; gubernaculum present, vulva

markedly anterior A. katussi

Pericloacal crown present; no gubernaculum II

II. Pericloacal crown circular; vulva posterior A. dentata

Pericloacal crown crescentic; vulva near middle Ill

III. Postcloacal sessile papillae absent A. strongylina

Postcloacal sessile papillae present A . africana

Family PHYSALOPTERIDAE

Subfamily Physalopterinae

Thubunea grayiacola, sp. now

Hosts: Grayia tholloni and Bitis arietans.
Locality: Ukerewe Island, Tanganyika.

Thubunea agamae, sp. nov.

Host: Agama hispida distanti.

Locality: Lourenco Marques, Mozambique.

The material from the two sources named above differs in such criteria
as size, relative position of the vulva in the female and in the pattern of
the caudal region in the male. This requires their recognition as sep-
arate species. The well-defined genus Thubunea is, however, suffi-
ciently homogeneous so that the formal extensive descriptions of the
new species is not necessary. Reference to the figures and to the
accompanying table, in which are set forth the measurements (in
millimetres) of the taxonomically important organs of the two species,
should supply all particulars required for their recognition.

The specimens from Bitis arietans are all females which, however,
could not be distinguished from the females taken from Grayia
tholloni in the same locality. The material from these two hosts is
consequently regarded as belonging to the same species. The genus
Thubunea has hitherto been recorded only once from the Ophidia
[T. pudica in Cerastes vipera—see Seurat (1914)] and has been con-

sandground: African parasitic nematodes

289

sidered as a typically lacertilian form. These two further records of the
genus from snakes may call for a change in this view.

Male

Thubunea grayiacola

Thubunea agamae

Length

14-15.1

8.1-9.1

Max. breadth

0.26-0.30

0.2

Pharynx

0.036

0.029

Antr. Oesophagus

0.29

0.18

Entire Oesophagus

2.2-2.31

1.61

Antr. end to cervical papilh

le

0.255

0.162

Length of Bursa

0.62-0.82

0.37

Breadth of Bursa

0.35

0.28

Spicules

0.072) ,
0055)(aPProx.)

0.090\ , s
0.095/ frPP™*5

Tail

0.37

0.22

Female

Length

21-28

14-19

Max. breadth

0.41

0.37

Pharynx

0.045

0.040

Antr. Oesophagus

0.44

0.32

Entire oesophagus

2.93-3.03

2.5S-3.10

Antr. end to vulva

3.56-3.80

2.5S-2.70

Eggs

0.032

-.036 x 0.023-.025

0.026

-.029x0.021-.024

Tail

0.181-0.21

0.130

As will be noted, the two species are distinguishable by size. Further
the female of T. grayiacola, whose vulva is situated some distance
behind the end of the oesophagus can be differentiated from T. agamae
in which the vulva opens either anterior to or at the same level as the
oesophageal end.

Seurat, in his description of the type species of the genus, referred to
the difficulty of making observations on the very lightly cuticularised
spicules of the male. Baylis (1926 and 1930), who has described two
further species of the genus, also mentions this difficulty, and on this
account was unable to state definitely whether spicules were present
in T. parkeri. Our experience in this connection was no different. Even
when the caudal region of a specimen was accidentally crushed apart
by the oil-immersion objective it was difficult to decide where the
delicate spicules end and their retractor muscles are attached. In view
of this one is compelled to attach less significance than usual to the
estimated size of the spicules as a character for the differentiation of

290

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the species and to give greater value to other characters of the region.
For the better study and differentiation of the caudal papillae from
the surrounding verruciform elevations of the cuticle, by far the best
results were secured by heating the worms slowly in lactophenol. On
the basis of constant differences in the number and disposition of the

Fig. 11. Thubunea agamae n. sp. Cephalic extremity. Median lateral view.

caudal papillae and in the size and shape of the verruciform elevations
at the periphery of the ventral pad, T. grayiacola and T. agamae are
readily distinguished. (Cf. figs. 12 and 13).

Systematic Affinities. The distinction of the two species dealt with
in this paper from T. pudica Seurat and T. parkcri Baylis may be made

Fig. 12. Thubunea agamae n. sp. Cephalic extremity. Frontal view.

on the basis of their smaller eggs and other characters. The only other
species to be considered in this connection is T. asymmetrica Baylis.
The relationship to this species appears to be quite close on account of a
similar asymmetric appearance of the lips in both T. grayiacola and
T. agamae, but it may be that such a labial asymmetry is not re-
stricted to the species unit. From an examination of the anterior

SANDGROUND : AFRICAN PARASITIC NEMATODES

291

extremity of the worms seen in frontal section as well as from the side,
it appears that there are two relatively large teeth which arise from the
cuticularised pharynx and protrude between the inner surfaces of the
lips. These teeth, however, are more closely applied to the smaller,
left lip than to the larger right. There are also two more pairs of ac-
cessory teeth, the pair on the right lip, being relatively reduced are

Fig. 13. Thubunea agamae
n. sp. Caudal extremity of
male. Ventral view.

Fig. 14. Thubunea grayiacola n.
sp. Caudal extremity of male. Ven-
tral view.

less easily seen (figs. 11 and 12). This structure is rather different from
that described for T. asymmetrica and it is mainly upon this difference
that the distinction of T. agamae rests.

Since this manuscript was completed and submitted for publication
in December, 1930, the publication by Ortlepp (Jour. S. Afr. Vet. Med.
Assn., 1931, Vol. 2:128-131) of a new species of Thubunea, T. fitz-
simonsi, from a Kalahari lizard, Ichnotropis squamulosa, has come to

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXV, No. 7

BIRD REMAINS FROM THE OLIGOCENE DEPOSITS OF
TORRINGTON, WYOMING

By Alexander Wetmore

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM
October, 1933

No. 7. — Bird Remains from the Oligocene Deposits of Torrington,

Wyoming

By Alexander Wetmore

For three field seasons the Museum of Comparative Zoology has
collected fossils in a remarkable deposit near Torrington, Wyoming,
that among a wealth of mammals has yielded the largest collection of
bones of birds from fossil deposits older than the Pleistocene that have
yet been discovered in North America. The bird remains in question
have been placed in my hands for study and report on them is given
herewith.

According to information supplied by Erich M. Schlaikjer, who has
conducted the field work during which this material was collected, the
Torrington fossil quarry is located at the head of a canyon, principally
in the south half of the northwest quarter of Section 32, Township 24
North, Range 61 West of the Sixth principal meridian.

Mr. Schlaikjer states that "the fossil deposit is of Oligocene age, its
stratigraphic position being approximately eighty feet above the
Chadron-Brule contact. It presents an outcrop of bones a half mile in
length and from one to three feet in thickness. The mammals most
abundantly represented are Mesohippus, Caenopus and Elotherium,
with remains of birds in most unusual abundance. At a conservative
estimate there are at least six bird bones in every cubic foot of the
deposit.

"The matrix is a very fine grained pinkish clay and contains a high
percentage of calcium carbonate and volcanic ash. Throughout a
large part of the deposit the matrix is comparatively hard and is some-
what difficult to work. Where the principal excavations are located,
however, the bones occur in soft clay. Above the bone deposit is a
two foot layer of clay containing occasional bird and carnivore re-
mains. Above this is a one to four foot layer of white, cherty limestone.
Only one or two bone fragments have been found in the limestone."

The bird material, which as has been stated is abundant, is fragmen-
tary, consisting in the main of the articular ends of the metatarsi and
tibio-tarsi, with occasional bits from other parts of the skeleton.
Rarely a complete bone is encountered. The material is disassociated,
except in few instances, viz. an articulated foot. About half the speci-
mens are more or less distorted by pressure, but many are perfect.
All are heavily fossilized and are dull white in color.

29S bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The collection adds appreciably to our somewhat scanty knowledge
of the birds of the Oligocene, as will be indicated in the descriptions
that follow.

The drawings illustrating the specimens are the work of Sydney
Prentice.

Order FALCONIFORMES

Family ACCIPITRIDAE
Subfamily BUTEONINAE

Buteo antecursor new species

Characters. Metatarsus similar to that of Buteo ales (Wetmore)1 but
posterior semilunar groove more open; second trochlea relatively more
massive; facet for articulation of first toe much longer, extending
farther up shaft.

Description. Type, left metatarsus, nearly complete (figs 1-5), Mus.
Comp. Zool. Cat. no. 2233, from Upper Oligocene, four miles from
Torrington, Goshen County, Wyoming, collected in 1930 by Erich M.
Schlaikjer. Proximal face of head roughly rectangular; external
glenoid facet very slightly concave, the internal one larger, more deeply
hollowed and sloping slightly toward front; intercondylar tubercle low
and broad; internal glenoid facet at higher level than outer one;
anterior semilunar groove very slightly indicated; posterior semilunar
groove deep with inner wall rising high on the projecting talon, and
outer wall sloping outward more gradually; external face of head with
outline square, internal face with angles rounded; a deep impression
on anterior face of upper end of shaft, with the upper end overhung
abruptly by the head, merging below gradually with the anterior
groove; tibialis anticus tubercle strong, placed externally to center of
shaft; shaft strong but slender, somewhat expanded at upper end,
contracted slightly toward center, and then flattened and expanded
below to support trochlea; anterior groove a shallow, open channel
that becomes less evident as it proceeds downward, and finally dis-
appears opposite center of attachment for first metatarsal; outer face
of shaft nearly plane, with only a slight concavity evident, expanding
gradually from either end in a long slope to center, meeting the an-
terior face of the shaft throughout its length at a sharp angle; inferior

1 Geranoaelus ales Wetmore, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. 16, April 10, 1926, p. 403, pi. 38,
figs. 1-5. Miocene.

wetmore: bird remains from Wyoming

299

foramen moderate, placed in a shallow, sharply marked groove that
becomes deeper at the foramen and continues as a sharply marked

mm

i

xV

Figs. 1-3. Three views of type of Buteo anlecursor, natural size.

Figs. 4-5. Proximal and distal ends of type of Buteo anlecursor, natural size.

sulcus to terminate in the external inter-trochlear sulcus ; inner margin
of shaft compressed to a plate that is thin above, becoming gradually
thickened until it terminates at the first metatarsal attachment;

300 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

attachment for first metatarsal long, well impressed; external head of
talon low, curving outward, with external margin cut by a deep notch,
the internal margin rounded; internal head of talon projecting as a
thin blade, with internal distal margin slightly hooked, and external
margin slightly rounded, sloping below, abruptly at first and then
swinging gradually to merge in a long, slightly raised line into the
shaft; posterior face of shaft excavated by a broad groove that con-
tinues practically throughout its length, both margins being sharply
indicated; external trochlea flattened, swung slightly outward, com-
pressed on free margin (which is broken away) ; middle trochlea broad
and strong, with lateral margins swollen, and lateral faces concave, its
free surface traversed by a groove that extends clear around the articu-
lar surface; internal trochlea with an outwardly projecting, flattened,
winglike process, its outer face deeply impressed by a rounded, cup-
like depression.

Measurements (of type). Total length 90.8 mm.,1 greatest breadth
of head 16.7 mm., greatest breadth across trochlea 18.1 mm., smallest
transverse diameter of shaft 7.8 mm.

Remarks. This new form, somewhat larger than the living fer-
ruginous rough-legged hawk Buteo regalis, carries the history of its group
back one more step, since previously hawks of this kind have not been
known earlier than the Miocene. Its discovery is another indication
of the early development of the buteonine type of slow-flying, sluggish
hawks that seem to have had as much diversity in the past as in the
present time. The regularity with which their fossilized remains are
found bespeaks an abundance commensurate with that known for
living species before their numbers were decimated by man under mis-
taken ideas as to their destructiveness to valuable animal life. The
group as a whole has had unbroken continuance from the Oligocene
period to the present.

The type of Buteo antecursor is unusually complete considering its
age. The shaft is somewhat twisted by compression but the processes
are practically complete so that there is no difficulty in ascertaining its
characters.

Accipitridae, miscellaneous

In addition to Buteo antecursor, described in this paper, there are
remains of three additional species of hawks of this family that are
represented by bones in too fragmentary condition to allow sufficiently

1 Bone slightly deformed by compression so that original length may have been slightly more.

wetmore: bird remains from Wyoming 301

certain identification to warrant names. These will be listed here with
the hope that further material representing them may come to light
with continued work in the quarries at Torrington.

The most important of these is a left humerus lacking the head that
comes from an eagle a trifle smaller than Aqiiila chrysaetos. The distal
end of this bone is fairly complete but the shaft has been crushed to
such an extent that its original form and proportions are uncertain,
and there has been some distortion in the position of the elements of
the distal end. The principal peculiarity evident is the position of the
radial tubercle which slants inward at more of an angle than in any
living species available for examination.

A second eagle, of larger size, is represented by an unguis that is
larger than any of the claws of the bald eagle, being equal to the
largest in the great monkey-eating eagle of the Philippines, Pithe-
cophaga jefferyi, a species that possesses feet of maximum strength and
size in this family. Although species have been described from similar
specimens in the past the practice of naming such remains is of dubious
value due to the confusion that must exist as to their subfamily and
generic relationships.

A third species of hawk is represented by the fragmentary distal
end of a right tibio-tarsus. This is peculiar in the large size of the
internal condyle in relation to the transverse breadth of the bone,
differing in this from any of the modern hawks of the family Accipi-
tridae that I have seen. Parts of the external condyle are missing.

Order GRUIFORMES

Suborder CARIAMAE
Family BATHORXITHIDAE new family

Legs only moderately elongated; internal trochlea of metatarsus
considerably elevated in relation to middle trochlea; no hallux; talon
produced downward in an elongated ridge that merges gradually into
level of shaft at about one-fourth to one-third the length of the latter;
proportions of anterior phalanges about as in the Cariamidae.

Only one genus, Baihornis, with three species is at the present time
allocated in this family which was erected originally as the subfamily
Bathomithinae 1 for the species Bathomis veredus Wetmore. The type
of veredus consisted of the lower end of a metatarsus that in original

1 Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, no. 2, July 15, 1925, p. 13.

302 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

study indicated puzzling resemblances to Cariama and to the Oedic-
nemidae. Misled by the relative positions of the trochlea, a primitive
character, which in Bathornis are exactly what is found in the thick-
knees, and differ from the modern cariamas, I finally placed this new
subfamily in the Oedicnemidae. My assumption that Bathornis might
possibly have a first toe proves since to be without basis.

The more complete material of the two new species of Bathornis
described beyond in the present paper indicates clearly that the genus
is related to the cariamas, though close resemblance in certain details
of the entire metatarsus indicates a most interesting similarity to the
thick-knees, this being evident in the form of the elongated talon
which is quite different from the square, block-like structure of
Cariama. Fortunately the Torrington material includes a foot, found
articulated in position, in which the relative proportions of the phal-
anges are exactly like that of the Cariamidae and are entirely different
from the Oedicnemidae; this with other characters shows definitely
that Bathornis belongs in the suborder Cariamae. The resemblances
to the Oedicnemidae would seem to be only a most interesting and
unusual convergence occasioned probably by similarity in habit.

The three species of Bathornis, with the fairly complete information
now available regarding their lower limbs, present differences from the
Cariamas sufficient to warrant their separation in a distinct family.
The relation of the Bathornithidae to the family Hermosiornidae of
South America is not entirely clear but from the account of Ro-
vereto * the two seem to differ in such a way as to warrant the assump-
tion that they are distinct. According to Rovereto's description and
plates Procariama simplex has the arrangement of the trochlea quite
different from Bathornis, and the head of the metatarsus, particularly
the hypotarsus, like that of Cariama. Hermosiornis milne-cdivardsi also
seems very closely allied to Cariama.

Bathornis celeripes new species

Characters. Metatarsus similar to that of Bathornis veredus Wet-
more2 but decidedly smaller; outer margin of inner trochlea less pro-
duced posteriorly.

Description. Type, left metatarsus (figs. 6-11), Mus. Comp. Zool.
Cat. no. 2234, nearly complete, from Upper Oligocene deposits four
miles from Torrington, Goshen County, Wyoming, collected by Erich

1 An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, vol. 25, 1914. 110-114, 163-172.

2 Bathornis veredus Wetmore, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, no. 2, 1927, p. 11, figs.
19-23. Trigonias Quarry, Chadron Oligocene, Weld County, Colorado.

wetmore: bird remains from Wyoming

303

M. Schlaikjer. Proximal face of head irregular in outline, with the
two glenoid facets separated by a high intercondylar tubercle that
rises abruptly from the anterior margin and slopes down posteriorly
to the level of the head of the bone, the inner glenoid facet slightly
larger than outer; both facets with raised margins delimiting separate

Figs. 6-7. Two views of type of Bathornis celeripes, natural size.

shallow cups, the margins of both rising higher externally; outer facet
at a slightly lower level than inner; talon with broad base, marked by a
shallow groove that extends transversely across the head of the bone
behind the glenoid facets; outer head of talon very slightly indicated
as a faint ridge; inner head rising as a strong, heavy ridge with upper
end (somewhat imperfect in the type) abruptly rounded; the central

304

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portion with straight outline for a distance, with one tendinal perfora-
tion; posteriorly, below the lower end of the perforation mentioned,
a thin ridge slopes down to merge with the shaft at slightly below the
level of the upper third of the bone, so that, viewed laterally from the
inner side, the talon, rising abruptly at the upper end, makes a grace-

Figs. 8-9. Two views of type of Bathomis celeripes, natural size.

fully sloping line as it proceeds downward to disappear in the shaft;
posterior face of shaft for three-fourths of length marked laterally by
sharply angular edges that are raised somewhat, and converge as they
proceed downward, the outer margin higher than the inner, and the
two bounding a shallow, poorly marked groove; internal surface of
shaft concave on side of talon and rounded below; external surface

wetmore: bird remains from Wyoming 305

more nearly plane for two-thirds of length, finally becoming rounded
on lower portion ; a deep impression on anterior face of shaft at upper
end, overhung abruptly by the head, continuing down the shaft as an
anterior groove, with raised, rounded margins that extend nearly to
lower end; tibialis anticus tubercle strong, placed slightly internal to
center of shaft; shaft strong, somewhat slender, robust for upper half
and more graceful below, at lower end flattened and expanded to
support the trochlea; inferior foramen moderate in size, located low on
shaft, with a deeply impressed groove leading into it on anterior sur-
face of shaft; no indication of a first, or posterior, toe; external trochlea
blocklike with inner and outer faces deeply excavated, so attached
that it is swung posterior to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, rounded

Figs. 10-11. Proximal and distal ends of type of Bathornis celeripes, natural
size.

in lateral outline, with a distinct groove around free surface; outer
margin slightly produced in an angular, plate-like process; middle
trochlea strong, rounded in lateral outline, with inner and outer sur-
faces distinctly excavated and a well impressed median groove com-
pletely around articular surface; posteriorly with the external angle
cut away and the internal one complete; external trochlea elongated
in an antero-posterior direction with inner and outer faces with cup-
like excavations and a shallow groove around articular surface; ex-
ternal margin slightly produced in a projecting plate. Bone strongly
fossilized, ivory in color.

Measurements. Type, total length (approximate) 98.8 mm., trans-
verse diameter of head 15.8 mm., least transverse diameter of shaft
6.6 mm., transverse diameter across trochlea 16.0 mm.

A second specimen (Cat. no. 2235) measures, total length (approxi-
mate) 105.0 mm., transverse diameter of head 14.9 mm., transverse
diameter of trochlea 14.7 mm.

Additional metatarsi (fragmentary) transverse diameter of head *
14.7-17.1 (15.6) mm., least transverse diameter of shaft2 15.7-16.4
(16.1) mm., transverse diameter of trochlea 3 14.7-16.5 (15.6) mm.

1 9 specimens.
J 10 specimens.
3 16 specimens.

306 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Remarks. Unlike most fossil birds, which ordinarily are represented
by single fragments, many remains of Bathornis celeripcs have been
obtained. In addition to the type metatarsus the collection now at
hand includes one other metatarsus that is nearly complete, with many
other fragments, including forty-four specimens of the distal end of the
bone and eighteen of the head, the former being in the main in excellent
condition. This material has been useful in checking characters and
in providing measurements. The series exhibits a uniform appearance
as regards form, and shows ordinary variation in dimension, this
difference possibly being sexual in part.

There are in addition sixty -five specimens of the distal end of the
tibio-tarsus (figs. 12-13) with more or less of the shaft of the bone

Figs. 12-13. Posterior face and lower articular surface of distal end of
tibiotarsus of Bathornis celeripes, natural size.

attached. Though some of these have been distorted by crushing
many of them have the condyles complete and in proper form. Fol-
lowing is description of pertinent characters evident in these speci-
mens; outline of external condyle, viewed laterally, rounded anteriorly
and flattened on distal margin, which joins posterior surface at rather
an abrupt angle; external surface with margins raised, the posterior
portion flaring out as a compressed, platelike process; outer face of in-
ternal condyle with anterior portion narrowed and projected forward
considerably beyond level of shaft, the margins rounded, lower margin
flattened and posterior margin protruded as a thin, raised plate; a
rounded tubercle near level of anterior margin of shaft about equidis-
tant from upper and lower margins with a shallow, rounded excavation
in front; intercondylar fossa broad and deeply impressed, with the
internal condyle rising abruptly from it, the margin of this condyle
being thickened somewhat to produce a slight notch; boundary wall of

wetmore: bird remains from Wyoming

307

external condyle sloping outward at an angle of forty -five degrees;
articular surface with raised margins bounding an angular sulcus;
tendinal bridge (for extensor digitorum communis tendon) strong and
heavy, with lip of lower margin projecting prominently, and another
projection on external margin of bridge; a broad groove leading into
this bridge; shaft somewhat slender, flattened on anterior surface, and
rounded behind. Transverse breadth across condyles 12.5-14.8
(13. S),1 anterior-posterior diameter of inner condyle 13.5-15.5 (14. 2), -

Fig. 14.

Articulated foot with distal end of metatarsus of Bathornis
celeripes, natural size.

of outer condyle 12.0-14.3 (12. 7),3 smallest transverse diameter of
shaft, 6.8-8.1 (7.2) 4 mm.

There are present also the heads of three tibio-tarsi, much distorted
by crushing that appear to belong to this species. They are similar so
far as may be ascertained to Bathornis cursor, being proportionately
smaller. The general appearance of the tibio-tarsus is that of Cariama.

In one of the slabs containing avian fossils there was found the distal
end of a right metatarsus with the toes articulated (fig. 14), the

1 19 specimens.

2 15 specimens.

3 18 specimens.

4 8 specimens.

308 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

phalanges being complete except for the unguis of the second toe.
This specimen is one of the most important in the series since it is this
that demonstrates the relationship of Bathornis with Cariama, a fact
that while indicated from other portions of the skeleton, from them
alone does not seem to be absolutely certain. In this foot the end of
the second phalanx of the second toe extends barely beyond the base
of the second phalanx of the middle toe. In the fourth or outer toe
the penultimate phalanx does not extend to the distal end of the second
phalanx of the middle toe, and the second to the fourth phalanges are
individually much shortened. In all these characters the fossil re-
sembles Cariama.

The Oedicnemidae (Oedicnemus and Burhinus) have the end of the
second phalanx of the second toe reaching nearly to the middle of the
second phalanx of the middle toe, and the distal end of the fourth
phalanx of the fourth toe reaching nearly to the middle of the third
phalanx of the middle toe.

The second toe of Bathornis celeripes (without the unguis) measures
27.3 mm., the third toe (with unguis) 55.9 mm., and the fourth toe
(with unguis) 39.5 mm. Many disassociated phalanges are present in
the collection.

In connection with this long array of specimens from the Torrington
deposits it is of interest to record a find of Bathornis celeripes in another
locality. In the collections of the U. S. National Museum (Division
of Vertebrate Paleontology Cat. no. 12,974) there is the distal end of
a right tibio-tarsus obtained on the Everson Ranch twelve miles
northwest of Crawford, Nebraska in the Oreodon beds of the Oligocene.
The locality is approximately 60 miles northeast of the Torrington
locality. The bone, in excellent condition, not being distorted as is
the case with so many of the bones from Torrington, was collected on
July 1(3, 1932 by M. V. Walker, working under direction of C. AY.
Gilmore of the National Museum.

This specimen in its conformation is identical with bones from
Torrington, being in fair condition except in the region of the supra-
tendinal bridge where it is imperfect. In size it is very slightly less
than the smallest of the Torrington series now at hand but the differ-
ence is slight and is considered an individual aberration. Measure-
ments are as follows: Transverse breadth across condyles 11.9 mm.,
anterior-posterior diameter of inner condyle 12.7 mm., of outer con-
dyle 11.5 mm. The remnant of the shaft is too short to afford a com-
parative measurement.

Considering the abundance of remains from the lower limb the small

wetmore: bird remains from Wyoming 309

number of bones discovered that come from the wing seems strange.
There is one fragment from the distal end of a right humerus that is
taken to represent the present species, but that is in such condition
that it tells little of the story that it should carry. The portion of the
shaft present is more or less crushed and broken so that though the
brachial depression is well indicated its proper shape is uncertain.
The bone in general has resemblance to the humerus in Cariama but
is slightly smaller with relatively smaller condyles. The ulnar condyle
is partly missing and there is other evidence of artificial deformation
during fossilization so that little more may be said regarding it and no
detailed description is attempted.

Of greater importance are four fragmentary metacarpals that also
may be compared with Cariama. All four are from the left side, one
being reasonably complete except for the slender fourth metacarpal
element, another lacking in addition a part of the proximal end, a
third nearly complete but partly crushed, and a fourth consisting of
the proximal end alone. The general form is reminiscent of that of
Cariama but there are important differences to be noted. The proximal
articular surface in the fossil has about the same outline, but is much
more prolonged on the lower margin, the ridge of carpals 4 and 5 being
continued forward past the level of the articular facet for the pollex.
The fourth metacarpal so far as may be told from the ends that remain
was flattened from above downward, without the downward curve
and the produced, platelike form seen in Cariama. The second meta-
carpal is stronger and heavier with the proximal end more produced.
The shaft of the third metacarpal is strong and heavy resembling
Cariama with the tuberculum ulnare less produced. The most perfect
specimen measures 54.2 mm. long, with the perpendicular diameter
through the head 16.2 mm., and through the distal end 11.7 mm.

The general indication is of a relatively longer wing than in Cariama
with the probability that Bathornis celcripes was a form that used its
wings regularly in flight.

From the abundance of its remains Bathornis celeripcs must have
been very common. It was evidently a ground-inhabiting species, with
relatively shorter legs than the modern cariama but a form of stronger
flight. From its relative abundance it is probable that it was gre-
garious, perhaps somewhat as the sand-grouse are today. As the de-
posits from which it comes are extensive it may be expected that further
parts of the skeleton will be found.

310 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Bathornis cursor, new species

Characters. Metatarsus in form like that of Bathornis celeripcs
Wetmore but decidedly larger; similar to Bathornis veredus Wet more 1
but somewhat smaller, with middle and outer trochlea relatively
smaller and the external trochlea relatively heavier.

Description. Type, distal end of left metatarsus (figs. 15-19), Mus.
Comp. Zool. Cat. no. 2236, from Upper Oligocene deposits four miles
from Torrington, Goshen County, Wyoming, collected by Erich M.

Figs. 15-16. Two views of type of Bathornis cursor, natural size.

Schlaikjer. Lower end of shaft compressed and flattened transversely
so that the bases of the trochlea are nearly in the same transverse
plane; inferior foramen moderate in size, located in a deeply impressed
groove that continues into the inter -trochlear sulcus; external trochlea
compressed laterally, with the outer and inner faces nearly parallel,
both being considerably excavated; articular surface shallowly grooved
entirely around; external posterior margin produced as a narrow,
backward projecting plate (partly broken away in this specimen),
distal margin extending to two-thirds the height of the middle troch-
lea, the trochlea swung somewhat backward; middle trochlea with
parallel sides which are deeply excavated, the margins on the posterior
face approaching one another as they rise to merge in the shaft ; a shal-
low median groove entirely around articular surface; internal trochlea
block-like with broadened base and narrow extremity, inner and
outer surfaces being deeply excavated; articular surface grooved com-
pletely around; a small, projecting plate on outer posterior margin
(partly broken away); the trochlea relatively small and swung some-
what posterior to the transverse line of the middle trochlea, extending
distally to center of middle trochlea. Color dull ivory white, strongly
fossilized.

Measurements. Greatest transverse breadth across trochlea 20.1
mm. (Other pertinent measurements not available from type.;

1 Bathornis veredus Wetmore, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, no. 2, 1927, p. 11, figs.
19-23, Chadron Oligocene, Weld County, Colorado.

wetmore: bird remains from Wyoming

311

Remarks. The type of this species is nearly as large as Bathornis
wredus from the lower deposits of the Oligocene, differing in form in the
lighter development of the trochlea. In general appearance cursor is a
large edition of Bathornis celeripes from the same deposits.

In addition to the type there are several fragmentary bones that are
identified as belonging to this same species.

Figs. 17-19. Three views of type of Bathornis cursor, natural size.

The head of a left tibio-tarsus somewhat crushed, is suggestive of
Cariama except that the internal surface is not quite so deeply ex-
cavated.

A right femur is nearly complete but has been considerably crushed.
While generally similar to Cariama it is more slender and more grace-
fully formed, and is also longer, a part but not all of this appearance of
greater length being due to crushing. It measures 103.7 mm. in
length. While its general characters have been preserved they have
been somewhat modified and so are not described. The collection in-
cludes also the distal ends of three left and one right femora.

There are present also three phalanges from the middle toe including
one basal segment and two second phalanges, as well as an ungual
phalanx.

Representation of a large and a small species of Bathornis in the
same deposits is of considerable interest. The larger form seems to
have been about twice the size of the smaller, and judging from the
relative number of specimens known was less abundant.

Following are the three species at present known in the family
Bathornithidae.

Bathornis veredus Wetmore, Chadron formation, Weld County,

Colorado, and Titanotherium beds, near Crawford, Nebraska.

Bathornis celeripes Wetmore, Upper Oligocene, Torrington,

Wyoming.
Bathornis cursor Wetmore, Upper Oligocene, Torrington, Wyo-
ming.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXV, No. 8

HOWLER MONKEYS OF THE P ALU ATA GROUP

By Barbara Lawrence

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

November, 1933

No. 8. — Howler Monkeys of the palliata Group

By Barbara Lawrence

Introduction

Last winter the Museum of Comparative Zoology received several
specimens of a howler monkey from Herrera Province in Panama, that
could not be satisfactorily identified until there had been a general
revision of the group as a whole. The available material was, there-
fore, assembled from all of the larger museums in the country and a
careful study made of a series of skins and skulls numbering some 174
specimens. Shade and distribution of color, length and texture of the
hair, and size were carefully noted in all of the individuals observed.
Skull measurements were taken, checked, and then reduced to ratios
using the total length as a common dividend. This was done in order
to make the measurements comparable regardless of size differences
due to age. Deformed and badly broken skulls were, of course, not
used. It became apparent as soon as work was started on this group
that the range of individual variation is exceedingly great; coupled
with this there is a marked similarity among individuals taken at the
same time in the same place and so, presumably, out of the same band.
Dr. Ray Carpenter, who has spent considerable time in Panama study-
ing the habits of these monkeys, writes me that from actual field
observations he, also, has found this to be true. Further, he says that
although howler bands are not closed societies, "females and to a high
degree males of a group remain in rather constant association";
solitary males may break off and later join with some other band,
bringing about interbreeding between troops without, however, ob-
viating the fact that there is a certain common genetic background for
individuals of each band. This, I believe, is particularly important
from a taxonomie standpoint; great care must be exercised not to give
undue weight to traits that are merely local family differences, for
this would lead to a ridiculous and wholly unwarranted number of
subspecies each limited to a very small area. The problem is further
complicated by the appearance of occasional individuals in almost
every part of the total range that differ from their nearer representa-
tives but are very similar to others found at some point far removed
geographically. Only when the extremes of each area are very different
and the average form is quite distinct have I considered it justifiable
to subdivide the typical form. Unless each small local race is given
separate recognition, this is the only practical method of dealing with
the group. External measurements of fresh specimens were not
available in all cases, and where they could be obtained were not

316 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

strictly comparable as they were taken by a number of different people.
Although I have used these to a certain extent as an index of size, I
have emphasized more especially differences in skull size. The manner
in which cranial measurements were taken is explained in detail below.
Names of colors in quotation marks are always after Ridgway, "No-
menclature of Color for Naturalists," 1886.

I have made no attempt to deal with the habits and life history of
these monkeys, as Dr. Carpenter is preparing a very comprehensive
study of this field. The distribution of the species as a whole is very
widespread in the forested areas extending from the southern part of
the state of Vera Cruz in Mexico into Ecuador. The most southerly
example that I have examined comes from El Chiral south of the Gulf
of Guayaquil. Detailed distribution I have considered separately for
each subspecies. The range in altitude at which they may be found
is governed principally by the occurrence of suitable forest growth.

Acknowledgments

I am very much indebted to Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator of
Mammals, Field Museum of Natural History, to Mr. G. S. Miller,
Jr., Curator of Mammals, Smithsonian Institution, United States
National Museum, to Dr. L. R. Dice, Curator of Mammals, Museum
of Zoology, University of Michigan, to Dr. H. H. T. Jackson of the
U. S. Biological Survey, for the kind loan of much important material,
and to Mr. H. E. Anthony, Curator of Mammals, and Mr. G. H. H.
Tate, Assistant Curator of South American Mammals, American
Museum of Natural History, for a similar loan and for other courtesies.
I also wish to thank Dr. Thomas Barbour, Director of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, through whose efforts an excellent series of
Herrera and Canal Zone monkeys was obtained; Dr. G. M. Allen,
Curator of Mammals, Museum of Comparative Zoology, without
whose assistance and advice I should not have been able to prepare
this paper; and Dr. Ray Carpenter who has very kindly supplemented
my material with some of his own personal field notes on the habits,
distribution and coloring of these monkeys.

Explanation of cranial measurements

In studying the skulls of this species the following measurements
were taken in millimeters:

Greatest length. — Length from the occipital projection to henselion,
the most anterior point of the palate at the inner base of the incisors.

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS 317

Condylo-basilar length. — Length from condylion, the most pos-
terior point on the occipital condyle, to henselion.

Basilar length. — Length from basion, the most anterior point of
the foramen magnum, to henselion.

Palatal length. — Length from palation, the most anterior lateral
point on the posterior margin of the palate, to henselion.

Length of rostrum. — Minimum length from the lower border of the
orbit to gnathion.

Zygomatic width. — Maximum width across the zygomatic arches.

Mastoid width. — Width across the mastoid bones directly above
the center of the auditory meatus.

Width of braincase. — Maximum width across the braincase.

Width outside molars. — Maximum width of the molar series taken
across the crowns.

Upper cheek teeth. — Total length of the upper cheek teeth from
the most anterior point on the canines to the posterior border of the
third molar.

Lower cheek teeth. — Total length of the lower cheek teeth from
the most anterior point on the canines to the posterior border of the
third molar.

Length of first premolar — Maximum length of the first premolar
taken antero-posteriorly on the outer margin of the tooth.

Width of first premolar. — Maximum width of the first premolar
taken across the crown.

As many of the skulls examined had lost their incisors, all of the
total length measurements were taken exclusive of these teeth. Unless
otherwise stated all measurements not in the mid-line were taken on
the left side of the skull. A full table of the measurements, grouped
according to localities may be found on the last pages of the paper.
As explained above, all of the measurements were reduced to ratios,
using the total length as a common dividend; the more significant of
these together with the average for each group are inserted immedi-
ately following the description of each subspecies. Certain traits that
are not very readily demonstrable by measurements as skull ridges,
the shape of the audital bullae, the shape of the interpterygoid fossa,
and the position of the hamular processes of the pterygoids have been
noted separately.

Alouatta palliata palliata (Gray)

Mycetes palliatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1848, p. 138, pi. 6; Wagner,
Schreber, Saugeth., Suppl., 5, 1855, p. 71; Reichenbach, Vollstand. Naturg. d.

318 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Affen, 1862, p. 70; Frantzius, Archiv f. Naturg., 36, 1869, p. 254; Gray, Cat.
Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats, Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 40; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 7; Schlegel, Mus. des Pays-Bas (Leyden
Museum), Simiae, 1876, p. 152; Alston, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 1, Mamm., 1879,
p. 4; True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, 1884 [1885], p. 611; Forbes, Handbook
Primates, 1, 1894, p. 202.

Alouata palliata Trouessart, Catal. Mamm. viv. foss., 1897, p. 34.

Alouatta palliata Elliot, Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., 4, Pt. 2, 1904,
p. 726, fig. 138; Id. Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., 6, 1905, p. 533; Id.
Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., 8, 1906, p. 555, pi. 81; Elliot, Mon. Ser.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, 1912 [1913], p. 271.

Alouatta palliata matagalpae Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 24, 1908, p.
670.

Type specimen. Originally described by Gray from a specimen sent
to him by Salle, supposedly from Caracas, Venezuela. Salle later
stated to Sclater that he had procured the specimen on the shores of
Lake Nicaragua, so this becomes the type locality, and Alouatta
palliata matagalpae a synonym. The type as described by Gray
probably has a greater proportion of light-colored hairs on the sides
than is average for the typical subspecies. No cranial measurements
are given.

Description,. Size large, general color black with light flank hairs,
face black and naked with a pronounced beard in the males. Skull
short, broad; braincase flattened, hardly projecting above the level
of the orbits; angle of the mandibles tremendously enlarged.

The color of these howler monkeys is extremely varied. Typically
they are quite dark with the head, shoulders, and limbs almost black;
in certain lights they take on a slight brownish tinge. The flank hairs
are "cinnamon-rufous," with the bases only slightly paler and the tips
dark "walnut." These flank hairs extend from the groin to the armpit
and are most pronounced posteriorly. In the lower dorsal region they
mingle gradually with a few light-banded hairs; these are not very
numerous, have "walnut" bases, dark tips, and a narrow band of
"cinnamon-rufous" immediately below the tip. A few of them may be
scattered along the sides well anteriorly but the central dorsal region
is usually quite free of them. Variation from this coloring is somewhat
extreme in both directions. I have one individual from Costa Rica
that is entirely black and another from Coto in Panama that has the
head, shoulders, limbs and tail very dark "walnut" to black, the flanks
with a mantle of bright, golden "orange rufous," the bases of the hairs
silvery "buff yellow," and the tips "walnut" of a not very intense shade.
These flank hairs extend in a wide fringe from the groin to the armpit.

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS 319

The lower part of the back is covered with hairs tipped with dark
"cinnamon rufous," the bases of these hairs are buffy and there is a
narrow strip of dark "walnut" just above the base; about half way up
the back the bases of the hairs become pale "walnut," and the tips
darker until there is only a very small ring of "cinnamon" or "orange
rufous" left. These hairs mingle gradually with those that are com-
pletely dark until on the fore part of the back and the shoulders there
are no light-banded hairs at all. On the inner margin of the hind legs
there is a very slight tinge of dark "cinnamon rufous." Although this
is the most brilliant example of A. p. palliata that I have examined,
the type and a topotype of J. A. Allen's A. p. matagalpae are almost as
bright with the rump only slightly darker and the extent of the mantle
somewhat reduced. Some of A. p. palliata, again, have the mantle
silvery "chrome yellow" without any appreciable red pigment, others,
over the whole back, have the bases of the hair very pale with the dark
tips just long enough to give the animal a black appearance. This
occurs generally where the light mantle is reduced.

Skull. Members of this group have a short, broad, and somewhat
massive skull. The zygomatic arches are short and rather squarely
spreading, ending posteriorly in a pronounced ridge over the auditory
meatus. The brow ridges, the temporal ridges, and the ridge along the
occipital suture are all prominent. The braincase is short and broad,
generally slightly depressed between the orbits, and flares somewhat
posteriorly from a marked constriction in the temporal region. There
is generally a definite angle where the frontal profile rises from the
rostrum which is moderately long in proportion to the braincase. The
nasal bones are narrow and slightly flaring anteriorly. The interor-
bital space is narrowest across the upper portion of the inner margin
of the orbits on a line about parallel with nasion. The audital bullae
are rounded, and only moderately bulging. The sides of the inter-
pterygoid fossa are rounded and approach each other most closely at
the extreme posterior end. The palate is U-shaped, and in general
parallel-sided. Proportionally the molars are large, while the pre-
molars, especially the first, are considerably smaller. In the male,
particularly, the canines are enlarged, the lower incisors are vertical
and the upper ones are proclivous. Males also have the tremendously
enlarged angle of the mandible to protect the large hyoid bones, typical
of the genus. Skulls of the females are very easily distinguished from
those of the males by the absence of this feature. They are smaller and
lighter with none of the ridges so pronounced as in the male.

Remarks. Although this monkey appears very early in the literature

320 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

of Central American mammals, no extensive analysis of its distin-
guishing traits and of its range seems to be available. The original
description of Mycetes palliatus, containing no mention of skull
features, is as follows: "Black brown; hair of the middle of the back
and upper part of the sides yellow brown, with black tips; of the lower
part of the sides elongate brownish yellow forming a kind of mantle on
each side" (Gray, 1848). Dr. von Frantzius in 1869 compares certain
individuals that he collected in Costa Rica with Gray's description of
Mycetes palliatus, and states that the Costa Rican form is "black"
rather than "black brown" of Gray, that the golden hairs are found
only on the undersides and the shoulders, and that the coloring of the
male, female and young is very similar. In spite of the color differences
between his animals and Gray's, however, he agrees wTith Peters in
calling his specimens palliatus. The earliest reference that I have been
able to find to the error made in the type locality of this form is in
Sclater's paper in 1861: "a Mycetes described and figured by Dr. Gray
in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1848 under the name
M. palliatus, and erroneously stated to be from Caraccas." Later, in
1872, he explains that M. Salle, who procured the type and some other
specimens, told him that they came from Nicaragua where they occur
on the islands and banks of the lake. The correction in type locality is
on good evidence, and I believe should be allowed to stand. The pos-
sibility of a very wide range in color variation was first noted by
Schlegel in 1876: "Je ne crois pas qu'il existe des differences constantes
dans les teintes de l'espeee, suivants les loealites." Although he recog-
nizes that von Frantzius' monkeys from Costa Rica might be darker
than Gray's type, he claims that the wide range of color variation in
the seven Panama examples that he personally examined bears out
his theory that these differences are merely individual traits. It is
very likely that the specimens which he actually studied were A. p.
acquatorialis, nevertheless his conclusions in this matter are probably
quite accurate and equally applicable to both forms. Alston in 1879,
summing up the work done on Mycetes palliatus, states that some of
the Panama howler monkeys are as dark as the Costa Rican ones
while some are as light as the Xicaraguan type and concludes: "I must
therefore agree in Prof. Schlegel's conclusion that the variation does
not depend on locality." The synonomy of this form includes A. p.
matagalpae J. A. Allen, which was described in 1908 from two speci-
mens collected in 1907 at Savala, Matagalpa, Nicaragua. When Allen
named this form, he was unaware of the true type locality of A. p.
palliata. He characterized it as being similar in size to A. p. palliata

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS 321

and A. p. mexicana, and as having flank stripes "dark rufous instead
of pale rufous or golden {palliata) or pale fulvous or grayish fulvous
(mexicana); suffusion of back dark rufous instead of fulvous or grayish
fulvous." On recognition of Nicaragua instead of Caracas as the type
locality for A. p. palliata, it becomes clear that A. p. matagalpae is
identical with Gray's animal.

The subspecific division of Alouatta palliata has been difficult; for
aside from a few very marked forms, as the one from Coiba Island
and the two from Guatemala, individual differences in a given area
have been so numerous as almost to coincide with the variation over
the total range of this species. A. p. mexicana may be distinguished
principally on the basis of certain skull characters ; the three remaining
forms are, however, dependent more especially on differences in shade
and distribution of color. It has been most difficult to separate A . p.
aequatorialis from typical A. p. palliata, because in the region of
Panama there is so much intergradation between the two forms.
Though very similar individuals with much reduced light markings
are occasionally found over most of the range of the species, the ex-
tremes of variation are totally different. This is particularly interest-
ing, as these extremes are not isolated forms but individuals from a
series in which there may be all degrees of coloration leading up to the
extreme form. I have described in detail the pigmentation of the
brightest individuals of A. p. palliata and this may be compared with
the much yellower Ecuadorean extreme, where the whole general
ground color is markedly browner and the "ochraceous" coloring of
the flanks extends far down on to the hind limbs. In general the even
ticking of light-banded hairs over the back without such a marked
concentration in the posterior region, the absence of any "orange
rufous," and the presence of a few light hairs scattered over the tail,
very often concentrated at the tip, are quite characteristic of A. p.
aequatorialis. Further, the rostrum is slightly shorter and the occipital
projection somewhat more pronounced.

Geographical distribution. The typical form of A. p. palliata is found
from the extreme western part of Panama north through Costa Rica,
Nicaragua, and Honduras. In the south it merges gradually with
A. p. aequatorialis, making the individuals from Panama quite inter-
mediate. The most northern specimens that I have examined come
from Honduras near the Guatemalan border and are typical A. p.
palliata; intergradation between these and the Mexican and black
Guatemalan forms probably takes place farther north.

Specimens examined. In all, 46, as follows:

Panama, Coto, one female, skin and skull;

322 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Costa Rica, Talamanca, eight males, three skin and skull, two skin
only, three skull only, eleven females, two skin and skull, one skin
only, eight skull only; Guayabo, two females, skin and skull; no
locality, three males, two skin and skull, one skull only, three females,
skull onlv;

Nicaragua, Matagalpa, five males, skin and skull (including type
of matagalpae) ; Pena Blanca, one male, skin and skull;

Honduras, Chamelicon, one male, skin only; Segovia R. one male,
skin only, one female, skin only; eastern part, one male, skull only,
three females, skull only; San Pedro, one male, skin and skull, one
female, skin and skull.

Skull ratios

Male

Range Average

Greatest length divided by palatal length

2.73-3.00

2.84

it tt

tt

" length of upper

cheek

teeth

2.60-2.84

2.69

<( tt

tt

" length of rostrum

3.17-3.45

3.29

a tt

it

" zygomatic width

1.32-1.46

1.39

ft tt

tt

" mastoid width

1.91-2.11

2.00

a tt

<(

" width outside mol

ars

2.68-3.09

2.87

tt t.

tt

" width of cranium

2.02-2.25

2.15

Female

tt tt

tt

" palatal length

2.73-3.03

2.84

tt it

ft

" length of upper

cheek

teeth

2.55-2.81

2.68

a tt

tt

" length of rostrum

3.33-3.67

3.46

tt tt

ft

" zygomatic width

1.39-1.52

1.45

tt

tt

" mastoid width

1.93-2.08

2.01

n tt

a

" width outside molars

2.73-3.00

2.87

tt a

it

" width of cranium

1.97-2.21

2.10

Alouatta palliata aequatorialis Festa

Alouata aequatorialis Festa, Boll. Mus. di Zool. ed Anat. Comp. d. Univ. d.
Torino, 18, 11 Feb. 1903, p. 3. Elliot, Mon. Ser. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. , 1, 1912
[1913], p. 274.

Aluatta palliata Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, p. 519.

Mycetes niger Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, p. 394.

Mycetes palliatus Anderson, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, Pt. 1, 1881,
p. 83.

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS

323

Alouatta palliata Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20, 1904, p. 79; Elliot,
Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., 8, 1907, p. 555, pi. 81.

Alouatta inclamax Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, 12, Dec. 1913,
p. 567.

Alouatta palliata quichua Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, 12, Dec.
1913, p. 567.

Alouatta palliata inconsonans Goldman, Smithsonian Miscell. Coll., 60,
Feb. 28, 1913, p. 17; Ibid., 69, 1920, p. 229.

Type specimen. Described from four cotypes, two adult males, one
female and one young, skins numbers 101, 102, 103, and 104, and
skulls numbers 4688, 4886, 4692, and 4693, Mus. di Zoologia ed Anat.
Comparata della Universita di Torino, from Vinces, Ecuador; col-
lected in September, sometime between 1895 and 1898, by Enrico
Festa. Alouata aequatorialis was suggested by Festa for his four
specimens in the event that they should prove distinct from Alouata
nigra.

Description. General color black to dark mummy-brown, with the
mantle hairs, which are slightly shorter than in A. p. palliata, golden
"ochraceous"; the back is evenly sprinkled with a varying number of
light-tipped hairs, and there is a slight scattering of light-tipped hairs
on the tail especially on the under surface; very often they are con-
centrated at the posterior end. The range of color variation in this
subspecies is notably great; the brightest -colored individuals have the
head, shoulders, and arms dark "mummy brown" with the bases of
the hairs "walnut." The flank hairs, which are golden "ochraceous"
with the bases slightly paler, are most numerous posteriorly and
hardly extend as far forward as the axillary region. The rump, tail,
and lower part of the hind legs are a paler shade of "mummy-brown"
than is the anterior part of the body, and the bases of the hairs are
brownish "buff." The inner margins of the hind legs are golden
"ochraceous" as far down as the knee, while on the outer margin the
hairs are darker but with a marked golden tinge at the tips. Hairs
with much reduced light bands are plentifully sprinkled over almost
all of the back. This extreme form of coloring differs markedly from
that found in A. p. palliata. The ground color is a much paler, more
golden brown, the flank hairs are "ochraceous" rather than "orange
rufous," and this bright coloring extends much farther down on the
hind limbs. From this extreme there are all degrees of coloring to al-
most pure black; the brown on the limbs is exceptional rather than
usual, most of the specimens being quite black. Even in dark in-
dividuals there is usually a sprinkling of light hairs on the under sur-

324 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

face of the tail with a marked concentration at the tip. It is noticeable
that even where the bright mantle is almost totally absent the back is
still more or less profusely sprinkled with hairs banded with buffy
"ochraceous" and there is little tendency for these to concentrate
posteriorly as in A. p. palliata. These two traits are particularly im-
portant in setting this subspecies apart from A. p. palliata. In in-
dividuals where the mantle is not very pronounced, it is much less
golden and tends toward buffy, which together with its shorter length
helps to separate this form quite definitely from A. p. trabeata.

Skull. The skulls of this race are so similar to those of A. p. palliata
that it would be impossible to separate the two forms on the basis of
skull characters alone. The rostrum is slightly shorter in proportion
to the total length and to the length of the braincase and the propor-
tional width across the zygomatic arches is slightly broader than in
A. p. palliata; the former character is most noticeable in male skulls.
There is a tendency even in young skulls for the lateral ridges to meet
in a sagittal crest, and to have a pronounced triangular occipital pro-
jection. Otherwise in size, general shape and proportions, their ranges
of variation are mutually inclusive. The widely separated extremes in
the female's ratios of length of upper cheek teeth to total length in
A. p. acquatorialis both came from Panama, the lowest from Citrus
and the highest from the Canal Zone.

Remarks. The first published description of an Ecuadorean howler
monkey was that of Thomas in 1880 who refers his specimen to
Mycetcs nigcr, the black howler of Paraguay, which Elliot in "A Re-
view of the Primates" (1913) considers as synonymous with Alouatta
caraya. Thomas's specimen came from Intac about 50 miles north of
Quito. At the time when he first examined it, the sex of the animal was
undeterminable, and in general appearance it seemed to agree quite
closely with Humboldt's original description of the female of Simla
caraya, — head and back black, sides yellow. He further compares
the Intac form with A. p. palliata and goes on to say that: "Mycctes
palliatus, to which this specimen bears a certain resemblance, is found
only in Central America and differs in the length of the hairs and in the
detailed distribution of the colours." In 1903 in a detailed account of
the four specimens from which he described A. acquatorialis, Festa
emphasizes their general chocolate-brown color with the bases of the
hairs yellowish fulvous, the tips yellow, and the flanks golden yellow.
The females, he says, are browner with less golden than the males.
Compared with A. nigra he says that they differ in being chocolate
rather than black. Although Thomas's specimen from Intac is blacker

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS 325

than his, Festa believes that it should belong to the same species and
hence calls his A. nigra. He does, however, call attention to the neces-
sity of having more specimens before a final determination can be
made and proposes A. aequatorialis if it should turn out to be different.
In 1913 the Intac specimen was made over and it became obvious
that it was a male, so Thomas redescribed it, this time calling it
A. inclamax, sp. n. "General colour black. Under surface mixed black
and buffy, the inconspicuous lateral mantle cream-buff. Hands mixed
black and buffy. Thighs black along their antero-external edge only,
their hinder and lower sides conspicuously buffy, contrasting strongly
with the general black colour. Lower legs blackish all around; feet
mixed black and buffy. Tail black for three-fourths its length above,
its under surface and terminal fourth whitish buffy." He does not
compare it with A. p. palliata, but states that the yellowish thighs
set it apart from A. caraya and A. villosa. He distinguishes it from
A. aequatorialis on the ground that Festa's form was "chocolate
brown" rather than "black." In the same paper Thomas describes
another howler monkey, A. p. quichua from the Rio Blanco 20 miles
west of Mindo, Ecuador. This he considers to be a southern form of
A. palliata. In contrasting this form with the Central American one,
he notes: "Posterior back finely ticked with buffy, the hairs commonly
black with buffy (ochraceous buffy) tips," and the "tail with many of
its hairs buffy, especially towards its tip." Both of these points I have
found to be distinctive features of A. p. aequatorialis. Comparing the
skull of A. p. quichua with that of A. p. palliata he says that the
"mesopterygoid fossa is more squarely open anteriorly and the zygo-
mata are less broadened vertically, especially in their anterior part."
These traits I have found to be extremely variable, and the latter
particularly is dependent almost entirely on the age of the individual,
so that neither of them is really good for purposes of classification. A
further difference that he mentions and which does not seem to hold
when large series of both animals are studied is that those from Central
America are "buffy-sided" whereas the Ecuadorean ones are more
"tawny-mantled." More accurately, the difference in coloring of the
lateral hairs is that in A. p. palliata they have considerably more red
pigment and therefore are more "orange rufous" than in A. p. aequa-
torialis. The two forms that Thomas describes come from places that
are relatively close together, and as they fall well within the range of
variation for A. p. aequatorialis, I think that they may undoubtedly-
be considered as synonymous. The Panama form, A. p. inconsonans,
which Goldman described in 1913, may also be considered as synony-

326 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

mous with A. p. aequatorialis although in many ways it seems to be
intermediate between this and A. p. palliata. Topotypes of Goldman's
subspecies from Cerro Azul resemble quite closely the Ecuadorean
monkey, their general coloring ranging from all black to black with
the back evenly suffused with light-banded hairs; the light mantle,
when present, is very limited in extent and may be of almost any shade
from "walnut" to brownish "ochraceous." Other specimens from the
Rio Chucunaque are almost entirely black with the few scattered
mantle hairs in some cases distinctly reddish. Canal Zone specimens,
also, are all quite dark with a tendency toward a general scattering of
light-banded hairs over the back, the paler mantle hairs are reduced
and vary from a preponderance of yellow to one of red pigment.
Specimens from all of these localities seem to link the Panamanian
animal with the more southerly one, and this division would be quite
clear were it not for a few aberrant individuals scattered over this
same area. Thus from the Madranal River I have one specimen that
is almost as golden as the Herrera howlers with the pigment distributed
in a very similar manner, and from the Atrato River in Colombia I
have two that are very like those from Costa Rica. Again, a series
from the north of Panama around Boquete and Boqueron range from
those having a mantle of pale "ochraceous" with the whole back pro-
fusely sprinkled with light-banded hairs to others in which the mantle
is much more "walnut" and the light-tipped hairs, limited to the lower
dorsal region, are much redder at the tips. This series is perhaps the
most intermediate of them all. The even diffusion of light-banded
hairs over the back in the majority of them, however, leads me to
consider them as A. p. aequatorialis; yet a single specimen from the
coast at the mouth of the river Coto very near this area seems more
nearly to approximate A. p. palliata. In general the skulls of the
Panamanian animals are not as distinct from those of A. p. palliata as
are the Ecuadorean ones ; but this was to be expected considering their
intermediate position.

Geographical distribution. This form extends from the southern
limit of distribution of A. p. palliata in western Panama through the
rest of Panama and down along the Pacific coast of South .America
through Colombia and Ecuador to the region south of the bay of
Guayaquil. It is not, however, a strictly coastal form but is found as
far inland as the region around Mindo in Ecuador.

Specimens exarr.ined. In all, 36, as follows:

Ecuador, Cerro Manglar Alto, near the town of Manglar Alto,
three males, skin and skull, four females, skin and skull; Cuaque, river

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS

327

near Pedernales, one male, skin and skull, one female, skin and skull;
El Chiral, Prov. del Oro, one female, skin and skull; Mindo, one male,
skin only, two female, one skin and skull, one skull only; Vinces on
the R. Vinces which empties into the northern part of the Gulf of
Guayaquil, four males, three skin and skull, one skull only, three
females, two skin and skull, one skull only; Cerro Bajo Verde, one
male, skin and skull, one female, skin and skull;

Colombia, Atrato R., two males, skin only, one female, skull only;

Panama, Tacarcuna, one male, skin and skull; Tapalisa, two male,
skin and skull; Cituro, one female, skin and skull; Rio Chucunaque,
five males, four skin and skull, one skull only, three females, two skin
and skull, one skull only; Cerro Azul, one male, skin and skull, six
females, skin and skull, one immature female, skin and skull (topo-
types of ineonsonans) ; Maxim Ranch (probably the Maxon Ranch
on the Rio Trinidad in Bocas del Toro), one male, skull only; Canal
Zone, near Gatun Lake, two males, one skin only, one skull only, six
females, four skin only, two skull only; Canal Zone, two males, one
skin and skull, one skull only, three skin only, sex undetermined;
Boquete, three males, two skin and skull, one skull only, seven females,
five skin and skull, two skull only, two immature females, skin and
skull; Boqueron, one female skin and skull; Bocas del Toro, one male,
skull only.

Skull ratios
Male
Greatest length divided by palatal length

"length of upper cheek

teeth
" length of rostrum
zygomatic width
mastoid width
width outside molars
width of cranium

Female

Range Average

2.66-3.07

2.82

2.58-2.86

2.69

3.15-3.55

3.31

1.33-1.50

1.36

1.91-2.11

1.99

2.72-3.11

2.92

2.02-2.37

2.16

' palatal length

' length of upper cheek

teeth
' length of rostrum
' zygomatic width
' mastoid width
' width outside molars
' width of cranium

2.71-3.08 2.88

2.32-2.95

2.63

3.26-3.72

3.50

1.30-1.51

1.43

1.90-2.09

1.98

2.63-2.98

2.81

1.89-2.26

2.04

328 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Alouatta palliata trabeata subsp. nov.

Type. Adult male, skin and skull, no. 29545 Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, from Capina, Herrera Province, Panama, collected
in March, 1933, by Dr. Thomas Barbour.

Description. This subspecies is most readily distinguished by the
very golden appearance of the flanks and lower part of the back.
The lateral mantle of long, golden, silky hairs extends in a wide fringe
from the arm -pit to the groin, in some specimens a few golden hairs
are also found on the outer margin of the upper arm. The tips of these
mantle hairs are pale golden "oehraeeous" while the bases are silvery.
There is a large area on the lower flanks where no dark hairs are
found; the progressive darkening of the hair toward the mid-dorsal
region starts with the bases which change gradually from silver through
light to deep "walnut." Toward the mid-dorsal region the golden
"oehraeeous" tip gradually shifts to a ring immediately below the tip
while the actual tip is "walnut." The ring, in turn, becomes narrower
and narrower allowing an increasing amount of the walnut base to
show and thus giving the back a slightly darker appearance than the
flanks. The distribution of brilliant coloring over the back varies
somewhat in different specimens; in some cases it is continuous across
the whole posterior region, while in others a narrow, dark streak may
persist centrally. Its antero-posterior extent is also varied, generally
the dark "walnut" hairs of the upper part of the body start across the
shoulders and reach in a V-shape not quite halfway down the back.
On the lower part of the back, and on the hind legs sometimes as far
down as the feet, and sometimes on the upper part only, the hairs are
ringed with dark "ferruginous" and that takes a very golden sheen in
some lights; this marking is found to a lesser degree on the upper part
of the fore limbs. The head, shoulders, upper part of the back, tail,
and lower part of the limbs are all deep walnut. In most specimens the
sides of the face below the ears are slightly paler than the rest of the
head and in a few there are distinct, though small, golden "oehraeeous"
patches in this area. The ventral surface is sparsely covered with pale
"walnut" hairs, and in some specimens on the posterior part of the
belly the hair is the same golden "oehraeeous" color as it is on the
flanks.

Skull. The skull varies only slightly from that of typical Alouatta
palliata palliata, and the differences are not very definite unless one
has a fairly large series from which to work. There is a greater sexual
difference in size among these monkeys than there is in others of this

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS 329

species. This is especially noticeable when one compares total lengths.
Skulls of males of A. p. trabeata average the same length as those of
males of A. p. paUiata, while those of females of the former are dis-
tinctly smaller than females of the latter. A study of the table of
measurements will show that a large enough series of females was
measured to establish this as a real difference rather than a casual
variation of a few aberrant individuals. The palate and rostrum of
A. p. trabeata are both slightly longer when compared with the total
length of the skull, this difference is more noticeable in female than in
male skulls. When total length is divided by palatal length, the re-
sultant ratios range in the female from 2.71 through 2.86 with an
average of 2.77; total length divided by length of rostrum gives a
similar range of 3.25 through 3.45 with an average of 3.34. In male
skulls the corresponding ratios are for the former 2.74 through 2.80
with an average of 2.77; and for the latter 3.17 through 3.22 with an
average of 3.20. The teeth in this new form are of practically the same
size as those of A . p. palliata, except the premolars of the males which
are wider, more nearly approximating the width of the true molars, a
difference especially marked in two of the three specimens measured.
Remarks. The distinction of this subspecies depends principally on
the much greater distribution of golden "ochraceous" hair on the
flanks and lumbar region, and the general browner color of the rest of
the body. As color varies greatly in Central American monkeys, it was
particularly important to obtain a large series from Herrera to deter-
mine whether this difference in color was really a consistent charac-
teristic. Ten specimens were examined from different parts of this
province and only one proved to be less golden than the most extreme
forms found in the rest of Central America. On an average they were
very much more golden than these others and the number of specimens
from other areas that even approximated them in color was very
limited; a female from the Madranal River somewhat south of the
Canal Zone is every bit as golden as the Herrera ones, but unfor-
tunately I have only one example from this locality, so cannot be quite
certain whether this is, as I strongly suspect, an extreme individual.
From Boqueron in the north of Panama I have a female that is almost
as bright although the pigment is "orange rufous" rather than "och-
raceous." A few specimens from Boquete have the bright mantle
hairs distributed quite far anteriorly but they do not cover the lower
region of the back to nearly as great an extent. From Ecuador, I ex-
amined one extremely yellow individual that is very similar to A. p.
trabeata. The Herrera form may be distinguished from this one by its

330

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

general "walnut" rather than the "mummy brown" coloring. The
bases of the hairs are darker, the tips redder, and the lateral mantle is
longer and more golden anteriorly than is the case in A. p. aequatorialis.
It is always a somewhat uncertain business to subdivide large mam-
mals that have a potentially wide range. In this case, however, we are
dealing with an isolated area of forest cut off from the rest of the range
by a wide intervening strip of open country. Breeding with darker
stock is thus quite effectively cut off, and the tendency will probably
be for the distinctive characteristics of A. p. trabeata to become in-
creasingly emphasized.

Geographical distribution. These monkeys are found only on the
Azuero Peninsula in Panama. This is an isolated area separated from
the range of typical A p. aequatorialis by a wide strip of unforested
land, so the ranges of these two forms are quite distinct.

Specimens examined. In all, nineteen specimens as follows:
Panama, Parita, one male, skin and skull, three females, skin and
skull, one young skin and skull; near Parita, two males, skin and skull,
three females, skin and skull, one immature female, skin and skull;
Herrera Pro v., one female, skull only, one young skull only; Capina,
three males, skin and skull, three females, skin and skull.

Skull ratios

Male

Range Average

Greatest length divided by palatal length

2.74-2.80

2.77

it a

" length of upper

cheek

teeth

2.58-2.64

2.61

it tt

" length of rostrum

3.17-3.22

3.20

tt ti

" zygomatic width

1.33-1.35

1.34

It it

" mastoid width

1.96-2.06

2.01

Ii it

" width outside molars

2.91-3.00

2.95

it it

" width of cranium

2.01-2.13

2.09

Female

n it

" palatal length

2.71-2.86

2.77

a n

" length of upper

cheek

teeth

2.41-2.58

2.51

it a

" length of rostrum

3.25-3.45

3.34

a a

" zygomatic width

1.39-1.46

1.43

a tt

" mastoid width

1.84-2.07

1.99

a tt

" width outside moll

irs

2.68-2.90

2.81

a tt

" width of cranium

1.92-2.09

2.00

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS 331

Alouatta palliata coibensis Thomas

Aloualta palliata coibensis Thomas, Novitat. Zool., 9, 1902, p. 135; Elliot,
Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., 4, Pt. 2, 1904, p. 727; Id. Publ. Field
Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., 6, 1905, p. 533; Id. Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Zool.
Ser., 8, 1906, p. 556; Elliot, Mon. Ser. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, 1912 [1913],
p. 233; Goldman, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 69, April 24, 1920, p. 230.

Description. These monkeys are somewhat smaller and duller
colored than typical A. p. palliata. The upper part of the back, the
head, and the fore limbs are of such a dark shade of "seal brown" that
in most lights they appear black; toward the lower part of the back
this becomes paler, and in most specimens the rump and upper parts
of the hind limbs are "walnut" with slightly more reddish tips to the
hair. The bases of the hairs over most of the body are "walnut" of
varying intensities, palest in the posterior region. The hair of the
flanks is quite uniformly "orange rufous" to "cinnamon rufous," the
bases are either silver or "walnut" and the tips are dark. These mantle
hairs are most concentrated on the flanks immediately anterior to the
hind legs, though in some individuals a few scattered hairs may ex-
tend as far forward as the armpits; they mix gradually with the dark
hair on the back and their relative proportion varies considerably.
Characteristically the whole lower dorsal region is dark "cinnamon
rufous" to "chestnut," and the very reddish mantle, although it is
often very extended, is never as bright as in the mainland form.

SkvM. In all its proportions the skull is very similar to that of
typical A. p. palliata. In actual dimensions, however, it is definitely
smaller and lacks prominent ridges; there is no flattening of the cran-
ium immediatelv back of the orbits; the braincase is more rounded,
and the teeth, especially the premolars, are smaller.

Remarks. The notably smaller, lighter, skull with its smoothly
rounded braincase and smaller teeth as well as the less brilliant,
redder color of this howler are its most distinguishing characteristics.
Dr. Ray Carpenter who has spent considerable time in Panama collect-
ing and studying Central American howler monkeys, claims that this
difference in size is not very marked, basing his conclusions principally
on a comparison of the weights of some of these monkeys. Of the five
skulls which I myself have examined, none is as large as those of the
mainland form. All of them were fully adult, and three, two males and
one female, were old with the teeth well worn and sutures completely
closed so that it is quite certain they had attained their maximum
growth. Thomas, who described the subspecies working with six

332 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

specimens, also notes, particularly, the difference in size. For this
reason and because the color, also, is distinct, I am inclined to regard
A. p. coibensis as a perfectly good race, although I do not think as does
Goldman (1920), that the differences are sufficient to warrant its
separation as a full species.

Although this form was not described until 1902, as early as 1879 a
certain Captain Dow remarks on the presence of an island form off the
coast of Veragua. "Mr. Salvin tells me that Captain Dow informed
him that he once met with Howling Monkeys on the little island of
Hicaron, which lies at the southern extremity of Quibo [Coiba] Island
off the coast of Veragua. The species would probably be Mycetes
palliahis" (Alston, 1879).

Geographical distribution. This subspecies is found on Coiba Island,
off the Pacific coast of Panama.

Specimens examined. Five males, three skin and skull, two skin
only; four females, two skin and skull, two skin only; one skin, sex
undetermined; all of them from Coiba Island.

Skull ratios

Male

Range /

iverage

Greatest length divided by palatal length

2.79-2.80

2.80

<« u

it

" length of upper cheek

teeth

2.49-2.61

2.56

a ti

it

" length of rostrum

3.18-3.39

3.28

(t a

it

" zygomatic width

1.28-1.38

1.33

a a

tt

" mastoid width

1.92-2.10

2.02

a a

a

" width outside molars

2.70-2.99

2.83

a it

a

" width of cranium

2.05-2.19

2.12

Female

a <t

it

" palatal length

2.83-2.92

2.88

it a

tt

" length of upper cheek

teeth

2.60-2.75

2.78

ti ti

a

" length of rostrum

3.22-3.52

3.37

a it

it

" zygomatic width

1.38-1.40

1.39

a it

it

" mastoid width

1.98-1.99

1.99

ti ti

it

" width outside molars

2.71-2.75

2.73

a it

it

" width of cranium

1.94-2.01

1.97

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS 333

Alouatta palliata pigra subsp. nov.

Type. Adult male, skin and skull, no. 63510 Museum of Zoology,
University of Michigan, from Uaxactun, Peten, Guatemala; collected
May 4, 1931, by A. Murie.

Description. Externally this subspecies may be distinguished by
the larger size and the absence in both sexes of any light markings on
the flanks. The males, females and the single young one examined
were all coal black. The bases of the hairs are either black or a very
deep "seal brown," and owing to the fact that the fur is less dense and
shorter on the limbs and tail this paler shade shows through the dark
tips of the hair giving a slightly brownish tint to the general color in
these areas. The hair is thick and fine and relatively rather long when
compared with that of either typical A. p. palliata or A. p. mexicana.

Skull. The skull is large and massive with very pronounced ridges;
the braincase is relatively narrow and flattened with a broad, flat,
slightly depressed area centrally immediately posterior to the orbits,
forming in old males a marked concavity. The orbital ridges are
prominent with a pronounced antero-posterior thickening on the outer
margin that is enlarged into an angular projection at the top of the
zygoma. The interorbital space is broad and flat, the nasal aperture
large with a much longer distance from the tip of the nasals to gnathion
than in the rest of the species. This is accompanied by a proportional
but not so marked lengthening of the rostrum. As compared with
A. p. palliata, the average width across the zygomatic arches is slightly
narrower in relation to the total length of the skull. Notably these
arise less abruptly from the rostrum and slope more gradually to the
lambdoid ridges over the auditory meatus. A comparison of the mas-
toid width and the width across the molars with the total length
emphasizes the fact that the skulls of this form are proportionally
longer and narrower than those of A. p. palliata. In this respect Costa
Rican howlers are most similar to A. p. pigra with only a small average
difference. The relative length of the palate and of the upper cheek
teeth is about the same in both forms. The ventral surface of the skull
presents numerous quite distinctive characters. The pterygoid is
much broader antero-posteriorly, and the distance from the alveolus of
the last molar to the concavity of the posterior border of the pterygoid
is much greater. The delicate hamular process arises rather far anteri-
orly on the lateral lamina of the pterygoid. The mastoid projection is
much more massive, and extends farther posteriorly.

The sexual difference in skull size in A. p. pigra is great. In general

334 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

the distinctive features found in the male skulls obtain for the female
skulls also, but to a less marked degree. In these the most pronounced
characters are the longer and narrower shape of the skull, the tapering
of the zygomatic arches, the great length from the tip of the nasals to
gnathion, the size and shape of the pterygoids, and the thickening of
the orbits. The skulls are not as flat on top and there is no interorbital
depression.

Remarks. This subspecies is based on a series of twelve specimens
collected in 1931, in Uaxactun, Peten, Guatemala, by A. Murie. Five
of the specimens are adult males, three skin and skull, two skull
only; six of them are females, three skin and skull, three skull only,
(one of them without the lower jaw) ; one of them is a young one, skin
and skull. Coming from the same area it is highly probable that many
of them were shot out of the same band, and for this reason some of
the characters emphasized may not be found to quite so marked a
degree in other individuals of the same form collected in less closely
associated areas. The differences, however, are so definite that they
unquestionably indicate a separate subspecies; indeed, if it were not
for the form found at Mountain Cow which seems to be intermediate
between this and typical A. p. palliata, one might be justified in calling
it a distinct species. This is by no means the first record of a black
howling monkey taken in Guatemala. Mycetes villosus Gray, 1845,
has been ascribed to this region, but the origin of the type is so ob-
scure that it is impossible to decide to what form this name should
apply. It was based on a single, poorly preserved, young specimen
which Gray believed came from Brazil. No cranial characters were
given, the principal distinctive features being the "abundance, softness
and length of the hair; but unfortunately it is in such bad condition
that we cannot be quite certain of the direction of the hair on the fore-
head, though it appears to be directed forward" (Gray, 1845). This
specimen is one of a series of nine new species all described in this same
paper and all but one supposed to inhabit "Brazils." Because of the
wide range of color variation Gray had thought it advisable "that the
various specimens which we have in the British Museum should be
accurately described, leaving the consideration of the permanence of
the distinctions pointed out to be determined at some future time, or
by a person more fortunately placed for such a purpose" (Gray, 1845).
The manner in which the hair is directed on the forehead and the
length and softness or stiffness of the hairs are the two characters
which he considers most important taxonomically, though he does
mention some few color variations. Sclater in 1872 writes that "Mr.

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS 335

Salvin has often spoken to me of the Black Howler of Vera Cruz; but
it is only recently that I have had an opportunity of examining a skin
of this animal obtained by him in that district in May, 1862." I
have been unable to locate "Vera Cruz" on any maps of Guatemala,
and think that undoubtedly he meant "Vera Paz," especially as he
himself later refers to the animal as "Guatemalan," and quotes from
Salvin in describing the locality visited as follows: "It (the black
howler) is abundant throughout the eastern portion of the republic,
but is unknown in the forest clad slopes which stretch towards the
Pacific Ocean. In the former region it is found at various altitudes
over a wide expanse of country. I have heard its cry on the shores of
Lake Yzabal, and all through the denser forests of the valley of the
river Polochic. It is very common, from the steep mountain road which
lies between the upland village of Perula and S. Miguel-Tucuru, and
especially in the wilderness of uninhabited forest which stretches from
Teleman to the Lake Yzabal. In the unbroken forest country which
occupies the whole of the northern portion of Vera Paz, from Coban
and Cahabon to the confines of Peten, it is also abundant" (Sclater,
1872). It becomes clear from the above that all of the country re-
ferred to by Salvin lies within the provinces of Vera Paz and Yzabal.
Sclater first believed this animal to be undescribed, but on comparing
it with the type of Mycetes villosus decided that they were the same,
and that Gray's specimen did not come from Brazil. In regard to this
he writes: "I think it is probable that there has been a mistake in the
locality and that it is identical with the Guatemalan animal." He
gives no further evidence to support the theory that an error really
was made, and seems to base his conclusion entirely on a similarity
between the two specimens. He describes his animal as having "long
soft hairs, which below show a rufescent tinge," and "the hair on the
face being inclined forwards instead of reversed." Too much im-
portance cannot be given to color as the male of Alouatta caraya from
Brazil is also black; and Schlegel, in 1876, after examining a larger
series from Guatemala, some of them collected in Salvin's own locali-
ties, states that the direction of the hair on the forehead is not diagnos-
tic as he has found individuals with both types of hair growth collected
in the same place. Nevertheless he, also, accepts Guatemala as the
type locality for M. villosus. Alston in 1879 recapitulates the work of
Sclater and of Schlegel, and agrees that Gray's form probably did come
from Guatemala though he offers no further evidence. None of this
is very conclusive, the type of villosus is a young, poorly-preserved
specimen; as I have pointed out above, black howlers occur also in

336 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Brazil, and the direction of the hair on the forehead is so variable as
not to be diagnostic. Further, even if one should accept Sclater's
conclusions as to the correct type locality, there is absolutely no way
of determining the exact spot in Guatemala where M. vittosus was
taken and so of identifying it either with A. p. pigra, or with A. p.
luctuosa. For this reason it has seemed advisable to reidentify the
howler monkeys of this region and to regard M. villosus as indetermin-
able due to the absence of a type locality and the imperfect condition
of the type.

Geographical distribution. Enough specimens of this form have not
been taken to admit of any accurate statement on its range. The only
ones that I have been able to examine all came from the same place in
the northern part of Guatemala. Because of their peculiarly heavy-
boned structure, associated, I believe, with the country in which they
are found, I should expect this to be the race of the forests of the lime-
stone region of northern Guatemala and Yucatan.

Specimens examined. Guatemala, Peten, Uaxactun, five males,
three skin and skull, two skull only; six females, three skin and skull,
three skull only; one young, skin and skull.

Skull ratios

Male

Range A verage

Greatest length divided by palatal length

2.74-3.00

2.87

it n

tt

" lergth of upper

cheek

teeth

2.68-2.81

2.75

a it

tt

" length of rostrum

3.00-3.30

3.23

tl n

tt

" zygomatic width

1.43-1.55

1.49

it tt

it

" mastoid width

2.03-2.23

2.08

a it

it

" width outside mol

ars

2.93-3.23

3.07

a a

tt

" width of cranium

2.18-2.44

2.34

Female

it a

tt

" palatal length

2.79-3.00

2.86

a tl

tt

" length of upper cheek

teeth

2.72-2.77

2.74

tt it

it

" length of rostrum

3.20-3.42

3.31

a it

tt

" zygomatic width

1.48-1.57

1.53

it tt

tt

" mastoid width

1.96-2.09

2.03

a tt

a

" width outside moli

irs

2.72-3.00

2.84

tt tt

ti

" width of cranium

2.08-2.22

2.16

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS 337

Alouatta palliata luctuosa subsp. nov.

Type. Adult male, skin and skull, no. 24059 Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, from Mountain Cow, Cayo District, British Honduras;
collected 12 April 1928, by Oliver L. Austin, Jr.

Description. This is another black form distinguishable exter-
nally from A. p. pigra by its definitely smaller size. The fur is long,
silky and very thick, as in A. p. pigra, particularly long immediately
behind the shoulders. The ends of the hairs are black giving the animal
its general color; the bases, however, are dark "seal brown." In the
mid-dorsal line posteriorly, on the shoulders, and especially on the
sides of the face these are quite pale, while immediately below the
ears they become light "fawn" color.

Skull. The skull is moderately long and not very massive, and is
intermediate between that of typical A. p. palliata and A. p. pigra.
The braincase is rather broad and rounded ; instead of being depressed
back of the orbits it is quite dome-shaped. None of the ridges is un-
usually pronounced. The interorbital space is broad and flat, and the
nasal aperture large with a relatively long distance from the tip of the
nasals to gnathion. As in A. p. pigra this is accompanied by a propor-
tional lengthening of the rostrum. The width across the zygomatic
arches is slightly narrower proportionally to the total length than in
A. p. palliata; these latter arise less abruptly from the rostrum and
slope back very gradually to join the lambdoid ridges over the auditory
meatus. The ratio of mastoid width and of width across the braincase
to the total length is most nearly like that in A. p. palliata. The most
distinctive cranial characteristics, however, are to be found on the
ventral surface. The pterygoids seem to be very different from those
found in any of the other forms: very broad antero-posteriorly with
smoothly rounded edges. Their posterior margin descends rather
abruptly but without any sharp reentrant angle, the anterior margin
is very long, and slopes gradually. As in A. p. pigra, the distance from
the alveolus of the last molar to the concavity of the posterior border
of the lateral lamina is great, and the hamular process arises rather
far anteriorly. The audital bullae are larger and more inflated than
in either of the above; when compared with A. p. pigra this difference
is especially pronounced. In some few cases the bullae of typical
A. p. palliata are almost as inflated but in no instance are they quite
as large and they never extend posteriorly so near to the occipital
condyles. The mastoid processes are large and extend much farther
posteriorly than in A. p. palliata.

338 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Remarks. I have been able to obtain only one specimen from this
area, and have hesitated considerably before describing a new sub-
species from a single individual, especially in a genus where individual
variation is known to be so great. Uaxactun and Mountain Cow are
not nearly as widely separated as are some of the northern and south-
ern localities where typical A. p. palliata is found. There are no very
marked natural barriers between them and the type of country is not
very markedly different. The specimen is interesting because it
seems to link the otherwise very aberrant form from northern Guate-
mala with the more typical Central American A. p. palliata; and it is
only because the skull characters are so definitely intermediate be-
tween the two groups that I felt it necessary to describe this as a new
form. The black, dense pelage, the shape of the zygomatic arches,
the interorbital breadth, the large nasal aperture, the breadth of the
pterygoids, and the size of the mastoids all relate it to A. p. pigra)
On the other hand certain of the features that are most important in
separating some of the other subspecies of this genus, particularly the
size of the skull and the relative proportion of width of braincase to
total length relate it to A. p. palliata. The more inflated audital bullae
and the smoother margin of the pterygoids also link it with this latter
form. The existence of so distinct a form as A. p. pigra in a small part
of a general region where all the rest of the howler monkeys are so
closely allied was very puzzling at first, and so I was particularly in-
terested to be able to link them up so definitely through A. p. luctuosa
with A. p. palliata. The very marked difference of the northern form
may be accounted for, I believe, in two ways. A study of the rocks
of Central America reveals that in northern Guatemala and the penin-
sula of Yucatan the rocks are predominantly limestone while in the
rest of the area they are very largely volcanic. The large skulls and
generally heavier-boned structure of A p. pigra therefore are probably
due to a much greater per cent of lime in their food and water. Per-
petuation of these and other distinctive cranial characters is probably
helped by the tendency of these monkeys not to range very far and to
interbreed rather closely within each troop.

Geographical distribution. More specimens are needed before the
distribution of this form can be determined. It is probably limited to
a fairly small area in British Honduras, and merges gradually with
A. p. pigra to the west and A. p. palliata to the south.

Specimens examined. One, the type, from Cayo District, Mountain
Cow, British Honduras.

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS

339

Skull ratios

Greatest length divided by palatal length 2.83
" " " " length of upper cheek teeth 2.60

" length of rostrum 3.09

" zygomatic width 1.41

" mastoid width 1.94

" width outside molars 2.98

" width of cranium 2.14

Alouatta palliata mexicana Merriam

Alouatta palliata mexicana Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15, 1902,
p. 67; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20, 1904, p. 40; Elliot, Publ. Field
Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., 4, Pt. 2, 1904, p. 727; Id. Publ. Field Columb. Mus.,
Zool. Ser., 6, 1905, p. 533; Id. Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., 8, 1906,
p. 555; Elliot, Mon. Ser. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, 1912 (1913), p. 272.

Type specimen. Adult male, skin and skull, no. 79398 U. S. Nat.
Mus., Biological Survey Coll., from Minatitlan, Vera Cruz, Mexico;
collected April 23, 1906, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Description. The similarity in size between these monkeys and
A. p. palliata as well as the wide range of color variation found in both
forms makes a subdivision based on external characters alone almost
impossible. There are, however, some few differences in markings
which together with certain skull traits make this form quite distinct.
Principal among these are the more diffuse distribution of light-banded
hairs over the back, and the paler more silvery bases of the hairs on
the flank and on parts of the dorsal region. The head, shoulders,
limbs, tail, and occasionally a mid-dorsal line are black; sometimes
this is replaced on the upper parts of the limbs and tail, and on the
shoulders by a very dark "seal brown." In the darker forms the bases
of the dark body hairs are "walnut"; in the forms where grizzling
extends widely over the back all conditions are found from individuals
where the hair is predominantly silver at the base to those with these
silver-based hairs very sparsely scattered throughout the "walnut"
ones. The grizzled effect is produced by one or two rings of silver or
pale "tawny" near the tip of the hair; these vary in width and in exact
position. The pale flank hairs extend from the armpits to the groin
and mingle rather gradually with the dark fur on the back. A com-
parison of their distribution with that in A. p. palliata shows that in
the former they are more evenly scattered over the whole back as
far anteriorlv as the shoulders and occasionallv the neck. There is no

340 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

tendency to concentrate posteriorly. In those individuals where the
light coloring is restricted, the black hairs form a stripe of varying
width along the whole length of the back. In color the flank hairs are
generally distinguishable from those of A. p. palliata by their much
more silvery bases, toward the tips they become golden "tawny," and
sometimes at the extreme end, dark "seal brown."

Skull. The skulls of both sexes may be identified principally by
their longer, narrower braincases; this gives the skulls the appearance
of being smaller than those of A. p. palliata though the actual differ-
ence is not as great as Merriam's description seems to indicate. There
is a proportional narrowing of the rostrum, and a slight but not as
marked narrowing of the mastoid width in relation to the total length.
The zygomatic arches bow out slightly more than do those in A. p.
palliata so that the ratios of zygomatic width to total length are more
nearly alike in the two forms than are the other width to length ratios.
Although the upper tooth row does not seem to be markedly shorter in
proportion to total length, the last two molars themselves are on the
whole slightly shorter than are those of A. p. palliata. There is a
slight tendency for the braincase to round upward immediately back
of the orbits, and the coronoid process of the lower jaw is somewhat
more broadly rounded.

Remarks. Merriam in describing this form states that it is "similar
to A. p. palliata but much smaller." A comparison of the measure-
ments of this subspecies given by him, and by J. A. Allen (1904) with
similar measurements of A. p. palliata shows that the range of varia-
tion of the former falls well within that of the typical form. This
uniformity of external measurements is further borne out by a marked
similarity in skull length. The original description of A. p. mexicana
points to the "narrower and more tapering" rostrum, "the coronoid
process more broadly rounded," and the "teeth (especially the last
molar) decidedly smaller," which together with the longer, narrower
braincase are, obviously, the most important cranial characters of this
subspecies. Mention is also made of the zygomata being "less ex-
panded vertically and lacking the hump on upper side posteriorly."
A study of a long series of skulls of A. p. palliata leads me to believe
that in all of its forms both of these traits are products of individual
variation and that the former, particularly, is very dependent on the
age of the animal. Allen in 1904 points to the fact that the original
description of A. p. mexicana contains no mention of external charac-
teristics and, comparing them with a series of specimens from Chiriqui,
he quite rightly states that they are much duller colored, "the flanks

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS 341

in the brightest specimens as obscurely colored as in the very palest
of the Chiriqui examples, none of them presenting the golden rufous
so characteristic of the latter." This proves to be somewhat mislead-
ing, however, when we compare A. p. mexicana with examples of
typical A. p. palliata collected in Matagalpa, Nicaragua, and in Tala-
manca, Costa Rica; here the color is considerably darker than in the
Mexican howler, and, as I have shown above, there is also a tendency
for the flank hairs to be golden rather than silver.

Certain members of this group are further marked in an odd and
rather abnormal manner with yellowish-white bands around the tail
and similarly colored markings on the feet. Three of the females, one
of the males and a young one were all marked in this way. The extent
of these markings varies in the different specimens : on the dorsal sur-
face of the tail the band was never much over an inch and a half wide
while on the ventral surface it sometimes extended far along the naked
palm. When the feet had white markings, their palms were always
spotted with white, while the toes were sometimes completely white,
even the nails, but in other cases they were merely ringed with white
around the bases. Although this probably has no differential sig-
nificance, it is interesting that a marked tendency toward this pecu-
liarity seems to be limited to this group and to the howler monkeys on
Coiba Island.

Geographical distribution. These monkeys are found principally in
the southeastern part of Mexico in the province of Vera Cruz; they
probably extend as far south as the edge of the limestone region where
A. p. pigra is found, and north as far as howler monkeys occur.

Specimens examined. Six from Pasa Nueva, State of Vera Cruz,
Mexico, three male and three female, all skin and skull; four from
Achotal, Vera Cruz, one male and three female, all skin and skull.

Skull ratios
Male Range Average

Greatest length divided by palatal length

" length of upper cheek

teeth
" length of rostrum
zygomatic width
mastoid width
width outside molars
width of cranium

2.59-2.81

2.70

2.62-2.74

2.68

3.15-3.31

3.22

1.34-1.39

1.37

2.04-2.14

2.07

2.91-3.08

3.00

2.27-2.37

2.31

342 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Female Range Average

Greatest length divided by palatal length 2.68-2.86 2.78

" length of upper cheek

teeth

2.64-2.76

2.70

( li

" length of rostrum

3.39-3.50

3.46

( (I

' zygomatic width

1.42-1.48

1.46

I ft

' mastoid width

2.06-2.17

2.12

t a

' width outside molars

2.81-3.03

2.95

i n

" width of cranium
Summary

2.15-2.24

2.18

Seven subspecies of Alouatta palliata have been recognized here,
A. p. palliata, from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras, A. p.
aequatorialis from Panama and the Pacific coast of South America as
far south as Ecuador, A. p. trabeata subsp. now from the Azuero Pen-
insula in Panama, A . p. coibensis from Coiba Island of the Pacific coast
of Panama, ^4. p. pigra subsp. now from northern Guatemala, A. p.
luetuosa subsp. now from British Honduras, A. p. mexicana from Vera
Cruz Province in Mexico. Subspecific variation amongst these mon-
keys is notably very small and individual variation is relatively great.
For this reason groups are separated on the basis of average differences
and in most cases extreme individuals may be found in each group that
resemble very closely individuals of some other subspecies. This is
especially true of A. p. palliata and A. p. aequatorialis, and in Panama
transitional forms are found that are very intermediate between the
two. A. villosus (Gray) has been discarded owing to the imperfect
condition of the type, and the impossibility of determining the type
locality. A. p. inconsonans (Goldman) proves to be synonymous with
A. p. aequatorialis.

LAWRENCE: HOWLER MONKEYS

343

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Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXV, No. 9

THREE NEW CUBAN MILLIPEDS, WITH NOTES ON
TWO LITTLE -KNOWN SPECIES

By H. F. Loomis

JJ. S. Department of Agriculture,

Bureau of Plant Industry

With One Plate

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

November, 1933

No. 9. — Three New Cuban Millipeds, with Notes on Two Little-Known

Species

By H. F. Loomis

U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Bureau of Plant Industry.

Through the courtesy of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, I received recently a small collection of
Cuban millipeds for identification. The specimens were collected by
Mr. L. D. Christensdn, mostly from soil of fields of sugar-cane, and
represent seven species; two of which are described as the types of
new genera; another is a new species of the West Indian genus Cubocri-
cus, and is the largest milliped thus far known from the Western
Hemisphere; three other species are reported for the first time since
they were described; and the seventh is a species common throughout
tropical America.

The types and other specimens of these millipeds are deposited in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, under an agreement with the
Sugar Club of Cuba whereby Harvard University assumes responsi-
bility for the care of the collections and equipment formerly at the
Sugar Club Laboratory at Baragua, Cuba. This material becomes
the property of the University after five years, unless the Sugar Club
reestablishes another research station.

Family POLYXENIDAE

POLYXENUS LONGISETIS Poc.
Polyxenus longisetis Poc, Jour. Linn. Soc, 24, 1894, p. 474.

One mature specimen and four with eight segments, believed to be
this species, were collected from soil in sugar-cane fields at Jatibonico,
at different times in 1931.

Pocock's description of this species, which he recorded from Mus-
tique and St. Vincent, is very brief, not even the exact size of the body
being given, but from his drawing of the animal it probably was
slightly over 3 mm. long, the terminal pencil of hairs excluded. In
January, 1932, the writer collected a Polyxenus on Mt. Misery, St.
Kitts, which coincides with the description of longisetis, as far as that
goes. Comparison of these specimens with those from Cuba leaves
little doubt of their being the same species, although none of them

35S bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

measured 3 mm. in length, the largest Cuban one being 2.5 mm. long,
with the pencil of hairs adding a quarter millimeter. The antennae are
long and slender, with the last two joints subequal in length and to-
gether as long as joint 6. The pencil of hairs at the back of the body is
6 or 8 times as long as broad and composed of very slender barbed
hairs having a number of recurved hooks along one side approaching
the apex. (Fig. 1-3.)

Family EPINANNOLENIDAE
Epinannolene cubensis (Bollm.)
Nannolene cubensis Bollm., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, 1888, p. 335.

A single female of this species, which has not been reported since its
original discovery, was collected from soil in a cane field at Central
Agramonte, Aug. 7, 1931.

Length about 20 mm.; width 1.5 mm.; number of segments 46.

First segment with the sides rather narrowly rounded, strongly
margined, with a very deep furrow extending down and back to the
posterior margin from opposite the lower corner of the eye, the furrow
well above the lateral limits of the segment. On one side of the segment
there is an additional shorter furrow, a little above the larger one,
reaching half across the segment from the back margin.

In this specimen the pits in the transverse depression of the seg-
ments extend across the dorsum. Surface shining, with long, fine,
longitudinal scratches, the sides of the body not striate beyond the
tips of the legs.

Last segment with the apex almost transverse, only slightly pro-
duced but still just surpassing the valves. Anal valves smooth and
convex, without raised margins; each valve with three setae near the
opening. Preanal scale transverse behind, the lateral processes very
large and conspicuous. (Fig. 4.)

Until males of this species have been examined its inclusion in the
genus Epinannolene or any other genus cannot be definitely certified.

Family SPIROBOLIDAE
Cubocricus maximus spec. nov.

A single male collected in the Cubitas Forest, Ct. Jaronu, June,
1931.

Diagnosis. Differing from its closest relative, C. suprenans (Chamb.),

LOOMIS: THREE NEW CUBAN MILLIPEDS 359

in its slightly larger size, more numerous segments, darker color, un-
notched first segment, and the form of the gonopods.

Description. Length 190 mm.; width 19 mm.; number of segments
51. Color deep brown, the posterior border of the segments darker,
almost black.

Head smooth except for a short, shallow median furrow on the ver-
tex. Ocelli 25 to 27, in 7 series. Antennal sense cones numerous.

First segment smooth throughout, with only a short, very faint
suggestion of a raised margin along each of the broadly rounded sides ;
the sides almost reach the lower limits of the second segment. Pos-
terior margin not notched above the lateral angles.

Second segment scarcely differing from segment 3, lacking a shoulder
or prominence below segment 1 .

Succeeding segments strongly shining, the dorsum with a few broad
and indistinct longitudinal depressions across the posterior half.
Transverse sulcus evident only as far as the pore or slightly above it.
First pore far below the level of the other pores. Scobina present from
segment 8 to 19, represented by a large coarsely striate area on each
side without an anterior pit or depression.

Last segment terminating in a produced, rounded apex not sur-
passing the valves.

Anal valves with smooth, prominent, raised margins.

Gonopods with the median plate lacking a constriction at the middle
as in suprenans; the basal portion is heavier and more nearly straight
across the bottom ; the anterior lateral lobes do not reach as far up the
median plate, nor do the posterior lateral lobes exceed it; the inner
gonopods are more strongly hooked, and each has a broader, heavier
base than suprenans. (Fig. 5 & 6.)

First and second pairs of legs stout, the second pair shorter than the
first and with the coxae contiguous throughout; coxae of the first legs
widely spread by the ventral part of the closely applied head. Third
legs with each coxa produced into a rounded lobe. Coxae of legs 4 and
5 with smaller lobes. Tarsal pads conspicuous on legs 3 to 7, decreas-
ing in size behind the gonopods and vanishing at about the twentieth
segment.

This is the largest milliped thus far reported from the Western
Hemisphere. The females of this species may be found to exceed the
males in size.

360 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Family STIODESMIDAE

HETEROPENTE genus nov.

Type: Heteropente planifrons spec. nov.

Diagnosis. In the possession of pores on segments 5, 7, 10, 13 and 16
this genus differs from other known genera. In other structural charac-
ters Heteropente seems more distantly related to the Mexican Decaporo-
desmus, with pores on segments 5, 7, 10, 13 and 15, than to Lophodes-
mus, with its 8 poriferous segments.

Description. Body rather short and broad. Dorsum strongly arched;
keels somewhat deflexed, projecting a moderate distance from low on
the sides of the body. Feet reaching a little beyond the keels. Pores on
segments 5, 7, 10, 13 and 16.

Head with the front and vertex merged on the same plane; the
former light colored, hispid; the latter dark and roughened. Antennae
rather short, geniculate, arising from a deep, recessed depression on
each side of the median portion of the head.

First segment hiding the head from above ; anterior margin definitely
reflexed, with 10 thick, rounded, projecting lobes; disc greatly elevated
above the margin, with an anterior row of 4 large rounded tubercles
across the middle, a posterior row of 6 tubercles, the inner four of
which are similar to those in front but each outer tubercle much
smaller.

Second segment with the lateral margin of each keel tri-lobed and
as long as the lateral margins of the keels of segments 3 and 4 to-
gether. Segments 3 to 19 with the keels bi-lobed, the posterior lobe
on the poriferous segments replaced by the prominent pore tubercle.
Keels of segments 2, 3 and 4 slightly produced forward ; those of seg-
ments 5 to 16 at right angles to the body; those of segments 17 and 18
bending backward somewhat while those of segment 19 are directed
almost straight back.

On each side of the dorsum of segments 2 to 19 there are 2 rows of
three prominent tubercles each; the inner row higher, more distinct
and increasingly elevated toward the caudal segments, culminating in
a very prominent ridge on segment 19 with its posterior end produced
back beyond the tips of the keels ; the outer row of tubercles decreases
in height very gradually to segment 19 where it still is evident but
much less conspicuous than the inner row. (Fig. 7.)

Last segment with 5 marginal lobes, the median or apical one double

LOOMIS: THREE NEW CUBAN M1LLIPEDS 361

the width of any of the others. Dorsal surface with an elongate
elevation on each side.

Preanal scale short, broadly triangular.

Gonopods of the usual shape, a large bulbous basal joint containing
a more or less modified inner joint.

Heteropente planifrons spec. nov.

A single male collected from cane field soil at Jatibonico, July 8,
1931.

Description Length 6.5 mm., width 1 mm. Color of the posterior
subsegments above and below a dull black; vertex of head to between
the bases of the antennae also black; remainder of head, antennae,
legs, sterna, anal valves, preanal scale and the anterior subsegments
uncolored.

Antennae with joint 5 surpassing the combined length of joints 3
and 4 or 6 and 7.

Gonopods with each terminal joint arising above the bulbous basal
joint, trifurcate; the inner branch slender, short; median branch
slightly stouter, about as long as the inner branch ; outer branch double
the length of the inner branches, straight, except at the apex which is
bent slightly backward. (Fig. 8.)

Other characters of only specific importance have probably been
included in the generic description.

Family CHELODESMIDAE
Cubodesmus proximus Chamb.
Cubodesmus proximus Chamb., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, 1918, p. 239.

A single female, not fully colored, collected from beneath stones at
Ct. Jaronu, June 24, 1930.

Family STRONGYLOSOMIDAE
Orthomorpha coarctata (Sauss.)
Polydesmus coarctatus Saussure, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, 1860, p. 39.

Specimens of this widespread species were collected at Jatibonico,
Sept. 3, 1931.

362 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Family POLYDESMIDAE

HEXADESMUS genus nov.

Type: Hexadesmus lateridens spec. nov.

Diagnosis. The 18-segmented body; the large sixth joint of the
antennae; the slender sixth joint of the legs arising from what appears
to be a long joint but in reality are three joints so closely joined as to
appear as one; are the distinguishing features of this genus.

Description. Body small and slender, delicate, loose-jointed, and
with but 18 segments. Shape typically Polydesmid.

Head broad, subglobular, densely hispid. Antennae with the third,
fourth and fifth joints beadlike, the sixth joint much thicker than any
other and nearly as long as the 3 preceding joints together. (Fig. 9.)

First segment narrower than the head but not narrower than the
next segments; semicircular, the posterior corners right angled and
slightly produced backward. Along the front margin is a row of 8
erect setae, and there also is a median and a posterior row, each con-
taining 4 similar setae.

Ensuing segments with the anterior subsegments much exposed
except close to the front of the body; surface coarsely reticulated.
Posterior subsegments with the dorsum slightly convex and without
a transverse depression; surface almost as coarsely reticulated as the
anterior subsegments and with 3 transverse rows of 4 setae each; the
outer seta on each side of the middle row is near the lateral margin of
the keel; the 4 setae of the posterior row project from the back margin.
Keels with the lateral margin finely serrated, the posterior angle
definitely produced backward, a seta in the outer margin of the angle
and usually one or two in front of it. Pores borne dorsally at the base
of the posterior angle on the usual segments except that they terminate
on segment 17.

Penultimate segment as wide and longer than the segments preced-
ing it, the lateral margins of the keels scarcely converging backward,
almost parallel, the posterior angles longer and more strongly pro-
duced. Ventrally there are 8 long setae near the posterior margin.

Last segment long, acutely triangular, the sides converging in 2
straight lines to the apex, which somewhat exceeds the valves but is
little or not at all deflexed, the 4 apical setae present. Dorsally there
are 2 anterior and 2 posterior erect setae, and on each side there are
2 additional setae.

LOOMIS: THREE NEW CUBAN MILLIPEDS 363

Anal valves strongly convex, the margins not at all compressed.
Preanal scale long, triangular, the 2 apical setae close together.

Legs apparently with but 4 joints, as joints 3 to 5 are so closely
joined as to resemble a single piece. (Fig. 10.) Joint 6 very slender as
compared to the adjacent joints. Sterna long and wide and very
sparsely hispid, the legs widely separated in each direction. There is
a series of 8 short setae along the posterior margin of each segment
behind the sternum.

Hexadesmus lateridens spec. nov.

The type, a mature female with but 18 segments, was collected from
soil in a sugar-cane field at Jaronu, June 15, 1931. Three young speci-
mens were found in similar locations at Jaronu and Jatibonico in 1931.
Other 18-segmented females, indistinguishable from the type, were
collected by the writer in St. Kitts and in the island of Carriacou,
B. W. I., in 1932, while a member of the Allison V. Armour Expedition.

The type specimen measures 3.8 mm. in length and .3 mm. in
width. In life the color probably was white, as in the specimens col-
lected by the writer, but the alcoholic specimens from Cuba are russet
brown. The young specimens show the same characters of antennae,
legs, dorsum, etc., as the mature specimens, but have fewer segments.

Another even smaller 18-segmented member of this family was dis-
covered in Haiti in 1927 and a description, based on male and female
specimens, is being prepared. Belonging to an order typified by milli-
peds with 20 segments, these 2 species probably represent the lowest
stage of degeneracy thus far known in the Merocheta, as no 18-seg-
mented forms have previously been reported and the 19-segmented
species, of which there are very few in proportion to the vast aggregate
of those with 20 segments, have been looked upon as degenerate forms.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Polyxenus longisetis Pocock

1. Antenna.

2. Tip of hair from the posterior pencil.

3. Tip of a similar hair, more greatly magnified.

Epinannolene cubensis (Bollman)

4. Anal valves and preanal scale.

Cubocricus rnaximus Loomis

5. Anterior view of gonopods.

6. Posterior view of an inner gonopod.

Heteropente planifrons Loomis

7. Dorsal view of segments 18, 19 and 20.

8. Outer lateral view of a gonopod.

Hexadesmus lateridens Loomis.

9. Antenna.

10. Leg from near the middle of the body of a specimen from Jatibonico,Cuba.

BULL. MUS. COM P. ZOOL.

Loomis, Cuban Millipeds

No. 10. — The Ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico
By Ludlow Griscom

Ornithologists have long known that the State of Guerrero was one
of the richest sections of Mexico, which would well repay further
investigation. The hot Pacific lowlands are a part of the very distinct
fauna closely related to the Central American Arid Tropical Fauna.
The lofty Sierra Madre del Sur almost bisects the State into a northern
and southern half. It is remarkable for being the meeting ground of
three different faunas. Most important of all, perhaps, this mountain
range is the northernmost outpost, on the western side of the continent,
of the Subtropical Zone of Central America and the Andes. It also
proves to be the southern limit of various boreal, Rocky Mountain, or
Upper Sonoran types. Finally the many birds characteristic of the
table-land of Mexico reach these mountains as one of their western
or southwesternmost outposts. These factors combined result in a
remarkable assemblage of endemic species and subspecies, and every
competent collection made there has yielded a rich harvest of new
forms.

The Museum of Comparative Zoology was accordingly fortunate in
securing the services of the veteran collector W. W. Brown, who
happened to be in Mexico City early in 1930 on a free lance expedition.
With some difficulty he was persuaded to collect in Guerrero, reached
that State in early October and remained until June, 1932. The first
six months were spent in the lowlands on both sides of the mountains,
and the final year in the mountains around Chilpancingo. Unfortun-
ately Mr. Brown never really collected in high cloud forest, but his
collection gained in the thoroughness with which the high pine and oak
woods were combed, as the results recorded beyond amply prove. We
accordingly purchased his entire Guerrero collection, slightly over
1,500 specimens.

His itinerary was as follows: —

Taxco. A large town northwest of Iguala. Oct. 9-Nov. 1, 1930 and

Nov. 10-15, 1930.
Iguala. A town on the railroad south of Cuernavaca in Morelos,

and well north of the Sierra Madre. Altitude about 3,000 ft.

Nov. 5, 1930.
Cacalatenango. A hamlet in the immediate vicinity of Iguala.

Nov. 10 and 11, 1930.

368 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Pie de la Cuesta. A hamlet at the foot of the mountains in the

Pacific lowlands, along the old mule trail from Chilpancingo.

Dec. 11-20, 1930.
Acapulco. The well-known seaport town. Dec. 15, 1930-Jan. 17,

1931; May 1-8, 1931.
Coyuca. A town in the Pacific lowlands northwest of Acapulco;

not to be confused with another town of the same name north of

the Sierra Madre in the valley of the Rio de las Balsas. Jan. 15-

April20, 1931.
Chilpancingo. A city in the mountains at about 4,000 ft. altitude.

May 23, 1931 -June 7, 1932.
There is practically no ornithological history to Guerrero, as the
only two really important collections made there have never been
reported on. Lesson records a few birds from Acapulco picked up by
his naval brother. Lafresnaye described a bird or two brought from
Acapulco by Leclancher, notably the type of Passcrina Icclancheri.
Col. Grayson paid Acapulco a flying visit, and his specimens were
recorded by Lawrence. Markham also obtained a few birds around
Acapulco. These and other scattered records are all brought together
by Salvin and Godman in the Biologia Ccntrali- Americana. A really
great and thorough collection from representative localities was made
for Salvin and Godman by Mrs. H. H. Smith. She visited the Pacific
lowlands, the mountains at Chilpancingo and Omilteme, and various
parts of the interior. She discovered numerous novelties, particularly
in the high mountains. None of her material reached England until
1888. Some of the species she obtained are recorded in the Biologia,
but we know nothing of the whole oscine Passeres. O. T. Baron fol-
lowed closely on Mrs. Smith's heels in the mountains. His special
object was to secure good series of the rare and new hummingbirds
discovered by her, in which he was entirely successful. Hartert re-
ported on these hummers, but if Baron collected other birds, they re-
main unrecorded. As is well known, Nelson and Goldman travelled
extensively but very rapidly through the State on a biological recon-
naissance. They wasted no time and nearly doubled the number of
known endemic forms from the region. It is they who have always
said that the State still awaits thorough exploration.

The collection before me amply demonstrates the correctness of this
viewpoint. At the present writing I have found definite records for
but 177 birds from Guerrero. To these Brown adds 110, including one
new genus, numerous new subspecies, and range extensions for numer-
ous other genera and species, without ever having reached the Sub-

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO

369

tropical Zone. A glance at the list beyond shows obvious gaps in family
after family. Guerrero is still without a Tinamou, scarcely a Swift, a
Hawk, or a water-bird. Many Pacific lowland species are well-known
from both north and south of Guerrero, and certainly occur there too.
Another glance at the map shows how minute a section of the State
has been covered by the recorded collecting stations. The Sierra
Madre is an important range of considerable length and two different
divisions. It rises to over 11,000 ft. No one has really collected above
8,000 ft., and only one section of this range north of Chilpancingo has
ever been explored. The varied nature of the terrain in the interior
can best be gleaned by reading Gadow's "Through Southern Mexico,"
(Chaps. XVI-XIX), a delightfully written account by a great natur-
alist. I venture to predict that not less than 150 species remain to be
found in Guerrero, and there is not the slightest ground for supposing
that no further interesting novelties await the explorer in the higher
mountains. I earnestly hope that this paper will stimulate and not
discourage other people from further investigation.

A few words can now be devoted to those species which are definite
indicators of either special faunal areas or life-zones.

Species characteristic of the Subtropical Zone.1

*Dendrortyx macrourus striatus
Dactylortyx thoracicus subsp.

*Oreopeleia albifacies rubida
Campylopterus hemileucurus

*Eupherusa poliocerca

*Lampornis margarethce

*Lampornis pringlei

* Aulacorhynchus prasinus wagleri

*Grallaria guatimalensis ochraceiventris
Xenicopsoides variegaticeps

*Automolus rubiginosus guerrerensis

*Xiphocolaptes promeroperhynchus
omiltemensis

Xiphorhynchus erythropygius ery-
thropygius

Le pidocolaptes affinis affinis
*Aphelocoma guerrerensis
*Cyanolyca mirabilis
*Henicorhina leucophrys f estiva
*Catharus frantzii omiltemensis

Basileuterus belli clarus
*Chlorospingus ophthalmicus albifrons

Buarremon brunneinuchus

This list can advantageously be contrasted with that of Guatemala
(cf . Griscom, Birds Guat., p. 54) ; only 21 species instead of 40. We see
a further decrease, therefore, in the development of this Zone, but a
similar high degree of endemism, thanks to the isolated islands into
which this Zone is broken up throughout Central America. Another
factor tends still further to reduce the importance of this Zone in

1 Endemic forms are marked with an *.

370

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Guerrero. Writing of conditions in Guatemala (op. cit., pp. 56-58),
I had occasion to point out that various genera and species, absolutely
characteristic of the Subtropical Zone in Central America, were not
confined to this Zone in Guatemala (particularly in the western half),
but were variously arid tropical or temperate. This state of affairs is
increased in Guerrero and other parts of western Mexico. Birds like
Streptoprocne, Mitrephanes, Myadestes, Turclus assimilis, Myioborus,
Atlapetes guttnralis, and Tanagra elegantissima cease to be character-
istic of the Subtropical Zone.

Endemic forms characteristic of the West Mexican
Arid Tropical Fauna

Crypturus cinnamomeus occidentalis Cissilopha sanblasiana subsp.

Ortalis vetula poliocephala
*A?nazo7ia finschi

Piaya cayana mexicana

Morococcyx erythropygus mexicanus

Caprimulgus ridwayi

Anthoscenus constantii leocadiae

Trogon citreolus

Momotus mexicanus

Centurus chrysogenys subsp.

Xiphorhynchus flarigaster mentalis
*Deltarhyn chits flam m ulatus

Tyr annus crassirostris subsp.

Calocitta fonnosa formosa

Xanthoura luxuosa subsp.

Heleodytes capistratus humilis

Pheugopedius felix subsp.

Thryophilus sinaloa subsp.
* T urdus rufo-palliatus

Polioptila bilineata nigriceps
*Vireo hypoehryseus

Granatellus venustus
*Cassiculus melanicterus

Icterus pustulatus subsp.

Pheucticus chrysopeplus

Sporophila torqueola
*Cardinalis carneus

Aimophila humeralis

Aimophila acuminata

*Passerina leclancheri

Those species marked with an asterisk are not represented south of
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the northern limit of the Central Ameri-
can Arid Tropical Fauna, to which the West Mexican is closely related.
Further comparisons will prove instructive.

Genera not found south of Isthmus

u

a a

north "

Species

a it

south "

a

it it

north "

n

common

to both areas

2
2

20
16
38

It will be noted at once that the resemblances between these two
areas are much greater than the differences, and we must recall that

griscom: ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico 371

we are confining our remarks solely to genera and species which are
peculiar to the arid tropics in Middle America. If either of these sub-
divisions be contrasted with the birds of the Humid Tropical Zone on
the Caribbean coast of Vera Cruz or Central America, it will be clear
that in the first case we are contrasting two subdivisions of one great
faunal area, and in the second case we are contrasting two totally
different faunal areas, to the ornithologist two different worlds.

It will be seen then that the West Mexican and the Central American
Arid Tropical Faunas bear the same relation to each other, with about
the same degree of difference, as the Caribbean Humid Tropical Fauna
of Central America does to the Colombian-Pacific Fauna. In both cases
there is continuity of climate and habitat. In both cases there is little
generic endemism and a high proportion of representative species or
subspecies. It is striking and thought-provoking that in both cases a
famous isthmus is the approximate boundary between the two pairs of
faunas. Common sense might well expect two mountain faunas sepa-
rated by the lowlands of an intervening isthmus to be still more differ-
ent. In Middle America, however, the actual facts are reversed. The
collector of characteristic Subtropical Zone birds who proceeds from
Guatemala to Guerrero will find nothing but representative species
and subspecies in the second locality. But if he goes from San Jose to
Acapulco, he will leave some genera and many striking species behind,
and find as many others in the new place.

I might add that another aspect of the bird-life of the tropical low-
lands of southwestern Mexico is the frequency of racial variation in
birds of general distribution in the Tropical Zone. Sometimes this is
carried to a still finer point. In Guerrero it is apparent in a few cases
that the bird of the interior is racially separable from the bird of the
Coastal plain. Presumably the valley of the Rio de las Balsas is the
highway up which some tropical birds reach the interior.

The inosculation, however, of tropical and temperate zone birds on
the edges of the great Mexican tableland, and the mixture of endemic
and boreal types in the higher altitudes is a gigantic zoogeographic
problem quite outside the scope of this paper, primarily a report on
the birds of Guerrero. The coastal lowlands are in the heart of the
West Mexican Arid Tropical Fauna, which has been defined and con-
trasted with the faunal areas southward. A feeble remnant of the
expiring Subtropical Zone of Central America occurs in the mountains.
The balance of the bird-life of the State is not a local but a major
problem in one of the most complicated land masses of the world.

372 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Systematic List
FAMILY CRACIDAE

Ortalis vetula poliocephala (Wagler)

Coyuca, 1 d\ Jan. 26.

I can see no reason for keeping this bird specifically distinct from
vetula.

FAMILY COLUMBIDAE

Columba fasciata fasciata Say

Chilpancingo, 1 9 , May 30.

Melopelia asiatica mearnsi Ridgway

Chilpancingo, 1 9 , Jan. 7.

Zenaidura macroura marginella (Woodhouse)
Chilpancingo, 4 9 , Oct. 27- Jan. 5.

SCARDAFELLA INCA (Lesson)
Chilpancingo, 1 cf .

COLUMBIGALLINA PASSERINA PALLESCENS (Baird)
Coyuca, 1 d1, 1 9 ; Chilpancingo, 1 c?.

COLUMBIGALLINA RUFIPENNIS ELUTA Bangs

Coyuca, 1 c", 1 9 .

Leptotila verreauxi angelica Bangs
Chilpancingo, 1 d", Oct. 20.

FAMILY CHARADRIIDAE

Charadrius collaris Vieillot
Acapulco, 1 d\ Dec. 15, 1930.

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 373

Numenius hudsonicus Latham
Acapulco, 1 9 , Jan. 1.

Totanus flavipes (Gmelin)
Coyuca, 1 9, Feb. 6, 1931.

Actitis macularia (Linnaeus)
Chilpancingo, 1 9 , Jan. 7.

FAMILY JACANIDAE

Jacana spinosa gymnostoma (Wagler)
Acapulco, 1 cT, 1 9 ; Pie de la Cuesta, 1 9 .

FAMILY ARDEIDAE

Florida caerulea (Linnaeus)
Acapulco, 1 d\

Butorides virescens virescens (Linnaeus)
Acapulco, 2 9 ; Pie de la Cuesta, 1 9 ; all in December.

FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

Accipiter velox velox (Wilson)
Chilpancingo, 1 9 , Nov. 15.

Buteo albicaudatus hypospodius Gurney

Chilpancingo, 1 cf.

Buteo magnirostris griseocauda (Ridgway)
Coyuca, 1 d\ 1 9.

ASTURINA PLAGIATA PLAGIATA Schlegel
Acapulco 1 cf ; Coyuca, 1 9 .

374 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

FAMILY FALCONIDAE

Herpetotheres cachinnans cachinnans (Linnaeus)
Coyuca, 1 cf, April 15.

Cerchneis sparveria phalaena (Lesson)
Acapulco, 1 9 ; Taxco, 1 d\ 2 9 ; Chilpancingo, 3^,8 9 ; Oct. 12-March 15.

FAMILY BUBONIDAE

Strix varia sartorii (Ridgway)
Chilpancingo, 1 d", 1 9.

Bubo virginianus melancerus (Oberholser)
Chilpancingo, 2 d\ 1 9-

Ciccaba virgata subsp.

Chilpancingo, 2 9 ■

These birds are quite distinct in being intermediate between centralis
Griscom of Oaxaca southward, and squamulata of northwestern
Mexico.1

Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonaparte)
Chilpancingo, 1 9 , Jan. 14.

Glaucidium brasilianum ridgwayi Sharpe
Coyuca, 1 9 .

Glaucidium minutissimum palmarum Nelson

Chilpancingo, 1 d\ Dec. 3, 1931.

This specimen confirms my opinion that palmarum is merely a pale
west Mexican representative of minutissimum glioma.

1 Similar birds have just been described as C. v. amplonotata Kelso.

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 375

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

Aratinga canicularis eburnirostrum (Lesson)
Acapulco, 2 o% 1 9 ; Coyuca, 3 cf.

Amazona albifrons albifrons (Sparrmann)
Acapulco, 3 9 -

FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE

Chloroceryle amazona (Latham)
Acapulco, 1 9 .

FAMILY MOMOTIDAE

Momotus mexicanus MEXiCANUS Swainson
Cacalotenango, 1 9 ; Chilpancingo, series of 31.

I can see no constant or trenchant characters in saturatus Nelson.

FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Lawrence

Coyuca, 1 d"; Chilpancingo, 2^,1 9, Jan. 5-April 27.

Nyctidromus albicollis nelsoni Ridgway
Acapulco, 3 & ; Coyuca, 1 9 .

Caprimulgus ridgwayi (Nelson)
Chilpancingo, 1 9 , April 30.

FAMILY MICROPODIDAE

Chaetura vauxii vauxii (Townsend)
Taxco, 2 tf, 1 9, Nov. 10, 1930.

376 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

FAMILY TROCHILIDAE

Saucerottia beryllina viola (Miller)
Series of 38 from Taxco and Chilpancingo.

Amazilia rutila rutila (Delattre)
Acapulco 7 d\ 5 9 ; Coyuca, 1 9 .

Amazilia violiceps violiceps (Gould)

Morelos, Cuernavaca, 2 <? ad., 2 a" imm., 1 9 ad.;

Guerrero, Naranjo, 1 cf ad.; Taxco, 1 d1 imm.;

Chilpancingo, 10 d1 ad., 5 9 ad., 18 of both sexes variously immature.

This splendid series, when combined with other series from Jalisco,
Sonora and Chihuahua, confirms me in the suspicion I have enter-
tained for years that one of the most remarkable multiplication of
species in Hummingbirds has taken place in the west Mexican repre-
sentatives of this poorly circumscribed genus.

No less than four main specific concepts have been proposed in the
verticalis group, of which three are definitely recorded from the same
geographic area. The character which has been mainly relied upon is
the color of the crown, as follows: —

Crown glittering

a. Crown blue = A. verticalis auct. nee Lichtenstein = ellioti
Berlepsch

b. Crown violet = A. violiceps (Gould)
Crown dull or dusky

c. Crown greenish = A. viridifrons (Elliot)

d. Crown indigo blue = A. guerrerensis (Salvin and Godman)

As a matter of fact these variations in crown color are purely ques-
tions of sex and age, as is now conclusively proven by the large series
before me. The youngest stage is viridifrons, the next is guerrerensis,
both adult males and females have glittering blue crowns (verticalis),
and only the oldest males are violiceps. Mr. Ridgway seems to have
suspected this state of affairs, as he definitely reduced guerrerensis to
the adult plumage of viridifrons. It is difficult to understand how this
treatment has lasted so long, when the common and most closely
related species, A. cyanocephala of southeastern Mexico and northern
Central America, shows exactly the same crown color variations

griscom: ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico 377

according to maturity and sex. These four specific concepts therefore
boil down to one species, the earliest name for which \svioliceps (Gould).
Indeed I am by no means sure that violiceps is specifically distinct from
cyanoeephala. They unquestionably are close representatives, and
their ranges come so close to overlapping, that good series from the
debatable area in Oaxaca, Puebla and western Vera Cruz will probably
produce intermediate or connecting specimens. For the present, how-
ever, I am content to treat violiceps as specifically distinct.

We may now consider the marked racial variation in violiceps. To
summarize it, the most northern birds are the dullest and palest, the
most southern are the darkest, brightest and greenest. In addition to
this, birds from Morelos, Guerrero and Oaxaca have bronze to coppery
bronze tails instead of dull greenish bronze tails, and in series of
comparable age and sex, the crown averages slightly darker or deeper
colored, bluer rather than greener in immature specimens, more
violet rather than blue in adult males.

With 17 specimens from Jalisco before me representing ellioti,
another series of 14 from Sonora and Chihuahua prove to be racially
separable. They may be known as

Amazilia violiceps conjuncta subsp. nov.

Type. No. 224,112, Mus. Comp. Zool.; d1 ad.; Alamos, southern
Sonora, Mexico; Feb. 16, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar.

Characters. Resembling ellioti (Berlepsch) of Jalisco and Sinaloa,
but crown in adult males noticeably violet rather than deep blue, with-
out any blue or green reflections in the posterior border of the plaque;
crown in females and young averaging bluer, less green according to
age ; both sexes duller colored above, more dusky brownish, less green,
particularly noticeable in the tails of adult males.

The races are consequently as follows: —

1. A. violiceps violiceps Gould. Includes viridifrons Elliot and
guerrerensis Salvin and Godman as immature stages; and atricapilla
Simon as an aberration, and derneddei Simon as an unnecessary re-
naming of viridifrons Ridgway on the theory that it was not viridifrons
Elliot, guessed to belong to another group. Range chiefly Oaxaca,
Guerrero and Morelos. Relatively darkest, brightest, and greenest;
crown plaque averaging more deeply colored; tail bronze to coppery
bronze.

2. A. violiceps ellioti (Berlepsch). A. quadricolor of authors, nee
Vieillot; A. verticalis of authors, nee Lichtenstein as to description and

378 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

specimen No. 27, the first one mentioned.1 Southern Sinaloa to Jalisco.
Not quite so dark or so bright green ; crown lighter colored ; tail greenish
bronze, never coppery.

3. A. violiccps conjuncta Griscom. See above.

There remains one more so-called species to discuss, the unique
adult male type of salvini (Brewster), which is before me, and which I
have never hitherto carefully examined. By inference I had always
doubted the existence of another species of this genus in Sonora.
Geographically and faunally there is no basis for one, and the failure
to duplicate the type in over forty years has further significance, and
in part at least strengthens this view. My late esteemed colleague
Outram Bangs always supposed that salvini was of hybrid origin.

A careful study of the color and structural characters of the type
convinces me that Cyanomyia salvini Brewster is a hybrid between
Amazilia violiceps conjuncta and Cynanthus latirostris Swainson. These
closely related genera differ in (1) Amazilia has the frontal feathering
extending forward to and partially concealing the nasal operculum;
(2) the tail is slightly forked in Cynanihus, truncate in the section of
Amazilia with which we are here concerned. In these respects salvini
is an Amazilia as to the frontal feathering, but the tail is slightly forked
as in Cynanthus. In size salvini resembles the Cynanthus, a consider-
ably smaller bird than A. violiccps. The color characters combine the
two supposed parents perfectly. The glittering violet crown plaque of
violiceps combined with the plain green of Cynanthus produces a glit-
tering bluish green plaque. The green upper back fading to dusky
green is a perfect combination of the dusky versus dark green upper-
parts of the supposed parents. The tail is dark green instead of steel
blue versus dull dusky bronzy green, and the feathers have the gray
tips of Cynanthus. The underparts are white medially as in the Ama-
zilia, but the sides of the neck and chest are glittering bluish green,
passing to green on the sides and flanks, just as in the Cynanthus.2

Phaeoptila sordida (Gould)
Series of 64 from Taxco and Chilpancingo.

1 Hellmayr was the first to point out that Lichtenstein's verticalis was really cyanocephala
Lesson. He mentions three specimens "in Berlin and Vienna," one of which must have been
Lichtenstein's No. 27. He was mistaken, however, in saying that all three specimens were
cyanocephala. Mr. van Rossem kindly informs me that No. 28 is undoubtedly violiceps Gould,
and his notes describing the bird prove this. Dr. Hellmayr was also mistaken in using three
specimens. The name verticalis can only be applied to one of the two specimens mentioned in
the original description, and it is immaterial to what species a third specimen of Lichtenstein's
belongs.

2 Long after this was written, I received Mr. Berlioz's excellent paper reviewing this group
(Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1932, no. 1, pp. 129-132). We are in substantial agreement in the reduc-
tion of species.

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 379

Hylocharis leucotis leucotis (Vieillot)
Taxco, 1 cf; Chilpancingo, 1 cf.

Cynanthus latirostris Swainson
Taxco, 1 cf .

Cynanthus doubledayi (Bourcier)
Acapulco, 1 cf, Coyuca. 2 cf , 1 9-

Chlorostilbon auriceps (Gould)
Chilpancingo, 5 cf , 2 9 .

Colibri thalassinus (Swainson)
Taxco, 1 cf.

Eugenes fulgens (Swainson)
Taxco, 2 cf , 2 9 .

Cyanolaemus clemenciae clemenctae (Lesson)
Taxco, 1 cf , Oct. 27, 1930.

Lamprolaima rhami rhami (Lesson)
Chilpancingo, 1 cf.

Anthoscenus constantii leocadiae (Bourcier and Mulsant)
Coyuca, 1 9 .

TlLMATURA DUPONTII DUPONTII (Lesson)
Chilpancingo, 1 cf , 2 9 ; Taxco, 2 cf, 2 9.

Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus)
Chilpancingo 7 cf , 2 9 , Taxco, 1 cf , 1 9 ; Aug. 20-Oct. 23.

Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Mulsant)
Chilpancingo, 1 cf , Feb. 5, 1932.

380 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Calothorax lucifer (Swainson)
Taxco, 1 9 ; Chilpancingo, 1 d\ 3 9, Oct. 17-Jan. 4.

Calothorax pulcher (Gould)
Chilpancingo, 2 d\ 2 9.

Selasphorus platycercus platycercus (Swainson)
Taxco, 1 9, Nov. 1, 1930.

Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin)
Chilpancingo, 1 9, Jan. 14; Taxco, 2 d\ 1 9, Oct. 14-Nov. 1.

Stellula calliope lowei subsp. nov.

Type. No. 163518. Mus. Comp. Zool.; d" ad.; Taxco, Guerrero,
Mexico; Oct. 25, 1930; W. W. Brown.

Characters. Adult male strikingly distinct from typical calliope in
having a shorter less full gorget, rose or pinkish lilac in color, instead
of rich lilac purple.

Remarks. Gould's description of Stellula calliope was based on birds
collected by Floresi (presumably) in the Valley of Mexico, where the
species is a winter visitant only, so far as we know. The presence of
the species in Guerrero has rested hitherto on a female collected by
Mrs. Smith in August. The two males from Guerrero were so distinct
from western United States specimens that I sent one male of each
type to Dr. Lowe of the British Museum, asking him to compare them
with Gould specimens from the type locality. He was so kind as to
do so, and writes that the two Gould males " unquestionably seem to
me to belong to the category with richer, fuller and longer gorget, as in
your western United States specimen."

In recognition of his courtesy on this and previous occasions, I take
pleasure in dedicating the new form to him.

FAMILY TROGONIDAE

Trogon citreolus Gould
Coyuca, 3 d\ 1 9.

Trogon mexicanus Swainson
Chilpancingo, 5 d\ 2 9.

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 381

FAMILY CUCULIDAE

Coccyzus minor palloris Ridgway
Chilpancingo, 1 9 , Jan. 24, 1932.

It is certainly astonishing to find a Mangrove Cuckoo so far from the
Coast.

PlAYA CAYANA MEXICANA (SwainSOn)
Chilpancingo, 3 d\ 1 9.

Geococcyx velox (A. Wagner)
Chilpancingo, 1 d1 , 1 9.

Morococcyx erythropygus mexicanus Ridgway
Coyuca, 3 9 .

Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson
Coyuca, 1 9 ; Chilpancingo, 2 d\ 3 9 .

FAMILY PICIDAE

Colaptes cafer mexicanus Swainson

Chilpancingo, 3 d% 2 9 .

The race mexicanus is a small and dark extreme of the species, in-
habiting the whole southern half of Mexico. It is quite different from
the large, pale collaris of the western United States south to Sonora
and Chihuahua. In northeastern Mexico there proves to be a very small,
very pale extreme described below.

Colaptes cafer nanus subsp. nov.

Type. No. 98788, Mus. Comp. Zool.; c? ad.; Ipina, San Luis Potosi,
Mexico; Nov. 30, 1924; W. W. Brown.

Characters. Differing radically from every described race of the Red-
shafted Flicker in being smaller even than mexicanus Swainson of
southern Mexico, and a much paler greyer brown above even than col-
laris (Vigors) of the western United States.

382 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Remarks. The characters given above are based on winter speci-
mens in fresh plumage compared with similar material of mexicanus
and collaris. A worn young August specimen is naturally less easily
distinguishable on color characters, and fledglings from San Luis
Potosi are not separable in color from collaris.

Measurements of Wing

mexicanus 5 o71, 152 -161 (158)
nanus 4 d\ 144.5-150 (146.0)

collaris 20 c? , 160 -174 (168.3)

Material Examined

mexicanus — small series from Vera Cruz and Guerrero

collaris — very large series from western United States and

Chihuahua.
nanus — Tamaulipas; Victoria, 1 9 . San Luis Potosi: Alvarez,

1 9 yg; San Luis Potosi, 1 c? ad., 4 nestlings;
Bocas, 1 d" ; Ipina 2 cf.

Balanosphyra formicivora formicivora (Swainson)

Chilpancingo, 2cf, 1 9.

Centurus chrysogenys flavinuchus Ridgway
Coyuca, 6^,2 9.

Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linnaeus)
Chilpancingo, 1 <?, 1 9, March 9 & 25.

Dryobates villosus jardini (Malherbe)

Chilpancingo, 1 cf, 3 9 .

Dryobates scalaris azelus Oberholser

Chilpancingo, 1 cf , 3 9 .

Ceophlceus lineatus scapularis (Vigors)
Coyuca, 2 d".

griscom: ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico 383

FAMILY FORMICARIIDAE

Grallaria guatimalensis ochraceiventris Nelson

Chilpancingo, 1 cf .

FAMILY DENDROCOLAPTIDAE

XlPHOCOLAPTES PROMEROPIRHYNCHUS OMILTEMENSIS Nelson
Chilpancingo, 1 cf.

XlPHORHYNCHUS FLAVIGASTER MENTALIS (Lawrence)

Coyuca, 1 9 .

Lepidocolaptes leucogaster (Swainson)
Chilpancingo, 1 9 .

Lepidocolaptes affinis affinis (Lafresnaye)
Chilpancingo, 4 cf , 2 9.

FAMILY COTINGIDAE

Platypsaris aglaiae albiventris (Lawrence)

Acapulco, 1 9 ; Coyuca, 2 cf, 2 9 ; Chilpancingo, Id",! 9 .

The Chilpancingo specimens and another from Cuernavaca, Morelos
show a distinct approach to typical aglaiae.

Tityra semifasciata griseiceps Ridgway

Chilpancingo, 1 cf .

FAMILY TYRANNIDAE

Elainea placens jaliscensis (Nelson)

Chilpancingo, 6 cf , 8 9 .

This little known race is apparently based on three males from two
localities in Jalisco, and the species is unrecorded between there and

3S4 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Vera Cruz. The occurrence of any form in Guerrero is, therefore, a
matter of some geographic interest. The excellent series before me
fully confirms the validity of jaliscensis. This subspecies differs from
typical placens in the larger size (wing of males 67.5-72, average 70;
female 3 mm. less); the slenderer bill, noticeable at a glance; the paler
yellow below; and the greyer cast to the olive green areas.

Camptostoma imberbe Sclater

Chilpancingo, 2 <?, 2 9 ; Naranjo, 1 9.

I have now seen excellent series of this little flycatcher both in
New York and Cambridge from every section of its range, including
the types of ridgwayi Brewster and 15 other specimens from Sonora,
Chihuahua and southern .Arizona. The more material I have seen, the
more Ridgway's judgment in not recognizing ridgwayi has been con-
firmed. This little bird, living as it does mostly in thorny scrub, is
particularly susceptible to wear. Fresh specimens (September to
November) are distinctly olive above and yellowish below. By January
these color tones have about half gone, and worn breeding specimens
are sometimes little more than greyish above and whitish below. In
the northern half of the range the bird is chiefly a summer migrant and
fresh fall specimens (October & November) are scarce or lacking in
collections. In Central America, however, worn breeding birds are
equally scarce, as collectors have uniformly avoided the tropics at this
season. July and August specimens from Progreso, Guatemala, how-
ever, collected by A. W. Anthony cannot be distinguished from the
series from Sonora before me. My friend van Rossem has recently
urged the recognition of ridgwayi (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 43, 1930,
pp. 129-130). He also does not believe in any color difference, and
points out with his usual acumen, the apparent existence of two
color phases, a greyer and a more olive one, apart from the changes
due to wear outlined above. He urges, however, size characters to
separate northwestern specimens, and presents a table of measure-
ments which would certainly prove his point did it hold on the basis
of additional material. I have measured at least five times as
many specimens as the 6 males on which he bases his measurements
for imberbe, and double the number of ridgwayi. I have specimens of
imberbe before me the wing up to 56.6 mm. and others representing
ridgwayi down to 53.0. The name imberbe is based on specimens from
Vera Cruz, and birds from southern and eastern Mexico and Texas run

griscom: ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico 385

52-56.5, the average 54.5, as against 55.5 for ridgwayi. Series from
Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica run 50-52, and it is here that
we have a definitely slightly smaller bird. It seems to me, therefore,
that the small southern extreme is more clearly separable from Vera
Cruz topotypes than are Arizona birds. No one questions either the
differences between the extremes, proved by ample series, or the partial
intermediacy of Vera Cruz topotypes. Unfortunately there is no com-
parable series of sexed topotypes in existence, and we have yet to dis-
cover whether typical imberbe goes better with the larger northern or
the small southern race. It seems to me that the recognition of ridgwayi
could await this evidence.

The Beardless Flycatcher is apparently unrecorded in western
Mexico between Jalisco and the interior of Oaxaca.

Myiozetetes similis superciliosus (Bonaparte)

Acapulco, 1 cf; Coyuca, 1 cf.

These two specimens show a slight approach to primulus van Rossem
of Sinaloa and Sonora, but are much nearer superciliosus.

Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus (Sclater)

Chilpancingo 6 cf, 1 9.

With very large series before me, specimens from northern Sonora
and Chihuahua, Lower California and Arizona have a wing which
averages about 4 mm. shorter than examples from southern Texas,
Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi and Vera Cruz. In the latter state speci-
mens from the east slope of the mountains approach blatteus in charac-
ters, while birds from Tabasco and Quintana Roo should be referred to
blatteus. In which of these series of slight variables the type of mexi-
canus belongs still remains to be determined.

Myiochanes pertinax pertinax (Cabanis & Heine)

Chilpancingo, 4 cf , July-Dec. 1931.

Myiochanes pertinax pallidiventris (Chapman)
Chilpancingo, 1 cf , March 12, 1932.

One of the very few winter records of this subspecies.

386 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Myiochanes virens (Linnaeus)
Chilpancingo, 1 d\ April 30, 1932.

Not previously reported from southwestern Mexico.

Myiochanes richardsonii richardsonii (Swainson)

Chilpancingo, 1 d\ 5 9, May 23-July 7, 1931.

These are all slightly worn birds, and constitute a notable extension
of the breeding range. In both size and color they do not show the
slightest approach to sordidulus.

Empidonax traillii brewsteri Oberholser

Acapulco, 1 d", May 7, 1931; Chilpancingo, 1 9 , April 30, 1932; Coyuca, 5 <?,
5 9, Feb. 11-March 20, 1931.

Empidonax minimus (Baird)

Coyuca, 4 cf, 3 9, Feb. 6-April 7, 1931; Chilpancingo, 2 cT, 2 9, Oct. 13,
1931-Jan. 17, 1932; Acapulco, 1 9, Jan. 5, 1931.

Empidonax hammondi (Xantus)
Chilpancingo, 1 9 , Nov. 15, 1931.

Empidonax wrightii Baird

Yautepec (Morelos), 1 9, Nov. 27, 1930; Taxco, 3 d% 1 9, Oct. 8-Nov. 10,
1930; Chilpancingo, 10 d" , 8 9, Oct. 5, 1931-May 23, 1932.

Three of the Chilpancingo birds are noticeably paler both above
and below, are of maximum dimensions, with distinctly longer and
narrower bills. In other words they are exactly intermediate between
wrightii and a series of griscus in fall plumage.

Empidonax fulvipectus pulverius Brewster

Chilpancingo, 1 9 , April 5, 1932.

This specimen confirms me in my belief that Guerrero birds are not
true fulvipectus Lawrence, as recorded by Sclater & Salvin.

GRISCOM: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 387

Empidonax difficilis bairdi Sclater
Coyuca, 1 cf, Jan. 29, 1931; Chilpancingo, 1 9, Oct. 27, 1931.

These two birds and another winter specimen recently received from
Morelos increase the presumption that salvini Ridgway is nothing but
the winter plumage of difficilis bairdi (Cf. Birds of Guatemala, p. 264).

Empidonax albigularis albigularis Sclater & Salvin
Coyuca, 1 cf, 2 9, Feb. 6-March 20, 1931.

These specimens confirm the characters ascribed to typical albigu-
laris. They are in worn plumage, so that in color characters they
resemble E. t. traillii to an astonishing degree, but can, of course, be
separated by their very different proportions.

Myiarchus tyrannulus magister Ridgway
Chilpancingo, 3 cf, 1 9, March 27-June 8; Coyuca, 1 cf, Feb. 10.

Myiarchus tuberculifer querulus Nelson

Cacalotenango, 1 9 ; Acapulco, 2 cf ; Coyuca, 2 9 ; Chilpancingo, 5 cf, 1 9.

Taken throughout the year, the series including breeding birds both
from the lowlands and the mountains. The resident form.

Myiarchus tuberculifer olivascens Ridgway

Coyuca, 4 cf , 5 9, Jan. 15-March 17, 1931; Acapulco, 1 9, Dec. 30, 1930.

Apparently a common winter resident, previously obtained near
Acapulco and Papayo (April 16). Easily separable horn querulus in its
much smaller size, and usually paler coloration.

Myiodynastes luteiventris luteiventris Sclater

Coyuca, 1 cf , April 20, 1931.

Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens (Lawrence)

Myiarchus cinerascens inquietus Salvin & Godman

The relationships between nuttingi, inquietus and cinerascens prove
to be so remarkable and so complicated that I have devoted nearly a

388 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

week to the careful study of the extensive material now available, but
I am still unsatisfied as to the proper explanation.

In my recent Guatemala report I suggested that inquietus, previ-
ously treated as a northern subspecies of nuttingi, be reduced to syn-
onymy. A year after this was written, I read Mr. van Rossem's report
on his Sonora collections (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 1931,
p. 260). Herein he announces the intergradation of cinerascens and
inquietus, and regards the latter as racially distinct from nuttingi. The
receipt of 67 specimens from Guerrero, and the re-examination of all
other material in the Museum convinces me that this treatment is
entirely permissible at the present time, though the facts presented
below admit of an alternate explanation.

1. Myiarckus cinerascens cinerascens — a large, relatively pale bird,
with the outer primary longer than the fourth, the upper tail coverts
never rufescent in marked contrast to the back; tip of inner web of
outer tail feathers sooty, sometimes extending down the shaft as a
narrow streak, but always expanding abruptly terminally. Wing of
males 98-105; females 92-100; the tail 5-7 mm. shorter than wing.

United States, 45 d71, 25 9
Sonora, Oposura, breeding, 5 d71, 2 9
LaChumeta, " ,3 d", 2 9
" Nacosari, March, 2 cf
Opodepe, breeding, 1 d71
Guaymas, winter, 4 d", 2 9
Sinaloa, Escuinapa, 1 9
Guerrero, Coyuca, 1 9
Taxco, 2 c?
Xaranjo, 1 d\ 3 9
Chilpancingo, 3 cf, 3 9
Guatemala, 2 d71, 1 9

2. Birds exactly like typical cinerascens in every way, except that
outer primary is equal to fourth; wing of males 96-100.

Sonora, Guaymas, winter, 1 d71
Guerrero, Chilpancingo, breeding, 1 cf (wing 99)

winter, 2 c?

Naranjo, " 1 d\ 1 9

Coyuca, " 1 d\ 3 9

Taxco, " 1 9

Cacalotenango, " 19

3. Birds exactly like typical cinerascens, but outer primary notably
shorter than fourth

Sonora, Guaymas, winter, 1 d71 , 1 9

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 389

4. Birds quite different from cinerascens in some respects; more
olive brown; less grey above; the yellow of belly averaging deeper and
the upper tail coverts strongly rufescent; outer primary always shorter
than fourth; tail pattern exactly as in cinerascens; size smaller, wing,
cf 88-97; 9, 90.5-95. Guerrero, 8 cf, 15 9, from various localities,
including breeding birds from Chilpancingo.

5. Birds exactly like the last, but dusky area on tip of inner web of
outer tail feather greatly reduced and not so abruptly expanded.

Guerrero, Chilpancingo, 3 9 , breeding

6. Birds from Guerrero, the type locality, corresponding in every
way to the original description of inquietus; differing from section 4 in
averaging smaller, in having a dusky shaft stripe along inner web
of outer tail feather for at least the terminal half, never abruptly
expanded at tip and rarely wanting; size smaller, wing of cf , 87-95;
9 , 82.5-89.

Guerrero, 8cT,8 9 from Chilpancingo and Coyuca, including

breeding adults and juveniles.
Sonora, Alamos, 4 cf , 3 9 , February and March.
Chihuahua, Carmen, 1 cf , 1 9 , November.
Durazno, 1 cf , 1 9, fall.

Hacienda de San Rafael, 2 cf , 1 9,2 nestlings,
late May.
Oaxaca, 10 cf , 15 9 , of which seven have no shaft stripe.

7. Much smaller birds, the majority with a dusky shaft stripe,
nearest nuttingi; wing cf , 82.5-85; 9 , 81-83.5.

Guatemala, Pacific slope, 3 cf , 11 9 .

8. Equally small birds with no dusky shaft stripes whatever; typical
nuttingi.

Guatemala, arid interior 10 cf , 6 9 .

Nicaragua, breeding, 4 cf , 4 9 (wing cf 84-87).

Costa Rica 3 cf , 2 9 (wing cf 82-87).
It will be apparent to anyone who has followed the eight sections
given above, that there is complete intergradation of characters from
cinerascens to nuttingi in the ordinary sense. In the geographic sense,
however, there is not, in that there is no geographic area occupied by
intermediates in between the ranges of cinerascens and inquietus. The
remarkable fact about my great series from Guerrero is that at Chil-
pancingo, practically the type locality for inquietus, cinerascens, inqui-
etus, and three out of the four intermediate or connecting stages all
breed together, and that the series of intermediates is far larger than of
typical inquietus. Such anomalous facts as these strongly raise the
presumption of hybridization of two different species. And yet I feel

390 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

that even more material and competent field experience above all is
needed. It is not demonstrated beyond possibility that the worn,
supposedly breeding birds in late May might not represent late spring
stragglers. I should prefer to have a competent ornithologist, ac-
quainted with the problem, collect in Guerrero during the breeding sea-
son and dissect a good series of specimens himself.

The series as a whole demonstrates the relative inconstancy of the
tail markings, and I endorse the remarks previously made by Bangs
and Peters and myself in impugning the subspecies inquietus, when
based on this character alone. The dusky shaft stripe along the inner
web of the outer primary is frequently absent in Oaxaca and Guerrero,
and rarely even in Sonora. But van Rossem is entirely correct in the
larger size of all birds from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec northward,
and the name inquietus must apply to these birds.

There are further complications with the little known Myiarchus
brachyurus Ridgway. In Costa Rica and Nicaragua, where Miller and
I collected a good series of breeding birds of both species, it is apparent
that there are two species occurring together. The small one is of course
nuttingi, but brachyurus sex for sex, proves to be absolutely larger,
with a much shorter tail in proportion. This shows convincingly only
in a table of individual measurements, but roughly speaking the tail of
any nuttingi is about 5 mm. shorter than its wing, and the tail of any
brachyurus is 10-12 mm. shorter than the wing. Mr. Ridgway did not
appreciate this point in his treatment of brachyurus. It follows that the
large inquietus in western Mexico have a wing length every bit as big
as brachyurus in Nicaragua, and they are distinguishable only in their
proportionately longer tails. It also follows that old records of brach-
yurus north to Chiapas require checking.

I have carefully measured the tail length of every specimen listed
above from Mexico, and there is none in which the tail is sufficiently
short proportionately to be brachyurus. On the other hand the great
majority of specimens, including even typical cinerascens, have tails
which average 7-8 mm. shorter than the wing. This in part at least
nullifies the absolute differences in proportions so readily discernible
in Central America. I am equally at a loss how to express this added
factor taxonomically.

Tyrannus verticalis Say

Chilpancingo, 8 d\ 9 ?, Oct, 22-May 19; Iguala, Nov. 5, 1930.

There is only one mid-winter specimen, so I presume that the major-
ity of individuals of this species proceed further south.

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 391

Tyrannus vociferans vociferans Swainson

Chilpancingo, 4 J1 , 4 9, Oct. 21-April 17.

Several of these specimens are quite typical of northern Cassin's
Kingbird, but several are intermediate and may well represent the
breeding bird of Durango and Jalisco.

Tyrannus vociferans xenopterum subsp. nov.

Type. No. 163725, Mus. Comp. Zool., cf ad., Chilpancingo, Guer-
rero; June 29, 1931; W. W. Brown.

Characters. Differing from typical vociferans in averaging slightly
smaller, upperparts slightly darker and less olive green, more grey;
throat darker and greyer, in sharper contrast with the whiter throat
and yellow abdomen; female without any emargination on the outer
primaries, the male with only 4 outer primaries distinctly emarginate,
far less incised and never so abruptly in fully adult breeding birds.

Measurements of icing. Vociferans, large series, cf 130-137 (133);
9 121-131.5 (126.5); xenopterum, 6 cf 126.5-130.5 (129); 6 9, 119-
124 (122).

Remarks. The discovery that Cassin's Kingbird breeds south to
Guerrero is an interesting range extension. Of my twelve specimens,
eight were collected in late May, June and early July. The other four
are fall and winter specimens, showing that the race is resident in part
at least. Typical vociferans is based on winter migrants in the Valley of
Mexico, where there is no evidence whatever that the bird breeds. The
new form is abundantly distinct.

Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert & Goodson .

Acapulco, 1 d71 , 1 9 ; Coyuca, 1 d% 3 9 ; Chilpancingo, 1 9 ; all seasons.

Tyrannus crassirostris crassirostris Swainson

Coyuca, 1 c? , 5 9 ; Acapulco, 3 9 ; Chilpancingo, 4 o", 7 9, breeding series
and late October only.

These birds are all clearly crassirostris in color, but average slightly
smaller than Oaxaca specimens.

Tyrannus crassirostris pompalis Bangs & Peters
Chilpancingo, 1 d", March 14, 1932.

Clearly the northern form in color and size. Undoubtedly a migrant.

392 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

FAMILY HIRUNDINIDAE

Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns
Chilpancingo, 2 cf , Dec. 3 and 11, 1931.

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis salvini Ridgway

Chilpancingo, 2 d", 1 9 , April 30 and May 26; wings of cf 116.5 and 119 mm.

These birds are really intermediate between salvini and serripennis,
but are referred here on the basis of their longer wings, the most
trenchant character in breeding birds.

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis (Audubon)
Coyuca, 2 d\ 2 9 , March 17-April.

These are surprising birds and doubtfully referred to serripennis.
All four are slightly darker than specimens from the eastern United
States, and their measurements run below the minimum record for
serripennis. One suspects the possibility of a local breeding race.

FAMILY CORVIDAE

Calocitta Formosa Formosa (Swainson)
Coyuca, 7 cf , 3 9 , Pie de la Cuesta, 1 cf ; Acapulco, 2 cf , 2 9 .

ClSSILOPHA SAN-BLASIANA PULCHRA Nelson

Coyuca, 6 cf , 6 9 ; Acapulco, 3 cf, 1 9.

Aphelocoma californica remota subsp. now

Type. No. 163815, Mus. Comp. Zool., 9 ad.; Chilpancingo,
Guerrero, Mexico; Oct. 27, 1931; W. W. Brown.

Characters. In part connecting sumichrasti Ridgway with grisea
Nelson, in other respects different from any known Mexican subspecies
of the group; head and neck light cerulean blue, not dull azure as in
cyanotic, sumichrasti and texana, nor greyish cerulean as in grisea; back
hair brown abruptly contrasted with blue of hind neck, as in sumi-
chrasti, but unique in having lighter shaft streaks ; superciliary stripe

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 393

about as in cymwtis and sumichrasti; loral, orbital and auricular regions
velvety black in sharp contrast with adjacent blue areas, a unique
character; underparts whiter even than in texana and sumichrasti, with
fainter streaking on throat and a barely perceptible wash of faint grey-
ish brown on chest and sides, in this respect one extreme of the group ;
size large as in sumichrasti.

This very distinct new form is based on twenty-four specimens from
the type locality, the great majority being breeding adults or young
of the year. It is quite surprising to find that no member of this group
of the genus Aphelocoma is recorded from Guerrero.

A few years ago the new form would have been treated as a species.
I entirely agree with Oberholser, however, that cyanotis, grisea and
sumichrasti are best treated as representatives of californica (cf.
Condor, 1917, pp. 94-95).

Cyanocitta stelleri coronata (Swainson)

Chilpancingo, 8 cf , 9 9 , throughout the year.

This fine series does not differ constantly in color from coronata
from Vera Cruz, but averages about 4 mm. shorter in the wing, not a
sufficient difference for taxonomic separation.

FAMILY SITTIDAE

Sitta carolinensis mexicana Nelson & Palmer
Chilpancingo, 1 cf, 1 9, April and May 19.

FAMILY CERTHIIDAE

Certhia familiaris jaliscensis Miller & Griscom

Chilpancingo, 1 cf , 1 9,1 juv., breeding season.

The only adult male is browner above and very small compared to
alticola. The Creeper is previously unknown in Guerrero.

FAMILY TROGLODYTIDAE

Heleodytes capistratus humilis (Sclater)

Acapulco, 4 cf , 7 9 ; Coyuca, 6 cf , 5 9.

394 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

A remarkably variable bird in the amount and intensity of rufous
on the back. A long series from Oaxaca are apparently greyer, less
rufous above, but they are not seasonably comparable. I cannot
regard humilis as specifically distinct from the capistratus-rvfinucha
group.

Heleodytes jocosus jocosus (Sclater)
Chilpancingo, 11 d71, 10 9.

I have no topotypes from Oaxaca to compare with this fine series,
but Ridgway found no differences. I do not consider gularis (Sclater)
of northwestern Mexico specifically distinct.

Pheugopedius felix felix (Sclater)

Coyuca, 1 cf , 1 9 .

Pheugopedius felix pallidus (Nelson)

Chilpancingo, 5 d\ 4 9.

These birds from the interior are noticeably paler and greyer, even
in fresh plumage, than Coyuca and Oaxaca specimens, and agree with
a specimen from Tepic, which presumably represents pallidus.

Troglodytes aedon parkmanii Audubon
Taxco, 1 9, Oct, 16, 1930; Chilpancingo, 4 d\ Dec. 19-April 5, 1932.

Troglodytes brunneicollis bruneicollis (Sclater)

Chilpancingo, 1 d\

This montane wren is not well represented in most collections, and
the large series in this museum has never been worked up, in default of
adequate material of typical brunneicollis. Thanks to the authorities
of the American Museum of Natural History in New York I have
before me a series from Vera Cruz, Puebla and Mexico, and interesting
variations become evident. Subspecific variation takes the usual form
in Mexican birds and would appear to be approximately as follows.

1. Typical brunneicollis Sclater is a richly colored extreme of south-
eastern Mexico (Mexico, Puebla, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca1). The upper-

1 I have not seen the race nitidus Nelson from the humid 'forests of Mt. Zempoaltepec, north-
eastern Oaxaca, described as being darker and more richly colored than typical brunneicollis
from near Oaxaca City.

griscom: ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico 395

parts are rich broccoli to mars brown, distinctly rufescent on rump
and upper tail-coverts; there are very small, mostly concealed, white
spots on the lesser wing coverts; throat and breast rich cinnamon-buff
in more or less sharp contrast with the nearly white center of abdomen ;
barring on flanks and abdomen sharply contrasted, black and white;
12 specimens examined. The Guerrero specimen is markedly greyer
and duller brown above, thus partially approaching the next race.

2. Troglodytes brunncicoUis com posit us subsp. now

Type. Xo. 49657, Mus. Comp. Zool.; cf ad.; Galindo, Tamaulipas,
Mexico; March 25, 1909; F. B. Armstrong.

Characters. Duller and paler than typical brunncicoUis; upperparts
nearest Prout's brown, greyer on the pileum, but rump distinctly
rufescent; underparts more uniform, dull cinnamon on throat and
breast, the center of abdomen less white; barring on flanks and abdo-
men duller, less contrasted black and white.

Material. 18 specimens from Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi and
Nuevo Leon. A specimen from Monterey, Nuevo Leon approaches
typical brunncicoUis is being warmer brown above.

3. Cahooni Brewster. Still paler and duller; greyish brown above,
inclining to mars brown on the rump; spots on lesser wings coverts
larger and more abundant; pale cinnamon below, whitish again on
center of abdomen ; barring on flanks and abdomen much fainter and
duller. 60 specimens from Sonora and Chihuahua. A specimen from
Jalisco is intermediate. Immature birds of all three races are more
richly colored than adults, but differ relatively in the same respects.

Henicorhina leucophrys festiva Nelson
Chilpancingo, 1 9 .

Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say)

Chilpancingo, 6 cf, 11 9, throughout the year; Taxco, 1 o\

As mentioned in my Guatemala report, I am unable to recognize a
Mexican race notius Ridgway.

Catherpes mexicanus mexicanus (Swainson)
Chilpancingo, 2 cf, 1 9 ; Taxco, 1 9.

396 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

FAMILY MIMIDAE

Toxostoma curvtrostre curvirostre (Swainson)
Chilpaneingo, 1 cf.

Melanotis caerulescens effuticius Bangs & Penard
Chilpaneingo, 8 cf, 6 9.

This series is slightly intermediate, but on the whole nearer the pale
northwestern race. Birds from Vera Cruz are the other extreme of
dark and dull coloration, but topotypes are not so extreme.

Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors)
Acapulco, 1 cf ; Chilpaneingo, 7 cf, 22 9, Oct. 5-April 26.

FAMILY TURDIDAE

Myadestes obscurus occidentalis Stejneger

Chilpaneingo, 1 9 .

Ridgway refers the Guerrero bird to typical obscurus, but as I
understand the races (cf. Birds of Guatemala, p. 303), the specimen
listed above is tvpical of occidentalis.

Turdus rufo-palliatus Lafresnaye

Coyuca, 1 cf, 2 9.

Turdus assimilis renominatus Miller & Griscom

Chilpaneingo, 6 cf , 2 9 .

Turdus migratorius permixtus subsp. nov.

Type. No. 163992, Mus. Comp. Zool.; cf ad., breeding; Guerrero,
Chilpaneingo (8,000 ft.); March 25, 1932; W. W. Brown.

Characters. Resembling phillipsi Bangs of eastern Mexico in averag-
ing smaller than propinqims; differing radically in color from both in
being much blacker (cf ) or slatier ( 9 ) above, and below deeper cinna-
mon-rufous (cf ) or more rufous, less ochraceous (9 ); in color almost

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 397

exactly like the dark extreme of typical migratorius from northeastern
North America and approximating it in size, but immediately separable
by the absence of the white tail spots.

Remarks. This very distinct race is represented by three males and
eight females, the majority of them taken in May and June. A table
of wing measurements is appended below.

& 9

propinquus — Rocky Mts. 135-148 (142) 130-138 (135)

— N. W. Mexico 138-142 (140.3) 131-135 (133)

phillipsi —type series 132-133(132.5) 123.5-132(127.5)

permixtus —Guerrero 133.5-136.5(134.7) 127-134(130)

Hylocichla guttata auduboni (Baird)

Taxco, 2 & (wing 100.5 & 102) Oct, 16 & 17, 1930; Chilpancingo. 1 d" (wing
104), Nov. 11, 1931.

Catharus occidentalis fulvescens Nelson
Chilpancingo, 1 6\ 2 9, breeding.

Catharus melpomene clarus Jouy

Chilpancingo, 4 d\ 4 9, May-August.

The Mexican races of this thrush are unsatisfactory. The situation
is precisely like that in Myadestes obscurus, and many other species.
The darkest and most russet birds (typical melpomene) are from Vera
Cruz. The palest extreme is in northwestern Mexico in Chihuahua.
Birds from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Morelos, Guerrero and Jalisco
are exactly intermediate, and it is to these that the name clams applies.
Unlike the Myadestes, however, the extremes are not so strikingly
distinct, and I do not believe that the formal separation of Chihuahua
specimens of Catharus melpomene is necessary or advisable.

Sialia sialis fulva Brewster

Chilpancingo, 1 cf, March 20, 1932.

Presumably some form of Bluebird breeds in the mountains of
Guerrero, but no specimens are on record. In so critical a group of
subspecies, the determination of a single specimen is provisional only.
I refer this bird to fulva, as it agrees with that race in size, in being
more azure blue above, and in having the underparts extensively

398 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

cinnamon rufous in little contrast with the white belly. The cinnamon
rufous is not however, as pale as in azurea, but it is not as dark as in
guatemalae.

Ridgwayia pinicola (Sclater)

Chilpancingo, 3 d\ 2 9, March-May.

The discovery of this species in Guerrero is a distinct range extension
for this little known bird.

FAMILY SYLVIIDAE

CORTHYLIO CALENDULA CALENDULA (Linnaeus)
Chilpancingo, 1 9, Nov. 15, 1931; Taxco, 1 9, Nov. 15, 1930.

POLIOPTILA CAERULEA CAERULEA (Linnaeus)
Chilpancingo, 1 d\ Feb. 2, 1932; Taxco, 1 9, Oct, 10, 1930.

POLIOPTILA BILINEATA NIGRICEPS Baird
Chilpancingo, 1 cf , 1 9 , Aug. 25 & Oct. 10, 1931; Coyuca, 1 d\ Jan. 15.

FAMILY PTILOGONATIDAE

Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens subsp. nov.

Type. No. 164037, Mus. Comp. Zool.; cf ad.; Chilpancingo (8,000
ft.), Guerrero, Mexico; Nov. 25, 1931; W. W. Brown.

Characters. Similar to typical cinereus of Mexico and Vera Cruz,
but paler and greyer throughout; male with supraloral, chin and throat
greyish white, never brownish white; auricular region and nuchal
collar greyer, less brown ; slightly paler and clearer grey both above and
below; female with cap and throat greyer, less drab, more sharply con-
trasted with back and breast; above and below averaging paler and
less brown, the darkest specimens about like the palest Vera Cruz
specimens; rump averaging lighter than back and upper tail coverts
darker than in typical form.

Remarks. This new race is founded on 5 cf and 8 9 . Specimens
collected from October-December are in fresh plumage, those from
April to May variously worn. In making comparisons care must be

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 399

used to contrast similar plumages. When this is done, the characters of
the new form are readily appreciable in series. A specimen from
Jalisco is distinctly intermediate.

FAMILY VIREONIDAE

VlREO FLAVOVIRIDIS FLAVOVIRIDIS (Cassin)

Chilpancingo (5,000-8,000 ft.), 2 cf, 1 9, April 5-May 25.

These birds are of some interest, as in color characters they are
forreri of the Tres Marias Islands. In size, however, they are well below
the minimum recorded for this form.

Vireo gilvus swainsonii Baird

Chilpancingo, 2^29, Oct. 1-March 20.

Vireo solitarius cassini Xantus

Taxco, 2 d\ 1 9 , Oct. 10-25; Cacalotenango, 1 d\ Nov. 10; Chilpancingo, 1 d\
Jan. 7.

Vireo solitarius plumbeus Coues

Chilpancingo, 1 <?, April 20, worn breeding bird.

Vireo hypochryseus hypochryseus Sclater

Chilpancingo, 11 d% 6 9, Taxco, 2 a", April 14 to Oct, 11.

One of these Taxco specimens has a remarkably deformed or abnor-
mal bill, in that both upper and lower mandible are strongly decurved
beyond the middle, producing a markedly curved bill like a sickle.

Vireo bellii bellii Audubon
Chilpancingo, 1 cf, Feb. 15; Coyuca, 3 cf, 4 9, Jan. 26-April 15, 1931.

FAMILY VIREOLANIIDAE

VlREOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS GOLDMANI Nelson

Chilpancingo, 1 d\ May 11, 1932.

In default of topotypical material, the subspecific determination is
tentative only.

400 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

FAMILY COEREBIDAE

DlGLOSSA BARITULA BARITULA Wagler
Chilpancingo, 1 cf , April 30, 1932.

FAMILY MXIOTILTIDAE

Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus)
Coyuca, 1 9, Jan. 15; Chilpancingo, 1 cf, Nov. 29.

Vermivora celata lutescens Ridgway

Taxco, 1 cf, Oct. 22, 1930; Coyuca, 1 cf , Feb. 27; Chilpancingo, 1 cf , 3 9
Jan. 4-March 8.

These birds are by no means typical of lutescens, and should be
referred to orestera, were that race ever recognized.

Vermivora ruficapilla ruficapilla (Wilson)
Chilpancingo, 1 9 , Oct. 15, 1931.

Vermivora ruficapilla ridgwayi van Rossem
Coyuca, 1 cf, Jan. 26; Chilpancingo, 2 9, Nov. 29-March 5.

Vermivora virginiae (Baird)
Chilpancingo, 3 9 , Feb. 7-March 27, 1932.

The furthest south this species has ever been recorded.

Dendroica aestiva aestiva (Gmelin)
Chilpancingo, 2 cf, April 5, 1932.

Dendroica aestiva brewsteri Grinnell

Chilpancingo, 3 cf , 1 9 ; Pie de la Cuesta, 1 cf ; Coyuca, 1 cf , 2 9 ; Dec. 11-
May 7.

Dendroica aestiva sonorana Brewster

Coyuca, 2 9, Chilpancingo, 1 9, Nov. 25-March 11.

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 401

Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend)
Coyuca, 1 <?, 1 9 ; Chilpancingo, 1 d\ 2 9, Taxco, 3 9 ; Oct. 9-Jan. 15.

Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgway
Acapulco, 1 tf, Dec. 20, 1931.

Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend)
Chilpancingo, 2 d\ 1 9 ; Taxco, 1 J>, 2 9 ; Oct. 1-Dec. 21.

Dendroica occidentalis (J. K. Townsend)
Taxco, 1 9 , Oct. 10.

Dendroica townsendi (J. K. Townsend)
Taxco, 3 d\ 1 9 ; Chilpancingo, 2 9 ; Oct. 9-Nov. 11.

Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend)
Chilpancingo, 3 d\ 3 9 ; Coyuca, 1 <?, 5 9 ; Oct. 1-April 1.

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster
Coyuca, 1 d\ Feb. 11.

Icteria virens virens (Linnaeus)

Coyuca, 3 d\ 2 9 ; Acapulco, 1 9 ; Jan. 7-April 20.

Four of these birds are intermediate in being greyer, less green above
or in having longer tails.

Icteria virens longicauda (Lawrence)

Acapulco, 1 9, May 4; Coyuca, 1 d\ Feb. 18.

WlLSONIA PUSILLA PILEOLATA (Pallas)
Taxco, 1 <?, 1 9 ; Chilpancingo, 1 d\ 1 9 ; Sept. 29-Dec. 31.

Setophaga picta picta (Swainson)
Chilpancingo, 2 cf , June & September.

402 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Ergaticus ruber (Swainson)
Chilpancingo, 1 cf , June 9.

Euthlypis lachrymosa Cabanis

Chilpancingo, 3 c?, 3 9 ; Cacalatenango, 1 cf ; May to October.

The excellent series before me fully endorses Mr. van Rossem's
recent criticism of the race tephra Ridgway, which I regard as a pure
synonym of lachrymosa. (cf. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, No.
19, 1931, p. 286).

Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi Ridgway
Chilpancingo, 15cf, 12 9, throughout the year.

FAMILY ICTERIDAE

Cassiculus melanicterus (Bonaparte)
Acapulco, 1 cf, 1 9 ; Coyuca, 2 cf , 4 9.

Tangavius aeneus assimilis (Nelson)
Chilpancingo, 5 cf, 4 9 ; Coyuca, 1 9 .

Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell
Tixtla 1 cf, 1 9 ; Chilpancingo, 1 cf , 6 9 ; Dec. 10-March 17.

Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin)
Tixtla, 5 cf , 2 9 ; Chilpancingo, 12 cf , 10 9 ; Dec. 21-April 17.

Cassidix mexicanus obscurus (Nelson)
Chilpancingo, 6 cf , 3 9 .

Sturnella magna alticola Nelson
Chilpancingo, 2 cf , 2 9 , March-May 25.

griscom: ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico 403

A Review of the Middle American Meadowlarks

For some years the status of the various proposed races of Neo-
tropical Meadowlarks has been in doubt and confusion. Dr. Chapman
has recently (Bird-Life of Mts. Roraima and Duida, pp. 133-135) pro-
posed a tentative but most workable review of the South American
races, emphasizing the elusive nature of subspecific variation, com-
plicated by great seasonal variation. These comments apply with
equal force to the Middle American forms. Small series of Sturnella
from various parts of Mexico and Central America have gradually
been accumulating in the great eastern museums, and the time has
now come, when a revision could be attempted with reasonable hope
of improving current conceptions or at least clarifying certain issues
of fact. Outram Bangs and I commenced this review in August, 1932,
and proceeded as far as we could go without the re-examination of
critical specimens or series in other museums. Among the last things
my late colleague did was to borrow this material from the American
Museum in New York and the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburg. While
he did not live to examine it, thanks is hereby extended to the authori-
ties in charge of these collections for their courteous assistance.

For Middle American Meadowlarks three names are available at
present. Of these the oldest is mexicana Sclater, based primarily on
birds collected by De Oca at Jalapa, Vera Cruz, although Sclater also
included specimens from Cordova and Orizaba. If, then, any question
arises as to just what mexicana is, in default of the type, topotypes
collected by De Oca must be used. Fortunately the American Museum
possesses two. In 1888 Ridgway received specimens from the Segovia
River. They proved to be very small, and were described as inexpectata.
In the meantime specimens were accumulating from the highlands of
Mexico. These birds proved to be relatively very large, and in 1900
Nelson described them as alticola, the type from the mountains of
Chiapas. Unfortunately he did not compare it with mexicana, to
wrhich it is exceedingly close, but to typical magna, from which, of
course, it is very different. When Ridgway reviewed Sturnella in 1902
(Birds of N. & Mid. Amer., pt. 2), he was unable "satisfactorily to
make out Mr. Nelson's alticola," and called all large highland birds
mexicana, and all small birds from the Caribbean lowlands inexpectata.
In 1932 when reporting on the meadowlarks of Guatemala (Birds of
Guatemala, p. 389), I gave a table of measurements of such specimens
as I had examined in New York and Cambridge. This table, repro-
duced beyond, shows very clearly that topotypes of mexicana from

404 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

5,000 ft. on the eastern slope of the Mexican plateau are intermediate
between the small lowland birds and the generally large bird of the
highlands. As, however, the size of Jalapa birds was nearer the maxi-
mum for lowland birds than the minimum for highland birds, I sug-
gested that the name mexicana could be applied to the lowland form
and alticola was available for the highland form. We had here then
one of those inconvenient cases where the oldest name proves to be
based on an intermediate, and where its application to one or another
well marked extreme must be arbitrary and always open to criticism.
Most fortunately, however, the present study has brought out addi-
tional characters, which obviate the necessity of treating either alti-
cola or inexpectata as a synonym of mexicana. The tail pattern of east
Mexican birds proves to differ from that of true inexpectata and alti-
cola, and on this basis the slightly larger size of Jalapa topotypes can
be waived. I distinguish the following races.

1. Sturnella magna mexicana Sclater. Type locality, Jalapa (5,000
ft.), eastern slope of the mountains of Vera Cruz. Inhabits the low-
lands of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas. Freely intergrading with
alticola at medium altitudes. A relatively small race with short blunt
culmen and long slender legs and long tail; three outer tail feathers
with a short dusky streak near end of outer web; fourth tail feather
with far more white than dusky on inner web; wing of males 99.6-
10S.5, the exposed culmen 19-21; the tail 66-70.5; the tarsus 43-46.

2. Sturnella magna subsp. Rio Lagartos, arid tip of Yucatan Penin-
sula. The Meadowlark is previously unrecorded from any part of the
Yucatan Peninsula. The single adult d71 is notably paler and duller
yellow below than any other Middle American Meadowlark in equally
or more worn plumage. I prefer to see this difference confirmed by
other specimens. In other respects exactly resembling mexicana.

3. Sturnella magna inexpectata Ridgway. Type locality, Segovia
River, Honduras. Inhabits the local pine land savannas of the Carib-
bean lowlands from (Peten?), British Honduras to northeastern
Nicaragua. A very small race, in proportions similar to mexicana.
Sides of chest averaging more heavily spotted rather than streaked.
Third rectrix with much dusky on inner web, often the feather half
and half dusky and white; fourth rectrix with far more dusky than
white, the white often reduced to a narrow shaft stripe. Wing 96.5-
105.5.

4. Sturnella magna alticola Nelson. Type locality, Ocuilapa, Chiapas.
Inhabits the southern end of the Mexican Plateau at higher altitudes,
east to western Vera Cruz (Mt. Orizaba), north perhaps to Jalisco

GRISCOM: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 405

and Tepic; south through the highlands of Central America to Costa
Rica. Size relatively large, but proportions similar to mexicana. Tail
pattern as in mexicana, but averaging even more white, the outer
webs of the outer feathers often devoid of any terminal dusky streak
or this greatly reduced. This subspecies is by no means uniform
throughout its range. Birds from Chiapas, Oaxaca and Vera Cruz
southward are as dark as mexicana in general coloration. Birds from
western and northwestern Mexico are the largest, slightly paler above
and tend to have more white in the tail feathers. The very largest
birds come from northwestern Mexico, the very smallest from Nicara-
gua and Costa Rica. Lack of material prevents me from discussing
the relations of northwestern specimens (presumably lilianae) to
hoopesi of the Mexican border. For measurements, see table. In
Nicaragua and Honduras, this race intergrades eastward with incx-
pectata. A d" before me from Comoapa, Nicaragua (2,600 ft.) is such
a specimen, the wing 106 and the tail feathers with more dusky than
alticola, but more white than inexpectata.

5. Sturnella magna subulata subsp. nov. Type, No. 109448, Mus.
Comp. Zool.; d1 ad.; Boquete (4,000 ft.), Pacific slope of Chiriqui,
western Panama; Jan. 30, 1901; W. W. Brown. Inhabits the savan-
nahs of the Pacific slope of Chiriqui and Veraguas to Agua Dulce.
Size very small and coloration dark as in inexpectata, consequently
abruptly smaller than alticola; minutely deeper and richer yellow
below than alticola; juvenals with far more wash of a darker brown
below; tail feather pattern as in alticola, consequently with far more
white than inexpectata; proportions quite different from inexpectata
and the other subspecies, the tail and tarsus shorter, the bill longer
and more slender, the mandible with a subulate and more pointed
tip; wing 97-103; tail 61.5-66.5; tarsus 41-43; exposed culmen 21.5-25.
Some time ago I provisionally referred these birds to paralios Bangs
of Santa Marta. As the latter race is now understood, they prove to
be quite different.

6. Sturnella magna meridionalis Sclater. Type locality, Bogota
Savanna, Colombia. Resembling alticola in large size and dark colora-
tion, but light tips and edges to feathers of hind neck greyish or
whitish instead of buffy; black jugular crescent broader; bill 3-5 mm.
longer; tail pattern as in inexpectata, consequently much darker than
in alticola.

7. Sturnella magna paralios Bangs. Type locality, San Sebastian,
6,000 ft., Santa Marta, Colombia. Radically different from any other
race discussed so far in being paler and browner above, with less black

406 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

to the centers of the feathers; the crown stripes chiefly dark brown
instead of chiefly blackish; hind neck buffy as in the Central American
races; size slightly smaller than alticola and meridionalis, much larger
than subulata, wing 107-110; the bill shorter than in meridionalis;
radically different from all previous races in having more white in the
tail even than alticola, the fifth feather from the outermost always with
some white.

8. Sturnclla magna praticola Chubb. Type locality, Abary River,
British Guiana. Resembling paralios, but much smaller, the inner
web of third rectrix from without always with some grey or dusky
on inner margin, at least for basal half.

I have given here brief diagnoses of some of the South American
races, as no one has previously contrasted any of them with the Central
American forms. Geographically the nearest South American meadow-
larks to subulata are in northern Colombia. I have before me 4 from
Boyaca and 13 from the lower Magdalena, kindly loaned by the
Carnegie Museum. These birds in general coloration and size resemble
paralios, but the tail feather formula is that of praticola. It is obviously
a matter of opinion to which race to refer them, but I agree with Todd
in calling them paralios. In the first place there are only 4 authentic
males of paralios, and further specimens might produce smaller birds
with some dusky on the third tail feather. In the second, to call these
birds praticola would give that race a remarkably discontinuous range.

Wing Measurements of Males

topotypes of mexicana SclaterUOS-lOS.S collected at Jalapa by De Oca
type of alticola Nelson 113, highlands of Chiapas

topotypes of inexpectata 96.5 from Segovia River, east Nicaragua

10 Vera Cruz lowlands1 99.6-103.5 (102.6) = mexicana

5 Chiapas lowlands 101.5 = mexicana

5 British Honduras 99-105.5 =inexpectata

6 highlands of eastern Mexico 115.6 = alticola

3 Jalisco1 & Tepic 114-118 =subsp.?

2 Guerrero 113-114 = alticola

1 Oaxaca 109 =intergrade with mexicana

5 from western Mexico 116.3 alticola or lilianae

3 western Guatemala1 112-114 = alticola

3 central Honduras 111-114= alticola

4 north central Nicaragua1 108.2-113 = alticola

1 American Museum of Natural History.

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 407

1 Comoapa, Nicaragua 106 =intergrade with inexpectata

9 Costa Rica 108-116 (111.3) =al£cola

8 from western Panama 97-103 =subulata

3 Santa Marta 107-110 =paralios

19 Bogota & Santander1 111-118 =mcridionalis

5 lower Orinoco 97-103 (fide Chapman =praticola)

1 1 lower Magdalena1 113-118, one very small bird probably a

9

Icterus bullockii (Swainson)
Taxco, 1 d\ 1 9 ; Chilpancingo, 21 cf, 4 9, Oct. 7-April 7.

Icterus spurius (Linnaeus)

Acapulco, 1 d\ 2 9 ; Coyuca 2 d\ 3 9 ; Chilpancingo, 4 cf, 1 9 ; Nov. 15-

May 7.

Icterus wagleri wagleri Selater

Chilpancingo, 4 cf , 7 9 .

These birds, like all other specimens from western Mexico examined,
are typical wagleri in color, but approach castaneopectus Brewster of
northwestern Mexico in size.

Icterus parisorum Bonaparte
Chilpancingo, 7 d\ Dec. 1-March 25.

Icterus cucullatus cucullatus Swainson
Taxco, 1 <?; Chilpancingo, 9 d\ 1 9, Oct. 5-March 15.
Not previously recorded southwest of Morelos.

Icterus cucullatus sennetti Ridgway
Taxco, 1 9 , Nov. 1, 1930.

Obviously this subspecies in its duller paler coloration and shorter
wing and tail. It has already been recorded from Yautepec, Morelos,
on the Guerrero border.

1 Carnegie Museum.

408 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Icterus cucullatus californicus (Lesson)
1 9 , Chilpancingo, Feb. 7, 1932.

A typical and characteristic specimen of this race, which is un-
recorded to date south of Tepic. For the use of this name see beyond
under pustulatus.

Icterus gularis gularis (Wagler)
Coyuca, 1 9 , Feb. 10.

An interesting range extension, the species previously unknown
north of Oaxaca.

Icterus pustulatus microstictus subsp. nov.

Type. No. 114624, Mus. Comp. Zool.; c?1 ad.; Sonora, Guaymas;
Feb! 22, 1905; W. W. Brown.

Characters. Differing from typical pustulatus (Wagler) in having
the spotting on the back greatly decreased in adult males, small narrow
lance-ovate ones instead of large round spots; this decrease in spotting
equally evident in females, which are so small as to be very obscure.

Material Examined — pustulatus, 20 c/\ll 9 from Morelos, Guerrero
& Colima; microstictus, 20 d71, 12 9 from Jalisco, Sinaloa and Sonora.

Remarks. The discovery that there were two strongly marked sub-
species of pustulatus raised the question as to which one Wagler' s type
belonged. It was quite impossible to tell from the original description,
which incidentally gave no locality, and there was no point in guessing,
as the type was among the many treasures of the Berlin Museum.
Accordingly I sent a typical adult male of each form to Dr. Strese-
mann, who very kindly made the necessary comparisons. My friend
Mr. van Rossem has since been in Berlin and has also examined the
original specimens. There prove to be three cotypes from Cuernavaca
and San Mateo, collected by Deppe, and all are unquestionably the
large spotted southern form.

In this connection we must consider Pendulinus californicus Lesson
from California (Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 436). This name has always
been regarded as a synonym of pustulatus, notably by Sclater and Ridg-
way, the locality supposedly an error, as was so frequently the case
with Lesson's middle American birds. A study of the description,
however, shows that it cannot possibly apply to pustulatus. It is, on

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 409

the contrary, a perfect description of a male Icterus cucullatus nelsoni
not quite fully adult, and the locality in this case is entirely correct.
The Arizona Hooded Oriole must consequently be called Icterus
cucullatus calif amicus (Lesson). I am happy to report that this refer-
ence was called to my attention by Mr. van Rossem, who independ-
ently reached exactly the same conclusion.

FAMILY THRAUPIDAE

Tanagra elegantissima (Bonaparte)
Chilpancingo, 2 d", December and April.

PlRANGA RUBRA COOPERI Ridgway
Chilpancingo, 1 9 , Dec. 3, 1931.

9

Not previously recorded south of Colima.

PlRANGA LUDOVICIANA (Wilson)
Taxco, 3 cf ; Chilpancingo, 1 d\ 4 9 , October 10-Feb. 1

PlRANGA FLAVA HEPATICA Swainson

Chilpancingo, 12 d" , 7 9, March 25-Dec. 1; Taxco, 4^3 9, October.

With excellent series of breeding birds from Oaxaca, Guerrero and
Jalisco before me, there is no doubt but what even larger breeding
series from northern Sonora, Chihuahua, Arizona and New Mexico
average a trifle larger, appreciably paler grey on the back, greener
less orange on the forehead (females) and very faintly rosier below.
I must fully endorse, therefore, Mr. van Rossem's critique in his
recent paper on Sonora land birds (Proc. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.,
6, 1931, pp. 290-291), where he recognizes the northwestern extreme
as oreophasma Oberholser. The situation is obscured (1) by the
migratory habits of the northern bird, (2) by the fact that the winter
plumage of true hepatica is barely distinguishable from May and June
specimens of oreophasma, and (3) by the fact that the type of oreo-
phasma is an intermediate. The range originally assigned to it was
far too extensive, as van Rossem points out. Nevertheless I must
confess that oreophasma is, in my opinion, a very poor subspecies, as
compared to every other Middle American race, and Mr. Zimmer can

410 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

scarcely be criticised for not recognizing such slight average differences
in his recent review of this polymorphic species.

PlRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA ERYTHROCEPHALA (Swainson)

Chilpancingo, 1 d\ May 31, 1932.

This lovely little Tanager is still rare in collections. This Museum
possesses five specimens from northern Chihuahua which are strik-
ingly distinct in their paler and duller coloration from the typical
form. The species was based on specimens from Mexico collected by
Bullock at Temascaltepec. Swainson's description applies clearly to
the more richly colored southern bird. So does the description of Sal-
vin and Godman in the Biologia, and the colored plate of a speci-
men collected by White in the Dept. of Mexico exactly corresponds
to the adult male from Guerrero. I consequently propose

PlRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA CANDIDA subsp. nov.

Type. No. 222049, Mus. Comp. Zool.; d* ad.; Chihuahua, Hacienda
de San Rafael; May 15, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar.

Characters. Adult male differing from typical crythrocephala in
having the pileum pinkish vermilion rather than scarlet vermilion;
this cap bordered by yellowish green feathers in marked contrast to
olive green of back; throat paler and pinker; flanks greyish olive
instead of olive green; female greyer, less olive above and whiter, less
yellow below.

Ridgway records the species from Trompa, Chihuahua. The speci-
men is before me, but was collected by McCleod at La Triunfa.

Thanks to the kindness of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, I have before me two adult males in their collection from Jalisco.
These are as usual intermediate, the pink of the head almost as rich
as in typical erythrocephala, but the flanks greyish olive as in Candida.

FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE
Hedymeles melanocephalus melanocephalus (Swainson)
Chilpancingo, 1 9, Nov. 15, 1931, large bird with large bill.

Hedymeles melanocephalus maculatus Audubon
Chilpancingo, 8o",4 9, March 25-Sept. 29.

GRISCOM: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO. MEXICO 411

The identification of these Grosbeaks involved a careful survey of
our Mexican specimens, now finally determinable thanks to van
Rossem's studies (cf. especially Auk, 1932, p. 489). It seems pretty clear
that the type of melanocephalus is a particularly large winter migrant
of the large Rocky Mountain race. The question still remains, there-
fore, what is the breeding bird of the Mexican plateau? It proves to
be an ill-defined intermediate. Speaking only of breeding birds for the
moment, typical melanocephalus breeds in the mountains of northern
Chihuahua and Sonora. Typical maculatus, by which I mean speci-
mens not trenchantly separable from California series, breeds at
Oposura, Sonora (series). Breeding specimens from Nuevo Leon,
Tamaulipas and Guerrero differ from maculatus in having a larger
bill, about half way to the measurements of melanocephalus. Winter
specimens may be almost anything. From Alamos, Sonora, we have
extreme specimens of both races, and typical maculatus at Opodepe
as late as May 8. Other winter specimens of typical maculatus come
from Sinaloa (Escuinapa, Dec. 15, 1895), Colima (April 3, 1913) and
Michoacan (Patzcuaro, April 4). Presumably the greater number of
true melanocephalus winter in the eastern half of Mexico. In Chihua-
hua it is resident, as we have three specimens taken at Durazno in
late December.

Pheucticus chrysopeplus chrysopeplus (Vigors)

Chilpancingo, 1 9, Oct. 5, 1931.

This Grosbeak has never been recorded as far south as Guerrero,
but its occurrence there is entirely consistent faunally.

GlTIRACA CAERULEA INTERFUSA Dwight & GrisCOm
Chilpancingo, 1 cf , 1 9 , Feb. & March 14.

GlJIRACA CAERULEA EURHYNCHA Coues

Coyuca, 1 cf , Jan. 30; Chilpancingo, 14 cf , 9 9 , throughout the year, including
good series of breeding birds.

Many of these specimens are intermediate between interfusa and
eurhyncha, resembling the breeding birds of much of northwestern
Mexico. In color the females are dark and rich like eurhyncha, but the
bill is nowhere near as heavy and powerful as typical eurhyncha from
Vera Cruz and the isthmus of Tehuantepec.

412 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Sporophila torqueola torqueola (Bonaparte)

Coyuca, 1 d1; Chilpancingo, 4 d\ 5 9, throughout the year.

This series is of interest in connection with another from Morelos
in showing an approach to the little known albitorquis (Sharpe) from
Oaxaca, which is alleged to have a white collar on the hind neck.
Three of the adult males from Guerrero have a partial white collar
and all the adult males from Morelos have a partial collar. No more
can be done without a series from Oaxaca to determine the constancy
of the collar there. In no case can albitorquis be more than a southern
race of torqueola. Or it may well be a plumage phase only, which is
paralleled in aurita.

Amaurospizopsis genus novum

Diagnosis. Very close to Amaurospiza Cabanis of the rain forests
of southern Central America and obviously representing it, but a
larger bird with a proportionately shorter and deeper stubbier bill;
rictal bristles twice as long, greatly exceeding the plumules, and much
stiff er; nostril large, with a marked operculum; culmen distinctly
ridged, a groove just over the nasal fossae, extending forward two
thirds of the way to the tip of the maxilla; maxilla with five other
fainter ridges and grooves extending diagonally from the nostril to
the commissure.

Type. Amaurospizopsis rclictus.

Amaurospizopsis relictus spec, now

Type. Xo. 164702, Mus. Comp. Zool.; cf ad.; mountains above
Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico; May 19, 1932; W. W. Brown.

Description. Uniform dull greyish blue, slightly bluer on the lesser
wing-coverts, greyer and paler on belly; chin dusky; loral region
black; sides of head below eye dusky; remiges blackish, the primaries
narrowly edged externally with greyish, the secondaries very broadly
with greyish blue; rectrices blackish, narrowly edged on outer webs
with greyish blue; bill dusky, the lower mandible abruptly whitish
for terminal third; legs and feet dusky; iris brown (note by collector);
wing 69, tail 59, tarsus 19, culmen 9.5.

Discussion. The very rare and little known genus Amaurospiza
belongs in a group of fringilline forms, which include the genera
Oryzoborus, Cyanocompsa, Sporophila, Euethia, Volatinia, Passerina,

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO

413

and probably Melopyrrha, Lo.ripasser, and still other more slender
billed forms. They differ from each other chiefly in size, proportions,
and color pattern, and above all in the relative size and proportions
of the bill. In this latter respect Amaurospiza is about intermediate
between Sporophila and Volatinia, but has a broader bill basally than
either, thus resembling Oryzoborus and Cyanocompsa. All of these

Fig. 1. Structural details of Amaurospizopsis. Life size.

genera agree in having small round nostrils without any operculum
in a short nasal fossa, and short, weak, rictal bristles, scarcely or
not exceeding the plumules. The uniform style of coloration is, of
course, common to many members of the group.

While, therefore, at first sight, Ridgway's key in the Birds of
North and Middle America, Pt. I, does not disclose any striking and
trenchant differences in structural characters, the very different dis-
tribution of these genera, the highly discontinuous or relict distribu-
tion of some of them, and the number of genera with representative

414 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

species all occurring in one locality, are all factors which point to the
relative antiquity and constancy of these generic characters.

The genus Amaurospiza is an excellent illustration. Its bill charac-
ters and color pattern are a mere shuffle of those possessed by several
others. It does not possess one single definite character of its own.
But it occurs in a region where five other genera are commonly repre-
sented (tropical rain forests of southern Central America), and it
reappears in west Ecuador and southeastern Brazil, always as a very
rare bird, an obvious relict from a more successful past.

With Amaurospizopsis we have an exactly similar situation. In
color characters it is a mere replica of Amaurospiza, at most subspecifi-
cally distinct. It does, however, possess some definite structural
characters which are sui generis, and these are correlated with its
occurrence in a faunal area uninhabited by any other genus of the
group. In response to my explicit inquiry Mr. Brown writes that the
type and only specimen seen was flushed from the ground among
bushes in a mountain ravine in the pine forest above Chilpancingo.
The female is unknown, but I have little doubt but that it will prove
to be some uniform shade of brown, like Cyanocompsa, Oryzoborus
and Amaurospiza. The measurements of the type are given in the
table beyond.

We may now return briefly to the little known Amaurospiza con-
color Cabanis, the type species of that genus. The adult male in
Berlin was collected by Frantzius in "Costa Rica" before 1861. Five
other specimens have since been collected in that country, four from
Miravalles and Tenorio in northwestern Costa Rica, and one from
Boruca in southwestern Costa Rica. Frantzius collected in the former
region, but definitely did not in the latter. Cabanis' detailed descrip-
tion and measurements agree perfectly with specimens from north-
western Costa Rica before me. I consequently designate Miravalles,
Costa Rica as a more definite type locality. Thanks to the kindness of
the authorities of the American Museum of Natural History in loan-
ing me their five specimens of this very rare bird, I have before me
twelve specimens, all but three of the recorded specimens extant.
Subspecific variation is as follows.

1. Amaurospiza concolor concolor Cabanis. Known definitely only
from Miravalles and Tenorio, northwest Costa Rica. Size relatively
small; adult male uniform dull blue of a distinctly greyish cast, espe-
cially on abdomen and vent; adult female rufescent or even tawny
above, of a distinctly paler cast below. One c? and 2 9 examined.

2. Amaurospiza concolor grandior subsp. nov.

griscom: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 415

Type. No. 103811, American Museum of Natural History; d* ad.;
Pena Blanca, humid Caribbean forest of eastern Nicaragua; June 5,
1909; W. B. Richardson.

Characters. Adult male a dark dull indigo blue, not so grey as in
typical concolor; female colored as in concolor; a larger bird with a
longer bill. Three d1, 1 $ from the type locality and Rio Tuma
examined.

3. Amaurospiza concolor australis subsp. nov.

Type. No. 164571, Mus. Comp. Zool.; d1 ad.; Boquete (5,100 ft.),
Chiriqui, Pacific slope of western Panama; Nov. 20, 1931; Rex. R.
Benson.

Characters. Relatively small as in concolor; adult male indigo blue
as in grandior; adult female dark mars brown above, paler below,
not at all rufescent or tawny. One c? ad. from Boruca, southwest
Costa Rica; 3 cf ad. 1 9 from Boquete, Chiriqui.

Remarks. The immature male apparently has the same plumage
as the female. The male of typical concolor from Costa Rica has a
few brown feathers of the immature plumage in the back. These are
strongly rufescent or tawny as in the female. Judging by the descrip-
tion and measurements the adult male in the British Museum from
Paraiso, Canal Zone belongs here.

Table of Measurements of Males

Wing

Culmen

Depth of
bill at
gonys

Width of

bill at

base

Amaurospizopsis
Amaurospiza c. grandior

69
62.5-64

9.5
9.8-10.2

7.8

9.2

8.6-8.9

" c. concolor

61.5

9.5

7.6

8.9

" c. australis

59-63.5

9-9.5

6.8-7.3

8.6-8.9

VOLATINIA JACARINI ATRONITENS Todd

Coyuca, 1 d1.

Cardinalis carnetjs Lesson

Acapulco, 1 a", 1 9 ; Coyuca, 4 <?, 2 9.

Saltator grandis vigorsii Gray
Coyuca, 2 cf juv., 1 9 .

410 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Spinus notatus forreri (Salvin & Godman)

Chilpancingo, 1 &, May 11, 1932.

The Brewster Collection contains a very large series from northern
Chihuahua. Thanks to the authorities of the American Museum of
Natural History I have before me 15 specimens of forreri from Jalisco,
with which the Guerrero bird agrees. Chihuahua birds have a bill
about 1 mm. longer on the average, the adult males average a paler,
less greenish yellow on the rump, and the females are much paler
olive green above, with duller, paler streaking. The name forreri is
based on specimens from Durango, and there is no telling to which
of these extremes Durango specimens belong.

Spinus psaltria mexicana (Swainson)
Chilpancingo, 8 c? , 2 9 ; Taxco, 1 d\ 1 9 ; throughout the year.

Carpodacus mexicanus mexicanus (Miiller)

Chilpancingo, 26 d", 9 9 , throughout the year.

These birds do not seem to show the slightest approach to the
characters claimed for the little known rosei pectus Sharpe from
Oaxaca.

Pooscetes gramineus confinis Baird
Chilpancingo, 1 d\ 2 9 , Oct, 13-Nov. 27, 1931.

Chondestes grammacus grammacus (Say)

Chilpancingo, 1 d\ Feb. 22, 1932.

This specimen in its darker and broader streaking above and darker
chestnut crown stripes is distinctly nearer typical grammacus, which
has not previously been reported from so far south and west in Mexico.

Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swainson)
Taxco, 1 d1, 1 9, Oct. 9, 1930; Chilpancingo, 6^,4 9, Oct, 27-Feb. 22.

Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bonaparte)
Chilpancingo, 2 9 , Dec. 20-March 14.

gbiscom: ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico 417

Ammodramus savannarum australis (Maynard)

Chilpancingo, 4 d\ 2 9, Nov. 17-March 5.

In their smaller size, shorter tails, darker coloration above and
richer buff below, this series must be referred to australis, which is
now known to reach western Guatemala on migration.

Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus (Swainson)
Chilpancingo, 2 d", 10 9, Nov. 15-March 25.

Aimophila humeralis humeralis Cabanis

Taxco, 2 d", 2 9 ; Chilpancingo, 10 d", 6 9 ; throughout the year.

Western Mexico is remarkable for the number of species in this
genus, each with a very limited range. The fine series listed above,
together with four from Morelos and another from Acapulco are
surprisingly alike. Very worn breeding birds sometimes lose all sign
of black streaks on the back, but in fresh fall and winter plumage
each feather of the back has a broad black subterminal shaft stripe,
affecting the terminal half or third of the feather. I was much sur-
prised to find a fresh winter specimen taken Jan. 20, 1889 from
Colima in the collection, a notable range extension for the species.
It is quite distinct and is described below.

Aimophila humeralis asticta subsp. nov.

Type. No. 111800, Mus. Comp. Zool.; cf ad.; Colima, Colima,
Mexico; Jan. 20, 1889; collector not given, but undoubtedly W. B.
Richardson from the handwriting on the original label.

Characters. Differing obviously from typical humeralis in lacking
the black streaks on the back, these replaced by more diffuse dusky
centers; rump concolor with back, instead of greyish brown, with or
without (almost always) faint rufescent tips to some of the feathers.

Aimophila acuminata Salvin & Godman

Coyuca, 4 d\ Feb. and March 1931.

In color this bird is a mere subspecies of ruficaucla, but is so abruptly
smaller than lawrencii of Oaxaca that I hesitate to reduce it, until a
connecting link is discovered.

418 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Aimophila rufescens subvespera subsp. nov.

Type. No. 164571, Mus. Comp. Zool.; 9 ad.; Guerrero, Chilpan-
cingo; March 2, 1932; W. W. Brown.

Characters. Size averaging larger than typical rufescens of Vera
Cruz, wing of males 73-76.5 as against 67-74.5, about as in pallida
Nelson and Palmer of Jalisco, but much smaller than gigas Griscom
of western Guatemala; in fresh plumage paler and duller than rufescens,
greyer and browner, less rufous on back and tail; crown stripes more
rufous, less chestnut ; in these respects even paler than gigas, but very
close to pallida, not quite so pale; in worn breeding plumage very
different from rufescens, as the greyer brown effect of the back is
intensified, while rufescens becomes uniform rufous; immediately
separable from pallida in any plumage by having black in the rufous
crown stripes and a well marked grey central crown stripe.

Material Examined. Rufescens, large series from Vera Cruz and
Vera Paz; subvespera, Guerrero, Chilpancingo, series of 36; Oaxaca,
Tapanatepec, 1 c? , 1 9 ; gigas, good series.

In so variable a bird it is by no means surprising that a fine series
of perfect skins from a section of southwestern Mexico, where the
species is previously unrecorded, should prove to be a distinct sub-
species. With the type and a large series of mcleodii Brewster before
me, it is evident that this is a mere northwestern extreme of rufescens.
This name has ample priority over pallida Nelson & Palmer, which
in characters is an intermediate between subvespera and mcleodii. It
has, however, distinctive characters, readily recognizable in the series
in New York, and occupies a sufficient geographic area to be worthy
of recognition. I cannot, however, see the slightest excuse for the
recognition of sinaloa Ridgway. I have never seen the unique type,
but from Ridgway's description and comments, it would seem to be
a specimen of pallida in very fresh plumage, which straggled down
from the mountain pine forests, where pallida is common, to the
adjacent foot hills.

Aimophila ruficeps fusca (Nelson)

Chilpancingo, 18 <?, 12 9.

This fine series must be assigned provisionally to fusca. The birds
are distinctly more rufescent than boucardi, but as dark above as that
race, consequently much darker than scottii. There is some confusion
about the range of fusca. In his key Ridgway assigns Guerrero to the

GRISCOM: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 419

range of fusca, but does not in the text, where he records boucardi
from Tixtla, Guerrero. There is not the slightest question however,
that the series listed above is not boucardi, unless large series from
southern Tamaulipas and Neuvo Leon should prove not to be boucardi,
which is based on a bird from Puebla. It is my impression that this
species as regards Mexico badly needs revision. This cannot be done,
however, until a good series from Puebla is collected, and until Oaxaca
is searched for additional material to represent australis (Nelson).

AlMOPHILA BOTTERII BOTTERII (Sclater)
Chilpancingo, 2 d\ 2 9.

JUNCO PHAEONOTUS PHAEONOTUS Wagler
Chilpancingo, 1 d" , May 30.

Spizella socialis arizonae Coues
Chilpancingo, 1 d\ Nov. 27.

Spizella socialis mexicana Nelson
Taxco, 1 d\ 3 9, Oct. 9-Nov. 10.

Spizella pallida (Swainson)
Chilpancingo, 4 9, Nov. 15- Jan. 10.

Spizella atrogularis (Cabanis)
Chilpancingo, 1 9, Feb. 21, 1932.

Previously unrecorded so far south.

Melospiza lincolnii lincolnii (Audubon)
Coyuca, 1 d"; Chilpancingo, 1 d\ 2 9, Nov. 17-Feb. 25.

Passerina ciris pallidior Mearns
Coyuca, 1 d\ 7 9 ; Taxco, 1 cf; Acapulco, 1 cf; Oct. 17-April 2.

Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus)
Coyuca, 1 d"; Naranjo, 1 9 ; Chilpancingo, 1 d\ 1 9 ; Nov. 5-Feb. 27.

420 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Passerina amoena (Say)
Chilpancingo, 2 d% Feb. 10 and March 15.

Previously unrecorded so far to the south.

Passerina lechlancheri lechlancheri (Lafresnaye)

Coyuca, 5 cf, 2 9 ; Acapulco, 1 6".

The type locality for this beautiful little Bunting is Acapulco,
Guerrero. The species has previously been represented in this Museum
by 16 specimens from Oaxaca, and I was much surprised, upon com-
paring them with the topotypes recorded above, to discover that the
Oaxaca birds are appreciably larger.

Passerina lechlancheri grandior subsp. now

Type. No. 238393, Mus. Comp. Zool.; Chivela, Oaxaca; March 19,
1927; W. W. Brown.

Characters. Differing from typical lechlancheri of Guerrero in being
a larger bird throughout.

Wing of males Females

lechlancheri 64-66 (65.2) 60-61 (60.5)

grandior 67.5-70.3 (68.8) 63-64.5 (63.9)

Passerina versicolor versicolor (Bonaparte)

Chilpancingo, 3 d\ Jan. 25-March 15.

These three specimens are in winter plumage, and obviously repre-
sent typical versicolor.

Passerina versicolor purpurascens Griscom

Chilpancingo, 1 cT, March 27.

This specimen is not in winter plumage and stands out clearly from
the three versicolor recorded above.- This bird, with two definitely
breeding specimens from Cuernavaca, Morelos, is intermediate be-
tween versicolor and purpurascens, but distinctly nearer the latter in
color, though not in size.

GRISCOM: ORNITHOLOGY OF GUERRERO, MEXICO 421

Melozone rubricatum rubricatum Cabanis

Chilpancingo, 5 cf , 4 9.

These birds and an equally good series from Morelos presumably
represent true rubricatum. A good series (9) from northern Chihuahua
is very different, a much paler and duller brown above, the pileum
and duller paler rufous, and a slightly larger bird. Two birds from
Tepic represent xantusii Lawrence. They are intermediate on the
whole, but the coloration above, especially on the rump, is a brighter
brown, less olive, greyish or hair brown. Should series from Colima,
Jalisco and Sinaloa confirm the constancy of these characters, the
Chihuahua bird should be described.1

Arremonops superciliosus sumichrasti (Sharpe)

Acapulco, 1 9 ; Coyuca, 2 cf, 2 9, January-April.

Atlapetes pileatus pileatus Wagler

Chilpancingo, 1 o71, April 21.

PlPILO TORQUATUS TORQUATUS Du Bus

Chilpancingo, 2 d\ 3 9-

In default of comparative material, I follow Ridgway in assigning
these birds to the typical subspecies.

Buarremon brunneinuchus (Lafresnaye)
Chilpancingo, 4 <j\

The minor size variations of this finch cannot be correlated geo-
graphically, and had best be ignored. Birds from southwestern Mexico
are notably larger than Vera Cruz specimens, and Guatemala birds
belong here too. Specimens from Costa Rica and western Panama are
small, like Vera Cruz birds, while Colombia and Ecuador skins are
large again.

I do not recall any modern up-to-date list of the birds of a Mexican
State, so I add a list of the species recorded from Guerrero, not secured
by Brown.

'This has since been done.

422

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte)
Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin)
Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte)
Dendrortyx macrourus striatus (Nel-
son)
Philortyx fasciatus (Gould)
Cyrtonyx sallai Verreaux
Dactylortyx thoracicus subsp.
Haematopus palliatus frazari Brewster
Heteractitis incana (Gmelin)
Chlidonias nigra surinamensis

(Gmelin)
Sterna anaetheta nelsoni Ridgway
Anoiis stolidus ridgwayi Anthony
Larus heermanni Cassin
Columba flavirostris flavirostris

Wagler
Oreopeleia albifacies rubida (Nelson)
Ara militaris mexicana Ridgway
Brotogerys jugularis (Miiller)
Amazona oratrix oratrix Ridgway
Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson)
Olus trichopsis trichopsis (Wagler)
Caprimulgus vociferus macromystax

Wagler
Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris

Oberholser
Strcptoprocne zonaris mexicana Ridg-
way
Phoethornis longirostris mexicanus

Hartert
Anthoscenus longirostris pallidiceps

(Gould)
Campylopterus hemileucurus (Lichten-

stein)
Eupherusa poliocerca Elliott
Lampornis margarethae (Salvin &

Godman)
Lampornis pringlei (Nelson)
Trogon anibiguus ambiguus Gould
A ulacorhynchus prasinus wagleri

(Sturm)
Centurus hypopolius (Wagler)
Chloronerpes auricularis Salvin &
Godman

Phloeoceastes guatemalensis nelsoni

(Ridgway)
Xenicopsoides variegaticeps (Sclater)
Automolus rubiginosus guerrerensis

(Salvin & Godman)
Xiphorhynchus flavigaster megarhyn-

chus (Nelson)
Xiphorhynchus erythropygius ery-

thropygius (Sclater)
Lepidocolaptes lineaticeps insignis

(Nelson)
Attila spadicea cinnamomea (Law-
rence)
Pachyrhamphus major iiropygialis

Nelson
Mitrephanes phaeocercus tenuirostris

Brewster
Deltarhynchusflammulat us (Lawrence)
Nuttallornis mesoleucus (Lichten-

stein)
Myiochanes richardsonii sordidulus

(Sclater)
Empidonax difficilis difficilis Baird
Emjridonax fulvifrons rubicundus

Cabanis & Heine
Sayornis nigricans nigricans (Swain-
son)
Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus

(Kaup)
Xanthoura luxuosa subsp.?
Cyanolyca mirabilis Nelson
Aphelocoma guerrerensis Nelson
Nannorchilus leucogaster pacificus

(Nelson)
Thryophilus pleurostictus subsp.
Thryophilus pleurostictus (? nisorius)
Thryophilus sinaloa russeus Nelson
Catharus frantzii omiltemensis Nelson
Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (Nuttall)
V< rmivora superciliosa subsp.
Granatellus venustus Bonaparte
Basileuterus belli clarus Ridgway
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus albifrons

Salvin & Godman
Pipilo rutilus (Lichtenstein)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Amaurospizopsis concolor Griscom.

About \ life size. Drawn and painted by Eugene N. Fischer.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Griscom. Guerrero Birds.

-7676

Date Due

19S4

ACME

BOOKBINDING CO., INC.
NOV 2 9 1983

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