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BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
VOL. XXXIX
JULY—DECEMBER
1914
JOHN BARRETT : Director General
FRANCISCO J. YANES :: Assistant Director
WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S. A. :
CABLE ADDRESS for UNION land BULLETIN: “PAU,” WASHINGTON
vo Veg
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INDEX TO fh E
BULLETIN or tpuzt PAN AMERICAN UNION
Vol. XoXXIX Nos. 250-255
[The index to illustrations will be found on p. XXXVI]
Page
Ambassadors from Argentina and Chile, Reception of*................. 880
An Karly, American Explorer..cs22.06 osecc toes oe se 45 ece cece dames somes IL
Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation, The...................----.-.-------- 173
ARGENTINA:
Address¥ Book WE MOLI: oc sase as Asters a = Ste ee aS SE ate Serer inet ene aes 632
Agriculture—
Dc] of Wa VSR VO) cla(0) ya eee ru A a aR ge eae ee aN ee eh ie oa 150
SSaniplestonleanama-bacit cP sxpOsit lO lessee see see eee 985
Mgourney, throwelteAirs emt alee eee eae errr yes ae es ae ee eee ae 559
Ambassador to the United States—
Ambassador Naén honored by Pennsylvania Society.......--.---.---- 934
Pan-American Society to honor Ambassador Naén........------------ 931
Reception le eee aa. asec ees cet eels ee ee neas ee eee ee een eee 880
Anasagasti, Sr. Horacio, commissioner general to the Panama-Pacific Inter-
MALTON ALGER POSUTOM tacs ee cence mies ee ec pele ny epee e eeretteerrey ie ac 743
1 Beg epee ne i THES SE eS ER Sh Ph ee aS 985
Banks—
Banco Popular of Buenos Aires, divid endsiOb- 5-224 -2442 222 5a sae 151
Mitcham korean ed te Sheer eae are Aaa o Op ee eee ere 151
ibridgeover Salado iver rebutldimpOlsecs-ss see - eee eee ee eee oe 150
1 BOY 242) Hot (0) coal 2) att ea BOIL Cn Se ane ee eae eee Pet A UNE aS Pa tes 647
Buenos Aires—
Ney luman for’ lode eyes seen raga mae oe eet ae vere 648
Ce ya Vey DES paOn i AO sash ok eG eee eee A neal ee a ee eS a asc ip as Ak ae 475
Commerciallandoind Ustrialestatisties =e eer ee eee 824
New’ Year Boole. ees co aeve se seed seed ye apn ep EY cee al arate 150
Cattle—
Estimated cost to enter cattle-raising business............----------- 151
Slauchters. MONS" <-- ee semseere ase Band Es ty OSA Nt oe re ets At eT 475
@ensusiol National erritories>-—-— = seer een eee eee eeEee ee eee eee ae see 319
Cereals plambim ov Ob. o.c..28 sac. ae aire eee EERE eee ae ise ics 824
Commerce of Argentine Republic for 1913...............--...------ 122
Commerce, foreign, during first quarter of 1914..-...................-.-- 320
Commerce, six months, QUA. oe especies sete poe era atare a as Sloe sii epslisle 647
Commercend industry. capital miyested sinless eee ee oa a ree ae 319
Comeressiotra cea ummbaimtes ceri. a5, - <0 —. <j = ake tay eee face foe ara oat 647
* Bold type indicates special articles.
mf INDEX.
ARGENTINA—Continued. Page.
(Ofer golk(6hx(0) 00) ee eR Me oe se SE Oboe 5 JOM, 150
Hinanelalconditions| atthe end) ob Octoberereas=e essere ease eee 921
Hootballvconvention <7. -- 0-22-42. eee eee eee ee Pee Steed ee et a 985
Horests;, Exploitation: Obs! 22). 20ers a ee pegeae ee ean el ees eet See 824
Goémez, Dr. Carlos F., envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
of Argentina to Chiles)! 35 ice reser sexe re eet ey Foe (eens ee) SI 736
Holland.inereaseyol trade witli 225 y= Sto: eae sea 12) = ee eee vee 151
Iguazu, Niagara’s Mate...............-.-.-.-.-.---- 5 ees ee 364
implement, ‘trade Ob 6255 se seer ee sieeve LAG Rn a <2 e2ba
lerigailOny projects: scenes ee eee SAREE Ph ee Oe 8 bc 319, 476
Land—
Area, under) cult ryext eon girni (9) 3 ners pe seep eae eee aera ee) a 319
iectaresvund erxcul tivationse 60 oe eee eee eee aoetar ae 319
Lumber-producing section, Santiago del Estero, great..........-......--- 985
Mail service, extension! Of.) 22 cheat ce yee a See eee A se ae) er 319
Meats; exports of chillediecn 2 se eee ee eee eee eee 150, 985
Mediation, The A-Be@0o 555i so Bice nee ane ae aie ae ras oe ree ae 173, 892
Mexican Government, Plaque presented by the........... RS tees AS 824
Monument to Dr. Carlos Pellegrini, Buenos Aires...........--.----------- 824
Naon, Sr. Dr. Rémulo S., receives university degree................----- 78
Nautical matters.csots secede eee encistoh eee eee ase 151
Naval Review of the United States, Argentina accepts invitation to par-
CLCMPAGE. UD ott bo 202 2 ai case ie oa Pasa age yr ee ole ee eis ore let ce a 985
Oil‘fields, development..: 7. eere ee eee eee cee ee: eee ers 647
Panama-Pacific International Exposition, commissioner general to... ...-. 743
Peace, Practical mediation and international................---------.-- 892
Potato yproductionsiny MarideliPlal geese eens see eae 151
_ Publications—
Ia ePrensa, CompublisheAmericam editions se- ee =e. ae eae 985
Official publications exchanged with Bolivia............-.-.....-.-- 985
Railways—
CentralsNortesworkicommencedioneers essere ee eee eee 150
IMC ag Ge: 2.18 a Wire, sa ae eee taverc ty ey ereuntee tae ai aes Se aL Oi a 150
iota Vemo tat ole. ayes eerste retard e erento eae eat oie aoe ae EE SENT 319
Ray MOMtS 2's cry. cree cieioe ay tete aie etter Coarse Cn eaters oe 150
Real property vsales:O8. once Sno sa tre seein ole reek = ee 475
Roca, sr. Julio; late Presidentiof Arcentinases- "2 se so= see ereee ee eee 733
Saenz Pefia, Dr. Roque, President of Argentina, death of-................ 449
Sarmiento and His Monument in Boston, United States........... 186
Slaughterhouses, 1913, number of cattle killed in Buenos Aires........--- 475
Steamship service of the Pacific Steam Navigation Co..........--....---- 319
Stock fair, national. s. J oeke ee esis ce ats at ee 824
Stock, vale Obessoo eet a ees ee ee ee ee RAT REARS SRV A 319
Sugar-cane plantations 9254s. & 2 se 2 ee ee 475
Teaplants, sale Of 2 0 oe ee 475
Telegraphy, wireless, in Argentine waters.............-......------------ 824
Trade—
Holland sancreased trade swath sacs see eee ee 151
Pamphlet on Argentine International...............-..------------- 294
iramways ot Buenos Aires subject totaxss-eeeeeeoee teste cn eee eee 476
Mreaty, ot peace wathithe United \States-eee rece eee ee eee eee ee 299
Uriburu, Sr. José Divaristo. 2. c, eee eee pg 733
Wiheatiexportae <f22 a6 5,5 5262 ee aisiels oie ae EN a 647
INDEX. coo
ARGENTINA—Continued. Page.
VATS TOG ICE LOIS Se yeet rls meg ena LUT SERN, SINE), ct MEH Ne 476
Zoological Garden opened to public....-...--.------- eee ee PSE NC eye ety Be 985
As Tourist and Trader See Costa Rica.................-.....-..----- 849
Bourvia:
NerialiClibotorgamiz ed sok. 002 3 Sel Se MARU RR pA EeN ie ik ABMS ANN si tym d ai Ya aH 9a 321
Agricultural products for exhibition in New York..................-..-- 477
MATIN, MADCON TENS DORON MN Kees aos audoeseacacdusescecyeoamocmaesss AT7
Anitomobal eiserva Cea s sss ae eee eG los See eee 649
Banks—
National Bank of Bolivia, semiannual report of.............-.-.----- 986
1 (0) 01 VaR 4 MR ages ei es vee ad ena ele a 2 648
Bathinesplacessspullicyinpliageal7 eaeeeee ee see eerste Sars eee ee 986
BOY Lis rie eae Sea RH AS Ge eer Bs TLS es CS Ae SG NE Ne eer SRE ENS ROME | 958
BFE wan oy dad Custry, seek Sey ths Pa ya RR ene ys hea VERSUS Bas ay ah 649
Cabinet chanee sh42 2.85 Soh eee See Ne Che ers aD Seem Us et 648
Calderon’s, Minister, address to the American people......-....----.----- 294
Coal—
Discovery: Olsassjss Bae SS NOE I re 476
SCarcltysolt ans ieee ela 5 ats tains ag) te So pe 986
Commierciall possiloilitrestae sense ee SS SRS iy ees ae 888
Conference, Fourth International, adherence to conventions of........-.-- 320
Congress of Americanists, Nineteenth—
Bolivian SessiOnropy nae Sas eee co SIE AONE TEE ee Ae 290
Chainnan/andlsecretany Of 3. 42.455 scisce eee o eee eee eee ee ee ae 321
Diez de Medina, Dr. Don Eduardo, assistant secretary of foreign relations.. 400
Electric-light plant, Potosi negotiates for purchase of.......-.....---.----- 321
D> 4 0f0) gfe ee ee eee Sie en ote eae Mer oA EEA eRe rho cs 477
Biltrationgplants Wai pPagils 0s aa yah ee hd eR Nts SOREN 477
lourimilll eee eae ie noe Up gG4 deka ite eae ee RIA ever ia SE 477
Hoothalliassoclation.s 2S PN es RA RS 649
Holiday in honor of discovery of America.........-...------------------ 986
Tungles strip throughs Gas Wee, fe ea a oe ae Ae ate ore aes 152
Meas toiesey ort Atle Mie R Ney shih pilates Ap se Ne RON CE aU ROE 2 648
Mines and mininge—
Coal discovery. Of ees ee AES INE 5 3 seas eG nA ES et one 476
Mining operationssonse ioe son ee eee eee ee ee 152
Tunesteniint Bolivdas.25../42 SSA aa Pees eee 268
Money-ordersystatisticsiconcermingsjs25.425e-eeaee eee ee eee eee 987
Panama Canal will open Bolivia, how the ..--.-.....- Katee) io aioe eee oe 259
Public instruction, | datans 44502 bs yeas ae eee ees 825
Publications, official, exchanged with Argentina....... Lie, ip aa ah Ree 985
Railways—
Charcoal(to be used ontrailwaysssa-- 265 esse eee eee eee eee eee 986
GuaquidRailway:toweduce trathichs=-—-— eee ee eee eee ere 986
Emiproved:facrlities yo! 2/2 sonic ever ese a ee ee ee ene ae 321
Weng thot: 2. 322. Sb So SoS He SE Sek Oy EER) ene eras 476
Machacamarea to) Uncia, proposed roadsiromeeeessae seen eee 152
iRentalswdecree ordering reductionioiass-p-44seeeeee eee eee 986
Rubber industry, report by British minister on.............-....----- 151
Sanitarium, Hispanic-Bolivian, opened in La Paz............-...--- 648
Stage line planned between La Paz and Achacachi...............---- 476
Students#Protectresstbeague Ol. s9seee ss sas ee eee eae er 986
Teleoraphss ware less sce Me 2g! Ae Li AI ed ol a ene hes LORIE 320, 986
IV INDEX.
Boutvia—Continued. Page.
hin. exports Ofaciies2j.cnceee sees betes le Ree cree eee cen eine ones 320
‘Trade. Board of? Marija s285 25.1: Meee = ee TERS See ee 826
Tramways, electrie, for La, Paz... 5 ete eee ss. See Cee eee 649
Treatyrotpeacewath the Umited States: eeese eee se ease eee ea eee 299
Watersupplystortownol Vaachaleteeeees: sees eee ree ee ee eee 321
Book Notes.
ANCA bomtsCoconiitsic:e ite Ao nee come ec EE IB OUR ee ee eee 959
AmerncansHertilizer band uboOok..2¢ 5544-20) eae ee eee eee 632
Ampertcanwy car Book GUS sioack Je eens See eecio eee 633
FATMeniGass MMe it WOwsc icin cee ten EIS Bk fe aie TE SNORE OES ELVA eee pee 630
Arcenmtii aH elisha addness 10 00Kere. eee eee eee tere ev eee 632
Bananas, Theies.06 2 te See ds el ek ARE a
Bolivaaeiereso x each os ace Eble eels be oii jaetnc en cme 958
Brazil—
The: Seaandithedunele. 3-228 -cceess Oat eee ee ee ee eee 633
Bey Stamiords Hex ed iti O ms CO ee esa ee 960
Chantrot the World2e acs 4.5 Ss Sas seems ees Shey Ne Nes oe oh 955
Chile: slits:Land jandsBeoplecte dase ee ee Se eres ee ee 957
@ommencial dawson tiie Worlds seas eae Ae ee eae 952
Commercial monographs: Costa Rica; Guatemala; British Honduras,
Panama; NaicaragudictSa402 5 ie eI Eat ee ae 958
Conquestiof the Tropics: sa. = 2) as Ss Seta eet Se ee 957
Did) thesehcenicians DiseovernsAmenica peas eee eee 634
Dre: Cordillerenstastemeact josos5 wide bond eee oe ee ee Ie eee eee 634
Diseases ‘of Tropical Blamtseeiuet se as; Se ee 2 eee 634
BE Decol otes.cs 2:2 S24ee ss Ae EE Ee RE NE FETT) ER et 957
Filters and Filter Presses for the Separation of Liquids and Solids....-...- 959
Health and Sickness in the Tropics: A Guide for Travelers and Residents
in Remote: Districtss sss. 82 en eo Sn et cee on See ek ere eee 955
Hants to. Eiomescekerstah see le Ae eiae ce eee ee 955
indians of the Merraced Housesss--sseseee eee Seee eee eee eee 957
Indies—
Chronological Digest of the ‘‘Documentos Ineditos del Archivo de las
Tndiiag at etn ek oath etre cee ee eee ae Se eS 960
Wiest Indies SCenery = 5 kei: sosectuets cee anced eae Le eee eee 959
Intermationali(Coneress oleAmenicanists=s--= eee =e eee eee eee ee 955
Imvestors, Hour ;Shillimes year Book dor 94 see. 5: ese ee 632
Kelly’s Directory of the Merchants, Manufacturers, and Shippers of America,
TODA sore nn stink kes SE RU Se RES Pe Se EE te eee ee 955
Tas #Americass so). .'s 554 SES ees Ue RE ee see re he SR oe ee ee 957
[atin Aumieri @aasceccie's 22 Se gt a Re ee 630, 961
TiessPalmteraG24ethe. ove Cabos Met eee eee eee 959
Mexico—
History of Mexicos..:.0..c 55d ee ES ee eee 961
TheyMexicaneariBook. plQi4eeaease eee eee a eee ee 633
Nicaragua) Mining Codevof the Republiciotee- pees. ase 958
Nuevo -York.en-todo sus fasestt. 252 Se eee see es eee ee eres 953
Panama) Camall -jsocceec 62. sk goed hs St tees Sree
Panama Canal, Measurement of Vessels for the......--...-.-------------- 961
Panama: Gateway sq. Si .cc— lee os DE Pk SE ee 961
Patents and Trade-Marks in Central and South America.-...-...-..-.------- 956
Physiography of the Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in Relation to
Buebloi@ulltre. 6b ois ne dos ewclgebokee ee ae A eee 956
INDEX. ; Vv
Book Notes—Continued. Page.
Proceedings of the American Society of International Law................ 957
Railwaysiot southvandaC entralWAinencasseeeeee sees ee ae ae eee see 954
Reports to the Board of Trade on the Conditions and Prospects of British
Trade in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela.................-.-- 954
iNeporton thei New York Produce Exchanges 245-42 925.2550.) 24-8 ase 959
Republics ot Centralvand! Somth Ati erteaes=se= seen eet: enema rae 961
EVOOSE NCC Sea eth ae A 3.2 coc) 2 A mpg Tea eed eRe eh 4 958
Rubber and kulbboenek amit im ec.) 5 ssc see ener i veh (a0) AR me cpa 959
South America—
AG Scremtudi ChGeograp bys. 0N3 .12)2 ANS eee ety ee I VED Ae RR SN 958
ASMour Trowel sas ie A ee ERA a ae AML EY SO 961
SouchpAimer cayasang h x<porty Ewell dese eeee es ee ee eee epee vera 956
Statesmanys PY car-Book 1914) ek... cca qari oc See eee Ae Se 632
Sugar Factory, Evaporation in the Cane and the Beet....-...........-.-- 955
Trade Relations Between United States and Brazil.............---...-.-- 956
United States—
Califor Coast Trails 22 Nea se on he ale ol al ey ed 960
hey ChamplamDRercentenanyssseoeseee eee ae eee eee eae 962
Mhey Rourist.s) Caillat ornia a.c3 o's ik, ae ee 960
What We May Learn From the Other Americas.......-...........-------- 958
Young Man’s, The, Chances in South and Central America: A Study of
Opportunity esFeee eRe A eeGh) eet S Re Tebe 631
Brazil-Argentine-Chile Mediation, The.............................---.- 173
BRAZIL:
Aerial and submarine school to be installed*on Rijo Island...--......-.-- 988
Amuimvataton' ton Brazile Sees 6 6525 eke sce eee a See ee 883
AMMVersakyeotthnenn dependence seeee ee eare Aare he eee ea 827
AT OIGrALTOMICOMVeM HOM aWLt ne E ATA Ctl aye ne AeteTae el a eae tna eens 826
Anbitratlonrcomventions wither cua s-se- eee eee eee eee eres eee 827
Art medal awarded to a Brazilian artist by Bavarian Government.....-.-- 322
PAG ALaIEI OTN AeA DR: hotest dB Ra 5 a eh BP ep et ll elas Re SNe NE 322, 650
iAbia ws proeressiOl OL Onwp OLtO ls sesee ee sess eas eel ee gee es 154
Banks—
Bankoibrazal ere portporel Oligme acess se eee ee eee See — 183
State of Parana authorizes establishment of Credit Bank..........-.-- 322
Rural bank to be organized by United States capitalist............. 827
Brazilianviractiony lichtyd&ekower Coss report Ol. 4) .64- eee eee eee 153
BustroidoachimyNabucosunyele dase ee eee eee ee es eee 988
Cattle—
imtroductionzoh prizeeabtlen seme ee ee ee ee 153
Sta LIShIESICONCEFAIN ESI GUIS tives ees ee 153
(© Gear Gish Faye hh he ee ea fs ace, ea Vl MERE 08/4 2 aR a LP eed a a SC 9
Coftee—
Crop for MWA eye. aise ote es Genes hey Pee Non ee ee 826
Valorizatornie. oa. ghee ie Sa ee ee a oe eas eae = 478
Commirercialvcomventionswathulitalyae ssa eee eae ees oe eae eee 827
Commercial and industrial improvement noted.................---------- 153
Coneressioiselistory, National-<ias-ee a ae eer eae oleae eae 827
Cruz Drs Oswaldos director of Oswaldo pimstiiutessesseea-= 222 aera 402
@uTTEM/ Gy pUSs ie Clee ys Meese a Si ee es aye elope es OP 650
Education—Delegation of North American professors visit Brazil .........- 478
Electoralgvotetorseresident, revision oiess— es eeee asses 46 ees eee 478
HxepeditionutosrazalsthesStantords: as -e ea eee a. eee tek Bey 960
VI INDEX.
Brazit—Continued. Page.
Fiji Islands, exchange of letters and parcels with the...........-.-....-- 827
Govyernor/of the State oi Minas Geracsees eee seeeee ae eee ees 827
Lo telsane we NEAT Sal bos she Sop Pom LNG es ee LS AIRE eR ket ie 153
Huber, Dr. Jaques, director of botanical section of the Goeldi Museum... 398
Tron-ore WNGustry AM. sss ake aL: een eee (eae BO a ae its.
immo ration; IM Crease wim 25/2 hire age eae eR 60] a ERG a ogee ops mre ee 322
Jerked-beefiexportar cisco Re eee hoe ahs ea Sos hs oe Sa 478
Junclesthe;searan dite ay eee ke, oe PE RUE Ree Re 633
Loans—
$100,000,000 loan by New York bankers for public improvements.... 154
£11,000,000 loan negotiated through Rothschilds .............----.--- 321
£25:0005000)loan\ to be placed invhuropet=s5-e5-44- esos seeeee ee eee 478
Maritime recistration Ta wise. oe). oases Ls eee cy es ee 650
Mediation, thevAsB=O,: seis Age Lea ail a 28 eer yaaa ee gas 173, 892
Medical oneress award same call) ee years ete eee eee een 322
Message sof Preside mite ener a tt Veh ia iy oT TEER yok ye Ba Save, Sean ee E32
Mines and mining—
Coalimuinessanereasedvexploitationioiese esse eee eee eee 827
ir on=ore Vind us tiny, tis Meese or Od ek Sag, ee 771
Monument commemorating anniversary of abolition of slavery.......--- 322
NabucoyJcachimmunyerlime loti busta sso eee ee eee 988
Neutrality..decreeanm Buropeancontlictasesss5ses. sees. eee eee eee 826
Nhambiquara land, with a mule train across the.........-..--....------- 552
INntrate; consump tromiotece oN ieee Bese ey ns Ne ee ee 827
INfans}, LBveAvAMIL, TaROLIN YARIS HO WANKEL coc an cgneccecacncsscoccossseeceocsouce 593
Oilfields:discovered:..uciatse ced Sls es: SS ee i ee ge eae 650
Pastorial. TesOUrCEs 2 S223 ey eer eee nda hE AP ee Se 153
iReace, practical mediationlandanternational-seeee == Pees eee 892
Peat discovery iolee ee esa eae SL aOR ICR hs TES We | iss RUM RLS gal a pon 988
Petroleum; discoveryiol se 21Sek ee SO AL ee ee ee See ee 478
opulationainereaseiromel'é22 1509 l2eaeee er sae e eee eee Shee ee 322
Porto Alegre, work commenced on im provement of...-..-.-..------------ 158
President, .revisionyofvelectoralavotenoraereeee ee oae eee ec oe ee eee 478
Railways—
ACcommodsirons torment Cr Oks= see ee ee ee ae ee 154
Construction ancreaseyon yen syne eh 5. 20), aa a tiie Le Re ges as 321
heneth, imerease ames 5. a.h Vay 2 SE a er ys Spa Ne Ng ore 322
Matto Grosso} openinevon first lime nies see eee eee eae eee 987
Montes Claros branch of the Central Railway inaugurated...-.-.------ 987
Rio Grande do Norte, decree approving extension of.........--...-- 987
Serra do Mar Railway inaugurates new line.........-.--..----------- 987
Rivers—
The Unknown) Rivers 2.25.2 1. ee Ree ee eee 274
HCOOSE VOLE ck Aieite |) che U8 ic SI Se Glee ee eee ae ye 958
Wpsthe wiver of TapirayS a22 ee ye eee ee 246
Rubber factory. 2.0 256 28 hao Tee 650
Schools—
Aerial and submarine school to be installed by Government......... 988
Aviation. Rid ei Janerno. ia G eta e ene Hee eneE ks oleNeepan a 7UL Be 322, 650
Veterinary military school opened at Rio de Janeiro.....-.--..------- 649
Statue of Baronide: RiotBran comes sh o> ae ye eee ene 1 aah sar ea 478
Steamship service on the Iguassu River and the Rio Pardo...-....--.-..-- 987
Students’ Congress at Sanitago de Chile, delegates to...-.-........------- 322
INDEX. Vil
Brazit—Continued.
Telegraphs— Page.
Inventionvolmawarelessidirectorme cesar osee eee eee eee eee 322
iene thy an'creasen mere eisae Neen ie! eee, ane = WSLS GE) NAN 322
AWamelessis tations sc. 5 ler cM ens epee ceil oS ame He RS eS RGR 478, 649
Telephone system to be established in State of Catarina................-- 987
Trade relations between United States and Brazil............---.-.------ 956
Mreatyaoupeaceswathuthe Wmiteds States sees -)s- ees eee reta 299
Uruguay purchases house for legation in Rio de Janeiro.......-.......---. 478
Veterinary military school opened at Rio de Janeiro............--.----.-- 649
Wilderness of western Brazil, through the highland...........----.--.-.-- 415
Cattle Country, Uruguay aS a..........-..--.- PSU a ea i AP a a eee 49
CENTRAL AMERICA:
CentraleAmenicansCourtiot Justices sseeeeaa ele eee eee eee ree eee eee 925
nena Gromalk Buea Wl Ole se sess skein aes es See SPR Res atten te SIL RB 798
Minera liresouncesiand minine, policies ss44s— sees eee nates ee ae eee 911
Patents and trade-marks in Central and South mentee LSTA aa Pareall ae 956
Railwaysor south ands Central American sess see eee ee eee eee ae 954
iRepubliesjot Centraljand SouthyAmerntcaes ase ee hee eee e eee eee eee 961
Shepherd?s "Profi book.» issih us 52st ce ethene ie ota tee eat 946
Trade in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela, reports to the Board
of Trade on the conditions and prospects of British..-.......--.-------- 954
Chile-Brazil-Argentine Mediation, The...................-...----------- 173
CHILE:
Nericulturalpmachineny,nexpositlol Olas see e eer eee ae eee 988
Ambassador to the United States—
iPanvAmerican Society, tosnonoress- sence ne eee e ae eee 931
RECO PEL OF Leh AER es Te Asa Sestak UE ES Ate 880
AP propration ior sculpburaloroupsss-eee hele eee ee ee eee eee 828
Bank:profits; first alt: of UO U4 ee Soe ae WEP PRPS es ee Ae 8 | EIR Leh od 651
Caine tee ws ss 5 Ae a ihe aR ESSA Ela) IIa Bs th Oe Th 650
Chile: “Tteiland! and’ peoples ny yey sy ee SEE LEE er Ns SID RILER RN 957
Coal'ioriratlwaysibids for 45555 See aa se ae ee ane ee 989
Commercial representatives from the United States........-.....-------- 155
Conference, Fifth Pan American—
Datatrecardimg yc Sule ce ay. oli bal ste yh RRM Od op GE OE SN SER 280
Postponementioio ss 2s. See ee te oe ek ee in 4 kn 604
Cottontfactorys tobe establishedepesseees-s-s 2 tee eee eee eee 324
Customhouses recep tase gee te eee eee oe ee eed ee ae ee 827
Customereviemues; VOW Lae cee ey Aa AEE LN DAA Seen aa SARE mo 651
Customs! taritiy revision of Asse) oe Oe AER SR Pa RPE pc ee eer Race 479
Domocraphie' statistics Ay Uses tes ee eae SE at Ce a ee See 323
Dynamite; manutacture.ohysc te: ee Serpe eee ee aay aaa tr 479
Ecuador to celebrate anniversaries of Chilean independence.............. 994
Educational statistics i225 Soe ee eo ieee a i eee ee 323
Exploration, scientific, by North American botanist..........-.--------- 988
Expositioniotacriculturalimachinery aes e sees se eee eee ee ae eee 988
Hactonys cotton.to) berestablished e-em aaee eee see eee Ao NTO MM is 324
Lax Cultivation OFS Sos e es = Wala aS ae eee eee aera ae ac 480
Horests exploitation Of). eis\eisc «ose ae SR say ie aac ae 829
Eruitierowersy society organized5. 2. 5-tte eee i ee eee ee 989
HarboroivAntofagasta sim provement neem ere aes er eared eter eye 828
Island’of Suan Fernandez) 2.53525 eee eee: See ee ele eee 201
Lighthouses ian trait of Magelll are ay yeaa eee ane eee ra ate en ata es te 497
VIII INDEX.
CHiILE—Continued. Page.
Loan to be contracted by municipality of La Serena...............-...-- 828
Marltesta tistics comeernime sae... e 4-7 een nee a nn Ga eae 323
Maquieira, Sr. Don Tulio, secretary of embassy at Washington..........-. 941
Mamitin ehre commen da tio ms esa poy eee 0 828
Mediation thevAcB=Ciwstieieg 2 Galata hoa 8 Ell anaes ie vay eee i ple EL 173, 892
Mines and mininge—
Tronjemrelterat Corrals cise. 5 2.1 {pad ci Ree a eco Alsat ee ee 324
Ma tisisst ue een Seite We 2 Ue ch As he eh lf eels ee ae 652
Oretsamiplesiromemunesiots Chrlens4_ see ee ee ae 988
Report of Department of Foreign Relations..............--.---------- 323
Tin discovered........-- ee SAE MMR RG EO METI coon 8 oe 651
Monument vcontrbution.toBallbgaeaaes.) 42-22 eee ' 828
Nutrateamdustry 45.22 ees. noes oe aaa ee oe ee eee 428
Nitrate lands, auction of..... vende et Cle ofan xe) 21d eye bee ae 155
Ore quamyime ny distant; Chile: 42-6... .5)5 ti ee ee ee 108
eace, practicalymediationlanduanternationales= ys =e ae 892
iReru celebrates!Chilean ind ependencesssee=e- 252 a sae ee 1001
Eortaworksiol Valparaiso, (progress ome=sesseee ee eee ae 479
iEroducts ton Nort hpAmericanimarkets+s-- ee ee 988
ulbblie works ud re tetorsl 914 yop 92 3a sae amen eye ens irene i 324
Punta, Arenas... -ecisyne sala then. Ty sud uci ceye Bees avers fh eae. ge pet ee 69
Railways—
ALIGNS Cs IOI, INNA, KEIN Clic coscoseceoscsesc2eeescseac- 154
AD PROPTIATIONS 5226 cies ooo oes ook, Ee ey ee 828
Araco tRanlwaiyec: ce scat 0 2, Sy A ene Oh sale UIE. a eae 479
Bidstior Coalag.o bo.6 5 scl cod bce se te ee a ee ee 989
Confluencia and Tome, construction completed between...........-- 989
EXON slONisess Ayo hehse sco lee R ah et eae A eee 651
Longitudinal Railway, résumé of work done by..........-..--.------- 155
Paine and Talagante, road to be constructed between...--..---------- 828
Pullman cars ordered from the United States................--.--.-- 323
Rates) 1nGrease Of 2.2.25. qe.. 8 Mae ey ee pee aches 651
Reservoirs at Piquenes and La Laguna, plans for construction of-..-.---.- 989
koadsbuil dine ycontracts fore 4.4460 -554- eee ae eee ee ee ee 155
Slaughiterhouselopened tiny s ania oss=s eee see nee eee eee 323
Street pavinee os yoda oe ee Meee a. ee ae a 155, 323, 828
Student Congressipostponedace: ce a ee 305
Telegraphs—
Warelessicomvyen|trontaratitica tl onko late eee ee 323, 652
Wireless stations completed at Punta Arenas...........-.----------- 154
Telephone system to be exploited between Arica and Puerto Montt....-.. 988
ahreabysol peace wath» the) WUmitedsstatessaseee eee ee eee ee ee 299
Wimiversities of Chile; statistics concerings.e)-5--6 2 — ee eee eee eee
Water supply—
Negotiations for increasing supply at Valparaiso and Vina del Mar.... 323
Santiago, disbursement of funds for works at.............-.-.-------- 323
Waterworks, Comstru ction iOf. ssc see ee eee ee a 651
SWATLES S22 sh ecse: te cod ieee 5 MR ecg i Sac ee a te dd 988
COLOMBIA:
Merial cablowayeee seen 45 geeks sae ad ee er eet ee 829
Agricultural resources, French scientists investigate..........------------- 325
ANT oui Pyakora Cormmaniteey, Ahoy oO valONEINH HOG yc sase4essccnscasecesocsgcss> 989
Army and Navy bill for purchase of ammunition, etc., approved......-.-- 989
INDEX, Ix
CoLomBia—Continued. Page.
Bayol Cartagena dee penins (ol -aeeer es sas ae ee oer ATs 480
IBearde OMe CoM Onalcs ema wale sete eet fata hs Neat sje eal, Wea a eae ae ar 830
BOLO, WAS AU NSIS) Ort SOU, AAMC. cock osmcansedysosasuodsacosuscscecs 407
Bd oe sel Oi are ae ae ce ee a RR AON ie as A es 2 i OG NA 156
Cabinet—
Chiari eer amet eens ia. ne Se Se eae ARM Ne Ny ce Bc ar ge eae 652, 829
INC ier rersere soe este tae res Seth Sees ees oR A a ea he Ba ae 480
Cartagena sold ees ssw ea Fees N SASS eae sued es sone S28 he Bae 95
Caittlevstartis ties Wester tse ieee Site ie, gt ets ahha a EL a) aye ny A eh en ek 830, 989
CaucanRivertoiberdredoediass ss... e2-- Er, epi peti Met ape i a 157
Coffee exports. . sees eR Sate Ace ON SR eR ae ee eS OOS
Commerce of Colombia for 1913. Eee MACE FeB al ching | as eeettamng Sad Lely sett 805
Wonsulamiees tee ei aah Ree a oY oe eo Sek a ara ec noe oo Neg 3 let 653
Contrabandieoods wlaiware carci Gees anys eee) cere ee 989
WouniciltotsS tate sence cs ae arses oon a Set ie Ye iets sea gee iy Ry 829
Courthousercompletedtat Cartagenaseaes > eee eo eee ae 652
Gucutamystreet-carisenva COMO kas sas errs rae ne ee ee 156
Diplomatickand? ConsilarAnmals oi Colombiaeessssseeer essen eee 989
DredoinotoiiCa canine eee ees = cose tte eer evs etek a og pore 157
DUB ors; Elont de A anshonortonecms sassy se ek eee ee 622
Education: Medal of honor to be awarded by Government...-..-.-------- 156
Mlectricaichtiplantzat,Calavenlarzementiotesa-e aes ase eee eee 320
Filtration plant at Barranquilla, cost of enlargement of...........-.------ 325
Governmentawarralts miss eroles see a ere eee 9 oe en ee 830
Governors: of Departmemitarss tse 2 Soo erg EN ae ee 653
iHolidaysemational:: Juilycos (Oa: sae oa eak Sees i aie eee gh eas ek ar 990
ospitalea te sam tania tam see eke pc Jee Seat eT Ne 5 5 Sok WE A le a 480
iHiycienewestablishment of Boardiotublice sss ses sees aan eee ee 324
Invention oi wheel for propelling river steamers..............--.-------- 156
TETbETAPYVeEOMLESLBRA eee Pes Ml eke Su kb rh ewe Faw Deg os en Sn eh za ne oe 652
Mail service between Barranquilla and Bogota. -:22-----2-5--------4-2---- 324
Me ellie satan scott cate MN ise 2 Poa lo nnd ig Sh Py plea Spee tk rae: ae 413
Mineral resources, French scientists investigate.......--.-.--------------- 325
National University—
IMC CaO TMOM OR eerste Ske neh i at te Ren, Ee 5 lp, fe pee 156
inharmea cyaidesrees Lomberaiwalde Gs tinier) eee eee) eae 156
NawacatronoiMac dalemae livers ae eer rr ee ere ster ne ee 325
Navy and Army bill for purchase of ammunition, etc., approved.......- 989
INGWHCIE Ye OS se ae ee pat Setters bide Ck oe, mol cue a rape) a et Ree 829
Petroleum: Explorations Cotas ayes oi eines ay een Ane ee 653
Rostsiandelelesraphs Director orasea-— at eee eee ee eee ee eee Bee 653
Ports—
Buenaventura, reporbon wMprovements) olssss=e=-e" 4 42-5 — eee 480
Sanitaionand improvements ior ss- sees sea sen eee eee eee 157
President eleetiomia hxc ye he BUN In es OU ln oe eit 324
Publications of Diplomatic and Consular Annals of Colombia-.....--- 989
Railways—
Buenaventura to Cali, progress on road from.....-.-...--.----------- 325
Cali to Popayam railway, progress of work oms.-...-.-.--.-..--_------ 157
Colombian Railways & Navigation Co..............- peels Jat ASI
Pereira to Cauca River, company semnized to ‘peli aed Som. a Bae i 156
Santander to Magdalena River, proposed road from...............---- 156
Tolima Railways, section opened to public traffic.................-.-- 324
x INDEX.
CoLomMBriA—Continued. Page.
eal property census Gross ose. VIN AN Mee Ree enter mreee te oR tas Peed nie ts 324
Realty svalloresixe oka 2 ae Sl 28 | Pela ole Aa IIa dy ALY Ad aE 829
Revenues—
Intendencia de San Andres y Providencia.........................-- 156
MET poet ee Bear ie HER at os Sn Sea POD A 829
Sanitation—
improventenits tor portsceass see eee coe ee ee en eee ee ee 157
DR (O10 oe Aue atenolol este Oat at GER ca UR AN ll Mo 652
Sama tayo ei are nee eh NRO Alans es Sean aN ce Rar Ol SGN Sc 569
Shootinesmatehiee nh ae a ee see inns eran ee ete at oe a 324
Statues—
Col. Liborio Mejia, statue to be erected to. . petal perreuierie i QL)
Mariano Benlliure awarded contract for Pee to Breamtel pemeerenrtte se iL //
Statueito Cuervoratibosotan) ee ets ea net nee ae ae eee ae 652
Stockaimdustry im Departmentiol Santand cree. e eee eee 325
Stock ishowrwaluclolpremiinims otered tate eens te =e 324
Students officerston the Hederationwohass ee ee 830
Telegraphs—
DirectorvolPosteramdit 2a sh ates SE wet Cree 2 See | 653
National isyetena seo) Pou N en et R08 EN Ra ee Ns ek a a ee 481
Wireless activity: 205.0 ea ee ae ne ete dee eee ee 481
Wireléssira tes: 26-8 2x ie eae reine orators oe ee 829
Wireless station at San Andres y Providencia..................--.-.- 325
Trade in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela, reports to the Board
of Trade on the conditions and prospects of British....-........-.------ 954
Dramway opened in: Borotascs ye 0s a) Seen aE kare Apne a ee ae 652
Uribe Uribe, ‘Gene Rataelt soe een caer core eas See ee 735
Witria selected ‘as /sitepormewaclty anaes. a. -ee cee ee eee eee 829
Commerce of—
Argentine Republictor TOUS ye ee eee ren ee 122
Colombia for VOUss os Sees at ney oe oe ee ar ee ee 805
Costa Rica for VOUS co ene SNE BOTS ek Ae Meer Sc eee 809
Guatemala for LOWS oc cee ees ae ie tees oe ee Ie aoe Se ee ee 465
Latin America: Foreign Trade in 1913—General Survey........---- 975
Paracuay for TOV yey eB yr a VR ee ee 311
Peru for LOD Biss a ee es ee ee 963
Salvador for L9b3. 22 eee oe eo ee ee 640
Commercial Traveler in South America............. 28, 217, 377, 469, 532, 694, 863
Consular Reports, Subject Matter of.................. 119, 306, 462, 635, 802, 983
Costa Rica:
Arbitration convention between United States and Costa Rica, extension of. 991
As Tourist and Trade see Costa Rica......................--------- 849
Banana statisties ssc Su Ie ee i it ies (ac tee a at ae mI eo 326
Banks—
Agricultural Mortgage Bank recommended by President......--..---. 990
National’ Bank of Costa) Rica established@aena sees eae ee eee 990
Banik NOtesISSUANCe OL NE We pele tse ee a ee eae ae 326
Bonds; gold) issuance ose. ioe 2 eS oe eee a eee eee 990
Boundary question with Panama, decision of the...............--------- 615
Brenes Mesen, Sr. Roberto, minister to the United States............---- 725
Budget for LOW ee kes ee eS ee ee ee ee TE oct 483
Cabinet,"personnel "ote. 2 Fe eas ee ge ea ee cea a ce 325
Cacanrex ports sss. fanit os Al a nee ee 482
INDEX. XI
Costa Rica—Continued. Page.
Comecilversplacedein: circulations see sae eer te) ee nee aa oe Cate 990
Calvo, Sr. Don Joaquin Bernardo—
Costayhicaramd ilitss Minnis ter: soe ore cpeie ee aye cee aie See Up aaa LU 82
IRetininsymuniTs temo tC Osta WAC Asa reser eyelet yas) See ae cee 297
Commerce of Costa Rica for 1913........................-----2-2----- 809
Commercialymion ogra pls HNge et ie erase, tapi Phat Me a vO ye 958
Commercialratevonanterest 240) se es fae ci ey OU toe ae ACh Sc aes 157
Concessionsjoramtedecriie fester isch yao Sis) sn oe Ae Br ae tees hs po 326
Consulfceneral ingRaris appointment oleeeeeeene sete eee eee see 158
Cotton industry—
Oro hinaysec tones pees | ek we eee sete a sel oe JERR pert. hehe ee 158
United States syndicate to develop industry.................-------- 158
Dairy the velolam de cos ts Ase ers Se Re crevercre ts aba ratte shearer eae nl 654
Demoeraphiestatishiess:. js eh 4 eset cn eee ee races ec aye a ne 157
Exportiexemp tionsiremovied ee ceesetecrets pacts ss ate aaa eee 830
Grapeyiruitiand oranves;<exportss. 5 86a jaca ey ee ey eee eta 326
JE GTS dh Chae Ch ear eon Mne ee neers Sn Gy) lhe Ripe baa cars es Ba ae 831
Hotel: tojbeconstructed) in) San\Jioses. 25-2.) see eee ee ee eee eee 157
Interest on commercial investments, rate of........_...................- 157
Loan—
Hospital ses ieee scrre/ 3 he ol oe Saiitala ace aia ayer hea eee ele eps 831
IbMaavoNN SoD oKeNh Ne | AA de ema oat Ades San daeaee coca. 654, 831
IN BTAM Oe Recent e ease yal oils aie a ee: ar) aceon a ane eg hese he eae 831
Mesen, Roberto Brenes, minister to the United States.................-. 725
Mineraliresourcesyand mining, policlessa-5- hee = sees ss sees eee eae 911
Ministers—
CostayRicavand: tte mimistersesses lec eeree eee eee eee pee eerie 82
Reception of new Minister in the United States................-- 725
Mora, ex-President—
Commemorativie/stone stone. koe as oe oe = olen ee ee 990
FI StOTTC Te LIGA HO fist, eek ae ots Rg Ae ey Yt Be le 990
Population wl Ol Sessa e errata pee aie Veet ko ea tee fen aad eeepc em 157
Bresident takesloa thot OfiCe ee. a2 2 seem ae seat ee as tee eee eas ee 157
(PUT GARONA Res Ae LS ties 2 as eae es og ate eRe i Re ate LN 69
Railways—
De partimemtOled On GUE CTO mp ne sree ae eee ee eee 158
Bp lOtatlom? seta to nah aera eee ae ee Sh Se seca ae 482
Muime-tableror thepeacii cy Eval iwenyecrer cyte oie era ee ee 482
Revenuesioh Government Oil Bee asseseeeee eee eee eee nee e eee eee 326
Schools—
Bul dinesitoubeverectedsants arin Ose ree a 158
Normal Central American Institute to be established..............-- 326
Society organized tor protection of animals pees eee = 94- eee eee eee 327
Steamers plying between Costa Rica and Europe, new line...........-.--- 326
Switzerland to establish diplomatic representation in........--..-.--- ee ee Mam OIL
Treaties—
iReaceltreaty with! the Wimited: States seers aera ase ere 299
atmicaionrol international treatiessas== eee ee aee eens eee ae 830
CUBA:
Academy im cy itary 26 2)-2 Yet ome ner ager Ce eee eas oats eas ee 832
Agranonte nD rayATIstiGesn SC1eNGLS Us mses se eter eres ey oe ey ees eee 743
A DOLNO ZS» one Amt ono) Carrillo des asee ee nee eee eee: eee 398
XII INDEX.
Cusa—Continued.
Aqueducts— Page.
Me ye sake eleratahea tate Sate ies eaese eet ea ee Neate te CCUM EE HED Payee Ret ey DREN 655
Santa Clarence isc Seo 8 Ne Od A ae nted a ce Rarer Sgr aera eat a 832
Army: Post-graduate courses for military officers........-.-.----......---. 483
Bank of issue and discount to be organized in Habana...........-.------ 159
Barranco, Sr. Don César A., consul to Pforzheim, Germany..............- 402
Budgetfor Gis sul hus ae eh iad» Uae Pe Uneh, UE Ge nC NaC 328
iBuildine,reoulationsssest yen eee aa eee On Swe 832
Camaguey: A painted city of the Spanish main. . 98
Céspedes y Quesasa, Sr. Dr. Carlos Manuel de. “aiitiner ral the United
ISIE MRS Syed cies ane eit ane tess ae Eee a RO a EI AUN OS RETNA Se Se ui 289, 721
Commiereralassocrarionyoresmize dese ness ane ere enna n nee 991
@omeress sialon ee seh te I kd ea ey EY 328
Crates for fruits and vegetables ordered from United States...........-..-- 159
Or SLO SIM! sh. ak Seite he Ne ee Ee ee eee eee eee 574
Dock and warehouse to be built at Jucaro, Isle of Pines.................-. 327
iMlectiec-lehitine) plantetonsNuevariGeronaa-e es see-- eee eee eee ee ee eee eee 483
exposition of liverstock: 2 coal tee ucsee sas ao eee see oe aera 158
iHactoryasmatehy to) beyestablished anvklabanaseess:sseeeee sea ee eee 159
Fruit—
Citrus truitrerop ior WOl4a yc 2S sie eee oe ee ke eee 832
Fruit Growers’ Exchange orders crates from the United States........ 159
GolisinetheEropics. thescam elon ese eer er ere pes ne tet ee ee 118
Habana—
AGnusementyparkaplanned OT seases eee see ee a eae eee eee 328
Permits fonbuildimesrepalrss..-ais4.54° eee. oe ae eee ne see 159
Highway improvements................ EPP Rane etree Myers ee cd a 6 832
Ep podromie; Propressin =, aWiOrka One. aces nee eee eee eee ee eee 991
Horticulture appormtmentolgchietol aaeses-e ese ne oan eee eee 159
Hospitalamunierpalkscomenstone: laid sss ts esas e ee ere eee eee ae 327
Immigration regulations regarding persons expelled from home countries.. 992
Imfamtilercoloniy seer eset scecuwcet oe eens ee elt eer oe oe oe ee yer ee 655, 991
Paborconeness a ppPcO Pia tl OUELOn ee eres seers ee ree ee 328
ha weecodin catlonvoln@ubameeey sm eye re ee cee eee See aie ee eee 327
ILiked INO WES, INC is oS coe oBaeE boas sepa oosads cus dn Oe an reocoosEEo oud eTiis Sc 657
Woantauth onizeds stele ee ka Uk Se ee tet On eee ee 832
Matehitactony, volbeestablishte dtm Elam asses sae see oe ee ee 159
Malitary academy; ne washes" Be tenet) Soe aise eee eee 655
Ministers—
Changes in governing board of the Pan American Union......----.-.-- 289
United States; reception! of minister’ tolthess----545- -- 4452-2 ee eee
Venezuela, death of Mr. César L. Pinto, minister to............------ 992
Wiloraybioaverote (Ko) WiAMenaVerS| Tho. NPM S55 ooo ogadeadseadosesasaceebosscouss 656
Motorsbusses| toybe operated im Halbamaee = 96 esses a es ee 327
Navy—
Midshipmenstoicruiseantioreion) waterssereee ee eee acess eee eres 159
Naval students to be called ‘“‘Guardias Marinas”... ............----- 991
INtnseriessinee established torent drentees steer eee eres. eee eee 832
Paper mull established) ingProvance of Onrientessee eee eas seee ee eee eee 328
Pineapples—
Canning andusinyato ibe developed eae nse ines eee ee eee 159
ShipmentitosNew England marketsye eee seen 159
Pinto, Sr. César L., minister to Venezuela, death of...................... 992
INDEX. XIII
Cuspa—Continued. Page.
Railway from Placetas to Fernandez, appropriation for construction of.... 327
Rice venltivatonvott =a eee 2.9 eere saree Nehyet eine vale inci ae eS Ea 328
Dall tanynOrG NAVIES! Mew en & eei- ee. Betta reusl sels ciclete a aia, SRN Sea tae 656, 832
Spainymakes|Cadiziranchiseyzone see ease ee eis ey ie eee oe 832
Steamship service—
Between Santiago and Kingston, Jamaica...............----.......- 159
News Vorlkanddla bana Ys. 52.55. ase eee ie AN Ree oie diet Rie) vas opie ae 327
News ors tojSantiagoide Cuban: saene en oe re eee eee 484
Spain and Cuba, monthly service to be inaugurated between......-. 655
BLOCKER POSiE Omir Ay, ens Sleeve ces ee tat BU MERLE cepa ti apace 158
SULGe ticle amin a ye Me As Re ae eee ee a 1A ER AMA fa red 8 ait 327, 328
Sugar—
C@ropplorsl OU 4kess Pye etn) ce et Se erupt ees hE Oe ep aK ete 831
MillstovbeverectedtatiGuayos:..we teme se . Ane hapa tee be ire terete 832
Millgnearcompletionvat:D os) Canuinoseeeeee eee eee eee ae eee 328
Melesraph;warelessy requlations=a-- eps se ee eee ae ee eee 832
Theater, Albisuy purchased !s:3-e. She ee Ros epee eae Ry a ae ee 327
Tobacco—
Cultivationtin’erovance ol PinaridelRi0s45 92 422 eee eee 991
Shipment; tovBremien\as. 2 2tNs Waka c ahs eats payee Gala ee aay da 328
ouristssatiractonsplanned tors ss. = greys yeh eee see 483
ARAM Ways RLON SIONS ar c23)-1 sors Sees crsciste cree ears se oe tae Ee ee 832
(Winiwersitive statis GUCSee ais 285 Ses Si a occyntet yee SA ey Omneee ny fp ee 655
Wiaterabaniks' ere Cbrom obese sce ets teeta sisi ee een a SR 832
Waterworks 1a p pro priailonytOn= =. 42) 5 ete see a 991
Demise of Minister Rojas of Venezuela................................. 62
Dominican REPUBLIC:
Alcoholic jproducteduiby.reswlatrony One eee eee ee eae 656
Mutomobilesam ported iiss iaiar tas cts cins bs eto ieee es eee ee 160
BridcelateAZuanas|Openedstoptrathicy: = - ae ee a ea eee 329
Bridge to be constructed in Santo Domingo over Ozama River............ 329
BuneanigOteAc COUMUS jee a25 eos eee ae ieeteee ee See eee ee eee 833
Cabinet—
PN OO octet ac Ada ee eens aan ae Cso a. Ses cade aes ae ae 833
ING oe oes aD Oa CO eee Se eee ae een nee Ete ES eer sot we ie eee 484
Celebrationvoitheshourthvotullyap ees 9-5 ease eee eae aaa ee 485
GoaistiLiplits Sep aeres a ree pees ie Ae os 208 oe 484.
Coastiwise Services jaar uns Ae he 8h 09: pb Meh ris pea Ia a rage 992
Columbus—
Ac THOM UIC IG LO yer ere te matte aed Ocho, Ny ail ie a egy et ea 456
Urn. for ashes/ot2. 0a ane yeaah bee Mohit | anh 2 ae. seh Bee 834
Commercial and industrial progress reported by United States consul...... 160
Consulates: office ihours) olassee pete tars eee eee 992
Customs—
IRECELD (Bs, « oe eapsrnicie\ho5- a eee OS aero tisk iio atte ter te 833
Report by, receiver eenerall Olesaeas eee Pp 2.2 ead cd Soe eee 160
MD ommnicamyliy COUN Wy, 2 2)0 oe eae cree fe 8) ol eA 833
Duties—
SaASTOYOYUEAY HCO) UNECE 6 DEI coo 5 5 ot el a ee ene eye ee ae 993
iHreiehitran diconstilar-IN'VO1GeS a sem eee epee as oe 22 ee 992
Elections, committee to prepare legal reforms for.....................--- 833
Expontstansiiespimys El Wien a2? sys eere eee o4 eee oe UE 328
Hxportsmtotalng 913) trom -uerto Plata see eee 2 eee eee 160
XIV INDEX.
Dominican REPuBLIC—Continued. Page.
PTMibUnelagen cy Aum CrICAI= sala tee eles cr Seer es cee ith) es eee 160
Governors Me Wie ee eens elec ey ae IS TUN a fae eae sy ea 833
pistoniadclesiasticaen 4 ii tink See 8 BUA ay oe er 993
imports, total 903 i1ntoseuerto ila tacce = uae See eens ees eee 160
Waborers) tobe imported 2. 2. 32 oe set eee Wet aan a 992
Highthousesyplanmed <2) yt. ale rere it 2/2, eae) ee 329
Mines and mining—
Machinery, ordered trom) New Yorks29- 5222322 5452 e-ee eeeeee 993
Mines denounced. heci ice ek oe ar ble ee 657
Minister to the United States—
Announcement of appointment). =- 2-22 .4-2-/-2-- 2 45-5>- ee eee eee 74
Reception! Of. noe. 2 ee oe Sect es = a 732
Nouel, Sr. Dr. Adolfo A., Legion of Honor (conferred upon).......-.----- 329
Panama-Pacific International Exposition, commission in charge of prod-
WGWS Miho ceo ceonouesedoooes acces sossusosgaces ooo sss senssobceaosoneseseS 993
President Ramon Baez, biographical sketch of.......-......-....--------- 833
Redi@ross organization. 1.0.26 5.026 eee eek ee 484
Roads—
Completion of survey of road from San Pedro de Macoris to Hato Mayor. 992
Costiof road irom Sante Domingo to Cibaosss-3sss-e=e ee ee eee 993
Soler, Sr. Lic Dr. Eduardo, minister to the United States..............- 74, 732
Students to study in) Perw. 2-023 055.5.0 40s eee eee ee eee 329
Sugar—
Itaborers to beamported - 22 .3:...2 Ac ae Soo e es eee eee eee 992
Production, increase: of... .).02 Sosn ce eas ee eee eee 658
Telephone improvements... . -. 25). JSS.) See eee 833
Robaccoycompany, changes hands=25.522- 522255562 4555e0 See eee eee eee 657
Treaty ot peace with the United Statess22 o2sess42- see) ese eee 299
Ecuabor:
Movicultural fairs sc 21.6 de ee ears shes sin Ae Oe 331
Acricul tural resourcesisos2. 422/50. 5/05 ee een ee 834
Artesian wells 220... 2. geese dees cee ok Cee ee eee 485
Bank ‘ot, Eeuador funds of-2) Vas 522. 2.2 dec ae cee eee eee eee 835
Biblioteca de Escritores Nacionales to be established..........--.------- 993
Cacao production. .294.222022 fe neee deco eee eee ee ee eee 834
Chile independence to be celebrated as a legal holiday...-.....--.-..----- 994
Coins*to be minted abroad. 2-20 -..ce-0- 2 eee eee eee eee Eee eee 994
Commercial conditions reported by United States consul......-.....-.-.-- 161
Congress, Heuadorian’ Medical, delecates/to-.5---- 422) see -2-452 eee 331
Congressional: elections: .....:r.--0 sco, 0) ae ae ee ee ee eee 658
Consul general in New York, Sr. Enrique Gallardo.............-.........- 736
Council! of foreign bondholders: report of: 9255 )2- + see ees eee eee 657
Debts; payment oft: 272.50 ee ee 994
Electric-light service—
Chone plant) near completion: 93-222202-45-.-- eee eee eee 835
Plant to benstalled ‘at Machechie 922 2. 52 9e2 eee 331
Power plant for#Ambato: -2). 0.2. ee ee es 2) ee 658
Eesports through Bahia de Caraquez. 995.2. 545--- 4 4e See eee eee eee 835
IB aportsyOl provislomss eek eee oe Doig eeniilse dee ee ee 658
Bactory, She) 2) i j202 25 Ce he A a ree pa CLEA Joa 161
Hour millin Quito; completion of: +. )) 50.52.5444 eee 485
Gallardo, Sr. Enrique, consul general in New York..............--------- 736
INDEX. XV
Ecuapor—Continued. Page.
Government comes eis ice cee eae ty Ste = a ake PS Pa I I Mt aa 993
Hat The Manavil(Panamia) ac sa50 4 Uo e be yet ec) 8) alee to AN 685-693
iHatundustry developmen tioteas-sespe 4 oe seer ers tage Se apenas age 658
Holiday, september: |Sidecracdsajlegalia=: secs yys ae tae seer 994
DB ICOYR) on 0242) oe telcos = aes eye ne ea Agee St Si aI OMEN ope TEIN Sy et ro 834
Tiviorsyag mutts sia Seva) peep elee Ue rs Siete See RES be aah eo 2 oc cea A ee pavatale alte ai 161
Loan of 100,000 sucres for use of municipality of Quito authorized........ 331
Maprokcitysole Riobamboe- tars ores ba Ls ke Spl aio eens Uy Aa 485
Medical congress, Ecuadorian, delegates to...........-.---.----+-+-+--.-- 331
Ministry of the Treasury, advisory committee of the..................... 994
Museums to be established by medical school and institute............... 994
INjuTSessptraim ed Saeki ies Mine Henan e yO each Eire a i Ml ea ea RAO 485
IROMCePENSIONSHOTs ay Ce sees esse EE ee i a ee ee 994
Railways—
Ambato to Curaray, examination of survey from.......--..-..-.-.--..- 993
Curaray railway, commencement of work on the...........-....--.-- 330
Guayaquil & Quito Railway, construction of branches to............-- 161
Survey and construction of road from coast of Esmeraldas to Quito
SVU ORIG CCS: by set Pe Sree H GS TSU Pt tod a aa aS a 331
Scholarshipistudents) rules) governing) sss. sees see ee ee eee yee 330
School teachers, normal course inaugurated for........-.-----...-.------ 993
HGS TAGE ORY se Ree eR elas Sse eae Ns AM a tg a el 161
Subsidies granted medical school for establishment of museums..-...-...... 994
MASUATCTOPS sassy fe Gas oe uy Ci, eee aces oot ee mia Pea ane A AN 834
Meleoraphy systems she has se tl altace (ee Spee Cen dtiyAt UIE 486
MobACCoLProd UC Flom save es eee ees ors ogee rc la ART A ean 834
itrade-markwlaw,amendimention arbicleGlolss=s— eraser eee eee 994
RramiwayacOnstrUuctlonyimy QUO essa as a eter or nes aye aoe 161
reatyaolpeace: withy United) Statessans. seek: a ekeg ye aera ee On
Wessels ioreien, visiting; cuadorssciescs asec eee ae Se ee 161
Warehouse) to beiconstructed at Mantas: 42225 sy- 4-year 994
Watersupply,fortiviobamib ai /..)- 2p. asso ere ek a oe 834
Waterworks material received...-.....---- sep ln aere pied eles pees ne Naan el PS BD
ExplorervAn}RarlyvAmericani: (25245-22555 2 oe aaneee ee ead sas eee 1
Fernandezsiuanssislanaiotae ss. 5 cies secos Woe oe eee eee 201
Games, Indigenous, in Latin America ..........................--....-- 14
GUATEMALA:
ANCONA VIGB 1 0 Te eee eer see ees 8 a0 (aie) Dac ale SRA RE Res eye 487
Acriculture oMC@hiquiantulasboardoteeee eso ye eee eee ae eee 659
Banik profits: 202. i nat eee wes te mpage it EU rl Bes olen aa 659
Budget: for 19IA=19 lois sees ae ek es On eae ae 331
Building regulations in) Quezaltenancossssess 5.) 162
CentraleAmerica, Internationalebureamoteee. 42... > 554-22 e eee 798
Commercefor 1LOLS.. so eee ee alec terntel iA Re 465
Commercial: monographss.s.i) 245s ee ee 958
Concession granted marble and mining company, privileges of ............ 994
Coneress/of the) Blind, Internationaleaseaesese eee eee ya ee ee 332
Coneressoi¢Dropical) Agriculture 34-22 eee ere aoe Ee eee eee enn
Congressyiseventhy Universal, Postal: says e seen ee oe) es een 332
Consresses*delecates' to foreign. (3s...2a eee oe eee Ce 659
Consuling Mobile appointment of:22-2s2--seeeer eee) here nie 995
Consulate established at Dunkirk, France....2..2.5.52.-.2.202222.2.0-24- 332
73444—15——2
XVI INDEX.
GuaATEMALA—Continued.
Electric light service—
Machinery tosbe imported iree onduty2eeeeeeee ee ease eee eee eee 995
fant tomseiestablishedtn (Chiquimulaseessses eee ene eee eee 836
Plant at Mazatenango granted 10-year contract.........-eeee.------- 995
Retalhuleu Electric Co. of San Francisco, Cal., authorized to operate
TINY EQUA ASIN eye anna Sea OM carledl aaa hae Ue Tt sb Sh 331
xPoOsitlonwmatlomal tz eM ewe shee au ka oie) Me ARV ei at CNN nea Ae 659
Gymnasium ynstruetor contracted 1m Wondone-ss.2. 42220222 ee eee 994
Holiday, 2thvol October made a nationals se. ste ees ee - kee S al
Thiguorilicense forsale ofeye. 2 Sule Ses SOU Be eae is Seabees) 332
Moantioricityson Guatemalalanthorized=ss ssn seme esses tee eae eee 836
Lumber tax, increase of.......-.. Ee aa ee RA AR irene athe 835
Moaizeand ‘corm purchases 220.5 A soe Sees woe sas aaa ae ’ 835
Mendez, Sr. Don Joaquin, delegate 4D. congress on welfare of children. ---- 163
Mines and mining—
Concession granted Guatemala Marble & Mining Co., privileges of.... 994
Mining/exposrtiome ls seh S510) ei Sn SACS ee ees ee oe 486
Motion plete siete EEE RA NOTES a cE te ANT AALS) et AGERE an epi gene ies ae 486
Minister of Homentosreportioiss se eee en eerie et eee ane re 162
Neutrality; proclamation t ce 0t as tae rele cece nn 836
President during recess of Congress, power granted to.-....--.-.---------- 332
@uezaltenango statisticse. sate ae een eee eee eee ee eer ae eee 659
Railroad, foreign capital invited to construct new..-..--.-.----------.-.-- 162
Reaimtalb reas cote WR epee Cea FES EY RN eee eR 835
Rubber, SuUspension/oL export duty ON se=ss--eee ss ese eee ee 332
ames) Nmmberieeieyeits ees 8 Sit Ne pea laa cance GA Ag ce 835
Telegraphs and telephones—
Decree regardine control Of4 sy eee eee eee aaa ee 836
Oficess: 208i RAR eee Jee eee ey ee eee ee 487
Supplies for Department of Telegraphs authorized........--...---..- 332
Part for messages: 22:2) 1 Le Se Eg 332
Theater under construction in Quezaltenango-...............-----.-.---- 162
iheatricalicompany;contractiwith-=--2 eee eee eee eee ee ee 487
Trade-mark, Cuban, for tobacco officially recognized...............------ 332
Treaties—
France and Guatemala for protection of patents..........--..-------- 162
Italy, general arbitration between Guatemala and................-.-- 162
United States, treaty of peace and arbitration between Guatemala
Eh O\c eee oe ann eee MMAR ECL UE CUES ne ins Nee hls a i 163, 299, 332
Water supply: Drilling of publici wells 22a) 9244-2 nee 835
Hartt:
Bank billssincineration (of: 2/5) eae en et Gee a 995
Bank notes—
Denomination Of s-\2 20/04.) 0 ey ee er 836
Proposed) lawiregarding issuance Of) qsese) esos.) see eee eee 836
Regulations formefumd!: :0h ll Aan nee Se a ee ee ee eae tae 837
Bondiisswe san oes i Se 82) en AOU Re ar aN Ue ERO ey A a 488
Budget oljexpenses for Jume, 1914.05 2 eed iinet eat). say 163
Catholic;Churehiirank of they. !. 122 eee ee ee ea eee ee 488
Coffee: production, P94 se 520) UN Se ee NN eo a Aaa UT Hi 163, 332
Cotton industry, development sor. 4.).)4. 22 = eee eee peg Lee el 660
Exporta/of merchandise «i222: 24.22 ele ee RP ey elo eg 333
Flour, duties Om. 2 sees its ee eee eager a ee 488
INDEX. XVII
Harti—Continued. Page.
Healt hycommitreesyol publics ee ecems sate alee eles selon ees eae e ee iararvene 995
im portsroimenchandise Jeremie. saps ses ee Sea eee ae ere ere sea 163
MaprolsHaitiauthorzed fon schooliuseis-.. 5s s-pescct etter yes) ratete ers 163, 333
Menos, M. Solon, minister to the United States ..............-...----- 289, 719
Minister to the United States—
Chancessmithecoverninpiboard sss see se ss eee see ae ne 289
GCe PLIO MON aes 5 so seisiaesr htaccess Se es OE ae 719
Municipalicouncillappoimtimentsseeescsseee een see. eae eee alee ee tos
National Palace, contract for construction of........-.-----. DANG Se EES ot 163
Newspapérsfoundedi e505. 2h SR ees SS Ne Ee Be eM Rea ise 995
POFts MENTO VE MEMPROL Ys 4 5-y rains ovnsrcdepcrocyah a ore necked 3/4 ae STL ek ee 660
Post-oficemspeetoryappombment) Ofee seems tees tee tae ate ere ete aerrete 995
Railway, Plaine de cul-de-Sac, receipts.......-...-...-.-2--.--:.------ 163,333
Revenues: iro mami orishas sess ceeisscnys stro sess haloe sielotascp aevsr ea serene 333
REVENUES: FUATAT EY x See EA Aas SE NET SS MY REE Rae i 837
Salitcimport: tax ome uric Sek seat Ae Seas Pes soe 9 ee Tay a ONES 660
Schoollohsurvey.orssmaitiomalleeme se eee eet ete Pere ee 661
Senate; candidatesiton ithe ss jcscociecsverloscsesysel ote ae iors ee eta 163
Meleoraph\oficeappommtmentans -- 2 a4. ss 4c- sos eee eee eee eee 995
IPYCASUIy; WATTAIULG HALE, 5o,5)5)5.o8s ciara =y-f iS oe ok at treater 837
Wister service cia: o- seo ula ai a A ee 0 Pa Ogi a eg 660
Hat, The Manavii (Panama) ete oo2 ase be Bas es |e, Se 685-693
HONDURAS:
Agriculture—
otssforaericultural purposeses.s2 eee ee eee at eee ee 996
SuizayedantinesComorganize deema-seer cease eee eee eee eee 838
Aqueduct SantatBarbarace essa asec cee oS erence eee aoe eee ae 838
Automobiles mationalisehoolions sss season ee eee 661, 489
Bananas—
Cultivation. Costoltessteedian a3 See Sie ea, ee ea as 165
be 010) offs ge Me Se tS RO Te SCT, Sent eR aR SP Ri SS oe IE eae PRT 662
Bandspriee of cco. dese eee ee re i aad a bs Portis plana 165
Wateds Mruit) Coss eae eae a eee ee a aS sy ie Ber stuges sfeo 8 164
Boundaryrcon ventions 34s 2525 228 hs ee ee ee 838
Bridcevover slay Riversasotete a: 5. Bee iets See Ee apa saree 164, 334
Business, possibilitresyo: Olancho:22--es-era-s=2e se eee eee eee 164
Cedar ccontract fom cuttimpiot eas. sarasota ene eRe eee eee neers 996
Clubsde)Mennis to be organizede ss #43 eae ieee eee 8 eee eee Eee ree 996
CustomhouseratiCeibaameweessece 4.42555 555 aaa eee 662
Custom revenuesees ke seoee 2 as eee eee Sete eee eee 662
IE Conomic conditlionsys) Jaeetsees- cee cus a aaa eee eee eee 489
Hlectriclicht tor city, of Delay proposals) lor ses see eee eee eee 334
Factory; for manufacture of gaseous waterst<s2-e--5---ee ae ee 335
Eichway, public) to sanylorenZ0s5_) eases eee eee eee eee eae 662
Maborersy demand: fori.2csc-6 tee ot oc Ca ger eee eee eee 164
iandstosoe sold foracriculturall purposeses-ssssseeee see eee eee eee 996
Lumber—
Contract for cutting of cedar and mahogany...-...---..-------------- 996
Bossibilitvespmn: Olancho.22i2.csc8cas cee oe ee eee eee ans) AGE
MahovcanyAlcontract tor cutting, ofs....-) seer eee asec es a 996
MineralsHorskanama=Pacitic Expositions sami oes ars siya = 164
Miningi@omyNewevork &/ Honduras Rosarioz.s-=--- 44258 eee =e 838
XVIII INDEX.
Honpvuras—Continued.
Olancho— Page.
Business possibilities. of. ..5-0-2 oscccceeee pone aoe eee eee eee 164
IiUiad lee ee eM ma OSA Mah Scns Soa haste ded oss 164
iPanamae-Pacitic Exposition, minerals tors-=ssee eee e eee eee eee 164
Railways—
Activity in construction work reported from Tela.................-- 164
Laborers, demand for... 0.0: eee see see eee ne eae ee ee eee 164
IPlans/oi-main, line of Dela Railroad asset epee lee eee eee eee 333
United Erurtt Co. plans ratlwayesscsseeeeas eee eee eee eee eee 164
Real property, law regulating condemnation of............-.-..-..---.--- 334
Revista, conomica.. .s.-06 se seniee cio eaeseeion cise eee eee ee eae 780
Schoollappropriation, Gistmibltion) oleeseses]-eeee eee eee eee eee 661
Society of Socorros:Mutuos. 22: j-y-aeee cee eee ee eee eee 996
Sugar—
Honduras Sugar Distilling Co., general attorney of....-......-......-. 996
Sugar Refining Co. organized under laws of Louisiana............... 838
Tela, proposal for furnishing electric light, potable water, and ice to the
CREY OF ssnins ose se lcaid eens ec ie eieie iste is erat EP a 334
Telephone service extensions: 5...-./.22-)-//- 22h se ae ae eee ee 837
Tobacco society organized 5.2 sco.0. 2208 ee oh ech enka eee eee eee 838
Treaty, of peace withithe Wnited\Statess-4-2-aeeeeaseee see eee 299
Water, proposal to furnish city of Tela with potable..................-..- 334
Waters, factory for manufacture of paseoUss=ss—- 2-5 ee ee oe oe eee 335
WharkatyAmapala scontractiorseceee teaser eee eee eeee eee Loe ee 334
Icuazu, Niagara’s Mate: 2 0.252.066. 520. nce SE eee 364
Island of Juan: Fernandez s.22..5-ic2 a5-iseche ene soe eee eee ee eee 201
Latin AMERICA:
Ar AreSSeS ON 8 aj2)-5 5.4 Sascha pare diel cep cieie por me 790
Banksacceptances and dollar icreditss---ssee-e eee aoe eee eee eee 923
Banking... i. .ssacba mceee fee eee 8 ee ee ee 624
Cabrera, Sr. Lic. Manuel Estrada, celebration in honor of.....-........-- 995
Commerce—
Acword: of cautiomen:(reitet 1 bie on cnege let etcleher nate eee ae 607
Latin American Foreign Trade in 1913—General Survey...--..- 975
Reviews!ol foreignicommeree, 19135... esse eee eee eee 72
Games, Indigenous, in Latin America.........................------ 14
Hardwareand alliedsproductsam=-c-s-s5--- ese ee eee eee eee eee 949
Investors’ Hour Shilling YWearsBook for 1914225335 ees ee eee 632
Toamds, fre @. 32h Aisa aco cetaceans le sate lyre Se ee 70
Tas AMeri cass. cis 2 aid Eee eRe ee wil se eget a peg a en ee 957
Latin America: « 322. dss. c6 co cs ente cone Ee SS ee ee ee 630, 961
Magazine attention: tosiescteces cee ie ee Se er 622
News service between United States and......-...--..------------------ 947
Student/conferences, at the .2 249-5 c eee eee 302
Taritis.of. 2 .ssiues 2c £2 Sok Ae RE RE ee Ee 69
Trade—
AS railroad trade excursion 3.22.2 eee eee On eee Ee ee eee 618
Conference of the New York, New Haven & Hartford R. R....--...-- 940
Conference/of, Richmond, Vai cd222ee ee ee eee 618
Conference; Washington, Di @:22422 ep eee eee eee eee eee eee 617
iHoreign: trade opportunities .)45.): see ee Eee eee eee. = eee 112
Martin PAvim Or Cais esheets thence See CU nee 704
INDEX. XIX
Latin AmERIcA—Continued.
Trade—Continued. Page.
The Southern States and Latin American Trade.............-. 512
United States must buy Latin American products..........-.-...-- 783
Treaties Of PCacCes..c0 sc.s2<5 Mees one ce rrats eee eee eek eee ee ee aS « 299
Mediation, The Argentine-Brazil-Chile...................--..-22----.--- 173
MExIco:
Academy iol San\@arlosys se 5 ser nee ys os SS Sate fps Hersey Sa SRE ee 663
INST CULE UIT setane carey sh here tty Nev ol Solar s ap a ia Vpn VotSI Nee STet a ot rel pe ares tata Seal oS 165
Artiandvarcheol opye Sa sa4cde. se a5 5 i Sha tae has as a ER Ee eee 85
ChicledJandsvexploitatiom Oly saan- soe eee oe ee ee een eee 663
Coconut fiber, report: Osos ac saa yates oom cae eet me een Se oer aN 165
Coffeen, Mexico: ameariview Ob o235.7.ncseca sas aa assert se cern 903
Commerce, summary Ol .cassso4 sien oc sis eto ete ees ios eens Seo 165
Congress: of primary, educa tionee asa ee soe tate ae eee eee 663
Debt, interior, interest-bearing bonds authorized for payment of.........- 336
Debt, international, created’: ssase eee oe ae eee es a reer eee 997
Explosives; manuiactureron «7. ae a ke ee oe rn eee ae 490
Hemp exports Of. eid s ois sedi a ave, ta cae rer Re eae re epee ei
Henequen,, @xporte Of. jssarcen no food decen te eats eis Ae ae eee 997
Historical: documentswss.c.c sions as et eo et en e cas aati ses 840
Histonyvol, Mexico sss ...0s es sce syne tee ae isa TA, EEN 961
Maps oi the Mexican! Gulivoileiiclds=sase4o5 sass eee a eee eee 962
Mediation, The Argentine-Brazil-Chile....................---..---- 173
Muillitanyisehoolito be established eee eee eae ie eee 997
Mines and mining—
Cananes Copper Con activatya Oban ecree tee ae ee ae eee 165
Iron mines discovered in State of Colima ...............-.-....--.-- 335
Minin oeassociatlones 25k i 1c, setts tear e area Mee MLE SNS Coe rane epey aan 840
Regulations! explained: cc) yaase sa eee se Semler ate nero ie sie alors 839
“Monterrey,” rule forispellimes 555 sues 2)y as stein eee | APS Rk Sere dell
@ilifields¥eeneralimapioi thesMexicaniGulissss 252 ss see ee ene ete 962
Pérez Verdia, Sr. Luis, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
toiGuatemalary ci. cere cme sais crater Sees relayinials faire lioteecs nieyararee eceteiere 736
Petroleum—
HE xporcsiomcrudespetroleum. eseayanae eee eeee scene emer 997
Encus try, rorowe bolas a5 SAA tel 8 SA a en PAUSE cate ster leeeetatey 165
Lands) explorationandiexplottationvoiss) 5-2-2 sess eee 490
Production s44 25s sess eee Oe teenies: Maas Sai ae aetna scare vole 490
Laxzon crugeypetroleumerase seen ser ae ee eee re leer eee Cee aan 997
Rottenyay Harliy, Mai Oli Gases te tere eee ree eee eet 906
prohibition! tor hederaleDistrictreessesscen eee ecco eer eae 997
Railways—
Belgian interests request extension of time to construct road.....-.-.. 840
Salina Cruz-Acapulco Railway authorized ...............-..----..---- 490
Raimiallanevalley ot Aguascalientes |sacscame ea eset 335
Real estate—
American interest in Mexican property, estimated value of.........-. 165
British interest in Mexican property, estimated value of...........-- 165
Estimated value of property owned by Mexicans.........-....------ 165
iRegistrationvol property ordered... -.emeser cer aesisee eee aii) 997
Rwinssbheshome) ofa forgotten Taces soem = oe eee eer 113
Scholasticamoyvements articlesiones. 4555s eee eee nee sete emer = 840
xx INDEX.
Merxico—Continued.
Schools— Page.
Exhibitionsofihandworkeree¢ eet eae yee ee eee eee ee Pee ee 997
Military ischoolitolbetestaiolishte des aes ean seer hemes aera 997
Modelschools established eae ate a ee sicen ete Seye haeiee 997
School of Medicine, director of National.............-.------/------ 336
Sewer Contractavies sel saciss esis SNe ees eens oo aun ee oe 663
Shop hours) regulationolssi 5.0/5 ee Eee ei ears Cn Se ae 839
Silk-wormvcullture feces e eae ee se ee eet ee ch he eee eee eet eae 663
Sugariamdustry sey hee ee ce hls hel io 2 165
Taxes—
Crude npetrol eum: Soe ey) ees bt planer ete eee ee 1) 987
State or Pel owe sce sot oy ea Taal ee 839
Melegraph stations, qwitelessaiss- ss ssee se) eee eee 491, 997
Mraimaway WO. 2 lle sos aU Nol is sae age ee ee ree 662
Water- power concession): clea peeieek eae ee ee eee ee 663
Waterworks at Coyoacan near completion............-....2---22-:--2.22: 997
Year Book; Memacam QU 4 oie ee ke aie ae ee ee Oe Mya vere nee a eye a eee 633
Ministers, Reception of New:
Costa (Ricaese sah aye Uo oft as ace Ai ale a Ie eRe eae Peete 725
Cubaineccins lee ee ils ces dls a ot ea eS coe ee ee 721
DominicansRepublic:..:3f5 eerie ee ee ee 732
AP Pea tes aj 222 Socre lava isha Sse ee ital BSP eae My Ae he dee 719
WVenezuelas: 02). oS eee soe eee ce Mee A ie eas 4 a 728
Minister Rojas of Venezuela, Demise of...............-.--..------------- 62
Monument in Boston, Sarmiento and His................-....--.....--. 186
NICARAGUA:
Budsetireducedi si jes-ie jcc sice. Reese ey Boies al ace aoe ect ee pee 998
Buildings of concrete in Bluefields, erection by American contractors of.. 337
Cannon ancient, toundconi@ardonw sland: 222 5525-ceeee- eee eee eee 998
CommerceionDistnictiom Conntossee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ieee erate, 166
Commercial»monosraph see 4c se toes s aetna Stee EE eae eee 958
Congress, special sesstomiotse. ic) 5 oe aronieycholoenieb ohio alfa) el ee eee 998
Consul of United States at Corinto makes annual report........-..-.-.---- 166
Consulates at Mobile and Liverpool abolished............----..--------- 998
Court) cases \pendinewaimes case eee Me ls aha ee i ea ee ee 664
Customs FeCeIpt scat ecient oe ate Se tiesto freee Gena ae lee ee 166
Financia lisituatlon. Commi ss1OnNt ONS bUGayatIe saree ee ae eee 841
Morest tases 52 )sei eves See Ne eR Aen a 2 aya a 337
Land Jlawof Bluetields. 2.320522... 250202 sens oe tee a oe ae eee 998
Lumber—
JM: Scott é Bros! ot Mobile wAlae 23ers. aer er eee eee eee cee eee 336
Mahogany, rateitor catching. rate ees e— = eee eee eee nee 337
Mahogany, rate tor catching. ratte Mei Chess. seee ee ee ee 337
Managua—
Street=car Service. ee ee hee ade Aa lee ene me sage eee a 492
WMTVerSi ty Ot sos DAS pee Sitesi cee see ne 491
Water supply ease i 52 eich aol eas ee eR a0 core ee ee a 492
Manufacture ot: goods. fA Ho SRI emg Beate ele Phe ak anes Serra eee eC ea A
Mines and mininge—
Articleon gold smainegoys Hols ART he Re ese aes eae 840
Gold.mineg denounteed: = 2+ ss sxcy ee ere ebay ate 337
osvAngeles: Mining Coe: 222s 454 eee Ae ee .... ©6664
Mining Codelof the. Republic. of Nicaraguarten- 22454-6224 444 52 eee 958
umley Mining Cos 25.255 324 20) A Sie gee ene alee ees) ee 664
INDEX. XXI
Nicaragcua—Continued. Page.
Mixediclaims Commi sai onber ses eae ene aaa ei cepa ee yen ain yt Ue eugli py bee NaN CEN 611, 664
Orphan asylum, funds|for establishment of am....._-..._.......25....--- 337
Parcel posticomvyention watipe anand s.. cee wae sey. yc ia aie eau 841
opulationvon Distrction Coxlinto.seee eee en eee so ane alee ours) aa 166
Postaliconventioniwathy anamayapproyed= 4-4 ss5 59.) e ns ye se ele 998
Rab ican Er Chl OT eee steerer aye ye any CU ea Wane Vera SILICON ay ee 492
Ranlroadystockpurchaseyotee se assert ete ae ihe a tee ie tee 841
Rama, commission government to be installed at...........-...-....--.-- 998
Schools—
Excursion by students of Normal School for Girls..-................-. 998
(Dy oY 0 6 Ie es Me rece Pict ret cA ER SAREE aya a A 336
fRaxes efor publican s tru Chl OTe eee eee seer ieee aaa alae ae a 492
Steamers entering port of Corinto.......----..- PEE tcc Ae eet AN AE 166
LEAMA VSERVACCH sc ss sence sees Ee aed een ey A RT ce mp en RE 664
Stocksvdecreelonsim porte t1O 1 okt cee sa eee ay peas eee 841
Sugar—
IMA cipal tax mies io). ce creer rene caret aro tac es ere ree ee 491
Re titionsto) expontstkec yon culty sass see ae aes eo eae 337
Shipments) via; listhmus\on dears aes es passe ae ser aa 337
Taxes— ;
Horestitax established!=. yi. Suce cee) kaki SN OME cing erated) emer 337
Ub ICM Str ChiOM sas = Sean ett 5 ae tee as eye Geb OU gee Ha eget SE 492
Telegraphs—
Lines planned between Bluefields and Prinzapolka.............-..... 337
Wireless communications established with United States.......-.- Sete Moo
Rohaccorcultures probibitioMvoles seers oe oe eee ee eee ee 664
reay.Olpeacemwathuthes Wmiieds Sta tesa ease setae re a erie 299
AVE vere 10h 0 0) Aven Eh Rye b Leys eae oe Sees eae See ys ean na SN Sat atte AS AL Tee 665
Opening ofthe Panama Canal... 652 20-2 ea gene as ee tee 345
PANAMA:
Aorreulture, Department Oles stata eye ee ees eer eee niet logs lary ares 665
Allmurantenworke.y¢omime Ci gio bere) sy yate ee ee Seer ere ee ere peat 666
AT DIirAtIOnE COMVENTtdIONawWAb MeL ORUUea los seis eters ete eater ee 842
Arjona, Sr. Don Aristides, judge of the Supreme Court of Panama.......... 400
amily dealin Ost awe ae ate cn sien sae, Soe acre sc year Sieh eae er a Ne 842
Bean discoyeryiol NewssSpeClesiOla- erase seem tales = ene ee Siete (total reves 166
Boundary question with Costa Rica, decision of the.................-..-- 615
CasinopproposediiorsEanamay City assets. e-em ee elle aaa eles ae 167
Chamber of commerce planned for Panama City.......-.-..-------------- 338
Commercia hinstitubeesete cass es cael sins Seino se arers |e cane ope oe eee 665
Commercial:monopraphs'ea-ase- 45 ceee ee eee nee eee eae ee eae 958
@onsresses; antermatiomally:\. <yioye eae Sed eat ny Sey nie ees ee ee 842
Consulariappoin time mis: Tey Ges steele cre sehr ec cies cl hanger eeanarae 493, 999
Memosra phic statistiGs: ki ja5 aqua ee eee meen ier eee ue ees 999
Electrical Engineers, meeting of Panama section of American Institute of. 338
Exposition, national—
C@ulbamp bul dine Sees ea ce teeta ste a ate aret ay ed eo ene tsa 494
indians\Saniblas. tobe representediat uss ae eaer eran nse ane see 338
OSE PONEMEMbOMOPCOIN G2 Oe eos ae pee: Pee ey om meyer arar ee sal ange 936
IETOSTESSLOMUD Ul GIN OS ae scn 35-25 se eee eae reese Oe eee oe aie 167
Wenezuelang building. 32\)2 i. cars see sleme ateer ate Mee secre yer akc ye etelevaeas 665
Indians, San Blas, to be represented at national exposition.............-: 338
aundryasieam-sinitheeicy, of Pamainae seman esse elas ae tere eee 842
XXII INDEX.
PanamMA—Continued. Page.
iiehthouselatbatateallanay Bares secre meee arenes eter ieree erat 842
Mail comtracts fi ae a 2G cee Ses Eee neers eaten eye oat oer re papaya ae 493
Mcrrasi aioe Web wits sh Bah SN i 0) No) 2 VAN Ae eed vat at payene ese oie eetarcgeyarey spate 665
Messare lot Presidents 3:8 Masse cc reer ee ee ee cern Creme e = emer e sere rer 841
Motor-boat service between Panama and Aguadulce.........-......------ 842
INatiomalicodes iii tio.) ais lie Ns ice Nerct ape ny a cesteneeescys mest sae se ions svete rarcoer st atates 842
Ramamayiml O15. oo 8 aici. 2ie ea crate eyaveie ctstceeaey ate: teste fetes aus 2a) eat cea ante 999
iPanamai@anallZonelboundanyateatyeee-s eee eee eee eee ose ee ee Eeee 842
Panama Cityoublic park. 2s 223s eee 2 ter siatern aiele apse eae ee 493
IPR MANO, MAEM NGOs ood as cen Sodoleosdccaboud ss doudgeseascbodsssuasec0" 961
Parcel! post wath) Nicaraguial ss see eee are er aerate eaten ee 841
Plambaliitesistudy soit iy acai ieee eiveteteccs te et i atere) aie le ete crete ete eee ae 166
Printing office to be founded by orphan asylum.................-...----- 494
Railway, Chiriqui, modification of original course ............-...---..-- 338
Receipts, (expendituresiand a2 anee eee ee ce ene ce Ae enone sine cee 842
Scholarship granted Ricardo A. Morales to complete course in University of
Golumabia, New, Mork ih foe Se eee eRe eee eee 999
Schools— Y
INéwischools created. 222 oes 2ccee on cy-en econo oes eee ee eee 493
INiehtischoolsjestallolaslve cl ute eae eee ee ey eye evar rad ete sane eee 493
Professionalischool wor womenter sae oeee se ees es ete) eae eee 493
Santa Ana SchoolvforBoys..-0.-0 scree saee er ece meee ee eee eee 666
Sitatasttes ice a cel ei Se mie eae a yep sates enone te Meee eee 842
South of Panama, first paper: Western Colombia and Ecuador............. 748
Sugar plantations to be bought by Government in Las Santos............. 999
Telegraph and telephone—
Joey oy go Kehealey tt AME Are eRe CMA Ne ae CRA Mab dacd sk 841
Pocri and La Palma, installation of lines between............--.------ 338
Tramway rates to school children, special.................--.-.-.----- 338, 666
Treaties—
CanalyZoneboundanyitreatyeerr- cs eee eee ae eee eee see eee 842
iReacel treaty; wathithe WmitedsStatesteeases ss se ase = oer 299
Tropicalianemia jetudyiOly. jase seme eens eee eee ae nclselsaclersice seme 665
PANAMA CANAL:
Anniversary of initiation of United States’ interest in..................-.. 167
BOUIN ay FOL a ee 25 Tae ence ay et cocoon as an repens eee 842
Gatun) locks first passagenthroup hese ess eye ean eee 167
Opening of the Panama Canal...............-..-...2----------- eee 345
Panama Camal ieee ye O56 sa os cane a's cue ae a die etarata ars eae oreo re eae 961
Panama) rate ways ou. oo de cciee eee cee cirs tema aie eictere sels Sere ee epee 961
Tonnage ‘certificates! {oe esc ic se Ree ee Sanya coe near eet ar aie at ere 76
Vessels for the Panama Canal, measurement of.............-------------- 961
Pan America in the Magazines:
Wboricimal American vant, pmasterpleces Olase ses near meee eee eee 773
Andes! trom oxicart tomoton car imGhe sees een ae ree ee ee eee eee eee eee 104
Aniumalthe ‘world’s largesty2o. 5. Sos. eeeeee ein loc ceri ce en ee eee 115
Argentina— :
Ajourney, through) Argentina. as-2 see eaasee eae seeee eee ee a eee 509
Financial conditions at the end of October.............-.----------- 921
Implementstrade: of. guciscs \o. se eee eee ee COCR ees ace eee 255
Banana Oro opGhes visiise o ze 6 in elas epee peters eee cteens flere ceo ec Pare ae 433
INDEX. XXIIL
Pan America in the Magazines—Continued.
Bolivia— Page.
(Oioimannnververall joossnl UNM. Go ocedse sos ses ss tccodoorpoookdosbadesees 888
RUNS Wilde con odeécoguoseobke Soo pdag cd op saab sed bE hooseeGons abo 268
Brazil—
INO, HO IENAOTN Wsacaocasdsooncabooucssobucucesccopddcsopesocconssem 883
TSSeVATIL TANTS, WROLON [HGS HO WIN Se oocgoconseo goo oe pe ooecoDSceccob Scud 593
TiO THO Iee: TONGIUISEAY Tl osaacososqoge so be oo soaccuouseusoondosHesccosoncEEs Teal
Nhambiquara land, with a mule train across the.........-...-------- 552
TRIE Ot IDWW Nis ocscoaadacbcodbeS cede ogecodeesebcuscuaccugosausosed 753
Tgihee, Ne) Whelan. Soca na boohoooc cus ouSocosscHasUeESeaSEEGSdDe 274
Through the highland wilderness of western Brazil..-.....------------ 415
10a) Woe Ree Gt AVON cos eouSoo Soon goo godoboscoocssoueusoobosbace 246
Central America—
Courtiofdustice ss. ssa Gest eS EN sey ae ae aes sore mee 925
Mineraliresources andumining policiesseess =e eeeee tees een eee sen ae 911
Chile—
INatrate ind ustiny ate seme eerie eet cary staat ateral tetera a reece 428
Quarnyrmeroreaine distant ae eee eee eee a eee eee eer eee eee 108
Colombia—
iBovotastherAthens)ol SouthpAmentCae seen seer eee eee rae 407
(CHIME er osha sce cabo oososaunebocos sassondgosSousseberesasdesé 95
WW Goes Seas Aaa AGO S BAC one te PoE IC aCeN Steir aE ieee 413
Shinty Wet So ade desseccudosasboncsoeogsubecos cucesoeneooocoe suede 569
Cuba—
Mpaintedicity of the Spanish Maines sss sesenes == cee eee ee 98
Gruisin opine eek eee Bs See eee en oeree ies aise cra (enete ss ene neta 574
GolfanjtheyRropicssthetsamevor seas nace eet ic treet meets
Expeditions—
Anthropolocicaliexplorationshni Pere ses sas see ie eee ene 270
Scientific expedition to Colombia..................-. ae sso Grae ae 82
Yale University and National Geographic Society in pen RL OR LEG an pe 272
Zoological Society’s expedition to Costa Rica........:.-....---------- 265
Honduras:s RevistayHiconomicas 6 sans see ae emai tates aeleeree 780
Huntinesthe'spectacledsbear ofthe -Amdes=es- 2 ase nese a eee OO
Intermationalidemocracye Pises- ceases ane ee as eaie oja cscs estes 886
Latin America: Bank acceptances and dollar credits.................-.-- 923
Mexico—
Artiand archaecolopyesis: saeceek oh ees ck ee ee ee eee 85
CofieetinyMexicowameanvicwrOleeeeeereeeeee ce eeeee eer eee eee 903
HarlysMexdean\ Marolicay aed Sa eae ie at era S ls wicon Aare eeeevensyceeter eee 906
Mhe-home olanorgotten Tacess sseenses seen fa eee eee tee eee 113
Panama—South of Panama, first paper: Western Colombia and_Ecuador.. 748
Panama (Canal. willopens Bolivia yhowsthe=sessecaseseeeaeeaee eee eee 258
ParacuayJheadi waters ofthe Sah se Sis apeas Mel PA ee SR epee Weep one ee 89
Peace, practical mediation and international..............--..-.---.---- 892
Peru—
Asrichicommercialifieldis. 50.8 asst eet ae ere dette neler arian = 890
mpireyot the: Childrentof the sun eee seers eee es eee ae 252
iEheyPampaconas) Rivers. 202. seth aa ok Sere eee ee poe cians 591
Quarantine, plea for a constructive Pan American ........-.-.--- see Res 429
South America—
PANTO MAT TLC Ny aL Tapert ches las Src-a lc 5, <0S Speers mT ere Om cae eee) hoe Ah cer 745
JM LN? Odq CoN OTIC) Chae e Ma MEL GS a GGRa Ki am one a neo oA 424, 759, 894
XXIV INDEX.
Pan America in the Magazines—Continued.
South America—Continued.
Shipping tacilaties to)... s5- 5 =) )-— = ene eee eee Pe ena mel a
Sugars ithe world’s trade am... 52/2): Wes ya eee eee
hroughisleepers irom! Nome to) Cape Elorm= sass sees asses aeer eee
Pan AMERICAN NOTES:
Trade—
United States must buy Latin American products......-.--..-.------
Opportunities, foreigne 2 sc cco co eaters ae See eee aera ae eee
The present best policy toward South American......-.......-------
United States—
The flap to ite makers ies 342 gey eee sonal eons Paya ea oes ey
Morestiob stones. cee ie Aye face oN aes cle Cua pe
Prodan. trante &.. iscsi dca ee ert od re oS false he ee a
‘The inidiamassalinmte nyse ee ee i. Se oye lane a a
Me: world s.:oldestitree yo se) Sve verelel eect ate Tale) eat ps ese ea
‘Vanilla, beans; thecculltures Ot yeas occ pcet eee ata rey ee, a
Venezuela—
Among the galt harvesters of the Caribbean=- 5-2-3. -25 25-2 = 224-5 seeo=
haGuairayand Caracase see catcoee ase ene ce ste se eee eee ee
Rubber collectors of the remote South American hinterland, among
Pan American Affairs, Prominent in:
Agramonte, Dr. Aristides, Cuban scientist..... Bini a ode lychee ee
INbornoz Sr DonvAntonto Carlloder(Culba)easesseees sees eee eee eee
Anasagasti, Sr. Horacio, commissioner general of Argentina to the Panama-
Pacific International Exposition.............-.-- et ees eis
Arjona, Sr. Don Aristides, judge of Supreme Court of Panama...........--
Baehr, Mr. Max J., consul general of the United States to Switzerland. -.-
Baldwin, Mr. A. H., commercial attaché of the United States in London. .
Barranco, Sr. Don César A., consul of Cuba to Germany........--...----
Clayton, Mr. Powell, late ambassador of the United States to Mexico... .-
Colton, Hon. George R., representative in South America of the National
City Bank of New York. ........-.---- via eae aye la tar arewaled aia treed site eee
Cruz, Dr. Oswaldo, director of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute of Brazil....--
Diez de Medina, Sr. Don Eduardo, Assistant Secretary of Foreign Relations
Of Bolivia 2562 rca ena acee bccn ee a Bee ee seers ae see ee eens
Escobar Vargas, Sr. Don Octavio, commissioner to the Panama-Pacific
Intemational Hixposttione ..)0 2 oni yo la ans eee eee SEI a eee
Gallardo, Sr. Enrique, consul general of Ecuador in New York.........---
Gémez, Dr. Carlos F., envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of
Areentina,to:Chile. 2.0% 2.02. oe te ot eee anit elaese cle eee ee eee
Gottschalk, Mr. Alfred L. M., United States consul general at Rio de
JADEN: © = - chys ccheyeiaie's Gdloie ala aid ese S Ee SUSE ERE ee eee eee
Hale, Dr. Albert, commercial attaché of the United States to Argentina...
Ham, Mr. Clifford D., collector general of customs of the United States at
Manacua, Nicaragua. secon os ses ene eer emo eeitieeiose eee eerie
Harrington, Mr. A. I., commercial attaché of the United States to Peru...
Havens, Mr. Verne L. R., commercial attaché of the United States to Chile.
Huber, Dr. Jaques, director of botanical section of the Goeldi Museum of
917
743
398
743
400
405
739
402
735
744
402
400
403
736
736
404
739
401
741
741
398
INDEX. XXV
Pan American Affairs, Prominent in—Continued.
Page.
Pérez Verdia, Sr. Luis, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary :
Ol Mexacontol Guatemala se epee en ik LOM ie el ops eve kel balsa t ILA Ue Ne NU Ke 736
Roca orJulosateseresident of Arcentin asaya ya =a ae yn nn on 733
Scheele) Mrsiirwany he (Ummedt States) seseseee tae eae aiee 4 anes Saar 406
Smith wre Clintons Da (UinitedyStates) Mas eres ese eee 405
Uribe Wribes Gen: Rataely (Columbia) Saige ee eee ene eel 735
Unriburw Sra diese Ev aristol(Araemtimal sess 3 seeee e eyee es 733
Pan American Notes:
Ambassadors—
Ambassad oruNaonehonore dsr ieee eters oyna Une Caan Ln 934
xara (Ola wavs! uueint so soceencooeaue copasnedsednasdcesbnasacnac 931
Pan American Society to honor ambassadors from Chile and Argentina. 931
United States ambassadors to Argentina and Chile.................- 609
American city bureau exhibit in Santiago, Chile. .........:5............ 460
Americas the). 25 22 ese a Ren cree eee earner to 5 7 eRe 624
AnPAmercantdiplomat honoredy bya © himamese es te eee eee ee 290
Arsentineroricerimp Ne weniOrks Se Cla lesa eee see aera ae 453
Brainard, Col. David L., to be appointed military attaché at Buenos Aires. 293
Browa,Predertck, deathy ot 2a sei a cae soy Seen. ea One i aa 944
Carnegie statuelat Dunfermline) | Scotlandsas2 ose 944s. eel ee ene 785
Central and South America, by Prof. Shepherd...................2-..... 946
CentralOAmerica, ImternationalsBureauvoless= (ees 2 22 se a ene 798
Chilean Legation in the United States raised to the rank of embassy... .... 451
Columbus, monument to (Dominican Republic)..................22.1.. 456
Commerce—
IAs affected! bycther wars cca beers <u) 5 ee URC Ty es ARR hee 444
A WOEGL OR CamtLOme 4 Sekt CRA atin nh loa eee eicnnyRies AN aM ESPN NN SRG SPAM A 607
Reviews of foreign commerce of Latin America for 1913............... ie
Commercial cruise: towlva imyAmierica nen nr aa eee eee eee ae ae 455
Commercial travelerim SouthPAmercam assesses sass ae eee 461
Conference—
AM Watinw Ameri canetrad etc. = sees eet mic ae ee cere cea 617
Commercial angMemphis Tennwe sass ee Sen ee ee ee ey ee 793
Fifth Pan American—
Datarregardin etree sec 23 Veo e eae US ea OE eee OR 280
Postponemen Grobe skate siete sae eres tee een nS Oe Eee 604
iHlorergny trad eysabeblarn sure mae sania eres ee erate eee ea 800
Latin American trade, of the New York, New Haven & Hartford R. R. 940
Sanitary s postponement) Oh. a2--sseeese oe Reenter See ee eee ees 797
rade woieRichmond Varese eee eeeeee gh. Lee Nets a ald pale 618
Congress of Americanists, postponement: (222). -e2 44 see eee ae eee 458
Congress of Americanist, the Bolivian session of the.............-....... 290
Congress) Euspanic-American Hustoryes sees asses eee eee 75
Congress on Home Education, International. -..-....:-:..5-..---.....:- 460
Congress, International Dry Farming, of Wichita, Kans................... 458
Consressyomtihwean American Medica le aaeer aa eee eee ey eee eee 305
Congress, Southern Commercial, establishes bureau of translation.......... 936
Costa Rica: Decision of the boundary question with Panama............- 615
Dartmouth College—
eeAllsroundsachtevement.? Prizes: saeseo esse ene ee eee eee ee 78
Commencenrienttiiexerelses a Urea ae eee ere eee ee 303
XXVI INDEX.
Pan American Notes—Continued.
Descriptive pamphiletsiof the Republicss2-ee mess) see eee
Diplomatic officers receive university degrees.................-.--..-.--
DuiBors: Hon. J.T, an: honor tosseeeeesee ee eee eee eee eee earatar
Hducationalbrelatrons, ban Aimer canes sees esse a ee eee eee
Expeditions—
Collins-Day expedition to South America:.-...2-2-2.:.2-..22.----2-
Scientific expedition to Colombia directed by Prof. Marshall H.
Saville 0: 2.0L 078 iy Speen te pone if ee
Scientific expedition to South America directed by Mr. Leo E. Miller.
Southwest Museum of Los Angeles, expedition to South America under
AUSPICESiOLsjo2. ose sss eRe cee ee eee ee eee Crree ae eta
Fletcher, Hon. Henry P., ambassador of the United States to Chile.......
Hardware and allied products in Latin America..............-.---..-----
Latin America—
ACdressed Ole 25. e822 eee eee en ees eft se eer iacieieieictsiis tone eee ee eters
American Express Co. to enter Latin American field...........-....--
Bam imo 552 asc aysieioe tate ese raters Ses roe raters tae ee erat oes over a ne te
Better news service withercss eee eles elector leer tater
Macarzinlexat tem tom GO reysestelets chiar ae tate aerators ae eae
Manufacturers’ report, the National Association of.........-....---....---
Mexico: Clarke lectures ona) ees a eee eee See
Ministers—
Bolivia: Minister Calderon’s address to the American people.....-.---
Costa Rica—
Andcitsiminister- ccc. seecee see eice see ee le ace eae eee eee
Retiring ammisteniOlan seep eee eee sea Nese eee
Cuba: Changes in governing board of the Pan American Union......-
Dominican Republic, new minister from..................----------
Mohonkiconterences this yeatsSeeqe eset: eee eee ee eee eee nee
Monthly Bulletin—
A tribute from Sr. Barrios, of Guatemala.......-..-.--.--------------
WAG COTECC LION Ly2po's cicjaesiexeret ter eres Rare = Sieh yee ee ets a aie ee oe Pete
Moran, John J., the Venezuelan Government confers distinction on.......
Nicaraguan mixed claims commission............-.--...-----.-------+----
Panama—
Boundary question with Costa Rica, decision of..........-...-------
Canal-tonnagecerfilicatesss-sceess-e- eee eee ee eee
Exposition, postponement of opening of...........--.-.....---------
Panama-Pacific International Exposition—
Medical ‘Congress; Sixibany Americans sa ee eee see eer
Spanish pavalionvatithe ss aeeer ese eerte eae et teeters ere rane ees
iPan American Credit Insurance! Cone s-ee-e see eee eee ee eee eee eee
Pan American mass). i265 ooo Seas gle eee eee ean ee eee
iPanvAmenican mec tings ime SOS to Masse eee se ee eee eet
Pan American Union governing board—
AC resolution\ of peacesecsscee. + se oer eee EE eee eee et
Clrangesiian chien 01 CRE a Ra SPO Ps ere orcs ete reyaret anaes
Iimnportamt ame e tins Of seer se eee eee eee ete ee eae ere ore ete ear tate
Peynado, Sr. Don Francisco J., and Las N ovedades AUS A Kites Ae ae EE
Publications, new—
Me Ann CriGasss 2o8 <ic.< sc wleverees ins er cloe Se CO ee ae renee
Dawes i/Kederalists:.. 03.2.4 2 eee eee eee eer cee
““tWeuNew Republic’? ...:5).5.22 uae eee eee ee ae aes rere
82
941
943
784
949
790
788
624
947
622
951
455
297
82
297
289
82
83
611
462
800
611
615
76
939
305
936
801
938
613
609
289
929
620
624
626
949
INDEX.
Pan American Notes—Continued.
Rockhill, Hon. William Woodville—
An American diplomat honored by China................---.--------
IDE HAV ORS Ss Aico ee Spee Sastre Stetina cia acs meitatd cise Moses Co taMe
Rowe eros Beows...atilat lala tay UmlVersity moet mee eee rears
Saenz Pefia, Dr. Roque, President of Argentina, death of............-....-
Shepherd’s, Prof., book, The London Times Reviews.......---..-.------
South America—
Aisranvexcp ort fieldiowy wie 3 te. cu ana ect cci le ye Sr ase Enea pn sae Pe Aepera
C@UTSE tO = Sere Sk IN Shee te PO ah EY Ha a ec NG: 4s haa eid UE a
South American Society at University of Minnesota............-.-..
Spanish—
Instruction in commercial schools of the United States............-.--
Ontthe studyiofee sc ae ee Wo ee 2 lias al a ee a eal aa ot
Students/oi Georsia to be\tauchits s4----se-e eee eee neeeeeCe eee eens
Teaching of Spanish in the United States..............-....-..::-:-:
Student/conferencesiatimeAmernicajatzes--ee nee eee eee eee eeee eee eee ae
Stud ent;congress)at; Chile postponedeesses=-ee ee eeeee eee Eee eee eeee:
Reunion International ;Studentsss-p =r a seen esse nee eee eae
Tours—
Hducators:tourime, SouthyAmericac-s see. jes eee eee eee nae
CruiseraroundsSouthyAmencas- eerie seer ee eee eee eee eee
Cruisesof thesHidelity rust) Co. canceledas. sees -e nese aeeeee eee
Gates Cours. 052 so.2) sega Wasi eae ie ne nas, a ee 73 oe MeN CEnN
PanyAmericanieducationalirelationss---ss-4440 2s aoe niee
Lounists irom) Houstomanethe: Canibbean=se--eeeese- eee eee eee
Trade—
Conference yaylatineAGnericaneelee eee eee eee eee eee eee
Contferenceoi Richmond Vas sees sas se ace eee eee ee eee
Credutelmsunance:Compebane Aum ericaneee nena se ae ae are
Foreign trade conference at Harrisburg, Pa..........-..-----.--------
Jha tim Alin erie ny ove a sale dr eee anor SP ee attic ne
National Foreign Trade Convention of the United States...........-
Pamphlet on Argentine international trade .............------------
iRanpAmernicanvassociationyimelin diana se eee eee eee esa
AGralroad) CX CUPSION. » - 2-8) lac. crepe tel Se aioe ete, cia) tee See
United States foreien| trade enterprisesss-24-4-e oe eee eae
Treaties of peace between the United States and Latin America—
ATR ONEIMA se aceite oc ate ee ee ed st he tel Aas ee th ee
INTCarAG UA a ewido 22S oa. s oc cts, 2 Siecetneey eee cane ea prey ae yest
BI PeNTa RIV EAs sells oy ches sz de anh A tas Ng Re Rg RD OS (eo SC a
RSP NG Gre ect hrs eee eee Ae ea eg a AU Ak Ne eas ee lee
LORD AU Ee en ore eee are oro i ee irae Metre et crete
WiC TTC ZL C | ete ee a a heey aN ce a ee aes Aaa Dene sheen ate e hE
XXVII
Page.
290
» 940
934
449
946
462
XXVIII INDEX.
Pan American Notes—Continued.
United States—
Page.
JNO Chiguayeevabaves iba YyplMns) iis, [AWAD -o5osecsecosoesecaceuoesscesoonn 456
BankginlSouthyAmericarse.- teem ins a. eee ean Lane An ey opr Sencar 299
Bostonkexpositi ome ss saescce A eye ananee Maley ws Sie) ToL Ai vans se aceayeen ae 458
Bunea Ot Commilercialue como es) (lies) meer ea are ey eee ee 626
Dawes Medera list sie ee eee Week NIU nih Be ats bP UN g/L 626
Scholarshupsroritive mt Udycor Spaluishieel sales maya ete eee 629
Shap pum Ona ilies 7. 215 8 ui sree te occ dea PO ee 629
South American edition of the Boot and Shoe Recorder........-.--- 624
Spanish courseoiereatanterestusescesenese cease ase ae eee 461
PARAGUAY:
NoTICULG Ural. Colomies yen t mK hE e, LAR NC Tels VAG A ii A Be 667
AmnIVersahy Olin depend ences: iki emis eae tc rae al 168
IA STIMICIOM BOLE) WOLK CO) WC OUAIOM epee ye eae aoe aerate 168
Banks—
Bancol Constructors bij=)awaOl= eee eee eee ene ee ee 1000
iBancodelasvepublica toiberestablisheds-es) 4. ae ener 1000
Coalivein: discovered ia a. seija Me eee dd: ae eI a AR RI Te 843
Codicadora;Commiussionymakes reportasessee as ee ee ee See eee eee ee eee eee 1000
Colonization esas 5e yao See eek hic OO SIS OE ae 495
Commerce of Paraguay for 1913..........................-.....--.. 311
@ommiercesincreasclol-ee ease eee eee jw wo PRS. OG fer sea 666
Commercial travelersvadwiceliton=--ee- ee eee eee eee eee 167
Dairy, National. once esiep ined ob es Ramee ERROR SUR eee 667
Debt?'external andsinternalls..\ oes 58 ele Ee eee LO eee 168
Duties, export, regulations regarding payment of..............---------- 1000
Hncineers) nationaldepartimentotaa4-ee eee eee ee eae eee eee eee 667
TE GPOO USS ais eo cee ees ee eee I eaten CHT eR 494
Export:duties, deereevomeg cee cea 2 LAS AO a EEG AP AO ea 843
Mlours free tmp ortation OF sesh ase ee ee ae et as eee ret 843
SESS Unt: Gas Gye Seo ay cae a aes ee ess ne Nee) ee seg Ae Me 339
AGaabaableanr| (ori Wamregey eat aes Shea OOO) SL UNCP CaM A ak Caps A SE at tah sce 5 339, 495
Tabor Contac tals. oe. tas cite ethers Amie Sees eR UN EE TS Ee eh ede a 843
Meaunchiservae 2-2 eye cerseee epee es ie SO ES PE AS A AM es 495
laundry, moder mecdedsin-Asunciontesssss2-- eee see eee eee eee eee 339
Joans, agricultural bank authorized 'tojymake-e-s22-22-- +22 eee) se eee 843
Lumber: Shipment of Peteriby logs to Buenos Aires............--.------- 339
Machinery for printing department of Government............-.--.------- 339
Message of Preside mts. .(ioi sheen i fk ee 168
Military officers, German, employed by Government............-.-------- 339
Mines and iminine:) Coalavemdiscovercdsee ese te ee ee eee ener 843
IPOrtrol Asuncion, sworks ose giny one e rie ele eee eee 168
Printing department of Government, modern facilities to be purchased for.. 339
Railways—
Central Railwayrschedul exsa ees oe eels eee ee eer 844
Electric cars for Asuncion, additional supply of.......-..---.------ 494
Ricexculture: encouraged Jeb) he 54555 ee ee eee ee serene ene tee 843
Rivers—
Canializa tom ote; = 22/2): SRee so Vil ee a eee ets HVE ah Sete eee erat ree 843
Headwatersol the (Pararuay..9-.55 eee eee et eee ter eter) veer 89
Schools—
Acriculturalischool at Paracuari ss 4) eee re eee eee eee ere 843
Germanyschoolorganized .:2 is seee5 eee eee ee een
INDEX. XXIX
Paracuay—Continued. Page.
Scientitie workibysChodate clas Speen anne teh Sey Caterer AEVOn SPN Cota te 667
Society “‘El Centro Paraguayo”’ organized in Uruguay....-....---.-.---- 1000
Steamship servicesplanssjse.ccce bie neo. Serene et ne ele Sova 495
Students studying abroad, French Navigation Co. reduces rates to.....--- 1000
Students tim Dita lays os spaces pat race ree tceecrate htt ns hres crane fats teh tat teiaeearaeneens ae 339
Telegraph, wireless, communications established with Chile on Pacific
GCOAS Gear ais bar nraiat tatarersrotoratale tvararctaleye oletatatolayetareleiersiavstey tates oy SAN ee 843
Treatysot peace wathythe! United Statest..2- 4 ssesee nea eee see 797
PERU:
Agriculture—
Acriculturalysociety, election of officer ol-e----ee-e ene ee ee oe 844
Neociacion dey) eiensa Acricolasssas4--oreeeeee eee rere eee eee 1001
Amthropologicaltexplorations|in@ sss s45-- eee sees ee eee eee ae 270
Bankr @hre cea sy sepsis are cc heratavenaie oe erp bh at ois 3k ala a pt Rs aI 668
Bear of the Andes, hunting the spectacled..........-.---.--...-...------ 900
Benzene) shipments itomuuropen- acetate eee ene ena eee ae tee ae 340
iBoraxsrecion)vasitedsoyenglish Compasses s 5-6 soe eee eee ne eee eee 340
Cabinet chan ges yc sao faye eae ote ee ips enka ae ee eh eee 495, 668
Chilean independence celebrated... 2.225.225 42 5-3 5555s see teens 1001
Coal prices Ste eek a A Ne A thasotdapieot 4.2 = ee ee ee eee es 844
Coming-of Peruvianlisilvers 4.1550 slo panei tte a trons See 1001
Commerce of Peru for, LOU ..o5. 5c cise hp eapepdiarar rst parosiranctot trie ee eee 963
Commercialfields RerucrAvriche..-2-seee ee see ee eee eee 890
Customs} tarifistoberreformed ]--2 ses acess Se ce ee oe ee eee 169
Hlectric-light service—
Cuzcoyplantmearicompl ction se sae ess eos eee seat eae eee eee 496
Huancayo, Government approves contract for plant for-............-.- 495
Empire‘of theiChildren‘of the Sunias-seee eee ee eee eee eee eee aeee 252
Hxpedition into the waldsiof Gass aos ae ee eae aaa ee 340
Ferrenafe, a city, executive decree makes town of............-.--------- 844
GUAM eto ats Se aie etree iad vanced ted Mpeege apa mye yea Saat agateo sorta ee ere 340
Highways—
Lima and Chorillos, highway to be constructed between............- 169
Survey for construction of public highways authorized..............-- 844
Loan of $1,000,000 to be placed for railway construction...........--.--.- 169
Mines and mining—
Goldtcoined tiny Reruwvdant Mim tayeree ese) eters a. See 1001
Silver from Peruvian mines to be refined in the United States......- 1001
Mint; National of diimads. isc unemeeeeccinioaciseicini ec eee ee ets eee 1001
Monument to/San Martine \292¢ 2152/8 Sta ee ecjoe a -lnase sae eee 668
Moratorium: declared i225 s5ec Sees saeco eosin SEE ape ae 667
Pezet, Sr. Dr. Federico Alfonso, receives university degree........-..-.-- 78
Port of Santa, active work on improvements of.......----..22--+------+-- 168
Postcards ofyPerti vial; Scenery. jac sicccas see ee eee 341
Publications;.-¢Hl) Peru, tal/cualijes?72235.. sees eee eee eee ee eee 340
Railways—
Allpas, Raalroad . <oiais0.0:0.dssm.inicitc ope S ee dee eae Sk eae Tso = 496
Chancay to Cerro de Pasto, preliminary studies for road from....-.---. 1001
Cuzcoito SantayAna,.procress| of work oneee esse erases een eee ee eee 169
oanvor 1, 000!000 for road toh Urubanibasssesees erase eee ee een Log
Madre de Dios River region, inspection of............--...----------- 495
Retaailtpricessreowlation Of.)5 45.24 ..))42 2.yseee ye ee es er ened citar gs uae 668
Rents)to; workmen: reduced | 2 ....ce2ee eee eee see a eee eine Seneca ee O44
XXX INDEX.
PERru—Continued. Page.
River, the!Pam pacomasy 5. see w ae ays alas sh glean aL ae eed e a apa 591
Rubber im ustry: 1) oe eae are asia ee fy ar ines apa Se aa ye 844
Sanitary Convention of Washington amended.....................-------- 1001
Seed jimports:resullated i495 eh) Aine Aldi tenes hi Soy yah ye a nea eae 844
Silvericoimacge:) a Mara canes emme ns! ALAS OSK 1c 20014) ea fs aaa 844
Steamship service between the United States and Peru................... 168
Treaty of peace between United States and............... BRA TET 299, 496
Wilds expeditionanto: success 52ac 0) yt Me cyhl poe) Lynbg oe pi plalioae a SLD
Queries and Answers:
[Candis wire ses tan, Sie MapN RONG Lisle BUR. al A toes Oe ene ea 70
ThatingAm ericamvtariiies] 00 0 Me Wu yU iy ee epi cd | i Le i a aaa 69
Monterrey, 1spellime Ofsc2/52 5 62.50% foie oc ,cpo Saisie ts See es 71
Punta Arenas and Puntarenas; reason for difference in spelling........... 69
Qumtalydefimitiomsot ean. ers ok Oe Oa ee 69
Siroche, or mountain sickness, treatment for.........................----- 71
Reception of Ambassadors from Chile and Argentina................. 880
Reception of New Ministers:
Costa TRIGA ASM cies ie Dele teeta le eta Aa cle ee ela ee mg 725
Ba ee Se A SN EE 20 a Oe 2 Alp cack om eee Ah ale ey Bo a 721
Dominican Republic. cess cer eee ola a eae A 732
ISI Ameena pana ey ei EN Ae 2 PERU Cher arate a Se 719
Wien eZ ela e GAs Se Sie. k Suaeelces is yd sea lava taraiaeayae ay Seon eke Ee 728
Rojas, Minister of Venezuela, Demise of.......................--.-------- 62
SALVADOR:
Agricultural department distributes seeds to farmers..............------- 170
Moricultural: fair he ee OUR Paes Fld a, euch ape yee Ap gna 846
Arbitration convention between United States and Salvador, extension of.. 1002
Arms reslations or the manuiacture) ofasesesse- een eee 845
Artesian wells/contract-s2sssecc o-oo eee cee ee Eee Re ere ee eee eae 670
Automobile clips by-laws) Ol cys ae ee Seen aes aoe epee reer are 1002
Banks—
Montages abs. outa kine. a BORO ee REE ae ot eee 845
Occrdemtalls seco a ede eMail Clk a lancer eal ie AES AES LS i eas tc 669
BUGS ec bigs Os O55 5 Batt aoa ih oy Oe Le 8) SIS aed SR WN Se ve 845, 1002
Cabinet jap pointe mt qsanseeinne S Meee Hee aig aE ee 845
Commerce of Salvador for 1913.0. 2222s. 522. ee eee oe 640
Conference, ratification of resolutions, conventions, etc., of Fourth Inter-
TivtLomar ls Cpe en cat) EN AR i ee he Melba i dkadeean’ Cis ene Sie 846
Correction, ‘houseioli sted wince ee die ee ee len Geos Se Oe ee 497
Customs—
Rep ulations. su hoe kee te es eo 1002
Text-books}ireed iromichargess4s-2 esse anes ee eee eee oaae eee 1002
Demographic jstatistyesy 20s Ras is eae aes Heyy ae ye ered ea ee 669
Economic! measures) ii) 250. 23. ge ye ea ae pt Reg 1002
Education; aid tos 28 2202) Beet eee be Ne ease I ee PA en Oe 497
Electric light service—
Acajutia to have: plant 2422.42 Sasser eee einer ee ee eye setae pepe 341
Flant ito bejnstallediat Metapantaaesesee sete see see ae ee sae
Hmiploymentibureatyestablishedtissasseeer ere eee e etre eect eee. ae eee 1002
Tmamipratiom Teg ulations wee oi.) Ue eee eas Ag teret ay rete al Std Ne a 1002
Journalists; meetine of Society ofeea 4544 he sees eee eee ae ae e eee 341
Hoecustipests prize for destruction olzess-p-n eee eee eee eee eee 1002
Market for Santiago de Maria, new modern.........-.-.------------------ 341
INDEX. XXXI
Commerce of Salvador for 1913—Continued.
Railways— Page
Developmientsy. aa isaac: yey he ec clea ae lUe cee eT i bh 497
Metapan to Ahuachupan, progress of road from........---..---------- 669
San Salvador to La Libertad, road to be constructed from.........-. 342
Schools—
ANoriculturaliech coli: seas 4 es aoe es yep rertece clobee aye c Lana, eye 170
sArtsian dt craitseen ys dic a ictal avsleie ae viele Ae Seieiiate, AMOR OE ec cine va ete ae 669
Arts and trade, regulations governing teaching of the.............----- 341
INormalischoolsreopening ofse-seessc ance eee eee ee eee eee 169
SantayRosasimaproved) pumilldings foresees te eee eee ee eee seen 341
Statisticsconcerming yeep hoc soe eee coe eee Ae ee ee eee 169
Taxes—
Imiheritances cep eae ce See ee as elec At ppd ii | OR = a Sg 668
Be @allitiy: 535 3,2 opis a 5 oie ag ee ers kenee hea. (PMN eaars elo cc fees Eves ake 846
iS] 2110) 0) Se ee Ae a eer MESSRS Oe e ome Ashe ranke ce cos aD eae 497
Telephone line, international, established between San Salvador and
Honduras. cases cacti eat ye nies crates Sines ee ict) s/atsyara sre Ee 170
reaty, 0: peace withthe Wmited| Statesao.- eee sees ee eee eee 299
Vessels calling at ports of Salvador during 1913.............-------.-.... 1002
Sarmiento and His Monument in Boston...........................-..-. 186
Sculptor Pedro. M. Basalowe: eyo. cence eee te ee See eee. eee 878
SoutH AMERICA:
BAY JO UETAC yy TN ele RS a 2 IL ea Rk a a Se Nig Poe Sen aera 745
Commercial Traveler in............-.--..-------- 28, 217, 377, 469, 532, 694, 863
CTUIBe bones oe i ly MN lh I EN I hate pay ae a 792
Expeditions—
Collins-Day expedition to South America.......-.........----------- 943
Scientific expedition to South America directed by Mr. Leo E. Miller... 941
Southwest Museum of Los Angeles sends expedition to South America. 943
Export field South@America asians sees ee ese elle eee 956
Georraphy a) sclemtificn ib 0 ood peg habe areal a beth rE eet ree A 958
FLUMAn race IMs 2 05 cae eee Eee cine RE 28 eae PS Ree ee hse 342
Patents and trade-marks in Central and South America........----.----- 956
Ralwayiexpansionyin=-=e- esse eee oases il gk te AeA yh hl ot a 424, 759, 894
Railwaysiot South and) Central Americas -5 ene... eee es ee ese eae 954
Republicsiof Centraltand|SouthyAmericatess--p asc eee eee eee eee eee 961
Rubber collectors of the remote Hinterland, among the..............--.--. 917
Shepherd’s, Profs; booksy.4.ah ise Weta a ya Se oles, why be tesa BE Ney 946
Shippimg-facilitiesito:2t, ene ee eee ee es ae yal ee ee 925
Roursa\ through SouthyAmericase: se) beeeere eee a eer eee eee 961
Trade, the present best policy toward South American...........-------- 921
Trade, the Southern States and Latin-American..............-.-.--.--. 512
Trader see Costa Rica, as Tourist and.........................-.-.----- 849
Munkey; THe s4 se). asiceest a Ne Se See a es EE eee 673-684
UNITED STATES:
Ambassadors to—
HSigig2) 01 1: a ee RT et ESO oe nate ee uA eI 609
CHATS yess ay oh Scand. A i a ep A ea AMR AE rl ag BR 609, 784
American City Bureau exhibit in Santiago de Chile................--.--- 460
American Express Co. to enter Latin-American field...............------- 788
Amencanphertilizer Handu Book... 44.4944. -ee eee Brees ei, Nee park 632
A-new magazine: (The Americas)). 1. 49. Seep heey ey a pees ot apogee pss ays 624
78444—15——3
XXXII INDEX.
Unitep Srates—Continued. Page.
Animal, the! world’s largest. =<). 22)/ ers se See ele aie esse ee 115
Arbitration conventions with—
Costa: Rica ieee tod nah PERSE RLS POU erga Ae nil ANOS NIE a Oe 991
Salvador sco8: GIS) ALAN SES rd Me VC Me radian ssn 11 BU AN ERR a er 1002
Baehr, Mr. Max J., consul general to Switzerland......................-- 405
Baldwin, Mr. A. H., commercial attaché at London...................... 770
Banks in South America:cpeses seco nse ence ee ses stad oh) Meee eee oer 299
Brainard, Col. David L., to be appointed military attaché at Buenos Aires. 293
Brown,; Frederiek; deathvois sie sone eis: = 6 Rey 4 toy oo SnD DE eee 944
California coast ‘trails essa ue asa ee ss ee ae 1 Ee a a 960
California, the touristiaso22lc22254-c.2 65292260 ee Bee 960
Champlain tercentemanyi cts cease sole ec eles ee eae eel a 962
Clayton, Mr. Powell, late ambassador to Mexico.............------------- 735
Colton, Hon. George R., representative in South America of the National
City Bank:ot New Yorks. cite scssse-e ete tceeeteh hee eee 744
Commercial! Hconomicsi(ine.),; Bureaw Ofe2s222ee eee see oe Oe
Conference—
Commercial, Memphis Nemnas-2-e2eeeee sce ean eee ee ee eT
A. Latin-American trade 215k. Sass sid Die An aD ee ee 618
Foreign trade conference at Harrisburg, Pa_/-/--.2/2/..-222. 2222252252) 800
Trade; Richmond, Vaex s.eoeoe 2s hans Le he See ee ee ee 618
Conpress/of Americanists, postponement of=5-2-- 4-252 425554224 -2 eae 458
Congress) International Dry Farming 222452222 see eee eee eee 458
Congress on Home Education, International..................------------ 460
Dartmouth College—
{vAllround achievement prize--s-sesee 222s aee eae ee eee 78
Commencement exercises/at eos eae ee eee 303
Hngimeenne ifinmiwinsttirst Prizees ss 4- sealers he ep 456
Excursion arallroad: trade esas Sees ee a et 618
Expeditions—
Anthropological/explorations in Perue) 2522 4-422 4524s see eee 270
Collins-Day expedition to South America...-.-...-- 943
Scientific expedition to Colombia directed by Prof. Marshall H. (ceaael 82
Scientific expedition to South America directed by Mr. Leo E. Miller.. 941
Southwest Museum of Los Angeles sends expedition to South America. 948
The Stanford’expedition) to Brazils 3932). Sees eee 960
Yale University and National Geographic Society in Peru........---- 270
Zoological Society’s expedition to Costa Rica..........-.------------ 265
Flac. the: toate imakerseciu ee bi tome eele eee ie te 278
Fletcher, Hon. Henry P., ambassador to Chile.....................----- 609, 784
Forest,.of stome! bili sae eg UL Ee RE Toe: ee ee 764
Gottschalk, Mr. Alfred L. M., United States consul general at Rio de Janeiro 404
Hale, Dr. Albert, commercial attaché to the Argentine Republic.-......... 739
Ham, Clifford D., collector general of customs at Managua, Nicaragua... -- 401
Harrington, MriiA. Ty commercialattaché toy henuee--se-eee esse eee 741
Havens, Mr. Verne L. R., commercial attaché to Chile..........-..:.....- 741
Eouston! tourists;in, the Caribbpeantssseaseeeee eee eee eee eee 76
Hutchinson, Prof. Lincoln, commercial attaché to Brazil............--.-- 739
Indian‘as:a: hunter... 4. GeV Lee ee SE ct eee 439
Indian traites Wo oe RR I A Pa ie; ce 587
Indians:ot the/terrace d housesisnG0 ea ee eee cee ae eee 957
Manfuacturers’ reports, the National Association of...........-...-------- 951
Mediation, The Argentine-Brazil-Chile.............-..--.-.--------- 173
INDEX. XXXII
UnitTep States—Continued.
Mohonkiconterenceythismy Cansecue mera acne oc eos (h lke aa ep aN CPO AP 83
Monument in Boston, Sarmiento and his . ACO PAS 186
Moran, John J., Venezuelan Government fonts dispmaten 6 OnE 800
New York peeinee Bxchangey report) onecss essa ee ore ee eyes 959
INUe Vor York eniitodojsusitases rs yeep = esate ee sic is an at ee as os 953
Pan sAmenteanomasa ts. ss Wt AR Oa hy CRO EE: See SAUNA a 8 eS 938
iPanvAmencanemectingainebostonaeaecee sasae ae ey ee ee eee ane 613
Publications, new—
DawersrWederalisteasc cite cou ater eee to Steps Aneta eo NSE 626
PTS OAM CTU CASI ene eter Ree ETN OTe ty fo W ROE octets 624
; Bebhe(Newakep Ubi Gans ece toast sete tec p Ave eet aC aeons, Sec rece 949
Rockhill, Hon. William Woodville—
An American diplomat honored by China..............-------------- 290
Death ofS cassis pasihsicesend ae shana te Blea eves 2 SRE ES NO 940
“Roose velt72& 22. cclsc ee seks cae eka se a See eR Ee See 958
Rowe: Prot. beowss,at Wa elata University=-ss-oeseeoe eee ee ee 934
Scheelerairwin i. photographer-ce: -2ss--4- see eee aatee a eee ere eee 406
Seholarshipwonstudysol opanisheessss see eee ee eee 629
Shipping: facili tiestto; SoutheAmenica ssa --)seiee see eee ee ee 629, 925
Smiths Dry Climo my ee are aa itera ay Se a a ce 405
South American edition of the Boot and Shoe Recorder ......-.-..-..--.-- 624
Spanish—
Ble colote stitial See RA EA REE Ns i Oe aN, RD ae are 957
Imsiructionunycommercialischoolssesseree ee crease eee eee eee 794
Students! of Georgia, tobe) taught eee eee erin eee ren 7196
Reaching of Spanish imatheyWmiteds stateseeseeesa ese eee eee re 80
Stimson, Hon. Frederick J., ambassador to Argentina....../..-.-..-..-.-- 609
Students;reumion|interma tional jas see sane ate ae ee ee eee 793
Tours—
Cruise around South America (Gates’s tours)........---------------- 941
Cruisesof.the Pidelity, MrustiConcanceledysss sates. oe ae ee en O47,
Hducatorsitouring, SouthyAmericas-sepacee eee ere eet ae eee eo 7)
PaneAmerncanveducationalorelations=as4-4-" see oe eee ee eee 933
Tourists from Houston in the Caribbtan......................-.-.-- 76
Trade—
ConferenceaylatingAimen(caneee= ease eee eee eee ne eee 618
Avrailroad trad ele x Curstomes ee see ae eee Pepe ee a BE ee ees Bree 618
Conterence) of Richmond @Viarees- sass sessse as eee eee eee eee eee 618
Credit Insurance; Coy banyAmertcane see ee eee eee eee ee ~ 801
Horeien! trade conterenee)at Harrisbures assess se eee eee eee eee asa OOO
National foreign trade convention of the United States.............-.- 74
Pan American Association in Indiana......-.-...-.- SE EEN 798
The Southern States and Latin American Trade. ate Sa ae 512
Trade relations between United States and Brazil.................... 956
United States must buy Latin American products................... 783
Treaties—
CanaliZone boundary, treaty with banamaeeeese sae. eee OA?
Peace treaties with Latin America—
PATS TUGIM AE = ofl cea: 3 SG OES i ia ee ae RO GEM RRS aE 2 299
PB oldlivdiay,. Meee n Va hans, 2 a la 4. aL fe EELS 299
Braz, ess a SS oo a aca. eal Sel ae gt EA ERR Ms MSR 299
Tar Sees i hci at Me a Sd aN ec) Se EI Ye UNA YE ALD 299
Wostasreae rye ie 2h eas Mer Lear Dee ON etaRe ADL WMC gt aN Mee 299
XXXIV INDEX.
Unitep States—Continued.
Treaties—Continued.
Peace treaties with Latin America—Continued. _ Page.
Dominican) Republies2.5-25:e ashes eee ae ee ae eee ee 299
WCua dor. 2,0: sins caseislncs: see eee eR ee ee 797
Grate mall aii. 24 St ace obelisk Sy eR a 299
PROM Ur [as oo) Se SA PN A a <a 299
Nicaragud)s<iis5-bis- pig Pee eso a Ne tS Spee en eg re 299
Pamamas 22 5c ae re i oe ene OS a 299
Paraguay... 2002 bee Bat ee ee ees 797
POTS Sec s6c doi Si Rate a ste A OR a 299, 496
Dalvadoriwscc-6 eee ee oe ce eine cigs ees See 299
Uruguay saccade cee eke OS oh rer ae ae ee Glan Be a a 299
Venezirelass te) Set A ae haley Cite ea 299
Tree; the world’s oldest. 22.25 se es sake ee eee ese eee 431
Yellowstone Rark:7A forest ofjstomes.----- eee eee nee elec eee eee 764
Uruguay as a Cattle Country. (22.4) 2229) £042 3 eee 49
Urveuay:
Aoriculturalieredit:c23h win. 2s Se cone ee, Me eee ee Se eee 498
Arbitration convention wath ditaly. sere eee eee ee eee eae eee eee 671, 1003
ArboreD ay ack Src sees ee Ries Oe el eae Ray NN 0a Ae ere 671
Athleties for girls chen faethe sae ent She Re es ee pee ee eee 498
Acvaa trom SCh ool 214s ek pe ORS ee ket ee es eee a 670
Acvicultiral faire oles s Nie oi a i i a es 1003
Banks—
Bancodelaykepubliceoldjresenye oie= 2-4-2 eee eee 170
Bank of the Republic, modification of charter of..........---...----- 1003
National City Bank of New York to establish branch in Montevideo.. 847
aT elswyis 1d Gee epee ee es ho a, ef acne ee lg a 670
Boundary ‘decisions ew sh 5~- 8 acme eee ntaskins 6 See eens ee eee 671
Brazilian training ship visits Montevideo..............-..--.------------- 342
Brazilians wish to establish colony in Uruguay...............-.---------- 1003
Canal planned to bring water to Tala and other towns...-.....----.------- 343
Cattle Country, Uruguay) as) a-cos- sees ens ee ee eee 49
Cement, statistics concerning.....- shel Wendt eis Se viel) Sera te eae a 171
Conference, postponement of Sixth Pan American Sanitary.......-.......- 797
Congress! (National Stockee: sac acco ac oc e ene oes eee 670
Consul general in New York reports on progress of Uruguay...-..--........ 170
Com; utilization\oiss../s338. 399 ee ee eee 498
Costrof lavinesinvestigation of highseas eee: fe sa ee eee 498
Debt, payment on consolidated Uruguayan................-.----.------- 1003
Electric light enterprises, sprofits of-22 senesced
Emigration of Italians, removal of interdiction sania, A eaa eres UU BRR Te 171
Financial conditions): 4:45) eae ea ee eee 170
Human race in’ SouthyvAmericas322¢ 695-515 seer ae eee eee eee eee 342
International‘Commission,/breparatoryes ses) ee eee eee ee eee 1003
Marti, honor toute << 5.20.0 see aR ee eeepc ae a 670
Meat—
Production, high pricesiof:2222) epee a: seen ene eae ace eee 171
Tasc OMIeKPOrts ec Ses Ls EM TN ee RS I 2 te 1003
‘Frade\wath the United States’: .220 24445 s0925-o4- 4. Ole ae ee 670
Money exchange, facilities for............--------- Je ees Jet 847
Montevadeo Mimes and) Herald unites see eeeee ee eee eee ee 171
INDEX. XXXV
Urucuay—Continued. Pago.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition, tables for................---.-- 1004
Pavementiot Momtevadeoesc sacs saison eee se ial sea) ip Eeiea 2 847
Policeidentati cation Onicer. 24s. ass 5: es Se es pe CLI SEE 671
Railways—
Bidsiiormewaroadtyealll for ys = ease se ss Beye ees 4 eee eee 671
Pan-American railway contract approved by House of Deputies....... 342
Tariff charges between Brazil and Uruguay ...-....----.------------ 670
Real estate owned by Government, appraisement of..............------- 171
River Negro to be made more navigable ............-..----------------- 1003
Rural developments, meeting for bettering...............--------------- 343
Stadium mational@planmede $255. =o ee ee ie ce ete 2g ater ie 342
Steamshipiservices-Aurecord voyageaery sates eee eee eco ss so aene 342
Taxes—
Exportvhok meats: 2. 24-44 taste fete eet BP SRR SR hee cop tape hh. 1003
Inheritance lecacies andy onttses= =e ae es ae eee ets 846, 1003
Statistical yes rset ai acco be soak teidae a tae aap ta Mg yn img iy Pa 846
Wines ove LS ecient ie aR aie Pee he De yi aha 847
ume decree\concernimermarkingiofsss ses eae eee eee 1003
Treasury iwarrants saa ste selene ae ke Ee se ese eh aN eS cen a 846
reatyror peacehwathythesUmited Statesssse ase 4544s eee eee 299
Tuberculosis crusadevacalnstessess soeee se eee See see eee ere eee 343
VENEZUELA:
Academy of Medicine, Caracas, awards prize...................-.------ 1004
Weademy "National tof Hastoryc 2 eh 6 o/t, 22 ya ae nee oe cc ee: ge ee 1004
Aericultural hoard ss02 sehen 52 esse eee = {Ac ds SeRe crest es 672
ANEMIA AMONG thE POOR As reves sea eT TO Se IS SN 0 Oe 1004
Automobile, first, passing from Macuco to Guarenas...........---------- 343
SAVE ETO MS esheets ur Meret RIE Rc ery. Able: OG) bla we ec gale a a 344
Budget—
Additional appropriation. ...........------ Ye Sey ee He se 848
DGerease es iu Ak SSO) La ira NS tii SRS Eo os ce OM aan 671
Cabinet» personnel of. 2525 Sab Sa ees Si) ae alpen tant 848
Cattle—
iBusiness/extensively developed asses sess oases eee 172
Cattle of superior pedigree to be imported into State of Portuguesa.... 1004
Churchyo feral Sic hair ge ayers ea nL 499
Coal mines taken over by Government... .2:--..2----.2.:.-+:-24...----- 848
Commerce of Mas Guaira aml OS ey ae eee ee a 672
Concrete} remforced extensively usedia- == s5 452 seer eee eee eee 343
CoMstitubiom PME ws: eA Be Ai 8 eat te sly ol ald A eae gg et eae eat a 499
Consuls to—
Belevumi Am beress.2 2220005 eee Ue Nee Nea ee cae, Se gal
Branco: Havre:s sy ier: bs ace Pete cose Saree ers ee ag ere Ra 171
CUSLOMITOUSES 2 atest ws: ch Poles cz eye eyes Spa's eng Ne es eo Se 1004
Diplomatic-appoutments.2 Ao cee a soe ae ae tegen een eo ee aa 499
Diplomate postss rearraneementty oles see eee eee eee 344
Dominici, Dr. Santos Anibal, minister to the United States.............. 728
Hdueatiomalimotests 22) is 56 52 eee ete pe ez Up Eat oy ig 499
Escobar Vargas, Sr. Octavio, commissioner general to the Panama-Pacific
Internationale Exposition: «5555 2 ae as aes a ee ee IE 403
a Guatrarand*Caracase 2). 411 204: 7.45 see ear enna AAU Ody hem 577
Baws'srecapitulationkoies 20522524 oye ea ae ne aie me Se TA Se 847
XXXVI INDEX.
VENEZUELA—Continued.
Mines and mining—
Page.
Coal mines taken over by Government.....-...-.............-....-. 848
Mining! resula tions: - 52400). 5. ey ejr ee ee e e eee ee 671
Silver-lead mine: title tos S252 2a eee ac 848
CAGISEICS eye ti Ciscoe iel oh SU RA Mae ML ee -. 848
Minister ito’ the United States, receptioniofss 2425 32-255.) 222s eee 728
Oil emterprises ids, cajcia.a1- =: SIRE EUR aM eee epee eda Se ee ena 172
Paper factory) «2 -o<1<cn) shoe Pn EI aU eye ee 500
Parcel-post) packares: (eitilesimecelyana ame an eee fee at ee 172
Petroleum) discovery near Wake Maricalbous-e-seoss ste ee eee eee 172
Professionalupractice regulaiiones sess ae nae eee eee eee eee 847
Railway: Traction cable to be constructed from Valencia to Nirgua.....- 1004
Rojas, Sr. Dr. Pedro Ezequiel—
Demise of Minister Rojas, of Venezuela..............---...---.-- 62
Muneral servicessneVienezuelata.a.228 see eee sea ee eee 344
Sanitary officers treat anemia among the poor....-.--.-.----.------------- 1004
Salt-harvesters of the Caribbean, among the..-....-...........----------- 241
Sehol ars hyp spa WE a ye ag chal sg AN et TL 848
Schools—
Arte aid Crates 6.) o)45) co} eaee ere ate a SEE ee 848
Report) of Minister of Public Instructions: eaes422 ee = ose ee eee 172
Sculptor, The, Pedro M. Basalo.: 2. 222 .222252250.022-021.2 7525 878
Silverleadtmine. title ton. /5s5 ee A Ne ED pee ee 848
Steamship service iss. 8 4s sealer ee do Rk 500
Sugar factories). Ne wedi. oe as ncod etek kate haute leer en ee 672
Trade in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela, reports to the Board
of Trade on the conditions and prospects of British.............-...--- 954
Treaties—
Arbitrationytreaty, with) Perutes.cs5.-45ceye eee eee eee 499
Peacestreaty, wath the UnitediStatessas-e- ee eee eee oeee eee eee 299
Wihe atresia ge ie oo fe RAM cea Ie Ne ap hy aE 848
Wireless Telegraphy in the Americas...............-..--.--------------- 501
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
Andes:
Roosevelt, Col. Theodore—
Inithevox-drawantear Gy yin ines seer tye Aetna ata ec rs Se eae 105
rom Oxi Cartito) mao ton(canee emcee early tro eee ee a 10%
Tronador, snow-capped, in the distance, with beautiful roses in the fore-
AO) 1006 a ee eee MA NO ut ie Aas aobe S eb 107
Ancizar, Sr. Don Roberto, secretary of legation of Colombia in the United States. 849
A notable Pan American event—Signing of peace treaties between United
States brazil Arcentinayand Chilean eee tesserae mre eae Frontispiece.
Argentina:
Adobe house) in' the Provineelof Mendozasiessss-eee eee ee] nee eee 563
Anasagasti, Sr. Don Horacio, commissioner of Argentina to the Panama-
Pacific International ae SARDINES ED PASO IN A on WH Viet A) ee 740
Andes; in theiioothills ofthese. eles cae eee eee ee eee ete eae ee
Battleship wy Rivad avarice bite nae wir cree eee eae eel eee 454
INDEX. XXXVIT
Argentina—Continued.
Buenos Aires— Page.
MAtvenidawAllivears ss. 850s iim) yy inl lau Pa eee Gaia We aly Bayle MU 560
Banksoi News vorke Nationally @ibyssssessee as aa ae ee 922
Parris) ANGST TOT Oly ays ee Ma oro 6a es Gen RY AEM ey Ale LING 2 696
Brewery inthe suburbiot Gullmosces— sess ees eres sere 710
Graimrele ators: Of soi 3 aah psc) a ag elk = ok er eg a naa hs a 258
Motel Metropole: aztse be /-nieb teers 3- eA ees seis PAO Sap Do 695
Market-new, modelti ea. see athe Ae Rss alee ieee OR IL cepa TE 698
Ports 2 smalls portiontiot the busyenses- 5555s aea eee eee ae 560
‘“Bushicam pine westermyAroentina.- a4: op sass eeecee Sees = eee 565
Cattlevherdersiim northern) Argentina =2)422ie5 saps se) eee 568
dejlatPazay Dre VictorinoEresidentiofeArcentinas=- eee esns] ae eee eee 942
Diagram—
Exports, 1894) to VOUS si crrsco ie ciin aloh ace et ea hah Ors ee eet a 140
Totalimportsyand: exports nel Oili3 2 emepse ey retee areas ears agen etme pee tnt 123
Hamibassy xn Washington) .-5.422.c\3-.. jest te ee, pape eens 950
Gauchos—
OF COW DOY 224 252 a5'sis.50)-.s epee Ss er. "ype nelly Ss aCe 19
Playing, As Wa Mala, Scat Mas supe Fahd th wiamld IE lean Nea nasties 20
they Chinchando; or Mus ots Wars sess ee seen as a 21
Gal Sr Drs Enrique iatecie): on Sse ont eee, Sa eae VS oe 175
Gémez, Sr. Dr. Carlos F., envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
GO CHT SS LS, Fs EUR SANA AE ANN ee RS hs aap od pied ea eA li IG 737
Iguazu Falls—
Ma WOR eS ashe acso Se opis aioe eae SRI Se ee 374
Onjthe:- Brazilian=Areentina, border. 425-8e- 2 seee sce eee eee 374
View ol tthe maim falls 33.5 a/hs5.0'5 a5 eee te aes Pepe ee, MR Reape ay itl
imisationsproject.at MarquesadOtsa-— eee eee a eee eae eee ee 565
Jaguar ta South Ameri @am se si s-/.) 56 He) Seay ysteg sr eee ee 373
Jujiyssplazayandichurchyinmes 32: 55525554 see eee eee eee aeeee 567
Naén, Sr. Rémulo S8., ambassador to the United States—
And the United States ambassador to Argentina.............-------- 932
At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation Conference...........--- 175-184
Leading commencement procession at Yale University.............. 291
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union, December 8,
1914, to consider questions of neutrality.........-..+...----------- 849
eh Otopra ph torsos sae See ed gees Ul sore ls aie ene 608
Signing of peace treaty between Argentina and the United
Stalbead (lcci dee. Beas ects 5 (alg SRN, ae eens Deut ie a pera pada Frontispiece.
HamMpasy OU then au ieei ils le NC eal fla ct en eee Veo RAG ay ee a 561
Patagonia, the hich plaimsiofmortherm=assen seers ener eee eee 563
Puerto de Esquina, near the confluence of the Corrientes and Parana Rivers. 366
Railway sleeping car in the trans-Andean service......-.-.-.--..-..-..-- 705
Rivers—
Meetineyo& thesthreeRepublics: 2a ee ee eae ieee en op 368
Steameronithe upperRaranas:-- peeve er tae ie oa 365
Road\ini Catamarcaess 2:6 wu beS ioe sie senna yale eae mena eye AE Dei peladh 567
Roca, Sr. Don Julio, late President of Argentina—
Meeting of three Argentine Presidents.2 2224.))_ 2 2225.1.2.28. 2222 942
Photographiohss-saesks oo rd aigy eee lh Rel tee EAN Ser ly 2) beep 734
SeenesiatpunmeralOlee ans) 3 a1 oe Ae Sk Sei ie naa gpl Ways bt A angie 939
ROSArIO VAnDOULE Vardi arit |. ))(/ Ub polly Ne Maem eer Culm eh Dea eevee My 28 561
XXXVIII INDEX.
Argentina—Continued.
Saenz Pefia, Dr. Roque, late President of Argentina— Page.
Meeting of three Argentine Presidents..................--...------- 942
Photoorapbobe a cysiierc access seston, AOR AEN i ER RI 172
Scenes atthe funeral) of ec eyed eye eens eee ne dl tes 605, 606
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino—
Argentinas memorial to nerccev tac. verageresrsroete serch ee ee 187
Coach of State used during the presidency of Sarmiento............-- 193
Plaque commemorative of the centenary of Sarmiento....-...---.--- 193
IPOntraitiOhes ae Nee .uisto Cll Dy aed ec een te EAE e al Reka a ham Mee AER bee ser 3 189, 198, 887
Sarmiento schooling Buenos pAines a] ess see Sones ee 191
State vin mmacives Clty ais aaavd (Ui amy ss 4 eee meet ey coat eh aren en ee 191
Statue,in, Buenos Aarestues feed SIR aes Ik ee ei 190
iramins ship). Presidente Sarmiento) 72 /s2s-e45-—- 445-2 See eee 192
Schools—
Normal school for professors, Buenos Aires...........---.--.--------- 195
Sarmiento School in) BuenosyAdreste pee ae sees ee eee se eee 191
Steamer. on thesupperibaranae ss 26 500) ine ree ee Oe 365
Telegraph, wireless, station at Buenos Aires..............--------------- 511
Treaties of peace between United States and Brazil, Argentina, and Chile,
BIGMING OF oats seis 5 ee ck iol 4 Wee HSE eect ere Frontispiece.
Uriburu, Sr. Don José Evaristo, ex-President of Argentina............--- 734
Wheat fields—
An Argentine wheat field...Jcce2-cecsen cee eden ds hence ee eee 258
Batteryiof binders ait... ce. 5 Se eee oe Oa 256
Merbasmate Chutes. /succ ase gece eens denies bec wes eerie e Renee 368
Bailly-Blanchard, Hon. Arthur, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipo-
tentiany of the) United States ito blaine Speen eo aee eee ee ee ee eee 73
Bananas:
AChandvolzwald bamanags wien) nee eben cere os see 435
Alli bananasiwere once Jaikeuthis! psec eae ae eee eee eee 437
Cluster of wild, seed-bearing bamanas.................--.--------+------ 434
The way, bamamas ero wi eee e108 o. Sek ee Ne tee RN EDR Peis PRE ge 438
Barbados) Scemes, Wass). fete ev SS Lea) HAE: 1 2) IR PSE ES DOhO) eseetes 864
Barrett, Hon. John, Director General of the Pan American Union:
Informal Latin-American Trade Conference..........---.---1------------ 623
Meeting of governing board, December 8, 1914, to consider questions of
meatal dty eases seis ras ce eke renee he cuca one er el 849
Ontthe' bridge/of the ““Ancon?74. 2399s. oe ee eee 358
Signing of peace treaties between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile...-. Frontispiece.
Bauskett. ram IN ee siete ecm Gere e a ee Sac He be aece eee Frontispiece.
Beatancourt, Sr. Don Julio, entering church as escort for body of the late
ministeriof Veneztielasucs chk LS A RE tee ee 64
Bingham, Prof. Hiram, and party on top of Corpuna, Peru.......--.-.-...--- 273
Blanco,, Dry Juan) Carlos: oflWUruguay:.-as2-- see eee eee eee eee ee eee 945
Bolafios, Sr. Don Pio, secretary, Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission. ....--. 627
Bolivia:
Automobile service between Sucre and Potosl..........-.--------------- 702
Bridge over the ‘Rio Mari gai i). 522. ea ares eee cea Re Ea ee oe 427
Calderon, Sr. Ignacio, minister to the United States—
Entering church as escort for body of late minister of Venezuela... .. 64
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union, December 8,
1914, to consider questions of neutrality..........--..----.--.---- 849
INDEX. XXXIX
Bolivia—Continued. Page.
Diez de Medina, Sr. Don Eduardo, Assistant Secretary of Foreign Relations. 399
Mining—
Holidaysimpaymaninocistri clea eet eek tees ee ee eee he 262
Mininestin ore ne Bolivat at Aacein Sasi e tacit ee i ees = 262
OMRe een nd (ele. er See eet Ee aC cl HERR. LAAs sate ABMS I lal at 264
radovatvbab azine s eso oss os sales eben ence hare Cha Ni oc Eps ean 269
Railways—
Anica-ha az, Raillway,showinorsectionoias4s5 2-4-4 eet ene 427
EXCUrsionsralnsonme yw, rallnoagdes essere sae eee eee 425
Hreightstationlatpeulacay Osan eee eas eae ete eer ee feet eer 770
Mrackwla yiinesinmy@ run o ees ye pt 9 0 ey Ss ae PIN ees SE MRT Noh 425
Erackolayineronythe Orure-\Vaachislines sess a seeee ee eee eas 8 ADD
Streets) Callei Comercio) inl alee zeae ee er et er 889
Brazil:
Acne wieity:, thersrow tl Of. 552s ciel aera Ser toes ee See eee 37
Amt nest onajero wa thee ae serrate aca to ete See eee 558
JAC STO tA 4 ech ohs Bathe ig sil ops ee PE, SOC Eas a, OE PN Ae ee eae 247
IAC TAME jn Svishss arabe Pa culate ae NEN Sop. ings yg WANS eR ce 2 ee 247
WA. Cabri taal oy sues | Seee pee Ae Seas ee: eden Sale ls kB SE ee 558
Bello Horizonte—
Chamber of Deputies: - s2. 228 Gee eeeise ccc oe ee a ee eee 389
LOUIE ove aan er ery ee aie eg One er DI te ect eR FeO ETON OMS EAS] et ty ES 389
Department of Finance, Liberty Square..............-------------- 393
Department of the Interior, Liberty Square.................-.-.--- 393, 394
Hlectricista tlonkates isso) scree tee ee eee 386
de (ole) ia aves Gar: Ni lsc eet a mere iatere ars ee, Bene, oes Ae Lt AN a eae ay ie Oe 391
Wawel OO) cssse ere cist Sr asa rcee Sd Rt EE ea 394
PoliGevomie Ge jc oa son eyiGie ewes octet ee ES 391
President?s Housejon Liberty, Squares..52.54-4. 5526 sane eee ae 389
Préttyaparkeine te. cscetnaets Ae eee oats kc epee ee Re eee 387
Bonifacio, ‘‘Father of Brazilian Independence”............--..+--<----- 884
Camano ganna Guralast isi. £2 secs pepeesic los Sec tey ts tesa en ee oe ae 420
Canoes—
Ae dati GUlt PORtAme yas ON MO eke SNe, eRe PM Gy RY I NIT ERR 275
Polingjiarcanoe ontaybrazilian riveree eee ee ee eee se ee ae eee eee 275
Cattle—
Cattle cars on the Parana and Brazil railways.........--------------- 221
Justunloadedsat Moruneavare eee eee eee eee a ee ee 22il
Coffeeiloadine:at: Santos... 4-648 ee he ee ee ee re 704
Colleges—
Iurzide Queiroz CollegeioisNoriculiiunesmen) ss eee eee ae eee 225
Mackenzie College: 4: 5555 desks Ans cee ee ee Pa.) 22
Curityba—
Birdis<ey.e vil Gw OL) 81h Sk Roe Sos Ue Sa oo go 218
ooking irom) the railway-statlomser eee ee ae eee errr el 39
Cruz, Dr. Oswaldo, director of Oswaldo Institute............-...------- 402
da Gama, St. Domicio, ambassador to the United States—
AndiMadameitdarGama ss 2201754 Mane as Ae nee ee PSNR ee 178
At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference............-- 175-184
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
questions of mewtrality 25542) eee Ne Re ee ee ie Sune oe 849
Signing of peace treaty between Brazil and the lOnited States. . Seen allziy
177, 178, 181, 184
XL INDEX.
Brazil—Continued. Page.
Diagram: Route from Quito, Ecuador, down the Napo River to Para... ..- 8
Docks—
Hoatimneidocksiat Validei@aens,)Parany sane: mae eine arene helen 535
Mama Ositijinke See e282 k ie elu sicke aueiees elie EE A 9 ee ay Rg 535
Himabassy im Washing tomy eeu 2 ose a aes) gs aie a 950
Falls—
Hlalils ot HW itiartyi me smcre bane feo care cs ede Miele ola sale An on a ar 422
Iguazu Falls—
Mayprofe seis tae 0 ae 07. aa De, saline en: A ea ee a ea 374
Onithe Brazilian-Arcentine bord er.-s44-ees2 eee eee 374
Wiew of the maim fallses. 272) oe! cui 75 oN ee nee ae eames 377
Salto Bello Mallse. oh. ck os PL RE kM REIN oa Ne ee ee 422
iypicalpfallsainea, Braztiian Tiveha= sae eos aer ae ee ae 504
Pash ;shootimg yeh NC So Sake wes Son solo ee a el ey 593
Mores ts tA yom (ei) Sot et kes lel cee ecllae ee i A 541
Orestilree sy bac he cy Nets A pe ice dT a a A 555, 557
Game of ball among the Cuduiary Indians of..................----.-.-- 15
Ham terlamg sth e sy. he ijerate eRe ae Mee ae eek Se ae oe Ea ee 42
Hotelanws ellovetormZzomtesilvi ey G roma erie eer ae 391
Huber, Dr. Jaques, director of Botanical section of the Goeldi Museum...: 399
Iguazu Falls—
Moa pil vere ce tbe waive senceee cise Dae Eke BEG E eee See eee 374
On) the Brazilian-Arcentina border. 2-425. 5 --aesee) 2a eee eee 374
View ofjthemain falls: peep. ean ahh) See ae ee 377
Indians—
A Patects'mothersc.: 2.04235. <dene4- Ahh an ase eee ee eee 423
Gamejol ballamone thelCudmiaryee-s2 5+ a4: eos ee ee eee 15
ichthouse at) Maceio; Alagoas). 4-200. 5+ eeceee eee eae eee eee 546
Mapj.of north eastern expanse.| 2... Yes eee see Sealey a ee 378
Minas iGeraes, landscapesiofss. 2. 4 <<)-s<cies (ne 404 Secs cc See ee ee 384
Moreira, (Sr. A. J. de dipanemassnus53. sasasah aw et. 2 el Ee 175
MotorivansangtheWaldermess ==). se ee eee 419
Mountains—
Botofogo and Corcovado beyond Rio de Janeiro....-..........------- 233
Scenery ani the StateoijParanas. 2s eer eee eon eee ees ee 38
Muscumyofpipirancas Sao talon ease yee solar ach aver 229
Naturalists:atcwork.,.,:5.\. testers teva Biers giele Eh yee Geely eae 92
INaturalistsaicamp esas eee shui Lezdiul 5 clad ree ey cel 4 a ae aaa 92
Nuts, Brazil—
Wastanihay trees ese ee saci Re 2 Me ee oh el 594
Opening ithe pyxadium) wath aymachetes) 2.4525) epee eee 596
Pyxidia,of Brazil nuts... Ssosckec ace eles 2 See 596
Unloading canoe:at Obidoss..30-2 4 yee eee ee eee 595
Washime muita. 5) Satie eee ee SNS eel 02) a a a ee 595
Oliveira, Senhor J. M. Cardosa de, minister of Brazil to the Republic of
MOXICO: oo soca 's a aig dig Find: tye eae NERS LUI pate Bi VALCO a MA Re pet ap al a 625
Opera house at Natal.) Rio iGrande:do)Nontesss2a4-4-5 se eiee see ee eee 546
Ouro Preto, picturesque earlier capital of the State of Minas.............. 396
PalaceiatMacelo, AlagGagy srr} Rivae eigen a eat eed deen Bl a 543
Palaceiat Victorian ESparitoy Sat tO see (resale ena ye ene aes aa 548
Palms: at/Cabadello; Parahyibas.2 i). eid a ieee tan niet en 548
Pine, the interesting Param as, \s 15h cei ae eee Ney eB Ae Ae 0 38
INDEX.
Brazil—Continued.
Piracicaba, Sao Paulo—
Agricultural school, pupils at work in the experimental fields of the. .
Aericuiltune sprachicaléschoolyo iat. ss- ae saa err eee sree ele
Agriculture, the Luiz de Queiroz College of..................-------
Modelistablesiatasst sae ce ease Ae ek en al i enero Do CANN
RlaneAlitom camping ones she fat o2 TN ek 0 glean iy lyiaria yd py tl tp
Porto Alegre—
Generalinviow, Ole as 850 Cae eRe te 2 esa Sta ete seole aa ee
ANVEN AEH ent OVO ANON es ois Sy realists eis es tS Pans ty ene a es SEIS eae RAE ery ats ens TEN
Railways—
Construction train at work on the Madeira-Mamore...............---
Wocomotivemuseds3o sjCAarstac Osea es ose eee ere ee aye
Route between Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro.....-.......-..-...---.
Scenery un -Paramaias ox jae Peete ah pled g pe bey ge bi ah bey payee
Station of Calmomip Sse eed 2 Ue eee SER Sia felipe
Stationvat: Maceo Alagoas se pees.) nun ewes arly) a aoe eee
Station.at:Piramnag acc. y eee kere eesti ere eee reece ae gan
StationsimeRitoiG rand eye Oj tiles seeps sept set ener en ale e
StatlonimyStateof Rio) Grande do sulesss see
Manguard Ofeivaliz ation ys esa eps oe ey ee eo en ale
Ranch Morungava—
American cowboys on Morungava ranch.................--.---------
A thoroughbred stallion from the ‘‘States”...........-..............-
The; orisinall farmhouse jc a-esasass- Aehers iat eee Be eeeae Er ee
he. use: ofithe mule.om ee 32 25.1). Says ek on ae We sea ee eee
Rat; theconcinal Amazone \ so) ote he 5 Bete ee AER ER, ep a ak
Rio de Janeiro—
Botanic) Gardens a scenesiny theess peeps eae eee ee ee ae
ibotatogaand) Corcovad ole yond sees se eae ee
CaimOCa SGUATC is AN aek ves Ske Sateen shew et ae INN ol ye ORDA
General view of Rio de Janeiro and Harbor......................---
Clonaykarkwaysandy Praia; desibap aise. ae se rss ee nee e eee
arto tat eabiarh Orley ssi vS i oes Rime pape Meet an. RUS ak Ld ie Ret lk Mg la
IRASSCTONPUDIICO 28.52 Same 4 rence ae rae cick NY ee TA ok eo
WiewiolRioptromiyenaml et otethre loaner rye ee ene ye eee
RAO OPE TLKe amy S aa tell © at lean eee a
Rio Grande do Sul—
Rivers—
Crossing a Brazilian stream on a pontoon ferry........................
Crossing the mouth of the Madeira River... 2-4. .222..2-2...2.-2-.25-
Descending the Ribeirao Falls of the Madeira River................-
Iandine; place;onstheyMadeira Ravers ore er ee ee aan ee
Overboard toxeross; aystres iy 3). b ek) Wage n 5: i eM adel ce pn aR
Waterspowercohamtertornb raz lle: jesse eras erento nen enc ener
oaduthroue hea yori tivienorest aii. sane ee eee rere ar ne ae
Roosevelt, Col. Theodore—
Readivatonthemday/sa1derx..22).\5 2 Sera apne ainee glee eas fon 8 NT es
XLI
Page.
225
225
899
899
46
39
42
546
897
44
897
44
219
219
219
223
590
895
239
238
233
235
231
233
238
238
237
47
XLII INDEX.
Brazil—Continued.
Rubber— . Page.
Aswatting slapmaent. xen s 2 5 VEE, Ae Pe ae Ci kt ae ies oS ea eee 704
Branding rubber on sand bar in the Amazon..........-....-...----- 916
Shippins SeemMe «<2 0/s,<../. LS EAT Sn at ES rte ne ee 550
Sao Paulo) Privateiresid ence, im. 4/2 ase age ae 5 a eae 228
Scenes inithe imterior, of south) Brazil2pes sss oe ae ee ee 42
Schools— -
Artsiand crafts; Maceto,Alagoass-sseo ses eiao 2 oo 543
awsschool in’ Bello; Horizonte saasas-eeee es eee ee see ae eee eee 394
Practical School of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo.......-...---- . 225
Pupils at work in experimental fields of agricultural school at Piraci-
caba,-Sa0 Paulos ci steined 225 ee ARO a Ye 225
Settlerisdhome.3 23.65.4245 30- ee is ee es ee eee 37
Statue of Dom Pedro II at Fortaleza, State of Ceara...............-...-- 885.
Steamships. See Vessels.
Sitreetiscemes::, hoon ohas saben Ss Sas Me esa A oe en 379, 381
Pilbury, thes) os20 asses eee Ps a ee Le 227
Treaties of peace between United States and Brazil, Argentina, and Chile,
SISTING OL bi (Wee ale LNBs SR a Lee ede ee Frontispiece.
Tree; buttressed. cei ps0 2 asa ee eee aa (Oo
Vessels—
Av Lloyd-Brazileiro steamer... 32 2 ea Se ee 381
Some of the upriver fleet at Para: 2225: Wes ee a ee 533
Steamboats on the Amazon, the bows of..-.-......-..-..--..-------- 537
Sternwheell fleetion the Amazomess45552 ---4eee one ese eee 557
Walderness\ithroughta highlandjy-24 459244444460 eee sees - PSD ee 416
Zahm Eather, starting) ona days journeys-..25- 55+ ee+eoese ee eee eee 420
Brenes Mésen, Sr. Dr. Roberto, minister of Costa Rica, to the United States:
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider ques-
tins or neutralityis es ssechaxn sone Men ORE See ae 849
Photosrap sofa 4 sii et de a RR AE OE ee 619
Bryan, William Jennings:
And American delegates to the Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation Con-
LETS CE er Pe el Ge i ce PAS Foe tae MCE RN ate era Chater Oe 176
Meeting of governing board of Pan American Union, December 8, 1914, to
consider questions of neutrality=-s-ss-- > sss aches eee eee eee eee 849
Official escort of the late minister of Venezuela entering church ......-... 64
Signing peace treaties between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile......- Frontispiece.
Calderon, Sr. Don Ignacio, minister of Bolivia:
Entering church as escort of body of the late minister of Venezuela....--. 64
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider ques-
tions of meutralaty oie s/c GA es es 849
Calvo, Sr. Don Joaquin Bernardo, minister of Costa Rica, entering church as
escort for body of the late minister of Venezuela.......-.-..--------------- 64
Carnesie statuelat Duntermliny Scotlandes.) 445 45-4e4e eee eee eae 786:
Chamorro, Sefior General Emiliano, minister of Nicaragua to the United States;
meeting of governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions of
OST ANN eae ee eR aR an ETL AL errs Se ee A a a et Ms a a oe 840
Chile:
bridge, ore, Cruz Grande Bay=. 25-2) sem nes Seema eae ee 109
Kmbassy in) Washington.) 0S 2/0 s eee eee see see 950
GAaMSVOE TOPCO We eters Sick Sia. Oc AR a ee oO 23, 25
niditans eA Trai eanians so LatyaT oc lie cals ein eee eee 18.
INDEX. XLII
Chile—Continued.
Island of Juan Fernandez— Page.
(GHAI CNePLOT Ol Eres erecta tats Rie ne aE SO rea yey Port een ees RINE EET eA cd a oe 207
Crusoe sib OG ko iti eg NE APS GES SSE Jat ya Men pencil ee tate 208
IVICA Oh oc ee ORR JBC! ee Ne Sati ee tag: etme aol co Ce ancl 210, 211
Landing place, Cumberland Baya aye ESA i EIS hs ERY ge NS 204
Remains(omoldyspanishtort=ses se = eee ee eee reer. arene erate 204
Mier sellin ketallole tonsa mee ee eel See eee Atel aor ee 213
WiGin? Glisnecconboecosua sede eB GeM ese bogeadbbosoo paste oaaie os Gnoen ac: 202
Locomotive constructed and equipped in the machine shops of Chile.... 702
Mines and mining—
Ore bridge, Cruz Grande PRA Ye se Seite ah hes NR NA ally hit Ue oe a 109
Tofo Hills, showing extent of deposits, figs. 2 and 3...........-....-- 111
Nitrate: “(Oneinaicrushineimachinenyatiaceseaee seasons eee 712
Salinas, Sr. Don Manuel, secretary of embassy in Washington—
A= B—Cy Mediation Conferencesass-csse- rere ee eee oe eee eae 175
Nhe ambassadoriot Chilejandstatitees sss cesses eer teen eae 930
Santiago—
PNG AUS GOVE caer eta Se eee NEO PUT EREOR APRS ELL Sh ert aa CS Bs a oc 749
Sam GarlosvAircadies ss 5:seeate esei-se evans aera ek ay. ees 698
Suarez-Mujica, Sr. Don Eduardo, ambassador to the United States-——
PANIC ESE NU een Sete eae ean ere eee iene cin ee tees ASE I oh Oe 931
At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation Conference........---..-- 175-184
Meeting of governing board of Pan American Union to consider ques-
tions of menitralityesaecce asses ase oe cree Sere en oie ey 849
Bhotograp ny oles \acaiac cease ionic yaie eens Sister oe Oe ere ere 610
Signing of peace treaty between Chile and United States....... Frontispiece.
Treaties of peace between United States and Brazil, Argentina, and Chile,
slomimo Of eeee eee lk eS OO LED. AURA SERVI D oie Vente aE ey Frontispiece.
Colombia:
Ancizar, Sr. Don Roberto, secretary of legation of Colombia in the United
SIUC I2)s bine tease MRSgER Eien wre RY OER ONE OE cc Rit in Ch ie eg 849
Betancourt, Sr. Don Julio, entering church as escort of body of the late
MILMISLETIOLViEMEZ UCI A <.sce- 7S myst ys ed Se ers ee as 64
BocotareAvenidarderColontesea et Messe eee eine Ser ohne al a eee eee 869
CAEPLCEN As COTM OTS yoy re eae eee al NP ROR PANS 2 Sa Pa 573
Cartagena, .viewsroliold hese Sone Se a 252). EE 96
Cathedralvand park atiBogotasiwor ae aie: aes ioe UR eee ae ose sey epee 869
Diagoramsofeommerce gOS 52 se seer es ee ee ees ae 807
Falls;ofTequendamia: seus i oben k MSR esieesh Osi pte pai eeae ERAN ery igh ben Aiete ae 874
Berry at doomday cote serene Disses op ics ee ae, Tae ees 408
Medellin—
Statwevand) Park Berrios.) 4255.8 hee eae eee = 411
Wanieversiity: of. Sud ciuieatce aly th Slee Sag ala oe at Pas miata Seer Id Sheet REI 414
Mountaincscen ery: asc <Ss5t bc SONS A ee ey eee = Nesey 874
PlazavoltherMartyirs. Bogotag 44 jsasacc eee er eee cre seme sa ee ae ar 411
Rivers—
CaucasRiver atta: Balsanc...4. 2425 osceee aie as Seek pe eo Te 573
erty, a telomdan: sage 08 525 eS sceveie easy Sodas robo ee oe va AS PERSO 408
Magdakena River, port of Ambalema on the..............-.-........ 414
SantayMartayoldieitiviols:sscs ccs eee ere ee eens ee egy Se! 571
Statuerand) Parla Berrios Medellin) sees see eee oe ees reins eels
StorennyBarranquillayinterton of Te taller mae reo as area ey ee 871
XLIV INDEX.
Colombia—Continued. Page.
Streetiscene in) Barranquilla) 222s... 2 ee eee ele ae ee, ee 871
University of Medellin’ 2.0...< 242 aca eRe ee 414
Uribe: Mrilbe, Gens Rataelis. S05 sy sas U pa aeeyeere Ae CNA a es eee 734
Conference for college and university men, delegates to Latin American section,
take Geneva,) Wise, ume di 2 2G Area eres pepe ore eee 298
Congress of Students to be held at Montevideo, Uruguay, 1915, organized com-
mittecioi Ninth International s.= sees s ene e ea See eee er eee 81
Cérdova, Sr. Dr. Gonzalo, minister of Ecuador to the United States: Meeting of
governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of neutral-
ils eee PEM ere SOMA le Nem aan LE LEER oo 6 3 3 849
Costa Rica:
Brenes Mésen, Sr. Don Roberto, minister to the United States—
Meeting of governing board of Pan American Union to consider ques-
tions of: menitralutyAG ee ew sine te etary, 5 AAS Oe ae 849
Photograph ols ease hele eka Leo REN VE ee 619
Calvo, Sr. Don Joaquin Bernardo, entering church as escort of body of the
Jate*minister of Venezuela. i524. 22h re Ree ee 64
Coffee warehouse; seene:in: ae 4) .e e 861
Diagrams of commerce; 191334 eee eee ee oe ee ee ee eee 817
La: Soledadiastyptealisuburbs) wy eee Sets ee Se eee 849
Hiceouoh! Costa MRicasc.¢ coe saeens abe dmcetiecececer etree eee ee eee 857
Timon; Porbiokt ia5. see eee ee hel tet SO ate tS ee 850
Mining—
Tri Costa dRica 3 sl Gets Se Rs) ce a ee ae 914
Ratlwaybarouch natn ino Isectione ne see senssa= 5 see ae ee 912
Railways—
Observation end of car on Northern Railway of Costa Rica........--- 858
Scene near terminal of Costa Rican Railway...........-----.------- 858
Rhrowehemining Sec honiOlysee- senses eee eee eee ee 912
Residence of a family of wealth, typical private..............---.------- 853
Street scene in San Jose.........- re 852
Telegraph, wireless sonar at Bort, faren, “Gathiedl Fruit Ob. Lowe. eee 504
Theaterjat sam Jose, imterior of Nationale2222 2205 {22s eee eee 853
IWeatertallll sym gy eee ci oe ak LE Yel Se 2 aay et ar 267, 860
Wireless/stationat hort limoneeeeeeree aes eee eee ee neat ee eee eae 504
Cuadra Pasos, Sr. Don Carlos, Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission ......... 627
Cuba:
Acramonte;, Drs Aristides} scientists::...)95. 52-2 ne Bee eee eee 740
Albornoz, Sr. DonyAntonio Carnllloidelzees=. 4-24 eee ee ese eee eee eee 398
Barranco, Sr. Don César A., consul to Pforzheim, Germany.........-....- 401
Camaguey—
AS volante imi ae cee Mold eek eek ee eee eee 103
Funeral in Camaguey with cathedral in background........-..------ 98
Gua-cua, or’ public stageru7 4.4 ee eee eee eee 103
Oxi arts oye EN SS oe ok oe a a 103
Painted! city, of the) Spanish Maine eer eee ae eee 101
Patio in: Camaruey jae. i. 2s ee oe ee 101
Patio of hotel a2. 5. Se.ceeecceeek eet ee neater eee ae eee 101
de Céspedes, Sefior Don Carlos Manuel, minister to the United States—
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
questions of neutrality -)350.) 5) 6-eeee eeeee 849
Photograph of) lee d eo. ck eee ee 292
575
Palmsiand\tropicalivegetation 4-094.) cena Sener eee er ae sere
INDEX. | XLV
da7Gama, Sr. Domicio, ambassador of Brazil to the United States— Page.
iAmduMiadamey day Garnaneee sce pe ieee eset ie etal sie leita te) cet eeret = avensieteyay: 178
At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile Mediation Conference.....-..-.--------- 175-184
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider ques-
(HOLS) Ge GUNA Hcg aeons: od ses se boeSsooe bo cobeseda co dndassooSe 849
Signing of peace treaty between Brazil and the United States. - . . . Frontispiece.
Daniels, Josephus, Secretary of the United States Navy.-......-.------ Frontispiece.
Davis, Ben G., Chief Clerk of the Department of State....-..-.-.--.-- Frontispiece.
de Céspedes, Sefior Don Carlos Manuel, minister of Cuba to the United States—
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider ques-
THOS GO) TAG AEA BIAS decneasotanoe cocoE Oko noodes boc Jace SE pdaetEesoob sar 849
Teele y Kola gH 0)0 Oa paonaocgsequnoobooodssec6 socom EnoaaS SoS Soko oroDoSpoododS 292
de Pena, Dr. Carlos Maria, minister of Uruguay to the United States: Meeting
of governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions of neutrality. 849
Diagrams:
Argentina—
Motaleimaports) andlexports wel Oi Sesh reyae etree eae 123
IDp.Goroversly Wee Ero) MNS San opdens sos0 sous speoeses sooo aT koe oon saoess 140
Colombia comm ercey wl GIS seers eee erate tte eer terete aed ee 807
CostayRicascommerces Olas sessee ees eee ee a eee 817
Ecuador, route from Quito down the Napo River to Para.........-------- 8
Guatemala commlenrcesp! 913 seperate tere tetera er eter 466
WatineAumeritcay commerce il Ola seers eee ieee ate) rl terete 636, 977
Paraguay—
Articlesiot export) 19 2am TOUS Semester iii tat 316
(Otnammanrgsy, HMR ocoscocaesedneogedoucoo ve obscegoesuadoagecsoosooscd 312
Exports and imports, 1904-1913, inclusive. .....--.--.-------------- 314
TeteqbL, Cowon), MNS. sooo odaoodew cece oceeco asaoasosecoednss soesKodes 965
Salvadoracomm ence yl 9i3 amass rae eee ener lariat cieat 642
Dominici, Sr. Dr. Santos Anfbal, minister of Venezeula to the United States:
Meeting of governing beard of the Pan American Union to consider ques-
(HOU GT NGUNARNDNAononocamsacoqcns conse ssududaduesoooSduubdocssaueoees 849
TENTED) NOs wee gupancseosecé Gens capSeoons asonccaoudog sesRaereocesec 621
Dominican Republic:
Columbus, Christopher, in cathedral at Santo Domingo, tomb of.-...-.-.-- 457
Santo Domingo, new Plaza of Independence in..............------------- 452
Soler, Sr. Dr. Eduardo, minister to the United States—
Meeting of the governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
questions ol meuttralityee cary see eae eee ete reoey 849
Pho toga plik byes oes sea Se ae esa pee ees een ae tetsu eet avater atop en cnet 77
Ecuador:
Cérdova, Sr. Dr. Gonzalo, minister to the United States: Meeting of gov-
erning board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of neu-
Ten DA aenon Ao oa oe O REESE aD ONE UMD SeQoGn See Ra Sean orumOR esas cada 849
‘“‘Nevil’s Nose,’’ Guayaquil & Quito Railroad.........-...----------- ie UB
Diagrams: Route from Quito down the Napo River to Para......-.-.---- 8
Gallardo, Sr. Don Enrique, consul general in New York........-..------- 737
iFfaiies tine aN arranyay (Ean annie) essere aie terete ae are reel tee 685-693
indianvcarniersimathe Nia pO meclOn =. sees eerie ener rete eee ae et 9
Mounti@himborazozs tesa soe & ieee ee eee eee Set 11
@urtowbirdis-ev.enviews Ole errs tee eee erence 6
Railroad, Guayaquil & Quito, the ‘‘Devil’s Nose”.......-..------------ 752
Scenes: Misty dawn in a valley camp en route to the Napo....---------- 9
Embassies in Washington of Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Argentina....-....--- 950
XLVI INDEX.
Fletcher, Hon. Henry P., ambassador of the United States to the Republic of Chile: Page..
At the Government Palace, SantiaeOsce- ee ee eta eee eee ee eee eee 935
Leaving Palace after official reception by President Barros Lucoat Santiago. 936
Photooraplt ofas. 28 242 tase eit A te Seek ts pty eee oe ene 612
Fuller, Mr. Paul, special representative of the President of the United States to =
IM@xXI COR FaH. 5 <ceh seien eee cn been 2e: Vents Se ee heey enone: oes 625
Gallardo, Sr. Don Enrique, consul general of Ecuador in New York..-...-.-.-.- 737
Games indigenous to South America:
Aychampronbull-tail ttwaster: 2. -c2beee- bee 44-4 ee ia ee eee 24
Araucanian Indians playing, chilecas.2-25-4.-- 4-4. eee eee eee 18
Ball among the Cuduiary Indians of Brazil... b scgigeis toot eee 15
Ball Court at Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Wierdion: lane ring = ein «das shi 18
Ther Chinehand otortue Olawalees4-62 55: py) oe ee 21
GuachowOrniCOWwlOVesseseee-ee ee oes ee ee eee eee eee 19
Guachoshplayinevalay tabasese see eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 20
Sortiga, a popular sport in Paraguay..-..--:---1-----22--2 22-22 ep eee 16
Mopeo, game Of. 2-28 e eee. eee ee eee ee ee eee ae eee 25
#) Topeo, gathering forjalGamelOfens— 22 eee en. eae eee 24
Gocthals, (Coles. 5 -asee rece ee aoc 6 een eee il eee eee eee 348, 362
Gottschalk, Mr. Alfred L. M., consul general at Rio de Janeiro. ....-.......-- 404
Guatemala:
Diagram ot commence, 190322 22222 ee. peer pees eee ee 466
Mendez, Sr. Don Joaquin, minister to the United States: Meeting of gov-
erning board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of neu-
traliittyeee eee eee bocce use cee eene Ae ee ae ae 849
Haiti:
Menos, Mons. Solon, minister to the United States—
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
questionsjolsneutralittyer eer eee eee er eee eee ae ee 849
JEN WEAPON Os 54sec dss sen acobee cb Eade suse ss 006 22 a9ho5eeds2e=5>-> 79
Ham, Clifford D., collector general of customs at Managua, Nicaragua. - - -.--- 401
Harts, Col. William W., chief aid of President Wilson.....-.-.--------------- 64
Hale, Dr. Albert, commercial attaché of the United States to the Argentine
LY} POMC Sopa O eee Ane Shoko s sOReeeeaEE TOR GSsanOOeadedacncsccososcs 52: 742
Harrington, Mr. A., commercial attaché of the United States to Peru....-...-- 742
Havens, Mr. Verne L. R., commercial attaché of the United States to Chile... 742
Hutchinson, Prof. Lincoln, commercial attaché of the United States to Brazil. 742
at, the Manayva) @yanama)ssce=s 2 ee) ser) eer eer ele Peete ee eee 685-693
iFlieathy Md wanvRithyene sense eee er eee see eerie eee eee eee 12
Heimke, Hon. William, Chief of the Division of Latin-American Affairs of the
United States Department, ot Statesses set =a eee ae eee 791
Honduras:
Goldiores sonting2e esas er oe eae ‘i duetvass 3. alt ek Ra eee eee 781
Gold: min@ ine. 22 toe eh a eee eee eee Ore eee ao eee 781
Membrefio, Dr. Alberto, minister to the United States: Meeting of the
governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of
neutrality: <2. Weask seh ies feed Bee sere. Bes ee ae rere 849
Hughes, Hon. Raymond M., president of Miami University, and Sr. Don
Hederico/Ac, Pezet; minister ol Rertess- eee eee ee pee e ee ee eee eee 616
Indians:
Araucanian Indians playing, Chwecas == 2 22a e eee eree eee a= oe ee 18
Carrier in the region of Napo, Ecuador........----.------- ner ce 9
Game of ball among the Cuduiary Indians of Brazil. .....--..----------- 15
INDEX. XLVII
Page.
Johnson, Cone, Solicitor of Department of State.............---..----- Frontispiece.
Jusserand, M. J. J., ambassador of France, entering church as escort for body of
thenlatemministerion Wemezuel ae ase as seis Wee eS os laya ee aye eve ioe 2 64
Kelley, William F., confidential clerk to Secretary of United States. ... Frontispiece.
Conference for College and University Men, delegates to, Lake Geneva, Wis.,
ra LON NTT eis AUG MEGHAN RAUL CLOOLAL SUMO, MSD Daas aenek TARA 298
Latin America: Diagram, commerce, 1913-....-.-- i Tre al i Sen a 636, 977
Long, Hon. Boaz W.:
Chief of Latin-American Division of the Department of State....... Frontispiece.
Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States
GOR Sal layed Cl OMe ee sear eter oyife ede ernest Men ac, etch etatts ete ciate Stearate ue alee cat tate vct 295
Loudon, Paul Witmer, winner of the Barrett all-round achievement prize,
Martasvo witli QW Aye pete eens Wie, Sine tee aye Sumas ee mony Meru SAVE al epena cee ei teva 301
Maps:
Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro, all-rail route between. ...-.....-.------- 46
South: American’ exporter as .0e vata we hate ere eerete Ma uae Sy AL rea eapnee GALS aE eH 699
Mediation conference, Argentine-Brazil-Chile:
At the garden party of the Duke of Connaught at Toronto in compliment
CO; thelmediators yes kee eee ee Ne AISLE ehcp ue tl AEDES ve 183
Banquet tendered on behalf of the Canadian Government by Hon. Martin
Burrell Wministenofacnicul tures sos eerie ate een ae eee ae 178
daiGamar sr Domicionambassadon of brazile eer me. eee see a eee ee 175
Diversion of the mediators during the conference........-...------------ 181
Dodge, Hon. H. Percival, secretary to United States delegation. ....--- 175, 176
Elguero, Sr. Don Luis, delegate from Mexico................----------- 175
Eiguero, Sr. Rafael, secretary to Mexican commission...-........-------- 175
Gil, Sr. Dr. Enrique, secretary to Argentine mediator.........-.--.------ 175
Hotel Clifton, Niagara Falls, where proceedings took place............--. 174
Lamar, Hon. Joseph Rucker, commissioner from United States......-- 175, 176
Lehmann, Hon. Frederick W., commissioner from the United States... 175,176
Mediators in full isessiomes soe -eeke eee ee ye arate esata oo Sea ape ar see tey ei erapsy Tede 175
Mediatorsyand! therm secretaries: 322 see ses steers cats ae eleiae clear 181
Mediators, American delegates, Masters Naén and Suérez, officials, and
newspaper men in front of the Prospect Hotel, Niagara Falls.......-.-.--. 177
Mediators and Masters Naén and Su4rez arriving at the garden party of the
DukeomConnauchty Rorontos cee se eee om ore ape eye er eee 184
MexicanydelegationsimeludineMadiessasseeeee see ee eee ane ee eee 180
Moreira, Sr. A. J. de Ipanema, secretary to Brazilian mediator. .........-. 175
Naén, Sr. Rémulo S., minister of Argentine Republic. .........---....-- 175
Newspaper correspondents and others connected with the mediation pro-
COLeLeXs UT cts Ma ea aitee iets MeN ere) ALAM eB AMO Tesh ee RI Wisin Sel DOU 184
Rabasa, Sr. Don Emilio, delegate from Mexico......-.- RDN TOP AN A Aan Std She 175
Rodriguez, Sr. Don Augustin, delegate from Mexico...........-.-------- 175
Salinas, Sr. Don Manuel, secretary to Chilean mediator...............--- 175
Secretary of State William J. Bryan and American delegates to the......- 176
Sud4rez-Mujica, Sr. Don Eduardo, minister of Chile..............-..-... 174,181
Tennis engaged the newspaper men and young people........-.--------- 180
Membrefio, Dr. Albert, minister of Honduras to the United States: Meeting
of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of
TNGUIETA TE errata ope tei ley sci sveh ec enc 2) 24 8 (UW Em eee RAE UL ey ay ce a pty AN 498
Mendez, Sr. Don Joaquin, minister of Guatemala to the United States: Meet-
ing of the governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions
OW Memtralntyie cope mer oe ala Ls yer. apse lhe sive apenas Seas ene Re NU VC aR OD 849
78444—15——4
XLVIII INDEX.
Menos, Mons. Solon, minister of Haiti to the United States: Page.
Meeting of the governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
questionsiolmmeubralitye ese eesti — ie ae veneer Beet Sel)
He soy ores ey O1ON (0) TOES yh ee NUNS Nene OL oe a eels abc 79
Mesen, Sr. Dr. Roberto. See Brenes, Sr. Dr. Roberto.
Mexico:
Art Mosarepmarsiksy ont hepAzitecsaseee a= eee ere ieee eae ee ree 774, 776
Beans, vanilla—
Dryinoibeansbysmeans of sumilneat ese eee) ye ett eee 599
Plantationvat Leziu tle ssp sais ae af ekele/ eee 2 eee aoe ee 599
TRIER ay ree ee Gaerne Liaise BER e WEEN KS a. oo 2 601
Coffee tree with ripened berries, branch of.........-.......-------------- 904
Elguero, Sr. Don Luis, delegate to Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation con-
MOT EI COUN ists kiss ALN a ARR Ay Eat ater cla 2S A ee ee 175
Elguero, Sr. Rafael, secretary to the Mexican commission at the Argentine-
Brazil-Chileimediationyconterencesss 444-42 se. se see eee 175
Bmibbassy.in Washington. 0.02 su. os. Cie kL NS col) ee rer le ree ae 950
Mosaicumasks of the Aztecs... 300 see 8 ioe ei eee ee 774, 776
Parez) Verdia, Dy, Tuitish oo se. ue4 siya ue wee ae weve aS esas eee eee ae 737
Pottery—
dF ere ls DR Eh ene Pe i Me Ma MEM aS Se SoS ooo c 907
NE Cea Oe nUee eee eee MOM ISSR MS SE olocs c 908
Rabasa, Sr. Don Emilio, delegate to the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation
COMPETENCE ew Uae i seus cul ait eens el atau tha gate aa a tee a 175
Rodriguez, Sr. Don Augustin, delegate to the Argentina-Brazil-Chile
mediation conference: 5 s2\:).-.8 sss ayes ieee ae ce eee eee ee 175
Ruins—
Chichen Itza, Yucatan, stone ring from the ball court at........-.-.-- 18
Tzamal:PA‘cotossaliinead =... ...2c.c.00.0 oct ecis= eis ee ore cee meso ae eC eae 88
Palenque: Alter piece, Temple of the Beau Relief...........-..------ 86
Milles Mie xa came eae CoM oe due GN cS ge ce cat cNe cal Bice heen Ot io ae ee 910
Meza, Sr. Dr. Carlos A., secretary of the Legation of Salvador in the United
Sibate ss sos OAc Ae MANA MIRE EIN ena se Lastest ee aS or apn a akan ee ee ee 849
Morales, Sr. Dr. Don Eusebio A., minister of Panama to the United States:
Meeting of governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions of
Pa Sqy A g2il Wi APNG ay Sa ER Eee yet Ari Me tet ODE SIA eae BNE ig G'q <'> = 848
Naén, Sr. Rémulo S., ambassador of Argentina to the United States:
And the United States ambassador to Argentina.............-----.------ 932
At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference.....--.----------- 175-184
Leading commencement procession at Yale University........-..-..------ 291
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
questions of neutrality. 2 Ww osee cee see eae er sues i ops ee eee 849
Photooraplnyoh es es re a a aie eave can 3 slo SS ae 608
Signing of peace treaty between Argentina and the United States. . Frontispiece.
Nicaragua:
Balafios, Sr. Don Pio, secretary, Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission... 627
Chamorro, Sr. Gen. Don Emiliano, minister to the United States: Meeting
of governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions of
MVE TELIA EGY oil 2 fil ay RL Aa orleans 849
Cuadra Pasos, Sr. Don Carlos, Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission...... 627
Mixed) Claims Conamissiom e325) hem esas ere ast oe ele (ale aca eae 627
Oliveira, Senhor J. M. Cardosa de, minister of Brazil to the Republic of Mexico.. 625
Orton, James—
Grave atilake(utierca,. South) Ament cases se see eee ee eee 2
Photocrayply ore sesh ee ck DAC NUE Ves a i ae el ey pape a Se se ets oo 5
INDEX. XLIX
. Page.
PACKING (SOM eNMOLe POOR sae see saeco ee NEP ete h ie Sl he 237
Panama:
Arjona, Sr. Don Aristides, judge of the Supreme Court of Panama......... 399
Morales, Sr. Dr. Don Eusebio A., minister to the United States: Meeting
of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of
MLOUCTAUNGY 5.2 SY ee) a Aa se clic RS het ae alec Bits RU oy hy Uae Ga) 849
Panama Canal:
American submarines passing through the canal locks behind the transport -
“SP SOVCRI Ys 22 < SCRE cies AEG, bad etn fi Nga Nioea ct 2 oe mals alah dav 261
‘fAncon,” the—
Approaching Gatun locks and attaching hawsers to electric towing
locomotivesigevetinatg bos Poteet oo Se oa Ae PI A Sa 348
Barrett, Hon. John, Director General of the Pan American Union, on
the bridgevoisthe sv Aneconi ye s2-. 5: Sacer eee 358
Completing history-making passage and steaming into broad Pacific.. 356
Imbithelsecondalitiiat, Gatun loc kaeeer see ere seis 349
In. Miraflores,upperlocks 53.455. 228 eeeret es A YS ARE MR, 354
Leaving Culebra Cut and approaching Pedro Miguel Locks...-.......-. 351
Leaving Miratloresduocks wpe yays. fans SoA eye oe ees peeere se 353
On, the brideeiofs sou seetek se eis, Se ee 358
Steaming through Culebra Cut on occasion of the opening of the canal
TO) COMMMET CO e een ee na {Gh og ssSccgsssocassessasesoosesc~ 344
Steamnne through) Miradlores Wake ssssc qe -eeeee oer eee eee ae eee 303
Steaming toward Gatun Lock with Atlantic entrance in the back-
EG 0) DUNXG ORE coe ea Ree I eed TS oe cy Ae ric OE eel A, ae 346
Special guests of Gov. Goethals on the ‘“‘Ancon”..............-.-- 358, 361
Controli boards one oiithencs au: S.No ys ce i ee ee 260
Culebra Cut—
“Ancon” leaving Culebra Cut and approaching Pedro Miguel Locks.. 351
he eAncon:steaminerthrougheeess-seeeeaca ease see eee eee oA
Gatunmitocks, they -Ancon,)inetheisecond Mit ate. 44-2 aes e eee see amo LO
Goethals 1 Colt: 4.(atk saath en te nie Eh ayant RL ai Tal Bett ae 348, 362
Lamp standard of the docks, a massive concrete.......-...--......-.-.-- 362
Miraflores Lake, the ‘‘Ancon”’ steaming through..........-.---.--------- 353
Miraflores Locks—
‘‘Ancon”’ in upper lock about to descend to Pacific level.....-....... 354
“Ancon”’ leaving locks and entering waters of the Pacific........-... 353
Transport “Severn” being towed by the mechanical haulers through the
Gatun, Hockssa: dS sesso ees oa ae ne a pats ees ea ceat wet ee 261
Pan American conferences:
Delegates) to the/HirstiConferencenn-ees see ee ee eee 282
Delegates to the Second Conference, Mexico City, October 22, 1901-
January: 31), 1902 2525 oS cicle ad Slee Rens Ae ae ae 284
Delegates to Third Conference, Rio de Janeiro, July 21-August 26,1906... 286
Delegates to the Fourth Conference, Buenos Aires, July 12-August 30,1910. 288
Monroe Palace, Rio de Janeiro, where Third Conference was held, July 21-
PAN SUS E265 VQ OG aes cjas sha Slab mc ph a ae a ga a pe 283
Old National Palace, Mexico City, where Second Conference was held,
Oetoneni22 41901 January Sl) 19025 as yee ata ree enviar er 283
Palace of Justice, Buenos Aires, where Fourth Conference was held,
July OS Au ost 2 Se NGO Ye ho 10)5 eae ee RR Rea a alten ee EY 5 2 287
Wallach Mansion, Washington, D.C., where the First Conference was held,
October 21 S89— Avril Ossi SOO 21a ea aarepe ene Arete Dennen Nen eyae yee 0 She 281
L INDEX.
Pan American Union:
TaepAnnexsand Aztec Garden at might.ssss5e= sea eee eee ee
Artigas, Gen. José—
Bust of Uruguayan hero for Patriots Gallery..............--.--.-----
Profile of buste seis oo ct soe Sele eee eect nt grey Sree Bets ete, = A ae
Cartoons Clifford *K=* Berry man’ss)) are eee one ee ee =e eee ae eee
Bountain; in ‘thie patio: . 22/15 sss see ee ee ene eee
rOmtiacad Oa.) i220 2) 2h Aes I aed Coreg USERRA oe ach ee eal egy or
Gallery of thetpatriots:. 220. SN goon eee ee ee
Governing board meeting, December 8, 1914, to consider questions of
MOUET AGG) ak elals Sy ae Wo ha nee peace ot) hth cecil ycns 8 o
Governing) board room 040s 2 aSe eee = Sele Seta: Perens aie ee
Halkor the Americas 22 cs aces sees ee pe ence kites ce ese ieee ened
Mhempatio 8g 2 Geh he SIE We TE bs SIRE es cf AER Fe See aa
Whe way bananas PLOW oso. etry cient reiee see See ee ee ee
Paraguay:
Diagrams—
Articles of export; Lol2and OS yeas sees eee eee eee
Commerce} slOUS says era ie PASI ERS Ne EM Bk he
Exports and imports, 1904 to 1913, inclusive..................--.----
River steamer on! the upper barandios.. 2 sess eee eee eee eee
Ruinsof Sanilonacioies sk ts Mee Aes Sie RUE soleil ene Eee eee
Sortica, a popular sport. ceccncca ses nae eters oe e eiaea ea ee
AMilpacason; “Lhe, Puna.) adlock: ofan ceaeeamem sae
Andes: COWS AM tHE: 2.01 ec ete wine cesar ss here ae Ee
Arequipa—
And MountiMistine = aeue ieee se see Sees teeny © ae eet See
Cathedral anya. 526. basciaso oe eaad eae Peseta eee eee
bear, the spectacled yi se.as-cce 22 eee eee eee eee cee eee aae See
Benavides, Col. Oscar R., President of the Republic of Peru........-...--
Cotton-milll mear Tima). case cits cine Sens ae ees eee he eee
Cuzeonsectionofouter wall ottortressiati see 4-2 e eee ese eee eee
Diagram: ‘Commerce, 19135202222 0.6.) je dee ee
Lima, street sceneun. 0522582 Pk: ele SUR es ey ek eR oe ee ee
Monumentite ManwellCandamonn)Inimalesss-ee ee eee eee eee
Mining district) inthe. 22. ess ce 208 See ee CE ee eye
Mining property. near Lake Diticacass5--22 54602222 eee
Pezet, Sr. Don Federico A., minister to the United States—
And President Raymond M. Hughes of Miami University............
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
questions of neutrality... 225504 55..05 -abeese eno eee Bee
Railways—
The “Infiernillo”’ bridge, on the Oroya Railway....-....-..---------
View: of the!Oroya ‘Railway 9523222 -2ae 2 eee eee eee nee eee
Ruins—
Cuzco, section of outer wall of fortress at.........------------+---+----
Nusta Espana or Yurak Rumi discovered by Prof. Hiram Bingham. ..
Sugar—
lantinevsucar cane.) santo) Clarosss-ee ser aee ee Seeeeeee tees eee eee
Refinery an northernjPerws4-2) 445) eee eee eee oe
316
312
314
365
371
16
365
373
713
592
253
253
901
501
717
251
965
891
450
715
715
616
849
763
760
251
273
INDEX. LI
Pezet, Sr. Don Federico A., minister of Peru to the United States— Page.
And President Raymond M. Hughes of Miami University................ 616
Meeting of governing board of Pan American Union to consider questions of
TIS UULT ALU by Sens ae Sn PEOPLES NON SNRs AN ASSO AEA NY Yi Mah 849
Phillips, William, Third Secretary of United States................--. Frontispiece.
Prehistoric skeleton of world’s largest animal:
Bones of hind leg of Brontosaurus Louisae.............-.......-..------- 116
Bone of a dinosaur, partly swathed in plaster before removal from quarry. 117
Dinosaur peak, where the remains are being dug up........-....----..-- 117
Price, Hon. W. J., United States minister to Panama, on the bridge of the
AMI COM Breas er Gee ais ak nla areis aise ngiskcin bidloe eteiag aa wieie we ccram ee Oo MEE 359
Robinson! Crusceistatuelat, Larcomscotlandeeesas-eeeeeeeeee reece e reeset 215
Rockhill, Hon. William Woodville, American diplomat who has become foreign
adviser on themRepubliciofi@ hinaseeeess-eee ee een eee ene ee eee ee 296
Rojas, Sr. Dr. Don Pedro Ezequiel, etc.:
Arrival of funeral cortege at the Washington Navy Yard................. 68a
Carriage: of. state: wathy body, offs snares Aer ek SE SY: ne ee be 67
Carrying the remains of the late minister aboard the ‘‘Dolphin”........-- 68b
Diplomatic corpsiat thevtuneralisenvicesioias--4- ease eee eee eee eater e 65
Engineer Corps carrying casket from the church, members of ............- 66
Officialiescortentermmexchurchss-24.--4 eee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee 64
Officials paying their final respects as the body of the minister is taken
aboard the) olpbinveeseeeeeeee eres Pe ris ae AR ere Pn RT 68a,
Photocraphh ofs 53256556 2 se Sentai SEER eee 63
President Wilson attending the funeral services in honor of.....-..-..-.--- 64
Remains of the late minister on board the ‘‘Dolphin”..........-.-.-..-- 68b
Roosevelt, Col. Theodore:
Hromioxcart, topmotorncarinithepAnd esses eee eae eee eae eee 107
And Col. Rondon returning from a hunt in Brazil. ......-......-.-..---- 90
In the ox-drawn cart in the Andes..........---- Sane Be recep AEILES EO 105
Rose wRobertyByscs ster ier wens seek a Betas Bo) Sts oleae ee eens eae Frontispiece.
Salinas, Sr. Don Manuel, secretary Embassy of Chile at Washington:
AGB-Cinediationiconterencess-eese eee aa aee Hee eee eee ee eee 175
herambassad or oi Chilevandistatiae=- sess s-- ee eee eee Ce ee eee ee 930
Salvador:
Dizeram——Commierces Oasis ee hs 2 a a ee ae ee 642
Meza, Sr. Dr. Carlos A., secretary of the Legation of Salvador in the United
SCAG CS aches sin ea Sra ietcheits cv brSpanerevad WC fatale evee aU aL IETS A Rene sees a ey A ele 849
Schoenfeld, H. F., secretary of United States Legation at Montevideo, Uruguay. 84
Schoenrich, Hon. Otto, president Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission. ..... 627
Silliman, Mr. John R., special representative of the President of the United
States! tov Me Rico: Meco TS ae NAS A PDs AS Castel Poe 625
Soler, Sr. Dr. Ediardo, wariabtier of Dominican Republic to the United States:
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider ques-
tions*of neutrality css 5s Jee sae ee ae ee eee Se ce EU ci 849
Photopraphyois ssa -ee eee eee ara Wty serene ine eee Some a Ut
Statue of Mr. Carnegie at Dunfermline, Scotland.............-....---------- 786
Steamer in regular service between the United States and South America..... 701
Stimson, Hon. Frederic J., ambassador of the United States to Argentina:
And the ambassador of Argentina to the United States..............-..--- 932
Photographvoke iu «cis sees. Lense see ose ee ee tapes ss etic WS 614
StraitioiMarellans/scene un the: ....).4:<2,9--e ee aCe eee ee tee ec eooee: 506
LII INDEX.
Suarez-Mujica, Sr. Don Eduardo, ambassador to the United States: Page.
VAT) Staite sa i 2 a ae ene ol 2) Seal Das Soules UE de ly SAR pel Syne lbs Ween 931
At the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference..............--..-- 175-184
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider ques-
Gonswohpmeutrality, 2.20) sassy Elan De epanbley a Lagee fae AAO a yh 849
Photographyolsc ec. esses oo ste A eri Ae ae a) spiel Deets 610
Signing of peace treaty between United States and Chile. ........- Frontispiece.
South America:
ASTIeuliuralimp] ement iat wonky. pee eee ae eye ena 707
Corn phiel dioiis ai Ghar esa: eo LN, palit ell. Celenleee. oft ep eae ae 709
A FETEUON DY i) is Sik eee ok a RR ORE OURS EMRE ES PRE ee 2! ON 373
Maps HexpOntsiaees See. ces Uk hk oil As meal Monee ts A eae 699
Potato Neultivationvon thes) yey oh ew sel yee fe GE hava le ae A ee 707
ithemheaor South, American ostieh-p--- 25-2 e eee eee eee 705
IRUVIET SCENE oui 4 a Shy ole Sapd aie sisiass opis co dre SR ie aed ne te eee)
Vehicles—
Coach of state used during the presidency of Sarmiento.............- 193
The Lil bury S52 ee 8 feces el te Batis stn AVE ye eel al ae 227
Warehouse, interior iofca. .. 2b ease Sete ae ee 701
Telegraphy:
Warelessitelecraphiy,in\tiepAunericas!£) 25. )s eer eye eee 501-511
Wirelession\thebittellitowentat Paris: ee ce Sele eee eee eee 502
Tennant, Mr. Henry F., secretary of United States Legation and consul general,
San Salvador, Saiedian he ane eee PE ERI EMCEE MTU i oc c5 G2 795
Thompson, Hon. Arthur R., Nicaraguan Mixed Oleeaes Commission.....2:4--- 627
Trinidad, loading asphalt fae Cars §..'. cit. feted aes aatehie ee ee oe ee 866
SEAUT KAOS ce) IM avai Wag a eS BP a els crcrsie acoso ey 673-684
United States:
Baehr, Mr. Max J., former consul general to Cuba. .....-.....----------- 404
Bailly-Blanchard, Hon. Arthur, envoy extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary, tomate. eo. tee Si ec oe eee cee cee sate Ree ee See 73
Baldwin, Mr. A. H., commercial attaché to London................-.-..-- 737
Bank of New York, National City, Buenos Aires, Argentina........-..--- 922
Barrett, Hon. John, Directcr General of the Pan American Union—
Informal) WatimeAmerieanttirade conferences---2s--2- 5-2-6544 eee eee 623
Meeting of governing board, December 8, 1914, to consider questions
of neutralityseos ae MR Ie WR et oe eee ae oe ee 849
On) thetbridge-of they 7Anconw’. 22 REbe sae ee ee cee ee eee eee 358
Signing of peace treaties between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile - - Frontispiece.
Bauskett Franken ace) 2 ea ei lish God alee hel aaiee ARlell 9 aeapeeee Frontispiece.
Belt, Mir 30.7 Wir eet nee ih, ae is Bee, A pcp nee Bl Duet RO 8 a ae 625
Bingham, Prof. Hiram, and party on top of Coropuna, Peru.........-..--- 273
Bridge, proposed, at Niagara Falls to commemorate the hundred years of
peace between Great Britain and the United States..........-..-....... 309
Bryan, William Jennings—
And‘American delegates to the Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation con-
FOETIGG! ec hc eee tas eR I SE I a 176
Meeting of governing board cf the Pan American Union, December 8,
1914,to considerquestions of neutralutyse--5e- 4-2 el 22-1 lo 849
Official escort of the late minister of Venezuela entering church. ..... 64
Signing of peace treaties between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Frontispiece.
Cartoon Clittord Ki. Berrymanis =). anese eee eee ee eee eee eee 799
Church, St. Patrick’s, Washington, D. C., where Pan American mass was
celebrated; Rhankse ivan wD ayy: (94 ae ee ae eae ne ee ee 948
INDEX. LIT
United States—Continued. Page.
Clay toms elon yo wellg yee aay cevs cae erases Ae ey etsy ay eat SFLU kai icyedar eg 734
Coltom Eons (Georgseths Sees SSeS 8 ee) ves Ne Seay apsi tae ma eae yall 740
Conference, Latin American trade, group of delegates to the informal. ....- 623
Cotton—
AY Georgialcottonml ees se co. cyetelerarate io = rans © ni nsaieep eee aie rare 519
A@mechanicalicottom pickers sy -e ee eere cir) inee ayaa ree 520
AGNortheCarolinaycottomstiel dey sys mre trey a ee ats ae ives 523
AY South Carolinarcottoml tower cds eraser ae eis aer aie oie area 522
@oftombb oll steers Se eta aac hay Sa ea tee eects cenrmia ni near ls er ea 515, 517
IAL MING COUN o sg donoesds ds au sss oudsenosadeubudcsesuoucaDagooCs 519
Sea-islandicottontn’ they Southeesese sess -6 so eee aan asia aeys 513
Daniels, Josephus, Secretary of the Navy...........-.-.--.---- Frontispiece.
Davis, Ben G., Chief Clerk of the Department of State.......-. Frontispiece.
Docks—
Gailiviestons. Ox cys es oN eee Se OE PE ature A 525
Mig bile, Alas is 2 are iis, srortrata, oon a etacaer ray ers Jer) 5 Saas Aa eS ae e ee epA 525
Dodge, Hon. H. Percival, secretary to the United States delegation at the
Argentine-Brazil-Chile mediation conference..........-------------- 175, 176
Exeursionot the Wwehichp Valley, Railroad | Comseeee: eae eee ee eae 628
Flag the’, andiite*makerae 22705-0055 = sec 08 2 Se nN EY ete 276
Fletcher, Hon. Henry P., ambassador to Republic of Chile—
At the Government, Palace santiago sce eee sa-e ee eee oa 935
Leaving palace after official reception by President Barros Luco at
SAMEIACO sont js acl weve tier sith exert siete fheye aio SEE apes eat ah «RL 936
IPhotocraph Obs 2.220). sere = a eeerela ae = Sea ee ee 2 Sra ee MODs 612
Forest, fossil—
Anotherispecimenish owing barks. seers ery esr er ae 767
EiRS aa tit Hel U0 Ss}a(0) hgh ten eam ees RD Me Oy Bi eel rate Ge RU Die oy tte RU 764
Fuller, Mr. Paul, special representative of the President of the United
Staves tor VMextCOeces sme. secret skys nese seen yatee eM ciefeias ays RG nee eee 625
yullersgird Same ora tigen ye 2 fe i ee ee ae ey ay yyy ey ey ts a ase ree 625
Gottschalk, Mr. Alfred L. M., consul general at Rio de Janeiro..........- 404
Hale, Dr. Albert, commercial attaché to the Argentine Republic..-......-.. 742
Ham, Clifford D., collector general of customs at Managua, Nicaragua.... 401
Harmineton Mir lvAe scomimercial; attaches top benlesssserer esses oeee 742
Harts, Col. William W., chief aid of President Wilson........-...-.------ 64
Havens, Mr. Verne L. R., commercial attaché to Chile. --........--..--- 742
Heaths WdwamrR theme 2 feces esl ie MOR ea ety ae ee eye 12
Heimke, Hon. William., Chief of Division of Latin American Affairs,
ID ep arte CIOL TS Cente ese sa asa es 2 ee ee ee ee 791
Hotel Clifton, Niagara Falls, where the mediation proceedings took place.. 174
Hughes, Hon. Raymond M., president of Miami University, and Sr. Don
Federico A. Pezet, minister of Peru to the United States.............. 616
Hutchinson, Prof. Lincoln, commercial attaché to Brazil........--.....-- 742
Indians—
Che hi yo= Gita ey eases ra ys ae chs PO 440
ishgW Oli Rob@a st. ceic sii shat uysis See Mer Ae erp etal a= pe eC 440
WOM SRO ther ssese 5 iF LIke Sve Bi peal are StU payers eae rU AU psoas 442
Makes-Aumongeoithe=Eimemiys). 4): 0.1 ete eae sey ae perepeeae cree oy ie earns 442
SVOUMOCULIG WA as 5 ore ae Sel alnc oe ane Renee pe east rea elec A fa 442
fronvindustrysinithesSouthi. 25 (s-,cc.- veer cere eI fete eye at 530
Johnson, Cone, Solicitor of Department of State................--. Frontispiece.
Kelley, William F., confidential clerk to Secretary of State......-. Frontispiece.
LIV
INDEX.
United States—Continued. Page.
Lamar, Hon. Joseph Rucker, commissioner at the Argentine-Brazil-Chile
mediationsconference aie: 42. cee eee eRe Oe ane cere eee 175, 176
Lehmann, Hon. Frederick W., commissioner to the Argentine-Brazil-Chile
Me GiaAtLOnYCONTErENCE Se ..<2a\s <n eee Oe eee ee eee 175, 176
Long, Boaz W.—
Chief of Latin American Division of the Department of State... Frontispiece.
Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Salvador...... 295
Loudon, Paul Witmer, winner of the Barrett all-round prize, Dartmouth,
OWA eis kote eek OLR Ae gee ee ares oe 301
Marin Horace: 2 cic. 2b 2s eee See ORI ER oe 197
Mechanics EHalltin) Bostonty.-.2 soe ae eee 14 So ON gee 459
Orton, James—
Grave at Lake Titicaca, South America.................-....------- 5
Photosraph Ofssi ct so. sh osgee so kek soe een ae aa eee eee 5
Phillips, William, Third Secretary of State......................-. Frontispiece.
Price, Mr. KyleBocitc elses tc Bee a Ue a ee Se ee 625
Price, Hon. W. J., minister to Panama, on bridge of the ‘‘Ancon”........ 359
Rockhill, Hon. William Woodville, American diplomat who has become
foreign) adwiser of themRepublic of Chinas ss 254-5) eee eee 296
Roosevelt, Col. Theodore—
And Col. Rondon returning from a hunt in Brazil..................- 90
Hrom/ox(cart-to motorcarin the Andess4e == -- 25s ee eee 107
In<etheroxcdrawnecartjint thevAmd esses 44. 225 ene ee eee 105
Inveamp an Brazil aecis2 tee, AE eT 7 Be 417
Ready, torithe days ride) (meBbrazil) esas ee. Se eee eee eee 419
VOBG; ARVO DENG Elethaciretclaey jae a Reese eee ea eee ee Frontispiece.
Sarmiento wATrcentina;s memorial to-eeeeeeen eee e eee eee ee ee 187
Scheeler, Inwingl.;photopraphereeee eae see eee eee eee 404
Schoenfeld, H. F., secretary of United States legation at Montevideo,
Uruguay {oe eisere sooo es ead Beek Geet Se 84
Schoenrich, Hon. Otto, president Nicaraguan Mixed ClaimsCommission.... 627
Silliman, Mr. John R., special representative of the President of the United
StavesstouMiexico sissies i RG re oo 625
Smith SDre Clinton Dor eee ERS oe Se ee 404
Stimson, Hon. Frederic J., ambassador to Argentina—
And the ambassador of Argentina to the United States.............. 932
Photograph of, = es eae oes ot Sa AUD ce 614
Telegraphy—
A simple wirelessim ‘the Army. 5). )..003). ee 509
Interior of the United Wireless Telegraph Co. station, Washington, D.C. 510
Modern’ typeof fieldiwireless outhits 22 5226. aoe eee eee 509
Wireless station at Arlington, near Washington, D.C......-.--------- 506
Tennant, Henry F., secretary of legation and consul general, San Salvador,
Salvadors. 2220 CEA Se ee ee eee 795
Thompson, Hon. Arthur R., Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission.....- 627
Tobacco plants: <:ic 7 . ee ee e 527, 528
Treaties of peace between United States and Brazil, Argentina, and Chile,
signing of2 0 ).¢2 suk Aer es ey ee ee ie eee Frontispiece.
Trees—
Fossil: 2.320 ce a a ae es 764
The world’s oldest:trees s.r eee ee 432
Washington, George—
A Unique picture: of. : 22 SGo 7 SNe ae apee a ntaranie) siete eee ROTA Bi: 304
iEroposed memorial at Washington) Cs ito snes eee 307
INDEX. LV
United States—Continued. Page.
Wilson, President, attending funeral services in honor of the late minister
OLNVSTIEZ Wel a pies ae at Aes, sy ON Mee ve Ap al TeV eng ey acre eat AE 64
Wareless’stationatvAmlmoe tomy 5 seni s-fe)s pera aece a ees ate als joee ene are 506
Wyvell, Manton M., private secretary of the Secretary of State...... Frontispiece.
Yale University, commencement procession at...........--------------- 291
swellowstonevbarky fossitlorests sewer ae Heya mete eras Sevnle Lie yak ete 9 scene 764
Zahn, Father, starting on a day’s journey (in Brazil)..............-..--- 420
Uriburu, Sr. Don José Evaristo, ex-President of the Argentine Republic...... 734
Uruguay:
Artigus, Gen. José, bust of the Uruguayan hero.........-.....--......-. 446
Blncosb radians Carloseiy sat seers rae erase ciaeate alec erat eh tebe onet vers 945
Brum, Dr. Baltasar, member of organized committee of Ninth International
Congress; of Studlemtsae sens este eet eet nie es Mee rc aerate she 81
Buero, Sr. Enrique, secretary general of organized committee of Ninth
International Coneressiol stud entcase- 4 —eeeae se eee eee eee eee 81
Capurro, Sr. Rafael, president organized committee of Ninth International
Congress: of Studentsa wa sme reeds oo Rey ee Aa 1e ys dane acter ype fete shares 81
Cattle—
ISGar ON WiUIUEn, WATE NE lOSCOINES Or WN sos sabes basso sdausscceoces 57
High-classistockany Uruguay seas 28 cerca eons ae eee en aeerer dl
HomevoithepburaleAssocia toner ster e aera ae ere 50
Modern machinery in the pastorial industry.....:...----..---------- 55
Sheep and (wooln as seeeacteca: oeecr ase pera eae recreates 58
Variousisteps in hand lingicattle:s=sseeee sce eee eae ere eee 53
Congress of Students, to be held at Montevideo, 1915, organized com-
Mubbecron Nanthelntematonal assess eee eee eeeeeeeee eee eee Cee oer 81
de Pena, Dr. Carlos Maria, minister to the United States; meeting of
governing board of the Pan American Union to consider questions of
MRO Uta Gye eal aoe ce ee Reece ae oa Seta eae pas rs tara rat et tp ee eae 849
Homes otuthe sural wAgsocia Hone seem ea Seer eigen ees eer rear 50
Montevideo wPlazaindependenciannessss ease eee) eee eee ee eee 746
Railway route between Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro......------------ 46
"i Soyo) a oH a Fa te Re nD RG tS TNS Pa re tay RUN fare es 59
Venezuela:
Cathedrallat Caracas nesta ie ARPA Nee Nelo ett a eta ire Sean a crc ev 586
Caracas— :
Crowd awaiting a distinguished visitor............-...--------------- 585
View from: Calivarioy ital siege 6s oo Ss aie au ee ere 582
Dominici, Sr. Dr. Santos Anibal, minister to the United States—
Meeting of governing board of the Pan American Union to consider
questions) oh neutralityss2- 2-852 sonee. eee sect ee eer eos eeee ere 849
Photography Oboes eres cece: te ere Sette erat te ole aoe eee eet 621
Escobar Vargas, Sr. Octavio, commissioner general to the Panama-Pacific
International yE x position sae 4-2 eee o eee ee ee 403
Cuanita; Orb OLS Macs ed Ae ke ee eee Met im ehae asain PES Brae yitsiiy/
La Guaira—
HAV STREC Bi MIMS ola a ee sore A Ie Os SS re ee a, ee SER OY pn ae 579
15 Fe ofa) chats tse es aed ene ene gee ane er een ea! uh 5 Ses Alene eee ae 578
Maiquetia, with La Guaira in the distance....... Shas UIE se este by agree 581
Maracaibo stree faceme Alesse oo) ee ele Ne kee eo rr es ran eee 876
Marquez Bustillos, Dr. Victorino, Provisional President of Venezuela... .. 673
Painting by famous Venezuelan artist, Don Tito Salas, reproductionfrom. 876
H BABY SRE HOY ( OF] OVEN Uo pee ean lat aol OM Minty REN ReR ye ciate Au use Ga IER USINN arys m uEae iN
LVI INDEX.
Venezuela—Continued.
Railway trom la, Guaira) tor Caracas) 25) esha se eee eee SU yg Oe
Rojas, Sr. Dr. Don Pedro Ezequiel, etc.—
Arrival of funeral cortege at Washington Navy Yard..--..-----------
Carriage of State withvbody Olsts-2 3 see see see eee eee ee eee
Carrying the remains of the late minister aboard the ‘‘Dolphin”’...-. -
Diplomatic corps at the funeral services of........------------------
Engineer corps carrying casket from the church, members of.......--
Official escort entering’ church). 2) a eee ee ee
Officials paying their final respects as the body of the minister is taken
aboard thes ‘Dolphin’ i250 Seg) 2 ee ae eee
obo era lobe ecco hey helo) ht oh eseet rare ol polos yoy hat 7— ee
President Wilson attending the funeral services in honor of..........-
Remains of the late minister on board the ‘‘Dolphin”..............-
Rubber rafts floating down the Rio Machado........--...---------------
Ruins) obthe royal tontress lot Arana -j = eae ele ee eee
Salt—
A hill of pure salt)on’ thelisland of \Coche=s-22= +2 2m eee ee eee
Cochean Indian salineras with salt bags weighing 100 pounds each....
The ‘‘Manzanares”’ loading salt at Araya.........--.--.-------------
Statues of Christopher Columbus in Caracas.........-...-----------------
Studio and models of Venezuelan sculptor, Sr. Don Pedro M. Basalo......
Y4nes, Sr. Don Francisco J., Assistant Director of the Pan American Union:
. Meeting of governing board to consider questions_of neutrality......-..-----
O
68a
63
64
68b
918
242
242
244
244
583.
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PANAMA - -NICARAGUA~ MEXICO + HONDURAS
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GOVERNING :-BOARD-OF-THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
U7, G j
Cia Witu1aM J. Bryan, Secretary of State of the United States,
ha Chairman ex officio.
fi r” 2
ene AMBASSADORS EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY.
an BS ralzAll weep Ie Nopeta asa Senhor Domicro pa Gama.!
2 | IMeKICOEf fcc aee ae Sefior Don Manure. Cauero.!
aw
F ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY.
FUyS/\7 Argentine Republic..-Sefior Dr. Romuto 8. Naon.}
IO a9) Bolivdai ssh oes ee Sefior Don Ianacio CALDERON,
’ Office of Legation, 1633 Avenue of the Presidents, Washington, D, C.
Chilesses2 eee nee ere Senor Don Epuarpo SuAREz Mosica.!
Ord 13 Colombia......._.__.. Sefior Dr. Junio Brerancourt,
ay i Office of Legation, 1319 K Street, Washington, D.C.
; Costa) Rica---- 3.---2-- Sefior Don Joaquin BrerRNaRDO CaALvo,
Office of Legation, 1329 Highteenth Street, Washington, D.C.
.) Cubase! Sees. 5 see ee Sefior Dr. Pasto DesvERnNine.!
Dominican Republic. .-Sefior Dr. Francisco J. Paynapo.'
Mcuadons oe eee eee Sefior Dr. Gonzato S. Cérpova,
Office of Legation, 604 Riverside Drive, New York City.
Guatemala aes. -- see Sefior Don Joaquin MrEnpseEz,
eel Office of Legation, 1750 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Fanti eke oes eee ue M. Utrick Duvivier,
Office of Legation, 1429 Rhode Island Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Honduras ._..-.--.--- Sefior Dr. ALBERTO MremBreEso,
: Office of Legation, Hotel Gordon, Washington, D. C.
INTGHP RE, Sono sonuscos Sefior Don Emit1ano CHAMORRO,
Office of Legation, ‘‘Stoneleigh Court,’’ Washington, D. C.
Panamam 22 seee Sefior Dr. Eusrpio A. MoRALEs,
Office of Legation, ‘‘ The Portland,’’ Washington, D. C.
ey Beas aes Sefior Dr. H&ctor VELAZQUEZ,
Office of Legation, 1337 L Street, Washington, D. C.
= WPigal ef =) i ae hey sae RTS Sefior Don FEDERICO ALFonso PEZET,
5 Office of Legation, 2223 R Street, Washington, D. C.
Salyadoneeeesseeereer Sefior Dr. Francisco DuxEfas.!
Wruguay 2.222255. 2222 Sefior Dr. Cartos M. pr Perna,
Office of Legation, 1734 N Street, Washington, D. C.
CHARGES D’AFFAIRES.
Argentine Republic -.-Sefior Don Epuarpdo Racepo, jr.,
j Office of Legation, 1806 Corcoran Street, Washington, D. C.
Brazil: e ease eee Senhor E. L. CHrrmont,
Office of Embassy, 1013 Avenue of the Presidents, Washington, D. C.
Clnlebess eines eee Senior Don Antonio B. AGActo,
Office of Legation, 1329 K Street, Washington, D.C.
Cubase ee aah: Sefior Don MANUEL DE LA VEGA-CALDERON,
Office of Legation, ‘‘ The Parkwood,’’ Washington, D. C.
Dominican Republic --Sefior Don I. A. CErNuDA,
Office of Legation, 2120 Le Roy Place, Washington, D. C.
Mexico oun i Seman ae Sefior Don A. Atgara R. DE TERREROS,!
Office of Embassy, 1413 I Street, Washington, D.C.
Salva Ona eee Sefior Dr. Carztos A. Mezza,
Office of Legation, ‘‘The Portland,’”’ Washington, D. C.
Venezuela ........-..- Senior Don Luis CHuURION,
Office of Legation, 1017 Avenue of the Presidents, Washington, D. C.
by 1 Absent.
v UNION OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS
BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
SEVENTEENTH AND B STREETS NW., WASHINGTON, D.C.,U.S.A.
CABLE ADDRESS FOR UNION AND BULLETIN : : : : “PAU,” WASHINGTON
IE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
DIRECTOR GENERAL
FRANCISCO J. YANES
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR THE BULLETIN
English edition, in all countries of the Pan American Union, $2.00 per year.
Spanish edition, ‘‘ OG Op ss Of st 1.50 O
Portuguese edition, ‘‘ es a si “s 1.00 Oy
French edition, ss Gg es as og oe 5 a
An ADDITIONAL CHARGE of 50 cents per year, on each edition, for
subscriptions in countries outside the Pan American Union.
SINGLE COPIES may be procured from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at 25 cents each.
WASHINGTON :! GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1914
AnmearlyarAmeri Cane xplOle res ce cy ree eens Sys See ee ee ee eee ear a
InGdisenouss eames wine ly a Eiri Ac C1 ere eee ee
AM COMMMETClals travel relies OUI eA CTT CoV pli eens pe epee eee ae
Urusuvaymasvaucattlencountryteese soccer ere eee Een eee
WM emise cote Nhimisteneh O}aSmOtmvien eZ lel ae ae ee eran eee
QUERIES rat Nam S WiCIS x carats ie sire cea ree ree ee eee
Pan VAMeri Cane note syees oe as steele ees a) ho pened an Ae leg ae See ec ee at
Reviews of the foreign commerce of Latin America for 1913—Descriptive pamphlets of the
Republics—New minister from the Dominican Republic—National foreign trade conven-
tion of the United States—Hispanic-American History Congress—Panama Canal tonnage
certificates—Houston tourists in the Caribbean—Dartmouth ‘All round achieyement’’
prize—Diplomatic officers receive university degrees—Teaching of Spanish in the United
States—Minister Calyo—Scientific expedition to Colombia—This year’s Mohonk conference—
Sixth Pan American Medical Congress.
PanePAMmeri Casingthe ema ec az ine Spe aa eee ee ere eee
Art and archeology—The headwaters of the Paraguay—Old Cartagena—A painted city of the
Spanish Main—From oxcart to motor car in the Andes—Quarrying ore in distant Chile—
Foreign trade opportunities—The home of a forgotten race—The world’s largest animal—
The game of golf in the Tropics.
SUbIeCuemattersofsconsulansrepontSseseeeee eee eee ee ere eee eee eee
CommercesofthesArcentin eer 6pillb li Crt or el Olt
JApeeCepan a RANEY EAS) ENO) GNC SATE aN ee ee er er eae Ap bret Be cs eh Oy NER ees ou is Oe Ay a ul A
Banner corn crop—Agricultural report—Argentine yeark ook—Nautical expedition of Patria—
Bank dividends—Cattle-raising industry—Dutch bank estat lished.
J Oth AG yo eee eae a Sari ee ae orleans re See te Ue meemene a Oo Samsun ees soe
Bolivian rubber—Mining operations—Scientific expedition—Railway extension—Exports to
Bolivia.
ASU AU So ees is a ee eet ee ae TANS ema te eRn ie, ase a erat Aas te eas ote
Improved commercial conditions—Pastoral development—Bank of Brazil—Report of Bra-
zilian Traction Co.—Hotel developments—Railways in Brazil—Bahia port works—Brazilian
loan.
Reorganize State railways—Wireless at Punta Arenas—Salesmen in South America—North
American visitors—Longitudinal Railway—Sale of nitrate lands.
COXT) Kays cr) op Uae ao seed Nee ee NI one ae a CI MERU GAO een To fn 9 TUM ee ge Te cst deg LR a
Honor medal for university graduates—Push railroad construction—Budget for 1914—Degree
of pharmacy—Invyent propelling wheel—Railroad deyelopments—Benlliure to mold statue.
COS ta IRC ae sos sates eles inh sienna eg ee SR RON cote Tk CR a oe SON ca IS Ee
Hotel construction—Population of Costa Rica—President’s policy—Consular appointment—
Construct new schools—Tortuguero railroad—To develop cotton industry.
Til
Uz,
ILLS)
122
1d1
153
157
IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Live stock exposition—Building activity—Steamship service—Chief of horticulture—Patria
foreign cruise—Isle of Pine industries—Bank of issue proposed.
Dominican Republic
Report on Puerto Plata—Auto imports—Receiver general’s report.
HOY HEY 0) Reena ae UN fo aor aR ie ee fe eal are eh ne EaIS rROIA i Seo Ge oo coo. c oc
Foreign vessels at Guayaquil—Tagua exports—Shoe industry—Bahia de Caraquez—Railroad
extensions—Tramway construction.
COA Wohi 7 ie) tc ee ere ek ees ce re aR AER eee Aarts cn Gp co Go 5
New theater at Quezaltenango—Railroad building opportunity—Building regulations—A gri-
cultural development—Foreign treaties approved—Minister named delegate.
National palace construction—Official map of country—Railroad statistics—Coffee produc-
tion—Jeremie imports.
15 (on al’o Hb hz ik phen eeMi Cte aa Ne eae Earner cn Ree ean NE IRR RIB A Diya cero thomigia olaiG cae
Specimens of mineral resources—Mining opportunities—Ulua River bridge—Possibilities at
Olancho—Railway building at Tela—Banana cultivation.
BY Sa OY 0} eee eae eA Renae ere yion ) Ste naked ER ote a ER ee rs Meee choo c
Foreign property at Tampico—Mining at Hermosillo—Petroleum industry—Utilize coconut
fiber—A gricultural possibilities.
INPIGRIENAIE coogdcesauocouss ooo bonsoue4 sacoou cou soessnocacesosoenssapaaencoe
Annual report on Corinto—Manufacturing developments—Foreign imports.
lenibhibklews eo spas oe oooeTogeooduaUdoTossonososbeoousoaUUosEcHUeaKEaSeaeSeocc
Scientific explorations—Panama national exposition—Passage through Gatun—Casino pro-
posed—A nniversary of canal company transfer.
EPMRIMVEN/Gooooooasccs ou cuoouusuuououdb ose ccnuoe seo Oso sbos du oDasasoeaodsCes
Commercial travelers in Paraguay—President’s message—Cattle figures—External debt—
Commence port works construction—Independence anniversary.
Change steamship route—Port of Santa—Railway from Cuzco—Construct new highway—
Reform customs tariff.
CENA eY 5 i(0h Cee nee ee ian Arashi en eer AL A Mae mmemn Saeco eee SGC o.c
To reopen normal school for men—Educational notes—International telephone service—Parcel-
post convention—Agricultural school.
WWE a6 guaocudoocono dose oo as sogodss osoncScdedsooRnseSeododooSsoooDOUaOUESS
Commercial status of Republic—Government-owned utilities—Adjustment of Italian immi-
gration—Meat production profits—Cement manufacturers—Newspapers merged.
NCH aA Da) be ee al ap a AI ne a eR iegenn ke u Ue me P TER aris wente Ie et AIAN A Reteinio ccc oe eo 0
Consular appointments—Report on public instruction—Parcel posts—Oil at Maracaibo—
Develop cattle industry— Prospects of oil development.
160
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aV/(O)1s EXOXOXGIONG. JULY, 1914. No.1
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AN EARLY AMERICAN
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EXPLORER :
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URING the last few years the world’s hunger for all that is
rare and bizarre has grown apace, so that even in the geo-
graphical field exploration of unknown lands has become
the order of the day. Untraveled regions are becoming
somewhat scarce in these days of railroad building, forest exploita-
tion, and gasoline launches; but in South America may still be found
vast areas far from the beaten path, where original exploration 1s still
possible and primitive jungle, virgin forest, and unknown streams
offer alluring opportunities to our modern travelers, geographers, and
scientists. In fact, scarcely a Sunday edition of our cosmopolitan
dailies comes from the press without a tale of some daring explorer
who has performed arduous feats and made remarkable discoveries
in hitherto unexplored sections of the great southern continent, where
still the untamed savage wanders in unclothed freedom and the
mosquito merrily sings his tuneful lay.
As a general thing, too, the modern explorer is not averse to letting
the public know something of his deeds, and his name is soon known
throughout the length and breadth of the land. In the glare of these
modern achievements we are prone to forget even the names of
some of those modest men of science who searched into the nooks
and crannies of places far beyond the ken of common men, and the
fruits of whose labors often went to enrich but the shelves of the
student and the specialist. Agassiz, Gibbon, Herndon, Church,
Heath, Orton, and many others risked their lives in the interest of
science in those earlier days of American exploration and were the
pioneers who blazed the way for the better equipped investigators
of to-day. While many of these may be but little known to the busy
world, to scientists their names are household words. Among them
all perhaps not one deserves a higher place than does the modest,
unassuming martyr to the cause of scientific research, whose last
1 By Edward Albes, of Pan American Union staff.
THE GRAVE OF ORTON1!
In the Lake of Titicaca, on a lone and desert isle,
Far from paths of tourist travel and the world’s unheeding race,
Stands a simple time-scarred tomkstone, just a little sandstone pile,
But it brings to recollection Orton’s modest resting place.
Can the facile pen of poet, or an artist’s skillful brush,
Paint a picture of surroundings more in keeping with his life
Than this calm and peaceful haven, with its everlasting hush,
Far above all petty troubles and heyond all sordid strife?
There within the realm of cloudland, where the condor makes his home,
Where the mighty snow-capped Andes their eternal vigils keep,
Mid the scenes of untold grandeur, where his fancy loved to roam,
We may leave him safely resting in that quiet dreamless sleep.
—EDWARD ALBES.
1 The larger monument in the left foreground is Orton’s; the one to the right is that ofan English traveler,
Samuel Pemberton.
AN EARLY AMERICAN EXPLORER. 3
resting place is known to but few, Prof. James Orton, erstwhile pro-
fessor of natural history at Vassar College. Far from kindred, home,
and friends he died. He rests in peace, almost unknown and cer-
tainly ‘‘unsung,” in a foreign land. His noble work and generous
life deserve a better recognition, and, as a very small but sincere
tribute to his memory, this sketch has been prepared.
James Orton was born at Seneca Falls, New York, April 21, 1830.
His father was the eminent theologian, Dr. Azariah Giles Orton, and
the future naturalist was also educated for the ministry. He gradu-
ated at Williams College in 1855 and at Andover Theological Semi-
nary in 1858. Before his ordainment as pastor of the Congregational
Church in Greene, New York, he traveled for some time in Europe
and the East and contributed a series of interesting letters to the
New York Tribune. His career as a scientist dates from 1866, when
he was appointed instructor in natural sciences in Rochester Uni-
versity. In 1867 a scientific expedition to the equatorial Andes and
the River Amazon was organized under the auspices of the Smith-
sonian Institution, and Prof. Orton was selected as its leader. As a
result of this expedition many hitherto unknown specimens of natural
history were collected and to-day form portions of the collections in
the museums of such well-known depositories as the Smithsonian
Institution at Washington, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Science, the Boston Society of Natural History, the Peabody Academy
of Science, and Vassar College, while the bulk of the collection was
purchased by Ingham University, Leroy, New York.
This notable expedition sailed from New York July i, i867, and
after crossing the Isthmus of Panama and touching at Paita, Peru,
the route was from Guayaquil to Quito, over the Eastern Cordillera;
thence over the Western Cordillera and through the forest on foot to
Napo; down the Rio Napo by canoe to Pebas, on the Marafion; and
thence by steamer to Para, Brazil. Of the country through which
the journey lay Prof. Orton writes:
Nearly the entire region traversed by the expedition is strangely misrepresented
by the most recent geographical works. On the Andes of Ecuador we have little
besides the travels of Humboldt, on the Napo nothing, while the Marafion is less
known to North Americans than the Nile.
Upon his return to the United States Prof. Orton was offered the
chair of natural history at Vassar College in 1869, with which insti-
tution he remained until his tragic death in 1877. In 1873 he made a
second journey across South America from Para up the Amazon to
Lima and to Lake Titicaca, making valuable ethnological collections
of Incarial relics. In 1876 he organized a third expedition, with the
object of exploring the Great Beni River, a branch of the Madeira.
This expedition reached the mouth of the river and was then deserted
by the escort, which had been furnished by the Bolivian Government,
and much of the equipment and many supplies were lost. Orton and
a few companions made the terrible 600-mile journey back to La Paz
through the forest and. jungle amid incredible hardships, but on
4 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
crossing Lake Titicaca on the way to Puno the intrepid scientist
died, September 25, 1877, and subsequently his remains were removed
to Esteves Island by sympathetic friends, who erected a rough monu-
ment of sandstone to mark the place.
The book which made him widely known, ‘‘The Andes and the
Amazon,”’ appeared in 1870, being published by Harper & Bros., New
York, and contains the record of his observations on his first journey
in South America. The book, notwithstanding its scientific value, is
as entertaining and as absorbingly interesting as a work of fiction.
The ordinarily dry facts of science are presented in a style which holds
the attention of the general reader as well as that of the most learned
scholar. As an example may be cited the chapter on the geological
history of South America, particularly the following paragraphs deal-
ing with the formation of the Andes and the creation of the Amazon:
Three cycles ago an island rose from the sea where now expands the vast contment
of South America. It was the culminating point of the highlands of Guiana. For
ages this granite peak was the sole representative of dry land in our hemisphere south
of the Canada hills. In process of time a cluster of islands rose above the thermal
waters. They were the small beginnings of the future mountains of Brazil, holding
in their laps the diamonds which later sparkled in the crown of Dom Pedro II. Long-
protracted eons elapsed without adding a page to the geology of South America. The
Creator seems to have been busy elsewhere. Decorating the north with the gorgeous
flora of the carboniferous period till, in the language of Hugh Miller, “‘ to distant planets
our earth must have shone with a green and delicate ray,’’ he rubbed the picture out
and ushered in the hideous reptilian age, when monstrous saurians, footed, paddled,
and winged, were the lords of this lower world. All the great mountain chains were at
this time slumbering beneath the ocean. The city of New York was sure of its site,
but huge dinotheria wallowed in the mire where now stand the palaces of Paris. Lon-
don, and Vienna.
At length the morning breaks upon the last day of creation and the fiat goes forth
that the proud waves of the Pacific, which have so long washed the table-lands of
Guiana and Brazil, shall be stayed. Far away toward the setting sun the white suri
beats in long lines of foam against a low, winding archipelago—the western outline of
the coming continent. Fierce is the fight for the mastery between sea and land;
between the denuding power of the waves and the volcanic forces underneath. But
slowly—very slowly, yet surely—rises the long chain of islands by a double process.
The submarine crust of the earth is cooling and the rocks are folded up as it shrivels,
while the molten material within, pressed out through the crevices, overflows and
helps to build up the sea-defiant wall. A man’s life would be too short to count even
the centuries consumed in this operation. The coast of Peru has risen 80 feet since it
felt the tread of Pizarro. Supposing the Andes to have risen at this rate uniformly
and without interruption, 70,000 years must have elapsed before they reached their
present altitude. But when we consider that, in fact, it was an intermittent move-
ment—alternate upheaval and subsidence—we must add an unknown number of
millennia.
Three times the Andes sank hundreds of feet beneath the ocean level, and again
were slowly brought up to their present height. The suns of uncounted ages have
risen and set upon these sculptured forms, though geologically recent, casting the
same line of shadows century after century. A long succession of brute races roamed
over the mountains and plains of South America and died out ages ere man was cre-
ated. In those pre-Adamite times, long before the Incas ruled, the mastodon and
megatherium, the horse and the tapir, dwelt in the high valley of Quito; yet al! these
Eee mR LRN
PROF, JAMES ORTON.
A martyr to the cause of science, he died while crossing Lake Titicaca from hardship and exposure
incurred during a 600-mile journey through the wilds of interior Bolivia, this being his third scientific
expedition into South America. He held the chair of Natural History in Vassar College from 1859 to
the day of his deach, September 25, 1877. Among his many contributions to science perhaps his
best-known work was “The Andes and the Amazon,” published by Harper & Bros. in 1870.
oY | nnn tS a at SEALE RTO
BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OF QUITO, ECUADOR.
“At the foot of voleanic Pichincha, only five hours’ travel from its smoking crater, lies ‘the city above
the clouds.’ On the north is the plain of Rumibamba, the battle field where Gonzalo Pizarro routed
the first viceroy of Peru, and the scene, two centuries later, of the nobler achievements of La Con-
damine, which made it the ciassic ground of astronomy. On the southern edge of the city rises Pane-
cillo, overlooking the beautiful and well-watered plain of Turubamba. On the east flows the Rio
Machangara, and just beyoudit stand the Puengasi Hills, hiding the Chillo Valley, while the weary
sun goes early to rest behind the towering peaks of Pichincha.’ (From ‘‘The Andes and the
Amazon,” by James Orton.)
Bene AR Ne hc
AN EARLY AMERICAN EXPLORER. vi
passed away before the arrival of the aborigines. The wild horses now feeding on the
pampas of Argentina were imported from Europe 333 years ago.
And now the Andes stand complete in their present gigantic proportions, one of the
grandest and most symmetrical mountain chains in the world. Starting from the Land
of Fire, it stretches northward and mounts upward until it enters the Isthmus of
Panama, where it bows gracefully to either ocean, but soon resumes, under another
name, its former majesty, and loses its magnificence only where the trappers chase the
fur-bearing animals over the Arctic plains. Nowhere else does nature present such a
continuous and lofty chain of mountains, unbroken for 8,000 miles, save where it is
rent asunder by the Magellanic Straits, and proudly tossing up a thousand pinnacles
into the region of eternal snow.
The moment the Andes arose the great continental valley of the Amazon was
sketched out and molded in its lap. The tidal waves of the Atlantic were dashing
against the Cordilleras and a legion of rivulets were busily plowing up the sides into
deep ravines. The sediment produced by this incessant wear and tear was carried
eastward and spread out stratum by stratum till the shallow sea between the Andes
and the islands of Guiana and Brazil was filled up with sand and clay. Huge glaciers
(thinks Agassiz), afterwards descending, moved over the inclined plane and ground
the loose rock to powder. Eddies and currents, throwing up sand banks as they do
now, gradually defined the limits of the tributary streams and directed them into one
main trunk, which worked for itself a wide, deep bed, capable of containing its accu-
mulated flood. Then and thus was created the Amazon.
Thus the scientist places before us in eloquent terms the graphic
picture of the formation of a continent. No less interesting are para-
graphs in which he deals with the problem of how and when these
vast regions were first peopled by races so long dead that even legend
and tradition are silent concerning them. He writes:
When and by whom the Andes were first peopled is a period of darkness that lies
beyond the domain of history. But geology and archeology are combining to prove
that Sorato and Chimborazo have looked down upon a civilization far more ancient
than that of the Incas, and perhaps coeval with the flint flakes of Cornwall and the
shell mounds of Denmark. On the shores of Lake Titicaca are extensive ruins which
antedate the advent of Manco Capac and may be as venerable as the lake dwellings
of Geneva. Wilson has traced six terraces in goinz up from the sea through the Proy-
ince of Esmeraldas toward Quito, and underneath the living forest, which is older
than the Spanish invasion, many gold, copper, and stone vestiges of a lost population
were found. In all cases these relics are situated below high-tide mark in a bed of
marine sediment, from which he infers that this part of the country formerly stood
higher above the sea. Ii this be true, vast must be the antiquity oi these remains,
for the upheaval ahd subsidence of the coast is exceedingly slow.
Philology can aid us little in determining the relations of the primeval Quitonians,
for their language is nearly obscured by changes introduced by the Caras and after-
wards by the Incas, who decreed that Quichua, the language of elezance and fashion
300 years ago, should be the universal tonzue throughout the empire. Quichua is
to-day spoken from the equator to 28° S. (except by the Aymara people), or by nearly
a million anda half. We find it used, corrupted, however, by Spanish, at the mouth
of the Napo. There are five dialects, of which the purest is spoken in Cuzco and
the most impure in Quito. The Indians of the northern valley are descendants of
the ancient Quitus, modified by Cara and Peruvian blood. They have changed
little since the invasion of Pizarro.
Seldom do we find the careful, analytical thought of the scientist
combined with the fervid fancy of a poet in the same brain; but
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MISTY DAWN IN A VALLEY CAMP EN ROUTE TO THE NAPO.
“4 perpetual mist seems to hang on the branches, and the dense foliage forms dark,
lofty vaults, which the sunlight never enters.” (From ‘‘The Andes and the
Amazon,”’ by James Orton. )
Photo by Alex. R. Duff.
INDIAN CARRIERS IN THE NAPO REGION.
;_ “An Indian will carry three arobas (75 pounds) besides his own provisions, his provisions for the
journey consisting of about 25 pounds of roasted corn and barley meal. The trunk or bundle is
bound to his back by withes, which pass across the forehead and chest; a poncho or a handful of
Ieaves Ss the bare back from chafing.’”’ (From ‘‘The Andes and the Amazon,’’ by James
rton.
10 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
with James Orton this seems to have been the case. From a scien-
tific viewpoint his work in regard to the collection of the manifold |
forms of the flora of the Tropics, his observations relative to the
ethnology of the races he met with, his studies of the natural his-
tory, mineralogy, and geology of the sections of South America he
traversed, all betoken the careful and painstaking student of nature.
On the other hand, his graphic descriptions of the wonderful natural
scenery he encountered often border on pure poetry, as witness the
following beautiful description of Chimborazo:
Coming up from Peru through the cinchona forests of Loja and over the barren hills
of Assuay the traveler reaches Riobamba, seated on the threshold of magnificence—
like Damascus, an oasis in a sandy plain, but, unlike the Queen of the East, sur-
rounded with a splendid retinue of snowy peaks that look like icebergs floating in a
sea of clouds. ; :
On our left is the most sublime spectacle in the New World. It is a majestic pile
of snow, its clear outline on the deep-blue sky describing the profile of a lion in repose.
At noon the vertical sun and the profusion of light reflected from the glittering sur-
face will not allow a shadow to be cast on any part, so that you can easily fancy the
figure is cut out of a mountain of spotless marble. This is Chimborazo—yet not the
whole of it—you see but a third of the great giant. His feet are eternally green, as
his head is everlastingly white, but they are far away beneath the bananas and cocoa
palms of the Pacific coast.
Rousseau was disappointed when he first saw the sea, and the first glimpse of
Niagara often fails to meet one’s expectations. But Chimborazo is sure of a worshiper
the moment its overwhelming grandeur breaks upon the traveler. You feel that you
are in the presence chamber of the monarch of the Andes. There is sublimity in
his kingly look, of which the ocean might be proud.
All that expands the spirit, yet appeals,
Gathers around this summit, as if to show
How earth may pierce to heaven, yet leave vain man below.
But the traveler needs no successive steps to lift him up to the grand conception
of the divine Architect as he beholds the great white dome of Chimborazo. It looks
lofty from the very first. Now and then an expanse of thin, skylight vapor would
cut the mountain in twain, and the dome, islanded in the deep blue of the upper
regions, seemed to belong more to heaven than to earth. We knew that Chimborazo
was more than twice the altitude of Etna. We could almost see the great Humboldt
struggling up the mountain’s side till he looked like a black speck moving over the
mighty white, but giving up in despair 4,000 feet below the summit. We see the
intrepid Bolivar mounting still higher; but the hero of Spanish-American inde-
pendence returns a defeated man. Last of all comes the philosophical Boussingault,
and attains the prodigious elevation of 19,600 feet—the highest point reached by
man without the aid of a balloon; but the dome remains unsullied by his fcot.1 Yet
none of these facts increase our admiration. The mountain has a tongue which
speaks louder than all mathematical calculations.
The valleys which furrow the flank of Chimborazo are in keeping with its colossal
size. Narrower, but deeper than those of the Alps, the mind swoons and sinks in the
effort to comprehend their grim majesty. The mountain appearsto have been broken
to pieces like so much thin crust, and the strata thiown on their vertical edges, reveal-
1 Ten years alter the above was published, on Jan. 4, 1880, Edward Whymper, the great English moun-
taineer and explorer, succeeded in attaining the summit of Chimborazo, which, according to his calcula-
tions, is 20,608 feet above the level of the sea.
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12 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
ing deep, dark chasms, that seem to lead to the confines of the lower’ world. The
deepest valley in Europe, that of the Ordesa in the Pyrenees, is 3,200 feet deep; but
here are rents in the side of Chimborazo in which Vesuvius could be put away out of
sight. As you look down into the fathomless fissure, you see a white fleck rising out
of the gulf, and expanding as it mounts, till the wings of the condor, 15 feet in spread
glitter in the sun as the proud bird fearlessly wheels over the dizzy chasm, and then,
ascending above your head, sails over the dome of Chimborazo. Could the condor
speak, what a glowing description could he give of the landscape beneath him when
his horizon is a thousand miles in diameter. If ‘‘ Twelve fair counties saw the blaze
of Malvern’s lonely height,’’ what
must be the panorama from a
height 15 times higher! * * *
The monarch of the Andes sits
motionless in calm serenity and
unbroken silence. The silence
is absolute and actually oppres-
sive. The road from Guayaquil
to Quito crosses Chimborazo at
the elevation of 14,000 feet. Save
the rush of the trade wind in the
afternoon as it sweeps over the
Andes, not a sound is audible—
not the hum of an insect, nor the
chirp of a bird, nor the roar of the
puma, nor the music of running
waters. Mid-ocean is never so
silent. You can almost hear the
globe turning on its axis. There
was a time when the monarch
deigned to speak and spoke with
a voice of thunder, for the lava
on its sides is an evidence of
voleanic activity. But ever
since the morning stars sang to-
; :
EDWIN RUTHVEN HEATH. gether over man’s creation,
: : Chimborazo has sat in sullen
Dr. Heath, in whose honor the River Heath in South Amer- f ° a
ica is named, is alluded to as the companion of Prof. Orton silence, satisfied to look ‘‘from
in the editorial of the Bolivian newspaper, dated April 13 j or
1877, dealing with the expedition down the Beni River, his_ throne of clouds Oe half
which resulted in Orton’s death. the world.’’ There is something
very suggestive in this silence
of Chimborazo. It was once full of noise and fury; it is now a completed mountain
and thunders no more.
Many descriptive paragraphs like those quoted are to be found in
“The Andes and the Amazon,” lending a charm to the narrative not
often found in works of this character. Records of altitudes, baro-
metric readings, and other scientific data gathered on the journey are
found collected in tabular form in the appendices, as is also quite an
extensive vocabulary from the Quaichua, Zapara, Yagua, and Cam-
pas languages.
In connection with his third and last expedition into South America,
the BULLETIN is indebted to Miss Anna B. Orton, daughter of James
Orton, and who is now connected with the Orton School in Pasadena,
AN BARLY AMERICAN EXPLORER. 13
Cal., for the following interesting translation of a portion of an edi-
torial which appeared in a leading newspaper in Cochabamba, Bolivia,
bearing date of April 13, 1877:
Prof. Orton, of Vassar College, New York, and his companion, Dr. Heath, have
arrived in this city with the purpose of going to the Department of the Beni to explore
the river of that name, which up t» this day remains unknown inthe part comprehended
between the Rio Madidi and the confluence with the Mamore. Since Gibbon and
D’Orbigny, no scientific traveler has penetrated to the beautiful valley of the Mamore
and Beni. Sefior Orton will make careful studies of the exact position of localities,
the geological formation, mineral, zoological and botanical riches in that fine and
privileged region—the most interesting in all Bolivia, yet up to this time the least
known. Before a mission so noble and profitable to science, it is proper that enthu-
siasm should stir in all patriotic hearts, and that Cochabamba should hasten to welcome
here the illustrious guests, wishing them a prosperous result.
The enterprise is perilous and difficult—perilous because of the danger which the
Rio Beni presents, whose banks are populated by numerous savage hordes, and difficult
because of the rapids whose number and extent ar2 wholly unknown. But Prof. Orton
will overcome all these obstacles, led by his love for science and by that firm and
tenacious resolution which characterizes the true Yanke2. Besides, Sefior Orton has
given eminent services to the sciences in his examination of the Rio Napo in Ecuador,
which he descended to the Amazons. We hope his voyage will be no less useful and
interesting to Bolivia, and especially his survey of the Beni, a river so inviting for its
navigable qualitiesas wellas for the riches along its banks, even to the city of La Paz,
which lies neat its origin. The Rio Beni receives its waters from the Provinces of
Yungas, Inquisivi, Ayopava, Larecaja, and Caupolican, five Provinces which con-
stitute an emporium of wealth whose commerc2 will be immense the day when they
can send their products to the great markets by this natural artery.
That the dangers and hardships of the journey were not exag-
gerated in this welcoming editorial is evidenced by the subsequent
death of Orton. On his first expedition one of his friends and
coworkers, Col. Phineas Staunton, the artist of the expedition, met
his death at Quito. In describing the last rites incidental to the
interment of the remains of his companion in the Protestant Cemetery
at Quito, Prof. Orton wrote the following beautiful tribute:
We bore him through the streets of Quito to this quiet resting place, without parade
and in solemn silence-—just as we believe his unobtrusive spirit would have desired,
and just as his Saviour was carried from the cross to the sepulchre. No splendid hearse
or nodding plumes; no long procession, save the unheard tread of the angels; no
requiem, save the unheard harps of the seraphs. We gave him a Protestant Christian
burial. In this-corner of nature’s vast cathedral, the secluded shrine of grandeur and
beauty not found in Westminster Abbey, we left him. We parted with him on the
mount which is to be the scene of his transfiguration.
Even so was Orton buried on the little island in the loftiest great
lake of all the world; the lake whose history reverts beyond the myths
and legends of dim pre-Incaic times; in whose waters the sunken
treasures of many monarchs le; and around whose shores cluster
the romantic and poetic tales of ancient Indian lore. Here, to the
everlasting requiem of Titicaca’s ceaseless waves, almost in the very
shadow of the snowcapped peaks he loved so well, James Orton sleeps.
4SSSS—RBull. 1—14——-2
INDIGENOUS
HE ball game is indigenous to the Americas. Perhaps the
first simian inhabitants found true sport in catching the
coconuts tossed from the tall palms—certain it is that several
thousand years ago the ball game had reached a high state
of development in the 70 cities scattered throughout Yucatan. On
clearing away the matted forests enveloping these marvelous ruins,
ball courts were disclosed near the most sacred temples, and, from the
elaborate hieroglyphics and pictographs ornamenting the walls,
much was learned of the complicated character of the sport. Cen-
turies after the passing of these ancient Mayans, came the first Span-
ish explorers who found that a younger race in contiguous territory,
the Aztecs, had revived the old pastime into a ‘“‘national game,”
with a stone ‘God of Sport’’ beaming on every court.
The peculiarity of these early games was that the ball, when in
‘play, was not thrown with the hand but struck-by the hip, around
which the player wore a protecting pad of leather. At each end of
the court was a great stone disk with a hole in the center, and through
this orifice the ball was driven before a point was scored. Very natu-
rally a “‘lively ball’? was used, since rubber trees dominated the
forests.
Old chroniclers marvel at the skill and endurance of the players,
for a game was seldom won under four hours of constant play. Such
exhausting contests, with a dozen participants in almost constant
action, were not for amateurs but professionals. Thus, from the
Aztee word oll, signifying “‘ball,’”’ came the word mollonqui, ‘“‘one
who plays ball for a living.”
A similar game has been played through the ages over a wide range
of territory. Oviedo witnessed and described the sport as played
by Indians in the West Indies over four centuries ago, and Dr.
Koch-Griinberg, who recently returned from a two-years’ sojourn
among the tribes of the Cuduiary River in the wilds of Brazil, found
the natives in every village playing ball.
Dr. Grinberg writes that a carefully leveled field lies in front of fhe
malokas, or lene communal houses, and daily, at 5 o’clock, the men
By Franklin Adams, Editor of the BULLETIN.
14
BAG toEante by Dr. Theodor OCI Cuinione!
A GAME OF BALL AMONG THE CUDUIARY INDIANS OF BRAZIL.
“At 5 o’clock the men, returning from the day’s fishing or hunting, indulge in the sport—not a
complicated game like that of the early Mexicans, but one calling for a high degree of skill, as
two balls are used by the players, who drive them with the hands toward their opponents.
Yellow tail feathers of the Yapoo bird are ailixed to the rubber balls for accuracy.”” (From
“Indigenous Games in South America.’’)
SORTIGA, A POPULAR SPORT IN PARAGUAY.
“Tn Paraguay tilting at a small ring suspended from poles and a crossbar in the village street is a popu-
lar sport, known as sortija, a national game for centuries.’’
Photo by Maudslay.
STONE RING FROM THE WALL OF THE BALL COURT AT CHICHEN ITZA, YUCATAN.
“The peculiarity of these early games was that the ball, when in play, was not thrown with the hand,
but struck by the hip, around which the player wore a protecting pad of leather. At each end of the
court was a great stone disk with a hole in the center, and through this orifice the ball was driven
before a point was scored. Very naturally a lively ball was used, since rubber trees dominated
the forests ’’? —Franklin Adams in ‘“‘Indigenous Games in South America.’’
INDIGENOUS GAMES. lei
returning from the day’s fishing or hunting, indulge in the sport—
not a complicated game like that of the early Mexicans, but one
calling for a high degree of skill, as two balls are used by the Cudmary
players, who drive them with the hands toward their opponents.
Yellow tail feathers of the Yapoo bird are affixed to the rubber balls
for accuracy. The players have remarkable muscular development
and never forsake the game unless it is called off on account of the
rain. As their sunset hour is the same throughout the year, the con-
cluding moment of the play is fixed by the last peep of the sun.
At the other end of the South American continent, fully 5,000
miles from where Oviedo saw his first ball game, we find the indigenous
sport still popular. Beyond the zone of the rubber trees, the wooden
ball makes its appearance, and a wooden club is provided for driving
it. The Indians who play ball at 42° S. are the Araucanians of
Southern Chile, those unconquerable people who forced the Span-
iards to sue for peace. In a clearing, 300 by 75 yards, inclosed by
cut branches of trees, these sturdy Indians still play the game of their
forefathers—chueca, which greatly resembles la crosse or field
hockey. The opposing teams of 15 probably give the record exhi-
bition of ball driving, unless we concede the palm to their ancestors,
who had more leisure to devote to the game. The Araucanians of
to-day are as proud of their prowess with chueca as their forebears
were of resisting the Spaniards with primitive weapons. Chueca is
played from childhood, and the matches draw large audiences. The
game calls for great endurance and while generally played in two
and three hour periods, morning and afternoon, several days have
been known to pass before a decision has been reached. During a
match it is not unusual to hear a player cry, ‘“‘Am I not a real oak
tree?”’ or ‘‘Am I not a lion’s leg?” after a brilliant stroke. In the
old days the game was played not only for amusement, but also as a
training for war. In battle a much heavier club was used, the deadly
maza araucania, which when wielded by powerful warriors gave just
reason for fear.
This virile Chilean tribe has another popular game called pilma
also descended from prehistoric times. Pilma prepared the ancient
warriors to avoid the arrows and spears of the enemies. Two oppo-
nents stand 12 feet apart. One has a light fiber ball which is struck
with the hand as it drops from the hips in an attempt to hit the
naked body of the opponent who endeavors to avoid the ball by
dodging, leaping into the air, or falling to the ground. After five
balls, positions are reversed. The one securing the first 20 hits is
the winner. Spectators, surrounding the contestants, return the
ball to the server, showing great appreciation of skillful play.
On the high Andean plateau, stretching almost the entire length of
the continent, the only game which seems to have survived through
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A GAUCHO, OR ARGENTINE COWBOY.
“The gaucho learns to ride almost as soon as he can walk, and as a mere lad races over the country, falling
off Bis Howse; tumbling purposely into rabbit burrows, and practicing the most difficult feats of horse-
manship.
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UVAN dO DAL WO“OGNVIIONIMO GIL
29 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the centuries is “‘endurance dancing.”’ In the little Indian villages on
the roof of the western world these dancing exercises, during the
festival period, have been known to last the greater portion of three
days and nights. The fortitude of these highlanders is marvelous.
In the old days Incan tribes, and those whom they subjugated,
developed long-distance running to a point far beyond that reached by
modern achievement. I believe that when the athletic clubs of the
Peruvian coast recruit their runners from youthful capiris of the Andes
they will win the long-distance running prizes of the world. I have
had Indian guides, 3 miles above sea level, in Peru, who have trotted
ahead of my horses from dawn till midnight, with only an occasional
rest, seeming as fresh at the finish as at the start. In Andean games
and sports, however, running does not play an important part. It is
too often the work of each day.
In many parts of the Americas there remains to-day some thriving
indigenous sport in which horses play a prominent part. Although
remains of the prehistoric horse have been found in South as well as in
North America, we know that it had disappeared from the Western
Hemisphere before the Andes rose from the sea, and that the single-
toed horse was introduced by the Spaniards. Before the Europeans
came, the sons of the Argentine pampas lived a much more athletic
existence. Their raids on the early settlers released borses to roam
the plains where they multiplied rapidly. This wild stock became
common property of the Indian or the white man, whoever had the
abiliy to catch and tame them, and this was the germ of an indige-
nous sport soon to be developed, one that is now popular with the
gaucho, cowboy of the pampas.
Probably the Indians first lassoed wild young colts with bolas, which
consist of two or three rawhide-covered balls with connecting ropes of
hide. These are swung around the head and then whirled, entangling
the quarry’s legs and tripping the animal to the ground. The primi-
tive Indians also used the two-balled bola dexterously in pursuit of
the rhea, the South American ostrich, but the coming of the horse
gave them an added advantage in the race which then became not
only one for sustenance but a sport as well. The European soon
learned to handle the bolas almost as well as the Indian, and when a
new horse was needed it was only necessary to pursue a wild band and
trip one over.
The gaucho learns to ride almost as soon as he can walk, and as a
mere lad races over the country, falling off his horse, tumbling pur-
posely into rabbit burrows, and practicing the most difficult feats of
horsemanship. He soon takes to breaking wild colts, where death
is the penalty of failing strength or courage. Nowadays the gauchos
are ranch employees, following the dictates of their employers rather
than their own sweet will. They love to sit around the camp fire at
night, telling stories of the good old days when a gaucho festival
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Ree
A CHAMPION BULL-TAIL TWISTER.
‘‘Some performers become so expert as to be sure of their twist at a specified point, the great achieve-
ment being to bring the animal to the dust just in front of the balcony ot one’s lady love.”
GATHERING FOR A GAME OF TOPEO.
A good topéo match among the Cilian cowboys is an exciting event and spectators and participants gather
from the neighborir.g ranches for many miles.
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INDIGENOUS GAMES. Dy
had the Indian game of bolas for its principal sport, when a horse-
man dashed in front of his mounted opponent, bringing him to earth
by dexterous ensnaring of the horse’s legs. There was enough danger
in this sport to thrill even a gaucho’s adventurous heart, but it was
hard on horseflesh. Even to-day, when the mayordomo, or super-
intendent of the estancia, is not looking, the gauchos are at it again,
bolas whirling, horses and horsemen rolling in the dust. In the
mounted tug of war, the chinchando, the horse also plays the star
réle, a rope fastened securely to the cinch. .
Across the snowy Andes, in the smiling valleys of Chile, they play
the unique game of topéo. In front of the farmhouses, under the
shade of the mighty trees, are large solidly built uprights with cross-
bars which serve as hitching posts, but which play a much more
important réle in topéo. Here the horsemen pair by lot and line
up in front of the bar. One of the riders presses his horse’s head
forward against the bar, crossing and imprisoning the head of his
opponent’s horse. At the referee’s call the game is on, and the rider
of the caught horse endeavors to free him. The horses are as highly
trained as our polo ponies, and when matched with skillful riders a
single struggle may last an hour. In the preliminaries a dozen such
contests are simultaneous, with short rests between contests, and a
day is often consumed in determining the final victor. A good topéo
match is equally exciting for riders, horses, and spectators.
In Paraguay tilting at a small ring suspended from poles and a cross-
bar in the village street is a popular sport, known as sortija, a national
game for centuries. In the interior of Venezuela and Colombia toro
coleado is a feature of fiesta days. A principal street of the town
is roped off and a wild bull is liberated. From 8 to 10 mounted
horsemen enter the improvised arena, their only defense against
attacks of the bull bemg their superb horsemanship and a knowledge
of how to twist the bull’s tail in such a manner as to cause him to
tumble over. While the attention of the bull is attracted by some
of the party, a horseman dashes from the rear at full speed, gives a
dexterous twist, and over rolls the bull. This sport is not without
its danger, and almost every coleado festival adds to the hospital
list. The honor of being champion bull-tail twister develops keen
competition, for the winner is crowned with flowers by the prettiest
girl in the village. Some performers become so expert as to be sure
of their twist at a specified point, the great achievement being to
bring the animal to the dust just in front of the balcony of one’s
ladylove.
Thus we see that indigenous sports have survived in a few isolated
spots throughout a wide New World territory. The modern youth
of Latin America shows a decided fondness and aptitude for trans-
planted sports—but that is another story.
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CuritTyBA (Capital of the State of Parana), Braziu.
Dear Mr. Eprtor: This is a new world for me, away down here
in Brazil, and I am going to try to pass on my impressions to you;
that is, if I can make it clear to myself, after I have put the words on
paper, just what the differences are, and what I, an exploring com-
mercial traveler, with no slight preliminary experiences in Latin
America, find to justify me in such a statement. Before I carry you
across the border into south Brazil, however, I think it wise to give a
few more paragraphs to Uruguay, which I was leaving when I wrote
last, so as to make the contrasts still plainer.
Several fellows I have met in South America, who were either away
from home for the first time or whose information was usually second
hand or based on superficial observation, told me that Montevideo
was about the same as Buenos Aires, or, in still more general terms,
that Uruguay was Argentina over again. That’s a huge mistake.
The man who proposes to enter the little oriental Republic with the
idea that he need only repeat in that country the steps he took toward
success in the big Argentine would better shut his eyes, turn around
three times, and guess again. They both speak Spanish, that’s true,
and both are pastoral and agricultural countries. It’s dangerous to
carry the analogy further, so I found out. Boston is not New York;
Massachusetts is not Pennsylvania. Let that little hint be a guide-
post to those who follow me, and I'l hope to collect a fee some time
for the advice. That’s negative advice, however. Let’s see whether
I can add some further suggestions to it. In the first place, avoid the
mistake of supposing that an agency in Buenos Aires can handle goods
with complete satisfaction for Uruguay orders. Some big Argentine
houses have branches in Montevideo, but that’s a different propo-
sition, and dealings with the latter should be to a large extent inde-
pendent of the former. In the second place, the habits, tastes, and
point of view of the Uruguayan must be consulted as their own, not
necessarily associated with or related to their neighbors across the
Rio de la Plata. They like things of their own and they like them
different. It was my experience, at least, that when I began—as I
foolishly did the first time I opened up on a prospect—to talk about
what they took in Buenos Aires I made little impression, but when I
began by asking what they liked in Montevideo I immediately got a
reply that helped me in continuing the negotiations. In the third
1 The seventh of a series of 12 articles commencing in the January number of the BULLETIN.
28
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5
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48888—Bull. 1—14
30 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
place, the interior of Uruguay needs to be worked in person. I won’t
say that I myself was thorough about it, for I felt that I had too little
time, but that was no good reason. I know from what I saw in Monte-
video and the few places I visited outside of the capital that the sure
way to build up a market in Uruguay is to meet the consumer face to
face, and it can be done only by going to his own establishment. He
may not buy at once of the traveling salesman, but he never will
forget the courtesy implied by a personal call; and if the goods offered
by the ‘‘Yankee”’ are what he feels will meet the wants of his cus-
tomers, he will never be satisfied till he has them in stock. Uruguay
is a self-reliant country and its people, whether in the capital or in
the interior, are independent in judgment. Immigration is coming
slowly and is therefore absorbed with surprising completeness. These
points must be remembered in framing up an itinerary, because if
South America is lumped as one big place, instead of being conscien-
tiously recognized as a number of separate and varying entities, the
traveler will have his “‘bumps’’ perhaps too often, but he who takes
these conditions into consideration will find his path getting smoother
and smoother as his experience accumulates.
Perhaps you think, Mr. Editor, that I have gone a long ways round
to get anywhere, but this little digression was intentional. I wanted
to say a few words more about Uruguay, and I wanted to emphasize
the care needed in passing from one country to another, because I am
now in south Brazil, and if what I said about Argentina and Uruguay
carries the grain of truth (and I know it does), the same statement of
differences can be accentuated in entering Brazil from a Spanish-
speaking country of South America.
In Brazil the people speak Portuguese. ‘‘Oh, pshaw”’! I hear you
say. ‘‘We all knew that long ago, and if that traveling man can’t
give us any better news, I'll have to refuse to take his stuff.’ But
I am not giving a lesson in geography. I am telling you my expe-
riences, and trying, thereby, to get others to avoid those mistakes
which are so disastrous to our commerce. We must learn to con-
duct ourselves so as to make a good impression on those we hope
to make our customers, and one of the simplest ways is to be polite.
One of the most certain ways to be impolite is to say, on entering
Brazil: ‘‘Oh, well; I know you people speak Portuguese, but I speak
a little Spanish, and I suppose you understand it enough for business
purposes.” Wouldn’t that make you mad? But the temptation to
adopt this conduct is not easy to overcome. Many a time I almost
yielded to the point of saying, ‘‘I don’t remember the Portuguese
word for so-and-so; but in Spanish it is ——;” and then I kept my
mouth shut till I could haul out my dictionary and look it up in the
language of the country. I learned my lesson from an Italian via-
jante (commercial traveler) whom I was very lucky to meet in Porto
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By THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Alegre. I spoke to him in Spanish, but he answered in Portuguese
and added, in a kindly way, ‘‘I never speak Spanish here in Brazil,
only my own language or Portuguese, and I’m going to help you
to follow my example; you won’t find it so hard, if you stick to it.”
And that’s what I’m doing now—speaking Portuguese. I can’t
say that I find it easy. In fact, a knowledge of Spanish is often a
real impediment, for the Spanish word does come when it isn’t
wanted, and the grammar and vocabulary are so provokingly simi-
lar without being the same that I must make numerous mistakes
in every conversation I try to carry on. But what’s the odds? My
freguezes (customers—I haven’t many yet, but I have hopes) note
my eagerness to learn the language, and they can more readily ex-
plain their wants and methods if they think the stranger is to some
extent familiar with it. Perhaps I understand about half they say;
but it’s never any trouble to repeat, and such progress as I make gets
my eyes open to many little things I would otherwise miss. So I
say constantly to myself, ‘‘Keep it up, my boy, don’t let the foreign
competitor get ahead of you on that score; stick to it.’ And
every evening when I go to bed I feel that I have made some progress,
and that a few more words and phrases are planted in my linguistic
garden.
Now, it seems to me, it’s about time to do some traveling, instead
of gossiping here in this pretty town of Curityba, the capital of the
State of Parana. My copy of the letter I wrote from Rivera just
before I entered Brazil, is not by me, for I packed it in a part of my
baggage that has gone on to Sao Paulo, but I feel sure that I told you
of coming to the Brazilian frontier across Uruguay, and of waiting
there for the connection across Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost
State in Brazil. The gossip while I was there was that plans were
on foot to arrange through connection between Montevideo and
Porto Alegre, so that passengers could leave Montevideo in the
evening, arrive in Rivera the next morning, catch a train for Cacequy,
where, if so desired, they could go to the city of Rio Grande do Sul,
or continue to Santa Maria and thence to Porto Alegre, on the same
evening. This is a practical scheme on the railway’s part and will
undoubtedly be soon carried into effect. The result will be to bring
those two geographically allied areas close together, and to stimulate
their commercial intercourse, just as there is a natural trade con-
tinuously maintained between the United States and Canada. The
point is worth remembering by those who may obtain a foothold in
this growing country, for in my judgment, much of the commerce of
south Brazil can be expedited through the River Plate region, either
Buenos Aires and Montevideo, especially if free zones are permitted
within those ports, from which goods can be transshipped in bond, on
final purchase. Let my Yankee friends store up this hint for the
future.
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84 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
When I came over the road I had to leave Santa Anna (opposite
Rivera) in the morning to get as far as Santa Maria, 174 miles (280
kilometers) that evening. I was tempted to go to Rio Grande and
thence to Porto Alegre, but had to sacrifice this side trip, as had
been the case on many other occasions, in order to save time. Then
I had to spend the night in Santa Maria, leaving the next morning for
Porto Alegre, a day’s trip of 242 miles (889 kilometers). You see that
travel is not at express speed in this part of the world, for nobody
demands it, and being narrow gauge, the railway can not make it
without danger. It was delightful to get a bath and talk shop again,
after these two days of weary traveling, but I had put in my time
studying the Portuguese, so it was not wasted by any means.
Right here I registered another experience, to be added to what I
said above in regard to speaking the language of the country. I
found that it was unwise to use in a Portuguese-speaking country
catalogues printed in Spanish, so I shipped to Montevideo the few
I had left, kept for demonstration purposes those printed in English,
and shall get along with them the best I can. Travelers and manu-
facturers, take notice. Ii you don’t have Portuguese catalogues,
stick to good old American ones. They are sure to be in decent
English, at least, and that’s a heap better than many catalogues
I have seen in poor Spanish, which convey precious little information
and what is in them sometimes on that account misleading, with
weights and measures too frequently lacking the metric system
equivalents, and with prices in dollars and cents, lacking a key to
their calculation in any foreign currency. Unless a buyer’s catalogue
is edited for foreign trade by an expert, the commercial traveler
should stick to the book with whose every page he is thoroughly
familiar.
Speaking of money and currency, this seems a proper place to make
my usual statement about the money of the country, although I have
not yet been at its capital, and can therefore report only what I found
out in Porto Alegre. The unit of value is the milreis. There is
theoretically a gold milreis, but it is not seen on the street, nor does
the paper money exchange for it. As I crossed the frontier, I sold
British sovereigns at the rate of 15 milreis for every gold pound
(1£=15$000). Please note that the graphic way to designate Brazil
values is by placing the multiples of the milreis first, then the sign
followed by three numerals. All tabulations and all statements of
money values are in thisform. Perhaps, by bargaining, I could have
obtained a slight premium on my gold, but I had no time for nego-
tiation, and considering the circumstances I was quite satisfied to
take this amount, which was advertised as normal in guidebooks.
It proved to me at least that I had been wise in carrying a stock of
British gold in my inside pocket. Had I not had it with me, I should
have been short of cash and perhaps been compelled to wait over a
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36 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
day or more to present my letter of credit at some interior bank.
Traveling in Brazil, so I have already discovered, is rather expensive,
especially if considerable baggage is carried. My cash was almost
exhausted therefore when I reached Porto Alegre, and I at once
bought some money.
A milreis gold in Brazil has a legal value of $0.5463. All finan-
cial transactions, and the Government reports of foreign commerce
as well as customs dues, are given in terms of this gold milreis, usually
so indicated by the word oro appended. The ordinary milreis has
a market value in the street of about 16 pence (16d.), say 32 cents,
and the Government tries to maintain it at that value, although
fluctuations of sixteenths are daily noted at the banks and houses
having large imternational dealings. My recent purchase read
£10 at 164=147$700, less stamps, 300, 147$400, which was what I
got for my money. You see that a draft through a bank was worth
less than gold coin, but as I could not be loaded with gold, I had to
submit to the loss with the convenience of a letter of credit as com-
pensation. Figuring £1 ($4.86) as equal to 14$77 milreis, 1$000 equals
very close to 304 cents. In a financial paper I have just consulted, I
find that a paper milreis is quoted at 32 cents ($0.324), so you see I got
a bit stung, but that can’t be helped, as I was glad enough to have
the security of the letter of credit. For ready calculation, however,
it is very near the mark to estimate 3 milreis paper to $1 gold. Cur-
rency in any sum above a milreis is usually in paper notes, much of
it dirty and unattractive; in fact, one’s inclination is to get rid of it
as quickly as possible. I am told, however, that the closer one gets
to Rio the cleaner does the paper money become, which is a satisfac-
tion, at any rate. There are good, clean silver coins of 1 and 2
milreis (paper value), and newly minted fractional pieces, with a
few copper coins of under 100 reis. Of course, there is no such
ridiculously small a denomination as 1 real, which I have learned
from my Portuguese grammar is the unit of which reis is the plural.
If I mention Brazilian money at all in my future correspondence, it
may be taken for granted that I refer in every case to the paper
milreis of the value of almost exactly 3 for $1.
Porto Alegre I found a good-sized hustling place of around 125,000
inhabitants. It is a pretty city, on the northern end of the lake that
extends south to Rio Grande where there is communication with the
Atlantic, so that ocean-going steamers can come clear through to
Porto Alegre and do so, especially from Germany, much to the ad-
vantage of German commerce. I wish I had time to give my impres-
sions of this interesting experiment in settling a new country, but I
have so many facts still to set down that I must skip such observa-
tions as those. Perhaps it is as well, for I might lead you into ex-
pressions unsuitable for the BULLETIN, and I wouldn’t do that for the
world.
A SETTLER’S HOME IN SOUTH BRAZIL.
Immigrants to South America, when they propose to remain on the land, bring with them an intense
desire for a home. They usually surround it too with some of their European sense of the artistic, and
the government encourages them in this regard. Settlers’ houses of this type are not unfrequent along
the railway north through the States of Santa Catharina and Parana, and give promise of what the
country will become a generation from now.
THE GROWTH OF A NEW CITY.
It is not necessary to state exactly where this town is situated, because the illustration should be con-
sidered as typical of the rapid growth of the interior of this part of south Brazil, now that the railway
isopen. There are many like this between Santa Maria and Sao Paulo, and there will be more of them.
This particular place has electric lights, a good water supply, a theater, two cinema shows, and several
paved streets. The picture presents the kind of temporary structure which is more common in the
United States than in South America—clapboard sides, shingle roof, and factory-made windows. The
alleyway has recently been cut through, and the fence is unfinished. Undoubtedly in a few years these
roughnesses will be softened or removed. The idea is to indicate that not all of interior Brazil by any
means has that appearance one is tempted to call characteristic of Latin America.
THE INTERESTING PARANA PINE.
Quite peculiar to this part of South America—south Brazil—is the distinctive Parana pine, the araucaria
brasiliensis. It is as useful as the palm or the northern pine. For hours together the traveler sees indi-
vidual trees or forests of them, stretching alone across the landscape, or mingled here and there with
other forest growth. Since the opening of the railway considerable use is made of the araucaria, and
quite a business in sawing and milling has developed.
MOUNTAIN SCENERY IN THE STATE OF PARANA.
cae
CURITYBA LOOKING FROM THE RAILWAY STATION.
Curityba, the capital of the State of Parana, is fast becoming a modern city. The horse-drawn street cars
are being displaced by electric trams, and good street pavement is projected. The public buildings in
different parts of the city are of a substantial character, and the business houses and private residences
show a progressive spirit. This picture is not well illustrative of what Curityba looks like, but as so
many changes are taking place, no photographs of to-day will indicate what the conditions will be when
the city has completed the improvements underway.
RAILWAY SCENERY IN PARANA.
From Curityba to Paranagua on the Atlantic coast runs a railway that offers many scenic attractions.
It winds around the mountains or tunnels through them. It descends to sea level by a route that rivals
the beautiful line between San Jose and Limon in Costa Rica. The port of Paranagua has long been the
sole entrance for the commerce of this region, but now that rail connections from Curityba to Si0 Paulo
is established, it is probable that a wider source of supply may be encouraged.
40 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Porto Alegre, and all Rio Grande do Sul, for that matter, is very
much alive. Especially is this the case now, since the port works at
Rio Grande are promised completion within a reasonable period.
Then a better and safer entrance to the lake will be afforded, Rio
Grande and its neighbor, Pelotas, the headquarters of the cattle and
jerked beef industry hereabouts, will grow, the industries of the
State will expand, and Porto Alegre, its capital, will be benefited.
I mentioned the industries of the State, and so far as I can find out,
they are essentially pastoral and agricultural, ike Uruguay, with
some mining in the interior, so [ am told. The population is Luso-
Brazilian, a phrase I learned here while talking to old mhabitants,
Teuto-Brazilian, and Italo-Brazilian, meaning those from Portugal,
Germany, and Italy, respectively. Now that the railway is at last
carried clear through to Montevideo, with projects for connection at
two other points, and now that the railway is actually open all the
way to Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul will have a
chance to escape the isolation from which it has suffered. This
various European mixture promises to make a good race. The ch-
mate and soil are favorable for all temperate and subtropical crops,
even wheat and apples, so enthusiasts tell me; and plenty of pasture
land exists for many more cattle than there are at present. Then
there is abundant garden truck grown—colonial Waaren, as the Ger-
mans say—which finds markets in Europe by the direct steamer
transportation from Porto Alegre and Rio Grande.
Everything modern is wanted in this State, and in the capital
almost everything modern is on sale. There is a substantial foreign
commerce maintained, and I saw abundant evidence that people
were making money. One interesting feature I noted in studying
directories and address books, namely, that while most of the public
activities were carried on by those with Brazilian names, the business
activities were on the other hand largely in the control of those with
German names. I have heard that more than 50 per cent of the
business of the city and surrounding country was controlled by Ger-
mans, either those of long residence here—a generation or more— or
those recently immigrated, who are closely associated with houses
back in Europe. I can well believe it, and this condition must be
taken into consideration in studying these markets. I saw some
goods made in the United States, and they were selling nicely, but
the great preponderance of ordinary supplies in the shops came from
Europe. This matter I shall reserve for the finish of this letter.
It would be pleasant for me to say a great deal more about Porto
Alegre and Rio Grande do Sul. There has been lots of history here, °
and its relation to central and northern Brazil makes it worth careful
study in more ways than that of commerce. I think it best, however,
to carry my experiences along over the trip I have just finished, via
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. Al
Santa Maria again, north through the State of Rio Grande do Sul,
and across the intervening States of Santa Catharina and Parana,
and then to make a general summary of the whole thing, spreading
my conclusions over the entire region of south Brazil. For the
Yankee commercial traveler this is really a new field. I have heard
of no one making the trip as I have made it. I knew practically
nothing about the country when I left home, and it is only within
the past few months that any such trip was possible, because the
railway has been operating scarcely more than a year. Before that,
to get from Porto Alegre to Curityba it was the wilderness or the
Atlantic, with nothing in favor of the wilderness.
In Santa Maria I had to spend the night (having left Porto
Alegre in the morning), taking the train at 6.40 the next morning
northward for the town of Passo Fundo, about 222 miles (856 kilo-
meters), to arrive shortly after 7 that evening. The country north of
Santa Maria is beautiful as the train ascends through gorges and val-
leys onto the plateau, and when once at an elevation of about 2,000
feet the meadows seem rich, and the numbers of cattle indicate a
pastoral industry quite as good as that of the more thickly settled
region in the center of the State. Cruz Alta, they say, is a flourish-
ing town, probably the largest north of Santa Maria, but I could not
lay over, as there were only three trains a week and I dared not
then sacrifice the time. Another reason will be given later. Passo
Fundo was my destination that evening, and in this pretty place I
spent the night. German inhabitants were still noticeable, but
Brazilians seemed to me in the majority.
From Passo Fundo, which I left at 7 a. m., it is 111 miles (179 kilo-
me‘ers) to the banks of the Uruguay River which forms the boun-
dary between the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catharina.
Here, in the village of Marcilino Ramos, I passed another night.
The country becomes wilder and sparsely inhabited as one goes
northward, and in many places is almost virgin, but I noticed here
and there a saw mill, and could see through the trees that consid-
erable timber had been cut. In fact, this is a timber country and
will develop first by the logging camp until it is ready for the cattle
man, the agriculturist or the fruit and vegetable farmer, who will
follow as soon as the railway assures steady means of access for the
colonists and of egress for all these products of the earth. Probably
the wooded mountains of east Tennessee offer as correct a comparison,
both as to climate and settlement, as I can imagine, at this moment.
I had to cross the Uruguay River in a little gasoline launch, as the
bridge in process of construction was not yet ready for the train.
Just below the bridge the Rio de Peixe (Fish River) enters the
Uruguay, and the banks of both streams are so thickly forested that
no view of the surrounding country can be obtained. My day’s
journey was to Unido da Victoria, a distance of 227 miles (366 kilo-
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A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 43
meters). This was allin the State of Santa Catharina. The train for
much of the distance followed the Fish River, clinging to its banks
as the ivy clings to the oak. Now the curious Parana pine shows
itself in great abundance, and timber possibilities are the first thing
that entered my head. It is, indeed, an unsettled country. A few
years ago nobody dreamed of moving into it, and only the adven-
turous pioneer thought of making it a camp for his explorations.
Undoubtedly the climate is healthy and the ground fertile, but no
further information could I get from the few passengers on the train,
who, like myself, were taking this trip in order to avoid the sea
voyage that had hitherto been necessary to reach Sao Paulo. Monot-
onous the trip certainly is, but fascinating, as I could let my imagi-
nation soar on unrestricted wings, and people the whole region,
within even one generation, with a population eager to snatch from
mother nature the food and riches she will give as reward to any one
willing to work in such an incipient paradise. This is not at all the
luxurious tropics, with its palms, bananas, romantic natives, and
apparent dolce far niente. No, indeed. It is the temperate zone
still; stern, and compelling, but full of promise for those seeking
homes and able to work for them. JI could net escape making com-
parisons, Mr. Editor, between this region in Brazil, and that on the
west coast along which I passed only a few weeks ago. In northern
Chile opposite, in Peru, and on the plateau of Bolivia, the surface
of the rocky Andes, in many places, precludes the possibility of agri-
culture in any form whatever. Mines there are, and wealth wrung
from these rocks will benefit mankind, but homes, as we think of
them, spring into the imagination only with surroundings like
those which are characteristic of what I saw for hours together, from
the car window in this part of Brazil. It means work, of course;
work such as built Kentucky, Michigan, and California, but just as
sure as there will be a coming glomerate race in Brazil alike in some
ways to what we have seen develop in our north, equally as certain
is it that throughout the almost trackless wilderness of this part of
the Republic shall we find homes and a settled population, when this
railway becomes known, and the money seeker as well as the home
seeker turns his attention this way.
Unido da Victoria (the place has other names on the maps, but all
begin with Unido) is on the border between the States of Santa Cath-
arina and Parana. The next day’s journey, as far as Punta Grossa,
was (263 kilometers) 163 miles. This part of the State of Parana is
to a large extent wilderness, yet some habitation is seen, and here and
there are sawmills, but as we approached Punta Grossa evidences of
agriculture presented themselves. This latter town has something
over 10,000 inhabitants but is frontier like. Its importance is due to
the fact that it is a railway division point, and the junction of the line
over which I just came and which continues on the Sao Paulo, with
(Courtesy of Viacaio Ferrea do Rio Grande do Sul.)
RAILWAY STATION IN RIO GRANDE DO SUL.
Along the railway, between the frontier of Brazil and Sao Paulo, are constructed substan-
tial and permanent buildings. This policy is a wise one, for as the country becomes
settled travel and the resulting use of stations will be encouraged thereby.
(Courtesy of La Razon, Montevideo.)
THE VANGUARD OF CIVILIZATION.
The State of Santa Catharina, between Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, is one of the most attractive
and fertile in Brazil. Alongthecoasi many settlements have been made and profitable industries
established, but the interior has had to wait for the railway. Nowthatcommunication northand
south is assured, rapid changes are to be expected.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 45
an eastern branch that passes this place (Curityba) where I am now
writing, and continues to the Atlantic Ocean, at the port of Paranagua.
It is rumored that the western extension, which aims to reach the
Falls of the Iguazu and ultimately Asuncion in Paraguay, may also
make Punta Grossa its junction point. Anyhow, itis the center of the
local trade, and I made proper use of my half day there.
Punta Grossa is 114 miles (184 kilometers) from Curityba through
a relatively flat country, few trees, and abundant pasture, which the
train schedules in six hours. So here J am at the capital of the State
of Parana, in a German hotel, opposite a Brazilian lumber yard, and
with an Italian spaghetti factory up the road. Cosmopolitan, isn’t it ?
I like Curityba. My genial German landlady tells me that when
she moved here, half a dozen years ago, to open this hotel it was a
doleful town, with no street lights of electricity, no paving to speak of,
and small business. Now the place seems on the boom, and a new
hotel is promised, with electric street cars, and plans for further and
extensive municipal improvements. There are many Germans here,
some Italians, and a very few other foreigners. One great business
is the preparation of herva matté (yerba maté of Spanish), Paraguay
tea, which is gathered in the forests near by and shipped in immense
quantities to the south and even to parts of Europe. The agricul-
tural zone around the city is large and fertile, but the State has not
as yet been. able to stimulate an increasing immigration, although
land is cheap and the State regulations quite liberal. Now that the
new railway is opened to the interior, with probabilities of continued
building, expectation runs high that settlers will be attracted hither
and enlarge the State’s production. The climate certainly is fine.
Anyone who fancies that this part of Brazil is hot, humid, and un-
wholesome is away off the truth. It is south of the Tropic of Capri-
corn and at an elevation of about 2,000 feet, so I may compare it to
some parts of California and not be far from the exact truth.
I said at the beginning of this letter that I was in a new country.
I repeat it with emphasis. It’s new in many of the conditions that
characterize a comparatively untilled country, with a small popula-
tion and a vast extent of land never touched by the plow. Its history
may run back a hundred years or more, but that has not affected the
interior to any noticeable extent. When the railway connections to
the south (over which I have just come) are in better shape, an open-
ing will be given for better travel to Rio Grande do Sul, to Uruguay,
and even to Buenos Aires, and commercial travelers can then take
advantage of it.
1 Since this was written, the information has been received by the Pan American Union that a through
train is scheduled from Santa Maria to Sao Paulo, with no night pauses; that sleeping cars are in service
and that dining cars have been added both to save time and to add to the convenience of the traveling
public. It is a happy instance of the rapid advances made in South America in such matters. A more
detailed analysis of this trip through the interior of South Brazil can be studied in the Monthly Bulletin
of the Pan American Union for December, 1911, page 1095.
48888—Bull. 1—_14—-4
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ALL RAIL ROUTE BETWEEN MONTEVIDEO AND RIO DE JANEIRO.
The route recently opened is indicated by the heavy black lines. Much of the beautiful and fertile country
along the way is but sparsely inhabited, but when the land is settled it will be one of the most productive
areas in South America. The entire distance from one capital to the other is 1,966 miles (3,165 kilometers),
and from S40 Paulo to the frontier of Uruguay at Santa Anna do Livramento (Rivera), the line is now
in regular operation. It must be noted that the plan of railway expansion in South Brazil is toextend the
rails westward by the Falls of Iguassu to Asuncion in Paraguay, the eastern terminus to be beyond Uniao
to Sio Francisco on the Atlantic Ocean.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 47
Now, Mr. Editor, in concluding this hurried letter, I must make a
confession, without which my friends, known and unknown, might
think I was misleading them. Have I been successful in my venture
off the beaten path of the commercial traveler from Yankeeland ?
Yes; only in the sense that I have investigated this new country,
and shall have a lengthy report to make to my house when I get back
home. Ignoring a bit of frontier roughness here and there, forgetting
the repetition of experiences in our own West of years ago, but util-
izing them as a gauge for the future of this very country, I can advise
others to follow me if the goods they carry will sell in a region such
as I have attempted to describe. If it is thought worth while to come
overland from Montevideo to Sao Paulo, just to change a sea voyage
(Courtesy of La Razon, Montevideo.)
THE RIO DO PEIXE, IN SANTA CATHARINA.
The railway follows the Fish River. The roadbed is good, the country picturesque, and the alti-
tude is high enough to insure an agreeable climate. This region is heavily wooded, and there is
practically no population.
for one on land, it will be a novel experience. But if the sole purpose
would be to sell goods of a kind not ready for a pioneer country, I
must advise against it. Porto Alegre and Rio Grande deserve a visit.
Between Porto Alegree and Curityba there is not a single town that has
50,000 inhabitants. Porto Alegre has probably a foreign trade of its
own or may find it economical to draw upon Montevideo. Curityba
has its independent exit through the port of Paranagua and may draw
from Sao Paulo as an immense depository of manufactured articles.
Otherwise the country of south Brazil is of the future.
I have not been successful in the sense that I paid my way or laid the
foundation for a permanent trade on my next trip, should I make one.
T could not do it, Mr. Editor, and the reason is to me very plain—
48 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
transportation rates. Figure at the proposition as I could, I was not
able to meet the figures of the European steamers which touch regu-
larly and often along this coast. The customs tariff is of course as
favorable to me (from the United States) as to any Kuropean manu-
facturer, and the goods I represent found a sympathetic reception at
the hands of the merchants here. My terms were reasonable. But
when it came to c. 1. f. (cost, insurance, freight) at Porto Alegre,
Paranagua, or any port south of Sao Paulo, I was not in the running.
As one gentleman said to me on that very matter: ‘‘We would like.
to trade with you. We like Yankee-made goods, but how can it be
kept up when there is not one regular steamer between the United
States and our shores, while we have direct steamer transportation,
relatively cheap at that, at least every two weeks and perhaps oftener.
When we buy in Europe we know that our purchases will arrive
within reasonable time after the order is given, and with no trans-
shipment beyond that from steamer to railway car. When we buy
in the United States we can not tell within six months when anything
‘will arrive; if we pay the freight we lose a valuable profit, because it
costs more than from Europe, and there is danger of injury through
the. unavoidable transfers.’”’ That’s my experience, Mr. Editor. The
next man may be luckier than I; and may be clever enough to deliver
his goods cheaply and expeditiously over this local territory, in com-
petition with our friends across the sea. But I can’t—yet. And so
I shall report to my house when I am back, and perhaps suffer a
licking In consequence.
To-morrow I am off to Sao Paulo. Although you and the readers
of the BuLtterin know much about that wonderful city and Rio,
which I am eager to see, I am going to try to find something to say of
practical value to my guild and to give my experiences a personal
turn which can’t be found in the ordinary books or article of tourist
travel. I haven’t figured up my expenses yet, and I shall have a
paragraph about them in my next letter, for as south Brazil differs
from the center of the Republic, where I shall be when next I write,
IT am sure the expenses will be clear if I keep the various areas sep-
arate. In Rio I hope to get an immense amount of accumulated
mail. I have been moving forward steadily and have crossed from
west to east. IJ haven’t heard from the States, aside from cable mes-
sages, for over two months. And Heaven knows I am dying for news
of any sort or character. Good-by, then, Mr. Editor. I shall try
to call on you if I can get to Washington. I am on my way north,
and it really begins to feel as if that were on my way home.
VIAJERO.
HE history of stock raising in the Republic of Uruguay takes us
back to the times long before the country declared its inde-
pendence. All the region of the Rio de la Plata, of which
Uruguay forms a part, was so naturally adapted to cattle
that, in spite of the disturbed condition of the colonies in the second
half of the eighteenth century, the industry grew and formed one of
the sources of wealth and the basis upon which Uruguay of to-day
rests much of its prosperity and activity.
_ Uruguay is essentially an agricultural and pastoral country, and
mining must take a second place, especially at the present, when the
whole world is demanding increased supplies of meat to feed the fast-
increasing populations of Europe and America. It is interesting,
therefore, to note that as early as 1793 the hacendados (ranch owners)
of Uruguay reported that there were in the country upward of 450,000
head of cattle killed annually for their hides, and that efforts should
be made, therefore, to utilize the meat from these cattle to put their
cultivation on a sounder economical footing.
Artigas, the national hero of Uruguay, was one of the first to
recognize the value of such a suggestion, and as early as 1813 he was
instrumental in forming the Junta de Agricultura (Agricultural
Council), which had the power to encourage agricultural development
and to pass regulations for the subdivision of the land. Even then
an experiment was made in spreading a practical knowledge of the
best-known ways to farm, and the germ was started of what are now
called experimental farms, which Uruguay has so wisely developed.
In one of his proclamations issued later, Artigas said to those in the
administration: “‘Let your excellencies dedicate to the progress of
the camp (the term used to express the agricultural area of the
country), that zeal of which you have already given examples,” and
afterwards he himself drafted regulations which laid the foundation
of rural legislation. Along with his appeal for arms and ammunition
for his soldiers he asked for plows, picks, and seeds; and again for
primary reading books and other articles for the schools needed in the
camp.
Such things show the tendency of the population of Uruguay,
which has always been quite as much rural as urban. Through the
struggles that disturbed the Republic during the years of its forma-
tion, these experiences were not lost, and agricultural resources con-
By Albert Hale, of Pan American Union staff.
49
HOME)/'OF THE;RURAL ASSOCIATION OF URUGUAY.
The Asociacion Rural was founded October 3, 1871, its object being to form a union of all those interested in
the progress of the country inso far as it depended upon matters of stock-breeding and agriculture. It has
been of inestimable value, and is in many ways aright arm to the Government of Uruguay in the work of
fostering and promoting thenatural wealth of the Republic. Its fine building, in Montevideo, onthe Calle
Uruguay, is the center of business reunions that have their influence throughout the country. Branches:
outside the capital have been established.
HIGH-CLASS STOCK IN URUGUAY.
Uruguay has for many years given close attention 10 the improvement of the blood of the cattle on the
esiancias there. (a) Shows an imported prize bull. (6) Presents a scene near the railway on whicha train-
load of cattle are about to be shipped. Great care is exercised in seeing that they reach their destination in
good condition. (¢) Pictures a meadow on which a number of full-blood Hereford cattle are grazing—a not
unusual sight in the country of Uruguay.
52 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
tinued to increase through the character and energy of the people.
In 1860 the landowners succeeded in obtaining the passage of favor-
able rural legislation, and in 1871 the Rural Association of Uruguay
was formed. This was an organization of all the elements of the
rural population, and its efforts were directed toward popularizing
the advantages of farming life. It published a Review in which it
kept up its propaganda, and influenced thereby the passage of laws
and of a rural code. Through the association new cultivations and
new allied industries were introduced, and in the cattle industry the
quality and the character of the breeds were materially improved.
Rural societies affiiated with the association were founded, and an
annual rural congress was successfully launched with their support.
Out of this movement have grown experimental stations, a policy of
animal sanitation, a diffusion of agricultural education, and finally a
lasting support on the part of the Government to the extension of
the farm life of the Republic.
The land in Uruguay is gently rolling, and it is difficult to find any
large part of it unprovided with a bountiful water supply. The soil
is deep and arable, and where not cultivated it supplies of itself a good
pasture for the herds of cattle and sheep grazing uponit. The
climate is mild, with no extremes of heat or cold, although the winters
may have frosts and the summers the steady sun that remind one of
mid-England in August. One feature of the use of the land in
Uruguay which deserves attention is the fact that the rural holdings
of the country are divided among about 43,000 properties. That is
to say, there are over 36,000 properties of less than 500 hectares
(1,236 acres) each, which is looked upon as a minimum area for cattle
raising, and anything smaller than this is better devoted to crop
farming and the cultivation of vegetables or the vine. This does
not take into account the department in which Montevideo is situated,
where individual holdings are naturally much smaller. Even 10
years ago the average of each farm was of greater dimensions, from
which it is seen that the national inclinationis toward small properties.
While the tendency in Uruguay is steadily in the direction of im-
provement in all the branches of cattle raising, there is also noticeable
a desire to increase the agricultural, as compared with pastoral activi-
ties of the country. Thus one will supplement the other, and the
rather unnecessary predominance of cattle and sheep raising, which
was the condition at the end of the last century, is yielding to a
healthier relationship between the two. Immigration plays its part
in this development. Later settlers in the country give more atten-
tion to small farming, so that as the cattle industry increases the
supply of grains and fodder crops keeps more evenly adjusted to it.
The live-stock industry will continue to be, however, the chief
source of the country’s commerce for years to come. A statement of
VARIOUS STEPS IN HANDLING CATTLE IN URUGUAY.
a) Scientific veterinary treatment of cattle, whether for breeding or in pasturing, is carefully carried
out and in this way the quality of the stockissteadilyimproved. (b) The slaughterhouse, where the final
step of transforming the flesh into meat or extract. Nothing is left undone, however, to assure as whole-
some and pure a product as modern hygiene can demand. (c) Cattle are shipped alive, both for export
when live animals are desired, and for transportation from places on the river to reach the final desti-
nation.
54 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the utilized land will be of interest here. Of the total area of the
Republic, around 46,000,000 acres, 37,500,000 acres are given over to
pasturage, and something over 2,000,000 to crop cultivation. This
shows that four-fifths of the whole is devoted to grazing stock, and
that this area is nineteen times the area devoted to crop farming. A
recent estimate of the animals now on this immense pasture area of
the country places the number of cattle at 8,200,000; sheep at about
27,000,000; hogs at perhaps something above 500,000, and horses,
mules, and asses at nearly 600,000. The live-stock products con-
sumed and exported come from this multitude. The wool, meat,
hides, skins, tallow, and prepared-meat extracts form the larger part
of the export commerce of Uruguay, and as these items are increasing
in demand the world over, while at the same time the quality of the
various breeds is becoming superior, it is plain that the live stock
industry of Uruguay is important in the economic influence of South
America upon the world’s markets.
The predominance of the exportation from Uruguay of live-stock
products is very evident. As some of the finest sheep of the world
come from Spain, and as the earliest immigrants to Uruguay brought
sheep with them, this original breed having been further improved by
later breeding from the best of European stocks, it is no wonder there -
fore that the wool from Uruguay has a most excellent reputation in
foreign markets. The mutton also from these sheep, is to day a
valuable product, although at first it was actually thrown away as
waste; but the freezing methods have revolutionized the business,
and thus increased the profits to the grower and added to the value of
the industry as a whole.
For a long time the preparation of jerked beef (tasajo) has been a
leading industry in Uruguay. Although there is some consumed
within the country, the greater portion is exported to Brazil, Cuba,
Porto Rico, and elsewhere, where it is much liked by the people, in
many cases being preferred to fresh meats. During one year over
700,000 cattle were slaughtered in Uruguay for jerked beef alone;
there resulted over 113,000,000 pounds of meat with a value of about
$6,500,000.
The number of cattle killed for refrigerated meat is now over
31,000, with a value of almost $3,000,000, and while far under the
quantity prepared into jerked beef it seems most probable that the
latter disposition of cattle products will overtake the former, and that
as the market is so much more extensive, refrigerated meat going to
the unlimited markets of Europe, the more modern method will
prevail.
Uruguay, however, can not as yet compare with Argentina in its
output of refrigerated meat, although it is rapidly becoming recog-
nized as profitable. At least one of the long existing saladeros (salt-
MODERN MACHINERY IN THE PASTORAL INDUSTRY OF URUGUAY.
In addition to the preparation of meat and wool for export, Uruguay has developed a local consumption
for her pastoral products. Thedairy industry has become quite important, and (a) modern dairy machin-
ery is used extensively wherever butterand cheese are prepared. (b) The outside of the dairy building
also is built for convenience and rapid handling of the milk delivered. (c) How extensive this industry
is, may be seen from the engine room of a modern creamery.
56 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
meat packing houses) has been changed into a modern refrigerating
plant, and other quite new establishments are being worked. Mutton
may be frozen, but beef is best prepared when chilled down to a
preserving point but not frozen hard. All such refinements of the
process are well observed in these plants, so that everything turned
out from them meets the requirements of foreign markets. The Goy-
ernment itself has felt it wise to undertake the working of a factory
for the preparation of meat, not so much for the sake of pecuniary
profit, but for the purpose of having under control a training school,
as it were, in which instruction could be given and from which skilled
workmen could be taken over into establishments conducted by
private capital.
There is one other process by which cattle meat is utilized. Few
people are aware that much of the beef extract on the markets comes
from the special establishments in Uruguay for that purpose, able to
supply such a fine article because of the high grade of the cattle
available. The name, or rather the word Liebig, is now actually
synonymous with beef extract, but it could not have become so if
Uruguay cattle had not been so suitable for the preparation of it,
and if the Liebig company had not worked so scientifically toward
furnishing its particular product. The Liebig factory is in Uruguay,
at Fray Bentos, on the Uruguay River about 100 miles above Buenos
Aires, but where there is depth of water sufficient to allow the en-
trance of vessels of a draft of 20 feet.
Fray Bentos has been called the greatest kitchen in the world. On
some days 2,500 head of cattle are slaughtered, then treated so as to
get the finest meat from them, the bones and ribs, the intestines,
tails, sews, hoofs, and other parts being reserved for their various
uses. But this special meat is subjected to scientific preparation; it
is cooked, to be sure, in a real kitchen, and with the best possible
care and attention to detail. There are chemists, laboratories, engi-
neers, and authorities on technical matters, all engaged in cooking
the beef so as to turn it out in the most acceptable form as the well-
known and popular extract. The company is organized with asystem
of help to the employees, for improving their physical, material and
moral welfare. It maintains an almost model city around its facto-
ries, and has a reputation for enterprise and fair dealing which gives
it an enviable place in the business world.
Dairying in Uruguay has not made the advances to which the
industry is entitled. Probably this is due to the fact that the ani-
mals are valuable for their meat and their hides, and that an equal
profit has not been developed from the milk. This is changing,
however, since much encouragement has lately been given to the
dairy industry, and various societies, together with the Government,
are offering prizes for excellence in dairy. There is no good reason
why Uruguay should not rival England and Denmark in the quality
of its milk, butter, and cheese.
WHAT BECOMES OF THE BEEF OF URUGUAY?
The slaughter of cattle for food was one of the first means adopted by the settlers in this fertile country.
(a) The original process was the preparation of jerked beef—tasajo—by salting, in great stacks of the
fresh meat, as seen here. (6) Later on, when export trade increased the demand from oversea, a more
modern method of preserving meat was adopted. (c) The process which appears now to be most scien-
tific and valuable, is that of chilling meat, and in Uruguay the factories are equipped with modern
appliances, and the storerooms are kept in a thoroughly hygienic manner.
SHEEP AND WOOL IN URUGUAY.
As for cattle, so for sheep. The effort to produce good hides and beef is equaled by the desire to add to the
quality and quantity of wool and mutton. (a) The twenty-nine millions of sheep in the country finally
find their way to the abattoir to furnish food for many parts of the world. (6b) Blooded rams are fre-
quently imported for breeding purposes, and they are always objects of interest at the stock fairs. (ce)
Those who escape the slaughterhouse are shorn of their wool which is stored for export, although the
manufacture of woolen cloth and garments is beginning to be an industry in Montevideo.
URUGUAY. 59
The foreign commerce of Uruguay shows the high importance of
the cattle industry in the Republic, considering sheep of course as
included in the term cattle. For example, the total exports during
the year 1912 amounted to $53,000,000. Of this sum, the cattle and
meat export was $44,000,000, while agriculture accounted for only
$2,000,000, and mining products for another $2,000,000. Of the
details of shipments under the first head, wool is far in the lead, the
exports being almost $26,000,000, but meat and meat extracts gave
$5,700,000, hides and skins almost $10,000,000, and live animals
$1,000,000. Of live animals exported there were 77,444 beeves,
320,389 sheep, and about 2,000 horses and mules. Meat extracts
included jerked beef, canned beef, beef extract, frozen beef, frozen
mutton, canned tongue, and beef broth.
Such is a résumé of one of the industries of the progressive Republic
of Uruguay. There is room for greater development, because, with
all that has been accomplished, the limit of economic preductivity is
a long way from being reached. With the steadily increasing de-
mand for meat and meat products in all the consuming markets of
the world, with the well-known adaptability of the people of Uruguay
for agricultural and pastoral life, with the encouraging tendency to
aid immigration to the country and the facility with which new set-
tlers are absorbed into the population, Uruguay takes a favored
place among the cattle countries of America.
(The following notes were received from Dr. Carlos Maria de Pena,
the Uruguayan Minister in Washington, too late to be incorporated
in this article. They are so pertinent to it, however, that they are
appended as a proof of Uruguay’s activity in the matters to which
the article refers.)
Uruguay has a cattle market situated only 8 miles from the city of
Uruguay, on municipal property called ‘‘Tablada del Norte,” and the
movements of cattle there are reported in the Review of the Asociacién
Rural del Uruguay (Rural Association of Uruguay). Recent data
from this publication are as follows:1
Sales of cattle.
OXEN.
1913 | 1914
Month. ; 5 = = =
Number. Total. | Average. | Number. Total Average.
January: --25 = eniG oil | $60,055 | $36.37 | 1,181 | $56,494 | — $47.84
February....... 1, 369 54, 682 49, 44 1,7 | 88,633 49. 79
Marchei3. ae: | 1, 559 | 75, 515 | 65. 00 | 7, SILT 156, 411 53. 62
|
4,579 190, 252 | 50. 27 | 5, 879 301, 593 | 50.41
| }
1A1l figures are in Uruguay pesos (peso=$1.034), but for practical purposes and especially for comparison,
these figures may be read as if in United States dollars.
60 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Sales of cattle—Continued.
STEERS.
1913. 1914.
Month.
Number. Total. Average. Number. Total. Average.
JERWENA~sonosoon | 36,764 $1, 063, 469 $26. 92 32, 545 |$1,526,525 $46. 95
Melmuanyee=ee= 20, 349 937, 595 36. 98 30, 402 | 1,665,992 AN, MUL
Marchasiss-e ssi. 29,962 | 1,332, 847 44, 48 59, 028 | 2,904,139 49,19
WP US) || ai esis}, SILL 36.12 | 126,975 | 6,096,656 47.75
COWS.
Jamuanyaeee eee 4,110 $88, 259 $23. 90 A112) |) $139) 257) a ssaNs8
Mebruanyes=ssae 4,031 111, 253 27. 59 4,643 | 1725536 | Alem
Marchese ces 3, 060 | 122,443 o4. 34 7,966 | 315,489 | 09. 60
11, 706 321, 955 28. 61 16,721 | 627, 282 40. 19
| |
CALVES.
JOINT ses ose e 1, 439 $22, 604 $15. 70 1,436 | $22,309 $15. 53
Hebruanyecs ss: 1, 610 4 SIG) 17. 34 1, 537 25, 280 16. 45
Manche ses seise 1,715 33, 291 19: 41 2, 386 A Oa) 18. 70
4,764 83, 814 17. 48 5, 309 92, 230 16. 89
The greater portion of the meat of these cattle is for export.
Montevideo takes probably 12,000 animals monthly, but the rest goes
to the meat-packing establishments for export. Several points are
worth noting:
(a) The increase of 34,900 in the number of steers sold in the three
months of 1914 above the same period in 1913.
(6b) The increase of $2,762,745 in the value of the sales.
(c) The increase in the average price, which in 1913 was $36.12,
but in 1914 rose to $47.75 per steer.
(dq) The increase of 5,015 in the number of cows sold, comparing
1913 with 1914.
(e) The increase of $305,327 in the total amount of sales for these
periods.
(f) The increase in the average price, which in 1913 was $28.61 per
head, and in 1914 was $40.19.
During the months of October, November, and December, 1913,
according to data furnished the minister by the Uruguayan consul
general in New York, there were trial shipments to the United States
made from Uruguay of meat and meat products, the value of which
was $79,230. During January, 1914, there were received in New
URUGUAY. 61
York 804,110 kilos (1,772,758 pounds), valued at $160,333; in Feb-
ruary, 1,227,870 kilos (2,706,989 pounds), at $214,388; in March,
2 432,350 kilos (4,622;384 pounds), at $413,697; in April, 2,432,350
kilos (5,362,413 pounds), valued at $442,334. During these four
months, therefore, the importation from Uruguay amounted to
6,561,010 kilos (14,464,000 pounds) with a value of $1,230,752.
If this movement may be taken as a basis of computation, the
United States will soon become a market for Uruguay meat, and
import annually something like $3,500,000. If the months of March
and April will serve as a criterion, and during these months the com-
merce can be considered normal, the importation will amount to
about $5,000,000. The population of the United States may be
taken as about 100,000.000: and as meat from the Rio de la Plata
has been favorably received, it can be assumed that, within human
probability, this American market will increase steadily, and that
more depends upon the capacity of Uruguay to produce meat than
upon the capacity of the United States to absorb it. It is evident
that the United States will from now on consume its own production,
however much it may increase, and will therefore need more and more
an importation from abroad, especially from the region of the Rio de
la Plata.
As Uruguay has upwards of 8,000,000 cattle and 29,000,000 sheep.
on its fertile plains, it must be taken into serious consideration
as a source of supply of meat for the United States, and even then
it will not come into competition with the native supply. Durmg
the last week in May, as Consul General Richling says, the average
New York wholesale prices of American meats were favorable even
to meats from the Rio de la Plata, because they were 10 per cent
higher than those of England for the same class of meats from that
source.
a4
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HE BULLETIN regrets, most deeply, to announce the death
of H. E. Senior Dr. Pedro Ezequiel Rojas, envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary of Venezuela to the United
States, which came suddenly, though perhaps not unex-
pectedly, during his stay in Atlantic City early in the morning of
June 26, 1914.
Dr. Rojas was one of the active members of the governing board
of the Pan American Union, and as such came into intimate contact
with his confréres on that body and with members of the staff. Many
others also there were whose activities brought them at times to
know him, and all recognized the dignity of his character, the attract-
iveness of his personality. His absence will be long felt by all who
are interested in Latin American affairs, and especially those who
appreciated the depth of his love for his own country, Venezuela...
Dr. Rojas was born at Cumana, Venezuela, in 1837. Coming from
a family distinguished from the beginning for their patriotism, it was
natural that he should take his part in political life, even in early
youth. While in the national congress and in the senate, he found
time to write for the press, and always was proud to say that he had
been listed as a newspaper man and journalist. He has been pre-
siding officer of the National Congress, minister of Venezuela to Chile
and the Argentine Republic, in the national cabinet as minister of
foreign affairs, and envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
to the United States since 1909. He had received many decorations
from his own and other countries, the one in which he took most pride
being probably that of the Busto de Bolivar, the highly prized order
of merit bestowed by Venezuela. He was also an active member of
the National Academy of History, famous literary society of
Venezuela. .
Immediately on receipt of the news of the death of Dr. Rojas, the
Department of State appointed Mr. Stedman Hanks, and the Pan
American Union Mr. Francisco J. Yanes, to accompany the body
from Atlantic City to Washington, where it was met by an escort of
mounted police, by representatives from the White House, the
Department of State, and the Pan American Union, and taken to the
Venezuelan Legation. The obituary services were held Tuesday,
June 30, following which the body was taken to the navy yard,
placed on board the Dolphin, and carried to Hampton Roads, where
it was transferred to the U.S. S. Kansas. This battleship takes the
62
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
SENOR DOCTOR DON PEDRO EZEQUIEL ROJAS,
Late Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
Venezuela to the United States.
> Ls
wea
C2
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
PRESIDENT WILSON ATTENDING THE FUNERAL SERVICES IN HONOR OF THE LATE
MINISTER OF VENEZUELA, AT ST. MATTHEW’S CHURCH.
Accompanying the President is his chief aid, Col. William W. Harts.
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
THE OFFICIAL ESCORT ENTERING THE CHURCH.
The body of Sefior Dr. Rojas was sent by the United States Government to La Guaira, there to
be received in form by the Venezuelan Government, but funeral services were held in Washington, at
St. Mathew’s church. The body was escorted into the church by Secretary of State Bryan (at the left),
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68 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
body of the deceased diplomat to La Guaira, Venezuela, where the
officials of that Republic receive it formally.
On learning of the death of Dr. Rojas, the Secretary of State sent
a personal telegram of condolence to Atlantic City, as did also the
director general of the Pan American Union, who ordered the flag of
Venezuela lowered to half-mast, to remain thus until the body had left
the United States. The BuLveTin takes this means of conveying to
the Venezuelan Government and to the relatives and friends of Dr.
Rojas the sincere condolences of the entire membership of the staff
of the Pan American Union.
The governing board of the Pan American Union held a meeting
on the afternoon of Monday, June 29, 1914, attended by the Secretary
of State of the United States, all the Latin American diplomatic
representatives in Washington, and the director general and assistant
director of the Pan American Union, to take action oa the death of
the minister of Venezuela, Sr. Dr. Pedro Ezequiel Rojas.
At the opening of the meeting the Secretary of State in his capacity
as chairman of the board made the fo!lowing remarks:
Death having entered our circle and taken away one of our most respected members,
this meeting has been called that proper action may be taken by the Union. A
resolution will be introduced in a moment, but I take this opportunity to express
the deep regret which I feel that he should be called from among us. Since my
connection with the Union, I have become acquainted with him and have learned to
appreciate his uniform courtesy, the intelligence which he brought into our councils,
and the sympathetic interest which he felt in all that concerned Latin America and
the Western Hemisphere. We shall miss him, and I am sure I speak the feelings of
all of my countrymen who have learned to know him personally, when I express
sincere sorrow at his death and sympathy with those who survive him.
The minister of Costa Rica, Sr. Joaquin Bernardo Calvo, then pre-
sented a set of resolutions expressing the profound regret of the
governing board at the death of one of their most loved and respected
members and directing that copies of the resolution be sent to the
Government of Venezuela and to the members of his family. These
resolutions are as follows: ie
The governing board of the Pan American Union, having learned with deep sorrow
of the death of the distinguished statesman, His Excellency Dr. Pedro Ezequiel
Rojas, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States of
Venezuela, resolves:
First. To record on the minutes of this special meeting the keen sentiment of sorrow
of each and every one of the members of the board on this lamentable event.
Second. That this expression of sorrow be transmitted by cable to the Government
of Venezuela and to the family of the late Dr. Rojas.
Third. That the chairman of the governing board be authorized to appoint a com -
mittee of three 1 to accompany the remains of the late minister Rojas at the time
of their departure for Venezuela (on the Dolphin from Washington to Hampton Roads).
Fourth. That a durable wreath be sent to the funeral and to accompany the remains
to their last resting place, on behalf of the governing board of the Pan American Union.
1 This committee as appointed was composed of the minister of Costa Rica, Sr. Joaquin Bernardo
Cates the minister of Peru, Sr. Federico Alfonso Pezet, and the minister of Ecuador, Sr. Gonzalo S. de
6rdova.
Courtesy of Chief Yeoman B. A. Backers, U.S. N.
ARRIVAL OF FUNERAL CORTEGE OF THE LATE MINISTER ROJAS AT THE WASH-
INGTON NAVY YARD.
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Courtesy of Chief Yeoman B. A. Backers, U.S. N.
OFFICIALS PAYING THEIR FINAL RESPECTS AS THE BODY OF THE MINISTER IS
TAKEN ABOARD THE “DOLPHIN.”
Courtesy of Chief Yeoman B. A. Backers, U.S. N.
CARRYING THE REMAINS OF THE LATE MINISTER ABOARD THE “DOLPHIN.”
Courtesy of Chief Yeoman B. A. eas, U.S. N.
THE REMAINS OF THE LATE MINISTER ROJAS ON BOARD THE “DOLPHIN.”
Draped in the national colors of Venezuela and surrounded by a number of floral tributes, the remains of
the minister were conveyed to Hampton Roads, Va., where the body was transferred to the U.S. S.
“Kansas” and taken to La Guaira, Venezuela.
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I have been told that in most of the Latin American Republics there
are very high protective tariff rates. Is this true?
Answer.—No. Latin American tariffs are to be classed as revenue.
To this statement there are but few exceptions and these mainly in
Brazil, where, in order to protect the cotton and some other manu-
facturing industries, protective duties are imposed. It must be
remembered that the Latin American countries are not yet to any
large extent manufacturing centers, or at least not manufacturers of
the kind of goods produced in Europe and America, from which their
imports come. The protection idea, therefore, has but little or no
hold. The raising of revenue and the development of the country
are the important things. We find, therefore, that agricultural,
mining and transportation machinery and supplies, articles of prime
necessity, immigrants’ goods, tools, and the like, all of which go to
the building up of the country, are either duty free or lightly taxed,
and on other classes of goods, even on luxuries, the duties are seldom
so high as to discourage imports. A falling off in imports would, of
course, mean a falling off of revenues.
I notice from daily papers that an auction of nitrate lands will be held
soon at Santiago, Chile, but do not understand the word ‘‘quintal”’ used
as to area. Will you explain?
Answer.—A quintal in Chile refers to cubical measurement, and it
signifies a weight of about 220 pounds. The value of the land in the
nitrate section of Chile is, of course, based on the probable amount of
nitrate that may be extracted therefrom. The lands are divided into
plats of various sizes; for instance, in connection with the forthcom-
ing auction, we note that in the Santa Lucia region lot A has been
found to contain about 2,546,542 metrical quintals, and the minimum
valuation of each quintal is 40 centavos, or about 144 cents United
States money. The lands in question are located in the Province of
Tarapaca, and belong to the Chilean Government, and the auction
will be held in accordance with an act of the Chilean Congress dated
January 29,1914. The board of public auction will conduct the sale.
Please explain the difference between Punta Arenas and Puntarenas,
and state the location of each city.
Answer.—This is a Spanish word, and its English equivalent is
sandy point. There are numerous places bearing the Spanish name.
The cities located in Chile and Costa Rica, respectively, are the most
important; and by international agreement, and in order to avoid
69
70 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
confusion, the Chilean city is written with the two words and that of
Costa Rica as one word. Punta Arenas is the southernmost city of
the world, being located on the north side of the Strait of Magellan.
It has a population of 20,000, has wide and some well-paved streets;
it is 6,890 miles by sea from New York; there are about 2,000,000
sheep in the surrounding territory, and it is also a fur market of
some importance, and as an ocean cross-roads its shipping is very
active. Punta Arenas is the only South American city where sleigh-
ing and skating are popular amusements.
Puntarenas is Costa Rica’s principal seaport on the Pacific. It is
situated on the Gulf of Nicoya, an inlet of the ocean, and has about
5,000 population. It is a port of call for steamers plying from San
Francisco to Panama, and is distant 2,916 miles from the former city;
many local steamers also serve this port, which is the terminus of the
railroad from the Caribbean port of Limon, 172 miles distant. The
Costa Rican Government, realizing the greater importance of the port
after the opening of the Panama Canal, on July 2, 1913, appropriated
$250,000 for extensive port improvements.
Can land be obtained on the Latun American Republics on the home-
stead plan, or free? If not, at about what prices can at be secured and in
what countries for agricultural and stock-raising purposes?
Answer.—To one acquainted with the climate, character of soils,
vegetable growths and possibilities, markets and transportation facih-
ties, social customs, and habits of life in the Latin American countries
it would probably be sufficient to answer the above by a simple
affirmative. Free land for agriculture and stock raising can be had
by intending settlers in practically all of the Latin American Repub-
lics. But to one unacquainted with these things, while the answer
would be strictly true, it might be dangerously misleading. The ordi-
nary American farmer and stock raiser, with small capital and depend-
ent for the most part on his own labor, who has made sucha splendid
success in our own West on homesteaded lands, in ninety-nine cases out
of a hundred, and perhaps in the hundredth, too, would have failed
irretrievably on lands, free or otherwise, in tropical countries. Even
in countries not tropical, such as Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile, with
such an equipment his chance of success would have been small
indeed. What was true in the past is generally true now. Latin-
American countries offer the finest kind of opportunities in agriculture
and stock raising, but these opportunities are only for those with
capital and experience. The larger the capital and the more the
experience the better the opportunity. To such free lands do not
ordinarily appeal, unless the enterprise be on a very large scale.
Free lands are undeveloped lands off the Lnes of transportation. In
9 cases out of 10 it is cheaper to buy land than to undertake the
QUERIES AND ANSWERS. al
building of transportation lines. In Mexico, prior to the recent dis-
turbances, a few Americans of small means under exceptional condi-
tions have succeeded on Government free lands; so likewise in Cuba;
but good free land is not to be had in Cuba.
What ws the correct spelling of the word ‘‘ Monterrey’’?
Answer.—In several Spanish speaking countries, and in California,
once a part of Mexico, there are cities with the name ‘‘Monterey;”’
this is an old and a correct form of spelling the word. In Mexico the
capital of the State of Nuevo Leon is called ‘‘Monterrey”’ so spelled
in accordance with a recognized phonetic rule of the Spanish grammar
which allows the duplication of a consonant, especially an ‘‘r’’ coming
between two vowels in a compound word. As Monterrey is com-
pounded of ‘‘Monte”’ and ‘‘rey,”’ the rule is here applicable. Another
and a practicable reason is that the Mexican Government, to facilitate
postal interchange, decided on the spelling of ‘‘Monterrey,”’ to dis-
tinguish the Mexican city from the Californian city of ‘‘Monterey.”’
Is there any way, vn traveling in Latin America to provide against
“‘stroche’”’ or mountain sickness?
Answer.—Several of the best railways, in equipping thei passenger
coaches, install an apparatus to supply oxygen to those who may
feel the mountain sickness coming on, as the train advances into
high altitudes, at about 8,000 feet and over. Some scientific instru-
ment makers have devised compact apparatus—a small storage
tank, portable, with proper stopcock and inhalation tube—which
can be carried by the individual traveler, and from which he can take
into his lungs (and thus into the blood), from time to time, oxygen
in sufficient quantities to overcome the evil effects of the rarified air
at high altitudes. Such apparatus has proved successful in numerous
instances.
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REVIEWS OF THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OF LATIN AMERICA FOR 1913.
EGINNING with this July number of the BULLETIN, reviews
of the foreign commerce of the Latin American Republics
for the past year will be presented. The statistical matter
upon which these reviews are based, with but few excep-
tions, emanates from the statistical offices of these Republics, either
in the form of general statistics for public use or special matter pre-
pared for the Pan American Union. The matter is therefore official
and has the Government sanction. Of course, reports from 20 differ-
ent countries, operating under different systems of collecting and
stating statistics, would, if published altogether and in the form
received, be intelligible to those only having considerable acquaint-
ance with the several statistical systems in these countries. For
this reason it is necessary in presenting these statistics in a single
publication to so rearrange the same that they may present to the
reader a complete and systematic whole. This work of compilation
and editing has been done in the Pan American Union with great
care and conscientiousness. These statistics show to one who will
carefully examine them, as perhaps no other data can show, the great
progress and advance which has been made and is being made by
the 20 Latin American Republics. They also serve to answer four
out of five inquiries which may be asked by people interested in the
development of these countries. In this number appears the review
for Argentina, to be immediately followed by Paraguay and Guate-
mala and by the other countries as the material can be compiled
and edited.
DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLETS OF THE REPUBLICS.
Very shortly the Pan American Union will begin the reissue of the
series of pamphlets descriptive of each of the Latin-American Re-
publics. Material for the new editions is now being collected. These
pamphlets have been issued for the last four years, a new edition
each year, thoroughly revised and brought up to date. They con-
tain in an abridged but serviceable form much information regard-
ing the history, forms of government, internal development, indus-
tries, railways, educational development, and statistics of popula-
tion and foreign trade. Printed in uniform size, they can be bound
together, making a book of valuable reference for the ordinary in-
quirer. Requests for these pamphlets have been very numerous, and
in many cases even the large editions published have been exhausted,
so that this organization is forced every year to increase the size of
the edition.
72
HON. ARTHUR BAILLY-BLANCHARD,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to Haiti.
Mr. Blanchard has for many years been identified with the diplomatic service of the United States, and
was secretary of the embassy at Tokyo, Japan, at the time of his elevation to the position of minister to
Haiti. The numerous charges held by him during his career include that of private secretary to the
minister to France, 1885-1889, and again 1890-1893; secretary, United States Commission to Paris Expo-
sition; attaché, American Peace Commission, Paris, 1898; secretary, Hague Peace Conference, 1907;
third secretary of the embassy at Paris, 1900, then rising to the position of first secretary of that embassy;
delegate, with personal rank of minister plenipotentiary, to International Sanitary Conference at Paris,
1911; secretary of the embassy at Tokyo, 1912; and now minister to Haiti.
74 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
NEW MINISTER FROM THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Announcement is made of the appointment as envoy extraordi-
nary and minister plenipotentiary of the Dominican Republic at
Washington of Sr. Lic. Dr. Eduardo Soler. Dr. Soler, prior to his
appointment to Washington, occupied the position of minister of
finance in the cabinet of President Bordas. From this position he is
transferred to fill on behalf of his Government a new post at Wash-
ington. Accompanying him as secretary of legation is Sr. Don Luis
Galvan, a prominent journalist of the Republic. The BULLETIN
takes this opportunity of extending to both of these gentlemen its
heartiest welcome to Washington, with the hope that they will find
residence here and the duties attached to their positions pleasant
and agreeable. In particular, it extends to Dr. Soler its welcome to
him as a member of the governing board of the Pan American Union
and expresses the hope that he will consider the Union in the light
of a second home.
THE NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE CONVENTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
The National Foreign Trade Convention convened in Washington
on May 27 and 28, 1914. There has been issued a full report of the
organization and work of the convention, from which one is im-
pressed with the great amount of interest now bemg manifested by
the large commercial associations and business houses of the United
States in matters relating to the export trade of the country. Space
forbids the entering into detail of the matters prominently before the
convention. One subject in particular, however, engaged much of
the attention of the members of the convention and that was the
subject of reciprocity. Attention was called to the fact that the
United States had, directly or indirectly, made the first beginnings
in reciprocity trade agreements, particularly with the Latin American
States. With Cuba a direct measure of reciprocity had been ob-
tained. With other Latin American States a very generous tariff
treatment of their exports had laid the basis of a larger trade. In
the case of Brazil this very generous treatment had produced recog-
nition in special tariff reductions on certain American goods. It was
believed that similar reciprocal treatment would be conducive to a
larger development of American export trade. The convention
recommended to the President of the United States and to the Secre-
tary of State the negotiation and formulation of treaties with foreign
countries, and particularly with such as enjoyed a favorable position
under the American tariff. The natural equities of the situation, in
the opinion of the members of the convention, offered a natural
basis for reciprocal agreements and entitled the export trade of the
United States to favorable treatment.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 75
HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY CONGRESS.
The Congress of Hispanic-American History and Geography met
in Seville, Spain, from April 26 to May 1, 1914, inclusive, as was
mentioned in the English Bulletin for June, 1914, page 793. While
a general description of the cause and purpose of the meeting was
given, it was impossible at that time to report on the accomplish-
ments of the congress. Recent information, however, has just been
received, which gives in some detail the progress made by the meet-
ings from day to day, and indicates that many fine papers were read,
and much enthusiasm shown, not only for the work performed and
outlined for future gatherings, but for the generous and sincere
hospitality with which the guests were treated by their hosts in Seville.
It is of value to reproduce here the conclusions of the congress, in a
series of resolutions as follows: (1) The congress expresses its fervent
desire for peace in the Americas. (2) The congress will meet period-
ically hereafter in cities of America and Spain, the next session to
be held in Seville during the exposition (1916), an invitation being
extended to the congress which is to meet in Washington this year
(1914) to join in that meeting. (3) The congress requests the Gov-
ernment to keep open until the next session, the exhibition of maps
and manuscripts now on view in the Lonja building. (4) The congress
declares that Spain as a nation was not responsible for excesses which
occurred during the conquest and colonization of the Americas.
(5) The congress expresses its desire that the countries of Spanish
America maintain in vigor, and perfect all necessary means to im-
prove morally and materially the condition of the Indians of America,
thus following the high example of solicitude which Spain always
has held. (6) The congress believes advisable the creation of an
international center of historic investigation in Madrid or Seville.
(7) The congress does not believe it within its attributes to decide
a question of titles, yet expresses the hope that in time jthe name
‘‘Spanish America” may be generally used. (8) The congress requests
that the archives of Spanish cities be opened to students. (9) The
congress will ask that the grand cross of Alfonso XII be given Senor
Don Pedro Torres Lanzas. (10) The congress requests the minister
of public instruction to create a center for study of Americana and
to complete the erection of a professorship of geography. (11) The
congress thanks the city of Seville for naming a street Vasco Nunez
de Balboa. (12) The congress hopes that other cities will do the
same. (13) The congress will request the Government to name a
unit of the existing jarmy for Balboa, or so to name the next unit
organized. (14) The congress requests the representatives of foreign
governments present to ask them to name streets or squares for Bal-
boa, and to request the Government of Panama to erect a rough monu-
76 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
ment on the height from which Balboa saw the Pacific Ocean, with
an inscription reading: ‘‘From this point the first European, aston-
ished, saw the so-called Sea of the South, the Pacific Ocean. He
was a Spaniard, Vasco Ntiitez de Balboa, led hither by an Indian,
native son of this soil, on September 25, 1513.”
PANAMA CANAL TONNAGE CERTIFICATES.
The Pan American Union has received from the executive office of
the Panama Canal, Culebra, Canal Zone, Circular No. 673, signed by
George W. Goethals, governor, containing’ advice and information
for shipowners and masters in the matter of tonnage certificates of
vessels expecting to use the Panama Canal. The advice and infor-
mation contained in the circular may be briefly stated as follows:
First, it must be remembered that the rules for measurement do not
conform with those ordinarily administered by the officials of the
Suez Canal or the rules for measurement in general use in the United
States and in foreign countries. Vessels must have specific measure-
ments conforming to the Panama rules. The collector of customs of
New York, and probably later of other American ports and officials
of certain designated foreign ports, are authorized to measure vessels
under the Panama rules and to issue the required certificates. Op-
portunity to secure measurements according. to the Panama rules, it
is intended, shall be offered at the home port of all vessels contem-
plating the use of the canal, and it is strongly recommended by the
governor of the Canal Zone that vessels shall provide themselves
with these certificates before arriving in canal waters. However, in
case a vessel has not such a certificate, entrance to the canal will not
be denied her, but proper measurements will have to be made in the
canal waters. It would be of assistance and save time if she be pro-
vided with a complete set of blue prints and a copy of the measure-
ments made when her ordinary tonnage certificate was received as
well as this certificate itself. Vessels provided with special Panama
certificates will suffer no delay in transit. The right of the canal
authorities to check and correct certificates of measurements made
elsewhere is reserved.
HOUSTON TOURISTS IN THE CARIBBEAN.
An organization of business men from the city of Houston, Texas,
has secured a steamer from the United Fruit Co. and taken prac-
tically all cabin accommodations for a special cruise in Caribbean
waters. The party will visit Cuba, Panama, and Costa Rica, touch-
ing at the principal ports in these Republics. The South has a
wholesome interest in the Latin American countries, and more par-
ticularly in those bordering on the Caribbean. This interest is mani-
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
SENOR DR. EDUARDO SOLER,
The new envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the Dominican Republic to the United
States.
48888— Bull. 1—_14—6
78 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
fested daily and evidenced by inquiries and requests for special
information coming from the Southern States. All of this tends to
establish a greater degree of good will and friendship and a greater
development of commerce with these countries. The tourists from
Houston will no doubt carry back to their homes, in addition to
a large amount of general information, more particular knowledge .
directly affecting the trade relations between the United States and
its southern neighbors.
DARTMOUTH ‘‘ALL ROUND ACHIEVEMENT” PRIZE.
Information has just reached the Pan American Union from
Dartmouth College that the Barrett cup and medal has been awarded
to Mr. Paul Witmer Loudon of the senior class. This cup, donated
some time ago by the director general of the Pan American Union,
is presented for the first time this year. Final commencement of
the college and the reunion of his class falls upon the twenty-fifth
anniversary of the graduation from the college of the director general.
The cup is awarded for all-round achievement by a general vote of
the students of the three upper classes, achievement being under-
stood to mean excellence in character, dependability, scholarship,
physical development, athletic skill, and popularity. The cup
remains with the college, but each year has engraved upon it the
name of the student selected. As a permanent token of his achieve-
ment and of the regard in which he is held by his fellow students,
the fortunate man chosen receives and keeps as his own a medal
suitably engraved and lettered.
DIPLOMATIC OFFICERS RECEIVE UNIVERSITY DEGREES.
Two ot the distinguished Latin-American diplomatic representa-
tives accredited to Washington, Sefior Dr. Rémuto S. Naén, Minister
of Argentina, and Sefior Dr. Federico Alfonso Pezet, Minister ot
Peru, have recently had conferred upon them the degrees of doctor
of laws by representative American universities. Dr. Naon enjoyed
the unique experience of receiving the degree of doctor of laws on
successive days from Yale and Harvard, two of the most famous
universities in the United States. Dr. Pezet was given the same
degree by Miami, which stands in the front rank of the educational
institutions of the Central West. When Public Orator Prof. Cross,
on June 17, bestowed Yale’s degree upon Dr. Naon, he introduced
him as follows:
Before coming to Washington as ambassador from the Argentine Republic Senior
Naon had had a brilliant career in his own country as lawyer and statesman—a leader
of the Argentine bar, professor of constitutional law in the University of Buenos
Aires, a representative in the National Congress, and Minister of Justice and Public
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
MONS. SOLON MENOS,
Who has again been designated envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Haiti to the United
States. Mons. Menos was the Haitian minister at Washington from November, 1911, to July, 1913,
when he was succeeded by the present minister, Mons. Ulrick Duvivier. The news of Mons. Menos’s
return to the capital has been pleasantly received by his many friends both in official and private circles.
80 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Instruction in the Cabinet. He was the author of the law establishing the present
organization of justice in Buenos Aires and of the regulations governing education in
the commercial, industrial, and art schools—laws having as their ultimate aim the
development of constitutional government throughout the Argentine Republic.
Sefior Naén has now come into international fame by the part that he has taken in
adjusting the difficulties with Mexico. It was a delicate situation that required of
him and his associates the tact and resourcefulness of the most skilled diplomacy.
The conference at Niagara is a landmark in the history of the international relations
between the great powers of the Western Hemisphere.
At Harvard, on the following day, President Lowell referred to Dr.
Naon as follows:
Philosopher, poet, educator, jurist, and statesman. A diplomat steadfastly laboring
for peace, and by his efforts and his personality drawing us closer to the great Republics
of South America.
_ When President Hughes conferred Miami’s degree of doctor of
‘laws upon the Peruvian minister, Dr. Pezet, he said:
Upon you, Federico Alfonso Pezet, soldier, statesman, diplomat, in recognition of
your scholarly, sympathetic appreciation of the problems confronting the American
Republics, and of your large contributions toward a better understanding and a closer
friendship between our great countries, by a vote of the university senate, with the
approval of the board of trustees, and by the authority granted by the State of Ohio,
Miami University confers the degree of doctor of laws, in testimony of which you are
presented with this diploma and invested with the hood of your academic rank.
TEACHING OF SPANISH IN THE UNITED STATES.
The educational directory issued by the Bureau of Education of
the United States enumerates nearly 300 colleges and universities
in the country wherein instruction in the Spanish language is offered
students. Courses embrace all subjects from the most elementary
up to a critical study of the literature, classical and contemporary,
of both Spain and Spanish America. In addition, in certain uni-
versities, such as Harvard, Yale, Columbia, California, Wisconsin,
Illinois, and Pennsylvania, there are courses covering matters other
than educational having to do with Latin America. In some of the
colleges, as for instance in the College of the City of New York,
Spanish is received in the entrance examinations and in the requisites
for a degree on a par with French and German. The teaching of
Spanish and the study of the language grows apace in the United
States. In season, and perhaps out of season, the Pan American
Union has for years encouraged this very thing. An opportunity to
become acquainted with the Spanish language and literature should
be presented to every student in the country, and it should be brought
home to the minds of everyone what a great influence in the civiliza-
tion of the world this beautiful language and literature has exerted.
In particular the Pan American Union has urged the teaching of
Spanish in the business schools of the country, and every day shows
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF STUDENTS
TO BE HELD AT MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY, 1915.
With the hearty cooperation of Government officials and educational leaders, the Uruguayan organizing
committee is endeavoring to make this congress, meeting in South America for the first time, the most
successful in its history. Dr. Baltasar Brum (1), minister of foreign affairs and public instruction,
besides being a noted educational reformer, is an ardent supporter of the local student organization,
and he has used his good offices to secure many privileges for the student delegates. he president of
the Uruguayan organizing committee is Sr. Rafael Capurro (2), director general of the International
Bureau of American Students (Oficina Internacional Universitaria Americana) at Montevideo. Sr.
Enrique E. Buero, secretary general of the committee, is the assistant director secretary of the student
bureau. Messrs. Gapurro and Buero have been designated delegates from Uruguay to the Fourth Con-
gress of American Students at Santiago, Chile, September, 1914.
82 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
that in these schools the teaching is becoming more general. Like-
wise there has been great advance made in the grammar schools of
the country. Recently the board of education of New York City
ruled that a separate department of Spanish be created in the De Witt
Clinton High School, and that boys entering after September, 1914,
may take Spanish on a par with French, German, and Latin. De Witt
Clinton is not a commercial high school, and for this reason it is the
better illustration of the constant and spreading interest in the Span-
ish language. Spanish has been added to the modern language cur-
riculum in the Porter Military Academy of Charleston, South Caro-
lina. In Birmingham, Alabama, Spanish will be taught in the public
schools, and Mobile, Alabama, has recently added two teachers of
Spanish in the schools. The Conference of Southern Commercial Sec-
retaries, which met in Vicksburg in June, went upon record as urging
that Spanish be a part of the systematic instruction offered in the
schools of the South. The Pan American Union has much reason to
be gratified in this growing interest in the study of Spanish now being
manifested in this country.
COSTA RICA AND ITS MINISTER.
A recent issue of the Washington Star devoted considerable space
to an article descriptive of Costa Rica and dealing with its affairs
and appreciative of the character, ability, and work of Minister
Calvo. It pointed out that Costa Rica, although one of the smallest
countries of the world, both in area and in population, enjoys the
distinction of having its minister in Washington, Sefior Don Joaquin
Bernardo Calvo, as the ranking diplomat in the grade of minister.
Were it not for the fact that ambassadors, notwithstanding their term
of residence, in all cases outrank ministers, Sefior Calvo would be the
ranking diplomat of any grade in Washington. His residence in
Washington as representative of his country has continued over
15 years, more than 3 years longer than that of the minister next
in rank and more than 5 years longer than that of any other Latin-
American representative. While Costa Rica is one of the smallest
States, it is far from being one of the backward States. Its boast,
that it has more schoolmasters than soldiers, which is true, illus-
trates the national trend of this small country toward culture and
progress.
SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO COLOMBIA.
Among the most valuable contributions to the pre-Columbian
history of the west coast of South America, extending from Colombia
south to Chile, have beea the investigations aid publications re-
sulting therefrom of Prof. Marshall H. Saville, Loubat professor of
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 83
American archeology in Columbian University. While these inves-
tigations have not extended over a very long period, Prof. Saville’s
first trip to the west coast was made in 1906, they have assumed an
importance in the scientific world of a very high degree. His Con-
tributions to South American Archeology, the result of studies
made during a voyage of the year before to Ecuador, and dealing
principally with the antiquities of Manabi in that Republic, and later
pamphlets issued since 1907, and in particular a pamphlet on the
decoration of teeth, reviewed in the June number of this BULLETIN,
have all contributed to place Prof. Saville in the first rank of Ameri-
canists. It is therefore of interest that the BuLLerry records the
fact that another expedition to this region, organized by Prof.
Saville, sailed from New York in May. Included in the party was
Dr. Foster Saville, also well known as an explorer, and Prof. Saville’s
son, Randolph Saville. Their destination is Colombia and their hope
is to uncover many archzologic remains hitherto untouched by
earlier investigators. Arrangements have been made for a staff of
40 native assistants.
THIS YEAR’S MOHONK CONFERENCE.
The Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration had its
twentieth annual meeting at Lake Mohonk the last week in May.
The attendance was the largest on record. Mohonk is international
and all the world has itssay there. The delegation from Europe was
larger than usual and Asia was represented by the Chinese minister at
Washington. Latin America has for a number of years been heard
at Mohonk, and this year especially cordial was the reception given
to its representatives. The addresses of Sefiores Ignacio Calderon,
of Bolivia, and Federico Alfonso Pezet, of Peru, received the courtesy
and attention to which they were entitled. Of special significance
was the series of resolutions presented in reference to the mediatory
efforts exerted by the diplomatic representatives of Brazil, Argentina,
and Chile at Niagara Falls. The committee drafting these resolu-
tions had such names as those of John R. Mott, Edwin D. Mead, and
Elmer R. Brown and were in brief as follows:
That the Mohonk conference sends felicitationsand greetings to Niagara Falls. That
this conference has steadily advocated international arbitration and mediation, and
rejoices therefore that these three Republics of South America have tendered their
good offices to that end, which marks a new era of better understanding between the
Republics of the Western Hemisphere. That to the commission is pledged the heartiest
support and earnest wish for the establishment of a precedent which will be a new
milestone in the forward march of world peace and give a new impetus to the effort
to stay war through conciliation and mediation. The Mohonk conference prays for
the full realization of that high and holy mission.
Photograph = Harris-Ewing.
H. F. ARTHUR SCHOENFELD, ESQ.,
Secretary of the United States legation at Montevideo, Uruguay.
Mr. Schoenfeld was born in Providence, R. I., January 31, 1889. He is a grad-
uate of George Washington University, from which he received the degrees
of A. B. and A. M., and where he taught history for several years. Com-
mencing his official career as consular agent in Caracas in 1910, he later
became confidential clerk to the Assistant Secretary of State in 1912, and was
appointed, after examination, third secretary of the embassy at Constanti-
nople, February 15, 1912. In August of the following year Mr. Schoenfeld
was promoted to the rank of secretary to the legation above named.
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Art and Archeology is the name of the new magazine published
at Washington, D. C., by the Archeological Institute of America.
It is to be issued every other month during 1914, and thereafter
monthly. It takes the place of the former quarterly BULLETIN
published by the institute, and owing to its nontechnical character
and attractive new style, as well as to the broader field to be cov-
ered, will appeal to a much larger circle of readers than did the
former. No. 1 of Volume I has just come to this reviewer's desk
and in general excellence of matter and illustration leaves nothing
to be desired. Tiresome technical detail has been eliminated from
the articles, while the illustrations are triumphs of the modern
printers’ art in mechanical execution and in their artistic excellence
must appeal to everyone. In short, the new magazine is meant to
cover the field of art and archeology for the benefit of the unscien-
tific public and at the same time, by its high editorial and artistic
standards, to retain the interest of the savant.
In its initial number the leading article, ‘‘Masterpieces of Aboriginal
American Art,” by W. H. Holmes, will carry an especial appeal to
our readers, inasmuch as it deals with a particular phase of the
sculptural and architectural art of the ancient builders of Yucatan,
other sections of Mexcio, and Central America, concerning which we
have heretofore published numerous original articles and reviews of
other publications. Dr. Holmes treats of the stuccowork of these
ancient artists most comprehensively and we take the liberty of
quoting rather extensively, as follows:
Archeological research is the great retriever of human history. The story of the
far past—the ages that have slipped unrecorded from the knowledge of men—can be
krown only through a study of the crumbling remains of such works as time has
spared. In the New World, called America, written history can tell us of the peoples
ard culture for the insignificant period of 412 years only. Beyond this our resources
are limited to a meager body of untrustworthy tradition and to the scattered traces
of the things that men have made. By a study of the latter, the history of the red
race and its cultural achievements may be carried backward through the centuries
and the geologic ages to the frontier of the great unknown.
It is a striking fact that while a study of the material culture of the American
aborigines reveals the long-forgotten past of that people, it illumines with particular
clearness the course of events prevailing among all nations during the ages anterior
to the dawn of written history. It is also true that the cultural achievements of the
tribes are more diversified and mature than the world has realized until now. The
virile genius of the people is shown in many fields—in architecture, sculpture, paint-
ing, metallurgy, the textile arts, and especially in the plastic arts, and it is to a single
phase of the latter that I desire to direct attention in this place.
85
Courtesy of Art and Archzology.
PLATE I. ALTAR PIECE, TEMPLE OF THE BEAU RELIEF.
A masterpiece of stucco work, Palenque, Chiapas, described in ‘“‘Masterpieces of Aboriginal American Art,” by W. H.
Holmes, in Art and Archolxogy for July, 1914.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 87
That a_people not yet advanced beyond the humble plane of the Stone Age should
have excelled in such a branch of decorative handicraft as stucco is indeed remarkable,
for stucco does not come into being until the building arts are advanced to the stage
where mural treatment of the highest order is required, yet we find the peoples of
Middle America lavishing embellishments of the most elaborate kind on the walls
vf their temples, exterior ard interior, on pillars and columns, on roof surfaces and
on lofty crests erected for the sole purpose of plastic and sculptural display, and
even on the faces of the pyramids on which the temples were built. A few of the
more important examples may be briefly described.
Izamal: Among the cities of northern Yucatan numerous crumbling structures fur-
nish hints of the grandeur of the pre-Columbian days. In the present humble village
of Izamal, just west of the public square and occupying the back lots and gardens of
half a dozen dwellings, are the remains of a pyramid which at one time, doubtless,
supported on its summit an imposing temple, as did many other pyramids in the Mayan
Province. Portions of the débris that formerly veiled the walls had been removed at
the time of my visit along the southern end and for a short distance along the sides.
On the eastern face I found the weatherbeaten and badly mutilated remains of a great
stucco head modeled in the round. Originally it must have been a most striking work.
The face, some 6 feet in breadth and 7 feet in height, was boldly wrought and neatly
finished and painted. ‘The illustration shows it as it appeared about 40 years ago; to-
day hardly atraceremains. * * * Lizanastates that one of the pyramids of Izamal
was the home of Itzmat-ul, the great god and oracle of northern Yucatan, and the open
mouth and the altar shelf projecting below suggest that this head may have been the
mask behind which the oracle delivered his messages to the people. The head, illus-
trated by Stephens (fig. 4), appears to have been high up on the southern face of the
pyramid and must now be entirely obliterated.
The western face of the pyramid has been partially freed of débris, thus exposing the
massive hewn stone walls, part of a stairway, and a very interesting example of stucco
design—a colossal human figure in strong relief, possibly a companion piece to that
spoken of by Charnay asa crouching tiger. The prostrate figure occupies a panel about
4 feet high and 8 feet long, and faces the south. It rests apparently on knees and
elbows, and is surrounded by ornamental plumes and symbolic devices. Later pho-
tographs of these figures show merely battered traces of what, in the palmy days of
the Maya city, must have been imposing and attractive works.
Palenque: The builders of Palenque, a ruined city in the State of Chiapas, Mexico,
so far as the monuments show, were the greatest masters of stucco in America. Stucco
was their chief reliance in all matters of finish and decoration, interior and exterior.
In the great building known as the palace and its associated temples there are some-
thing like 80 heavy exterior columns, rectangular in section, varying from 3 to 6 feet
or more in width, from 2 to 5 feet in thickness, and from 6 to 12 feet in height, which
separate the entrances and support the entablatures of the fagades. Half as many
more served the same purpose in the Various courts and interior corridors. All were
faced with glyphic inscriptions and masterly groups in stucco executed in low relief.
The roof spaces, as well as the walls of the buildings, were treated as panels and filled
with compositions, often in bold relief and of remarkable freedom of handling. They
embodied human figures, grotesque masks, and mythic monsters skilfully grouped and
surrounded with florid decorations. The roof crests with which most of the buildings
were crowned, erected for the single purpose of giving scope to the genius of the stucco-
worker, were even more richly embellished, and many remains of the subjects still
cling to the lofty facades after the lapse of four centuries. * * *
A small ruined structure near the river bank, about one-fourth of a mile above
the ‘‘palace,’’ is known as the Temple of the Beau Relief. Its most interesting
feature was an altar piece in stucco in moderately bold relief. Charnay states that
the figure is entirely obliterated, but I found that a small portion remains and affords
ESGCK
Courtesy of Art and Archeology.
ABORIGINAL AMERICAN ART.
A colossal head described and figured by Stephens, found on the pyramid front, Izamal,Mexico. (Illustrating
““Masterpieces of Aboriginal American Art,’”? by W. H. Holmes, in Art and Archeology for July, 1914.)
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 89
the opportunity of determining the nature and style of the work. The subject,
as depicted by Waldeck, consists of a single figure, nearly life size, seated in a grace-
ful pose on a cushioned throne which terminates at the right and left in tiger heads,
the conventional, angular seat being supported by two legs, modeled to represent
the feet of the animal. I consider it a piece of great good fortune to have had the
opportunity of examining the remnant of this remarkable masterpiece, and take
especial pleasure in testifying, so far as a study of the fragment will warrant, to the
accuracy of the descriptions and drawings published by Waldeck. No part of the
human figure remains save perhaps a bit of the right knee, and the tiger heads are
nearly all gone; but, with an engraving of Waldeck’s drawing in my hand, I studied
the remains of drapery and the modeling of the animal features of the chair with
great minuteness and found the drawing accurate save that the artist has not caught,
or the engraver has failed to preserve, the full vigor of the work. The drapery is
modeled in a masterly way, and the subtle lines of the foot and claws of the cat are
forcibly suggested. * * *
As a work of art this bas-relief would not suffer by comparison with representative
relief sculptures of Egypt, Babylonia, and the Far East, and in balance of parts
and grace of line has few rivals. The right hand of the figure is extended as if to
call attention to the glyphic inscription toward which the face is turned, while the
left hand is raised, the index finger pointing upward.
The imprint of portions of the figure still remains upon the wall, and the remnant
as it stands affords an excellent opportunity for studying the technique of the worker
in stucco. The roughly laid-up wall was covered somewhat evenly with plaster;
then, as the modeling advanced, where the relief was high, bits of stone were set in,
making a framework for the prominent features. Where strong projecting portions
were to be added shallow pits were dug in the masonry as sockets for the projecting
stones. Mortar was then carried over all, rough shaping the form; perfection of
modeling was made possible by employing finer grained mixtures, and finish was
given by polishing and painting.
The article closes by giving the description by Stephens of a semnplie
at Labna, the final paragraph being:
* * * ‘Its doom is sealed. Human power can not save it; but in its ruins it
gave a grand idea of the scenes of barbaric magnificence which this country must
have presented when all her cities were entire. The figures and ornaments on this
wall were painted; the remains of bright colors are still visible, defying the action of
the elements. Ifa solitary traveler from the Old World could by some strange accident
have visited this aboriginal city when it was yet perfect, his account would have
seemed more fanciful than any in Eastern story, and been considered a subject for
the Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.
The Headwaters of the Paraguay, in Scribner’s Magazine for June,
is the subtitle of the third of the series of articles by Col. Theodore
Roosevelt, contributed under the general title of ““A Hunter-Naturalist
in the Brazilian Wilderness.’ The outfit for the expedition into the
interior of Brazil had been gathered and the entire Roosevelt party
finally assembled at Corumba and, together with Col. Rondon and the
other members of the Brazilian contingent, embarked, on Christmas
Day, on the little river steamer, the Nyoac, for the journey up the
Paraguay River. Side trips up the Sao Lourenco and Cuyaba Rivers
were made, the objective point on the latter being a large fazenda,
or ranch, where a stop of several days was made for the benefit of the
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. or
hunters and to enable the naturalists of the party to add to their col-
lections. The following excerpts from Col. Roosevelt’s account
indicate the generous hospitality and courtesies extended the party,
and also reveal a graphic picture of ranch life in Brazil and the wealth
of material for scientific research in the field of natural history which
may be found in this section:
On the morning of the 28th we reached the home buildings of the great Sao Joao
fazenda, the ranch of Sr. Joao de Costa Marques. Our host himself, and his son,
Doutor Joao the younger, who was state secretary of agriculture, and the latter’s
charming wife, and the president of Matto Grosso, and several other ladies and gentle-
men, had come down the river to greet us, from the city of Cuyaba, several hundred
miles farther upstream. As usual, we were treated with wholehearted and generous
hospitality. Some miles below the ranch house the party met us, on a stern-wheel
steamboat and a launch, both decked with many flags. The handsome white ranch
house stood only a few rods back from the river’s brink, in a grassy opening, dotted
with those noble trees, the royal palms. Other trees, buildings of all kinds, flower
gardens, vegetable gardens, fields, corrals, ard inclosures with high, white walls
stood near the house. A detachment of soldiers or State police, with a band, were in
front of the house, and two flagpoles, one with the Brazilian flag already hoisted.
The American flag was run up on the other as I stepped ashore, while the band played
the national anthems of the two countries. The house held much comfort; and the
comfort was all the more appreciated because even indoors the thermometer stood at
107° F. In the late afternoon heavy rain fell and cooled the air. We were riding at
the time. Around the house the birds were tame; the parrots and paraquets cruwed
and chattered in the tree tops; jacanas played in the wet grounds just back of the
garden; ibises and screamers called loudly in the swamps a little distance off.
Next morning there was to have been a great rodeo, or round-up, and we determined
to have a hunt first, as there were still several kinds of beasts of the chase, notably
tapirs and peccaries, of which the naturalists desired specimens. Doutor Joao, our
host, and his son accompanied us. * * * At 6 in the morning we started, all of
us on fine horses. The day was lowering and overcast. A dozen dogs were with us,
but only one or two were worth anything. Three or four ordinary countrymen, the
ranch hands, or vaqueiros, accompanied us; they were mainly of Indian blood and
would have been called peons, or caboclos, in other parts of Brazil, but here were
always spoken to and of as ‘‘camaradas.’’ They were, of course, chosen from among
the men who were hunters, and each carried his long, rather heavy, and clumsy jaguar
spear. The bridles and saddles of the big ranchmen and of the gentlefolk generally
were handsome and were elaborately ornamented with silver. The stirrups, for
instance, were not only of silver, but contained so much extra metal in ornamented
bars and rings that they would have been awkward for less practiced riders. Indeed,
as it was, they were adapted only for the tips of boots with long pointed toes, and
were impossible for our feet; our hosts’ stirrups were long, narrow silver slippers.
The camaradas, on the other hand, had jim-crow saddles and bridles, and rusty little
iron stirrups, into which they thrust their naked toes. Butall, gentry and commonalty
alike, rode equally well and with the same skill and fearlessness. * * *
The eight hours that we were out we spent chiefly in splashing across the marshes,
with excursions now and then into vine-tangled belts and clumps of timber. Some
of the bayous we had to cross were uncomfortably boggy. . We had to lead the horses
through one, wading ahead of them; and even so two of them mired down, and their
saddles had to be taken off before they could be gotten out. Among the marsh plants
were fields and strips of the great caeté rush. These caeté flags towered above the
other and lesser marsh plants. They were higher than the heads of the horsemen.
From a photograph by Miller. Courtesy of Scribner’s Magazine.
‘THE NATURALISTS’ CAMP.
(Illustrating ‘“‘ A Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness,”’ by Theodore Roosevelt, in Scribner’s Magazine for
June, 1914.)
From a photograph by Fiala. Courtesy of Scribner’s Magazine.
THE NATURALISTS AT WORK.
(Illustrating ‘‘ A Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness,” by Theodore Roosevelt, in Scribner’s Magazine for
June, 1914.)
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 93
Their two or three huge bananalike leaves stood straight up on end. The large
brilliant flowers—orange, red, and yellow—were joined into a singularly shaped and
solid string or cluster. Humming birds buzzed around these flowers; one species, the
sickle-billed hummer, has its bill especially adapted for use in these queerly shaped
blossoms and gets its food only from them, never appearing around any other plant.
The birds were tame, even those striking and beautiful birds which under man’s
persecution are so apt to become scarce and shy. The huge jabiru storks, stalking
through the water with stately dignity, sometimes refused to fly until we were only
100 yards off; one of them flew over our heads at a distance of 30 or 40 yards. The
screamers, crying ‘“‘Curu-curu,’’ and the ibises, wailing dolefully, came even closer.
The wonderful hyacinth macaws, in twos and threes, accompanied us at times for
several hundred yards, hovering oyer our heads and uttering their rasping screams.
In one wood we came on the black howler monkey. Not watching with sufficient
care, I brushed against a sapling on which the venomous fire ants swarmed. They
burnt the skin like red-hot cinders and left little sores. More than once in the
drier parts of the marsh we met small caymans making their way from one pool to
another. My horse stepped over one before I saw it. The dead carcasses of others
showed that on their wanderings they had encountered jaguars or human foes.
After a pleasant stay at the ranch the party left the Cuyaba for the
Sao Lourengo River. It was while ascending this river that the
following somewhat strenuous hunt took place. We quote Col.
Roosevelt’s account in full just to show what an enthusiastic sports-
man will endure, even when he happens to be an ex-President of the
United States.
Next morning, January 1, 1914, we were up at 5 and had a good New Year’s Day
breakfast of hardtack, ham, sardines, and coffee before setting out on an all day’s
hunt on foot. JI much feared that the pack was almost or quite worthless for Jaguars,
but there were two or three of the great spotted catsin the neighborhood, and it seemed
worth while to make a try for them, anyhow. After an hour or two we found the
fresh tracks of two, and after them we went. Our party consisted of Col. Rondon,
Lieut. Rogaciano—an excellent man, himself a native of Matto Grosso, of old Matto
Grosso stock—two others of the party from the Sao Joao ranch, Kermit, and myself,
together with four dark-skinned camaradas, cow hands from the same ranch. We
soon found that the dogs would not by themselves follow the jaguar trail; nor would
the camaradas, although they carried spears. Kermit was the one of our party who
possessed the speed, endurance, and eyesight, and accordingly he led. Two of the
dogs would follow the track halt a dozen yards ahead of him, but no farther; and two
of the camaradas could just about keep up with him. For an hour we went through
thick jungles, where the machetes were constantly at work. Then the trail struck off
straight across the marshes—for jaguars swim and wade as freely as marsh deer. It
was a hard walk. The sun was hot. We were drenched with sweat. We were torn
by the spines of the innumerable clusters of small palms with thorns like needles.
We were bitten by the hosts of fire ants, and by the mosquitoes, which we scarcely no-
ticed where the fire ants were found, exactly as all dread of the latter vanished when
we were menaced by the big red wasps, of which a dozen stings will disable a man, and
if he is weak or in bad health will seriously menace his life. In the marsh we were
continually wading, now up to our knees, now up to our hips. Twice we came to long
bayous so deep that we had to swim them, holding our rifles above water in our right
hands. The floating masses of marsh grass and the slimy stems of the water plants
doubled our work as we swam, cumbered by our clothing and boots and holding our
rifles aloft. One result of the swim, by the way, was that my watch, a veteran of Cuba
and Africa, came to an indignant halt. Then on we went, hampered by the weight of
48888—Bull. 1—14
T
94 THE PAN AMERICAN: UNION.
our drenched clothes while our soggy boots squelched as we walked. There was no
breeze. In the undimmed sky the sun stood almost overhead. The heat beat on us
in waves. By noon I could only go forward at a slow walk, and two of the party were
worse off than I was. Kermit, with the dogs and two camaradas close behind him,
disappeared across the marshes at a trot. At last, when he was out of sight, and it
was obviously useless to follow him, the rest of us turned back toward the boat. The
two: exhausted members of the party gave out, and we left them under a tree. Col.
Rondon and Lieut. Rogaciano were not much tired; I was somewhat tired, but was
perfectly able to go for several hours more if I did not try to go too fast; and we
three walked on to the river, reaching it about half past 4, after 11 hours’ stiff walking
with nothing to eat. We were soon on the boat. A relief party went back for the
two men under the tree, and soon after it reached them Kermit also turned up, with
his hounds and his camaradas trailing wearily behind him.
In the theory of evolution of animal forms, the principle of the
survival of the fittest plays an important réle and, as is well known,
many naturalists hold that coloration is an important survival factor.
The coloration of the animal serves as a means of concealment, thus
aiding it in hiding from its enemies and also in securing its prey. Col.
Roosevelt’s observations seem to lead him to question the value of
this feature of the evolutionary theory, and the folowmg comments |
are of interest:
The early morning was always jlovely on these rivers, and at that hour many birds
and beasts were te be seen. One morning we saw a fine marsh buck, holding his head
aloft as he stared at us, his red coat vivid against the green marsh. Another of these
marsh deer swam the river ahead of us; I shot at it as it landed, and ought to have got
it, but did not. As always with these marsh deer, and as with so many other deer, I
was struck by the revealing or advertising quality of its red coloration; there was
nothing in its normal surroundings with which this coloration harmonized; so far as
it had any effect whatever it was always a revealing and not aconcealing effect. When
the animal fled the black of the erect tail was an additional revealing mark, although
not of such startling advertising quality as the flag of the whitetail. The whitetail,
in one of its forms, and with the ordinary whitetail custom of displaying the white
flag as it runs, is found in the immediate neighborhood of the swamp deer. It has the
same foes. Evidently it is of no survival consequence whether the running deer dis-
plays a white or a black flag. Any competent observer of big game must be struck by
the fact that in the great majority of the species the coloration is not concealing, and
that in many it has a highly revealing quality. Moreover, if the spotted or striped
young represent the ancestral, and if, as seems probable, the spots and stripes have
on the whole some slight concealing value, it is evident that in the life history of most
of these large mammals, both among those that prey and those that are preyed on,
concealing coloration has not been a survival factor; throughout the ages during which
they have survived they have gradually lost whatever ef concealing coloration they
may once have had, if any, and have developed a coloration which under present
conditions has no concealing and perhaps even has a revealing quality, and which in
all probability never would have had a concealing value in any ‘‘ez vironmental com-
plex” in which the species as a whole lived during its ancestral development. Indeed,
it seems astonishing, when one observes these big beasts—and big waders and other
water birds—in their native surroundings, to find how uterly nonharmful their often
strikingly revealing coloration is. Evidently the various other survival factors, such
as habits, and ir in many cases cover, etc., are of such overmastering importance that the
oolaatien is generally of no consequence whatever, one way or the other, and is only
very rarely a factor of any serious weight.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 95
In the conclusion of this installment of the series Col. Roosevelt
dwells upon Col. Rondon’s extensive explorations of the section
in which the party now found itself, of his surveys and mapping of
the Gy-Parana and Juruena Rivers; and his discovery of the head-
waters of the river which had not been mapped, and of whose course
he was in ignorance. ‘This was the now famous Rio da Duvida,. or
River of Doubt, concerning which there has been world-wide dis-
cussion. In the next installment Col. Roosevelt will no doubt deal
with his exploration of this hitherto unmapped and unknown river.
Old Cartagena is the title of a series of four articles which appear
in the June number of The Pan American Magazine (New Orleans,
La.), written by L. Elwyn Elhott in her usual attractive style. Were
Miss Elliott to write a tariff report she would invest it with an indi-
vidual charm that would give it a poetic interest. Under her lively
pen the dry facts of history are vivified and the skeletons of the past
become living personalities. The first of the articles bears the sub-
title ‘City Defenses and the Pirates”’ and is so replete with interesting
historical facts that we quote in extenso:
Cartagena de Indias has a romantic history, surpassed by no city of the New World.
For three centuries the Spanish flag flew from her gray strongholds, her towers and
bastions built with desperate and constant care to keep her wealth from the hands of
roving pirates. Here came the great royal galleons yearly with their fluttering colored
penons to fetch away the rich treasure so tempting to the rest of Europe; here gathered
the merchants of the interior, and here came priests and inquisitors to gather in their
turn a harvest of souls. Conquistadores in armor, governors, bishops, great nobles
and their ladies from far-away Spain, graced in her pride this hoary stronghold of the
Caribbean.
Old Cartagena jbears upon her face the signs of an adventurous past. Her huge
walls, amazing series of fortresses, her towers and patiently erected strongholds tell
in themselves a tale of pride, of danger, of old glory. To-day the great walls are useless,
for modern defense depends no longer upon thick buttresses and heavy gates; the
newer city has hurried out through the open gates, spread its young series of airy houses
along linked islands, built for itself pleasure grounds and gardens in light-hearted
safety. But behind this modern growth lies the stern and beautiful old Cartagena,
that ‘‘Muy Nobley Muy Leal Ciudad” to which the Kings of Spain looked as the great
and potent key to the Spanish Main.
The first European to touch at any part of what is now Colombian soil seems to have
beea Alonso de Ojeda, a gallant conquistador and genuine explorer, who, fired by the
stories brought back by Columbus after his first expeditions, fitted out a ship in 1499.
He had with him the pilot and cartographer, Juan de la Cosa, who had accompanied
Columbus on the second voyage, and also Amerigo Vespucci, whose brilliant accounts
of the new continent were to bring him the immortal honor of forever bearing his name.
Ojeda touched at several points of northern South America, entered the Gulf of Mara-
caibo and named the country Little Venice, and saw Colombian soil when he rounded
the Cabo de la Vela.
In 1501 the intrepid Rodrigo Bastidas sailed to these waters, with the pilot Juan de
la Cosa again a member of the expedition; following him, one Cristobal Guerra is said
to have found his way to the harbor visited by Bastidas, soon to be known as Cartagena.
In 1509 Ojeda was back again, this time with a royal commission to settle a colony,
with a coast line extending from the Gulf of Uraba to the Cabo de la Vela, which strip
; iz
ml || i
i i i poe Ua
VIEWS OF OLD CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA.
“Were came the great royal galleons yearly with their fluttering colored pennons to fetch away the rich
treasure so tempting to the rest of Europe; here gathered the merchants of the interior, and here came
priests and inquisitors, to gather in their turn a harvest of souls. Conquistadores in armor, governors,
bishops, great nobles and their ladies frcm far-away Spain graced in her pride this hcary stronghold of
the Caribbean.” (L. Elwyn Elliott in the June numt er of the Pan American Magazine.)
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 97
he named Nueva Andalucia. Adjoining his control, and extending from halfway
across the Gulf of Uraba northward, and thus including Panama and a strip of Central
America, was another colony called Castilla de Oro, under the direction of that proud
hidalgo, Diego de Nicuesa.
Ojeda, attracted by the beautiful inlet of Cartagena and its series of islands in a
landlocked harbor, decided to found a settlement here, but the natives were hostile
and killed a number of his men, including Juan de la Cosa. Ojeda was unable to
maintain a stand against the fury of these Indians of Calamari. He inflicted punish-
ment upon them a few days later, when Diego de Nicuesa arrived, on his way to
Darien, but realizing his small resources, decided to settle his colony at a more friendly
spot. Hesailed tothe Gulf of Uraba and founded the short-lived city of San Sebastian.
Misfortune dogged him, and when he left for the West Indies to get help he was ship-
wrecked off Cuba and died without being able to succor his followers.
The Bachelor Martin Fernindez de Enciso came next, rescued the colony, and
founded a new city, Santa Maria la Antigua de Darien, soon to be dominated by
Balboa. The latter’s discovery of the Pacific Ocean gave a fresh incentive to Spanish
seekers for fortune, and a tide of gallant gentlemen began to cross the seas. * * *
A governor, Pedro de Herrera, was sent out to take possession of the coast and build
a city in 1533; he founded Cartagena on January 21, the limits of his governorship
being between the Magdalena and the Atrato Rivers and 200 leagues inland.
Cartagena rapidly rose to importance and riches, and when the strange and long-
persisted-in tale of the Gilded Man began to circulate, many an expedition sailed
across the Atlantic to Cartagena de Indias and from there began to explore the Mag-
dalenay = 455. 5
The first piratical attack on Cartagena was made in 1543, only 10 years after the
foundation of the place, so quickly had its wealth proved attractive. The town was
at this time built solely of wood, the houses having thatched roofs, so that when Robert
Ball or O’Vall, the French buccaneer, arrived on a July morning, led into the harbor
by a traitor pilot of the port who nursed a grievance against the governor, he was
able to terrorize the place with a threat of burning it to the ground.
From this he was deterred by the payment of 2,000 ducats ransom, in addition to
the loot taken from the inhabitants by force. No one was killed in the affair except
the brother of Gov. Vegines.
The next piratical raid occurred in 1569, when two Frenchmen, of whom the chief
was Martin Cote, led a squadron of 7 ships into the fairway. They had 1,000 fighting
men with them, and had already sacked Santa Marta before descending upon Carta-
gena; Goy. Bustos was informed of this, and had made preparations for defense, con-
structing bastions and digging trenches. * * * But the gallant defense was of
little avail against the fierce pirates, and aiter a prolonged struggle the population fled
to the hills, leaving the city to the greedy hands of the buccaneers. They took a
large amount of spoil and were stayed from burning the houses only when the good
bishep raised a ransom.
In the year 1586 came the never-to-be-forgotten sack of the city by the English
corsair, Francis Drake. England and Spain were at war, and any adventure-loving
seaman was allowed a royal permit to harry the possessions of the enemy; naturally
the most attractive points of attack from the English point of view were the Spanish
colonies in the New World, rich in booty and far away from any help. * * *-
Drake appeared before Cartagena on Ash Wednesday, 1586, which happened to fall
on February 9. He had 20 ships in his squadron, according to a Spanish chronicler,
and 2,000 men; entering by the Punta de Judio he passed close to the mangrove swamps
where Indians were hidden, but these fled and left his way undisputed. No serious
defense seems to have been made, once he had reached the streets of the town, and
the English soon had the city in their hands—there were 300 or 400 Indians and nezroes
98 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and but a couple of hundred Spaniards at the time—with a large quantity of gold and
silver accumulated here from the interior. Having collected all such booty, and it
is said that he added the bells of the churches and &0 pieces of artillery, Drake tried
to teach a lesson in the Protestant faith. That is to say, he had the principles of
Protestantism proclaimed from the public plaza, much to the wrath of the priests.
He then demanded a ransom for the city, with the alternative of burning it down,
and received 107,000 ducats painfully collected from among the citizens; he occupied
the city for two months before setting sail again with his booty, leaving behind him
as a memcrial a curious receipt for the ransom couched in the following terms:
“Aonosco me centencs & septies mille connatos a Gubernatore civibusque Cartha-
genae recipisse 20 die Marthe 1586.”’
Accounts of other raids follow, but the one of greatest interest to
the people of the United States is that of Admiral Vernon, for with
him in this attack was Lawrence Washington, the brother to George
Washington, whose presence with the English is briefly touched upon
in the following paragraphs:
In 1741 there was again trouble between England and Spain, and as usual the
American colonies were the first to suffer. Admiral Vernon sailed to the Spanish
Main with a large marine force and carrying also a body of soldiers commanded by
Gen. Wentworth. Vernon cruised along the coasts, taking and dismantling several
Spanish coast towns, and at length arrived before the walls of Cartagena. The Spanish
viceroy, Sebastian de Eslava, was at the time living in Cartagena, and made a des-
perate defense of the city, whose walls and forts were in the pink of condition. Prob-
ably they were in better order and better guarded at that time than before or since,
with cannon in every section and soldiers posted along all the battlements of the
magnificent walls; preparations were very thoroughly made for repelling the English
attack.
With Vernon were troops from the North American colonies, for this was 25 years
before the revolt from the mother country, and we find among the lists of captains many
names afterwards famous.
‘‘Among the latter,’ says Mr. Isaac A. Manning in his story of Cartagena’s history,
‘“‘Gapt. Lawrence Washington, brother of the first President of the United States—
the father of his country—commanded the troops from Virginia, and his friendship
and admiration for the British admiral led to the naming of that mecca of all Ameri-
cans, the famous estate overlooking the Potomac River near Washington, Mount
Vernon.”
Vernon forced the outer defenses of the city, taking and destroying the castles at the
mouth of and lining the harbor, rushed and took the fort of San Felipe, and landed
the men under Wentworth’s command; but owing to a serious misunderstanding
between Vernon and Wentworth the forces did not act in harmony, and the resulting
loss of strength saved Cartagena from falling. * * *
Vernon eventually raised the siege and sailed away, carrying with him a number
of Spanish guns, and, it is said; leaving behind one of his own; the writer did not see
it, but was informed that a British gun is preserved in Cartagena with pride.
In 1811 the city proclaimed her freedom from Spain and the author
deals briefly with the heroic struggles of the revolution, closing the
article with a description of the present peaceful status of the walled
city.
A Painted City of the Spanish Main, by Julius Muller in The Cen-
tury for June, is a delightfully romantic and entertaiming description
of Puerto Principe, sometimes known by the name of the Cuban
Drawn by W. M. Berger. Courtesy of The Century Magazine.
A FUNERAL IN CAMAGUEY,
With the Cathedral of La Soledad in the background.
(Illustrating ‘‘ A Painted City of the Spanish Main,” by Julius Muller, in The Century Magazine for June,
1914.)
100 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
province of which it is the capital, Camaguey. The charm of the
picturesque clings to many of the older Latin American cities and the
poetic fancies of the author in this instance serve to paint a graphic
picture that brings to mind all the witchery of the tales of the ‘‘Thou-
sand and One Nights” and kindred legends and traditions of the
Orient. The entertaining style of Mr. Muller’s narrative may be
seen from the following excerpts:
Whoever drinks its tinajone water surely shall return to Camaguey. So they say
in Camaguey, once the always faithful, very noble, and very loyal city of Santa
Maria de Puerto Principe.
It must be true. I have drunk its tinajone water, and I can not be content. I
must see again the broad church towers of gamboge and pink and blue above the red
roots of pottery, and lose myself in the tight, gaudy streets. It is not the taste of the
tinajone water that draws one. Tinajone water is rain water, extremely pure, without
doubt, but not extremely delicious.
I want to sit again under the Moorish eaves of the house galleries about a patio gar-
den where the water jars sit, red and globular, as Arabic as the fluted roof tiles from
which the water will roar to fill them when the black West Indian rains come. Into
such jars the faithful Morgiana poured the oil that boiled the Forty Thieves so effi-
ciently.
Soon the water jars will be dry. Camaguey owns a most modern water supply sys-
tem, which arrives through iron pipes, and the noble earthenware cisterns will sur-
vive only as ornaments or as receptacles for palms. Then there will be no more work
for the agreeable old gentleman whose official duty it is to inspect every water jar in
Camaguey once a week, and put little live fishes into the water to destroy breeding
mosquitoes. There will be no more processions of donkeys, pitching and rolling
under giant tins of river water, to replenish the jars when the dry season prolongs
itself unduly. The blue and green lizards will have no place in which to drown
themselves. The red and yellow frogs will miss the cool, arched interiors to which
they love to paste themselves. * * *
Other charms beside the water jars are going from Camaguey. Camaguey mer-
chants are beginning to put glass windows into shops, and glass windows mark the
end of painted cities. When shops become fended from the rest of the street by more
than a pillar or two, that street ceases to be a Moor’s street of bazaars. * * *
Of all the painted cities Camaguey is the last to surrender its seclusion. The others
were long ago found by the tourist steamship, for they sit by the sea; but Camaguey
sits in the middle of the very big and very untraveled land of Cuba.
The railroad discovered it only 12 years ago. For more than three centuries it had
sat, strong and rich, so utterly hidden that its very name was scarcely known to the
outer world. To reach any other city its denizens had to journey on horseback, de-
pending for night shelter on the hospitality of planters, or lacking that, slinging their
hammocks under a cocoa-thatch shed in a village.
Stubbornly, intelligently, Camaguey is both resisting and accepting modernity.
The great gilt and jeweled images from the churches are still carried through its
streets on religious feast days, followed by multitudes with tall, lighted candles, and
led by naked, golden-brown little children, with gauze wings tied to their shoulders.
But the narrow streets through which the medieval procession crawls are kept so clean
that one may wander through any part of Camaguey, from plaza to slum, in white
linen clothes and white canvas shoes, and gather never a speck of dirt.
The gong of the trolley car clangs in Camaguey, but it is still a city of riders. In
all the streets stand horses, swamped under Spanish saddles, hung with braided and
silvered ornament of stirrup and bridle. The trolley car waits to let trains of pack
horses pass, each horse tied to another’s tail. Everywhere are armed riders, with
Drawn by W. M. Berger. Courtesy of The Century Magazine.
A PAINTED CITY OF THE SPANISH MAIN.
(Upper) The patio of the hotel. (Lower) A patio in Camaguey.
102 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
machetes clattering. Thin, swarthy countrymen, in cotton shirt and trousers, with
sandaled feet, gallop into oP their mighty spurs tied to their naked ankles with .
thongs of leather.
The American carriage, and even an automobile or two, have found their way to
Camaguey, but the volante still comes in from country districts, with its ladies look-
ing timidly out upon the wonders of the city. The volante used to be the only wheeled
vehicle besides the all-wooden ox carts that could be used in interior Cuba. It is a
two-wheeled carriage, the body being set not over the wheels, but on the two immense
shafts. The horses are harnessed tandem, and there are no reins. The volante is
governed by a rider who sits on the leading horse. * * *
Proximity means nothing in Camaguey. Unlike the Englishman’s house, which is
his castle only because he thinks so, the Spaniard’s house is his castle in reality. His
house exists within itself. Its front looks on the street only like a harem. Within
- all the dark, cool rooms face upon the patio, or courtyard garden; or, if there is a wall
around part of it, it isa wall as high as the house next door. Nothing except the birds
can look in on its privacy.
So, though Camaguey’s streets are solid with house fronts, revelry and sorcery
could take place in any house as easily as in crowded Bagdad without a neighbor
being the wiser.
The house fronts, almost uniform in height, are all of the same type. To the street
they present, row on row, the same fortresslike doors and the same cloisterlike, barred
window openings; but in fanciful ornamentation of grills and bars, and more than
all in coloring, each house has an individuality. Dyed with a soft, thin color that
lies on the smooth concrete or lime walls like a water-color wash, each house flames
with the particular tint preferred by its dwellers. No color, no combination, is too
daring for the joyful Camagueyan painter, and no combination is out of place in the
painted city.
Our own house was blue and yellow. The blue was the actors blue known
as Cuban blue. In truth, it is Spanish-American blue. It shouts at the traveler
throughout the American Tropics. Cuba, however, is impregnated with it. A single
house painted Cuban blue in a northern city would make the whole city scream.
It does not make Camaguey scream.
On one side of our house was a salmon-pink one. The gua-gua man’s house was
crimson. Just opposite, beyond the glaring plaza, was a purple house. There was a
beryl-green house, a violet house, an ultramarine house; there was an orange house,
a rose-red house. Always between them were blue ones. Each had overhanging,
gallantly sloped roofs of big, fluted, warmly red Arabic tiles. In the middle of the
plaza stood the old cathedral, gamboge and blue, with its high-swung Moorish arches
picked out in green. Its square steeple was of peeled colors, toned like a bright
cliff, with weathered pinks and greens and browns and yellows.
Over the painted city is a painted sky. It radiates blue. It throbs. The streets
glare white in the sun and white in the moon. There are no twilight spots in Cama-
guey. Night serves only to brighten its color. Camaguey stands eminent even in
the tropics, where moonlight is like a vivid northern day. There is something in
the ether of the flat table-land of the province that makes its moon an incredible
thing. It rises like a burning dragon. It swims up from the edge of endless savannas
as level as the sea. Immediately the land flashes with enormous plumes. First, they
are glittering indigo; a moment later they are frozen silver. They are the plume
heads of the royal palms, which stand in all the horizon-bound land like temple
shafts.
The sky is bare, the stars are drowned by light. Heaven is brightly blue. Cama-
euey isacity of the moon. It stands bewitched, ready to vanish. In the dead walls
of the riverlike little streets, any defiant doorway should open at any moment for
Bobadilla himself to emerge with curved scimitar. From any gaudy wasp’s nest of
balcony a veiled princess should beckon.
Drawn by W.M. Berger. Courtesy of The Century Magazine.
A PAINTED CITY OF THE SPANISH MAIN.
(1) Ox cart in the country near Camaguey, Cuba; (2) a volante in
Camaguey; (3) the gua-gua, or public stage.
104 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
From Ox Cart to Motor Car in the Andes is the title of Col. Roose-
velt’s account in The Outlook of May 28, 1914, of his return trip
from Santiago, Chile, to Buenos Aires, Argentina. The journey was
made from Santiago southward to Puerto Varas by railway; thence
across the Andes on horseback and over several picturesque lakes by
steamers and launches to the frontier town of Bariloche; from there
to Neuquen, a distance of 400 miles, by automobile; thence by rail-
way back to Buenos Aires. The Southern Railway of Argentina is
now perfecting its plans to extend its line from Neuquen to Bariloche
and thence over the Andes into Chile, and in three or four years from
now this new transcontinental journey will be open to travelers by
a continuous railway. <A portion of the journey will be through a
section of the country whose magnificent natural scenery is unex-
celled in any part of the world, as may be seen from the following
excerpts taken from Col. Roosevelt’s descriptive paragraphs:
We left Puerto Varas by steamer on the lake for a four days’ trip across the Andes,
which was to end when we struck the Argentine Railway at Neuquen. This break
in the Andes makes an easy road, for the pass at its summit is but 3,000 feet high.
The route followed leads between high mountains and across lake after lake, and the
scenery is as beautiful as any in the world.
The first lake was surrounded by a rugged, forest-clad mountain wilderness, broken
here and there by settlers’ clearings. Wonderful mountains rose near by; one was
a snow-clad volcano with a broken cone which not many years ago was in violent
eruption. Another, even more beautiful, was a lofty peak of virginal snow. At the
farther end of the lake we lunched at a clean little hotel, then we took horses and
rode for a dozen miles to another lake; this is called Esmeralda Lake, or the Lake
of Los Santos. Surely there can be no more beautiful lake anywhere than this. All
around it are high mountains, many of them volcanoes. One of these mountains to
the north, Puntiagudo, rises in sheer cliffs to its soaring. summit, so steep that snow
will hardly lie on its sides. Another to the southwest, called Tronador, the Thun-
derer, is capped with vast fields of perpetual snow, from which the glaciers creep
down to the valleys. It gains its name of ‘‘ Thunderer’’ from the tremendous roaring
of the shattered ice masses when they fall. Out of a vast cave in one of its glaciers
a river rushes, full grown at birth. At the western end of this lake standsa thoroughly
comfortable hotel, which we reached at sunset. Behind us in the evening lights,
against the sunset, under the still air, the lake was very beautiful. The peaks were
golden in the dying sunlight, and over them hung the crescent moon.
Next morning before sunrise we were riding eastward through the valley. For
2 or 3 miles the ride suggested that through the Yosemite, because of the abruptness
with which the high mountain walls rose on either hand, while the valley was flat,
with glades and woods alternating on its surface. Then we got into a thick forest.
The trees were for the most part giant beeches, but with some conifers, including
a rather small species of sequoia. Here and there in the glades and open spaces
were masses of many-hued wild flowers; conspicuous among them were the fuchsias.
A dozen miles on we stopped at another little inn and then climbed through a
wooded pass between two mountains. Its summit, near which lies the boundary
line between Chile and Argentina, is somewhere in the neighborhood of 3,000 feet
high, and this is the extreme height over which at this point it 1s necessary to go in
traversing what is elsewhere the mighty mountain wall of the Andes. Here we met
a tame guanaco (a kind of Nama) in the road; it strolled up to us. smelled the noses
nun ae
COE,
— ‘
%
1 hotograph by Kermit Roosevelt. Courtesy of The Outlook.
IN THE OX-DRAWN CART.
The little wooden railway between Lake Fria and Lake Nahuel Huapi—“the quaintest wooden railway, with a couple of
rough hand ears, each dragged by an ox.”
106 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
of the horses, which were rather afraid of it, and then walked on by us. From the
summit of the pass the ground fell rapidly to a wonderfully beautiful little lake of
lovely green water. This little gem of a lake is hemmed in by sheer-sided mountains,
densely timbered save where the cliffs rise too boldly for even the hardiest trees to
take root. As with all these lakes, there are many beautiful waterfalls. The rapid
mountain brooks fling themselves over precipices which are sometimes so high that
the water reaches the foot in sheets of wavering mist. Everywhere in the background
‘arose the snow peaks.
We crossed this little lake in a steam launch and on the other side found the quaintest
wooden railway, with a couple of rough hand cars, each dragged by an ox. In going
downhill the ox is put behind the cart, which he holds back with a rope tied to his
horns. We piled our baggage on one car, three or four members of the party got on
the other, and the rest of us walked for 2 miles or so before we reached the last lake
we were to traverse—Nahuel Huapi.
Here we were met by a little lake steamer, on which we spent the next four hours.
The lake is of bold and irregular outline, with many deep bays, and with mountain
walls standing as promontories between the bays. Fora couple of hours the scenery
was as beautiful as it had been during any part of the two days, especially when we
looked back at the mass of snow-shrouded peaks. Then the lake opened, the shores
became clear of wood, the mountains lower, and near the eastern end, where there
were only low rolling hills, we came to the little village of Bariloche.
Bariloche is a real frontier village. Forty years ago Dr. Moreno, who was with us,
had been captured by Indians at this very spot, had escaped from them, and after
days of extraordinary hardship had reached safety. He showed us a strange giant
pine tree, of a kind different from any of our northern cone bearers, near which the
Indians had camped while he was a prisoner with them. He had persuaded the set-
tlers to have this tree preserved, and it is still protected, though slowly dying of old
age. The town is nearly 400 miles from a railway, and the people are of the vigorous,
enterprising frontier type. It is like one of our frontier towns of the old-time West as
regards the diversity in ethnic type and nationality among the citizens. The little
houses stood well away from one another on the broad, rough, faintly marked streets.
In one we might see a Spanish family, in another blond Germans or Swiss, in yet an-
other a family of gaucho stock looking more Indian than white. All worked and
lived on a footing of equality, and all showed the effect of the widespread educational
effort of the Argentine Government—an effort as marked as in our country, although
in Argentina it is made by the nation instead of by the several States and Ter-
ramos, Fo
Next morning at 5 we were off for our 400-mile ride across the Patagonian wastes to
the railway at Neuquen. We had been through a stretch of scenery as lovely as can
be found anywhere in the world—a stretch that in parts suggested the Swiss lakes and
mountains, and in other parts Yellowstone Park, or the Yosemite, or the mountains
near Puget Sound. In a couple of years the Argentinos will have pushed their rail-
way system to Bariloche, and then all tourists who come to South America should
make a point of visiting this wonderfully beautiful region. It is impossible for me not
to believe that in the end it will be developed for travelers much as other regions of
great scenic attraction are developed. Thanks to Dr. Moreno, the Argentine end of it
is already a national park; I trust the Chilean end soon will be.
The journey from Bariloche to Neuquen was accomplished in
three motor cars without serious accident. Col. Roosevelt gives
interesting descriptions of the gaucho land through which the route
lay, and comments on the sturdy character of the people in very
complimentary terms. While still a day’s journey from Neuquen
Photograph by Kermit Roosevelt. Courtesy of The Outlook.
FROM OX CART TO MOTOR CAR IN THE ANDES.
Col. Roosevelt in his Indian poncho watching a gaucho while the motor cars are prepared for a new start.
Photograph by Frank Harper. Courtesy of The Outlook.
FROM OX CART TO MOTOR CAR IN THE ANDES,
Beautiful roses in the foreground, with the snow capped peak of Tronador in the distance.
108 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
a storm threatened about 10 o’clock p. m., and the party sought
refuge in a country store. He writes:
With some effort we roused the people, and after arranging the motor cars we went
inside. They were good people. They got us eggs and coffee, and, as we had a cold
pig, we fared well. Then we lay down on the floor of the store and on the counters and
slept for four hours.
The following night they reached Neuquen and took the train
for Buenos Aires.
Quarrying Ore in Distant Chile is the title of an article in The
Tron Trade Review (Cleveland, Chio), of June 11, 1914, which pur-
ports to be the “First intimate account of South American holdings
of Bethlehem Steel Co.” to be published. A perusal of this article
will convince the reader that the world is in no imminent danger of
an iron famine, and that Chile is destined to play a great part in sup-
plying the constantly growing demand for this all-important factor
in the world’s industrial economy. The following excerpts will give
an idea of the vastness of the iron deposits controlled by this American
concern alone:
A few days ago the steamer Epsom docked at Philadelphia with the first cargo of
Chilean iron ore to reach this country. The actual importation of this ore calls more
definite attention to the work being done by the Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethle-
hem, Pa., in developing its large holdings at Tofo, Coquimbo, Chile. These mines
will serve as the principal base of supply for the large Bethlehem blast furnace group.
Present plans call for an ultimate production of 1,500,000 tons of ore annually, which
must be carried over the Panama Canal route to reach the furnace yards. In addition
to these mines, two other notable American developments are now in progress in Chile,
namely, the Braden copper minesand the Chuquicamata mines of the Chile Copper Co ,
both Guggenheim enterprises.
The Bethlehem Steel Co.’s Tofo mines have been known for some years, attention
having been drawn to them by Charles Vattier as early as 1888. About 1905 Mr,
Vattier, after securing options on the entire group of mines, transferred them to a
French company—the Sociedad Altos Hornos de Corral. This company planned
to use the ores in its blast furnace at Corral in southern Chile. The mines were leased
from the French company by the Bethlehem Steel Co. in 1912.
The mines are located about 4 miles from the coast near a small bay called Cruz
Grande. This bay is situated near the Bay of Totorallillo, which at one time was of
importance commercially owing to the location of a copper smelter there. This
smelter depended for its ores upom La Higuera, This territory formerly was an
important copper mining district and is located about 4 miles southeast of the Bethle-
hem Steel Co.’s Tofo property. Some of the La Higuera mines are still active.
The Tofo iron ore deposit is found on the crest of two hills, which are separated by a
slight depression, or saddle. The general features are shown in figure 2 which is
taken from the land side in the direction of La Higuera. The approximate lower
limit of the solid ore is shown by the dotted line, everything above being solid iron
ore of high quality. The analysis from over 200 samples taken from above this line,
have averaged:
Per cent.
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48888— Bull. 1—14—_8
110 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
This is a higher grade ore than any mined in the United States at present, and is
richer even than the Swedish ore, which has been shipped into the United States at
the rate of nearly half a million tons annually for the past four or five years. Ore
as rich is not existent in the United States in any quantity, unless it may be found
in {some of the California and Utah deposits, which are very similar geologically and
chemically to the Tofo ores. * * *
In a general way there are two ore bodies very nearly connected in the saddle
between the two hills. The deposit in the south hill has a diameter of about 1,000
feet, or roughly an area of 18 acres. The top of this hill is 785 meters above sea level,
and at present ore is known to occur at an elevation of 620 meters, so that the known
vertical height of ore is 165 meters, or 550 feet. The deposit in the north hill is some-
what similar. It has not shown as great a vertical height of ore, but with the loose or
float ore with which it is surrounded it is believed it will produce at least one-half
as much ore as the south hill.
Instead of a mine, the Bethlehem Steel Co.’s property is essentially an iron-ore
quarry. Conditions are ideal for cheap open-cutting mining, and the ore, though
hard and dense, will be quarried by steam shovels after it is broken up by blasting.
There is no overburden, and it will be a number of years before the deposit is worked
sufficiently low to make the removal of any of the adjacent rock necessary. As the
height of the main deposit is about 2,300 feet above sea level, the French company
constructed an aerial cableway to convey to the coast the limited amount of ore it
required. In the fall of 1912 this company reconstructed this tramway to give a
nominal capacity of 800 tons per day, and also reconstructed a cantilever bridge at
WOE ER, 7
In order to provide for the transportation of this ore, long-term freighting contracts
have been entered into with Swedish and Norwegian owners, which provide for
the construction of a fleet of 17,000-ton steamers, especially designed for the ore trade
by the Bethlehem Co.’s naval architects. These vessels will be approximately 520
feet in length, and 65 feet beam. They will be capable of transporting about 15,000
tons of ore, being desizned along) lines’adapted to prompt ‘loading and discharging.
In order to insure a regular supply of this ore at the furnaces at South Bethlehem
these vessels will return to Chile in ballast. It is calculated that by returning to
the loading port in ballast each steamer will be able to deliver seven cargoes, or 100,000
tons, per year. These ore carriers will take a route to the United States by way of the
Panama Canal, a distance approximately 4,500 miles.
By the time the first of these large ore steamers is ready to load at Cruz Grande, which
it is expected will be sometime early in 1917, there will have been completed a new
steel hopper pier at that port, which follows the general design of those now in operation
on the Great Lakes. This pier will be capable of loading 15,000 tons of ore per day, and
will have a storage capacity of from 30,000 to 35,000 tons, or, approximately, two full
cargoes.
Prior to the completion of the new steel dock the ore is being loaded into steamers
under the present cantilever bridge, which is capable of loading at the rate of 2,000
tons per day. The substitution of the rubber belt conveyers for the buckets now used
will permit the loading of a 6,000-ton steamer in 12 hours.
To provide for the transportation of this ore prior to the completion of the pier and
ore carriers, the Bethlehem Co. has entered into freighting contracts with European
owners for the carriage of approximately 750,000 tons during the next two years.
Prior to the opening of the Panama Canal all ore will proceed by way of the Magellan
Strait, and the steamship Epsom, the first steamer to deliver Chilean ore in the United
States, arrived at Philadelphia this week, after having completed a voyage of 8,600
miles
Fig. 2._TOFO HILLS SHOWING EXTENT OF DEPOSIT.
'
Seuth Ail
North Hrf/
ok
)
Courtesy of The Iron Trade Review.
Fig. 3—DOTTED LINE SHOWS DEPTH OF SOLID IRON ORE,
(Illustrating ‘‘ Quarrying Ore in Distant Chile,’’ in The Iron Trade Review of June 11, 1914.
MILD THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Foreign Trade Opportunities is the title of a series of articles now
running in the India Rubber World (New York), describing the
countries, population, commercial and industrial progress, etc., of
various Latin American republics. In the issue of June 1, 1914, will
be found an excellent article on Ecuador, as informative as it is
entertaining. The following excerpts will illustrate the pleasing style
of the author as well as the educational value of the narrative:
Every person of middle age remembers the alluring pictures of the Republic of
Ecuador which were in the geographies of his early youth. The palms and bananas
at the foot of the mountains, the Temperate Zone productions of the higher slopes,
the stunted trees still higher, the glistening snows with which the serried peaks were
finished; the picturesque city of Quito, basking in the smiles of eternal spring, nearly
2 miles toward the sky, and in the background a volcano comfortably blowing out its
clouds of smoke. We gave faith to the pictures, but it was much like a fairy tale, after
all. It seemed as far away as the moon, as inaccessible as the North Pole, and, with
most of us, that impression has remained to this day. As a matter of fact the chief
city of Ecuador is not so far from New York asis Carson City, Nev. The trip, first-class,
can be made for only a few dollars more. There are no difficulties in the way of the
journey except such as imagination may make, and when the traveler arrives he will
find that the old geographies have understated the marvels of this favored land. But,
he asks, how is he to see the interior, the land of perpetual spring, the snowy peaks, the
smoking volcanoes, the Hamas, with their chins up in the air like an aristocrat visiting
the slums? He admits that he is not now, as once, attracted by pictures of Ecuadorean
travel—mules gracefully filing around corners on ledges 18 inches wide above chasms
1,000 feet deep; or, perhaps, a dark, long-haired native crossing a similar abyss on a
rope bridge and carrying on his shoulders a chair in which sits a fair and meditative
sefiorita. Itis all right in pictures, he says, awfully interesting in reality, but he does
not, as in his youth, hanker for the pleasure of personal experience. We may at once
admit that he is entitled to his prejudices, and suggest that if he wishes to visit Quito
in less trying fashion he may take a train on the newly built railroad from the seaport,
hand up his ticket to an American conductor, and when he arrives at Quito get off
and go toa hotel. That is the way they do it now, and the distance is less than 300
miles by rail.
Ecuador has an area about as great as that of Nevada, with a population 15 times as
great. Portions of the population are of Indian, or partly Indian, descent, but
wholly civilized, and such peaceful occupations as agriculture and stock raising fur-
nish employment to the greater number. Inthe production of cacao Ecuador leads the
world. This valuable article of food and drink was first exported from Ecuador less
than 40 years ago, but the planters have found such profit in it that the production
has risen to 100,000,000 pounds. This supply, great as it is, is less than the consump-
tion in the United States. Much of it goes to Europe, and then back across the
ocean to us. There is no reason why this should continue. The crude product
realizes to the grower about 10 cents a pound, and enters our portsduty free. When it
reaches the consumer as chocolate, cocoa, or cocoa butter the price has been advanced
by an average of 500 per cent. With the opening of the Panama Canal the seeds
should be shipped directly from the plantation to the American factory, and the food
products sold at reasonable cost. The ships that bring the cacao will bring also rubber,
coffee, rice, coconuts, and other tropical products, for which we have such insatiable
need.
These ships, if they are to run, must have freight both ways, and it is in order for
American manufacturers to think about what they are going to send to the market
that is waiting for them. From New York to Guayaquil, by the Strait of Magellan,
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 113
is over 10,000 miles, a distance that will be reduced by the Panama route to less than
3,000 miles. The present average of 65 days will be reduced to 14. Freight rates are
bound to find a reasonable level. The commerce of Ecuador will be like the move-
ment of a released spring, instantly responding when its bonds are removed. Pro-
duction will be enormously stimulated, immigration ona large scale will be inaugurated,
and the demand for foreign goods multiplied by many times. * * *
Guayaquil is the port through which flows 90 per cent of Ecuador’s foreign trade.
It has a population rising well toward 100,000, and, while in the past one of the most
unsanitary of cities, the Republic is now putting its houses in order, that it may meet
the demand of the world for modern sanitation at all its ports. The traveler who takes
the railroad for Quito from this port passes through the reality of all the pictures of
the old geographies. He starts amid the palms and pineapples and gradually climbs
to the zone of oaks and pines, or barley and potatoes. He gazes on Chimborazo,
towering to the stupendous height of 21,220 feet, and glittering with eternal snow.
He sees Cotopaxi, the highest volcano in the world. This wonderful mountain is
19,500 feet high, the peak rising asa perfect cone, the last 4,000 feet covered with snow,
while from the top of this “chimney of the world,” as it has been aptly called, pour
volumes of smoke and steam. It is only 35 miles from Quito, which is a city of 80,000,
with a history dating back to nearly 100 years before the landing at Plymouth Rock.
It is rapidly taking up modern improvements, and is the seat of culture and aristocracy
of the Republic. Again beit said, this city of wondersis nearer New York thanany of the
cities of our Pacific coast. It is reached by meansof modern first-class travel. Under
the equator, it has a mean temperature of about 60° F.—or about that of New York
in the latter part of May. With its newly found accessibility Quito is certain to
become an object of travel, and one of the greatest health resorts in the world.
The author dwells on the wants of the country, which the manu-
facturers of the United States should be able to supply, on the
various lines of industry and agriculture which will be developed,
and concludes with several paragraphs giving details of steamer lines,
freight rates, etc. The article will furnish food for thought to the
business men of the United States in many lines besides that of the
rubber industry, to which the publication in which it appears is
mainly devoted.
The Home of a Forgotten Race, with the subtitle ‘‘Mysterious
Chichen Itza,” in Yucatan, Mexico, is an excellent descriptive article
dealing with these celebrated ruins, written by Edward H. Thompson
for the June number ot The National Geographic Magazine. In the
March, 1911, number of the MonrHity BuLLerryN appeared an article
by Sylvanus G. Morley describing practically the same features of
these ruins. Mr. Thompson’s article is illustrated with some fine
photographs taken by himself and showing many interesting features
of the ancient palaces, temples, and details of sculpture and archi-
tecture. The following description of the Temple of the Tigers and
the remnants of the paintings found on the inner walls goes into
greater detail than does that of Mr. Morley, and is of great interest:
On the southern end of the eastern mole rests an edifice, like a casket holding jewels,
that in time, as the fact becomes known, will be in itself the object of distant pil-
grimages,
114 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
It is known as the Temple of the Tigers from the zone band of handsomely designed,
artistically executed jaguars that, alternating with shields, ornaments the southern
face. Of course it is understood that the term ‘‘tiger” is a misnomer as applied
to the great Felide in America; the jaguar and not the tigerismeant. * * *
The entire front of the Temple of the Tigers has disappeared. Fractured and
wedged apart by the growing tree roots at the apex of the roof, the overweight of the
richly carved fagade toppled it over into the space beneath, where it still lies in a
formless mass.
Two large serpent columns, with open jaws and -bulbous teeth, are still in place.
These once helped to sustain the fallen fagade, and probably served as the massive
fulcrum that tossed the massive stone and lime free from the platform in front down
on the level floor of the ceremonial court. These, like all the other serpent columns,
are carved in the conventionalized crotalid shape and covered with the conventional
quetzal plumes.
The square end pilasters of the outer entrance to the inner chamber are entirely
covered with sculptures in low relief. Like those upon the pilasters and columns of
the Castle Temple the principal motive on each panel is a human figure elaborately
costumed and brilliantly painted.
The wall surface of both chambers bear traces of having been once covered with
mural paintings. Those on the walls of the outer chamber have become entirely
obliterated by the erosive action of the elements. Those on the walls of the inner
chamber are in part obliterated by the excreta of bats, and still more by the vandal
hand of man. Enough yet remains to make this little chamber the repositary of the
best-preserved examples of the mural paintings of this ancient Maya race at present
known.
The best preserved portion represents a battle scene. The attacking party, with
atlatls, spears, and shields, are seemingly assaulting a city or some large center. Above
the battlefield can be seen tier upon tier of houses, and amid them are women in
agonized postures, looking down upon the fighting warriors.
To one side is the symbolical figure of Kuk-ul-can, with lightninglike yellow flames
issuing from his mouth, the sign of defiance and also of war. Many other scenes and
portions of figures are depicted, but the battle scene is the clearest of them all at
present. The figures are done in a clear, easy style, vigorous and true.
Belonging to this same temple, but on a lower level and built against the eastern
wall, is a chamber 22 feet long by 10 feet wide and 15 feet high. The front of this
chamber also is destroyed, and in practically the same way as that of the upper cham-
ber. A portion of the end walls and a large part of the rear still remain upright and
the superb wall sculptures they hold upon their surfaces are fortunately still left for
study and comparison.
Clear-cut features, well-worked details, artistically executed and well carried out,
show the skill and spirit of these ancient artists. The carvings clearly represent the
performance of some religious rite or ceremonial dance. Entwined about the series
of masked and conventional figures are the serpent symbol, that of the sun and appar-
ently that of rain and water. Description is nearly useless in cases like this; only
photographs or drawings can adequately represent the work.
The figures were originally painted in the conventional colors, with the ever-present
deep red background. Portions of the two richly carved square pillars that once
helped to sustain the fallen front, and between them a rigid conventionalized “‘tiger,”’
seemingly a kind of ceremonial seat, complete all that is now visible of this chamber.
Half ruined as it is, the Temple of the Tigers is a treasure and a boon to students of
the Maya civilization.
With regard to what is known as the Round Tower Mr. Thompson
advances the theory that this was used for an observatory.
The edifice rises like a turret, 40 feet and of equal diameter, from near the center of
a terrace, 20 feet high, 220 feet long by 150 feet wide.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 115
He explains its use as follows:
Its purpose is at present unknown; but from its construction, annular chambers,
winding stairway, and the position of its outlooks and outlets I believe it to have been
an observatory, an edifice devoted to the study of the celestial bodies. It is known
that the ancient American calendar system was so accurately developed that Alex-
ander von Humboldt was for a time incredulous of its native origin.
The learned ones, the wise men among these people, were astronomers, not mere
star gazers, and there are those among the Mayas at the present day that have a sur-
prising native knowledge of the celestial geography, as well as of curious properties of
certain roots and herbs on the earth beneath.
The present conical form of this edifice, the shape of its chambers, and above all the
peculiar inner stairway winding around a solid center, have caused the natives to call
it, in their vernacular, ‘‘the house of the snail,” and this name in its Spanish dress
clings to it now. As caracol (snail) it is best known to the people of the region, and
under this name it is shown to the curious and the visitors from afar.
Mr. Thompson gives the reader several very entertaining and
romantic legends of the ancient Mayas, as well as a brief account of
the Spanish invasion under Montejo, and concludes the article with
the tollowing:
The American people should awaken to the fact that they have right at home, at
their very doors, architecture essentially American, as it were, ruined structures
every whit as interesting, as massive, and possibly as old as these of other lands, whose
boast it is that the Americans must come to them, for “ America has no ruins.”’
Within these mysterious ruins, American ruins, are great books, with pages of stone,
writ in characters that no man may yet read, Are the mysteries they hold, the won-
derful facts, that certainly lie sealed and mute within them, hidden from us, less
interesting to Americans than are the tales of Egyptian dynasties, the rites of Druids,
Roman campings, or Saxon raidings? I think not,
The World’s Largest Animal is the title of an article which recently
appeared in Harper’s Weekly and which was reviewed in the Spanish
issue of the Monruty BuLietin for June, 1914. In the Spanish
review reference is made to the recent excavations in the Bad Lands
of Utah and the remarkable discoveries of skeletal remains of extinct
animals. The reviewer writes:
Several years ago scientists from the Carnegie Museum began a series of investigae
tions in the section of country above mentioned, and the results of their,labors are
beginning to bear fruit. The original investigations revealed portions of animals of
enormous size, and these were systematically unearthed, portion by portion, until a
monster skeleton was brought to light which, so far as known, is the largest ever dis-
covered. The™name of “thunder lizard”’ was given to the strange find. The esti-
mated length of the animal is 85 feet, and the height must have been about 16 or 17
feet, while the neck appears to have been about three times as large as the famous
Diplodocus, another giant of the animal family, which, however, is considerably
smaller than the later find.
Dr. Holland, who is at the head of the museum, is largely responsible for the addition
to the museum, for it was he who first went to Utah with his assistants and began the
search. It will also be recalled that it was this scientist who went to Argentina several
years ago with a reproduction of the famous Diplodocus, which was presented to that
nation by the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh.
Courtesy of Harper’s}Weekly.
BONES OF HIND LEG OF BRONTOSAURUS LOUISAE.
There has recently been dug up on the top of an arid mountain in the Bad Lands of
Utah the biggest fossil skeleton known to science. The estimated length of this
animal is 85 feet and the height 163 feet. The neck of the Brontosaur, in life, was
perhaps 3 times as thick as that of the Diplodocus, and the tail one-third longer.
The name Brontosaurus Louisaé has been given to this animal in honor of Mrs.
Andrew Carnegie.
Courtesy of Harper’s Weekly.
DINOSAUR PEAK,WHERE THE PREHISTORIC REMAINS ARE BEING DUG UP.
After more than seven years of diligent surveying and exploring the remains of this monster animal were
discovered on a mountain peak 5,500 feet high. It took over two years of quarrying to get out the
skeleton in the rough; it has taken three years to chip away the matrix from the skeleton.
Courtesy of Harper’s Weekly.
BONES OF A DINOSAUR, PARTLY SWATHED IN PLASTER BEFORE REMOVAL FROM
QUARRY.
To remove the skeleton of a big dinosaur is no simple task. Since the rock can not be blasted away with-
out jeopardizing the bones, it becomes necessary to take out the bones with more or less of the rock
adhering to them. Massive blocks of stone must thus be quarried, and these are numbered as they are
removed so as to preserve a record of the relative positions of the parts. Each block is covered with
burlap steeped in wet plaster of Paris to protect the bone.
118 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The exploration work in Utah began by the establishment of a permanent camp at
Dinosaur Peak, from which point as a base the scientists extended their investigations
in various directions. Many months passed without anything of importance being
found, but finally their searches were rewarded. The work of quarrying the whole
of the skeleton of the Brontosaurus required the labor of many men and months of
time. Even after being quarried the large stones in which the bones could be traced,
required 26 four-horse wagons to transport them to the nearest railway point, from
where they were sent to the museum. The remains are said to be among]the most
perfectly preserved specimens that have ever been unearthed, and when it is esti-
mated that they have been imbedded in the stone for something like 15,000,000 years
the fact becomes all the more astonishing. In most sections where extinct animal
remains have been found they have been in jumbled or confused masses and often
required a considerable degree of imagination to figure out the probable nature and
shape of the animal or reptile, but with the great Utah find the reverse is especially
noticeable. This is not only the case with the large discovery but also with those of
various smaller animals found in the vicinity.
At the museum the work of cutting the specimens from their stone
bed in which they have lain for centuries is progressing, and when
this largest beast that has ever been discovered is exhibited to the
public it doubtless will be in the general form in which it lived. Thus
the people of to-day may gaze upon the remains of a monster that
lived and flourished so many centuries ago that conjectures as to its
life seem totally inadequate. One fact seems to be established, and
that is the Brontosaurs were certainly kings in weight if not in
battle, for the weight of the one just discovered is estimated to have
been about 20 tons; and when we remember that a good-sized elephant
of the present day weighs only about 5 tons, the immensity of the
ancient beast appears all the more remarkable.
The Game of Golf in the Tropics, in a recent number of The South-
ern Sportsman (Washington, D. C.), is a brief account of the golf
links of the Country Club of Habana, Cuba. In speaking of the
popularity of this fine out-door sport in many different sections of
the world, the article states:
From the confines of Scotland’s hills, the land of its origin, the game of golf has
spread until it is found to-day a national game in nearly every civilized country
upon the face of the earth and equally enjoyed in the warmer climates as in the
colder more northern ones. The devotee of outdoor games, no matter where he may
reside or to what nationality he may belong, is equally allured by the enticing
little gutta-percha ball and the rolling green sod over which it is driven and followed.
Golf, the pedestrian’s game, is played around nearly every city of the world, while
many of them have three or four courses located in their suburbs. Even under tropical
Sun its devotees are as ardent and enthusiastic as their northern brothers in the sport,
and the country club of a few years ago is now the golf club the world over.
Among the most recently established courses is that of the Country Club of Habana,
located at Marianao, about 7 miles from the center of the Cuban city, and opened in
November, 1912. The links are laid out upon undulating ground and consist of a
regulation 18-hole course, 6,100 yards in length. Par is placed at 72; bogey at 82. In
characteristics each hole is distinct, there being no two alike and the contour of the
SUBJECT MATTER OF CONSULAR REPORTS. 119
ground is such as to require few, if any, artificial hazards. An annual tournament is
held in February of each year and is the event of the year, usually extending over two
weeks. As many visitors visit the island at this season, there is generally a large
number of spectators as well as players present from all parts of the world, and the
scene is a brilliant and interesting one.
Mr. W. L. Hillyer, a well-known Washington player, who recently
returned from a visit to Panama and the West Indies, is enthusiastic
over the location of the course and the climate of the country.
During the season when snow and ice make the playing of golf
impossible farther north, the climate of Cuba is ideal for the sport.
DD) SSR AL
«SUBJECT. MATTER OF CINGULAR REPORTS
REPORTS RECEIVED UP TO JUNE 16, 1914.1
Title. Date. Author.
ARGENTINA.
Year Book of City of Buenos Aires.................--- Jan. 14} R. M. Bartleman, consul genera],
| Buenos Aires.
Crushing machinery (list of mines and quarries)....... Apr. 2 William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario.
(OTT Sasa ba ae OBE Oee BRAS NaS nGn Gane ate BES CoaSEneone Apr. 4 Do.
TULUM DOM POLS ss seclooniceeitnn wee eee eee eee oo eee Apr. 8 Do.
Importers of axe, shovel, broom, and similar handles..| Apr. 9 Do.
Imports of fur garments in Argentina, 1912............|-.- dozeee Do.
Commerce and industries for 1913.................-.-- Apr. 21 Do.
iHlectricicofieeymillsParep sea aaa eee cee nieces Apr. 23 | Do.
Wool shipments from River Plate, from Oct. 1, 1913, | Apr. 24; R. M. Bartleman, consul general,
to March, 1914. Buenos Aires.
Argentine Law No. 7092 (scientific, literary, and ar- | Apr. 27 | (From Buenos Aires.)
tistic property act). |
Bubligations of the Argentine Bureau of Mines, Boletin | Apr. 28 | Do.
0. 8-9.
INI@UESIS Gor ead Sane peeotranaccaes sponsnobossessucotsecsan ..do....,| William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario.
importersoimmenc:sipeltseeneeeeeee eee ee ease eee ere ee Apr. 29 | Ri. M. Bartleman, consul general,
Buenos Aires.
List of exporters of fertilizer materials...............-- SKC) 5 506 Do.
Im pPortablontovshipldipssseseeseee eee eee eee eee ese rece Apr. 30 | Do.
BRAZIL.
Exports of crude rubber for April, 1914..........-...-- Apr. 3) George H. Pickerell, consul, Para.
Cottonseed tas saesbriss stase ae scigsiee neceeee see eemeee { Apr. 13 | Albro L. Burnell vice consul general,
in charge, Rio de Janeiro.
IN bie saa e eS SS SAC SAE SORBET ORE EUE aaeB EAS RCHer OSE Apr. 15 Do.
Mining amachineny-.dUblesseeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eee neee Apr. 16 Do.
Mio torsCary train seer ater cee tee oie sears rae ieere nein cel oaise Apr. 24 | Do.
Customststoras eichargessenscmmeaseeeeaeeceiee cee eeee eee see doze: Do.
Misentectants eae seeks sess sie Biostos Dae we eee Se iae PRE do....| George H. Pickerell, consul, Para.
PATI CHIT UT ese son eae eee See ene ee oe en came ee do. Do.
Califormiakiruitss We eereerin ences cere ne noe oae sae eeaece scG@oucal| Do.
IBTazilianwhardawoodSeeeeeeeseeeeee ee eee eee EEE Apr. 25 | Albro L. Burnell, vice consul general,
in charge, Rio de Janeiro.
Report on American-made footwear........-..---.---- Apr. 27 | Do.
Metalthedsea seep res acces cece cece e ene me cee steele arse domes] Do.
Axa tlOMes eee Rete ree ce Some ae nance Oeceane meee cers May 4 Do.
Sale of surgical instruments and supplies....-.....-.-- May 6) Do.
Giieandseluetactoniesanuearasss-eeeeee sees seeeecee May 14 | George H. Pickerell, consul. Para.
Arency foncopton-Olliproductsesees seen eee eee eee eae May 15 | Do
TBYO) SSS pea BG Sn Goi SEES CRE aCe ae ea ac ea Saa nes ead Oeeere Albro L. Burnell, vice consul general
in charge, Rio de Janeiro.
This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America,
but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this institution.
120 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Reports received up to June 16, 1914—Continued.
Title. Date. Author.
CHILE. |
Commerce and industries for 1913...................-.. Apr. 21 Alfred A. Winslow, consul, Valparaiso.
Shooks and casks (little market).............-.-...--- Apr. 23 | Do.
Automatic fire extinguishers (little market)........... Apr. 24 Do.
iRepontionwradelconditionssseeee- seen eee eee ee eee eee ane Do.
B OU eD nS} a eg ace Neem = re ete ee ap ree eee ee : Do.
Gilasslandielasswanke seer er ersten ene nea anne eee CLOseeee| Do.
Patent and trade-mark las... 220.2222) ll at Do.
SHO SIS Aas Soe ee eee eae Toe ee Gres Se ere eit ae Do.
Leather /..-..2:.2 Se aides nh kame eT CAD Re SO en | Do.
Seuves chang) loarmnlke WANDS. ooascocsuoccodusunooudonensoasan Do
Mail-orderbusinesss=-eseessen ops aeeen tener a eenn ere aus Do.
IMO LOTR OATS Bereta ne aerate soy tain aerate ce an : Do.
TO PSI GaN pPONtS) yee veces nae cero ee Caen ae \ Do.
Saddlefandiharness pad spams sooner eee nee soc ecanal| Do.
AVE DONUT SS Asche cinerea te emit sees, Seley aC ere es Heaee oy | Do.
Uhre) Dy Pasa reach en ee om ae ene Gases Aces eae y Do.
LEG RRA RO ONS L e 2 ee et Ra e y eae ene Hah See Do.
leetnickyacuumicleanens eee see eee eee ae | Do.
Gasolimeiehtsiese se sae eee eye ae ee ee ee aie ae Do.
Glueeaee cot eee BO See Met ts Oe Are as ANE oe RAE on | Do.
IVER Sac See nanan SaneE So aueeane Bos Do.
Rrackicelomlaweeeeeeeeeeeee SESE HACE A RRO UrA er ee Do
IETENO DED Oi WAGCNONTG.- oo cocacasedéoncceabdooceuoedeoce Do.
Office of bank stationery (little market) AeA Os ree Do.
COMMON ANA) renee yi Saetta te UR Riese hk Poa Urey os a Do.
SHIA AY TORO? OlINS .5 odcscucscouccoLosbsondooboeuncee aoe Do.
\WN/GHAS Bia! WERE WUE 5 5 45 cosodecdenocnuocucccoseooses Be Do.
Gradelandbindustrialinotesseseeseeeeeereee neem Do.
COLOMBIA.
NEWLY OW oY a PN ee rece Meany Ucn Si Mur, os ain ae ealelurene Apr. 21 | Thad. A. Thomson, United States
minister, Bogota
Rum concession in Atlantic department, extended...| May 2 | Isaac A. Manning, consul, Barranquilla.
Market foricanneditalle imuitse- meee sess eee nnn nnn May. 11 |} Do.
COSTA RICA. |
Annual report on commerce and industries, 1913... ..- May16 | Samuel T. Lee, consul, San Joce.
CUBA. .
Movane picturesiea: sae nae ners ot Sere eee eee May 6 Dean R. Wood, consular agent, Nuevi-
| tas.
Loa OS OW INOKX EINOOKS 5b ccocssodcocsbsosoncoscusdel | May 27 Do.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
SUPA Tira TS iay 7 Seer crys A NOR oe oN SNC MIG le May 2 Charles H. Albrecht, vice and deputy
| e2nsul general, Santo Domingo.
Biological products (list of druggists)...........-.....- May 4/) Do.
Principal plantations inthe Republic ................. oonGMecs 6 Do.
PUTIN SS aerate re eee MC es ga oer MAO sceOlssor Do.
Machinery (no market, except on sugar estates). ...... May 5 Do.
Wioodworkine machinery se eee enn ie poe Do.
Ise Tino YGl Celias) OMAN WAKE) J. oon sbooobacogueoubococan May 7 Do.
PABST a fey Oye pean NER Aer ene Ud oS ens mea Sn oleae AS SEA O Naat] Do.
Disintectants and sanitation goods.................-.- May 11 | Do.
Moving pictures (duties on moving picture machines).| May 12 Do.
Card age 3s Sie Bie Ie ASE RO Rete eta ge SiN Sea: Sema ente ol May 13 Do.
OUPDIGUTe 2 Sas sea Uy ae EN Ea Oe SUL we May 16 | Do
Automobiles and accessories............-...----------- Peacdore Do
ORISSA o ROARS On ae Ct ha seis tenes om ites May 19 Do.
Annual report, commerce and industries of consular | May 21 | Frank Anderson Henry, consul, Puerto
district, 1913. Plata.
HONDURAS.
Road-=buildingsm'achinenyaees see aaa seen | Apr. 27 | E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
Merchants ian acs, seem ne ee RL oe ar een nen Mee Apr. 28 Do.
AM TIGUICIES 2 G4 85 ah een een On ia ce Ses ae Apr. 30 | Do.
Banana-handling machinery (little market) ........... May 3 DavidJ. D. Myers, consul, Puerto, Cor-
| tes.
Lumber imports (list ist of importers)..................--. dome. Do.
IS ENG MOEIO) OOS oo oeadguccskusduce conebocrecooaualloee Gozace Do.
Drillbit im Ae hire rye ere ee eae doseee Do.
Sanitary dairy barn equipment (no market).............- dosaen| Do.
Omicolsuppliess hee see ie Se it) Oe a May 4) E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
Coffin hardware (little used). 211222 2i et dozeee Do.
RackaneMormtropicalic lima tees ae ane une nnanann nnn sa dopeer Do.
Ava tianderoac hyp aster ee ea eee ety eee ait nena I @Osa5 || Do.
SUBJECT MATTER OF CONSULAR REPORTS.
121
Reports received up to June 16, 1914—Continued.
Title. Date. Author.
HONDURAS—Continued.
Gasoline and kerosene oil engines (lit tle market).......- May 9 Dai) . D. Myers, consul, Puerto
ortes.
Moving-picture machinery... ....-........:f..:.--.--.- 00555 Do.
IBeehcattlessee sera moons se cieereteie hin Sumas rece eee lepers douse Do.
SUO wes hye eateries ae et eiciciniciecisiae ote atinesaaes IsonCOscue Do.
Shoes! @istiolumporters) seeeseeeseeee eeepc eeeeeeeee| May 9 Do.
JP WIEN OS oo 0gac ascoapeo sone Seadaqsaasocuassosaousoneacuc |-..d0. Do.
Machinery for bottling soda water....................- sont Osaae Do.
Rock-erushing machinery, power pumps, Oil engines, | May 12 EK. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
etc. (no market). |
BEGETS Spas Sees ecye orca etars iota esis Sve Seine eres eee eine hed OReys= Do.
Riubbertiresy(mMomarket)Peasese-ceeneeeeereeeeeeeseee se dGage- Do.
Mlectricisupvliesisssasaemricmsoecc= ees eee mctene steer adosene Do.
Gluetdittletased) is soso rece eee ot seme re eseciercle Bed Oe eae Do.
Steambpplantstescressacece eee ene eee Ceee ere Bed Osser Do.
Wagon transportation, Government regulation for | May 16 Do.
tires; condition of roads. é
PUMPS ee hem ba wee Sacnee some cele een ase Lessee May 17} David J. D. Myers. consul, Puerto
Cortes.
Cratesiandsboxes) (mommarket) asses oseseeeeeceeee eee sanblOs oad Do.
Explosives (importation prohibited of most)....-...-- May 19} E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegucigalpa.
‘Banana industry, price of land eter = <2...) --1-(-1- =i May 20 Do.
Gasoline and kerosene (little market).....-...-...----- Hd One Do.
Hotelsvaveragedailysratesmrepee se ee-eecmec sealer eiser ser dO see Do.
MEXICO.
iB USIMeSS|NOUS CS 2 eeemeyeeem ease ere eee eee eee Apr. 13 Rye L. Bonney, consul, San Luis
otosi.
Manufacturing (textiles, candles, matches, etc.)......- sects cag Do.
nist ofmerchants. ce eece econ oce ener eae eee eae eee Apr. 14 Hetchard M. Stadden, vice consul, Man-
zanillo.
List of dealers in pins, hooks and eyes May 21/ Louis Hostetter, consul, Hermosillo.
GUUe Sins Soa fee cose oceeio eens cee aes ene ecoer -| May 24 Do.
Breweries and refrigerating plants sails a66 Do.
NICARAGUA,
Annual report on commerce and industries forconsular | May 7) Harold D. Clum, consul, Corinto.
district of Corinto, 1913.
PANAMA.
Cl OCK Spit eree tec eisai are eraietoeve re eenleis arora sieve eve eietersiale Apr. 11 | James C. Kellogg, consul, Colon.
Coconuticrowinesinveanamages eee eeseee eee eeeeeeeeee Apr. 12 Do.
Wraterbiltersi(@ittlemused) sees-sesseeeeeeeseeeeeceeee Apr. 18 | Paul Osterhout, consular agent, Bocas
del Toro.
ML OUTS sae tees ene aie soca ee oer Reloe Sees escenee ects errs Do.
Hlectric-lightsplants|(Mone)sasssseeeeeeeeeeee teers May 7 Do.
Wnpinesel no eaoktisc secrets sO etoeto cite eG esine eseaielcine atieig nes Pee done Do.
iBankandotiicesupplicsheeee tease eee eee te eee eee eer ee (@) Do.
URUGUAY.
Blectrichichtstondecorationeyassaseceesseeeeee eee eer ee Apr. 20 | Ralph J. Totten, consul, Montevideo.
Cement, production and imports............--...--... Apr. 29 Do.
VENEZUELA.
Sanitary paper cups (list of drug houses)..-.-........- Apr. 22 | Thomas W. Voetter, consul, La Guaira
Flour, value of imports, 1912 (list of importers)........ eee donee Do.
Shoesi(dedlers) eae sske seoaacewsiicers sea sine eee ne zy Do.
Sanitary appliances as applied to dairying Do.
Petroleum products (classifications)......... Do.
List of principal railways...-.......-.----- Do.
Motor boats (list of commission agents).....-. Do.
Stationery, (distiondealers) Meaecssere ec eeee tees cecee oes Do.
List of educational institutions. -..------2-522+---+---.2 Do.
GUO es anise ced ox Dasani cneescinc cs ati-e Soren cise eiceeecenee Do.
Machimeryicysnccceeeecise ce oo aicince hice sa ielee emtce eer Do.
IDIQORBO WHOIS oo cascosesesosonsoscasesanesscessesees sel Do.
Taxationss sean he ccen seis oc siscisesiec nes sess cays dls Se eeenee Carl P. Sutherland, vice and deputy
consul, Maracaibo.
Imports of leather, 1912 (tanneries, shoe factories)... .- May 13 | Thomas W. Voetter, consul, La Guaira
Disinfectingsmaterialsseseeeseee seer eer eee eee eee eee eee May 14 Do. ;
FN DULLS! oaieeiiain lola ae ang Sonic Siete Onainie eielenle saesiseeeeing socks ac Do.
Steamship connections between Colon and ports of |...do.... Do.
Venezuela.
Hotelassociationseesss seccer aece ee eee eee eee May 16 Do.
Methodsiofishippiness-sereeece cece s-ee eeeerinceaticeee BEE GOheer Do.
1 Undated,
WY ry, Ve ye“, Wry Gy Vy y Wy YW ie Yi, YUP Uy 4: “yy WG,
LiINE JSILE i LD Lass C & USES LFA GG
CCORDING to the official report of the Argentine statistical
office, the total foreign trade of the Argentine Republic
for the year 1913 was 904,857,089 pesos ($877,711,376
United States gold), represented by imports to the value
of 421,352,542 pesos ($408,711,966), and exports of 483,504,547
($468,999,410). The figures for the preceding year were: Imports,
384,853,469 ($373,307,865); exports, 480,391,256 ($465,979,518);
total, 865,244,725 pesos ($839,287,383). There was, therefore, an in-
crease in imports of 36,499,073 pesos ($35,404,101), and in exports
of 3,113,291 pesos ($3,019,892), or a total increase in foreign trade
of 39,612,364 pesos ($38,423,993).
These figures do not include coin imports and exports, of which the
former amounted to 47,941,425 pesos ($46,503,182), and the latter
to 43,417,484 pesos ($42,114,959), an increase in the year in coin
imports of 11,863,618 pesos ($11,507,709), and in coin exports of
42,831,863 pesos ($41,546,907).
The Argentine gold peso approximates in value the United States
dollar, being worth commercially about 97 cents gold. In the table
below and in other tables in this review of Argentine trade, for ordi-
nary comparisons the peso may be treated as equivalent to the United
States dollar.
Twenty-year table of foreign trade.
Year. Imports. Exports. || Year. Imports. Exports.
|
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
BOA ee ker Nerisiae tea septs 92,788,625 | 101,687,986 || 1904...........-.-..-- 187,305,969 | 264,157,525
SOS ees) eee eee Oh. Og2s,48%3 | ea, COW |) WW os oscocosasccccce 205, 154, 420 322, 843, 841
SOG Se ee ceeen ace ser TIGA, GRY. BEL | NG SO OG I) WSO Cec ooccoccsescscs 269, 970, 521 292, 253, 829
WSOTHES sear sonissa chee 98, 288,948 | 101,169,299 || 1907.....-...-.---.-.- 285, 860, 683 296, 204, 369
See Gee te Se Sees 107,,428°900) | © 1335,8295.458) ||| 19082 2222222222. ae ee 272,972,736 | 366,005,341
1899 eh eas as fc eee TAG, SO Gal || WEE Oni, Gil I) WS) sescosossaedass 302,756,095 | 397,350, 528
L900 Es 5 ssticiniseeee eee 113,485, 069) || : 154,600; 412 |) 1910..--.-.-----.-.--- 351, 770, 656 372, 626, 055
LOOM Ss ace enecisesescee TRO) TEL) || WO AG, NOY) II) Wes ss eecoccasaconse 366,810,686; 324,697,538
1902 Sess cce mee cetera LOSSO39 256) L779 4868727 LODE se eee eee 384, 853,469 | 480,391, 256
MOOS ma temerees oats Grice meet: 1312065600 | 220,984,524 |) 1913-22222 -2 5. . 2-2. 421, 352, 542 | 483,504,547
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124
IMPORTS.
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The imports by principal countries of origin for the last five years
were:
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
lWimitedwkeme domes sss esses essere 99,198,269 | 169,377,394 | 108,637,430) 118, 669, 266 130, 886, 587
German yee aan 44,555,770 | 61,128,888 | 65,862,211, 63,941,503 | 71,311,628
lUmitedsStabeswteseenemeneee-ceeee= 43, 068, 829 48, 418, 892 52, 353, 390 59, 126, 951 62, 032, 853
Reon OSS ease’ 100 | 31776115 | soras’ora | 320aRv'1ss | SeceaaevAl
BUNDY sconce opsooenoaooscoOoODeoDOdS AD 7-4 ¢
DE ey 13,570,074 | 19,598,982) 19,485,211} 20,370,530 | —-21, 953, 910
Se a aaa sires | 9'103°504| avasi’aie | oear'oso | a’ asa twp
TAVAN. pocsoee sacsseccoss000020% ; hac aD:
British possessions?............. 6,037,304 | 5,950, 806 4, 494) 886 6,093, 128 7,763, 164
Austria-Hungary..........-....- 2°966,802 | 3,466,115 | 4,304,114| 3,476,805 5,933, 444
Netherland SBeeeereercser eee eat 2,211,110 2,517, 189 2,977, 739 3, 441, 667 4, 074, 104
ee Run) ene GPE eye 88
Sunt | | ental irom | one Zn0 2 749, 682
PAarAagUsycose concen eae 1,660,174 | 1,554,777 | 2'961,393 | 2 127, 506 2) 271 135
NORV Aye oct eae a 905, 483 1,012,719 | 1,041, 128 1) 468, 794 2) 961, 342
Canada Geass ke eS 1,891,530 | 2,577,506 | 2, 883, 761 2) 966, 257 1) 651,810
NSaICG sere aes he eae ae 7,949 10,117 10, 855 13,720 1, 353, 785
Wubasces se ee leeene eee as 648, 491 850,711 | S14, 76% 1, 1057380 1) 126, 658
Mistralia st ese eeey 2 ene 261, 576 | 78, 411 424’ 190 544) 394 1,023; 188
Ce Ue ee gee
Portuealnssen a sviceate nance: 298, 971 858, 279 | 481, 848 503, 082 585, 975
Chinas Cee en lato eae 589, 833 527, 536 | 690, 938 508, £47 562, 645
aR ussite 1 ah ee eee ene reteee 739, 915 484,403 | 1,738,131 262) 859 | 447, 845
TSG Lib eee Tee te 154,799 138, 335 149, 388 430,750 | 252,024
pe ey RE
UPKey eo ane Sane stteeeicieesesere 8 § | 2
Dutch possessions............-.- 781,709 15, 164 411,545 31,140 | 15, 899
PEL eee Rene ee ees a) 511) 440 462, 990 | 521,603 2) 360 | 1,342
Other countries......-..........| 738, 414 409, 680 235, 272 303,571 | 351) 519
GUSH aN eeeee Cases RNS 302, 756,095 | 351,770,656 | 366,810,686 | 384,853,469 | 421, 352, 542
|
1Tt¢ must be remembered that the figures in this and all other tables in this review represent valuations
According to the United States customshouse appraise-
according to Argentine customs appraisements.
ments, the exports of the United States to Argentina (imports above) amount to $54,980,415.
above, valuing the peso at 97 cents, would show Argentine imports {rom the United States as $59,861,703.
The difference due mainly to the different standards of appraisement and also to transshipments would
therefore be #4,881,288.
other countries given in the table above.
2 Does not include Australia and Canada.
The figures
What is said of the statistics of the United States is also true for all the
The percentages that the imports from the eight leading countries
bear to the total Argentine imports for the last five years are shown
in the following table:
Countries. 1909 1910 1911 | 1912 1913
| i
Percent. | Percent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Percent.
Wami tedekein domes sere ee ee 32.8 31.1 29.6 | 30.8 Bien!
Genmanyagee eee ret eee eee Ea oee 14.7 17.4 | 18.0 | 16.6 16.9
Wnited Statesiccs sss. seen asec cee sere 14.2 | 13.8 14.3 | 15.4 14.7
TANCE sell sicic Ae aad eee eee ee ee 10.2 9.6 10.4 | 9.8 9.0
MiG ayes ie a ere ee ae eee ee eee ee 8.9 9.0 8.0 | 8.5 8.3
iBelgiumeees-eesae- waiaiche Se ote alee Opie 4.5 5.6 5.3 | 5.3 5.2
SEM He eins eae Smee era ane peers ae ete 3.1 3.1 3.1 | 3.1 2.9
Bras Steele cere acts seme eemeer eR enee eee PLU 2.6 2.3) | 2.5 2.2
Of the total Argentine imports in 1913, 293,731,546 pesos were
dutiable and 127,620,996 pesos duty free.
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1918. 125
The imports under 19 major classifications were:
|
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
IMO SMITNS .cossacsocoosaessce 1, 545, 853 964, 442 521, 530 558, 975 1, 419, 290
Hood productssaee essen ee eee 23,014,691 | 27,141,259 29, 336, 767 30, 140, 447 34, 933, 955
MObDACCOsaes eo cena cose 6, 201, 028 6, 081, 719 5, 891, 805 7, 594, 968 7, 038, 055
Wines, liquors, and other bever- |
AGES Oe, Ree eae nee 13,410,486 | 14,951,151 | 13,799,170] . 14,677,392 14, 042, 158
Textiles, and manufactures of.. 59, 923, 699 68, 365, 167 69, 698, 095 78, 370, 163 89, 560, 214
@ilsWercasctclc eee 11, 852,943 | 13,892,439 | 15,890,464} 18, 446, 032 23,778, 916
Chemicals and pharmaceutical H
TOROGIIKIS soc qcecsoosnocecososas 10,203,393 | 12,289,907} 12,178,274| 14,281,226 15, 193, 658
PaintsedyesnetCh ss. ssee ose s cece 1, 997, 105 2, 305, 042 2, 444, 818 2,515, 287 2, 535, 437
Timber, woods, straw, and man- .
WIE CREIROS Ciesoeacsocccosageoacs 7, 639, 715 8, 670, 726 10, 400, 579 9, 888, 377 10, 828, 939
Paper, and manufactures of... ... 6, 638, 359 8, 307, 701 8, 669, 980 9, 866, 902 9,901, 985
Hides, skins, and manufactures
OPER EER Seer i mates 2,581, 165 3, 075, 615 3,597, 784 | * 3,903,152 | 4, 610, 560
Tron, steel, and manufactures of..| 36, 575, 232 43,119, 488 43, 085, 741 45, 997, 642 50, 040, 305
Other metals, and manufactures of 10, 210, 824 12, 870, 455 15, 479, 686 14, 366, 709 14, 257, 919
Agricultural’ implements and
machinery ie WE at ae) te ee 16, 651, 610 18, 921, 823 13, 692, 372 12, 552, 048 9, 124, 632
Locomotion: Railway cars,
equipment, carriages, automo-
HES Cees een enna 31,711,285 | 35,095,183 | 36,865,379 | 32, 798, 668 | 7, 223, 336
Earths, stones, glass, coal, etc..... 21,758,269 | 30,925,510 | 33,202,076 | 33,617,226 | 36,577,931
Building materials..............- 28,365,889 | 29,237,334 | 33,789,444 | 31, 265, 467 35,775, 580
Electrical apparatus...........-- 4,216, 914 5, 741, 530 6, 683, 673 9,308,785 ‘10, 110, 088
Miscellaneous...........--------- 8, 257, 635 9,814,165 | 11,583,049 | 14,704, 003 14, 399, 584
TRO fala octet 4 eee 302, 756,095 | 351,770,656 | 366,810,686 | 384,853,469 | 421,352, 542
Value in United States gold... .. $293, 673, 412 | $341,217, 536 | $355, 806,365 | $373,307, 865 | $408,711, 966
LIVE ANIMALS.
The principal live animal imports in 1913 were 57,809 horned
cattle, worth 950,617 pesos; 65,655 sheep, worth 220,489 pesos; and
687 horses, worth 187,873 pesos.
FOOD PRODUCTS.
1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos.
ANramionel TOOL OROC WCW ococc doceececcocmasuesssoncesuanes 6, 389, 045 6, 572, 463
Vegetable food products:
] ATHOLL sess RISE etee eo ee ees ee come ea cisea 5 as 2, 767, 896 2, 983, 251
Spicesiandicondimentsssssssseeee eee eer ere 4, 385, 865 8, 098, 967
Grainvand!vecetablesss aa. ---s-se eee eee eee 5, 676, 110 6, 727, 848
ibaianiong ancl Gloimkss 5 ooseoacccesaabesasocao0eesess 9, 480, 514 9, 517, 360
Bloury pastes; starch etCe = sss. 256 .se eo eae 1, 441, 017 1, 434, 066
MNO tall ceen 8 eis Mais ee ee tr eee ae 30, 140, 447 | 34, 933, 955
Animal food products.—The principal animal food products in 1913
were: Codfish, cut or shredded, 297,807 kilos, worth 59,561 pesos;
whole, 5,335,739 kilos, worth 747,004 pesos. Canned meats, 245,392
kilos, worth 122,695 pesos. Sausages, 472,182 kilos, worth 330,527
pesos. Eggs, 3,037,323 kilos, worth 607,464 pesos. Hams, 856,004
48888—Bull. 1—_14——_9
126 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
kilos, worth’ 428,002 pesos. Condensed milk, 437,042 kilos, worth
122,372 pesos. Canned fish, 1,421,712 kilos, worth 497,599 pesos; in
brine, 1,383,653 kilos, worth 207,547 pesos. Cheese, 5,045,040 kilos,
worth 2,018,016 pesos. Sardines, 4,984,616 kilos, worth 1,246,154
pesos.
Fruits.—The principal fruit imports in 1913 were: Olives, 3,394,929
kilos, worth 339,493 pesos. Bananas, 138,030 pesos. Fruits in
brandy and other liquors, 457,447 lalos, worth 143,832 pesos. Apples,
208,371 pesos. Oranges, 287,466 pesos. Nuts, 191,053 pesos.
Lemons, 97,800 pesos. Other fruits not mentioned, 303,375 pesos.
Dried figs, 1,030,346 kilos, worth 123,641 pesos.
Spices and condvments—The principal imports under spices and
condiments in 1913 were: Garlic and onions, 9,989 metric tons, worth
499,448 pesos. Saffron, 15,103 kilos, worth 302,060 pesos. Refined
sugar, 49,892 tons, worth 3,991,385 pesos; unrefined, 25,667 tons,
worth 1,547,140 pesos. Mushrooms, canned and dried, 411,006 kilos,
worth 143,851 pesos. Tomato catsup, 6,793 tons, worth 815,134
pesos. Ground pepper, 1,381 tons, worth 207,083 pesos. Whole
pepper (grain), 704 tons, worth 140,793 pesos. English sauce, 98,662
pesos.
Grain and vegetables—The principal grain and vegetable imports in
1913 were: Rice, 60,507 tons, worth 3,783,812 pesos. Carob beans,
1,872 tons, worth 83,738 pesos. Oats (cereal food), 853 tons, worth
64,117 pesos. Chick peas, 3,765 tons, worth 301,175 pesos. Pre-
served vegetables, 1,563 tons, worth 390,705 pesos. Malt, 24,637
tons, worth 1,231,832 pesos. Peanuts, 3,623 tons, worth 181,150
pesos. Whole peppers, 1,910 tons, worth 286,444 pesos. Porotos (a
kind of pea), 6,688 tons, worth 334,395 pesos.
Infusions and drinks.—The principal imports in 1913 of substances
used for infusions and drinks were: Chicory, 88,463 pesos. Cacao,
1,445 tons, worth 289,023 pesos. Coffee (in grain), 14,785 tons, worth
1,774,255 pesos. Coca, 320,754 kilos, worth 128,301 pesos. Choc-
olate in paste, 381,313 kilos, worth 228,788 pesos; in powder, 99,623
kilos, worth 99,623 pesos. Hops, 381,310 kilos, worth 190,665 pesos.
Tea, 1,881 tons, worth 1,128,846 pesos. Yerba maté, Brazilian, 49,186
tons, worth 5,215,389 pesos; Paraguayan, 3,427 tons, worth 344,583 ~
pesos.
Flour, pastes, starch, etc.—The principal imports in 1913 under flour,
pastes, starch, etc., were: Starch and feculas, 1,387,126 kilos, worth
247,697 pesos. Biscuits, 340 tons, worth 101,997 pesos. Bonbons,
574,422 kilos, worth 574,422 pesos. Caramels, 156,593 kilos, worth
156,593 pesos. Confectionery and sweets, 278,474 kilos, worth
163,621 pesos. Farina, 1,752 tons, worth 87,567 pesos. Macaroni,
377,544 kilos, worth 56,631 pesos. Yeast powder,’54,311 kilos, worth
32,586 pesos.
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1913. OA
TOBACCO.
The principal imports under this head in 1913 were: Habana cigars
in boxes, 57,068 kilos, worth 385,340 pesos. Other cigars in boxes,
972,213 kilos, worth 1,215,266 pesos; in other containers, 27,159
kilos, worth 48,886 pesos. Cigarettes, 35,814 kilos, worth 71,628
pesos. Tobacco extract (sheep dip), 7,049 tons, worth 2,114,656
pesos. Leaf tobacco, Habana, 968,173 kilos, worth 968,173 pesos;
Paraguayan, 1,672,379 kilos, worth 133,790 pesos; other leaf,
5,486,475 kilos, worth 2,194,590 pesos.
WINES, LIQUORS, AND OTHER BEVERAGES.
1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos.
HWW Stace Rien Ege ars ONE gtk SEIN at nee eeu e Ion ep niet dae cg | 10, 187, 471 9, 866, 310
Nplatsramd lrg lores sae eee html ee aero me ae te eta te Ra a 3, 298, 873 3, 022, 088
OlfWerbeveraces sna janes on ee Meeiees aie eR oe eae 1,191,048 | 1,153, 760
UN Mea eet Pa ean, By eM nn os ae eR eva | 14, 677,392 | 14, 042; 158
Wines.—The principal imports in 1913 under wines were: Cham-
pagne, 83,826 dozen, worth 838,260 pesos. Sherry, 7,502 dozen, worth
60,016 pesos. Port, 26,163 dozen, worth 209,304 pesos. Vermouth,
840,900 dozen, worth 3,363,600 pesos. Other wines, sparkling, 25,418
dozen, worth 203,344 pesos; still, 31,056 dozen, worth 248,448 pesos.
Medicinal, with quinine, 54,887 dozen, worth 219,548 pesos; other
medicinal, 45,869 dozen, worth 254,684 pesos. Wine in casks:
Sherry, 79,295 liters, worth 39,648 pesos. Port, 211,895 liters, worth
105,947 pesos. Other fine wines, 50,115 liters, worth 25,057 pesos.
Medium wines, 5,001,900 liters, worth 750,285 pesos. Common wines,
35,205,461 liters, worth 3,520,546 pesos.
Spirits and liquors.—The principal imports in 1913 under spirits and
liquors were: Absinthe, 13,438 dozen, worth 53,752 pesos. Aniseed,
33,766 dozen, worth 135,064 pesos. Angostura bitters, 247,994 dozen,
worth 1,007,395 pesos. Cognac, 78,593 dozen, worth 392,965 pesos,
and in cask 885,580 liters, worth 309,952 pesos. Chartreuse, 2,687
dozen, worth 42,992 pesos. Gin, 78,455 dozen, worth 235,365 pesos,
and in cask 379,083 liters, worth 37,908 pesos. Rum, 18,032 dozen,
worth 108,192 pesos. Whisky, 87,655 dozen, worth 394,447 pesos,
and in cask 66,973 liters, worth 20,093 pesos. Other liquors, 32,666
dozen, worth 248,351 pesos.
Other beverages.—The principal imports in 1913 under other bever-
ages were: Mineral waters, 777,427 dozen, worth'540,628 pesos. Beer,
86,701 dozen, worth 156,062 pesos, and in cask 173,256 liters, worth
128 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
15,593 pesos. Ginger ale, 14,100 dozen, worth 28,200 pesos. Sweet
drinks (refrescos), 9,361 dozen, worth 37,444 pesos. Cider, 193,499
dozen, worth 348,298 pesos.
TEXTILES AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF.
1912 1918
TCSOS Sinn eee ESOSR
IER ire tate ch ot pra Sa eg oer ane 6,547,846 | 7, 080, 063
RUUCovGlL G7 eae co NR a ORR ce RRL SRN SE 14 373,567 | 16,751, 832
COROT ODT Ss ee ee ey seat «ER SI ene NTS A erat aie eralins a eta, 38, 138,408 | 41, 407, 338
OU MSrUab chee. clea hak ee ee 1 Bauer eas Oe 19,310,342 24,320, 981
Gis pall sei ol Stk RN ge eo ote es "78,270,163 | 89, 560, 214
Silk.—The principal silk imports in 1913 were: Ribbons, all silk,
691,969 pesos; mixed, 265,543 pesos. Neckties,33,168 pesos. Laces,
82,536 pesos. Sewing and embroidery thread, 108,090 pesos. Hand-
kerchiefs, all silk, 950,507 pesos; mixed, 94,168 pesos. Stockings,
122,300 pesos. Umbrellas and parasols, 48,152 pesos. Jurniture
trimmings, all silk, 31,374 pesos; mixed, 31,917 pesos. Dress trim-
mings, all silk, 176,016 pesos; mixed, 83,813 pesos. Piece goods, all
silk, 2,852,401 pesos; raw silk, 101,765 pesos; mixed, 388,048 pesos.
Wraps, 64,455 pesos. Veils, 71,353 pesos. Ready-made clothing,
all silk, 554,842 pesos; mixed, 37,083 pesos.
Wool.—The principal imports in 1913 under wool were: Table covers,
71,588 pesos. Shawls, 101,784 pesos. Felt, 108,610 pesos. Blan-
kets, 76,921 pesos. Embroidery and crocheting worsteds, 417,904
pesos. Yarn, 871,678 pesos. Cloaks and ponchos, 46,731 pesos.
Stockings, 97,767 pesos. Builhard cloth, 38,992 pesos. Hats, 44,064
pesos. Bedcovers, 841,419 pesos. Shag, 912,712 pesos. Corduroy,
187,217 pesos. Piece goods, all wool, 7,092,134 pesos; mixed,
496,332 pesos. Ready-made goods, 1,258,790 pesos. Ready-made
clothing, 307,519 pesos.
Cotton.—The principal imports of cotton in 1913 were: Quilts,
29,900 pesos. Yarn, dyed, 1,043,997 pesos; undyed, 1,671,248 pesos.
Bags, 402,737 pesos. Bombazine, 189,287 pesos. Men’s shirts, 29,056
pesos. Chemise, 62,198 pesos. Table covers, 186,517 pesos. Ruib-
bons, 380,046 pesos. Counterpanes, 983,579 pesos. Belting, 211,683
pesos. Cordage, 67,474 pesos. Corsets, 65,384 pesos. Curtains, 105,-
238 pesos. Laces, 1,498,213 pesos. Fringe, 79,812 pesos. Yarn for
matches, 163,823 pesos. Blankets, 377,180 pesos. Gloves, 68,376
pesos. Sewing thread, 427,584 pesos. Coarse thread, 339,463 pesos.
Crocheting thread, 38,225 pesos. Canvas, white, 247,202 pesos;
dyed, 114,027 pesos. Napkins and doylies, 194,313 pesos. Stockings,
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1913. 129
1,972,078 pesos. Handkerchiefs, 840,800 pesos; silk, mixed, 45,084
pesos. Passementerie, 80,532 pesos. Ponchos, 84,915 pesos. Wraps
221,226 pesos. Towels, 244,396 pesos. Dish and floor cloths, 162,908
pesos. Piece goods, bleached, 4,841,056 pesos; unbleached, 1,203,755
pesos; prints, 4,119,377 pesos; dyed, 12,875,730 pesos; other colored
cloth, 1,000,143 pesos; wool mixed, 1,313,442 pesos; silk mixed,
1,682,660 pesos.
Other fibers.—The principal imports in 1913 under other fibers were:
Damask, 53,394 pesos. Alpargatas (a kind of cloth sandal), finished,
81,031 pesos; unfinished, 171,464 pesos. Bags, 1,287,194 pesos. Sail-
cloth, 1,001,915 pesos. Manila rope, 96,620 pesos. Chemise, 30,066
pesos. Waterproof coats and cloaks, 24,328 (number), worth 137,313
pesos. Tablecloths, 336,413 pesos. Ribbon, 33,984 pesos. Coti (a
kind of ticking), 242,708 pesos. Collars, 51,763 dozen, worth 108,702
pesos. Chuse (a fiber cloth), 106,991 pesos. Thread, lace, 59,035
pesos. Burlap, 248,785 pesos. Artificial flowers and crowns, 86,689
pesos. Canvas and bags for meat wrapping, 655,341 pesos.
Women’s hats and bonnets, 27,291 dozen, worth 212,717 pesos. Other
caps, 28,776 dozen, worth 106,555 pesos. Bagging, 12,174,491 pesos.
Twine for sewing bags, etc., 952,372 pesos. Oilcloth, 481,465 pesos.
Tackle and cordage, 402,843 pesos. Linen thread, 160,572 pesos.
Canvas, white, 762,743 pesos; colored, 72,311 pesos. Wagon cloth,
405,435 pesos. Napkins and doylies, 311,925 pesos. Stockings,
thread, 437,138 pesos; other, 103,392 pesos. Handkerchiefs, thread,
121,180 pesos. Pita in hanks, 118,141 pesos. Sheets and pilloweases, _
thread, 108,281 pesos. Hats, felt, 184,340 pesos. Elastic cloth for
shoes, 90,650 pesos; other, 163,849 pesos. Piece goods, all linen,
509,390 pesos; waterproof, 306,120 pesos; unbleached jute, 55,658
pesos. Towels, linen, 121,724 pesos. Shag, pita, and other, 86,154
pesos. Jute thread and twine, 145,147 pesos. Ready-made goods,
all linen, 150,505 pesos; mixed, 47,663.
OILS, GREASE, ETC.
The principal imports in 1913 under this head were: Cottonseed oil,
5,915 tons, worth 1,183,076 pesos. Castor oil, 402 tons, worth 80,331
pesos. Coconut oil, 214 tons, worth 34,201 pesos. Schist oil, 967
tons, worth 96,690 pesos. Cod liver oil, 98,307 pesos. Linseed oil,
517 tons, worth 63,008 pesos. Lubricating oil, 25,231 tons, worth
2,554,625 pesos. Rape oil, 180 tons, worth 359,962 pesos. Olive oil,
23,912 tons, worth 4,304,094 pesos. Palm oil, 771 tons, worth 123,280
pesos. Spirits of turpentine, 2,280 tons, worth 296,397 pesos. Ben-
zine, 184 tons, worth 38,134 pesos. Carburine, 958 tons, worth 95,819
pesos. Essences, 61,793 kilos, worth 284,359 pesos. Mineral grease,
1,112 tons, worth 73,680 pesos. Kerosene, 68,228,658 liters, worth
130 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
2,046,860 pesos. Naphtha (ligroin), 854 tons, worth 85,419 pesos;
naphtha, unrefined, 119,318 kilos, worth 11,931,840 pesos. Naphtha-
lene, 299 tons, worth 29,909 pesos. Paraffin, 321 tons, worth 96,392
pesos. Petroleum residuum, 2,036 tons, worth 68,458 pesos. Vase-
line, 137 tons, worth 49,826 pesos.
CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.
The principal imports in 1913 under this head were: Acids: Acetic,
commercial, 419 tons, worth 71,185 pesos; citric, 126 tons, worth
82,187 pesos; sulphuric, 680 tons, worth 57,782 pesos; tannic, 44 tons,
worth 28,923 pesos; tartaric, 1,765 tons, worth 1,147,353 pesos.
Medicated cotton, 244 tons, worth 126,771 pesos. Alum, 6,393 tons,
worth 355,738 pesos. Anhydrous ammonia, 510 tons, worth 127,442
pesos. Bicarbonate of soda, 2,638 tons, worth 79,140 pesos. Stearin
candles, 4,132 tons, worth 1,239,453 pesos. Paraffin candles, 377
tons, worth 112,979 pesos. Carbonic acid capsules, 34,880 pesos.
Carbonate of soda, crystallized, 5,264 tons, worth 157,931 pesos.
Calcium carbide, 9,010 tons, worth 540,589 pesos. Chlorate of pot-
ash, 231 tons, worth 35,327 pesos. Chloride of calcium, 2,130 tons,
worth 42,603 pesos. Fireworks, 348 tons, worth 86,903 pesos. Glue,
810 tons, worth 153,139 pesos. Tannin extract, 3,590 tons, worth
146,047 pesos. Medicated gauze, 111,651 pesos. Gelatin, 71 tons,
worth 36,381 pesos. Glycerin, 128 tons, worth 44,797 pesos. Glucose,
2,895 tons, worth 289,451 pesos. Gums, not enumerated, 494 tons,
worth 146,971 pesos. Soap, common, 1,303 tons, worth 233,387
pesos; medicated, 270 tons, worth 323,946 pesos. Malted milk, 177
tons, worth 71,031 pesos. Proprietary medicines, 1,994,524 pesos.
Perfumery, 1,283,783 pesos. Peroxide of manganese, 1,440 tons,
worth 143,962 pesos. Pitch, 19,916 tons, worth 579,471 pesos.
Photographic plates, 233,604 dozen, worth 153,321 pesos. Insect
powder, 67,535 kilos, worth 36,121 pesos. Powder, mining, 272 tons,
worth, 54,465 pesos; loose and in cartridges, 1,030 tons, worth 695,029
pesos. Roots, herbs, seeds, etc., medicinal, 436 tons, worth 119,179
pesos. Sea salt, 840,172 hectoliters, worth 420,086 pesos. Sapolio,
300 tons, worth 60,024 pesos. Sesquisulphide of phosphorus, 51 tons,
worth 58,844 pesos. Silicate of sodium, 4,964 tons, worth 148,923
pesos. Caustic soda, 7,790 tons, worth 389,397 pesos. Soda ash,
4,860 tons, worth 145,807 pesos. Soda solvay, 6,442 tons, worth
193,264 pesos. Sulphate of aluminum, 1,856 tons, worth 111,373
pesos. Sulphate of barita, unrefined, 1,637 tons, worth 49,106 pesos.
Sulphate of copper, unrefined, 1,376 tons, worth 206,417 pesos.
Carbon sulphide, 1,176 tons, worth 176,412 pesos. Borated talc,
81 tons, worth 81,371 pesos. ;
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1913. all
PAINTS, DYES, ETC.
The principal imports in 1913 under this head were: White lead,
1,440 tons, worth 143,397 pesos. Aniline, 253 tons, worth 217,330
pesos. Ultramarine, 1,022 tons, worth 102,174 pesos. Varnishes,
622 tons, worth 477,890 pesos. Shoe blacking, 99,827 pesos. Paint,
in powder or lump, 3,063 tons, worth 178,973 pesos. Mixed paints,
5,664 tons, worth 838,237 pesos. Enamel paints, 294 tons, worth
131,260 pesos. Pencils and crayons, 101,631 pesos. Minium, 741
tons, worth 59,232 pesos. Printing ink, 320 tons, worth 62,290
pesos. Writing ink, 689 tons, worth 68,973 pesos.
TIMBER, WOOD, STRAW, AND MANUFACTURES OF.
1912 | 1913
|
leone? e505 "ane lemeelzesoss
Primary and relatively primary products. ....-........-- | 3, 756, 520 4, 252, 600
Manuiacturcsn. Siomcre en sa eee terete Sy ten Ata: | 6,131,857 | 6, 576, 339
otal ha okt aoe ery Saeerre oth, Sve ee | 9,888,377 | 10, 828, 939
Primary and relatively primary products.—The principal imports
in 1913 under this head were: Cork, 960 tons, worth 470,530 pesos.
Empty casks and staves, 860,009 (number), worth 860,009 pesos. Ash,
not dressed, 3,333 cubic meters, worth 93,324 pesos. Hardwood lum-
ber, 64,648 cubic meters, worth 748,520 pesos. Lumber, not dressed
or partly dressed, 2,228 cubic meters, worth 59,437 pesos. Walnut
veneers, 739,949 square meters, worth 88,794 pesos. Straw, rush,
etc., 891 tons, worth 45,049 pesos. Paper pulp, 31,993 tons, worth
959,780 pesos. Oak, 16,050 cubic meters, worth 446,980 pesos.
Cedar logs, 10,862 tons, worth 76,034 pesos. Quebracho logs, 8,309
tons, worth 41,546 pesos. Straw braid, 69,446 pesos. Fence and
other posts, 140,888 pesos.
For other lumber, see building materials.
Manufactures.—The principal imports in 1913 under manufactures
were: Walking canes, 5,602 dozen, worth 21,852 pesos. Trunks, 4,630
(number), worth 20,486 pesos. Tool handles, 202,731 dozen, worth
167,902 pesos. Boxes, 250,891 pesos. Boxes, meat packing, 321,252
(number), worth 61,581 pesos. Wheelbarrows and trucks, 48,517
worth 84,221 pesos.
Corks, 164 tons, worth 164,137 pesos. Matting, 73 tons, worth
31,239 pesos. Ice chests, 10,840 (number), worth 52,389 pesos.
Musical instruments not otherwise mentioned, 231,325 pesos. Fur-
niture in general, 2,764,924 pesos. Venetian and straw shades, 141,009
(number), worth 126,908 pesos.
13D, THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Pianolas, 152 (number), worth 15,200 pesos. Pianos, 5,527
(number), worth 1,293,020. Clothespins, 29,076 pesos. Pipes,
tobacco, 108,762 pesos. Straw hats, 100,314 dozen, worth 340,792
pesos. Shoe pegs, 44,489 pesos.
PAPER, AND MANUFACTURES OF.
1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos.
Raperand cardboardic: 22/525 seer eee er a eee eae 5, 749, 443 6, 011, 345
Manutacturesisco2 6 2825 scsecce aus ee poets ee eee sae 4,117, 459 3, 890, 640
Motalsctee ee es toes Taek eae ees soe aeeyee eee 9, 866, 902 9, 901, 985
Paper and cardboard.—Under paper and cardboard the principal
imports in 1913 were: Carbon paper, 21,2385 kilos, worth 55,493
pesos. Print paper, 30,749 tons, worth 1,844,962 pesos. Wrapping
paper, 1,256 tons, worth 100,513 pesos. Writing paper, 3,626 tons,
worth 543,934 pesos. Photographers’ paper, 78,537 kilos, worth
157,074 pesos. Cigarette paper, 384 tons, worth 250,203 pesos.
Toilet paper, 227 tons, worth 68,009 pesos. Sandpaper, 299 tons,
worth 35,888 pesos. Building paper, 8,375 tons, worth 1,256,255
pesos. Blotting paper, 288 tons, worth 86,414 pesos. Tissue paper,
273 tons, worth 109,073 pesos. Wallpaper, 862 tons, worth 262,647
pesos. Pasteboard not otherwise mentioned, 9,387 tons, worth
612,711 pesos. Cardboard not otherwise mentioned, 842 tons, 168,-
346 pesos.
Manufactures —The principal imports in 1913 under manufactures
were: Bags, 183 tons, worth 63,929 pesos. Boxes, 136 tons, worth
101,416 pesos. Collars, cuffs, and dickies, 674,585 dozen, worth
101,726 pesos. Labels, 107,450 kilos, worth 68,272 pesos. Hypo-
lithographic printed matter, 2,030 tons, worth 1,017,055 pesos.
Printed books and pamphlets, 3,079 tons, worth 1,212,209 pesos.
Blank books, 789 tons, worth 387,196 pesos. Music, 43 tons,
worth 34,067 pesos. Playing cards, 2,915 gross, worth 29,150 pesos.
Papier-maché, 150,012 pesos. Lithographs, engravings, and maps,
143,152 pesos. Envelopes, 715 tons, worth 240,364 pesos. Postal
cards, 68,729 kilos, worth 85,054 pesos.
HIDES, SKINS, AND MANUFACTURES OF.
The principal imports in 1913 under this head were: Boots and
shoes, leather, 85,552 dozen pairs, worth 991,220 pesos; other,
36,068 dozen pairs, worth 179,683 pesos. Bull books, cigar cases,
and pocketbooks, 82,836 dozen, worth 213,417 pesos. Belting, 154
tons, worth 308,384 pesos. Gloves, 9,805 kilos, worth 146,988
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1913. 133
pesos. Fur garments, 57,191 kilos, worth 285,955 pesos. Furs,
104,895 pesos. Leather: Calfskin, dressed, 110 tons, worth 410,536
pesos; goatskin, 159 tons, worth 798,806 pesos; sheepskin, 26 tons,
worth 52,302 pesos. Morocco (marroquines), 128 tons, worth
506,432 pesos. Morocco (tafiletes), 32 tons, worth 63,160 pesos.
Pony skins, 29 tons, worth 81,976 pesos. Sole leather, 142 tons,
worth 131,783 pesos. Traveling bags, 12,441 (number), worth
47,457 pesos.
IRON, STEEL, AND MANUFACTURES.
1912 1913
ESOS a el nesOs:
Primary and relatively primary products .........-.-.-.-.. 22, 342,960 | 24, 149, 251
Moanullae tur ese 5 sen ease eee te ens era Sereten 2 erectus = 23, 654, 682 | 25, 891, 054
Es e f
No) cl imeem mE ince pele Ge eer ale 45,997, 642 | 50,040, 305
Primary and relatively primary products.—The-principal imports in
1913 under this subhead were: Steel ingots and plates, 6,854 tons, worth
685,407 pesos. Wire: Steel polished, 40 tons, worth 16,034 pesos; steel
or iron, galvanized, plain, up to No. 14, 45,511 tons, worth 2,125,538
pesos; same, No. 15 and above, 1,384 tons, worth 150,761 pesos;
galvanized barbed, 10,432 tons, worth 625,903 pesos; galvanized
twisted, 157 tons, worth 11,005 pesos; iron or steel, not galvanized,
up to No. 14, 20,967 tons, worth 830,683 pesos; same, No. 15 and
above, 755 tons, worth 60,360 pesos; bronze or copper, 80 tons, worth
6,744 pesos; tinned or nickeled, 248 tons, worth 34,809 pesos; other
wire, 61 tons, worth 10,957 pesos. Nails, 7,815 tons, worth 746,236
pesos. Strap and hoop iron, 4,957 tons, worth 198,262 pesos. Iron
ingots and plates, 186,576 tons, worth 6,378,999 pesos. Galvanized
iron, 91,198 tons, worth 6,383,860 pesos. Iron, wrought, not classi-
fied, 46,808 tons, worth 4,234,929 pesos. Staples, wire, 1,262 tons,
worth 75,702 pesos. Bolts and nuts, 11,813 tons, worth 1,231,724
pesos. Fence posts, 6,019 tons, worth 240,750 pesos.
Manufactures.—The principal imports in 1913 under manufactures
were: Sewing-machine needles, 5,713 kilos, worth 57,130 pesos; other
needles, 37,954 pesos. Firearms and accessories, 420,289 pesos.
Kitchen and household utensus, 1,477,148 pesos. Bathtubs, 17,058
(number), worth 597,030 pesos. Augers and bits, 125 tons, worth
150,011 pesos. Hinges, 1,384 tons, worth 256,891 pesos. Pumps,
water, 1,775 tons, worth 321,141 pesos. Wire cable, galvanized, 1,014
tons, worth 223,130 pesos; not galvanized, 258 tons, worth 41,280
pesos. Chains, 2,095 tons, worth 214,139 pesos. Safes, 399 tons,
worth 79,707 pesos. Steam boilers, 525 (number), worth 1,087,556
pesos. Padlocks, 158 tons, worth 63,140 pesos. Sewer pipe, 74,063
tons, worth 2,292,527 pesos. (For other piping, see building mate-
134 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
rial.) Wheelbarrows, 26,879 (number), worth 77,346 pesos. Iron
casks, 18,314 (number), worth 36,428 pesos. Locks, 762 tons, worth
345,074 pesos. Ranges, stoves, and stovepipes, 1,917 tons, worth
316,861 pesos. Pocketknives, 89,092 dozen, worth 102,643 pesos.
Cutlery, 410,979 pesos. Closet tanks, 884 tons, worth 106,111 pesos.
Axes, 546 tons, worth 191,196 pesos. Saddlers’ hardware, 173 tons,
worth 61,975 pesos. Artisans’ and household hardware, 433,043
pesos. Heating radiators, 1,246 tons, worth 99,665 pesos. Files,
490 tons, worth 195,939 pesos. Wrenches, 237 tons, worth 118,291
pesos. Adding machines, 2,314 (number), worth 185,120 pesos.
Sewing machines, 104,668 (number), worth 1,227,126 pesos. Type-
writers, 6,383 (number), worth 222,476 pesos. Machines not specified,
34,937 tons, worth 6,210,438 pesos; spare parts for the same, 2,734,468
pesos. Hammers, 315 tons, worth 63,096 pesos. Sugar mill accesso-
ries, 61,750 pesos. Gas meters, 10,638 (number), worth 74,466 pesos.
Windmills and pumps, 5,714 tons, worth 571,388 pesos. Motors not
classified, 1,008 (number), worth 824,651 pesos. Furniture, 542 tons,
worth 46,463 pesos. Razors, 31,218 dozen, worth 187,308 pesos.
Bolts, 243 tons, worth 46,468 pesos. Sadirons, 894 tons, worth
98,674 pesos. ‘Typographic presses, 375 tons, worth 64,403 pesos.
Wool and hay presses, 656 tons, worth 65,632 pesos. Revolvers,
24,299 (number), worth 130,597 pesos. Saws, 111 tons, worth 90,202
pesos. Wire cloth, 3,122 tons, worth 439,662 pesos. Sheep shears,
31 tons, worth 24,858 pesos; other shears, 106 tons, worth 119,762
pesos. Windlasses, 297 tons, worth 64,538 pesos. Stairways, 5,093
tons, worth 305,565 pesos. Hames, 201 tons, worth 40,142 pesos.
OTHER METALS AND MANUFACTURES OF.
1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos.
Primary, and relatively primary articles:.-.:2:22-5.--2-.- 3, 723, 386 3, 400, 053
Mami aet ures see Peery hanger esas ate eater ne pen rata neta 10, 643, 323 | 10, 857, 866
ETS tet ates Men Ppt fet ieitaepen Mie hc na eh Aree lane ag | 14,366,709 | 14, 257,919
Primary and relatively primary articles.—The principal imports in
1913 under this subhead were: Copper and bronze in ingots and plates,
1,190 tons, worth 476,865 pesos. Tin in ingots and plates, 596 tons,
worth 357,507 pesos. Tinplate, 16,895 tons, worth 1,352,768 pesos.
Antifrictional metal, 209 tons, worth 58,469 pesos. Lead in ingots
and plates, 8,202 tons, worth 680,167 pesos. Zinc in ingots and bars,
555 tons, worth 49,914 pesos. Zine in sheets, smooth or corrugated,
2,860 tons, worth 313,549 pesos.
Manufactures.—The principal imports in 1913 under manufactures
were: Pins, 46,289 pesos. Hatpins, 45,121 pesos. Jewelry, except
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1913. 135
watches and unmounted precious stones, 1,934,502 pesos; imitation,
95,592 pesos. Umbrellas and parasol frames, 45,875 dozen, worth
111,119 pesos. Manufactures of aluminum, 48 tons, worth 71,580
pesos. Manufactures of copper and bronze not otherwise mentioned,
1,239 tons, worth 1,118,170 pesos. Electroplate manufactures, 304
tons, worth 917,996 pesos. ‘Tinplate manufactures, 424 tons, worth
155,109 pesos. Gas, electric ight, and kerosene apparatus, 490 tons,
worth 614,319 pesos. Manufactures of silver not specified, 189,350
pesos. Silver ornaments, 85,410 pesos. Manufactures of zinc, 37,692
pesos. Scales, large, 249,633 pesos. Hasps, 160 tons, worth 96,396
pesos. Copper and brass tubing, 776 tons, worth 330,006 pesos.
Faucets, 66 tons, worth 61,992 pesos. Lead tubing, 189 tons, worth
28,327 pesos. Lead cartridges, 239 tons, worth 95,947 pesos. Empty
cartridge cases, 50 tons, worth 60,205 pesos. Brass nails, 227 tons,
worth 136,478 pesos. Phonographs, graphophones, etc., 56,432 (num-
ber), worth 130,015 pesos. Harness buckles, 26 tons, worth 54,530
pesos. Mathematical, optical, physical, and surgical instruments,
281,333 pesos. Machines and spare parts for the same, of copper
and brass, 194 tons, worth 346,365 pesos. Brass furniture, 222 tons,
worth 100,006 pesos. Tin foil, 80 tons, worth 56,753 pesos. Watches,
gold, 20,946 (number), worth 531,757 pesos; of other metals, 815,863,
worth 1,821,701 pesos. Clocks, 441,750, worth 361,464 pesos. Si-
phons, 302,013, worth 105,705 pesos. Type, 175 tons, worth 68,033
pesos. Screws, brass, 64 tons, worth 38,675 pesos.
AGRICULTURAL INSTRUMENTS AND MACHINERY.
The principal imports in 1913 under this heading were: Plows,
70,775 (number), worth 1,296,922 pesos; harrows, 1,728, worth 34,560
pesos; mowers, 851, worth 65,950 pesos; reaping and heading ma-
chines, 916, worth 141,130 pesos; reapers and binders, 10,617, worth
1,907,142 pesos; drills and planters, 15,151, worth 369,092 pesos;
thrashing machines, 1,172, worth 1,427,100 pesos; shellers, power, 537
(number), worth 196,858 pesos; hand, 616 tons, worth 92,467 pesos;
pitchforks, 516 tons, worth 103,281 pesos; shovels, picks, spades, and
hoes, 2,155 tons, worth 359,819 pesos; rakes, 11,216 (aumber), worth
89,728 pesos; plowshares, 817 tons, worth 241,619 pesos; plow-repair
parts, 153,134 pesos; farming tools not otherwise mentioned, 124,797
pesos; binding twine, 8,343 tons, worth 1,668,611 pesos; alfalfa seed,
355 tons, worth 177,502 pesos; other seeds not mentioned, 250,457
pesos.
LOCOMOTION—RAILWAY CARS, EQUIPMENT, CARRIAGES, AUTOMOBILES,
ETC.
The principal imports in 1913 under this heading were: Automo-
biles, 5,115 (number), worth 5,382,604 pesos; axle boxes, 1,116 tons,
worth 67,067 pesos; carriages, 20,463 (number), worth 445,221 pesos;
136 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
railway coaches, 98, worth 1,454,376 pesos; railway cars, 5,370, worth
5,038,666 pesos; tramway cars, 287, worth 760,265 pesos; steel ties,
5,754 tons, worth 345,337 pesos; fishplates, 11,518 tons, worth
1,382,210 pesos; axles, carriages, 13,488 (number), worth 107,904
pesos; other, 3,119 tons, worth 291,076 pesos; brakes, 33,075 dozen,
worth 92,909 pesos; launches, 185,000 (number), worth 412,808 pe-
sos; locomotives, 234, worth 3,486,324 pesos; rubber tires, 172 tons,
worth 254,450 pesos; motorcycles, 711 (number), worth 60,765 pesos;
springs for cars and carriages, 1,880 tons, worth 358,879 pesos; steel
rails, 156,592 tons, worth 6,263,680 pesos; wheels and axles, iron,
16,731 tons, worth 1,389,581 pesos; crossbars, 1,738 tons, worth 86,931
pesos; poles and shafts for carriages, 52,671 (number), worth 67,134
pesos; bicycles, 8,456, worth 318,369 pesos; hand trucks, 1,527 tons,
worth 152,740 pesos; railway material not mentioned, 5,041,415 pesos;
tramway material not mentioned, 1,091,550 pesos.
EARTHS, STONES, GLASS, COAL, ETC.
1912 1913
Pesos. IReSosaamm
Primary and relative primary materials................--.| 28, 780,696 | 31, 640, 937
Mamibaetunesie seamen sees see eisai ersten | 4, 836, 5380 4, 936, 994
FTCA See oe ee Meet nine, en aA aren Shen | 33, 617, 226 | 36,577, 931
Primary and relatively primary materials—Under this subhead the
principal imports in 1913 were: Paving blocks, 206,233 tons, worth
515,582 pesos. Cobble stones, 677,749 tons, worth 667,749 pesos.
Paving stones for walks and drives, 495,997 M., worth 719,195
pesos. Asbestos, 368 tons, worth 112,679 pesos; asphalt, 6,998 tons,
worth 279,935 pesos. Asphalt rock, 6,149 tons, worth 49,193 pesos.
Sulphur, 3,135 tons, worth 100,588 pesos. Coal, 4,046,278 tons,
worth 28,323,946 pesos. Coke, 21,317 tons, worth 170,539 pesos.
Precious stones and pearls, unmounted, 12,277 grams, worth 414,339
pesos. Whetstones and grindstones, 47,907 pesos. Refractory
earth, 5,017 tons, worth 60,201 pesos. Carbonate of lime, 4,082
tons, worth 61,223 pesos.
Manufactures—Under this subhead the principal imports in 1913
were: Eyeglasses, 37,835 dozen, worth 36,429 pesos. Tiles, special,
1,973 tons, worth 39,463 pesos. Bidets, 8,444 (number), worth 40,733
pesos. Glass pumps, syringes, etc., 47,304 dozen, worth 142,140 pesos.
Bottles and flasks, for apothecaries, 1,722 tons, worth 209,750 pesos;
other bottles and flasks, 1,236 tons, worth 513,858 pesos. Watch
crystals, 587,137 dozen, worth 70,216 pesos. Mirrors, 296,600 dozen,
worth 133,044 pesos. Coach and other lamps, 72,881 pesos. Opera
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1913. B76
and field glasses, 1,134 dozen, worth 51,725 pesos. Closet bowls, 53,766
(number), worth 91,500 pesos. Incandescent bulbs, 1,478 M., worth
88,654 pesos. Washbowls 14,696 (number), worth 77,697 pesos. Glass
tubing, 1,311 tons, worth 209,748 pesos. Glassware in general, 108,052
pesos. Lamps, glass, porcelain, ete., 130,615 pesos. Manufactures
of glass not otherwise mentioned, 1,018,210 pesos. Earthenware in
general, 1,028,435 pesos. Marble, jasper, and alabaster, worked or
dressed, 143,275 pesos. Majolica, terra cotta, and biscuit ware,
187,198 pesos. Porcelain in general, 433,353 pesos.
BUILDING MATERIALS.
The principal imports in 1913 under this heading were: Building
sand, 1,642,379 tons, worth 1,313,904 pesos. Tiles, common, 23,833
M., worth 394,699 pesos; glazed, 10,961 tons, worth 555,807 pesos;
roofing, 1,810 M., worth 54,300 pesos. Iron tubing, galvanized,
20,249 tons, worth 2,024,902 pesos; not galvanized, 33,480 tons,
worth 1,597,608 pesos. Iron columns, 2,328 tons, worth 186,228
pesos. Iron beams, 104,038 tons, worth 4,161,520 pesos. Refractory
brick, 4,691 M., worth 93,820 pesos. Marble, jasper, and alabaster,
in slabs and pieces, 6,039 cubic meters, worth 625,242 pesos. Mosaic,
3,050 tons, worth 169,428 pesos. Vitrified piping, 1,250,707 (number),
worth 343,862 pesos. Cement, 721,461 tons, worth 7,936,071 pesos.
Platser (sulphate of lime), 2,305 tons, worth 69,149 pesos. Window
and plate glass, 2,050,617 square meters, worth 1,887,113 pesos.
Paving and skylight glass, 5,368 tons, worth 224,316 pesos. Cedar,
25,172 cubic meters, worth 302,331 pesos. Parquetry, 52,834 square
meters, worth 158,502 pesos. White pine, 74,704 cubic meters, worth
1,406,879 pesos. Yellow pine, 570,529 cubic meters, worth 9,128,464
pesos; same, dressed, 2,235 cubic meters, worth 53,640 pesos. Spruce :
pine, 211,721 cubic meters, worth 2,964,094 pesos; same, dressed,
1,406 cubic meters, worth 33,744 pesos.
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS.
The principal imports in 1913 under this heading were: Storage
batteries, 107 tons, worth 27,861 pesos. Insulators, earthenware,
china, and porcelain, 820 tons, worth 124,574 pesos. Wire and cable,
12,685 tons, worth 4,945,631 pesos. Amperemeters and voltmeters,
7,391 (number), worth 33,427 pesos. Insulating tubes, 1,689 tons, worth
314,218 pesos. Telephone apparatus, 21,860 kilos, worth 95,596 pesos.
Telephone material, 58,102 pesos. Telegraph apparatus and material,
45,063 pesos. Electric light carbons, 691 tons, worth 138,176 pesos.
Loom insulators, 52 tons, worth 45,078 pesos. Fuses, 52 tons,
worth 42,132 pesos. Dynamos and electric motors, 3,758 tons, worth
1,127,491 pesos. Small motors, 11,476 (number), worth 91,808 pesos.
Vulcanized fiber, 28 tons, worth 33,285 pesos. Interrupters, 120 tons,
138 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
worth 111,760 pesos. Arc lamps, 9,134 (number), worth 233,740 pesos.
Incandescent lamps, 619 tons, worth 495,441 pesos. Meters, 59,403
(number), worth 712,846 pesos. Portable lamps, 62,295 kilos, worth
62,664 pesos. Ventilators, 11,361 (number), worth 92,934 pesos. Ac-
cessories, not classified, 319 tons, worth 231,459 pesos. Underground
cable accessories not classified, 168,895 pesos. Material not classified,
551,521 pesos. Material for batteries, 540 tons, worth 108,040 pesos.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The principal imports in 1913 under this heading were: Fans,
210,251 dozen, worth 132,824 pesos. Manufactures of guttapercha ~~
and rubber, 485,401 pesos. Buttons, 495 tons, worth 675,642 pesos.
Rubber boots and shoes, 46 tons, worth 58,069 pesos. Rubber
tubing, 555 tons, worth 355,781 pesos. Rubber, 35 tons, worth 34,-
544 pesos. Brushes, 152,151 dozen, worth 182,044 pesos; small,
59,177 kilos, worth 60,208 pesos. Musical instrument strings, 36,924
pesos. Graphophone disks and cylinders, 224,257 dozen, worth
672,467 pesos. Sponges, 14,838 kilos, worth 68,459 pesos. Jewelry
boxes, 51,883 pesos. Other small boxes not enumerated, 36 tons,
worth 91,849 pesos. Rubber erasers, 30 tons, worth 44,789 pesos.
Toys, 786,897 pesos. Waterfilters, 19,636 (number), worth 46,834 pesos.
Materials for mines, 232,095 pesos. Materials for sanitation, 795,625
pesos. Bridge material, 730,562 pesos. Articles forchurch use, 156,200
pesos. Combs, 117 tons, worth 396,170 pesos. Rabbit fur, 149 tons,
worth 297,330 pesos. Paintings, artistic, 52,776 pesos. Live plants,
96,990 pesos. Hat feathers, 6,632 kilos, worth 99,816 pesos. Rub-
ber heels and soles, 54 tons, worth 53,650 pesos. Apothecaries’
utensils and apparatus, 651,539 pesos. Desk accessories not enumer-
ated, 171,572 pesos. Postal and other packages, 3,612,669 pesos.
IMPORTS BY PORTS.
The imports by ports for the last five years were as follows:
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
IBuenosAunes\s ss eee 241,007,773 | 280,883,965 | 292,935,684 | 315,161,703 337, 643, 199
BROSALIONS ene ee eee One 37,509,344 | 38,590,548 37, 800, 115 32, 465, 988 37, 110, 661
13) ave, THEN A oocascosncacane 11, 509, 169 | 8, 137, 940 8,167,164 | 11,475,661 13, 380, 550
DEST 21 eos Peat ene oan a etre 4, 439, 014 | 9, 164, 280 9,924,068 | 9, 251, 431 10, 005, 232
Campanas: ae ees he yee ees 2, 674, 636 3, 254, 235 3, 644, 972 3, 033, 351 6, 523, 889
Willy Come. oessscoscusdcllécossoscesecoc 2,472, 407 4, 608, 364 2,920, 151 4,344, 340
Dam table seve Sher se fe ee eee nan 1, 465, 693 4,074, 451 3, 797, 772 3, 397, 492 3, 186, 118
TLENTON KG) es een eS SEVEN SU 723, 701 905, 806 864, 678 | 1,184, 077 2,385, 007
ComieEE OO AGAMA Nae yes sualocouc conauabocloedokonacooeuclledocassacuodes | 1,569, 588 1, 209, 024
Colonans. ccs cnissce eee se eee eee 274, 344 600, 646 502, 415 | 601, 477 438, 311
Concordia 2 is ssieoe eee 324, 087 417, 401 416,879 384, 196 426, 434
Paral aaah sae tanec Ct eeee 121, 206 229, 991 388, 874 528, 708 234, 929
Gualesitay chia sss ene 178, 138 342, 663 177, 474 | 74, 305 108, 490
Mendoza sean a asp eseeeee 35, 752 | 106, 792 128, 794 76, 903 88, 142
aM Aza ene tion aicesa meee 18, 890 94, 273 115,391 108, 602 85, 522
SEI0 INNO EG coco sseeosaseuadeneue 14, 829 67,598 5, 108 67, 372 19 486
Oglienponiste sce se acdsee ee ce 2, 459, 519 2, 427, 660 3,332,936 | 2,552, 464 4, 163, 208
MO Lal yaersae ane see nee eae 302, 756,095 | 351,770,656 | 366,810,686 | 384,853, 469 421, 352, 542
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 19138. 139
EXPORTS.
The exports by principal countries of destination were as follows:
| 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
|
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
UniteduKanedombesseeeeeeeeeee | 80, 745, 066 80, 792, 485 91, 841,231 | 121,378,358 120, 367, 811
Germany eos ZL Ses}, ey) 45, 054, 817 43, 073, 014 53, 995, 175 57, 915, 843
IFAT CO sees hen come seus ..| 38,996,004 37,761,712 | 39,692, 434 36, 052, 009 37, 718, 537
Be] cari eee ete nes reas 41,306, 799 30, 480, 743 35, 625, 605 37, 258, 225 32, 731, 869
3) PVA ar as SA cake ae se eu ae ne 16, 628, 413 17, 542, 026 17, 874, 106 22, 646, 362 24, 309, 114
(WimitedaStates lessee er eer 26, 066, 790 25, 323, 561 24, 300, 464 32, 391, 148 22, 894, 809
Netherland Seeeeeeeereaaeeeeore. 6, 052, 385 4, 300, 508 6, 440, 459 16, 027, 223 22, 623, 773
Tita ly eee ease emma acucee 12, 635, 710 10, 474, 862 13, 586, 663 21, 147, 962 20, 038, 893
Winbluehyoa sacocuedoucscocseenaase | 1,363, 901 1, 533, 957 2,340, 913 4,714, 480 6, 300, 568
Spain eee ee uses enn eS, 3, 200, 259 2, 870, 07 2,177, 729 3, 582, 495 4, 818, 289
Austria-Hungary.........-...--. 1, 254, 599 1, 867, 703 2,398, 076 2, 896, 798 3, 245, 869
CHT Gi eee nae 2, 671, 567 2,706, 566 2, 988, 695 2, 456, 280 1,944, 477
IRATAgUA Aes eaee cone =e see ecinc ace 150, 478 143, 250 429, 668 1, 219, 925 1, 903, 804
BOlivianeee sec cres: a eere sas ieere 498, 773 578, 478 782, 467 930, 384 1, 131, 594
INORWA Yee eence maroc e osenene 421, 081 251, 247 574, 673 1, 804, 741 1,078, 113
Swed onmmees mae se shee Gear ee 770, 738 743, 195 1, 004, 209 1, 496, 050 1, 073, 976
Denmark yo ee ores. caseaeeneees 1,511, 550 1, 225, 088 74, 822 861, 587 732, 801
British possessions ?..........--- 1,274 281, 577 205, 371 568, 994 696, 901
Cab assse sess cece sos nb emeeee 543, 958 762, 759 | 560,344 782, 741 638, 230
IDES Dice Seu eaEne eStore ToseCuse 241, 985 169, 637 266, 206 376, 643 607, 951
IR Grea Reena oe aa eee 266, 032 1, 020, 429 280, 372 567, 019 535, 973
French possessions......-------- 2,612 52, 996 | 85, 520 74, 106 306, 972
South pAtiri case nn seen een 111, 972 337, 254 | 252, 158 147, 128 163, 362
Onvord ers aes as oe eee 117, 837,922 | 103, 783, 235 36, 357,095 | 114,903,510 117, 716, 237
OtHericountriesseeeeseeee renee 2,717,328 1,567,893 | 1, 485, 240 2,116, 913 2,008, 781
fRobalessc esate see eee 397, 350,528 | 372,626,055 | 324,697,538 | 480,391, 256 483, 504, 547
In United States gold-.......-..- $385, 430,012 | $361, 447,273 | $314,956, 612 | $465,979,518 | $468, 999, 410
1 These valuations are according to Argentine customs appraisements. According to the United States
customhouse appraisements the imports of the United States from Argentina (exports above) amount to
$25,575,667. The figures above, valuing the peso at 97 cents, would show Argentine exports to the United
States as $22,093,491. The difference, due to the different standards of appraisement, would therefore be
$3,482,176. What is said of the statistics of the United States is also true for all the other countries given in
the table above.
2 Does not include Australia, Canada, and South Africa.
The exports above classified by countries include only such exports
as are shipped to a definite destination. The shipments ‘‘on orders,’
which, as is seen from the above table, comprehend in 1913 over 24
per cent, are shipments subject to cable or mail orders as to final
destination. Nearly all of these ‘‘on order’? shipments ultimately
reach the western European countries and in about the same pro-
portion as the direct shipments to these countries, as given in the
table above. It will be seen, therefore, that such countries as the
United States, Brazil, and Chile occupy a rank above that to which
they are in reality entitled if these ‘‘on order’ shipments could be
apportioned to final destination. However, in 1913 there were small
‘on order” shipments of beef to the United States.
The percentages that the exports to the eight leading countries and
‘‘on orders” bear to the total Argentine exports are shown in the
following table:
1909 1910 | 1911 | 1912 1913
Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent
Wimitediekein od omeaeenr eer eee sere ree eee sare reer rr 20.3 2157 28.3 | DOs 24.9
Germany an amare eer cre saree acti aisare cele ares siscierepe 10. 4 225 | 13.3 | 8} 12.0
TAN COR Sse. 2 ese eee eee a se Hone ee atene ane 9.8 10:1 | 12.2 | 7.5 7.8
Bel Pius score saree eee noice cee acess 10.4 8.2 | 11.0 7.8 6.8
1B Vall lees oie oe Sale AS eae a OF ea SC RGR Oct OeE oars 4.2 4.7 | 55) | 4.7 5.0
iWmitedtStatesters- merece eee cass ee cece merase acres 6.6 6.8 | Woe | 6.7 4.7
Netherland sass se eee aes ser eos e eee cece erene 15) 12H 2.0) | 8}.33 4.7
Tiel iy See te ae NP oo Coded SEEN AE 3.2 2.8 | 4.2 | 4.4 4.1
@Tvorders fees ee a LE Pe ee en 29.7 27.8 | 1615 | 23.9 24.4
-20-YEREARS
1894 -TO1913
AGRICULTURAL LIVE ANIMAL AND
FOREST PRODUCTS PRODUCTS MEAT PRODUCTS
5,000, 000,
10,000,000
15,000,000
-+ 10,000,000.
20,000,000
30,000,000
50,000,000.
100,000,000
150,000,000
190,000,000
15, PESOS 30,389,/44. PESOS ZOE AG3, 42, 756 PESOS
I 74 629, 876. P
70,534 040.P
| O44, SES. P
7 38/, 625 P
J SZ alsa 886)
1496.P. LAT, 3 2 CLITA EELLNWO, 646, 4/1 P.
9208, P
72,708 P
It. 765, 60.
SA LZ oe Ly
‘157 654 692. P
164, 091,63), 2:
YEG ———
PAN AMERICAN UNION Peso = 97 cents gold
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1913. 141
Argentine exports are classified under six heads, as follows:
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. | Pesos. Pesos.
Live animals and meat products.| 153,548,356 | 161,006,592 | 168,394,783 | 188,215,956 165, 800, 133
Agricultural products.-........... | 230,503,996 | 196,581,619 | 139,764,386 | 278,186,572 301, 267, 094
Horest) productss-s2-5- sas sess = 8, 927, 362 10, 564, 525 12,254, 604 | 8, 983, 112 10, 617, 985
Mine products. .... ani 742, 707 539, 902 565, 338 285, 272 194, 690
umn tineyand! fishinee=ses---. eee. 752,020 1, 428, 884 1, 663, 285 2, 608, 212 1,816, 911
Miscellaneous....... oer 2,876, 087 2,504, 533 2,055, 192 2,712, 132 3, 807, 734
Mota tooaseemescccsisen 397,350,528 | 372,626,055 | 324,697,538 | 480,391, 256 483, 504, 547
In United States gold.......... $385, 430,012 | $361, 447,273 | $314,956, 612 | $465,979,518 | $468,999, 410
LIVE ANIMALS AND MEAT PRODUCTS.
This heading is divided into four classes, as follows:
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
Wiveranimalse see eee cscs 4,992, 726 5, 055, 706 9, 460, 148 10, 964, 657 8, 770, 045
Ordinary animal products..-.--- 130, 386,137 | 135,033,322 | 137,383,129 | 155,028, 017 136, 336, 218
Elaborated animal products..--. 15, 850, 673 18, 286, 237 17, 640, 268 19, 780, 226 18, 124, 419
Residuary animal products...-.- . 2,318,820 2, 631, 327 3, 911, 188 2, 443, 056 2, 569, 451
Ro tale cies tek saree eieecisisisiSe 153, 548,356 | 161,006,592 | 168,394,733 | 188, 215,956 165, 800, 133
In the class ‘‘live animals” the exports for 1913 were as follows:
Head. Value.
Pesos.
SABSeS LEG aaste ERTS ate wd. tete.2 2. Se eee tel 16, 936 338, 720
Bee tec ttlemn sagen oe ct ce een A | 224, 911 6, 848, 830
OUST RSs he ae epee ee on ate a ae | 100 250
IOTSCS EB ASG IA. =... SR FIORE Re: Se aE 13, 549 736, 550
Dari eGR elec ii on ae em Ere Ec 1, 381 5, 524
"UCU ys aes ss a a i Sill eg lee, ed a ae 17, 544 ' §26, 320
Sheepreitte see aaa a. oo ae Ap Bees. erate tes 103, 997 311, 991
1 Palas ees Sa See ce Cee See eR IC rein ike 5 oar ee 62 1, 860
Motarsesee ALS So SALAS NEE A ER aoe Ns eee emerge 8, 770, 045
Of the beef cattle? 123,317 head went to Uruguay, 26,933 head to
Brazil, and 666 head to Italy. Of the horses 4,819 head went to
Uruguay, 1,403 head to Brazil, 270 head to France, and 210 head to
the United Kingdom. Of the sheep 55,061 head went to Uruguay,
16,538 head to Belgium, 9,922 head to Brazil, and 300 head to Italy.
48888—Bull. 1—_14—_10
142
In the class
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
‘ordinary animal products” the exports for 1913
were:
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Pesos.
IELOTNSION CALC BEE ere tt meter tero | SS IN ania Wee tons. - 2, 262 171, 896
INrozemdbee tone asses Oats cie rave Ih ia een ceiee ae COR aam 332, 054 | 33, 205, 397
Ghilledtbeeits: Seesek Ls. Tl AON SLUR ey aaa do 34, 175 3, 417, 492 -
GrOZETM MAUL TOMAR ee esha ee tye eee Se ae pert do 45, 928 3, 674, 206
Haimatd) bristlesiee iiss wale SSN sel oe aes do 2, 264 2, 681, 723
GeOaESKMS so ete Se Sk Re I ie do 1, 990 1, 162, 878
TVG Ske 125 RS EL I 5. do 451 270, 857
amibskans: £6800 jc.25 ee ogee eee dozen 141, 055 42,316
Salt isheepskins 5140) sa alee eee er ceva en ay dee tons. - , 098 219, 609
Unwashed sheepskins. . Hy gasses eS Avan evra ae Oren 19, 026 5, 586, 253
Saltscattle hades te: o7ouce ue ae ia 8 te cae nee ee Goren. 65,755 | 24, 543, 795
lim teattle hid ese, serie ii, okt he oe nega ae eter dome 21,219 | 13, 988, 905
Salgihorsebidesveme: tice Sateen e None. teeta sek eee dsc 141 20, 394
Min G horseliidessastesesc nein seen tare eerie dovae 1, 042 375, 253
Unwashed iwoolttsi 5-18.) 2 uel Rhee net Re ees do.-2e 120,080 | 45, 270, 016
Smoked stomowe sas o3- Ak Ue Ae Or eA eae ee aS A Goseey 440 131, 952
Jenkedpbeetsnaiasswce saga seats it = sta some Sie ete ea ako) sees 3, 910 658, 097
abo wee sic. ¢ See Gee OL SU OWe Peek Re hee Fe ae dower 70 4,868
Mascellaneous irozentmeatss=-s200 see = ae kas do 14, 005 910, 311
No} Ls oe antes eh Et ges st eae mee ey Ames Sate elles ohne oes he 136, 336, 218
Of frozen beef, 321,303 tons went to the United Kingdom, 3,415 tons
to Italy, 2,832 tons to the United States, and 767 tons to France.
Of frozen mutton, 45,131 tons to the United Kingdom, 254 tons to
France, and 245 tons to the United States. Of hair and bristles, 701
tons were exported to Belgium, 570 tons to the United States, 451
tons to Italy, 193 tons to France, 147 tons to the United Kingdom,
93 tons to Germany, and 109 tons ‘‘on orders.” Of goat and kid
skins, 1,744 tons went to the United States, 616 tons to France, 29
tons to the United Kingdom, 16 tons to Belgium, 8 tons to Germany,
and 27 tons ‘‘on orders.’’ Of the unwashed sheepskins, 17,868 tons
went to France, 364 tons to the United Kingdom, 219 tons to Brazil,
128 tons to the United States, and 143 tons ‘‘on orders.” Of the salt
cattle hides, 30,251 tons went to Germany, 13,782 tons to the United
Kingdom, 10,918 tons to the United States, 6,791 tons to Belgium,
and 2,188 tons ‘‘on orders.’”’ Of flint cattle hides, 10,707 tons went
to the United States, 4,249 tons to Germany, 2,650 tons to Italy,
1,326 tons to Belgium, 974 tons to Spain, and 923 tons ‘‘on orders.’
Of the salt and flint horsehides, 1,116 tons went to Germany, 52 tons
to the United States, and 11 tons ‘‘on orders.’’ Of the unwashed
wool, 39,713 tons went to Germany, 36,864 tons to France, 18,428
tons to the United Kingdom, 10,092 tons to Belgium, and 8,854 tons
to the United States. Of the jerked beef, 2,187 tons went to Brazil
and 1,148 tons ‘‘on orders.”’
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1913. 143
In the class ‘‘elaborated animal products’ the exports for 1913
were as follows:
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Pesos.
(Animator Seamer in 2s os 5 '.d a ele cre ean tons. - 600 86, 916
SOupistOcks sees oso '2 ui. os RM aaron aaa do...- 1, 251 375, 392°
Gannedbmeateeee- ese 2 <3... es eee eee doves ~12, 574 1, 257, 391
(CEE GN ic dod ete oh ee Reh ts RPE Me Bs in doses: 3, 446 689, 198
Ge rps earesbes >< ns 2 oe Sete ea doses 26° 5, 184
Oneal $52 Ske Res eee es 6 Sens a Se em es. 4 doa 100 30, 101
Dressedisheepskins.) |. 2.3L Ree a eee doz... 87, 324 349, 296
SIHSRNEINS cg AMEE Se Ei Soa socenaue pene auc tons. . 407 105, 732
Mica trextract ssi... - sn.., A eee eerie wee ecto eeats dozen 799 1, 598, 136
Gelatin ee Sch 2c 5, 5,0: eich Sty pee a Sauce ayaa ee Veta tena! | pene ae ee 160
Glycerim=-----5-- OEE eG, sot RCN ee ainse tons... 545 136, 234
iBeetserap: and mealies eee Eee dozer 2, 744 1, 097, 566
Commicn soap...22 i. saso-ree ee meee eee = doses 30 1, 781
1G HG ses AN mis met chs SUT Ue 5 aE Boe at ee ee he meee es aa 74
But peneey. eo... seas see ee oe aes cress sese cars tons. . 3, 784 1, 513, 758
lon Gyr. 2 <<< 4 sas Ree ee ee ere ae ye eee eral) ete ol
IMarcarin, orl.) See Bese se Os Sears creer oe Sirs tens tons. . 6, 209 931, 299
@heese 2). SE ee ee ae eee Ole kL | Ede 7 1, 468
Rendered tallow and grease...---.....-.---...-..-- tons. . 63, 089 9, 944, 642
Sollesleathvers) Seer Gag eke REE ie yee ce pieces. - 12 60
GN rev Eee aA PRU Se Sie ED reo NP een 18, 124, 419
Nearly all the butter, 3,324 tons, was exported to the United
Kingdom, and 50 tons to the United States. Of the rendered tallow
and grease, 16,708 tons went to the United Kingdom, 12,952 tons to
Germany, 3,943 tons to Belgium, 3, 646 tons to Italy, 3,484 tons to
France, and 2,724 tons to Brazil. :
In the class ‘‘residuary animal products,” the exports for 1913
were as follows:
Articles. Quantity. _—-~ Value.
Pesos.
BOG Qlians Hee Ses SBabeeo ee asces sowouseScceEesaace tons. - 895 | 7, 624
ILBVeCGL SGI 0) Aer eee pt ace CP RO Ea ast ces eo is doz. 2, 428 121, 411
Hoots(Gloven) see: = 3- {42 223 Sad Sek eee do.... 2, 616 62, 773
ana ven eset relic scat tpt eo tee pos ee See doses 28, 630 715, 759
OBLONG Soca tee Ac aA Rc ane dee iN at lela te am down 30, 716 1, 075, 049
Hooiss ese UE iss hae ak Ca ee ety dost 1, 848 * 23, 105
Dred blood =:seer ee oh aes ere eee oe eee ee doze 5, 124 256, 198
Saltedheasinegs e. Selec. seinem anes meee etn See ko emer ree done 6, 000 299, 991
Dryfcasings! ac: | a 8. ei SS ee do: .4 188 7, 541
Botales: < GRE S). . P TRO ATO AR A onetime menne re 2,569, 451
Of bones, 16,758 tons were exported to the United States, 4,591
tons to France, 2,554 tons to Belgium, 1,970 tons to the United
Kingdom, 861 tons to Italy, and 562 tons to Germany.
144 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
This heading is divided into three classes, as follows:
Classes. 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
Brimay, produciseeepeeeesese eae 219,770,727 | 186,317,291 | 129,711,291 | 264, 495, 250 288, 231, 798
Elaborated products............ 5, 729, 651 5,109, 192 4, 827,935 7,135, 155 7, 468, 085
Residuary products.....-...--.- 5, 003, 618 5, 155, 136 5, 225, 160 6, 556, 167 5, 567, 211
TRO GALE e emictiarcisicineiciwiale acts 230, 503,996 | 196,581,619 | 139,764,386 | 278,185,572 301, 267, 094
In the class ‘‘ primary products,” the exports for 1913 were as
follows:
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Pesos.
Colton 8 Wor et ots 8 ain Seen Meee ee ees tons. - 390 55, 930
IS DISt OU Sue e beg 25 a NM Be ah dl eae doseat 4,794 239, 680
loys aeagt anes eee eRe UR Re Ae Re ene ee LEC tS donee 42 3, 329
Carobnb eats. ieee Sar ee HON artsy A rate pce eee dons 30 1, 492
OAS. lenin c= de Mee a 3 aie ara OM eee Aaa O doze 889, 744 | 20, 447, 278
Barley veer n wench tres oe eis». 5 ee fhe ta ne doles: 40, 742 997, 195
I RMR, SAV Lh Fs 2G 5 dank aa ere eer doses: 21, 868 566, 944
WAGE skin Sie ene a2 this tr eae ates an a doses 2 980
ACRES INTUTE 7s, 5 5c tey eres heye ee eco ie Secsuinsls ae Rie SPR ete alo | re 77, 265
WANS C Ges ha apse ele eee rence: Sie cyceye aig poke tons..! 1,016,732 | 49,910, 201
Indian corms 2s. Shea ee eye hoe eee pean ate do....| 4,806,951 | 112, 292, 394
Gilines stra wees: ee aoe. , ROT De PRS ee dosaee 410 16, 378
IROtALOES. cee ake coc hk pa ee a ee dopeee 21, 620 432, 407
SPSTeA yates © Se Rte ats ore te ene CN eas ea dower 32, 346 312, 590
IB CATS ats eA eto ie Prat AE cu ES PRET It Ae ge OO oe dos 1, 090 43, 613
VAP OSCOG: Sener cee teeters 2 Ratt eee ee donere 5, 711 171, 3382
Miscellaneous seeds: 2.2258 2ss08 So ee et oe ON ee 725 31, 272
Woe attobaccowe Masa FBR ~, Seat re eta. BLISTER REY doneen oA 375
AWiea tac te lemme reer um” tira EMIT al yeaa do....| 2,812,149 | 102, 631, 143
TRotal.ettoek Ree eo Sheed A aha eee 288, 231, 798
Of oats, 314,553 tons went to the United Kingdom, 102,898 tons
to France, 95,785 tons to Italy, 68,007 tons to Belgium, 36,663 tons
to Germany, and 82,642 tons ‘‘on orders.’”’ Of linseed, 240,551 tons
went to the United Kingdom, 191,508 tons to Germany, 130,725
tons to Belgium, 36,659 tons to France, and 295,780 tons ‘‘on orders.”
Of Indian corn, 502,550 tons went to the United Kingdom, 276,366
tons to Germany, 275,445 tons to Belgium, 190,431 tons to France,
127,271 tons to Spain, 119,177 tons to Italy, 85,495 tons to the
United States, and 2,948,226 tons ‘‘on orders.” Of hay, 27,520 tons
went to Brazil. Of wheat, 571,987 tons went to the United Kingdom,
411,342 tons to Brazil, 253,311 tons to Italy, 212,602 tons to Bel-
gium, 189,154,tons to France, 85,740 tons to Germany, and 792,129
tons ‘‘on orders.”
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1913. 145
In the class ‘‘elaborated products,” the exports for 1913 were as
follows:
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Pesos.
Mat ze roiliseeer meee eerie Shee c.5 21s 2 sk sw co eee tons. . 396 79, 125
Wihole=witeatrilounea ests seen ee See doseee 278 5, 565
SUIT SS OU eI ea ee 9 dosees 60 4,766
Cigarettes oijallekandsso. 2. - sh occas nc yo See eoe doeeee 63 126, 520
Shieepadips(tobaccovextract)...-2-5.<2-4-4-% 458 eee dower 66 15, 793
Wernincelligtnern ce er. oo. kee occa eee dase 29 2, 942
ISS CUUNIS Ss Ae sa aa Ne ca a RE dose 16 800
(Commpricallte yrs e ea 530 cc ne ele an ce be dose 10 496
WMWihteateiloureeesase 505555. 14 oe i eee ee downer 124, 649 7, 224, 029
IM GTIZ®. GH GHC EE I a i a ne Pde hs 2 dose 20 4,015
(CRIES ane ree fe, SS Naa BO ceca ae reas dose 10 314
INES CMU CRWIM CS ei o22 02 face ee ee liters. - 37, 198 3, 720
ANGE SERRE eGo ele OI he ae RTs iS Pe he 7, 468, 085
Of the wheat flour, 99,869 tons went to Brazil, 9,286 tons to the
United Kingdom, 2,097 tons to Germany, 1,057 tons to Uruguay,
386 tons to Spain, 274 tons to France, 267 tons to the United States,
and 748 tons ‘‘on orders.”
In the class ‘‘residuary products,” the exports for 1913 were as
follows:
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Pesos.
1 BN 720] Se 2S ere pee eer Sete RT Ske alee pe tons. - 274, 058 4, 740, 184
UATE) (SS SR Se CER ico MRT eR te SEEN MO donee. 2, 874 172, 456
Ricemprokentandetl ours see eee donee 2,574 55, 933
SFE WETS ERLE Sais = ake eee ee Seen eh a a ot dO: i. 2,971 148, 565
MOLASSES aE ry Ne Ue (8s, Sauk Mu at A RS ACI ce donner 3 31
IBIS (Sieh yes ey oe eR Rp Ue a EN EE a te doe 33 130
Relais seals specs date MAI ar peed i oe doseee 683 14, 313
IR@SKG UMA ONIN. oso nabeoodoussoesococuosduaeus Goss 1, 656 16, 558
Oilcakey (eo Mal han o ke A 2 A ee ee donee 20, 952 419, 041
‘TRoqez1 LN Sa aeee SE ee ee Spee SONNY ge eee Sie Pem pairs ob ne Pintle 3 5, 567, 211
Of bran, 198,884 tons to Germany, 20,568 tons to France, 19,221 tons
to the United Kingdom, 5,060 tons to Belgium, 2,222 tons to the
United States, and 12,216 tons ‘‘on orders.”
FOREST PRODUCTS.
Forest products were exported for the last five years to the follow-
ing amounts: 1909, 8,927,362 pesos; 1910, 10,564,525 pesos; 1911,
12,254,604 pesos; 1912, 8,983,112, pesos; and 1913, 10,617,985 pesos.
146
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
In 1913 forest products were exported as follows:
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Pesos.
Q@uebrachowogst es 22-64 22 2). inee ec Cree crt tons. . 383, 964 4, 988, 349
@uebrachoextractan acs sake ee eee eee donaer 79, 684 4, 974, 686
@ifetora choksarw dashes ee ee a Be ean |e a ae 3
@lranco alleys eae ei 8 ois in cree Rae hectoliters. . 90, 132 135, 198
(Cechetnenel sea 6 OL A ne Oy Aa cubic meters 26 a2
VAT OA eHTeS Hersek Sonic 2 BER REE OOO Lome No ~ 118, 255 177, 382
Poplar, algarrobo, fandubay piles, and stakes. ....-.do 393, 059 250, 769
IRE WOOG hc FEB od ois a ke Oe Na ayes 2) AT tN See ee 3, 416
I Vieall cosy ges car oe ih 3s PR RN ee tons 290 8, 693
MESITIS ee. Bs care ook SN nap eae eee le Ate pe do 4 258
Miscellsiveousi wOOdS | 2):0.C cise sh ke OR aI Ce A ea ee 78, 919
Total... fs eis otis Re eS Pe est Sra See SA A ee 10, 617, 985
Of quebracho logs, 283,208 tons went to the United Kingdom,
26,922 tons to Italy, 21,507 tons to Germany, 9,433 tons to the United
States, and 13,312 tons ‘‘on orders.”
Of quebracho extract, 28,402
tons went to the United States, 22,384 tons to,the United Kingdom,
6,241 tons to Belgium, 5,705 tons to Germany, and 3,563 tons to
France.
MINE PRODUCTS.
The mine products were exported for the last 5 years to the follow-
ing amounts: 1909, 742,707 pesos; 1910, 539,902 pesos; 1911, 565,338
pesos; 1912, 285,272 pesos; and 1913, 194,690 pesos.
In 1913 mine products were exported as follows:
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Pesos.
Borate: of limetass. castes Hse eek Bec a rete tons. . 933 46, 6386
GIT C) 2. Re OR Sere ete pee ene ee ner hectoliters. - 516 695
Raricopperss Meer Gre. ee See ee ae ee sate atate tons. - 90 36, 080
OMY Res ais yo ree ee crete tres reine ics em ao eh ohgeenee dorece 369 7, 383
VIG Cages! ee aN el ee rey ene tee te ee aren dose. 5 8, 488
Copper Ores eee Be ere ie eh a dori 295 29, 526
N DT=P XO lao) os pein Mien re Wea char oes vole emea yee at IE ect doses 6 284
Th@ad-sil' vier Ores eee ae Sipe eerie Ont eee ee error | tone seyret siege 4, 000
Wolfram: ore): jt eee be Uist nea Na eid ye aged eee ene tons. . 536 53,/570
ZGARN C2 2s ching toe hs SOA i lig Te a i a Gosaee 63 6, 253
Common! salto Ve eo ens ete eee cena hectoliters. . 400 450
Plagterss. cscs oe eee Seer tons. . 119 1, 320
Total... 6s. o20 Jo ee ees | ceemere: he oe 194, 690
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 1913.
HUNTING AND FISHING PRODUCTS.
147
Hunting and fishing products were exported for the last 5 years to
_ the following amounts: 1909, 752,020 pesos; 1910, 1,428,884 pesos;
1911, 1,663,285 pesos; 1912, 2,008,212 pesos; and 19138, 1,816,911
pesos.
In 1913 the hunting and fishing products were exported as follows:
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Pesos.
Wihale soil. 5 eA 2 eee rier i oe tons. . 5, 140 1, 028, 027
Mihalebone. j3.sce nck on ke 2 eee aie a Slo dose 23 934
Skins:
Condor: ee Se Ae ae era c sie. cue sic kilos 492 1, 190
Hare. 2) coats ss nae See Saas tons 131 26, 284
Nitra see i 2 ees Alor bls kilos 101, 270 378, 833
No? eRe Goto Ho SRE nee eed 645.02 0n Sea eee doz 24, 329 36, 493
Wolf, euanaeo,.dog, and) otherskaniseees 2-2-2. -.--|-o- oa es 51, 668
Salthirs lisse epee eee a. 2) see ree Se tons. . 28 4, 200
Feathers:
@arichiey syle 5 ke, SS I took kilos 68, 786 281, 747
AN PTELLES = seem cos 6 has ci ee RETO foi= oie Ose 65 6, 601
(OT EYE 2 aise iene iene ee ERE IS 5 Colo b oS BEE ael | aicijon hae 934
TEER PEC) PC PROMILA ia ou: le a a AO ER 1, 816, 911
Of the nutria skins, 93,088 kilos went to Germany and 3,873 kilos
to Belgium.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Miscellaneous products were exported in the last five years to the
following amounts: 1909, 2,876,087 pesos; 1910, 2,504,533 pesos;
1911, 2,055,192 pesos; 1912, 2,712,132 pesos; and 1913, 3,807,734
pesos.
In 1913 miscellaneous products were exported as follows:
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Pesos.
IS Nyse GF 0/4 OX eet a cd Me SO ees A ny Semen tons 1, 864 126, 801
aay Se NE AC ale ot Mele ace le Pere el do. 266,778 | 1, 867, 446
Seraparonyan Gisteeles s25) ese eee mere Se eee dozeee 29, 001 290, 010
Horsmbristless seh ns cee es oases «2 See eee domes 24 969
Mave DlaMise . aaysse sna aee Sous Oia a See oe 5 ae ee ea 913
(Wamelaisstie cl, jee Se od Ee eee mn reese oat = 1, 521, 595
ERO tails: erties ukais. 2, fe aie es Sica sie ni 375 Hae oe Te eter eee Osi 3, 807, 734
148
EXPORTS
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
BY PORTS.
The exports by ports for the last five years were as follows:
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
BYGIOS AMG noc ooscedecossesooe 173,076,319 | 161,891,764 | 158,467,098 | 181,767,045 | 170,445,329
TROSATIOR AS esata Ce acne cece 75, 108, 626 68, 138, 957 44,113, 63¢ 85, 118, 833 90,574, 657
BaniapBloucas. wie see 47,848,379 | 41,061,073 | 25,645,280 | 69,010,344 55, 72, 238
WASP ata te Mee nae 17,415,499 | 14,962,638 | 30,527,690 | 32, 490, 969 43, 064, 764
SanuNicolass 2.226 eee eee ees 16, 855, 130 17, 626, 095 2,388, 509 20, 819, 844 25, 228, 495
DAT Aehe ease oe eee nee ease cence 14, 687, 628 8, 950, 842 12, 572, 063 13, 965, 075 24, 565, 893
Concordia snes oe eel ak 3, 113, 626 4,318, 201 7, 852,132 | 10, 657, 734 8, 687, 273
ZETA OR eee eae aa 8, 478, 631 8, 000, 908 8,515,985 | 11, 104, 645, 7, 778, 029
CWampanaeeprrcs ee seeccer nee ces 5, 081, 683 7, 664, 329 7, 245, 433 7, 331, 149 7, 644, 603
Gilani. a ee ae Sn 4,532, 534 6,171, 057 5, 150, 845 6, 753, 099 6, 230, 236
TERY PAO UNE, at aa ee 3, 890, 678 3, 337, 617 1, 208, 486 5, 469, 349 4,554, 735
Concepcion: deli Wirwe a ay:se\aia12 12,35} eyatn = Peto cle | eleleelete lacie les etal | sreeeeiaieeeioteraiele 3, 046, 245 2,570, 913
AVaillaxConstitncion ee ees eee meee 4,024, 454 115, 542 1,641,570 1, 463, 972
Gualeguaychutesesseeeeeeeeeeee 1,076, 814 2, 439, 088 1, 895, 188 2,560, 703 1,874, 818
SRP Az ee eee Re etna eae 361, 489 1, 287, 763 843, 139 603, 331 1, 289, 759
Mendoza os. bi Rie ems ee 1, 808, 867 1, 662, 436 1, 996, 444 1,214, 561 660, 842
Gamera ee, ee 52,740 74,770 665510 | ccisa.s0acecace | Sosa
Othoriports=.2 5. sane eee eee 23,961,885 | 21,014,063 | 16,093,555 | 26,834, 760 31, 097, 991
otal sis), ei aee seks ae 397,350,528 | 372,626,055 | 324,697,538 | 480,391,256 | 483, 504,547
Twenty-year table of Argentine exports.
Live animals Agricultural Forest
Year. and meat Badacis roducts
products. P P :
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
UU) Ne Tae SMES ee Rh one 4 A Ry mn ae ene Nog ay 63, 542, 756 30, 389, 144 1, 511, 145
TUES O yo wt Ee RR lc Som ees) OL Sub a 74, 629, 876 41, 448, 012 2, 161, 414
OS 9 GING le eh or Se ee Sa Me 70, 534, 040 43, 182, 585 1, 268, 663
TSI / 2 SONA SE et SMP OA ees aM et open ote dee 74, 044, 525 23, 336, 369 1, 918, 241
BO BIC Re Leiner TN a Caterrdsjamer eid Mea ge aad 87, 381, 625 42, 692, 922 2, 283, 061
WC 9 QML | eho eee Pat A Ee eek 115, 546, 906 65, 155, 995 2, 208, 916
GO) on es sie Be Re Wk ie es a pee 71, 253, 886 77, 426, 356 3, 508, 915
CIC We aM SG ator ona teens CR Ro % Sar) aN 90, 646, 411 71, 596, 099 2, 821, 496
AGO Dias a= Rp Wee ET AGIS ©: noe Rnente peared tae 104, 539, 139 68, 171, 332 3, 649, 208
OOS Ss oa eer ee ee ey 109, 181, 342 105, 251, 309 3, 472, 708
SLY (2 REE gs ees al eit a CORE conte > i Seats 105, 364, 624 | 150, 328, 529 4, 765, 608
QO DA os ek SE La eke See eee ee ae ae 141, 042,986 | 170, 235, 235 7, 125, 332
EGO Geers Beek ee eee en ad: RUN oe ee 124, 136,439 | 157, 654, 692 5, 921, 859
GO (ERS acs 2 ER RM ee aE Oe 123, 820, 205 164, 091, 631 5, 342, 357
WOO Sisk cal ek CAAT ee eA ek 1 fa eee Re te 115, 118,457 | 241, 677, 164 6, 347, 234
BIE) 0)S) ese a AE DE eg ke NN ai a Les OU ra 153, 548, 356 | 230, 503, 996 8, 927, 362
GIT Oust yan 2, set ls Mara SSE Ide Mee BO tes 8 161, 006, 592 196, 581, 619 10, 564, 525
TSN ch yas: EN eo ees Sk RRO ey eke) a 168, 394, 733 139, 764, 386 12, 254, 604
QTD es Sieh xt Sena Mee LO aR ane Co SN 188, 215, 956 | 278, 186, 572 8, 983, 112
MO eS ic.cs. cic ata B RR We ct SOE eit 165, 800, 133 | 301, 267, 094 10, 617, 985
COMMERCE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC FOR 19138.
Twenty-year table of principal animal exports.
149
: Tallow and
Year. Hides. Meats. Wool. grease.
Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Pesos.
TO. cece edshee ese 17, 985, 032 | 6, 832, 005 | 28, 946, 933 2, 809, 450
SO hearse es SS ee Ride 21, 985, 759 ; 6, 231, 532 | 31, 029, 532 3, 807, 751
URWBss a 8g S See Oe ae oe 17,139,591 | 5,498,106 | 33, 516, 049 3, 179, 326
SOT 5 ccneesees ss eee ss 19, 486,152 | 4,927,035 | 37, 450, 244 2, 656, 048
USO SMa tee Ss. olay a Sep 20, 786,767 | 5, 057, 684 | 45, 584, 603 2, 862, 512
1D). cese ace a ee ee oe 25, 090,578 | 5,001,525 | 71, 283, 619 2, 205, 593
NSO Q acd sities teeter ea eae a as 22,613,020 | 9,366,970 | 27, 991, 561 2, 805, 367
NG OIPP Ree aR: 5d eee 23, 251,315 | 12,802,815 | 44, 666, 483 3, 902, 715
O02 5 Se ees She ona 26,181,991 | 16,551,185 | 45, 810, 749 6, 209, 038
OO Sera ss ee eee 25, 597, 370 | 16, 666, 230 | 50, 424, 168 4, 735, 579
9 ARG Reo Pon a od Co ee 24, 657,176 | 18,940,141 | 48, 355, 002 4, 012, 083
GOS eee oh. 5 = ia ae 30, 509, 833 | 26, 052,136 | 64, 312, 927 5, 323, 005
Mogae 60). | SS SNe ee 29,504,717 | 21,985,978 | 58,402,771 | 3, 487, 459
ISD =k. 5. cobs 26, 312, 984 | 21,419,793 ; 59,252,948 | 4, 813, 778
QO BE se ors bo eee ys ee ee 23, 535, 769 | 25, 569, 667 | 47, 246, 783 6, 033, 774
NGO QR eh os coe, ee ee 40, 305, 069 | 29,358, 475 | 59, 921, 951 7, 573, 230
NO1OMs 2 ows. es eee es 41, 382, 501 | 33, 905, 058 | 58, 847, 699 G, 536, 974
ICT ee Ge cawes Lees 44, 359, 065 | 42,306, 488 | 50,494,027 | 11, 768, 900
QUID £5 28 8 ee a eee eet ee ee 52, 489, 439 | 46, 850, 609 | 58,148, 664 | 11,314, 728
EOVS 5.2203 iA EE ah rth 46, 559, 556 | 45, 950, 548 | 45, 270, 016 9, 944, 642
Twenty-year table of principal agricultural exports.
Indian Wheat
Year. cil Flaxseed. Wheat. Oats. | Bran. fou:
Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. | Tons. | Tons.
1894. 54, 876 104, 435 1, 608, 249 1, 665 | 20,975 40, 758
1895. 772, 318 276, 443 | 1,010,269 | 17,897 | 29,668 | 53,935
SOGES ee sy eee 1 VO) wll 229, 675 532,002 ; 2,885 | 62,727 | 51,732
1897... 374, 942 162, 477 101, 845 566 | 53, 194 41, 443
SOS bee ned cn ae 717, 105 158, 904 645,161 | 1,107 | 52,9385 | 31,933
1899. 1, 116, 276 217,713 | 1,713,429 | 5,367 | 78,890 | 59, 464
1900.. 718, 248 223, 257 1, 929, 676 7,619 | 73,314 51, 203
MO Ole. 32 3 sepeces = 1, 112, 290 338, 828 904,289 | 2,225 | 92,630 | 71,742
102 ee 1, 192, 829 340, 937 644, 908 | 19,842 [104,677 | 39, 040
USO Re 4:hsge 2,104, 384 593, 601 | 1, 681,327 | 26,245 [132,192 | 71, 980
1904. . 2, 469, 548 880, 541 2,304, 724 | 29,156 |154, 456 | 107, 298
OOD ae VA Ph, PRAY) 654, 792 2, 868, 281 | 17,167 |176, 664 | 144, 760
TOOG AEA 3 oe. 2, 693, 739 538, 496 2, 247,988 | 51,661 1178, 517 | 128, 928
1907... 1, 276, 732 763,736 | 2,680, 802 |143, 566 |209, 125 | 127, 499
GOSS area cee 1,711,804 | 1,055,650 | 3, 636, 294 |440, 041 |208, 309 | 113, 500
1909... 2, 273, 412 887,222 | 2,514,130 |421, 352 |207, 238 | 116, 487
ICIS e ees ee 2, 660, 225 604, 877 | 1,883,592 |370, 948 |250,777 | 115, 408
OMNES Ss Sete ee a 125, 185 415, 805 2,285, 951 |511, 389 |214, 634 | 118, 486
1912 4, 835, 237 515,399 | 2,629,056 |896, 032 [325,226 | 131, 580
UNE ae eee ee 4,806,951 | 1,016,732 | 2,812,149 |889, 744 |274, 058 | 124, 649
( (p= Se Oe ~—dr SR AMKE Con = —Lo—= =
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
Newspaper reports indicate a BIG CORN CROP, and the Buenos
Aires Central Railway has given a contract for the erection of eight
large grain sheds along its lines in order to facilitate its handling.
The sheds will be located at El Jaguel, Hunter, Rojas, Federico
Lacroze, and Merceditas, and will cover an area of 125,000 square
feet. Heavy rains have caused considerable loss of corn-planted area,
but the loss is believed to be less than at first estimated. The mes-
sage of the Vice President of the Republic to Congress dealt with
many economic phases of development and showed constant and
healthful growth. Agriculture continues to expand and occupy more
and more the attention of the people. There are under cultivation
2,728,000 acres more than in 1912, of which 1,714,000 acres are
planted to wheat, oats, and corn. The total acreage now producing
all kinds of crops is abeut 72,174,000; the harvest for 1913-14 of
wheat, oats, barley, and corn amounted to about 13,800,000 tons, or
an increase of 750,000 over the previous harvest. Live stock in-
dustries continued very favorable, and high prices prevailed for all
classes. Railroad construction advanced gradually, and the country
now stands ninth as regards railway mileage of the nations of the
world, having 20,502 miles of road in operation. The progressive
ideas of the city of Buenos Aires are seen in the NEW YEAR BOOK,
which has been published in the English language for the convenience
of the English-speaking people of the city and elsewhere. This book
contains 318 pages and is filled with a wealth of matter relative to
the Federal capital and its many branches of public and private
work. The REBUILDING of the bridge over the Salado River
in the Province of Santa Fe will doubtless require many months for
completion, and in the meantime a temporary structure will be erected
for carrying trains of the Central Northern Railway, a service to which
the bridge belonged. It was carried away by the extremely high
waters prevailing a few weeks ago. The high waters also damaged
the construction of the State railways from Diamante to Curuzu-
Cutia, and an agreement has been formed whereby the Entre Rios
Railway Co. will exploit the Government line that is already com-
pleted. Early in May work was commenced on the Central Norte
RAILWAY from Talampampa to Rodero Latas, according to news-
paper reports. The South American Journal, London, gives the
exportation of CHILLED MEAT for the last week in April as follows:
Frozen beef, 50,953 quarters; chilled beef, 58,315 quarters; frozen
sheep, 30,158; frozen lambs, 19,503.——April is the RAINY MONTH
in Argentina, and many sections suffered severely from heavy down-
150
- BOLIVIA. 151
pours this year. In the southern section of the Province of Buenos
Aires nearly 11 inches fell and many properties were damaged, espe-
cially railway embankments and low-lying tracks, all of which caused
interrupted traffic, but opened opportunities for large quantities of
repair materials of all varieties. The Argentine cruiser Patria
sailed from La Plata on her third voyage in the year, for the purpose
of studying NAUTICAL MATTERS in which the ministry of marine
is interested. This vessel, with her complement of scientists, has
already done important work, and the present cruise along the coasts
of Argentina and possibly elsewhere is likely to result in obtaining
much valuable knowledge along marine lines. News reports say
that the Banco Popular of Buenos Aires, distributed DIVIDENDS
to its stockholders of 13 per cent on the business of the past fiscal
year. The farmers of Mar del Plata have sent to the Casa Amarilla
market 20,000 tons of POTATOKS, the value of which is given at
nearly $6,000,000.—The national live stock department estimates that
a@ person or a company wishing to enter the CATTLE RAISING
business within a radius of several hundred miles from the capital
city should have something like $65,000 with which to begin opera-
tions. One thousand five hundred acres of land will cost about
$10,000, cattle will cost $50,000, while incidental expenses will be
several thousand dollars annually. Two farm hands will cost $60
per month, and a man in charge of the farm will demand a salary of
$100 monthly. Many other suggestions are made by the department
of the Government referred to, and it would be well for intending
investors to get in touch with the officials before entering into such
business in Argentina. According to news reports, a DUTCH
BANK for South America (Banco Holandes de la America del Sud)
is a new company organized for securing Argentine trade. The home
of the company is Amsterdam, while Buenos Aires will be the field
of activity. The capital for the enterprise is said to be $4,000,000.
In 1904 Holland had an annual trade in Argentina amounting to
about $4,500,000; this business has increased to something like
$20,000,000 a year, and the increased banking facilities will doubtless
be a boon to commerce between the two countries.
The British minister to Bolivia recently made a report on Bolivian
trade and conditions, in which the RUBBER INDUSTRY was
extensively discussed, and a tribute paid to its excellent qualities.
LY THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The report deals with the four varieties of rubber trees which abound
in Bolivia, the localities where each are found, the condition and price
of laborers for gathering the rubber, the export tax which is likely to
be reduced from 12 to 2 per cent ad valorem, etc. Bolivia stands
next to Brazil in amount of rubber production. In connection with
the extensive MINING OPERATIONS now fully launched by former
United States Minister Knowles, an article in the Mining and
Scientific Press, of San Francisco, gives many details about the work.
At the Pallaya mines, about 117 miles north of La Paz, 100 Aymara
Indians are employed. Their daily wages vary from 16 cents for the
smallest boy to $1.60 for mine captains. Dr. L. E. Benson, of
Los Angeles, California, and John de Buhr, completed a successful trip
THROUGH BOLIVIAN JUNGLES, the object of which was to study
the land and the possibilities of its utilization, and also to look for
minerals. ‘The two menwith a numberof helpers left the railroad near
Cochabamba and traveled on mules for 2,000 miles, visiting San Jose,
Santa Ana, San Corazon, San Fernandez, and many other towns and
settlements. Finally they reached Corumba, on the River Paraguay,
and took steamer for Buenos Aires, and returned to Bolivia via Santiago
and the West Coast. The full report of their observations will doubt-
less be forthcoming and will throw much light on a little known sec-
tion of the world. In a recent issue, El Norte, one of the leading
newspapers of La Paz, published several columns of interesting matter
relative to the PROPOSED RAILWAY from Machacamarca to
Uncia. Sr. Simon I. Patino, who has grown immensely wealthy from
the exploitation of mining properties, is interested in this new line of
communication and believes it will not only be of great individual
advantage to construct it, but the country at large will derive much
benefit. Sr. Anibal Capriles, director general of public works, has
recently made a tour of inspection over the route of the proposed
road and is enthusiastic relative to the possibilities of modern develop-
ment along its course, and the newspaper interview following his
return throws much light on the subjects of grades, cost, etc., of the
undertaking. Don Adolfo Ballivian, consul general of Bolivia at
New York furnishes the BULLETIN with a statement covering the
exportation of United States PRODUCTS TO BOLIVIA for the
months of April and May of the present year. In April there were
15,391 parcels weighing 814,026 kilos, the value of which was given
at $166,654.69. In May there were 9,024 pieces or packages, weigh-
ing 543,081 kilos, and the value was $98,801.49. These goods con-
sisted of food stuffs, drugs, machinery, kerosene, etc.
The South American Journal (London) of June 6 devotes several
pages to an examination of commercial and industrial AFFATRS OF
BRAZIL, and great improvement is noted. Various public and pri-
vate interests are considered, the national debt analyzed, resources
studied, etc., with the result that a most optimistic outlook is voiced,
and in the words of that well-known journal, “‘It is gratifying to be
able to perceive a distinct improvement in the prospects of the Re-
public.” According to the recently published statistics of PAS-
TORAL RESOURCES of the country, there are 30,705,400 catile,
7,289,690 horses, 10,000,000 goats, 10,649,000 sheep, 3,207,940 mules
and asses, and 18,500,000 pigs, the total value of which runs to
enormous figures. In this connection much attention is attracted
to the proposed organization announced by Admiral Jose C. de
Carvalho for fostering still further the pastoral industries. Capitalists
of Brazil and elsewhere are invited to join the enterprise, the object
of which is to engage in cattle raising, farming, and meat freezing.
The States most suitable for such purposes are Matto Grosso, Goyaz,
Piauhy, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Geraes, etc. The report of the
BANK OF BRAZIL for the year 1913 has been made public and shows
the bank’s condition prosperous; it has passed through a trying
period and has emerged without disturbance of its financial stand-
ing. The Société Frangaise d’Entreprises et de Travaux Publics,
a company that has received the contract for improving the port of
PORTO ALEGRE, entered upon its work early in May. The occa-
sion was marked by a number of public and private social func-
tions. The BRAZILIAN TRACTION, Light & Power Co., which
controls several smaller companies, has issued a report showing opera-
tions for the last 18 months. It shows thai more than $11,000,000
revenue has been derived from the work of the several companies,
and that $8,185,495 have been distributed as dividends. The Rio
de Janeiro street car system, the Sao Paulo Electric Co., and the
Sao Paulo Tramway, Light & Power Co. are operated under the first-
named organization. Many details concerning the several com-
panies are given in the report. The NEW HOTEL near Santos,
under the management of the Ritz-Carlton Co., is proving very
popular with wealthy Brazilian families during winter months, many
of them coming from far interior towns and cities in order to
enjoy the fine bathing afforded at this new seaside resort. A well-
appointed casino is attached to the hotel, together with a number of
other attractions, and a good business is enjoyed. The property is
153
154 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
owned by the Brazil Railroad Co., which owns the fine new hotel in
Sao Paulo, which is also under the management of the Ritz-Carlton
Co. The same newspaper, in speaking of the above hotels, says that
new hostelries on modern lines are badly needed in Pernambuco and
Bahia, where hotel accommodations have not kept pace with the
progress of other business. A correspondent of the Economist,
London, May 30, contributes an interesting story of RAILWAYS
in Brazil and the accommodation that may be expected by the
tourist in visiting the numerous smaller cities of the interior of the
country. Tourists, and even the commercial men from the United
States and Europe, according to the writer, rarely see any section
of the great Republic excepting the coast cities, while the interior
offers many attractions and business opportunities that are not at
present enjoyed by the foreigner: Train services are fairly good, and
the great coffee sections will prove well worth visiting. News-
papers report great progress on the PORT WORKS of Bahia, which
have been building since 1909, and which will eventually cost many
millions of dollars. Bahia is now a city of 300,000 people, and recent
municipal improvements have remodeled and beautified the streets
and suburban villages, so the traveler at present finds many modern
conveniences. Newspaper reports state that J. P. Morgan & Co.,
Kuhn, Loeb & Co., and the First National Bank, all of New York, are
eed in the oe of $100,000,000 to Pram for public Eee
ments and other purposes.
The operation of the ANTOFAGASTA & BOLIVIA RAILWAY
proved profitable for the stockholders during the last calendar year.
The report of the company recently made public shows that for the
whole year a dividend of 11 per cent was paid to stockholders; and a
bonus of 1 per cent on the preferred ordinary stock is recommended.
It is proposed to complete double-tracking the line from Valparaiso
to Santiago. A Government commission is now considering plans
for reorganizing State railways, and a loan for more than $24,000,000
may be sought in foreign countries. The Punta Arenas WIRE-
LESS STATION has been completed and early in May aerial com-
munication was established between that city and Valparaiso.
Kuropean papers are commenting on the business-getting qualities of
the salesmen and commercial representatives now visiting Latin Amer-
ican countries. A casein pointis that observed at Antofagasta, where
CHILE. 155
the city officials are letting certain street paving, ROAD BUILDING,
garbage collecting, and other contracts amounting to largesums. One
energetic United States traveler carried from San Francisco a large lump
of paving that withstood the earthquake and fire and still was in good
condition, and this specimen made a deep impression upon the officials
that were charged with letting the Antofagasta contract. It is not
stated whether this individual received the coveted order for his sup-
plies, but the incident shows a high degree of original enterprise and
might be emulated to advantage-——The United States consul in
Valparaiso says that more NORTH AMERICANS VISITED CHILE
last year for commercial and industrial purposes than ever before in
the same length of time. The result has been that imports from the
United States are increasing, and more capital is being invested in
mining and other enterprises. Chile imports from the United States
about $20,000,000 worth of manufactured goods annually, when at
least twice that amount might be supplied by American firms.——
The West Coast Leader, of Lima, under date of June 4, contains an
interesting résumé of the work done by the Howard syndicate in
constructing sections of the LONGITUDINAL RAILWAY, which
now extends from Port Montt to Pisagua. This company was
awarded the construction of the southern section of the road, or from
Cabildo to Copiapo, a distance of about 365 miles, for a sum slightly
in excess of $17,000,000. The work has been done since May, 1910,
and thereby complies with stipulations of contract. Many localities
along the new road are extremely picturesque, and there are 40 miles
of rack track im order to climb the steep grades. The region is a
confused mass of mountains broken by deep gorges and at long inter-
vals by narrow level valleys; the prevailing color of the mountains
is a white-brown; vegetation, except for a few shrubs, is spars2 and
almost nonexistent. Although the long slopes are devoid of vege-.
tation the monotony of their colorings is broken by the stains of ocher
and red and orange, or sometimes vivid greens and blues and mauves,
which mark the outcrop of the minerals which abound in every direc-
tion. A very important public auction will take place at Santiago
on August 10 next, and continue on the following legal days, of
various lots of NITRATE LANDS in the Province of Tarapaca. The
land will be divided into lots of about 3,000,000 quintals (210 pounds)
each, and the lowest price to be accepted will be 32 cents, while it is
estimated that the highest price offered will be about 55 cents. Con-
siderable interest is already manifested and it is expected that the
bidding will be active.
The Government has decided to award annually to graduates of the
National University in the departments of medicine and natural
sciences a MEDAL OF HONOR, and according to a decree which
took effect the 1st of June there will be three forms of this honor.
The highest award will be a medal of gold; the second one will be of
silver, while the third will be in the form of honorable mention. In
order to make such awards there will be appointed a committee of
judges, who will pass judgment upon the various theses that may be
submitted, as well as on the general scholastic work of the indi-
vidual.——In Bucaramanga a committee was organized to foster the
PROPOSED RAILROAD from Santander to the Magdalena River,
which would pass through a section of country whose commercial
and agricultural industries have long been retarded by lack of means
of transportation.——According to a report of the minister of the
treasury the budget covering expenses for the YEAR 1914 provided
by the national congress of 1913 reached the sum of $19,718,854.
The revenues amounted to $17,404,010, which made a deficit of
$2,314,844. This, with various other national expenses of $456,230,
makes a total deficit of $2,771,074 for the present year. On June 1,
of the present year the city of Cucuta took over the STREET CAR
SYSTEM of that place, which hereafter will be operated by the
municipality ———THE REVENUE of the Intendencia de San Andres
y Providencia in 1913 was $35,280.55, and the expenditures for the
same period were $28,459.89, thereby providing a balance of $6,820.66.
A recent executive order gives the faculty of medicine and natural
sciences of the National University the power of conferring a DEGREE
IN PHARMACY. Any person desiring to practice the profession
must present himself for examination, which will be conducted in the
following branches: Experimental physics, physics and biology, bot-
any, zoology, organic and biological chemistry, pharmacy, etc.
A Colombian mechanic has INVENTED A WHEEL for propelling
river steamers, and among the advantages claimed are a swifter and
smoother movement over the ordinary means of propulsion. The
new wheel has been put into service on the Magdalena River and its
work is being watched with interest, as greater uses may be a possi-
bility —_—There has been organized in Pereira, an important city
of the Quindio section, a company which proposes the construction
of A RAILROAD from there to the Cauca River. Preliminary sur-
veys have been made, plans are being formulated, and it is believed
that the work may be carried to completion, and thereby open a
156
COSTA RICA. 157
commercial route that would develop to great importance-——A
new DREDGE has arrived at Beunaventura for work in the Cauca
River, and after numbers of sand bars and other obstructions are
removed much larger vessels will be enabled to navigate this river.
The director of construction of the Cali to Popayan RAILWAY has
announced that by July, 1915, this road will be constructed as far
as Aganche, or about 60 kilometers from Cali, and that by September,
1916, the rails will have reached their terminus at Popayan, 150 kilo-
meters from the starting point. Thus it is seen that the work on this
important rail route is progressing satisfactorily and before long com-
merce of all kinds will begin to feel the impulse of transportation
facilities. The Government has given to the famous sculptor,
Mariano Benlliure, the contract for making the statue to Ricaurte,
which will be erected in the capital of the Republic.—The national
senate has voted the sum of $500,000 gold for the purpose of sani-
tating and improving the various ports of the Republic.
Leading citizens of San Jose and other parts of the Republic have
organized a company for the purpose of constructing a FINE NEW
HOTEL in the city of San Jose. The increasing number of tourists
now visiting Costa Rica make a strong demand for better hotel
accommodations, and the organization of the company is the first
step in that direction. The hotel will be modern in every respect
and will cost half a milion dollars or more. The name of the enter-
prise is La Compania de Hoteles para Turistas de Costa Rica (The
Tourists’ Hotel Company of Costa Rica). The POPULATION of
Costa Rica at the end of 1913, according to newspaper statements,
was 410,981. At the beginning of the same year there were only
399,424 people, which makes an increase in one year of 11,557.
There were 8,364 births over deaths; the excess of immigration over
migration was 2,328; there were 17,746 births, or 621 more than
during 1912. The NEW PRESIDENT of the country, Don
Alfredo Gonzales, who took the oath of office on May 8, is a gentle-
man of progressive ideas, and in his inaugural address laid much
stress upon the educational, agricultural, and financial advance-
ment, all of which he hopes to materially aid during his administra-
tion. —The commercial RATE OF INTEREST in Costa Rica is
about 12 per cent, a rate that is considered very high and a detri-
ment to the development of many lines of industry. In San Jose
48888—Bull. 1—14——11
158 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
there are four banks under the supervision of the national govern-
ment, and each is required to carry gold reserve coin. Lic. Don
Carlos M. Jimenez has been nominated CONSUL GENERAL of
Costa Rica in Paris and has departed to assume his duties, some of
which will be an aggressive campaign to make known the vast com-
mercial, industrial, and agricultural resources of the country.——
The subsecretary of public instruction, Don Luis F. Gonzalez, has
been authorized to construct FIVE SCHOOL BUILDINGS in
San Jose. Some of the buildings that are at present used for schools
are unsuited for such purposes, and the new administration pur-
poses to provide the best educational facilities for the children of
Costa Rica. Active work on the buildings will shortly begin and
possibly by the end of the year the new schools will be ready to
receive students. La Prensa Libre (The Free Press), of San Jose,
under the date of June 10 contains much detail of the contract
recently signed by the minister of fomento and Don Francisco Q.
Esquivel, representing a group of bankers, for the construction of a
RAILROAD and port in the department of Tortuguero. The new
road will penetrate practically virgin territory rich in agricultural
possibilities; there will be two lines, one of which will start at Tor-
tuguero, on the Caribbean coast near the northern boundary of
Costa Rica, and follow a southwesterly course to the Sarapiqui
River; the other line will also start at Tortuguero and take a more
southerly route and tap the main line railway from Limon to San
Jose. The distance the new lines will cover is not given in the
article above mentioned, but -the cost of these, together with port
improvements, is estimated at about $3,500,000. The Keith inter-
ests are reported as largely interested. A syndicate formed in the
United States will probably develop the COTTON INDUSTRY in
Costa Rica. Representatives have visited various parts of the
country and have decided that the Orotina section offers the best
possibilities for the cultivation of the plant, and further steps are
likely to be taken within a short time. |
E29
P@Ni2oe
oN =) RSS
s DS CaN
MOSES ECZERS :
The first live STOCK EXPOSITION held near Habana recently
has resulted in renewed attention to the stock industry, and it is
believed that similar expositions will be held at certain intervals,
possibly each year. Ten prominent stockmen and breeders from the
United States took part in the exposition and several of them received
CUBA. 159
prizes for the stock shown. Locally much interest was manifested
in the enterprise and the committee intends to carry out certain meas-
ures that will have a bearing on promoting the breeding of high-grade
live stock. The Cuba News states that a new MATCH FACTORY
is likely to be established in Habana. The promoter of the enterprise
is L. G. Kates, of New York, who will introduce a new method of
manufacture, which produces a noiseless match and one much safer
to handle than the ordinary article. IMPROVEMENTS and re-
pairs to buildings in Habana have been very active. In four months
just passed 786 building and repair permits were issued. Of 340 plans
submitted for examination, only 210 were approved, indicating that
certain rigid requirements must be complied with before operations
may legally begin. The Cuba Railroad Co. is now operating a
STEAMSHIP SERVICE between Santiago and Kingston, Jamaica.
The Prince Rupert leaves Santiago on Tuesdays, and returning leaves
Kingston on Wednesdays. This service will greatly aid through
travel from the United States via Habana, Santiago, etc., and permit
travelers to connect with the numerous steamships that make Kings-
ton a port of call, both going to and returning from the Panama
Canal. Mr. A. H. Van Hermann, well known as the editor of
Modern Cuba, has been appointed CHIEF OF HORTICULTURE
at the Government experiment station at Santiago de las Vegas.
The appointment, however, will not interfere with the publication on
which he has long worked with patriotic zeal and which he will con-
tinue to edit. The Cuban training ship Paéria is preparing for a
seven months’ CRUISE IN FOREIGN WATERS, during which
time she will carry 15 midshipmen. The latter will receive instruc-
tion in the many branches of navigation as well as acquire much prac-
tical information necessary for naval officers. The Isle of Pines
Fruit Growers’ Exchange has placed an order for 100,000 VEGE-
TABLE CRATES and 50,000 citrus-fruit crates with the Cummer
Lumber Co., of Jacksonville, Florida. One firm on the island will
ship 35,000 pineapples to New England markets. All pines running
smaller than eight to the crate will be used in the new canning establish-
ment soon to begin operations under the management of Kopf Bros.
The smaller pines from various sections of the island will be purchased,
and thereby a large canning industry is to be gradually developed.
A BANK OF ISSUE and discount will be organized in Habana if
Congress sanctions a bill introduced in that body recently. -Such an
institution is in accordance with recommendations made in a special
message from the chief executive some time ago. [La Lucha, of May
12, contains a full text of the proposed financial institution, which, in
addition to the banks already doing a good business, will be ot great
assistance and convenience to business interests.
Under date of May 21 the United States consul at Puerto Plata
furnishes an interesting REPORT on the commercial and industrial
progress of his district during 1913, and incidentally on matters of
the Republic in general. Cocoa ranked first in importance of the
total exports, most all of which went to New York. The bulk of the
tobacco crop went to Germany, where it is in demand on account of
its moderate price; the latter could be increased if the cultivation
and preparation were given more attention. The exportation of
bananas amounted to 591,500 bunches, the value of which was
$295,750. All of the bananas are shipped from Sosua and are
destined for the United States. On account of havoc wrought by a
storm in December last the banana crop is not as promising as usual.
The total exports from the Puerto Plata district for the last two years
were valued as follows: 1912, $5,294,945; 1913, $5,419,807. The
import trade of the district was unusually active for the reason that
the stocks received during the previous year were practically ex-
hausted. There was considerable building activity and this fact was
responsible for the large importations of iron and steel. In 1912 this
amounted to $271,768; in 1913 the figures rose to $439,539. The
United States furnished the bulk of these supplies, with Germany,
France, and Great Britain ranking in the order named. The total
imports for 1913 were worth $3,835,489, against a total of $3,039,209
for the previous year. The United States vice and deputy
consul general at Santo Domingo City states that FIVE AUTO-
MOBILES were imported into the Republic during the year ending
March 31 last; the value of the machines is given at $5,939, and all
were from the United States. The Republic now has about 55
automobiles. Mr. John Abbes, an American commission merchant
residing at Santo Domingo, is interested in establishing an agency
in that city for AMERICAN FURNITURE, a small quantity of
which is being imported and is of the cheaper grades. The same
gentleman is also interested in the importation of various lines of
American products which will be suitable for the general public.
The general receiver of Santo Domingo customs furnishes an interest-
ing report on CONDITIONS in the Republic and also figures relative
to exports for the first quarter of the year.
160
According to the United States consul general at Guayaquil, there
were 27 more FOREIGN VESSELS arriving and clearing that
port during 1913 than for the previous year. Of all the ships visit-
ing Ecuador’s ports during the year not a single one was from the
United States. In 1912 there entered Guayaquil 161 steam-propelled
vessels and 4 sailing ships; in 1913, 187 steamships and 5 sailing
ships entered that port, the total tonnage for the latter year being
shehtly more than 354,000 tons. For the previous year the tonnage
was 304,000. Of the 25,000 tons of the tagua or ivory nuts annually
exported the United States buys directly about 15 per cent; Germany
as a distributing center receives 50 per cent; while thousands of tons
of these valuable nuts rot on the ground where they fall. Recently
a company was formed in New York for installing machinery at
Manta for hulling and shaping the nuts before shipping them to other
countries, to be made into buttons and a hundred other useful
articles. Ecuador has one SHOE FACTORY, employing 100
workers, and the output of the enterprise is about 60,000 pairs a
year. The manager is a North American who received his training
in New England factories. The United States consular agent at
Bahia de Caraquez furnishes an interesting report on the com-
mercial movement in his district during the year 1913, which is
stated as being one of considerable business activity. The exports
for 1912 were valued at $775,503, while during 1913 the increased
business amounted to $1,145,570. The greater shipment of tagua
nuts is responsible for the increase, and the amount of shipments for
1913 are given at 12,824,800 pounds of unshelled nuts, and 4,754,900
pounds of shelled tagua. The production of cocoa is extending
gradually, and about a 20 per cent increased output is predicted for the
present year. The Engineer, of London (May 29), is authority for
the statement that the well-known German firm of Orenstein &
Koppel has signed a contract for the construction of “a line in con-
nection with the main line of track of RAILWAY between Ambato
and San Antonio.” The contract calls for several branches, all of
which will serve as feeders for the Guayaquil & Quito Railway. The
same firm is likely to bid on constructing a line northward from
Quito through the town of Tulcan. A firm of United States
engineers has secured the contract for certain TRAMWAY CON-
STRUCTION and equipment in Quito, and all of the supplies are
to be purchased in this country, including the heavy steel rails. A
Mr. Ellis from the United States, who has had long experience in
electric railway building in several Latin American countries, is in
charge of the Quito enterprise, and he is now in Ecuador in connec-
tion with the work.
161
El Trabajo, one of the important newspapers of Tumbador, in a
recent issue prints in the English language a strong appeal to foreign
capital to come to Guatemala and construct a railway. The article
is headed, ‘‘A RAILROAD that would give good profit,” and details
are presented as to the nature of the country through which it would
pass, the various enterprises that might offer development, etc. The
distance given is 24 miles. At the present time the traffic of Tum- |
bador is carried on mule back, in ox cart, and on the backs of natives,
at the price of 25 cents American gold for a hundredweight. The
location is in the department of San Marcos, and the proposed road
would connect with a railway already in operation and which some
day may be a lnk in the great Pan American lne.—— Diario de
Centro-America in a recent issue contains a large picture of the
NEW THEATER building under construction in Quezaltenango.
This playhouse will be modern in construction and equipment and
will book vaudeville and other plays of general interest as well as
showing high-class motion pictures, the films for which will be se-
cured from the United States and from Europe. Don Benjamin
Zarco is mentioned as being in charge of the enterprise. In Guate-
mala city several moving-picture houses are doing a thriving busi-
ness and are showing many historical scenes that are especially
popular with the students of the high schools.——Officials of
Quezaltenango have issued instructions relative to BUILDING
REGULATIONS, which it is believed will have much to do with
the improvements and beautification of various sections of that city.
A number of improvements are under way or projected and these
will conform to the general plan as set forth by the officials ——The
minister of fomento presented to Congress a report covering the year
1913, during which much attention was paid to agriculture, mining,
and other industries. In various lines of agriculture improved ma-
chinery has been introduced, thereby curtailing the hand labor and
promoting better and faster work. Special attention was paid to
wheat growing, as large areas are suitable for this important crop;
the raising of small crops such as beans, potatoes, rice, and other
food products received Government encouragement and considerable
progress was made. The agricultural experiment station did impor-
tant work.——The National Congress has approved the following
TREATIES and conventions: General arbitration between Guate-
mala and Italy; Guatemala and France for the protection of patents;
162
HAITI. 163
treaty of peace and arbitration between Guatemala and the United
States; for the establishment of commercial statistics in accordance
with the provisions of the Brussels convention, etc. Don Joaquin
Mendez, Guatemalan minister, has been named to represent Guate-
mala at the third International Congress on Welfare of Children,
which will convene in Washington.
The Government has entered into contract with Simmonds Freres,
of Port au Prince, for the construction of the NATIONAL PALACE
of the capital, which must begin in 4 months and be completed in 18
months. Thecontractors must deposit in the national bank the sum
of $5,000 as aguarantee. The Government will pay for the structure
in the following manner: Forty thousand dollars at the beginning
of the work and the remainder in four equal annual installments.
The Government guarantees these payments by tax on the exporta-
tion of cocoa and other products. By presidential decree the
national budget of EXPENSES for the month of June of the present
year is placed at 646,107 gourdes, or $77,450 gold—The secretary
of PUBLIC INSTRUCTION has authorized the use of a map of Haiti
made by the brothers of San Luis Gonzaga Institution in the public
schools of the country——Le Moniteur, the official daily of Haiti,
under the date of May 20, publishes a list of the candidates for the
senate, in conformity with article 49 of the National Constitution ——
During the second semester of 1913 the receipts of the Plaine de
Cul-de-Sac RAILWAY Co. reached 329,575.47 gourdes. The number
of passengers transported during the same period is given at 573,753,
of which 408,387 were first class and 165,366 second class. Accord-
ing to statistics published in Le Nouvelliste, of Port au Prince, the
estimated PRODUCTION OF COFFEE shmme the present year
will amount to 87,660,000 libras, divided among the sections as fol-
lows: Jacmel, 15,000,000; Petit- Coors. 12,600,000; Port au Prince,
12,000,000; Cisras. 10,800,000: Goeitciien, 10,000: Gonaives
8,500,000; Jeremie, 8,000,000; Port-de-Paix, 4,800,000; Aquin,
3,000,000; Saint-Marc, 2
Customhouse statistics show that at Jeremie in five months of the
fiscal year 1913-14, or from October to February, there were imported
2,090,985 tons of merchandise, valued at $295,585.10 gold; more than
two-thirds of the same came from the United States.
ey
The Government is making extensive preparations for its repre-
sentation at the Pacific-Panama Exposition next year. Among the
recent activities is a contract entered into with Gen. Calixto Marin
for collecting specimens of the MINERALS OF THE COUNTRY
and preparing the same for sending to San Francisco. Each minera]
will bear appropriate inscriptions in several languages and the ex-
hibit will be attractively arranged, and it is believed that much
attention will be attracted to the vast undeveloped resources of the
country. In speaking of the mining possibilities in general a recent
issue of Revista Economica, of Tegucigalpa, devotes several pages to
a discussion of the subject, claiming that Honduras is the richest
country in minerals in Central America and that the present mines
are producing splendid results. These results are shown in statistical
tables accompanying the articles. The news reports from Hon-
duras indicate that the BRIDGE over the Ulua River is nearing
completion. This is an important improvement and is likely to be
of immense benefit to commercial interests. The steel work was fur-
nished by an American bridge company, and Mr. W. T. Penny had
charge of its construction, assisted by a corps of engineers and
mechanics, a number of whom were secured in the United States.
In a recent issue of El Nuevo Tiempo, one of the leading news-
papers of Tegucigalpa, a report is made public showing the BUSI-
NESS POSSIBILITIES of the department of Olancho. It is signed
by Raymond M. Browne, and enters into many details as to the
timbers of that region and the supply of lumber that could be made
available, the geography of the country, the grazing lands, and many
other possibilities of development. This report is especially inter-
esting to persons engaged in lumber industry, as it gives details of
the various varieties seen, and the probable number of trees to each
acre, etc. Newspaper reports from Tela tell of the activity in
RAILWAY BUILDING, about 30 miles having been practically
completed, while the plans under consideration contemplate 300 miles
or more that will be eventually constructed in connection with the
banana industry of the United Fruit Co. At the head of this work
in the field is Mr. H. M. Field, who has spent many years in Central
American commercial developments of various kinds. At present
several hundred laborers are employed and the pay roll is said to be
about $20,000 monthly. A shipload of laborers recently arrived
from Santo Domingo, and in the party there were 200 women and
children in addition to 300 men, the latter were given work imme-
diately, while good comfortable homes were provided for the women
and children. Notwithstanding that many laborers have already
164
MEXICO. 165
arrived there is said to be a strong ‘demand; for others. The
American consul in Tegucigalpa, in speaking of BANANA CULTI-
VATION, says that it is estimated that the cost of bringing unculti-
vated land into full bearing averages about $30 per acre, and the
time required is something like 14 months. An acre produces about
265 bunches and the bunches bring at the steamship pier 30 cents
each. Government lands are not sold outright but leased for about
25 cents per hectare (of 24 acres) per year.
According to the United States consul at Tampico, the total amount
of PROPERTY owned by Americans in Mexico is estimated at
$1,057,770,000; the property of the Mexicans is given at $793,187 ,242 ;
while British interests are estimated at $321,302,000. Reports
from Hermosillo indicate that the CANANEA COPPER CO. is
doing more active work than for some months past; new and deeper
sinking of shafts is in progress and otherwise mining is progressing,
The smelter will take something like 35,000 tons of ore a month and
it is thought that labor can be supplied for pushing the work.——
PETROLOE, a magazine published at Mexico City, and now well
advanced in its first year of usefulness, publishes under the date of
May 2 a number of interesting articles bearing on the PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY in Mexico, which during recent years has grown to
enormous proportions. Various petroleum and other commercial
enterprises are described and pictured, some of which show con-
siderable activity. The Mexican consul general at Hamburg has
made an extensive report on the industrial utilization of COCO-
NUT FIBER. This is obtained from the outer covering of the nut,
and it is shown that many useful articles may be made from this
material. The Boletin of the Sociedad Agricola, of Mexico City,
under date of April 18, contains the report on the subject —_—El
Economista Mexicano (Mexican Economist) of the capital city, in
the April 18 number publishes a summary of the COMMERCE of
the country which shows considerable activity notwithstanding
adverse conditions. The same issue also carries a story of the use of
dynamite in agriculture, showing how this powerful agent may be
used for irrigation and many other purposes.——El Hacendado
Mexicano (Mexican Farmer) of Mexico City, comes to subscribers in
the United States full of interesting matter concerning AGRI-
CULTURE and allied industries. The future of the sugar industry
in that country is discussed in an article by Mr. B. Mallen, who draws
various comparisons of what has been done in Mexico, Hawaii,
Philippines, Cuba, and a number of other countries.
Under date of May 7 the United States consul at Corinto submits
his ANNUAL REPORT for the year 1913. The total population of
the district is 375,000; 120 steamers (73 American, 40 British, 6 Ger-
man, and 1 Norwegian) entered the port of Corinto during the year,
bringing into the country 27,437 gross tons of merchandise and
taking away 16,663 tons of exports. The steamers flying the United
States flag were those of the Pacific Mail Steamship Co., plying
between San Francisco and Balboa, which call approximately every
10 days either going to or returning from the home port of San
_ Francisco. Steamers of the Salvador Railway Co. leave Corinto
approximately every nine days for the ports of Honduras, Salvador,
Guatemala, and Mexico, while steamers of the Cosmos Line occa-
sionally visit Corinto. Nicaragua is beginning to MANUFAC-
TURE goods from native products, among the articles being furni-
ture, soap, baskets, saddles, bridles, etc. The Pacific Railroad of
Nicaragua manufactures small repairs at its shop at Managua, and
there is a nail factory at Leon. The United States furnishes most
of the flour consumed in the country and this comes chiefly from
San Francisco; China supplies about 75 percent of the rice imported.
The exportation of gold in 1913 showed an increase of $314,687 in
value over the previous year. The total commerce of the district
for 1912 is given at $738,885; for 1913 it increased to $1,020,696.
The comparative customs receipts of the Republic for the months of
January, February, and March, 1913 and 1914, are reported as
follows: Ninteen hundred and thirteen, January, $149,945.98; Feb-
ruary, $126,957.25; March, $139,518.74. For 1914, January, $158,-
251.36; February, $156,910.64; March, $118,220.40; showing a total
increase for the three months of the present year of $16,960.43 over
the receipts for the same period of 1913.
Prof. Pittier, who recently went from the United States to Panama
to study plant life for the latter Government, is making progress in
this important work. He has discovered a new species which it is
proposed to name in honor of Col. Goethals—Gothalsia isthmica. The
NEWLY FOUND PLANT produces very large beans and belongs to
the order of leguminosz, to which the ordinary pea and bean belong.
Only about four months remain before the opening of the Panama
166
PARAGUAY. 167
NATIONAL EXPOSITION, as November 3 next is the day fixed
upon for the inaugural ceremonies. Progress on the buildings is re-
ported as satisfactory, but the newspapers state that United States
firms have not taken advantage of the occasion to make exhibitions
of their goods to the extent anticipated. However, as some months
yet remain, it is ikely that many more exhibitors will apply for space.
Preparations are being made to entertain thousands of visitors, and
with the drawing attractions of the Panama Canal and the exposition
anticipations for large crowds will doubtless be fully realized. The
FIRST PASSAGE through the Gatun locks by an ocean liner was car-
ried out successfully on June 8, when the Panama Railroad steamship
Allianca was handled. This vessel is of 4,000 tons, and the mecha-
nism of the canal is described as working perfectly, the actual time
being about an hour and a half each way. A large crowd of people
witnessed the operation, including many tourists from the United
States and other countries. According to press reports, a petition
is being circulated in Paris relative to a PROPOSED CASINO at
Panama, which is described as an amusement city that is destined to
be very popular with many nationalities. The Paris prospectus is
printed in French and is issued by James F. Brown & Co., as directors
of the syndicate that proposes the enterprise. On May 4, 1904, the
transfer of the canal company from the second French company was
effected, and on the tenth ANNIVERSARY the great work stands
practically completed. A number of newspapers have taken the
opportunity to review the undertaking, and the details of the various
phases of the work are interestingly told for the benefit of younger
readers or for those who have long ago forgotten the initiation of
United States interests.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER from England has made his
appearance among the laborers at work on the extension of the rail-
way from Borja to the Iguazu Falls, a fact indicating that commercial
houses are awake to the advantages of keeping a man on the com-
mercial ‘‘firmg line.” Relative to the visits of commercial men to
Paraguay, the editor of the English journal, Paraguay, gives some very
important and timely advice to intending travelers. Those interested
in selling manufactured products in the Republic shovld make them-
selves acquainted with the needs and requirements of the people
before starting on the 1,000-mile trip from Buenos Aires. During
recent months many traveling salesmen have visited Paraguay and
met disappomtment because their goods were of little demand in
that part of the world. On the other hand, fair sales were made by
168 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
others who offered products that were needed by the people. On
April 1 President Schaerer delivered his message to Congress, which
reflects the progress of the country. The commerce for 1913
amounted to $13,539,744, the imports being slightly im excess of
exports; and it is believed that this trading balance against the
country may soon be turned into revenue by increasing the agri-
cultural production, which is more or less active. The country now
has only about 4,000,000 cattle, and conservative estimates place the
number that might be raised at 27,000,000 head. Land values are
low, but are increasing. The EXTERNAL DEBT of Paraguay
amounts to $3,456,996 gold, as regards the London loan of 1871-72.
Some other external debts are $200,000 owing the French Bank of
the River Plate and $195,000 due the Bank of the} Republic, so the
debts of the country, both external and internal, are not very great.
At the end of February last the internal debt was $559,675 gold and
$11,564,572 paper.——It is reported from Asuncion that the new
PORT WORKS are to be commenced the latter part of June and
pushed rapidly to completion——The Southern Cross, a weekly of
Buenos Aires, pays a tribute to Paraguay on the occasion of the
latter’s ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD BIRTHDAY, from which
the following is quoted:
Hail, Paraguay! Congratulations to the little Republic that has breasted so many
storms and steered the bark of liberty and independence safely through them
all. * * * Alone and unaided Paraguay has settled her own difficulties and is
to-day sovereign and free. * * * Peace be with her, and may her flag wave
forever over a free and united people.
_ According to newspaper reports, the Pacific Steam Navigation Co.’s
Orcoma, due in Callao the latter part of June, will not follow her
regular course of returning to England via the Straits of Magellan.
The new and SHORTER ROUTE will be taken by way of the
Panama Canal, and the vessel is scheduled to sail from Colon on
July 7. The Orcoma is one of the larger vessels trading along the
west coast of South America; she usually carries a large number of
passengers and her new route is likely to attract more than the
usual number of voyagers. A recent issue of the West Coast
Leader, of Lima, tells of active work at the PORT OF SANTA in
connection with its improvement. Some years ago the Government
granted a concession for certain improvements, and it is this con-
cession that has been acquired by the firm of Clapham & Co., of Callao.
Santa is about 250 miles northwest of Callao and is a port from which
sugar, cotton, and cattle may be shipped im large quantities, as these
SALVADOR. 169
lines of business have developed extensively within the last few
years. Better port facilities have been badly needed and these
appear to be forthcoming under the direction of the firm named.
The new pier is expected to be ready for business by September 1
of the present year. The work on the RAILWAY from Cuzco
toward Santa Ana is progressing, and during the 60 days since the
enterprise was started about 12 miles of track have been laid, which
is now in use by construction trains. The gauge of the line is 2.46
feet, and 33-pound rails are being laid. Ultimately this railway is
expected to reach the Urubamba River, a point about 112 miles from
Cuzco. <A loan of more than $1,000,000 may be placed im order to
continue the work to the Urubamba, the tax on coca and liquors
being insufficient to build the line that distance in a reasonable
length of time. A NEW HIGHWAY is to be constructed between
Lima and Chorillos; the latter is a suburb of the capital and a most
popular social and bathing resort. The cost of the undertaking will
be $50,000, and the work will be under the direction of Henry Cris-
well, an expert English highway engineer. The CUSTOMS
TARIFF of the Republic is to be reformed, and a commission con-
sisting of nine members has been appointed to carry out the work.
In accordance with a Government decree, the commission assembled
recently and elected Don Juan Jose Reinoso presiding officer; a
subcommission was also selected to draw up a preliminary report
as a basis upon which the whole commission might begin its labors.
Peruvian newspapers speak of the present customs tariff as being
defective and express the hope that the work of this new commission
will remedy many faults and at the earliest possible moment com-
mensurate with thorough consideration.
The closing of the NORMAL SCHOOL for males a number of
years ago has created a shortage of male teachers in the Republic.
The Government will soon reopen the school and has contracted in
Germany an experienced principal and two assistants to take charge
of the same. The normal school for girls is in successful operation
under the direction of a French instructress. Intermediate and high
school instruction is carried on in eight schools in the Republic, among
which is the National Institute. The number of matriculates in these
schools in 1913 was 275. The schools of jurisprudence, medicine, and
pharmacy have been formed into separate institutions and equal sums
provided in the budget for their maintenance. The school of medi-
cine is occupying its new building, whieh has been fitted up with the
170 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
necessary furniture and apparatus. The school of pharmacy has
received new apparatus, and special electric equipment for chem-
ical, microscopic, and electric work. An international TELE-
PHONE LINE has been established between the city of San Salvador
and Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The parcel-post convention, recom-
mended by the Third Central American Conference, between the
Republics of Central America has been effected.——The AGRICUL-
TURAL SCHOOL, which opened its courses in February, 1913, was
under the direction of an expert French agronomist contracted by
the central board of agriculture. Scholarships in this school have
been given to the sons of poor agriculturists from 14 departments of
the Republic. The school is well equipped and insiruction of a high
grade is given in practical and theoretical work. A new department,
treating of live stock, is soon to be added to the school. The Govy-
ernment has distributed a limited quantity of seeds to farmers in some
of the departments who desire to make plantings to be saved for seed ©
and propagation work. The central board of agriculture maintains
two experiment stations near the city of San Salvador, and experi-
ments are constantly made with plants and seeds with the view of
acclimatizing and testing them.
Don José Richling, consul general of Uruguay at New York, in a
recent communication to a newspaper, made some interesting obser-
vations in connection with his COUNTRY’S PROGRESS. He
says the outlook for crops is excellent, and the value of meats, hides,
wool, etc., is constantly increasing. The Banco de la Republic, the
State bank, has at present gold reserves to the amount of $16,000,000.
as against $22,000,000 of bills outstanding, which represents an
excess of 26 per cent of the requirements of legal reserves. The
customhouse revenue for the fiscal year 1913-14 amounts to
$16,350,000, a decrease of $1,500,000 compared with the previous
year. To serve interest on the foreign loans, 744 per cent of the
customhouse receipts have been pledged. This percentage yielded
$12,642,346 in 1913-14, the amount required for interest on the foreign
debt being only $6,885,756, thus leaving a surplus for the Govern-
ment of $5,756,590. According to the estimates of the budget of
1914-15, this 744 per cent will yield $11,958,640, which will provide
for a considerable excess over obligations of the foreign debt.
Through regular payments of the sinking fund the foreign debt has
been materially decreased. All interests have been paid in advance.
The profits of State ELECTRIC LIGHT and power enterprises
VENEZUELA. neal
for the 11 months of the fiscal year have been $900,000.——The
PROPERTIES owned by the Government capable of yielding profits
have been appraised at $100,000,000. The Government of Italy
will remove the long-standing interdiction against the EMIGRA-
TION of Italians to Uruguay, as the matter was arranged satisfac-
torily by parties interested, and agreement was signed at Rome on
May 4. The report of the Liebie Extract of Meat Co. for the year
1913, which was recently made public, shows the high prices of cat-
tle, and the consequent increase in cost of MEAT PRODUCTION.
Notwithstanding high prices of production, the preparations of this
company found a ready market all over the world, and “the directors
now propose to pay a final dividend on the ordinary shares of 10 per
cent, equal to 10 shillings per share, making, with the interim divi-
dend, 20 per cent for the year 1913.’——-According to the American
consul in Montevideo, the annual production of CEMENT IN URU-
GUAY is estimated at 70,000 tons. A local merchant gave to this
official interesting data: on cement from foreign countries, in which
it was stated that the cost of a barrel of Portland cement in
Europe is about $1.20, the weight of which is 396 pounds. The ocean
freight to Montevideo is given at 85 cents; insurance, lighterage,
etc., 35 cents; customs duty and handling, $1; interest, 7 cents;
thus making the total cost of a barrel in Montevideo about $3.47:
The local factory puts the same quality on the market at $3.46.
They put it up in bags of 110 pounds and allow 6 cents for the return
of each sack. The machinery used is of German make, and about
$800,000 is invested in factories, which employ 200 workmen. The
best opportunity for cement from the United States is found in Gov-
ernment contracts, where materials come into Uruguay free gf duty.
——JThe Montevideo Times and the Herald hae united, and hence-
forth both papers will be published as one under the name of the
MONTEVIDEO TIMES. The new paper contains 12 pages and is
filled with much interesting matter, and Messrs. Denstontone & How-
ard, the editors and proprietors, made their announcement under
date of May 16 last. It is published daily, and besides reading and
telegraphic service, carries a vast amount of advertising, and should
prove a good medium for the business man of this country to make
his announcements to the people of Uruguay.
—_ E> (2a G OF oe ec Pee SS
Dr. Juan Liscano has been appointed CONSUL GENERAL of
Venezuela in Havre, and Dr. Luis A. Olavarria Matos consul general
in Amberes, Bal acne. The report of the minister of PUBLIC
1 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
INSTRUCTION, recently published, indicates the great advance-
ment in the school system of the country and the numerous reforms
that have been putin operation, as well as others that will be adopted
from time to time. The number of schools is given at 1,392, which
are so located that all sections of the country may receive more or
less benefit. According to the American consul at La Guaira,
there are five cities in Venezuela where parcel-post packages may be
received; they are Cuidad Bolivar, Carupano, La Guaira, Caracas, and
Maracaibo. These offices are termed ‘‘exchange” stations, and if
packages are directed to other places the consignees must come to one
of the cities named for the same. The Caribbean Petroleum Co.,
which has been prospecting in various parts of Venezuela for OIL
' DEPOSITS, struck a vein near the coast of Lake Maricaibo that is pro-
ducing something like 10 barrels a day. The well is 390 feet deep
and the flow is said to be constant. Other wells will be sunk in the
vicinity by the same company. The find is causing renewed activity
on the part of the English companies that are also seeking oil.
According to the report of the American minister in Caracas, the CAT-
TLE BUSINESS in Venezuela is to be extensively developed by
English capital. Officials of the Union Cold Storage Co. visited sev-
eral sections of the country and otherwise made exhaustive investi-
gation as to grazing lands and cold-storage possibilities. The cold-
storage plant in Puerto Cabello, that has been closed some time, is to
be enlarged and improved, and possibly branches established in other
sections of the Republic. Sir William Vesty is president of the com-
pany, and he, as well as other officials, personally looked over the field
in April last, the result being a possible development of vast indus-
tries——A recent meeting of the stockholders of the Venezuelan
Oil Concessions (Ltd.), as chronicled in the Mining Journal, of London,
developed a very OPTIMISTIC OUTLOOK for the success of the
several enterprises now operating im Venezuela. The concessions
cover an area of 3,000 square mues, and the company has the moral
support of the Government and the people generally. Several of the
English stockholders visited the fields and reported to the home office
flattering prospects. At one point a well has reached the depth of
1,035 feet, and in so doing has passed through 71 feet of oil sands
yielding oil of a density of 25°, Baumé equivalent to a specific
gravity of 0.913. Another well has reached a depth of 1,180 feet,
passing through oil sands 114 feet deep, and the report continues
‘‘there can be no possible doubt as to quantity.” One of the stock-
holders, to quote the journal above mentioned, said ‘‘he was very
proud indeed to be associated with an enterprise which would have
very far-reaching effects upon the welfare and development of Vene-
zuela, in which he was so greatly interested.”
oS
ARGENTINA ~ BOLIVIA ~- BRAZIL ~ GAILE ~ GOLOMBIA
AOE BETIN OF THE
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AMERICAN
Habs
JOHN BARRETT, Drrector GENERAL.
Francisco J. YANES, ASSISTANT Director,
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Uy,
PANAMA - ~NICARAGUA~ MEXICO ~ - HONDURAS
GOVERNING:-BOARD-OF-THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
Wi.uiaM J. Bryan, Secretary of State of the United States,
Chairman ex officio.
AMBASSADORS EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY.
Brazillia) ce Senhor Domicto pA Gama,
Office of Embassy, 1013 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
Meéxdco 2: oye ee Senor Don MaNnugEL Ca.ero.!
ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY.
Argentine Republic...Sefior Dr. Romuno 8. Naon,
Office of Legation, 1806 Corcoran Street, Washington, D. C.
Boliviae ss ee eaeemee ee Sefior Don Ignacio CALDERON,
Office of Legation, 1633 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
@lnilley: aw As Be Se Senor Don Epuarpo SuArrez Musica,
Office of Legation, 1329 K Street, Washington, D. C.
Colomibbiaseasenee- a. Sefior Dr. Jutio Brerancourt,
Office of Legation, 1319 K Street, Washington, D. C.
Wostavhicass=sesseeee- Sefior Don Roserto B. MzEszn,
Office of Legation, ‘‘ New Willard,’’ Washington, D.C.
Cubase nene Wanenan #2 Sefior Dr. C. M. pE CESPEDES vy QUESADA,
_ Office of Legation, ‘‘ The Parkwood,” Washington, D. CU.
Dominican Republic. --Sefior Dr. Francisco J. PEyNnapo.’
HCcuadoreeeee eee aoe Senior Dr. Gonzato 8. CorDova,
Office of Legation, 604 Riverside Drive, New York City.
Guatemalaieesoo 2a e- Sefior Don Joaquin MinpeEz,
Office of Legation, 1750 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D. C.
EV aia Sey ee ee ee M. Soton Mevos,
Office of Legation, 1429 Rhode Island Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Hondunageese eee Sefior Dr. ALBERTO MrmMBRENO,
Office of Legation, Hotel Gordon, Washington, D. C.
Nicaragua eee nae Sefior Don Emit1aNno CHAMORRO,
Office of Legation, ‘‘Stoneleigh Court,’ Washington, D. C.
Ranamiasu sae so sen eee Sefior Dr. Husrsio A. MOoRALEs,
Office of Legation, ‘‘ The Portland,’’ Washington, D. C.
ELEN Pay Seen a ye a Senior Dr. Hrcror VELAZQUEZ,
Office of Legation, Woolworth Building, New York, N. Y.
Peru. cases Sefior Don FrpERIco ALFonso Px#ZzET,
Office of Legation, 2223 R Street, Washington, D. C.
Salivadorpes-e eee Sefior Dr. Francisco DurENas.!
Uruguayi2c eee Sefior Dr. Cartos M. pg Pxna,
Office of Legation, Strathroy Cottage, Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.
CHARGES D’AFFAIRES.
Dominican Republic --Sefior Don I. A. Cernupa,
Office of Legation, 2120 Le Roy Place, Washington, D. C.
MiexiCos-ee 2ae e aeee Sefior Don A. ALGARA R. DE TERREROS,!
Office of Embassy, 1413 I Street, Washington, D.C.
Salivadontee see eee Sefior Dr. Cartos A. Muza,
Office of Legation, ‘‘The Portland,’’ Washington, D. C.
Venezuela............. Sefior Don Luis CHuRION,
Office of Legation, 1017 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
1 Absent.
| v UNION OF AMERIGAN REPUBLICS M
BULLETIN
OETRHE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
Pa > 0 1914
SEVENTEENTH AND B STREETS NW., WASHINGTON, D.C.,U.S.A.
CABLE ADDRESS FOR UNION AND BULLETIN : : : : “PAU,” WASHINGTON
IMU,
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
JOHN BARRETT
DIRECTOR GENERAL
FRANCISCO J. YANES
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
SUBSCRIPTION RATES BOR DHE BULLEDIN
English edition, in all countries of the Pan American Union, $2.00 per year.
“é GB = “cc 1 50 “e
Spanish edition, ‘‘ GG GG 4
Portuguese edition, “‘ G6 GG GG G6 66 1.00 ss
French edition, sie a6 ae Gt Gc a > os
An ADDITIONAL CHARGE of 50 cents per year, on each edition, for
subscriptions in countries outside the Pan American Union.
SINGLE COPIES may be procured from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at 25 cents each.
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
+1914
eberArsentine-Brazil-ChilepMecdiationees see eeee eee eee eaters
Sarmicntoand his sVronumentanesOstole esse ese rere errr etree eee eee
mhertslandvorivanvhernandez saree sees eer eee eee eee eee eee
Avcommiercialitrayeler Ines Ot yA eri Celi Vleet eee ee
RanyAm ervear int they Whale aiziiin'e's aisey ers mee nT Se ee ee oe ar ree
Among the salt harvesters of the Caribbean—Up the River of Tapirs—The Empire of the
Children of the Sun—Implement trade of the Argentine Republic—How the Panama Canal
will open Bolivia—The Society’s Expedition to Costa Rica—Tungsten in Bolivia—Anthro-
polozical exploration in Peru—The Yale University and National Geographic Society Per-
uvian Expedition—The Unknown River—The flag to its makers.
PaTiwAING TI Ca MOLES isa sieve ke ie cps a ey as cee) Ls cp en a e em UES eg act eR oe apere ROL EC
Data regarding Fifth Pan-American Conference—Changes in the governing board—An Ameri-
can diplomat honored by China—The Bolivian. session of the Congress of Americanists—
Col. David L. Brainard, military attache at Buenos Aires—Pamphlet on Argentine inter-
national trade—Minister Calderon’s address to the American people—Educators touring
South America—Retiring minister of Costa Rica—Peace treaties with Latin American
Republics—United States banks in South America—Latin America at student conferences—
Commencement exercises at Dartmouth College.
Sublechmatterotconsularreportseeessee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee
Commerceloteharacuay ord Ol Ome eee eee eee eee erie eee
NS op el na eN «-4(e9 8) 0 Gl Chae ere ee Soe ete eee NS oe Sie aera ers Sie raise Oe ae enon mist ei
Census of territories—Railways in operation—Irrigation projects—New mail service—Com-
merce first quarter.
BS 0). Rip Yen ol elt ees ee ere ee ers SRE et re RS RSI ae SI ee tl et ee
Tin exports—Adherance to international conventions—Wireless installations—Aerial club—
Congress of Americanists—Improved railway facilities.
Brazillia Saus wistate tia, dynrcis evs ae aici arch Oe ever ete ects rs cnetare ave Stee crores
Railway construction—Delegation to student conzress—Government aviation school—Credit
banks—Monument to Nabuco—Wireless developments—Population statistics.
Postal operations—Ratify wireless convention—Increase water supply—New slaughter-
house—Vital statistics—University students—Pullman cars—Mining operations—Public
works budget—Cotton factory.
C ollomib Tae siete ae ee Re He re ie oh eee eae ao es epee ne Pua FeO ee a
Tolima railway opened—Board of public hygiene—Shooting contest—Wireless installation—
Property census—Waterworks—Proposed: mail servisce—French scientists—Cali railway
opening.
CostatRicare sen. mee ee a sehen eed DNs Je Ui ae, S20 Ni Rupe eae Nat
New cabinet—Conzress oTicials—Steamship line to Europe—Fruit cultivation—Revenues
1913—Central American normal school—Protect animals—Issue bank notes.
Municipal hospital—Street cleaning—Asturianos Club—Electric buss service—Isle of Pines
dock—Codify laws—Steamship service—Paper mill—Tobacco to Germany—Amusement
park project—Budget passed.
Ti
306
311
319
320
321
323
324
320
327
IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
DomanicanvR Epub ays sy seis ye era rth = ae see ee es eee e ede. pes ees Le reper
Exports first quarter—Lighthouses proposed—Nouel honored—New bridge—Students in
Peru—Ozama River bridge project.
Regulations for scholarship students—Exhibit of student work—Progress on Ambato railway—
Medical congress—Municipal loan—Esmeralda—Quito Railway—Quito agricultural fair.
Giatemialiat ys Bye ys ape ce cle eee EPS Seemed oy ct eye etl aera Se Eo me ee ea
Budget 1914-15—National holiday—Retalbuleu Electric Co.—Liquor license—New consulate—
Purchase foreign material—Peace-treaty terms—Recognize trade mark—Suspend export
duty.
1S LEW A eae oe ne oe ee Re ne ee rE NEM Nee Renee eR SEGA ete Ue oi
Coffee crop—O.i.cial map authorized—Railway receipts—Commerce through Jeremie—General
revenues.
FD OMGUTAS Sees osteo ate steel Sa pclae eae cay a er ns rere Sa TS ea Re Ce ae
Tela railroad plans—Repair Amapala wharf—Ulua River bridge—Condemnation law—Manu-
facture gaseous waters.
ON) Wo:0 KO eet ae Re BO ge RNs Na ESS a at aes Sah ON eee ESE ES
Exploit iron mines—Manzanillo harbor works—Aguascalientes Valley—Internal debt bonds—
National medical school director.
Oy alc) ib Ne ey ese ee Oe as 13 cerns eM aes Ae, Seto ee cnet GI are apt tare Ohm NS Gt
Opening of public schools—Lumber interests—Shipping through Canal—Orphan asylum—
Export privilege—Forest tax—Concrete buildings—Wireless installation—Mahogany
industry—Denounce gold mine.
a Ssfeh 0M ho Ve ne ae ees eaten S10 Aten he ee en ee Pee Meh 9 = eC NIE Sp CE, Se 5
Modify Chiriqui road plans—Telegraph installation—Special tramway rates—Electrical engi-
neers meet—Panama Chamber of Commerce—San Blas Indians at exposition.
J SPiN ea re Ne ete eemeeeayas Seat athe eer tee ee ee ce Sb ob a aa oO ae re OOS 3
Develop truit industry—Paraguayan students abroad—Peteriby logs—Immigrant hotel—
Laundry opportunity—Arrival of military teachers.
New expedition—Publication on Peru—Borax industry—Guano operations—Benzene ex-
ports—Peruvian views.
Salvia dorits 4 Ske ccaee once. c set ewecieiee Sh eis Beste etagens mim ay sevepelte ees teste es eee
Santiago de Maria market—Teaching arts and trades—Journalist society—Improved school
facilities—Acajutla electric service—Railroad to La Libertad.
LO chy Wb hee a ee enars ects rE ee AN pe eee ae Uae RIN ee nie Sin ESOS SOS oo
Gibson leetures—Fan American railway conitract—Visit of ‘‘ Benjamin Constant ’’—Record sea
voyage—National stadium proposed—Antituberculosis crusade—Rural development—
Proposed water canal.
VIGNE Z WET a sats cee hme Rye ce aie 8 Cals JEON ulate ay A OMe rete gee St a
Trade statistics—vU se of reinforced concrete—Automobile service—A viation activity —tT uneral
service of Dr. Rojas—Readjustment of diplomatic posts.
Page.
328
330
bol
302
330
330
306
337
309
340
341
342
343
Zi POE se vi ssa Sess
hotograph by Garro & Merlina.Buenos Aires
THE LATE DR. ROQUE SAENZ PENA,
President of the Argentine Republic who died on August 9, 1914.
BULLE LN
7
STW rear , DPI taehs RSG
WVi@) aeXOXOXO XS: AUGUST, 1914. No. 2
YYG UY" 4 G YUL GGYOAGOOG WEG"! byl, yl 4 CU |E
THE ARGENTINE-BRAZII
Hb: YG G GY Wl iy With
LU YUE YE wiyttlil ‘WeiYYn IYI, Yili, yh y WUG%GY “iy, yy gp
Y GZGUZGUZG < GG GZ Gg Y WH G GY ZY
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HE BULLETIN of the Pan American Union will not make any
attempt to record in detail the history of mediation initiated
by the Governments of Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to
adjust the difficulties between the United States and Mexico.
The newspapers contained elaborate reports from the day this move-
ment was inaugurated in the latter part of April until the mediators
adjourned at Niagara Falls about the 1st of July, and, therefore, to
narrate the proceedings would simply be a repetition of what is
already well known. The complete history, on the other hand,
exists only in the files of the Governments concerned and is not yet
ready for publication. It will suffice, therefore, in this issue of the
BULLETIN simply to make some reference to this great Pan American
achievement and to publish some photographs illustrative of the life
at Niagara Falls during the progress of mediation.
Special credit is due to Senhor Domicio Da Gama, ambassador of
Brazil, Dr. Romulo 8. Naon, minister of Argentina, and Sr. Don
Eduardo Suarez, minister of Chile, for the leading part which they
played in this remarkable international peace undertaking. From
the time they proposed, on April 25, to the United States Government
on behalf of their Governments, mediation as a step toward prevent-
ing war between the United States and Mexico until they concluded
their labors they showed a grasp of the situation, a sincerity of pur-
pose and a patience of negotiation without which their efforts might
have met with defeat. Correspondingly, the commissioners of the
United States: Justice Joseph Rucker Lamar and Hon. Frederick W.
Lehmann, assisted by Mr. H. Percival Dodge, as secretary; and the
Mexican delegates: Srs. Emilio Rabasa, Augustin Rodriguez, and
173
ood.
nderwood & Underw
, NIAGARA FALLS
N
—
J
Photograph by
HOTEL CLIFTO
WHERE THE MEDIATION PROCEEDINGS TOOK
PLACE
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AMBASSADOR AND MADAME DA GAMA.
CO
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TENNIS ENGAGED THE NEWSPAPER MEN AND YOUNG PEOPLE.
THE MEDIATORS AND THEIR SECRETARIES.
Seated, Ambassador da Gama of Brazil (center), Minister Naon of Argentina (left), Minister Suarez of
Chile (right). Standing, left to right, Sr. Dr. Enrique Gil, Argentina; Sr. James P. Mee, Brazil; Sr. Don
Manuel Salinas, Chile; Sr. A. J. de Ipanema Moreira, Brazil; Sr. Don Tulio Maquieira, Chile.
DIVERSION OF THE MEDIATORS DURING THE CONFERENCE.
Minister Sudérez playing chess.
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THE ARGENTINE—BRAZIL—CHILE MEDIATION. 185
Luis Elguero, assisted by Sr. Rafael Elguero, as secretary, throughout
the whole proceedings manifested an appreciation of the efforts of
the mediators and a sincere desire to bring about a successful con-
clusion which reflected credit upon them individually and upon their
Governments.
It is gratifying that mediation was successful in the purpose for
which it was invoked. In the communication addressed to the Secre-
tary of State of the United States by the three mediators they stated
that they tendered their services:
For the purpose of servirg the interests of peace and civilization on our continent
and with the earnest desire to prevent any further bloodshed, to the prejudice of the
cordiality and union which have always surrounded the relations of the Governments
and the peoples of America.
Inasmuch as to mediation must be ascribed the cessation of hostili-
ties between the United States and Mexico after the occupation of
Vera Cruz by United States forces, and, therefore, the prevention of
an unfortunate war between the United States and Mexico, and
inasmuch, moreover, as the indications all point to the successful
solution of the Mexican situation without armed intervention by the
United States, mediation has achieved the chief end for which it was
invoked. It prevented ‘‘further bloodshed” and it has paved the
way for the preservation of the “‘cordiality and union which have
always surrounded the relations of the Governments and peoples of
America.”
As summing up in a few words the results of mediation, the remarks
of the Brazilian Ambassador, Senhor Domicio Da Gama, made at a
farewell luncheon given to the press, can be quoted:
It is a source of satisfaction to me to be able to say that one of the essential points of
our program—that dealing with the international phase of the conflict—is practically
settled. This does not imply that we go home with our task concluded, but we feel
that so far we have averted war. We have established, also, through agreement
between the parties most directly interested, and in complete harmony with the
sentiments of the Government of the United States, that it is a principle of American
policy to have our national problems always given a fair examination and settled
without foreign interference. We understand that if such a result has been attained
we shall have created a more favorable atmosphere in international politics in America.
GUAR wil, Pet
2
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T is only three years ago that the Argentine Republic paid
tribute, in liberal measure, to the honor of its former President,
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. He was born in 1811 and died in
1888, seeing, in his full life, all of the struggles and much of the
triumphs of his native land. Indeed, he contributed to no small
extent to these triumphs, and his country is eager to show its grati-
tude. Not only does Argentina desire to recognize the good he
accomplished, but it purposes to show its thanks for those who
helped him to those ends, and for that reason the people of Argen-
tina are giving to Boston, to Massachusetts, and in this way to the
people of the United States, a memorial of his visits to this country,
where he learned so enthusiastically the principles of education he
afterwards applied effectively at home.
Sarmiento was one of those geniuses such as are produced in every
land whenever the times show a crying need for them. He was a
man. of destiny, as he himself always believed, yet his destiny was
not toward conquest or military greatness, but rather, like that of
Lincoln, to influence his country away from war in the direction
of a better republican government and of education.
Sarmiento, also in this respect lke Lincoln, had suffered from the
lack of education in his childhood. He was born (February 15,
1811) in the city of San Juan almost in the shadow of the Andes,
during the fierceness of the Argentine struggle for independence.
His honored mother worked to support her children while his patri-
otic father fought for his country. When 5 years of age, he went to
a local school and soon learned to read. Although later his knowl-
edge advanced under various instructors and by his own unquench-
able ambition and perseverance, he had no further opportunity for
systematic study. In fact, he undertook as a lad the instruction of
the poor children of his neighborhood, partly for the purpose of
keeping alive the school spirit there, partly because he could thereby
increase his own education.
Later, as a youth of 16, he earned his living by working in a village
store, but even then his zeal for study never flagged, and he read
eagerly what rare books fell into his hands. During the next few
years of a rough and wandering life, he studied, even in prison. He
attacked English, French, and Italian. He found a friend’s library
186 1 By Albert Hale, of Pan American Union staff.
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DOMINGO FAUSTINO SARMIENTO.
Sarmiento is the father of the schools of Argentina. In the life of the nation he represents essentially the
powers of order and of organization. At his appearance the forces of chaos, the undisciplined wills, the
unreconciled antipathies, melted away. He it was who saw with the eye of genius that culture is the
corner stone of a country’s greatness. It is a happy augury that the centenary of Sarmiento’s birth
falls practically on the date of the centenary of the Republic’s independence. Among the heroes of
Argentina, Sarmiento’s star shines as one ofthe first megnitude.
SARMIENTO AND HIS MONUMENT IN BOSTON. 189
with volumes on literature, philosophy, and history, and he had his
judgment trained by wholesome friction with men of wider experience
and knowledge. The wars had temporarily subsided, and the town
of San Juan was growing. Sarmiento dreamed of being a poet, and
he began to write essays. He founded a literary society and at last
was instrumental in the opening of a school. Then, in 1839, he was
offered the use of a printing press, and at once started his first news-
paper, El Zonda, the greater part of which he himself wrote.
Editorship aroused his taste for writing, but it got’ him into
trouble. He could not avoid expressing his critical opinions, and
he even touched on the delicate theme of politics. The paper was
suppressed, but Sarmiento’s ambition and spirit were kindled, and
instead of avoiding the subject he began the study and open dis-
cussion of politics to see wherein lay the unhappiness under which
Argentina suffered. He was put in prison for his pains. He escaped
and made his way to Chile, but not before writing as a farewell to
his country his translation of the French phrase, words that later
became a Sarmiento aphorism—Las ideas no se degiiellan (ideas can
not be throttled). 3
Sarmiento was an exile in Chile for many years. He was a school-
teacher. He kept shop, he clerked in Valparaiso, and was a mine
boss in Copiapo. In learning English, he paid half his wages to a
teacher and rewarded the watchman who waked him at 2 in the
morning for his studies. And at every moment free from his work
he read and read, in English, French, Italian, Latin, and his native
Spanish. He taught others when he could, and he was always the
leader, whether in talk, learning, or debate.
In 1841 Sarmiento was in Santiago, Chile, and there found pro-
tection and encouragement. He assumed the editorship of the
famous Mercurio, and while an Argentine patriot, he was welcomed
for the good he might do toward what was almost his adopted country.
He brought his family over the mountains, and his sisterssoon became
worthy school-teachers under his guidance. In 1842 a normal
school was founded and put under his charge, the first in South
America, opened only two years after a similar school had been
established in the United States. He was teacher, instructor,
principal, and textbook writer. Sarmiento was the school itself
and success followed him. Then he started other periodical papers
and wrote books, always earnest and sincere, but at times attacked
and opposed by those who misunderstood him or honestly failed to
agree with his radical opinions. His writings were innumerable, his
polemics unceasing. Finally, worn out, he was advised and helped
by his friends to take a trip to Europe, which he had so longed to
visit.
STATUE OF SARMIENTO IN BUENOS AIRES.
All Argentina honors Sarmiento, and Buenos Aires, as was natural, has given him a heroic statue within
ihe national cemetery and park. The figure isthe work of Rodin, and presents him as a statesman and
publicist.
STATUE OF SARMIENTO, IN HIS NATIVE CITY,
SAN JUAN, ARGENTINA.
San Juan, where Sarmiento was born, has an equal right
with Buenos Aires where he was President of the
Republic and lived in later years, tohonorhim. The
city has well done so, and in the public square of San
Juan, not far from the cathedral, is this monument,
presenting Sarmiento in the role of the student and
educator, for it was in San Juan that he received his
first inspiration for a scheme of national education.
THE SARMIENTO SCHOOL IN BUENOS AIRES.
It is most natural that some prominent school should be named after Sarmiento, who has well been called
the father of education in Argentina. This beautiful building, therefore, bears his name, and it is one
of the admired architectural features of the capital. Not only is the exterior a finished and dignified
edifice, but its interior also is characterized by all that is modern and fitting for the pupils in attendance
there. The Sarmiento School is located on the Calle Callao, 450, and should be visited by everyone
making a careful study of Buenos Aires.
Photograph by William H. Rau.
THE ARGENTINE TRAINING SHIP “PRESIDENTE SARMIENTO.”
The Republic of Argentina has a naval academy, and in addition maintains a training ship in which
many long cruises are made while the school is carrying on its active work. The Presidente Sar-
miento has been around the world, and the student body thus had not only an opportunity to
study the necessary curriculum ofthe school, but also the equally valuable experiences that for-
eign travel must necessarily give them.
“SARMIENTO VCMI
PLAQUE COMMEMORATIVE OF THE CENTENARY OF SARMIENTO.
Sarmiento was born in 1811, and the one hundredth anniversary of his birth was observed with great
honor in Argentina. Among the many means to perpetuate his memory one was that of striking off
this plaque, which was designed and finished in the best studio and shop in Buenos Aires.
THE COACH OF STATE USED DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF SARMIENTO IN BUENOS
AIRES.
Sarmiento was a man of simple tastes and democratic thought, but he knew how to be the aristocrat
when occasion demanded. During his presidency, 1868 to 1874, he was constantly at work, and often
used simple democratic ways to get that work accomplished, but on matters of state he recognized the
dignity of his office and rode in his grand carriage, escorted by a proper guard of mounted soldiers.
194 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Toward the end of 1845 Sarmiento traveled through Uruguay and
Brazil, reaching France in May, 1846. In October he went to Spain
and there followed a lengthened travel to Cérdoba, Cadiz, Seville,
Barcelona, the Balearic Isles, and Algiers. Early in 1847 he visited
Italy, then came to Switzerland, Germany, and back to Paris in
June; then England, and in the latter half of the same year he
for the first time came to the United States.
The report of Horace Mann, made after his educational tour of
Europe, had fallen into the hands of Sarmiento in England, and the
two met later in Boston. Here he learned to admire the common-
school system of Massachusetts and introduced into Chile many |
of the advanced ideas making such headway in the North. On
his return to Chile in 1848 he wrote abundantly again on his travels,
on politics, and always on popular education, a subject of which he
never tired.
But in 1851, although he might have made his home in Chile, his
patriotic spirit was not at rest, and he decided to live in and for
“Argentina. He took an active part in the battle of Caseros (Febru-
ary 3, 1852) by which the tyrant Rosas was defeated and exiled. A
period of political unrest followed, during which Sarmiento was
part of the time again in Chile, once more writing on the needs of
improving education. At last he came back to Argentina to stay
in May, 1855.
His first act was to found a normal school of agriculture in his native
city of San Juan, for which, if for nothing else, his name will always be
honored. In 1856 he was given the post of chief of the department
of public schools in Buenos Aires. Here Sarmiento labored for six
years; he increased the number of schools, he himself translated or
had adapted new and fitting textbooks, he began the publication of
the annals of education, and he induced the Government to raise the
appropriation from the public funds. Meanwhile, he introduced the
metric system, and brought about many reforms which showed that
he never swerved from his conviction that the school was the soul of
the nation.
In 1862 (February 16) Sarmiento was elected governor of his native
Province, San Juan. Here he repaid with compound interest the
debt of gratitude he had always felt he owed, and toward education
he again directed his constant efforts. He met with opposition and ~
some political intrigue, but nothing daunted in his activities, he kept
on with his projects of improvement until the early part of 1864,
when the nation sent him abroad as minister to Chile, Peru, and the
United States. He visited Chile, where he was received with cor-
diality. In Lima, Peru, he attended but did not take official part in
the American congress in session there, and he soon after went to the
United States, landing in New York May 15, 1865.
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196 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Sarmiento was too late on this visit to the United States to meet
the martyred Lincoln, but he had revered the man and did not rest
until he had written a life of Lincoln for popular reading in South
America, and as he added observations of his own on the phenomena
of government as he interpreted them in the United States, the book
is a transcript of his own self, as well.
The three succeeding years in North America were full of study and
accomplishment. He made many friends among both statesmen and
educators. He wrote constantly, all the time becoming more an
American, in that sense of the word which means his confidence in the
future greatness of the western hemisphere. A result of his studies
was called ‘‘The Schools, the Basis of Prosperity in the United
States,” a book destined to have a deep impression on the people of
Argentina, and one showing how almost completely he dedicated
himself to the American problems of education.
While Sarmiento was in the United States, his Argentina was
emerging from war and its political disturbances and preparing to
. elect a President on the retirement of Gen. Mitre, who had done so
much to advance his country. Quite unexpectedly, and indeed
without Sarmiento’s knowledge, his name was proposed as a candi-
date and he was elected. He arrived at Buenos Aires (September,
1868) when it was certain that he was to be the next President of
the Republic.
From the date of his assuming the Presidency, October 12, 1868,
through his six years’ administration, and in fact until his death,
the details of Sarmiento’s life, although containing some reverses
and disappointments, are on the whole a fascinating chronicle of
his triumphs as a statesman and educator. The reforms introduced
were numerous and far-reaching. After retiring, he at one time
was senator from San Juan, then editor, superintendent of national
education, and envoy to Chile. His fame was world-wide. The
people loved him, and the whole nation felt the influences of his
work in their behalf. Sarmiento died at Asuncion, Paraguay,
during a visit there for rest, September 10, 1888. He is buried in
the cemetery of Recoleta, Buenos Aires, where a fine statue was
erected to him in 1900. His native city commemorates his memory
by another similar monument, dedicated in 1901.
Sarmiento is one of the national heroes of Argentina. His life
should be read by every young man of the country, and indeed by
the youth of any of the countries of America. It is truly American.
It shows how a poor boy, in the face of hardships, discouragements,
and privations, but actuated with the glow of patriotism and deter-
mined to fight against wrong and ever for the advancement of the
American idea of knowledge and improvement, can in the end win
the victory for himself and his native land. Others, with equally
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On Sarmiento’s first visit to the United States he made the acquaintance of Horace Mann (1796-1859), who
accomplished so much forthe advancement of education inthe United States. Thetwohad sympathies
incommon. Through Horace Mann and his writings, Sarmiento learned how to apply the principles of
education in his own country. The work of Horace Mann lived long after his death, and his influence
can still befelt. As it was Massachusetts for which his greatest efforts were made, it is suitable that the
Sarmiento statue should be erected in Boston.
This picture of Sarmiento is taken from a book published by Mrs. Horace Mann in 1868, being a translation,
under the title of ‘‘ Life in the Argentine Republic,” of chapters from Sarmiento’s writings, especially
that now best known as Facundo (Quiroga). Sarmiento was the Argentine diplomatic representative
in Washington from 1865 to 1868, and probably it was during that time that the picture was taken.» He
would then be a man of 55 years, in the height of his physical and intellectual powers.
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THE HANDWRITING OF TWO GREAT MEN.
Sarmiento and Lincoln grew up in a somewhat similar social atmosphere. Both were poor; both had only
therudiments of education given them; both acquired theirimmense store of knowledge by unceasing personal
zeal and application. Each in later life perceived the true spirit of his native country, and in helping
it forward—Sarmiento in South America, Lincoln in North America—achieved universal respect and love.
Their lives running so parallel—Lincoln born in 1809 and Sarmiento in 1811—it is interesting to note the
similarity in their handwriting. Allowing for the difference in race—Sarmiento a Latin, Lincoln an Anglo-
Saxon —there is a fine satisfaction in noting the resemblance between the two.
200 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
honest ambition and zeal, may have other purposes. Sarmiento’s
desire was to give to the people of Argentina an opportunity for
education, and to make of the common school system a bulwark
against ignorance and wrong. To do this he took as his model the
theories and practices of the United States and of New England. He
studied, he wrote, and he accomplished. Argentina loves his memory
for the result.
As a token of this everlasting sympathy between the United States
and Argentina, the people of that country have given a monument
to this country. It is to be placed in Boston, from which much of
his inspiration came, as the original Puritan love of liberty con-
secrated the public school in North America. It is the work of a
Yankee artist, selected as best able to symbolize the genius of the
one country as manifested in the other.
The finished memorial to Sarmiento will be in bronze, but the
design for it has just been completed, in clay model, at the studio
of Bela L. Pratt, in Boston. It represents the symbol of Sarmiento
carrying to Argentina the blessings of learning. The transport is a
classic galley, of heroic size, measuring from point to point almost 40
feet. There are in all nine human figures, two allegorical, six imagi-
native, and one, that of Sarmiento himself. Columbia and Argentina
are at the bow, the two arm in arm, and together presenting the
idea that in America will be found the advances of which civilization
is in need. The six oarsmen are the powerful forces compelling
the advance of this civilization; they are, on the right side, Education,
Courage, Progress, and on the left are Energy, Integrity, and Wis-
dom. Sarmiento is high above all, at the stern, seeming to direct the
onward course. Beneath him is to be the descriptive tablet. The
location selected for the permanent resting place of the memorial is
Copley Square, through which breathes the air of Horace Mann and
others who did so much for Massachusetts.
That Minister Naon will accept the design can hardly be doubted,
and, of course, it is a matter for which the people of the United States
are to be congratulated. The dedication will mark an interesting
event in the development of friendship between the two Republics.
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But thou, Defoe, o’er that lone isle hast thrown
A spell so potent, who hath felt it not?
Unto my boyhood ’twas a fairy spot;
Yet to my fancy so familiar made,
I seem’d as well to know creek, cave, and grot,
Its open beach, its tangled greenwood shade,
Asif I there had dwelt, and Crusoe’s part had played.—Barron.
N a recent issue of the BULLETIN appeared a news item from Chile
which stated that two new wireless telegraph stations were in
course of construction, one at Punta Arenas, the southernmost
city of the world, and another on the island of Juan Fernandez.
As to the former location, no extraordinary interest seems to attach
to the fact that this city of 12,000 or more inhabitants is to be placed
in quick communication with the rest of the civilized world; but as
to the latter—the island home of that dear old friend of our youth,
Robinson Crusoe—that is really quite another story. How can the
average 10-year-old boy reconcile the mental picture of this isolated
garden spot of the world with an innovation of this character? The
idea of ‘‘Poor Old Robinson Crusoe’s”’ domain haying a population
which needs a wireless station! Gone is the romance of by gone
days! What is the use of declaiming
I am monarch of all I survey;
My right there is none to dispute:
From the center all round to the sea,
I am lord of the fowl and the brute.
when the solemn, creepy, uncanny solitude one is enjoying with his
friend Robinson is to be rudely shattered by the buzzing, rattling,
and snapping of a wireless telegraph instrument! The time is out
of joint! The spirit of progress has shattered the delicious dreams
of the days of long ago.
Aside from the fact, however, that Alexander Selkirk’s solitary
sojourn on this island for four years and four months was the basis
for Defoe’s masterpiece of fiction, the history of the island of Juan
Fernandez is replete with interesting facts, while its indigenous fauna
and flora have made it one of the most attractive spots in the world
for the naturalist and botanist. Only a few of the most important
of these historical facts and scientific features may be briefly outlined
in this article.
1By Edward Albes, of Pan American Union staff.
52611— Bull. 2—14——_3 201
VIEWS OF THE ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ.
Top: One of the small bays on the northern coast of the island. Bottom: Upon close approach the high peaks
of the north end of the island, the intervening valleys with their precipitous slopes, on which may be seen
the dark forests with occasional small houses set in garden patches, come into view.
THE ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ. 203
In reality the Juan Fernandez group is composed of three islands,
but the name is usually applied to the largest, which is known as
Mas a Tierra (Nearer Land), located about 360 nautical miles west
of Valparaiso, Chile. Close to its west end a small rocky islet rises
out of the breakers, which is called Santa Clara. About 96 miles
farther west is Mas a Fuera (Further Away), only a little smaller
than Mas a Tierra.
Tt was on Mas a Tierra that Selkirk was left to his lonely exile.
The island is of an irregular form, about 12 miles in length, but
scarcely 4 miles across in its widest part. Its northeastern half is
composed of alternate craggy ridges and fertile valleys, and mostly
covered with wood, while the southern division, which is compara-
tively low and flat, is nearly barren. When seen from a distance the
mountain El Yunque (The Anvil), about 3,000 feet high, so called
from its shape, appears conspicuously placed in the midst of a range of
precipitous mountains. It is wooded nearly from summit to the base,
whence a fertile valley extends to the shore. It has become a fre-
quent stopping place for vessels, as the island is very fertile, fresh
water is easily procured, wood can be purchased, and beef of excel-
lent quality, pigs, poultry, and vegetables of all kinds are to be had.
Peaches grow wild in large quantities, and various fruits can be
obtained at moderate cost. The bay affords abundance of fish,
and is especially noted for its fine lobsters and crawfish.
The island belongs to the Republic of Chile, and its discovery,
according to the account of Thomas Sutcliffe, one of the former
governors of the colony established there by that Government,
‘was, like many others occurring in the history of navigation, the
fortuitous result of an enterprise undertaken for quite a different
object,” and this is how it happened:
In consequence of continual southerly winds, the coasting voyage from the ports
of Chile to those of Peru can be performed in 10 or 12 days; while the return, against
these prevailing gales, generally occupies several months. In 1572, Don Juan
Fernandez, a Spanish navigator, who was sailing from Peru to Chile, sagaciously con-
jectured that this constant aerial current to the north must be materially caused by
the vicinity of land; and standing a considerable distance to the westward, with the
view of falling in with more variable winds, discovered the islands which bear his
name; and, proceeding on his voyage with little delay, reached in so short a time the
Chilean haven to which he was bound that his astonished countrymen at first con-
cluded that he had not proceeded to Peru, but had prematurely returned to port, in
consequence of some untoward accident.
On finding that the voyage had been actually performed in a time so short as to be
perfectly inexplicable to them on natural grounds, they accused their skillful and
enterprising countryman of witchcraft, and threw him into one of the dungeons of
the inquisition, whence, after lingering for some time in miserable captivity, he
obtained his release at the instance of the Jesuits, whose powerful intercession he
secured by ceding to their order any rights which he might be regarded to have as
the discoverer of the islands. Restored to liberty, Fernandez resumed his maritime
CUMBERLAND BAY, ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ.
The landing place, showing the mountain, Yunque (The Anvil), in the distance.
Courtesy of U.S. Consul A. T. Haeberle.
REMAINS OF OLD SPANISH FORT ON JUAN FERNANDEZ.
In 1750 the Spanish Government, through the then governor of Chile, sent a detachment of troops to the
island of Juan Fernandez to build a town and several forts and batteries at different points. ‘he town
was practically destroyed and the forts ruined by an earthquake during the year 1835. The above
picture shows what is left of the main fortress, which has never been rebuilt.
THE ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ. 205
pursuits with great skill, energy, and success, and, according to the accounts of his
countrymen, discovered New Zealand and several other islands in the Southern
Ocean, but lost his life in one of these expeditions, of which no satisfactory or authentic
narrative has reached posterity.
The first settlers on Juan Fernandez were sent there by the Jesuits,
who took possession of the island, and founded a colony on it; which,
turning out to be an unprofitable speculation, was abandoned in the
year 1596.
In those days a voyage from Europe around Cape Horn was a
somewhat dangerous proposition. Not only were weather, wind,
and currents of the southern seas to be feared, but our piratical
heroes, sometimes called buccaneers, made a point of frequenting
these regions, largely with the view of preying on the commerce of
Spain with her colonies on the Pacific coast of South America. Most
of these adventurous ‘‘gentlemen of fortune”? were English, too, and
since the mother country was generally at war with Spain, France, or
some other country, all was fish that was caught in their nets and they
plundered ‘‘ad libitum,’ having more or less license to do so by royal
grant from their beloved sovereign. On the northern shore of de-
serted Juan Fernandez they found a fine harbor in what is known as
Cumberland Bay, and this soon became a sort of rendezvous where
they found fresh water, provisions, and safety. There they rested,
repaired their ships, and plotted other expeditions and depredations.
Among other adventurers who visited the island during these early
years was Schouten in 1616, who found it uninhabited by men, but
well stocked with goats. He was followed by Jacques le Hermite,
who anchored there with the Nassau fleet in April, 1624, remaining
for a week, when Capt. Cornelius de Witte left six of his crew behind,
at their own request. Nothing was ever learned as to their final fate.
The next visitor of whom there is any record was Capt. Sharp, who
anchored there on Christmas Day, 1680, refitted his vessel, and re-
freshed his crew. These buccaneers had crossed the Isthmus of
Darien, take Santa Maria, and fitted out a prize vessel, in order to
continue their depredations along the Pacific coast. After numerous
daring exploits, in one of which their commander, Capt. Sawkins,
was killed, they mutinied, deposed his successor, and elected Capt.
Sharp, who led them in their marauding expeditions on the Chilean
coast and finally to the island of Juan Fernandez. After another
mutiny Capt. John Watlng was elected to replace Sharp, whom they
considered too lenient to their Spanish prisoners. Three Spanish
men-of-war appearing on the horizon, the buccaneers hurriedly sailed
away from the island on the 12th of January, 1681, leaving behind
them a Mosquito Indian named William, who happened at the time
to be out in the wocds hunting goats. Will succeeded in dodging
the Spaniards, and maintained himself alone on the island for three
Courtesy of U.S. Consul A. T. Haeberle.
CAVES ON JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLAND.
The upper picture shows Robinson Cruso’s grotto—the cave where Selkirk is supposed to have made his
first habitation before building his more convenient huts. In the lower picture may be seen one of the
caves used as a dungeon by the Spanish authorities in which to imprison the exiled Chilean patriots
during the war of independence, when Juan Fernandez Island was used for a penal colony.
THE ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ. 207
years, two months, and eleven days, when he was rescued by two
English ships, on one of which he found two of his former shipmates,
Dampier and Edmund Cook. This was in April, 1684, antedating
Selkirk’s exile by about 20 years.
The next to visit the island was Capt. Davies, of the Bachelor's
Delight. He refitted his vessel and refreshed his crew there three
times from 1686 to the latter part of 1687, and finally left nine of his
crew, five seamen and four negro boys, on the island at their own
request. Having gambled away their share of the booty of the expe-
dition, they refused to go home with Capt. Davies, and decided to
remain on Juan Fernandez with the hope of being taken off by some
other freebooters and thus to continue their career. They were sup-
pled with arms and other necessities and seem to have lived quite
happily for nearly three years before they were rescued by Capt.
Strong in 1690. They had planted Indian corn, and tamed a number
of goats which supplied them with milk and meat. There were plenty
of turnips and other wild vegetables, and great quantities of ‘‘parde-
lus’’—a sea fowl, larger than a gull, of a gray color, very fat, produc-
ing palatable eggs, ‘‘and having flesh which, though of a fishy taste,
was rendered eatable by being buried a little while in the ground.’
These, and the abundance of fish that were easily caught, supplied
them with provisions; and having a salt pan, they made their own
salt by the seaside, and cured their fish and goat flesh, seal, and goat
skins; and, ‘‘had it not been for the Spaniards, who, hearing the y
were on the island, sent parties to take or destroy them,” their lot
would have been an enviable one. However, they succeeded in
fighting off and eluding the Spaniards until their final rescue.
At length we come to the hero of our boyhood days, Robinson
Crusoe, or rather to the piratically inclined gentleman who served
as a model for the fairer picture drawn with all the imaginative skill
of the master hand of fiction. Much romantic interest attaches to
the early life of the poor Scotch sailor, Alexander Selkirk, for whom
the fancy of Defoe wove an immortal crown of fame, but this being
but a sketch of an island, the details concerning its chief hero must
needs be omitted. Suffice it to say that he was born about 1676 of
‘“noor but honest parents,” his father being a respectable tanner and
shoemaker, and that he was of a somewhat turbulent and quarrel-
some disposition. He had many ups and downs, principally downs,
and having acquired some knowledge of mathematics and navigation
he took to the sea. In 1703 one Capt. Dampier organized a little
buccaneering expedition, and on the 11th of September left Kinsale
with two vessels, the Saint George and a galley called the Cinque-
Ports, our friend Selkirk being sailing master of the last named.
Failing to intercept certain Spanish galleons which they had intended
to capture, they reached the coast of Brazil, where they ‘‘wooded,
CRUSOE’S LOOKOUT, ON JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLAND.
Portezuelo de Villagra is the local name for the sharp gap in the mountains where Robinson Crusoe is said
to have climbed to look out over the ocean for a rescuing vessel. The small dark square in the cliff, a
little to the right of the center ,is the commemorative tablet which is shown in detail in the picture
on page 213.
THE ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ. 209
watered, and refitted.’ There his first heutenant and eight of his
crew remained on shore rather than continue with Dampier, and
Capt. Pickering of the Cinque-Ports having died, Lieut. Stradling
took command of the galley. They sailed around the Horn and
finally landed at Juan Fernandez in February, 1704. More ‘‘water-
ing, wooding, and refitting” took place, and quite a healthy mutiny
was started by some 42 of the men. This was finally quelled, and
on February 29, seeing a sail on the horizon, both vessels set out in
pursuit. The strange vessel proved to be a well armed and manned
French ship, which succeeded in fighting off the English buccaneers
and escaped to Peru. In their hurry to give chase to the strange
vessel the Englishmen had left six of their men on Juan Fernandez,
so they returned to pick them up. On this journey Selkirk seems
to have had a quarrel with Capt. Stradling; in addition to this, the
Cinque-Ports was in a “‘crazy”’ and leaky condition, and the Scotch-
man is said to have had a dream that the vessel was cast away. AIL
of which decided him to quit the vessel and to remain on the island.
Toward the end of August they reached the island, and upon the
stubborn Scotchman’s insistance, Stradling finally left him there
‘alone in his glory.” As to what befell him, how he lived, his
adventures, etc., the reader is respectfully referred to Robinson
Crusoe.
Selkirk was relieved of his self-imposed exile by Capt. Woodes
Rogers, of the privateer Duke, on February 12, 1709, his former
commander, Capt. Dampier, being the pilot of the expedition. Had
he remained on the island he would very likely have fallen into the
hands of the Spaniards some three years later, for in 1712 the Saint
Charles, a French ship which had been bought by Spaniards, was
wrecked off the coast of Juan Fernandez, all of the crew succeeding
in reaching the land. Some of them ventured in a boat and made the
trip to Valparaiso, whence a ship was sent to rescue the others.
Capt. Clipperton visited the island in the Success in 1719, and spent
a month there waiting for his consort, the Speedwell, under Capt.
Shelvocke. The latter reached the island in January, 1720, remained
only a few days, and returned the following May only to wreck his
vessel close to the shore. The crew saved themselves and succeeded
in building a makeshift boat out of the wreck. Eleven of the men
deserted, however, and, together with 13 negroes and Indians, re-
mained on the island. Thus Selkirk’s lonely realm became somewhat
populated, having 24 inhabitants. These, it is said, subsequently
were captured by visiting Spaniards.
In 1741 Commodore Anson reached Juan Fernandez with the
shattered remnant of his expedition, and the hospitable island gave
him refuge and refreshment for his sick and weakened men for a
period of three months. His chaplain, Walter, has left a detailed
FLORA OF ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ.
One ofthe most beautiful of the endemic trees of the island is La Chonta, sometimes called the cabbage
palm. Dr. Carl Skottsberg writes of it: ‘‘Above the other trees rises the masterpiece of creation—
the endemic palm (Juania australis). It is impossible not to caress the smooth green stem as one
tries to get a sight of its majestic head of large pinnate leaves. Glorious it is, a true princeps ofthe
vegetable kingdom, noble from top to root.” The top is edible and is used as cabbage, while the
trunk makes beautiful walking sticks.
Courtesy of U. S. Consul A. T. Haeberle.
FLORA OF ISLAND OF JUAN FERNANDEZ.
A peculiar species of the flora of the island, shown in the upper picture, is the pangue plant, the leaves of
which grow to the size of an umbrella and hold in reserve the water receved during a rain, allowing it to
escape only through the stems. The fern flora, shown in the lower picture, is very rich and varied.
Pale? THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and most interesting account of their experiences and an excellent
description of the island and its resources. The following paragraph
from Walter’s narrative is of interest inasmuch as it accounts for the
wild peaches, various fruits, and vegetables which are still found on
the island:
The excellence of the climate and the looseness of the soil render this place ex-
tremely proper for all kinds of vegetation, for if the ground be anywhere accidentally
turned up, it is immediately overgrown with turnips and Sicilian radishes; and there-
fore Mr. Anson, having with him garden seeds of all kinds, and stones of different sorts
of fruits, he, for the better accommodation of his countrymen who should hereafter
touch here, sowed both lettuces, carrots, and other garden plants, and set in the woods
a great variety of plum, apricot, and peach stones. And these last, he has been
informed, have since thriven to a very remarkable degree; for, some gentlemen who
in their passage from Lima to Old Spain were taken and brought to England, having
procured leave to wait upon Mr. Anson, to thank him for his generosity and humanity
to his prisoners—some of whom were their relations—they in casual discourse with
him about his transactions in the South Seas, particularly asked him if he had not
planted a great number of fruit stones on the island of Juan Fernandez, for they told
him their late navigators had discovered there numbers of peach trees and apricot
trees, which, being fruits before unobserved in that place, they concluded them to be
produced from kernels set by him.
In 1750 Juan Fernandez ceased to be a rendezvous for pirates,
buccaneers, and deserting seamen, for Spain decided to colonize it.
At the instance of the viceroy of Peru the governor of Chile sent one
of the superior officers of the army with a strong detachment from
one of the stations on the Araucanian frontier to the island. They
occupied the bay on the northeast side of the island, built a small
town, and erected several forts and batteries on different points.
This establishment was kept up for many years and the place became
the location for a penal colony. Subsequently, when the Chileans
revolted from the mother country, many of their patriots who were
captured in the several battles with the Spanish regulars were sent
in exile to Juan Fernandez, to suffer and die in the noisome caves in
which they were confined. As soon as the independence of Chile was
established all that still lived were promptly rescued and brought
home. Since then the island has become the headquarters for quite
a large fishing industry, codfish and fine lobsters, as well as many
other species, being found there in the greatest abundance.
In 1908 Dr. Carl Skottsberg, Percy D. Quensel, and Thore G. Halle,
members of the Swedish Magellanic Expedition, landed on the island
of Juan Fernandez, and the following extracts from a chapter in Dr.
Skottsberg’s book, The Wilds of Patagonia, will give some idea of
the scientific interest attaching to the romantic island:
From a botanical point of view Juan Fernandez is one of the world’s most famous
places. It is often the case that islands lying far away from the great continents
exhibit a marvelous animal and plant life, containing genera and species not found
elsewhere—endemic, as they are called. In this respect Juan Fernandez is perhaps
THE SELKIRK TABLET ON JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLAND.
The following inscription on the tablet fully explains its presence: “‘In memory of Alexander Selkirk,
mariner. A native of Largo, in the county of Fife, Scotland. Who lived on this island in complete
solitude, for four years and four months. He was landed from the Cinque Ports galley, 96 tons, 16 guns,
A. D. 1704, and was taken off in the Duke, privateer, 12th Feb. 1709. He died lieutenant of H. M.S.
Weymouth, A. D. 1723, aged 47 years. This tablet is erected near Selkirk’s lookout by Commodore
Powell and the officers of H. M.S. Topaze, A. D. 1868.”
214 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
only surpassed by the Sandwich Islands. About 65 per cent of the total number of
vascular plants (phanerogams and ferns) are confined to that small group of islands.
It is as if one had been carried back to past geological periods, as if one walked about
in a living museum crowded with rare specimens. So many wonderful plants are
brought together here on a small area that one must touch them to realize that one
does not dream. Especially worthy of attention are the small, sparingly branched
trees with long, thin, more or less erect, naked branches crowned by a rosette of large,
thin leaves. For the most part they are members of the composite order, but other
orders also have representatives. The flora is without doubt very old, of a tertiary
origin or older, and must have come from the South American Continent, but for
several reasons disappeared to a great extent on the mainland. The ice age can not
have had any influence of importance on Juan Fernandez.
In the narrow gorges (quebradas) that we pass there is a dense and impenetrable
primeval forest. It looks black-green, thanks to the dark foliage of the endemic
myrtle tree, which we found in bud and flower in spite of the early date of our visit.
Above the other trees rises the masterpiece of creation, la chonta, the endemic palm
(Juania australis). It is impossible not to caress the smooth green stems as one tries
to get a sight of its majestic head of large pinnate leaves. Glorious it is, a true princeps
of the vegetable kingdom, noble from top to root. Unfortunately it is only too popular.
It is persecuted with saw and hatchet, every ship brings away trunks and young plants,
and it has already been exterminated from all places easy of access. The top is used
as cabbage, the trunk is carved into beautiful walking sticks, and the young plants
are put in the gardens on the coast—in spite of the fact that we have sufficient proof
that the chonta can not grow on the mainland. * * *
Creeping or winding plants are hardly met with, with the exception of a few ferns.
Arboreous ferns, together with chonta and sandalwood, have made the islands well
known to nonscientists also. The fern flora is really very rich; there are all types of
growth, from the mighty fern trees, reminding one of mountain forests in the Tropics,
to the wonderful members of genera, such as Hymenophyllum and Trichomanes, thin
as tissue paper, or the creeper species adorning the trunks of the trees.
Above I happened to mention the sandalwood. The discovery of this kind of wood,
famous since the days of Solomon, on Juan Ferandez most surely attracted notice.
We have no reports of it previous to 1624, when, according to Burney, L’ Heremite
reported sandal trees in great number. According to another authority, ships used
to visit the place as early as 1664 to bring the valuable wood to the coast, where it
was highly appreciated. One did not think of preserving anything; a hundred years
later it was hardly possible to find a living tree, and in the beginning of last century
it was regarded as extinct. No botanist had ever seen the leaves or flowers. Suddenly
F. Philippi in Santiago got some fresh twigs brought to him in 1888; he found them to
belong to the genus Santalum, the species being new, it received the name of S.
Jernandezianum. The general interest in the tree was increased, but nobody told
where the branches came from; a living tree was still unknown. Only in 1892 did
Johow get news of one; a colonist had found it in Puerto Ingles, high up in the valley.
He was the first botanist who saw this plant. It is easily understood that I was
anxious to become the-second. How many people had looked for other specimens!
All their efforts were fruitless; as far as we knew Johow’s tree was the very last. If
it were still there !
The man who brought Johow to the spot still lived, and after we had explained
our purely scientific interest he promised to send his son with us. It would have
been more than uncertain for us alone to look for a single tree in a valley clad with
virgin forest. * * *
We walked up the valley and made an ascent of the western side; the place is so
steep that one is forced to grasp the trees and shrubs to get a foothold. Our guide
stopped, looked around for a minute, down a few hundred yards, and we had reached
Dis eecswecy ALIMANSER BELWIE
WOPURE EL, LE ROR I EROS a
GATS otk
Courtesy of U. S. Consul H. D. Van Sant.
THE ROBINSON CRUSOE STATUE AT LARGO, SCOTLAND.
Alexander Selkirk, the prototype of Defoe’s immortal hero, was born ina cottage in Lower Largo, Scotland,
in 1676. Theold two-story thatched cottage has succumbed to the ravages of time, but in a niche in the
front of themodern dwelling which has been built upon its site stands a beautiful statue in bronze, repre-
senting ‘‘Crusoe”’ gazing longingly over the sea, hoping to catch a glimpse of acoming sail. The statue
was erected by Mr. David Gillies, a relative of the Selkirks, in 1884. Under the statue appears the fol-
lowing inscription:
“In memory of Alexander Selkirk, mariner, the original of Robinson Crusoe, who lived on the island of
Juan Fernandez in complete solitude for four years and four months. He died in 1723, lieutenant of
H. M.S. Weymouth, aged 47 years. - This statue is erected by David Gillies, net manufacturer, on the
site of the cottage in which Selkirk was born.”
216 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
our destination. The last sandaltree. Absolutely the last descendant of Santalum
fernandezianum. It is so queer to stand at the deathbed of a species; probably we
were the last scientists who saw it living. We looked at the old tree with a religous
respect, touched the stem and the firm, dark-green leaves—it is not only an individual,
it isa species that isdying. It can not last very long. There is only one little branch
left fresh and green; the others are dead. We cut a piece to get specimens of the
peculiar, red, strongly scented wood. A photo was taken, I made some observations
on the place, and we said good-by.
The Juan Fernandez group of islands have been opened to coloni-
zation. <A fishing company has stations on both Mas a Tierra and
Mas a Fuera, and quite a number of families live on the former.
Horses, cattle, and sheep have replaced the wild goats of Selkirk’s
time, and browse contentedly on rare specimens of vegetation not
to be found elsewhere on earth. The giant Juan Fernandez lobsters,
frequently reaching a length of 2 to 3 feet, are shipped to Chile,
and the epicures of Valparaiso and Santiago pay from 10 to 15 pesos
($2 to $3) each for them in the fancy restaurants. The domain of
Robinson Crusoe has become the scene of prosaic money making,
and the advent of the wireless telegraph has placed it in the ‘‘up-to-
the-minute’’ class. Thus, even in the far southern Pacific doth busi-
ness invade the realm of mystery and romance. The toiling, humble
fisherman takes the place of the festive buccaneer, and the peaceful
pursuit of raising cows supplants the fierce pirate’s quest for galleons
laden with stores of gold. Sie transit gloria mundi!
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Rio DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL.
Dear Mr. Epiror: I am quite excited. I arrived at Rio two
weeks ago, and at last received my long-delayed mail. Thank for-
tune, I find nothing to worry about in news from home, and I can
begin to feel now as if I were headed in that direction, and that it
will not be long now before I am again in the land of my fathers.
When once the traveling man has turned the corner, and so it seemed
to me that I had turned when I left Buenos Aires, the remaining
laps on the trip bring him faster to his goal. That used to be the
case in Central America, and here in South America, where the area
is so much larger and the territory so noticeably diversified, the
feeling is intensified tome. Iam sure that it will be equally intense
to others who make the trip, and I warn them to be prepared for it.
If they do not anticipate its force, there is a danger that in coming
back home, either on the east or west coast, the last portion of the
territory—Brazil on the east, or Peru and Ecuador on the west—
will suffer from his haste and probably from neglect.
It was a delight to find waiting for me the proofs of my letters
from the west coast attempting to give my experiences as far as Arica,
in Chile. Thank you for accepting them. There are others on the
way, and I shall continue writing from time to time, as opportunity
offers, until I arrive in New York.
When I noticed, however, that you had blue-penciled some of my
statements, I was at first inclined to be angry. It did seem to me
that several of my criticisms were pretty fairly stated, and that they
would hit the mark as good advice for my fellow travelers. In one
or two instances I still think that what you left out would have
helped to make clear some of the remarks and advice you left in.
But on calming down a bit I saw the sense of your editorial judg-
ment. After all, a few of my criticisms were rather too personal,
and I might myself change them on mature deliberation or with
longer experience. Go ahead, therefore, and omit whatever seems
best to you. I can stand it, and as I am now northward bound and
hope to be able to pick up my mail with more regularity, I may be
able, from now on, to catch whatever I may have said on the printed
page, and thus to form a closer opinion of what may be best to say
as I near the end.
1 The eighth of a series of 12 articles commencing in the January number of the BULLETIN.
52611—Bull. 2—14—_4 217
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“TIZVUd ‘VAALINNO JO MALIA FAAS. CUIA V
THE ORIGINAL FARMHOUSE AT MORUNGAYVA.
Even during the time of the Empire cattle were grown on the plateaus of the State of Parana, and this old
house is a well-preserved example of country life in those days. Over the door, in stucco, is the date
1866, and the gateway bears the date of 1869. It must have been a long, long trip from either Sao Paulo
or Curytiba in those days. The existence of the house shows that this part of Brazil is by no means
new in our western sense of the word. The house has a large courtyard behind it, and the sleeping rooms
are arranged in an L on the left. As it is not suitable for modern business or dwelling purposes, the
company is building a fine, new ranch house just beyond the tree.
AMERICAN COWBOYS ON MORUNGAVA RANCH, BRAZIL.
To take care of the imported cattle from the United States as well as to help develop the native longhorned
stock, several picked and experienced men had been brought from the United States and were making
their homes on the ranch. They used the saddles, bridles, and other riding equipment from Texas with
which they were most familiar, and in many ways they introduced customs and methods which will
make the ranch distinctively American, as compared to the great majority of cattle fazendas in Brazil,
which are either native Brazilian, or slightly modified by English ideas.
A THOROUGHBRED STALLION FROM THE “STATES.”
Among the animals imported into Brazilfrom the United States is a fine, active stallion for breeding pur-
poses. It was in splendid health, and was the pet of the “boys from home.” They had given it the
name of Sonoto.
220 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
My last letter was sent from Curityba, in the State of Parana.
From that place I came direct to Sao Paulo. My adventures there
and some of my experiences in Rio are to be the subject of this letter,
but before I begin those points I want first to clear off my expense -
account in south Brazil, as I call everything between Sao Paulo
and the Uruguay border, and second to give you some secondhand
news that I picked up from a fellow traveler [ met soon after I lett
Curityba.
On consulting my notes I see that I was practically 10 days on
the various trains between the Uruguay frontier and Sao Paulo
(N. B.—This time is probably materially shortened in the through
schedule prepared by the railway lines for future travel, especially
if the passage 1s made direct from the frontier to Sao Paulo, but it
must be remembered that I had two side trips, one to Porto Alegre
and the other to Curityba, which added to my time and expenses)
and that my railway fare cost me about $90.000 (two hundred and
seventy-five milreis, written 275$000), including a sleeper from
Curityba, and the side trips above mentioned. I spent 17 days
divided between Porto Alegre and Curityba, which makes three
weeks (27 days) in south Brazil from the border to Sao Paulo, my
complete expense charges amounting (in the cities, 17 days, $119;
on the railway traveling, 10 days, $35) in all to $244, or almost
exactly to $9 a day. Now, I must add, that living expenses in south
Brazil are relatively low. That is, the hotel rates are moderate,
about $3 a day and up, and I indulged very little in social amusements.
On the other hand, railway rates are high, and as I had spent each
night on shore, as it might be called, and took a midday meal en
route, the averages did not change.
Compare this with the cost of steamer transportation from Buenos
Aires to Santos, practically a three-day trip. This amounts to $50
or even less, according to steamer and accommodation. The latter
has its advantages for the commercial traveler in the way of cheap-
ness and quickness; the overland route offers a change from the rather
monotonous steamer travel (although I myself, as I have said, always
utilize my time on shipboard for systematizing my notes, a means of
economy which can not be practiced on a train), and gives oppor-
tunity to study a newly developing region in South America. As a
selling proposition, I dare not recommend the land voyage, unless
one has a specialty to exhibit which is of itself almost equal to a sale.
As an eye opener to future markets in a country not the same as
Argentina or Paraguay, yet quite as free from traditions and lacking
all traces of an aboriginal population, and as an example of what
ptoneer railroading in the southern continent is accomplishing, no
better excursion can be suggested. The final decision must be left
to the judgment of my fellow travelers and the houses they represent.
CATTLE CARS ON THE PARANA AND BRAZIL RAILWAYS.
Although the track is of the meter gauge (3 feet 34 inches), the cars for the transportation of cattle are mod-
ern and can be made comfortable for the animals. The trip from the coast port of Paranagua to Cury-
tiba is one part and from Curytiba to Morungava is the second part. Altogether cattle will be under
way about four days (if they come through without delay) from the steamer to pasture.
CATTLE JUST UNLOADED AT MORUNGAVA.
In addition to the imported Texas cattle of recognized breed, the ranch recently purchased a lot of native,
longhorned Brazil stock. It was the intention to take the best of care of them, to cross with imported
Texas breed. Good resisting cattle for the local pasture was expected. The cattle in the picture had been
48 hours on the continuous journey, yet withstood the trip very well, and were lively enough when re-
leased from the close confinement of the car and allowed to run free on the native grasses.
Do, THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Now, I ask your permission, Mr. Editor, to leave my personal narra-
tive for a paragraph or so, and tell of an American enterprise quietly
going on in the State of Parana, just over the Sao Paulo border. I
got the story from an acquaintance I met in Curityba, and he gave
me also the accompanying photographs to use as I might like, and I
pass them on to you.
This gentleman had just visited a large ranch, as we would call it
in the United States, owned by United States capitalists and man-
aged by practical cattle men, who are carrying out there the methods
that have been successful at home. This ranch embraces an area of
about 3,500,000 acres (larger than the State of Connecticut), partly
prairie land, partly wooded, the timber being held by an associated
company, while the prairie is now or will in the future be utilized by
a cattle company, both quite commerical; that is, not dependent upon
any special charter or monopolistic concession for their success. The
manager and employees, most of them brought under contract from
the ‘States,’ had taken an old Brazilian ranch house for headquar-
ters, picturesque enough but not adequate for modern living or busi-
ness conditions. Under construction, therefore, was a new building
on substantial western lines, modified to suit actual requirements in
this part of Brazil. I may add that from the notes of my acquaintance
I learned that the elevation of the place was about 2,500 feet, and the
climate not unlike that of western Texas. The winter began in June,
when there was often frost and at times a thin coating of ice on ponds
and standing water. In the house the thermometer may sink to
50° F. or so, and fires are needed at night. When it is remembered
that this place is located at about 24° south latitude, only 1 degree
below the Tropic of Capricorn, it is plain that we must overcome our
misconceptions of Brazil and its climate.
Karly in July, 1912, there were shipped by chartered steamer from
Galveston 370 bulls, 550 heifers, and 26 horses—946 head in all—
direct to Paranagua, the nearest seaport, in the State of Parana.
They arrived at the end of 25 days, with the surprisingly small loss
of only five head, a fact due to the great care exercised during the
entire voyage. To the ranch corral, a railway trip of three or four
days, only three head were lost, and these died from injury, not from
disease. Of these Texas cattle, 18 head were born immune to Texas
tick, but they were all inoculated. Nevertheless, the immunes re-
acted, showing that the Brazil tick must be different from the Texas
variety. No deaths resulted. Now these imported cattle are turned
loose to range, and about 2,000 others, native cattle of the local stock,
were added. A scientific veterinarian is kept for careful study of
conditions, and he is helped by several North American cowboys who
learned their business in the West and are putting into practice the
lessons of their success there.
THE MODEL STABLES AT PIRACICABA, SAO PAULO.
At Piracicaba, in the State of Sao Paulo, is the practical school of agriculture, from which much can be
learned of the local needs of the State and the methods by which the best results can be obtained. It
was, for the first five years, under the direction of Dr. Clinton D. Smith, formerly of the State Agricul-
tural School of Michigan and of Cornell University. One of his earliest steps was to build this model
stable in which cattle were scientifically housed. There is a dairy connected withit. Oneresult has been
to demonstrate that Sao Paulo can be a fine cattle country, as the Morungava ranch indicates.
THE USE OF THE MULE ON MORUNGAVA RANCH.
The mule serves quite as useful a purpose in Brazil as in other parts of Latin America. He is acclimated
there and supplements the work of the horse. In this picture he is equipped with a native saddle and
bridle, and the Brazilian cow puncher riding him has the long boots and skin “‘chaps” not unlike those
seen in Mexico. These native employees on the ranch are valuable assistants.
994 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Troubles they have, to be sure, and all is not easy going. There
are pests unfamiliar to them, a new climate and soil, and certain
prejudices or traditions to work against, but most conditions promise
well. For cattle this is relatively a virgin country. Years ago Bra-
zilians raised cattle, but only for home consumption or at most for
the Sao Paulo market, which then was a long drive of over 200 miles.
Beef for continuous profit did not enter into the calculations of those
old fazendeiros (farmers); they merely let their stock accumulate as
best they could until they became numerous, and then the surplus
was sold. Meanwhile beef of a superior kind and quality was im-
ported from the River Plate, the rumor gained ground that Brazil
was not a cattle country, the little business existing dwindled, and
prices went up for all who wished meat in their dietary.
Then came the investigators. ‘‘This 7s a good cattle country,”
they said on examination. ‘‘Why in the world should Brazil import
beef when these beautiful hills and valleys, these prairies and wooded
stretches, are right at hand? There aren’t enough cattle to go round
as it is. Let’s make a thorough job of it, and show Brazil that she
can feed herself with meat, and encourage the farmer to diversify his
crops to his own benefit.’”’ Hence the cause of this and other cattle
ranches over south and central Brazil, in places where the climate and
soil are propitious.
Now, so far as I can see, Mr. Editor, this is a simple commercial
proposition. There are no exclusive clauses in. the concession, no
monopoly, no Government restrictions. J gather from what my
acquaintance told me that anyone with money enough to keep a
cattle company going could start the same thing, in Parana, or in
Sao Paulo, or Minas Geraes, or any other State selected. All that is
needed is capital, patience, and an understanding of the demands of
the country. It’s a big business, and the small farmer has no place
in it. Whether it will pay is a question of time only. Certainly,
what I saw from the car window indicated clearly that there was
abundant grazing land all over south Brazil. From what this
acquaintance told me, there was no agricultural reason for discontent
or dissatisfaction. JI hope that Providence will be on their side, for
the sake of Brazil and for their own profit. If Brazil begins to feed
herself on native products, it means a diversified industry, a greater
demand for high-class goods, and an increase of trade. All of which
may help me and others like me, interested in establishing a foreign
market for what we represent.
So here I am back on the road again. I tell you, a traveling man
has got to have imagination at times and to exercise it, or else he
will miss his bearings in a foreign country. I have perhaps in the
last few paragraphs indulged in speculation, but I advise others to
look at this part of the world with the same regard for the future,
THE LUIZ DE QUEIROZ COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PIRACICABA, SAO PAULO.
In this institution, which is organized for the purpose of practical work in the field as well as for theo-
retical instruction in classroom and laboratory, noticeable advance has been made in many directions.
It has shown that the soil of the State is suitable for much besides coffee, and has stimulated the idea
to diversify agriculture in a healthy way.
THE PRACTICAL SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, PIRACICABA, SAO PAULO.
The pasture for the prize horses at the school where pupils learn to judge points, and to prepare them-
selves for future activity in the increasing cattle industry of the State.
PUPILS AT WORKIN THE EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL
AT PIRACICABA, SAO PAULO.
226 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and not to think of and to look at the present alone. This part of
Brazil is particularly stimulating in this sense. Its future will un-
doubtedly be immense, and we must take the proper attitude of
sympathy toward her, or we shall be left at the post when the great
commercial race is on. Seems to me I can’t let the subject alone,
but here goes to practical things, to show that I know what I am
talking about.
There are two ways of getting to Sao Paulo (the city) from Curityba.
The traveler can go to Paranagua, the seaport of Parana, and there
take a local steamer, if he happens to find one, to Santos, the seaport
of Sao Paulo, and, if it is his first visit to Brazil, I advise him to do
so, although I did not follow my own advice. It is a matter of
scenery, chiefly, with opportunity to see such famous things as the
coffee port and the wonderful railway between Santos and Sao Paulo,
This was the old and is still the popular route, so they tell me, but I
was foolish enough to hurry, like a true Yankee. I went by train
from Curityba to Sao Paulo, taking the through express, which had
recently been put on, for a 24-hour journey, and here I am.
Sao Paulo is a whole country in itself. The city has upward of
400,000 inhabitants and is as modern as Minneapolis. The State is
about as big as two New Yorks, with something to spare. I could
just make a beginning to cover it after I had laid my lines in the city,
but the railways are so well developed that it is possible to run into
the interior for a day or more on one trip, to come back again, and
thus to negotiate in several directions, always-keeping the capital as
a center from which to make the final breakaway to Rio. The only
restraint one must exercise upon one’s self is in regard to railway fares.
These are relatively high in Brazil, and as the traveler should allow
himself only a first-class ticket, expenses begin to count up after
several trips to smaller towns.
To mention those places with which I am personally acquainted,
I can suggest Campinas, only a two-hours’ run; Piracicaba, about six
hours; Ribeirao Preto, about twelve hours, and Sorocaba about three
hours. There are plenty more, some big, some little; some can be
connected on one trip, as in the States, others are on separate lines,
and are best worked independently, so I found, although cross-
country travel is possible. The reason is that everything depends
upon Sao Paulo itself. To visit the local dealer is a wise move, if it .
can be done without the cost of too much time and money, but he
takes his bearings from the Sao Paulo merchants with whom he
usually deals, and the traveler must keep in touch with the latter,
who will naturally encourage this traveler to the extent that the
business grows by his activity. I find this one of the hardest prob-
lems to solve, and I do not know how many mistakes I have made.
On the other hand, I may have gained many customers by my
THE TILBURY OF BRAZIL.
When Brazil streets were narrow and crooked, as was the case in many of the older cities of the Empire,
almost the only horse-drawn conveyance was the Tilbury, with its two wheels and swinging seat.
The one horse, driven something like the hansom in London, although the driver sits on the main
seat, could maneuver around almost any corner. Since the increasing desire on the part of most cities
in Brazil to have fine, broad, straight streets, the Tilbury is slowly yielding to the automobile, although
it still holds its own in Sao Paulo, Petropolis, and is even seen in Rio.
MACKENZIE COLLEGE, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL.
The well-known American school in the city of Sao Paulo is a shining example of the beneficial influences
coming from the educational principles so characteristic of the United States. Every visitor from
the States is shown the Mackenzie College. While its graded courses carry the pupil into the higher
Pees many students go from this school to the United States to finish their education in technical
studies.
228 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
various side trips away from the important distributing centers.
That it is the correct thing to visit all the local and out-of-town
dealers possible I am thoroughly convinced, but the difficult problem
is where to draw the line.
In regard to these visits away from the capitals, I find that Brazil
differs to a noticeable extent from other countries of South America,
and, indeed, from Central America also. For one instance, prac-
tically every State—surely of these I have already visited, and I
am told that this is also the case all along the coast farther north—
has its own seaport through which goods are entered to be delivered
at the capital. Rio Grande and Porto Alegre in the State of Rio
Grande do Sul (I don’t know anything about Santa Catharina, but
conditions must be about the same through Florianopolis, which is
both port and capital); Paranagua and Curityba in Parana; Santos
and Sao Paulo in the State of Sao Paulo, and here at Rio de Janeiro,
both seaport and capital. Each division of the Republic represents
an almost independent commercial unit. Business for that State
must be conducted through its capital, and importations most prob-
ably should be made through its port. There is no other way to
get successful results. A shipment for Curityba through Santos and
Sao Paulo (this can be done, but at a heavy additional expense)
would be as roundabout as a consignment to Erie, Pennsylvania,
through Portland, Maine. Each one of these State import-units
must therefore be taken into account by itself, or profits will all be
eaten up by inland freight charges. As a corollary to this, it must
be explained that for many manufactured articles of consumption,
and even for tools and machinery, the needs and tastes differ in these
units. The people of Rio Grande do Sul, being in a temperate zone,
do not necessarily hanker after what suits the requirements of those
in Sao Paulo. Likewise, the people of New Orleans do not neces-
sarily require what sells best in New York. Therefore I have’noted
in my experiences the following divergences from other countries in
Latin America: Brazil is so big that separate units—centers—of
trade must be recognized, and a similarity of markets must not be
taken for granted. Therefore the man or manufacturer who issued
an exclusive agency contract for all Brazil is simply crazy, plumb
crazy. .
In another instance, I have discovered that interior places have a
character and a purchasing potential (I like that phrase, and it’s all
my own, too) sometimes independent of that of the nearest capital
and center. It should not be taken for granted that Campinas will
buy, just because Sao Paulo has a preference for this or that article.
And that is the dilemma I am constantly up against. Is it worth
while to spend time and money on these side trips into the interior, to
test the market away from the capital, or had I best be content by
THE MUSEUM OF IPYRANGA, SAO PAULO.
This is one of the finest museums in South America, and the State is ambitious to add constantly to
the admirable collections in it. The building itself is a fitting home for the museum. The site on
which it lies is that where the declaration of freedom from Portuguese rule was proclaimed.
A PRIVATE RESIDENCE IN SAO PAULO.
The city is in most respects quite modern, especially in the residence districts. The streets are broad,
well planted with trees, well paved, and illuminated. The houses are usually of fine proportions and
show to what a degree of wealth and taste the people have developed. The traveler is easily convinced
that such culture will be satisfied only by the very best that can be offered them.
230 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
working the trade center as thoroughly as possible, and, trusting to
my immediate returns, leave the other places for the longed-for second
time? On this point I dare not be emphatic for others. They must
previde theirown answers. Only, it is to the advantage of us all to
realize that these interior places exist.
From the city of Sao Paulo I came by train to Rio de Janeiro.
There are two night trains, one a de luxe affair with extra ticket, but
being my first time in Brazil, I followed the advice of others and
enjoyed the beauties of the day trip, as the railway passes through
one of the most picturesque and even historic regions of the Republic.
Of course if it is necessary to save time, the night trains are the best, for
they have splendid sleeping cars and arrive at Rio early in the morning.
I wish I had a million dollars, Mr. Editor, for investment in Rio de
Janeiro. The first thing I’d do would be to build a nice, modern,
comfortable hotel on the New York plan, with rooms chiefly for
single men, but with a few family suites added. Then I’d have a
restaurant of the best, serving table d’héte meals, because all Latin
Americans prefer courses, but also a la carte meals for the person or
persons who like to order sparingly or liberally. Id have the price of
the rooms include only coffee and rolls in the morning, served in the
manner usual all over South America. Meals should be extra, just as
they are in New York hotels, with no compulsion at all to take them
in the hotel restaurant. Why, Mr. Editor, a fortune lies ready for the
enterprising company that has nerve enough to carry out this scheme.
By this time I know Rio from top to bottom, from the Avenida Rio
Branco to the apex of Tijuca, and such a thing as a single room without
board (as we say at home) is not to be had.
And Rio is such a huge place. There are several first-class hotels
on or not far from the Avenida, and away off on the hills, where the
days and nights are cooler, are some charming hotels and pensions,
where one can be as comfortable as one can wish. That presupposes,
however, a complete control of one’s time and a certain leisure that
belongs to the tourist, if a foreigner, or to the visitor from the interior,
if he is anative. But I am speaking now of the hurried man, whether
he be a commercial traveler or a sightseer, who must make the best
of his time, and economize every moment. One may answer, “ But
there’s no such thing as hurry in Latin America.’ Don’t you be-
lieve it, Mr. Editor. In Rio (and Buenos Aires, too, they are both so
large) many people are in a hurry, and they regret that it 1s necessary
to go back to the hotel or pension for the midday meal after they
have just begun to get busy at whatever matter brought them to the
city.
It issimply maddening. Suppose I am talking my head off with a
prospect, and 12 o’clock comes along. He closes up the office for
the noon hour. He may invite me to take luncheon with him,
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oe, THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
or I may invite him to go with me, or we separate for the time being
to meet later in the day. If I go with him (which I am not apt to do,
as I am shy of accepting such invitations) I lose my meal at the
hotel. If he goes with me I can not ask him to the hotel, because it
may be too far out to suit his convenience, so we go to the nearest
restaurant. In this case also I Jose my meal, which does not count
for much, but it is foolish, just the same. If we separate, the time
appointed for a renewal of the talk may be too short to allow me to
go to the hotel. Usually, therefore, I prefer the loss of the cost of
the meal to the inconvenience of going after it. If it is a holiday
and my work is not behindhand I may have a chance to take a little
excursion out of town. Of course, I do not wish to come all the way
back just for either luncheon or dinner, so I stay at the first eating
place in sight. ‘‘Bang goes another saxpence,”’ as the Scotchman
sald.
Speaking with a practical purpose, however, it is clearly evident to
any one who knows Rio that a hotel making a charge for rooms (and
morning coffee) only, the guest paying at the restaurant for what
he eats, is very much needed. I say Rio particularly, although
Buenos Aires could profit by the introduction of one or two. It is
possible, however, so { have been told, for those who know Buenos
Aires well, to get a room in a decent house without board by nego-
tiating for it. No other city in South America is big enough to
demand such accommodations yet. Santiago (Chile) has a small
hotel on this European pian, popular among traveling men, but not
advertised as such. But it is a gap to be filled in Rio.
Let me tell you a true story of an attempt to solve the problem,
which failed. In Buenos Aires I had met a brother traveler from
Europe who made this circuit regularly. He had customers all along
the east coast and gave me many useful hints about business methods
in this territory. Just before I parted from him in Buenos Aires I
asked whether we might meet in Rio de Janeiro. ‘“‘Sure,”’ he
answered, ‘“‘but I will look you up at your hotel, for I don’t know
exactly where I am going to live while I am in that city.” He had
complained bitterly at the inconvenience of the hotels there, and he
knew by experience, telling me that for the first time in Rio I would
have to go to a hotel, as a man must have friends there before he could
hope to find a lodging. ‘‘But,”’ he added, “‘this time I’m in luck, for
aman I know in Rio has told me of a place where there are rooms to
let, just as I would find them in Germany.” So we separated, and I
did not see him till yesterday, when we bumped against each other
going into the elevator. ‘‘When did you turn up?’ I greeted him
in bad Portuguese. ‘‘I was just sending word to let you know that
I had arrived,” he replied. ‘‘ Did you find the room you were after?”
I asked, hoping that he’d suggest that I might accompany him to his
BOTAFOGO AND CORCOVADO BEYOND, RIO DE JANEIRO.
Along the shores of the winding Bay of Rio the Government has constructed a driveway, beginning
at the south end of the Avenida Rio Branco, which stretches out to the open Atlantic. Botafogo
is within the city, and along the land side are many handsome private residences.
Photograph by D. M. Hezlett.
THE GLORIA PARKWAY AND PRAIA DA LAPA, RIO.
The old Gloria Hill, on which a church still stands, is one of the picturesque sights of the city.
In front of it, on the city side, is this pretty park, in which the people delight to walk and where
many children are brought to play. Electric trams pass on both sides.
52611—Bull. 2—14——5
234 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
happy quarters. ‘Oh, yes,” he answered, “I found the room, but
I’m at this hotel now; I stayed there two days. Nearly eaten up
with ’em, and I thought I knew all about the Tropics.” Yes, the
company that builds a comfortable, modern, rooms-without-board
hotel in Rio, for transient visitors and traveling men, has got a
fortune.
This reminds me to say that I am once more within the Tropics.
In fact, the line crosses just a wee bit north of Sao Paulo, but in that
city and at that elevation one does not notice it. Only when coming
down to Rio did I realize that the subtly preserved habits and enyi-
ronment of the Tropics were noticeable. On the plateau, where the
coffee is grown, the climate is much more reminiscent of California.
Down on the coast where Rio lies, the vegetation is tropical, the people
on the streets have the same characteristics, and I begin to recover
a familiarity with the attitude of body and mind in the Tropics, com-
pletely lost in the commercial rush of cosmopolitan Buenos Aires.
The charm of Rio is to me still more penetrating, therefore, and I feel
reluctant to leave it.
Rio is a tourist town in the deepest sense. It has atmosphere. It
has as many phases as any city in Europe. Its history seems recorded
in nearly every street and building, and although the new Avenida
Rio Branco has helped to obliterate all traces of that part of old Rio
through which it and others of similar municipal improvement run,
nevertheless even the new thoroughfares are history, and the older
parts of the city remain almost as they were before. There is lots to
see here, and I am afraid that this unceasing interest in the life of the
place sometimes interferes with the traveler’s conviction that he has
a lot to do as well. I know I have yielded to temptation occasion-
ally, and allowed the time to slip away in mere sightseeing, when I
should have been hustling around for prospects. I warn other
travelers of the danger, so that they may be forearmed, even if they
pay no attention to this good advice, given with their interests at
heart.
It is not that the night life in Rio de Janeiro is so overwhelmingly
fascinating as in Paris or so plainly arranged according to schedule
as in Berlin. Those who knew Rio 10 years ago—both foreigners
and natives—tell me that before the Avenida was built everybody
went to bed at 9 o’clock, while now there is a growing habit to make
use of the broad spaces of the sidewalks, in front of the newer cafés,
for social loitering as one sees in Latin cities of the Old World and
in Buenos Aires, where nobody seems to go to bed at all. I must
say, however, that I found Rio pretty lively at night, even after 11.
The introduction of moving-picture shows (cinemas) and, in that
connection, of whai the Germans call tingeltangel attractions, has
increased the night life, in comparison to the older habits, quite
CARIOCA SQUARE, RIO DE JANEIRO.
It was formerly popular on account of the water supply here, and even to-day the spouting jets
on the left are frequented by women and men laden with water jars. It is best known now,
however, through the car service from here, because connections to all parts of the city can be
made in Carioca, and just above it is the terminus of the cars to Tijuca and the heights beyond.
The stranger can stand by the hour together, watching Rio’s life pass across the square.
THE AVENIDA RIO BRANCO, RIO DE JANEIRO.
This avenue, cut through the old part of the city 10 years ago, has now been given the name of Rio Branco
in memory of one of Brazil’s most notable citizens and statesmen. It is in reality a Broadway, line
with fine business and public buildings, and crowded day and night by people and automobiles. Not
all the business is located on the Avenida, as there are many side and parallel streets, but this is the cen-
ter, and from here the study of the city begins.
236 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
remarkably. Then again travel has been tremendous within the
last 10 years. Brazilians go abroad frequently, and on returning
they like to see their beautiful capital take on the characteristics of
an Old World metropolis; and Rio has become popular with tourists
who spend a day or so between steamers or a week or so as sightseers,
and as they have no entrée into social life, demand amusement which
the people are quite willing to provide. Night life is therefore well
established, and seldom need the one determined to have it, complain
of lack of entertainment.
I think I know by this time every street in Rio. I am one of those
fools who walk, evenin the Tropics, and I find that it does me no harm,
that I get proper exercise thereby, and that it helps me to sleep
without a ‘“‘nightcap.”’ When the evening comes and my day’s
business is over, I have amused myself wandering about the city
aimlessly, to find myself in some forgotten nook of the Empire, where
I am compelled to ask my way back in broken Portuguese of some
blessed Brazilian whose affairs bring him seldom into contact with
the foreigner. Rio de Janeiro is admirably complete in its street
illumination. I have been as far out as the Gavea, where, along the
shore, are many of the dwellings of the aristocracy, and have walked
much of the way back through the delightful suburbs within trolley
distance of the city’s center. I have lost myself in the mazes around
the Praza da Republica or in the side streets leading off from the
Mangue Canal, and I have found astonishingly few dark, dirty, dis-
mal alleys, such as I could name in other cities of America far away.
The city is wonderfully well lighted. Electric and gas lamps are
everywhere. People seem to enjoy the illumination and to move
about as if it were part of the afternoon. And moreover, Mr. Editor,
to the great credit of the Brazilian character, I want to say that drink-
ing of alcoholic refreshments was moderate, and I never saw a drunken
man. The morning papers tell of the usual round-ups in the police
stations following a night off, but I saw none of it. I have tramped
about many cities from El Paso south, but Rio is one of the most
temperate and well behaved I have ever known.
Doing business in Rio de Janeiro is a different matter from sight-
seeing. I have found that out by myself and by talking with
acquaintances I happened to meet along the way. I came across
one man who had a good contract almost signed in Sao Paulo. I
left him there; he may be still in the same place on the same errand,
for all 1 know, waiting for a decision to be given him. He waited
four weeks, with nothing else to do. He did not dare leave town
nor devote much of his unoccupied time to working in other direc-
tions. Every once in a while he would see his prospective clients
and good-naturedly explain over again the advantage of his bid,
receiving with thorough politeness the assurance that the matter
A VIEW OF RIO FROM AN INLET OF THE BAY.
The bay of Rio has many windings along its western shore, and the city is built close to the water,
or creeps under the hills, with delightful irregularity. Large steamers now can lie at the docks,
but many still anchor in the deep harbor, and there is always an immense fleet of smaller craft, as
in the picture, ready to go out to them for passengers and freight. One of the charms of entering
Rio by steamer is the unending procession of these launches passing back and forth.
SOME MORE POOR PACKING.
Paper is always in danger when shipped over salt water, because the dampness is so apt tc penetrate
the containers and injure the contents. Evidently the shipper ignored this well-known truth,
for this paper was poorly packed to begin with, and on arrival was so damp and frayed that prob-
ably 10 pe recent of it is worthless.
THE PASSEIO PUBLICO, IN RIO DE JANEIRO.
Just beyond the south end of the Avenida Rio Branco, and where it makes a graceful turn into the
Praia da Lapa, is a public park. It is heavily wooded, with winding walks, an aquarium with
native fishes, and popular attractions of like nature.
A SCENE IN THE BOTANIC GARDENS, RIO DE JANEIRO.
The botanic gardens in Rio are well worth a visit to see the interesting collections of tropical plants
so well taken care of there. A novelty to North American eyes is the huge Victoria Regia, the
pond lily of the Tropics.
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240 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
was under consideration. There was nothing else to do but wait.
Let us hope that he landed. His case gives an illustration of what
the traveling man must expect in Brazil, and in other parts of Latin
America also, for that matter. Patience is necessary in making a
sale in these countries, and the man or company not blessed with
proper patience and an understanding of that side of the Latin char-
acter must keep away from the field.
There is another point to which I wish to call the attention of the
man coming to Brazil for the first time, especially if he has no ac-
quaintance with the large cities like Mexico. Business here stops
about noon. That doesn’t mean only that the head of the house
goes out to luncheon. It means an actual cessation of business.
Many offices close and lock the doors; many stores pull down the
shutters; the commercial center quits work, not to take it up again
till after breakfast (almoco), about 2 o’clock in the afternoon. It
is useless to hope to begin business with anyone during the noon rest
Occasionally the time may be utilized for an appointment or a semi-
social business conversation, but it is a rule of experience to initiate
business only between 10 o’clock and noon or after 2 o’clock up to 5.
I had planned, Mr. Editor, to say more in this letter about some
of the day-to-day conditions in Brazil and to finish up most of the
country thereby. My route as originally selected was from Rio de
Janeiro by through steamer to Bahia, either direct to New York or
indirectly thither via Europe. For that reason I purchased a round-
trip ticket. Now I have news for you, which was a decidedly unex-
pected surprise for me only this morning. As I was arranging my
trip northward and homeward I received a message from the office
to keep up along the coast by local steamer, to visit all the places
I could reach in that way, and perhaps even to go up the Amazon
from Para. I shall therefore postpone to a later letter any more
details, trusting that the scraps I have thus far given will be of some
use, incomplete as I know them to be.
As yet I can not outline my movements. It is a new territory.
I can get mighty little advice from others, as first-hand experience
can be obtained only from the relatively few who know the route.
Anyhow, I will keep on writing until you tell me to stop, but as I can
not give you an address, you must suppress the letters if they do not
serve your purpose.
This change of plan compels me to cut off everything except my
immediate work here, so I must close abruptly. In some ways I
am glad to do a bit of commercial exploring; in others I am de-
pressed at postponing my absence from home beyond the date origi-
nally set. South America is a big continent, I am beginning to find
out. Adios.
VIAJERO.
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Among the Salt-harvesters of the Caribbean, the leading article in
Harper’s Magazine for July, is another of Charles Wellington Fur-
long’s inimitable South American travel stories. The great salt
industry of Venezuela forms the subject of this story, and all the
realism and vigor characteristic of Furlong’s style takes the narrative
out of the commonplace. The salt industry is one of Venezuela’s
chief sources of revenue, the Government dividing the proceeds of the
rents with the various States. Ownership of the salt mines is vested
in the Federal Government and they are usually rented to large com-
panies. In addition to the annual rental a certain per cent of the
profits is also reserved to the Government. Interesting historical
facts, entertaming side lights thrown on the Indian workers of the
mine, graphic descriptions of scenes and incidents, all lend the story
of fact the charm of fiction. The reader’s attention is gripped from
the very start in the following opening paragraphs:
Cautiously, almost silently, the old salt steamer Manzanares glided through the
Venezuelan Archipelago. The moon hung full in the heavens. Feathery stirs of
air came from the heated Venezuelan mainland; gleaming dolphins flipped and
splashed globules of silver spray in the moon gleams which, like sifted star dust,
glinted from a slightly ruffled calm.
“Look!” Old Capt. Sanchez pointed to a small, lateen-rigged craft. ‘‘Contra-
bandistas (smugglers)—que maluco! Zay may have contraband goods from Port of
Spain, perhaps salt—quien sabe!”’
““Salt?’’ I queried.
“Si, senor, from ze Antillas, where zere are manee salinas (salt lagoons) and salinetas
(small salinas).’’
“Si, plentee! plentee! but ze government it must be feed ze first.’’ The smoke
of the old captain’s sigarillo trailed its filmy wake as he gazed thoughtinlly at the
blue-stenciled mountains of his country.
The blue Caribbean laps its soft tongue along sixteen hundred miles of Venezuelan
coast. Where the land has risen or the sea has temporarily licked through a gap,
flooded over a beach crest, or seeped through the sand, salt lagoons have formed and
solar evaporation causes crystallization. These deposits range from yard-wide pozos
(wells) to the extensive salinas of the island of Coche and Araya Peninsula, measuring
about 300 acres and 1,115 acres, respectively. There was indeed ‘‘plentee,”’ but
only those at Coche, Araya, Maracaibo, and Mitare are worked, for the salt industry
has long been a Government monopoly.
The author’s first stop was off the coast of the Peninsula of
Araya, near the location of a great salt lagoon, and he gives us an
241
From ‘‘ Harper’s Magazine.’”’ Copyright, 1914, by Harper & Bros.
A HILL OF PURE SALT ON THE ISLAND OF COCHE, VENEZUELA.
‘Walking along the sand spit, I realized that the 40-foot hillocks beyond the aduana were pillotes, hills of salt
probably the world’s biggest salt cones.”” (From ‘‘Among the Salt Harvesters of the Caribbean,” by Charles
Wellington Furlong, in Harper’s Magazine for July, 1914.)
From ‘: Harper’s Magazine.’”’?’ Copyright. 1914, by Haper & Bros.
RUINS OF THE ROYAL FORTRESS OF ARAYA.
Showing the great parade, with the powder magazine and reservoir with white covering from which peons are
drawing water; broad raised gun platforms on upper level; to the right the salina, the bay on the left, the custom-
house between. (Illustrating ‘“Among the Salt Harvesters of the Caribbean” in July Harper’s Magazine.)
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 243
interesting description and a bit of the history of the old ruined
fortress which formerly protected the salina, in the following style:
Before daylight advanced, dark-skinned peons were warping small boats, loaded
with salt bags, along a hawser which had been run ashore. On the sandy isthmus I
found all a noiseless bustle; broad-sombreroed, barefooted, scantily clad Arayans
shifting to the boats the salt bags brought by jogging donkeys from the great lagoon
a half mile inland. The lone aduana (customhouse), silhouetted in purple, and
waist-high, cone-shaped piles of salt dotted an acre of the lagoon edge.
A swarthy figure accosted me. ‘‘See these pearls, senor! Pearls most beautiful.’’
It was such pearls and gold that the Indians of Unare and Araya brought to Nino.
From stories of their mysterious sources, coupled with the fabled richness of this
salina and what might lie beyond, sprang the vision of El Dorado.
A half mile southward lay an ancient ruin. What had prompted man to raise in
this desert waste a structure outvying most of the old fortresses of the New World
and ranking with many of ancient Europe? Spain early established colonies along
these coasts, the Dutch and English made rendezvous in the Caribbean, and history
soon reeked with cruelties perpetrated on the Indian inhabitants; piracy was rampant
and contraband was run, not least of which was salt. In 1543 the Dutch appropriated
the rich salina of Araya and carried salt in armored ships to the West Indies, where,
conniving with Indians and colonists, they ran it along the Venezuelan coasts, as
contraband, ruining the Spanish company who paid the Spanish crown for the privi-
lege. Then, when the Plymouth Pilgrims were first establishing their colony, the
Spaniards drove the Dutch from Araya. Because of the reported richness of this
salina, they constructed the fortress.
Toward the ancient stronghold, with one of four fellow passengers, a Russian
refugee, I trudged over the coarse white sand edging the rocks on which the castle
stands. Its material was hewn nearly 300 years ago from the sides of the near-by
Mount Barrigon—huge blocks of calcareous conglomerate, set with mortar made from
the beachsand. After three years’ labor, in 1625, the flag of Spain flaunted its gold and
orange folds over this castle of Santiago, the royal fortress of Araya, which had cost
more than a million gold pesos and an enormous toll of life. For with scant food and
water, a scorching sun in a shadeless land, goaded by cruel taskmasters, the toil,
sweat, and blood of Indian slaves, Spanish prisoners, and half-caste peons went to
cement those massive walls. * * *
Huge mural fragments 6 feet thick lay at the castle base, like abandoned playthings
of some great cataclysm. Climbing a path, we found a great parade of perhaps two
acres, and headed toward the northeast bastion. We ascended its parapet, from which
I overlooked the quiet ruffle of a bejeweled sea edging the bay in a curving line of
ivory white along the sand, which, in turn, merged into the tarnished gold of a barren,
sun-scorched, waterless waste of country. The salina gleamed like a fresh fall of
snow; hear it was the aduana and some cabanas; to the south, the plateau into which
the one-time little town of Araya had long crumbled among the cacti. At 12° north
of the equator the 125° of heat would have been unbearable but for the blessed
“‘trades.”’
Through the mirage of years I saw a Spanish galleon riding at her chains; within the
protection of the castle’s cannon the picturesque life of little Araya; sentries with restive
pace walked in ceaseless vigil along bastion and wall of the massive ramifications;
soldiers lounged about puffing tobacco obtained from the mainland natives; others
gambled at cards for the meager stakes of their meager possessions.
Through a reservoir in the center 40 feet square water, during the rains, flowed into
the cistern beneath. On this storage of cool, fresh water both garrison and inhab-
itants depend; there a peon pours the crystai stream into a large cask. More peons
arrive, with firkin-laden donkeys. The mirage of bygone centuries dissolves into the
From Harper’s Magazine. Copyright. 1914. by Harper & Bros.
THE “MANZANARES” LOADING SALT AT ARAYA.
(Iilustrating ‘Among the Salt Harvesters of the Caribbean,’’ by Charles Wellington Furlong in Harper’s Magazine
for July, 1914).
From Harper’s Magazine. Copyright. 1914, by Harper & Bros.
COCHEAN INDIAN SALINERAS WITH SALT BAGS WEIGHING 100 POUNDS EACH.
“These salineras might indeed lead one to credit the persistent story of a tribe of Amazons in the region of the
Venezuela hinterland, from which their forbears were supposed to have come.’’ From ‘‘Among the Salt Har-
vesters of the Caribbean,” by Charles Wellington Furlong in Harper’s Magazine for July, 1914.)
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 245
wriggling heat wavyes—the peons and donkeys are real; the cool cistern water still
quenches the thirst of the fishermen and salineros (salt workers) who live about it,
and the real Fuerza de Araya has become to them the Castillo de Santa Agua (Castle
of the Blessed Water).
In 1770 there was a plan to restore the old castle, but the cistern is the only part
that has been reconstructed. Time has dealt gently with the old ruins.
% * * * * * *
In 1726 and 1760 fearful hurricanes broke through the beach and for years rendered
the salina useless and evidently did some damage to the fortress; then, too, piracy had
by that time ceased in the Caribbean. So the uselessness of the castle was proclaimed
to the eastern provinces of Venezuela by royal decree on May 30, 1760. <A year later
terrific explosions reverberated over the waters and mighty walls were rent asunder
into the massive fragments at our feet. As far as I could determine, the castle of
Santiago never suffered even an attack. So it was abandoned after 150 years, having
cost in construction and upkeep 10,000,000 gold pesos, an enormous sum, simply to
prevent contraband of a single Venezuelan salt work.
From the old Manzanares I watched day kaleidoscope into night. The full moon
burst through the cloudy heavens as we steamed away from poor little Araya and its
grim fortress. By midnight Isla Cubagua humped its dark shape northward. Its
capital, New Cadiz, long since disappeared, was the first Spanish settlement of South
America, and even antedated Cumana, the first on the mainland.
The next morning the old craft dropped her mud hooks off the coast of Coche—a
desertlike island, with somber, brown-gray hills extending over its 3 by 5 leagues—a
land so thirsty that the few goats which roam {it in sheer desperation have acquired
the habit of drinking the salt water. Four little adobe pueblos dot its coasts, chiet
among them San Pedro.
On a low sand spit a mile from the Manzanares, salt deposits and an aduana humped
obtrusively in the sultry haze of heat; inland a large salina lay framed by low hills.
Here, at the annual salt harvest or loading of a steamer, men, women, and children
temporarily become salineros.
Walking along the sand-spit I realized that the 40-foot hillocks beyond the aduana
were pillotes, hills of salt, probably the world’s biggest salt cones. Guards squatted
in the shadow of the aduana; inside a few officials lolled listlessly in their Indian
hammock beds suspended from wall hooks. They looked askance when requested
permission to visit the salina half a mile back in the plain. I was not to be permitted
to wander about unobserved, so eventually a young Venezuelan grouchily slid from
his hammock to accompany me. * * *
Further details of the industry are dealt with as follows:
Salt varies from brick-red color, through brown, to ivory-white and white, depend-
ing primarily on the place from which it is taken and on the washing. Coche salt is
naturally white and firm; that of Araya, even when washed, is gray-tinged; and the
darkest salt, preferred by the interior people, is spoken of as black salt.
The ‘‘crop” is gathered during midsummer, when the lakes have dried and the salt
crystallized; and because of the salina’s glare and the heat which penetrates even
one’s shoes, the work is carried on at night.
Perhaps two hours after midnight a dog yelps, from a cabana a warm light glimmers,
then another and another. After a meager breakfast, the bulk of the inhabitants in a
long, irregular file, like a colossal anaconda, worm their way in the moonlight around
the base of the hills to the lagoon.
Armed guards await them. One group stops at the lagoon side nearest the aduana,
the other continues to the inland side. Each with a mara (open woven basket) wades
500 yards across the hardened edges into the lagoon, still warm from the heat of day,
and they scatter out on the lonely lake of white.
246 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The first basket filled, an agile twist poises it on the salinero’s head, the water
showering from the protecting broad brim of the canvas-covered straw hat. The
moonlight scintillates from the lagoon and glitters through the streaming water, which
half veils some of the dark forms of the salineros in a myriad of glimmering, falling
diamond strings. The saline shower makes any abrasion smart, and the rising sun
causes it to crystallize on hair and bodies. Any object thrown into the lake and then
placed in the sun becomes crystallized in beautiful effect, and small wooden objects
are thus strikingly transformed by Nature’s magic.
They usually work until sunrise, depositing the salt at the lake edge, where it soon
dries out. The women are chiefly the carriers; a superintendent checks each mara
of salt, for which the carrier receives 24 centavos (2 cents). During the day the salt
is transported to the side of the aduana. So the long line crisscrosses back and forth
during the gathering.
There are two different exploiters who contract to deposit the salt at their respective
pillottes, to which they hire the salineros to carry it from the lagoon. The company
pays about 30 cents per 300 pounds, which enables the exploiters to double their
money.
Siesta over, 100 men and 300 women again take up the work. The little figures
dotted about the bases of the colossal salt cones might well be pygmies in some
fairy tale, each adding his little mara of salt which goes to make up the average
season’s deposit of over 26,000,000 pounds. Climbing one of the great hardened
pillotes, a shoveler sends down miniature snowy avalanches almost into the mouths
of the sacks below. These filled, weighed, and stacked in the low-lying aduana
sheds, await a government boat.
It was an unrestrained, happy crowd among whom I mingled at the shed where they
gathered to carry the salt from the aduana to the beach. Ever ready to laugh at any
trifling circumstance, pearly teeth, contrasted with rich cinnamon complexions and
strikingly attractive dark eyes, soft and brown in repose but sparkling when gales of
laughter swept the crowd. But the deep, passionate natures of these Guarquari could
strike equally well the red spark of rage. Contrary to most seimprimitive peoples,
they were eager to pose, surrounding me in a dense, excited phalanx, and were greatly
disappointed that I did not hand out the pictures at once from the camera.
A sharp call and the work began. A superbly proportioned woman with consum-
mate grace swung a 100-pound salt bag to her head. Quickly adjusting it, she strcde
with majestic carriage toward the awaiting boats, heading a long file ranging from
girls of 14 to old women. Barefooted, they advanced with noiseless gait, each with a
strong play of the hips, every movement showing a tireless virility many a strong
man would find hard to emulate. At least one in four puffed a long, strong, black,
cheroot, but it was ‘‘strong to the strong.’’ These salineras might indeed lead one to
credit the persistent story of a tribe of Amazons in the region of the Venezuelan hinter-
land, from which their forebears were supposed to have come.
The boats swing in, and the crews, with wild shouts, plunge over in a smother of
foam. Then these swarthy Cochean fishermen, their only garb short cotton trousers
and sombreros, hustle the sacks down the beach and aboard. I could hear the gut-
tural ““he-way,”’ for ‘‘heave-away,’’ one of the corrupted English expressions which
have crept in among the coast Venezuelans.
“He-way, he-way.’’ A half-dozen men seized the gunwhale or pushed astern, every
muscle playing in rythmic unison, bodies glistening with sweat and brine. The sails
fill, and course is set for the steamer.
Up the River of Tapirs, in Scribner’s Magazine for July is the sub-
title of the fourth article in Col. Roosevelt’s, “A Hunter-Naturalist
in the Brazilian Wilderness” series. The narrative is largely devoted
to a description of the wonderful bird life of this section of Brazil and
Courtesy of the New York Zoological Society.
A BRAZILIAN SLOTH.
Referred to by Col. Roosevelt in “A Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness” in Scribner’s Maga-
zine for July, 1914.
Courtesy of the New York Zoological Society.
A BRAZILIAN TAPIR.
“On the morning of January 9 we started out for a tapir-hunt. Tapirs are hunted with canoes, as they
dwell in thick jungle and take to the water when hounds follow them.” (From ‘‘A Hunter-Naturalist
in the Brazilian Wilderness,” by Theodore Roosevelt, in Scribner’s Magazine for July, 1914.)
248 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the various hunts for large game. The party made a halt at a ranch
located at Porto Campo, a natural pasture or area of meadow land
which breaks the forest, and from there the hunting excursions took
place. On the first tapir hunt Col. Roosevelt was fortunate enough
to kill a fine specimen of the bush deer, different species of which
were desired by the naturalists for their collections. An interesting
account of the killing of his first large tapir is given by the colonel,
the following being a brief extract:
The tapir was coming downstream at a great rate, only its queer head above water,
while the dugouts were closing rapidly on it, the paddlers uttering loud cries. As
the tapir turned slightly to one side or the other the long, sightly upturned snout and
the strongly pronounced arch of the crest along the head and upper neck gave it a
marked and unusual aspect. I could not shoot, for it was directly in line with one
of the pursuing dugouts. Suddenly it dived, the snout being curved downward as
it did so. There was no trace of it; we gazed eagerly in all directions; the dugout in
front came alongside our canoe and the paddlers rested, their paddles ready. Then
we made out the tapir clambering up the bank. It had dived at right angles to the
course it was following and swum under water to the very edge of the shore, rising
under the overhanging tree branches at a point where a drinking trail for game led
down a break in the bank. The branches partially hid it, and it was in deep shadow,
so that it did not offer a very good shot. My bullet went too far back, and the tapir
disappeared in the forest at a gallop as if unhurt, although the bullet really secured it,
by making tt unwilling to trust to its speed and leave the neighborhood of the water.
Three or four of the hounds were by this time swimming the river, leaving the others
yelling on the opposite side; and as soon as the swimmers reached the shore they were
put on the tapir’s trail and galloped after it, giving tongue. In a couple of minutes
we saw the tapir take to the waters far upstream, and after it we went as fast as the
paddle could urge us through the water. We were not in time to head it, but fortu-
nately some of the dogs had come down to the river’s edge at the very point where
the tapir was about to land. Two or three of the dogs were swimming. We were
more than half the breadth of the river away from the tapir, and somewhat down-
stream, when it dived. It made an astonishingly long swim beneath the water this
time, almost as if it had been a hippopotamus, for it passed completely under our
canoe and rose between us and the hither bank. I shot it, the bullet going into its
brain, while it was 30 or 40 yards from shore. It sank at once.
Another occasion which afforded excitement and variety to the
sportsmen was the hunt for peccaries, a species of wild swine. The
particular variety desired was the white-lipped peccary or ‘‘cachéda’’
as it is known in Brazil. With the addition of some specimens of
this variety, the big mammal collections of the naturalists was about
complete. An idea of the courage and ferocity of these small animals
may be had from the following extract of Col. Roosevelt’s account:
The small peccaries go singly or in small parties, and when chased take refuge in
holes or hollow logs, where they show valiant fight; but the big peccaries go in herds
of considerable size, and are so truculent that they are reluctant to run, and prefer
either to move slowly off, chattering their tusks and grunting, or else actually to
charge. Where much persecuted the survivors gradually grow more willing to run,
but their instinct is not to run but to trust to their truculence and their mass-action
for satety. They inflict a fearful bite and frequently kill dogs. They often charge
the hunters and I have heard of men being badly wounded by them, while almost
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every man who hunts them often is occasionally forced to scramble up a tree to avoid
a charge. But I have never heard of a man being killed by them. They sometimes
surround the tree in which the man has taken refuge and keep him up it. Cherrie,
on one occasion in Costa Rica, was thus kept up a tree for several hours by a great
herd of three or four hundred of these peccaries; and this although he killed several
of them. Ordinarily, however, after making their charge they do not turn, but pass
on out of sight. * * * Soon we heard the ominous groaning of the herd, in
front of us, and almost on each side. Then Benedetto joined us, and the dog appeared
inthe rear. We moved slowly forward, toward the sound of the fierce moaning grunts
which were varied at times by a castanet chattering of the tusks. Then we dimly
made out the dark forms of the peccaries moving very slowly to the left. My com-
panions each chose a tree to climb at need and pointed out one for me. I fired at
the half-seen form of a hog, through the vines, leaves. and branches; the colonel fired;
I fired three more shots at other hogs; and the Indian also fired. The peccaries did
not charge; walking and trotting, with bristles erect, groaning and clacking their
tusks, they disappeared into the jungle. We could not see one of them clearly and
not one was left dead. But afew paces on we came across one of my wounded ones,
standing at bay by a palm trunk; and [ killed it forthwith.
In former reviews of Col. Roosevelt’s series, mention has been
frequently made of Col. Rondon, the Brazilian officer whose remark-
able explorations in Brazil have given him an international reputation
and whose services were brought into requisition by the Brazilian
Government to accompany the Roosevelt expedition. The follow-
ing extract from Col. Roosevelt’s article shows the esteem in which
the ex-President of the United States holds the daring explorer of
the great republic of South America:
His longest and most important exploring trip, and the one fraught with most
danger and hardship, was begun by him in 1909, on May 3, the anniversary of the
discovery of Brazil. He left Tapirapoan on that day, and he reached the Madeira
River on Christmas, December 25, of the same year, having descended the Gy-Parana.
The mouth of this river had long been known, but its upper course for two-thirds of
its length was absolutely unknown when Rondon descended it. Among those who
took part under him in this piece of exploration were the present Capt. Amilcar and
Lieut. Lyra; and two better or more efficient men for such wilderness work it would
be impossible to find. They acted as his two chief assistants on our trip. In 1909
the party exhausted all their food, including even the salt, by August. For the last
four months they lived exclusively on the game they killed, on fruits, and on wild
honey. Their equipage was what the men could carry on their backs. By the time
the party reached the Madeira they were worn out by fatigue, exposure, and semi-
starvation, and their: enfeebled bodies were racked by fever.
The work of exploration accomplished by Col. Rondon and his associates during
these years was as remarkable as, and in its results even more important than, any simi-
lar work undertaken elsewhere on the globe at or about the same time. Its value was
recognized in Brazil. It received no recognition by the geographical societies of
Europe or the United States.
The work done by the original explorers of such a wilderness necessitates the under-
taking of untold hardship and danger. Their successors, even their immediate suc-
cessors, have a relatively easy time. Soon the road becomes so well beaten that it
can be traversed without hardship by any man who does not venture from it—although
if he goes off into the wilderness for even a day, hunting or collecting, he will have a
slight taste of what his predecessors endured. The wilderness explored by Col.
Rondon is not yet wholly subdued, and still holds menace to human life.
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The Empire of the Children of the Sun, by Peter MacQueen, in the
July number of the National Magazine, is an entertaining and in-
structive historical sketch combined with a comprehensive description
of the Peru of the present. Of the history of ancient Peru, prior to
the Spanish conquest, after referring to the loot secured by the
invaders and the wealth that is supposed to have been hidden by the
Ineas, he writes:
The hunt for this lost gold has led to the discovery of wonderful relics and ruins,
which reveal something of the history of the Andean plateau before the arrival of the
Spaniards. There are many evidences throughout Peru of a historic race that pos-
sessed a high degree of civilization during three distinct and widely separated periods
of ancient time. Ruins of temples, houses, and entire cities have been unearthed,
mute witnesses to intelligence and thrift in remote ages. Pottery, gold and silver
vessels, ornaments of rare carving and workmanship found in burial mounds, show that
culture and enlightenment must have widely obtained, while cotton twine, woven
cloth, and cobs of maize unearthed denote the skill that characterized manufacture
and practical husbandry. Some students of ancient Peru believe that there was
emigration from China to Peru thousands of years ago. They have unearthed ruins
of temples bearing some resemblance to Buddhist temples in Mongolia, while even
to-day some of the coast natives look like Chinese and are able to understand the
Chinese tongue without having associated with Chinese immigrants. Other anti-
quarians advance a theory that the very earliest inhabitants of Peru were a blonde
people, a colony from Plato’s mythical continent, Atlantis, which sank into the sea
before man had a written history.
However this may be, the mighty nation of the Incas, now the Indians of Peru and
Bolivia, came originally from the regions near the head of the Amazon. Their history
is very dramatic and extraordinary. About the year 1000 A. D., there were several
tribes of Indians inhabiting the high plateau around Cuzco, the old Inca capital, and
from one of those tribes arose a great leader named Manco Capac, who claimed descent
from the Sun God. The word ‘‘Inca” means ‘‘lord,’’ and Manco Capac was the first
Inca chief, his direct descendants being called ‘‘Incas” and ruling the vast domain of
the empire he established. The Spaniards found them at the height of their dominion
and progress.
To-day Peru is profiting from the great things these Incas and their subject people
did with the crudest sort of tools. They drilled with drills made of copper and gold,
having a method of tempering the metal until it was as hard as steel, a method that is
unknown to our generation and numbered with the lost arts. This substance was
called champi. They built miles of military roads, reservoirs, canals, and irrigating
ditches. Whole mountain sides were terraced up and land made over the terraces,
work that alone must have consumed years of labor. The terraces were then culti-
vated, so that fruits, vegetables, and grains were raised all the way from the desert
level of the Pacific coast up the mountain table-lands to the very summit of the Cor-
dilleras. There was neo leisure class in those halcyon days of socialism; every person
was obliged to work and the products of industry were divided between the govern-
ment, the priests, and the people. If there happened to be a scarcity in one section
of the kingdom, it was made up by drawing on government storehouses in some richer
section.
The wealth of the land was enormous. Numerous rich gold, silver, and copper
mines were constantly worked, though in a manner very crude compared with our
modern scientific methods. The famous Cerro de Pasco, which lies in the heart of
the Andes, 14,000 feet above sea level, was one of these mines, which is still in opera-
tionand yielding richly. There were great stone quarries, too, among the lofty peaks.
CATHEDRAL IN AREQUIPA, PERU.
In speaking of some of the women he saw in the great cathedral in Arequipa Mr. MacQueen writes:
“They reminded me of the madonnas that Murillo painted in Andalusia two centuries age.”
AREQUIPA, PERU, AND MOUNT MISTI.
“One of the most interesting of all the cities of Peru is Arequipa, above which stands the beautiful
cone of El Misti, where Harvard has its famed observatory in the southern hemisphere.” (Peter
MacQueen in the July numker of the National Magazine.)
asa : THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Temples to the Sun God, and palaces »f the Inca emperor, as well as city walls, were
built of massive stones cut so that each fitted evenly upon the next, like those of
Solomon’s temple, while the inside walls were treasure houses of gold and silver orna-
ments and decorations of precious stones. It is even said that the Inca and his family
ate from gold plates. But they had the good sense to value gold for ornaments rather
than as wealth. The Incas were essentially an agricultural nation.
Atahualpa was the last Inca emperor. He ruled over more than 2,000,000 hard-
working people, and his domain extended beyond Peru over what are now northern
Chile, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina. and Ecuador. All the Indian tribes in those
regions had been conquered by his ancestors, for the Incas were as splendid fighters as
they were able executives. During the early part of Atahualpa’s reign there was
constant war with Huascar, another son of Huayna Capac, who had received a part
of his father’s kingdom and now wanted to obtain all the rest. Atahualpa was vic-
torious, but spared the life of his brother, merely holding him prisoner. The kingdom
now stretched undivided 2,200 miles north and south, and from the Pacific coast to
the eastern foot of the Andes. But having subdued all the desirable land about them,
the people felt so secure in their empire that, like many another nation in the history of
the world, they relaxed in precaution and gave themselves up to the enjoyments of life.
Then came the downfall.
Passing over the author’s historical résumé of the period of the
conquest to the more vitally interesting features of the present
development and future prospects of the country, we read:
The Panama Canal will benefit Peru very greatly, as it will bring her products nearer
to the markets of the world than those of many other South American countries.
Already Peru has taken steps in preparation for the opening of the canal. An exten-
sive breakwater is being constructed at Callao, the port of Lima, as well as new
~wharves and. warehouses. Machinery for handling the exports and imports is being
installed.
One of the important exports of the future will undoubtedly be crude petroleum oil.
Almost the first thing I saw as we came up to the coast of Peru was a long line of der-
ricks at the oil wells north of Payta. The Peruvian oil fields are quite extensive and
are accompanied by fine deposits of coal, anthracite of good quality, which will be used
in the home market ere long to compete with the present forty-dollar-a-ton coal sold in
Bolivia and Peru from North American mines. The oilisowned by English capitalists,
who export much of it to California to be refined into benzene and gasoline, using the
fuel oils in Peru. The fields supply more than is demanded for home consumption,
though all the railways and mines use only this kind of fuel. Since the California
petroleum will not make gasoline or benzene, I could not help thinking how convenient
it is for that State to obtain free of duty a supply by cheap water freight from Peru.
The mines on the Central Railway of Peru, at Cerro de Pasco, Casapalca, and else-
where, are a very rich asset in the wealth of the Republic. In fact, the railway de-
pends on these mines and some of the big farms between Lima and Oroya for its revenue.
I have spoken of the mines in a former article. Here I would mention the sheep
raising at the great height of 14,000 feet. The Atocsayco hacienda, 30 miles north of
Aroya, Was started by Duncan, Fox & Co., 1n 1905. These men thought that there were-
possibilities of sheep raising on the high lands of Peru. They have now 100,000 acres,
or nearly 160 square miles. There are 150 miles of wire fences, so that the sheep do not
require to be corraled at night. The climate is so mild that even during the winter the
sheep require no shelter, not even from the snowstorms, as they are seldom severe, and
the snow never lies on the ground more than four or five hours. The pastures, though
scanty as compared with those in lower altitudes, are surprisingly good to one ac-
quainted only with the sparse grass of the pampas. The ranch is hilly and well wa-
tered. The pastures are carefully burned over every year to destroy the coarse grass
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. ORSND,
which no animal will eat. No fodder is cultivated; it can not be grown at this altitude,
so that the sheep are entirely dependent on grazing. There are 20 Scotch shepherds
employed by this company on a three years’ contract. And these men are experi-
menting with foreign grasses.
There are at present 36,000 sheep on the Atocsayco lands. Some of the finest stock
from England and Scotland have been interbred with the native sheep of the Andes,
especially the Romney Marsh. This sheep is very good both for its wool and its meat.
The average yield of wool per sheep is about 5 pounds a year, and it brings.a high price.
It isall exported because the mill owners of Lima can not afford to use it in their fabrics.
The principal losses of sheep at Atocsayco are from diseases, foxes, thieves,and condors,
ranking in importance in the order named. The absence of flies at this great altitude
keeps the sheep healthy, so that losses are not heavy. The foxes are being rapidly
exterminated; thieves are prosecuted with great severity; and the condor is not so
dangerous as the old geographies represented him. He will seldom attack a sheep
unless it is sick. - ;
There are several big haciendas and many small farms through the high valleys of
Peru, and down toward the Montana in the Amazon Valley. The success in breed -
ing and rearing fine sheep and cattle on these high pasture lands leads one to believe
that Peru will export wool and meat through the Panama Canal ere many years.
The following paragraph sums up the author’s impressions rela-
tive to the agricultural and mineral resources of the country:
Take Peru as a whole, and it is one of the most remarkable agricultural countries
on the globe. Like Bolivia, it possesses every variety of climate and can raise
every variety of produce within its limits, which include lands like the deserts
of Arabia, the warm valleys of the Antilles, the tropical forests of Africa, the vine-
clad slopes of Italy, the temperate plains of central Europe, the lofty mountain
slopes of the Alps, and the icy peaks and ridges of Norway. Combined with this is
mineral wealth unequaled elsewhere. Such an extraordinary combination can exist
only within the region of the trade winds, where a chain of mountains of great
height causes the necessary atmospheric phenomena; here in the high Andean
plateau alone do we find those required conditions.
Of the people he writes in his closing paragraph:
Thus we see the Peruvians a proud, -imperial race, living amid the grandest
scenery of the Western Hemisphere, and holding high ideals of what is best in
education and unbought grace of life. On the great country estates there is much
of the fine tradition and chivalrous sentiment that came from the best people of
Castile and Aragon. The Indians of the high plateaux are a unique reminder
of a civilization that bourgeoned centuries before the face of the white man had
blossomed like a flower in the western forests. The immemorial records of a civili-
zation that vanished in the midst of man’s earliest recollections are faintly suggested
in splendid ruins among sublime scenes. The name and fame of the brilliant men
who built the walls and temples of Cuzco are lost, and all we know of the wonder
and the charm of that forgotten culture in the Andes is found in the pathetic ruins
of cities that are half as old as recorded time.
Implement Trade of the Argentine Republic, by H. G. Cutler, in the
Farm Implement News (Chicago, Ill.) of June 25, 1914, is an instruc-
tive résumé of the present status of this particular branch of Argen-
tina’s import trade. The author, in discussing the present and future
development of this trade throws interesting side lights on the agri-
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 257
cultural resources of Argentina, and we therefore quote somewhat
copiously from his article as follows:
The world to-day offers no better field for the application of modern implements
and machines to the operations of agriculture than the territory in the great Republic
of Argentina within a radius of 500 miles of Buenos Aires, north, west, and southwest.
The United States, Great Britain, and Germany are straining every business nerve
to raise financial harvests from this most promising field. The general result of this
international struggle is that Uncle Sam’s manufacturers are in a lead from which
they can not be displaced; that the British makers of farm implements are second in
the value of their sales to the farmers of Argentina, and that the importing houses of
Great Britain and Germany handle the bulk of the agricultural implements, fully 90
per cent of which is turned out of the factories of the United States.
A few American houses have established distinctive agencies and depots in Buenos
Aires, but nearly all of them sell through the foreign importers. Some of the large
concerns have had representatives on the ground for a number of years, but transact
their business through importing houses.
The largest of the foreign importing houses is an English concern which also has
purchasing offices in London and New York. This establishment sells everything in
the line of machinery or implements which the Argentine farmer can want, and also
disposes of more windmills in the course of a year than any other house in the world;
and the most gratifying feature about this part of their business is that nearly all the
windmills come from the United States.
The extent of this business can only be realized when one gets out into some of the
suburbs of Buenos Aires, which are outside of the area of the metropolitan water-
works and still rely upon wells for the household supply; then to the villages and the
country still beyond, and finally into the wide expanse of the pampas into the region
of the wheat, the corn, and the linseed fields, all bristling with windmills like a great
Holland of the new southern world—a Netherlands almost devoid of streams and
placid waterways. I am told that as many as 10,000 windmills have been sold in
one year in Argentina, and the owners of the large and up-to-date estancias, as well
as the large fruit growers in the northern and western sections of the country, are
relying upon them more and more. They are becoming necessities in the mechanical
outfit of the best farms of Argentina. This condition will continue out in the ‘“‘camp”
(this term including all the rural districts of the country) until irrigation is general
throughout the country, a realization which is far in the future.
The further supremacy of the United States in the sale of agricultural implements
is indicated by the latest figures compiled by the Argentine Government as to the
imports. The plows brought into Argentina in 1911 were valued at $1,870,000, of
which $1,467,827 were credited to manufacturers of the United States. Of all the
harvesting machines imported (and it is taken for granted that the reader under-
stands that very few agricultural implements are manufactured in Argentina), valued
at $1,308,265, this country furnished $1,255,278 worth. The mowers, harrows, drills,
and planters purchased of United States manufacturers were valued at $800,000 and
virtually held a monopoly of the field. The threshing-machine trade, amounting to
over $1,000,000 annually, is more equally divided between Great Britain and the
United States.
Aside from that striking feature of the farm-implement business in Argentina—that
many of the manufacturers of the United States sell through great importing houses
of England and Germany—there is another phase of the situation down there which
seems rather strange to an outsider. Hundreds of bright, energetic young men ircm
the States now make the 6,000-mile trip to Argentina, working in the late fall and
winter months in the southern country to build up the trade and the names of these
European houses. They demonstrate the superiority of American farm implements,
GRAIN ELEVATORS OF BUENOS AIRES.
Although the present immense facilities for shipping of Argentine commerce are greater than had
been proposed a few years ago, yet they are not now extensive enough to accommodate the foreign
commerce passing through the port. The city has found it necessary to enlarge its docking space,
and. whe: Goverment is hastening the improvements at such important ports as Rosario and
Bahia Blanco.
AN ARGENTINE WHEAT FIELD.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 959
they instruct and manage the Italian farm hands, and they sell the product of United
States factories to the livest farmers of Argentina. When the time shall come that
all our manufacturers have their own agencies and depots in southern South America,
then the vast importance of our international position in the implement trade will
be brought to light.
At the seasons in the United States when the northern Republic is lying under a
coat of snow and ice, the Yankee agent in the implement business is piecing out his
busy year among the farmers of Argentina. But he can never do this cr do anything
of consequence in Argentina without a thorough knowledge of Spanish. Some of the
salesmen work on a salary, some on a commission basis, and they are well paid for
their work in either case. Even a demonstrator of farming mechanisms, whose duties
are to show the workings and remedy the defects, will realize $1,500 gold fcrhis
season’s labors. These demonstrators are really great necessities in that country, for
the average Argentinian is a slow mechanic and when anything goes wrong with his
harvester he will have an hour’s conference with a dozen fellow advisers, while the -
average quick-witted Yankee will straighten out the kink in five minutes.
This mechanical talent, not to call it practical genius, has been so continuously
demonstrated to the Argentine farmers that they are becoming quite insistent that
Americans (or Yankees, as they call the North American breed) shall at least establish
shops for the repair of agricultural implements in such large centers of population as
Buenos Aires, Bahia Blanca (in the southern part of the Republic), and Rosario, in
the north.
Argentina has well-organized bureaus within its department of agriculture for the
education of the farmer. It has its experiment stations and regional schools and its
traveling lecturers and agents, much as we have in the United States, but I believe
the farm-implement agent, whether he be Yankee, Englishman, German, or Argen-
tinian, has really done more to advance the true agricultural interests of the southern
Republic than the Government itself. * * *
As to the implements which are more adapted to the operations of the modest
farmer may be mentioned a sulky gang plow, a ight machine which turns only two
furrows. This was designed by one of the United States manufacturers for special
use in the Santa Fe Province of northern Argentina and in Uruguay. It was built
for an uneven or hilly country and adapted to light teams of horses. The level country
in which the big traction machinery was used had been captured by Yankee manufac-
turers, but German and English houses had been making progress in the introduction
oi light plows among the small farmers living outside the great cereal belts. Soa
United States house put a light plow in the field, the share made of better steel than
was produced in either Germany or England. Not satisfied with this, Yankee enter-
prise and ingenuity sent down into Argentina a sturdy plow. which can be operated
either by a team of horses or a traction engine, and which had proved itself in south-
west Texas and Mexico. That stocky, tough machine is now being used by hundreds
of farmers beyond Rosario in northern Argentina and in the Rio Negro territory of
the south, going through dense undergrowth and matted roots like so much lcose
straw and saving the farmer of such outlying districts untold expenditures of money,
time, and temper.
How the Panama Canal will Open Bolivia is the subject. of an
informative article by Frank G. Carpenter in the Sunday Star (Wash-
ington, D. C.) of July 12, 1914. Mr. Carpenter writes:
By the Panama Canal Uncle Sam has brought Bolivia into the market place of the
United States. This means much now. It will mean more in the future. Bolivia is
almost one-fifth as big as Europe. If spread over the main body of the United States,
it would cover one-fourth of it. It is an undeveloped empire of natural resources.
ae
We
Courtesy of the Illustrated News.
ONE OF THE CONTROL BOARDS OF THE PANAMA CANAL.
The control boards are approximately op2rating miniatures of the locks themselves. They have indi-
cating devices which show the exact position of valves, lock gates, chains, and water levels in the
various lock chambers, whose movements are synchronous with those of the locks themselves and
the operating machinery. The walls of the locks are represented by cast-iron platesand the water
by marble slabs. In designing the indicators ou the board efforts were made to represent the actual
machines whose operations were to be indicated. The exact position of every appliance, the water
level in the locks, status of the intake gates, location of the vessel—in fact, every detail of the transit
of a vessel through the locks—-is thus constantly before the eyes of the operators.
Se
ee
Courtesy of The Sphere.
THE TRANSPORT “SEVERN” BEING TOWED BY THE MECHANICAL HAULERS
THROUGH THE GATUN LOCKS.
Two electric haulers can be seen, one to the left and the other coming down the slope to the right. These
electric locomotives haul the various craft through the Panama Locks.
REE
TRAE
—
Ps
e
E
Courtesy of The Sphere.
FIVE AMERICAN SUBMARINES PASSING THROUGH THE CANAL LOCKS BEHIND
THE TRANSPORT “SEVERN.”
The Gatun Locks are now in operation and have recently been used as a dry dock for some United States
submarines. They are seen being towed out by the mechanical haulers which run on cogged tracks
alongside the canal. These electric locomotives will haul vessels through the narrow parts of the canal.
Photo by George W. Dean.
MINING TIN ORE IN BOLIVIA.
Stone quimbalates were formerly used by the natives in Bolivia for hand crushing or grinding tin
’ ore. In nearly all the tin mines of the country the antiquated stone crusher has been supplanted
by modern power mills.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 263
Situated on the roof of South America and shut off from the seacoast by a great strip
of desert, it has until lately been almost inaccessible. Of its vast mineral resources,
only those could be mined and shipped abroad that were valuable enough to pay
enormous freight rates. They had to get out to sea overa single railroad and then
go down through the Strait of Magellan to Europe. Now there are three railroads,
and by the Panama Canal Bolivia is brought within about 4,000 miles of New Orleans
and within almost 4,500 miles of New York.
The country is the great tin reservoir of the world. It has been sending its tin ore
through the Strait of Magellan to England, where the metal has been smelted and
refined and sent across the Atlantic Ocean for the making of American tin plate.
The tin ore will now probably come to us direct, and a smelting industry may grow
up to handle it. As to the present trade with Bolivia, Great Britain comes first,
then. Germany, and then the United States. Even under the hard conditions of pres-
ent transport we are sending Bolivia more than one-seventh of all she consumes, and we
buy one-third of all that she sells. With the canal, our sales should increase enor-
mously and our purchases will probably make us her best customer. As it is now the
total foreign trade of the country is about $50,000,000, and of this the exports exceed
the imports by more than $10,000,000.
Within the past six or seven years American interests in Bolivia have been rapidly
growing. In 1902, when Brazil paid to Bolivia something over $10,000,000 for the
territory of Acre, the Government decided to put the money into the building of
railroads for the development of the country, and the contracts were given to Speyer
& Co. and the National City Bank of New York. The amount all told was something
like $27,000,000, and this resulted in the building of a number of new lines and the
extension of the old system, giving the country the improved transportation service
which it has to-day. Later on the Farquhar Syndicate, incorporated in the United
States with a capital of $25,000,000, received concessions for the building of roads in
eastern Bolivia, and, although as yet nothing has been done on account of the hard
financial conditions throughout the world, this concession may be revived as times
improve:
In an interview with one of the leading busmess men of La Paz,
among other mteresting replies to the writer’s numerous questions
we quote the following:
‘“How about credits in Bolivia? Do the merchants pay for what they order?”
‘“Yes. They are as honest as we are, and there is no more trouble in making col-
lections. The national credit is also good, and it has greatly improved since the
contract was made for the building of new railroads. Before that time it was almost
impossible for us to get money from Europe. I remember that I went to London
about 10 years ago to borrow $1,000,000 to build the railroad from Lake Titicaca to La
Paz. I could not get anyone to listen tome. After the loan was made by the Speyers
the financial powers of Europe began to wake up. They decided that if the credit of
Bolivia was good enough for the Americans it ought to be good enough for them, and
since then we have had no trouble in borrowing. There is to-day a great deal of
English, French, and German money invested in Bolivia, and we can get a loan at
any time for any reasonable amount. “Our public debt is not large, considering our
population and our resources.”’
‘How about the opportunities for the investment of American capital? ”’
“They are good,”’ he replied. ‘‘Bolivia is at the beginning of its development,
and it has vast resources in lands, mines, and petroleum. The most valuable part of
our country lies east of the Andes. In that region we have an area bigger than Texas,
consisting of high plains that will raise wheat, corn, and cattle. Those lands are
between the River Pilcamayo and the Paraguay, and they extend northward into
the plateau of Matto Grosso. The climate is fine and well suited to whitemen. That
Photo by William Y. Alford.
A BOLIVIAN ORE CARRIER.
“The country is the great tin reservoir of the world,” writes Frank G. Carpenter in the Washington Sunday
Star of July 12, 1914, in his story on how the Panama Canal will open Bolivia. ‘It has been sending its
tin ore through the Strait of Magellan to England, where the metal has been smelted and refined, and
sent across the Atlantic Ocean for the making of tin plate. The tin ore will now probably come to us
direct, and a smelting industry may grow up to handle it.”
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 265
region will some day have a large population. As to mines, Bolivia has produced
quantities of silver, copper, and tin, butit is still on the edge of its mineral development.
We have petroleum fields that promise to revolutionize the fuel problem in South
America. These are east of the Andes. They are said to be very rich.”
“What we especially want,’’ continued the merchant, “‘are railroads to open up
eastern Bolivia. That part of the country is well fitted for immigration, but it can not
be developed until it has better transportation. The region is rich beyond conception.
It is one of the largest blocks of good, undeveloped land that yet remains to the world.
It is far different from the high Andean plateau, which is, to a large extent, a mineral
proposition. Eastern Bolivia is agricultural. It is like Argentina. Here on the
plateau cities are increasing in size, and a steady growth is apparent. If you look
about in La Paz you will find that new construction work is going on in every part of
the city. Why, we start a new building almost every day. Settlements are also
springing up along the lines of the railroads, and even the Indians are increasing their
wants.”’
In regard to educational features, Mr. Carpenter has the following
anent one of the well-known American institutions established for
the benefit of the Indians:
I find that the Americans are doing much in Bolivia along the lines of education.
I have already written of their Indian school on the banks of Lake Titicaca. This
is thriving and it promises to work a revolution in a race that sorely needs it. Here at
La Paz is the American Institute. This isa college for the higher education of Bolivian
youth that is making a big impression upon the country. It is supported by the
Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States, but the Bolivian Government
esteems it so highly that it makes an appropriation every year for it and encourages
it in every possible way. This school was founded in 1907 at the request of the Boli-
vian Government by the missionaries and it is under their control. It is not sectarian
in its teaching. When it was first opened it had an attendance of 120 pupils, and
since then the number has grown to 300 and more. The students come from all parts
of Bolivia and even from over the borders in Brazil and Peru. Nota few of the boys
have to travel a month by mule, stage coach, and train to get to La Paz.
During my stay here I have visited this institute and had talks with its teachers.
They are all Americans and the school is run on the American plan. The head is
Prof. McBride, and among the teachers are the graduates of the best of our colleges.
The Society’s Expedition to Costa Rica, by Lee S. Crandall, in the
Zoological Society Bulletin (New York) for July, 1914, is an account
of a scientific expedition for the purpose of adding to the faunal
collections of the society. Mr. Crandall and his companion spent
six weeks in the field and secured more than 300 living specimens,
ranging from mammals to insects. Having reached Port Limon on
March 30, Mr. Crandall continues his narrative as follows:
There is but one first-class train daily from Limon to San Jose, leaving the coast city
at10a.m. The early part of the ride is along the seacoast, exhibiting the most luxuri-
ant type of tropical vegetation. Once above Siquirres, however, the train follows the
course of the Reventazon River, and as it mounts slowly upward the scene is one of
truly marvelous beauty. The slopes of the Caribbean watershed are very densely
forested, most of the trees being hardwood. This region is very sparsely inhabited,
except in the neighborhood of the larger towns. Several extinct volcanoes are seen—
Turrialba, more than 11,000 feet in height, and Irazu, of somewhat lower altitude,
on the Caribbean side, and Barba and Poas after the continental divide has been
52611—Bull. 2—14 U
266 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
passed. As the higher altitudes are reached signs of a much more numerous popula-
tion become evident, and once on the plateau almost all of the land, with the excep-
tion of the higher slopes, is seen to be under cultivation.
San Jose, which is a delightful city, is reached at about 4.30 p.m. Here, alter a
delay of two or three days, arrangements were finally completed for the free entry of ~
our luggage. Unfortunately none of the very able local ornithologists was to be found,
so as no reliable advice was to be had the original plan was adhered to, and Guapiles, a
village at the terminus of a branch railroad about 59 miles from Limon, was chosen
as a collecting point. * * *
Guapiles has an elevation of about 800 feet, being on the northern slope of Turrialba.
It once was surrounded by extensive banana plantations, but as the fruit was attacked
by a mysterious blight, the trees were removed and the land turned into pastures.
These pastures are exceedingly rough and the land dotted over with small patches
of bush and bits of jungle. As it is not possible for fence posts of dead wood to with-
stand for long the constant dampness, small poles are set in the ground about 2 feet
apart and the wire attached to them. The posts at once send out shoots and soon
grow into trees of respectable size, forming permanent supports. Thus every field
is surrounded by an often dense hedge, which offers a retreat for many birds.
After walking a mile or so either north or south one enters the primitive jungle.
The trees here are of great size and the undergrowth very dense, so that in many
places it is impossible to progress without free use of the machete. Bird life in the
jungle is fairly abundant, and it 1s not difficult for the skin collector to secure many
specimens.
A few of the many specimens secured are then briefly described:
One of the most interesting and certainly the most showy of the birds is the Monte-
zuma Giant Cacique (Gymnostinops montezuma). This bird, which is of the Oriole
family, is nearly 2 feet in length. It is chocolate brown, the head being darker, with
the tail bright yellow. The beak is very long and pointed, black, with a red tip.
There are bare, bluish patches on the face, and a gular swelling of a pinkish hue at
each side. These birds live in colonies in the highest trees, building pendulous
nests often 4 feet in length.
The Trogons form a group of birds with representatives in both hemispheres, but
which, with the possible exception of Cuban species, are practically never seen in
collections. We were very fortunate therefore to be able to capture and safely trans-
port a specimen of the Gartered Trogon (Trogon caligatus). This species has the
upper parts and chest brilliant, iridescent green, with yellow abdomen, so that alto-
gether it is a most valuable acquisition.
The Sooty Synallaxis (Synallavis pudica nigrifwmosa) is the first member of its
family (Furnariidx) to reach the Zoological Park. The very few individuals of a
South American member of the group which have reached Europe have survived
for only a very few days, hence our specimen is of experimental as well as purely
exhibitive value.
Many of the tanagers are of exceptional beauty. Passerini’s Silver Beak is intense,
velvety black, with the back brilliant scarlet; the Costa Rican Green Tanager is grass
green with blue crown, the male having a bright yellow breast; while the Gold-
Masked Calliste is a combination of bright blue, green, dense black, and golden buff.
Among the finches are Richmond’s sparrows, nearly as large as robins, bright green
with gray, brown-striped heads and yellow under wing coverts; a little greenish
siskin, found only in the high mountains of the interior, and tiny seed-eaters and
grassquits of four species.
The mammals include a fineadult male red spider monkey, raccoons, coatis, murine
opossum, and red-bellied squirrels. There are numerous species of frogs and toads,
a number of tadpoles, snakes (one asmall fer-de-lance), turtles,!fishes of several species,
and some interesting millipedes of two sorts.
A WATERFALL IN COSTA RICA.
“The early part of the ride is along the seacoast, exhibiting the most luxuriant of tropical vegetation.
Once above Siquirres, however, the train follows the course of the Reventazon River, and as it mounts
slowly upward, the scene is one of marvelous beauty,” writes Lee S. Crandall of his trip into the interior
‘of Costa Rica, in the July number of the Zoological Society Bulletin (New York).
268 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Tungsten in Bolivia, by G. W. Wepfer, in the Engineering and
Mining Journal for June 20, 1914, describes a very important feature
of the mining industry of the great inland Republic of South America, -
Bolivian tin is known the world over, and that the country is rich in
gold and silver deposits is also generally known. Few, however,
realize the importance of the valuable tungstate ores that are annu-
ally being mined and exported by the country. As the demand for
tungsten is rapidly increasing, owing to its use in the manufacture
of filaments for electric incandescent lamps and in the manufacture
of certain steel products, the source of its supply is becoming of
great importance. Hence the increased attention being paid to the
Bolivian product. Mr. Wepfer writes:
There are three principal tungstates, all of which are found along the eastern cor-
dillera in Bolivia: Wolframite, an iron-manganese tungstate; scbeelite, calcium tung-
state; and hiibnerite, manganese tungstate. The tungstate ores, as far as found,
carry from 20 to 50 per cent metallic tungsten. From such ores it is not usually
difficult to produce concentrate carrying 65 per cent tungsten, which is sold for $425
to $450 per ton in San Francisco. To encourage the mining of tungsten ores, the Bo-
livian Government charges no export tax. The Bolivian exports in 1911 were $89,932
and in 1912 $114,847 worth of tungsten products.
The author gives a list of the locations of tungsten ores known at
the time of his visit in 1912, and continues:
There may be at present 90 tungsten locations in Bolivia. The eastern cordillera
passes beyond the southern frontier of Bolivia, all the way through the Argentine
Provinces of Jujuy, Calto, and Tucuman, with the same characteristics as in Bolivia.
This whole mountain territory is 1,000 miles long from north to south and of irregular
width.
Each of the three tungstates is easily concentrated, on account of the high specific
gravity. Theoreiscrushed, classified into sand and slimes, and concentrated on tables.
The middlings are recrushed, classified, and further concentrated. Sometimes veins
of tungstates and of cassiterite are intertwined, then the material is crushed, roasted,
and concentrated. Some concentrates contain tin and tungsten, and these minerals
being of nearly the same specific gravity, such material has to be dried and passed
through a magnetic or an electrostatic separator. The roasted particles of tungsten
minerals are amenable to magnetic or to electrostatic action, and thus separate con-
centrates of tin and tungsten can be obtained. Sometimes silver veins are intermixed
with tin or with tungsten veins. In treating such ore the whole material is crushed,
the silver is leached out with hyposulphite of lime, as sulphur and lime are found in
the country, and the tailings are concentrated.
Tungsten and tin ores are found at great altitudes—between 13,500 and 16,500 feet
above sea level. All Bolivia is within the Tropics. The snow line is between 15,500
and 16,500 feet altitude. The upper part of the mountains is steep. Men, mules,
and llamas can climb up and down, but the slopes are too steep for working and han-
dling of ore. Aerial ropeways are required to bring the ore down to a place where
water for concentration is available. These ropeways at the same time serve as a
source of power, the surplus power of the descending ore, if gearing is placed in
connection with the upper sheave shaft, will generate power for pumps, compres-
sors, etc. Frequently the ropeway consists of two or three separate ropes, with ore
bins between two ropes, for receiving and discharging ore to lessen risk of breaking
arope. The cold, strong winds cause such violent swinging of the ore buckets, that
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270 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
from fear of breaking the rope, the buckets are collected at the end stations, and
the running of the rope is stopped until the wind moderates. At one of the mines
wind power is used to drive a crusher.
Hydroelectric power plants are much used—in fact, wherever there is water for
power. Oil and distillate engines in small units, and as many as are required, are
also used.
Oil and distillates can easily be obtained. Hydroelectric installations are profit-
able, as power which can be spared can be sold to neighboring mines. One large
company buys all its power, an electric locomotive draws the ore cars through an
electrically lighted tunnel, while at the same time power is supplied to electric
hoist, rock drills, fans, and the concentrator. The steam railroad to La Paz terminates
at the edge of the Andean Plateau. The city is in the deep canyon of the La Paz
River, 800 feet lower than the plateau. The trains are taken down to the city rail-
road station in sections by electric locomotives and finally taken up again to the
plateau. La Paz has electric street cars, and electric lights throughout the city.
On the whole, the Bolivian mining laws are good. In general there are many
more undeveloped properties than mines, and even among the mines proper there are
many much embarrassed by Iack of capital. Many of these want capital to make
roads or to install an aerial ropeway or a concentrator. Without a concentrator only
the best of the ore is sorted out for shipment. Where there are so many mines in a
bad predicament-and ever so many more prospects, there is always a way to obtain
mine property by purchase from present owners. The prospects are mainly in the
hands of men of small means. It is comparatively easy to wander over the mountains
and to find the outcrops of veins, and also to have them registered and to pay the
mine tax every six months. If such prospectors become pinched for the mine taxes,
the Government will help them by fixing a date on which the property is to be sold
by auction, and this is advertised in the newspapers. Ii no bidder appears, a second
date is appointed for the auction, and is again advertised, but if again no bidder
appears the property falls back to the State and is open to anyone for location. In
accepting the help of the mining bureau the miner is relieved from the payment otf
the last mine taxes.
Since the mining of tin and now also of tungsten has become more profitable than
the mining of other metals, many miners and mining companies, owning gold, silver,
or copper mines, while they yet hold those mines by paying the mine tax, withdraw
their funds from them to invest in tin and tungsten mines.
Anthropological Exploration in Peru.—The Smithsonian Institution
has just issued a second report concerning the field work of Dr.
Ales Hrdlitka of the National Museum, carried on in Peru during
the past year, in connection with the Panama-California Exposition
at San Diego, for which a very important exhibit in physical
anthropology is being prepared. The investigations extended over
several hundred miles of the Peruvian coast and over hitherto un-
explored regions in the western Cordilleras. The objects of this trip,
which occupied the first four months of 1913, were to determine the
relations of the ancient Peruvians of the mountains with those of
the coast, and to extend the investigations which Dr. Hrdli¢ka has
carried on for many years regarding Indian and especially pre-
Columbian pathology dating back about 500 years.
The expedition was a very strenuous one, but proved remarkably
successful. Over 100 ancient cemeteries and many ruins, a large
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. Ziel
percentage of which were previously unknown to science, were
examined and over 30 boxes of skulls and other material for future
study were collected for the United States National Museum and the
museum at San Diego.
The writer reports that skeletal material, which formerly abounded
in Peru, and ts essential to scientific research, is fast disappearing,
and in a few years can not be gathered without the expenditure of
much time and money.
The results of the expedition will prove of unusual value to
anthropology. While some of the links of the chain of evidence are
still wanting, it can now be said with certainty that the Peruvian
coast from Chiclayo, in the north, to Yauca, in the south—a distance
of over 600 miles—was peopled predominantly before the advent of
the whites by one and the same physical type of Indian. These
Indians were of medium height, with short and broad skulls, and
moderately to strongly developed muscles according to the locality.
The most important fact ascertained in this connection was that
both the Chimu and Nascas, two of the foremost cultural groups of
ancient Peru, were identical, and, as regards physical characteristics,
inseparable parts of this coast people.
According to their location, the people of old Peru were either
fishermen or farmers. They seem to have been organized into nu-
merous political groups, which developed smaller or greater cultural
differences according to environment and other influences.
Some of their smaller dwellings were made of reeds, while larger
structures were built of small uncut stones, sun-dried brick, or blocks
of adobe. Their knowledge of weaving, pottery-making, and decor-
ation was surprising. They wove from native cotton and llama wool,
and their designs indicate the changes brought about by time and
other influences. The native dress consisted principally of a poncho
shirt, a loin cloth, and sandals, with simple head gear.
The pre-Columbian Peruvians of the coast knew the uses of gold,
silver, and copper, and worked these metals to some extent, especially
copper, in the manufacture of weapons. Their common weapons were
a metal or stone mace, a wooden club, a copper ax and knife, the sling,
and in some regions the bow and arrow. Their implements were the
whorl, weaving sticks, looms, cactus-spine or bone needle holders,
sharpened sticks, copper knives and axes, hoes, and fishing para-
phernaha, including nets, sinkers, reed-bundle boats or baloas, and
peculiar rafts, which were paddled.
Throughout the whole territory along the coast the people deformed
the heads of their infants by applying pressure to the forehead,
probably by means of bandages and pads, which process flattened the
back of the head as well. They did not practice filing, cutting, or
chipping the teeth, or other mutilations which would leave marks on
the skeletons.
HD THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
It is interesting to know that these natives seem to have been com-
paratively free from general bodily ailments before the advent of the
white men, although they suffered from several peculiar local diseases
affecting the hip bone, the head, and the ear. The people of the
mountains possessed a good, average development of the body and of
the skull, and were freer than the coast people from disease. It is
evident that in some of the districts serious wounds of the head were
frequently followed by the operation known as trepanning, and
although this was often crudely done, it was successful in many cases.
This practice was probably carried on even after the coming of the
Spaniards.
The results of the expedition failed to strengthen the theories of the
antiquity of man in Peru, but tended to prove the contrary. Aside
from the cemeteries or burial caves of the common coast or mountain
people, and their archeological remains, there was no sign of human
occupation of these regions. Not a trace suggesting anything older
than the well-represented pre-Columbian Indian was found anywhere;
and neither the coast or the mountain population, so far as studied,
can be regarded as very ancient in the regions they inhabited. No
sions indicated that any group occupied any of the sites for even as
long as twenty centuries; nor does it seem that any of these people
developed their culture, except in some particulars, in these places.
Dr. Hrdli¢ka’s report is issued in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections, publication 2246, and forms an exceedingly valuable
addition to the anthropological works of Peru. It comprises 69 pages
of text and 26 plates of illustrations, showing specimens collected,
locations of the finds, and maps of the territory explored.
The Yale University and National Geographic Society Peruvian
Expedition, by Hiram Bingham, director, in the June number of the
Geographical Journal (London), gives a comprehensive outline of the
important work which is to be undertaken by the American scientists
who have organized the expedition. So much interest attaches to
their valuable ethnological, archeological, and biological work that
we quote in extenso:
Last month there sailed for Peru the topographical division of a new expedition.
The chief engineer, E. C. Erdis, of the 1912 expedition, had sailed the week before.
Ina short time two more members of the expedition will sail, and as soon as the maps
have been completed and are ready for use the scientific members of the party will
leave for the field. This will probably not be until early in 1915. As in 1912, the
expedition is under the joint auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic
Society. Unlike former expeditions, it will cover a period of two years instead of
being confined to one field season. Three members of the expedition—the chief engi-
neer, the chief assistant, and the assistant topographer—will be in the field fora year
and a half or more.
It is our plan to make a geographical reconnoissance of a portion of southern Peru,
including the Cordillera Vilcabamba and portions of the Apurimac and Urubamba
Courtesy of Harper’s Magazine.
NUSTA ESPANA OR YURAK RUMI.
View of seats from 17 feet away. The corners of the stone have been chalked to bring out the lines
more distinctly.
From Harper’s Magazine.
AT THE TOP OF COROPUNA—SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS IN PERU.
Upper picture: Nusta Espaiia or Yurak Rumi, ancient Peruvian work discovered by the 1911 Yale
Peruvian Expedition under Prof. Hiram Bingham.
Lower picture: Shows Prof. Bingham, Mr. H. L. Tucker, and Corp. Mariano Gamarra, on top of Coropuna,
the ascent having been accomplished while on the 1911 expedition.
974 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
watersheds. This region is a part of the eastern edge of the great Andean Plateau.
The Cordillera Vilcabamba is a chain of dissected mountains rising 16,000 to 20,000
feet above sea level, situated between south latitude 12° and 14°. Their bases are
clothed with tropical jungles, while their summits are mantled with snow and glaciers.
In the main they are unexplored. As one of the most inaccessible parts of the Andes,
they have been occupied from time to time by the ancient peoples of Peru. In this
region there are ruins of Macchu Picchu, Palcay, and Choqquequirau. The reported
presence of other ruins and the actual existence of some that have been seen, but not
studied or mapped, make the region a particularly attractive area in which to study
the problem of man’s origin and distribution in South America.
The character of the land formations in the neighborhood of the ruins should enable
something to be said in regard to the number of people formerly occupying the region,
the causes of the location of cities, buildings, and forts, and the reasons for their final
abandonment. An examination of the ruins, studies of the styles of architecture,
and of the artifacts and other remains that may be found fairly near the surface of the
ground, should eventually enable a classification to be made, which, in connection
with biological, physiographic, linguistic, and historical studies, ought to result
finally in unravelling the puzzle of the ancient civilization of South America. From
the standpoint of biology, this area is believed to contain a large number of species
new to science. From the standpoint of anthropology, it is one of the least known
and most fruitful areas in the Andes.
The plan of work will include the making of a topographical map of the region
northwest of Cuzco between the Apurimac and Urubamba Rivers; a detailed geo-
graphical reconnoissance of the more lofty portions of the mountains, including a
study of the large undescribed glaciated region; the establishment of two meteor-
ological stations at different elevations for the taking of systematic records for two years;
a study of the distribution and history of food plants of this region; the collection of
data respecting the forms and distribution of vertebrates, particularly mammals and
reptiles; a survey of the present Indians inhabiting this region, including a study of
their dialects, the collection of anthropometric data, and the collection and study of
the skeletal remains; an archeological reconnoissance of the entire area, and a con-
tinuation of the studies begun by the first expedition, looking toward a geographical
interpretation of the Spanish chronicles of the era of discovery and exploration, with
particular reference to the identification of ancient place-names, the story of Macchu
Picchu and its connection with the history of the Incas.
The Unknown River is the title of the preliminary statement made
by Col. Theodore Roosevelt in the July number of Scribner’s Maga-
zine. As may be seen from the following excerpt, the full account of
the journey down the much-discussed River of Doubt will be pub-
lished in the October and November issues. Judging from Col.
Roosevelt’s clear and convincing statements in his recent lecture
before the National Geographic Society, when he completes his story
no fair-minded reader will doubt that his claim that he and his party
‘put the river on the map” is valid and backed up by convincing
proof. In this preliminary statement he outlines what he expects to
establish in his subsequent articles. He writes:
The most important part of our trip turns out to be that down the Unknown River.
In view of the discussion that has taken place about this river it 1s, perhaps, best to
make this short statement in reference thereto. The full account—and the only
POLING A CANOE ON A BRAZILIAN RIVER.
Photo by Dr. Theodor Koch-Grunberg.
A DIFFICULT PORTAGE.
A characteristic view showing the endless difficulties and the daily strain incurred in navigating
some of the Brazilian rivers having extensive rapids in their upper reaches. Rapids of this
character occur in the River of Doubt, explored and mapped by the Roosevelt Expedition.
THE FLAG TO
Hon. Franklin kK. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, addressing the Government’s
ITS MAKERS.
employees in his department on the occasion of the celebration of Flag Day.
278 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
account—of our trip down the river will be given in the October and November num-
bers of Scribner’s Magazine. In these chapters our adventures will be given in detail.
We put upon the map an unknown river, in length and volume roughly correspond-
ing to the Elbe, the Rhine, and the Rhone, and Sadne. The upper course of this river,
where we went down it, had never hitherto been traversed nor the adjoining country
visited by any civilized man. The lower course had for years been known to the rub-
ber men, but the cartographers not only of Europe and the United States but of Brazil
were so totally ignorant of it that not a hint of its existence is to be found on the map.
For example, the map of South America furnished us by the American Museum of
Natural History, an excellent publication by a fellow of the Royal Geographical Soci-
ety, and as good as any other map, contains not only no hint of the course of the river
but not even a name for the dotted outline which I suppose probably was meant to
indicate the mouth of the river where it entered the Madeira. Ona Brazilian map I
saw this dotted outline given the name by which it is known by the rubber men, Ari-
ponan, but it was still left in as a creek, the map maker having no idea whatever of its
size or Importance.
The Flag to its Makers is the title the Independent, in its issue for
June 29, 1914, gives to a reproduction of the address delivered by
Hon. Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, to the employees
of his department on Flag Day. In its introductory comment the
Independent states:
But our Secretary of the Interior, in an address to the clerks in his department, not
only hit upon an unconventional form, but put into effective language an inspiring
ideal of everyday patriotism.
Like the Independent, the BuLLETIN quotes in full, also believing
that ‘it will do any reader good”’:
This morning, as I passed into the Land Office, the Flag dropped me a most cordial
salutation, and from its rippling folds I heard it say: ‘‘Good morning, Mr. Flag Maker.”’
“TI beg your pardon, Old Glory,”’ I said, ‘‘aren’t you mistaken? Iam not the Presi-
dent of the United States, nor a Member of Congress, nor even a general in the Army.
IT am only a Government clerk.”
““T greet you again, Mr. Flag Maker,’’ replied the gay voice, ‘‘I know you well. You
are the man who worked in the swelter of yesterday straightening out the tangle of
that farmer’s homestead in Idaho, or perhaps you found the mistake in that Indian
contract in Oklahoma, or helped to clear that patent for the hopeful inventor in New
York, or pushed the opening of that new ditch in Colorado, or made that mine in IIli-
nois more safe, or brought relief to the old soldier in Wyoming. No matter; whichever
one of these beneficent individuals you may happen to be, I give you greeting, Mr.
Flag Maker.”’
I was about to pass on, when the Flag stopped me with these words:
“Yesterday the President spoke a word that made happier the future of 10,000,000
peons in Mexico; but that act looms no larger on the flag than the struggle which the
boy in Georgia is making to win the Corn Club prize this summer.
“Yesterday the Congress spoke a word which will open the door of Alaska; but a
mother in Michigan worked from sunrise until far into the night to give her boy an
education. She, too, is making the flag.
“Yesterday we made a new law to prevent financial panics, and yesterday, maybe,
a school teacher in Ohio taught his first letters to a boy who will one day write a song
that will give cheer to the millions of our race. We are all making the flag.”’
“But,” I said, impatiently, ‘‘these people were only working !”
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. O19
Then came a great shout from the Flag:
‘““The work that we do 1s the making of the flag.
“Tam not the flag; not at all. Iam but its shadow.
“Tam whatever you make me, nothing more.
“T am your belief in yourself, your dream of what a People may become.
“T live achanging life, a life of moods and passions, of heart breaks and tired muscles.
‘“‘Sometimes I am strong with pride, when men do an honest work, fitting the rails
together truly.
‘“Sometimes I droop, for then purpose has gone from me, and cynically I play the
coward.
‘Sometimes I am loud, garish, and full of that ego that blasts judgment.
‘But always, I am all that you hope to be, and have the courage to try for.
‘““T am song and fear, struggle and panic, and ennobling hope.
‘Tam the day’s work of the weakest man, and the largest dream of the most daring.
“Tam the Constitution and the courts, statutes and the statute makers, soldier and
dreadnaught, drayman and street sweep, cook, counselor, and clerk.
‘“‘T am the battle of yesterday, and the mistake of to-morrow.
“Tam the mystery of the men who do without knowing why.
“T am the clutch of an idea, and the reasoned purpose of resolution.
“Tam no more than what you believe me to be and I am all that you believe I
can be.
“Tam what you make me, nothing more.
‘I swing before your eyes as a bright gleam of color, a symbol of yourself, the pic-
tured suggestion of that big thing which makes this Nation. My stars and my stripes
are your dream and your labors. They are bright with cheer, brilliant with courage,
firm with faith, because you have made them so out of your hearts. For you are the.
makers of the flag, and it is well that you glory in the making.”’
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DATA REGARDING FIFTH PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE.
HE Fifth International Conference of the American Republics,
usually known as the Pan American Conference, will hold
its opening session in Santiago, Chile, November 29, of this
year. The Chilean Government has just issued the formal
invitations and named the date for this international meeting.
The governing board of the Pan American Union in May, 1913,
unanimously selected Santiago as the place for the conference and
fixed the program of questions to be discussed, but the exact date of
meeting has only just now been determined. Upon the return of the
Chilean Minister, Sr. Dr. Eduardo Sudrez Mujica, from the mediation
conference at Niagara Falls, he conferred with Secretary of State
Bryan, who is chairman ex officio of the governing board of the Pan
American Union, and then announced that his Government had
chosen this time as best suited for the assembling of the conference.
It will probably be in session for several weeks and adjourn approx-
imately about New Years. From reports received by the Pan Ameri-
can Union, this conference bids fair to be not only the most
important and interesting of the five Pan American conferences
held within the last 25 years, but one of the most important
international gatherings in the history of the Western Hemisphere.
Coming right after the mediation movement of Brazil, Argentina,
and Chile to avert war between the United States and Mexico,
which has given a new meaning and influence to Pan American
cooperation and solidarity, and being almost contemporaneous with
the formal opening of the Panama Canal, which will bring the
United States into intimate relations with the western coast of
Latin America, it will have a remarkable significance both in its
time and place of meeting. Chile is one of the truly great countries of
South America. It has a coast line on the Pacific Ocean directly south
from the Panama Canalof nearly 3,000 miles, or nearly twice the extent
of the Pacific coast of the United States. Its population exceeds
5,000,000 and its area is about 300,000 square miles. Its annual foreign
trade will this year probably exceed in value $400,000,000. Santiago,
its capital, where the conference will meet, is one of the most beautiful]
cities in all America and has a population of nearly 500,000. It is
noted as a great South American center of refined society, educa-
tional effort, commercial enterprise, and political influence. Presi-
dent Wilson and Secretary Bryan are now carefully considering
280
52611—Bull. 2—14—_
LD,
>
4)
H MANSION, WASHINGTON, D. C., WHERE THE SESSIONS OF THE FIRST PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE WERE HI
‘
THE WALLAC
OCTOBER 2, 1889-APRIL 19, 1890.
DELEGATES TO THE FIRST PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE, WASHINGTON, D. C..
OCTOBER 2, 1889-APRIL 19, 1890.
Reading from left to right: Top row: James G. Blaine, Secretary of State of the United States, President
of the conference; Roque Saenz-Pefia and Manuel Quintana, Argentina; Juan Francisco Velarde, Bolivia;
J. G. do Amaral Valente, Brazil. 2d row: Salvador de Mendonga, Brazil; José M. Hurtado, Carlos
Martinez Silva, and Climaco Calderén, Colombia; Manuel Arazg6n, Costa Rica. 3d row: Emilio C. Varas
and José Alfonso, Chile; J. M. P. Caamano, Ecuador; Jacinto Castellanos, El Salvador; Fernando
Cruz, Guatemala. 4th row: H. Price, Haiti; Jerénimo Zelaya, Honduras; Matias Romero, second vice
president, and Enrique A. Mexia, Mexico; Horatio Guzman, Nicaragua. 5throw: P. José 8. Decoud,
Paraguay; Félix Cipriano C. Zegarra, Peru, vice president; Cornelius N. Bliss, Andrew Carnegie,
T. Jefferson Coolidge, United States. 6throw: Henry G. Davis, Morris M. Estee, Charles R. Flint, John
F. Hanson, John B. Henderson, United States. 7th row: Clement Studebaker and William Henry
Trescott, United States; Alberto Nin, Uruguay; N- Bolet Peraza and José Andrade, Venezuela.
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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 289
the personnel of the United States delegation to the conference.
In view of the direct bearing of this great international gathering on
the relations of the United States with its sister Republics and of the
fact that the Latin American Republics always send their most emi-
nent men as delegates, the President will undoubtedly select men of
the highest standing im the public and professional life of the United
States. Secretary Bryan, in recognition of the importance of the con-
ference, in response to the invitation of Chile will make a special trip to
attend the opening of the conference and pay his respects in person
to the Chilean and other Governments represented. As the invitation
of Chile was followed by those of other Latin American Governments,
the Secretary will probably make an extended journey not unlike that
of Secretary Root in 1906 when he attended the Third Pan American
Conference at Rio de Janeiro and continued his travels around South
America.
CHANGES IN THE GOVERNING BOARD.
The executive officers of the Pan American Union take this oppor-
tunity to extend a cordial welcome to the newly accredited ministers
to the United States from, respectively, Haiti and Cuba. M. Solon
Ménos, who once before has served the Republic of Haiti as envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Washington, has again
returned to take up the duties of this post. Cuba has designated as
its envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, Sr. Dr. Carlos
Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada. Both of the ministers have already
been officially received by the President of the United States.
Elsewhere in this issue appear the speeches made on the occasion of
presenting their letters of credence. By virtue of his diplomatic
position, each minister will represent his respective country on the
governing board of the Pan American Union. In extending this wel-
come it is hoped that the ministers will make frequent and liberal use
of the facilities of this organization to promote better understanding
_and closer relations among the Pan American countries.
In this connection it is fitting to bid farewell to the retiring minis-
ters, Sr. Dr. Pablo Desvernine of Cuba and M. Ulrich Duvivier of
Haiti, and to express a word of appreciation for the sincere interest
each has manifested in the work and activities of this organization.
As members of the governing board both ministers have exerted
noteworthy influence in bringing closer together their respective
countries with the United States and in fostering stronger Pan Ameri-
can relations. In leaving Washington they carry with them the best
wishes of their many friends in official and private circles.
290 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
AN AMERICAN DIPLOMAT HONORED BY CHINA.
Last February the Chinese Government invited Hon. William
Woodville Rockhill to become foreign adviser at large to the new
Republic, and he has recently signified his intention of accepting the
post. Mr. Rockhill’s intimate knowledge of the foreign relations of
China, his long diplomatic experience in and personal study of the
Far East, and his exceptional qualifications generally, will assure the
new Government of the valuable assistance of an intellect both sym-
pathetic and trained. He has been in the diplomatic service of the
United States since 1884, when he went to Peking as second secretary
of the legation. Later he became secretary. Between 1888 and 1892
he was in charge of two expeditions, under the auspices of the Smith-
sonian Institution, into China and Tibet. At different times since
then he has served as minister to China, ambassador to Russia and
Turkey, as Assistant Secretary of State of the United States, and in
other important diplomatic positions. He was commissioner of the
United States to China in 1900, and in 1901 served as plenipotentiary to
the Congress of Peking for the settlement of the Boxer troubles.
From 1899 to 1905 he served as the Director of the International Bu-
reau of American Republics, now the Pan American Union. China is
to be congratulated upon securing his services and the executive offi-
cials of the Pan American Union take this occasion to extend their
congratulations to Mr. Rockhill.
THE BOLIVIAN SESSION OF THE CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS.
The Pan American Union is in receipt of a preliminary announce-
ment of the second session of the 19th International Congress of
Americanists which is scheduled to gather at La Paz, Bolivia, in
November, 1914. This supplements the announcement of the pro-
gram for the first session of the congress, which will meet at Wash-
ington, D. C., October 5-10, 1914, already described in preceding
issues of the BuLtteTrN. At the conclusion of the North American
sessions it is planned to transfer the congress to South America, to his-
toric La Paz, the capital of Bolivia, so rich in its classical associations,
In Bolivia and the adjacent country the delegates will have an oppor-
tunity to see the impressive monuments which form some of the
oldest work of man in America, and, in the words of the announce-
ment, ‘‘of gazing upon a world in which in prehistoric times indus-
trious races of man laid the foundation stone of the first American
city.’ The sessions at La Paz will convene under the auspices of
the Bolivian Government, of the La Paz Geographical Society, and
of the University of St. Andres of La Paz. The officers of the organ-
izing committee are Sr. Don M. V. Ballividn, President, and Prof.
Arthur Posnansky, secretary general.
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Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
SENOR DON CARLOS MANUEL DE CESPEDES,
The new envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Cuba to the United States.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 293
COL. DAVID L. BRAINARD TO BE APPOINTED MILITARY ATTACHE AT
BUENOS AIRES.
It has recently been announced that Col. David L. Brainard will
be assigned to duty as military attaché to the United States Embassy
at Buenos Aires, Argentina. In view of the distinguished services
Col. Brainard has rendered during his 38 years of active service in
the Army of the United States, this announcement is of especial
interest, not only to his friends but to representative men throughout
the country interested in Pan American relations. A bill recently
passed both Houses of Congress authorizing the President to place
Col. Brainard on the retired list with the rank of brigadier general,
in recognition of the conspicuous services he rendered his country
in the Arctic regions as a member of the Greely Expedition. He
was one of the 7 survivors of a party of 25 which started out to
discover the North Pole. On many other occasions he has rendered
conspicuous and gallant service, and the Secretary of War, in a letter
to the chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, states: ‘Col.
Brainard is the only officer now on the active list of the Army who
received his commission for distinguished services.’’ He has reached
his present high rank through all the noncommissioned and commis-
sioned grades since his enlistment in the Army as a private in the
Second Cavalry in 1876. He received his commission as second
lieutenant in 1886 in recognition of gallant and meritorious service
rendered in the Greely Arctic Expedition of 1881-1884. In addition
to his services in the Arctic regions he took part in the Indian wars
in the West, and was wounded in action against the Sioux Indians
on Little Muddy Creek, Mont., May 7, 1877. ,He also saw active
service in the Philippines. During the Greely Expedition he made
the record for attaining the farthest north, a record which stood for
14 years until Nansen, the Norwegian explorer, succeeded in attain-
ing a higher latitude and set the record which stood until the final
discovery of the pole by Admiral Peary. The recent action of the
United States in raising the rank of the legation at Buenos Aires to
that of an embassy, subsequently followed by a similar action on the
part of Argentina as to its legation at Washington, lends additional
importance to the post to which Col. Brainard is to be assigned. The
appointment is a fitting recognition of the eminent services rendered,
as it is also in keeping with the high character and eminent qualifi-
cations of Argentina’s representatives in this country. The Director
General, on behalf of the staff of the Pan American Union, extends to
Col. Brainard congratulations on his promotion and new assignment.
294 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
PAMPHLET ON ARGENTINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
Among the various publications distributed by the Pan American
Union is a pamphlet entitled, ‘“ Argentine International Trade—A Few
Figures on Its Development.” This brochure, annually revised and
brought up to date, is prepared under the direction of the bureau of
commerce and industry of the Argentine Department of Agriculture,
and Sr. Don Ricardo Pillado, the director general of that bureau, is
deserving of praise for the practical arrangement and the wide range
of useful data which it contains. A glance at the table of contents
reveals the value of this compilation. In its 60 pages there is pre-
sented in succinct form information on the total international trade
for the past 20 years, percentage of increase, balance of trade, devel-
opment of agricultural and animal products, trade routes, area, and
population of Provinces and Territories, while numerous graphic
charts enhance the value and usefulness of these statistics.
MINISTER CALDERON’S ADDRESS TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
Seldom has a Latin American diplomat had greater opportunity to
study at first hand the spirit and ideals of the people of the United
States than the minister from Bolivia, Sr. Don Ignacio Calderén.
Seldom has such a representative allowed the people to hear his
frankly ouspoken and sincere opinion. But Sr. Calder6én, in the
Washington Star of July 12, 1914, has given to the world his maturely
formed interpretation of the people of the United States, and it is a
statement that should be read by all, especially those who only faint-
heartedly believe that American—Pan American—ideals are vigorous
and active. Sr. Calderén says:
The true spirit of democracy exists in finer flower here (in the United States) than in
any other nation on earth. You have shown to the world that you do not desire to have
even the appearance of national selfishness in your intercourse with other nations. The
United States has put the cynic to confusion and the pessimist to utter rout. The
world has faith in your right-mindedness. Latin American countries are fast realizing
that the inte1ests of the American Republics are identical, and that our political aspira-
tions are the same. The spirit of neighborliness, resulting from increased intercom-
munication, has grown with the spirit of democracy. Both are to be fostered by the
greater intercommunication which will result from the opening of the Panama canal.
The final success of republican institutions, the community of ideals and aspirations,
establishes a very strong bond of solidarity among all the Republics.
But the quotations could be prolonged far beyond the limits of the
BULLETIN page. This is only a glimpse into the scholarly thought of
one of the truest advocates on the Pan American idea. The thanks
of America, indeed of all the world, are due Sr. Calderén for his
clear optimism, and it is to be hoped that others will be strength-
ened into his sturdy faith by knowing how much acuteness of vision
hes behind it.
HON. BOAZ W. LONG,
Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States to the Republic of Salvador.
Mr. Long, who has been honored with the appointment of minister to Salvador, was chief of the Division
of Latin American Affairs in the Department of State since May 14, 1913. Born in Warsaw, Ind.,
September 27, 1876, he was educated in the public schools of Indiana, New Mexico, and Michigan,
at Wentworth Military Academy, Lexington, Mo., and at St. Michael College, Santa Fe, N. Mex.
Since leaving college Mr. Long has engaged in business which brought him into intimate association
with the countries south of the Rio Grande.
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
HON. WILLIAM WOODVILLE ROCKHILL,
American diplomat who has become Foreign Adviser to the Republic of China.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 297
EDUCATORS TOURING SOUTH AMERICA..
In the February number of the BULLETIN announcement was made
that, under the auspices of the American Association for International
Conciliation, a group of representatives from educational institutions
in the United States would visit cities of South America for purposes
of friendship and study. This tour is now nearing its end, as the
company is expected back in New York on August 20, and it is a
pleasure to offer greetings on their safe return and congratulations on
the successful outcome of their mission. Dr. Harry Erwin Bard, the
director of the Pan American division of the association, has been a
careful guide and has everywhere found a cordial reception and
cooperation with his plans. Newspaper accounts are now arriving,
with details of the tour. Several, sent througn the kindness of Hon.
Edwin V. Morgan, the United States ambassador at Rio de Janerio,
give enthusiastic reports of the visit and of the interest aroused
while in Rio and Sao Paulo. The same appreciation of the motives
and the same desire to reciprocate in the movement are manifested in
the other capitals. Undoubtedly next winter will see a further exten-
sion of the plans of this division of the American’Association for Inter-
national Conciliation. The personnel of the party was as follows:
Harry Erwin Bard, director, Pan American division of the American
Association for International Conciliation, New York; Percy Bentley
Burnet, director of foreign languages, Manual Training High School,
Kansas City, Mo.; John Driscoll Fitz-Gerald, assistant professor of
romance languages, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.; Reginald R.
Goodell, professor of Spanish, Simmons College, Boston, Mass.;
Chester Lloyd Jones, associate professor of political science, Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.; J. B. Lockey, principal, high school,
Pensacola, Fla.; Frederick Bliss Luquiens, professor of Spanish, Yale
University, New Haven, Conn.; Leon Carroll Marshall, professor of
political economy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.; Wiliam
Thomas Morrey, head of the department of history, Bushwick High
School, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Clark Edmund Persinger, professor of his-
tory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr.; Edward Guy Snider,
instructor of economics, College of the City of New York, N. Y.; Allan
H. Willett, professor of economics, Carnegie Institute of Technology,
Pittsburgh, Pa.
THE RETIRING MINISTER OF COSTA RICA.
It is with deep regret that the BULLETIN must announce the retire-
ment of the senior member of the governing board, the minister of
Costa Rica to the United States, Sr. Don Joaquin Bernardo Calvo.
Sr. Calvo began his participation in the work of what is now the goy-
erning board of the Pan American Union on his appointment as
minister in Washington, on January 5, 1899. This means more than
52611—Bull. 2—14_9
‘PIGL ‘IZ-2T ANAL ‘NISNOO
“SIM ‘VAUNED AMVI ‘NUW ALISHMAINO GNV ADATION VOX AONAUAANOO AHL JO NOILOWS NVOIMAWV NILVI DHL OL SALVORTAG
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 299
15 continuous years of personal interest and unflagging devotion to
the cause for which the Pan American Union exists. But Sr. Calvo’s
efforts in that regard, always as a representative of his native country,
date far prior to his official membership in the governing board. His
knowledge of the organization began at its birth in Washington, for
he was secretary of the Costa Rican delegation to the International
American Conference there in 1889. Again he was chargé d’affaires
of Costa Rica at Washington in 1892. Later Sr. Calvo was appointed
as minister resident to the United States (1896), being accredited
since 1898 to Mexico as well. In 1899 he was raised to the rank he
occupied to the date of his retirement, and during this period, in
1901-2, he was the Costa Rican delegate to the Second International
American Conference in Mexico. In 1907 he was the Costa Rican rep-
resentative at the Central American Peace Conference, held in Wash-
ington at the invitation of Senator Elhu Root, at that time Secretary
of State. A public man, a statesman, and a patriot, Sr. Calvo has
made warm friends and admirers wherever he has been known.
The entire staff of the Pan American Union will miss him, and through
the BULLETIN takes this opportunity of wishing him an equally
honored success in whatever path destiny may lead him.
THE PEACE TREATIES WITH LATIN AMERICAN REPUBLICS.
The Secretary of State of the United States is to be congratulated
on his success in securing the accord of so many countries to his
movement toward international peace, and to the recognition of
the value of his idea, embodied in the treaties of peace and friend-
ship. Already 20 nations have accepted these treaties, and, it is
to be noted, 14 of them are Republics of Latin America. It is
interesting to record the dates of these acceptances. Salvador
came first, on August 7, 1913; then Guatemala and Panama, Septem-
ber 20, 1913; Honduras, November 3, 1913; and Nicaragua, Decem-
ber 13, 1914. So far, during 1914, the sequence was Bolivia, Jan-
uary 22; Costa Rica, February 13; Dominican Republic, February
17; Venezuela, March 21; Peru, July 24; Uruguay, July 20; and
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile on the same date, July 24. Latin Ameri-
can countries have from the beginning been foremost in the advocacy
and practical recognition of the principles of arbitration, and in this
instance they once more show their faith in the ideals which alone can
lead to the best results in civilization.
UNITED STATES BANKS IN SOUTH AMERICA.
More than once has editorial mention in the BULLETIN been made
in regard to the advantages of direct banking facilities between
North and South America. Support has also in this way been given
‘FIGL “62-61 ANOL “SSVW ‘ATHIMHLYON
NOW ALISHHAIND GNVY GONedTIOO YON HWONHYHANOOD HAL HO NOILOUS NVOIYENYV NILVI HAL OL SALVORTAG
‘
PAUL WITMER LOUDON, DARTMOUTH, 1914, WINNER OF THE BARRETT ALL-ROUND
ACHIEVEMENT PRIZE.
Mr. Loudon has the distinction of being the first winner of the John Barrett (Dartmouth, 1889) All-Round
Achievement medal. His name is the first to be inscribed on the silver cup, the permanent trophy,
which remains with the college. Mr. Loudon is from North Troy, N. Y.
302 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
to the opinion frequently expressed by astute travelers returning
from South America that there was an evident demand in many
parts of South America for more intimate banking connections
between the two continents. It is gratifying to announce, therefore,
that practical steps are being taken to meet the requirements. Since
the passage of the new banking law, whereby United States banks
are now at liberty to establish branches in foreign territory, increased
interest has been aroused, and the National City Bank of New York
is on the point of widening its activities by establishing branches at
Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires. Mr. B. O. Bailey, formerly assist-
ant secretary of the United States Treasury, and Mr. James Martine,
have just left New York for South America, and will act in behalf of
the National City Bank. Although their first official duties will
naturally be directed to the foundation of the branches in Rio and
Buenos Aires, it is almost certain that Montevideo, Santiago, and
Lima will be considered in line, and that other important financial
centers will receive attention. That unanimous approval is accorded
this movement is shown by the very many letters sent by manufac-
turers and commercial interests from all parts of the country com-
mending the National City Bank for its enterprise. The BULLETIN
wishes to add its congratulations to the others and to express the
opinion that undoubtedly this movement will do much to increase
the growing friendship among the American nations.
LATIN AMERICA AT THE STUDENT CONFERENCES.
The conferences for college and university men which were held
at Lake Geneva, Wis., June 12-21, 1914, and at East Northfield,
Mass., June 19-28, 1914, were marked by that same enthusiasm,
good fellowship, and practical service as are characteristic of student
gatherings. The special section devoted to students from the
countries of South and Central America, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico,
and the Philippines proved so popular last year that similar divi-
sions were held this year at both Lake Geneva and at Northfield.
Many of the speakers who addressed the groups at Wisconsin also
attended the Northfield conference. Among the speakers were
Dr. Charles E. Jefferson, Dr. John R. Mott, Dr. Robert E. Speer,
Prof. Servando y Esquivel, and Sr. Don José U. Escobar, of Mexico;
Charles D. Hurrey, Raymond Robins, E. T. Colton, C. M. Spinning,
A. E. Turner, A. W. Stevenson, and H. O. Sandberg of the Pan Ameri-
can Union staff, who attended the Northfield gathering. At Lake
Geneva the Latin American division consisted of about 50 young men
studying in the various higher; institutions in this country. The
following is a list of those present and the countries represented:
BH. R. O’Connor, Fenelon Arias, N. J. Bolster, of Argentina; George
Gonzalez, of Bolivia; Jacy T. de Souza, Joao Salerno, O. Mendouca,
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 303
R. G. Westerman, R. E. Martins, Aristides Monteiro, Agusto Barradas,
Manuel de Lima, Antonio de Macedo Costa, 5S. B. Bastos, Benjamin
Barradas, of Brazil; Eugene Gellona, of Chile; A. E. Burbano, of
Colombia; Guill. Gallegos, of Costa Rica; Rafael Lagarde, Oscar
Carbajal, Diego Rivero, jr., of Cuba; T. L. Colligfion, Abel Cantu,
Juan Zozaya, Juan B. Medina, Delfido Cordova, of Mexico; EK. R.
Patron, Thomas Buckley, Luis Y. Mazzini, A. C. Maurier, of Peru;
K. D. Aguilar, Sixto A. Francisco, Marcelino A. Asuzano, Feliciano
C. Sambito, Agapito O. Goa, Vicente Fabella, Eulogio Benitez,
Salvador Unson, Tomas Confesor, E. E. Fabiano, Alfredo Ramos,
Jose Delfin, F. Sariben, Pedro Apacible, Mariano Osmefia, Gabriel
Mafialac, of Philippine Islands; Jose Margarida, of Porto Rico;
Samuel Martinez, of Spain.
At Northfield there were about 20 students at the Latin American
section and this group was the recipient of special courtesies and
attentions. It was gratifying to note the enthusiastic applause
which greeted the delegation as it entered the vast assembly hall on
the night of the great celebration. Though there were present on
that occasion nearly 1,000 delegates, representing Europe, China,
Japan, North and South America, from 100 leading colleges, univer-
sities, and preparatory schools of the United States, few of the groups
were so loudly and frequently cheered as was the Latin American
delegation. It is indeed a significant sign of the times when the
young college man of the United States recognizes the true merit of
his fellow students from the southern continent, and appreciates the
value of developing close ties of friendship and confraternity with
them. During the conference the delegates from West Point tendered
a special reception in honor of the Latin American delegates who
reciprocated the courtesy a few days later. The delegates at the
Northfield conference included: Hippolyto G. Souto, T. B. Caval-
canti, F. H. de Oliveira, A. J. Pompeia, of Brazil; Manuel J. Puente,
Juan C. Zamora, E. C. Castellanos, Angel B. Lagueruela, of Cuba;
S. Y. Esquivel, Manuel Barranco, José U. Escobar, J. F. Peralta, of
Mexico; Hector Lopez, of Nicaragua; Herbert H. Mencia, Salvador
Meza, of Salvador; J. Luis Cafias, B. Quintero, of Venezuela; Pedro
Labadia, of the Philippine Islands; Balbino R. Flores, of Porto Rico.
COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES AT DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.
Two events of unusual interest marked the annual commencement
exercises of Dartmouth College during the latter part of June, viz, the
formal presentation and opening of Robinson Hall, and the award
of the all-round achievement medal to Mr. Paul Witmer Loudon, of
North Troy, New York, of the graduating class. This prize, fully
described in the July issue of the BULLETIN, was established by the
Kel Lapiz.
DATOS CURIOSOS.—APUNTAMIENTOS DF CARTERA.—MISCELANEAS.
NUMERO EXTRAORDINARIO.
Tributo de admiracién a la gran [epublica del Norte, con motivo de
cumplirse en el corriente ano el primcr centenario de su Constitucton.
17 DE SETIEMBRE DE 1787. 17 DE SETIEMBRE DE 1887.
ee ee
NrW-HAMPSHIRE. Gunning Bedford.
Juan Langdon. re SaaS © ESTADOS UNIDOS Juan Dickinson.
Nicolas Gilman. CONSITEU CTONG DETOS Esta DOs uses Ricardo Bassett.
MASSACHUSETTS. Jacobo - Broom.
Nataniel Gorham. MARYLAND.
Rufo Keng. ‘ Jaime M’ Henry.
CONNECTICUT. Rescate cl ea Daniel de St. Tomas
Guillermo Samuel pases Wa de Jenifer,
Jobnson. @ Daniel Carroll.
VIRGINIA.
Rogerio Sherman,
NUEVA-YORK.
Alejandro Hamilton,
NUEVA-—JERSEY.
Guillermo Livingston.
David Brearly. a
Guillermo Patterson. ane
Jonatan Dayton.
PENSYLVANIA.
Benjamin Franklin.
Tomas Mifflin.
Roberto Morris.
Jorge Clymer
Juan Blair.
Jaime Madison.
CAROLINA DEL NORTE.
Guillermo Blount.
Ricardo Dobbs Spaight
Hugo Williamson.
CAROLINA DEL Sur.
Juan Rutledge.
Carlos Cotesworth
Pinekney.
Carlos Pinckney.
Pierce Rutler.
Tomas Fitzsimons. GEORGIA.
Jared Ingersoll. Guillermo Few.
Jaime Wilson. ee Baldvin.
Gobernader Morris. SAA ANTTT/AN Jertifico :
DELAWARE. JORGE WASHINGTON, Guillermo Jackson.
Jorge Read. Presidente, y diputado de Virgima, Secretario.
Merida (Vénezuela), 4 de Julio de 1887.
Tulio Febres Cordero.
(Impresor)
A UNIQUE PICTURE OF WASHINGTON.
This curious picture represents the preamble to the Constitution of the United States, translated into
Spanish, and cleverly arranged to form the head of George Washington. It is the work of Senior Don
Tulio Fébres Cordero, of Merida, Venezuela, who over a quarter of a century ago (1887) published a
special edition of 300 copies of the picture. Recently Sr. Cordero sent to the Pan American Union the
last available copy of that valued issue.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 305
director general, John Barrett, who is an alumnus of Dartmouth,
class of 1889. Elsewhere in this issue there is published a picture of
Mr. Loudon, who enjoys the unique distinction of being the first
recipient of the gold medal and of having his name head the column
on the silver cup which remains as a permanent possession of the
college. The new hall which was dedicated is named for Mr. Wallace
F. Robinson, a’prominent business man of New England who donated
the funds for its erection. It will serve as a center for the social,
intellectual, and artistic activities of the student body just as the
gymnasium does for the athletic interests. Among the organizations
to be housed here will be the student publications, language clubs,
literary circles, and the dramatic and musical clubs.
THE SIXTH PAN AMERICAN MEDICAL CONGRESS WILL MEET IN SAN
FRANCISCO.
The committee on medical program of the Panama-Pacific Inter-
national Exposition, at the suggestion of a number of medical societies,
has set apart the period from June 14 to July 3, 1915, to be known as
the ‘Exposition medical period.” It is expected that during this
period a number of the leading medical societies and associations of the
world will convene in San Francisco in the halls and auditoriums at the
Exposition grounds set apart for this purpose. Among others, it is
expected that the American Medical Association will hold its annual
session during the week beginning June 21. One of the first accept-
ances of the invitation sent out by the Exposition officials was that of
the Sixth Pan American Medical Congress. Notice of the acceptance
of this invitation was received early in June by Mr. James A. Barr,
director of congresses of the Exposition, from Dr. Leonidas Avendano,
of Lima, Peru. This congress is composed of the leading medical
practitioners of Latin America and will be in session at the Exposition
probably during the week beginning Monday, June 28, 1915.
POSTPONE STUDENT CONGRESS AT CHILE.
The Fourth International Congress of American Students which
was to have taken place at Santiago, Chile, during September, has
been indefinitely postponed, according to an announcement just re-
ceived from the,Legation of Chile at Washington.
Title Date.
ARGENTINA.
NGAP ISOOKS Git BUA NUE, os ncconcvoncsnocsononoucsoncoseooened Apr 18..
Report ofiminister/ofipublicsworkse--esseeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeee May 8...
Automobiles. Duties on automobiles and parts................. May 11..
tiredepartmentjot BuenosyAiress= ee eeeee eee eee een Undated.
BrewerieshmpAr contin asp 914 ase eens eee Edoee
(CD LES eee sean, SU ee re ane LM ara Nee ce ee Aa c “May 1B. 5
Sanlitabyadrinicin ckCuip senha eee eee eee re May 16. .
(Publication, ) Bank and insurance companies.-................ Piles Vases
Shooitiradeyandsindustyeeeeee ee heen ee rer Eee eee ere Eee rere 5020Ose cc
Rat-androachipastenssc sanetss meee ch ae OEE Ce May 18..
LebNAli< Choe! OUI SUIS. cao oogaoscacncacbaodeuaconooocnsounses Gossee
Exports for orders (publication).....................06 seats cere May 23..
Gasolaneyi onGin geyeiesesccs teehee og oc es RCO EE RCC EROS May 27..
Movinle=pictinommachin es ae aee eee ae eee May 29. .
Foreign trade for first three months of 1914....................+- June 1. -
Lallowdandyereasey ssc csc arene ne oe ee June 2. .
Bakers emachin ery s cry east e patente coin ae « dteel es a Agta eae June 6..
Argentine commerce for quarter ended Mar. 31,1914 (publication).| June 8. .
BRAZIL.
SEIS OH CAMINO BOOTS... cascoosscoscuoocnnacasoeooscconcsab0Ge00 May 10..
Manufacturing possibilities, branch factories...................- May 11..
‘Reihoral COMA. «.. .caccddnoodsscaanocosesanadevacsosadeses May 14..
SIDES OCINOKSIIS CRAG! LATHES. oo a ocooneaasonsnaeanyunecassooccosooneacr May ie,
pol MAL COE Meee ect ci eee carl UN crete enna ener mae meee Ridom
Regarding establishment of envelope factory..................-- Edom
EOFSesh oes; ut yore eee eh ei ee eee Mey 1918
Glueimports jandifactories) 912) sas aassenn anne espana ene ere dose
Muelvoiland coal saver ra er yee e eae Me ies Ate Se ren sa ert | May 19
Sallticpamse! states aus RS pe ee Ue hod ee Pe Pet) atone WES AG (Orr
Importers of groceries BG OO ae aie BOOS Eee ane See Co nenED soseee | June 2
List of dealers in diamonds and other precious stones. List of |_. do...
lapidaries.
Exporters) ofatallowsandesneaseepeeee eee eee eteee ee eereneeeeee ree | June 3
Wea Chern cusses ae ce ee as ee One Sa cxles eR pe Per ar a | June 4
TAURI Sane eee ane ae so em Ren Ane. del AUR anv pi cen eran A Re Sh June 5
JDSGOOMES ON CHUGH MOO = ococcocosaacooeceocaassestocuscueueus | June 6
PTAC EXtension sy see es eaee e eae eee een ae one a a | June 8
Municipalycovernin entsnyl 0s se see eee ener nena eee June 9
Mire: department s.ene2 sen soe eee ee eee eee ose aeeaeeee June 11
Importation ofironland steely 1912=13es saeeeee ee eeeeeneeeeeeee June 15
CHILE
HET ORSOS iS cis cfs (ejarc icici oo Se ee Se Eee SER Ee REE eee May 15
Nitra telohSOd ay cyami ses hectare eC CREE Eee | May 16
SalevofmitratevylandsN, 225, asacceee eeee ee ee eee eee = 520 Oe
Mradelextensions; ease, aces sacianes acerca eee Eee ee eEae ad One
BBG! SURES Oia INGAVOUINES-.. GanooccsanseosacnbaacecKnneebooseee | May 19
BO XISDOOKS I cyerst cise Sioa eich bie ere Salar eet oe ee eee ee dozer
ATMerI Can AWD OOKSicn)cn neces eRe eR eee n ee EEE Er CE eere ls ocGlOe 5 se
rei ghitinates tems. ccs s cone eee ee Dee ee meee eee ee May 22
ailwayasiip plies) seem cvecee cat crt sear einer sees Dee nee eee ee doses
R. M. Bartleman, consul gen-
eral, Buenos Alres.
Do.
William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario.
R. M. Bartleman, consul gen-
eral, Buenos Aires.
0.
William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario.
Do.
R. M. Bartleman, consul gen-
eral, Buenos ‘Aires.
William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario.
Do.
Do.
R. M. Bartleman, consul gen-
eral, Buenos Aires.
William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario.
R. M. Bartleman, consul gen-
eral, Buenos Aires.
Albro L. Burnell, vice consul
general in charge, Rio de
Janeiro.
Julius G. Lay, consul general,
Rio de Janeiro.
Julius G. Lay, consul general,
Rio de Janeiro.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Geo. H. Pickerell, consul,
Para.
Julius G. Lay, consul general,
Rio de Janeiro.
Geo. H. Pickerell, consul,
Para.
Do.
Maddin {Summers, consul,
Santos.
Julius G. Lay, consul general,
Rio de Janeiro.
Do.
Maddin Summers,
Santos.
consul,
Alfred A. Winslow, consul,
Valparaiso.
| This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America,
but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this organization,
306
“qUSTUUIOAOY oy} Aq pojeuop pur] Jo Jo[d v UO pue}S ]]IM SUIP[INg [eloMeW UOJSUTYSe MA
aL “peey oy) si ‘uvMoM Ajoloos WOYSUTYSeM PUG YIOX MEN vB ‘YoouId “Wf ATUEH ‘SI YOIyA Jo ‘HOI}eIOOSSW [eLIOW, WOUSUIYSe AA 991004 ey} JO UOTWOeNp ey Jopun
$e181g POT oy} JeAo Te uoTdrJosqns Iejndod Aq posted SuIEq st “000‘000'Z$ “4800 EYL, “SWOTITPUOd [eles Jo JUSMIEAOIC UM OY} PUL PULYULUL JO JUEUIIEZI{0q eYy esodind IMeyy
JOT CARY IU} SSUTIOYJeS [RUOTJVU Ppey oq AvUT OJOTM “T[eY WOLUGATMOD 4SVA B ULVIMOD TIM So}L1g peu ey} jo Teqideo oy} 48 pejooso oq 0} SI TOI [RIIOWULIUI EMLOSpuBY STYAL,
‘Od ‘NOLDNIHSVM LY NOLDNIHSVM OF TYINOWEW GaSOdOud
“BUIMY-Sliiey Aq Ydvaisoqoyud
308
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Reports received to July 25, 1914—Continued.
Title. Date. Author.
CHILE—Ccontinued.
Mimiperdands'ssAshecossc sec eeescen cSece eae eee eee Sere May 22) Alfred A. Winslow, consul,
Valparaiso.
Hse] OSIVIES 2 sescese eemnes So ge cise ae eee eee eae eae enacias May 26 Do.
Commencialinatin'gsieeeeseee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee Ee eeeeee May 29 Do.
Miectricaltappliancesme: sso s2 ease en eee eee eee Ee corer eer Cee rer acOlO= Sco Do.
Ijeyaaahialss (One oe Nar masan oan oRt acs uboreosuesaraodaadecasEoued June 3 Do.
INGA Ce INGUSUR Yas ae ee ee ee mene ee een .| June 9 | Do.
Prizes for plans awarded for repair shops in Chile................ ssaOlO= 5.55] Do.
Trade and industrial notes: Tonnage at port of Valparaiso. Roll- |...do-.-... Do.
ing stock for railways—Postal matters—Sanitary matters—Ed-
ucation—R ailways—Country roads in Chile.
ISSA OHIO ta CLV 5 os coscacescsancococdcoaeecosseseusoos June 12 | Do.
Industrial and commercial congress in Chile.....-............... =o00lOs.5o5 Do.
(Cloyiaechil yas Rae anaes boos case asecusoonaceascos seneconas June 15 | Do.
COLOMBIA.
Newasteamensline oni olom)plaaeeeee ree ere ee Ree EE eer eee eenee June 2) Isaac A. Manning, consul,
| | Barranquilla.
Tradex xtenSion = je sch Ae eee celexa ee ee alee rae | June 17 Do.
Waundnyasoaps|and’soaphpowd CrSeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeee eee eee June 26 Do.
COSTA RICA. |
|
ChangeshnicustomsptarittotCostasicasaeeeeeeeee eee eters June 19 | Samuel T. Lee, consul, San
Jose.
CUBA.
Automobile sundries and electrical appliances................_- May 25 | Dean R. Wood, consul, Nue-
vitas.
Electrical appliances, such as stoNes; SadinonsnetCass eee ee June 1 Do.
Mradelextension its sees cere eee eee ae eee ee Ee ee oa eee June 2 Do.
TBICVCIES Hs 5 sere Ee ese rae Rpt ees eer cit SEAN dean cee June 5 Do.
Lighting outfits, list of hardware dealers...................-.._- June 8 Do.
Steel furniture and steel IENdobbnyEe eacta a kasace doDoneo rey aoseauone June 12 Do.
(CXC) 0) OLS y AR Al ont Y=AS Pamir nas a onl Sam ine Se as Sie es oo eerie Noe pe Rea ts pee dOnace Do.
Paintsian diviarmishese sae: one eke ne one eet nya geal oe tea nee eral June 20 Do.
Shuler yer oyoh poly ab OVALS Aes ee ee ae Sandee denenoe sei seneue eee July 8 | James L. Rodgers, consul
general, Habana.
Report on industries and commercial conditions in consular dis- | July 9 | Ross E. Holaday, consul,
trict, 1913. Santiago de Cuba.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
ISeHoNS Gavel OVMGES SOOO WE. o oacaccascoaosoencosesosososoaaseccccas May 23 | H. Watson, consular agent,
San Pedro de Macoris.
Bicycle; dealers: spiteminsteoseaee eae ae ae eae eee eee -seC Macc Do.
CORDA Re eye Peer een ey Meena riy 5 er tle tN) aha ial ree eee ses0 Mosse Do.
amd OwWMers) 522 sae ee Gea aaa eee ee ee cca ae big ee eae ee doseee Do.
IMACINIM OT Yorn sts ee eer ee UOT RE eee eee eedOmaee Do.
ESTP UM OS ia es Meee pcrets cee eae ee ee oe ee ae eee Rae May 28 Do.
ee lara seek BO Sage py ne Pela ey aii ts ce yest ce pen ea June 2) Charles H. Albrecht, vice and
deputy consul general,
Santo Domingo.
IDIGOUBS SHOWS, HANGS, Ciao -osconssancaccosonescescounsucsecocs June 3 Do.
Automobiles, bicycles, motorcycles, and supplies............... sC@s56< Do.
TPAC E ex TEN SIO MER INS) aha Ue Sw iney pals gee arses ane on ee June 12 Do.
Jo etal GyOVOUTENACOS.. cc ccoososcooboonooseosoocusanacecocsbaceune June 18 | Frank Anderson Henry, con-
sul, Puerto Plata.
JENSG OF SMTA ITN OOS 5 coneccoscsucesceoseguccoccucucsseuceece June 19 | Charles H. Albrecht, vice
and deputy consul general,
Santo Domingo.
Hlectriciigintingtesasse es eee ere eee een Peete ere ee ee ~GOss6- Do.
ULTIMO Si ase bes Rte Saisie pS pci a eee ene eet ea a June 20 | Frank Anderson Henry, con-
sul, Puerto Plata.
CONpGrRa SOLIS GING! GOI. 65 occ sna sosacsosccoccenscsccuccesouseee June 22 Do.
IDEN OE) NS ROWAN WAOUOS oo cocosccocouasncoscucscsconnceces June 30 Do.
Mlectricrdevicesjandispecial ies sees ae eee eeeeaer anna dose Do.
ECUADOR.
Commercejandhindustries tors! 913 eae eee eee eee May 9) Frederic W. Goding, consul
general, Guayaquil.
Vegetables ponoeshs. i2)55c.-8 esac se ey ee ae a ne Eee May 22 Do.
JNM ACRIN SOKO | MOHAMMAD 04 ooo csoncedesosccoccccuoobanesouecous June 20 Do.
GUATEMALA
GLOMUS eHow ete see are ET June 19 | Stuart Lupton, consul gen-
eral, Guatemala City.
: HAITI
LUMbeHIMpPOLts none eeateeece nee a eC Eee ee Apr. 24 | Lemuel W. Livingston, con-
sul, Cape Haitien.
GIS HO MD ACTS Eemaecta aerate ete dee ee 2200) y5 Do.
Principal physicians, druggists, and dentists.................... Apr. 28 Do.
Ivoh OII}UI UL ALIBROU YSNOIY 4SV] [[LM YOM WOT}e1qQe[90 9y} JO Seinyeey peroods WIIOF OsTR [IIA S}U9AP [eIOOS SNOJOTINU
pure ‘uopuo’y ut uOIIsodx@y uUvolIoUly-o[suy Uv ‘epeuRg pu pUL[sUq puR Se}VIg PeTU oY} UI Sor}1IO snoriea ut ‘sjuvesed o1IOJSIFY “WOPUO'T UL pojovde oq OsTe [[[M on}eIS
moour'yT ,suapNey) “49 Jo vol[del y *Se1V1g poyUA 9Y} JO JUSWUIGAOS) 0} 0} pajuasosd oq [ITM TOIT UBYVY) JO oNye4s B IOF poqlIosqns sAVY PUL[SUY Ul WOWOM Weoley OI M
‘Treyig }eely 0} U0 {SuTYSe AA JO 9NYe}s SMOpNoY jo vorjded v Juasoid [LM VIUISITA “epeURD UL ‘eIquIn{OD YsyIg pur “vIJOJTA ‘JaANODUBA 0} TOLSUTYSe MA PUB ‘MOZeIGO ‘eTuI0;
[vO Wo Surpee,] AvMYSIY oY} JOAO SeYoOIe [LIIOWIUI JO WOT}D0I9 9Y} ‘WOTINIT}SUT OTIOJSIY UBolIOWY UB Sv II SULLeOLpep ‘puLl[suG UL UOISUTYSeA\ 981004 JO ouIOY [eI}SeoUR eT}
‘OURW eARIS[NG JO ysi[suq oy Aq oseyoInd oy} ere [elUUe}UI soved SITY} JO SsoIN}Res JUeURUAIEd JayIO oY} Suowy ‘sojdood Suryveds-ysI[suy OM oY} TWe9M}0q SUOI}eIGQo]e0
soved oy} jo™sed sv pelsessns used sey ‘YIOX MON JO QnIO UvIpeuURY 9} Jo JUeprtseid Ajo1R] ‘MosdwoY YL, prveuuey yf, “IW Aq peustsep ‘osplig [vlIOMIeW eoveg sty} JO WOTJONI\SUOD OY,
SALVLS GaLINA
GHD GNV NIVLIUd LVAD NGEAMOCAE AOVAd AO SUVAA CHUCNONH AHL ALVYONAWWOD OL STTVH VUVOVIN LV ANdIdd AHsOdOud
‘quapuedepuy ayy Asagano;)
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Reports received to July 25, 1914—Continued.
Title. Date. Author.
HONDURAS.
Fencing wire, free of duty........------------------------------- May 17 | E.M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
| cigalpa.
ID ny? BOOGS SHOES sccuocassescocsseccadsoncacoesconwascocsosberos May 26 Do.
TOGEHIOGP. oan anuncosnesecesesuacscauucnesoposseoucobacosseseacenea May 27 Do.
WIGUIOR GYOES socoscocosacdnoosscod soc peso socogneaseoccansosneescs May 28 | Do.
OiltinvElonduras) (Decrees No80) Beeeeeeeee eerste eee May 30 Do.
Report on commerce and industries for 1913 ................---- | June 2} David J. D. Myers, consul,
Puerto Cortes.
MOKA ONOHUIRD SNOW. cosscsoscnocbscacsouecococooasacocdoessess June 4, E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
Baking machinery (no market).....-.-.----.------------------- June 10 | Do.
N@® WIRES. codons sceoosd seo c coco esos eococeoceSoororescuseesor sons o ac Do.
IP WN DS. jon oc os coo pusaadonosesocpendocEsneacosoeoncoodocooasneEsoo June 17 Do.
Overall semnistolmerchantSeeeeeee eee eee eee rere eee eerie June 22| John <A. Gamon, consul,
| Puerto Cortes.
MIO TOTS are ernt co iics wisps tole Crs eae ee eee So ae aentece Miae see June 23 | A. R. Gordon, acting consu-
lar agent, San Juancito.
List of cattle producers and druggists......-.-..-.--.------------ June 29| John <A. Gamon, consul,
: | _ Puerto Cortes.
@ommerceyandbindustricsions ONS Bieri serie ere eee June 30! E. Me Vawion) consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
iBamanalandsS =) <<cesce cece see se eet sence erence eee July 10) Do.
MEXICO.
VM eWEILELS: Seiae cece eee eee ser teeta eC cer acne eee May 30! 7T. C. Hamm, consul,
| Durango.
Overaliisiaoeven aausee fae eeeer eccrine Bee cres ee ear See earns June 9 | Louis Hostetter, consul, Her-
mosillo.
NWalniskayathasil Chrssisses- eee irr ere neice asi tae eioe ee ecleiaerte = June 22 | Marion Letcher, consul, Chi-
| huahua.
Overalls bicy clesvand sm otoncy.cles Paps =eeeese ere eee eeeeer June 25 | Do.
NICARAGUA.
Mradevextensionwemls hOlemerchantseeseenseeeeeeeeneer eee , June 7) Harold D. Clum, consul,
| Corinto.
PANAMA.
PATE LOMMO DIESER WAGE s.<se ere eeeac eee ho ee a era cee eacie me arenes June 1); Paul Osterhout, consular
agent, Bocas del Toro.
An eanaNts Orr HACIA OWNS) cos cocanacocuocdussesebenenecaasedosocosec s6bl® cece Do.
Traderconditions: aseccus ssetec once em inictenee met emeueaeetmaeerise June 5 Alban G. Snyder, consul gen-
| eral, Panama.
Gasolinenlighting ees 2a sree sinc ose reese steers ere sears aleistete ike steele June | Frederick L. Herron, vice
| | and deputy consul, Colon.
iM lectrichyaccumicleanerseseepeeeeeenreeeereeeernce seer eee eeces June 13 | Do.
ONG ID ES aeeetes ao nceecae naa ocrRaneenonasscaeeteamaascarceass sae6 Osoa5 Do.
Detachablorowboatimotorsmassess-eeoeeeeer eee eee eeeereeeeee June 17 | Do.
PERU.
Annual report on trade, commerce, and finance for year 1913....) May 29 | William W. Handley, consul
general, Callao.
Visit of Business Men’s League of St. Louis to Peru........-....- May 30 Do.
New national’theater foravimarbents sess eras eee June 6 Do.
California tinned iruit)productSsnce-ssssees-eeeeaaee eee eee June 12 Do.
URUGUAY. |
Commercefandeindustriesiorg O13 he eee ese eee eee aaa May 4) Ralph J. Totten, consul,
Montevideo.
Officersuppliesseeeeteeoee eee eee eee eee eee eeeereeeereerrer May 26 0.
Requirements and conditions for registering foreign medicine | June 11 | Albert G. Ebert, vice consul,
titles in Uruguay. | Montevideo.
VENEZUELA. |
Gy Cleicars': 26) ngs yesh see Some eee ae Ee et eee eer May 19 | Thomas W. Voetter, consul,
La Guaira.
IN KoOyrabiaees oy KOLR DIRS) HAE YO MITES coacooccodocoseccdoosossscosancscossce May 25 Do.
ipicyele dealers vautomopileicaracesmessss ee eeeee erate eneeee ree = 60s 552 Do.
Bakers? machinery. c2ececeemocencn Gee oaee eee eens eciemee edOenee Do.
Tron cas tinesi ean. Crk See See ane ene emeei Seem meer Tunney! Do.
Cottonimanutactunin esses else eee Eee seer eee eee eee ee eer eee seed One aes Do.
Cannediinuits ie gone 2 ache here Oe eee eens Bee Slop eeepc June 2} Do.
APU TU TOG eet ae aaa Sra eS ee eo Sar eee ee Sens sc Do.
Gutsstringsiandimusicalinstrumentspeeeeseecreeeeeeneceeere eee ..do. Do.
Tradeiextension ys « j=..c 242 Sasecaie ene BO ao oer eee Ser eee sce€@Osao oi Do.
Cold:storagemachinenycas eee es ie oe cee eno eee eee rieriee June 3 Do.
Steelubrid ves WetG ss- mshi acoce .class cer eee ee heer ee scOMsoos Do.
Credititomlounimpontersa-ee eee eee eee eee e ee eee eee eee June 8) -Do.
\ichiaebrailih ee sesso ueeaseeeeaee ., . axe iaeodusccetoosedoasaquus 2d ONS Se. Do.
JE CY ict es re ans ott eee Eee His. 3 SMa ha tcaresasAaaauaGheae JadOejaee Do.
Supplies for railroad or highway construction...............--.- June 15 | Do.
PANO We Saas ioc ia Sate tistose ins Sige Ae cee eine ee OO eee ee June 16 Do.
IDO Da as oe B Ae aU OCC EERO oreo] eaeen oe nea soadeaaaedseaoos scOMsae< Do.
Shintsiandioveralliswitseeeeeese ee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eco eee nador Do.
ELAM CIOXtEMSIOM ashes c)s yall sayeso rch See Belen eee erie June 17 Do.
\WAXOTIUI QRS, 5656 coascedasscossauuon SEs oussenosaessedooess June 22 Do.
Oi] Sa aren ri eee: HRs Boa ic eee aoe ee ee --do....| Do.
Ug, %Y Y Viza Y YG Ys wily Uy Yi yet, O yy, oZ7 er) Yn % Uy Ls Y “iy, Y ere Z ‘Ys WA
eZ any, ty, “yr 4: ny W%Y
% G “Wil y YW
bn “ud nv. tn fb 4. %,,b Z 4 ¢@ oe 2
HE foreign commerce of Paraguay for 1913, according to the
report of Sr. C. Ruiz, director of customs, was: Imports (six
months) 3,665,021.60 pesos gold; exports, 5,630,929.13 pesos
gold. In the message of President Schaerer to the National
Congress, delivered on April 1, 1914, the total imports for the year
are estimated at 7,908,815.45 pesos gold. On this estimate the total
foreign trade amounted to 13,539,744.58 pesos gold. This is an
imcrease over 1912 of 3,953,421.09 pesos—2,558,215.32 pesos in
imports and 1,395,205.77 in exports.
Estimating the gold peso at 97 cents United States currency, the
value of the foreign trade of Paraguay in 1913 was: Imports, $7,671,-
551; exports, $5,462,001; total, $13,133,552. Increase over 1912 of
$2,481,469 in imports, $1,353,350 im exports, or a total increase of
$3,834,819.
IMPORTS.
The imports by countries for the years 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, and
1913 (six months), were as follows:
1913
1909 1910 1911 1912 (six
months).
GeTrmMmaniyerrer retreats satan a: eels | $733,082 | $1,111,714 | $1,770,406 | $1,508, 737 $989, 898
Wmitedskang domes see cess sae eee ee eel ln 24455330 29625°490) ele SO2s095 ne Tss0le4 54: 963, 418
iA Pen Lim ae mee mate eiesat ease coeeee 568, 084 678, 956 754, 811 682,017 517, 185
INNO Kecadossooas eae See Oe Se eueeme ace | 234,898 289, 342 420, 281 366, 778 238, 679
italy pees aoe sane ee eee sa asee seer | 254, 330 335, 620 342, 707 308, 201 232, 774
SD aineete re eee mene epee 2s ctu sh yates 178,581 366, 189 402, 871 322, 868 223, 660
WhariGl SiS ase noccabessunessseaodeasosee | 202,766 310,540 379, 397 306, 467 181, 367
Belgiimee See asec ses see jseince seer -| 74,870 149, 450 107, 559 128, 954 70,012
IS tra SEN cay eee ese eeeeee tere eee | 60, 067 146, 738 106, 473 125,095 50, 466
Wie Wis esondsaqoLaueadadepAeseoasceences | 44,796 44,712 49, 805 35,539 31,104
TBNIEVAl 55: ae Sao apt REE SRO Be enee Is preheater 42, 262 56, 852 42,188 20, 003
ING OG NENG ee een aoe te aR eEneaEnoee arse eeeoncs sosen sauces ocdadsel aassccuadacc 14, 967 8,512
POG U Galle eae ie face ce cei ocis oss Seis ets ac ae Oe SSE | SPE eee eee Be een ae 9,732 6,323
Swatzerlamdé2e a5 8 3 Neos ein icicisiarstoats sera les eee seeece ipdanaeoacenn bodesseacoce 5, 004 4,005
(Chi Ce Ree eee eee sn tees mers aemerae locccooococes eeneranemee el saeeeemeoers 3,315 1, 759
Vaya eee Nees py sie so ee ae ee, [Echecerapere eieoet | Gate See meee | Pe eee eae 2,671 |} 1,182
OthecountriesHee epee eee eee eee 59, 359 151, 467 116, 797 26,095 14, 723
‘otal sel ay eee seh aehase | 3,655,366 | 6,252,480 | 6,310,054 | 5,190,082 | 3,555,070
| |
1 In 1909 included under ‘ ‘Other countries.”’ :
2Tn 1909, 1910, and 1911 included under ‘‘Other countries.’’
dll
(PARAGUAY)
(Commerce 13%
Pe@wielale,
IMPORTS $7,671,551
pisses 552
EXPORTS $5,462,001.
UNITED STATES
MONTHS
OTHER COUNTRIES
ARGENTINA
$3,410,925.
RMANY
$1 198,686
PAN AMERICAN UNION
PARAGUAY. BIL
The imports by major classifications for the years 1909, 1910,
1911, 1912, and 1913 (six months) were as follows:
| | |
1913
1909 1910 | 1911 1912 | (six
| | months).
= = = = = : Bie
Mextileseas<ws os ccs se eaet ciieseneceee sees $1, 033, 682 | $1,955,290 | $1,668,136 | $1,469,942 | $1,084,740
Roodstulls oho: Gc)s.s2 skeet yas seen 866,615 | 1,130,453 | 1,366,152 | 1,177,647 808, 421
ar diware seen cce soe ete ye ee 296,260 | 429,612 518, 192 914,770 630, 869
anc ye 000 Swe saceme eo mee eae eer 154, 644 | 273, 460 396, 491 382, 488 | 247, 769
WanesSSpIrltswele = saeeeseee eee oeaeacece 220, 973 338, 650 289, 054 283, 102 | 186, 994
Drugsrandichemicalssesssseeeee see esos | 69, 812 | 151, 482 196, 378 216, 240 134, 180
Ready=madelclo thing ees sa—- eeener eee 19, 198 129) 576 135, 313 96, 313 89, 066
Aim alls}25 oted arses hcae ce seoeitteiem eee male ee Sasese nis leoeseiSmeicsng Eee eee ere 73, 725 | 81, 676
ETS Serene ales qare eck Some Be anne 37, 023 85, 249 82,571 72, 869 59, 831
Electricalisupplies2os-ceeeeseeceeaeeeeee lpeceisscsaias [sbi sss eiserallleic nee cclewtars 58, 837 | 56, 261
Glass and chinaware?.............---..--- lacoscagcccce [fetereiereysters stsreye 69, 879 86, 840 | 43, 685
Firearms and ammunition...........-..--- | 39, 274 58, 308 74,779 79,390 | 36, 467
IER Gesyandesicin sisaesee preset eee ae aaet | Seba etereiave eels aettsicies/eiciall Snreasieeeentes 42,744 | 32,319
IBGOtSaNGeShOes) 2h. ony eee ee tesco eae (aera HER 9/8 58 ee 40, 956 24,793
Musical instruments 2............--.------- Heats RO IN Pe eee cee eth kee sate a 25, 828 14, 088
My inmiGune 2s ses ce eee ea nee ae reeriae eedenendass SosSscesasee SeRabaaecaee 20, 691 | 6, 735
MM ODACCO2 rset soc ese tacos enleeeisees |oenceccacss.||>Scscoocaaes|eascsssoqnce | 10, 115 6, 653
Skala eI nT er an ar ee ne Te IER one ll: Fe PO ae 11, 507 5, 450
Saddlenys22eseeeecneeeree 5,959 | 5,073
Material for public works 120 V1 9h eee eeses
Mutyaineerarticlestt sass eer eee aseeeeeeeeeee CO GES) Go Pe SL BY Oe ooecccsedaléccoccoscde
Miscellaneous ise) eee eres oe eee 146, 202 134, 928 le) Wry Waa Sooseocsellbossseosouse
Mota eae cies See met ase See eee | 3,655,366 | 6,252,480 | 6,310,054 | 5,190,082 | 3,555, 070
1 | 1
1In 1909, 1910, and 1911 included jewelry.
2 In 1909, 1910, and 1911 included under ‘‘ Miscellaneous.”’
3In 1909 and 1910 included under ‘ Miscellaneous.’’
4In 1912 and 1913 included under the several classes of articles to which they respectively belong. ‘The
duty free articles in 1912 amounted to $784,839, more than half of which is hardware and the remainder
peeiealy, material for public works, animals, and drugs. In 1913, the amount was $563,926, again
ivided as in 1912.
IMPORTS BY COUNTRIES AND CLASSES, 1912 AND 19138 (SIX MONTHS).
[Values in pesos gold.]
Textiles: 1912, total imports, 1,515,404 pesos, of which 865,975
from the United Kingdom, 410,790 from Germany, 86,136 from
Italy, 66,778 from France, 37,558 from Spain, and 25,207 from
Belgium; 1913 (6 months), total imports, 1,118,289 pesos, of which
600,530 from the United Kingdom, 295,029 from Germany, 83,201
from Italy, 64,464 from France, 53,293 from Spain, and 8,554 from
Belgium.
Foodstuffs: 1912, total imports, 1,214,069 pesos, of which 464,872
from Argentina, 213,336 from Germany, 110,354 from Austria-
Hungary, 109,573 from Spain, 84,761 from the United States, 67,281
from Italy, 42,093 from France, 40,003 from Brazil, and 36,002 from
the United Kingdom; 1913 (six months), total imports, 833,423
pesos, of which 341,201 from Argentina, 191,980 from Germany,
8,272 from Spain, 50,008 from Italy, 49,221 from Austria-Hungary,
35,756 from France, 30,450 from the United States, 22,840 from the
United Kingdom, and 19,542 from Brazil.
Hardware: 1912, total imports, 943,062 pesos, of which 381,643
from Germany, 378,639 from the United Kingdom, 107,220 om
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PARAGUAY. Bis
the United States, 84,550 from Belgium, 36,362 from France, 34,233
from Argentina, and 11,168 from Austria-Hungary; 1913 (six
months), total imports, 650,381 pesos, of which 244,335 from Ger-
many, 242,392 from the United Kingdom, 95,558 from the United
States, 27,722 from Belgium, 23,762 from Argentina, and 6,511 from
France. |
Fancy goods and notions: 1912, total imports, 394,318 pesos, of
which 178,028 from Germany, 63,082 from the United Kingdom,
20,586 from Argentina, 19,316 from Spain, 16,880 from Italy, and
4,610 from the United States; 1913 (six months), total imports,
255,432 pesos, of which 116,292 from Germany, 59,107 from the
United Kingdom, 46,899 from France, 11,725 from Italy, 9,500 from
Argentina, 5,303 from Spain, and 2,037 from the United States.
Wines, spirits, etc.: 1912, total imports, 391,858 pesos, of which
198,155 from Spain, 63,423 from Italy, 62,835 from France, 11,896
from Germany, 11,591 from the United Kingdom, and 6,699 from
Portugal; 1913 (six months), total imports, 192,777, of which 96,066
from Spain, 38,990 from Italy, 36,085 from France, 6,822 from the
United Kingdom, 6,211 from Germany, and 3,347 from the Nether-
lands.
Drugs and chemicals: 1912, total imports, 222,928 pesos, of which
50,711 from Germany, 45,805 from the United Kingdom, 43,766 from
the United States, 34,283 from France, 14,706 from Argentina, and
5,878 from Belgium; 1913 (six months), total imports, 138,530
pesos, of which 32,045 from Germany, 30,082 from the United States,
28,590 from France, 28,022 from the United Kingdom, 8,026 from
Argentina, and 5,285 from Italy.
Ready-made clothing: 1912, total imports, 99,291 pesos, of which
37,798 from Germany, 21,042 from Argentina, 13,800 from the United
Kingdom, 12,630 from France, 8,306 from Spain, and 5,043 from
Italy; 1913 (six months), total imports, 91,821 pesos, of which
41,844 from Argentina, 22,613 from Germany, 12,267 from France,
7,286 from the United Kingdom, and 4,471 from Spain.
Hats: 1912, total imports, 75,122 pesos, of which 37,945 from Italy,
8,527 from Germany, 8,379 from the United Kingdom, and 4,678 from
France; 1913 (six months), total imports, 61,682 pesos, of which
42,666 from Italy, 6,257 from France, 3,765 from Germany, and 3,129
from the United Kingdom.
The animals are all imported from Argentina, the glass and china-
ware and hides and skins are principally from Germany, electrical
supplies from Germany and Italy, musical instruments from Germany
and Spain, boots and shoes from Germany and the United States,
and firearms and ammunition from the United States and Germany.
NOINTD NVAATINY NYA INO SHLNOW KIS BOs - E161
GIESN S161,
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PARAGUAY.
EXPORTS.
317
The exports by countries for the years 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, and
1913 were as follows:
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
AT SOTUUIM A Hea Sse sneer s PI eee Sere $2,475,951 | $2,783,693 | $2,651,101 | $2,372,599 | $3,410, 925
(Geer a My Aeterna eee 1,360, 708 881,319 | 993, 948 847, 829 1,198, 686
Wir Sua yA sess scee crore ete eae | 690, 090 518,056 | 710, 421 676, 767 673, 784
1S Xs) Fes han pe ene ees oe ee ene ree es tet 70, 992 12,024 | 21, 822 10, 662 56, 130
DNA Ee ONS 0 tire one BUEN ee eter 217, 955 155, 086 45,559 59,071 37, 740
IWAN CO Sarna ae stare eerste eer etree 43, 628 24, 852 72, 694 33) 199 33, 069
DS Palme see ya he ease ante a ee ate 98, 669 309, 055 153, 741 98, 539 25, 195
INRA o bernie cee en ee Bee eg Saori wars oasecineuon ses sacs 84,177 24, 233 9, 983 11,109
ANTIGUAS TIMER AY a6 Ae scacesacsocoaoodcocds one oe Snel Seams coe oesn | Seccosnseeor 97 10, 127
aS Ove ee ce ste tee ee Sr ro te oa | fl 995" |e coe = eee | Sean ial se Serine seers 3,330
IRUSSIa = See Som cee s ee oe see ane ae e es eves eres ae reese cna E aemecrecert ae lees erserenees 1,629
Netherlands S25 325 s3= see ce eee ee QyBVaile. sane a aoe Rees 2501S) eee acini eeare
WinitedtS tatesh ese seeee seer ee eee | FROE)) Sap eeree sao saoeoaocoans 593) eee apes Sere
UWinitedtkein'e d om -aaeeeee eee 2,052 15, 213 799 TOUS Hl eee ae eee
Switzerland see esse cee ese eee = AH OS: 76 | \5 seus rockers cieinl|leeea Sse | Som eee ere Sees eerste
Othencountriess epee eee eee 875 5,590 29,040 276 277
Motalact es sase ewe eee Suter 4,992,814 | 4,789,065 | 4,703,358 | 4,108,651 5, 462,001
The total of exports to Argentina and to Uruguay, as given above,
represents a very considerable element of transit trade. Nearly all
the hides, ive animals, quebracho, and some woods, shown in the
table below, accredited primarily as exports to the two counties
mentioned, are in reality exports to Europe and to the United States.
The exports by articles in 1912 and 1913 (six months) were as
follows:
1913 (six
tenes months).
ISLC See soeo seo TOSC SEB ESan Hose pee nc UcMenesaASaoneorMaqnnEscosnpodcodnoseouassaed $1, 050, 166 | $580, 748
AG 106 eee Seen ae eee EEE EMe are a teeen eaaencaca aeoocas ee sSusonneusoucasseauan 850, 726 491,199
@uebrachovextracteerrnect ee a eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee renee eerste | eee tert | 424, 505
Yerba mate 485, 968 | 410, 144
Fresh fruits 1,245, 443 | 387, 919
Live animals 47,181 | 363, 983
Tobacco..-..- 429, 167 | 195, 776
SHU 6 pe Ree RODE OA GOS an Ones obe ae oun mo eeoeasounes ad susmoa doo Jaascobeasenawaddusserlsuaanccesoss 365
Total 4, 108, 651 2, 854, 639
EXPORTS BY COUNTRIES AND ARTICLES, 1912 AND 1913 (SIX MONTHS ).
[Value in pesos gold.j
Hides: 1912, total exports, 1,082,646 pesos, of which 636,118 to
Germany, 201,271 to Argentina, 156,213 to Uruguay, and 78,752 to
Spain; 1913 (six months), total exports, 598,709 pesos, of which
436,406 to Germany, 76,017 to Uruguay, 68,982 to Argentina, and
10,438 to Belgium.
Woods: 1912, total exports, 877,037 pesos, of which 753,339 to
Argentina, 86,077 to Uruguay, and 37,621 to Brazil; 1913 (six months),
total exports, 506,392 pesos, of which 437,619 to Argentina, 54,317 to
Uruguay, and 13,715 to Brazil.
318 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Yerba mate: 1912, total exports, 500,998 pesos, of which 485,993 to
Argentina, and 15,005 to Uruguay; 1913 (six months), total exports,
429,829 pesos, of which 416,324 to Argentina, and 6,486 to Uruguay.
Fresh fruits: 1912, total exports, 1,283,962 pesos, of which 722,144
to Argentina, 412,320 to Uruguay, 86,624 to Germany, 33,473 to
France, and 17,364 to Brazil; 1913 (six months), 399,917 pesos, of
which 171,107 to Uruguay, 149,491 to Argentina, 36,621 to Germany,
and 21,325 to France.
Live animals: 1912, total exports, 48,640 pesos, of which 46,850 to ~
Argentina; 1913 (six months), total exports 375,340 pesos, all te
Argentina.
Tobacco: 1912, total exports, 442,440 pesos, of which 236,381 to
Argentina, 152,308 to Germany, and 28,082 to Uruguay; 1913 (six
months), total exports, 201,831 pesos, of which 132,885 to Germany;
55,572 to Argentina, and 13,374 to Uruguay.
The last CENSUS OF THE NATIONAL TERRITORIES of the
Argentine Republic shows a population of 358,738, as compared with
103,369 in 1895. During the latter year the number of hectares of
land under cultivation in the National Territories was 44,904, as com-
pared with 3,075,675 at the present time. The capital invested in
industry and commerce in these territories in 1895 aggregated 9,166,-
933 pesos, as compared with 95,973,864 pesos in 1914. The value of
stock, in round numbers, in the National Territories in 1895 was
$32,000,000 gold, as compared with $170,000,000 gold, at the present
time. The Argentine Republic occupies the first place among the
countries of South America in the number of kilometers of RAIL-
WAYS in operation, and the ninth place among the countries of the
world. The total length of the railways of Argentina at the present
time is 35,259 kilometers, 917 kilometers of which were constructed in
1913, or an increase of about 3 percent. Of the three railways operat-
ing in the southern part of the Republic, with headquarters, respec-
tively, at the ports of San Antonio, Deseado, and Comodoro Rivadavia,
the line running into the latter port, which is the principal center of the
petroleum industry of the Republic, has used oil as a fuel for a period
of five years with the most satisfactory results. Private railway com-
panies have now under construction 832 kilometers of line through-
out the country, as well as a number of improvements of great impor-
tance, such, for instance, as the tunnel entrance of the Western Rail-
way to the city of Buenos Aires and the electrification of suburban
lines and railways entering the Federal Capital. The Entre Rios
Railway has been granted permission to extend its lines into the city
of Buenos Aires. The total capital of the railways of the nation at
the present time aggregates 742,648,113 gold pesos ($716,655,429).
The Argentine Government is at present constructing fourteen IRRI-
GATION projects, consisting of canals, dams, etc., the most impor-
tant of which are the Neuquen Dike, the Upper Negro River Canal,
and the Tercero River works. Three large Government irrigation
works are now under exploitation, two of which were completed last
year. In 1913 the AREA UNDER CULTIVATION in the Argen-
tine Republic amounted to 24,091,726 hectares, or 1,104,000 hectares
more than in 1912. The Pacific Steam Navigation Co. has extended
its freight, passenger, and MAIL SERVICE from Liverpoolto Panama,
via the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of South America, with stops at
Montevideo, from which place connection is made with Buenos Aires
and River Plate ports. A fleet of nine vessels is to be used in this
319
320 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
service. The Orcoma, the first steamer engaged in this traffic, reached
Montevideo from Liverpool early in June last, sailing from Monte- —
video on June 6 for Port Stanley, Punta Arenas, Coronel, Talcahuano,
Valparaiso, Coquimbo, Antofagasta, Iquique, Arica, Mollendo, Callao,
Salaberry, Pacasmayo, Iten, Paita, and Panama, at which port it
was scheduled to arrive on July 3 last. At Panama connection will
be made with the Tagua, Thames, and other vessels engaged in the
service from Colon to Europe. The FOREIGN COMMERCE of
the Argentine Republic during the first quarter of 1914 amounted to
217,101,295 Argentine gold pesos (gold peso = $0.9647), made up of
imports 95,152,179 gold pesos, and exports 121,949,116 gold pesos, or
an excess of exports over imports of 26,796,937 gold pesos. In this
commerce the imports from the United States amounted to 11,853,756
gold pesos, and the exports to the United States, 13,824,275 pesos, or
a total commerce of 25,678,031 gold pesos. The exports to the United
States were 140 per cent more than those of the same period of 1913.
The EXPORTS OF TIN from Bolivia to Great Britain in 1913,
according to figures compiled from Englsh sources, aggregated
35,211 tons, valued at £3,457,253. The exports of tin to Great Brit-
ain, credited to other South American Republics, during the same
period, were as follows: Chile, 9,690 tons, valued at £805,198; Peru,
504 tons, valued at £46,539, and Argentina, 411 tons, valued at
£38,463. The total exports of tin from South America to Great Brit-
ain in 1913 aggregated 45,816 tons, valued at £4,327,450. El Norte,
an important daily newspaper of La Paz, in commenting upon these
figures, states that in reality all of this tin probably came from Bo-
livia, credit being given in the English statistics to the other coun-
tries because the exports were made through Chilean, Peruvian, and
Argentine ports. The legation of Bolivia in Buenos Aires has
informed the Department of Foreign Relations of the Argentine Goy-
ernment that the Government of Bolivia adheres to the conventions
and resolutions of the FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFER-
ENCE held in Buenos Aires in July and August, 1910. The Depart-
ment of Foreign Relations of Argentina has notified accordingly the
other Governments which took part in said conference. Three
WIRELESS TELEGRAPH stations have recently been installed in
the Bolivian Chaco (northeast Bolivia) at Fort Ballivian, Fort D’Or-
bigni, and Caiza. Two other stations are being erected, one at
Esteros and another at Magarifios. A tariff for the transmission of
BRAZIL. aon
wireless messages, In connection with the regular telegraph system of
the Republic, is to be issued under the approval of the'Department of
War. It is proposed at a later date to establish wireless stations at
Trinidad, Riberalta, Abunda, and other frontier towns, as well as at
Santa Cruz and Puerto Suarez.——The first Bolivian AERIAL
CLUB was recently organized at the Military College in La Paz.
The municipal board of Viacha has taken steps to increase the supply
of POTABLE WATER for that town. Manuel Vicente Ballivian
and Arturo Posnansky have been appointed by the President of
Bolivia chairman and secretary, respectively, of the Bolivian organiz-
ing committee of the Nineteenth International CONGRESS OF
AMERICANISTS which will meet in La Paz in November of the
present year. The Eighteenth International Congress of Ameri-
canists, which met in London in June, 1912, selected Washington,
D. C., and La Paz, Bolivia, as the places where the Nineteenth Con-
eress of Americanists is to be held in October and November, 1914.
During the sessions of this Congress in La Paz, the celebrated Bolivian
ruins of Tiahuanacu will be visited——The municipal council of the
city of Potosi is negotiating for the purchase of the ELECTRIC light
and power plant of that city. The price asked for the plant is
900,000 bolivianos ($350,000).——A most interesting illustration of
the improved RAILWAY FACILITIES now enjoyed by Bolivia
was recently shown when there arrived at the port of Arica from the
United States a shipment of 460 tons of flour for La Paz and 200 tons
for Corocoro. This shipment was discharged on Monday afternoon
and loaded on 23 cars; the following day it started for Bolivia, sev-
eral trains being used on account of the heavy grades of the railway,
and by Wednesday all of the cargo had arrived in La Paz or was on
its way to destination. The local newspapers comment on the quick
service and contrast it with the long and tedious transportation
methods that prevailed only a few years ago.
According to a recent MESSAGE of the President of the Republic
railway construction increased in Brazil in 1913 to the extent of 2,303
kilometers, making the total number of kilometers now built 24,589.
There was a decrease in the deficit of the Central Railway in 1913 of
6,000 contos ($1,945,200), and the expenses of construction during the
same year were 18,500 contos ($5,997,700). A loan of £11,000,000
($53,460,000) has been negotiated through the Rothschilds, thereby
providing funds to be used in September next to redeem the paper
322 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
currency. The foreign debt in 1913 amounted to £103,772,780, and
the internal debt to £726,747. The imports in 1913 amounted to
_ 1,007,495 contos and the exports to 972,730 contos. The alumni
of the law school at Rio de Janeiro designated Pedro Rio Apa and
Pedro Galvao to represent them at the Fourth CONGRESS OF
STUDENTS which was to have been held at Santiago de Chile in Sep-
tember.——The AVIATION school of the Government of Brazil in Rio
de Janeiro is equipped with seven monoplanes of from 25 to 50 horse-
power; three 50-horsepower biplanes, and two hydroplanes. At the
opening of the naval and war colleges in Rio de Janeiro on June 11,
public exhibitions were given in aerial navigation by experienced
aviators. The Congress of the State of Parana has authorized the
Government to contract for the establishment of a CREDIT BANK
with a guarantee of 6 per cent on £4,000,000 for 30 years. The
Academy of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro has presented Dr. Oswaldo
Cruz, an eminent Brazilian physician, with the medal awarded him
by the Medical Congress recently held in Bello Horizonte. In
commemoration of the anniversary of the abolition of slaveryin Brazil,
the corner stone of the MONUMENT to Joaquim Nabuco was laid at
Pernambuco on May 13 last. A Brazilian wireless telegraph
operator has invented a WIRELESS DETECTOR, by the use of which
a more perfect wireless communication has been established between
Rio de Janeiro and the north and south of the Republic. Press
reports state that the Government of Brazil has decided to increase
the subvention of the Amazon Steam Navigation Co. for the purpose
of enabling that corporation to continue its service in the Amazon
River. The minister of Uruguay in Rio de Janeiro has advised the
minister of public works of the Government of Brazil that new lines
of RAILWAY TRAFFIC will soon be inaugurated between the two
countries. The Congress of Brazil has approved the WIRELESS
TELEGRAPH CONVENTION subscribed in London in 1912, the
conclusions of the Opium Congress held at The Hague in 1911, and
the recommendations of the Agricultural Congress held in Monte-
video in 1912. Paul Pestana, a Brazilian economist, has just
published statistics showing that the POPULATION of Brazil
increased from 1,150,000 inhabitants in 1822 to 23,000,000 in 1912.
The immigration into Brazil in 1854 was 1,682, as compared with
180,182 in 1912. In 1894 there were 14 kilometers of railway in
the Republic, as compared with 24,589 at the beginning of 1914. In
1870 there were 1,450 kilometers of telegraph lines, as compared with
33,962 in 1912. The maritime traffic of Brazil in 1840 was 1,417,491
tons, as compared with 52,926,225 tons in 1912. The exports of
coffee in 1822 were 13,515 tons, as compared with 724,818 tons in 1912.
The exports of rubber in 1827 were 31 tons, as compared with 42,286
in 1912. Miss Hedy Racema, a Brazilian artist, has been awarded
a gold medal by the Bavarian Government.
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In 1912 the pieces of domestic MAIL handled in the Republic
numbered 67,541,902, as compared with 69,977,737 in 1913. The
pieces of foreign mail dispatched abroad in 1913 numbered 5,459,312.
The gross receipts from the domestic mail service in 1913 aggregated
3,498,144.04 pesos, and those of the foreign mail service 830,239.85
pesos. In 1913 international parcel-post packages to the number of
311,478 were received in the Republic. The domestic money-order
business in 1913 amounted to 54,261,861.73 pesos. The Chilean
postal deficit for last year was 627,928.42 pesos. The Govern-
ment of Chile has ratified the WIRELESS TELEGRAPH conven-
tion subscribed to in London in July, 1912. Wireless telegraph sta-
tions at Antofagasta, Valparaiso, and Punta Arenas are soon to be
opened to public service. The sums of 13,066,219 pesos, paper
currency, and 3,443,109 Chilean gold pesos are to be disbursed in
Santiago de Chile for works contracted for the purpose of increasing
the POTABLE WATER supply of the Federal capital. Negotia-
tions are also under way for increasing the supply of potable water
at Valparaiso and Vina del Mar. Since July, 1910, the paving of
the streets of the Federal capital has been carried on to the extent
of 415,206 square meters, at acost of 8,594,014 pesos. During the
present year the new Santiago SLAUGHTERHOUSE was opened.
The plant, when completed, will represent an investment of about
4,500,000 paper pesos.———In 1913 there were inscribed in the civil
registration offices of the Republic the following DEMOGRAPHIC
STATISTICS: 21,341 marriages, 111,255 deaths, and 139,974
births. In 1913 there were 2,454 students matriculated in the
UNIVERSITIES of Chile. Of this number 548 were in the School
of Fine Arts, 517 in the law schools, 386 in the schools of medicine,
316 in the pedagogic school, 292 in the school of engineers, 115 in
the pharmacy school, 100 in the school of architecture, 91 in the
school of dentistry, and 89 in the school of midwives and nurses. In
the schools of secondary instruction there were 11,455 males and
8,060 females. The number of pupils in attendance in the 11 com-
mercial schools of the Republic in 1913 was 2,600.——A number of
PULLMAN cars have been ordered from the United States for use
on the National Railways in the southern part of the Republic.
According to a report just published in the Commercial Bulletin of
the Department of Foreign Relations of the Government of Chile,
the output of the mines and smelters of the Republic in 1912 repre-
sented products valued at 372,662,774 Chilean gold pesos ($136,-
323
324 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
021,912), or an amount larger than that of the agricultural and
industrial products of the country during the period referred to. In
1912 there were 23,117 workmen engaged in mining in Chile. Nitrate,
which is one of the great mineral exports-of the country, is being
shipped abroad in increasing quantities year by year. Press
reports state that the IRON SMELTER at Corral has made a satis-
factory settlement with the Chilean Government, under the terms
of which the smelter renounces its claims for guarantee and amortiza-
tion of capital, and agrees to return to the Federal treasury the
amount the Government has advanced it on account of the guarantee
and amortization fund.——The budget for PUBLIC WORKS of the
Government of Chile from 1914 to 1923, inclusive, amounts to
174,583,800 Chilean gold pesos ($63,723,087).——KH. Miigler & Co.,
of Santiago, have taken the necessary preliminary steps toward the
establishment of a factory for the manufacture of COTTON products
in the Federal capital.
=<) = On OS ee SSD EO SSI {NESE
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S40. COLOMBIA Wis
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In accordance with the requirements of the law, the great electoral
council of Colombia met in Bogota on June 27 last to pass upon the
vote for PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC for the term begin-
ning August 7, 1914, and ending on the 7th of the same month
in 1918. The result showed that Dr. José Vicente Concha was
elected Chief Executive, he having received 300,735 votes, or over
90 per cent of the entire vote cast. At the STOCK SHOW,
which was held in Bogota on July 20 last, premiums to the value of
$2,500 were awarded by the Government. The Executive officially
opened to public traffic 23 Inlometers of the TOLIMA RAILWAY
at the close of July of the present year. The National Govern-
ment has established a superior BOARD OF PUBLIC HYGIENE
in Bogota composed of the following members: Juan David Herrera,
Nicolas Buendia, Gabriel Camero, Francisco Tapia, and José Bar-
beri. The Government proposes to bring a bacteriologist from
Europe or the United States in order to comply with the provisions
of the law concerning the inspection, etc., of ports. The recent
CENSUS of real property in Bogota, according to the report of
the census board, showed that the value thereof amounted to
$40,566,900. On July 19 last a SHOOTING MATCH for the
championship of Colombia was held at the proving ground in
Bogota. Each contestant was allowed six shots with Mauser rifles
of the 1912 model, two shots while standing erect, two lying down,
COSTA RICA. BS)
and two kneeling. The WIRELESS telegraph station at San
Andres y Providencia, which is being erected by the Government
at a cost of £4,200, will soon be completed.The enlargement of
the FILTRATION PLANT for the Barranquilla Aqueduct, the
contract for which has been let to an American company, will
cost, in round numbers, according to the estimates and plans,
$100,000.—The department of posts and telegraphs of the Gov-
ernment of Colombia has furnished complete data to a Swiss com-
pany concerning the navigation of the Magdalena River for the
purpose of considering the construction of strong and rapid vessels
to be used in establishing a weekly MAIL SERVICE between Bar-
ranquilla and Bogota. A party of FRENCH SCIENTISTS has
arrived at Chaco with the object of studying the mineral and agri-
cultural resources of the country. The party represents a French-
Colombia mining syndicate and has the support of the French Govy-
ernment.—The STOCK industry in the Department of Santander
is in a flourishing condition, there being in that Province 73,543 head
of horned cattle, 13,487 mules, 12,382 horses, 4,512 asses, 13,436
sheep, 23,295 goats, and 29,678 hogs———In 1913 there were 18,388
cablegrams transmitted in Colombia, which produced a gross revenue
of $105,380.73, as compared with 14,700, producing $85,308.87, in
1912. The telegrams sent in 1913 numbered 1,926,616 and pro-
duced $463,754.05, as compared with 1,964,660 and $380,958.03 in
1912. During the first quarter of the present year the telegrams
transmitted in Colombia amounted to $123,652.22. The expenses
of the telegraph department in 1913 were $1,010,278.38.——The
ELECTRIC LIGHT plant in Cali is to be enlarged to double the
present capacity, and active work on the same is progressing satis-
factorily. Officials of the Buenaventura to Cali RAILWAY an-
nounce that by the first of August, this year, the road will reach a
point 15 kilometers from Cali, and that a station will be built at the
latter point, which is in the rich Yumbo Valley, a section offering
considerable quantities of freight.
The Cabinet of President Alfredo Gonzalez Flores is as follows:
Manuel Castro Quesada, Secretary of Foreign Relations; Juan
Rafael Arias, Secretary of Interior (Gobernacion) ; Mariano Guardia,
Secretary of the Treasury; Alberto Echandi, Secretary of Fomento
(Promotion); and Federico Tinoco Granados, Secretary of War.
Luis Felipe Gonzalez has been appointed Assistant Secretary of
Public Instruction; Fernandez Guell, Assistant Secretary of the
326 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Interior (Gobernacion); and Ricardo Coto Fernandez, Assistant Sec-
retary of War. Ruben Coto has been appointed private secretary
to the President. President Gonzalez is a lawyer and agriculturist
from the Province of Heredia, who served as a Deputy to the Congress
and Vice President of the same under the administration of President
Ricardo Jimenez. The President of the Congress is Lic. Don Leoni-
das Pachecho, and the second and third designates to the presidency
are Don Domingo Gonzalez and Don Francisco Aguilar Berquero.
The concession granted to Francisco Quesada for the opening of a
port on Tortuguero Bay, the construction of a railway from Tortu-
guero to Sarapaqui, and the planting of 25,000 hectares of land in
cacao and bananas, also includes the establishment of a new LINE
OF STEAMERS from Costa Rica to Europe to sail under the Costa
Rican flag. The area of BANANAS under cultivation in the
Republic is 11,439 hectares. The exports of bananas in 1913 aggre-
gated 11,170,812 bunches, 8,354,722 of which went to the United
States, 2,763,111 to England, and 52,979 to Holland. In 1913
the exports of ORANGES from Costa Rica consisted of 2,865 boxes,
and of GRAPE FRUIT 1,102 boxes. In the inaugural message of
President Alfredo Gonzalez, who took the oath of office on May 8 of
the present year, the Executive recommends the establishment of an
AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE BANK in order to protect and
encourage in a practical manner the development of agriculture in
the Republic. The fiscal REVENUES of the Government of
Costa Rica in 1913 amounted to 9,612,533 colones, or 712,533 colones
more than those estimated m the budget. The expenditures during
the period referred to aggregated 10,184,261 colones, or 974, 980
colones more than those fixed in the budget. The difference be-
tween the receipts and expenditures is 571,727 colones, which, plus
119,555 colones paid for real property, makes a total deficit for the
year of 691,282 colones, which amount was liquidated from the re-
serve fund of the previous fiscal year. During the fiscal year referred
to the payments on account of the national debt amounted to 122,196
colones. A bill has been introduced into the Congress of Costa
Rica for the establishment of a NORMAL CENTRAL AMERICAN
INSTITUTE in accordance with the provisions of the convention
signed in the city of San Salvador on February 2, 1910, ratified by
the Congress of Costa Rica on July 14 of the same year, and ratified
later by the Governments of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador.
It is proposed to found the school at Barba, Costa Rica, in buildings
to be erected on lands acquired by the Government and in accord
with the plans approved in the convention of 1910. The school is
to be of a capacity sufficient to accommodate 250 students, or 50
from each Republic. A four year’s course is prescribed for the
normal school. To matriculate, students must be at least 15 years
CUBA. Soul
of age, m good health, and with the necessary education. An ele-
mentary course of two years is provided for in the plan. The bill,
as introduced, authorizes the President of the Republic to dispose of
230,000 colones in the establishment of the school_——A society has
been organized at San Jose for the PROTECTION OF ANIMALS.
The president of the society is Walter J. Field ——The Commercial
Bank of San Jose has been authorized to issue BANK NOTES of
different denominations, payable to bearer, for the sum of 150,000
colones, to take the place of deteriorated bank notes now wm cir-
culation.
The cornerstone of the new MUNICIPAL HOSPITAL, which is
to be erected by the city of Habana on Carlos Third Avenue, was
laid by Mayor Freyre de Andrade, the originator of the project, on
July 7 last. The hospital is planned to cost $200,000 and is to have
accommodation for 300 beds. The secretary of public works of
the Government of Cuba has ordered the chief of the STREET
CLEANING bureau to flush all the streets of the city of Habana,
where the pavement is in good condition, twice daily for the purpose
of removing dirt and refuse. The Asturianos Club, of Habana,
has bought the Albisu THEATER for $300,000. The home of the
club is to be erected on this site, and $100,000 is to be spent in
rebuilding the theater, which is planned to be exploited by the club
as a side line. The Habana Motor Omnibus Co., an English cor-
poration, will operate a line of ELECTRIC BUSSES in the city.
Land has been purchased for the erection of a large garage. The
new busses will have routes covering a distance of about 1,200 miles
in the Federal capital and suburbs. A DOCK 100 feet long and a
warehouse 24 by 60 feet are to be built at Jucaro on the Isle of Pines
by the Government of Cuba. The construction will be done under
the direction of the department of public works. A bill providing
for the appointment of a commission to CODIFY the Cuban laws
has been passed by the Senate. The Cuban Senate has also approved
a bill granting a subsidy of $6,000 and $12,000 per kilometer for the
construction of a RAILWAY from Placetas to Fernandez. Ac-
cording to press reports the United Fruit Co. will begin on Septem-
ber 1 of the present year a new biweekly STEAMSHIP SERVICE
between New York and Habana, employing steamers of a displace-
ment of not less than 12,000 tons.——The new SUGAR MILL
erected at Dos Caminos by a Cuban syndicate of which Sr. Echevar-
ria, of Santiago de CubaJfis an active member, is expected to be
328 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
ready for grmding in December next. The new mill is one of the
most modern now existing on the island and has a capacity of 70,000
bags of sugar per season. The Cuban Congress has appropriated
$141,000 to cover sundry expenses in the STREET CLEANING
department of the city of Habana, and $10,000 for the expenses of
the LABOR CONGRESS, which was held in Habana in August of
the present year. Active steps have been taken by Cuban capital-
ists to introduce the cultivation of RICE on the island. Arrange-
ments have been made to plant the first field in the Province of Pinar
del Rio. The undertaking is said to have the enthusiastic support
of the President of the Republic. The Preston PAPER MILL,
which was established in the Province of Oriente in April last, is,
according to a report of Engineer Jimenez Alfonso, producing an
excellent quality of wrapping paper out of bagasse. The capacity
of the mill is 3 or 4 tons per day, but owing to a shortage of com-
petent labor the output at the present time is only 1 ton daily, which
quantity is made from 2 tons of bagasse. The mill has ordered
machinery for the manufacture of fine paper, such as writing paper,
book paper, etc., as well as for the manufacture of crepe paper.
The Cuban bagasse is said to be superior to that of Louisiana, where
efforts to make paper from this material, with the exception of card-
board, were not a commercial success. According to press reports
a number of paper mills of a similar character and capacity will be
established at different plantations in the Republic. A shipment
of 1,000 bales of Cuban TOBACCO was recently consigned via the
North German Lloyd from Habana to Bremen. ‘This is the first of
a series of large shipments of tobacco to Germany to meet the
demands of the markets there. Steps have been taken for the
establishment of an AMUSEMENT PARK, to be known as Magic
City, in Habana. Ernest Gaye is one of the chief promotors of the
enterprise. The BUDGET for the fiscal year 1914-15, as amended
by the Cuban Senate, has been passed by the House of Deputies of
the Cuban Congress.
)
Statistics published in a recent edition of ‘El Tiempo,” an impor-
tant daily newspaper of the city of Santo Domingo, show that the
EXPORTS of the Dominican Republic for the first quarter of 1914
exceeded the exports of the same period of last year by $1,300,000.
If sugar had maintained the prices of the previous year the increase
in the exports would have risen to $2,000,000. The total exports
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 329
of the Domimican Republic during the first quarter of 1914 were,
m round numbers, $3,700,000, as compared with $2,400,000 during
the same period of 1913. The four principal items were as follows:
Cane sugar and molasses, $2,200,000; cacao, $800,000; tobacco,
$310,000; and coffee, $130,000.——Steps have been taken for the
installation of modern LIGHTHOUSES at dangerous and _ fre-
quented points on the coasts of the Dominican Republic. This is
an improvement which is urgently needed for the safety of navi-
gation, and the movement for placing in first-class condition the
old lighthouses along the routes of travel of the coast line of the
Dominican Republic, and the erection of new lighthouses where
needed, is meeting, according to press reports, with the hearty
support and cooperation of many persons interested in maritime
shipping and in the growth and prosperity of the foreign commerce
of the Republic——tThe cross of the LEGION OF HONOR of
France has been conferred upon Monsefior Dr. Adolfo A. Nouel.
The ceremonies took place on the ist of Jane last, when the repre-
sentative of France in the Dominican Republic, M. Rene Delague,
presented Monsefior Nouel with the diploma and cross accompany-
ing same. Dr. Nouel, who is head of the Catholic Church in Santo
Domingo and one time President of the Republic, is one of the most
distinguished, talented, and lovable men of the Dominican Repub-
lic——The new BRIDGE at Azuanas, constructed in accordance
with plans approved by the Department of Public Works of the
Dominican Republic, was opened to public traffic on May 31 last.
The plan initiated by Sr. Don Victor M. de Castro, mmister of the
Dominican Republic in Caracas, to send a certain number of DO-
MINICAN STUDENTS to study in some of the higher institutions
of learnmg in Peru has received the enthusiastic support of Dr.
V. M. Matrtua, the minister of Peru in Caracas, who has commu-
nicated with his Government concerning the matter and reports
that the project has been received with favor by the Peruvian Gov-
ernment, and there seems to be nothing in the way of its adoption.
The plan proposed by Sr. Castro provided for the sending of two
young Dominican lieutenants to take a practical military course
in the army of Peru for a period of two years; three young men not
over 18 years of age to complete their studies in the military acad-
emy of Peru; two young men to take the agricultural course pro-
vided by the Peruvian Government; one young man to study in the
school of engineering and mines; one in the school of arts and crafts;
and one in the school of political and administrative sciences. If
this plan is adopted the principal expense the Dominican Govern-
ment will have to bear will be the transportation of the students to
and from Peru. New plans have been made for the construction
of a BRIDGE mm the city of Santo Domingo over the Ozama River.
52611—Bull. 2—14——_11
330 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The estimated cost of the structure is $150,000. According to these
plans the bridge will be 30 feet above the water and will permit the
passage under it of all kinds of craft engaged im river traffic. Steps
have been taken to lay the corner stone in August, 1914.
The superior board of public instruction of Quito has issued rules
and regulations providing that each SCHOLARSHIP STUDENT of
the Government of Ecuador studying the plastic arts in Europe shall
forward annually to the Department of Public Instruction of the
Government of Ecuador at Quito two samples of his work in the
branch of art to which he is assigned under the contract granting
him a scholarship. In the case of students studying in Italy these
samples are to be deposited in the consulate general of Ecuador at
Genoa or Rome until June 1 of each year, and shall be forwarded by
the consul general to the department of public instruction in Quito
not later than the first of August of each year. These samples are to
be exhibited in a special section of the Exposition of Fine Arts held
in Quito on August 10 of each year, and a report shall be made on
same to the superior board of public instruction by a committee of
experts appointed by the director of the National School at Quito.
The Treasury Department of the Government of Ecuador will provide
funds for the transportation of the samples from Europe to Quito
and for reimbursement to the students of the value of the material
used in completing the samples or works. The department of public
instruction will take the necessary precautions to satisfy itself that
the samples sent are the works of students holding the scholarships
referred to. On the arrival of the works of art in Quito they shall
become the property of the nation and shall be placed on exhibition
in the gallery of the National School of Arts of the Federal capital.
Art students holding scholarships from the Government of Ecuador
who do not comply with these requirements shall forfeit their scholar-
ships. Students who are not able to remit their samples during the
present year at the time specified shall be granted until December 1,
1914, in which to comply with the provisions of this order. The
arrival of the first engine at Ambato for use in construction work on
the Curaray RAILWAY on June 12 last was enthusiastically cele-
brated by the people of that town and vicinity. The building of this
railway is being rapidly pushed forward, and in a short time a con-
siderable area of rich territory will be placed in railway communica-
GUATEMALA, Sok
tion with the port of Guayaquil and the capital of the Republic.
Drs. J. M. Estrada Coello and Dario Moral have been chosen to repre-
sent the Province of Guayas at the First Ecuadorian MEDICAL
CONGRESS to be held in the city of Guayaquil in October, 1914.
Representatives from all of the provinces of the Republic and the
medical profession in general in Ecuador have been invited to par-
ticipate in the proceedings of the Congress. One of the important
subjects that will be discussed is that of sanitation of cities and
towns. The municipal council of the city of Quito has authorized
its attorney to open negotiations for the making of a LOAN of
100,000 sucres ($50,000) for the use of the municipality. The
tentative contract made by the Government of Ecuador with a firm
of German contractors on May 7 of the present year for the survey
and construction of a RAILWAY from a point on the coast of
Esmeraldas to Quito has been ratified by all the parties in interest.
The contracting company proposes to begin at once the survey of
the road in accordance with the terms of the contract. The town
of Machachi, canton of Mejia, has contracted for the installation of
an ELECTRIC light and power plant at that place. The plant is
to be in working order within a period of twelve ‘months. The
National Society of Agriculturists of the Republic of Ecuador has
arranged to hold an AGRICULTURAL FAIR in Quito in Decem-
ber, 1914, and to hold a fair of the same kind each year thereafter at
places and dates to be determined at some future time.
The BUDGET of the Government of Guatemala for the fiscal year
July 1, 1914, to June 30, 1915, inclusive, amounts to 50,620,617.38
paper pesos ($3,163,794.77), distributed among the different depart-
ments as follows: Government and justice, 4,945,020 paper pesos;
foreign relations, 2,178,997.29; Treasury, 3,128,490; public credit,
25,211,244.80; fomento (promotion), 2,694,064.75; war, 7,609,764.58;
public instruction, 4,269,942.64; and sundry expenditures, 583,192.32
paper pesos. (An American gold dollar is equal, approximately, to
16 Guatemalan paper pesos). The Congress of Guatemala has
enacted a law making the 12th of October of each year a NATIONAL
HOLIDAY to be celebrated in honor of Christopher Columbus, the
discoverer of America. The Retalhuleu ELECTRIC CO. of San
Francisco, Cal., has been authorized by the Government of Guatemala
to do business in the Republic. Its legal representative in the city
of Guatemala is José Linares. Decree 905 of the Congress of
aoe THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Guatemala authorizes the President of the Republic, during the
recess of the assembly, to contract and negotiate loans, establish
imposts, and take such other measures as he may deem desirable
toward the establishment of better economic conditions in the coun-
try and the definite settlement of the public debt. The decree
requires the President to render an account to Congress at its next
session of any action taken by him under the authorization referred
to. A recent executive decree provides 500 pesos ($31.25) per
month as the maximum charge for a LICENSE for the sale of liquor
in the Republic. The Republic of Guatemala was represented at
the Fourth International Congress of the Blind, held in London from
the 18th to the 24th of June last, by David Bowman. The same
gentleman represented the Republic of Guatemala at the Third Inter-
national Congress of Tropical Agriculture, held in London from the
23d to the 30th of June of the present year. The Government of
Guatemala will be represented in the Seventh Universal POSTAL
CONGRESS, which will be held in Madrid on September 10, 1914,
by Juan Prichard Delgado. The Congress of Guatemala has
authorized the department of telegraphs of the Government of
Guatemala to purchase MATERIALS and supplies abroad to the
amount of $5,280 American gold.t—The Guatemalan Government
has established a CONSULATE at Dunkirk, France. The new con-
sulate is under the direction of Sr. Juan Andres Fortin. The tele-
graph and telephone department of the National Government has
been authorized to establish a tariff for the transmission of telegraph
and telephone MESSAGES to private parties in sealed envelopes.
The full Spanish text of the PEACE TREATY between Guatemala
and the United States, signed in Washington on September 20, 1913,
and ratified by Guatemala on May 15, 1914, is published in the
official newspaper of the Republic of June 2 of the present year.
The Government of Guatemala has officially recognized the TRADE-
MARK of the Government of Cuba adopted for the purpose of
guaranteeing the genuineness of Cuban tobacco exported from the
Republic. An Executive decree of May 31, 1914, suspends the
export duty of 14 cents American gold per pound imposed on
exports of RUBBER until November 31, 1914.
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According to the data published in “‘Le Nouvelliste” of Port au
Prince, the COFFEE CROP of the present year is estimated at
87,660,000 pounds, distributed as follows: Jacmel, 15,000,000; Petit
Goave, 12,600,000; Port au Prince, 12,000,000; Cayes, 10,800,000;
HONDURAS. Sale)
Cape Haitien, 10,000,000; Gonaives, 8,500,000; Jeremie, 8,000,000;
Port de Paiz, 4,800,000; Aquin, 3,000,000; St. Marc, 2,000,000; and
Mole St. Nicolas, 960,000. From October 1, 1913, to April 21,
1914, the exports of coffee from Jacmel consisted of 89,160 sacks
weighing 14,691,269 pounds. On the date last mentioned it was
calculated that there were on hand in the Jacmel market 8,000 sacks,
representing 1,000,000 pounds of coffee, which, added to the quantity
already mentioned as coming from Jacmel, makes the production of
that Province nearly 16,000,000, or considerably more than the amount
estimated. The secretary of public instruction has issued a decree
authorizing the use in the schools of the Republic of a MAP OF
HAITI prepared by the brothers of the San Luis Gonzaga Insti-
tute. The receipts of the Plaine de Cul de Sac RAILWAYS
during the second half of 1913 amounted to 329,575.47 gourdes.
The number of passengers carried during the period referred to
was 573,753, of which 408,387 were first-class and 165,366 were third-
class passengers. According to statistics published by the customs
administrator at Jeremie from October, 1913, to February, 1914,
there were imported through that port 2,090,985 tons of merchandise,
valued at $293,585.18; more than two-thirds of this came from the
United States. The EXPORTS during the same period consisted
of 43,953 sacks of coffee and cacao, weighing 9,948,476 pounds,
which produced duties amounting to $190,932.54. It should be
borne in mind that these exports do not include the total production
of the Grand Anse and Tiburon districts, nor 20,500 sacks of coffee
and cacao harvested in the Dame Marie and other districts, the weight
of which aggregates 3,501,847 pounds. TheGENERAL REVENUES
from imports and exports during the period referred to amounted to
120,395 gourdes and $235,601.62, as compared with 153,031.78 gourdes
and $176,849.32 during the same period of the fiscal year 1912-13,
and 157,681.16 gourdes and $215,134.57 in the corresponding period
of 1911-12.
me we OE
Ne S
tEAN WWI
A recent issue of the Official Gazette of Honduras contains informa-
tion concerning the plans of the main line of the TELA RATLROAD,
its branches, and the railway wharf at Tela, all of which have been
approved by the Government of Honduras. The original concession
for this construction was granted to Hillyer V. Rolston on November
14, 1911, was approved with some modifications by the National
Congress (decree 113) on April 8, 1912, and later, with the approval
334 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
of the Government of Honduras, was transferred to the Tela Railroad
Co. The plans submitted by the latter company were approved in-
July, 1913. The main line of this railroad, according to the plans,
runs from Tela in a southwesternly direction to the Ulua River, after
which it follows generally the course of that stream to its terminal
point at El Progreso, department of Yoro, a distance of 87 kilometers.
The Santiago branch starts at a point on the main line 144 kilometers
from Tela, and extends to Rio Santiago, a distance of 10 kilometers.
The Mesapa branch commences at a point 45 kilometers from Tela,
runs in a southwesterly direction, and terminates at Progreso, a dis-
tance of 30 kilometers. ‘The Colorado branch begins at Tela and runs
in a southeasterly direction to Lisama, a distance of 204 kilometers.
The wharf planned to be built at Tela is to be 1,550 feet long, 40 feet
wide, and will be constructed in Tela Bay to the east of Micos lagoon.
The total length of the main line and branches planned to be built is
1474 kilometers. The Government of Honduras has contracted
with José Antonio Torres to reconstruct and put in first-class condi-
tion for public service the WHARF at Amapala for the sum of 10,858
pesos, silver ($3,691.72). The Tela Railroad Co., a corporation
organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, has made pro-
posals for furnishing the city of Tela with ELECTRIC lght and
power, potable WATER, and artificial ICH. The full text of the
proposal is published in the Official Gazette of Tegucigalpa of May 5,
1914. The IRON BRIDGE constructed over the Ulua River at a
cost of 300,000 pesos ($130,200) has a length of 200 yards. The com-
pletion of this bridge, which was commenced over two years ago,
enables the Northern Railway to extend its line into the interior of
the country. The Ulua River is one of the largest and most rapid
streams in Central America, and drains a large extent of rich terri-
tory which in many parts is practically undeveloped. The continua-
tion of the Northern Railway over the route already surveyed will
place new mining zones in easy communication with the coast and
the industrial centers of the nation, and an era of great activity in
mining, stock raising, and agriculture is being predicted by the press
of the Republic. Dr. Francisco Bertrand, President of Honduras,
has, during his administration, enthusiastically favored the construc-
tion of the Ulua bridge, inasmuch as the extension of the railway into
the interior of the country is essential for the development of the
agricultural and mineral wealth of that section of the Republic.
The funds used in the construction of the bridge were obtained
exclusively from the revenues of the part of the railway already in
exploitation. A recent law regulating the CONDEMNATION
OF REAL PROPERTY for Government uses has gone into force in
Honduras. The new law takes the place of the condemnation law
enacted in 1910. Col. Julio Mendoza has been granted a concession
MEXICO. 335
to establish a factory for the manufacture of GASEOUS WATERS
in the town of Aramecina, Department of Valle, with the right to
import free of duty for a term of five years the machinery and material
necessary for the equipment and exploitation of the factory.
A group of Mexican capitalists have made preliminary arrange-
ments for the exploitation of rich IRON MINES recently discovered
in the State of Colima. The plans thus far made public contemplate
the investment of 5,000,000 pesos ($2,500,000) in the enterprise and
will necessitate the construction of a narrow-gauge railway from the
mines to the terminal station in the port of Manzanillo, an approxi-
mate distance of 100 kilometers. The terminal station at Man-
zanillo is to be built on a promontory jutting into the bay opposite
the entrance to the port, from which point a small railway is planned
to connect with the customs wharves. The harbor construction
work now under way at Manzanillo will cost 14,000,000 pesos
($7,000,000), of which sum 8,000,000 pesos ($4,000,000) has already
been spent. The port of Manzanillo is at present the most important
port of the west coast of Mexico, inasmuch as it is in direct rail com-
munication with the city of Mexico and with the great railway sys-
tem of the Republic extending for thousands of kilometers to every
part of the country. The port works at Manzanillo will give a pro-
tected water area of about 300 acres, with an average depth of 50
feet. Seven large concrete wharves and a large coaling station are
to be constructed at this port, and the most up-to-date loading and
unloading facilities for vessels anchored alongside the wharves are
to be provided. The development of the iron industry as contem-
plated will greatly add to the importance of this port and will doubt-
less at some future time cause an iron smelter to be erected there.
It is estimated that the VALLEY OF AGUASCALIENTES in the
State of the same name receives annually a rainfall equal to
1,400,000,000 cubic meters of water, which filters into the ground
and forms immense deposits at varying depths. Of this quantity
it is calculated that 31,536,000 cubic meters are brought to the surface
by means of springs and artesian wells which have been opened in the
valley. The reports of scientists would indicate that artesian water is
to be found in great abundance over what may be considered practi-
cally the entire valley of Aguascalientes. The Congress of Mexico
has enacted a law authorizing the President of the Republic to issue
336 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
6 per cent 1914 interest-bearing amortizable bonds of the INTE-
RIOR DEBT, payable in Mexican gold, to the amount of 60,000,000
pesos. The proceeds of these bonds are to be used in paying interest
on railway bonds due from July 1 to September 30 of the present
year; interest on the 3 per cent interior consolidated debt and amorti-
zation and interest on the five series of bonds of the 5 per cent interior
amortizable debt to December 31, 1914, and the coupons now due
and those which will fall due during the next six months on bonds
issued by the Caja de Préstamos (Loan Bank) for irrigation works
and agricultural development. Should any surplus remain from the
proceeds of these bonds, it is to be applied to the payment of expenses
authorized by the budget or by prior laws. The interest on the new
issue of bonds is payable on January 1 and July 1 of each year. The
amortization of this issue of 60,000,000 pesos of gold bonds is pro-
vided for out of the proceeds of the stamp tax at the rate of 6,000,000
pesos per annum. Doctor Ulises Valdes has been appointed
director of the National SCHOOL OF MEDICINE of the city of
Mexico.
pa CO 9° SOS ise =O 03
Ni CARAGUA _
By order of the Department of Public Instruction of the Govern-
ment of Nicaragua, the PUBLIC SCHOOLS of the country were
opened on July 1st of the present year. The lumber firm of
J. M. Scott & Bros., of Mobile, Ala., recently sent a representative to
the eastern coast of the Republic to look after its LUMBER purchases
in that section of the country. Large quantities of timber in rafts
have recently been floated down the rivers of Nicaragua to the coast.
Recently the barriers, constructed at Malopee by the Belanger Co.,
gave way, allowing a steady stream of mahogany logs to float down
the Escondido River. Fortunately most of these were diverted into
the lower river and lagoon and were saved. The main rafts of the
company referred to consisted of about 3,500 logs, only 1,500 of which
went adrift when the break occurred, the other 2,000 remaining
intact. Considerable activity is noted in lumber transactions in Blue-
fields, the center of the lumber industry of the east coast of the Re-
public. San Antonio SUGAR from Corinto is being shipped via the
Isthmus of Panama to the east coast of Nicaragua. A consignment
of 900 sacks of sugar from Corinto has just reached Bluefields in
perfect condition. Arrangements have been made to ship not only
sugar but hats, corn, cheese, starch, and many other domestic prod-
ucts of the west coast of Nicaragua, via the Panama Canal or the
PANAMA, 3B 7)
Isthmus, to points on the east coast of the Republic. Zacarias
Guerra, a Nicaraguan philanthropist who recently died at Managua, left
a fund of $70,000 with which to start an ORPHAN ASYLUM in the
capital of the Republic. Mr. A. O. Wallace, representing the Blue-
fields Fruit & Steamship Co., has petitioned the Government of Nica-
ragua for permission to EXPORT SUGAR, LIMES, and other products
free of duty, basing his request on the ground that other commercial
houses of Bluefields have the same privilege. Steps have been
taken by private business interests to establish a TELEGRAPH and
long-distance telephone line between Bluefields and Prinzapolka.
The estimated cost of construction is $10,000. Judge Inocente
Fletes of Bluefields is one of the principal promoters in the enter-
prise. Before the adjournment of the Nicaraguan Assembly on
June 5 last, a bill was passed to establish a FOREST TAX of 3 cor-
dobas ($3) on each thousand kilos of building and cabinet timber
exported from the Pacific coast ports of the Republic. The law be-
comes operative on March 11, 1915. According to press reports a
number of CONCRETE BUILDINGS are to be erected by American
contractors in the business section of Bluefields to take the place of
some of those destroyed by fire a few months ago. The completion
of the new WIRELESS telegraph stations at Swan Island and New
Orleans will place Bluefields in direct wireless communication with
the United States. Press reports state that a large reduction in the
rates between Bluefields and New Orleans are to be made.
MAHOGANY cutters at Prinzapolka have fixed a rate for 1914 for
catching, rafting, and towing to the boom on the Prinzapolka River,
of $1 per log. Unidentified logs will be sold and the proceeds, less
boom expenses, will be given -to the Prinzapolka and Bluefields
hospitals. Alfred Kirkland has denounced a GOLD MINE on
Government lands on the Tunky River near Prinzapolka. Frank
Moody has also denounced a gold mine at Wawa near the Wawa River.
R. W. Hebard, chief construction engineer of the CHIRIQUI
RAILWAY has, in conformity with the recommendations of the
consulting engineer of the Government of Panama and with the
approval of the secretary of fomento (promotion), commissioned a
group of expert engineers to investigate and make a special report
concerning the advisability of modifying the course of the original
survey so as to make the route pass through Potrerillo instead of
338 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Dolega, as at first planned. Should this plan be adopted the line
will be lengthened 2 miles and the crossing of the David River will
be avoided. Should the original survey be adhered to the crossing
of the David River, which is said to be expensive and difficult, will
have to be made. The modified route will cause the construction of
the line in the vicinity referred to to pass through an exceedingly rich
agricultural section of the country, and will necessitate the construc-
tion of a bridge or trestle over the Cochea River. Construction work
on the Chiriqui Railway is progressing rapidly, grading having been
done from Pedregal for a considerable distance, and the rails were
being laid over a part of this section in July last. Large quantities
of construction material are at hand for use in building the road,
houses for workmen have been erected at Pedregal, and much activity
is noted over the whole line of survey. A TELEGRAPH and
telephone line has been established between Pocri and La Palma.
The new installation will be of great convenience to the people and
commercial interests of that district. The Panama Tramways
Co., in compliance with its contract with the Government of Panama,
has made a special HALF FARE RATE for pupils and persons con-
nected with the schools traveling over its lines in the city of Panama
to and from the public schocls and Government colleges of the Federal
Capital. For this purpose books of 100 nontransferable tickets are
sold to persons entitled to same at $2.50 per book. These tickets are
good for passage over the tramway lines on days in which the schools
are in session and during the hours necessary for going to and return-
ing from the schools. Negotiations are under way with the object
of extending this reduced rate to pupils attending private schools.
The Panama section of the American Institute of ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERS held its monthly meeting in July and listened to an
important paper by R. H. Whitehead, on “ Hydraulics of the Locks,”
which dealt with the filling of the lock chambers and the resultant
currents as effecting vessels, etc. The meeting took place in the
control house of the Pedro Miguel locks and practical demonstrations
made the discussion most interesting. A meeting of leading mer-
chants of Panama City was recently held for the purpose of forming
a CHAMBER OF COMMEROE. Several committees were appointed
which will investigate and interview the business men generally and
report at a later meeting the prospects of such an organization.
The SAN BLAS INDIANS, a tribe that inhabits a large section of
country bordering the Atlantic side of the Panama Republic, will be
represented at the Panama National Exposition next year. One of
their leaders recently visited Panama and made arrangements with
the committee to bring a number of Indians to the fair. They will
be housed in a building specially erected for the purpose, the style
of which will conform as near as possible to that of the Indians.
E] Diario, of Asuncion, in commenting on the prospects of the
development of the FRUIT INDUSTRY in Paraguay devotes con-
siderable space to showing how the demand is growing in the many
ports all the way to Buenos Aires. The Paraguayan product brings
good prices, and with greater attention paid to the industry the
newspaper mentioned sees much revenue that will come to Paraguay
planters. PARAGUAYAN STUDENTS in the colleges and uni-
versities of Italy are doing good work, according to press reports.
Upon their return to their homeland these young men will take with
them many of the most modern European ideals and customs and
thereby aid in developing the arts and professions in Paraguay.
Ten car loads of PETERIBY LOGS were recently shipped to Buenos
Aires for commercial purposes. This wood is excellent for building
railway cars, as its worth has been demonstrated on Argentine roads,
and the present order will be put to that use. The GOVERN-
MENT PRINTING DEPARTMENT is reported to be in need of
more modern facilities for,carrying on this establishment, and pr >b-
ably monotype machines will be introduced at an early date. The
local papers speak of activities in this line of work and indicate a good
market for at least some modern machinery. The increase in the
number of immigrants to Paraguay is gratifying to the officials and
special measures are being taken for, their protection and comfort.
The financial estimates for the present year include a sum for the
building of a HOTEL FOR IMMIGRANTS, where they will be kept
until arrangements may be made to send them to various sections of
the country. The number of immigrants last year reached a total of
1,448. Asuncion, with its 100,000 inhabitants, offers a field for a
MODERN LAUNDRY, as no such convenience exists and all laundry
work must be dyne by hand. A local paper suggests that not only
Asuncion, but also many river cities and those along the railway to
Buenos Aires, should offer sufficient work for the establishment of an
enterprise of this nature. Such plants have been promised by a
number of business men, but for one reason or other nothing has been
done. The four German MILITARY OFFICERS contracted for
by the Government of Paraguay have arrived at Asuncion and were
cordially received by the President and other officials. The Germans
will act as instructors for the army, and will doubtless add much to
its efficiency by perfecting the tactics and otherwise improving con-
ditions. The new officials are from the various branches of the
German army and are highly recommended by their superiors for
scholarly attainments and excellent records as officers.
339
It is reported in the Peruvian newspapers that Capt. Beasley,
who led an expedition into the wilds of eastern Peru last year, will
return to the country within a few weeks and, with several former
members of his staff, START INTO THE WILDS for the purpose
of study and exploration. It will be recalled that a large amount of
picture film which was secured last year under many disadvantages
was stolen while en route to the United States and never recovered.
The present expedition will retake many of the mteresting scenes
in the interior and these will be reproduced in moving pictures in
various countries of the world. ‘‘Hil Peru tal cual es’ (PERU
AS IT IS) is the title of a book soon to be issued. ‘The author is
Sr. Don Carlos B. Cisnero, the well-known Peruvian writer. In
addition to the usual chapters on commerce, industry, etc., the
author will devote considerable space to social questions, laws,
hygiene, health, sources of information, etc. It will be published
in both English and Spanish and, so the author states, will not be
_a story of adulation but a sincere attempt to portray the Republic
as it really exists to-day. Officials of the Borax Consolidated Co.
of London have been in Peru recently in connection with more active
work in the BORAX REGION near Arequipa, where this company
has an original investment of more than half a million dollars. Con-
gress will be asked for certain measures and if the same are granted
the company will probably invest an additional million dollars in
the Arequipa region and start actively into marketing their product.
The original property was acquired about 15 years ago and covers
approximately 7,000 hectares; the borate is found rather deep in
the ground and it is believed that several thousand laborers will be
required to work the various plants that are likely to be started at
an early date. The West Coast Leader of June 25 contains a
report of the Company Administradora del Guano, covering the
operations of the company for the past year. It states that ‘‘the
high-grade GUANO EXPLOITED has been extracted in greater
part from the Centro de Chincha Island. Other deposits of minor
importance have been exploited, * * * the small islands to
the south of Mollendo, figuring among those which have been worked
for the first time, produced 296 tons of high-grade guano.” The
entire year was productive of 31,486 tons of high-grade guano, or
about 7,000 tons more than the product for the previous year. The
demand continues far in excess of the amount put upon the mar-
ket.——Between 5,000 and 6,000 TONS OF BENZENE, valued
340
SALVADOR. 341
approximately at $175,000, were recently shipped from Peru to
Europe. This was the first large shipment of this product ever sent
from the Republic to European markets and marks the beginning
of an industry that may reach much larger proportions. A highly
interesting set of post cards illustrative of Peruvian scenery has
been put upon the market in Lima. The SEVERAL PORTFOLIOS
are from photographs taken along the various railways and graphic-
ally portray the mountains in all their grandeur, as well as the engi-
neering work of putting the iron rails to their summits. ;
Santiago de Maria is to have a new and MODERN MARKET
building, the funds for which have already been raised by contribu-
tion from the municipality and by the generosity of two capitalists,
Senores Meardi and Llach, respectively. The edifice will cost $40,000
or more and will be fitted up with modern appliances and sanitary
conveniences, and will be a model of its kind. Work will begin as
soon as the Chief Executive approves the contract, which the local
newspapers state will be at an early date. The National Assem-
bly of Salvador has promulgated a series of regulations governing
the teaching of ARTS AND TRADES. Heretofore considerable
complaint has been caused by the relations existing between master
and apprentice, and the new law prescribes the rules that must gov-
ern in the future. They cover the various phases of service between
the parties, the full text of which is published in the Diario del Sal-
vador in a recent issue. The Society of JOURNALISTS of Sal-
vador held a meeting in the capital city and elected new officials for
the coming year, and also discussed leading questions which affect
the welfare of the country and the part the newspaper fraternity is
to take in such matters. Santa Rosa, in the Department of La
Union, is to have an improved SCHOOL BUILDING and apparatus
for teaching in accordance with more modern ideas, several thousand
dollars having been appropriated for such purposes by the National
Assembly. Usulutan also is to have a new school, funds for the
same having been appropriated. Acajutla is soon to have ELEC-
TRIC LIGHT service, work upon the plant having been in
progress for many months. The hotels and public buildings will
first be supplied, after which private residences, stores, etc., will be
illuminated by this modern light. The occasion of the inauguration
of the service will be of general interest and the local newspapers
are lauding the enterprise. The minister of fomento has signed
342 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
a contract with Federico Searing for the construction of a RAIL-
ROAD from San Salvador to La Libertad. The studies must be
completed in six months and actual work is to start within a year
from the signing of the agreement. The estimated cost will be
$25,000 gold per kilometer, the gauge will be 3 feet, and all materials
needed for construction will be admitted to the country free of duty.
The full contract will be published fin the Boletin of the National
Assembly. Bonds will be issued in order to raise the necessary
* capital.
“THE HUMAN RACE IN SOUTH AMERICA” is the title of a
lecture recently delivered in Montevideo by Mr. Herbert Gibson.
The attendance was large and the subject matter was of such impor-
tance that the Montevideo Times published the address in full in
installments in several editions of that paper. The Pan American
RAILWAY CONTRACT was approved in general by the House of
Deputies early in June by a large majority of members. The Monte-
video Times of June 4 gives a full account of the discussion, in which
the project was opposed by some and urgently advocated by other
members of Congress. The contract refers to certain railway conces-
sions granted to North Americans by the Uruguayan Government,
and which will now doubtless be carried to consummation. The
Brazilian TRAINING SHIP, Benjamin Constant, visited the port of
Montevideo and the officers and men were received with much cere-
mony and cordial greetings. The minister of war and marine gave
a banquet in honor of the officers and many addresses were made
pledging friendship between the two nations. A RECORD
VOYAGE has been made from Lisbon to Montevideo by the Lutitia,
a vessel belonging to the South Atlantic Navigation Co. The distance
was covered in 12 days and 10 hours, a time that if made practicable
will permit a hurried voyage from the Uruguayan capital to Europe
and return within a month. The local papers speak of the voyage as
being rather too fast when it is recalled that so many wrecks have oc-
curred within recent years, caused mainly by the speed mania, and
suggest that record time should be given secondary consideration.
Plans have been prepared for a NATIONAL STADIUM to be erected
at Punta Carreta, Montevideo. Sr. Juan A. Smith, president of the
Commission of Physical Education, is interested in the establishment
of such an institution, which, it is believed, would greatly stimulate
physical culture and thereby benefit the community in general.
VENEZUELA. 343
A meeting of leading journalists was held in Montevideo for the pur-
pose of initiating an, educational crusade against the ravages of
TUBERCULOSIS. Newspapers will devote space to giving advice
as to how to avoid contracting the disease and literature will be
widely circulated bearing on sanitation, rules of health, best manner
of living, etc. The ladies of the city will offer assistance in many
ways, and the active campaign in behalf of better health will be a most
important movement. The various rural societies of the Republic
have been invited to send delegates to a meeting in Montevideo in
August for the purpose of bettering RURAL DEVELOPMENT.
Among the subjects to be discussed will be such as the following:
Methods to be adopted for promoting the cattle industry, regulations
against cattle diseases, methods that should be adopted for exporting
better stock, the promotion of dairy and kindred industries, discus-
sion of practical methods of reform along many lines of agricultural
life, etc.——E] Dia, of Montevideo, under date of June 9, published
a map Showing the location of a PROPOSED CANAL to bring water
to the city from the Santa Lucia River some miles northeast of Tala.
The plan contemplates supplying water to various towns along the
course of this canal, which is called Zabala. Studies already made
show that the water of the river is quite pure, owing to the scanty
population in the section mentioned, and that by a gravity system
the city of Montevideo, as well as many other places along the route
of the proposed eanal, could be supplied with an abundance of pure
water.
El Universal, of Caracas, under date of June 15, published
STATISTICS of the exportations and importations for the year 1913,
which are stated as being very satisfactory, showing as they do the
large amount of business the country has enjoyed during the period
covered. Figures are also given for the last five years, which show
a great increase over the business done in 1909. In the case of the
United States the value of the exports in 1909 to Venezuela amounted
to less than one-half of those in 1913, while the purchases from that
country have increased several millions of dollars. In construction
and street improvement work, which are more or less active in several
sections of Venezuela, REINFORCED CONCRETE is now exten-
sively used and is preferred generally by engineers and contractors as
against iron culverts and other ironwork. The FIRST AUTO-
MOBILE to pass over the highway from Macuco to Guarenas arrived
344 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
recently at the latter place, and the two occupants were heartily
applauded and praised for their arduous journey. This demonstra-
tion of the practical use of automobiles under most unfavorable con-
ditions is a strong argument for further extending their use in Vene-
zuela. The machine was manufactured in the United States, and
_this trip has been an important advertisement for the agency, which
was recently established in Caracas. AVIATION has been attract-
ing attention in several sections of Venezuela, and the airman, Peoli,
made a number of successful flights. El Universal, a daily paper of
Caracas, published a number of pictures showing the scenes at
Caracas, Macuto, etc., where large crowds of people assembled to wit-
ness the flights. Other issues of the same paper devote space to the
proposed around-the-world flight by aeroplane for the great prize
offered by the officials of the Panama-Pacific Exposition—The
body of the late minister to the United States, Dr. Pedro Ezequiel
Rojas, was received at La Guaira and transferred to Caracas, where
the official funeral and interment took place on July 6. The diplo-
matic corps, the President of the Republic, and many leading citizens
followed the remains to the grave. The rearrangement of DIP-
LOMATIC POSTS of Venezuela in foreign countries makes the min-
ister to the United States also the minister to Cuba and Mexico;
another minister will be assigned to Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay;
another to Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; while the diplomatic mission
to Brazil and Colombia, respectively, includes only those countries.
In Europe the headquarters of the diplomatic representative of Vene-
zuela will be in Paris, and this official will be accredited to England,
France, Spain, and Germany. Secretaries in the several capitals will
act as chargés d’affaires in the absence of the minister, who will spend
some time in each of the countries to which he is assigned.
ARGEN TINAr BOLIVIA Yy BRAZIL »- GAILE ry GOLUMDBDIA
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4 tone BARRETT, ie TE. N
T Francisco J. YANES, ASSISTANT Director. R
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PANAMA - -NICARAGUA~ MEXICO - HONDURAS
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UVUUUUU ESB DUUUUUUUN
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GOVERNING:BOARD-OF-THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
SUA
Saat
nA yi | Wiuram J. Bryan, Secretary of State of the United States,
UN, Chairman ex officio.
VA
py AMBASSADORS EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY.
|
4 Bravilices 2 teas Sees Senhor Domicio pa Gama,
of, ; Office of Embassy, 1013 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
28 4 IMG xa COs es a ee eee Sefior Don Manurt Caero.!
Ae \] ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY.
Wx iq Argentine Republic...Sefior Dr. Rémuto S. Nadén
g p ,
a 14 : Office of Legation, 1806 Corcoran Street, Washington, D. C.
by O39) BOM via sence eS ae ee Sefior Don Ianacto CALDERON,
; Office of Legation, 1633 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
.) OW eye Ses ee Senor Don Epuarpo SuAREz Musica,
Office of Legation, 1329 K Street, Washington, D. C. F
Colembia.........---- Sefior Dr. Jutio Brrancourt,
Office of Legation, 1319 K Street, Washington, D. C.
Costa Rica......-.---- Senor Don Roserto BRENES MEsmEn,
Office of Legation, 1501 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
Cuba ae cecee me DONE Sefior Dr. C. M. pE CESPEDES vy QUESADA,
, Office of Legation, “The Parkwood,’’ Washington, D.C.
Dominican Republic. --Sefior Dr. Francisco J. Peynapo.?
Hcuadon ess ase seas: Sefior Dr. Gonzato 8S. Cérpdova,
Office of Legation, 604 Riverside Drive, New York City.
Guatemala ._....----- Sefior Don Joaquin MinpeEz,
Office of Legation, 1750 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Fan Giese eis ae Se M. Soton Menos,
Office of Legation, 1429 Rhode Island Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Honduras .....------- Sefior Dr. ALBERTO MEemBreEno.!
2 aNicaractia so J5-25.2525 Sefior Don Emrt1ano CHAMORRO,
4 Office of Legation, ‘‘Stoneleigh Court,’’ Washington, D. C.
Panama oo ioe Sele S a8 Senor Dr. Euszsio A. MoRALEs,
Office of Legation, ‘‘ The Portland,’’ Washington, D. C.
Paraguay, Yosse cece ee Sefior Dr. Hictor VELAzQuEZz.!
POT le sae ee Sefior Don FEDERICO ALFONSO PEZET,
! Office of Legation, 2223 R Street, Washington, D. C.
a) walvadon seascsewes sees Sefor Dr. Francisco DuENAS,
j Office of Legation, ‘‘The Portland,’’ Washington, D.C.
Winueusyes ceases ee Sefior Dr. Cartos M. pr PENA,
Office of Legation, Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.
CHARGES D’AFFAIRES.
Dominican Republic ..Sefior Don I. A. Crrnupa,
Office of Legation, 2120 Le Roy Place, Washington, D. C. rd
Honduras sce e552- 2-2 Sefior Don R. Camito Diaz,
Office of Legation, 31 Broadway, New York City.
Mexiconsss ee See Sefior Don A. AtGaRA R. DE TERREROS,?
Office of Embassy, 1413 I Street, Washington, D.C.
Venezuela... 55555552 Senior Don Luis CHuRION,
Office of Legation, 1017 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
Pe 1 Absent.
poe
vy UNION OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS vy,
BULLETIN
OFTHE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
S Pay Piven 1914
SEVENTEENTH AND B STREETS NW., WASHINGTON, D.C.,U.S.A.
CABLE ADDRESS FOR UNION AND BULLETIN : : : : “PAU,” WASHINGTON
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
JOHN BARRETT
DIRECTOR GENERAL
FRANCISCO J. YANES
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR THE BULLETIN
English edition, in all countries of the Pan American Union, $2.00 per year.
Spanish edition, ‘‘ Ke a6 GG ae OC 1.50 ff
Portuguese edition, ‘‘ GG 36 86 06 ce 1.00 ee
French edition, a Gb ce GG Gc uC ao) a
An ADDITIONAL CHARGE of 50 cents per year, on each edition, for
subscriptions in countries outside the Pan American Union.
SINGLE COPIES may be procured from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at 25 cents each.
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1914
The<openines: ofthe -Pamam aC ama see es ci eee a et Re rear ce
Tea tis Niasara Sie Wba te ce atc cis eres Secrecy rb oa
AVcommercialstravelerings othe Ammer ca exe ene eee
JehqeaBeACIN te Leben /oneeloain AVENE. occ os osesoccosecccsesesacouneeconess
Pan wAnrerl caleins thes moa ie Sirsa pase eye eee te aan ee eae eee
Bogota: The Athens of South America—Medellin—Through the highland wilderness of West-
ern Brazil—Railway expansion in South America—Chilean Nitrate industry—Plea for a
constructive Pan American quarantine—The world’s oldest tree—Origin of the banana—
The Indian as a hunter.
Jechele/-Welwler hehe ere airs ae Le Ae neat) ai, Sto Omen 6 ao ae
Pan American commerce as affected by the war—Death of President Roque Saenz Pena—
Diplomatic Representation of Chile raised to rank of embassy—Special Argentine office in
New York—Commercial cruise to Latin America—The Clarke lectures on Mexico—An engi-
neering firm of the United States wins first prize—A monument to Columbus—Interna-
tional Dry Farming Congress—Congress of Americanists postponed—A Boston exposition—
American City Bureau sends exhibit to Chile—International Congress on Home Education—
“4 Commercial Traveler in South America’’—Spanish course of great interest—‘‘South
America as an Export Field’’—A correction.
SubjecteMattersotecon'smlarerepOLtS aera ee
CommiercesoteG Wate mall agtorgel|O)13 eee reeset rere
Ar em tin CP © DUD Li Gees saree pee ae ea eed es Sn en ae
Buenos Aires census—Sales of real property—Paraguayan tea plants—Sugar-cane plantations—
Slaughterhouses—Electric tramways—lrrigation works—Wine production.
BO Vilas ca ay cos nee cits cs eas scat a ne Rell gpa as et ot WRT CR ts tee 2 SO ps
Discovery of coal—Railroad activity—Stage line—Flour mill—Agricultural products—Filtra-
tion plant—Bolivian Exports—Musical instruction in army.
Loan—Statue of Baron Rio Branco—Electoral vote—Jerked beef exports—Discovery of petro-
leum—Coffee valorization—Tour of North American professors—Wireless station—Legation
of Uruguay.
Revised customs tariff—Valparaiso port works—Araco Railway—Lighthouses in Straits of
Magellan—Cultivation of Flax.
kOXa) Lo Way ob Ke hee rater ihe, aera aes Os ee RE ee REO cg wa kde a tonya Co ere Cr ee
Cabinet—Bay of Cartagena—Hospital at Santa Marta—Port of Buenaventura—Colombian
Railways & Navigation Co.—National telegraph system—Wireless activity.
Electric-lighting plant—Postgraduate courses for military officers—Attractions planned for
tourists—Steamship service.
Ill
444
476
478
479
480
481
483
TV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
2 Page.
Wominican Hepu bless 6s she eye a ea aa cee eee eee el eke ene 484
Cabinet—Coast lights—Red Cross organization—Celebration of Independence Day.
POCUAM OR: 2055 Ba sees os cima Sats es Beye Sheree ecane eats EE Sans ee eee ES eee 485
Flour mill—Artesian wells—Trained nurses—International telegraph system—Map of city
of Riobamba.
Giatemiala ts Sik be Sek See ee pean fl ane ete ert od Sven oete ee nye haar eer 486
Instructive motion-picture films—Exposition of mines—Telegraphic offices—A eronavigation—
Contract with theatrical company.
5 CET beset ea eens Pe er YOUR SN ln Uh ere ETAL een Oita Weta sSIacr a aie 488
Duties on flour—Bond issue—Rank of Catholic Chureh—Municipal council appointments.
AED OMT GUUS ee Nae es reat AL oy pee eee Re Se es Speer se atyietene cere y ete ve eet esta a eo 489
National School of Automobilists—Economic conditions of Honduras.
NT OEY WX oes el eae rete Spins Neto RT Syd am a ee ca naa ened Re at oO Ae aS Oe 6. ite 490
Exploration and exploitation of petroleum lands—Petroleum production—Railway conces-
sion—Manutfacture of explosives—Radiographic stations.
INT CATA OU ay Be Serta Se creas Ott a rc ead eee Una CT en ay ae eae ee 491
Municipal tax on sugar—University of Managua—Improvements of water supply—Gasoline
street-car service—German diplomatic representative—Public instruction.
d Et Holz ae i ieee Seceeeenee A eee omental Ute en renege a Cann eae ar eal eR ES oo c'5.0 493
Consular appointments—Mail contract—Educational notes—Public park—Cuban palace—
Orphan asylum printing office.
Para UAV ses toe eae ark ees ER ey ae nd ge eo
Street railway electric cars—Paraguay exports—Paraguay immigration—Launch service—
Colonization—Steamship service plans.
TSX ON ET ate ied eeepc a Meer eng AES a RNR ee iain raieae Ne Mis ae er So o.oo 495
Cabinet—Huancayo electrical plant—Inspection of Madre de Dios River region—Peace treaty—
Alpas Railroad—Cuzco electrical plant.
Savi Ores sci eee tare is = ee TE a oe SE a og 497
Railroad developments—Stamp tax—House of Correction—Aid to education.
OB G5 Weal et ete eect eee tenes inh eres eee aN eee AE gs IRA Ere aac a eA OR SNe ate isons 5G 498
Investigation of high cost of living—Athletics for girls—Utilization of corn—Uruguayan agri-
cultural credit.
EME Z UC ae em ee aie eS Ie ease ae One ro Ee 499
Changes in church ofticials—Diplomatic appointment—Edaucational notes—Treaty of arbitra-
tion—New constitution—Paper factory—Steamship service.
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August 15, 1914, will always remain one of the notable dates of
history. On that day the Panama Canal was opened to the com-
merce of the world. The steamship Ancon of the Panama Railroad
Co., which is in reality the property of the United States, made the
first complete voyage through the canal from ocean to ocean.
Carrying upon her promenade deck distinguished guests and friends
of Gov. George W. Goethals, governor of the Canal Zone and master
builder of this mighty waterway, and having in her hold cargo for the
Pacific side, she made the passage from Cristobal to Balboa, from
Colon to Panama, from deep water of the Atlantic to deep water
of the Pacific, without a hitch, accident, or unpropitious incident of
any kind. So quietly did she pursue her way that, except for the
plaudits of the multitude who thronged the locks and hills along the
route, a strange observer coming suddenly upon the scene would
have thought that the canal had always been in operation, and that
the Ancon was only doing what thousands of other vessels must
have done before her. The invited guests aboard were so awed by
the meaning and solemnity of the occasion that they almost forgot
to shout deserving applause to Col. Goethals when he showed himself,
not upon the ship itself, but here and there at the various locks,
modestly watching and directing the operation.
-The waters of the canal, not only in its Atlantic and Pacific ap-
proaches but in its upper reaches of the Gatun Lake and Culebra
Cut, bordered on all sides by tropical vegetation, would have given
the impression that they had existed from the time of Balboa and
even before him, were it not that the eye, by noting the tops of dying
trees in the lake and the fresh earth and broken rock of Culebra Cut
and Cucaracha Slide, discovered that they were impounded in recent
By John Barrett, Director General of the Pan American Union.
345
‘dNOQOUDMOVE AHL NI GONVYINGA OLINVEILVY AHL HIM SNOT NOWVD CUVMOL ONINVOLS «NOONV» HHL
THE OPENING OF THE PANAMA CANAL. 347
days. The effect of the tropical climate upon the concrete work of
the gigantic locks, while doing them no damage, has given them the
color of age. So well did every man perform his duty in the opening
and shutting of the massive gates of the locks and in the moving of
the electric towing locomotives, commonly called “mules,” that it
seemed to expert and layman alike as if they had been sending other
Ancons day after day from Cristobal to Balboa. So well done in
fact was the whole working of the canal on this memorable opening
day that too much credit can not be given Gov. Goethals and his able
and devoted assistants for the work which they have accomplished
and are now finally completing with success beyond all expectations.
Perhaps the most lasting impression, which everybody who had the
honor of passage on the Ancon gained, was the smoothness, system,
and precision with which the canal was operated.
The towering gates of the locks swung shut or open with the
trueness of the pendulum of the old clock on the stairs. Their
ends met in silence and with the delicacy of a micrometer and hardly
a suggestion that they weighed hundreds of tons. The electric
locomotives or “mules”? towed, held back and controlled the great
bulk of the Ancon with the ease that well-trained and real mules
tow an average canal boat along the old-fashioned country canal.
Though small in size compared with the boat they directed, they
were always its masters.
We were indeed astonished but gratified when we saw the Ancon
climb the triple flight of locks from the level of the Atlantic Ocean,
85 feet, to the level of Gatun Lake in only 1 hour and 10 minutes, and
as easily as asmall lock of the old Erie Canal would be negotiated by
the barge that pursued its way from Buffalo to Albany. As she
steamed away from the Gatun Locks out upon the broad expanse of
Gatun Lake and followed the channel for 24 miles to the mouth of the
Chagres River and the beginning of the Culebra Cut, I was reminded
of the inland sea of Japan and of Puget Sound of the Pacific North-
west of the United States. Were it not for the dying tree tops
already mentioned, I would have said that I was sailing over a lake
that had always graced the interior of Panama. The steaming along
the 7 miles approach from the Atlantic to the Gatun Locks and the
1 mile through them had filled us with admiration and awe, but when
we realized that a great vessel of 10,000 tons was actually steaming at
fair speed through a sea artificially made by the hand of man in order
to take her over and through the Continental Divide, we had difficulty
in finding words to express our pent-up feelings. With green hills
forming a restful background and with picturesque islands dotting
the waters here and there, it was not easy to realize that we were
crossing, as it were, a great water bridge between the Atlantic and the
Pacific. It seemed as if we must be sailing over ancient waters as
natural as those of Lake Champlain.
‘LVH MVULS CONV LYUIHS ALIHM V ONIDVEM GNOOUDANON AHL NI ONIGNVIS
SI SIVHLHOD ‘100 ‘SHAILLOWOOOT DNIMOL OIULOETA AHL OL SHASMVH ONIHOVILY GNV SHOOT NOLVD DNIHOVOUddV «NOONV» HHL —
SSO0O0T NOLVS LV LAIT GNOOUS AML NI «NOONV» FAL
B50) THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Presently the lake began to narrow and we knew that we were
approaching the mouth of the Chagres River and the approach to the
world-famed Culebra Cut. Opposite Mamei on the north shore the
reconstructed railway, which formerly ran far beneath the waters of
the lake and which had left us at the Gatun Locks, reappeared, and
excursion trains carrying excited passengers watching our course
passed us in order to reach the Pacific side and see us descend into the
waters of that ocean. At the thirty-first mile of the canal we looked
through the Gamboa railroad bridge where the Chagres joins the
canal, and beheld its waters backed up for many miles, and deprived
of all its ancient danger and power which made a sea-level canal im-
practicable and proved such a torment to the first French constructors.
Now the Ancon bore straight into the first reaches of the Culebra
Cut, and, for the first time, this wonderful waterway seemed to be a
real canal. The banks are cut almost perpendicularly and the width
averages 300 feet for nearly 9 miles. Continuing her course with the
banks gradually growing higher, she came nearer and nearer the man-
made canyon at the summit of the Continental Divide which is the
real Culebra Cut. Big as the Ancon was, she seemed to grow small
as she came nearer to towering Gold Hill and its sister peak on the
opposite bank. As she steamed by the place of the deepest cut and
as we craned our necks to look up to the point where the excavations
had been begun long years ago by the French, and noted the mark
where the Americans had renewed the work ten years ago, we rubbed
our eyes, almost with a sense of doubt, in our efforts to believe that
once those two high peaks had been an unbroken mountain and that
man had actually cut his way down nearly 400 feet in order that the
passage from ocean to ocean, which Columbus, Balboa, and other
early navigators had sought in vain, could actually be achieved.
A little further on the Ancon, with abundant seaway on either
side, passed that terror of the canal, the destructive Cucaracha slide.
Other slides, some of them quite large, we had noted in the passage
of the cut, but they all seemed pigmies compared with that of Cuca-
racha. Acres upon acres of disturbed and loosend dirt and shale
seemed to be intent upon filling the canal and overcoming man in the
struggle for the supremacy of the Isthmus. The battle, however, has
become too much for even mother earth. Tnis slide is recovering its
equilibrium and a fleet of powerful dredges are at work deepening the
channel, now at 30 feet, to 45 feet, and in widening it to 300 feet.
So rapidly is this work forging ahead that in the late autumn, I
was told, the biggest vessels of the American Navy, including the
new dreadnoughts, should be able, if it were necessary, to pass from
one ocean to the other. Just beyond the Cucaracha slide was moored
to the bank the great pontoon bridge—across which run the railroad
trains from Pedro Miguel and Panama to Culebra and Empire. This
“SSOOT THOSIN OUGHd ONIHOVOUddY AGNV LAO VUCHTINO DNIAVAT «NOONV,» AHL
By) THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
unique structure can be swung across the canal and returned to its
moorings within a few minutes, and works with the same ease as the
gates of the locks. It adds to the constantly growing impression that
man after all is the master of nature, especially when the man takes
the form of Gov. Goethals and his army of engineers and constructive
strategists.
As the Ancon emerged from Culebra Cut and approached the single
flight of locks at Pedro Miguel, we looked back and saw on one side of
the canal the summit of Culebra Hill where are perched the office
headquarters of the construction department of the canal, and where
Gov. Goethals and many of his assistants have had their houses
during most of the time of construction. These are soon all to be
moved to the picturesque side of Ancon Hill overlooking Balboa, the
Pacific terminus. On the other hand, as we looked at the opposite
bank and noted the hills back of the Cucaracha slide, we were told
that they are being washed away by means of hydraulic sluices so as
to remove the back pressure on the sides and help restore their
equilibrium. These views we noted in looking back and to the north-
west. Turning about and looking south we saw Miraflores Lake
lying below Pedro Miguel Lock, then the Miraflores Locks 2 miles
distant, connecting this little lake with the tidewater of the Pacific;
and, finally, in the dim distance, Ancon Hill and the Pacific Ocean
met our wandering gaze, and we realized that we were about to
descend 85 feet to the Pacific sea level after having climbed that
height from the Atlantic.
Another crowd of admiring spectators welcomed the Ancon at the
entrance to Pedro Miguel Lock. Among them were 100 women
school teachers from London who had come all the way from Eng-
land to see this mighty waterway. Their unique party, however,
did not draw the eyes of the passengers on board the Ancon as did
the figure of Col. Goethals as he stood at the entrance of the lock
in shirt sleeves, wearing a characteristic small straw hat and carrying
in his hand his ever present umbrella. Before he realized that he
was the center of all eyes and could make his escape, the passengers
spontaneously gave him a rousing cheer of appreciation. With
characteristic modesty he made no response but hastened down the
lock to make sure that the next step was taken with the precision of
all the preceding ones. The Ancon was lowered through the one
flight of locks at Pedro Miguel with the same ease that she had been
raised through the locks of Gatun, and hardly 30 minutes were re-
quired to empty the lock and lower her into the waters of Miraflores
Lake. She steamed on through Miraflores Lake in a direct line, and —
as we looked back at the hills of Culebra we could hardly believe
that we had just passed through them on a navigable waterway.
These hills seemed to be so precipitous and interlocked that there
THE “ANCON” STEAMING THROUGH MIRAFLORES LAKE AND APPROACHING THE
MIRAFLORES LOCKS.
THE “ANCON” LEAVING MIRAFLORES LOCKS AND FOR THE FIRST TIME ENTERING
THE WATERS OF THE PACIFIC.
“THAMT OLAIOVd WHE OL GNADSAG OL LAOAV MOOT UAddN SHHOTAVUIN NI «NOONV» HHL
THE OPENING OF THE PANAMA CANAL. 355
could be no channel through them. Glancing over the lake we were
impressed with its smallness compared to its big sister, the Gatun
Lake, but also with its remarkable scenic beauty, surrounded by
rolling hills, having Culebra in the background and Ancon in the
distant foreground.
When we entered the upper lock of Miraflores and grasped the
fact that in the two flights of this lock we should descend into the
actual waters of the Pacific Ocean, we became more and more
thrilled with the realization of what the canal meant to the United
States, to Panama, to South America, and to all the world. Only
8 miles away was the deep water of the Pacific Ocean and the gate-
way to its mighty commerce of uncounted millions of dollars and
population. The cables of the electric ‘‘mules” were quickly con-
nected with the Ancon, four ‘‘mules” on either side of the lock, the
four forward ones towing her and the four rear ones steadying her
and holding her in proper position. They performed their duty so
faithfully that she was always under perfect control. In less than
one hour the Ancon’s broad hull was being washed by the waters of
the Pacific, and the barnacles on her bottom were being treated to
the unique experience of being washed by the salt water of two
oceans and the fresh water of two inland lakes, all on the same day.
Another great crowd of people on the walls of the lock shouted
Godspeed as, under her own steam, the Ancon headed out into the
Pacific Ocean!
In 4 miles more, we passed Balboa with its great new shops for the
repair of ships, its mighty dry dock in course of construction, and
then on we moved past the old Panama Railroad wharves where
were lying steamships bound for Peru and Chile and for California
and: the Orient. On the other side of the channel were several
vessels loaded with Pacific coast cargo bound for the east coast of the
United States and waiting their opportunity on the morrow to have
the honor of following the example of the Ancon in passing through
the canal. These vessels were thronged with thousands of specta-
tors who had not been able to greet the Ancon at other points along
thelineof thecanal. And the way they cheered and cheered expressed
the sentiments of everybody who rejoiced in the triumph of building
this water bridge across the Isthmus. Whistles shrieked from
ships, from shops, and from launches until it seemed as if bedlam
was veritably let loose, but the greater the noise and clamor the greater
the happiness of all concerned. The Ancon did not stop at Balboa,
as did the Cristobal, her sister ship, when two weeks before she made
a slow trial trip through the canal to test the locks, but with increased
speed plowed her course along the channel past the long breakwater,
past the fortified islands of Naos, Perico, and Flamenco, and majesti-
cally stuck her nose into the deep waters of the Pacific Ocean.
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THE OPENING OF THE PANAMA CANAL. 357
When she had steamed beyond the last buoys marking the present
entrance to the canal, and everybody on board had experienced the
glorious sensation of victory and achievement for which the world
has waited through centuries, her huge hulk seemed to shake itself
with animated joy and then swung gracefully around and headed
back to Balboa to disembark prosaically her passengers and unload
hercargo. In about 10 hours the Ancon had accomplished a wonderful
journey which, without the canal, if she had undertaken to have
steamed around South America, would have taken 35 days. These
10 hours, however, did not represent the low limit of the time in
which the passage could have been negotiated. She could have done
it in 8 hours but, as she was the first in history to try the experiment,
her progress was intentionally made slow and conservative.
But it was not the passage of the Ancon alone that was to demon-
strate the complete success of the canal, for during the next three
days, the 16th, 17th, and 18th of August, during which time it was
my privilege to remain on the Isthmus, seven other vessels, ranging
in size from a 90-foot private yacht to great freighters, went through
the canal from ocean to ocean without hitch or hindrance, and all
their captains, officers, and passengers joined in applauding the
success of its operation and the demonstration of its usefulness to
the world. The first private yacht to negotiate the waters of the
canal was a 90-foot gasoline boat belonging to Morgan O. Adams,
of Los Angeles, and having on board as passengers Mr. and Mrs.
Eugene Overton, Donald McGilvary, and Harold F. Chase. It was
my privilege to be a guest on this beautiful little yacht when she was
at the Pedro Miguel Lock, and I sincerely congratulated the owner
and passengers on the honor and experience which had come to
them. The Pleiades, of the Luckenbach Line, loaded with lumber
from the Pacific coast, was the first unofficial vessel to carry cargo
through the canal from the Pacific to the Atlantic, bound to New
York. The Arizonian, of the American-Hawaiian Line was, corre-
spondingly, the first regular unofficial cargo vessel to pass through
from the Atlantic to the Pacific after the Ancon. She was bound
for San Francisco and was closely followed by the Missourian of the
same line bound for Los Angeles. The Pennsylvania and Nebraskan,
also of the same line, followed shortly the Pleiades from the Pacific
to the Atlantic and should have reached their destination shortly
after the Plevades.
The Government of Peru has the unique distinction of sending the
first war vessel through the canal. One of the smaller ships of its
navy passed from the Atlantic to the Pacific on the 17th bound for
Callao, the principal port of Peru. In this way, therefore, the canal
demonstrated at the very start its usefulness to the South American
Republics as well as to the United States. When I said good-by to
54904— Bull. 3—14——_2
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360 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Col. Goethals Tuesday afternoon before sailing for the United States
on the United Fruit Steamer Tenadores, Wednesday the 19th, he
expressed satisfaction that the canal had already commenced to
earn money, for nearly $100,000 had been paid in for tolls on vessels
which had already passed or were about to do so.
The honor of being one of the passengers on the Ancon in this
history-making voyage from ocean to ocean was a privilege and
pleasure which I deeply appreciated, and I am profoundly grateful
to the Secretary of War, Hon. Lindley M. Garrison, for the invitation
to make the trip, and to Col. Goethals for his permission. Secretary
Garrison, in extending to me the invitation, paid a compliment to
the Latin American Republics by stating that he thought that it was
fitting that I, in my capacity as the executive officer of the Pan
American Union, and, therefore, an officer of the South American
countries as well as the United States, should be present upon the
Ancon and, in my official personality, link up, as it were, North and
South America to whom the canal should be equally beneficial.
Accompanying me in the positions, respectively, of secretary and
official photographer were W. P. Montgomery, of the regular staff of
the Pan American Union, and J. W. Barrett, temporarily engaged for
this trip. Under my direction Mr. Montgomery made elaborate
notes upon which is based this narrative, while Mr. Barrett took a
large number of photographs which will be on permanent exhibition
in the Pan American Union.
For special courtesies and attentions shown me during my stay on
the Isthmus for this great event, I make sincere acknowledgments
to Hon. Lindley M. Garrison, Secretary of War; Col. George W.
Goethals, governor of the Panama Canal; Sr. Dr. Belisario Porras,
President of Panama; Sr. Dn. Ernesto T. Lefevre, minister of foreign
relations of Panama; Sr. Dn. Eusebio Morales, minister of Panama
to the United States; Hon. Wm. J. Price, United States minister to
Panama; Mr. W. P. Cresson, secretary of the United States legation;
Mr. Alban G. Snyder, United States consul general to Panama; Mr.
Wm. H. Gale, United States consul at Colon; Mr. F. L. Herron,
United States vice consul at Colon; Sr. Ladislao Sosa, subsecretary
of the Panaman ministry of public works; Sr. Leopoldo Arosemena,
assistant engineer of the department of public works; Capt. A. Has-
brouck, in charge of fortifications at Fort Grant; Capt. W. R. Hollo-
way, Capt. J. G. Gowen, and Mr. G. S. Whitmer, of Pedro Miguel
Locks; Sr. Dn. Carlos Arosemena, former minister of Panama to the
United States; Maj. P. G. Eastwick, of Brandon Bros., bankers; Mr.
Buchanan, manager of the Central and South American cable office;
Mr. C. H. Motsett, superintendent Panama Railroad Co., Colon; Sr.
Miguel de Zérraga, special correspondent of newspapers in Madrid
and Havana; W. M. Lowrie, of the United Fruit Steamship Co.,
“UHCANS TVUHNED TNSNOO SI LAHAT SIH OL GNV
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FIGURE AT THE RIGHT WITH UMBRELLA.
THE OPENING OF THE PANAMA CANAL. 363
New York; Capt. L. H. Porter, of the United States Fruit Steamer
Tenadores; and Mr. E. Hallen, official photographer of the Canal
Zone.
As a matter of record there are appended below the names of many
of the guests on the Ancon as far as they could be obtained by my sec-
retary: President Porras and Mrs. Porras, the members of the Presi-
dent’s cabinet and their wives; United States Minister Price; Secre-
tary of Legation Cresson; Consul General Snyder; Consul and Mrs.
Gale; Vice Consul Herron; and the diplomatic and consular repre-
sentatives of Portugal, England, France, Nicaragua, Cuba, Guate-
mala, Mexico, Argentina, Costa Rica, China, Bolivia, Peru, and Italy;
Col. and Mrs. and Miss Hodges; Commander and Mrs. and Miss Dis-
mukes; Col. and Mrs. Mason; Mr. J. M. Nye, of the United States
Secret Service, and Mrs. Nye; Col. Fiebeger; Judge Frank Feuille;
Supt. C. H. Motsett, of the Panama Railroad; Dr. Carlos M. Mendoza;
Capt. and Mrs. F. W. Coleman; Capt. J. B. Gowen; Lieut. and Mrs.
F. C. Siebert; Capt. A. Hasbrouck; Mr. Samuel Boyd; Judge B. F.
Harrah; Mr. L. M. Kagy; Judge J. D. Arosemena; Sr. Dn. Pablo
Arosemena, ex-President of Panama; Judge and Mrs. W. H. Jackson;
Mr. John O. Collins and Miss Collins; Mr. and Mrs. John Baxter;
Mr. A. E. Wallace, International Press Service; Mr. Collins, of the
Illustrated Animated Weekly; Maj. Rhodes; Lieut. Commander and
Mrs. D. C. Nutting; Mr. Samuel Lewis; Mr. Ricardo Arias; Mr. Frank
E. Hall, of the Panama Morning Journal; Mr. Sidney A. Cook, of the
Star and Herald; Commodore G. E. Sukeforth, of the Ancon; Chief
Officer A. J. Coleord; Capt. Corning, of the Panama; Capt. and Mrs.
Smith; Capt. and Mrs. Harmon; Maj. Wildman; Sr. Dn. R. F. Ace-
vedo; Ensign and Mrs. Elder; Col. and Mrs. Blowelt; Capt. and Mrs.
Ingram; Maj. and Mrs. Clayton; Capt. and Mrs. Rogers; Capt. and
Mrs. Jones; Col. and Mrs. Deshon; Maj. Cole; Capt. Ecker; Capt. and
Mrs. Collins; Lieut. and Mrs. Archer; and Mrs. Mary L. Kerrnish.
In conclusion there is reproduced below as a matter of interest a
copy of the wording of the ticket issued by Gov. Goethals to Director
General Barrett for his trip through the canal on the Ancon. Every
passenger was required to present a similar card in order to make the
trip. This wording is especially interesting because it contains the
following sentence: “This will be the first ship to make the complete
passage of the canal.”
No. 119.
THE PANAMA CANAL, CANAL ZONE.
Pass Hon. Joun Barrerr on 8S. 8. Ancon on the trip inaugurating the opening of
the Panama Canal to commercial use August 15, 1914, leaving pier No. 9, Cristobal,
at 7 o’clock a.m. This will be the first ship to make the complete passage of the canal.
Special trains will leave Panama and Empire direct to the pier at 5 o’clock a. m.
This pass is good also on all trains on that date and is not transferable.
GEO. W. GOETHALS, Governor.
EFORE going to South America I had not even heard of the
Iguazu. What would I have thought of a South American
ignorant of the existence of Niagara ?
Niagara’s alluring mate is half Brazilian, half Argentine,
queenly of stature, virescent of gown. It is worth a journey across
the world to make her acquaintance.
Buenos Aires, Argentina’s dazzling metropolis, is the starting
point for the tropical wilderness where the Iguazu River makes its
daring leap over vine-hung cliffs on its way to join the majestic
Parana, ‘‘ Motherof theSea.” Before the building of the railroad which
now links La Plata River ports with Asuncion, capital of Paraguay,
the journey from Buenos Aires to the falls was made altogether by
river steamer, a month being required for the round trip. The journey
can now be accomplished in about a fortnight, and when railway
and steamer lines make better connections, travelers visiting Monte-
video and Buenos Aires will be able to complete the side trip to the
falls in a week.
Two of Argentina’s most fertile provinces, Entre Rios and Cor-
rientes, are crossed as we travel north. This country’s varied prod-
ucts amaze the North American who has clung, somehow, to the
childhood-geography idea of a vast treeless pampa. Mammoth
wheat ranches and boundless cattle ranges are replaced by smiling
fields where the vine and the orange grow. From the snows of
Tierra del Fuego to the tropical jungle on the Paraguayan border,
Mighty Argentina stretches its 2,500 multifarious miles.
Reaching the progressive little town of Posadas on a shore of the
Alto, or upper Parana River, the traveler bound for Asuncion
ferries across stream and railroads on through Paraguay; but the
Iguazu is our destination, and we board a river steamer.
Few rivers in tropical America rival the Alto Parana in beauty.
Its sister, the Paraguay, is a muddy, shifting stream which often
devastates the low banks on its shores; but here we steam up a clear
364 1 By Harriet Chalmers Adams, F. R. G. 8.
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IQUAZU, NIAGARA’S MATE. 367
swift current bordered by high wooded cliffs, where bamboo, 60 feet
in height, waves its Titanic plumes. A tree, ablaze in scarlet blos-
som, flares from the dense verdure. White butterflies, like a shower
of confetti, drift over the steamer’s prow. Gray birds, ruby winged
and white-throated, flit by. A pre-Colombian canoe, hewn from a
tree trunk, glides out from the shore. The steamer’s shrill toot is a
discordant note here in Arcadia.
On our left now is Paraguay, on our right the Argentine territory
of Misiones, destined, with its fertility and equable climate, to play
an important rdle in the Republic’s development. Yerba mate,
known to the English-speaking world as Paraguayan tea, is its most
important product. On fire-scarred clearings on the cliff’s face are
chutes, built of bamboo, down which the maté bags slide steamerward ;
and back in the woods are the yerbales, where the laurel-like leaves
and twigs of a tall, graceful, forest tree are gathered,smoked, and then
beaten into bits before being packed into hide bags for shipment.
At night the yerba pickers bring out their guitars, and folk-lore
melodies ring through the silent forest under the spangled canopy
of the southern heavens.
Huge rafts of linked cedar logs voyage down-stream, carrying
bronzed men and hardwood as passengers. At a logging camp an
exquisite fall, 50 feet in height, is utilized to hurl timber into the
river from a branch stream. Behind this fall swallows dart, and
below in the foam whirls an unfortunate tapir who ventured too near
the edge.
Misiones is historic as the headquarters of seventeenth and eight-
eenth century Jesuit missions. Banished long ago, vine-clad ruins
mark the site of their thriving settlements, and the forest has re-
claimed the land where their orchards bloomed; but in the industry
of the Guarani Indians of Paraguay les the imperishable imprint
of the old Christian fathers. They taught the men to till the soil
and the women to weave and sew. Spider-web lace, known as
Nanduti, is made to-day by the women of Paraguay. The orange,
brought by the Jesuits from Europe, has overspread the country,
and the cattle ranges which they stocked now form an important
source of revenue.
In their wake other colonists have settled on the shores of this
stately river. A Polish colony is engaged in rice culture, and there
is a prospercus German contingent. Tobacco, sugar-cane, and
peanuts are grown, and 15,000 colonists, consisting of about 3,000
families, have taken up 450,000 acres of land.
At the Iguazu River, which separates Argentina from Brazil,
we leave the Parana, having voyaged 217 miles above Posadas.
Opposite the Iguazu’s mouth is Paraguay, and all three Republics
can be viewed from the steamer’s deck. Two hours up the border
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370 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
river we come to Puerto Aguirre on the Argentine shore, where we
dissembark for the falls.
In the melodious Guarani tongue, still spoken over a large area of
interior South America, the words ‘‘I-gua-zi”’ (pronounced ‘‘Uh-
wah-zu”’) mean ‘“‘Big Water.” This is indeed the land of rushing
waters. About 125 miles above the River Iguazu, the Alto Parana
is blocked by the seven tremendous Falls of La Guayra, and there are
many lesser cataracts which would be renowned in other lands.
Rising in the mountains of Serra do Mar, only 30 miles from the
Atlantic coast in southern Brazil, the Iguazu River turns its back
on the near-by ocean, which it must now travel 1,500 miles to reach,
and serpentines its westward course through a hilly, forested country.
Navigation on its upper reaches is difficult even for small craft
owing to reefs and rapids, and 12 miles above its junction with the
Parana it adventures its mighty leap from the great plateau of Brazil.
Landing at Puerto Aguirre, we find a small wooden building
perched on a steep bank, serving as a hostelry for occasional travelers.
This wonderland is not yet on the tourist circuit. To-morrow we
will drive through the forest to the falls. To-night let us listen
to jungle tales. The dignified old Basque, who is to guide us, is the
story-teller:
‘“There are jaguars in the forest, Semores, end they are the enemy
of the tapir. See the skeletons which I preserve of the two locked
in death embrace. The great cat sprang on the tapir’s neck, but it
died with its victim, dashed against a tree trunk on that mad, mid-
night flight.
‘“There are black jaguars here and evil-eyed snakes which glide
across the trail; but you need not fear them, for it is they who fear
man. The huron creeps through the thicket, and the carpincho
hides by the river bank, and there are big blackbirds which talk like
parrots if you will only cut their tongues.
“There are fishes in the river, and guava trees in the woods. With
banana plants at my very door, what more do I require? But this
land holds wealth in abundance for those who care to gather it,
hardwood and wild yerba, and earth fit for tobacco and cane. Some
day a hotel, which is a palace, will rise on the cataract’s brink and
the peoples of the world will come to see God’s masterpiece—or my
name is not Pedro Val.”
All the guide’s jungle kin save the birds are invisible on the day-
light trail, and all are quiet but the parrots who quarrel noisily
over palm nuts. A wagon road has been hewn through 11 miles
of majestic wilderness where nearly 300 different kinds of wood
have been listed. One tree, quite common here, has a supply
of fresh water always on hand for the thirsty traveler who has only to
cut a near-by bamboo for a tube and tap its hospitable trunk.
RUINS OF SAN IGNACIO.
‘Misiones is historic as the headquarters of seventeenth and eighteenth century Jesuit missions.
Banished long ago, vine-clad ruins mark the site of their thriving settlements, and the forest has
reclaimed the land where their orchards bloomed; but in the industry of the Guarani Indians of
Paraguay lies the imperishable imprint of the old Christian fathers.” (From ‘‘Iguazu, Niagara’s
Mate,”’ by Harriet Chalmers Adams.)
BaD THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Young palms are felled for their tender heart which makes a delicious
salad. This is the sportman’s paradise, for, besides the animals
already noted, deer and peccary abound and there are several
varieties of doves, ducks, and pheasants.
At the falls a cabin, built of cedar logs, provides shelter where the
palatial hotel of the future is to stand. Long before we reach it,
the roar of great waters resounds through the forest, and a halo of
mist floats on high, crowning Niagara’s mate.
In Jesuit records of over one hundred and fifty years ago, we find
the first authentic account of the Falls of the Iguazu:
‘‘Of so strong a current is this River Iguazu that it may not be
navigated; and the reason thereof is that at a distance of 4 leagues
from its mouth, it is cut from side to side by a precipice of exceeding
height where the waters are hurled in such tumult that they may be
heard 3 leagues away. And, moreover, this cliff has been to the
Indians that dwell there, as it were a natural defense, so that the
bold assaults of Spanish valor have never penetrated to their retreat;
nor indeed had any stranger set foot in the land until it was con-
quered to the service of Christ by the arms of the Evangelist. And
such is the force of this fall that from its single leap there arises a
fair cloud which is its perpetual crown, and which may be discerned
even from the banks of the Parana.”
After the expulsion of the Jesuits the falls reverted to oblivion,
and it is only in the present century that they are becoming known.
Each year travelers are attracted here in greater numbers, and within
your lifetime and mine Iguazu will come into its own.
Let us look at it first after sunset, as it gleams through the deep
twilight woods, a tall palm, like a sentinel, in the foreground, a
crescent moon in the sky. And now again at sunrise, when rainbow
tints glint its magic waters, and hundreds of parrots like a string of
emeralds, circle around and around inits wreath of mist. But all this
is from afar. The Iguazu is a siren who lures us on.
A broken trail leads down to a nearer view. It is the time of low
water in the Southland, and the semicircular falls are broken into
275 distinct cascades, separated by a maze of verdure. They make
double leaps to the gorge below excepting the largest, which unites
Argentine and Brazilian territory and has a sheer drop of 213 feet.
In width the distance around the entire circle, from the beginning of
the Brazilian to the farther edge of the Argentine Falls, is 6,000 feet;
but measuring around the broken contour of the cliffs, it is nearly
10,000 feet. In rainy season, when the river is swollen, all the small
islands are submerged, and, with the exception of a large central
island, the waters form one huge roaring cataract.
Niagara’s height varies from 158 to 169 feet, its width in greatest
contour, including Goat Island, being 4,770 feet. Thus we see that
A PARAGUAYAN TAPIR.
Photos by Harriet Chalmers Adams.
A SOUTH AMERICAN JAGUAR.
“There are jaguars in the forest, Senores, and they are the enemy of
the tapir. See the skeletons which I preserve of the two locked in
death embrace. The great cat sprang on the tapir’s neck, but it
died with its victim, dashed against a tree trunk on that mad,
midnight flight.”” (From ‘‘TIguazu, Niagara’s Mate,” by Harriet
Chalmers Adams.)
54904—Bull. 3—14———3
IGUAZU FALLS. 3
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“In width the distance around the entire circle from the beginning of the Bra-
zilian to the farther edge of the Argentine Falls, is 6,000 feet; but measuring
around the broken contour of the clifis, it is nearly 10,000 feet. In rainy season,
when the river is swollen, all the small islands are submerged, and, with the
exception of a large central island, the waters form one huge roaring cataract.”
(Harriet Chalmers Adams in ‘‘Iguazu, Niagara’s Mate.’’)
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376 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Tguazu is higher and wider than its North American fellow, if less
daring in its leap. The estimated flow over Niagara is 18,000,000
cubic feet per minute. The volume of Iguazu has not as yet been
very carefully calculated. At low water it probably carries only
about one-third the flow of the North American Falls, but is greatly
influenced by torrential tropic rainfall, while Niagara’s flow is com-
paratively steady.
It is difficult to compare the two mammoth falls of the Americas.
Niagara is most impressive as King of Winter, with a sparkling back-
ground of ice-coated pines. Iguazu personifies Summer in a fascinat-
ing forest gown. The one is cyclopean in its united power and stu-
pendous drop. The other, in spite of greater dimensions, is’ so
softened by tropical garb as to captivate rather than awe. Iguazu’s
setting is more like that of the Zambesi Falls in South Africa, which
completes the world’s great trio.
The branch line now building east from Borja, on the Paraguay
railroad, toward Iguazu, has already laid 37 miles of rail. When
completed, it will bring the falls in direct railway communication
with Argentina through Paraguay. Another line is eventually to be
built northeast across the Territory of Misiones from Posadas.
The Argentine Government is planniug to purchase an immense
tract of land adjoining the falls for a national park. An imposing
hotel is to be erected near the cataract and the town of “Iguazu”
founded, with parks and boulevards. Agricultural, meteorological,
and forestry stations, and a great military post at the junction of the
Iguazu and the Parana, are a part of the gigantic scheme now being
outlined in Buenos Aires.
The finest view of Iguazu, perhaps, is from a point on the Bra-
zilian shore, which necessitates a journey back to the Parana and a
voyage on to the Brazilian port of Vos de Iguassu; then a saddle
trip of 11 miles through the untamed wilderness.
As yet, Brazil’s vigorous life throbs far from this border river,
but in time the persistent rails, which are creeping inland from all
points on the Atlantic seaboard, will encroach even on this fairyland.
Now and then, on the way through life, we meet a man or a woman
with an individuality which grips; and now and then, on the trail
around the earth, we find a scene of dominant personality. So it is
with the Falls of Iguazu. Forever they will allure us. The Iguazu
is feminine, lovely and elusive. The Niagara is masculine, vital and
virile. Niagara is Hercules, chained to the will of man, a giant in a
gigantic civilization. JTeuazu is Hebe, unfettered and untamed, a
goddess in a god-like wilderness. But the day is coming when care-
free Iguazu must leave her play to fill her destined place among the
Amazons of the world. We prophesy the time when these falls will
enact an important role in the development of two great Republics.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. Sad
The whistle of the Alto Parana River steamer already sounds the
call. Colossal Brazil looms up on the north, and Progressive Argen-
tina looms up on the south, leaders among the new nations of the
earth.
In Argentina’s plan for the future exploitation of the Falls of the
Tguazu, a great electric plant forms the most important feature.
Already, engineers are estimating the power that will be harnessed.
Brazil, too, will in time utilize the energy of the 13,000,000 cubic feet
of water pouring over the Falls of La Guayra in this same region.
Here on the verge of the prehistoric Pampean Sea, where savage
man hunted the monstrous fauna of his day, civilized man, with
mentality evolved through countless ages, will inaugurate a new
industrial era for men who are to be.
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PERNAMBUCO (RECIFE), STATE OF PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL.
Dear Mr. Eprror: I certainly felt blue when I wrote my last
letter to you from Kio. You can understand the reason, I hope, for
my peevishness. I had already been several months away from the
States; I was looking ahead to Rio as almost the last stop, certainly
the most important stop, on my way home, and was actually specu-
lating on what steamer I should catch northbound, when along
comes the cable to follow the coast, perhaps to go up the Amazon,
to come out at Barbados, and probably to postpone my arrival a
good two or three months more. But such is the fate of the traveling
man. He is not always his own master, and, especially if he is in the
foreign field, he will meet many a misadventure like mine.
Here again I must pause to give warning to those who may be
making a trip similar to this. Beware of homesickness. How it
did nearly get the best of me, in spite of myself, when I saw my trip
stretching still farther ahead than I lad anticipated. How strong
was the temptation to chuck the whole thing and catch the first
steamer home. Every man J have met suffered from the same thing,
and a good proportion of them yield, too. Those who skip the
northern part of the trip—whether going up the west coast across
Peru and Ecuador, or up the east coast through parts of Brazil—
are in that case sure to miss something and to find their notebooks
1 The ninth of a series of 12 articles commencing in the January number of the BULLETIN.
SCALE
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THE NORTHEAST EXPANSE OF BRAZIL.
Although almost all of Brazil appears on this map, great prominence is given to the eastern elbow of the
continent of South America. ‘The State of Minas is outlined and can be compared with Rio de Janeiro
and Espirito Santo, to show how small they are. The northern States also, those first settled, are small.
The large interior States, least populated, are the last to be accessible to the traveler.
A STREET IN A BRAZILIAN CITY.
While this picture happens to be a scene in the Avenida Rio Branco in Rio, it can be taken, as far
as My experience goes, to be almost typical of the character of street architecture most prevalent
in the cities where modern improvements are going on. This style is displacing the earlier Por-
tuguese buildings, and making all cities more cosmopolitan in aspect.
380 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
incomplete. In fact, I have a letter in my pocket from a good friend,
who writes that he can see nothing worth while in Uruguay (he
planned to stay there a week) and is catching the next steamer, after
only two days in Montevideo, for home. Homesickness has no part
in a business trip, so I fought it off and conquered, congratulating
myself on having the opportunity to visit a part of Brazil of which I
knew little and which I had not hitherto taken into account.
I am glad, however, that I left out several items in that last letter,
because they will be more appropriate to say after I have had more
experience in Brazil. I find that relatively few traveling men pay
much attention to anything north of Pernambuco, and even neglect
that city and port nowadays, since through steamers are sometimes
scheduled to go direct to Europe or New York from Bahia. I am
looking ahead with some curiosity concerning what I shall find
between here and Para, and I shall therefore sum up Brazil only when
I leave it finally behind. This letter must be devoted to my travels
into the interior, beyond Rio, and along the coast as far as here,
Pernambuco.
My one big trip away from the coast was to the city of Bello
Horizonte, the capital of the State of Minas Geraes. There are a
dozen other towns, I feel sure, within the reach of Rio, but I confess
that I could not spare the time to visit them, and can not therefore
give advice about them. Bello Horizonte, on the other hand,
I now know personally. It is the new, made-to-order capital.
Twenty years ago the location was a field, but to-day it is an active
city of 40,000 people, almost all Brazilians. Somebody told me that
it was a good business proposition to go there, so away I went, and
I am glad I did.
The Central Railway has a through train leaving Rio at 7 p.m.,
and I decided to travel by night, because for a good part of the way
it follows the same line as that to Sao Paulo, which I had already
seen by day. Besides, there isasleeper, and the night would there-
fore be comfortable. The porter on my train, however, must have
been a novice, for he made up the berths ready for occupancy the
moment the train left, and I had to tumble into bed by 8, whether
or not I wanted to do so. At 6.30 the next morning we reached the
end of the standard-gauge line, changing to a narrow-gauge track,
and therefore lost the sleeper. The Government plans to make the
entire road of standard gauge sometime, and then such incon-
veniences will be avoided, but after all there was no discomfort
about it, because I had had enough sleep, the morning was fresh and
cool, and everybody was polite. If one enters into it with a sympa-
thetic spirit, traveling in Brazil is delightful; but if trivial differences
from what is customary at home—no matter where that home may
be—annoy one and get on one’s nerves, it may be made a torment.
THE STEAMER, THE CITY AND THE COUNTRY.
(1) A Lloyd Brazileiro steamer is the main vehicle of travel along the coast of Brazil. The highway
is the sea. Some of the best boats of the company are as comfortable as ocean liners, and most of them
were, in fact built in Europe. (2) A Brazilian coast town is usually attractive, and always has a
pretty park or so close to the water front. While each differs in some respects from the others, there
is a resemblance traceable, which shows their nationality.
382 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
But then, any one looking for trouble and opportunity to find fault
is much better away from South America, or Europe, for that matter.
He ought to stay at home, where his fault finding will hurt nobody but
himself.
While I am about it, I want to tell one other adventure in which
I was an actor, just before I reached Pernambuco on the train from
Maceié, for I came here overland instead of by water, as I shall
explain later on. Lord, it was hot. I am used to the Tropics and
I like hot weather, but on a little interior road, with dust blowing
in at the windows during the middle of the day, I felt it might be
cooler if I took off my coat, as we men do in the good old summer
time at home. Of course I knew that Brazilians are particular
against such infractions of their rules of conduct, and I respect them
therefor—all books of travel in Brazil mention the custom and even
the law against taking off one’s coat—sometimes ridiculing it, some-
times approving it. But the temptation was overwhelming, and off
the coat came, exposing a freshly washed and perfectly clean pat-
terned shirt (made in U. S. A.) beneath. I had scarcely drawn a
deep gasp of relief, when up came the nice little conductor of the
train, touched his cap, touched me, touched my coat, and then
explained—oh, I understood his Portuguese well enough—that I was
violating the rule, and would I please conform to the custom of the
country by replacing my coat and trying to be comfortable in some
other way. Now, he was what youcall polite. He apologized to me.
He didn’t order or threaten or insult me. He treated me like a
gentleman, and before I knew it we were deep in conversation over
the customs in various parts of the world, and for the remaining five
hours of the trip we exchanged ideas in quite a friendly way.
Along about noon there entered the car from some small station
a Brazilian family of father, mother, three small children, a nurse
maid, and a six-months-old baby. They were nice people, I could
see from their dress and their manner. As there was no what we call
parlor car on the train, they of course took seats in our day coach
and made themselves comfortable. Pretty soon the baby began to
fret and all the efforts of the maid failed to quiet it. They knew
what the matter was, and probably so did others in the car. Cer-
tainly I did. I don’t know whether you, Mr. Editor, have had your
experiences, but I have had two of ’em—walked the floor nights, and
watched over about all their worries from mumps to grammar school.
So I said wisely to myself, ‘‘that baby is hungry,” and undoubtedly
the mother knew it, too. (This began to happen shortly after I had
put on my coat again.) But there was no hiding behind shawls, no
scurrying into corners as if it were a shame for a baby to be hungry.
No, sir. Everything was arranged in a comfortable, domestic way.
Well, the baby got his dinner easy enough and naturally, nght there
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THE LANDSCAPES OF MINAS GERAES.
(1) Minas Geraes means abundant mines, the name given to the State from its early foundation. Tn all
parts are mines of iron, some gold, and precious metals or stones. The mountains are not high nor
solemn, but they are rugged and picturesque. (2) Even where minerals are found there are many
miles of rolling meadows and gently sloping wooded hills, which give promise for great richness in
agriculture and cattle. The State therefore can advance with both industries and thus prove one of
the most productive in all Brazil.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 385
in front of us all, but the conductor never said a word, the very
conductor who had requested me to obey the law and put on my
coat.
But why not, Mr. Editor? It is altogether a matter of custom,
and jf looked at rationally the approval of the custom ought to lean
toward the warrant to feed an infant in public, rather than toward
permitting a man to loll around with his coat off. Perhaps you may
not print this story, but I write it with a purpose. Many a time, in
a relatively crowded Pullman at home, I have seen big, fat men—
and others, too—strip off their coats during a hot summer’s day,
even their collars and shoes, and sit, unwholesome in their neglhigee,
while delicately sensed passengers, both women and men, were com-
pelled, by tacit recognition of the custom, to endure the discourtesy.
It is immodest, to use no harsher word. But judged by natural
standards it surely is not immodest to give nature’s nourishment to
a nursing baby. It is only our silly custom to consign such practices
to the dark. I am not arguing for a change of this custom. Un-
doubtedly it is best to observe it in northern lands where the Anglo-
Saxon interpretation of life prevails. Yet it is not just or politic or
profitable to carry this attitude of mind, or any criticism associated
with it, into the Latin world. We must not relate the anecdote as a
slur upon the habits or morals of our truly worthy neighbors. The
traveling man who can not take this point of view, and who returns
to the ‘‘States’”’ with tales of the social inferiority of those he meets
in South America, ought never to have gone there, and certainly
ought never to be allowed to go again. That’s all.
But to return to Bello Horizonte. It is really a wonderful city,
built on a plan from the very beginning, and much better fashioned,
equipped, and organized than many of our ‘‘boom”’ towns in the West.
And it is all Brazilian, too, no foreign money and no foreign brains
going into the making of it. I do not remember to have seen in the
BULLETIN much mention of this pretty and modern city, and therefore
I am going to give a few details concerning it. On March 1, 1894,
a Brazilian engineer began his work on an open plain, about 100
kilometers (say 60 miles) to the northwest of the original capital,
Ouro Preto. The place selected was what we would call a prairie,
surrounded by gently rolling hills, in which were minerals enough
to satisfy the name of the State (abundant mines) but indicated well
by the name to be bestowed on the new capital, beautiful horizon.
The elevation is a bit over 2,500 feet (800 kilometers).
The prairie was practically untilled and uninhabited. It lay some
10 miles, say (14 kilometers), from the main line of the Central Railway
and the first thing to be done was to construct a branch spur of
track to connect this spot directly with Rio de Janeiro, 375 miles
(600 kilometers) away. Incidentally it should be added that on
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THE PRETTY CITY PARK IN BELLO HORIZONTE.
Quite close to the center of the city is a wide expanse of park, cultivated in many places and left attractively
natural in others. As the vegetation is in part subtropical, in part that of the temperate zone, there is
a charm about it that will increase as the city grows older. In all probability this park will sometime be
a great pleasure place for the people.
THE PRESIDENT’S HOUSE ON LIBERTY SQUARE.
In many of the States of Brazil the chief officer is called presidente instead of governador. He corresponds
to the governor ofany ofour States. In Bello Horizonte he is given an official residence on the fine square
around which are placed the department buildings. This palace is solid and handsome, well in keeping
with the importance and dignity of Minas Geraes. The tree and plantcultivation around it are particu-
larly attractive.
388 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
completion of this branch the State was reimbursed by the Federal
Government for the cost, thus ending a good business transaction
in which there was profit for all concerned. Within a year and a half
all clearing and grading had been done, streets laid out, sewers and
other underground improvements laid, some public buildings begun,
and trees planted, so that leenses were given for the erection of
private houses. That’s going some, isn’t it, for an interior Brazilian
town ¢
When I saw Bello Horizonte, it was most attractive. On leaving
the railway station my carriage crossed a pretty park which hid the
tracks and yards from the city itself. The streets were broad and
straight, laid out on the rectangular principle, but with diagonal
avenues named, in most cases, from the States, just as is done in
Washington. As one of my acquaintances said, “ By following the
streets of Bello Horizonte, you can travel all over the map of Brazil.”
In fact, the best comparative illustration of the city I can call to
mind is Washington, even to the shaded streets. The great dif-
ference is in the governmental district, which, in Washington, is sup-
posed to lie along Pennsylvania Avenue, but is in reality scattered,
while in Bello Horizonte, having been made to order with the experi-
ences of other cities, they have had the wisdom to segregate all official
working buildings on a fine public square. Everything is modern.
The hotel was ordered constructed by the Government. The trolley
system goes to most parts of the city and can be extended indefinitely,
as the future may dictate. The water supply is adequate for a
population of 200,000. There is a municipal cemetery, a city hos-
pital, a market, and what I especially admired, a public printing
office, where a daily newspaper is published in fine style. One day
while I was there a prominent visitor delivered an address on some
subject of general importance, and the paper had it, letter perfect,
in its next morning’s issue. I can’t begin to mention all the civic
improvements to which my attention was called, but the city
deserves study by some expert in municipal government who knows
how to distinguish between the solid and the ephemeral in the city’s
growth. One thing, however, I enjoyed thoroughly, in my walks
about the streets after dark—a custom I cultivate wherever I may be,
whether in the Tropics or not—and that was a large cinema theater,
evidently run for profit but conducted for the laboring people. It’
was in the working part of town, away from the private residence
quarter and the Government square. It was a very large building,
thoroughly well ventilated and lighted, apparently with ample fire
protection, and would hold, I guess, over 1,500 persons. The films
were fine, among them being a series of views of certain wild animals
in their natural conditions, showing them at play and evidently
ignorant of the presence of the cameraman. They were distinctively
educational, and the spectators—just common people all of them—
BELLO HORIZONTE CLUB.
On the main street, which leads to the Government square, is the social club house. Like most clubs
in Latin America, it gives popular entertainments to which ladies are invited. A dance at the club
always brings out the best of the local society, and is a very pleasant spectacle.
THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES IN THE CAPITAL OF MINAS GERAES.
Midway between the residence section of Bello Horizonte near the large square around which are
clustered the Governmient offices, and the business area, is the building in which are held the meetings
of the legislative body ofthe State. It is quite surrounded by trees, as it is evidently the plan of the
municipality to make the city almost a garden.
54904— Bull. 3—14-—_4
390 -THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
men,women, and children, were absorbed in the lessons conveyed by
the films and the accompanying texts.
I want to call particular attention to Bello Horizonte, because it
is so thoroughly a Brazilian city. But few immigrants, and these
mostly Italians and Portuguese, have settled there. It represents the
flower of Brazil, and the Mineros (the people of the State of Minas
Geraes) are justly proud of it. Just now the Government is making
earnest effort to attract into Minas Geraes a proper portion of the
general immigration movement to Brazil, and if I were an immigrant
I certainly should be tempted that way. Although the State has
been known for generations as a great mineral producer, it is, like
California and Colorado, blessed with abundance of land suitable for
agriculture and cattle raising, and the climate, in most parts and
covering most seasons of the year, is a quite healthful and stimulating
one. Business is good here, and the people welcome the visit of a
foreign commercial man because they are willing to buy independently
of Rio if they can, and as yet have not been overwhelmed by a flood
of agents whose sole purpose is to sell and to get away, without the
observances of some of the niceties of trade. There’s a chance all
over Minas Geraes, if we only know how to take advantage of it.
Railroad building is encouraged, there being already connection into
Saio Paulo as well as to Rio, with lines running westward and exten-
sions northwestward, although that rich northern area of the State
has not yet been tapped by the railway. It will soon be more accessi-
ble, however, than it is now. Minas is an interior State, having no
seaport. This is by some considered a misfortune, but 1t seems to
work no hardship, as exportation and importation goes on smoothly
through Rio de Janeiro, while there is every prospect that within a
few months an independent line will connect Bello Horizonte with
Victoria, the capital and chief port of the State of Espirito Santo.
When I left Bello Horizonte the direct railway to the coast at
Espirito Santo was not opened, so that I was obliged to return to
Rio for a steamer northward, unless I had felt warranted in crossing
on mule back the gap between the ends of the line. I was personally
inclined for this adventure, and 1t would have given me an opportu-
nity to visit on the way some good towns altogether ignored by the
traveling public, and I would have felt myself in the saddle again
(that’s almost a pun), repeating in South America what I have fre-
quently enjoyed in Central America. However, the same old ques-
tion of time pushed itself to the front. The commercial traveler al-
ways feels in a hurry in South America, confound it, so I crushed
my impulse and yielded to the exigency of the case, thinking it wiser
not to get too far away from the tourist’s path. I therefore took a
night train back to Rio, spent a couple of days there cleaning up and
waiting for a steamer, bought a through ticket to Para on the Lloyd
Brazileiro, which gave me the privilege of stopping off as I pleased
THE GRAN HOTEL.
Of course there are other hotels in the city of Bello Horizonte, but this is most centrally located and has
the unique distinction of having been constructed by order of the municipality in conformity with other
buildings, although its management is in private hands. It has a semiofficial character, however, as it
can be used very suitably for public functions and receptions.
THE CENTRAL POLICE OFFICE.
Bello Horizonte has a fine police force, and has adopted the latest scientific developments of criminology.
Beginning afresh as the capital of the State of Minas Geraes, it can begin and continue a system which
will be of decided interest in the future.
392 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
at regular ports on the way, and embarked for new experiences about
2 o’clock one afternoon.
Very few foreigners travel on a Brazilian Lloyd coasting steamer,
and the stories I heard of them from the few I met who could talk
of their own knowledge, were not enlivening. But you know the
foreigner in Latin America, Mr. Editor. He is seldom satisfied, and
is usually complacently critical, so I discounted their tales and made
up my mind that I would have something tc say on my own account
before I got through with it, and that I would find something to
enjoy. I do not like to be eternally discontented with the trivial
accidents of the day, a habit that unfortunately seems to add zest
to many persons’ narrative of travel and investigation.
Judging, therefore, from what I have myself discovered, it is worth
while to give here an outline of the travel along the coast of Brazil,
Rio ce Janeiro to Para, at the commercial mouth of the Amazon
River. From Rio as far as Bahia, and in some steamers as far as
Pernambuco, most travelers take a European steamer—British,
French, German, Italian, Spanish, or some other less known. These
make no stop between Rio and Bahia, 730 miles (1,175 kilometers),
or between Bahia and Pernambuco, 400 miles (644 kilometers),
and consequently offer no opportunity to visit Intermediate ports.
Coastwise steamers touch at all ports, dividing them up among them-
selves, so that not all steamers have exactly the same itinerary.
There are several lines, the principal ones bemg a Companhia Nava-
gacao and the Lloyd Brazileiro, bearing somewhat the same relations
to the Government as does the Central Railway, but operated ma
more independent way. If a traveler wants to go to Aracaju, for
instance, he must either go first to Rio or Bahia, and then transfer
to a local steamer under the Brazilian flag. In my own ease, as it
was my duty to visit the whole coast, I had no choice (I must say
that I was rather glad of it), and welcomed the chance to be completely
Brazilian for the time being.
In some ways steamer habits in local waters differ from those
accepted as more suitable for a cosmopolitan cabin list. For example,
no early morning meal is served in the dining saloon, the passengers
rising as they please, take a bath when they please, and getting coffee,
with dry biscuit (crackers) and butter, served in the stateroom or in
the corridor into which it opens, at any hour from 6 to 9.30 a. m.
The real breakfast (almoco) comes at 10 a. m., and is a substantial
meal, with a bill of fare, wine for those who like it, and almost the
formality of a dinner. But Brazilians, among themselves (at least,
such is my experience), are not formal in the European sense. Cour-
teous always, and conversational as a rule, they like their meals
without ceremony when it comes to traveling. At about noon, and
again at 3.30 to 4, a tea is served; that is, crackers and cake, with
perhaps a jam or other sweet, is placed on the table, and the steward
THE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE, LIBERTY SQUARE.
Among the several buildings on the Government square, devoted to the official work of the departments
of the State of Minas Geraes, that of Finance is prominent. Each building is distinct from the others,
both in style and in character ,and each has an individuality so that once seen it is always remembered.
THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, LIBERTY SQUARE.
This is another of the solid buildings devoted to Government work. It exemplifies the permanent way in
which the State of Minas Geraes is laying a foundation.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
A side view of the home of the Interior Department shows in equally good light its solid structure and its
dignity. The inside is practically adapted for work and has all modern requirements for an office
uilding.
THE LAW SCHOOL, BELLO HORIZONTE.
The best-known law schools of Brazil are in Pernambuco andJSao Paulo. In Minas Geraes a relatively
new school has been founded, and it is now housed in this commodious building. Undoubtedly it is
destined to become one of the most popular professional faculties in the State.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 395
will bring a cup of tea Gn some steamers cocoa also, not coffee,
mirabile dictu) as required. At 5 p. m. there is the second regular
meal of the day, the dinner (jantar), which is still more abundant
and elaborate than the breakfast (or shall I say luncheon), but,
nevertheless, without great ceremony or dress. At about 9 p. m.,
another tea is offered, which few seem to attend, and thereafter
the stillness of the night falls upon the passengers, most of them going
to bed about 10. |
The deck and music room were always well occupied during the
day, and I heard a great deal of piano playmeg, because Brazilians
are fond of music and give great attention to the study of it. The
smoking room, on the other hand, was seldom crowded. Sometimes
T had it all to myself, at others there would be a game or so of cards,
or chess or dominoes, but. with nothing like the animation we know
so well on a trans-Atlantic vessel. The entire trip north of Rio
being in the Tropics and on gentle seas, there was seldom occasion for
seasickness, nor dread of rough and unsmiling weather. For the
two weeks I was along the coast, at least, I saw only.a few clouds in
the sky and not enough rain to do any damage, and the captains told
me that this south Atlantic was a model of gentleness compared to
the north Atlantic. Day and night we had pleasant, cool breezes,
so that it was comfortable all along, my thermometer systematically
registering so close to 80° F., going to 74° F. during the early morning
hours, that I soon ceased to keep a record; but I can assure anyone
who has the trip ahead of him, either by necessity or for adventure,
that as far as the temperature is concerned he has nothing to dread.
The great charm about this coast trip along Brazilian shores,
assuming that the grouchy Anglo-Saxon is not spoiling everything
by useless criticism and complaints, is the varying scenery as the
shore appears or disappears, and, above all, the opportunity to visit
many of the ports, the names of which have been long on the maps
in our geographies, but the actualities of which are dim and far away
to us northerners. It is a perfect panorama. On leaving Rio the
steamer passes slowly out through the narrows, with the Sugar Loaf
on the right and the wave-dashed fortress across the channel. Turn-
ing then toward the north, it soon comes close enough to Cabo Frio,
that mysterious ice box east of Rio, which chills the air in that
neighborhood. It really is no joke. It gets cold, right there in the
Tropics, and for a few hours an overcoat is grateful by day or a
blanket by might. But it is not my purpose or province to give a
description of this beautiful part of South America. It is to be
regretted that so little about it is said in books of travel, and that it
is so little known to tourists, even in comparison to the west coast;
but I must leave for better pens (typewriters) than mine to draw
attention to this coast line of Brazil, both north and south of Rio,
so that when closer relations between the continents are established,
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A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 397
this region may be popular to those who love travel in the Tropics.
My task is a simpler one—to give a hint or so as to how to get there.
The first port touched after leaving Rio de Janeiro is Victoria, the
capital of the State of Espirito Santo. The entrace is a delight, as
we made it early the following morning. It is Rio Harbor over again,
but condensed and elongated. High rocks, almost mountains, are
to the south; green hills to the north. A tortuous channel winds in
and out, sometimes beneath a towering crag on which is perched an
inaccessible monastery resembling some of the old castles on the
Rhine; again in open water, which appears to be an inland lake, so
obscured is the passage by which the steamer made its way. The
town of Victoria is as picturesque as can be imagined, clear at the
inner end of the bay, crowded on several hillsides, and busy with
shipping along the water front. It is no longer as isolated as it once
was, because there is now railway connection with Rio, and the
railway and dock company are building a huge pier at the north of
the harbor, on which trains can be well accommodated, and when the
commerce of Minas Geraes is diverted to this port there is promise
of greatly improved and facilitated business for all this part of Brazil.
At present Victoria has only about 20,000 inhabitants, but there
are electric trolleys, with some fine modern public buildings. I was
satisfied with my own prospects, at least, so have the town on my
map as something for the future, not only in my own activities, but
I hope also for other Yankee travelers who may follow me. I laid
over only between steamers, but as the next one happened to come
along in three days I took it to go as far as Maceio.
From Victoria the next important port north was Bahia, about
36 hours’ direct steaming. I dare not repeat what others have said
of Bahia, except that it is on a pleasant bay, where there is accommo-
dation for abundant shipping, and where I was just too early to see the
actual use of the new harbor works, which are soon to modernize the
shipping here. In Bahia I stayed a week, but felt that I might
have given more time to it. Then I took another steamer, going on
this trip as far as Maceio, 280 miles (450 kilometers), about 24 hours
of travel.
But, Mr. Editor, I must leave Maceio and the overland trip I
happened to make to this place, Pernambuco, till another letter. I
have just discovered that a mail goes out this afternoon, and this
letter must go withit. Down in this part of the world all correspond-
ence depends upon steamer departures, and as there are not so many
of them a month, one is compelled to plan accordingly. I don’t
know what will become of my own mail, now probably waiting for
me on the other side of the Equator, nor how you can reach me, nor
do expect to see a Bulletin for some weeks tocome. Até logo, how-
ever. I'll write again soon.
VIAJERO.
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Sincere expressions of sorrow were general in all Cuba at the
announcement of the death of Sr. ANTONIO CARRILLO DE ALBORNOZ,
which occurred in Habana a month ago. Sr. de Albornoz was a
distinguished personage of his native country. He had an elevated
and refined character, and was both respected and loved by all who
knew him. A simple gentleman, he combined with a deep culture
in things intellectual and spiritual an extensive knowledge of the
world, but his sympathies were never weakened thereby. At one
time Sr. de Albornoz was secretary of the Cuban legation at Wash-
ington, where he made many friends, but at the date of his death he
was (introductor de ministros) diplomatic secretary in the ministry
of foreign affairs in Habana. Cuba has lost a patriotic son, and the
society of Habana an honored leader, in Sr. Antonio de Albornoz.
The Goeldi Museum, in the city of Belem (Para), Brazil, is one of
the interesting places to visit in South America. It has undoubtedly
the finest collection of Amazon plants in the world, and has attached
a zoological garden of Amazonian life which is almost unique in its
excellence and character. Much of the credit for this museum is due
to Dr. Jaques Huser, whose death was announced as haying taken
place in Para, February 18, 1914. Dr. Huber was a native of Swit-
zerland, where he began his studies and where he was graduated with
a teacher’s diploma from Basel in 1890, receiving his doctorate degree
(cum laude) in 1892. Meanwhile he had worked at his chosen study
of botany in Montpellier (France), and later in Geneva (Switzerland),
becoming assistant at the botanical museum there. In 1895 he was
called to Para, Brazil, and in the following year he became director
of the botanical section of the Goeldi Museum. From that date till
his death he was constantly busy at his life work, traveling through
Brazil, improving his botanical gardens, writing reports of his investi-
gations, attending conventions and extending the usefulness of the
museum. He made it a storehouse of knowledge, as well as a pop-
ular resort for the people of Para. He issued many scientific reports,
especially cn rubber, its cultivation in the Amazon valley and its
place as a product of other countries. In quest of material for the
publication of his works, he not only traveled far and wide over the
Amazons and into the Ucayali, but also went over the Island of
Marajo and up to the frontier of French Guiana. He also visited
the Federated Malay States, Ceylon, Sumatra and Java, and made
398
Photo by Harris-Ewing.
ANTONIO CARRILLO DE ALBORNOZ.
SENOR DON ARISTIDES ARJONA, SENOR DON E. DIEZ DE MEDINA,
Judge of the Supreme Court of Panama. Assistant Secretary of Foreign Relations of Bolivia.
400 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
authentic reports on rubber conditions in these regions. His zeal was
untiring, his energy ceaseless. To his habits of industry was probably
due his death. Dr. Huber was well known, respected, admired, and
loved both in his adopted home, in his native land, and in many other
parts of the world. Asa tribute to his memory, the Society for the
Economic Defense of the Amazons recently uncovered an oil painting
of the late Director at the Museum, and then, marching in a body to
the cemetery, decorated his final resting place with beautiful floral
pieces.
Sr. Aristipes ArRJONA, one of the judges of the Supreme Court of
the Republic of Panama, has had a busy life and has constantly been
active in behalf of his native country. Im 1884 he was elected to
represent the Province of Los Santos in the constitutional assembly
that convened in the then Colombian State of Panama in January,
1885. In the same year he was made secretary of the prefecture of
Los Santos; in 1886 he was appointed principal judge; in 1890 and
1891 he was in charge of the principal prefecture; and in 1892-1894
he occupied a seat in the Congress of Colombia as a delegate from the
Province of Los Santos. As vice president of that body he at times
acted as presiding officer. In 1898 Sr. Arjona was appointed secre-
tary of finance, and for the next six years he was constantly in the
service of Colombia, but always loyal to his own Province of Los
Santos. On November 3, 1903, the council of government called a
convention to meet in 1904, and in this convention Sr. Arjona had
part as chief deputy from the Province of Los Santos, and he placed
his signature as such on the constitution of Panama. President
Amador appointed him to take charge of the treasury, and he estab-
lished the present monetary system of the Republic. In 1905 he was
made civil magistrate in the supreme court, and in 1907 he became
secretary of foreign affairs. Under President Obaldia, Sr. Arjona was
appointed secretary of government and justice. He was then named
as a judge of the supreme court, which place he occupies to-day.
Many Latin American diplomats enter the service through an inter-
est in journalism. Others combine with its active life a keen literary
talent which leads them to fruitful production in letters. Both of
these fields have been welloccupied by Sr. Don Epuarpo D1IEz DE
Mepin4, at present subsecretary of foreign affairs at La Paz, Bolivia.
He began his diplomatic career on the staff of the minister of foreign
affairs, and was soon appointed secretary of the Bolivian legation at
Buenos Aires. Returning to La Paz he became chief of the diplo-
matic division in the ministry of foreign affairs, leaving his country
again to become secretary of the legation in London. He was then
transferred to Madrid, first as secretary and then as chargé d'affaires,
Photo by Harris-Ewing.
3 ; DR. OSWALDO CRUZ,
SENOR DON CESAR A. BARRANCO,
Director of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, who recently re-
Consul of Cuba at Baltimore, who has been transferred to ceived a gold medal from the National Academy of Medi-
Pforzheim, Germany, where he will establish a new cine of Rio de Janeiro.
consulate.
SENOR DON OCTAVIO ESCOBAR VARGAS, CLIFFORD D. HAM,
Commissioner General of Venezuela to the Panama-Pacific Collector General of Customs at Managua, Nicaragua.
International Exposition, San Francisco, Cal., 1915.
402 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and thereafter to Tokyo, where he was consul general and chargé
d’affaires in Japan. He returned to South America and was in the
Bolivian legation at Santiago, Chile, as chargé d'affaires there, being
recalled to his own capital to take the post of subsecretary of the
war department, and afterwards subsecretary of foreign affairs. Dur-
ing this busy life he had found time to write books, poems, essays,
and pamphlets, some of pure imaginative quality, others of political
import in the interests of his native country. Sr. de Medina is only
30 years old, and he has therefore a long life of usefulness for Bolivia
ahead of him.
With the transfer to Pforzheim, Germany, of SENor Don César A.
BarRRANCO, for many years one of the energetic consular officers of
Cuba in the United States, his numerous friends extend best wishes
for the successful establishment of the consulate at that point and for
the fullest enjoyment of official duties in his new environment. Sr.
Barranco was born in Camaguey, Cuba, thirty-two years ago, and is a
graduate of the New York Military Academy and the New York
University, of New York. In 1904 he entered the consular service of
his country as acting secretary of the consulate in Tampa, Fla.,
and later was acting consul at Mobile, Ala. He came to Washington
in 1906 as Chancellor of the Cuban legation; was promoted to vice
consul in 1911, and in 1913 was made Consul of Cuba in Baltimore.
As special commissioner of his Government Sr. Barranco has con-
ducted a number of investigations. Sr. Barranco is a member of sey-
eral important societies here and has been honored with the Golden
Cross of the Cuban Red Cross Society for valuable services rendered.
When the National Academy of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro presented
to Dr. OswaLpo Cruz the gold medal awarded him at the medical.
congress of Bello Horizonte, it gave fitting recognition to the remark-
able services which that physician has rendered in improving sanitary
conditions in Brazil. The vigorous campaign he conducted to exter-
minate the mosquito and other disease-breeding insects from the Fed-
eral District and the splendid health conditions which he succeeded in
bringing about at Rio and other points, have won for him a foremost
place among health officers of the world. The establishment of the
Oswaldo Cruz Institute for Experimental Pathology and Serumthera-
peutics at Manguinhos, of which he is the director, and the advanced
research work which it is pursuing, are striking instances of the far-
sighted health policy laid down by Dr. Cruz in his capacity as director
general of public health.
Dr. Cruz assumed charge of the health division under the adminis-
tration of President Alves, in 1902, and he immediately inaugurated a
campaign: for the extinction of yellow fever from the capital city.
Commencing operations with a staff of about seventy-five physicians.
PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. 403
and a host of students, he directed that every house in the Federal
District be thoroughly disinfected, and, aided by the strong support of
the administration, this laborious work was carried out. In addition
not a single open tank, gutter, fish pond, puddle, or other deposit of
stagnant water escaped the attention of the health crusaders. In a
single year nearly one and a half million reservoirs, tanks, and other
such breeding places of insects were cleaned up and kept clean.
A feature of Dr. Cruz’s vigorous campaign was the founding of a
special service for the prophylaxy of yellow fever. He also effected
the isolation of yellow-fever patients and in other ways succeeded in
bringing about satisfactory health conditions in that country.
_ Itis with pleasure that the BULLETIN publishes the accompanying
portrait of Sr. Don Ocravio Escopar VarGas, appointed by his
Government to serve as commissioner general of Venezuela to the
Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco, Cal.,
1915. Sr. Escobar is weil known in Venezuela as a man of public
spirit and integrity. He has been identified with various move-
ments organized to promote the good and welfare of that nation.
His designation to this responsible position has been favorably com-
mented upon by the press and the public. Prior to his leaving
Caracas, a number of receptions and banquets were tendered in his
honor, some of an official nature and others of a private character.
At these functions were assembled the notable men of Venezuela,
together with prominent North Americans resident in that country,
and in cordial speeches renewed assurances were given of the friend-
ship and regard between them.
Mr. CiirFrorp D. Ham, at present collector general of customs at
Managua, Nicaragua, was born in Detroit, Mich., but spent his boy-
hood in Dubuque, Lowa, where he attended the public schools, and
went to Yale university for his degree. He became private secre-
tary to Gov. Boies, of Iowa, and subsequently editor of the Burling-
ton (lowa) Herald. Joining the Forty-ninth Iowa Volunteers in the
Spanish-American War, he was made lieutentant colonel, was trans-
ferred to the Philippine Islands, and was made collector of customs
of Iloilo and Cebu, being later appointed surveyor of the port of
Manila. From that post he retired to accept the position of collector
general of customs at Managua. The office of collector general was
created in 1911, and the nomination of Mr. Ham was made by the
President of Nicaragua on November 23, 1911, and meeting the
_approval of the Secretary of State of the United States, Mr. Ham =
assumed office on December 16, 1911. Since that time he has been
constantly occupied in Managua, allowing himself only slight leisure
to visit his home in Waterloo, Iowa.
ALFRED L. M. GOTTSCHALK, MAX J. BAEHR,
United States Consul General at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Recently transferred from post as United States consul at
Cienfuegos, Cuba, to Berne, Switzerland.
Photo by Harris-Ewing.
DR. CLINTON D. SMITH, IRWIN F. SCHEELER,
Welbnown Co a nee rare ea Reus) uD UES Who recently sailed for Bolivia to take photographs of the
; interesting sections of that country.
PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. 405
Mr. Atrrep L. M. GorrscuaLk has just been changed from his
position as consul general at large to that of consul general at Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, replacing Mr. Julius G. Lay, who is transferred to
Berlin. Consul General Gottschalk has had a long experience in the
service, having begun his work as collector of customs at Monte
Christi, Dominican Republic, from there being appointed, after exam-
ination, as consul at San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, in 1902. The
following year he was transferred to Callao, Peru, and two years later,
when the post was raised to a consulate general, he was correspond-
ingly promoted. In December, 1905, he was transferred to Mexico
City, where he remained till March 6, 1908, when he was designated
one of the five consuls general at large. His district then embraced
Huropean Russia, the Balkan States, Greece, Asia Minor, Persia,
India (as far as the western frontier of the Straits Settlements), and
Africa. It will be seen, therefore, that he has traveled over almost
the entire world, and brings a ripe experience to his new duties. Mr.
Gottschalk was born in New York City, and received his early educa-
tion at private schools there, going for his degree to Kenyon College
and to the University of the City of New York. He has been a news-
paper writer and contributor to magazines, and at one time was a
sugar planter in the Dominican Republic.
A pleasant and rather unusual honor was conferred upon Consul
Max JosppH Banner, who has recently been transferred in the service
from the post at Cienfuegos, Cuba, to that at Berne, Switzerland.
He was proclaimed by the residents of that city ‘‘Hio Adoptivo de
Cienfuegos” (adopted son of Cienfuegos), in token of his long and
admirable perfermance of his duties, and for the respect and even
love in which he was held by all branches of society. Many patriotic
societies were represented, and the municipal officers formally, in the
name of the municipality, conducted the ceremony, which was equiva-
lent to what in Europe is the honor of giving the keys of the city to a
distinguished guest. Mr. Baehr was born in Germany, but came to
the United States in his youth. He was educated in the public
schools, was employed as a bookkeeper and traveling salesman for
years, and moved to Nebraska for business reasons. In that State
he held pubhe office until he was appointed (on examination) July 21,
1898, consul at Kehl, Germany. He was appointed for Santos,
Brazil, but did not serve, being transferred to Magdeburg in 1900.
The consulate at Cientuegos he has occupied since June 6, 1902. As
the numerous evidences of gratification at his work in Cuba will show,
Mr. Baehr is a warm friend of Latin America, and will carry this
spirit with him into his native land.
An educator who has done much to increase the sympathetic rela-
tions between the United States and Brazilis Dr. CLinron D. Surru, .
who returned last year from five years of a busy and productive life
54904— Bull. 8—14
5
406 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
at the agriculiural college of the State of Sao Paulo, the Luiz de
Queiroz Escola Agricola of Piracicaba. Dr. Smith was born at
Trumansburg, New York State, attending the academy there and
later obtaining his degree in science and arts at Cornell University.
He studied botany and chemistry thereafter, and though ai one time
admitted to the bar, he gave his attention chiefly to his farming
interests and to his teaching work in Cornell. Called to the direc-
sorship of the Arkansas (State) Experimental Station, he later, from
1890 to 1893, was professor of dairy husbandry in the Metmesore
(State) University, founding special courses in that branch of agri-
culture and adding materially to the working facilities of the school.
In 1893 he was professor of agriculture at the Michigan (State)
Agricultural College, and then dean and director, the number of
students growing during his stay there to 1,000. In 1908 Dr. Smith
was called to Brazil to reorganize and to put on an American basis
the school already mentioned, and was so liked in his duties that the
number of students increased to 176, with others on the waiting list
for which entrance could not be provided. In 1913 Dr. Smith re-
turned to the United States, but has continued his interest in Brazil
and the school at Piracicaba, devoting much of his time in lectures
and addresses on South America.
Mr. Irwin F. ScHEELER, who is now on his way to Bolivia for the
purpose of carrying out in that Republic some of his artistic methods
of photography, has had an intimate acquaintance with South
America. For several years he traveled in that continent, and while
there he began to see the unsurpassed natural beauties of many
places too little known to artists and travelers, and to note the
admirable municipal improvements which the cities were carrying
on, but of which the people in the United States were unfortunately
uninformed. Mr. Scheeler therefore devoted himself to photography
for the purpose of preserving these impressions, and so perfected him-
self that he soon made a unique name as an artist with the camera in
ambitious landscape work. He has taken photographs of many cities
in South America, and of not a few interior scenes. His most am-
bitious accomplishment probably was a series of panoramic views of
Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Santiago, Panama, Bahia, Sao Paulo,
and Rio de Jemez, the last being fale from the top of the “Sugar
Loaf,’ after prolonged effort and a persistence that would have dis-
couraged many another man. To get the best results he devised an
apparatus especially for the purpose, the film from which was almost
12 feet long, but which gave a comprehensive picture of the city that
went beyond earlier photographs of that beautiful harbor. Many
of these views are on exhibition in the photograph room of the Pan
American Union. On Mr. Scheeler’s return it is hoped that the
collection will be further enriched by views of some of the wonderful
landscapes of the Bolivian highlands.
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Bogota: The Athens of South America, by Iilhan E. Elhott, in
The Pan American Magazine for July, 1914, is one of several excellent
articles dealing with Colombia appearing in the issue. The author,
in two preceding articles, describes her journey up the Magdalena
River from Baranquilla to Girardot, and thence to Bogota by rail-
way. The following excerpts, covering a few of the main features of
her detailed and interesting description of the capital city of the
Republic, will give some idea of the general character of the story:
Bogota, capital of the Department of Cundinamarca and of the Republic of Colom-
bia, has a natural position, which is at the same time one of the loveliest and one of
the strangest in the world.
It is beautiful because it lies at the foot of noble mountains, on a high and fertile
plateau, which is itself 8,600 feet above the level of the sea; its streets climb up into
the lower slopes, and behind it the peaks of the Cordilleras fall away in a deep opening,
where crystal water flows down from frigid heights and where an enchanting moun-
tain road winds away to virgin vales that in three days’ riding lead to the tributaries
of the mighty Amazon.
Lying thus upon the extreme east of the plain, Bogota looks out upon a wide and
rich country 60 miles long north and south and 30 miles wide east and west. The
soil is rich and practically every inch of it is put to some purpose; there are miles of
grazing lands where sleek cattle wander cropping the sweet herbage at their pleasure,
endless fields of potatoes, brilliant acres of wheat and barley. And the whole plateau
is dotted with little farmhouses, with white walls and brown roofs, neat and com-
fortable houses, where the sturdy Colombian children show rosy faces at the door.
Funza, site of the old capital of the Chibchas, lies in the middle of the plain, a little
town forgetful of its past.
When the Conquistador Carlos Jimenez de Quesada reached this plain at the end
of a terrible journey that lasted for two years, he and his little band were charmed
with the aspect of it. * * *
No wonder that in this land of plenty the brave and travel-worn Spaniards were
content to stay; this was at last the ‘“‘land which puts an end to our troubles,”’ land
of gold, land of plenty, where one could make a permanent home, a land of large
populations, where the people went clothed, the blessed land, serene and beautiful.
Quesada’s victory over the Zipa, the king of kings of the Chibchas, was a fairly
easy one, for although he was resisted until he actually reached the great city on the
plain, where 20,000 Indians are said to have lived, yet on his approach the chieftain
fled and the invaders were able to take possession without much trouble.
The Indians were, indeed, valuable to the Spaniards, and Quesada preferred that
they should continue to occupy under orders their city, for the reason that he did
not wish to molest them, and to remain at a safe distance from their overwhelming
numbers he founded his new city, not on the Indian site in the center of the plain,
but at the foot of the hills at the east, below the shoulders of Montserrate and Guada-
OwyOe, 8
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 409
I said that the position of Bogota was both beautiful and strange; no words can
convey the first, and the camera and brush fail as completely as the pen to do justice
to it, but its peculiar geographical place in the Spanish colonies can be more readily
described.
The Bogota Plateau lies a little aside from the direct line of the great valley of the
Magdalena River, 700 miles from the sea. At the time of the Spanish foundation
both seashore and river banks were entirely uninhabited by white men, with the
exception of the new cities of Cartagena and Santa Marta, on the Atlantic, and the
frightful perils of the upriver journey were enough to make the stoutest heart sink.
The only access to this upland plateau was overland through Venezuela or Peruvian
territory, or by way of the Magdalena, and all of these routes entailed terrible risks.
Federman took three years to arrive from Coro, and Quesada’s journey endured for
two years. The Spaniards knew exactly what difficulties separated them from all
connection with the outer world, their homes, and all that a man of the day counted
as fame.
Yet, without hesitation, these lion-hearted men set about making a city in this
remote mountain vale, surrounded by thousands of enemies as they were, a handful
but 170 strong, and without any chance of succor if their experiment came to grief.
They were justified, for within a few years Santa Fe de Bogota was a thriving place.
Undeterred either by danger or difficulty, men struggled up the river or across from
Maracaibo or Quito—journeys at which travelers hesitate to-day, but which the
Spaniards faced without a second thought—and joined the new settlement. It was
rich in gold, in emeralds from the ancient and famous mines, and, best of all reason,
for the establishment of those ‘‘permanent homes” of which Castellanos sang, the
climate was brisk and enlivening, and food abundant. The Indians must have con-
tributed largely to this end, for they accepted the conquest, and lived beside their
conquerors with what I suppose was the same kindly spirit that is so marked in the
people of their race to-day. Nowhere in the world has it been my fortune to encounter
such pleasant, smiling service as that of the working classes of Colombia, and I can
not but believe that these agreeable manners spring from a fundamentally amiable
PACHA Gorey, Te
With independence not only the name of Santa Fe was dropped, but that of New
Granada; the Gran Colombia, Bolivar’s new Republic, comprising Cundinamarca,
Quito, and Venezuela, with vice presidents in Caracas, Quito, and Bogota, with the
latter erected into the capital of the unified Republic.
The federation fell to pieces in 1885, the three departments becoming independent
republics of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, and from that time Bogota remained
the capital of the United States of Colombia. * * *
Before visiting the capital, the writer was repeatedly told that Bogota was backward,
out of the world, not in touch with modern progress. But experience proved exactly
the reverse. I found in Bogota a mental alertness, an intellectual activity, and an
interest in international events which is not always found in supposedly advanced
cities. There is, too, a kind of intellectual freemasonry among the cultured Bogotanos
that makes hfe a very pleasant thing in that nook among the high hills, and the writer
will never forget the kindness, and what is more, the marked interest, shown again
and again during a visit all too brief. It is the paradise of the writer and the artist,
this upland city of Bogota.
Bogota’s own sons are responsible for by far the greater part of the modern industrial
hfe of the city, another result of her removal from the coast. She has worked out her
own salvation, neither suffering nor gaining from outside influence, as have the towns
of the sea border. As a result, European ideas have prevailed in Bogota more than
those of the North American continent. The intellectual tendencies of Bogota and
many of her industrial activities owe more to Paris and London and Madrid than to
any part of the American continent.
410 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
All this is but a logical consequence of the association for three hundred years with
Spain, and in more recent years with France and Great Britain during the strugele for
independence. * * *
Of Bogota’s remarkable climate she writes:
This is a place of perpetual spring, the temperature varying between 60° and 65° F.
all the year round. Roses and lilies are in constant bloom, the baskets of orchids
hanging about our upper balconies show here and there a delicate spray of exquisite
pink and white odontoglossum or fantastic stanhopea, the violet beds are scented with
masses of blue and white flowers. Strawberries are ripe all the year, and the market
is never without a wealth of Tropic and Temperate Zone fruits, apples and pears and
peaches, as well as pineapples and bananas. * * *
Of the importance of the city and of its commercial and social
aspects she states:
The principle business section, the commercial heart of Bogota, lies on Carreras 7
and 8, between Calles 11 and 15. In this part of the city are the largest banks, the
most important business houses and stores. There are many fine stone buildings, some
with artistic decorations, and all of solid and handsome construction. Several of the
excellent stores displaying ladies’ clothes contain costumes of the most recent Parisian
style, and those imported can be distinguished at a glance by the fact that they are
crushed and creased. This creasing is the hall-mark of style, and many a pretty
Bogota lady of fashion wears her clothes with this stamp of the packing case upon
them. To eliminate these marks with the pressing iron would be to destroy the
cachet of new Parisian importation.
The streets are thronged with people all day long. The men are nearly all dressed
in black, many of them in long coats and silk hats. A straw hat and light suit is
the rarest sight on Bogota business streets. The ladies, too, who walk about freely at
any hour, generally in pairs, are more frequently clothed in black than in color, even
when they adopt European styles.
One may lay down a fairly general rule that the ladies of wealth and of modern
tendencies wear European hats in the street, suits, and gloves; but a larger percentage
of the maidens with lovely rosy complexions seen daily on the streets wear a black
silk mantilla, edged with broad lace, coquettishly draped over their pretty little
heads, drawn tightly over the left shoulder and as tightly crossing over the right of
the waist; with thisa black skirtis worn. * * *
On Sundays nearly every lady, whatever she may wear in the way of gay Parisian
clothes on week days, goes to mass wrapped in the mantilla, and very becoming it is
to her. No woman who is without Spanish blood in her veins can wear that garment
properly, I am sure, and nothing suits the piquant face and abundant hair of the
Bogotana so well.
On Carrera 7 is the Bazar Veracruz, the lower part occupied by an extensive printing
establishment, and the upper divided into 30 suites of offices. I believe that this is
the first of Bogota’s office buildings specially erected for that purpose, and all the
rooms are well ventilated, light. and, in fact, excellent for their purpose. Many of
the businesses in the city are almost sumptuously housed; they do a conservative,
steady business, for the most part, and while there are several foreign names conspicu-
ous among them, the great part of Bogota trade and industry is in the hands cf Celom-
bians born and bred.
As one walks the streets of the capital, getting an insight into the life of the place,
one realizes presently what a big place it is. Its population is reckoned at 140,000,
» but the list is probably much longer if the suburbs are all included. Many streets are
well paved with asphalt, while others in the less busy sections retain their paving 1n
the old Spanish style, the streets covered with cobblestones and drained in the center.
‘VIAWOTOO ‘NITTACUW ‘OlMYHE MUVd GNV ANWLVLS ‘VIAWO'LOD ‘VLODOd “SUALUVN AHL TO VZVTd Casinh
412 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Macadamized lengths of street are also found; steam rollers are at work constantly,
and quantities of fine granite are brought down from the neighboring hills for the
bettering of Bogota roads. * * *
The educational features are dealt with as follows:
Education ranks high in Bogota. For nearly three centuries learning was in the
hands of the religious orders almost without exception, and a classical education
predominated. To-day, while the arts are still widely taught, there are several tech-
nical schools, and the Government has done much to encourage the advance of liberal
Solaire
There is a national university in Bogota of old-standing reputation, with depart-
ments of modern sciences as well as classics, while the institution of perhaps greatest
classical fame is the College of Nuestra Sefiora del Rosario, founded as long ago as
1654. The College of San Bartolomeo and the School of Commerce each count over
600 students, the Art School is excellently equipped and attended, and the
Conservatory of Music is not only popular but turns out musicians of high rank.
The Convent of the Sacred Heart is perhaps the finest school for girls and most
joojoulleye,
The military academy is conspicuous in Bogota, a building where the young officers
of the Republic are well housed and well taught. You may meet these cadets fre-
quently upon the streets, their erect figures clad in smart uniforms. Both soldiers
and police are excellently uniformed, and the courtesy of the latter to the inquiring
foreigner 1s a thing to remember.
The caps and helmets of the soldiery are markedly German in style; the more
recent instructors of the Colombian Army have been Chileans, and these were in their
turn trained by German officers; the rifle in use is of the most excellent modern
pattern, and the machine and field guns last purchased are from the finest European
makers.
The astronomic observatory of Bogota was established in 1803, and is the highest
in the world after that of Quito.
Among other points of interest in Bogota are the Biblioteca Nacional, well equipped,
housed well, and most courteously at the disposition of vistors; the Biblioteca Pombo,
in the Pasaje Rufino Cuervo, itself a fine new building, is also well worth a
SVAl'S i bemeicus eae
Many other interesting facts are brought out and the author con-
cludes the story with the following paragraphs anent the railway
facilities of the city:
Three railways run out of Bogota. The most important to-day, because it links
the capital to the Magdalena River, is the Ferrocarril de la Sabana, running across
the plain to Facatativa, and there transferring its passengers to the Girardot Railway,
where steamboats connect for the upper river journey. This water trip extends to
Beltran, where another railway takes the traveler to La Dorada, whence the lower
river journey is made to Barranquilla, and yet another railway from that point con-
ducts to Puerto Colombia on the Caribbean Sea.
The Ferrocarril del Sur runs out 1n a southerly direction across the plain as far as
Sibate, where there are valuable salt mines and access to a fine coffee region. A
station at Chusaca connects with a shuttle train for the famous falls of Tequendama.
The third line, the Ferrocarril del Norte, also operates to salt mines, connecting
with those of Nemocon and Zipaquira. These are the most important of the plateau
and were worked for many a century before the Spaniards dragged their weary bodies
over the wall of mountains and looked down upon the pleasant spread of grassy plain.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 413
Upon this same grassy plain the traveler looks out to-day when leaving the city of
Bogota, endeared to him by its own charm and the bondad of Bogotanos. Scores of
white farmhouses, trimly fenced, dot the plateau; hundreds of cattle graze on verdant
pasture, and beyond les the wall of the Cordilleras. Look back at Bogota, nestled
among willows and eucalyptus, her crowded houses a splash of white among the trees;
behind are the twin mountains, crowned with their churches, the rocky scars and
clefts clothed with a kindly mantle of green as they march away into the clear distance.
Hasta la vista, tierra de benedicién!
Medellin, one of the chief cities of Colombia, is the subject of another
descriptive article in the July number of the Pan American Maga-
zine. So little is known in the United States of this enterprising
city that the following excerpts may be of interest:
The city of Medellin, capital of the Colombian Department of Antioquia, like
many other important places of Spanish foundation in Latin America, occupies a
position far inland and high up among the mountains. The town is built on a plain
nearly 5,000 feet above sea level, almost entirely surrounded by mountains rising to
heights of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the city.
The history of Medellin from the time of its foundation by the Spanish conquista-
dores to the present day shows that the growth and importance of the city are due to
the natural advantages it possesses both as a location for a town and as a center for a
fertile agricultural district and a wonderful mining region.
The valley, called by its original inhabitants Aburra, was discovered by Jeronimo
Luis Tejelo, a heutenant of Jorge Robledo, in 1541. * * *
- After its discovery the valley, christened San Bartolome by the Spaniards, was
neglected for over 30 years, until in 1574 the conquistador Gaspar de Rodas, seeing
its splendid situation, its fertility, and agricultural possibilities, requested the council
of Antioquia to give him 4 leagues of land for the purpose of raising cattle and crops.
This request was, with the approval of the governor of Popayan, granted to him,
though the space was reduced to 3 leagues. This farm settlement was the real be-
ginning of the present city of Medellin—such an ideal position was not likely to be
left for long without attracting attention, and land in this choice spot was eagerly
sought after by Spanish settlers. * * *
Growing in size and increasing in importance, the town received in 1675 a royal
charter from Spain and was granted a coat of arms, the name being changed to Medel-
lin, on account of the great interest he had taken in the foundation of the town. At
the same time an architect, Augustin Patino, was intrusted with the work of plan-
ning out the town and straightening, as far as possible, the old and crcoked streets.
Continuing in prosperity, Medellin, then with 6,000 inhabitants, was in 1826 made
capital of the Department of Antioquia, a dignity of which she has, by her rapid ex-
pansion and increasing commerce, shown herself to be well worthy; to-day she num-
bers 75,000 population.
Medellin is, according to the usual custom, laid out in regular squares, but the streets
instead of being numbered have been given names well known in Latin American
history, such as Maracaibo, Bolivar, Peru, Junin, and Argentina. The principal busi-
ness section of the city has its center in the vicinity of the Plaza de Berrio, a fine square
on which stands the old cathedral, as well as a number of handsome office buildings.
Banking houses and commission agencies seem to comprise the chief business of the
city, and it is very noticeable that nearly all of these, as wellas the wholesale and retail
stores, are in the hands of Colombian firms. Two reasons may be given to account for
this—first, Medellin’s inland position, but principally the enterprise and acute busi-
ness instinct of the Antioquenos themselves, who leave little opportunity jor foreign
firms to obtain a footing in the commerce of the district.
PORT OF AMBALEMA, ON THE MAGDALENA RIVER, COLOMBIA.
UNIVERSITY OF MEDELLIN, MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 415
The active state of trade in the city is obvious from the number of people to be seen
moving about the streets and from the trains of pack mules and carts carrying produce
trom the agricultural districts in the vicinity. The newly opened railroad from Medel-
lin to Botero is kept fully employed with passengers and freight to and from the Mag-
dalena River, and the recent Inauguration of the motor-bus service between various
parts of the city is a sure sign that, although Medellin may be separated from the outer
world by its location, its people are fully aware of modern needs and deal with them
by modern methods. * * *
Descriptions of the streets, the environment of the city, the new
cathedral, etc., are given in interesting detail. As to climate and
means of transportation the author says:
The climate of Medellin, on account of the altitude and the proximity of the city
to the Equator (it is in latitude 6° north), is both temperate and even, never being
extremely hot and varying very little throughout the year, the mean temperature
being 23° C., which equals 73° F. The nights are comfortably cool without being cold,
the surrounding mountains sheltering the city from high winds, and so helping to a great
extent to keep the temperature steady. People from abroad residing in Medellin for
any length of time are apt to find the climate monotonous in its regularity and welcome
a holiday if only for the sake of getting a change of weather, though any change may
be for the worse.
As Medellin owes its present position as a commercial city to its importance as a
trading center, and in particular as a point of access to the gold and coffee regions for
which Antioquia is famed, so does its future growth depend on its means of communi-
cation. The roads of the district, good as they are, hardly serve modern requirements
and the increasing trade of the Department.
The completion of the section of the Ferrocarril de Antioquia between Cisneros and
Botero will clear the way to the Magdalena River and so to the Atlantic. The reduc-
tion of freights and the saving of valuable time in transit is of great importance to the
trade of the district, and when this section is in operation a work of benefit to the whole
community will have been accomplished.
Another line at present constructed and in operation as far as Amaga, about 16 miles
south of Medellin, has been planned to run along the Cauca Valley to Cali (connecting
with Manizales bya branch line), giving an outlet for Antioquenean produce at Buena-
ventura on the Pacific coast, a route that will have the advantage of being entirely by
rail and avoiding the necessity for transshipment.
With these two routes open the trade of Antioquia will receive an impulse with a
corresponding effect on the trade of Medellin, a city whose recent rapid growth will be
as nothing compared with what lies before it.
Through the Highland Wilderness of Western Brazil is the subtitle
of the fifth installment (August) of Col. Roosevelt’s A Hunter-
Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness series, running in Scribner’s
magazine. The topography of the country through which the journey
lay, its adaptability to agricultural development, the varied character
of its vegetation, etc., are described in considerable detail, as may be
gathered from the following excerpts:
From Tapirapoan our course lay northward up to and across the Plan Alto, the high-
land wilderness of Brazil. From the edges of this highland country, which is geologic-
ally very ancient, the affluents of the Amazon to the north and of the Plate to the south
flow, with immense and devious loops and windings.
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller
CROSSING A BRAZILIAN STREAM ON A PONTOON FERRY.
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller.
“MHROUGH THE HIGHLAND WILDERNESS OF BRAZIL.”
“4 train of pack oxen left, loaded with provisions, tools, and other things.”
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller. .
CAMPING ON THE PLAN ALTO OF BRAZIL.
“We were on the Plan Alto, the high central plain of Brazil, the healthy land of dry air, of cool nights, of
clear running brooks.’? (From ‘‘Through the Highland Wilderness of Western Brazil,’ by Theodore
Roosevelt, in the August number of Scribner’s Magazine.)
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller.
COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN CAMP.
Tilustrating ‘“‘Through the Highland Wilderness of Western Brazil,’ in Scribner’s Magazine for August
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller.
CAMPING ALONG THE TRAIL,
“Pires were lit, and after a fourteen hours’ fast we feasted royally on beans and rice and pork and beef,
seated around ox skins spread upon the ground.” (Col. Theodore Roosevelt, in ‘Through the High-
land Wilderness of Western Brazil,” in the August number of Scribner’s Magazine.)
418 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
On January 21 we ourselves started, with the mule train. Of course, as always in
such a journey, there was some confusion before the men and the animals of the train
settled down to the routine performance of duty. In addition to the pack animals we
all had riding mules. The first day we journeyed about 12 miles, then crossing the
Sepotuba and camping beside it, below a series of falls, or rather rapids. The country
was level. It was a great natural pasture, covered with a very open forest of low
twisted trees, bearing a superficial likeness to the cross timbers of Texas and Oklahoma.
Tt is as well fitted for stock raising as Oklahoma; and there is also much fine agricul-
tural land, while the river will ultimately yield electric power. It isa fine country for
settlement. The heat is great at noon; but the nights are not uncomfortable. We
were supposed to be in the middle of the rainy season, but hitherto most of the days
had been fine, varied with showers. The astonishing thing was the absence of mosqui-
LOCSE en vae ae
From the Sepotuba Rapids our course at the outset lay westward. The first day’s
march away from the river lay through dense tropical forests. Away from the broad
beaten route every step of a man’s progress represented slashing a trail with the
machete through the tangle of bushes, low trees, thorny scrub, and interlaced creepers.
There were palms of new kinds, very tall, slender, straight, and graceful, with rather
short and few fronds. The wild plantains, or pacovas, thronged the spaces among the
trunks of the tall trees; their boles were short, and their broad erect leaves gigantic;
they bore brilliant red-and-orange flowers. There were trees whose trunks bellied
into huge swellings. There were towering trees with buttressed trunks, whose leaves
made a fretwork against the sky far overhead. Gorgeous red-and-green trogons, with
long tails, perched motionless on the lower branches and uttered a loud thrice-repeated
whistle. We heard the calling of the false bell bird, which is gray, instead of white
like the true bell birds; it keeps among the very topmost branches. Heavy rain fell
shortly after we reached our camping place.
Next morning at sunrise we climbed a steep slope to the edge of the Parecis Plateau,
at a level of about 2,009 feet above the sea. We were on the Plan Alto, the high cen-
tral plain of Brazil, the healthy land of dry air, of cool nights, of clear-running brooks.
The sun was directly behind us when we topped the rise. Reining in, we looked
back over the vast Paraguayan marshes, shimmering in the long morning lights.
Then, turning again, we rode forward, casting shadows far before us. It was 20 miles
to the next water, andin hot weather the journey across this waterless, shadeless,
sandy stretch of country is hard on the mules and oxen. But on this day the sky
speedily grew overcast and a cool wind blew in our faces as we traveled at a quick run-
ning walk over the immense rolling plain. * * *
The following day we again rode on across the Plan Alto. In the early afternoon,
in the midst of a downpour of rain, we crossed the divide between the basins of
the Paraguay and the Amazon. That evening we camped on a brook whose waters
ultimately ran into the Tapajos. The rain fell throughout the afternoon, now lightly,
now heavily, and the mule train did not get up until dark. But enough tents and flies
were pitched to shelter all of us. Fires were lit, and, after a 14 hours’ fast, we feasted
royally on beans and rice and pork and beef, seated around the oxskins spread upon
the ground. The sky cleared; the stars blazed down through the cool night; and
wrapped in our blankets we slept soundly, warm, and comfortable. * * *
The approach to the headwaters of the Rio Duvida led to various
discussions as to its course, and Col. Roosevelt writes:
Col. Rondon and Lieut. Lyra held many discussions as to whither the Rio Duvica
flowed and where its mouth might be. Its provisional name—‘‘river of doubt ’”—
was given it precisely because of this ignorance concerning it; an ignorance which it
was one of the purposes of our trip to dispel. It might go into the Gy-Parana, in which
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller.
MOTOR VANS IN THE BRAZILIAN WILDERNESS.
‘It was strange to see these big motor vans out in the wilderness where there was not a settler, not a
civilized man except the employees of the Telegraphic Commission.’”? (Col. Theodore Roosevelt, in
“Through the Highland Wilderness of Western Brazil,’ in Scribner’s Magazine for August, 1914.)
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller.
COL. ROOSEVELT READY FOR THE DAY’S RIDE.
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller.
A NATURALISTS’? CAMP.
The airy shelter under which Cherrie and Miller, the naturalists of the expedition, prepared their specimens
and slept at night. (Illustrating ‘‘Through the Highland Wilderness of Western Brazil,’’ by Theodore
Roosevelt, in Scribner’s Magazine for August, 1914.) 4
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller.
FATHER ZAHM STARTING ON A DAY’S JOURNEY.
Upon concluding their stay at the Utiarity Falls, Father Zahm left the party and returned to Tapirapoan,
thence to the United States.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 49]
case its course must be very short; it might flow.into the Madeira low down, in which
case its course would be very long; or, which was unlikely, it might flow into the
Tapajos. There was another river, of which Col. Rondon had come across the head-
waters, whose course was equally doubtful, although in its case there was rather more
probability of its flowing into the Juruena, by which the Tapajos is known for its upper
half. To this unknown river Col, Rondon had given the name Ananas, because
when he came across it he found a deserted Indian field with pineapples, which the
hungry explorers ate greedily. Among the things the colonel and I hoped to accom-
plish on the trip was to do a little work in clearing up one or the other of these two
doubtful geographical points, and thereby to push a little forward the knowledge of
ISS REO, Ss
Among the many original features of the narrative the following
excerpts descriptive of the Parecis Indians and the game which
might be termed “head” football, in which they seemed to delight,
are of unusual interest:
The Parecis Indians, whom we met here, were exceedingly interesting. They
were to all appearance an unusually cheerful, good-humored, pleasant-natured people.
Their teeth were bad; otherwise they appeared strong and vigorous, and there were
plenty of children. The colonel was received as a valued friend and as a leader who
was to be followed and obeyed. He is raising them by degrees—the only way by
which to make the rise permanent. In this village he has got them to substitute for
the flimsy Indian cabins houses of the type usual among the poorer field laborers and
back-country dwellers in Brazil. The houses have roofs of palm thatch, steeply
pitched. They are usually open at the sides, consisting merely of a framework of
timbers, with a wall at the back; but some have the ordinary four walls, of erect palm
logs. The hammocks are slung in the houses, and the cooking is also done in them,
with pots placed on small open fires, or occasionally in a kind of clay oven. The big
gourds for water and the wicker baskets are placed on the ground or hung on the poles.
The men wore shirts and trousers, but the women had made little change in their
clothing. A few wore print dresses, but obviously only for ornament. Most of them,
especially the girls and young married women, wore nothing but a loin cloth in addi-
tion to bead necklaces and bracelets. The nursing mothers—and almost all the
mothers were nursing—sometimes carried the child slung against their side or hip,
seated in a cloth belt, or sling, which went over the opposite shoulder of the mother.
The women seemed to be well treated, although polygamy is practiced. The children
were loved by everyone; they were petted by both men and women, and they
behaved well to one another, the boys not seeming to bully the girls or the smaller
boys. Most of the children were naked, but the girls early wore the loin cloth; and
some, both of the little boys and the little girls, wore colored print garments, to the
evident pride of themselves and their parents. In each house there were several
families, and life went on with no privacy, but with good humor, consideration, and
fundamentally good manners. * * *
The children played together, or lay in little hammocks, or tagged around after their
mothers; and when called they came trustfully up to us to be petted or given some
small trinket; they were friendly little souls, and accustomed to good treatment.* * *
But the absorbing amusement of the men was an extraordinary game of ball. These
Parecis Indians enthusiastically play footballs with their heads. The game is not only
native to them, but I have never heard or read of its being played by any other tribe
of people. They use a light hollow rubber ball, of their own manufacture. It is
circular and about 8 inches in diameter. The players are divided into two sides and
stationed much as in association football, and the ball is placed on the ground to be
put in play as in football. Then a player runs forward, throws himself flat on the
54904—Bull. 83—14—_6
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller.
THE FALLS OF UTIARITY, BRAZIL.
-‘T doubt whether, excepting, of course, Niagara, there is a waterfall in North America which outranks
this if both volume and beauty are considered.”” (Col. Theodore Roosevelt in ‘‘Through the Highland
Wilderness of Western Brazil,’ in the August number of Scribner’s Magazine.)
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller.
THE SALTO BELLO FALLS, BRAZIL.
“The falls themselves are very lovely. Just dbove them is a wooded island, but the river joins again before
it races forward for the final plunge. There is a sheer drop of 40 or 50 yards, with a breadth two or three
times as great; and the volume of water is large.’? (Col. Theodore Roosevelt, in ‘‘Through the Highland
Wilderness of Western Brazil,” in the August number of Scribner’s.)
Photo by Mr. Leo Miller.
A PARECIS MOTHER.
Of the women of the Parecis Indians Col. Roosevelt writes: ‘‘Most of them, especially the girls and
young married women, wore nothing but a loin cloth in addition to bead necklaces and bracelets.
The nursing mothers—and almost all the mothers were nursing—sometimes carried the child slung
against their side or hip, seated in a cloth belt, or sling, which went over the opposite shoulder of
the mother.”’ (Illustrating ‘‘Through the Highland Wilderness ef Western Brazil,’”? by Theodore
Roosevelt, in the August number of Scribner’s Magazine.)
424 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
eround, and butts the ball toward the opposite side. This first butt, when the ball
is on the ground, never lifts it much, and it rolls and bounds toward the opponents.
One or two of the latter run toward it; one throws himself flat on his face and butts the
ball back. Usually this butt lifts it, and it flies back in a curve well up in the air, and
an opposite player, rushing toward it, catches it on his head with such a swing of his
brawny neck and such precision and address that the ball bounds back through the
air as a football soars after a drop kick. If the ball flies off to one side or the other it is
brought back and again put in play. Often it will be sent to and fro a dozen times,
from head to head, until it finally rises with such a sweep that it passes far over the
heads of the opposite players and descends behind them. Then shrill, rolling cries of
good-humored triumph arise from the victors, and the game instantly begins again with
fresh zest. There are, of course, no such rules as in a specialized ball game of civiliza-
tion, and I saw no disputes. There may be 8 or 10 or many more players on each side.
The ball is never touched with the hands or feet or with anything except the top of the
head. It is hard to decide whether to wonder most at the dexterity and strength with
which it is hit or butted with the head as it comes down through the air or at the reckless
speed and skill with which the players throw themselves headlong on the ground to
return the ball if it comes low down. Why they do not grind off their noses I can not
imagine. Some of the players hardly ever failed to catch and return the ball if it came
in their neighborhood, and with such a vigorous toss of the head that it often flew in a
ereat curve for a really astonishing distance. * * *
The author also describes a unique dance of these Indians and gives
many entertaining details of their customs and manner of living. A
side trip to the Falls of Utiarity gives occasion for a description of this
wonderful cascade. The rainy season had come on and the reader is
given some idea of the discomforts incident to exploration in the
Brazilian wilderness.
Railway Expansion in South America is the title of a series of articles
now running in Moody’s Magazine (New York). In the August num-
ber may be found Mr. Fredrick M. Halsey’s article dealing with the
railways of Chile and Bolivia. Omitting the descriptive matter rela-
tive to the countries, the following excerpts give a comprehensive
review of the various systems of the two countries:
Following the coast of Chile southward from the Peruvian line, the first port reached
is Arica. This town boasts of afair harbor. Two railways, the Arica & Tacna Railway
and the Arica-La Paz Railway, have their terminals at the port. The former runs
through a barren country to Tacna, some 40 miles away, the outlet for a rich valley.
This railway was to have been extended to La Paz, Bolivia, but the opportunity has
been lost, owing to the construction of the Arica-La Paz Railway. The company,
however, pays a nominal dividend to its British stockholders.
The Arica-La Paz Railway is owned by the Chilean Government, although Bolivia
is paying, by means of a 3 per cent annual sinking fund, for the portion of the line
within its boundaries. The railway, 248 miles in length (129 miles in Chile), is the
shortest of the three lines from the Pacific to La Paz. It cost over $15,000,000 to build
and is spoken of as a railway of a thousand wonders.
From Arica the line strikes off northeasterly and soon begins its climb through a
barren, waterless waste, toward the top of the Andes. So rugged is the country trav-
ersed that the engineers when surveying the line were frequently compelled to blast
a trail out of the solid rock, in order to advance up the mountain side. Innumerable
hardships were suffered by the builders of the road. No drinking water, food, or fuel
could be found. These had to be brought from a great distance. Engineering diffi-
>
RAILWAY EXPANSION IN SOUTH AMERICA.
1. Laying track into Oruro, Bolivia.
2. Track laying on the Oruro-Viachi line in Bolivia.
3. Excursion train on a new railroad in Bolivia.
426 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
culties were met with everywhere. Many tunnels had to be bored through mountain
spurs and numerous bridges thrown over ravines. Where the grades are the steepest
the rack system was put into use. The railway crosses the divide at an altitude of
about 14,108 feet.
The last spike was driven in 1913, and the running time from La Paz to the sea has
been shortened by halfaday. A weekly passenger train in each direction was in oper-
ation early in 1914. Sleeping cars are carried, and it is expected that train service
will be bettered shortly. Freight traffic, though light, is increasing. A branch
recently constructed to the Coracora mining district will bring new tonnage to the
road.
Southward from Arica are the three nitrate ports, Pisagua, Iquique, and Pattilos,
all of which are terminals of the Nitrate Railways, a prosperous British-owned system,
operating about 377 miles of main track and spurs, traversing a large portion of the
nitrate belt. Iquique, the principal port, is a town where rain never falls. The place
is quite up-to-date, however, boasting of tramways, electric lights, etc. * * *
The next ports worthy of mention are Mejillones and Antofagasta, the tidewater
terminals of the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, the most important privately owned
railway in Chile and Bolivia and one of the best paying lines in South America.
From the two above-mentioned ports over one-fourth of Chile’s nitrate production is
annually exported. Mejillones, although it has an excellent harbor as compared with
the open roadstead (Morena Bay) at Antofagasta, is outranked in importance by the
latter place.
The Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway affords access to some of the finest mountain
scenery in South America. The railway itself is but 2 feet 6 inches gauge, and yet its
trains run at very fair speed over a well maintained roadbed.
The main line starts at Antofagasta, which is 590 miles north of Valparaiso. A semi-
weekly through passenger train carrying sleeping and dining cars is operated, making
La Paz, Bolivia (about 720 miles), in about 45 hours. Mixed trains are also operated.
The freight cars used by the company will carry a 20-ton load.
The railway’s climb begins as soon as it leaves the Pacific, rising 1,800 feet in the
first 18 miles. After crossing the Longitudinal (Government) Railway, 60 miles from
the sea, the main line enters the great nitrate belt, through which it extends for over
30 miles. A total of 873,212 tons of nitrate and nitrate earth were carried by the rail-
way in 1912.
Climbing ever upward the railway crosses the Loa River and reaches Calama (148
miles from the sea) where the altitude is 7,400 feet. This ancient town has been a
great copper mining center since the days of the Incas. At Conchi, about 32 miles be-
yond Calama and at an altitude of nearly 10,000 feet, the Loa River is recrossed by a
viaduct, said to be the highest in the world, The viaduct is composed of six steel
lattice girder spans of 80 feet each, supported on steel trestle towers, the track being
336 feet above the torrent.
At San Pedro, 33 miles beyond Calama, the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway has
constructed a vast system of reservoirs, costing about $5,000,000 to supply fresh water
(about 6,000 tons daily) to the nitrate fields and to Antofagasta, 193 miles away.
Climbing along the mountains past the great snow-capped volcanoes San Pedro and
San Pablo (the former active), cutting its way at one point through a bed of lava over
500 yards in width, the railway reaches Ascotan, the summit of the divide, 13,000 feet
above the Pacific. As the line descends toward the Bolivian frontier, it passes a lake
of borax, 24 miles long, the largest of its kind in the world.
From Ollague, 270 miles from Antofagasta, a 60-mile branch extends to the Colla-
huasi copper mines, reaching the altitude of 15,809 feet, which is 28 feet higher than
the summit of Mount Blanc, the apex of Europe.
Entering Bolivia, 5 miles beyond Ollague, the railway runs northward over a vast
plateau to Uyuni, Rio Mulato, and Oruro. At Uyuni a 20-mile independent railway,
BRIDGE OVER THE RIO MAURI IN BOLIVIA.
VIEW OF SAME BRIDGE FROM ABOVE, SHOWING A SECTION OF THE ARICA-LA PAZ
RAILWAY.
498 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
which runs to the Huanachaca silver mines, meets the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway.
The short line was a most costly one to build, asa tunnel 2 miles in length had to be
driven through the mountains before the right of way could be laid out.
From Rio Mulato, 445 miles from the Pacific, a branch line owned by the Bolivia
Railway (an American company) which is leased by the Antofagasta & Bolivia Rail-
way, runs to Potosi, 108 milesaway. Toreach this ancient city, which flourished long
betore John Smith landed on the shores of Virginia, tracks had to be laid up to as
high an elevation as 15,814 feet—the second highest altitude reached by any railway
in the world. The Potosi section, over which a semiweekly mixed train service is
maintained, has been surveyed to Sucre, the former capital.
The Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway’s matin line continues northward, passing the mys-
terious Lake Poopo, 50 by 30 miles in size, and navigable for steamers, which receives
212,000 cubic feet of water per minute and discharges only 2,000 cubic feet during a
similar period. The terminal Oruro, a city of 20,670 inhabitants, is soon reached.
Here the passengers en route to La Paz, 145 miles away, change to the broader gauge
Bolivia Railway (leased by the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway), which continues on
to Viachi (126 miles). The last stretch of 19 miles is covered by the Guaqui-La Paz
Railway, owned by the Peruvian corporation. The Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway
had practically completed at the time of writing a line of their own between Viachi
enol Ibe) JeBi4,§ eR eee
The famous old city of La Paz (population 75,000) is located in a valley more than
12,000 feet above the sea. It is the highest capital in the world, overtopping Lhassa,
the far-tamed capital of Tibet, in Asia, by several hundred feet.
The Bolivia Railway was incorporated in the United States in 1907, and holds a
perpetual concession from the Republic of Bolivia for the construction of lines of
railway in that Republic, inall about 773 miles. This mileage includes the line from
Oruro, the northern terminal of the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, to Viachi, 126
miles (see above). There had been expended $6,237,345 on the Oruro-Viachi line to
December 31, 1913. The Bolivia Railway has also completed building or has pro-
jected lines asfollows: (1) From Oruro to, Cochabamba (132 miles), on which $10,820, -
900 had been expended to December 31, 1913; (2) from Rio Mulato to Potosi (106 miles),
on which $8,052,575 had been expended to December 31, 1913; (3) from Uyuni (on
the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway) to Tupiza $2,564,944 expended to December 31,
1913; (4) from La Paz to Puerto Pando; (5) from Potosi to Sucre (the capital), etc.
These various lines, when completed, will give a comprehensive railway system to
Bolivia, and will greatly aid in opening up the resources of that Republic.
The author concludes the article with a brief description of the
Chilean Transandine Railway, which has heretofore been the subject
of various BULLETIN articles.
The Chilean Nitrate Industry, by Lester W. Strauss, is the title of
a series of articles recently published by the Mining and Scientific
Press of San Francisco, Cal., in which are set forth in a very compre-
hensive manner the details of this important industry. Among other
features of interest to those interested in nitrate, the following ex-
cerpt, dealing with the manner in which nitrate bearing land may be
acquired, may be of value:
Nitrate ground is not obtainable by the usual methods of denouncement. Every
year certain areas are advertised for sale, by auction, at a minimum bid price of a
certain number of centavos (of the gold peso of 18d. (86 cents) per quintal (metric)
of salitre producible, the highest bidder obtains the tract offered. The ground has
been previously reported on by Government engineers, who state a minimum pro-
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 499
duction of a certain number of million (metric) quintals of salitre possible. With
this as a basis, and taking into consideration the economic situation of the property
as regards railroad facilities and more especially water supply, the price per metric
quintal of salitre recoverable is arrived at. The yearly auctions are limited to prop-
erties not having a greater total output than 14,000,000 metric quintals (quintal equals
220.46 pounds) of nitrate, and to be made up in lots of over 7,000,000 quintals “output
capacity” ; where the ground does not permit of this minimum, less may be offered .
The transfer of title is under the responsibility of the state. Entry to the bidding
must be accompanied by a deposit, to the order of the director of the treasury, for
an amount equal to 10 per cent of the minimum price. This deposit is presumably
returned to the nonsuccessful bidders. The deeds of sale must be signed within 30
days after the day of sale, and the balance of the sale price then paid in first-class
90 days’ drafts on London; failure to appear within the time specified, or if the time
set is ignored, means the forfeiture of the deposit. The state does not hold itself
responsible for the quantity of nitrate said to exist in the ground on the statement
and plans of the Delegacion’ Fiscal de Salitreras. The date of the auction is pub-
lished in the newspapers of Santiago, Valparaiso, and Iquique, and abroad in London,
New York, Paris, Berlin, and Hamburg. The Government donates money from
time to time for works beneficial to the industry. For example, it gave 3,800,000
pesos of 18d. gold, or $1,378,000, for a water line for Iquique, and also grants a subsidy
to the Nitrate Association of £40,000 yearly.
Comparatively few people know that iodine is a by-product of the
nitrate industry and that Chile practically supplies the entire world
with this well-known pharmaceutical article. Mr. Strauss gives the
following brief description of the method of production:
Iodine to the extent of 1,010,186 pounds was produced and exported in 1912; it isa
product derived from the nitrate and is an additional source of revenue to the Govern-
ment, the export tax being 10.4d. (21 cents) per pound. Its exportation is limited
by the ‘‘Iodine Combination” so as to keep up prices, so only a small proportion
of the possible output is made. Those oficinas (40 in 1912) which have caliche high
in sodium iodate are the favored producers. The Domeyko oficina in the Antota-
gasta district has a capacity of 400,000 pounds of iodine per year. The method of
manufacture consists in treating the mother liquors from the nitrate crystallizing vats
or tanks, which contain iodine principally as sodium iodate, wit! a mixture of sodium
bisulphite, and is carried out as follows: The bisulphite of soda is prepared by burn-
ing a mixture of nitrate of soda and coal ‘‘fines,” the soda so formed is leached out,
decanted, and sulphurous acid gas (made by burning native sulphur in iron stoves)
is passed through in excess, thus forming bisulphite. Toa given quantity of mother
liquor a sufficient amount of the above mixture of bisulphite of soda is added until the
temporary brandy coloration (due to free iodine) has disappeared, and the solution
is clear, then about 20 per cent of its volume of fresh mother liquor is added through
which the iodine is precipitated; the required proportions being determined by tests
made beforehand. The iodine is allowed to settle, is filtered, pressed, and the cakes
so formed, containing about 75 per cent iodine, are placed in one ton charges in iron
retorts connected with condensers, made of earthenware drain pipes about 30 inches
diameter, placed on a gentle incline. The retorts, after careful luting with clay,
are gently fired until the iodine is all driven over. The apparatus is allowed to cool
for several days, after which the pipes are opened at night when the temperature is
cooler, and the crystallized iodine, 99.6 per cent pure, is shoveled out and packed
in 100-pound barrels,Zthat are afterwards sewed in rawhide for transportation.
Plea for a Constructive Pan American Quarantine is the title of a
very timely editorial by Dr. John A. Hornsby in the Modern Hos-
430 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
pital (St. Louis, Mo.) for August. The subject is one of such grave
importance, and the suggestion offered, the creation of an inter-
national quarantine commission, seems to be such a practical and
feasible solution that the editorial, with the exception of the intro-
ductory paragraphs, is herewith reproduced:
In the days before we knew the cause, course, and pathology of the communicable
diseases, the best quarantine officer of any country or, port.was he who could raise
and maintain the highest, strongest, and most formidably ‘‘hog high” barrier against
intercourse of any kind with an afflicted, helpless, and needy neighboring State or
port. That time, thanks to our present-day scientific knowledge, as well as our
humanitarianism and common sense, has gone by, and we know now that scientific
quarantine contemplates the largest possible measure of uninterrupted intercourse,
the freest possible interchange of commodities, the greatest measure of,helpfulness to
the afflicted people, and at the same time the employment of the most highly developed
methods of prevention of the spread of disease. |
Unfortunately, we have not been cured of our habit of panic-in the_face of danger,
and if there is any one thing more dangerous than the danger itself it is the blind,
unreasoning panic that accompanies it. In the case of an epidemic this habit of
panic takes the form of a declaration of quarantine long before it is definitely deter-
mined that such a course is necessary. We go on the principle that it is best to tie up
everything first, and make a proper inquiry afterwards to determine whether there
was really something to be frightened about. That principle is all right if we believe
that ‘‘self-preservation is the first law of nature ”; but there is a pretty general feeling
abroad nowadays that we owe our brother something, even at the price of a little risk
to ourselves.
Is it generally known that a declaration of quarantine against a South or Central
American port very often means financial ruin of the country dependent on it? And
is it generally known that very many of these quarantines are false alarms, and that
the dreaded disease was not present at all, or, if present, was also present in quite as
aggravated form in the ports which cut off communication? And is it generally appre-
ciated thata little intelligent cooperation with the afflicted people would have stamped
out the trouble in its incipiency, before it got to bea menace? A case in point: Three
cases of plague developed in New Orleans within the month; the Surgeon General of
the Public Health Service was on the ground and at work before the public knew
about the cases. If those cases had occurred in a Venezuelan port, quarantine regu-
lations would have closed the door of every port in the world against the already
afflicted people, and it would take years for them to recover, although not another
case of the disease were to develop.
Then, why not go about this quarantine business in an orderly fashion, and as
though all the people in this hemisphere were indeed fellow human beings entitled
to thoughtful consideration, one of another?
How would it do to create by governmental initiative an international quarantine
commission, with a representative from each independent state, nation, and island?
This commission would operate something like our own Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion. It would have an expert in diagnosis of the quarantinable diseases in every port
on the American Continent. A school would be maintained for the training of these
experts, or arrangements would be made for that purpose with existing schools, No
expert would be qualified for appointment except after a thorough examination.
Under such a scheme each port or country participating would send, say, two men
from each port to be examined, and, if not qualified, to be trained—trained not only
in diagnosis and treatment of these special diseases, but schooled in the prescribed
methods of procedure in case of an outbreak. It would take perhaps a year or two to
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 431
create a chain of experts competent to handle any situation. The commission would
have its permanent headquarters at some central or desirable point, and the moment
its expert reported by wire the presence of an outbreak anywhere, it would take
charge of the situation, direct a comprehensive program, and send proper help if
necessary.
In such a system every country would want to participate, because failure to do so
would render it liable to the infliction of the outrageous quarantine regulations that
now operate against all.
Costly? Certainly, but not 1 per cent as costly as the present financially ruinous
and humanly ruthless system.
The World’s Oldest Tree, in the July number of American Forestry
(Washington, D. C.), is a reproduction, in part, of Prof. Daggett’s
article which appeared in a recent number of the California Outlook.
The discovery of this most remarkable specimen of venerable vegeta-
tion, preserved for 100,000 years in the asphalt-laden soil, is note-
worthy, and the following excerpts tell the gist of the story:
What is, with good reason, claimed to be the oldest tree in the world may now be
seen at Los Angeles, Cal., having recently been unearthed from the fossil beds at
Rancho La Brea, Cal., together with bones of the saber-toothed tiger, the giant ground
sloth, the dirus wolf, and other animals of the distant Tertiary period. How old the
tree is scientists can but estimate, but there is little doubt that it is fully 100,000 years
since it was buried and preserved in so wondrous a fashion that it is in existence to-day.
The tree was found by men working in the pits under the direction of Prof. Frank S.
Daggett, director of the Museum of History, Science, and Art, at Exposition Park, Los
Angeles. Prof. Daggett, in the California Outlook, describes the excavations and the
discovery of the tree. He says:
“As the different pits were opened and bones exposed to view, interest left the field
as a whole and centered on these little spots. As unusual finds began to show up,
these pits began to be designated by some descriptive name. For instance, pit 3 soon
became known as the “‘tree pit,’’ owing to the discovery of a fine specimen of tree in
it. This find soon became well known and was watched by scores of local scientists
with great interest. It wasan education, or otherwise, to listen to the learned discus-
sions carried on as the men slowly exposed the tree from day to day by the removal
of the surrounding asphalt-packed bones.
‘‘About 3 feet from the surface a stratum of fossil bones was encountered. Owing
to several gas vents, water had been admitted to the mass and the bones were too soft
to be saved. Beneath this layer, after passing through a couple of feet of clay, the
men came upon a more or less worm-eaten stub. As the bones were removed from
the bottom of the pit more of the tree was constantly exposed. One day a magnifi-
cent skull of a mastodon was taken out, followed by that of a camel. Saber-toothed
tigers and wolves came with such frequency as to cause no comment. Not so, how-
ever, when a skull of a lion of the African type, of monstrous size, came to view.
This was found crowded closely beneath a big fork of the tree.
“Now we began to feel sure that this ‘tree’ was no drifting log end up in a vent.
Great caution was taken to save and note every detail which might have a bearing on
its occurrence. Fragments of bark were saved; masses of leaves and twigs matted in
the asphalt were examined with microscopic eyes to see if they were mere drift, or
the stomach contents of herbivorous animals. Bushels of loose material were washed
in gasoline through sieves for seeds, insects, and the thousand and one minute forms
otherwise lost.
‘‘At 15 feet a network of large roots was encountered intermingled with skulls and
bones of bison, camel, tiger, wolf, and sloth. Working around to the north, the roots
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 433
were found firmly embedded in a bank of oil-soaked clay, proving that the tree had
grown where found. All sorts of conjectures have been made, some wise and some
otherwise. Out of it all we may conclude that the tree once grew on the bank of a
small run or depression, the roots on one side firmly embedded in the bank. On the
other side they extended into a soft, perhaps muddy basin. The ever-shifting gas,
under heavy pressure, in its effort to reach the surface, probably followed the root
of the tree as the point of least resistance. Once at the surface, the asphalt deposit
commenced and the trap began its work, slowly, over hundreds of years of time,
until the tree was completely covered as the surrounding country gradually filled.
‘‘One wonders why the tree did not decay and fall before these long years elapsed.
We know that all its smaller branches did decay, as the worm-drilled ends attest,
leaving only the ponderous trunk, 18 inches itn diameter, and one main fork. There
seems to be only one probable solution of the question. Certainly the tree must have
been killed soon after the oil penetrated its root area, and it seems almost as certain
that as the sap left the tree it was replaced by the penetrating asphalt-laden oil, the
wonderful preservative of Rancho La Brea. That it did its work well is certain, for
the wood is sound enough to make into furniture to-day. An authenticated sample
of the tree was sent to the Biological Survey at Washington for analysis, and the micro-
scopic slides were made of transverse and cross sections, showing that the tree was a
cypress (Cupressus macnabiana).”’
Origin of the Banana, by the editor of The Journal of Heredity
(Washington, D. C.), is an interesting and informative article in the
June, 1914, number of that publication. The following excerpts will
be of interest not only to those directly connected with the production
of the delectable and nutritious fruit, but to many who know it only
as a staple article of food which has become as generally and widely
distributed in the markets of the United States as the indigenous
apple:
There seems little reason to doubt that the banana was one of the first foods of man,
and that it was one of the first fruits cultivated.
“Wild bananas and their botanical relatives,’ says O. F. Cook, “‘are natives of the
rocky slopes of mountainous regions of the moist Tropics, where shrugs and trees prevent
the growth of ordinary herbaceous vegetation.’’ It is probably in a similar region
that the first appearance of man is to be looked for. ‘‘Everything leads one to
believe,’ as Beccari says, ‘‘that the principal cultivated fruits originated in the
region where man first acquired a high grade of civilization.’? Primordial man of the
Tropics was undoubtedly an agriculturist rather than a live-stock breeder. He lived
on the resources most readily furnished him by nature, and among these few would be
more readily available than the banana. It is permissible, then, to suppose that the
banana was one of the first fruits that attracted his attention; that he soon brought it
under cultivation, and that he at once began to submit it to that long processof improve-
ment which has continued for perhaps some hundreds of thousands of years and is more
active to-day than ever before.
If man appeared in the Indo-Malayan region, as is widely believed at present, it
seems natural to seek the origin of the banana in the same region; and such a location
for it is accepted by most botanists. This primitive banana probably did not differ
widely from the wild bananas found to-day in many parts of the Tropics, although none
of the latter can be confidently pointed out as representing the ancestral type. Bec-
cari, indeed, considers that all the wild forms known to-day are merely cultivated
forms which have escaped from cultivation at some time in the past. He found in
Borneo four new species which grew only in regions deforested by man. Whence were
ws a
a
Courtesy of The Journal of Heredity. Hh
CLUSTER OF WILD, SEED-BEARING BANANAS.
The fruit is concealed by huge bracts, part of which have been raised to show the ‘‘fingers.”” This was probably the original
habit of the plant, although these bracts have disappeared in the cultivated forms, so commonly seen in fruit stores. The |
above photograph (by the Bureau of Agriculture, Philippine Islands) is of the species known as Virgen. Natives o the |
Philippines propagate it only by seed. ))
Courtesy of The Journal of Heredity. Photo by Bureau of Agriculture P. I.
A HAND OF WILD BANANAS.
Although the seeds are numerous and fully developed, they are much fewer in proportion to the amount of pulp than
in the African species. This fruit is from Cavite, Philippine Islands, where it is colloquially known as Alinsanay -
Botanists regard it as a once cultivated form that escaped from cultivation long ago and has regained fertile seeds.
through cross-polination with some distantly related type.
436 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
they brought?» He asked himself, and was obliged to conclude, after a survey of the
whole problem, that probably each region develops its own well-characterized species
of Musa—a conclusion which finds support in the fact that no species yet known has a
very wide geographical distribution. At present the genus seems to be dependent on
man for its possibilities of development. It can not make its way in the primitive
forest, he concludes. It is one of the many crops which have been so changed by man
to meet his own needs that they are no longer able to hold their own in the free com-
petition of nature.
The original form of banana must have been of little value asa fruit. Cook has there-
fore concluded that it was first a root crop, the roots being used even yet by the natives
of some regions, while the tender heart was doubtless also an article of food, as it is
to-day in Abyssinia. Cultivated for its roots, the banana began to produce better
fruits, by chance, or as a result of asexual propagation, and at a very early day must
have become more prized for the latter than for the former.
“The wild varieties are almost wholly seeds,’’ Beccari observes, “‘but what pulp
exists is sweet and agreeable. It therefore only requires some agent to inhibit the
growth of seeds and promote that of pulp to produce good bananas. Effective causes
are sterility produced by hybridization, and improvement by asexual reproduction.”’
Both of these means may have been used by the prehistoric plant breeders of the
Tropics. Cross-pollination between cifferent species would easily take place, and
would result in at least partial sterility of the product. These hybrids, asexually
propagated either by man or by nature, would retain their sterility, and a “‘horticul-
tural variety” would be established. Beccari’s own idea is that all the bananas of
to-day are, in fact, the results of hybridization of various original wild forms which
have now disappeared. This in itself would be sufficient to explain the seedless con-
dition of the fruit of commerce; while the numerous seed-bearing species found wild
at present are accounted for by Beccari’s hypothesis that they represent the product
of one of the normally sterile forms pollinated from some species sufficiently distinct
to cause the production of normal seed. * * *
The origin of the present seedless varieties 1s explained by many writers as a matter
of simple selection rather than of hybridization. The knowledge which we are grad-
ually acquiring of the results of plant hybridization, however, makes it seem plausible
that some cross was the starting point from which the tropical native began his process
of selection. The little knowledge we have of the agricultural skill of primitive
man gives abundant reason to believe him intelligent enough to propagate choice
strains of his staple crops by offshoots. In the banana nature herself showed him
the way; for in addition to seeds, which must always have been the normal way of
reproduction, the banana could propagate itself rapidly by suckers—unless the primi-
tive types were very different from those we know to-day. Around the base of the
plant numerous small suckers are thrown up; these, it is believed, finally separate
themselves from the parent by the formation of a layer of abscission cells and roll
down hill (when the plant is growing on a slope) until their progress is arrested by ~
some obstacle; then they take root and reproduce their parent form.
To sum up, we find the banana established as an important crop as far back-as we
can see. Beccari, indeed, does not hesitate to suggest its cultivation in the Pliocene
epoch, although there is by no means agreement of paleontologists as to whether
man existed as a distinct species in that epoch. In the Miocene, Beccari recalls,
we find a wide variety of strange forms; in the Pliocene, we meet forms similar to
those we know to-day. ‘‘It is only in the Pliocene that we find forms of mammals
identical with those of the present. * * * Itis possible that it was in that epoch
that man, clearly established as a species with the characteristics he now shows, had
begun to domesticate plants and animals,”’ and if so, we must certainly put the culti-
vation of the banana in that epoch: First, perhaps, as a root crop, and then as a fruit
crop, when man seized and perpetuated in the plant the variations favorable to his
needs, which chance interspecific hybridization may have offered.
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Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
THE WAY BANANAS GROW.
In the patio of the Pan American Union, Washington, D. ©., is a banana plant bearing blossom and
fruit. The above picture shows the bunch of bananas only partially filled out, while at the lower end
may be seen the large blossom.
iS
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 439
From the Indo-Malayan region, according to the generally received account, man
must have carried the banana on his migrations, both eastward and to the islands
of the Pacific Ocean, and perhaps to America. The plant is admirably adapted for
transportation over long distances, because its suckers can be dried and carried with-
out difficulty in that condition for several months, to take root at once when placed
in the deep rich soil which they love. * * *
This circumstantial account has always failed to satisfy a certain number of bota-
nists, whose belief that the banana was found here long before the arrival of Columbus
is based partially on tradition, more on the belief that it could never have spread so
rapidly in the years following the conquest as to account for its abundance in the
many localities where it is reported by early writers; partly on the large number of
distinct varieties to be found in the tropical parts of America, and partly on the finding
of leaves resembling those of the banana in pre-Columbian graves in South America.
The first consideration seems to have weighed heavily with von Humboldt, who did
not hesitate to declare the fruit a native of America, saying, ‘“‘It isa constant tradition
in Mexico and on all the mainland that the platano arton and the Domenico were
cultivated there long before Europeans arrived.’’ Most of the botanists who have
studied the subject have not considered tradition a sufficient ground for judgment.
De Candolle contented himseli with a verdict for ‘‘a prodigious antiquity of cultiva-
tion, in consequence a primitive existence in Asia and a diffusion synchronous with
that of the races of mankind or even earlier.”’
As to the evidence afforded by the exhumation of leaves, those who uphold the
Asiatic origin of the banana contend that knowledge that these leaves were really
Musa is lacking, and that they were more probably leaves of some such plant as
Heliconia, a South American relative. O. F. Cook has brought the case prominently
forward during the last few years by championing the theory of American origin,
but the majority of writers are still on the other side.
Whether the Musa, as we know it to-day, was actually cultivated by the natives
of the Spanish Main when Columbus found them, there seems reason to believe that
it or a closely related plant existed on this continent several millions of years ago.
Researches of paleontologists in North America have resulted in the identification
of a genus which has been named Musophyllum, and bears extraordinary resemblance
to the bananas, although of course there is not sufficient evidence available to decide
the exact degree of relationship. The best known of these finds in the deposits of
the Eocene epoch are from the vicinity of the Yellowstone National Park.
The Indian as a Hunter, in a recent issue of Outdoor World, deals
with the Indian of to-day, the semicivilized descendant of the free,
wild tribes that erstwhile roamed the forests and plains of North
America. The author, Mr. Edwin L. Sabin, describes him as he
actually appears to those who know him now as hunter and guide,
with rifle and knife instead of bow, arrow, and tomahawk, and com-
pares his qualities as a hunter of wild game with those of the white
man.
In considering the modern Indian as a hunter and comparing him with the white
man we must remember that two facts militate against him—his lack of ammunition
and his lack of liberty. Taking up the latter situation first, on few reservations is
rifle game (the Indian does not hunt with the shotgun) to be found in any quantity,
and to leave the reservation the Indian must have a permit. Thus his opportuni-
ties for practice are kept down. Moreover, he carries a rifle only by permission
of the authorities.
Courtesy of Outdoor World Publishing Co.
CHIEF TWO-GUNS.
A fine type of the North American Indian.
Courtesy of Outdoor World Publishing Co.
FISH WOLF ROBE.
A typical modern Indian chief and hunter in
full costume.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 44]
As to ammunition, its cost is another serious problem for him. Even in the old days
when the ammunition of the whites, powder and ball, was superseding the bow and
arrow, and the Indian’s keenest desire was to secure one of these wondrous death
dealers, ammunition was difficult forhim. Aside from whisky and trinkets, powder
and lead were the trader’s chief asset. To hoard the powder the Indian was prone
to underload his gun; to obtain lead he would commit any theft, explore any region.
The lead deposits near Dubuque, Iowa, were first exploited by the Indians, who dug
out the metal for their bullet molds.
The Indian naturally is a hunter, as naturally he is a warrior;
all his instincts direct him that way. The general consensus of
opinion among Army men, pioneers, Indian agents, and white hunters
is that he is the game finder and the meat getter par excellence. The
general verdict is that the modern Indian is inferior to the white
man as a rifle shot at long range, and in facing of dangerous game;
he is superior, however, as a trailer, as a game finder, and in endurance
and general ability to take care of himself in the open.
The Indian rarely attempts a longshot at game. In the old days
30 or 40 yards was the killing distance of the arrow—although pene-
tration was considerable even at longer distances. Thus early
the Indian was accustomed to approach his game close; the value
of ammunition, later, made him continue the habit, and his great
anxiety to secure what he sighted, for meat and pelt, influenced him
yet more.
Despite the improvement in guns the Indian hunter of to-day is
the short-range shot that his father was. He wants to be sure of his
meat (for he needs it) and he does not like to miss. He will go to any
exertion or pains rather than run the risk of a fruitless attempt.
In the pursuit of dangerous game the Indian’s hereditary caution
asserts itself. When every warrior in the tribe was a unit of the tribal
strength, unnecessary exposure was deemed foolish. The Indian
war tactics have been ‘‘the greatest damage at the least expense;”’
and for that reason the Indian is a poor fighter at near quarters.
Taught in such a schoolhe avoids the dangerous beast in preference to
seeking him. To kill the grizzly bear may be glory—but to be killed
by him is extinction, quite the opposite of distinction, and was and
is a serious loss to the tribe. The Indian takes no unnecessary risks.
Where a white hunter will crawl into a bear’s den after the animal,
the Indian will leave him for an opportunity more favorable to himself.
But on the trail the Indian shines. To pick outa trail and to follow
it is an Indian art, born in him. Also he instinctively knows where
game should be. The white man learns; the Indian already has
learned. By the men of the north an Indian guide is preferable to
a white guide. The Indian is more persistent on the trail than the
white hunter. He has the more endurance, and he will not quit.
He is not out for sport; he is out for business and for material results.
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 443
He will follow a trail indecipherable to a white man, Mexican, and
sometimes to a dog. A Chippewa Indian was known once to follow
seven elk for five days. Two Cree Indians were on the trail of a bear
from 7 o’clock one morning until the next day at noon, when they
overtook and killed him. Many such instances of endurance could
be cited.
The Indian has the intuition of locating game. He seems to think
as the game thinks, and he makes no mistaken moves. This faculty,
together with his extraordinary aptitude in picking out direction,
form almost a sixth sense. He is naturally a plainsman and woods-
man. It is the white man, and not his Indian companion, who is
surprised when the game is suddenly sighted; and it is the white man
who loses the direction of the camp and gets lost, not the Indian.
To-day he is hampered by environment, but physically he excels
the white man in breeding. His fathers were yet tougher than he.
Tn his lineage there have been no weaklings to vitiate the strain. He
yet is exposed to wind and weather in his childhood, and thus hard-
ened to exposure, and he can go longer on less food and wear less
clothing in cold weather than any white man possibly can.
Taken altogether, therefore, the Indian, unskilled shot that he is
at long range, and timid as he is in taking chances, by his patience,
endurance, craft, and by his inherited instinct, is the white man’s
superior as a hunter of wild game.
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PAN AMERICAN COMMERCE AS AFFECTED BY THE WAR.
HE effect of the great European war upon Pan American
trade relations has been brought in a most direct way to the
attention of the office of the Pan American Union, and has
emphasized almost as never before its practical usefulness to
both North and South America in the dissemination of information.
As a result of this sudden change in the economic conditions of the
world affecting demand and supply, both the export and import
markets of North and South America have been thrown into a posi-
tion of mutual dependence which has attracted the attention of the
business interests of both continents. It is no-exaggeration to state
that the Pan American Union has been literally overwhelmed and
flooded with letters, telegrams, and calls of individuals, representing
inquiries of every kind, from both North and South America, in
regard to the new demands of commerce between the United States
and the principal countries of South and Central America, as affected
by the war. Every effort has been exerted by the members of its
staff to take care of this sudden increased interest in Pan American
trade and in the progress, development, and possibilities of each of
the Latin American countries. The staff has realized, moreover,
the very fact that such a centering of inquiries upon this office is
evidence that the world regards the Pan American Union as a
practical international bureau of information, which is always ready
to do what it can, in the supply and spread of knowledge which will
be beneficial alike to all the countries of the Western Hemisphere.
In discussing this new situation and the effort made to meet it
successfully, the Director General takes advantage, moreover, of this
opportunity to give particular credit to the diplomatic and consular
representatives of the Latin American countries in Washington and
New York and elsewhere, and the Departments of State and Com-
merce and the diplomatic and consular representatives of the United
States, for what they have done and are doing to supply information
and take steps which will be practically useful to both the United
States and the Latin American countries concerned. It would seem
as if they had left no stone unturned in caring for the crisis and
providing ways and means for passing it successfully.
Remembering the old saying to the effect that it is an ‘ill wind
that blows no good,” it is interesting to note a special phase of this
situation. It is most regretable that a great international war in
Europe should be required to promote a general appreciation of the
444
(a3
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 445
commercial, economic, and general importance of the countries of
South and Central America, but it is none the less true that the
information which is being given out by the Latin American diplo-
matic and consular representatives, the United States Departments
of State and Commerce, and the Pan American Union, is exerting a
great and wide-reaching influence in this direction. Although pre-
vious to the war there had been a vastly increased interest throughout
the United States and Europe in the commercial possibilities of the
countries of South and Central America, and the Pan American Union
was kept constantly busy caring for the rapidly growing demand for
its data and publications regarding these countries, the war has given
a peculiar and new impetus to the call for comprehensive information.
The numberless requests pouring into the Pan American Union have
included letters from such varieties of occupations as Members of
Congress, bankers, manufacturers, exporters, importers, shipping
brokers, editors, special writers, newspaper correspondents, tourists,
librarians, college professors, students, and almost every kind of
professional man. One pleasant feature of the majority of these
letters and the acknowledgment of the information sent to them is
the sincere credit which they give the Pan American Union for the
data it supplies and for the willingness with which it attempts to
comply with such requests. In all the answers, moreover, that the
Pan American Union has sent out, it has not failed to point out and
give credit to the other sources of information already mentioned,
namely, the Latin American diplomatic and consular representatives,
and the Departments of State and Commerce of the United States.
In discussing the situation in its special memoranda and bulletins,
the Pan American Union has invariably emphasized that the com-
mercial and financial interests of the United States should think not
alone of building up their export trade with Latin America, but they
should prepare just as earnestly to provide a market for the exports
of Latin America. Lasting commerce, backed up by the good will
of nations, can only be based on a fair and just exchange of products.
In other words, the business man of the United States should think
of Pan American trade from the standpoint of South America as well
as from the standpoint of North America. If this policy is pursued,
North American imports will be welcomed to South America and, in
turn, South America will send its products in increasing quantities to
the United States.
The Pan American Union has also pointed out another fact to be
borne in mind in discussing the South American commercial oppor-
tunity. It is this: The majority of these lands are far from being
dependent upon their commerce with the United States. While they
are anxious to sell in increasing quantities what they have to export
and to buy what they may need, provided the United States can offer
oS
BUST OF THE URUGUAYAN HERO, GEN. JOSE ARTIGAS.
This marble bust of Gen. Artigas, the national hero of Uruguay and one of the most brilliant soldier-
statesmen in South American history, is to be placed in the Gallery of Patriots in the Pan American
Union Building. It is the work of Senor José Belloni, and a gift from the Government of Uruguay.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 447
them what they want, it must be remembered that they are all self-
sustaining as far as fundamental supplies, especially those of food,
are concerned, and even if they were cut off for many years from the
rest of the world by a great international war, they could easily main-
tain themselves on their own products. What South America requires
largely from the United States are the products of its great manutfac-
turing plants, for manufacturing in a largely diversified form is only
partially developed in the majority of them. Growing rapidly, as
most of them are, they are naturally wanting numerous varieties of
the manufactured exports of the United States in greater quantities,
until now the United States is selling to them neraly 100 per cent
more than it did 10 years ago. Correspondingly, their own produc-
tion of raw and other products has grown, and they are selling larger
amounts to the United States and the world.
The trade relationship of the United States and South America
should not be considered as a mere material and business opportunity,
but rather as a responsibility which, directed in the right way, will
be appreciated by the Latin-American countries. It is not a case by
any means, however, alone of the United States helping them; it is
also a case of their helping the United States. In other words, the
South American opportunity to-day, in its broadest terms, should
mean opportunity for South America as well as for the United States.
Just as it is among individuals, North and South America may help
each other when conditions of distress or embargo arise, and the
present war situation presents a remarkable opportunity for unselfish
reciprocal appreciation. It is necessary that the average American
manufacturer and business man, who is contemplating the South
American field, should have a true realization of the actual material
and economic quality and political importance of these southern
countries. If he looks upon them in a patronizing way or without
full recognition of their own wealth, resources, potentialities, and
progress, he may labor in vain.
Considering in exact figures what is the bearmg of the war on
South America proper, it is well to note some of the figures which
have been compiled in the Pan American Union. These refer to the
South American continent proper and do not include the 10 Latin-
American countries reaching from Panama north. The 10 countries
of South America proper, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela,
annually import products from abroad valued at approximately
$960,000,000. Of this, there comes from Europe a valuation close to
$660,000,000. Of this total Great Britain supplies approximately
$273,000,000; Germany, which is almost completely cut off by the
war, $180,000,000; France, $84,000,000; Italy, $54,000,000; Belgium
$47.000,000; Austria-Hungary, $8,000,000; Netherlands, $8,000,000;
PROFILE OF THE BUST OF GEN. ARTIGAS.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 449
Switzerland, $6,000,000; and other European countries lesser sums.
Compared with these figures it can be noted that the United States
sells to these 10 countries products valued approximately at
$155 ,000,000.
It thus can be seen that if the manufacturers and exporters of
the United States meet the situation in the right way, with an
unselfish appreciation of both responsibility and opportunity, they
should succeed in materially adding to this total of $155,000,000
by supplying to South America the products which originally came
from Europe but are cut off by the war. Equally important is what
South America sells. The average annual exports of the 10 countries
of that continent to foreign lands amount to the vast total of approxi-
mately $1,170,000,000. Of this nearly $700,000,000 go to Europe—
Great Britain takes approximately $270,000,000; Germany, $157,-
000,000; France, $104,000,000; Belgium, $60,000,000; Netherlands,
$44,000,000; Italy, $27,000,000; Austria-Hungary, $22,000,000; with
the remaining amount divided among different countries. To the
United States these countries annually sell products valued at about
$250,000,000. With, therefore, several of the principal markets in
Europe for the products of South America temporarily closed against
the latter, the United States has a remarkable opportunity to pro-
vide the market for the disposal of the accumulated stores of its
sister Republics; and if the importing interests of the United States,
especially the manufacturers of raw materials, can meet this situa-
tion by increasing their purchases they may win the gratitude of
South American business interests, and in the future be in a much
better position to promote Pan American exchange of commerce.
DEATH OF PRESIDENT ROQUE SAENZ PENA.
A cablegram from Buenos Aires, dated August 10, 1914, announced
the death of Dr. Roque Saenz Pefia, President of the Republic of
Argentina. He had been in poor health for several months and his
death, news of which shocked the entire nation, was not unexpected.
In his demise the country of which he was the honored head has
lost one of its ablest and most famous citizens, and all Latin America
one of its foremost publicists and statesmen. Not only a nation,
but an entire continent will mourn, and Pan America experience a
distinct loss. He was an American in the broadest sense of the word
and a humanitarian whose sympathies extended beyond the limits of
even a hemisphere and embraced the world. It has been said of him
that he broadened the phrase ‘“‘ America for Americans”’ to the still
nobler cry ‘‘ America for humanity.”’
Dr. Saenz Pefia was born in Buenos Aires on March 19, 1851. He
belonged to a family whose name has been associated with the history
MONUMENT TO MANUEL CANDAMO IN LIMA, PERU.
In the Parque de Colon, at Lima, stands this statue to one of the presidents of Peru, Manuel Candamo,
who was born at the capital city in 1842, and died in 1904, seven months after he had assumed the
presidency, in 1903. His short term of office had shown him to be a statesman of admirable qualifica-
tions. The statue was designed by a French sculptor, M. Mercier.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 451
of Argentina for several generations. His father, Dr. Luis Saenz
Pefia, was one of the foremost men of the nation and became President
of the Republic. In this connection it is of interest to record a unique
occurrence in the political history of the country. When Dr. Saenz
Petia, the elder, became the candidate for the Presidency at the
instance of one political party, another powerful faction insisted
upon nominating his son to run against him. This the son refused to
do, and declined the nomination.
Dr. Roque Saenz Pefia entered public life early in his youth. Fora
time he served in the army. In 1881 he held the post of subsecretary
of foreign affairs. He also entered the journalistic field and together
with Dr. Pellegrini founded Sud America, one of the most influential
publications of its day. Later he was sent as minister of Argentina
to Uruguay, and from there went to Washington as a delegate from
his Government to the Pan American international conference
held in 1889. Subsequently he became minister of foreign affairs,
then Argentine minister to Spain, and after that was made a delegate
to the Hague conference, where his marked ability and strong
personality played an important part in the determination of momen-
tous questions affecting world problems.
While serving his country as minister to Italy he was nominated
for the Presidency of the Republic, was triumphantly elected, and
assumed the duties of his office October 12, 1910. Few men have had
such a brilliant career, and to few men has it been possible to be of
such service to the world. Well may Argentina be proud of her
distinguished citizen and his noble work, and Tur BuLLerin takes
this occasion to express its sympathetic appreciation of his great
merit and his loyal Pan Americanism, while in behalf of the executive
officials and staff of the Pan American Union it extends its sympathies
to the sorrowing nation that claimed him as a beloved son.
DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION OF CHILE RAISED TO RANK OF EMBASSY.
The following cablegram received by the Director General of the
Pan American Union evidences the cordiality and promptness with
which the Government of Chile responded to the recent action of the
United States in raising its legation in Chile to the rank of an embassy:
JoHN BARRETT,
Director General Pan American Union, Washington:
I have the pleasure of informing you that to-day there has been promulgated by His
Excellency the President of the Republic the law raising to the rank of embassy the
diplomatic representation of Chile in the United States. This resolution, accepted
with special demonstrations of approval by the Chilean Congress, shows that the
cordial attitude of the Chilean Government toward the United States reflects faith-
fully national opinion.
ENRIQUE VILLEGAS,
Minister of Foreign Relations.
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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 453
Thus have the cordial relations of the two countries been given
additional strength by this diplomatic recognition on the part of both
Governments of the constantly growing importance of their mutual
interests.
As it is generally understood that the present minister of Chile in
Washington, Senor Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica, will be made the
first ambassador of that Government to the United States, the staff
of the Pan American Union takes advantage of this opportunity
to extend to him its sincere congratulations. Mr. Suarez stands as
one of the foremost diplomats and statesmen of Chile, and it is
particularly appropriate that he should be the head of the first
embassy which that progressive Republic of South America establishes
abroad. As a member not only of the governing board of the Pan
American Union but of its supervisory committee, he has always
taken great interest in its work and generously cooperated with
- the director general and the assistant director in the administration
of the office for the best good of all the countries concerned. The
part he played, moreover, in the international mediation of the
Mexican question was a distinguished and influential one and helped
materially in the success of the negotiations. Since the European
war started and brought about new economic conditions in South
America, Minister Suarez has been indefatigable in his efforts to
readjust conditions between Chile and the United States and facili-
tate financial and commercial operations between the two countries.
It is expected that the minister will in the near future present his
credentials as ambassador. At the present writing, September 1,
he is located with his family at the Hotel New Monterey, Asbury
Park, N. J., where he will remain until the heated season in Wash-
ington is over.
SPECIAL ARGENTINE OFFICE IN NEW YORK.
One of the interesting phases of the Pan American economic situa-
tion as affected by the European war is the establishment in New
York City by Sefior Dr. Don Rémulo S. Naén, minister of the Argen-
tine Republic, of a branch office of the Legation of Argentina, for the
purpose of meeting the unique financial situation that has arisen
since the war started. The work of this office has been so practical
and useful that the minister has received the special praise of manu-
facturers, bankers, exporters, and importers in the United States who
‘carry on extensive business in Argentina.
- In this connection the Philadelphia Public Ledger, in its issue of
August 31, published an interesting interview with Dr. Naén, from
‘which we have great pleasure in making the following quotation:
Argentina has already passed the necessary legislation creating an ambessadorship
to the United States, and Dr. Naon, whose efforts as an A. B. C. mediator won the
54904— Bull. s—14—_8
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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 455
gratitude of our people as well as the high appreciation of his own, is to be the first to
receive this distinguished honor at the hands of his Government. Meanwhile this
accomplished scholar and diplomat has established a temporary office for the embassy
in New York, where, in addition to his other duties, for the present he is performing
the functions of an international banker, a necessity growing out of the war situation
and the lack of direct banking facilities between the two countries. With the estab-
lishment of the branch bank at Buenos Aires by the National City Bank of New
York, Dr. Naén will be relieved of these emergency duties.
* * * * * * *
Dr. Naén believes that the establishment of direct business relations between the
two countries at this time is most opportune. He regards it as an efficient factor in
bringing the people of the two great Republics together under auspicious conditions,
increasing their knowledge and regard for each other because of a better comprehen-
sion of their ideals and purposes, and affording opportunities for the cultivation of
mutual good feeling.
“From that standpoint,’ continued Dr. Nadn, “‘the establishment of a branch
bank will undoubtedly perform a genuine international service, the more so as it is
to be established in a country where the general sentiment of the country is already
favorable to the closest relationship possible.
* * * * * * *
“The European war undoubtedly has brought about an awakening to the peoples
of both Argentina and the United States, warning each to’take advantage of an oppor-
tunity for reciprocal trade relations, which up to the present time has been most
unfortunately neglected.
* * * * * * * :
In view of Minister Naén’s approaching elevation to the position
of ambassador, the staff of the Pan American Union unites in extend-
ing to him sincere felicitations. Mr. Nadén isrecognized as one of the
leading statesmen of Argentina, and he has so distinguished himself
in the service of his country, both at home and abroad, and especially
during the recent mediation negotiations, that he is most fittingly
entitled to this new honor.
COMMERCIAL CRUISE TO LATIN AMERICA.
The Director General of the Pan American Union is in receipt of
the following self-explanatory communication from Joseph J. Keegan
of the American Trade Tour Company, of New York City, under
date of August 24, in regard to the proposed trade tour of the
steamer Kroonland:
This is being written to advise that, in view of the intense interest being
developed within the last few weeks regarding South American trade, we have
determined to make an early announcement of a new sailing date for our cruise,
either by the Kroonland or another suitable vessel.
THE CLARKE LECTURES ON MEXICO.
Mr. F. H. Clarke, who has had ripe experiences in travel, has
announced an illustrated lecture for this coming season on Mexico.
He will be under the charge of William B. Feakins, whose bureau is
456 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
active in bringing before the public interesting men and interesting
topics. Mr. Clarke has given serious study to Mexico itself, its people
and its internal problems, and has, by his legal training, a recognized
claim to form a calm opinion upon its international problems. Mexico
of To-day and To-morrow ought to be a distinct contribution toward
better acquaintance with this wonderful Republic across the border.
AN ENGINEERING FIRM OF THE UNITED STATES WINS FIRST PRIZE.
About a year ago the Chilean Government advertised for bids and
plans for a system of shops for its national railways. Naturally, the
plans were to embody the latest and best ideas of construction con-
ducive to economy and efficiency. Engineering firms of eight
different countries entered the contest and submitted plans and
specifications. None of these, however, proved entirely satisfactory.
All were rejected and a second call was issued, the date for closing the
competition being set for May 1, 1914. An enterprising firm of the
United States entered the contest and, without revealing its identity,
submitted plans and specifications. So perfect in detail and so
exactly in line with Chilean wants were these that they were adopted,
the bid accepted, and the first prize of $20,000 awarded to the firm.
As a result the State-owned railways of Chile will have a system of
shops which will be up to date in every particular and will compare
favorably with those of the great railroad systems of the United
States.
A MONUMENT TO COLUMBUS.
Mr. William E. Pulham, who for some years was the receiver
general of customs in the Dominican Republic, has had a sympathetic
understanding with the Government of that Republic by which he
is encouraged to hope that he can be instrumental in having erected
on the southern shore of the country a suitable monument to the
immortal discoverer of the Western Hemisphere. The idea is prac-
tical as well as sentimental. It is proposed to collect funds from
all the Americas to the amount of $500,000, by which there can
be built a splendid monument to the discoverer almost on the spot
where he made his home, where he has left so many permanent
records of himself, and which he undoubtedly loved, as a material
proof of his achievements. Crowning this monument will be a
powerful beacon, to be known as the Columbus light, which will be
in every sense of the word a lighthouse and a guide to those at sea
in this vicinity. There can be no doubt but that the idea will meet
the cordial approval of everyone, both in Latin and in Anglo-Saxon
America.
Os ainsi cue,
CATHEDRAL AT SANTO DOMINGO,
N REPUBLIC.
A
DOMINIC
TOMB OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS IN THE
458 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
INTERNATIONAL DRY FARMING CONGRESS.
Two-thirds of the arable land of the world in which agriculture
is regularly practiced are limited by the factors of rainfall and evapo-
ration. Therefore two-thirds of the acreage of the world must be
interested in the problems presented by the principles of dry farming.
This applies as well to many parts of Latin America as to the United
States. No wonder, then, that the international dry farming con-
gress which is to be held in Wichita, Kans., October 7 to October 17,
1914, will attract the attention of the agricultural mterests of civili-
zation. Three classes of products will receive special notice this
year—those grown where the rainfall is 23 inches or less annually,
those where the rainfall exceeds 23 inches, and those grown under
urigation. The transactions will be published in their monthly
bulletin ‘‘Dry Farming and Rural Homes,’ and should be read by
all who can not be directly in attendance. This note will reach
many, it is to be hoped, where the practice of the principles of dry
farming will add to their prosperity and happiness.
CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS POSTPONED.
The organizing committee of the Nineteenth International Con-
gress of Americanists has announced that the session which was to
be held in Washington, D. C., October 5 to 10, 1914, has been post-
poned on account of the European war. The new date for the
session will be decided upon and announced as soon as conditions
will permit. In this connection it has been suggested that by putting
off the congress until the summer of 1915 arrangements might be
made to hold a joint meeting with the Pan American Scientific
Congress, which is to meet in Washington at that time. This plan
would have the advantage of enabling foreign members to attend
both congresses and afford an opportunity to the visitors to attend
the two California expositions.
A BOSTON EXPOSITION.
There is to be held in Boston from October 5, 1914, to the end of
that month, an interesting exposition which has something of an
international character, as the Republic of Cuba has been invited
and has agreed to take an active part in it. Technically the name
is the Boston Domestic Science and Pure Food Exposition, and as
the name implies its principal purpose will be to offer a practical
demonstration of whatever pertains to wholesome and clean living
in every walk of life. The Mechanics Building, a permanent structure
in Boston and the largest of its kind in the world, is to be utilized.
MECHANICS HALL IN BOSTON AND THE EXHIBITION THERE.
(1) The immense Mechanics Hall in Boston is one of the largest buildings in the United States. It has been
the home of many exhibitions, and lends itself most admirably for that purpose. In the present exhibi-
tion, which has something of an international character because the Republic of Cuba will make a
fine display, especially in agricultural resources and opportunities, the hall is to be completely occupied.
(2) The large auditorium of the hall is a favorite place for the automobile exhibit in Boston. In most
cases, however, it is used for public performances on a grand scale. (3) One of the corridors of the hall,
given over,as this picture shows, to an exhibition of shoes. These cases, during the October exhibit,
will be devoted to food, aids to household economics, and similar details.
460 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Besides the pure-food section, the departments of domestic science,
child, welfare and education, food analysis, model kitchen and cook-
ery, there are to be a women’s department, exhibits from the States
of Alabama and Georgia, as showing especially what a great farm
movement is taking place in the South, an exhibit by the United
States to show what the Government is doing to benefit the rural
communities, and the Cuban national exhibit, at which the municipal
band of Habana will be a most decided attraction. Cuba appreciates
the importance of encouraging the agricultural activities of its people,
and the Republic realizes that by adding to this far-reaching expo-
sition a practical display of the advances made during the last 10
years, the opportunities for permanent progress, particularly in the
home making which follows agriculture, will be widely recognized.
AMERICAN CITY BUREAU SENDS EXHIBIT TO CHILE.
Evidence of the growing interest throughout Latin America in
municipal development and improvement is shown by the fact that
Mr. John E. Lathrop, the director of the American City Bureau, New
York City, sailed for Santiago, Chile, on August 4, in accordance
with the invitation of the Chilean consul general, Sr. Ricardo Sanchez.
Cruz, of New York City, to make an exhibit in Santiago, the capital
of Chile, of city planning. The American City Bureau has already
accomplished remarkable work and the results it has achieved have
attracted the attention of South American municipalities. It is
probable that after Mr. Lathrop has made his exhibit in Santiago
he will display it in Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Rio de Janeiro.
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON HOME EDUCATION.
The Fourth International Congress on Home Education, scheduled
to convene in the city of Philadelphia, under the auspices of the Inter-
national Commission on Congresses on Home Education and Parent-
Teacher Unions, September 22—29, 1914, has been temporarily post-
poned. The date will be determined by the central committee, a
meeting of which will be called by Dr. Martin G. Brumbaugh, presi-
dent of the congress, as soon as events may warrant. While this
announcement may be disappointing, it is to be hoped that benefits
may yet result from this postponement, because it will give the Latin
American Governments still further time and opportunity to show
their enthusiastic participation in the congress. The date originally
set for the Philadelphia meeting was too early to plan a personal
delegation from many of the centers of Latin America, but now, with
more time for preparation, it is well within probability that the
Republics will play an interesting part in this educational congress.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 461
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA,
Tur BuLLeTiIn does not always seek to meet any popular taste,
nor to present every phase of all subjects pertaining to Latin America
which may be of interest. It is a magazine of progress, doing what
it can to advance the knowledge of Pan America among its readers.
Occasionally an article of_a gossipy, practical nature is admitted to
its pages. Of this nature is the series written by a commercial
traveler signing himself ‘‘Viajero,”’ in which he attempts to describe
his experiences in South America, without dwelling upon the technical
matters, such as credits, exchange, customhouse regulations, etc.,
which are rather the subject of exact reports than of letters. That
these letters have been received with approval in the United States
is proved by the fact that they have been copied, either in part or
as a whole, by several publications; and one of the most widely dis-
tributed magazines, devoted to the interests of commercial travelers,
has asked permission to reproduce the entire series. They thereby
receive the hall-mark of the learned. Should the future warrant,
they may be revised and reprinted as a simple guide in the present
commercial situation.
SPANISH COURSE OF GREAT INTEREST.
The following excerpt from an account in the Summer School News
(Knoxville, Tenn.) will be of interest to those of our readers who
realize the importance of the study of Spanish in the educational
institutions of the United States:
Among the courses of particular interest in the Summer School this year is that of
elementary Spanish, given from 11 to 12 daily, under the direction of Dr. G. L.
Swiggett. The special interest in connection with this course is due to the emphasis
put upon the imperative’need for Spanish in the preparation of teachers in the South,
who may be able thereby to assist in the great movement now being undertaken by
the Pan American Union, the Southern Commercial Congress, and the United States
Department of Commerce at Washington, who are undertaking to arouse and acquaint
the people of the South, the business men largely, with their splendid opportunities
for establishing trade relations with the Latin American countries. This feature has
been emphasized for the past two years in the course in Spanish at the University
of Tennessee, the first southern university to lay stress upon it.
Dr. Swiggett is intimately connected with this movement and has been a member
on various occasions of several important bodies directly concerned therewith. It
was through him that the Southern Railroad had their attention called to the impor-
tance of it. He was a member of the organizing committee of the first Southern
Panama Canal Congress, held in Atlanta in December, 1912, of which the late Presi-
dent Finley, of the Southern Railway, was chairman.
That the propaganda for the study of Spanish and Latin American
history and economics is bearing fruit throughout the South is further
attested by a recent communication from Mr. C. L. Chandler, South
American agent of the Southern Railway, which states that the
University of Georgia and also the University of North Carolina are
arranging courses in these branches for the coming year.
462 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
‘SOUTH 'AMERICA AS AN EXPORT FIELD.”’
In this issue of THE BULLETIN appears a concise review of a recent
publication of the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, entitled ‘‘South America as an
export field,’ special agents’ series No. 81. It is by no means
claimed that the reference is commensurate with the practical value
of the compilation, but the limited space at the disposal of THE
BULLETIN prevented as extended a review as the book deserves. It
is with pleasure, however, that THe BULLETIN calls especial atten-
tion to the publication, coming from the press so opportunely when
increased interest in Latin American trade is being manifested, and
commends its careful study to those who hope to profit by the present
and future opportunities to extend their activities to this field. It
is replete with useful information and good advice, and covers the
ground thoroughly in regard to exports, the consuming markets,
steamship and railway facilities, and trade customs. It shows the
products as well as the needs of the several sections, and gives much
valuable statistical information.
A CORRECTION.
In a recent article appearing in THE Butietin for July, 1914, pages
47-48, the statement was made to the effect that the writer met poor
success in his efforts to sell in the territory called in broad terms
‘“‘south Brazil,” because transportation rates from the United States
to, for instance, Paranagua, were a handicap for him in trying to
compete with transportation rates and accommodations from Europe.
As should be well understood, the Pan American Union must not be
held responsible for such personal statements, and it is to be regretted
if the writer of that article, in telling of his personal experiences, has
been so unfortunate as to mislead, through the pages of THE BULLE-
TIN, Others who may be planning to try to sell American-made goods
in south Brazil. Careful and personal investigation of this essential
problem in such commercial expansion is the only way to test a
market. In this connection, therefore, THz BuLLETIN takes pleasure
in stating that a letter from a large shipping agency has been received,
callmg attention to what they state is an error in that article, and
asserting that transportation rates from New York to south Brazil
are not higher than from Germany. ‘The real facts are,’’ so the
letter says, ‘‘that the rates of freight from New York to Paranagua,
Rio Grande do Sul, and Porto Alegre are exactly the same as those
current in Kurope, the same tariff of rates being in effect.’”” As THE
BULLETIN gave publicity to the one statement, it is only just that
equal publicity be given to the other, and it is to be hoped that
further experience will prove the inaccuracy of judgment of ‘‘ Viajero”’
in that regard.
WAT S_ 5 ——_ L__ KO rae
BIBT ECT MATTER UF _LUNSULAK KEPURTS 4 we
REPORTS RECEIVED UP TO AUGUST 28, 1914.'
Title.
Author.
ARGENTINA.
Sivmlinay AO UENCE 5 cgocsocdcocasnqcoscuaeoaseosadsssonosoaouge?
Sucanproduchiontinel lseereseeereeeeeereeeee eee eerceececereere
“Memoria” (a publication)......... Ae aes en ec aE Se S85
Reviewsol-ArsentinayforslOl ae aerem seen cease eee aaa
iElospitalisuppliesystenilizerssetcheeeeaeeee cece eceteeee cee eeeeee
UGK TSS ee eee eee ey SAIN See ee ae eect decouccnanacbO5 s¢
SSP erlandrarvD wl Cists rasa an ae eee see een ee ree
Motion=pichuireibusinessaeee see eee eee eee eee Eero eee ee ee eeee
Sanitary coops used for fattening poultry; no market........-..-
IEO DUH AY THaG Ry Tin, BEVAUL. 5 Coonan aconenncoauouoeGadooussesooonS 00
Shipments of crude rubber for fiscal year ended?June 30, 1914,
compared with equal period ending June 30, 1913.
Rubbershipmentsifor June O14 assent ene nen e een eee ase
CHILE.
Renmisiclullostyeecctaee eee eee eee eee eee See
COLOMBIA
UII Se tepece re nA eras oa ee eo ee an Se ee EE ee EOE
Incubators (poultry business does not exist).........-..-.------ --5
iBicy cledealersi cena saat eee ee ner ae Sud
(SU EYOYEN GUE 9 eee matte seein SEI eer ere men Sen ey Ere Ue OE Ua ees
Papemandistationenyaacs acer cocntacmen cece ck oon e ree een ee
Import duty, taxes, laws regulating sale of whisky...........-.- os:
Road-making machinery; MoOvmNarkebse sees eae enna eee eee
CUBA.
Botthinevestablishimentseeeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eer eee eee ee eer een
OwierallsAe sess tesco eee ese ected es reer
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Overalls Pit tlonised aseccntss ete or eis aera ree eee
Hlectricaliap pliancessssceiss sae Sane e ee oeeE eeeaee
DIS GraG tO LS Aran OM aye ces ee ee ee eee
Ear ciwareld Gall erste eesears setae es aos ae SE ee ee Parsee
ow boa timotorsi ser cee secnion ce eee oe eee oe ee eet oeecarere
Oivieralil see Behe e mi Ketek ee Se ae a wl eo rie ha inane haya
Ca tilemmaisin oir sy see ee ett rehep cs see ahere te een a terete cape een area
Shinisjandioveralllisuitseee eee eeee ee eee eee en eae eee eee eee --
ON GIRS ee Ach ata ae bace cabs bos on dH et oan use CHS aR Sean seSoaeeclans
William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario.
R. M. Bartleman, consul,
general, Buenos Aires.
Do.
Do.
Do.
William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Julius G. Lay, consul general,
Rio de Janeiro.
Do.
Do.
Do.
George H. Pickerell, consul,
Para.
Do.
A.B. Easterling, vice consul,
Valparaiso.
Thad. A. Thomson, United
States minister, Bogota.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Chas. W. Doherty, vice con-
sul, Cartagena.
Do
Do.
Dean R. Wood, consul, Nue-
vitas.
Do.
Frank Anderson Henry, con-
sul, Puerto Plata.
Jel, Watson, consular agent,
San Pedro de Macoris.
Charles H. Albrecht, vice
and deputy consul general,
Santo Domingo.
Frank Anderson Henry, con-
sul, Puerto Plata.
Charles H. Albrecht, vice
and deputy consul general,
Santo Domingo.
Do.
Do.
E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu
cigalpa.
Do.
Do.
A. R. Gordon, acting consu-
lar agent, San Juancito.
Do.
1 This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America,
but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this organization.
463
464 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Reports received up to August 28, 1914—Continued.
Title. Date. Author.
HONDURAS—Continued. 1914
Cancllesfactoniesin sain sasianoscee oe eee ee ee ee aaee July 8/| E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
Timports;okshoewleather- et aace a-pesee eee ee enter eae July 9 Do.
Lradeuntoatmealiand rolledioatseaeeeeeeeer eee nee Eee e eee ee eeee July 15 Do.
Shoe factories; importers of leather and findings. ..............-. July 16 Do.
MEXICO.
GO ROCO TMC, MONG 505 cococosoucascanbsocudbeouunonssonsanis | June 30 | A. Gordon Brown, vice con-
i sul, Mazatlan.
(OI ese ae ne ety ens ey Maes i dR 2 Pua Y Den kb Wea el cin ae) Saeed ay a July 9 Clarence A. Miller, consul,
Tampico.
Bonesjandiotherertilizenmnaterials sss sesso eee eee eee July 11 Do.
Overall sh seese ise ret eee re eee eee eee er eee eee Oeeae Do.
A TNT he are tae eae ere Cos creat ey eee AE ER Seep ae Olney Do.
Pants eee ners peice eereise te eee eae te conte bs baleen ee a ee July 14 | Marion Letcher, consul, Chi-
huahua.
Overalls Mittlemasedi eps seciec ret nent cys eee ees ae ee era eee CLO seas Wm. W. Canada, consul,
Veracruz.
Regarding the wiealthiotMexico2Zeesssaseeeeeeeeee eee eee eee July 21 Marion Letcher, consul, Chi-
uahua.
Traffic and manufacture of spirituous liquors..................-- July 22 | A. Gordon Brown, vice con-
sul, Mazatlan.
PANAMA.
Chamberon Commerceforneanamaseeeeenee ene eee eee pe neee rere July 6) Alban G. Snyder, consul gen-
| eral, Panama.
Wisi key iano orUS Choreioyy NOM. . cocbaaecascosdsodessoueseosascece July 10 | Do.
VENEZUELA.
(OUT N ES Sra le Setar PN ce AAC ated 1a te IR Mop EL shane sy MONE A Sh Ea AY July 1} Thomas W. Voetter, consul, —
| La Guaira.
IDOI, Oi Taba LOONIE. «ooo Gnome cescocsosoedcosocosousdocee secl@ssana | Do.
Incubators... .. BESO HLIA ODO CRO RANCHO nO TE CREO SOAP EC RE rene July 2 Do.
Breweries soda-watermtactonlesmetce eee see eeeeee setae aeeenee nee July 7 Do.
PENI SH STA Cs AWOL cpa ectsrs tases rae rays ee als, Se EE eS a mele pen ed Osteete | Do.
IL{ihadl oY e operas ene neo SIS or eRe ee a ee ae nin rene Soo sonea Do.
Tee wil enygreetcr ents Woe sce nice eee Seen cise ELE Seal July 11/ ~- Do.
GE \\\
Ni
WZ
Mn ¥ “Wy WY yy ‘YY YY wyttlly, Ny Yi wily, YV% “yyy, yy We yp Z WY witty, “YY Y 2 Z Wr Z
Y Y GY yy ZG i Lh
ee Vy wMyyftin Ny, We
OY? 40 7 aa A ao y,
4% G4 “lp Gv Y
4. 4.4 I 4. JO 4.%A o a 2 Z a 2
HE foreign trade of Guatemala for the year 1913, compiled
from the report of Sr. Don José J. Sanchez, director general
of statistics, attached to the report of Sr. Don Joaquin
Torres, assistant and acting secretary of finance and public
credit, and presented to the National Congress on March 5, 1914,
amounted to $24,512,253.82 United States gold, of which $10,062,-
327.68 were imports, and $14,449,926.14 were exports.
The figures for the year 1912 were: Imports, $9,822,462.33; ex-
ports, $13,156,537.66; total, $22,978,999.99.
There was, therefore, an increase for the year 1913 as compared
with 1912 of $239,865.35 in imports, and of $1,293,388.48 in exports,
or a total increase in the foreign trade of $1,533,253.83. The balance
of trade in favor of the Republic was $4,387,598.46.
IMPORTS.
The imports, by countries, for the years 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, and
1913 were as follows:
1909 19101 1911 | 1912 1913
WinitedtS tatesj-mieareecns wi Oenc eee eee $2,181, 859 | $2,758,796 | $2,696,144 | $4,532, 361 $5, 053, 060
(GSriianiyee rence eer een en eee a | 1,249,559 | 1,459,130 | 1,592,658 | 2,250,862 | 2,043,329
Whiner) IMAG. sdanane dassancoscoscaecs | 1,135,420 | 1,374,086 | 1/314/202 | 1,739,598 | 1,650,387
(BTA CO aera se eee ee Reet eee Seno EE eee| 273, 215 270,135 | 285, 050 436, 882 402, 025
Chinatand la pamper een eee amen GARG eee anos a 187, 748 307, 937 305, 151
TAY a inane een ee ane nets Don evi k 5 NOPE EI |ocosecascsoe | 136,014 146, 431 125,316
IMGXICOM IS ae ea ae mis etaciae See ce eee 1457409 eee 43, 821 135,971 121, 543
Spain eee soe ete ie San eee RG netoeaucses | 95, 334 115, 934 111, 475
Taye ee ne Se au 2 accra tay eee | TOV beoasooeaced | 134, 817 96, 496 113,578
SoybRH ay Aaa ACN o G55 goocabuuovaccusHesodees SOV te (ee ace 640) ees sceoteee = 98, 599
Ja eee oe nS ec ne 55077 Pee eeeeer || ANAT ie meat ene awe anew ara
Spy EZ TL mn mes sae ee a me he | ERR SE rn mena a me POO et) Same Te te a el oles ee
ANGE A SHINE A 55 cco naocaseenesodocdesese Sk67 7) eee ae e735 30 (ea ye ae = eo oe eee
Ofsayagall Ammaesrnten, on counscougassooaseecosscull (Ney balea amore | 18, 271 44,075 | 29, 768
BCT VeLT Cos eae rr eet Ue eV aaa a ee el hn nt Be Orne eeepey mre eta Bae |e seb oo rel seers eee
(Obwarve Race Se eee rk BS SE ae I dice ga Se etal UR Robes te «ere DRO wih ae oe Me es She ee
INGE Herel evra Gl Spee sear eee el al tie een Sel epee tae STE lene ee tease commiasee ee
Ofhercountrics sees eee eee nee 1708) Beene es eters | Stare Cenne 15,915 8, 097
| |
SUG Mem Meee a ane aL fs, APA Noone ees | 6,514,421 | 9,822,462 | 10,062,328
1 Incomplete.
The invoice value of the imports at the maritime customshouses
for 1913 amounted to only $7,959,325 62, to which in the table
above have been added 25 per cent—$1,989,831.40, an estimate cov-
ering freights, insurance, commissions, etc., and $113,170.66, imports
through frontier customshouses. The imports through frontier
customshoures are given as invoiced without any addition. The same
classifications were made in the table for 1912, but not in tables
for years prior thereto. In these the invoice value alone appears.
465
ZaAS ; Ve)
a ON Commerce 1913 Gor
Wuponne DOTAL $24512 251,67 ame
10,062,328 $14,449,926.
UNITED KINGDOM
$ 1,650, 38T.
GERMANY
0 1G Ss), SiG
YY
Vigo s TATES
(92373547
V7
PAN AMERICAN UNION
COMMERCE OF GUATEMALA FOR 1913.
467
The imports, by articles, for the years 1911, 1912, and 1913 were
as follows:
1911 1912 1913
Cotton! textiles'and manufactures. -....---........-....- $1, 848, 650. 86 | $1,926, 423. 39 $1, 734, 832. 69
Irongandlsteelimanutactunessemepeer eee cee eee eee 626, 425. 32 730, 330. 79 685, 548. 08
HOOdPrOdUC tSiise series ss Asa cea ee cee nee naewe tae 419, 817. 86 718, 122. 82 566, 856. 48
Railway.materialbencysccpocesscetr ares ene cree a wee 311, 384. 56 290, 222. 74 426, 826. 96
Wihea til OUT: ae -mkeeeaete ieee neee ee meee tines ne sameue 354, 154. 66 512, 254. 66 394, 931. 78
Agricultural and industrial machinery.................. 196, 421. 64 280, 698. 38 350, 366. 60
Wain esfandeliquorskes-ceesar so seereecine eerie ee oe 223, 285. 81 | 340, 675. 76 347, 752. 30
Drugsandemedicineseaseres- asec eee ece eee ee eeeree 217, 635. 26 | 276, 011. 34 268, 523. 07
Sillstextilesandsmanulacturess--scessace cesses cess ee 267, 279. 00 | 328, 999. 57 263, 448. 22
Woolen textiles ‘and manufactures). ..-----......-....--- | 277, 600. 09 | 299, 861. 99 253, 107. 38
Linen, hemp, and jute textiles and manufactures. ....-.| 272, 266. 86 213, 543. 07 222, 320. 65
Re (roleumMssa see ass acces wae eee me ete eee ee cee 43, 879. 25 73, 454. 75 184, 936. 97
Mumber nee ee eee ierse jes ss sree eae wee Bee 59, 855. 91 88, 415. 69 179, 880. 20
Rapenandistationersssupplicseaneeeeseneee eens een: 138, 402. 29 178, 818. 84 179, 798. 43
Manufactures Otdleatherpessseeeee reser eeeereree creer eee 135, 198. 26 157, 779. 40 156, 688. 96
Manufactures of glass, china, and earthen ware ......... 87, 246. 63 89, 844. 20 106, 825. 88
Manufactures of wood or of wood and iron...........--. 169, 230. 43 | 135, 207. 03 88, 852. 97
(Qype Aces cses on aaae eeen pene Beseroceneeacesrersesaaas 33, 812. 39 | 47, 225. 30 45, 417. 91
Manufactures of lead, tin, copper, and alloys =is| 39, 459. 73 | 44,352. 96 37, 637. 57
IMasCellame OuS Sas cee ce teers ie ane ee eee neeene 792, 414. 22 1, 054, 642. 24 1, 464, 772. 52
EO Gall eva ercy at epee ee ate el ee eh EN ee 6, 514,421.03 | 7,781,984. 92 7, 959, 325. 62
In the table above the imports through the frontier are not included
nor is the 25 per cent for freights, commissions, insurance, etc.
The imports by articles and countries for the years 1912 and 1913
were as follows:
1912 1913 | 1912 1913
Cotton textiles and Food products—Con. |
manufactures: | Netherlands........ | $246. 45 | $136. 50
United Kingdom...} $822,301.40 | $778, 278. 06 Denmarkee esse eee 65.16 | 118. 00
United States......| 576,580.39 | 503,920.59 || Wiese ceceqesean| 19, 225. 71 40. 10
Gernmanyeeseessseee 428,965.17 | 337,181.06
italy ee ae 15, 933. 01 42,861.45 Rotaliina: eee 713,122.82 | 566, 856. 48
INPBWCG sGsasaascooe 25,709.66 | 19,445. 16
Bel sume ee 10, 999. 11 18,175.04 || Railway material:
Mexicon ten see 21,619.00 | 16,528.00 United States...... 282,939.49 | 424,235.96
Spain seerescceeoe 20, 272. 60 13, 063. 86 Bel eum eee 4,931. 96 2,591. 00
China and Japan... 1,462.05 | 4,710. 00 Germanyeeeeeenoeeee ARMM) [se oscssacccs
Switzerland. ....... WOE CD esseccnaasen rr
Netherlands sees. pasar eee 428. 00 Totals? se. ceseses 290,222.74 | 426,826. 96
Central America....| 306200 5|S22c5senee me — SSE
Austria-Hungary...) 1, 227. 00 241.47 || Wheat flour:
| | United States...... | 512,354.66 | 394,931.78
Mo tales eee | 1,926, 423. 39 |1, 734, 832. 69
— Agricultural and indus-
Tron and steel manufac- | | trial machinery:
tures: United States...... 130,915.13 | 175,683. 12
United States......| 353,093.62 | 384,094.46 United Kingdom... 62,891.65 86, 456. 66
Germanyeeeeeseeece 221,844.61 | 181,538.44 Germanyareeeenee se 76, 255. 60 78, 711. 52
United Kingdom... 123, 064. 24 97, 434. 78 WTATICCE A eae soe 3,321.00 5, 612. 20
Sa|| 21,444. 60 20, 453. 21 italy e anes 1, 020. 00 2,643. 00
9,394. 40 1,914. 25 IBelgiumepereeeeeeeee| 275. 00 751. 80
Austria-Hungary - ..| 233000) |eooeodonoase || Spainlee ese. s-cere pcsSocbecasesc 308. 30
Spain. Sates cen 1139, Layee es l|Paweey Coates ne cutee | 210500) Rasen
Crolenpahocsessscee SAN OO beeen see ee Central America... . 5, 810. 00 200. 00
South America..... 915. 04 46. 94 —_—_—————
Central A merica.... 21.00 | 46. 00 PROTA i een aye 280,698.38 | 350,366. €0
China and Japan... 47.90 20.00 |
Switzerland........ LOROOM Sak series || Wines and liquors:
S| —_—_—__ nrance ss: sean: 110, 762.52 | 102,838.15
Motales 33 sige | 730,330.79 | 685,548. 08 United States...... 67,414. 58 73, 752. 18
Genmanyeeeeeeeeee 82, 185. 76 73,415. 78
Food products: | ALN Ssh CaN Se 29,031.29 40, 120. 90
‘United States......) 480,900.49 | 260,854.90 | United Kingdom... 32, 465. 39 33, 126. 67
Germanyeeeeea ee | 82, 210.36 86, 923.61 | italy ssseeecerr tcc 13, 455. 39 13, 440. 37
SouthvAn ericase see seeee eee eee | 77,400. 00 IMCXICOSaceeseneeree 1,646. 39 7,434. 00
United Kingdom... 44,969.77 | 54,859, 42 | iBeletumi eee eee 1, 848. 00 1, 885. 95
Central America... 27, 540. 89 | 21, 482. 04 China and Japan... 918. 80 1, 040. 80
China and Japan... 15, 428. 32 20, 828. 20 | Canadaseeeeerereeee 876. 64 475. 00
IND > sossancosese 15, 468. 02 | 14, 696. 46 Rortucalaeeee IR ee eae Te 222, 50
Spaineseecseee ace 14, 734. 57 13, 547.35 | Netherlandseass—eee MUXOOh eee secs se
Ttalyseee sarees | 11,828.92 | 13,407. 54 ——__——
Belgium 504. 16 1, 864. 14 TRotalve eases 340,675.76 | 347,752.30
Javadi essa seen See [pee Meee 698, 22 Sess
468
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
1912 1913 1912 1913
Drugs and medicines: Manufactures of leather:
United States... $115, 979.69 | $99,359. 64 United States...... $115, 787.42 | $110,318. 44
INTANCEM ees -eei =e 64, 722. 44 73,613. 14 || Germany....-....- 25,344.88 | 30, 244.58
Germany..-------- 72, 296. 80 62,375. 49 United Kingdom. . 10, 100. 22 8, 349. 69
United iingdomis 17, 588. 23 17,856. 81 IMBNNC)= sscaacooace 1, 480. 88 3,318. 75
Sho cooseacoscouce 2,244. 93 4,923.99 || Belgiumeeees pease 2,646. 70 3,058.65 ~
WP W7ocaudceseoscdos 2, 112. 20 4,265. 03 China and Japan 1,325. 10 1,045. 85
iBeleium se eeee eae 184. 40 3, 770. 89 S palneeee ence 589520). 5555 eee
INietherlandsss eee. Paesee eee 788. 82 OxXiCOseee bere eee 457.00) |=
Central America-... 508. 65 765. 00 WMally.< face Sen bee eee een ee 299. 00
South America..... 38. 25 530. 26 South America. ...- | 48. 00 54. 06
NIGESCOQ)5oedosocessas 95. 00 150. 00 eee ene Se
{
China and Japan. .. 240. 75 124. 00 Total seeee soe cise | 157, 779. 40 156, 688. 96
Roti see 276,011.34 | 268,523.07 || Manufactures of glass, | sie
china, and earthen- |
: ; si ware: :
Silk textiles and manu Germany 44,059.53 | 58,944.94
factures: ST Wy Cee a | N29. Ta
China and Japan...| 204,775.31 | 193,790.02 United States....... Pee 64) 24,783.55
Germany......-.--- 58,109.98 | 35,614. 55 ee Ae era pUD NM | Wi 8. Si
Brance: sco aches 38, 620. 09 18, 573. 05 United Kingdom... 2,565. 76 2, 080. 64
United States...... 14,135.15 | 7,539.10 Eee ee tee ere 2 Moss
ee ee ee ee “ooo 48h 0
Tialyceee eee il, 526. 81 934.00 Austria-Hungary 42.75 14. 00
Beleiiimeee eee 168. 80 30. 00 T
Otales tee ee 89,844.20 | 106,825. 88
Totaleeeeeeeeaeee 328, 999. 57 263, 448. 22 Manufactures of wood
textiles and or of wood and iron:
Wee eae: Germany --.-.-.-. 74,016.62 | 40,982. 06
Seka aabe 116. 915.28 | 111.866. 90 nited States.......| 47,589.50 | 37,199. 65
Cee ae France 776.00 | _ 3,782.40
omens 5 : Bry Eee SOS Oe : :
United States. 8,529.96 | 30/038.57 United Kingdom... 3,359.40 | 2,669. 75
29. 477. 60 96 695. 98 Bel gimme eee ea 6, 717. 30 1, 974. 28
25203. 69 14. 359, 93 | China and Japan. -.| 1, 142. 06 L 112. 33
7691. 19 ie 151. 42 | Italy weoceota este tere eee | 670. 00 rt 002. 50
2) 025 50 "986. 40 qeumar ose esieicies (BBDUG) |lccsoccecas ai
; " EN onaccacooasoce |Jo2ccoceccocce= 130. 00
oi oD Leh ah) guistala, Huey. ihe URW) Gacacasconcs
out merica..... } PEW Scacccaoccos
299,861.99 | 253, 107.38 WIGHOO.......c nn. | 40:003| eee
Central America 30:00) | saeeeeeenee
Linen, Remy and ee _— | __—
textiles and manulac- Total ja-Beseseel see 135, 207. 03 88, 852. 97
tures: So ee ee
- Coal:
Germanyeeeeeec ee = 104,567.48 | 111,141.72 se
United Kingdom... 71, 668. 36 80, 954. 51 United States....... 47, 225. 30 45,417.91
United States...... etre 32 20, bee ae Manufactunesmotmlead = a
MTanC@kzaseasseree . 40 4,695. 2 - y
Belgium............ PR Hee yee IL Hee Cage) Ee ek
Cereeae a ee Date & Des United States.......| 18,790.15 | 17,534.18
Sonchiscnericaaeee es ele 697.61 Germany..-..------ 15, 398. 44 9, 212. 54
Cee ee | soo Be |
: ingdom... ; :
@enitralvAmenicala=s psa seeeeee 250. 00 vanes a aan Se it, ae a 1, 568. 70
Total.-..--..----- 213,543.07 | 222,320.65 | Austria-Hungary. Br eens 2 aaa 118. 00
s italy iiiers-reretrecee sere 205. 68 30. 00
Petroleum: ,
United States...... 73,454.75 | 184,936.97 China and Japan. .. 171.70 27. 68
ere Motalen sce | 44,352.96 |. 37,637.57
United States...... 88, 162.69 | 179,880.20 || Miscellaneous: Ti
nue’ Kingdom... 200 HS 2 aly ae te Shee pac’ States....... Ege 17 | 978,857.68
nin any eee N00 | Seeeee anes WMaMATDY. coocecocoe 318,277.16 | 356,020.32
ice SNS a United Kingdom.... 71,663.59 | - 44, 953. 23
Do taleeeemeeee a 88,415.69 | 179,880. 20 JPN eo os ocdccocuas 32,854. 15 35; 305. 17
. : oe China and Japan. -. 18, 076. 39 17,584. 38
renee ' an stationers Belgium) socconnsoces a0 ae a ve aan ag
: FA geese eee ee oa . 31 , 037. 55
nited States......- 60, 918. 31 87, 420. 32 WIPED, coscescoces ” 559. 00 ‘4,922: 00
Germanyaeee eee 77,827.60 | 60,491.87 Spaiteee esis aes! 5, 648. 69 4, 489. 47
United Kingdom. . 12, 985. 90 11, 772. 35 Cuba sees eee ece 3, 728. 00 2, 097. 00
Spat soapaqsecodsooc ae aR 0 10, a 71 Central America. . 1, 043. 25 1,031. 00
NC) onosocnoescc oul 7, 843.95 | HIND Cocoecooncdose @30600) sccensseccce
Belem eee 2) 149. 05 778.93 INGUMGMETNGS, guecumelBenososeuscon: 359, 862
Ttaly a. s-c22088 fee 3, 032. 57 394. 80 | Denmark......... Tah aac oe eee 232. 76
Mexico ene 95.00 386. 50 | Austria-Hungary ..-| 220. 00 192. 50
una ang apan . oe an 330. 00 | South America. ...- | 976. 50 “90: 00
etherlands........ AO aemacesecne | UENMINCD. scosecshoce 847. 25 75. 00
South America... .. 30. 00 60. 00 | iRontusa seep 110.50 60. 00
CentrabpAmmenicass--|s-2e eee eeee 40. 00 Switzerlandes serene seeeacree ners 50. 00
Totals Hee aetacc oc 178, 818. 84 179, 798. 43 Notalllix: eect eee 14, 054, 642. 24 |1, 464, 772. 52
1
COMMERCE OF GUATEMALA FOR 19138.
469
The following statement shows the imports for 1913 of all articles
the total imports of which amounted to $15,000 or over, and also
the proportion from the leading countries:
Accessories and parts for car-
TIAGESE ase ea See her cer ena $24, 167°
United States... .. $19, 775
Germanyeeeaeeee = 3, 589
IDTPNNCD. cosoocuvocs 600
United Kingdom... 30, 214
Germany=eeseeneee 26, 162
United States...... 9, 249
IManeralawatenshe ese ener: warn ee
United Kingdom... 8, 968
Germanyeaeseeeeeee 4,306
United States. .... owoan
IMAM Cm a serscrseeater 2, 312
Fence wire and staples.......-
United States...... 30, 917
Gerimanyeeseeeeeeee 2, 465
IIe) Aw, ascedaoosenooods
United States... .. 31, 614
Mexacosseeeeee eee O00
Electrical apparatus
andbma terial sesoses eee eee
Germany eee eseeeeee 51, 577
United States...... 4, 385
RCE wIMeOTAN Meee wee rte ey et
United States.....-. IN, OL
Germ anyeneeeeeee ne 14, 055
China and Japan... 8, 929
Ready-made clothing,
COLLOMM eae 5 Saar rete eaters
United Kingdom... 33,318
Gernianyeeessee eee 17, 316
United States. ..-. 10, 360
Ready-made clothing,
WOOL EM eps 5 Seer Ne eet ere ate
Genmamyee=seeeeeee 15, 684
United Kingdom... 1, 340
Ira Ces seis ever< te 633
Ready-made clothing,
Billikes et eS a anche he Eons eee
China and Japan... 43,871
United States..... 3,003
Germamnyeeseeeeeee 2,713
Mrancess se ercisc. 2, 032
Household utensils, iron....-.-.-.-.
Germany eeeeeeesnes 56, 202
United States. .... 24, 181
Belenuimese essere 6, 561
United Kingdom... 2, 656
54904—Bull. 3—14-——_9
69, 701
19, 041
33, 383
33, 914
59, 433
40, 905
62, 570
17, 674
56, 683
89, 962
| Household utensils, ordi-
Naryxchinase cs ee
Germamyeeeeee eens $16, 021
iBelevumeseses sees 4,216
WnitedyStatessncs 5s lead6
Automobiles, and acces-
SOrles fon same esse eee
United States... .. 41, 047
Germanyaeaseeeeeee 3, LO9
Belomume asses = see 2, 040
Bank MoOteshse- see ee eo ceeeer
United States...... 23, 612
Germanyeeeese ree 3, 558
Glassibotilessaeseeeeeeeeeeerere
Germanyeeeese eee 9,010
United States.....- 6, 257
Cacao, in grain (nearly
all from Central
IANO TI CaS hears ark Se eee etm eeetn ae
| Iron safes and strong
DOXESH Saintes se tee eer
United States...... 16, 871
Germanyaseeeeeeeee 819
Music boxes, phono-
graphs, cinemato-
graphs, and acces-
SOLLES MOT SAIC) yareye a sear erate
United States... .. 14, 600
Iran cebesij2 4-72 = 7, 402
Germany aaseeeee ee 1 lye
‘Bootslandishoessessseeeeeaeenee
United States..... 25,046
Iron tubing and fittings
NOP HOV) GENIE) Gescacugoacecouus
United States. .... 22,728
Germamyeeeeeseeeae 1, 409
Cinnamoneeess saa ssee essere
Germanyereeeeeeeee 10, 575
United States... .- 5, 484
Coal (all from the United
States) ere aetyect ye ee eens
_ Meats, smoked or salted
(all from the United
States) So esas see See ree
Shawls or scarfs, of silk.-.......-
China and Japan... 98, 348
Germanys s eee eee 1, 995
ran Cetera ereree 1, 045
$22, 897
46, 288
27, 170
16, 041
17, 710
17, 712
23, 958
25, 235
24, 659
16, 342
45, 418
19, 142
102, 358
470
Barley, in the husk or
malted (all from the
Winnitedestates) messes ae eeeseeee
Ere eet aca nc ea, Rese pees
Germany.....-.--- $43, 567
United States... -. 20, 37
United Kingdom... 12, 064
INST COM Noe ee 7, 406
Rabo ons sp lte uel kaaaeeee see
Germany eee 11, 314
Spall. eee eee 1, 897
China and Japan... 1,800
United Kingdom... 1, 538
Preserves of all kinds, in
receptacles other than
WOO Glin epee alee a ea ioe
United States... ... 40, 859
Germany eee 28, 610
United Kingdom... 14, 840
INPHNCOS Gaossecesc 4; 99
SH ORNOC IE ea eRe 6, 464
China and Japan... 3,396
Cognac, whisky, and
Ofherispinits ee eeenee re ae ae
ramiCe sarees 48,915
United States... .. 32, 653
United Kingdom... 10,773
Germania 6, 892
Salen: Sane ea O49
Cottonicdnlll Reese ane ra
United States... .. 106, 536
Germany ener 66, 698
United Kingdom... 51, 023
Titanliy arse eves i558 24, 958
Confectionery and sweet
meats otallgkands) sees - se
United States... .. 8, 552
Germanys sence 4, 740
United Kingdom... 4, 146
Italy see eee ee 3, 700
IBINCQ. nc oscoccese 2, 307
Articles imported by the
Government or under
its sanction, by muni-
cipalities or charities........-
United States..... 25, 831
ran ces ce ees 4,318
Germany. eee 2, 814
Stearin, unmanulfac-
GURCd HE ee ces Deena
Germanys 2425 -5- 83, 103
Belowime esas eee 11, 070
$21, 482
84, 362
16, 629
103, 751
103, 737
259, 800
25, 121
33, 163
94, 173
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Matches, wax and
Belgium
Cottoneilannel esses
United Kingdom...
Cotton blankets.........
Germany eee
United States....-
United Kingdom...
ine works eee
China and Japan...
United States... ..
Gernmnanyerneeer ree
Guano and other fertili-
Germania. eee
United States. ....
United Kingdom...
Wheat flour (all from
the United States)-..-..
Ornamental
balustrades,
and the like
United States... ..
Germmanyane eee see
United Kingdom...
Tools, farmers’ and lab-
ironwork,
stairs,
OVOTS ete es ek es
United Kingdom...
Germanyea-e-eeeee
United States......
Tools, mechanics’.....-.
United States.-.....
Genmanyeeeeee sees
United Kingdom...
Iron and steel for the
trades
United States.......
GermanyAeeeeee eee
Simueturalbirone=—eeeeeeee
United States......
Cotton thread on spools. .
United Kingdom...
Genmnanyaeeeeeeeee
United States......-
Cotton yarn, bleached
or unbleached........
United Kingdom...
Germany eeeeeeeee
Hran@@icis 34 seats
4,964
5, 246
ecee eee
$40, 922
31, 454
17, 950
17, 970
51,173
394, 932
84, 222
108, 827
18, 375
33, 002
23, 222
59, 947
122, 563
COMMERCE OF GUATEMALA FOR 1913.
Cottontyarnyredssssesse-
Germanyereee see
United Kingdom...
Cotton yarn, other colors
United Kingdom...
Germaniyeess--ee eee
Soap, ordinary, in bars
ORCAkesHe yaar seers
United States.......
United Kingdom...
Cennanyaeesesseee
Ham, bacon, and sau-
sage In wooden recep-
tacles
United States......-
Gennenyeeeee reer
United Kingdom...
China and Japan...
Galvanized sheet iron
NOE MROOMUN SoScococce
United States.......
United Kingdom...
Germany...
Printed books, apounds ae
United States. .-...
Germaniys-ssee eee
Spain.. baer
Lumber in logs (all fiom
the United States) - -
Building lumber
from the United
States) eater wee ase
Msaebignn Cosa oosososcdooes
United States......
Lard (all from the United
States).
$35, 221
23, 557
15, 276
9, 638
jk
Machinery loperated by ete
animal, water,
steam power,
or
and
OUKMitinoonasGosce ce cHcce
United States......
Germanyn--e--- 2.
United Kingdom...
Machinery operated by
crank, pedal, or hand
lever andaparts-e eee
United States... ..
Germany) oe
United Kingdom. .
$58, 778
25, 993
17, 007
16, 186
20, 627
134, 805
15, 453
87, 448
91, 905
78, 304
37, 960
255, 704
17, 200
Sewing machines. ........._...
United States. .... $60, 182
Genmamyeerse seers 1268
United Kingdom. . 930
Railway materiale..--0. 2-2-5525.
United States. .... 424, 236
Belowimabeeee ene toll
Furniture, wooden.............
United States... .. 28, 425
Germany 11, 464
Hrances.2- eee 1, 926
United Kingdom.. 952
Gold in dust, ingots, or
coined (all from the
WnitedsStates)sssss5 ee: oene
Cassimere and other pure
Woo lite xctill Osta ey ts ny A
Gernanyaee eee 48, 466
United Kingdom.. 30, 344
ran Coens eee 16, 704
News-print paper. .....-......-.
United States. .... 15, 424
Germany..-.---..- -4,995
Raper cloare tieseeeeeees eee aeee
Germany= 252-222. 103/086
Spalnegente ven ane 8, 116
United Kingdom... 1, 442
Paraffin, unmanufac-
buned etake Se eee ee
Germany= 44-255" 24, 657
United States. .... 1, 574
Reriumernyea-ees-s- ERs tere
Germany= 222-545. 16,618
IMPINGOs sasescaoase 11, 067
United States. .... 11, 046
United Kingdom.. 5, 436
Petroleum, crude (all
from theUnited States).......-
Kerosene (all from the
Uimitedi States) =e
United States..... 4,122
Skins, tanned and
dressed! 222 5 x. Se eee
United States. .... 67, 517
Germany. ase eee ose
United Kingdom.. 2, 806
Paints, ordinary and pre-
Paredy fuses snes yee wees Bagi
United States..... 14,193
Gennany eee eee eel 66
471
$65, 501
426, 827
37, 779
543, 520
102, 662
20, 424
20, 805
26, 232
44,725
119, 800
65, 137
15, 911
83, 985
16, 517
472
Chemical and pharma-
Centiealiproductss | -sseeeeere $238, 012 |
United States... .- $87, 075
ram Cele seers 70, 800
Germaniy= = eee 52, 476
United Kingdom... 15, 848
Cheese eee eee eee eo 15, 008
United States..... 5, 088
Germanyeeeeeeee 4, 404
Ttalysegaeseeeee 3, 929
Hardware, iron or steel......... 20, 960 |
Germany= 22 -s-5-- §125749
United States..... 4,052
Belem pease ere 343
Brancenc serene ee 1, 154
United Kingdom.. 1,040
Underclothing, cotton,
kant becetiaaer sta A nen crane * 94, 605
Germanyaaae eee 43, 568
United States..... 35,021
OW Nscosocsoaccesa Dy ATA)
United Kingdom... 4,812
IBNCSooacoceece se DoDD,
Bags, empty, of jute,
JOM, OP INGMVCWEN, .onesosc5c5 174, 387
Germanyeeneeee 93, 016
United Kingdom... 69, 864
United States. .... 10, 243
Raw and rendered tallow
(all from the United
States) sae se asc lo aoe oh se 50, 299 |
Silk twist, all colors (all |
from China and Japan).......- 34, 413 |
Hats, felt, vicufia, or
imuifaflonsthereokessen- ea =e 41, 344 |
United States... ..- 23, 224
italyeeeeacee wee 11, 395
Germanys eeeeeeee 4, 690
United Kingdom... 2, 009
Tron tanks (all from the
WmitedsS tates) peeme ee 15, 460 |
Unbleached muslin. ........... 251, 569
United States..... 180, 628
United Kingdom.. 41, 879
Mexico. Jaa. ane ee 16, 080
Gennanyaeeeee eee 12, 728 |
Bleached smushin=sss55s— sees 203, 092
United Kingdom.. 166, 112
United States..... 19, 828
Germaniyeess eee 13, 896
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
ip COLLonsptissiessGyedes eae eae
United States..... Grow, IU/L
United Kingdom... 18, 391
Germany =--ereeeeee 9, 683
Cotton sprintseys ane
United Kingdom... 90, 290
United States..... 46, 968
Germanyeereeeereee 20, 258
Cotton tissues, figured or
twilledie.,2..5e eee eee
United Kingdom... 34, 369
Germanyaeese seas 6, 879
talliv eee ee: 4, 438
Cotton tissues, plain
WEAVElLS Choad dal aaa
United Kingdom... 78, 361
Germaniyeaseseee eee 11, 795
United States..... 5, 490
Hran@eln ae ene 2, 732
Wool muxeditextilessss-o7 sees
United Kingdom.. 13, 712
Genrmaniyaen ee eeeee 4,515
| United States: -..- 1,514
pauire sill kent eoxtill Sea ae
China and Japan... 13,913
Genmanyenereeeeee 3, 579
STATIC Casa ae eee tse 2, 297
United States=s- a elai2i:
Deskisuppliess.2-2 4 a seeeeee
United States....- 11, 561
Germanys eere nee 10, 094
INran Cee seca eeenne 3, 061
United Kingdom... 1, 550
| Wines, red, table.......--. Soe
Sram 6 Cette eee 14, 885
Spalnises ete esos eo N002
United States..... 8, 197
tally ayo eserneweyee 2, 698
Genmaniyeeeeeee eee 2, 265
| Wines, white, and full
|. “bodies 2.02453
SyeuNcoseannescscs | 1G, QH7
Irani Ceree eee 13, 148
italy. Baaeees es eee 9, 675
United Kingdom... 8, 612
Germnanyeeseeee ee 7, 812
United States...... 3, Ail
| MNaboves), syoewddbune co e5ccuso55o-
Van Ces eeseeeaae 19, 198
Germany see sese eee 9, 167
Beleiumeeessss see 1, 276
$62, 526
165, 372
48, 508
98, 852
20, 823
21, 675
26, 779
Be TT
61, 375
30, 861
COMMERCE OF GUATEMALA FOR 1913.
IMPORTS
BY
PORTS.
473
The imports by ports for the last two years were as follows:
1912 1913
Ports =
Kilograms.| Value.! Kilograms. Value.}
IPTG IBHIAPOSS 6 canddouosoobopsnouSsauaescosocoeDousSe 40,501,312 | $4,922, 969 63, 628, 854 | $5,355, 719
Same OSC Nera aenpo seks acpeenere tee sees See eases Saat eee 20,351,437 | 1,002,387 25, 426, 528 1, 142, 707
WHAM POLI CO a reas ese Se are wie reels lee arctocstars 9,935,780 | 1,260,337 7, 102, 797 856, 720
My ivi EStOM Stee see eee cts ee aise ciseise ccna aeeise 3, 107, 027 388, 126 2, 887, 906 362, 932
OCS RSM ee ME LIA. Ee EN Hein GEAR OM 3, 981, 525 208, 165 2, 503, 854 241, 247
FRO tal seer a BAS Gera SU Ce se Sone asa sel 77, 877,081 | 7,781,984 | 101,549,939 | 7,959,325
EXPORTS.
The exports of Guatemala, by countries, for the years 1909, 1910,
1911, 1912, and 1913, were as follows:
Countries. 1909 19102 1911 1912 1913
Germany....-....- $5, 828,554 | $5,046,859 | $5,851,817 | $6,975,006 | $7,653,557
United States..... 2,739,075 | 2,094,814 | 3,297,156 | 3,863,829 3, 923, 354
United Kingdom 1,006,263 | 1,198,055 | 1,324,751 | 1,458, 498 1, 600, 029
Austria-Hungary I SGYKs) So geaoosdons 142, 403 215, 164 514, 213
SouthrAmmericasctsescaececcechecncsececeer 206970) eee eee 211 173, 782 264, 056
IB TLtiSHREVOMGUTASH eyes enteral liner eee oineret lemon waeteras 31, 802 251,553 257, 077
CHT ORE errno aan eee nays hose oleae ole etols | Sista aisnetaslngtc | Rreieeadiomiesibys UAH ea ees conical mcencorrcce
IMIGKs1 COM ay Cheats occas nies ate to nicinne alneicteseieisiee NEG 2) lbacobooaueos 35, 069 47,311 77,970
GentralleAnm eri cals seneaes eee eee cen L200 Beseeeeacce 31,216 53, 282 71, 234
INI@UEG WEhGlSa hasceroestoocesaecudesHecHEan lagadcceenana | Goosadadadad adcoousoadce 54, 779 47, 632
IWAN Ce se sense ae ese eee ne omnes oaeeeae BY BUS) |Gaanoceooens 19, 333 969 21, 268
BS Dae Renae to eec mee nema eiciseisienemnecee SAR) lSGeoccosonse 9, 928 8, 247 4,734
(OBIE) cea deco soqudaspnndocesconaeaoance|sodooKasdedc|loogseaconces 1,647 2, 295 2,593
OU ae eerste cee cre wie ae eae tee eae eile o intel ine saree ercroters | eraerceeatee se olib seme satiactec OME \ioemwenoeses
Beleiumesss as eats cot asce nc csae cetenice sn se 19 (G43i Ronn eossees 56, 558 18,585 1,332
Leyes ec aet eereentcte lo ees te rac ere ork eS ete WACO Icooocgsacanc 42, 698 11,310 506
(Gaba hare ley osha «as ee ese nS ee ome ers (Sarr a Aton oa aretha ts 4 Se aUReSsnaine aScocoroools 71
Exports through the frontier of Salvador
AN GEV OMG UTAS a5 = arcane eins clon ee aioe | steialeteoeisisie ate | sesame 24,111 20, 950 10,3C0
otal cue Ve aan sas elas eens Seite eee TOKO 7952100 eeeeeeeeree 11,005,835 | 13,156,537 | 14, 449,926
The exports, by articles, for the years 1911, 1912, and 1913, were
as follows:
1911 1912 1913
Cotiee: (Clea sc ead as acie ciacieye cis sidinc Seams ae ae Ona se sae aati eincieenye $7, 282, 748 | $9,125,639 | $9,904,877
Cofiees imiparchmentessancecaceeecscsocesce sees ee oan sceeeecreee 1,991,161 | 1,862,882 2,349, 847
IBERTG WE KE oe. ae Hee Boo neo aon bes ceane aurotoeaoE one aceanacute snonees 526, 711 666, 691 825, 670
COREG MiG Ge AS tte eaune aa oee ene SaSn ar Seo oe Borat amen ranaceelacsans 325, 261 190, 330 455, 476
SURO ie eee g Reg eng ON Cena ge beets eB va ade sLsie! 2. 344, 015 564,532 349, 052
SVWWIO OCS Ses ieresetey tos cide a ae in iar, Surtin e L etn nel ee Ay Seat 158, 178 241, 473 247, 759
GINS Dan sae te Sahn aees GREER Bee dae Se Rena OR aOR em naar ma om Saco 150, 903 274, 853 142,108
IRD DOC eco Seo Sema TASB Co SECae aU eOT SRB ORE SEO BEE Dn ae pen sreaat sane 159, 621 140, 768 100, 323.
SOTO Sk SS ce Ss SPIES Oe ee Ere IAs He ae oe Sata eT te eS ON 8 20, 153 17, 137 24, 676
1B SSS GE eee OEE are Oe ee ee Ee ea SSS RS I em Ian gene 5,973 2,461 10, 144
ET OEL© Vee pate pea ee Ce eer ee ee eal eee SEs egos fa rete et cn ene 4, 587 9,127
Spirits and liquors 5, 820
Horns...... eat ae MES eee 1, 695
NVOoliclothingaeee ee peenenr eran 1, 405
AWiv Canim ASAP tos Moescis eee elo ce eau Ee access 1,360
TEIEARON NRO AOS ROSE ee Ie Sp ee a ek Aen aE oe 993
IO OCE CAT VATS Sepa Siem SOREN ie erik ere yaya eyerat eters erecta eee ate 972
TGS OM ee eyes Retention tery penne be Wee ates eller i Wut ed Oo 8h | nal eam LOO OMe rae peeeaeae
SHIR yell coep a acsedan' Roto See EERE SEE SBOE oe on ECE e Seon Boo Snenebecner omar Callin mia) iyGiales coe. ta ee
Mire ral Stee emp eee any teat nT Ban dent lla eo oe bani 901
IBC EENG) Cocke Sa hoe CSO SODAS S SEAS ae Ea ET Rete A ae ee ete ee 760
MEA O PD LATA CS ee eae eee ee a epee ete a NM men lt ay LoS oe Den, 1,074 897 568
PROD ACCOR eae eae Hebe nea aeNem Bal son Semecis cl atts atetamiatacere Goma E CER 553 399
S CEC SNe se anes ser Camere eae E28 ERE Siren Ste ia Gye eet (ursteies eel | Se lemrcrerere 5, 897 18
IMISCell RING OTIS tae et pee ete cera emcee pa i Laie VL Sd a Se A et ap Wn 4,306 23, 031 5,676
Exports through the frontier of Salvador and Honduras..........-.- 24,111 20, 950 10,300
HNO) eb an as ose SCR O CEES AEST anne Bats E eR enrie cach ananahe | 11,005, 835 | 13,156,537 | 14, 449,926
1 Invoice value.
2 Inconiplets
§ Including panela
474 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The following statement shows the exports of the principal articles,
by quantities, for the year 1913, and also the proportion to the leading
countries:
Quintals.1
Coffee. clean.) 22:2 see estoe see esos sees Le Sea See ee eee 707, 491
Quintals.
Germany nc 202 sees iss oso eck Senet Nee cue aoe naar 418, 393
Warb ed iSite aes eee ie ee te hoe ict 2 A argent oe 190, 479
(Wzanted Karmel Ontos seen hte Re oe as hee epee ee 62, 208
SO mtl yA Eras wees See ee eae ate cena eet oe ny ta 18, 060
AUIS tria= TRUM Gary cto pe ie ote Sec cee ete ico nee 15, 431
LDH IMG yee mee eetet esata ee eS Pa nec We vem PR EER ye Uae ce a 1, 423
Netherlands iy. ys nites eee one ae ee ees 699
Cofiee;vimsparebmen Gels: 2.3m Sees ae Seen ree ce Stee te ticle ee Rea ee eae 209, 807
GOTTA yea paves aay vate Sse soa eevee ave ite dae ees 113, 935
Wanted Kamo orms cas 6 nd ys sept ae ace eee nate are eee 44, 457
ATS triam Elum Atay eae eee ole es Sear a ee ee eae 26, 622
(WmitedeS taves. Ae oe cesta eh Neh ericr ke oni dalek en Seon 21, 406
Netherlands: sic 0 ae a ae aan eos Ste eee eee ee 3, 385
Bananas: The entire export of bananas (2,209,765 quintals) went
to the United States.
Cattle hides pst ss See tene eee om Ba ee Sia ee ee eet een ee Be US
GOTTA ae eee esa osc aes ON ee SORE Me age Saad eee 21, 967
Wnited States. serh oa. eae 22 et oe Se cee me Ae ee ee 762
Susamanelidimesmaniel a) ies ers eee eee ee epee ie Ru eageas ee 116, 349
(Wnateds Kamed ome es Meiers mots Bis dos mens Se ee es eee gee 73, 907
WinitedtS tates yr wis Stes ie Je Oe eae es ae ee series 22, 250
CentraleAnmeri@ais a sera nc costa es Run tenn 4 on On ein fe arttey icy es 17, 639
S Oishi Alaa Orel Cie serge ee te en ces he eo a tet cies eye 2 ool
WiGOdliseyreths Ges iine sie esc kee arene te bc (Le, SUES ya ale es eee eee 4, 955, 170
iBrrhishsktonduraserss ca < sso s Sec See Ree ee ee eee 2, 091, 209
INVES GOV ass cea ne a gee ten ae nnas fey peg AN oars vn ee Neti See ak 1, 559, 390
WanntOGsS tates ins: sept eee fea ie coe cee See NR hc ais eee tera 1, 024, 380
Grermlamy ess seats Bee stoma ess vomtte ac Wena, spe nnen eee ty eae 207, 883
SouthwAtin erica cersek a esr ete as tate ea ae eee Pode 62, 800
Winitedskcimy domi sees ancl Ree e ota cL eee 9, 508
Chiclet@lléto as ritish' Eon diturass) pee ee eta eae 3, 878
IRS WhO} 0X81 ears erect, Ges eee hee eee Cate oee Ra IRR eee AN Pe eR, ME ey SOc 2, 006
Germanivrys eis cece sist = Rice cial oars oe Ne ava Bae 950
Wmiite de States eres aoe Ee ene aot en Rees 802
Sings Coe eae SE ee ee eae eee nee Ora EY ah ite ters eben on! Foes 822
(WimitediStatesmcts eer: . clare Seca een eek, eee ee rege 315
GOTT Ty Ne Sv Ree NI Rid rat co ona re ee La ys ee 172
EXPORTS BY PORTS.
The exports by ports for the last two years were as follows:
1912 1913
Ports Xi
Quintals. | Value. Quintals. Value.
PUCTLONB OTTiOSH 2 aaa scce cake ee ee eee eee 1,780, 146 | $4,757,355 | 2,255,463 | $5,241,992
CHAMPS Bis ee, ela eee Dic ae aie gag en 196,258 | 2,538, 769 231,713 3, 141, 842
OCOSE SA SUG Bis ste to RO a es na a 159,089 | 2,327,141 191,177 | 2,570,049
SENOS ee any ames sent eee TEN EE Se 8 nee aes 230,385 | 2,188,714 219,053 | 2,083, 904
GI VAN PS CON’ 4 see ee, ee ae en | 431,518 | 1,008, 128 436, 101 1,071,790
Petenee ees a hecu as) oc) eA Ea irs gh ne 190, 181 315, 480 183, 065 330, 049
Exports through the frontiers of Salvador and Honduras 257 | 20, 950 398 10,300
EDO Gat Aes Pen ethene ays ee iy ole 2,987,834 | 13,156,537 | 3,516,970 | 14,449, 926
1 A Spanish quintal is equal to about 101 pounds.
The CENSUS of the city of Buenos Aires, according to figures
published in ‘‘La Nacion,”’ a daily newspaper of the Federal capital,
was, on June 1 of the present year, 1,560,163 souls. This is an in-
crease of 328,465 inhabitants since the previous census taken on
October 16, 1909, and an increase over the census of 1904 of 615,069
souls. (Later advices to the Pan American Union state that several
wards were omitted in the foregoing enumeration and that corrected
returns will give the city a population of 1,700,000.) The city covers
an area of 18,584 hectares, and has an average population of 84 in-
habitants per hectare. Of the 20 subdivisions of the city the most
thickly populated are the tenth, eleventh, and eighth wards, which
have, respectively, 358, 338, and 315 inhabitants per hectare. In
1913 the SALES OF REAL PROPERTY in the States and Terri-
tories of the Argentine Republic aggregated 6,621,705 hectares,
valued at 296,937,604 pesos Argentine currency (Argentine paper
peso equals $0.43). In the 10 years from 1904 to 1913 the sales of
real property in the Argentine Republic aggregated 101,517,473
hectares, valued at 2,660,893,242 pesos Argentine currency. The
Bureau of Agriculture of the Argentine Government has authorized
the sale of 420,000 Paraguayan TEA PLANTS (Yerba mate) in pots.
Of this number 120,000 are 2-year-old plants in the Loreto nursery
in Misiones Territory. These plants are to be sold in small lots at
public auction, and will be used in extending the Paraguayan tea
plantations in the northern part of the Republic. In 1913 there
were 42 SUGAR-CANE PLANTATIONS in the Republic, 38 of
which were in operation. On these 38 plantations there was ground
in 1913 sugar cane to the amount of 3,151,018 tons, which produced
276,140 tons of sugar, or an average yield of 8.8 per cent. In 1912
there were 2,121,560 tons of sugar cane ground, which produced
147,249 tons of sugar, or a yield of 6.9 percent. The number of plan-
tations in the Republic in both years was the same, the increased
production in 1913 being attributed to improved methods of cultiva-
tion. The sugar production, in tons, of the Argentine Republic
during the last five years is as follows: 1909, 123,322; 1910, 148,509;
1911, 180,092; 1912, 147,249, and in 1913, 376,140. In 1913 there
were killed in the SUAUGHTERHOUSES of the city of Buenos
Aires, for the consumption of the Federal capital, 638,118 head of
cattle, 692,901 sheep, and 111,224 hogs. During the year the Liniers
slaughterhouses in Buenos Aires received 1,073,257 head of catile,
nearly all of which came from the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa
Fe, Cordoba, and Entre Rios. The Southern ELECTRIC, TRAM-
475
476 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
WAYS of the municipality of Buenos Aires is subject to a tax of 6
per cent on their gross receipts for the benefit of the municipality.
By mutual agreement the amount of this tax was calculated at 4,000
pesos ($1,720) per month during the years 1909 to 1913, inclusive.
A large number of citizens of the Central Pampa Territory have
petitioned the Federal Congress to organize the Territory into a
PROVINCE. The Territory now has a population of over 110,000
inhabitants. Extensive IRRIGATION works have been planned
for the province of San Luis. The outlay for these works, which will
be begun during the present year, amounts to 107,404 pesos. The
total cost of the works projected in this province at the present time
is 412,000 pesos (peso= $0.43). The production of WINE in
the Argentine Republic in 1913 amounted, in round numbers, to
5,000,000 hectoliters. Of this quantity the province of Mendoza
produced 4,000,000 hectoliters; San Juan, 750,000; Entre Rios,
80,000; Salta, 40,000; Catamarca, 33,000; Cordoba, 30,700; La Rioja
23,000; Buenos Aires, 24,000, and the rest of the Republic 19,300.
This is an increase of 20 per cent over the production of 1912. In
1913 wines were imported into the Republic to the amount of 352,022
hectoliters.
The prefect of the department of Chuquisaca appointed Sr. Benigno
Serrano to collect samples of Bolivian minerals to be exhibited at the
Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco in 1915. In carrying
out his instructions Sr. Serrano was fortunate enough to discover in
the Province of Yamparaez a large deposit of BITUMINOUS
COAL. The deposit, which is exposed at the surface, is more than a
league in width. The discovery of this coal at a distance of 17 leagues
from Sucre at the foot of the Mandinaga cordillera caused considerable
excitement among local capitalists and business men of the com-
munity. Analyses are being made of the coal, and plans are under
way for the organization of a company to exploit the deposit on a
large scale. The Hispanic-Bolivian SANATORIUM has been
established in La Paz under the direction of Dr. Querol and other
prominent physicians of the Federal capital. According to data
just published concerning the RAILROADS of Bolivia, there are at
present in the Republic 1,292 kilometers of railway lines in exploita-
tion, 605 under construction, 776 surveyed and ready for the com-
mencement of construction work, 2,123 planned for survey and 440
kilometers projected. A STAGE LINE is to be established be-
BOLIVIA. 477
tween La Paz and the city of Achacachi. The line will be employed
principally in the transportation of passengers and mail between the
two places and in the handling of small packages and parcels. A
steam FLOUR MILL with modern machinery from the United
States is in operation at La Paz, and is turning out an excellent quality
of flour for consumption in the local markets. The wheat used in
manufacturing this flour is imported from Peru, but it is thought
that Bolivian wheat produced on the tablelands of the Republic in
the vicinity of the Federal capital will soon be obtainable in sufficient
quantities to supply the demands of the mill. The mill is equipped
for grinding over 300 bushels of wheat per day. A still is also run
in connection with this mill for the manufacture of alcohol. The
still is manipulated with steam and electricity and is fitted up with
modern machinery. The alcohol produced is made from raw sugar
and is said to be of superior quality.——Sr. Adolfo Ballivian, consul
general of Bolivia in New York, has requested the Bolivian Govern-
ment to send him samples of some of the principal AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS of the tablelands of Bolivia for use in propaganda work
in the United States. Among the articles of which samples are
desired are quinua, chufio, etc. Bolivian coca is also a product, the
consumption of which might largely be increased in the United
States. The Bolivian Rubber & General Enterprise Co. has pro-
posed to the municipal council of La Paz to install a FILTRATION
and sterilizing plant in the Federal capital with a capacity for
handling 21,000 cubic meters of water per day from the Milluni
River, at a cost of 309,500 bolivares, plus 10 per cent for the trans-
portation of the machinery from Paris to La Paz. The proposal
has been referred to the municipal engineers for consideration.
Owing to the increasing volume and importance of the MAIL inter-
change between the Republics of Bolivia and Paraguay, the Govern-
ments of these two countries have established a direct mail service
for sealed correspondence. La Paz, Oruro, and Tupiza are the
principal transfer stations in this service in Bolivia. The ex-
ports of Bolivia in 1913, according to figures published in El
Norte, amounted to 93,721,513 bolivianos (1 boliviano=—$0.389).
The exports of live animals in the year referred to, such as cattle,
horses, sheep, etc., were valued at 117,310 bolivianos; food sub-
stances and beverages, 27,760 bolivianos; raw materials, such as
ores, etc., 90,000,808 bolivianos; cloth, hats, and other manufactured
goods, 621,199 bolivianos. The remaining exports consisted of
articles of gold and silver, including coin. A recent Executive
decree provides for the establishment of a school for MUSICAL
INSTRUCTION in the army. The object of the school is to train
musicians for the military bands of the country. The school is under
the direction of the director general of bands of the Bolivian army.
The Brazilian Congress has authorized a LOAN of £25,000,000 to
be placed in Europe. The STATUE to be erected at Curityba
in honor of Baron Rio Branco is 3.2 meters high and weighs 3,000
kilos. The revision of the ELECTORAL VOTE, cast in, March
last for President of the Republic, showed that Dr. Wenceslao Braz,
the Conservative candidate, obtained 310,660 votes, and that Dr. Ruy
Barbosa, the Liberal candidate, received 8,410 votes. With the
exception of the State of Bahia, Dr. Braz carried all of the States of
the Union——The exports of JERKED BEEF from the State of
Rio Grande do Sul in 1913 aggregated 69,574 tons, valued at 31,751
contos ($10,319,075).——A Noite, a daily newspaper of Rio de
Janeiro, states that Jose Bach, a noted geologist who has been
making investigations in Brazil, has reported the discovery on the
coast of the State of Alagoas of large deposits of an excellent quality
of PETROLEUM. Samples of the oil have been sent to London
for a complete analysis. Press reports state that with the object
of taking the place of the COFFEE VALORIZATION committee,
which has terminated its mission, a consulting commission is to be
organized in London to take charge of the sale of stock representing
that product. The Government will give the financial protection
necessary for the conservation of Brazilian coffee stored in European
ports.—The delegation of North American PROFESSORS, who
recently stopped at Rio de Janeiro on a tour through South America,
visited the schools, colleges, and scientific institutions of Rio de
Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and of other cities of the Republic. The
WIRELESS telegraph station of the Department of War of the
Government of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro bas been experimenting
with a mineral found in the State of Matto’ Grosso, which it is reported
will successfully take the place of the German glass detector now
in use in that station. Further experiments are to be made in order
to completely test the value of the new mineral for the purpose
alluded to. Dr. Acevedo Diaz, minister of Uruguay near the
Government of Brazil, has purchased a house in Carvalho Street,
in Rio de Janeiro, to be permanently used as the LEGATION of
Uruguay in the Brazilian capital. The inauguration of the legation
referred to took place on August 25 last. The ambassador of the
United States recently gave a banquet to the Brazilian NAVAL
OFFICERS who have been commissioned by the Brazilian Govern-
ment to study in the North American Navy. Prof. Adolfo Lutz
has planned to lecture before the principal scientific societies of the
Old World concerning the results which he obtained in his recent
478
CHILE. 479
investigations through the INTERIOR OF BRAZIL. SUB-
MERGIBLE BOAT No. 3 of the Brazilian Navy has recently been
received at Rio de Janeiro from Europe, and underwent trial maneu-
vers in the bay at that place.
A large quantity of land situated in the department of Ancud, on
the island of Chiloe, was recently sold at public auction in order to
close an estate. The sale is of special interest from the fact that on
the property is situated the Kiesulguhr mine, from which comes a
species of white clay, one of the principal components in the MAN-
UFACTURE OF DYNAMITE. Many experis believe that the mine
contains one of the richest deposits of this clay that is known. The
whole property was bought for the small sum of $1,000. A mag-
nificent AUTOMOBILE was presented to Admiral George Montt,
who recently retired from the navy, by his many Chilean and English
friends in recognition of distinguished services to the Republic of
Chile-——According to the South Pacific Mail, of Valparaiso, the
REVISED CUSTOMS TARIFF puts a tax on coal of $1 gold per
ton, with an additional 10 per cent. On petroleum the duty is $2
per ton plus 10 per cent; on Oregon pine, which heretofore has paid
18 cents per square meter of 25 centimeters thickness, the duty is 30
cents per square meter. The coal imported in connection with the
nitrate industry represents 25 per cent of the total cost of production,
and the various operating companies, through the Nitrate Propa-
ganda Association, are seeking to have the duties curtailed. The
Valparaiso PORT WORKS continue to progress in a satisfactory
manner, as shown from a recent report on the subject submitted by
the director of works, Sefior J. R. Nieto. About 640 laborers are at
work at Salinas and in the bay, and although some accidents have
happened the greater part of them have been of minor consequence.
Tron and steel construction parts are on the ground in abundance;
1,400 tons of cement, exclusive of that already used, are available;
the rock quarries are producing sufficiently for all purposes; and oth-
erwise the great undertaking is advancing. Newspaper reports
state that a proposal has been advanced for the Government to pur-
chase the ARACO RAILWAY, a line connecting Curanilahue with
Lota, Coronel, and Concepcion. The movement is not new, but
recently further pressure has been brought to bear, as it is believed
that the rich section adjacent to the road would enjoy better trans-
portation facilities if the Government owned the property.
Through the STRAIT OF MAGELLAN at night is now made safer
480 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
by 18 lighthouses that stand at intervals along the main ship course
from the western to the eastern entrance, and make it possible for a
ship to be in sight of one light or another during the entire voyage.
Of the 18 lights 9 are lighted with acetylene gas; the luminous buoys
are seven in number and are also illuminated with acetylene gas. The
work of lighting the Straits has been in the hands of Mr. John Slight,
chief of the lighthouse department, who has personally superintended
the construction and installation of the various lights. The
CULTIVATION OF FLAX is rapidly becoming a more important
industry in southern Chile, especially so in the territory surrounding
Lake Llanquihue and Port Montt. The abundant rainfall, the moist
climate, and in many cases the virgin soil, all unite to favor the
growth of this valuable plant. Las: year approximately 162,800
pounds were exported to Europe, and if present prospects are fulfilled
there will be a shipment of more than 440,000 pounds.
Dr. Concha took the oath of office August 15, 1914, and appointed
the following cabinet: Minister of Interior, Sr. Miguel Abadia Mén-
dez; Minister of War, Sr. Isaias Lujan; Minister of Finance, Sr.
Bernardo Escobar; Minister of Treasury, Sr. Daniel J. Reyes; Minister
of Public Education, Sr. Carlos Cortes Lee; Minister of Public Works,
Sr. Aurelio Rueda Acosta; Minister of Commerce and Agriculture,
Sr. Jorge Enrique Delgado; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sr. Marcos
Fidel Suarez.
The department of public works has contracted with the Pearson
Co. of London to deepen and widen the Bocachica entrance to the
BAY OF CARTAGENA and to open a channel so that vessels of
deep draft can go as far as Machina. The contractors will also make
a report on the works necessary for the sanitation of the port and the
defense of El Cabrero Beach, the cost of which will be $50,000, gold.
The United Fruit Co. has established a HOSPITAL at Santa
MARTA which, according to the newspapers of that place, is com-
pletely fitted up with all modern apparatus used in surgery, anes-
thesia, etc. The net earnings of the SABANA RAILWAY in 1913
amounted to $175,000, gold, as compared with $150,000, gold, in
1912. In 1913 the number of tons hauled over this railway aggre-
gated 90,000, and the number of passengers transported 466,000.
The English company of Pearson & Son have made a report on the
extension, sanitation, and improvement of the PORT OF BUENA-
VENTURA in accordance with a contract made with the National
Government. Due to the dissolution of the partnership of the
COSTA RICA. 481
Colombian Navigation Co. the property of the latter has become a
part of the COLOMBIAN RAILWAYS & NAVIGATION CO., a
corporation organized in London. The new company will continue
to give the same service as that rendered heretofore by the old com-
pany between the ports of Cartagena and Calamar on the Magdalena
River. According to data published by the department of posts
and telegraphs of the Republic of Colombia, the extent of the
NATIONAL TELEGRAPH SYSTEM on August 7, 1910, was 17,370
kilometers. Since that time 1,740 kilometers, costing $123,930, have
been constructed. Service on 243 kilometers has been discontinued
as not useful, so that the total kilometers now in operation in the
Republic aggregate 18,863. During the last four years 56 new offices
have been established and 7 discontinued.——In July, 1911, the
Government gave permission to the United Fruit Co. to establish a
WIRELESS telegraph station at Santa Marta and to exploit the
same for a period of,20 years. In May, 1912, the Government author-
ized a German wireless telegraph company in Berlin to install a wire-
less station at Cartagena for a period of 30;years. In 1913 a con-
tract was made by the Government of Colombia with the latter com-
pany to install a wireless tower on the San Andres Island for the
sum of £4,200. . This tower is almost completed and will be used to
communicate with Cartagena. In September, 1913, a tentative con-
tract was made with the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. to equip
wireless stations at Buenaventura, Medellin, and Bogota, and in
February of the present year this contract was approved by the par-
ties in interest, and the Marconi company was granted the usufruct
of the business of these stations for a period of 30 years. The sta-
tions are to be completed within two years. The Marconi company
will report upon the advisability of establishing similar stations at
Bucaramanga, Cali, Cucuta, Mazinales, Tamalameque, Tumaco, and
Riohacha. The Government has agreed to purchase from the same
company the wireless stations at Arauca and Orocué at the rate of
£3,988 each. A BASE BALL club has been organized in Bogota,
with a membership of 20 Colombians and foreigners. H. W. Cleve-
land is president of the club.
— =A NY IEP Sis SS
AG SSA _LAE
The BUDGET for 1915 estimates the receipts of the Government
of Costa Rica at 9,662,000 colones and the expenditures at 9,661,089
colones, or an excess of receipts over expenditures of 911 colones
(colon = $0.465). The estimated collections and disbursements in
colones in detail are as follows: Collections: Customs revenues,
482 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
5,600,000; liquors, 2,438,000; sealed paper, 70,000; stamps,{,;70,000;
posts and telegraphs, 355,000; public lands, 3,000; Pacific Railway,
772,000; Government printing office, 12,000; public and civil registry,
34,000; export7duties on bananas,' 233,000; and miscellaneous, 95,000.
Disbursements: Treasury, 3,130,112; foreign relations, 170,913; war,
1,441,459; public instruction 1,546,718; worship, 30,000; fomento
(promotion), 1,477,747; justice, 387,236; charity, 147,280; marine,
31,420; and legislative power, 168,223.——-A bill has been introduced
into the House of Deputies providing for the levying of 5 colones per
head on imports of horned cattle, the funds to be used in constructing
a railway from Culebra to Santa Cruz de Guanacaste. Teachers of
the graded schools of the Republic have organized a SOCIETY for
the purpose of giving intellectual and material aid to its members.
Seftor Brenes Mesen, minister of Costa Rica in Washington, is the
founder of the society. The exports of CACAO for the five years
1909 to 1913, inclusive, consisted of 918,344 kilos, valued at 962,922
colones (colon=$0.465). During the last few years there has been
a considerable increase in the area under cacao cultivation through-
out the country, the largest number and greatest extent of new plan-
tations being on the Atlantic coast, in some sections of which there
is a tendency to substitute cacao for banana cultivation. The
TIMETABLE of the Pacific Railway between Punta Arenas and San
Jose has been changed, the train which leaves Punta Arenas at 8 a. m.
daily, reaching San Jose at 1.30 in the afternoon, breakfast being
served at 10 o’clock at Orotina. On the return trip a stop is made
at Rio Grande for breakfast. The COMMERCE of Costa Rica in
1913 amounted to 40,874,573.77 colones (colon=$0.465), of which
18,677,652.77 colones were imports and 22,196,921 colones were ex-
ports. Of the imports, 51.44 per cent came from the United States,
15.44 per cent from Germany, 14.03 per cent from Central America,
3.5 per cent from Spanish America, 1.96 per cent from Italy, 1.83 per
cent from Spaia, 0.54 per cent from Belgium, and 1.95 per cent from
other: countries. Of the exports, 11,270,524 colones went to the
United States, 9,286,034 to the United Kingdom, 1,084,690 to Ger-
many, 205,670 to France, 128,433 to Spanish America, 83,049 to
Central America, and 138,521 colones to other countries. Expressed
in terms of percentages, 41.83 per cent went to the United States, 4.89
per cent to Germany, 0.93 per cent to} France, 0.58 per cent to Spanish
America, 0.38 per cent to Central America, and 0.62 per cent to other
nations. The four principal articles of exports, according to values,
were as follows: Bananas, 11,170,812 colones; coffee, 7,752,750 colones;
gold and silver bullion, 1,827,553 colones; and cabinet woods, 304,003
colones. There are at present in exploitation in the Republic of
Costa Rica 402 miles of railways, of which 191.8 belong to the Costa
Rica Railway, 98.3 to the Northern Railway Co., and 112 to the
CUBA. 483
Pacific Railway Co. A railway to Sarapaqui is planned, and an elec-
tric tramway is to be constructed between San Jose and San Ramon,
in the Province of Alajuela.
Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines, is soon to have an KLECTRIC
LIGHTING plant, which it is believed will eventually be enlarged
and supply other towns of the island with electricity for lighting
and power purposes. The projectors of the enterprise are Charles
F. Fetter and Benjamin Haigh, who are owners of the ice factory
in the same place, and the electric ight project means the consoli-
dation of the two interests. The plant will have a capacity of
1,200 lights, with one-tenth that amount of are lhghts; crude oil
will be used as fuel and will be shipped at first from Havana, and
later from Texas in tank steamers if business justifies its importa-
tion on a large scale. Three Cuban military officers are to be
sent to the United States to take POSTGRADUATE COURSES
in several institutions. This arrangement is in accordance with
Cuban congressional action to have native students enjoy educa-
tional advantages in other countries, and the officers selected have
been on duty at the Cuban Military Academy at Morro Castle for
some months past as instructors. The Isle of Pines is soon to
have its annual ‘‘GOOD ROADS day,” in order to promote the
improvement of highways. The enterprise follows in the footsteps
of the people of Missouri, who some time ago turned out en masse
and worked on the public highways of the State. This will be
the second event of its kind in the island, and the people are taking
‘great interest in making it a success. Four hundred POOR
CHILDREN of Cuba are spending the months of July and August
at Triscornia for the benefit of their health. Twelve nurses have
charge of the colony and they are assisted by a number of mothers
who give their services to the good cause. Many wealthy citizens
and several business firms contributed to the funds for making
the outing possible. “HOLDING. THE TOURIST” is the
subject of a long editorial in a recent issue of the Daily Post, of
Havana, in which strong contrasts are drawn as to how other coun-
tries aim to attract and retain the tourist trade. Cuba always
enjoys a large tourist business, but those who come rarely remain a
great while in the country. A plan is on foot to establish a “‘magic
city” at Havana which would overlook the Gulf of Mexico, have a
number of theaters, European cafés, a jai alai court, and various
484 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
other kinds of amusements that would be interesting for all visitors.
It is further stated that the subject is worthy of study, as Cuba has
practically three great sources of revenue—sugar, tobacco, and
tourists. Progressive citizens believe that if some systematic effort
is made the tourist business to Cuba may be expanded to enormous
proportions and that every line of trade would be favorably affected,
just as is the case in Europe from the great throng that annually
arrives from the United States. At a recent celebration at Mira-
mar there were present, in addition to many Cubans, 1,100 UNITED
STATES CITIZENS, which indicates the large number of foreigners
who are within a short distance of the Cuban capital——On August
26 the United Fruit Co. announced that commencing with Thursday,
September 3, 1914, the company will operate a DIRECT WEEKLY
SERVICE from New York to Santiago, Cuba, thus insuring ample
facilities for all cargo offering.
Provisional President Ramon Baez has appointed a cabinet as
follows: Minister of Interior, Sefior Juan Isidro Jiminez; Minister of
Finance, Dr. Salvador Gautier; Minister of War, Sr. P. A. Ilubere;
Minister of Public Works, Sr. Osvaldo Baez; Minister of Justice, Sr.
J.B. Peynado; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sr. Ignacio Maria Gon-
zales; Minister of Agriculture, Sr. Pedro Maria Mejia.
The director general of public works of the Dominican Republic
has awarded to the lowest and most favorable bidder, the Safety
Car Heating & Lighting Co. of New York, the contract for the supply
of 10 (COAST) LIGHTS. So far, it has been decided to erect a
steel tower 150 feet higa at Cabo Engano. The remaining 9 towers
have not yet been definitely located. These 10 lights, however,
it is proposed to equip with BLAUGAS as the illuminant. These
lights are to have a continuous life of from 150 to 440 days without the
need of inspection or recharging. The success of similar lights has
been established in Europe, and the Government of Canada has had
150 of such lights in unimpaired operation for the past two years. It
is probable that through the enterprise of Sefior Callet, of the depart-
ment of public works, a saving of about $60,000 may be effected,
out of the $120,000 voted by the Government for the installation of
these lights. The RED CROSS organization in the Dominican
Republic has announced its officers as follows: President, Licenciado
Horacio V. Vicioso; secretary, Sefior Augustin Suazo Garrido;
treasurer, Senor Salvador Parodas; committee, Sefiores Miguel Angel
ECUADOR. 485
Roca, Ml. de J. Espinol, Pedro Pablo Bonilla A. An appeal has
been made to the people and distributed throughout the Republic
to aid the society, and to form voluntary corps to cooperate with
ib. In the capital of the Dominican Republic especial attention
was given this;year to the celebration of the Fourth of July, in
recognition of the lead taken by the United States in the declara-
tion of American independence. It happens also that this day
is marked for the Dominican Republic as one hallowed to them
in particular by,the death of one of their national heroes, Francisco
del Rosario Sanchez. On July 5, as well, similar respect was given
to Venezuela, a national holiday in that Republic, and the courtesy
was paid it of playing the Venezuelan national hymn, in acknowl-
edgment of the same courtesy from Venezuela, when, on Febru-
ary 27, the national hymn of the Dominican Republic was played
in the plazas of Venezuela.
CS GO OO
ar ECUAD oe
n___ Se
The first woman to pass through the Panama Canal was Sefiorita
Maria Piedad Castillo, of Ecuador, a distinguished poetess of that
Republic. She, in company with her brother, has just returned from
a visit to Europe. The canal authorities, wishing to pay her some
attention, offered her a launch with which to make the passage, and
thus she has the honor of being the first woman to go by water across
Panama from one ocean to the other, as the event took place some
weeks before the official opening of the canal on August 15, 1914. A
NEW FLOUR MILL, ‘‘El Censo,” has just been added to the modern
industrial plants of the city of Quito. The machinery was imported
chiefly from Germany and France, and the mill has a capacity of 300
quintals (about 30,000 pounds) daily. All details of this machinery
have been selected with regard to the latest pattern and efficiency,
and it is hoped that the flour to be made from native-grown wheat
will be as good as any imported article from abroad. The munic-
ipality of Chone is considering a proposition to obtain a satisfactory
supply of drinking water from ARTESIAN WELLS, in the hope of
securing other advantages from the improvements. It is proposed
to make use of an old well, dug in 1907 by the city, and to continue
it to 1,200 feet, or perhaps to sink another. When water is struck,
the city will install pipes and other equipment. If oil is struck, the
city will give the contractor either $5,000 or one-half the product of
the well. No contract has as yet been formally drawn. The
AMBATO-CURARAY RAILWAY has recently imported 10 cars for
54904—Bull. 3—14--—10
486 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
service on the line-——Throughout the Republic an energetic cam-
paign is under way to have established a first-class body of TRAINED
NURSES to help the physicians and surgeons of the country in the
application of the advanced rules of their art. Dr. Juan Alberto
Cortés Garcia, of Quito, has given especial attention to the matter,
and he hopes to raise funds, from both public and private sources,
for the foundation of a traiming school for nurses in the capital,
patterned after the best examples that can be found in Europe and
the United States. An Italian recently reached Bahia de Caraquez
on a walk around the world, which, he says, he is taking for a wager
of $40,000. The newspapers of Guayaquil, when he passed through
that city, paid him great attention.——The director general of tele-
graphs has sent to all employees in his office an order to adopt the
INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH SYSTEM of transmission and
to prohibit the use of any other in the Government service. The
Government has set aside the sum of 2,000 sucres (almost $1,000)
for the PURCHASE OF A SMALL LAUNCH to be used in his official
duties by the captain of the harbor of Puerto Bolivar. A new MAP
OF THE CITY OF RIOBAMBA, carefully lithographed and with the
latest data, has been published and is on sale at the various book-
stores of the Republic——The Society of Artisans in the city of
Ibarra celebrated, on June 19, 1914, the tenth anniversary of its
existence. During that time it has been able to collect funds for
for the construction of its own building. The struggle to reach this
end was not a small one, but at last the society seems to be even more
than self-supporting. There are now classes in drawing and music,
and a night school for instruction in several branches. The cele-
bration just concluded attracted to it many of the Government and
municipal officials, and loyal support was promised from all classes
in Keuador.
~ GUATEMALA
LO Sian ORIG oS =
The police department in the city of Guatemala has recommended
to the proprietors of cinematograph theaters that they exhibit when-
ever possible FILMS APPROPRIATE FOR THE INSTRUCTION
OF CHILDREN, especially on the performances given in the aiter-
noons and on Sundays. A committee has been appointed to cooper-
ate with these proprietors to the end that instructive and moral films
be selected. Sefior Don J. Bascom Jones, C. E., proposes to pub-
lish a review of the commercial and ECONOMIC SITUATION OF
GUATEMALA. The author has recently been in the United States,
GUATEMALA. 487
where he arranged for the appearance of the book in a suitable
style——The Government of Guatemala has commissioned Dr.
Salvador Ortega and Dr. Eduardo Lizarralde to go to New Orleans
to study the modern scientific methods employed there to combat
the bubonic plague. The school festivals of Minerva, which are cel-
ebrated in all parts of Guatemala during the month of October, are
now to become more important and to take on a practical character
as well, for the Government of the Republic has decided to arrange
for an EXPOSITION OF MINES AND MINERALS, the purpose
of which will be to demonstrate the value of those industries to
Guatemala. TWO NEW TELEGRAPHIC OFFICES have re-
cently been opened to public use. One is in Estrada Cabrera, Depart-
ment of Chiquilmula, and the other in Zacualpa, Department of
Quiche. The newspaper which began its career in the city of
Guatemala a short time ago has offered a prize for the best ESSAY
ON THE SUBJECT OF ALCOHOLISM, its ravages, and the most
effective ways of preventing and overcoming them. The jury in
whose charge will rest the duty of passing judgment on these essays
and on whose decision the selection of the prize essay will depend is
composed of the Rev. Don Alfonso Arévalo, Dr. Celestino Guillén,
and Senior Don Justo Cérdoba. The people of Guatemala are
ereatly interested in feats of AERONAVIGATION, and on the
occasion of a recent visit to the city of a skillful aeronaut they
attended his exhibition in great crowds. A CONTRACT has just
been signed in Guatemala city between the municipality and the
theatrical company of Matilde Moreno. The theatrical company
agrees to give 15 subscription performances, besides ordinary perfor-
mances and such matinees as may be decided on. On all matinee
days there are to be given free (gallery) entrances to such pupils of
the public schools as may have distinguished themselves by their
conduct, diligence, and study, and 10 orchestra chairs for the teach-
ing bodies of these schools; and on Saturday performances an equal
number of gallery and orchestra seats to those workmen in shops in
the city who, in the judgment of their employers, have deserved this
reward. The prices of tickets must not be more than the following:
$1.25, $1, $0.60, and $0.40, according to location. On its side the
Government agrees to give to the company the use of the Colén
Theater and allits accessories; the electric lighting for all the illumi-
nation needed by the company; the national printing office for such
advertisements and announcements as may be advisable; entry of
equipment free of duty through the customhouse; transportation of
the company and baggage from the port of San Jose (de Guatemala)
and return passage. The company must give, in addition to these
performances mentioned, two extra for the benefit of some institu-
tion to be designated later.
With the object of avoiding the complaints which are frequently
made to the departments of finance and commerce of the Republic of
Haiti concerning the different forms of liquidating the DUTIES ON
FLOUR in the various customhouses of the Republic, the depart-
ment referred to has addressed a circular to all the administrators of
the customhouses of the country, indicating to them the manner in
which they should make out and pay invoices covering flour. The
new method has the double advantage of enabling the department
of finance to benefit by the prompt collection of duties and at the
same time to systematize the manner of collecting them. A sample
of the invoice in question was published in Le Moniteur, the official
newspaper of Haiti, on June 17 last. In accordance with article
69 of the National Constitution and the law of February 28 last, the
Executive proposed and the legislative body approved a bill author-
izing an issue of 1,500,000 gourdes in certificates or bonds of the
National Bank of the Republic at a gold exchange rate of 350, bear-
ing 62 per cent annual interest and issued at 80. The payment of
the capital and interest of this LOAN is guaranteed by a certain
portion of the duties on tobacco, the Government reserving the right
to liquidate the loan gradually. Half of the proceeds of the loan are
to be delivered immediately and the balance 15 days thereafter. The
proceeds of the loan are to be used in paying the expenses of the
departments of war, interior government, and foreign relations.
A recent decree of the department of public instruction provides that
the VACATIONS of the schools shall begin the last Friday in July
and terminate the first Monday in October. The decree also enu-
merates the holidays which shall be observed in the schools during
the year. A recent Executive decree amends article 13 of March
7, 1913. This decree fixes the rank of the CATHOLIC CHURCH
in official receptions and public ceremonies and provides that the
Archbishop of Haiti shall occupy the place in the receptions and offi-
cial ceremonies immediately following the legislative and judicial
corps. These bodies constitute two of the three branches of the Goy-
ernment and therefore precede the clergy.t—Messrs. Sagesse Dori-
lien, Horacin Novilsain, and Calixte Avril Etienne have been appointel
by the President members of the MUNICIPAL COUNCIL of Grand
Bois, and Messrs. Felix Saint Louis, Louis St. Cyr, and Joseph Dad-
mus members of the municipal council of Mirabelis.
488
The Republic, having only limited railway facilities, is compelled to
depend largely upon the cart roads for travel and traffic from place to
place. Many of these are of substantial construction, the best known
and most used being that from San Lorenzo (across the bay from
Amapala) to Tegucigalpa, a distance of 135 kilometers (84 miles).
This is 10 meters (about 35 feet) wide, and was built by President
Sierra and concluded by President Bonilla. The Government
expends annually on it about 100,000 pesos (say, $40,000), and is pre-
paring to extend the same system to other parts of the Republic.
The existence of this good road has encouraged travel by automobile,
and in Tegucigalpa there are already several machines, with the
prospect of an increase in this number in the near future. One great
difficulty in the way, however, is that of obtaining trained and trust-
worthy chauffeurs. The Government, realizing the weighty nature
of the complaint, has decided to establish a NATIONAL SCHOOL
OF AUTOMOBILISTS in the capital, and as an annex to it a work-
shop where the mechanics can be studied and all repairs made on the
spot. The presidential decree reads as follows: ‘Tegucigalpa, 4 of
July, 1914. (1) There is to be established in the capital a national
school of automobilists for the purpose of teaching the theory and
practice, the structure, functions, and management of automobiles.
(2) In order to be admitted as a pupil in this school, the applicant
must satisfy these conditions: He must be able to read and write;
he must have references as to his good moral conduct; he must be in
good health, of normal physique, and not less than 16 years of age.
(3) If these conditions are satisfactory to the ministry of promotion
(Secretaria de Fomento), the candidate must first submit to a three-
weeks’ test, after which, if acceptable to the minister, he will be
enrolled as a pupil, but preference will be given, other things being
equal, to students of the school of arts and crafts who have shown a
talent for mechanics. (4) When a pupil has acquired the necessary
experience to manage a machine, practically, notice will be given to
the ministry, and his place will be then open to another pupil.
Those who pass this apprenticeship will receive a certificate of qualifi-
cation from the ministry. Approved by the President—Ber-
trand.”’ The economic condition of the Republic can be considered
as favorable, for certain phases of commerce show an expansion in
general activity. In one instance, that referring to the statistics of
the customhouse, there is, in the matter of importations during the
first four months of 1914, an increase of about 1,000,000 pesos (say,
$400,000) over the same period of 1913. The preceding years indi-
489
490 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
cate that the advance in commercial activity has been steady since
1911. If this advance continues till July 1, 1914, the total of the
fiscal year’s collections will amount to practically twice the amount
collected in the previous year. In the instance of exports also, the
increase for the first part of the present year is encouraging. Rail-
ways are building, banks are increasing their balances, and the
general feeling is one of hope and security for the future. There has
been no case of bankruptcy reported in Honduras for a year.
The secretary of industry and commerce issued an order, dated
April 3, 1914, embodying the following rules covering the EXPLORA-
TION AND EXPLOITATION of petroleum lands within the Repub-
lic. First, any company commencing work of exploration must give
immediate notice to that effect to the secretary of the department
mentioned, Second, when this notice is received an inspector of
petroleum will be sent to the location designated and will report
whether or not proper steps have been taken by the company, and
if the rules have been duly observed, this company will be given
protection, from the date of the notice required, for the space of 1
kilometer of radius around the place where the well is to be driven,
so that nobody will be permitted to carry on a similar work within
this area. Third, if work is abandoned and remain in that state for a
period of three rama the company will no longer be given the pro-
tection indicated; and the same result will take mines if a deposit of
petroleum is allowed to be unutilized for the space of six months.——
The world’s production of petroleum in the year 1913 amounted to
378,000,000 barrels, of which MEXICO PRODUCED 26,000,000
BARRELS. Mexico is the country occupying third place, the United
States and Russia, respectively, being first and second. The pro-
duction in Mexico during 1908 was scarcely 3,481,410 barrels, so that
it can be seen that within a short six years its importance as an oil
producer has increased enormousty.——The SALINA CRUZ-ACA-
PULCO RAILWAY was recently authorized by a decree of the
secretary of roads (communicaciones), dated November 2, 1913, and
approved by the Federal Congress July 17, 1914. The conces-
sionaire is the Mexican American Co., which is to construct therail-
way and to operate it for the term of 52 years, as well as a branch line
which, leaving the main line on the Rio Verde will go as far as the
city of Oaxaca. This ra‘lway must be finished in six years. Its
length is to be 864 kilometers (537 miles) —--The secretary of indus-
NICARAGUA. 491
try and commerce has issued a contract to a company for the con-
struction and maintenance of a factory or factories of dynamite and
other explosives. These factories are to be established in places to
be selected by the Government, and must have a productive capacity
of at least 4,000 tons of explosives a year. They are to become the
property of the Government, when they are finished, and the con-
tractor will be paid by bonds of the foreign debt of 1913 up to half the
cost of construction, and the rest from the net returns of the facto-
ries. According to the commercial bureau of Progreso, there were
exported from that port 70,184 packages of henequen, during the
month of June-——In Chihuahua all plans were made to celebrate
on July 30, 1914, with proper ceremonies, the festival prepared
IN HONOR OF HIDALGO, by the schools of first and second
grades. This was held in the tower where the illustrious patriot
was at one time confined as a prisoner, and in an album prepared for
that purpose were written those sentiments inspired by the celebra-
tion, suitable for the occasion. One of them read, ‘‘Among the
immortals, Washington, Bolivar, and other heroes, pay due respect
to the noble Don Miguel Hidalgo y Castillo, the Father of Mexican
Independence.’’——-Mexico City is soon to have the parts of the
10 RADIOGRAPHIC STATIONS set up in different localities of the
Republic. They come from Paris under a Government contract
and have a power of 5 kilowats and a radius of 500 kilometers (310
miles). They are to be set up in Mexico, San Luis Potosi, Monterrey,
Chihuahua, Hermosillo, Nogales, Guadalajara, Ciudad Juarez,
Chilpancingo, and Oaxaca. Besides these, the Government has
contracted for 10 portable outfits, which can be moved about on
mule back.
The municipality of Grenada has approved the contract with the
Nicaragua Sugar States Co., by which the company agrees to pay
as MUNICIPAL TAX for the introduction of sugar the sum of
400 cordobas ($400) annually. In Corinto there were recently
given several public SOCIAL FUNCTIONS of an artistic char-
acter, initiated by the alcalde, Sefior Francisco Chamorro, for the
benefit of the park of Corinto. The FOURTH OF JULY was
celebrated this year in Nicaragua especially by a telegram sent by
the minister of foreign affairs to the Secretary of State of the United
States, with the congratulations of one Government to the other on
the event——The UNIVERSITY OF MANAGUA, through its
499 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
alumni association, is planning to celebrate with proper festivities
the one hundredth anniversary of its foundation. A great impulse
is gathering headway to prepare a better WATER SUPPLY FOR
THE CITY OF MANAGUA. There has just arrived in Managua
a skilled engineer, Sefor Don Luis Matamoros, who for 30 years
was director of public works in the Republic of Costa Rica,: and
who has prepared various plans for the improvement and increase
of supply of water for all purposes to Managua. The first of these
plans relates to the supply of drinking water according to the latest
engineering science. The calculation is for 250 gallons of water to
each inhabitant, assuming the population of Managua to grow to
100,000, although at present it may not be above 40,000. There
will be in addition a system of pipes and pumps for the fire depart-
ment. If the plans of this engineer are accepted, he agrees to have
the work ready eight months after the signing of the contract. The
municipal council will then be obliged to pay to the construction
company for a period of 30 years a minimum sum of $2,000 monthly,
after which the waterworks will become the property of the munic-
ipality, under whose control it will be, however, from the day it
begins to operate. There is another improvement promised for
Managua, a gasoline STREET CAR service across the city. The
extent of the line would be about 5 kilometers (say, 3 miles), and
the price of a single ticket would be at a maximum 10 centavos
(10 cents). On May 27, 1914, the newly appointed DIPLO-
MATIC REPRESENTATIVE FROM GERMANY, Herr Ery-
thropel, who is accredited as chargé d’affaires, was formally received
by the Government of Nicaragua. Sefiores J. A. Reyes and
Leonardo Argiiello have recently formed in the city of Peon a lim-
ited liability company, to be called the ‘(UNION INDUSTRIAL
LIMITADA,” which has for its object the manufacture of soaps,
oils, and candles. Its capital is $20,000. The Nicaraguan Con-
gress has passed a law applying to PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, the
purpose of which is as follows: In all the Departments of the Repub-
lic there will be imposed a tax of 15 centavos (15 cents gold) on
every liter of spirits (aguardiente), 28 cents on every liter of pure
alcohol, and of 4 cents on every pound of tobacco withdrawn from
the warehouse for public sale. The income of this tax is to be
expended in the proportion of 20 per cent for the normal schools
of the Republic, 30 per cent for other directions of public instruction,
and 50 per cent for the municipalities, charities, and similar organi-
zations as they may be established by Executive decree, which must
take into consideration the laws as at present existing. For the
same purpose the fines imposed for various misdemeanors are to go
to the benefit of public instruction. These tax expenditures are to
be administered by committees composed of heads of families,
PANAMA. 493
which committees will be appointed in the various districts of each
Department, and they shall serve without pay, except that the
treasurer is to receive 2 per cent of what is collected. The above
new law nullifies all other laws which have reference, locally or
nationally, to taxes on spirits and tobacco, and goes into effect on
its publication in the Gaceta Oficial—that is to say, from June,
1914—but the application of the law will be made beginning the
1st of July, 1914.
Serior Dr. Eusebio A. Morales, jr., has been named as CONSUL
FOR THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA AT ANTWERP, Belgium.
In the Province of Panama there have been created by the President
of the Republic NINE NEW SCHOOLS. The secretary of pro-
motion (fomento) has signed with Sefior Eladio Lasso a contract for
the construction of the BUILDING OF COMMERCE to be erected
on the grounds of the Panama Exposition. Its cost is estimated to
be 49,885 balboas (a balboa equals exactly one gold dollar).
Sefior Pedro Lopez P. has assumed the CONTRACT TO CARRY
THE MAIL bags and Government packages handled on the steamers
of the National Navigation Company and of other companies that
may be in operation, between Santiago and various points in the
Province of Veraguas, and between San Fernando and Aguadulce.
The Government pays the contractor for the proper fulfillment of
his contract the sum of 190,000 balboas a year. Sefior Leovigildo
Espino has been appointed CONSUL OF PANAMA in the city of
Mobile, United States. NIGHT SCHOOLS have been established
in the cities of David, Penonome, and Bocas del Toro for adults;
their sessions will be held five times a week, two hours each night.
The President of the Republic has decreed that technical courses in
the PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL FOR WOMEN, and the length of
time to be given such courses, shall be as follows: Telegraphy, one
year; washing and ironing, one year; stitching and fancy embroidery,
two years; stenography, two years; cooking, two years; millinery,
two years; dressmaking, three years. In 1912 the National Con-
gress gave to the city of Panama, capital of the Republic, the area
on which in former times stood the older city of the same name,
with its public and private buildings, its bridges, its churches, and its
monastaries. By this cession all these places were declared to con-
stitute A PUBLIC MONUMENT, worthy to be preserved for his-
494 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
torical and romantic associations. The (modern) city of Panama
was authorized to take the best means possible and necessary to
preserve these ruins, to make them attractive, to clear the ground
and to embellish in every practical way this national place. In fact,
the entire area was, according to this decree, to be turned into a
public park. The street railways of the capital are to arrange to
extend their lines up to this spot, which shall have the name Panama
la Vieja. It is the hope of the municipality to be able to accomplish
much toward this end before the exposition is formally opened on
January 1, 1915. If proposed park is made accessible hy that time,
those passing through the Isthmus will have a wonderful opportu-
nity to study one of the most romantic relics of the early time of
Spanish settlement in the new world. On July 22, 1914, there
was signed in the city of Panama an act giving to the Republic of
Cuba, free of charge, a plat of ground on which there will be erected
a CUBAN PALACE for the coming exposition commemorative of the
discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Balboa. This will later become
the legation of Cuba in Panama. Signatures were affixed by the
minister of foreign affairs of the Panama cabinet, and by the Cuban
minister in Panama. This plat is ceded for a term of 99 years. The
gold pen with which the deed was signed is to be given finally to the
President of the Republic of Cuba.——The Government is now
arranging for a series of DRAMATIC and other artistic performances
to be given during the entire time of the exposition. The best talent
available will be secured. The orphan asylum in the city of
Panama is about to found a PRINTING OFFICE in which the
orphans in their charge will provide most of the work to be done.
In favor of this enterprise the Government has removed the customs
duties on 191 boxes recently entered as imports, which contain the
presses and other apparatus for the outfit of the office.
An additional supply of ELECTRIC CARS for the street railway
system of Asuncion has been ordered in England, some of which have
already been shipped. Others will follow and by October next it is
believed that the whole system will be in a better condition to take
care of the increasing traffic than ever before. EXPORTATIONS
of raw products from Paraguay for the first three months of the
present year indicate an increase over the value and amount for the
same period of 1913. The Paraguay customs office has made public
PERU. 495
the following figures: Exports for the first three months of 1914,
$1,123,415 (gold); same period of 1913, $1,056,350 (gold); excess for
present year, $67,065..—The immigration section of the ministry
of foreign affairs, according to press reports, states that IMMIGRA-
TION to Paraguay has considerably increased within recent
months. San Bernardino is now made more accessible by the
recently established SERVICE OF LAUNCHES across Lake Ipacarai,
connecting with the railway station at Aregua. An imcreasing num-
ber of tourists are visiting Paraguay each year and nearly all of them
wish to see San Bernardino, one of the beauty spots of the country,
which can now be easily reached by the new service. The director
of the German colony at Encarnacion, Senor Mainzutaen, has opened
up 15,000 HECTARES OF LAND and is offering the same for
colonization purposes. According to news reports the department
of Fomento has asked the Government for the use of three STEAM-
SHIPS which would be leased to a private corporation with the
agreement that the latter would engage in buying fruit and other
products along the rivers and railways of Paraguay. Such a system
of catering to the needs and offering a home market for the farmers
would, it is believed, result in an increased acreage in all kinds of crops.
=,
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39
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The President of the Republic has reformed his cabinet, refusing
to accept the resignations of the members of the former cabinet,
who therefore retain the posts they occupied, with the exception of
Don Melit6n Carbajal, who is now vice admiral, and who was for-
merly in charge of the portfolio of war and marine. The national
Government has approved the contract made with the provincial
council of Huancayo for the electric equipment of the city of the
same name. The Huancayo electric company agrees to establish in
Huancayo an electric plant with sufficient power to supply the needs
of the city for both public and private use. Sefiora Carmen Tor-
res Calderén de Pinillos is preparing to undertake a trip to the
United States for the purpose of studying the CULTURE OF SILK-
WORMS AND BEES, about which she will make a report to her
Government, in the hope that they may be introduced into Peru——
The Government will be represented in the international EXPOSI-
TION OF GENOA, ITALY, and has appointed to attend it Sefiores
Salvador Soyer and Luis Zino. Through its Paris office of infor-
mation, immigration, and propaganda the Republic has made a
contract for the services of Don Samuel Pasquali, who will teach as
496 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
professor of arts in the SCHOOL OF ARTS AND CRAFTS OF
LIMA. In consideration of the fact that the name of DON
RICARDO PALMA has been indissolubly associated with the
national library of Peru, and that he was the one who restored it
and acted as director for 28 years, the Government has designated
him honorary director of the national library and consultant to the
minister of instruction on matters pertaining to that institution.
In a report made to his Government by the former minister of pro-
motion, Coronel Portillo, after a voyage of inspection in the REGION
OF THE MADRE DE DIOS RIVER, he states that in fact there
are only two roads in all that important territory, namely, that of
Cuzco-Paucartambo-Tres Cruces and that of Tiripata-Astillero.
According to this report the Cuzco-Tres Cruces road offers both
commercial and strategic advantages. From Cuzco to Itahuania,
at the end of the road, and two hours from the mouth of the Manu,
merchandise can be sent in a period of six days, and perhaps less.
To build a proper road would be of benefit not only to the Madre
de Dios region, but also for the provinces of Paucartambo, Calza,
and Quispicanchis, of the department of Cuzco. The road via
Tirapata, more difficult to keep in repair than the other, is at pres-
ent the only way over which the commerce with the Madre de Dios
is maintained. It was constructed by the Inca Mining Co. to get
at the gold mines of Santo Domingo, and was later prolonged to
Astillero, a port on the river Tambopata, by the Inca Rubber Co.
By this road communication is kept up, the passage from the end
of the railway to Huacarani taking eight days, after climbing the
Cordillera. Navigation on the Tambopata begins at Astillero,
reached beyond Huacarani. On the river it is three days by canoe
to Maldonado. The report mentioned gives further data on the
practicability of improving the road so as to stimulate the impor-
tant commerce of the region of the Madre de Dios River. Early
in July there was signed at Lima a TREATY OF PEACE between
Peru and the United States, being in principle the same as other
treaties proposed by Secretary of State Bryan with other nations
of the world. The March, 1914, number of the Bulletin of the
Lima Society of Engineers publishes an article by Sefior J. F. Bar-
reda y Bustamente, which contains interesting data about the
ALPAS RAILROAD and the bridge constructed over the river
Pativilea. The railway and the bridge were opened to the public
in December, 1913. It passes through the northern part of the
rich valley of Pativilca, the commerce of which has hitherto been
compelled to depend upon rough mule trails. The bridge has five
sections of iron and has roadbeds for both the railway and carts.——
The industrial electric company of Cuzco has about completed its
plant for ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER for the city of Cuzco.
SALVADOR. 497
Thus that ancient city of the Incas will within a short time be
equipped with all modern improvements in the line of lighting and
motive power.
At a meeting of students of Salvador, held toward the middle of
July, graduates of the university and alumni of the faculties in juris-
prudence and social sciences, called together by the rector of the uni-
versity, the formal invitation was read to send a fitting delegation
from that body to attend the PAN AMERICAN CONGRESS OF
STUDENTS to be held in Santiago, Chile. It was decided, however,
not to take part in that congress. The reasons given for this decision
rested on the fact that there was really too little time to prepare for
it, and that the extensiveness of the program was such that in all
probability the students could not be able meanwhile to give it the
careful study it deserved. The RAILWAY BETWEEN LA
LIBERTAD AND THE CAPITAL, San Salvador, which will have
such a wholesome influence on the agriculture and commerce of the
Republic, will soon be opened to traffic. Engineers who are to work
on the line have prepared to leave New York. In order to make
effective the STAMP TAX, the Salvador congress has passed a decree
by which its collection will be regulated. All business houses and
pharmacies which are engaged in importations from abroad, must
pay one-half per cent above the value of their importations, making
declarations to that effect in the customs office and in the office of the
parcels post. All previous laws on this subject are abrogated by this
new law. A great deal of interest has been excited in the Republic
by the proposal to establish in the capital, San Salvador, a HOUSE
OF CORRECTION for homeless children, or for those who are way-
ward or incorrigible. The treatment of these poor misled waifs has
been carefully studied in institutions of this character in many parts
of the world, and the country is determined to found an institution
here which will be a model in every respect.——Taking into consider-
ation that education will be practically aided by putting within the
reach of the people all school books in general, and every kind of book
that deals with the knowledge of the schools, in the sciences and the
arts, the national congress has passed a law FREEING FROM CUS-
TOMS CHARGES all such books and treaties in the sciences, arts,
and industries, histories, geographies, illustrations pertaining thereto,
maps, wall charts, classical literature, dictionaries, when of a tech-
nical and special nature.
A higher standard of MOVING PICTURE FILMS is demanded
by the press of Montevideo where, it is claimed, considerable harm is
being done by the exhibition of films that are immoral. As in other
cities, the moving picture show house is very popular and many
families send their children to these shows, where the properly cen-
sored film is most entertaining and instructive. Discussion of the
property tax occupied considerable attention in the House of Depu-
ties. During the past year the Government has been studying the
problem of the HIGH COST OF LIVING and seeking the means
of reducing the evil. The Labor Office after diligent study has found
that the heaviest of all the workman’s expenses is house rent, and it
is believed that by taxing land values and exempting house values
there would be a reduction in rents, both as regards old and new
houses, and also stimulate building. THE ATHLETIC GIRL is
a subject which is very much in evidence at present in Montevideo.
There is a keen interest in sports, and the movement for the physical
education of girls has been establishing itself on a sound basis, with
the result that the National Council of Physical Education, organized
some time ago, has become a popular organization. Girls are en-
couraged to take part in outdoor games, to become athletic, to acquire
flexibility of carriage, and in other ways develop sound bodies.
Gymnasiums have been established and there are facilities for the
various grades of society to enjoy and profit by the instruction
offered ——Officials of the Central Uruguay Railway are being
praised for their work in connection with UTILIZING THE CORN
that was more or less destroyed by continued rains. Arrangements
have been made whereby the corn is carried over the railway’s lines
at half price, and later converted into alcohol at distilleries. The
railway management, the leading planters, and one of the prominent
distillers of the country are united in their efforts to save the dam-
aged crop by converting a large percentage into alcohol; otherwise
the crop would have been practically worthless, owing to continued
rains in the Republic. As the steamship Orduna was entering the
Strait of Magellan recently a call was received by WIRELESS from
another British vessel a hundred miles away, saying that its master
was very ill and asking that the Orduna’s doctor prescribe for the
patient. The doctor asked five questions by wireless, which were
answered in 20 minutes, and then the proper relief measures were
signaled. Two days later both vessels met at Punta Arenas and
the recovered captain sought the doctor to thank him for saving his
498
VENEZUELA. 499
life. The several wireless stations now in the Strait of Magellan
and vicinity make it possible to reach many ships that round Cape
Horn, which until recently were completely cut off from the world
while navigating in those southern waters. A bill has been intro-
duced in Congress for the establishment of ‘‘Uruguayan AGRI-
CULTURAL CREDIT,” the object of which is to foster and protect
agricultural interests in general, the allied industries, the construc-
tion of roads, and of immigration destined to aid in such develop-
ment. It proposes to tax owners of rural lands to the extent of
about $1 per hectare, when the assessment of land is more Le $50
per hectare, and if ne total property is valued over $5,000, 2 per
cent on the value.
=—>_ £39 te OS CI) OF Ook COk S55
VENE gs
The envoy extraordinary of the Holy See in Venezuela has notified
that Government that His Holiness has withdrawn jurisdiction over
THE DIOCESE OF GUIANA from the bishop, Monsefior Duran.
In view of this fact the council of Guayana takes over the offices of the
church and the President of Venezuela declares vacated the diocese of
Guayana, as far as Venezuela is concerned. Dr. Sixto Sosa has been
named Vicario Capitular until the new bishop is appoited.——A
NEW CLINIC for radiology and radiotherapy has been opened in Cara-
cas and many physicians and surgeons are attending the demonstra-
tions of Dr. Gonzales Rincones. The NEWLY APPOINTED
MINISTER TO BRAZIL is Dr. Emilio Constantino Guerrero, at
one time president of the Federal court. At the SEVENTH
POSTAL UNION CONGRESS, held in Madrid in August, the dele-
gates were Sefior Rafael Urdaneta and Sefior Federico de la Madriz,
secretary of legation and consul general of Venezuela in Spain, respec-
tively—THREE TECHNICAL INSPECTORS for the State
schools and colleges, similar to those who have been carrying on
duties for the Federal district, have been created. As far as the edu-
cational activities of the nation are concerned, the Republic has been
divided into three grand subdivisions. In the official gazette there
was recently published the text of the TREATY OF ARBITRATION
between Venezuela and Peru. The treaty contains the agreement
to submit all matters not to be settled through the ordinary diplo-
matic channels to arbitration. Of course from these questions are
excepted those of a character that refer to constitutional matters, to
be resolved by the respective courts of either country.——A congress
recently assembled in Caracas prepared a NEW CONSTITUTION
500 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
for the Republic, which was placed in force on the 19th of June, 1914,
by a presidential decree. This constitution is to be found in full in
the official gazette of the Republic, No. 12,257. Toward the end
of the coming October the PAPER FACTORY at Maracay will be
opened for practical work. This factory les in a region well supplied
with the raw material for the manufacture of paper; its machinery
is of the very best and modern type of its class, and, in fact, is not sur-
passed by anything of its kind in South America. Its output is calcu-
lated at about 10 tons of paper of various grades every 24 hours. The
factory building, now completed, is of four departments, one of which,
separate, has three stories. The SEEBERG STEAMSHIP CoO.,
with a service between New Orleans and the Venezuelan ports of
Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, and La Guaira, has just been placed in
operation. Its vessels have a capacity of from 2,800 to 5,000 tons,
and three are already on the schedule. The 8S. 8S. Invergyle departed
from New Orleans in June and touched at Mobile, Colon, Cartagena,
Puerto Colombia, Santa Marta, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, La Guaira,
Curazao, Santo Domingo, and San Pedro de Macoris, the return trip
bringing the steamer back to New Orleans on July 12. The Dunning
Olga left on the same itinerary June 25 and the Hilding on July 12.
With the acknowledged commercial importance of these ports of the
Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico in the trade of these countries
with the United States, it is most probable that a busy future awaits
this service and that other steamers will be demanded. As soon as
the Panama Canal is opened for commerce, another line of the same
company is promised to the west coast of South America.
ARGENTINA, BOLIVIA y BRAZIL ~ GAILE ~ GOLOMBTA
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STREET SCENE IN MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY. ~
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ANAMA -NICARAGUA~- MEXICO - HONDURAS
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GOVERNING:BOARD-OF-THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
WiuuiaM J. Bryan, Secretary of State of the United States,
Chairman ex officio.
AMBASSADORS EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY.
Brazil occa see cee e Senhor Domicio pa GAMA,
Office of Embassy, 1013 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
Mexico see. See Soe: Sefior Don ManuEL Ca.ero.!
ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY.
‘Argentine Republic...Sefior Dr. Rémuto 8S. Naon,?
Office of Legation, 1806 Corcoran Street, Washington, D. C.
Chile’: 22-8235. Sefior Don Epuarpo SudrEz Musica,”
Office of Legation, 1329 K Street, Washington, D. C.
Bolivias oso s eo. ose2 Sefior Don Ienacio CaLpERON,
Office of Legation, 1633 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D, C.
Colombia. 2. ---5-2 Sefior Dr. Jutio BETANcouRT,
Office of Legation, 1319 K Street, Washington, D. C.
Costa Rica s. 22-25-22 Sefior Don Roserto BRENES MEsEN,
Office of Legation, 1501 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D.C.
Cubarten ass. aes Senor Dr. C. M. DE CESsPEDES vy QuUESADA,
rf Office of Legation, 1529 Eighteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
Dominican Republic. --Sefior Dr. EpuaRpo R. SoiEr,
Office of Legation, ‘‘The Champlain,’’ Washington, D. C.
MCuadoneeesasosccesee Sefior Dr. Gonzato 8S. CorpDova,
Office of Legation, 604 Riverside Drive, New York City.
Guatemalay-2-2----=- - Sefior Don Joaquin MinpeEz,
Office of Legation, 1511 Twentieth Street, Washington, D. C.
EV aitioe Soe ead M. Soton Ménos,
Office of Legation, 1429 Rhode Island Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Honduras’. .-.-... 2... Sefior Dr. ALBERTO MrmsBreso.!
Nicaragua) oco-4 oc- 52) Sefior Don Emrt1ano CHAMORRO,
Office of Legation, ‘‘Stoneleigh Court,’’ Washington, D. C.
Panama i252 so oce ci aee Sefior Dr. Eusrsio A. Morass,
Office of Legation, ‘‘The Portland,’’ Washington, D. C.
Paraguays:ic..ssc- 225 Sefior Dr. Htcror VELAzQusz.!
Peruse 222 Sa8 sae 52 see Sefior Don FrpERIco ALFonso PEZET,
Office of Legation, 2223 R Street, Washington, D. C.
Salvador {2552 eos Senior Dr. Francisco DuEfas,
Office of Legation, ‘The Portland,’’ Washington, D. C.
Unuctiay.-cseeeereo aa. Sefior Dr. Cantos M. pg Perna,
Office of Legation, 1734 N Street, Washington, D. C.
Venezuela <-252eseso25 Sefior Dr. Santos ANrIBAL DoMINict,
Office of Legation, 1406 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D. C.
CHARGES D’AFFAIRES.
Mexico: Mt. 5 jo ecacle Sefior Don A. AtGAaRA R. DE TERREROS,?
Office of Embassy, 1413 I Street, Washington, D.C.
1 Absent. 2 Appointed Ambassador.
v UNION OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS \/
BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
@SCGCTOBER. - 1914
SEVENTEENTH AND B STREETS NW., WASHINGTON, D.C.,U.S.A.
CABLE ADDRESS FOR UNION AND BULLETIN : : : : “PAU,” WASHINGTON
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
JOHN BARRETT
DIRECTOR GENERAL
FRANCISCO J. YANES
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR THE BULLECIN
English edition, in all countries of the Pan American Union, $2.00 per year.
Spanish edition, ‘‘ oh es oC GG Gg 1.50 ae
Portuguese edition, ‘‘ ay es OG a es 1.00 =
French edition, se ae sis ce se a 5 ee
An ADDITIONAL CHARGE of 50 cents per year, on each edition, for
subscriptions in countries outside the Pan American Union.
SINGLE COPIES may be procured from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at 25 cents each.
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1914
Wireless Telegraphy in the Americas
The Southern States and Latin American Trade
A Commercial Traveler in South America—X
Pan America in the Magazines
With a mule train across Nhambiquara land—A journey through Argentina—Santa Marta—
Cruising in Cuba—La Guaira and Caracas—Indian traits—The Pampaconas River—Brazil
nuts from tree to the market—The culture of vanilla beans.
Pan American Notes
Fifth Pan American Conference postponed—A word of caution—A resolution of peace—U. 8.
Ambassadors to Argentina and Chile—Tribute from Sr. Barrios, of Guatemala—Nicaraguan
mixed claims commission—Pan American meeting in Boston—Decision of Costa Rica-
Panama boundary question—Latin American Trade Conference—Trade conference of Rich-
mond, Va.—Railroad trade excursion—Sr. Peynado and Las Novedades—Honor to ex-Min-
ister Du Bois—Magazine attention to Latin America—New Magazine—Latin American
Banking—S. A. edition Boot and Shoe Recorder—Dawe’s Federalist— Bureau of Commercial
Economics—Scholarships for study of Spanish—Improved shipping facilities.
Book Notes
Subject Matter of Consular Reports
Commerce of Salvador for 1913
Argentine Republic
Budget for 1915—Develop oil fields—Congress of accountants—Commerce 6 months 1914—
Wheat exports—Asylum for blind.
MBS OLAV A ia sca cek pce Sepa he oa EE nS ree ey in ee I ge Soe Scat
Maps of Bolivia—Bank profits—Cabinet change—Potosi—Sucre auto service—Football asso-
ciation—Bequest for education—Extend tramways.
Veterinary military school—Wireless telegraph station—Reduce standing army—Introduce
prize stallion—Rubber factory—Petroleum fields diseovered—Currency issued—Maritime
registration law.
New cabinet—Bank profits—Increase railway rates—Tin mine—Construct waterworks—Rail-
road extensions—Customs revenues, 1914—Mining maps—Ratify wireless convention.
Colombia
Cabinet change—Statue to Cuervo—Tramway opened—Sanitate Riohacha—Courthouses at
Cartagena—Literary contest—Press in’ Coiombia—Coffee exports—Consular fees—Governors
of departments—A ppointments.
Costa Rica
Agricultural Mortgage Bank—Provisions of mortgage bank bill—Holland dairy—Limon muni-
cipal loan.
Lay water mains—Diplomatic appointment—Propose new military academy—Infantile colony
report—New steamship service—University statistics—Statue to Milanes—Suspend sanitary
ordinances. “
III
604
630
635
640
647
648
649
650
for)
oO
bo
653
655
IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Dominican Republic. cs. ve eie heh reece sce et sey ee ee
Increasing sugar production—Duty regulation—Mines denounced—Tobacco company changes
hands.
J OSWENG It) ise eee eee Ger me c aaa en ee amber sero oNedecaa nec sa5 o
Report of council of foreign bondholders—Develop Panama hat industry—Congressional elec-
tions—Power plant for Ambato—Restrict exports.
Guatemala... 22455 e Sos sees ee eee ce Tre ae Le en ee
Delegates to foreign congresses—Bank profits—Quezaltenango statisties—Chiquimula board of
agriculture—National exposition to be held.
Import tax on salt—Develop cotton industry—To improve ports—Improve water service—
Nationalize school of surveyors. |
BE Co 00 ADB are Woy ee Ae Pann sot Ee en ee RRR x PRD et eNO OMAR ERED ae Vem crest eC ieee
Distribution of school appropriation—National school of automobiles—Banana exports—
Customs revenues—New customhouse at Ceiba—Public highway to Lorenzo.
IMEEXTCOn Se Bas +. oie ees aie | ee AO nas iat ene ae een fe ot od ae 21a A
Electric tramway work—Exploit chicle lands—Water power concession—Congress of primary
education—San Carlos academy—Silk worm culture—Sewer contracts.
INCA Tea SUL ee erst ahs aa ee ee Lea chase Nae nse ea
Cases pending in court—Consular change—Steamship service—Prohibit tobacco culture—Min-
ing notes—Report mixed claims commission—E1 Nacionalista resumes publication.
Pein ar 0 ie ea eee cee Pa jee os ce tee et. Deaton eee ee ea Oe
Establish agricultural department—Marriage law—Study tropical anemia—Panama exposi-
tion—Commercial institute—Special tramway rates to school children—Contract for Almi-
rante works—Santa Ana school.
Bde) 2 cD eee eae eee eae ee ee mrs yey eens ey asia etre sale Ex dia SG oc <
Commerce increase—National department of engineers organized—National dairy estab-
lished—German school—Scientifie work by Chodat—Minister from Uruguay—Agricultural
colonies.
Moratorium declared—Cabinet changes—Regulate retail prices—Bank checks—Monument to
San Martin.
ROE T Age Xe La ea ose mere ae AR ero a AMEN nated ig ins ede Slt ee OETA capa ery
Pass inheritance tax—Demographic statistics—Electric light plant—Railways extension—
School of arts and crafts—Exports—Occidental bank—Artesian wells contracts.
LO uo Ea ih igeenene ey eee SC ORQnREY atin ny een Aen cmt MORSE MS = eee Rime Oh ARIS 3... A 5
Honor to Marti—New banking proyision—Aviation school—Railway tarifi—National stock
congress—Trade in meat—Arbor day—Railway tender—Arbitration convention— Boundary
decision—Police identification.
Wemezwelas ccc ce 8 ate ok eee ee ery ae a
Budget -decrease—Mining regulations—New sugar factory—Consular appointees—Agri-
cultural board—Commerce of La Guaira—Carora apueduct.
657
659
660
661
662
664
665
666
667
670
671
Meier,
COLONEL OSCAR R. BENAVIDES,
President of the Republic of Peru.
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WOM, .OOIDS OCTOBER, 1914. No. 4
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HILE those who sail the seas have long been accustomed
to behold many of nature’s marvels, such as the aurora,
the typhoon, the arctic ice, the -fire of St. Elmo, the
tropical sunset, and many other natural wonders which
have terrified or delighted the voyager, it is interesting to note how, in
combining forces, nature and man have made it possible to produce
other marvels, as, for instance, the making of it possible for the
human voice to come forth from the clouds with a message for the
land, or by the carrying of strains of music a hundred miles ‘‘on the
wings of the wind”’ to a vessel rolling in the deep.
And yet these modern wonders are only newer phases of develop-
ment of the wireless telegraph and telephone; and the recent practical
demonstrations between ships on the Atlantic and wireless stations
on land serve to call vividly to mind the rapid strides which have been
made by the wireless telegraph in linking together all the nations of
the Western Hemisphere. Moreover, it is gratifying to believe that
such development gives assurance of the possibility of even closer
communication as the new devices are improved and perfected to
practical utility.
To-day the rock-bound coasts of Alaska are linked with radio sta-
tions as far southward as man has ventured to settle. The little
hamlet of Ushuaia, where natives of the Fuegian Archipelago have
collected, will soon have a wireless station with a range of 275 miles
and may talk with ships that round Cape Horn; or this isolated village
may call up the new and powerful radio station that surmounts one
of the hills near Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan. The latter
station, in turn, may call Puerto Montt, Taleahuano (1,200 meter
wave length), or the island of Juan Fernandez (station nearing com-
1By William A. Reid, of Pan American Union Staff. .
501
iu
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WIRELESS ON THE EIFFEL TOWER AT PARIS.
nce the breaking out of the European war one of the busiest wireless stations in the world has been the one
on the Hiffel Tower, which keeps in constant touch with the armies in the field.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY IN THE AMERICAS. 003
pletion), or many other stations that le within the 2,000 miles radius
of the Punta Arenas station. This long reach of the wireless brings
the most southern extremity of South America within aerial commu-
nication with the many stations that dot the coast at Valparaiso,
Coquimbo, Antofagasta, Arica, Lima, or, in fact, that now stand at
intervals of a few hundred miles all the way to California and Alaska.
On the other side of South America a message may be sent from
Punta Arenas to Cape Virgins, at the entrance to the Strait of Magel-
lan, which has a station with power of 275 miles range, thence to
Comodoro Rivadavia, and from that station along the Argentine,
Uruguayan, and Brazilian coast to North America. Or, within a
very short time, it will be possible to use the “‘jungle route”’ via Para-
cuay and Bolivia—the former country having contracted for 10 sta-
tions and the latter 7—to Manaos, and from there to Washington.
These two cities are separated by approximately 3,100 miles of land
and sea, yet they have been conversing directly, and the operator at
the great rubber capital answered Washington that signals were
‘being read consistently.” Another long-distance record is that an-
nounced by the Wireless Age, to the effect that the Falkland Islands
station had heard the signals of the Lima station, the approximate
distance between the two points being 5,700 kilometers, or about
3,500 miles.
Other long-distance talks are those reported in the public press from
the small port of Ilo on the Peruvian coast, when the operator talked
with the ship Karnak, at the time 100 miles south of Coronel, Chile.
That distance is more than 1,000 miles. There is nothing especially
remarkable in the distance here recorded, but when it is considered
that the Ilo station is not equipped for long-distance service it appears
that even low-power stations may at times develop a high degree of
long-distance efficiency. The same operator reports that he heard
the Darsena station at Buenos Aires, which therefore makes another
record for the Ilo station—that of hearing signals on the opposite side
of the continent.
Five years ago the whole area of Latin America had only about 50
radio stations, including those operated by the several governments
and others privately owned. To-day we find the number greatly
increased. Argentina alone has more than 120 stations, and 30 or
more new stations are projected. Brazil has nearly 100 stations,
scattered well over her vast territory, of which 34 are the Telefunken
system and more than 60 Marconi and other systems. Chile has about
44 stations; Uruguay has 24; Paraguay is erecting 10 stations;
Bolivia started two years ago to erect 7 stations, and considerable
progress has been made. The contract provided for an expenditure
of $165,000, and an additional appropriation has been proposed for
other stations. Bolivia being the heart of the great continent, and
with her extremely high natural elevations, should have a vast range
; “qo0p gious Oo} WIIM Gono} ur sdooy SorjI[I0B} SSoperTA S41 Jo sueom Aq pue
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WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY IN THE AMERICAS. 505
of calls and will be able to talk with all of her neighbors. Peru has
for several years reached her interior sections by a series of wireless
stations, but those at San Cristobal, near Lima, and at Iquitos are
much more powerful and important than any of the dozen or more
stations now in operation.
Ecuador proposes to establish a station on Galapagos Islands and at
Guayaquil, Quito,’ Esmeraldas, and other places. Acommission is
now considering propositions. In Colombia radio stations are already
operating at Cartagena and Santa Marta, respectively, and other
stations are to be installed at Bogota, Buenaventura, Medellin, ete.
Throughout Central America, Mexico, Cuba, and the West Indies
the number of radio stations has multiplied, so that it is now possible
to communicate by, means of the aerogram with almost every import-
ant place. A ship, steaming in either direction from Alaska to Cape
Horn, if provided with a wireless outfit of a few hundred miles range,
need not be out of calling distance of land stations. Likewise in
voyaging from any North American port to eastern South America
the modern ship how announces on its bulletin board that passengers
may talk with land stations, and by land telegraph with their friends
at home. As soon as one station drops out of range another is picked
up, and thus the news of the day is chronicled on the ship’s bulletin,
to the interest of the traveler or the guidance of the mariner.
Throughout the Carribbean Sea the stations are so numerous that the
wireless operator aboard ship is one of the busy men of the vessel,
and usually handles a large number of business messages.
Although useful communication is the primary factor in the estab-
lishment of aerial service, still there is a picturesque aspect to some
of the isolated places that have been selected for stations. The great
hill at Montevideo that was sighted by Magellan when on his famous
voyage, and which is said to have caused the navigator to shout a
name which the place has borne from that early day, forms the real
tower which, with its modern steel network, rises to a most com-
manding height and sends its messages for many miles. This station
now converses with the Falkland Islands, directly or via the Argentine
stations, a section of the world that until recently never had com-
munication with other lands excepting by occasional ships. When
the writer visited the Falklands several years ago he found it impos-
sible to send any kind of telegraphic message from the islands, for
the reason that no means existed. Very recently the Port Stanley
station linked that far-off port with the continent, and passengers of
at least one ship have been saved by sending the S. O.S. call to Port
Stanley.
The three northern stations in Chile are located in mining and
nitrate regions, sections where rain rarely, if ever, falls. All who are
familiar with the west coast will recall the picturesque location of the
town of Arica and the frowning Morro that looms high above the sea.
Ps
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WIRELESS STATION AT ARLINGTON, NEAR WASHINGTON, D. C.
The tower in the foreground has an altitude of 600 feet; the two smaller are each 450 feet high. Signals are
said to have been exchanged between the Arlington station and the wireless on the Eiffel Tower in
Paris, while regular communication is had between Arlington and Manaos, Brazil, a distance of about
3,100 miles. It is also claimed that signals from Arlington have been read at Malta, a distance of 4,800
miles. At Darien, on the Isthmus of Panama, the United States has just completed a wireless station
composed of three 600-foot towers, which is in constant touch with Arlington. Other stations will soon
complete the chain to California, Hawaii, Samoa, Guam, and the Phillippines.
SCENE IN THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN.
Even at Punta Arenas, the southernmost city in the world, located on the Strait of Magellan, may be
found a wireless station keeping in touch with the world.
TRANSPORTING AN ARMY WIRELESS EQUIPMENT.
For inaccessible regions and difficult trails a compact wireless equipment for field service can be trans-
ported on three mules and set up and placed in operation in 20 minutes.
508 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
It was here that workmen in preparing foundations for wireless tow-
ers dug up well-preserved mummies that from all appearances must
have been buried for centuries; so that in this instance the most
modern means of communication stands practically on the same
ground that was frequented by peoples of bygone ages.
Farther southward the great nitrate port of Antofagasta has a ~
station, and those in charge of its operation speak of the ‘‘infinite
distance”’ that must be traversed in order to reach the scene of their
daily or nightly labors. The Antofagasta towers stand in a desert
of white sand, several miles from the town. Location, of course, was
chosen with due regard for scientific or practical results, and these
facts, as in many other cases, have placed the operators far from the
company of fellow man. ‘Their work is often quite as desolate as that
of the light keeper on some far-off island, where the calls of friends or
of passing ships are rarely enjoyed.
The official opening of wireless communication between Lima,
Peru, and the country’s chief city on the upper Amazon (Iquitos) was
inaugurated about two years ago on the summit of Cerro de San
Cristobal, the great hill that dominates the valley of the Rimac. This
hill is 919 feet above the city, 1,368 feet above sea level, and the
wireless tower rises 348 feet above its summit. This wireless station,
which uses the Telefunken system, has a power of 10 kilowatts, and
although a mountain range 18,000 feet high hes between the two
cities only 12 minutes were required to establish communication
between them. It is interesting to note that the people of ancient
times are said to have used this commanding position for signal fires
as a means of communication, while to-day modern science utilizes
the same natural tower to talk with stations at Iquitos,640 miles away;
Manaos, 1,425 miles distant, and stations that dot the coast, as well
as to keep in touch with ships far out to sea. The cost of the two
stations at Lima and !quitos was about $150,000.
The subject of surrounding the wireless service with safeguards
which will prevent the amateur operator from serious interference
with the transmission of important messages is being given attention
by the various countries, and it is probable that they will all shortly
have uniform regulations governing this feature, as, for instance, in
Brazil, where authority for the establishment of a wireless station
rests with the Government officials, and a corporation or individual
wishing to engage in the work must present official plans of the
proposed station and show the necessity and advantages for its
operation. ;
Several conferences on radiotelegraphy have been held (Berlin, in
1906, and London, in 1912), at which most, if not all, of the nations
of the world were represented. The primary object of these inter-
national gatherings has been to secure uniformity of operating service
among all vessels equipped with wireless outfits and land stations all
A SIMPLE WIRELESS IN THE ARMY.
Members of the Signal Corps in the United States Army using the wireless for field communication.
The power, as shown in the illustration, is generated by a hand-operated device.
Courtesy of World’s Work.
A MODERN TYPE OF FIELD WIRELESS OUTFIT.
This equipment having its own power engine frees armies from the danger of interrupted communication.
INTERIOR OF THE UNITED WIRELESS TELEGRAPH COMPANY STATION,
WASHINGTON.
When all the telephone and telegraph lines from the National Capital are put out of commission by
severe winter storms the wireless telegraph keeps on doing business at the same old stand. This
happened upon the occasion of the inauguration of President Taft on the 4th of March, 1909.
INTERIOR OF A WIRELESS STATION.
The electric power for the wireless stations is usually furnished by gasoline motors.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY IN THE AMERICAS. LIL
over the world. In general, all of the Latin American countries
have established stations, and additional ones are projected, in
accordance with the recommendations of these international con-
ferences. It can be readily understood that great advantages will
result from world uniformity of service and workings, both as regards
government service and that conducted by private corporations.
In the United States one of the most practical uses to which wire-
less has been put is its installation on moving railway trains.
One enterprising road has erected towers along its lines, and the
operator on a passenger train going 50 miles an hour may flash a
message from his little booth to various points along the railway,
Inasmuch as the working of wireless is greatly influenced by the
WIRELESS STATION AND. ENTRANCE TO DOCKS AT BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA.
height of towers and the length of aerials, it may be asked how the
system has been adapted to the low car of the railway.
The solving of this vexing question required the brains of many
experts, who overcame the difficulty by arranging the wires along
and very close to roofs of the cars. The required current is supplied
by a small motor driven by a wheel on the axle of the car. At present
this railroad service is capable of communicating 35 miles, but as
improvements are being made constantly, it is believed that soon the
distance can be extended to 50 miles. Then, with towers along any
railway at intervals of 40 or 50 miles, passengers may use the railway
wireless service with much more convenience than the ordinary
telegraph. .
Thus we see that wireless is extending its useful and humane service
in all directions. It is saving thousands of lives upon the high seas;
it is brmging the whole world into closer touch; in business its impor-
tance can not be overestimated, while as a pleasure in linking far-off
friends and families it is beyond comparison. Its gradual advance-
ment and perfection will, without doubt, still further astonish the
world. All honor to its inventors and to those laboring to make it
more perfect.
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WO new factors in the economic and commercial relations
between Latin America and the United States are now
strenuously emphasizing the opportunities for a greater
Pan American trade. The first of these, the opening of the
Panama Canal, has been anticipated for 10 years and every possible
phase has been theoretically considered, discussed, and written about.
Much speculation has been indulged in and many agencies have been
at work to arouse the manifold business interests of the Americas to
‘“‘oet ready for the opening of the Panama Canal.”
To the eastern and southern portions of the United States the
creation of this new route meant the probable development of a
trade with the 5,000 miles of west coast of South America—since
the important factors of proximity and easy access were to give
them a decided advantage over European competitors. Everyone
knew that this would mean much, eventually, in the trade relations
between these sections of the two continents, but it was all more or
less conjectural and all in the more or less hazy future. On August
15 the Panama Canal threw open its steel gates to the commerce of
the world, and the first factor became a present reality.
Two weeks before this very auspicious event, however, unexpect-
edly and unprovided for, almost in the twinkling of an eye, the
second factor burst upon the consciousness of commercial America
and made of the speculative dreams of yesterday a vivid, startling, . - —
compelling fact. Since August 1 six of the greatest commercial
nations of the world, all, of course, active competitors of the United
States in all of the markets of Latin America, have been plunged
into a destructive, all-consuming war. ‘Thus the question, “ What
can we sell to and buy from the west coast of South America?” has
suddenly been transformed into the larger and far weightier question,
“What can we sell to and buy from all of Latin America ?”’
The needs of Latin America are coincident in kind, though perhaps
not in degree, with those of all other highly civilized portions of the
world. There is not a necessity, a comfort, nor even a luxury which
modern civilization knows for which there is not.some demand in
almost every Latin country south of the United States. Naturally,
as is the case in the United States and elsewhere, the greater demand
1 By Edward Albes, of Pan American Union Staff.
512
SEA-ISLAND COTTON IN THE*SOUTH.
The South has also found out that the longer and finer the staple the higher the price its cotton will
command. Given the right kind of soil it takes no more land and but little more labor to raise good
cotton than poor. By careful experiment it has been found that the growing of Sea-Island cotton can
be greatly extended in many of the Southern States.
58476— Bull. 4 —14——2
iL! THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
is for necessities and comforts. The people of the vast rural districts
need food, clothing, and shelter. Many of such wants are supplied
by their own production, while many others can be supplied only
by the products of other countries. In the modern capitals and
larger cities of those countries the demands are just as diverse and
complex as are those of London, New York, and Paris.
As a broad proposition it may be stated that all of the Latin Ameri-
can countries are producers of primary food products and many of
them are rich in all kinds of mineral products, with perhaps the
single exception of coal. On the other hand, perhaps not one can
supply its own demand for manufactured products. That, in a
nutshell, is the economic situation, and that is the basis upon which
the commerce between the United States and Latin America must
be built. The answer, therefore, to the question propounded may be
concisely stated—the United States can sell to Latin America, in
varying quantities, something of everything it can manufacture;
it can buy from Latin America a large portion of all the primary
food and mineral products it may need.
In commercial competition, other things being equal, the seller
who can deliver his goods by the shortest and cheapest route has a
big advantage. In the United States the geographical location of
the Gulf and South Atlantic States gives these sections this advantage
of proximity. A remarkable opportunity is thus offered to such
manufacturing interests of these States as are prepared to enter
into the competition for Latin American trade. The Gulf ports
particularly, from the southern tip of Texas around to Tampa, Fla.,
should profit enormously from the development of this trade, as
should also only in a slightly lesser degree the Atlantic ports of the
Southeastern States. Interior transportation facilities to these ports
will, of course, play an important part in determining the extent of
the zone affected.
The most important feature of the problem which confronts these
States just now is the diversity and extent of the manufactured
products which they have to offer to Latin America. In this connec-
tion it may be well to remember that of all the imports of Latin
America as a whole, textiles and the manufactures thereof lead in
quantity and in value, and that in this classification cotton and its
manufactures form by far the largest group. It is in this branch of
exports that the southern mills should be able to dominate the market
in the future, provided always that they are equipped to supply the
character of goods for which there is the greatest demand, and at
prices which will meet competition.
The character of cotton manufactures for which there is a large and
general demand throughout all of South America being pretty much
the same in all of the countries, an examination of the imports of
AN OPENED COTTON BOLL.
N BOLLS
COTTO
UNMATURED
516 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Argentina may suffice to show in a general way what these countries
need and what they buy.
During the year 1913 Argentina imported under the major classi-
fication of ‘Textiles and manufactures”’ Gncluding cotton, wool, silk,
and other fibers) nearly 90,000,000 pesos’ worth. The Argentine gold
peso being worth commercially about 97 cents in United States cur-
rency, the following figures, originally given in pesos, may be roughly
estimated as being equivalent to dollars. Of cotton textiles and
manufactures Argentina imported over $40,000,000 worth. Of these
imports the following items and values will give some idea of the
demand: Piece goods, bleached, $4,800,000; unbleached, $1,200,000;
prints, $4,000,000; dyed, $12,800,000; other colored cotton cloth,
$1,000,000; yarn, dyed, $1,000,000; yarn, undyed, $1,670,000; stock-
ings, nearly $2,000,000; counterpanes, nearly $1,000,000; handker-
chiefs, $840,000; sewing thread, $427,000; coarse thread, $340,000;
bags, $400,000; ribbons, $380,000; towels, $244,000, etc. Surely
these figures from only one South American country should interest
the cotton manufacturers of the South. One more statement in this ~
connection ought to give them food for thought. Of the $40,000,000
worth of cotton manufactures imported by Argentina the United ~
States, the producer of over 60 per cent of the world’s cotton for mill .
consumption, sold less than 3 per cent. Of the cotton imports of
Brazil the United States sold less than 3 per cent; of those of Chile, less
than 5 per cent; of those of all of Latin America, including Cuba,
Mexico, Central America, and the near-by countries of the Caribbean
Sea, a little over a general average of 8 per cent. Evidently the
cotton manufacturers of the United States have been unable to meet
European competition. Doubtless they themselves best know the
reasons for this state of things. Cheapness of unskilled European
labor can not account for it, for the fact that United States products
of lower grades of cotton manufactures, such as unbleached piece
goods and strong canvas, compete successfully with the European
products all over the world, proves that the element of ordinary labor
has but little to do with it. On the other hand, in products requiring
the highest degree of skill, such as laces, knit goods, ribbons, etc., the
Kuropean countries monopolize the trade. To the writer it would
seem that the chief element entering into the competition for the
trade in the higher grades of cotton manufactures is skill, and that
it is upon the production of these higher grades that the greatest, and
certainly the most profitable, development of the foreign trade of the
South depends.
In this connection it is gratifying to note the remarkable progress
which has been made in various industrial lines in the South during the
last few years. The people of that section, having once awakened to
the necessity of improving conditions in agriculture, manufacturing,
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518 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and in all industrial pursuits, are responding to the demands of modern
progress. The crude and wasteful methods of the past, under the
spur of competition, are fast giving way to up-to-date management,
better organization, and the introduction of higher skill and training.
The industrial leaders of the South, whether in the great steel and
iron plants of Alabama, the furniture factories of North Carolina, or
the cotton factories of nearly all the Southern States, are laying the
greatest stress upon and giving the greatest encouragement to educa-
tion and technical training in their respective lines. In this feature of
southern development lies the hope for the future domination of the
United States in the world’s markets in several lines of manufactures,
especially in those of cotton textiles and products of steel and iron.
In the economy of production and marketing of manufactured prod-
ucts transportation of the raw materials as well as that of the finished
product forms a most important factor. Where the raw material is
produced, whether from field or mine, there, too, should the highly
finished product be m de. The South has at last begun to realize this
important fact, especially with regard to its greatest agricultural
product—cotton.
In this connection the writer ventures to make the statement that
the timeis not far distant when in not only every important city, but
in every little southern town where cheap power may be had, will be
located manufacturing plants so constructed that the seed cotton from
the fields may be delivered at one door, and the highest grade ot
cotton prints, piece goods, stockings, and even laces be loaded into
freight cars for shipment from another door. In other words, the
raw material will enter and the finished article, involving the highest
degree of skill, will issue from the same plant. When that state of
affairs has been brought about the country that produces two-thirds
of the raw cotton of the world will certainly sell more than 8 per
cent of Latin American imports of cotton manufactures.
The raw material being at hand, three elements in the production
and successful marketing of high-grade manufactures are paramount:
(1) Cheap power; (2) skilled labor; (3) convenient transportation
facilities.
As to the first element the South is wonderfully blessed. The
cheapest and best power for manufacturing purposes is water power
converted into electrical power. All over the South, from the moun-
tain streams and cascades of the Appalachian system to the ponderous
sweep of the mighty rivers of the Mississippi Valley and Gulf regions,
water power in millions of horsepower units awaits development.
Much along this line has been done, much more is being projected. —
To consider this phase of the industrial problem in detail is beyond
the scope of this article. Just one of many instances may be cited as
an example of what has already been accomplished. This is the
PLOWING COTTON.
Modern agricultural implements are decreasing the cost of production of the South’s great staple. The
picture shows a battery of plows attacking a large Mississippi cotton field.
A GEORGIA COTTON MILL.
-‘ Where the raw material is produced, whether from field or mine, there, too, should the highly finished
product be made. The South has at last begun to realize this important fact, especially with regard
to its greatest agricultural product—cotton.” (Edward Albes, in ‘‘The Southern States and Latin
American Trade.’’)
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SOUTHERN STATES AND LATIN AMERICAN TRADE. SIL
development of the water powers of North and South Carolina by the
Southern Power Co. This company, whose principal power stations
are at Great Falls, Rocky Creek, and Ninety-nine Islands, S. C., trans-
mits a current of 100,000 volts over long distances and supplies elec-
tric power for more than 150 cotton mills, furnishes electric hight and
power for 50 towns, and is operating an extensive system of inter-
urban electric railways. This, besides furnishing power for many
minor plants, such as cotton gins, cottonseed oil mills, etc. Thus
one concern distributes cheap power over an enormous area, covering
almost two great, States, in which manufacturing plants of various.
kinds have sprung up like mushrooms and have come to stay. Many
other hydroelectric power plants are in operation and many more
are planned. Notable among these is the anticipated plant which
in the near future is to be established at the Mussel Shoals, in the
Tennessee River, in North Alabama. ‘This section of the State of
Alabama is noted for its fine cotton, while only 86 miles south of the
river is the iron metropolis of the South, Birmingham, to which point
the contemplated power plant will be enabled to furnish electric
power for its great iron and steel industries. These are instances
showing that the South is alive to the opportunities presented by the
natural resources of this section of the country. The great coal fields.
of Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, the Virginias, and Carolinas fur-
nish cheap fuel for steam power where water power is not available.
The second element, skilled labor, is also being rapidly introduced
into the manufacturing industries of the South. Besides taking
advantage of every labor-saving machine and device, curtailing waste,
and employing trained foremen and superintendents, skilled artisans
are being brought in and labor conditions as to housing, education,
and sanitation of factories and villages of the operatives are being
improved. As an instance may be cited the Republic Mill at Great
Falls, S. C., which began operations in 1911 with 580 looms and 25,200
spindles. In describing this factory Prof. Edwin Mims writes in the
World’s Work:
The looms are the latest improvement of the Northrop Draper automatic type, 26 of
which may be operated by one weaver; they run while the employees are at dinner.
There is, furthermore, a Barber-Coleman drawing-in machine which takes the place of
15 or 20 girls. Excellent provisions for light and ventilation in this mill are supple-
mented by the Cramer humidifying system. Electric appliances enable the owners
of the mill to compute exactly the cost of power for any department of the mill. * * *
The living conditions of the employees are on a par with every other feature of the
mill; among other noteworthy provisions is that for every cottage, in addition to elec-
tric lights and sewerage, pure water is produced by the electric-ozone process.
In regard to the organization and policy of another large company
Prof. Mims writes:
Approximately the same conditions prevail—on a larger scale to be sure—in the 12
mills (4 at Columbia, 2 at Greers, 1 at Greenville, etc.) that have recently been merged:
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‘a(TaId OOOVEOL VNITOUVO HLYON V
524 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
into the Parker Cotton Mills Co., with headquarters at Greenville, with a capital stock
of $15,000,000. The main idea of its president is that by combination the individual
capacities of different men adapted to leadership and management may best be real-
ized. Instead of each mill having a manager who has charge of all departments, there
are experts in finance, in the operation of the plant, in buying and selling, and in the
study of the scientific phases of cotton manufacturing, each one of these experts giving
his attention to his particular subject in all the mills. The policy of the president is
to do for the less progressive mills what has been suggested in the consideration of the
Republic Mill—as fast as possible to introduce all modern improvements, to manufac-
ture an increasingly high quality of goods, and to cut out the middle men between the
mills and the buyers of finished products.
It may be seen, therefore, that Southern mill owners fully realize
the necessity for better organization, trained management, up-to-date
mechanical appliances, and the most favorable environment for their
operatives. All of these factors enter very largely into the successful
production of any manufactured commodity. Efficiency diminishes
the cost of production and improves the output. The one element,
however, upon which too much stress can not be laid is that of skill.
The factors of England, Germany, Italy, France, and other manufac-
turing countries of Europe have heretofore practically shut out the
United States in the markets of Latin America in those lines of cotton
manufactures in the production of which is required the highest skill.
Some commercial figures from the Republic of Chile will serve as an
illustration.
In 1912 that country bought cotton textiles and manufactures
worth over $14,600,000, of which the United States sold less than
$900,000 worth. Among other things under this classification we
find that Chile bought of spool cotton 1,450,000 dozens, of which
1,179,000 came from England, 170,000 dozens from France, and over
88,000 from Germany; of heavy drills for clothing the total by weight
amounted to 1,503,000 kilos, of which about 657,000 came from Ger-
many, 566,000 from England, 155,000 from Italy, 48,000 from Bel-
sium, and 42,000 from France; of plain and twilled cloth, 2,500,000
kilos, of which 2,264,000 came from England, 102,000 from Germany,
and lesser quantitiesfrom France and Italy; of dressgoods and linings,
2,336,000 kilos, of which 1,733,000 kilos came from England, 408,000
from Germany, 91,000 from France, 66,000 from Italy, and 24,000 from
Spain. The imports from the United States in all of these high-ciass
products were in negligible quantities; yet, in cotton bagging, of a
total of 1,477,000 kilos imported by Chile, over 1,000,000 kilos came
from the United States; of the imports of sheeting the United States
sold next to England in quantity, and in cotton flannel the United
States came first. All of which would seem to indicate that the
factors of the United States have not yet reached that degree of skill
in the production of the highest grades of cotton goods which will
enable them to compete successfully with those of several European
A PORTION OF THE DOCKS AT MOBILE, ALABAMA.
A BUSY DOCK AT GALVESTON, TEXAS,
Exports of raw cotton from the United States during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, were valued at
$610,000,000, exceeding the former high record by $25,000,000. The value of the exports of this great
staple has doubled in the last 12 years.
526 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
countries. Perhaps the importation of a few operatives possessing
the needed skill and experience and a close personal study of some of
the mills turning out these products in the leading manufacturing
centers of KEurope would do much to alter this situation.
As to the third element—convenient transportation facilities—the
South is well supplied with natural waterways and excellent railway
systems. In the development of agricultural and manufacturmeg
industries perhaps no section of the United States has received
greater aid and more intelligent cooperation from its railroads than
has the South. Wherever a community has shown progress, wherever
an industry has given promise of success, wherever natural resources
have called for them, there the railroads have gone, either with main
lines or spurs, to stimulate human endeavor. The South has been
fortunate in that its greatest railway systems have been under the
management of enterprising, progressive, and far-seemg men who
have realized that in the development of the country through which
they operated lay the future prosperity of their limes. Quick to see
opportunities, these men have often led the vanguards of mdustry
and by their encouragement have stimulated flagging efforts and
pointed the way to others who failed to see so clearly. This state-
ment is true of the Southern, the Louisville & Nashville, the Balti-
more & Ohio, and many others. Since this article deals with the
development of trade between the South and Latin America no
undue partiality can be charged if a specific instance of very recent
occurrence is mentioned. In connection with this topic it is but fair
to refer to the intelligent efforts the Southern Railway is making to
stimulate the interest of Southern industries in this trade. Naturally
these efforts are not merely altruistic. To build up the foreign trade
of the South means the building up of business for the railway com-
pany. The seaports of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, as here-
tofore pointed out, are so located geographically as to give them a
great advantage over those farther removed from Latin American
countries. The various lines comprising the Southern Railway
system are advantageously located with reference to the transporta-
tion of goods for export to these ports and for the distribution of
such products as may be imported from the countries of Latin
America. Hence the interests of Southern industries and of the
Southern Railway Co. are identical.
Realizing that the successful construction of the Panama Canal
opened new possibilities for Southern merchants and manufacturers,
the Southern Railway officials determined to start a practical cam-
paign for trade expansion, not only in the markets that could be
reached through the new waterway, but with all of the Latin American
countries. As a first step in this direction the management of the
system in the summer of 1913 employed a qualified expert to make
TOBACCO PLANTS IN FLOWER.
FLOWER OF THE TOBACCO PLANT.
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‘YHAOO UAANA SLNVId OOOVAOL DNIMOUD
SOUTHERN STATES AND LATIN AMERICAN TRADE. 529
a tour of South America and to report on the trade possibilities of
each of the countries visited. This report contains a vast amount of
information as to the market opportunities and as to the commodities
produced in each of these countries for which there is a demand in
the United States. The next step was the creation of a new office,
involving the employment of a South American agent. The scope
and sphere of usefulness of this office is succinctly set out in a state-
ment made by Mr. Fairfax Harrison, president of the company, as
follows:
Splendid as were the opportunities afforded by their geographical and economic
advantages, the manufacturers and merchants in the territory traversed by the lines
of the Southern Railway system, with some notable exceptions, had given little
attention to the Latin American markets, and it was apparent that intelligently con-
ducted cooperative effort would be necessary for the development of trade in such
volume as would be mutually profitable to the railroad, to the communities served by
it, and to the Latin American peoples. The first thing necessary to be done was to
bring to the manufacturers and merchants of the territory served by the railroad expert
knowledge of the trade opportunities in each Latin American country, of the customs,
laws, and port regulations of each country, of their credit systems, and of the particular
methods of packing desired for particular markets, and to aid those proposing to enter
these markets in putting their advertising matter and correspondence in the language
of the country with which they were seeking to do business. The Southern Rail-
way has undertaken to do this by the employment of a South American agent.
Mr. C. L. Chandler, who has been selected for this important work, is well qualified
for it by special training and practical experience. He was a student at the Univer-
sity of Buenos Aires and also at San Marcos, Lima, Peru, and was for several years
in the consular service of the United States in Latin American countries.
It is the business of this agent to know the character of commodities that are in
demand in each of the Latin American markets and to know the products of each of
the Latin American countries that can advantageously be imported into the United
States through the ports served by this system. It is his business to know the estab-
lishments in the territory adjacent to the lines of the railroad that are engaged in the
manufacture of goods that the Latin American people want. As to goods not now
manufactured in this territory, he must know where they can be manufactured adja-
cent to the lines of the railroad or, lacking that, where in the United States they can
be obtained for shipment through southern ports. Equipped with this information,
Mr. Chandler visits manufacturers and merchants and advises them as to where and
how they can best develop markets for their goods in Latin American countries.
Although less than three months have elapsed since the inauguration of this work, its
effects have already been apparent, especially in an increased volume of business
through the port of Mobile, Ala., by the regular steamship line from that port to
Argentina and Uruguay.
With such efforts as this by the railways of the country, with the
constant propaganda for the development of friendly intercourse and
commercial rélations between the United States and Latin America
conducted by the Pan American Union, with the systematic efforts
of the Department of Commerce of the United States and the Southern
Commercial Congress, the manufacturers of the United States in
general and of the South in particular can not remain in ignorance
58476—Bull. 4—_14——_3
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HLNOS HHL NI AULSNGNI NOU! FAL
SOUTHERN STATES AND LATIN AMERICAN TRADE. 531
of the opportunities for the extension of their commerce with Latin
America. One of the difficulties hitherto confronting the exporters
of the United States has been the lack of direct banking facilities.
The National City Bank of New York has very recently taken the
necessary steps to establish branches at Buenos Aires and Rio de
Janeiro. On September 26 a corps of eleven of the bank’s experts
left New York for the purpose of at once establishing and placing in
operation these branches. Eventually other branches will be estab-
lished at Santiago, Chile, Lima, Peru, and other financial centers of
South America, thus affording American firms engaged in Latin
American trade adequate facilities for exchange, establishing cred-
its, making collections, etc., through friendly agencies. The bills
recently introduced in Congress will undoubtedly result in the build-
ing up of an American merchant marine and added shipping facili-
ties. It remains for the manufacturers of the South to meet the
situation by providing those products for which there is a demand in
Latin America and in the manufacture of which they enjoy peculiar
advantages in competition with other countries. This competition
for the present is minimized by the devastating war in which the
leading commercial nations of Europe are engaged. With properly
equipped salesmen to introduce their products the manufacturers of
the South should soon be able to establish their supremacy in these
lines in the markets of the Western Hemisphere on a permanent
basis. The time is eminently ripe for them to ‘‘get in the game.”
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Dear Mr. Eprror: Here I am on the Amazon River—for after all
it is best to speak of Manaos as on the Amazon, rather than to try to
be too exact and to place it on the Rio Negro, about 10 miles from
the Amazon. Wasn’t it a dream of every child in second geography
to see the Amazon, that mighty river 3,000 miles long and banks so
far away as to be invisible? I am here, after the most absorbing
trip [ have had in all my restless experience. I can’t believe it yet.
But I look from my room window upon the extensive city and across
to the black ,waters flowing southward; I ask the mog¢o (hotel boy)
what the name of the place is, and I confess to myself that at last one
dream has come true—I am on the Amazon, and at Manaos.
But I must tell how I came here. JI have hurried more than J had
intended, when I left Pernambuco, so that it has taken me only five
weeks to see the coast towns and to reach this wonderful interior.
I hurried because I wanted to finish and because IJ did not find suffi-
cient encouragement in North Brazil to demand indefinite stay in any
one place. Steamers call at each port on the average once a week,
but it so happened that in two places a delay between steamers
meant probably ten days, and in other ports I had to do the best I
could during the few hours in which my own steamer was at anchor.
One reason for the check in business activity, noticeable especially
since I entered this northern territory, was the hurt done to Brazil,
and I dare say to all the financial world, by the Balkan war. It was
astonishing to me, here on the spot, how much attention was and is
paid to European matters, and how carefully its war was followed
by the newspapers. It illustrated how vitally interested South
America is in Europe, and to how great an extent finances on this
continent depend upon peace and hopefulness in that continent.
So long as Europe, which is by far the heaviest buyer of South
American products, has a full purse and the optimism to invest or
to lend cash for industrial and other purposes here, the wheels go
round happily and almost without friction; but let Europe have use’
for its money at home, let the people or the governments either
refuse to invest or actually to recall money already offered to South
America, a shudder goes through financial circles in this part of the
world.
This shock has now been felt to a severe degree in Brazil. There
were tremors of it as I approached Sao Paulo, but in the north,
1 The tenth of a series of 12 articles commencing in the January number of the Bulletin.
532
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5384 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
partly because of its geographical isolation and partly because the
effect had become more pronounced by the time [| reached there, J
can call the conditions I met from day to day nothing less than a
crisis. In Bahia and along that coast the tobacco interests—im-
portant among the other agricultural activities of this part of Brazil—
were feeling the tightness of foreign finances. In Pernambuco and
this area, over which sugar cane is a great and steady crop, business
men, at least those with whom I came most directly in contact,
were complaining of hard times. In the rubber region on the Ama-
zon things are at their worst, so they told me.
For this reason, discouraging business and the tension of waiting
for improvement in the money conditions, and also, let me confess
it, because I could not help yielding to my impatience to get nearer
home, I hurried toward the end. From Pernambuco I came direct
to Para, visiting each city only as long as the steamer remained in
port, and stayed on that steamer all the way to Manaos, after a
four days’ halt in Para. In Manaos I take a Booth Line steamer
direct to Barbados, down the Amazon (through Para, but passengers
on outward-bound steamers can not go ashore to do much business),
and then northward to that tight little British island.
I can not, therefore, report any encouraging results in my tour, and
acting on impulse I think I would have said nothing about my experi-
ences in North Brazil. Considering, however, that the suggestions I
may make on practical travel conditions will be of service for the
future, and that, even if I may frighten a few travelers who have been
tempted to include this area on their itinerary, I have at least called
attention to the complexity of international relations, I am going to
continue the sketch. Remember, please, Mr. Editor, that you can
erase anything that seems not to suit the purpose of the Bulletin.
Nevertheless, it is well worth while to recognize an occasional cloud,
and just now Brazil is in a period of depression. Surely no one is a
warmer friend of Latin America than myself and no one has a firmer
belief in the richness of the entire continent. Facts are facts, however,
and we business men who depend upon sales and orders for success
like to keep posted on realities. From present indications also, and I
regret to add this conviction, Brazil is going to see harder times
before she sees better ones.
*k x xk * x x *
My last letter was forwarded from Pernambuco. In it I promised
to tell of the trip to that city from Maceid, capital of the State of
Alagoas, by the Great Western Railway (British) which connects the
two ports and, on a northern division, makes it possible to continue all
the way to Natal, the capital of Rio Grande do Norte.
The distance between Maceio and Pernambuco is 218 miles (350
kilometers), and the through express train makes the trip in just
ONE OF THE FLOATING DOCKS AT VAL DE CAENS, PARA.
Three miles below Para is the company’s permanent workshop, at Val de Caens. Among other
equipment for their use are two floating docks, to be employed for the repair especially of the
small-draft steamers engaged in up-river traffic. Each dock has a capacity of 1,700 tons dead
weight. They can be sunk below the water so as to take on a vessel to be repaired, and then raised,
as in the illustration, to make a dry dock in all respects.
THE DOCKS AT MANAOS, BRAZIL.
The method of maintaining constant communication between the steamers at the docks and the warehouses
on the shore is very ingenious. The docks themselves float, but are connected to the shore by a movable
platform. Between warehouse and dock are numerous cables on which huge carriers travel back and
forth to load or to unload. Thus there is no interruption to the commercial activity, no matter what
the condition of the water in the Rio Negro may be.
536 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
about 12 hours (there is no night train.) It offers a good oppor-
tunity to see the interior of the country, to notice the characteristics
of the people as well as the agricultural and pastoral resources. I
made no stops on the way, nor did I see any towns large enough to
warrant me in so doing. The country is generously populated, how-
ever, and I should think that an agent with sugar-mill machinery and
modern farm implements would find a market. I want to say a com-
mendable word about the management of the railway. The coaches
were comfortable and clean. There was a dining car attached, which
served regular meals, but in which at all hours one could get refresh-
ments as desired. The schedule was accurately maintained. Of
course I knew that I was traveling during the dry season and that
therefore no impediment in the nature of washouts was encountered,
but gossip with passengers seemed to indicate that delays were
infrequent.
Maceié is a delight. The climate is undeniably tropical and the
so-called port is nothing but an open roadstead in which vessels must
anchor and lighter cargoes to shore. But the city itself, of about
40,000 inhabitants, is as pleasant a place as I want to see in Latin
America. The streets are clean, the public buildings well constructed
and modern, and there is an air of refinement which shows a high
class of people in every social grade. Business was slow but not
stagnant. When the projected port works permit a more expeditious
commerce, I have no doubt but that Maceio will become a better-
known center of Brazilian trade.
Of Pernambuco I can not speak with confidence. Recife the city
is called on the maps, although nobody speaks of it as such, and the
distinction is made for the sake of the State of the same name and
because Recife is the strange reef guarding the harbor. The outer
city, the commercial portion, has been torn down in the desire for
improvement, which is so general at present inall America. The port
itself was being transformed, the inner city was dismembered, and a
sense of change was everywhere. If the threatening restriction inloans
or credits is escaped, Pernambuco will boom and be placed again on the
permanent schedule of trans-Altantic steamers, but only the future
can successfully solve these expectations.
And for the Brazilian part of my story little is left but the coastwise
voyage from Pernambuco to Para, and my hasty exploration of the
Amazon. It was rather a curious feeling of isolation which impressed
me as [| left the harbor of Recife on a Brazilian Lloyd steamer for a
seven days’ trip to that port at the entrance of the Amazon. At the
south the traveler is not shut off from all contact with the ‘‘States,’’
but along this strip of Brazil commerce and other communication
northward is almost altogether lost. One sees and hears of things
European, but the ““Yanqui” world appears to lie below the horizon.
I had no opportunity for closer comparison, because the steamer
A STERNWHEEL FLEET ON THE AMAZON.
THE BOWS OF RIVER STEAMBOATS ON THE AMAZON AND ITS TRIBUTARIES.
The hulls of these steamboats are of steel; they are flat bottom and very strong, but every inch of
space is utilized. The draft is only 30 inches for those of 130 tons capacity, so that even in the
driest season navigation continues uninterruptedly.
538 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
usually arrived in port early in the morning, permitted passengers
to go ashore at about 9, but departures were scheduled toward 3 in
the afternoon, so that it was unsafe to fail to be on board at that hour.
What little I could see at first hand, however, had had only meager
relations with North America.
Cabedello was the first harbor made north of Pernambuco. The
entrance is into a river where the steamer can anchor close to a pier
equipped with modern machinery. ‘Traffic is by railway with the
interior capital of the State of the same name, Parahyba, 18 kilo-
meters (11 miles) away. Cabedello is asand spit covered with palms,
redolent of the Tropics and exotic even to my eyes.
Then came Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte. The entrance
to its river is through a narrow break in a jagged, angry looking reef
which, once it gets its fangs on a misguided vessel, never releases it
till its bones add one more difficulty to the harbor. At present only
one vessel at a time can anchor within. It was a fascination to watch
the gyrations of our big steamer as she swayed here and there through
the current, guided by the skillful hand of the ‘‘pratico”’ (pilot), who
had sole charge of us. A rod more or less and we were aground.
This is no exaggeration, really. Only the day before our arrival at
the entrance a strange tramp steamer had tried to cross the reef, its
captain too impatient to wait for the licensed pilot, but the poor
thing had straddled the rock in a calm sea, and there she stood, ap-
parently at anchor, but in all probability doomed to slow destruction.
Natal, with perhaps 20,000 inhabitants, is a pretty little city, thor-
oughly Brazilian in aspect and atmosphere. There is rail connection
with Pernambuco and Maceié, but most of the commerce is, I judge,
by sea. An electric trolley line does a good business, and there are
many evidences of progress.
The next port was Fortaleza, the capital of the State of Cearaé and
often carrying that name. It has no harbor whatever, vessels lying
at anchor a mile or so in the open water, and all transfers of cargo
, being conducted by lighters. Great plans have been considered to pro-
vide the port with better shipping facilities, because the State of Ceara
is one of the most ambitious and industrious in all Brazil, and deserves
a safe harbor, but this will cost a lot of money, and at present all
effort is given to the extension of the railway, so as to open large pro-
ductive areas to agriculture. By the way, Fortaleza is the nearest
geographical point in Brazil to Europe, for although it is around the
corner westward from Cape St. Roque, the traditional easternmost
land in South America, nevertheless the more northern situation of
Fortaleza gives it the right to claim that advantage.
After Fortaleza came Maranhao, the Maranham of our story books,
or following the more exact Brazilian geographers, Sao Luiz, capital of
the State of Maranhio. The textbooks give 50,000 inhabitants.
There is no harbor, but the water is quieter, and the approach to the
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540 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
wharif in an open boat is less exciting. In such a quiet corner of the
world business can not be done in an hour, and I ceased to make any
effort for sales, satisfying myself with a few polite inquiries. I gave
myself over to enjoyment, allowing my imagination full sway, and
playing the tourist every moment of the half day onshore. Maranhao
is full of romance and picturesqueness. One of Columbus’s comrades,
Pinzon, discovered the spot (on an island) in 1500. It has an exciting
history from that date down to the present, and its dignified setting,
together with its long line of literary men of every age, have given the
place the title of the Brazilian Athens. From Sio Luis we steamed
away to Para.
Mr. Editor, I am off my reckoning as a tourist, and I do not feel
warranted in trying to describe any of these interesting and beautiful
places I have been so fortunate as to see on this coast. I came to try
to do business, but I did not make a great success of it, partly because
all orders are choked off by the financial depression, partly because
I have made the mistake, against which I guarded myself up till now,
of hurrying and attempting to live according to schedule; it can
not be done. I ought to have laid over from steamer to steamer at
every port, and perhaps to have gone into the interior to smaller
towns in each State and made a thorough job of it, but I did not do
so, as my explanation confesses. This territory knows little about
us—what we are, what we profess to be, what we make, and what we
charge. We must first get acquainted with this part of Brazil before
we manage to sell goods to them, and it is going to demand an expen-
diture of money and time to reach that happy end. Anyone who
manufactures what these people want can enter their markets, but
he must go after them. I saw a few articles from home, but many
from Europe, yet I feel sure that careful, persistent, and honest study
of the field will yield successful and permanent results.
Para and Mandos are the two great rubber marts of Brazil. I
have seen them both, but was pursued by the same unkindly fate by
which I entered north Brazil. A commercial stagnation was settling
over the country. I have in my notebooks the conversations with
those whose acquaintance IT made, but I must wait for a more favor-
able opportunity before I can profit by them.
Apart from business, however, I have had a wealth of experience,
if only my firm doesn’t fire me for my expense account. I was fig-
uring it up last night, and have these items to report to you. Brazil
may be divided into three areas of expense. South Brazil, where the
day costs less, although it runs pretty high. I gave my figures up
to S40 Paulo in my letter from Rio de Janeiro as on the average of $9
a day, but with no social entertainments and including considerable
railway travel. Mid Brazil, from Séo0 Paulo to Pernambuco, where
living is considerably higher, according to my experiences, largely
THE AMAZON FOREST.
042 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
because the two largest cities of the Republic are in the itinerary.
I was two weeks in each territory, and, with railway fares, which are
high, particularly as baggage must pay almost passenger rates, my
expense amounted to 1,008 milreis (that is, 1,008 milreis, at 3 milreis
to a dollar, equals $336 United States gold, or almost exactly $12 gold
a day). My steamer ticket from Rio to Para cost me, first class, 261
milreis, equal to $87 gold (a two weeks’ schedule). Ioughtto add that
in the smaller towns along the coast, living is somewhat less, as might
be expected, the average hotel bill a day being from 6 to 10 milreis.
North Brazil is the third zone, and includes the entire Amazon region
from about Ceara to Manéos. I was moderate in my own expenses,
as I staid on the steamer most of the time, but those who know, told
me that it was the most expensive area on earth. A traveling man
might get along on $10 to $12 a day, but it would allow him precious
little leeway for anything beyond a simple existence.
Making a general estimate of living expenses all through Brazil, I
should say that for results such as a reasonable man should expect, no ~
less than $10 a day should be estimated, but a more fitting amount
would be $12. Even this assumes that only a small amount of bag-
gage is carried—not a mass of traveling samples—and that a traveler’s
license is one of the items counted extra, and not reckoned in the
personal account. But I shall deal with this subject when I reach
my final letter, if fate carries me safely home.
This time I have a surprise for you, Mr. Editor. It would be ex-
tremely foolish for me to give my impressions of the Amazon, or even
to indicate, from my short and unsatisfactory experience, any course
for a commercial traveler to follow in this territory. I am full of the
wonder of it, however, and have been overwhelmed by the solitary
grandeur of nature in this wildness. Therefore, I am going to quote
pages about the Amazon from a book I happened to run across in
Para, and which has seemed to me to reproduce, in a way never before
equaled by the pen, the vivid mystery of this great interior of a conti-
nent. The book is called ‘‘ The Sea and the Jungle’’; its author is
H. M. Tomlinson; it is published by E. P. Dutton & Co., of New York;
it sells for $2.50, and it was written ‘‘hot off the pen,’’ I should guess,
by a man who traveled in a tramp steamer from Kngland to Para, up
the Amazon and the Madeira River to Porto Velho. He sees things
often seen by others before him, but he puts his emotions into words
in a way that is a blessed comfort to those who wish to express but
can not, what they, too, feel before the mightiness of nature. I saw
the Amazon, but I dare not try to describe it. The next best thing
to seeing it is to read whatfollows. This is exactly descriptive of the
approach to the river’s mouth, and the paragraphs beyond picture
the forest, for forest is all one sees or feels.
It was not easy to make out before sunrise what it was we had come to, I saw a
phantom and indeterminate country; but as though we guessed, it was suspicious
PALACE AT MACEIO, ALAGOAS, BRAZIL.
SCHOOL OF ARTS AND CRAFTS AT MACEIO.
Maceio, the capital of the State of Alagoas, is a fresh, clean, attractive city, ambitious and progressive.
Among the more recently constructed public buildings are the Government Palace, which is modern in
every sense of the word, and the School of Arts and Crafts (Escola de Aprendizes Artifices) equipped with
all the latest machinery and apparatus for instruction.
544 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and observant, and its stillness a device, we moved forward slowly and noiselessly,
as a thief at an entrance. Low level cliffs were near to either beam. The cliffs
might have been the dense residuum of the night. The night had been precipitated
from the sky, which was clearing and brightening. Our steamer was between banks
of these iron shades.
Suddenly the sunrise ran a long band of glowing saffron over the shadow to port,
and the vague summit became remarkable with a parapet of black filigree, crowns
and fronds of palms, and strange trees showing in rigid patterns of ebony. A faint air
then moved from off shores as though under the impulse of the pouring light. It was
heated and humid and bore a curious odor.
Full day came quickly to show me the reality of one of my early visions, and I
suppose I may not expect many more such minates as I spent when watching from
the ‘‘Capella’s’’ bridge the forest of the Amazon take shape. It was soonover. The
morning light brimmed at the forest top and spilled into the river. The channel
filled with sunshine. There it was then. In the northern cliff I could see even the
boughs and trunks; they were veins of silver in a mass of solid chrysolite. This
forest had not the rounded and dull verdure of our own woods in midsummer, with
deep bays of shadow. It was a sheer front, uniform, shadowless, and astonishingly
vivid. I thought then the appearance of the forest was but a local feature and so
gazed at it for what it would show me next. It had nothing else toshow me. Clumps
of palms threw their fronds above the forest roof in some places or a giant exogen
raised a dome; but that wasall. Those strong characters in the growth were seen only
in passing. They did not change the outlook ahead of converging lines of level green
heights rising directly from a brownish flood.
* * * * * * *
Occasionally the river narrowed, or we passed close to one wall, and then we could
see the texture of the forest surface, the microstructure of the cliff, though we could
never look into for more than a few yards, except where, in some places, habitations
were thrust into the base of the woods, as in lower caverns. An exuberant wealth of
forms built up that forest which was so featureless from a little distance. The numerous
palms gave grace and life to the fagade, for their plumes flung in noble arcs from tall
and slender columns or sprayed directly from the ground in emerald fountains. The
rest was inextricable confusion. Vines looped across the front of green, binding the
forest with cordage, and the roots of epiphytes dropped from upper boughs like hanks
of twine.
* * x * * * *
In some places the river widened into lagoons, and we seemed to be in a maze of
islands. Canoes shot across the waterways, and river shooners, shaped very like
junks, with high poops and blue and red sails, were diminished beneath the verdure,
betraying the great height of the woods. Because of longitudinal extension, fining
down to a point in the distance, the elevation of the forest, when uncontrasted, looked
much less than it really was. The scene was so luminous, still, and voiceless, it was
so like a radiant mirage, or a vivid remembrance of an emotional dream got from book
read and read again, that only the unquestionable verity of our iron steamer, present
with her smoke and prosaic gear, convinced me that what was outside us was there.
* % * * * * *
Still the forest glides by. Itisshadow onthe mind. It stands over us, an insistent
riddle, every morning when I look out from my bunk. I watch it all day, drawn
against my will; and as day is dying it is still there, paramount, enigmatic, silent, its
question implied in its mere persistence, meeting me again on the next day, still
with its mute interrogation.
We have been passing it for nearly a week. It should have convinced me by now
that it is something material. But why should I suppose it is that? We have had
no chance to examine it. It does not look real. It does not remind me of anything
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 545
I know of vegetation. When you sight your first mountains, a delicate and phantom
gleam athwart the stars, are you reminded of the substance of the hills? I have been
watching it for so long, this abiding and soundless forest, that now I think it is like
the sky, intangible, an apparition; what the eye sees of the infinite, just as the eye sees
a blue color overhead at midday, and the glow of the Milky Way at night. For the
mind sees this forest better than the eye. The mind is not deceived by what merely
shows. Wherever the steamer drives the forest recedes, as does the sky at sea, but it
never leaves us.
The jungle gains nothing and looses nothing at noon. Itis only a sombre thought
still, as at midnight. It is still at noon, so obscure and dumb a presence that I
suspect the sun does not illuminate it so much as reveal our steamer in its midst.
We are revealed instead. The presence sees us advancing into its solitudes, a small,
busy, and impudent intruder. But the forest does not greet, and does not resent us.
It regards us with the vacancy of large composure, with a lofty watchfulness which
has no need to show its mind. I think it knows our fears of its domain. It knows
the secret of our fate. It makes no sign. The pallid boles of the trees, the sentinels
by the water with the press of verdure behind them, stand, as we pass, like soundless
exclamations. So when we go close in shore I find myself listening for a chance
whisper, a careless betrayal of the secret. There is not a murmur in the host, though
once a white bird flew yawping from a tree, and then it seemed the desolation had
had been surprised into a cry, a prolonged and melancholy admonition. Following
that the silence was deepened, as though an indiscretion were regretted. A sustained
and angry protest at our presence would have been natural; but not that infinite line
of lofty trees, darkly superior, silently watching us pass.
One night we anchored off the south shore in 20 fathoms, but close under the trees.
At daybreak we stood over to the opposite bank. The river here was of great width,
the north coast being low and indistinct. These tacks across stream look so purpose-
less, in a place where there are no men and all the water looks the same. You go
over for nothing. But this morning, high above the land ahead, some specks were
seen drifting like fragments of burnt paper, the sport of an idle and distant wind.
Those drifting dots were urubus, the vultures, generally the first sign that a settlement
is near. To come upon a settlement upon the Amazonas is like a landfall at sea.
It brings all on deck. And there, at last, was Ita-coatiara or Serpa. From one of
the infrequent, low ferruginous cliffs of this river the jungle had been cleared, and on
that short range of modest, undulating heights which displaced the green palisades
with soft glowings of rose, cherry, and orange rock, like a disarray of little white cubes,
Serpa was, in appearance, half a basketful of white bricks shot into a portico of the
forest.
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There the earth is a warm and luscious body. The lazy paths are cool with groves,
and in the middle hours of the sun, when only a few butterflies are abroad and the
grasshoppers are shrilling in the quiet, you swing in a hammock under a thatch—the
air has been through some tree in blossom—and gossip and drink coffee. Beyond
the path of the village there is—nobody knows what, not even the Royal Geographi-
cal Society. One heard of a large and myterious lake a day’s journey inland. No-
body knew anything about it. Nobody cared. One old man once, when hunting,
saw its mirror through the forest’s aisles and heard the multitude of its birds.
* * * * * * *
There ahead was the Madeira now for us. We were then nearly a thousand miles
from the sea, well within South America. But that meeting place of the Amazon
and its chief tributary was an expanse of water surprising in its immensity. As
much light was reflected from the floor as at sea. The water was oceanic in ampli-
58476—Bull. 4—14—_4
RAILROAD STATION AT MACEIO, ALAGOAS, BRAZIL.
LIGHTHOUSE AT MACEIO, ALAGOAS, BRAZIL.
NEW OPERA HOUSE AT NATAL, RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, BRAZIL.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 547
tude. The forest boundaries were so far away that one could not realize, even when
the time we had been on the river was remembered as a prolonged monotony, that this
was the center of a continent. The forest on our port side was near enough for us to
see its limbs and its vines; but to the southwest, where we were heading for Bolivia,
and to the north, the way to the Guianas, and to the east, out of which we had come,
and to the west, where was Peru, the land was but a low violet barrier, varying in
altitude with distance, and with silver sections in it, marking the river roads. In the
northwest there was a broad silver path through the wall, the way to the Rio Negro,
Manaos, and the Orinoco. In the south the near forest being flooded, was a puzzle
of islands. As we progressed they opened out as a line of green headlands. The
Madeira appeared to have three widely separated mouths, with a complexity of inter-
mediate and connective minor ditches. Indeed, the gate of the river was a region
of inundated jungle. One began to understand why travelers here sometimes find
themselves on the wrong river.
An experience on shore is quite as interesting as the marvels of
the river.
We continued along the path, in the way of the vanished children. Among the
bananas were some rubber trees, their pale trunks scored with brown wounds, and
under some of the incisions small tin cups adhered, fastened there with clay. In
most of the cups the collected latex was congealed, for the cups were half full of rain-
water, which was alive with mosquito larve. The path led to the top of the river
bank. The stream was narrow, but fulland deep. A number of women and children
were bathing below, and they looked up stolidly as we appeared. Some were negli-
gent on the grass, sunning themselves; others were combing their long, straight hair
over their honey and snuff colored bodies. The figures of the women were full,
lissom, and rounded, and they posed as if they were aware that this place was theirs.
They were as unconscious of their grace as animals. They looked around and up at
us, and one stayed her hand, her comb half through the length of her hair, and all
gazed intently at us with faces having no expression but a little surprise; then they
turned again to proceed with their toilets and their gossip. They looked as proper,
with their brown and satiny limbs and bodies, in the secluded and sunny arbor where
the water ran, framed in exuberant tropical foliage, as a herd of deer.
I had never seen primitive man in his native place till then. There he was, as at
the beginning, and I saw with a new respect from what a splendid creature we are
derived. It was, I am glad to say, to cheer the existence of these people that I had
put money in a church plate at Poplar. Poplar, you may have heard, is a parish in
civilization where an organized community is able, through its heritage of 2,000 years
of religion, science, commerce, and politics, to eke out to a finish the lives of its
members (warped as they so often are by arid dispensations of Providence) with the
humane poor law. The poor law is the civilized man’s ironic rebuke to a parsimonious
Creator. It is a jest which will ruin the solemnity of the judgment day. Only the
man of long culture could think of such a shattering insult to the All Wise, who made
this earth too small for the children He continues to send to it, trailing their clouds
of glory, which prove a sad hindrance and get so fouled in the fight for standing room
on their arrival. But these savages of the Brazilian forest know nothing of the
immortal joke conceived by their cleverer brothers. They have all they want.
Experience has not taught them to devise such cosmic mock as a poor law. How do
these poor savages live, then, who have not been vouchsafed such light? They pluck
bananas, I suppose, and eat them swinging in hammocks. They live a purely animal
existence. More than that, I even hear that should you find a child hungry in an
Indian village you may be sure all the strong men there are hungry, too. I was not
able to prove that; yet it may be true. There are people to-day to whom the law
that the fittest must survive has not yet been helpfully revealed.
* * * * * * *
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A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 549
Again on the river, the author yields to its fascination:
Here on the Madeira I had a vision of the earth as a great and shining sphere.
There were no fences and private bounds. I saw for the first time a horizon as an
are suggesting how wide isourambit. That bare shoulder of the world effaced regions
and constellations in the sky. Our earth had celestial magnitude. It was wara, a
living body. The abundant rain was vital, and the forest I saw, nobler in stature
and with an aspect of intensity beyond what the Amazon forests showed, rose Jike a
sign of life triumphant.
There is no doubt the forest influences our moods in a way you at home could not
understand. Our minds take its light and shade, and just as our little company,
gathered in the chief’s room at a time when the seas were running high, recalled
somber legends which told of foredoom, so this forest. an intrusive presence which is
with us morning, noon, and night, voiceless. or making such sounds as we know are
not for our ears, now shadows us, the prescience of destiny, as though an eyeless mask
sat at table with us, a being which could tell us what we would know, but, though it
stays, makes no sign.
This forest, since we entered the Para River, now a thousand miles away, has not
ceased. There have been the clearings of the settlements from Para inward; but,
as Spruce says in his journal, those clearings and campos alter the forest of the Amazon
no more than would the culling of a few weeds alter the aspect of an English cornfield.
The few openings I have seen in the forest do not derange my clear consciousness of
a limitless ocean of leaves, its deep billows of foliage rolling down to the only paths
there are in this country, the rivers, and there overhanging, arrested in collapse.
There is no land. One must travel by boat fro.n one settlement to another. The
settlements are but islands, narrow footholds, widely sundered by vast gulfs of jungle.
The forest of the Amazons is not merely trees and shrubs. It is not land. It is
another element. Its inhabitants are arborean; they have been fashioned for life in
that medium as fishes to the sea and birds tothe air. Its green apparition is persistent,
as the sky is and the ocean. In months of travel it is the horizon which the traveler
can not reach, and its unchanging surface, merged through distance into a mere
reflector of the day, a brightness or a gloom, in his immediate vicinity breaks into a
complexity of green surges; then one day the voyager sees land at last and is released
from tt. But we have not seen land since Serpa. There are men whose lives are
spent in the chasm of light where the rivers are sunk in the dominant element, but
who never venture within its green surface, just as one would not go beneath the waves
to walk in the twilight of the sea bottom.
* * * * * *
The author makes no claim to scientific technology, but he gets
fun out of many things:
The solid teak doors of our cabins are now permanently fixed back. Shutting
them would mean suffocation; but as the cabins must be closed before sundown to
keep out the cloads of gnats, the carpenter has made wooden frames, covered with
copper gauze, 1o fit the door openings at night, and rounds of gauze to cap the open
ports; and with a damp cloth, and some careful hunting each morning, one is able to
keep down mosquitoes which have managed to find entry during the night and have
retired at sunrise to rest in dark corners. For our care notwithstanding, the insects
do find their way in to assault our lighted lamps.
The chief, partly because as an old sailor he is a fatalist, and partly because he
thinks his massive body must be invulnerable, and partly because he has a contempt
anyway for protecting himself, each morning has a new collection of curios, alive and
dead, littered about his room. (I do not wonder Bates remained in this land so long;
it is elysium for the entomologist.) One of the live creatures found in his room the
chief retains and cherishes, and hopes to tame, though the object does not yet answer
to his name of Edwin. This creature is a green mantis or praying insect, about 4
THE ORIGINAL AMAZON RAT, THE PACARANA-DINOMYS BRANICKU.
Very little is known about the habits of this rodent. He is arare species, and the picture above represents
the first rat of this kind at the museum at Para, where the authorities are studying its characteristics.
A RUBBER SHIPPING SCENE IN BRAZIL.
|
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5
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. a51
inches long, which the chief came upon where it rested on the copper gauze of his door
cover, holding a fly in its hands, and eating it as one would an apple. This mantis
is an entertaining freak, and can easily keep an audience watching it for an hour, u the
day is dull. Edwin, in color and form, is as fresh, fragile, and translucent as a leaf in
spring. He has.a long, thin neck—the stalk to his wings, as it were—which is quite a
third of his length. He has a calm, human face with a pointed chin at the end of his
neck; he turns his face to gaze at you without moving his body, just as a man looks
backward over his shoulder. This uncanny mimicry makes the chief shake with
mirth. Then, if you alarm Edwin, he springs round to face you, frilling his wings
abroad, standing up and sparring with his long arms, which have hooks at their ends.
At other times he will remain still, with his hands clasped up before his face, as though
in earnest devotion, fora trying period. If a fly alights near him he turns his face
that way and regards it attentively. Then sluggishly he approaches it for closer
scrutiny. Having satisfied himself it is a good fly, without warning his arms shoot
out and that fly is hopelessly caught in the hooked hands. He eatsit, I repeat, as
you do apples, and the authentic mouthfuls of fly can be seen passing down his glassy
neck. Edwin is fragile as a new leaf in form, has the delicate color, and has fasci-
nating ways; but somehow he gives an observer the uncomfortable thought that the
means to existence on this earth, though intricately and wonderfully devised, might
have been managed differently. Edwin, who seems but a pretty fragment of vegeta-
tion, is what we callalie. His very existence rests on the fact that he isa diabolical lie.
* * * * * * *
Even the night, after the forest disappears, makes itself felt:
Then, almost imperceptibly, the frogs begin their nightlong din. The crickets and
cicades join. Between the varying pitch of their voices come other nocturnes in
monotones from creatures unknown, to complete the gamut. There are notes so pro-
found, but constant, that they are a mere impression of obscurity to the hearing, as
when one peers listening into an abysm in which no bottom is seen, and others are
stridulations so attenuated that they shrill beyond reach.
A few frogs begin it. There are undulations, wells of mellow sound bubbling to
overflow in the dark, and they multiply and unite till the quality of the sound, sub-
dued and pleasant at first, is quite changed. It becomes monstrous. The night
trembles in the powerful beat of a rhythmic clangor. One can not think of frogs,
hearing that metallic din. At one time, soon after it begins, the chorus seems the far
hubbub, mingled and leveled by distance, of a multitude of people running and
disputing in a place where we who are listening know that no people are. The noise
comes nearer and louder till it is palitating around us. It might be the life of the
forest, immobile and silent all day, now released and beating upward in deafening
paroxysms.
As there is seemingly no end to the river, Mr. Editor, so there is no
end to the charm of the book. I dare not quote more, but I am glad
to brighten my own feeble story by adding these few pages as a tail-
piece. I hope Mr. Tomlinson forgives me and may win immortal
fame by his Sea and the Jungle.
In accordance with my promise, I shall send you another letter
with my itinerary home from Barbados, and the last one I hope to
make short, yet with a résumé of the whole field of South America,
putting into a crowded chapter some practical hints for the inex-
perienced traveler. Why, come to think of it, I shall soon be talking
English again, so I anticipate that event and close this letter by
saying ‘‘eood-by.”’
VIAJERO.
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With a Mule Train Across Nhambiquara Land, in the September
number of Scribner’s Magazine, is the subtitle of the sixth article of
the “Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness” series by
Theodore Roosevelt. In this installment the author deals with a
wilder section of Brazil than had hitherto been encountered, and his
vivid description of the experiences of the party are of absorbing
interest. Especially noteworthy is the following detailed desecrip-
tion of the Nhambiquara Indians:
At the Juruena we met a party of Nhambiquaras, very friendly and sociable, and
very glad to see Col. Rondon. They were originally exceedingly hostile and sus-
picious, but the colonel’s unwearied thoughtfulness and good temper, joined with
his indomitable resolution, enabled him to avoid war, and to secure their friendship
and even their aid. He never killed one. Many of them are known to him person-
ally. He is on remarkably good terms with them, and they are very fond of him,
although this does not prevent them from now and then yielding to temptation, even
at his expense, and stealing a dog or something else which strikes them as offering an
irresistible attraction. They can not be employed at steady work; but they do occa-
sional odd jobs, and are excellent at hunting up strayed mules or oxen; and a few of the
men have begun to wear clothes, purely for ornament. Their confidence and bold
friendliness showed how well they had been treated. Probably half of our visitors
were men; several were small boys; one was a woman with a baby; the others were
young married women and girls.
Nowhere in Africa did we come across wilder or more absolutely primitive savages,
although these Indians were pleasanter and better featured than any of the African
tribes at the same stage of culture. Both sexes were well made and rather good-looking,
with fairly good teeth, although some of them seemed to have skin diseases, They
were a laughing, easy-tempered crew, and the women were as well fed as the men, and
were obviously well treated, from the savage standpoint; there was no male brutality
like that which forms such a revolting feature in the life of the Australian black fellows
and, although to a somewhat less degree, in the life of so many negro and Indian tribes.
They were practically absolutely naked. In many savage tribes the men go abso-
lutely naked, but the women wear a breechclout or loin cloth. In certain tribes we
saw near Lake Victoria Nyanza, and on the upper White Nile, both men and women
were practically naked. Among these Nhambiquaras the women were more com-
pletely naked than the men, although the difference was not essential. The men —
wore a string around the waist. Most of them wore nothing else, but a few had loosely
hanging from this string in tront a scanty tuft of dried grass, or a small piece of cloth,
which, however, was of purely symbolic use so far as either protection or modesty
was concerned. The women did not wear a stitch of any kind anywhere on their
bodies. They did not have on so much as a string, cr a bead, or even an ornament
in their hair. They were all, men and women, boys and well-grown girls, as entirely
at ease and unconscious as so many friendly animals. All of them—men, women,
and children—laughing and talking, crowded around us, whether we were on horse-
back or on foot. They flocked into the house, and when I sat down to write sur-
552
Courtesy of G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
SHOOTING FISH IN BRAZIL.
The Nhambiquara Indians, like many other Brazilian tribes, catch fish by shooting them with
long arrows.
Photo by A. P. Rogers. Courtesy of World’s Work.
OVERBOARD TO CROSS A STREAM.
TYPICAL FALLS IN A BRAZILIAN RIVER.
“Tt is a hazardous thing to descend a swift, unknown river rushing through an uninhabited wilder-
ness,”’ writes Col. Roosevelt, and it was such falls as these that his party encountered on their
journey down the “‘ River of Doubt.”’
A BRAZILIAN FOREST TREE.
In the vast sections of the Brazilian forests which are inundated during the rainy season nature makes
this provision to brace the trees and prevent their falling when the earth is softened and partially
washed away.
556 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
rounded me so closely that I had to push them gently away. The women and girls
often stood holding cne another’s hands, or with their arms over one another’s
shoulders or around one another’s waists, offering an attractive picture. The men had
holes pierced through the septum of the nose and through the upper lip, and wore a
straw through each hole. The women were not marked or mutilated. It seems
like a contradiction in terms, but it is nevertheless a fact that the behavior of these
completely naked women and men was entirely modest. There was never an inde-
cent look or a consciously indecent gesture. They had no blankets or hammocks, and
when night came simply lay down in the sand. Col. Rondon stated that they
never wore a covering by night or by day, and if it was cool slept one on each side
of asmall fire. Their huts were merely slight shelters against the rain.
The moon was nearly full, and after nightfall a few of the Indians suddenly held
an improvised dance for us in front of our house. There were four men, a small boy,
and two young women or grown girls. Two of the men had been doing some work
for the commission, and were dressed, one completely and one partially, in ordinary
clothes. Two of the men and the boy were practically naked, and the two young
women were absolutely so. All of them danced in a circle, without a touch of embar-
rassment or impropriety. The two girls kept hold of each other’s hands throughout,
dancing among the men as modestly as possible, and with the occasional interchange
of a laugh or jest, in as good taste and temper as in any dance in civilization. The
dance consisted in slowly going round in a circle, first one way and then the other,
rhythmically beating time with the feet to the music of the song they were chanting.
The chants—there were three of them all told—were measured and rather slowly
uttered melodies, varied with an occasional half-subdued shrill ery. The women
continually uttered a kind of long-drawn wailing or droning—I am not enough of a
musician to say whether it was an overtone or the sustaining of the burden of the
ballad. The young boy sang better than any of the others. It was a strange and
interesting sight to see these utterly wild, friendly savages circling in their slow
dance and chanting their immemorial melodies in the brilliant tropical moonlight,
with the river rushing by in the background through the lonely heart of the wilder-
ness.
The Indians stayed with us, feasting, dancing, and singing, until the early hours
of the morning. They then suddenly and silently disappeared in the darkness and
did not return. In the morning we discovered that they had gone off with one of
Col. Rondon’s dogs. Probably the temptation had proved irresistible to one of their
number and the others had been afraid to interfere, and also afraid to stay in or.return
to our neighborhood. We had not time to go after them, but Rondon remarked that
as soon as he again came to the neighborhood he would take some soldiers, hunt up
the Indians, and reclaim the dog. Jt has been his mixture of firmness, good nature,
and good judgment that has enabled him to control these bold, warlike savages, and
even to reduce the warfare between them and the Parecis. In spite of their good
nature and laughter, their fearlessness and familiarity showed how necessary it was _
not to let them get the upper hand. They are always required to leave all their arms
a mile or two away before they come into the encampment. They are much wilder
and more savage and at a much lower cultural level than the Parectfs.
The expedition finally reached the point where the party was to
separate, and the contingent headed by Col. Roosevelt and Col.
Rondon was to embark on its perilous journey down the now famed
River of Doubt. The colonel tells of their preparation as follows:
From Bonafacio we went about 7 miles, across a rolling prairie dotted with trees
and clumps of scrub. There, on February 24, we joined Amilcar, who was camped
by a brook which flowed into the Duvida. We were only 6 miles from our place of
“ a, . “ an
A BUTTRESSED TREE OF BRAZIL.
Another method by which nature strengthens certain species of trees in the inundated sections of the
country.
A BRAZILIAN TARANTULA.
These poisonous insects frequently attain a huge size, the
body having a length of 2 inches, while the spread of the
legs is from 7 to 8 inches. They live in the hollows of trees
or in burrows in the ground, and are the dread of travelers
in the interior of Brazil.
ANT NEST ON A GROWING TREE IN BRAZIL.
“The ant hills, and the ant houses in the trees—arhoreal ant hills, so to
speak—were as conspicuous as ever,’’ writes Col. Roosevelt relative to
the insect pests encountered in his journey “‘ With a Mule Train Across
Nhambiquara Land,” in the September number of Scribner’s Maga-
zine. The ‘“‘cupim,” whose arboreal nest is pictured above, is one of
the most destructive of the many varieties of ants found in Brazil.
They burrow into and honeycomb hard as well as soft woods and no
timber is safe from their depredations.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES.
embarkation on the Duvida, and we divided our party and our belongings. Amilcar,
Miller, Mello, and Oliveira were to march three days to the Gy-Parand, and then de-
scend it, and continue down the Madeira to Manaos. Rondon, Lyra, the doctor,
Cherrie, Kermit, and I, with 16 paddlers, in 7 canoes, were to descend the Duvida
and find out whether it led into the Gy-Parand, into the Madeira, or into the Tapajos.
If within a few days it led into the Gy-Parani, our purpose was to return and descend
the Ananas, whose outlet wasalsounknown. Having thisin view, we left a fortnight’s
provisions for our party of six at Bonafacio. We took with us provisions for about
50 days; not full rations, for we hoped in part to live on the country—on fish, game,
nuts, and palm tops. Our personal baggage was already well cut down. Cherrie,
Kermit, and I took the naturalist’s fly to sleep under and a very light little tent extra
for anyone who might fall sick. Rondon, Lyra, and the doctor took one of their own
tents. The things that we carried were necessities—food, medicines, bedding,
instruments for determining the altitude and longitude and latitude—except a few
books, each in small compass.
If our canoe voyage Was prosperous, we would gradually lighten the loads by eating
the provisions. If we met with accidents, such as losing canoes and men in the
rapids or by Indians, or encountered overmuch fever and dysentery, the loads would
lighten themselves. We were all armed. We took no cartridges for sport. Cherrie
had some to be used sparingly for collecting specimens. The others were to be used—
unless in the unlikely event of having to repel an attack—only to procure food. The
food and arms we carried represented all reasonable precautions against suffering
and starvation. But, of course, if the course of the river proved very long and diffi-
cult, if we lost our boats over falls or in rapids, or had to make too many and too long
portages, or were brought to a halt by impassable swamps, then we would have toe
reckon with starvation as a possibility. Anything might happen. We were about
to go into the unknown, and no one could say what it held.
A Journey Through Argentina, in the July Bulletin of the Geo-
graphical Society of Philadelphia, is a comprehensive sketch by
Prof. Walter S. Tower, of the University of Chicago, of the leading
cities and the great pampa of Argentina. So many descriptive
articles relative to the city of Buenos Aires have been published that
this portion of Prof. Tower’s excellent contribution may be passed
over in order to give space to larger excerpts from his graphic account
of the great plains, or painpas, upon which the prosperity and progress
of the nation really depend, and whose economic value and agri-
cultural importance he so ably analyzes. The following paragraphs
embody Prof. Tower’s estimate and description of a portion of the
great agricultural section of Argentina:
The people of Buenos Aires commonly are said to regard the country as consisting
of two parts, the city or port, and the rest. A phase of this feeling was a strong factor
long ago, when the Republic was being formed, in the struggle between the political
parties known as the Unionists and the Federalists, but the feeling seems to be dis-
appearing rapidly with the development of the country and the growth of other
important cities. Some writers say that Buenos Aires is Argentina, just as it is some-
times said that Paris is France. It is true that one in every five persons in the Re-
public is a Portefio, or citizen of the port, yet Buenos Aires is only the evidence of
Argentina. Buenos Aires is the Federal capital, it is the center financially, socially,
and commercially, and it is the chief seat of institutions of learning, yet it contributes
little to the actual production of the country. Back of Buenos Aires lies the campo
Illustrations through courtesy of the author and the Geographical Society, of Philadelphia.
A SMALL PORTION OF THE BUSY PORT OF BUENOS AIRES.
THE BEAUTIFUL AVENIDA ALVEAR IN BUENOS ATRES.
ON THE ARGENTINE PAMPAS.
A BOULEVARD IN ROSARIO, ARGENTINA, IN MIDWINTER.
»3476—Bull. 4—i4t——5
562 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
or country, and the other four out of five persons in the Republic—the campo with
its great grazing lands and flourishing grain fields. In front of Buenos Aires is the
rest of the world, with its demand for the production of the campo and its desire to
sell there the wares from many factories. Buenos Aires in the r6le of middleman
brings the two together. The campo makes the port and supports the Portefio.
Every intelligent Argentinian knows this fact well, and takes keen interest in the
development of the campo.
Anyone who judges Argentina from its chief city alone has just as good an impres-
sion of the country as one who judges the United States by visiting only New York,
but no better. The Argentine nation is making in the campo. Whoever may be
impressed by the capital should save part of his appreciation for the force behind that
flourishing city. Almost everything that cosmopolitan Buenos Aires has to interest
the traveler may be seen in effect elsewhere in the world. Such regions as the campo,
however, can be seen in but few places in the world—perhaps nowhere else with the
significance that is attached to this part of Argentina.
Before describing the campo, it is necessary to recall that Argentina is not a bound-
less plain, well watered everywhere and covered with waving grass. Within its
1,137,000 square miles there are mountain Provinces containing peaks higher than
any in the United States. There are regions so dry that whole years may pass without
bringing a single shower. There is much more land covered with bushes and forest
than with grass. * * *
There are a dozen radial lines along which one may go into the campo, for railroads
and highways converge on the port. It makes no difference which line is followed,
for all, passing through a fringe of suburbs—some most attractive, others just as ugly—
lead within a few miles to the open pampa. The word pampa means plain, but there
are few plains in the world quite like that of Argentina. All who know the rich lands
of Lowa have an idea of the fertility of the pampa. All who have seen the wheat fields
of the Red River Valley can imagine its flatness. But one who has not crossed and
recrossed the pampa can get but little conception of the lonesomeness, the monotony,
the apparently boundless distances, over a surface apparently as flat as a quiet ocean,
for thousands on thousands of square miles. Sweep the horizon round the whole
turn of the compass and not a hill or hollow appears to mar that perfect circle.
It is not strange that Argentina commonly is regarded as a boundless grassy plain,
for inland from Buenos Aires nothing else greets the traveler for many miles. About
200 miles south of the city are some low mountains, the Tandil and Ventana Ranges,
but with these unimportant exceptions, one may travel inland for 400 miles in any
direction and only see pampa. Here and there are long, low swells, like the broad
undulations of the ocean bottom, hardly perceptible except when viewed in profile.
Large areas look marshy or have shallow bodies of standing water, but it is not easy
to detect any real depression in which the water has gathered. Enormous flocks of
waterfowl, like ducks and flamingoes, frequent these wet areas and represent the
most striking wild life of the pampa. Rivers are few and widely separated, and
almost nowhere is there a real valley in the pampa. Such is the landscape which is
seen during many hours of travel in even the fastest trains. Wherever the soil is
exposed, it is seen to be fine grained and rich, and examination shows that it is deep,
thus closely resembling the soil of fertile delta lands. One recalls the deposits that
are still being made by the streams entering the estuary above Buenos Aires, and it
is easy to imagine that these vast, flat plains were made, at least in part, in much the
same way in an arm of the sea far greater than the present Rio de la Plata. These
grassy lands are very young in terms of earth’s history, as is indicated by the great
extent of undrained areas, the absence of river valleys, the unearthing of skeletons
of animals which are known to have lived not very long ago, and the discovery of
remains supposed by some to be those of human beings.
THE HIGH PLAINS OF NORTHERN PATAGONIA.
Showing the city of Rio Colorado and the river of the same name.
AN ADOBE HOUSE IN THE PROVINCE OF MENDOZA, ARGENTINA.
564 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
A favorable climate is combined with this flat surface and fertile soil to make the
pampa one of the best grazing and crop regions in the world. The latitude limits of
pampa (between 30° and 40° S.) give it a position corresponding to the area between
New Orleans and Indianapolis. Buenos Aires, on the eastern edge, is about half
way between the northern and southern limits, or similar to the position of Wilmington,
N.C. The seasons in the pampa, however, are somewhat different from those in cor-
responding latitudes of this country. The winter is notably milder, largely because
there is no expansive land area in higher latitudes from which cold air may be brought
in, Snow is rare in most parts of the pampa; unknown insome parts. Plowing may
be done at any time, and wheat, for example, commonly is planted in the winter
months, June to August. Little of the pampa has more than 40 inches or less than
25 inches of rain annually, but of this moderate amount, 60 to 80 per cent falls in the -
warmer six months (October to March), when it is of most value for crops. Formerly
local droughts, cutting down the yield of wheat or corn, affected the commerce of the
whole country by reducing the value of exports. But as the cultivated areas are
extended and a greater variety of crops is raised, the effects of droughts are becoming
less serious for the country asa whole. Ravages by locusts have caused heavy losses
at times, but the spread of cultivation will reduce that pest there as in other parts of
ihe yor! deca
If one will turn for a time away from the monotony of the landscape and the irri-
tating regularity of the horizon and think of what this land means, the pampa appears
in a new light. The total area of grassy plain is not less than 200,000 square miles, or
nearly the size of Germany. Land covered with a mixed growth of grass and bushes
covers as much more. This whole area is distributed in such a way, with reference
to the ocean and the great Parana River, that very little of it is more than 400 miles, -
and most of it is less than 200 miles, from a good seaport. Over these flat, valleyless
plains, railroads can be built without curves, cuts, fills, or expensive bridges, and
hundreds of miles of such lines are to be found. Level, fertile, with no forest to be
cleared, and a good climate, accessible by water and by land, there is little additional
that could be desired. Only material for building good nandls 3 is lacking to make the
pampa approach natural perfection for farming.
In parts of the pampa one gets an impression of great crops being raised. This
is especially true about harvest time, for then almost every railroad station has great
piles of wheat, corn, or linseed in sacks, waiting for shipment. Bulging corncribs
dot the fields, and along the road one encounters lines of carts carrying more sacks
of grain to the nearest railroad. These carts, with their two great wheels 10 or 12
feet in diameter, commonly are drawn by anywhere from six to a dozen horses. Even
a single trace attached to the axle nut is sufficient excuse for adding one more horse.
Such a mode of transportation may be satisfactory, but it is not economical. Effi-
cient, economical means of transportation is one thing that the country needs. There
are some excellent railroads, but 20,000 miles of railroad are only the beginning of
what the country must have eventually, and really good wagon roads are unknown
over very large areas.
In one goes 150 to 200 miles away from the ports or 15 to 20 miles away from a rail-
road station, cultivated crops are unimportant, and it appears that the areas used
for the grazing of cattle or sheep comprise the greater part of this grassy plain. Off-
cial estimates show that less than a third of the pampa was raising crops in 1912, and
that more than one-fifth of the crop land was raising alfalfa for cattle. This means
that three-fourths of the pampa still is used solely for live-stock. From the other
fourth Argentina exports on the average more corn and more linseed than any other
country and enough wheat to place it next to Russia and Canada. For the most
part there is little or no rotation of crops, and no use of fertilizers, owing to the great
natural fertility of the soil and the short time it has been cultivated. Machinery is
employed wherever possible. Traction engires hauling 20-disk plows are not uncom-
A GREAT IRRIGATION PROJECT AT MARQUESADO, SAN JUAN, ARGENTINA.
THE “BUSH CAMP” IN WESTERN ARGENTINA,
The trees in the far background are quebracho blanco,
566 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
mon, for flat surface and fine soil favor their use, while the most modern machines
for other uses are eagerly sought. Under existing conditions the yields per acre are
less than they might be, yet, it is said, the farmer planting 250 or more acres of wheat
may count on a net profit of $5 peracre. Corn and linseed give larger returns. Wheat,
corn, and linseed now cover about 90 per cent of the pampa land cultivated to crops
other than alfalfa, but approximately five times the present cultivated area is available
for these crops in the pampa alone.
Great herds of cattle and flocks of sheep range over the pampa. Australia alone
exceeds Argentina in numbers of sheep, and in beef cattle only the United States
and Russia stand ahead. Raising animals for wool, hides, and skins was the chief
industry of the country until after 1870, and the animal industries still are the main-
stay of most of the pampa. Natural conditions could not be more favorable for grazing.
Fertile soil and good climate make luxuriant forage. Some of the native grasses,
it is true, are not fattening, but the alfalfa farms easily make the animals fit for the
market. Mild winters permit range grazing all the year, and, with few exceptions,
remove any necessity of shelter or danger of losses from cold and storms. It is natural,
therefore, that the live-stock business is profitable, and that fortunes made on cattle
or sheep ‘‘estancias” arecommon. * * *
The people living on the monotonous pampa are the ones who are making the
Republic. They are producing the cattle and sheep, the corn, wheat, and linseed
for export, and they are consuming the bulk of the imports. It is the handling of
their commerce which makes Buenos Aires so flourishing and insures it the premier-
ship among South American commercial centers. Buenos Aires, however, no longer
is able to handle all the traffic of the pampa. Rosario, Bahia Blanca, and a half
dozen lesser ports have sprung into existence to Jet out the flood of production. Here
is seen the tremendous advantage of the pampa in having water navigable for ocean
craft along its entire eastern border.
Rosario is typical of these new centers of activity, profiting from its location on the
big westerly bend of the Parana, where a steep river bank made it easy to load vessels.
In 1895 Rosario had less than 100,000 population; now it has nearly 300,000. Splendid
new docks with the most modern equipment have been built, and a great volume of
commerce in grain, hides and skins and wool has been developed, fer ocean-going
vessels, up to 20-foot draft, come regularly to Rosario, 400 miles from the ocean. This
river port, with the pampa at its back, rivals Rio de Janeiro for place as the third
port of South America, and it stands far ahead of any of our Pacific ports in the value
of commerce carried on. Its average yearly shipments of corn are greater than for
any port in the United States, and in wheat exports it ranks among the most important
in the world. The same sort of things, in varying degrees, have been going on at
other places, such as Santa Fe, Bahia Blanca, Campana, and San Nicolas, under the
influence of the developments in the neighboring pampa.
No one who has seen the pampa can feel any doubt concerning the future of Argen-
tina; one who has not seen the pampa and its surrourdings can get no full idea of
how great that future may be. It would be hard to find better land than this grassy
plain, with almost every acre ready for the plow. It frequently has been said that
Argentina has 80,000,000 acres suitable for wheat, less than one-fifth of that acreage
having been planted to wheat in 1910. There is no reason to regard the estimate as
too high, for it represents only about 60 per cent of the area of the pampa. The Prov-
ince of Buenos Aires alone contains more than 60,000,000 acres of pampa and the major
part of it is good wheat land. Most of the pampa, in fact, can raise good wheat, and
some fairly large areas outside of the grassy plains ought to prove suitable for the
drought-resisting varieties. It seems certain, therefore, in view of the present acreage
and small average yield, that Argentina eventually will produce at least four or five
times as much wheat as it does now. This prospect, combined with other conditions,
makes it probable that Argentina will be permanently one of the few countries having
a big surplus of wheat to export.
PLAZA AND CHURCH IN JUJUY, ARGENTINA.
A ROAD THROUGH THE “MONTE” IN CATAMARCA, ARGENTINA.
IN THE FOOTHILLS OF THE ANDES, NORTHWESTERN ARGENTINA.
CATTLE HERDERS IN NORTHERN ARGENTINA.
The large leather shields protect the riders when pursuing cattle through the forests.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 569
Wheat, however, is not the only crop for the pampa. Not less than one-third of it
(40,000,000 acres) has the right soil and climate to produce good corn, and Argentina
already is the leading corn exporter, mainly because of (1) cheapness of production,
(2) small percentage of water in the ripe grain, and (3) traffic conditions which permit
low freight rates to the foreign markets. Thus, it is claimed that Argentine corn can
be sold in New York cheaper than Iowa corn. Oats are growing very successfully
in the Province of Buenos Aires, and their culture, recently begun, is extending
rapidly. Linseed, of which Argentina is the leading exporter, may continue for a
long time as the advance guard for other crops. Barley, rye, tobacco, vegetables,
fruits, and various other crops also may be grown on a greater or less scale, according
to local conditions of labor and markets. Increased production of corn is almost
certain to stimulate swine raising, an activity which is now unimportant largely
because such a high percentage (55 to 70 per cent) of the corn crop readily finds a
foreign market.
Thus the Argentine pampa can parallel the agricultural activities of the prairies of
the United States over an area larger than Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. The
extension of cultivation over this area means at least a threefold increase in the crop
production, a probable increase in population to 20,000,000 or 30,000,000 in the whole
Republic, and the basis certainly for doubling the commercial activities of the coun-
try. Here is a conservative estimate of what Argentina may be in a few decades
hence. Its significance as a factor in the world trade is obvious.
Santa Marta, by W. W. Rasor, in the August number of The Pan
American Magazine (New Orleans, La.), is a most interesting and
well-written sketch of this historic fortress city of the Colombian
coast. At the outset Mr. Rasor states that Santa Marta was the first
city founded on Colombian soil, it having been started in its romantic
career in 1525 by Rodrigo de Bastidas of historic fame. The author
explains how the Magdalena River with its sand-hearing floods clogged
up the tortuous channels leading to the city, which, owing to the better
harbor facilities of Cartagena and the rise of Barranquilla, lost out
in the commercial race and went to sleep for a time. This was only
temporary, however, and Mr. Rasor continues:
Then, 22 years ago, began the banana epoch. Experimental planting proved that
the region would produce fine fruit, exportation commenced and the unused acreage
of the warm coast began to give generously of her stored riches.
In 1891 a total of 75,000 bunches of bananas were exported; 10 years later the amount
had grown to 253,000 bunches, although the country was at the time suffering from the
last civil war, a war that endured three years; in 1911 over 4,000,000 bunches were ex-
ported, while the record for the year of 1913 was about 6,000,000 bunches.
The value of the Santa Marta fruit is high, averaging 35 to 40 cents in the best
marketing season; labor also is paid at a good figure, from 60 cents to.$1 gold per day,
and it is worthy of note that whereas on the coasts of Central America the banana
regions are practically all served by imported West Indian negro labor, here in Santa
Marta the laborers are principally of Colombian blood. Asa consequence the country
reaps a direct benefit from the banana development.
More than 30,000 acres of banana land sweep back from the coast country to the moun-
tains in a sea of bright green; by far the greatest quantity of fruit is taken by the United
Fruit Co., large steamers carrying 60,000 bunches plying between this_littoral and the
port of New York, and other shipments are made for the Atlantic Fruit Co., carried in
the boats of the Hamburg-American Line.
559 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
“The railroad is the life of Santa Marta,’’ remarked a business man of that place to
the writer, ‘‘and bananas are the life of the railroad.’”’ The two together have regen-
erated the life of the old city.
There are two routes by which Santa Marta may be approached from other ports of
Colombia. The first is to take one of the regular steamers calling at Puerto Colombia
and reaching Santa Marta in five or six hours; the second is to go by boat and rail from
Barranquilla across the old line of travel following part of the way the channel of the
once frequented arm of the Magdalena. Boats run up and down this old channel as
far as the flourishing town of Cienaga, or to give it its authentic name, San Juan de
Cordoba, which it seems to have exchanged forever for the less imposing appellation
Gut POMNne Wiewesln,?
Leaving the Canal of Baranquilla at about 7.30 in the morning in a double-deck
gasoline launch we quickly entered into and crossed the width of the Magdelena, from
it attaining the branch called the Rio Viejo; we are at once in the mazy delta of the
great river, cross the Cafio Clarin (Clarin Channel), the lagoon known as the Tres
Bocas, of ill repute for its high winds, the Cafio Sucio, the Redonda Channel, and a
network of others sometimes of such intricacy that their traversing must denote the
possession of a most excellent memory on the part of the pilot.
Our water path is never deserted. It is alive with cayucas, champans, rafts poled
by the Indians and carrying the produce of the country to and from Barranquilla. The
country is beautiful—green as a Colombian emerald, with broad expanses of grazing
lands, herds of cattle cropping lazily over them, alternating with woods that crowd
down to the water so closely that in the narrower reaches you may catch the sweeping
branches of the willows. We run for six hours through this pleasant country, not
unlike Holland in stretches. Sixty-five miles of grass and woodland have been
threaded when we enter the Cienaga Grande, on whose side stands San Juan de Cor-
doba, or Cienaga. The water has widened to a limpid, shallow lagoon, nothing but
an estuary of the sea now, containing water salt as the ocean itself.
Now we encounter a veritable multitude of fishing boats, for here is good and safe
fishing all the year round. So plentiful is the catch that a group of enterprising young
men have started a fish-canning industry. I did not sample their goods, but am
informed that it is sold all over Colombia and that both the oysters and pompano, etc.,
are of excellent quality. There is also to be seen at Cienaga another new industry,
which I understand is of English origin. This is a cement-making plant, and the out-
ward and visible signs are the immense pipes seen lying at the side of the lagoon em-
ployed in sucking up the inexhaustible sands.
For some miles before our boat reached Cienaga the mountains of Tairona—the snow
mountains of Santa Marta—have marched into sight, their veiled heads pushing up-
ward and forward in green majesty. Ona bright morning the snowcaps of the tallest
may be plainly seen. * * *
Santa Marta lies in a delightful position on a curving bay, backed by the dark-green
mountains, faced by the bluest of blue waters. There are about 15,000 people living
here, and while there is a section of the town which seems to belong to the sixteenth
century, with its quaint streets, narrow, cobble paved, the balconied houses nearly
touching each other across the pavements; there are springing up newer districts where
modern ideas of building have been employed by the officials of the railroad and of the
fruit and steamship companies.
Here screened dwellings of the airy bungalow type are found, surrounded by charm-
ing gardens gay with tropic flowers, for Santa Marta is in a moist and hot region tem-
pered by breezes from the Caribbean Sea.
It is in this part of the city that the new hospital erected by the Fruit Co. and the
Santa Marta Railroad calls for admiration. It is primarily intended for the use of
employees of the companies, in order to minimize the tropical sickness almost always
encountered in such a climate.
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572 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The use of wire screens on dwellings, the improvement of sanitary conditions, and
water supply have all done much to make Santa Marta a healthy residence for for-
eigner and native. Hot as it is, the dry, sandy soil provides admirable drainage in
all the sweep of the bay, and I can not but believe that a place co finely situated as
this is a spot where anyone may live healthily with the same reasonable precautions
that are necessary all over the world. * * *
Santa Marta has, of course, benefited enormously from the new activity of the
‘banana fields accessory to her port, for all the fruit grown in the region tributary to the
railroad south of Cienaga as well as that nearer to the old city is carried aboard at the
port of Santa Marta. Last year about 300 vessels, steam and sail, visited the port, the
three most important lines being those of the United Fruit Co., with New York as
destination, the Hamburg-American and the Elders and Fyffes, running to Great
Britain.
Another interesting development is the projected regular service to Santa Marta of
the Seeberg Steamship Line, of Mobile, Ala., operated by an enterprising company
which has for some time visited certain of the West Indian islands with general freight
and is now extending its field to include the north coasts of Colombia and Venezuela,
as well as the island of Trinidad, the most easterly point yet visited. This service is
especially interesting as creating a new and much-needed link between the ports of
the south of the United States and the ports of the Caribbean; it is, I believe, the first
time that direct communication has been established between the Mexican Gulf
ports of the United States and those of Colombia and Venezuela. The Seeberg steam-
boats will carry general merchandise only. Santa Marta possesses another agricultural
interest besides that of bananas, and one which one would not expect to find closely
allied with that fruit of the steamy tropic lowlands; coffee, and coffee of excellent
quality, grows on the mountain slopes above the bay cf Santa Marta, the spurs pro-
jecting so near to the coast that in less than an hour it is possible to ascend into their
cool green folds. * * *
Planters in this region have a marked advantage in transportation rates over the
fine coffee districts in the interior, where shipment by mule and stream is prolonged
and costly. Coffee from the Cauca Valley, which chiefly comes first by mule, then by
the Cauca River, third by the Magdalena, and thence by rail from Barranquilla to
Puerto Colombia before it starts on its final voyage by ship, is calculated to cost 8
cents per pound in freight—the New York price remaining somewhere about 18 cents
per pound. Provided that the coffee of Santa Marta is equal in quality to that of
the interior, and it has not yet had time to create a reputation and a price upon world
markets, it is evident that the planter of this region who has nothing but a road ship-
ment before reaching the vessel that will take his product to Europe or the United
States is in an advantageous position. * * *
An excellent, broad, and well-made road now extends from the city of Santa Marta
and up into the hills toward the coffee country; its extension, on which the depart-
mental government is working, will bring thousands of acres within an hour or so of
the portiencun ss
The following is the author’s sympathetic description of the modest
little cottage where the great South American hero, Simon Bolivar,
died:
Out on a smooth tree-shaded road a few miles outside Santa Marta is the estate
belonging to the Mier family, where Simon Bolivar, the libertador, breathed his last
in the summer of 1830.
An automobile takes the visitor to this spot, sacred to all South Americans, in 30
minutes. We leave Santa Marta rapidly behind, run toward the looming emerald
A COMMON CARRIER IN COLOMBIA.
CAUCA RIVER AT LA BALSA (ABOUT 40 MILES ABOVE CALI), COLOMBIA.
574 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
hills, and see before us brilliant fields of green sugar cane, part of the property of San
Pedro Alejandrino.
This shrine, redolent of the ashes of Bolivar, has been purchased by the Govern-
ment of Colombia, and is visited by South American pilgrims as the city of Mecca is
visited by Mohammedans of piety. Here, embittered by the dissensions of his own
people, Bolivar came as a sick and disappointed man to die, already aware that the
union of New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador that had been sealed in blood had
been dissolved in blood. Harassed, accused of inordinate ambition, with a hundred
enemies clamoring against him, he landed at the wharf of Santa Marta on one day in
August, 1830, and took refuge from his troubles in the hospitable house of the Mier
family.
In 17 days he was dead, but we are told that each day before the end came he was
accustomed to walk to the little stream Manzanares and by its gentle murmur, beneath
the shade of the hanging willows, live over again in brooding solitude the 20 years of
his public life—the brief military triumphs, the repeated reverses, the final victory,
and then the bitter struggle of faction against faction under the new order of things in a
world that had not yet found itself.
The white walls of the house come into sight; we stop before the gate in the wall,
and on foot enter the courtyard. A low white house of one story stands in the sun-
shine, and some yards in tront of the entrance is a life-size statue oi Bolivar. Enter-
ing we find first a room hung with a mass of memorial wreaths, and on the left the
room, almost empty, where the libertador died.
In a smaller chamber opening from it is a wardrobe and a table—the simple fur-
nishings of Jess luxurious times. A tablet on the wall, a shadow that seems to speak
of vanished ambitions and silence—the dreaming silence of the green mountain-
girdled valley looking out to sea. That is all.
Mementoes of Bolivar are scattered in one and another part of South America—
here his sword, here a uniform, there spurs. Hardly was this man cold in his grave
than the public opinion underwent a change. Dead, his personal ambitions could
hurt no one, but he left a priceless heritage of both ideas and ideals which brought
him back in the spirit, a purified and immortal Bclivar forever dear and venerated.
He was laid to rest in the cathedral in Santa Marta, but presently the country of
his birth, Venezuela, asked that his ashes should be taken to Caracas. This was done,
and he reposes to-day under a splendid monument in the Pantheon in the Venezuelan
capital, with a group of other great figures of South American independence about
him.
Cruising in Cuba, in the August number of American Forestry, is
a brief description by E. V. Preston of a journey recently made
into Camaguay Province, Cuba, in order to examine a large tract of
hardwood timber. Most of the wocds referred to are of species but
little known in the United States, and for the benefit of those inter-
ested in forestry in general we herewith give some excerpts from
Mr. Preston’s interesting article:
I recently spent some time in examining a tract of timber in Camaguay Province,
Cuba. To reach this tract we were obliged to leave the railroad and travel by horse-
back for a distance of 40 miles. This part of the trip led us over a level country
which for the first 5 miles was largely planted in cane fields and grapefruit groves.
After that the country became wild, with settlements miles apart and no roads except
cart trails through the woods. The timber was all small and of little value except for
railroad ties and fence posts. The underbrush and vines were so thick that we could
not go through without cutting a way with a machete.
PALMS AND TROPICAL VEGETATION IN CUBA.
‘The royal palm also grows plentifully on theselands. The natives use this tree for building their houses,
the leaves for roof and sides, and the woody shell of the trunk split up into strips for the frame,’’ writes
E. V. Preston in the August number of American Forestry.
576 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The royal palm also grows plentifully on these lands. The natives use this tree
for building their houses, the leaves for roof and sides, and the woody shell of the trunk
split up into strips for the frame. These trees bear bunches of seed every month,
and hogs are fond of them. A little native Cuban told me that four or five trees
would supply seed enough to raise and fatten one hog. The natives also find the
tree serviceable for making beehives, using a section of the outside shell about 30
inches long. The inside of the trunks of the palms are pithy and soft and easily
removed, leaving the hard, woody shell. The honey business is very large among the
natives, many having several hundred swarms.
Arriving at the tract of timber we sought, which contained 640 caballarias (a cabal-
laria is 334 acres), we found a much better class and stand of timber than any we saw
on the journey. The royal palms grew thickly and the underbrush and vines had
to be cut away before we could leave the cart trails to go into the timber.
The different species of hardwood timber found on these lands are acano, Spanish
cedar, ocuje (pronounced o0-coo-he), mahogany, jique (hekev), guaymaro, jucaro
(hoo-cay-ro), sabacu, majagua (mah-hah-gwa), morura, Cuban oak, and a species of
rosewood and ebony.
The acano trees grow to a large size, the wood is hard and very beautiful, resembling
rosewood. The morura is used for cart hubs. Jique is durable and never decays.
Jucaro is a dark-colored wood used for cart spokes. Sabacu is used for felloes and
counter tops. Ocuje is used for furniture. Majagua is used for furniture, cart tongues,
etc. All of these species run from 16 inches in diameter at the stump to 48 inches and
from 20 feet to 48 feet to the limbs. The mahogany and cedar run from 18 inches in
diameter up, but are mostly short bodies from 20 to 30 feet long. The ebony is small,
from 8 to 12 inches in diameter and short bodied.
These lands will cut from 2,500 feet to 5,000 feet per acre of good saw logs of the
different varieties. There is also quite a quantity of tie timber and fence-post timber.
At least 60 per cent of the standing timber is ocuje, the balance about equally divided
among the other varieties.
I saw where large mahogany and cedar had been cut and hewn on these lands, I
should judge more than 100 years ago. This timber must have been hauled to the
seashore, which is 12 or 15 miles to the north. Most of this tract of land is level and
fertile, part of the tract, however, is on a mountain side probably 2,000 feet high. * * *
Three varieties of trees are used largely for fence posts—the almasaca, cienella,
and jobo. All of these posts when stuck in the ground as fence posts take root and
branch out into trees, and it is a common sight to see wire fences with growing posts.
Taking them as a whole, the woods of Cuba are wonderful. Their lasting qualities
are remarkable. Some varieties seemingly never decay. I saw jucaro and jique
wood in an exposed place in Moro Castle, Habana, said to have been there over 300
years, that was sound, apparently, as ever. * * *
I found many Americans in Camaguay Province, near the railroad, raising grape-
fruit and sugar cane. Sugar cane grows here from 15 to 20 years from one planting,
requiring no cultivation during that time. The land is first cleared by cutting down
all brush and timber and then dry burned. The cane is planted among stumps and
logs by using a bar to punch holes in the ground and sticking in pieces of cane. After
15 or 20 years it is ploughed and new cane planted. * * *
There are few mills on the island and very little timber. What timber there is,
I was told, is in Oriente Province and Camaguay Province. The tracts that I looked
at are said to be the best timbered tracts on the island.
A railroad has been surveyed near these lands and will probably be built this year.
This would give this part of the island an outlet which is greatly needed. The timber
could then be handled and the lands, which are the very best cane lands, could be
put into cane cultivation, tobacco, or fruit.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 577
La Guaira and Caracas, in the August number of the Pan American
Magazine (New Orleans, La.), is another of Miss L. Elwyn Elliott’s,
series of descriptive articles dealing with Latin American countries
and cities. Lack of space prevents extensive excerpts from that
portion of the article which deals with La Guaira and its interesting
history, since naturally precedence must be given to the capital.
The following paragraphs, however, anent La Guaira’s commanding
commercial position may be quoted:
La Guaira’s position with regard to the capital assures her a favorable trading
position but she has many competitors and has retained her share in foreign trade by
improvements made within the last twenty-five years. Chief among these are the
pier and the wharf constructed by the same English company that built the railroad
between the port and Caracas. The building of the pier—at a cost of $5,000,000—
transtormed the dangerous roadstead of La Guaira into a peaceful harbor while the
wharf enabled passengers to land safely for the first time in history when it was
completed in 1891.
Visited by Dutch, French, English, Spanish, Italian, and other lines making a
total of 10 European-going steamers, as well as the Red D running to New York,
La Guaira is well in touch with the world. From this point is the beginning of the
submarine cable connecting Venezuela with Curacao, Santo Domingo, and Cuba, and
so with all the-world. The port is also in cable connection with the whole of the
Venezuelan coast, from Maracaibo on the Colombian frontier to Ciudad Bolivar down
the delta of the Orinoco River. * * *
The following account of the trip from La Guaira to Caracas and
the description of the capital of Venezuela is characteristic of Miss
Elhiott’s style and of her sympathetic appreciation of things Latin
American:
The railway from the port of La Guaira to Caracas, capital of the Republic of Vene-
zuela, is about 24 miles long, following the track of the road built by the colonial
Spanish governors along the shoulders of the mountain wall.
As the railway track winds up in a series of curves the traveler sees a few yards
below, all the way, the highway newly built up and splendidly surfaced where auto-
mobiles are climbing or descending—negotiating the frequent bends with care.
No better road could be desired, and this is but one of the excellent systems of public
highways which are the pride of Venezuela. Later on, when better acquainted with
Caracas, one finds that good roads are the rule and that while many are comparatively
new or under construction, the first serious roadbuilding was begun as long ago as the
régime of Guzman Blanco, and that to the honor of the country none of the fine high-
ways initiated by that and subsequent Presidents have been allowed to jall into
neglect.
The chief mountains of Venezuela lie near the coastal belt, practically all of the
country behind them sloping away to the great watersheds that make this a great
grazing country and a great land of graduated forests. To reach the capital of Vene-
zuela we have to rise to the first ridges of this mountain barrier, top them, and thus
enter a long and narrow valley, the Valley of Caracas, where the Caracas Tribe of
natives once lived. * * *
Up in the mountains we get a quick and grateful change of climate with some
suddenness; itis not really cool, for Caracas is sheltered by the double range that closes
it in on either hand, but it is exceedingly agreeable—a perfect soft spring temperature
58476—Bull. 4—14—6
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Photograph by Franco. La Guaira. 5
THE HARBOR OF LA GUAIRA, VENEZUELA.
Visited by Dutch, French, English, Spanish, Italian, and other lines making a total of 10 European-going
steamers, as well as the Red D running to New York, La Guaira is well in touch with the world.” (L.
Elwyn Elliott in the August number of the Pan American Magazine.)
RAILWAY FROM LA GUAIRA TO CARACAS.
‘At points along the line one may look out of the car windows and count five other strips of metal above
and below the one traversed at the moment, and the map of the line looks like a puzzle.” (L. Elwyn
Elliott in the Pan American Magazine.)
eS : i sole
Photograph by Underwood & Underwood.
A STREET IN LA GUAIRA, VENEZUELA.
‘The town climbs about on the face of the mountain spurs reaching down almost to the water’s edge, and
as @ consequence there are many streets so narrow and steep that only foot passengers and mules
can mount or descend them.’’ (L. Elwyn Elliott in ‘‘La Guaira and Caracas,” in the Pan American
Magazine for August, 1914.)
580 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
almost equal during the whole of the year and only varied by the seasons of alternating
dryness and moisture.
The first, and I think the last, impression that one gets of Caracas is that it is very
clean, very spick and span, very much “‘embellicida.’’ It is indeed the most em-
bellishéed city of the Caribbean countries.
Large sums have been spent during several successive presidencies on the adornment
of this greatly beloved capital city, and there is no Venezuelan who grudges the con-
tinuous expenditure that is used in making this a place of pride. To the 20-year
régime of President Guzman Blanco were due the first layings of modern pavements,
the erection of many modern edifices for public use, the introduction of up-to-date
utilities; his ideas have been added to as well as maintained, and the result is that
Caracas has made the most of her natural advantages and is the prettiest, best paved,
best managed of cities.
It lies 10 miles south of the Caribbean coast, separated from it by the mountains
of Avila and closed in between those heights and a second line of hills, green, softly
swathed in tender verdure, mist veiled at sunrise and sundown. The valley in which
Caracas les is about 12 miles in length, running east and west, withamaximum breadth
of 4 miles; peaks rise in the sheltering walls of the mountains to altitudes of 5,000 feet
above the city and 8,000 feet above sea level; from Caracas the most conspicuous of
these is the beautiful Silla, ‘“‘the Saddle,’’ raising its curiously formed head under a
veil of cloud, and looking down upon a maze of hills on one side and upon the sea in the
other direction.
Here, in 1567, came the Spaniard Diego de Losada; he found the Caracas tribe
inhabiting the soft and peaceful valley, and after he had settled accounts with them
he organized a city near the site of a prosperous Indian town. There seems to have
been a Spanish colonization of the valley even before the formal settlement of the
date named above, but to Losada is due the recognition of this fertile district as a part
of the Spanish domains. Nevertheless, among all the fine statues and busts that em-
bellish Caracas, there is none that commemorates the Spanish conquistador; a small
but admirable portrait, though probably a fancy one, is, however, to be seen among the
paintings in the Capitolio—remarkable in that it is the only recuerdo of the Spanish
colonial period that the visitor sees * * *.
Caracas is laid out in squares intersected by a quantity of public gardens or plazas
in the style common to Spanish America, and a very excellent system of town planning;
in the case of the Venezuelan capital each square is beautifully tended, shrubs and
fountains are kept in fine condition, the paths are paved with bright tiles, and the
roads leading away at each side are macadamized or asphalted, like the streets of
Paris. The newcomer is always proudly told that Caracas is called the ‘Little Paris
of the New World,’”’ and her people have certainly done their best to earn the title for
their capital.
The Plaza de Bolivar marks the center of Caracas, the chief government building
being accessible to it. It is a fine square, with an equestrian statue of the Liberator
in the middle, flowering trees all about it, and the warm midday atmosphere cooled
by fountains; a fine band plays here twice a week.
On one side, or rather at the northeast corner, stands the cathedral, the remainder
of the side taken up by stores; the post office and Museo Boliviano, together with
the Hotel Klindt and more stores, take up another side; the Palace of the Archbishop
and certain of the municipal office builaings lie on the south, while the Casa Amarilla,
seat of the Department of Foreign Relations, is on the west side.
One block west and a block south of the Casa Amarilla stands the Capitolio, oceupy-
ing with its airy spaces an entire block. It is surrounded with trees and has a beau-
tiful patio, gay with palms and statues and fountains, in the center, while about it
are Government offices, the chambers where the Senators and Deputies meet, and
a magnificent reception salon, which is open to visitors, the walls and ceiling covered
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VENEZUELA’S TRIBUTE TO CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.
Upper picture: The towering statue of the Discoverer in the Plaza de Macuro at Caracas.
Lower picture: The imposing figure of the noted Admiral overlooking the City of Caracas from a prominent
position on Calvario Hill.
584 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
with enormous paintings representing military e,isodes in the independence struggle,
together with a large number of portraits of Independence notables of varying merit.
Among the other public squares is one dedicated to George Washington and decor-
ated with an excellent statue of the North American; the Plaza del Panteér is an-
other charming garden, full of flowers, adorned with a statue of Gen. Miranda. The
celebrated Panteon stands on the upper side of this park; it is a building erected
for the reception of tombs of national heroes, and here the body of Simon Bolivar
was brought from Santa Marta, where he died, to be placed in a splendid mausoleum,
the work of the celebrated Italian sculptor Tenerani; also responsible for the statue
of the Plaza Bolivar. The remains of Bolivar were brought here—he was a native
of Caracas—in 1852, and those of Paez and other fighters for Veneuelan freedom from
Spain rest beside him. A beautiful tomb bearing the name of Miranda is empty,
the lid slightly raised; it still waits for the discovery of the resting place in Spain
of the ashes of that brilliant soldier, notable fighter in France and in the United
States as well as in South America.
Other plazas which the careful visitor will encounter are the Plaza de Candelaria,
Plaza de El Venezolano (where the flower market is held), the Plaza Ricaurte, Plaza
5 de Julio, Plaza de Abril, and the Plaza Falcon, all with well-tended gardens and
statues.
Among the many handsome buildings perhaps none are more attractive than the
National: University; on one side a great series of shallow steps run along the front
of a delicate lacy facade, rows of pillars shading the cloisters; the rounded front of
the Capitolio, already mentioned, is architecturally fine, and the Yellow House isa
fine spacious building. It does not, by the way, really correspond to the White
House at Washington, to which it is often compared, for the President of Venezuela
does 'not reside here. The President’s residence isa lovely palace built over a rock
opposite the Calvario Hill, and is known as Miraflores. * * *
South of the main plaza are the business and largest dry goods stores—which are
not too busy to shut up tight in the middle of the day, when everybody is supposed
to be at lunch—most of the financial houses and important offices; north the shops
thin out and big residences, many of them two stories in height, crowd the streets.
Like those in many another Spanish-American city, they have deeply embrasured
entrances, are painted in gay colors, and decorated externally in a manner only
possible in a land of the sun.
These residences lie quiet in sunny stillness during most of the day, but toward
4 o’clock in the afternoon they echo to the sound of automobile horns and the hoofs
of horses, for now is the hour when the pretty women of the city drive out along the
beautiful Paraiso.
And there are a great many pretty women in Caracas; not only are they dowered
with fine eyes, lissom figures, delicious complexions, but they possess a gift for wear-
ing perfect clothes with grace that the Parisian herself would recognize. The lovely
dresses and hats of the Caraquena, indeed, generally come direct from the French
capital, where a great many of these charming ladies are educated; the sympathy
between France and Venezuela is an old and strong one.
The Paraiso is the neck of valley that runs out in a southerly direction from the
capital; there are two magnificent rcads, meeting at the valley’s head, and with a
broad strip of green between where there is an almost coniinuous series of parks and
residences.
Delightful country homes deep in trees edge the hillsides of the roads, and as a
background stand the emerald heights themselves, velvet with soft verdure, the peaks
softly capped with trailing clouds. This drive in the afternoon is one of the pleasures
of Caracas that no one can afford to miss; out on these smooth broad roads you meet
at every few yards some notable of Venezuela, and if by any chance you are not
GUISHED VISITOR.
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AS AWAITING A DISTI
N CARAC
CROWD I
THETCATHEDRAL, CARACAS,{(VENEZUELA. 7
The construction of this edifice was begun in 1641. It is noted for its great size, and because for many
years the remains of Simon Bolivar rested here. It has a wonderful set of chimes and is devorated
with fine paintings by celebrated masters, notably an unfinished “‘ Last Supper”’ by Arturo Michelena,
Venezuela’s most famous artist. Like most South American cathedrals, this one faces the principal
plaza of the capital.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 587
interested either in politicians, lawyers, soldiers, or brilliant ladies, you may look
upward to the rolling hills with a bank of crimson and orange cloud tinted by a sun
dying in a blaze of splendor.
Seen from the Paraiso roads Caracas lies embowered in trees delicately spread at
the foot of the protecting heights, an enchanting position. If there is another view
of the city for which one would exchange this, it is the enchanting scene laid at one’s
feet when seen from the Calvario Hill. To reach this point we drive out from the
city one balmy afternoon, crossing the outskirts and approaching a westerly hill
dominating the whole of Caracas. Once upon a time this was nothing but a grim
height, but now an encircling driveway winds up to the top, a series of stone steps
invite the energies of the pedestrian, and on the summit is a botanical garden and a
zoo where Venezuelan animals and birds are spaciously housed. A fine triumphal
arch guards the foot of the hill, and the park at the top is adorned with statues of
Colon and of the soldier Sucre; from the breezy brow one looks down on Caracas itself
and on the smiling green strip, hill guarded, which is the Caracas Valley.
The care that has been taken to make the Calvario (a church of this name stands,
pink tinted, on the lower slopes) a place of beauty is thoroughly characteristic of the
manner in which love and money have been lavished upon the Venezuelan capital.
No pains are spared, no labor or treasure grudged, which can contribute to make this
a beautiful city, a well-equipped city, and a healthy city.
Indian Traits, by Charles Warren Currier, Ph. D., in the September
number of Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine (Philadelphia, Pa.), is an
interesting analysis of the traits, habits, and characteristics of the
North American Indian. Dr. Currier, now the Bishop of Matanzas,
Cuba, is not only a learned theologian and ripe scholar, but also a
humanitarian in the true sense of the term. He has ever been a
sympathetic, broadminded student of men, ever ready to see the
redeeming features as well as the reprehensible in the objects of his
study, whether those dealt with civilized or uncivilized races, and
his judgments are always characterized by fairness and impartiality,
sympathy and understanding.
In the present instance he gives such a fair and just picture of the
North American Indian that we herewith quote the followmg copious
extracts from his article:
No other race has had such strong friends or such bitter enemies as has the American
Indian. Both the pen and the sword have been wielded for and against him, yet
to-day, centuries after he first encountered the white man, the most varied opinions
are expressed and the most diverse sentiments entertained in his regard. The poet,
the novelist, and the philanthropist have frequently raised him to an ideal pedestal,
upon which he stands a hero, while for the old frontiersman, the man who has actually
come in contact with him, who has faced his weapons of death, who has beheld him
relentlessly slay women and babes, there exists only the bloodthirsty savage, the
squalid, ferocious red devil, of whom it might in truth be said that “‘his hand is
against every man and every man’s hand is against him.’’ It is the place of the his-
torian to show the American Indian in a true light, to eliminate exaggerations, and,
without palliating his vices, to reveal his redeeming features. In justice to the red
man, it must be said that writers who have lived with him, who have shared his wig-
wam and listened to his fireside tales, are not as a rule found among his worst enemies.
Some of his stanchest friends have been Army officers who fought against him.
When the first colonists landed on the shores of North America they found numerous
Indians there; and as they penetrated farther inland other natives were encountered,
588 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
until they reached the waters of the Pacific, and northward far up into the Arctic
Circle. Roughly, the Indians of that early period may be geographically divided into
the Algonquins, whose territory extended from Kentucky to Hudson Bay, and from
the Atlantic to the Mississippi; the Iroquois, who lived within the Algonquin regions;
the Southern or Mobilian Tribes—namely, the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws,
Creeks, and Seminoles, who dwelt east of the Mississippi, from the Tennessee River to
the Gulf; the Sioux, to the west of the Mississippi; the Columbians of the Northwest;
and the Californians, on the Pacific to the southwest. This distribution has been prac-
tically destroyed by the tide of white immigration that has spread over the land, yet,
like the crumbling ruins of some ancient city, lingering remnants of tribes mark the
spots where once their fathers fought and hunted. Many tribes have completely
vanished, others are fading before our eyes, while most of those remaining have been
moved from their original habitat. The Algonquin race is still represented by the
Passamaquoddies in Maine, the Chippewas, Menominees, Sacs and Foxes, and many
more scattered throughout Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and other Western States.
The Sioux dwell west of the Mississippi, on reservations, as do their brethren of the
far West, the Blackfeet, the Flatheads, the Coeur d’Alene, and others. The scattered
Californians have still their dwelling places in their ancient regions, while the Mobilian
Tribes have nearly all been gathered into Oklahoma. Other Indians of the Southwest,
such as the Pueblos and the Navajos, are where they were when the Mexican War
ended with an increase of territory for the United States. The descendants of the
terrible Six Nations of the Iroquois confederacy live mostly on reservations in New
York State, while the Hurons and the Indians of the Atlantic seaboard have almost
disappeared.
Although the Indians of North America belong to one ethnologic division of the
human family, ’and have much in common, it is impossible to predicate the same thing
of all, so marked and so great are the differences that exist among them. The northern
Algonquins differ greatly from the Indians of the plains, while the Iroquois were far
from being in all things alike to their neighbors who surrounded them. Still, there
were certain characteristic features common to all, or nearly all, of the tribes that have
inhabited, or still inhabit, our territory.
In the first place, the Indian is a born fighter. This race may be said to have revo-
lutionized war. The approved tactics of to-day are those which the Indians devel-
oped and which the whites learned from them. They took the horse and the gua from
the white man, and soon almost equaled him in theirmanagement ofthem. They were
superb individual fighters, beautifully drilled in their own discipline. The forest was
their castle, their strength was principally in their tactics. "Theodore Roosevelt writes:
“Their discipline in the battle itself was very high. They attacked, retreated, rallied,
or repelled a charge at the signal of command, and they were able to fight in open order
in thick covers without losing touch with one another—a feat no European regiment
was then able to perform.’”’ Most Indians had a system of retreating when they were
losing greatly,’as they were loath to behold the diminution of their numbers. The
Wyandots were an exception; with them it was a point of honor not to give ground.
The retreat of the Nez Percé chief, Joseph, before Gen. Howard. is regarded as unpar-
alleled in the annals of warfare.
One of the most marked qualities of an Indian is his reserve; a certain apparent
coldness and’stoicism, coupled with great taciturnity; a habit inherited, perhaps, from
remote ancestors, but also greatly due to education and training. But this outward
appearance is by no means an index of the2Indian’s true character; on the contrary,
it is a mask that conceals it. Beneath his assumed coldness he hides the greatest
extremes, and the most striking contradictions of character. We find in him the
noblest resignation, the purest}courage, absolute self-possession, together with the
basest thirst for vengence, the deepest treachery, the most barbarous cruelty, and the
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 589
most unrelenting malice. Ambition, revenge, envy, jealousy are his ruling passions,
while an unbounded love of liberty is at the base of his character.
The Indian may appear indifferent, yet be consumed by curiosity. In fact, curios-
ity is one of his marked traits. He wants to know all that is doing, and he knows how
to scent it, for he is a good reader of character. You may never find him out, but,
as Lummis remarks, if he sits beside you only five minutes, his keen powers of observa-
tion will pierce you. * * *
An Indian on the warpath can be practically noiseless. The forest may be full of
them, yet the silence of the tomb may prevail, save for the sighing of the wind, the
creaking of the branches, and the sounds of nocturnal animal life. When an Indian
arrives at his village or council with a message of the greatest importance, even with
intelligence of the most imminent danger, he never tells it at his first approach, but
sits down in silence for a minute or two before he speaks, that he may not evince fear
or excitement. Between individuals great license may be indulged in; but the deal-
ings between nation and nation must be characterized by the utmost dignity. * * *
The language of the Indian is filled with metaphors and flowers of speech, for poetry
isinbornin him. Nature has strongly affected this her child, and everything affords
him a figure or a comparison. Nature, animate and inanimate, speaks to him the
language of metaphor and has trained him in its use. These metaphors all serve their
purpose; they are not for mere oratorical display. When he has finished, he puts a
period to his discourse with the sentence, ‘‘I have spoken.”
Anotk er Indian characteristic is the power to endure pain, which is greater, perhaps,
than that of any other race. Subjected to the most inhuman tortures, he reviles his
persecutors, mocks them, and boasts of his victories and the pains he himself has
inflicted. No infernal ingenuity could break his fortitude, and death alone could
silence his words of contempt. If torture and death found him invincible, it must be
remembered that time and again he had had similar examples before his eyes, and that
he kad often witnessed the indomitable obstinacy of his own victims. This character-
istic still endures, even among the children. Ifan Indian boy is whipped, tears may
be forced from his eyes, but he will make every effort not tocry. * * *
Indians have never been laborers, unless they were forced to become such. Among
them labor devolves on the females, while the men devote themselves to the chase.
The Indians were nearly all a race of hunters, living entirely, or in part, on game.
The buffalo when it roamed the American wilds, the deer, the rabbit, and other wild
animals constantly replenished their larder.
In its classification of the North American languages, the Bureau of Ethnology has
enumerated no fewer than 53 linguistic families, while the single dialects run up into
the hundreds. The Ojibway of the Algonquin stock was perhaps the one most widely
spoken in North America. Three or four hundred years ago one might travel nearly
a thousand miles from the head of Lake Superior and still remain within the sphere
of this dialect. Kindred dialects were spoken from Hudson Bay down to the Carolinas
and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, while in the midst of the’ Algonquins the
Huron-Iroquois family possessed their own dialects entirely distinct.
A system of hieroglyphics, or picture writing, also exists among the Indians. The
pictures are conventional and full of meaning. By means of these pictures an
Indian could send a communication to another and render himself as well under-
stood as we can by letter, and they serve as a channel through which traditions are
handed down from one generation to another. The chiefs were the depositories of
the history of their ancestors, while the approbation of the oldest chiefs and wise men
was one of the criterions for the veracity of traditions. It is remarkable that for more
than 60 years the Cheyennes and Arapahoes were firm friends, living in the same
camps, their children playing, fighting, and hunting together, yet not 1 in 10 of the
members of the tribes could hold even the most ordinary conversation in the language
of the other.
590 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
In religion, if there really be a such a thing in the forest life of America, the Indian
seems to have been a dualist, believing in two opposing forces, good and evil. Some
of them, like the Ojibways, believed in a good spirit, an evil spirit, and a host of
other deities. The good spirits were by the Hurons named Okkis, and by the Algon-
quins Manitous. Dodge says that the Indians appear to have no knowledge of the
moral law and of conscience. According to some travelers, they have in their prim-
itive condition scarcely any notion of chastity. It is likely that the truth of the
matter is that the women of one tribe may be chaste, while those of another may be
of loose morals.
Intimately connected with the religion of the Indians is their folklore. Many of
their tales have been collected by Schoolcraft and others. These vary according
to the race whence they spring. The Ojibways possess a vast fund of stories and
legends, the relating of which affords much amusement winter evenings in the wig-
wam. Nearly every lake and mountain, every beast and bird, has some legend
attached to it. Necromancy and witchcraft, men transformed into beasts and beasts
into men, animated trees and speaking birds, form the subjects of Algonquin tales.
Kah-ge-ga-Bowh, who treasured them from childhood when he heard them in the
wigwam of his fathers, writes: ‘“Some of these stories are most exciting, and so in-
tensely interesting that I have seen children whose tears would flow plentifully and
their breasts heave with thoughts too big for utterance.”’
Characteristic of the American Indians is their tribal organization. Each family
is split into tribes, and the tribes are divided into bands or villages, frequently far
removed from one another. The tribe was regarded as sovereign, the Indian putting
his tribe before hisrace. As we pride ourselves on our nationality, and as the Spaniard
takes especial pride in his province, which for him is his country, so the Indian is a
Menominee or an Ojibway before anything else. In an Indian community, before
it fell under the power of civilized man, each one was his own master, for the Indian
abhors restraint. Yet this condition was far from being anarchic; for though there
were no laws, and the chief depended on the popular will, having no power to enforce
his demands, such was the respect for ancient customs and traditions that obedience
was willingly given, and the moral power of custom served as a basis for authority.
The chief advised, but did not dictate, though by his own personality he might
acquire great influence with his tribe.
When the so-called civilized nations were governed by their own laws and executed
justice, they had no prisons. After conviction the culprit simply submitted to his
punishment, whatever it was. To have acted otherwise would have entailed dis-
grace upon his family, and the Indian fears dishonor and consequent ostracism. If
the death sentence were pronounced, a date was set for the-execution, and in the
meantime the condemned man was free to roam the world. But at the appointed
time he was invariably at hand to pay the penalty. I have heard of the case of one
man who had been sentenced to die in two years. In the interim he traveled around
with a baseball team, but returned home in due time, and was executed. This
Spartan resolution is one of the most marked characteristics of the American Indian.
Each tribe has its sachem, or civil chief, an office generally hereditary. Among
many tribes, notably those of the Huron-Iroquois stock, the succession passes through
the female line, so that the brother of the incumbent, or his sister’s son, succeeds him.
Should the hereditary successor be judged unfit, the old and subordinate chiefs elect
another, generally from one of the relatives. The civil and military authorities were
distinct, though both might be united in the same person. Any one who, by prowess
or reputation, had acquired sufficient authority, might be a war chief. * * *
Hospitality is one of the Indian’s virtues and there are quite a few instances to prove
this in the colonization period and after. F. B. Head, an English writer, says that
‘‘wherever he has been unruftled by injustice, his reception of his white brother is an
affecting example of that genuine hospitality which is to bemet with only in what we
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 591
term savage tribes.’’ If his object in visiting the Indian country be unsuspected,
the stranger’s life and property are perfectly secure. There are, however, various
opinions regarding the honesty of the Indians. It is highly lauded by some writers,
while, according to others, it is greatly circumscribed. Col. Dodge says that they
are very honest with regard to their own band, but of great thieving propensities
where outsiders are concerned. It is quite possible that in honesty, as in morality,
tribe may differ from tribe, and thus the varying experiences of writers may have
produced contradictory assertions. * * *
Before the Indian completely vanishes as a distinct race, it is to be hoped that what
we have learned about him will be preserved. Many Americanists have carefully
labored in this field, and the Bureau of Ethnology in Washington is doing excellent
work in this direction. Thus, long after the red man has vanished from the continent,
his memory as the first American will remain with his white successor.
The Pampaconas River, by Hiram Bingham, director of the Peru-
vian Expeditions of Yale University and the National Geographic
Society, is a short but very interesting article in the Geographical
Journal (London). Prof. Bingham calls attention to certain geo-
graphical and topographical errors in the map of Peru and North
Bolivia, published by the Royal Geographical Society in 1910, and
incidentally gives a brief description of the Campas Indians who live
near the river of Espiritu Pampa. The following excerpts give the
salient features of the article:
On the map of South Peru and north Bolivia, published by the Royal Geographical
Society in 1910, in 73° west longitute, 13° 8’ south latitude, occurs the Apurimac
River, below its junction with the river Pampas.
By astronomical observations made by Mr. Kai Hendriksen, the topographer of
the Yale Peruvian Expedition in 1911, and Mr. A. H. Bumstead, topographer of the
Peruvian Expedition of 1912, under the auspices of Yale University and the National
Geographical Society, we find that the Apurimac River is not within 30 miles of this
location. Instead, at this point, in a lofty glaciated valley, rises the River Pampa-
conas. The junction of the Apurimac and the Pampas is in 73° 13’ west longitude
and 13° 26’ south latitude.
What appears on the older maps of Peru to be the watershed between the Urubamba
and the Apurimac in 72° 50’ west longitude and 13° south latitude, is in reality the
watershed between two tributaries of the Urubamba and the Pampaconas. The
Pampaconas, rising near this point, flows in a northwesterly direction, and even appears
to join the Urubamba below Rosalina.
Leaving the village of Vilcabamba on August 12, 1911, in company with Prof. Harry
W. Foote, of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, I crossed this watershed
and spent the night at the village of Pampaconas, which has an elevation of about
10,200 feet above sea level.
Pampaconas is a small village of scattered huts built of stone and thatched with
grass. The inhabitants appear to live by raising sheep and potatoes. The night
before our arrival a jaguar had attacked and partly eaten a horse on one of the lower
pastures. * * *
The Pampaconas rises in a glaciated valley at an elevation of about 12,500 feet above
sea level. Flowing first in a westerly and then in a northerly direction, it rapidly
descends and enters a heavily wooded cafion from 5,000 to 6,000 feet deep.
Owing to the extreme difficulty of keeping this trail open in this very wet region,
the Indians of the Pampaconas are very badly off, yet they endeavor to make the best
of the few relatively level spaces that nature has left them, and have taken advantage
A PERUVIAN TOWN 12,200 FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE SEA.
A MINING VILLAGE IN THE PERUVIAN ANDES.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 593
of occasional alluvial fans and one or two natural river terraces to make small clearings
and cultivate their chacras. Here they raise corn, squashes, and a few other vege-
tables. At Pacaypata, at an elevation of 6,000 feet above sea level, we found growing
sugar cane, camotes (sweet potatoes), bananas, peppers, Indian corn, and grenadillas.
At Conservidayoc, in addition to these things, there was also yucca (the sweet casava),
peanuts, coca, and coffee.
We were in the Pampaconas Valley from August 12 to August 23. With one excep-
tion it rained every day and very hard at night, although this is said to be the dry
Beason ge oe
At Conservidayoc we found a small settlement of Campas Indians who were locally
referred to as Pichanguerras. The married men wore a single long tunic, composed
of a square of roughly woven cloth, with a hole cut in the center for the head, and the
sides partly stitched up to make armholes. The unmarried men wore a few rags
around the waist. These people were timid, and we learned that they had run away
from rubber gatherers in the valleys below. ‘They did some hunting, using bows and
arrows, but appeared to rely chiefly or their little plantations of yucca and tamotes.
Their huts were small, oval in shape, with steeply pitched roofs, the sides made of
small logs driven endwise into the ground and fastened together with vines.
The men wore fillets of bamboo, and at times smeared paint on their faces. The
women were decorated with necklaces made of dried bird skins and bean pods. The
children wore no clothing at all, but nearly all had little necklaces of native material.
The ruins of Espiritu Pampa near which they lived were evidently of buildings
constructed by the Incas, possibly ia the sixteenth century, at the time of the Spanish
conquest, when this region was governed by Manco and his sons. They may have
been occupied by the Inca Titu Cusi Yupanqui.
Espiritu Pampa is at an elevation of about 4,000 feet above sea level. We were
unable to follow the river further owing to lack of time and the unwillingness of our
carriers to remain any longer, and their fear of the savages. Furthermore, we had
come chiefly to see whether there were any ruins in this vicinity. Espiritu Pampa
was later determined by Mr. Hendriksen to be in 12° 55’ south latitude and 73° 24”
west longitude.
From this point the Pampaconas River appeared to run in a northerly direction for
at least 30 miles so far as we could see, and undoubtedly is one of the streams flowing
into the Urubamba below Rosalina, as reported by Prof. Bowman, after his visit to
the cafion of the Urubamba. It is possible that at that point the Pampaconas is
known as the Serialo, or it may be the Coribeni, both of which, as Prof. Bowman says,
are reported to rise in the mountains of Vilcabamba. We hope some day to explore
the lower portion of the Pampaconas River between the ruins of Espiritu Pampa and
the Urubamba River.
Brazil Nuts, from Tree to Market, by James W. McGlone, in the
July number of the Tea and Coffee Trade Journal (New York), is an
excellent account of this large industry. The Brazil nuts, frequently
called ‘‘niggertoes”’ in various sections of the United States, are
almost as well known as walnuts, yet comparatively little is generally
known relative to the manner of their growth and collection for the
market. Mr. McGlone goes into these details and his article is here-
with reproduced almost in toto.
The Brazil-nut tree, or castanha, is probably of the forest aristocracy and is easily
the most majestic found in the Amazon Valley, and grows to the height of from 50 to
100 feet, in groups of up to several hundred trees, in what are known as castanhals
or nut orchards. Originally these castanhals were included in the proper public
58476— Bull. 4—14_7
dnouy INI? MOUWD SV) WHI ‘ATUL (VHNVLSVO) AN TIZvua WH
‘|euInos opeay, 997J0D puv vay, Jo Asoqanog
Courtesy of Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.
WASHING BRAZIL NUTS.
When the canoes arrive from the castanhals the nuts are transferred from the smaller boats in
small wicker baskets, which are immersed several times in the stream, the accumulated dirt
is washed off .and imperfect nuts rise to the surface and float off.
1
Courtesy of Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.
UNLOADING CANOE AT OBIDOS, BRAZIL.
The pods are assembled at the foot of the trees and broken open with matchetes, after which the
nuts are carried in baskets to the canoes and are then taken down the small streams to the
larger rivers navigable by steamers.
PYXIDIA OF BRAZIL NUTS.
The trees grow to a height of 100 feet or over, and the pyxidium—being a shell 7 inches in diameter
loaded with nuts—would easily crush a human skull were it to fall on it from such a height.
Opening the
pyxidium
with a ma-
chete.
Courtesy of Tea and Coffee Trade Journal,
Pyxidium opened and showing the Brazil nuts as seen in the markets of
the world.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 597
domain, and presumably natives were privileged to gather the crops at will, but
‘actually this is not the case, as, In devious ways, the control of the best producing
districts passed to private parties generations ago.
Contrary to the generally accepted belief, the best producing districts are to be
found on high ground and not along the river banks.
The Brazil-nut tree does not begin to bear fruit until it attains the age of 50 years
or thereabouts, and continues to produce crops intermittently almost forever; at
least, trees known to be hundreds of years old have produced crops.
The crop matures in October and the pods in which the nuts are contained drop in
November and December. These pods are very hard and weigh several pounds,
consequently the castanhals are studiously avoided during the period in which the
pods are dropping, since it would be extremely hazardous for the gatherers to expose
themselves to the danger of having the pods fall on them from such a great height.
For many years it has been generally understood that the supply of Brazil nuts was
inexhaustible and that the fluctuation in shipments has been due, not to crop failure,
but to market conditions, both of nuts and rubber, indifference of gatherers, ete.
This is not the case, however, as it is an established fact that only in the very remote
districts from which the nuts have never come to market and probably never will is
any season’s crop neglected. It is also well known to the natives that the Brazil-nut
trees are subject to influence from year to year, of weather conditions, etc., the same
as all other nut-bearing trees. * * *
Beginning early in January the harvesting parties set out to gather the crop. As
the only means of transportation in northern Brazil is by water, these parties travel in
canoes up the smaller tributaries to the castanhals. Arriving there, the pods are
assembled at the foot of the trees and broken open with the machete, after which the
nuts are carried in baskets to the canoes, which, when loaded, are taken down the
small streams to the larger rivers, navigable by river steamers. As the river steamers
are unable to maintain regular schedules or await the arrival of gathering parties with
nuts, it is necessary that the nuts be left on the river banks in what are known as
‘“naioes.’’ These paioes consist of cleared spaces protected from the hot sun and
tropical rains by palm-leaf shelters.
However, these paioes are hardly sufficient and, in consequence, more or less
injury is sustained at this stage, according to the length of time the nuts remain in the
paioes awaiting delivery to the river steamers.
In a few districts, notably the Ayapua district, the custom prevails among the
natives of washing the nuts, and the method now in vogue is the same as their ances-
tors employed generations ago. In these districts, when the canoes arrive from the
castanhals, the nuts are transferred from the smaller boats in small wicker baskets,
which are immersed in the stream several times. During this process the accumu-
lated dirt is washed off and imperfect empty nuts arise to the surface and float off in
the stream. The cleaned nuts are passed on to the lighter canoes or lighters and are
later transferred to the river steamers for transport to Manaos and Para.
The nuts grown in the district accessible to Obidos, Alemquer, and Santarem on the
Amazon, where the ocean steamers plying regularly between New York, Liverpool,
and Hamburg stop when sufficient cargo offers, are handled in a less primitive manner,
being transferred from the canoes to more substantial shelters, from which they are
subsequently transferred to open lighters for loading aboard the ocean liners. At
every stage, however, the nuts are handled in bulk, very much the same as coal.
The largest portion of the crop is marketed at Manaos and Para, these cities being
the home port of the Amazon River steamship lines, and at these ports, after the
river steamers arrive and their cargos sold, which is usually done promptly, or say,
within two days after arrival, the nuts are transferred to covered lighters until the
New York, Liverpool, or Hamburg, according to their ultimate destination, steam-
ships are ready to take them aboard.
598 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The nuts are loaded on the ocean steamers in bulk, the different parcels being
partitioned off and so stored as to give ventilation to aid in the seasoning of the nuts,.
which are, when gathered, quite milky. During the whole time of the voyage from
Manaos to New York, a matter of about three weeks, the hatches are left open, except
‘in unfavorable weather, and special canvas ventilators are rigged up to ventilate
the lower holds.
After arrival at New York the nuts are discharged in bulk, being weighed by the
customs authorities for duty purposes as they come over the side of the steamer and
are piled in bulk on the pier. Such portion as is required for shipping orders are
bagged at this time; the remainder, which are usually stored in warehouses adjacent
to the steamship docks, are transferred in carts and there stored in bulk in bins made
for this purpose.
The Culture of Vanilla Beans, by Wallace Mawbey, is another
interesting and informative article in the July number of the Tea and
Coffee Trade Journal. The use of vanilla extract as a flavoring
material is now world-wide, and Mr. Mawbey gives a brief account of
the history of the bean and the several processes of curing and pre-
paring for the market as follows:
Probably no other natural product requires the length of time, the patient, pains-
taking attention to detail, and the nicety of judgment which must necessarily be used
that the vanilla bean does, from the time it is picked from the vine until it arrives at
that stage where it has virtue as a flavor and value as a commodity.
When first taken from the vine the bean, which is bright green in color, resembling
a banana as much as anything else in shape, except that in circumference it is two or
three times that of an ordinary lead pencil, has absolutely no flavor or aroma. To
develop thisa long period of curing isnecessary. This varies in the different countries
of production and a brief history of the product would not be out of place before giving
a description of the various processes.
Vanilla planifora, which, of many species, is the only one having value as a flavor,
is a product of the new world. It was found only in a small section of Mexico, in what
is now the northern part of the State of Vera Cruz, a region not over 60 miles long by
40 to 50 miles wide, and this same region still produces the best vanilla, which takes
its commercial name from the country of origin and is known as Mexican vanilla.
Vanilla was unknown to the civilization of the Old World until introduced by some
of the returning members of Cortes’s band of conquerors, although known and used by
the Aztecs and their predecessors possibly for many centuries. * * *
First mention of its use is made by one of the clerical members of Cortez’s expedi-
tion in giving an account of the life and customs prevalent at the court of Montezuma,
the last of the Aztec monarchs. He relates that there was prepared daily for the
monarch himself no less than 50 jars or pitchers of a potation or beverage of ‘‘Choco-
latl” or chocolate, so prepared that it was of the consistency of a custard and ‘‘flavored
with vanilla,’’ of which he was exceedingly fond, and that 2,000 jars were allowed
for the daily consumption of the household.
At various times during the last century, but mostly during the latter part, trans-
plants from the Mexican vines were sent out in various tropical countries and islands
throughout the world and the largest crop of any one variety now received is that of
the Bourbon, the commercial term for all the vanilla produced in the numerous islands
in the Indian Ocean adjacent to the East Coast of Africa, of which Madagascar,
Reunion, Mauritius, the Comores and the Seychelles are the most important. The
island of Tahiti, one of the Friendly group in the South Pacific Ocean, also produces
a large crop; a small one is received from the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique,
Courtesy of Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.
DRYING THE VANILLA BEANS BY MEANS OF SUN HEAT.
600 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
which are known to the trade as South Americans, while quantities at the present
time insignificant are grown in the island of Java, the island_of Ceylon, and the Fiji
Islands.
The average annual production of the different varieties is as follows:
Pounds.
Mexicankeresseeeee te aT p vied iets nee oe eee eee sane 400, 000
Bourb OM foes: Sees Se ee be reese rey ee ere 700, 000
South American. 25.08 3 ee eee ee eee eerae 35, 000
ALES A eter PDR ies ON akin wae a brks lal atin dis ale 400, 000
Also thers is te cig oe Be eae eee aR ae eae egg 15, 000
‘Totallannal productions sehen eee eee 1, 550, 000
In reality there are only two methods of curing vanilla beans—the’ Mexican or sun
process and the Bourbon or hot-water process.
The sun process is used in Mexico entirely. It requires the most time and labor and,
as practiced there, is really an art, if art, as has been said, is ‘‘simply an intense and
intelligent application to detail.’’ The vine flowers there during the months of
April and May and the first beans are picked about the beginning of November, the
picking continuing until the end of February. The green beans are first placed in
long, orderly rows on clean straw mats in the sun, where they are leit for about an
hour, in which time the tropical sun has caused them to attain considerable heat.
They are then hurriedly taken up and put in large cases called “‘cajons,”’ each capable
of holding from two to four thousand pounds of beans. These ‘‘cajons” are well
lined with blankets and when filled are covered with more blankets to make them
as air-tight as possible and in this manner the beans are sweated for from 24 to 48 hours.
They are still hot when taken out and placed on long frames or beds called “‘camillas”
and taken into the ‘‘vanillol,’”’ as the house is called, where the vanilla is stored.
Here the ‘‘camillas” are placed on racks. In the “‘vanillol” a good circulation of
air is always maintained and the ‘‘camillas” are left here to dry and cool for several
days, when the same process is repeated with the exception of the length of time the
vanilla is sweated in the ‘‘cajon,’’ which is shortened with each repetition.
This is done several times before the beans develop an aroma and many time: before
they are properly cured. About the beginning of March, those picked during Novem-
ber, having practically reached a state of perfection, are placed in a large tin-lined
depository for observation as to the further development of flavor and keeping prop-
erties, for it must be remembered that if they are undercured the beans will deteriorate
very rapidly, becoming mouldy or infected with a species of small vegetable lice
which ruin the flavor, while if overcured some of the valuable flavoring properties
are lost, the beans becoming dry and woody with a diminished aroma.
Those picked later are added from time to time, as they arrive at the same stage,
so that by the middle of May the curing process is almost completed. During the time
the beans remain in depository, they may, if necessary, be taken out and again put
through the process of sunning, sweating, and airing, though for a much shorter period
than before.
They then pass a final inspection as to flavor, appearance, and touch. If this is
satisfactory they are ready for bundling, and are taken from the depository, graded
and sorted according to quality and length, and put into bundles of about 100 beans
each.
If curing is an art, bundling is indeed so, and in this respect the Mexican vanillero
has no equal, The bundles average in weight about a pound and are packed in cans,
40 bundles to each can, and the cans in turn are packed in cedar cases, four or five cans
to the case. They are now ready for the market.
FLOWERS OF THE VANILLA BEAN ORCHID. VANILLA BEANS GROWING ON PLANT.
Courtesy of Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.
TREE SUPPORTING A VANILLA BEAN PLANT.
602 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Six months have elapsed since the vanilla was taken from the vine, and during this
period every bean has been handled individually many times. When cured it is
about one-sixth of its original size in weight and circumference, though retaining
its original length, and ranges in color from a light reddish brown to a deep chocolate.
Vanilla is graded by the Mexicans into six classes: ‘‘Picadura” or cuts, ‘‘ordinario,”’
““mediana”’ or fair, ‘‘buena” or good, superior or good to prime, and extra or strictly
prime.
Most of the vanilla gathered during November does not contain the same percentage
of gums, resins and other flavoring properties, that the later gatherings contain, con-
sequently the beans must be cured down more, in order to develop their flavor and
keeping properties; and to facilitate this they are cut up in small pieces. These are
the ‘‘picadura,’’ or cuts, which form about 25 per cent of the crop.
The vanilla next gathered constitutes, when cured, the ordinary quality, and
the beans are light reddish brown in color; after which come the ‘‘mediana,’’ which
are somewhat darker. As the season advances the quality keeps improving, the su-
perior and extra qualities, those richest in essentials and darkest in color, being gathered
from Christmas until the crop is completed.
There are times during the curing season when a long spell of inclement weather
compels the curers to resort to the use of “‘calorificas,’’ or ovens, to generate the heat
in place of the sun; but as this rarely happens, that method is seldom resorted to.
Courtesy of Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.
A BUNDLE OF VANILLA BEANS.
Curing by the Bourbon process is used throughout all the islands that produce this
variety, and differs mainly from the Mexican by reason of the fact that the vanilla
is never submitted to the direct rays of the sun at any time during the process of
curing.
The green beans, after first being sorted into equal lengths, are put in open-work
baskets, which are then plunged into large pots containing water heated to within a
few degrees of the boiling point, where they are allowed to remain from 15 to 20 seconds.
After coming out of the water they are placed upon mats to drain, and when this is
accomplished they are heaped into a pile, covered with blankets, and allowed to dry
for a short time, after which they are taken into the open, spread upon matting, and
well covered with blankets. They are allowed to remain in the sun for several hours
during the hottest part of the day.
In the afternoon they are taken up and placed in large, blanket-lined, hermetically
sealed cases, very similar to the Mexican ‘‘cajon,’’ where they are left over night.
The next day this program is repeated. In all, they receive this treatment about
eight times in that many consecutive days, if the weather permits. After this they
are put on frames in a well-aired drying room and left there for a considerable period,
being examined from time to time as to their condition and flavor.
When this is satisfactory they are placed in a depository and again left for further
development, and when this passes inspection they are taken out to be bundled.
Having previously been sorted according to lengths, nothing remains but to grade
them as to quality. * * *
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 603
In regard to the merits of the two processes, the Mexican is by far the superior. It
consumes six months and each individual bean receives more care and attention,
while the Bourbons are forced through in three months. This is bound to tell in the
long run, and in the opinion of the writer, after many years of practical experience, a
Mexican bean properly cured will keep indefinitely, improving in flavor, for a number
of years, whereas the same thing can not be said of the Bourbon bean. It may keep
and improve for a year, or two years, or even more, but sooner or later it deteriorates.
Under normal conditions the percentage of poorly cured Mexicans is very small,
while there is always a large percentage in the Bourbons, sometimes running as high
as 334 per cent. Climate and soil may have something to do with this, as Mexico is
more favored in this respect than the islands, but the method of curing has more to
do with it.
South American vanilla is partly cured by the Mexican process and partly by the
Bourbon, but mostly by the former. While many good flavored beans of this variety
are received, the experience of the curers is somewhat limited, as this variety is of
rather recent. origin. Many cured by the Mexican process have a tendency toward
overcuring, but the reverse where the Bourbon process is used. However, they are
producing a vanilla that is fully equal in every respect to the Bourbon and in time
will probably rank second to the Mexican. * * *
The consumption of vanilla beans has increased greatly in this country during the
past 25 years, being doubled by the passage of the food and drug act, and the United
States now consumes from 60 to 65 per cent of the world’s production, which includes
95 per cent of the highest grade, the Mexican, and with vanilla beans selling at their
present prices there are very few households which can not afford to have a bottle of
the greatest of all flavors, and, what is more, have it pure.
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FIFTH PAN AMERICAN CONFERENCE POSTPONED.
special meeting of the governing board of the Pan American
Union was called on Wednesday, October 7, 1914, at the
request of Sefior Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica, the minister
from Chile at Washington, lately appointed ambassador,
to consider the opportuneness of holding the Fifth Pan American
Conference at the appointed time. This gathering was to have been
held at Santiago, the capital of Chile, November 29, 1914. Acting
under instructions, the Chilean minister made a statement in which
he pointed out conditions, developed by the European conflict, which
prompted his Government to learn the sentiment of the Governing
Board on this question. In his statement, Sefior Suarez Mujica em-
phasized the honor and pleasure which his country anticipated at
the gathering of that conference in Santiago and expressed the eager-
ness it felt to receive and entertain the delegates from all the sister
Republics. With the outbreak of the war on the European Conti-
nent, continued the minister, his Government, as did other Govern-
ments on the American Continent, believed that the holding of the
conference would be doubly fitting, first, as an example of the har-
mony and advancing civilization of the nations of the Western Hem-
isphere, and secondly, because the conference might find an oppor-
tunity to exercise its influence to some extent for the restoration of
peace in Europe. However, the progress of the war with its devas-
tating trail, and its sweeping economic effects over all the world, have
brought about new internal problems which must, perforce, engage
the undivided attention of the various countries and their peoples.
In addition, he said, the consequences of the conflict may develop
conditions, now unforeseen, of a fundamental and political nature
which the conference would have to consider. And, finally, the
minister stated that although the presence of Secretary of State
Bryan, the chairman of the Governing Board, was deemed most
important, present conditions render it highly improbable for him
to fulfill his promise to attend the conference. The ambassador
of Brazil, Senhor Domicio da Gama, then made a formal motion that
it was the sense of the Governing Board of the Pan American Union
that the conference should be postponed until such date as the
Chilean Government would recommend that it be assembled. This
motion was passed unanimously.
604
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SCENES AT THE FUNERAL OF THE LATE PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA, DR. ROQUE
SAENZ PENA, BUENOS AIRES, AUGUST 11, 1914. -
Upper: Funeral cortege leaving the Government Palace. :
Lower: Crowds leaving the cathedral at the conclusion of the exercises.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 607
A WORD OF CAUTION.
The widespread and unprecedented public interest in the Latin
American commercial opportunity as developed by the European war
is being followed by so much misconception in many circles of the real
trade and economic conditions obtaining in certain parts of Latin
America that the Director General has found it necessary to ascertain
directly the exact business situation in Latin America, and, as a result,
to sound, in justice both to the United States and Latin America, a
note of caution. Advices received emphasize that what is needed at
this hour in Latin America is not alone the manufactured products of
the United States, which are required in very considerable quantities,
but generous credits on these purchases, markets at reasonable rates
for raw products which usually go to Europe, ready money, and loans.
If Latin America can sell at a fair figure her accumulating raw prod-
ucts and buy, in turn, through receiving financial help and cooperation
m the form of advances and credits from United States exporters, im-
porters, and bankers, the situation will be speedily remedied, and the
commercial interests of the United States and Latin America will truly
enter upon a new era of Pan American commerce and comity. The
European war, while greatly lessening the sources of Latin American
imports and the market for exports, and opening a corresponding
greater opportunity to United States exports and imports, has so
unavoidably affected Latin American financial resources and com-
mercial machinery that it must require several months or a year
before conditions can readjust themselves and permit results that
many United States business men expect immediately. Despite the
efforts not only of the Latin American Embassies, Legations, and
Consulates, but of the Pan American Union and the United States
Departments of State and Commerce to state the situation exactly
as it exists, countless articles have been appearing in various news-
papers and magazines emphasizing an alleged “golden opportunity ”’
without pointing out its actual and present environment of money
tightness and dislocation of international commercial methods.
Numerous business men and commercial agents, In consequence, are
crowding the steamers bound for Latin America with the expectation
that they will find the Latin Americans awaiting them with out-
stretched hands filled with gold and ready to buy everything and
anything they have to sell. These men will presently return to the
United States and unfairly condemn and criticize the markets and
peoples of the countries visited. The great stream of letters and
telegrams from both North and South America that are daily pour-
ing into the office of the Pan American Union are invariably an-
swered not only with the statement of the actual opportunity, but
with the admonition that the Latin American market, while vastly
Photograph by Harris-Ewing. -
SENOR DR. ROMULO S. NAON,
Ambassador of the Argentine Republic to the United States.
Dr. Naén, who is soon to present credentials as ambassador from his Government, has been the minister of
Argentina at Washington since 1911, and his elevation to this high rank has been most favorably received.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 609
potential, is at this moment embarrassed by a serious financial
stringency and dislocation of commercial conditions for which it is
not in itself to blame. The opportunity of the hour, therefore, is not
so much one for immediate large sales of United States manufactured
products as one for cooperation and mutual help, together with
careful investigation of commercial conditions and preparation to
meet future competition successfully.
A RESOLUTION OF PEACE.
At the special meeting of the Governing Board, which met on Octo-
ber 7, 1914, to consider the advisability of postponing the Fifth Pan
American Conference, a resolution was unanimously adopted expres-
sive of the high ideals of peace and friendship cherished by the
respective members and their countries. On motion of Sefior Don
Eduardo Suarez Mujica, the diplomatic representative of Chile, acting
under express orders from his Government, 1t was resolved to convey
by cable to the belligerent countries of Europe, through the Secretary
of State of the United States as chairman of the board, the following
resolution:
In view of the awiul strife now devastating continental Europe and arousing univer-
sal sympathy, while profoundly disturbing the industrial and commercial interests
of the world, the Governing Board of the Pan American Union hereby resolves to con-
vey to the Government of the belligerent countries an earnest expression of its hope
for peace, as a tribute to the sentiments of fraternity which have inspired the meeting
of the Pan American Conferences.
THE UNITED STATES AMBASSADORS TO ARGENTINA AND CHILE.
The staff of the Pan American Union extends felicitations to Hon.
Frederic J. Stimson and Hon. Henry P. Fletcher, who have been ap-
pointed United States Ambassadors to the Argentine Republic and
Chile, respectively. These gentlemen enjoy the unique experience
of being the sole as well as the first permanent ambassadors in the
capitals of these countries. Their appointments have been favorably
received by the Governments to which they are accredited. Mr.
Stimson and Mr. Fletcher are men of high standing and proven abil-
ity. At the time of his designation Mr. Fletcher was the minister to
Chile, where he has been since 1909. Born in Pennsylvania and a
lawyer by profession, Mr. Fletcher entered the diplomatic service as
second secretary of the legation at Havana in 1902 and was trans-
ferred to Peking the following year. In 1905 he was made first sec-
retary of the legation at Lisbon and two years later was again sent
to Peking, this time as first secretary. After two years of service at
that post he was honored with the position of envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary to Chile. His elevation to the position
58476—Bull. 4—14—_8
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
SENOR DON EDUARDO SUAREZ MUJICA.
Ambassador of the Republic of Chile to the United States.
Sr. Suarez Mujica, who has been appointed by his Government as ambassador, is the present minister of
rue at Washington since 1911. General felicitations have been extended to him upon this new dis-
tinction.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 611
of ambassador is a tribute to his ability and service. The ambassador
to the Argentine Republic is a man of prominence and influence in
Massachusetts. Born in Boston, he graduated from Harvard College
and law school and practiced his profession in his native city. Asa
lawyer he occupies a commanding position, and has been professor
of comparative legislation at Harvard for many years. He has also
served in public offices, is a member of numerous legal and legislative
commissions, and has written books and treatises on judicial and
legislative subjects that are regarded as authoritative. Under the
pen name of “J. S. of Dale’ Mr. Stimson has contributed several
novels of literary value.
A TRIBUTE FROM SENOR BARRIOS, OF GUATEMALA.
It is always a source of pleasure for THe BuLLerin to chronicle
notable instances of the Pan American spirit, whether expressed by
individuals, groups, or nations. Such an event recently took place at
the reunion dinner to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of
the graduating class of the Military Academy at West Point, and was
brought to the attention of the Director General by Col. Wiliam W.
Harts, United States Army. Among those present at the banquet
was Senior Don Antonio Barrios, who traveled from Guatemala in
Central America to attend this gathering of his classmates. Sefior
Barrios delivered an eloquent address, paying homage to Gen. Sher-
man, from whose hands he received a diploma in 1889, and lauding
the United States as a nation which ‘‘has always stood and will ever
stand as the highest exponent of those moral principles of right,
liberty, and justice.’ Sentiments of this character serve to promote
better understanding between nations and make for friendship and
peace on the Western Hemisphere.
THE NICARAGUAN MIXED CLAIMS COMMISSION.
The, Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission, which has been dili-
gently applying itself during the past three years to the satisfactory
adjustment of the claims against that Government, is about to con-
clude its labors. During the period of its sessions it has decided
7,746 claims and granted awards aggregating over a million and a
quarter ($1,250,000) dollars. The commission, which was created by
an executive decree of March 29, 1911, is confined only in the discharge
of its functions to the best mode of affording Justice and equity to
citizens and foreigners alike, and consequently enjoys broader powers
than the local courts. As a result of its decisions, vast areas of rich
land and other natural resources have been returned to the Govern-
ment, while at the same time preserving the legal rights of all con-
cerned. The personnel of the commission included Hon. Otto
HON. HENRY P. FLETCHER,
United States ambassador to the Republic of Chile.
With the elevation of the United States legation at Santiago to the rank of embassy, President Wilson
conferred the honor of serving as the first ambassador upon Mr. Fletcher, the present minister at that
capital since 1909.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 613
Schoenrich, of Baltimore, formerly judge in Porto Rico and member
of various commissions for the United States in Cuba and the Domini-
can Republic; Hon. Arthur R. Thompson, of Washington, D. C.,
ex-commissioner of the United States District Court in Porto Rico
and for many years United States attorney before the Spanish Treaty
Claims Commission in Cuba; Pr. Carlos Cuadra Pasos, an eminent
jurist of Nicaragua; and Sefor Don Pio Bolafios, secretary to the
commission. Copies of the decisions rendered may be obtained upon
upon application to the secretary of the commission at Managua,
Nicaragua, or to Hon. A. R. Thompson, Woodward Building, Wash-
ington, D.C.
PAN AMERICAN MEETING IN BOSTON.
The second annual Pan American Meeting took place in historic
Faneuil Hall, Boston, Mass., Sunday afternoon, Cetober 11, 1914.
The meeting was designed to promote Columbus Day as a holiday
throughout all the countries of the land discovered by the great
navigator. A fine musical program was offered at the meeting, a
reading by Miss Young of the Craig Players, two solos by Signor
Liugi Mainiero of the Boston Theater Company, and a large orchestra
rendered patriotic selections. His Honor Mayor Curley presided
and after a brief but eloquent address, introduced the other speakers
of the occasion, who were His Excellency Sr. Don Federico A. Pezet,
Minister of Peru; His Excellency Sr. Don Carlos Manuel De Céspedes,
Minister of Cuba; and Mr. Edward Albes of the Pan American Union
staff. Especially gratifying, as demonstrating the cordial feeling
of the large audience toward the distinguished representatives of the
two Latin American countries, was the reception of the two ministers.
As each was introduced he was greeted by cheers and applause, which
were again repeated at the conclusion of their addresses. Minister
Pezet, after paying a fine tribute to the United States as being a
country that owes its greatness not to the sword but to the brains and
energy of its citizens, and complimenting it upon its great accom-
plishment in the building of the Panama Canal, delivered a scholarly
and finished address on the fundamental characteristics of the early
settlers of Latin America as compared with those of the colonists of
the United States. He spoke of the struggles of his people and the
remarkable progress they had made; of their high ideals and aspira-
tions; and of the opportunities for closer social and commercial rela-
tions between Peru and the United States now offered by the opening
of the Panama Canal. Minister De Céspides paid an eloquent tribute
to the United States and spoke of his country’s gratitude for all that
the larger republic had done for Cuba. He dwelt on the splendid
achievements of his country in the short time which had elapsed
STIMSON.
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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 615
since its independence had been established, and showed how its
progress, its development of its wonderful resources, the prevailing
peace and consequent increase in wealth, demonstrated that the con-
fidence of the United States had not been misplaced. He spoke of the
gratifying commercial relations between the two countries and the
cordiality existing between them, and of the great opportunities now
presented in Cuban development. Mr. Albes devoted his time to a
general survey of Latin American trade and the opportunities for its
development now offered to the manufacturers of New England in
particular and the whole country in general. In closing the program
the entire audience arose and sang ‘‘ America.”’
DECISION OF THE COSTA RICA-PANAMA BOUNDARY QUESTION.
Under date of September 12, 1914, there have appeared the opinion
and decision of Hon. Edward Douglass White, Chief Justice of the
United States, in the matter of the arbitration of the boundary
dispute between the Republics of Costa Rica and Panama, provided
for by the convention between those two countries of March 17, 1910.
The official award is as follows:
1. That the line of boundary which was purported to be established by the previous
award from Punta Mona to the main range of the Cordilleras and which was declared
to be a counterfort or spur of mountains in said award described, be and the same is
held to be nonexisting.
2. And it is now adjudged that the boundary between the two countries “‘most in
accordance with the correct interpretation and true intention” of the former award
is a line which, starting at the mouth of the Sixaola River in the Atlantic, follows the
thalweg of that river, upstream, until it reaches the Yorquin, or Zhorquin River;
thence along the thalweg of the Yorquin River to that one of its headwaters which is
nearest to the divide which is the north limit of the drainage area of the Changuinola,
or Tilorio River; thence up the thalweg which contains said headwater to said divide;
thence along said divide to the divide which separates waters running to the Atlantic
from those running to the Pacific; thence along said Atlantic-Pacific divide to the
point near the ninth degree of north latitude ‘“‘beyond Cerro Pando,” referred to in
article 1 of the treaty of March 17, 1910; and that line is hereby decreed and estab-
lished as the proper boundary.
3. That this decree is subject to the following reservations in addition to the one
above stated:
(a) That nothing therein shall be considered as in amy way reopening or changing
the decree in the previous arbitration rejecting directly or by necessary implication
the claim of Panama to a territorial boundary up to Cape Gracias a Dios, or the claim
of Costa Rica to the boundary of the Chiriqui River.
(b) And, moreover, that nothing in this decree shall be considered as affecting the
previous decree awarding the islands off the coast, since neither party has suggested in
this hearing that any question concerning said islands was here open for consideration
in any respect whatever.
(c) That nothing in the award now made is to be construed by its silence on that
subject as affecting the right of either party to act under article-7 of the treaty pro-
viding for the delimitation of the boundary fixed if it should be so desired.
‘
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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. G17
A LATIN AMERICAN TRADE CONFERENCE.
An informal Latin American Trade Conference was called at
Washington, D. C., September 10, 1914, by the Secretary of State,
Hon. William J. Bryan, and the Secretary of Commerce, Hon. Wiliam
C. Redfield. This conference brought together a number of diplo-
matic and consular representatives of American business and com-
mercial and industrial organizations, including the Chamber of
Commerce of the United States of America, the Southern Commercial
Congress, and the National Foreign Trade Council. After a general
discussion, which emphasized the commercial needs of both the
United States and the sister republics, a resolution was adopted
requesting the Secretary of Commerce to appoint a general committee
on Latin American trade to consist of the members of the Latin
American committee already appointed by the National Foreign
Trade Council, and representative men from various parts of the
United States. Secretary Redfield accordingly appointed the
following as members of the committee arranged alphabetically.
John Barrett, director general, the Pan American Union, Washing-
ton, D. C.; William Bayne, president of the New York Coffee
Exchange, New York, N. Y.; W. B. Campbell, president Perkins-
Campbell Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; Robert Dollar, president Robert
Dollar Co., San Francisco, Cal.; James A. Farrell, of New York,
chairman National Foreign Trade Council; William A. Gaston, presi-
dent National Shawmut Bank, Boston, Mass.; J. P. Grace, president
W. R. Grace & Co., New York, N. Y.; Fairfax Harrison, president
Southern Railway Co., Washington, D. C.; Alba B. Johnson, presi-
dent Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa.; C. J. Owens,
managing director Southern Commercial Congress, Washington,
D. C.; Lewis W. Parker, president Parker Cotton Mills, Greenville,
S. C.; William E. Peck, president William E. Peck & Co., New York,
N. Y.; William Schall, Miller, Schall & Co., New York, N. Y.; W. D.
Simmons, president Simmons Hardware Co., St. Louis, Mo.; Willard
Straight, with J. P. Morgan & Co., New York, N. Y.; E. P. Thomas,
president United States Steel Products Co., New York, N. Y.; J. H.
Waddell, Hard & Rand, New York, N. Y.; Daniel Warren, American
Trading Co., New York, N. Y.; and Harry A. Wheeler, vice president
Union Trust Co., Chicago, Ill.
This committee met at the New Willard Hotel October 2, 1914.
The Secretary of Commerce and Robert Rose, foreign trade adviser
of the Department of State, were also present. James A. Farrell was
elected chairman, and Robert H. Patchin secretary of the committee.
Mr. W. E. Peck presented the report of the Latin American Committee
of the National Foreign Trade Council as a basis for discussion. This
report was the result of an investigation of Latin American problems
618 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
by persons engaged in that commerce. After a general discussion
and certain modifications and amplifications, the report was adopted
by the larger committee.
TRADE CONFERENCE OF RICHMOND, VA.
The unusual business conditions brought about by the present
European situation has developed an unprecedented interest in
Latin America throughout the United States. Chambers of com-
merce, boards of trade, and business organizations of all classes are
studying the trade situation with the countries to the south in a
practical manner with a view to assuming the commercial respon-
sibility incident to the new conditions and enjoying the opportunities
resulting therefrom. Among the numerous trade gatherings held
during the past few months mention should be made of the conference
held at Richmond, Va., September 29-30, under the auspices of the
local chamber of commerce, for the purpose of considering the possi-
bilities of trade expansion with the countries of Central and South
America. Prominent speakers addressed the sessions, imeluding
the governor of the State, Hon. Henry C. Stuart; Hon. George
Ainshe, mayor of Richmond; 8. Davies Warfield, Seaboard Airline
Railway of Baltimore; Richard H. Edmunds, editor Manufacturers
Record, Baltimore; Julian S. Carr, cotton expert of Durham, N. C.;
H. R. Eldridge, vice president National ‘City Bank, New York; John
J. Arnold, vice president Foreign Trade Division, Chicago Association
of Commerce; L. E. Johnson, president Norfolk & Western Railroad;
J. H. Peyton, president Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway,
Nashville, Tenn.; A. W. Preston, president United Fruit Co., Boston,
Mass.; and Director General John Barrett.
A RAILROAD TRADE EXCURSION.
In the general propaganda for stimulating the active interests of the
business men of the United States in Latin American trade some of the
railroads of the country are taking an active part. In this connection
may be mentioned the recent special trade excursion maugurated by
the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. In order to arouse the interest of the
many large and diversified manufacturing industries located along the
line of this important railway system the officials of the company con-
ceived the plan of organizing a party consisting of special investigators
of Latin American trade conditions, financial experts, and high
officials of the railway company to make a tour of the road from
New York to Buffalo, its western terminus, and to deliver addresses
to chambers of commerce and commercial organizations in not less
than ten of the leadmg manufacturing cities through which the road
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
SENOR DON ROBERTO BRENES MESEN,
Enyoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Costa Rica to the United States.
620 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
passes. The party left New York Monday, September 22, on a special
train, and enthusiastic meetings were held during the week at Easton,
South Bethlehem, Allentown, Wilkes-Barre, and Hazleton, in the
State of Pennsylvania, and at Ithaca, Auburn, Geneva, Rochester,
and Buffalo, in the State of New York. The general interest of
those connected with the manufacturmg and exporting concerns
in these cities, relative to the promotion of Latin American trade,
was best manifested by the large crowds attending the meetings. At
times the halls provided, especially at the meetings, were crowded
beyond their seating capacity, and the speakers received the most
cordial welcome and closest attention. After each meeting the
speakers were introduced to many of the auditors personally, who
plied them with a flood of pertinent and timely questions relative
to details of trade conditions, shipping facilities, products of Latin
American countries, banking facilities, ete. On every hand were
heard comments of hearty commendation of the plan of the Lehigh
Valley Railroad Co. in thus inaugurating a campaign of education
for the benefit of the patrons of the road, and in every city visited
the meetings were pronounced a decided success. Mr. T. N. Jarvis,
vice president of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co., was personally in
charge of the party, being assisted by Mr. P. H. Burnett, industrial
commissioner of the company, and Messrs. W. J. Fahy, special agent,
and John Duffy, advertismg and publicity agent. Among other
officials of the railway who made the trip were Mr. F. J. Woulfe,
general freight agent; Mr. J. J. Teal, assistant to the vice president;
and O. M. Barras, division freight agent. The special guests of the
raulroad company who made the addresses to the various commercial
organizations were Mr. Charles M. Pepper, formerly foreign trade
advisor to the Department of State of the United States; Mr. W.
S. Kies, manager of the foreign trade department of the National
City Bank of New York; Mr. Samuel H. Barker, financial editor of
the Philadelphia North American; and Mr. Edward Albes, of the
Pan American Union staff. Mr. M. Drew Carrell, special representa-
tive of the new Buenos Aires branch of the City National Bank of
New York, was also a member of the party.
SENOR PEYNADO AND LAS NOVEDADES.
The Pan American Union takes advantage of this opportunity to
extend its best wishes to Senor Don Francisco J. Peynado in his new
position as director and part proprietor of Las Novedades (The News),
a Spanish weekly newspaper of New York City. This paper, now in
its thirty-ninth year, occupies a ranking place in the Spanish press of
this country, and its new management, now jointly vested in the
hands of Seftor Peynado and Seftor J. B. Vicini B., promises to still
further enhance its news and literary merit. Senor Peynado, it will
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
SENOR DR. SANTOS ANIBAL DOMINIC,
Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Venezuela to the United States.
622 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
be recalled, served as minister from the Dominican Republic at Wash
ington for several years. His broad and intimate association with
Pan American affairs, together with his previons training and educa-
tion, make him eminently fit for the directorship of this important
periodical. Las Novedades aims to be the true and sympathet
exponent of the Spanish-speaking peoples in the United States.
AN HONOR TO EX-MINISTER DU BOIS.
As a token oi the esteem in which the people of Colombia hold tie
Hon. J. T. Du Bois, former Minister of the United States to that
Republic, the Colombian Academy of Jurisprudence of Bogota, fo-e-
most among the learned institutions of the country and of Pan
America, has adopted a resolution of thanks for the services ren-
dered by Mr. Du Bois as a friend of Colombia. The resolution was
made public in the Review of the Academy, as well as in other
prominent Colombian papers. Mr. Du Bois deserves to be compli-
mented on this honor in recognition of his high sense of apprecia-
tion for the notable qualities of the people among whom he served
so successfully as the representative of the United States, and of
his desire to do justice to his endeavors for a better understanding
between the two countries.
MAGAZINE ATTENTION TO LATIN AMERICA.
The present interest in the relations between the United States
and its sister republics south of the Rio Grande is not alone confined
to business organizations, but is reflected in an equal degree by the
press of the country. Newspapers and magazines are devoting con-
siderable space to a careful analysis of the situation and are discus-
sing this question from a sound and practical standpoit. Trade
experts and authorities on Latin America are everywhere considering
the opportunities while laying particular stress upon the responsi-
bilities which confront the business interests in the present effort to
increase the exchange of commerce between the United States and
South America. In view of this extraordinary inte-est the director
general has been literally overwhelmed with requests to prepare
articles dealing with this subject, but he has been obliged to decline
the majority of them on account of the press of official duties. He
has made a few exceptions, however, in the case of The American
Review of Reviews (issue of October), Sunset, the Pacific Monthly
(issue of. October), The Scientific American (issue of October 3),
and the Saturday Evening Post (issue of October 10), because of
the high representative character of these publications and the value
of their columns in reaching a vast number of the thinking and read-
ing public.
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624 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
A NEW MAGAZINE.
THe BULLETIN is in receipt of the first number of The Americas,
the magazine published by the National City Bank of New York.
In its columns may be found a large fund of information of value
to the manufacturers and exporters of the United States who are
interested in the development of a greater Pan American trade.
Its leading articles are conservative, forceful, and to the point.
The purpose of the publication is succinctly set out in the following
foreword:
In The Americas it is hoped to create a medium which will be of assistance in bring-
ing the business men of the United States and South America closer together, and to _
provide an instrument for the interchange of ideas regarding the aims and projects
of Pan American commerce. For this purpose it is essential to have the cooperation
of all those interested in the upbuilding of reciprocal trade relations. A free exposi-
tion of views as to how trade relations may best be promoted and specific suggestions
as to what banking and commercial services will be most helpful are earnestly invited.
Much valuable work of this nature has been done and is being done by the United
States Government, by the Governments of our sister Republics of South America, by
the Pan American Union, and by other institutions and organizations. Much is yet
to be done. There must be full cooperation and a definite coordination of these
activities. It is hoped that The Americas can be of assistance in this important
work. Its services are freely offered.
LATIN AMERICAN BANKING.
The passage of the new Federal reserve act, with its provisions
for foreign banking, and the announcement that the National City
Bank of New York is now establishing branch banks at Buenos Aires
and at Rio de Janeiro, have stimulated the banking periodicals to
establish special South American columns to discuss topics connected
with this new phase of United States banking activities. The Finan-
cier, a banking journal of New York, in its issue of September 12,
under the heading of ‘‘Making Our Bow to South America,” an-
nounces that it will maintain such special columns in an effort to
make the titles of American banks, the names of their officers, and
the extent of their facilities for transacting business thoroughly
familiar to the banks and bank officers of South America.
SOUTH AMERICAN EDITION OF THE BOOT AND SHOE RECORDER.
That the leading trade journals of the United States are alive to
the situation anent the opportunities to extend Pan American com-
merce is evidenced by such publications as the Boot and Shoe Re-
corder (Boston, Mass.). This journal publishes a monthly edition in
Spanish for circulation in Latin American countries, and the an-
nouncement is made that the October issue will be a special feature
number. In addition to this special publication the Recorder an-
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Bull. 4—14——_9.
aS476
626 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
nounces that it maintains a prompt service in translating and answer-
ing letters in Spanish for its patrons, assists in the compilation of
catalogues and other advertising matter, and in the selection of suit-
able agents, credit information, etc., through its agent in Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
DAWE’S FEDERALIST.
In Dawe’s Federalist, the first number of which has just reached
this office, the business men of the United States will find a medium
through which they may keep themselves informed relative to Federal
legislation, judicial decisions, and other governmental activities
which may affect their interests. Mr. Grosvenor Dawe, until recently
chief of the editorial division of the Chamber of Commerce of the
United States, is the editor of the new publication, while Mr. Robert
H. McNeill is its counsel. Mr. Dawe has been connected with some
of the leading magazines in the United States for many years, and
his work as organizer of the Southern Commercial Congress and his
subsequent activity in the launching of the Chamber of Commerce
of the United States have brought him into personal contact with
hundreds of the leading business men of this country. The two lead-
ing articles in the initial number, ‘‘The Supreme Court and the Rail-
roads” and ‘‘The Shreveport Rate and General Decisions,” by Robert
H. McNeill, and the ‘‘Federal Reserve Act Popularly Explained,” by
George E. Roberts, Director of the Mint, are examples of clear,
conservative expositions of recent activities in the judicial and legis-
lative branches of the Government. |
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL ECONOMICS (INC.).
The value of motion pictures as an educational factor is strikingly
emphasized in the recent organization of the Bureau of Commercial
Economics (Inc.) at Philadelphia. This bureau, established by an
association of leading colleges and universities, manufacturers, trans-
portation companies, and other organizations, will disseminate indus-
trial and vocational information by the graphic method of motion
pictures, showing how things in common use are made or produced.
The work of the bureau is purely philanthropic and will be maimtained
through endowment funds and annuities. It is the plan of this bureau
to display its reels and slides in schools, public institutions, trade
conventions, playgrounds and parks, when admittance to the public
is free. Cooperating in this movement is a large list of representa-
tive universities and colleges, prominent manufacturing concerns,
railway companies, the Pan American Union, and others. Francis
Holley is director of the bureau, with offices in the Bellevue Court
Bnilding, Philadelphia, Pa.
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PROMOTING PAN AMERICAN TRADE.
The picture shows some of the prominent officials of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. and their guests on the
South American Trade Special which left New York on September 22, 1914, for the purpose of arousing
the active interest of the manufacturers in the 10 leading cities through which the road passes. Reading
from left to right on the picture, the members of the party shown are F. J. W oulfe, general freight agent;
W.S. Kies, manager foreign trade department of the National City Bank of New York; P. H. Burnett,
industrial commissioner; Walter J. Fahy, special agent; W. W. Abbott, superintendent Auburn divi-
sion; Edward Albes, of Pan American Union staff; Charles M. Pepper, formerly commercial adviser to
the Department of State; T. N. Jarvis, vice president Lehigh Valley Railroad Co.; John Duffy, adver-
psing aud publicity agent; and M. Drew Carrel, Buenos Aires representative of the National City Bank
of New York.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 629
SCHOLARSHIPS FOR THE STUDY OF SPANISH.
From time to time mention has been made in these columns of
the increasing attention which the schools and colleges in the United
States are devoting to the study of Spanish. As the relations between
this country and the other American Republics grow closer and more
intimate, there is also apparent a corresponding appreciation of the
necessity and importance of the Spanish language. To encourage
its study, Mr. J. G. White, president of the J. G. White Construction
Co. of New York, has established three scholarships at the Pennsyl-
vania State College, to be awarded to the three students displaying
the greatest proficiency in acquiring that language. In offering these
prizes Mr. White has expressed the hope that thereby young men
may become better fitted to engage in Pan American commercial
and industrial relations.
IMPROVED SHIPPING FACILITIES.
As evidence of the practical benefits of the recent congressional
enactment permitting foreign bottoms to assume an American reg-
istry for the purpose of encouraging the reestablishment of a mer-
chant marine in the United States and aiding in the development
of the foreign trade with the southern countries, THE BULLETIN
quotes the following message recently received by the Secretary of
Commerce, Hon. William C. Redfield, from the president of the
United States Steel Corporation, Mr. James A. Farrell:
Our steamship Crofton Hall is sailing to-day for Chile and Peru and steamship
Bantu for Uruguay and Argentina, carrying total 18,000 tons miscellaneous cargo.
These are the first steamers sailing from the United States to South America under
new American registry law, and will be followed by eight more steamers under the
American flag and insured in Government bureau of war risk insurance.
In this connection mention should also be made of the steamship
service of the United Fruit Co. In its circular of September 18, 1914,
the company announces that future sailings from New York and
Boston of 15 of its vessels will henceforth be under the flag of the
United States.
The Two Americas. By Gen. Rafael Reyes, ex-President of the Republic of
Colombia. Translated from the Spanish, with added notes by Leopold Grahame.
With 31 illustrations from photographs. New York, Frederick Stokes Co.,
MCMXIV. Pages, 324. Price, $2.50.
This volume, the work of one of the great travelers of America and of one who has
had long experience on both the practical and the reflective sides of life, appeared
first in serial form in the pages of the New York Times Sunday Magazine. The sub-
divisions into chapters are headed: Visit to Europe; In Paris; In the United States;
Karly Explorations; The Panama Canal; From New York to Brazil; In Brazil; Bahia
and Rio de Janeiro; Sao Paulo; Through Brazil by Land to the River Plate; Uruguay;
Chile; Argentine Republic; In Camp and City; Argentine Conditions, Progress, and
Culture; Argentine Commerce and Finance; .Peru; Bolivia; Ecuador; Colombia; and
the Conclusion. In this comprehensive view of the activities of most of the Republics
of South America the author presents a picture that must recommend itself to the
student interested in the future of American institutions. Comparisons are drawn
between conditions in Europe among the Latin peoples (the book was written before
the present war) and in the United States, and the effort is made to use these compari-
sons in studying the peoples and governments of South America. Gen. Reyes sees
indications of a change in the international relations of Latin America and prophesies a
better mutual understanding on the part of the two Americas as the commercial and
other bonds between these great world divisions increase. Such books as this of Gen.
' Reyes help to remove the ignorance still existing in each grand subdivision about the
other. Especially at this moment, when lines of thought and action are being so dis-
turbed and require such a careful and basic readjustment, many of the thoughts and
expressions in The Two Americas should sink deep into the mind of the reader and of
the student. The book, translated by one who preserves in good English the spirit
of the original Castilian, gives a sympathetic and fairly comprehensive view of its
subject and deserves a permanent place in the growing literature on America. In
fact, The Two Americas as presented by the author, Gen. Rafael Reyes, and by the
translator, Mr. Leopold Grahame, should be considered almost as two books. There is
a distinct advantage in reading the text of one and then of the other, because, in. addi-
tion to preserving the flavor of the original Castilian, the translator has contributed a
ripe experience and a sincere sympathy to his labors. The spirit of comprehension,
not alone of the Spanish, but also of the subject, breathes through every page. The
author can be congratulated that he was so fortunate in placing hi. book in such com-
petent hands.
It is desirable to mention here that these volumes, the English translation some-
what before the Spanish original, were received in the library of the Pan American
Union early in the summer, but the notices of them at first prepared were intentionally
delayed until this number of the BULLETIN, because the unfortunate war in Europe has
demanded greater attention than ever to Latia America, and therefore the particular
opportunity to study American international relations through The Two Americas
should be emphasized.
Latin America. By William R. Shepherd, Professor of History in Columbia University.
Henry Holt & Co., New York; Williams & Norgate, London. Pages, 256. Price,
50 cents.
This book, which forms one of the series of The Home University Library, is a
distinct and important contribution to the literature of Latin America by a writer of
630
BOOK NOTES. 631
authority. In fact, few men are better qualified to write on these countries than is
Prof. Shepherd, whose name has for many years been intimately associated with Pan
American affairs. His knowledge of the countries and peoples has been gained through
travel, close study, and keen observation. Recognized as a sympathetic friend of
Latin America he has been favored with appointment to honorary professorship in
the University of Chile, with membership to the Argentine Scientific Society and to
the National Academy of History of Venezuela. In the 21 chapters the author has
considered the development of the American Republics from the colonial periods to
those of the present day, not country by country, but grouped as a whole. Among
the subjects treated in the special chapters are international relations, geography, and
resources, social characteristics, industry, education, science, journalism, fine arts,
and other such phases of civilization. In his discussion, Prof. Shepherd draws from
one country or another illustrations of similarities, or of differences, in character,
spirit, and attainment, and emphasizes the special achievements that merit attention.
Analyzing certain traits and conditions of Latin America and its peoples, the author
at times appears critical, though in a friendly spirit and lacking entirely any touch
of hostility or malice. Prof. Shepherd has embodied a vast fund of information
despite the limited space at his disposal. Freely and frankly he has recorded the
results of his observations, and this work may well serve as a general introduction to
the more specific study of the various Republics in Latin America.
The Young Man’s Chances in South and Central America: A Study of Opportunity.
By William A. Reid (for 12 years associated with Latin peoples, etc., now on the
staff of the Pan American Union, Washington, D. C.). Pages 173. Published
by the Southern Commercial Congress, Washington, D.C. Price, $1.
A practical book of this character should give details in many directions, and this
is Just what the reader finds in the Study of Opportunity. The division heads are
not called chapters, but are groupings under such titles as Experiences and Obser-
vations; About Positions and Opportunities, in which the field is examined in agri-
culture, labor (skilled and unskilled), engineering and constructive professions,
salesmanship, teaching, journalism, manufacturing, hotel business, law, insurance,
banks, medicine, dentistry, with a concise statement on the cost of living in South
America; Stories of Success and of Failure; Social Environment; Student Movement;
and Factors in Development. There follows a list of many firms employing North
Americans, and an indication of sources of information about Latin America, in
which mention is made of the Pan American Union. Scattered through the pages
- are numerous anecdotes about men and conditions, showing how success was reached
by the proper methods, or how disaster resulted from an improper and vicious inter-
pretation of the opportunity presented. Such a book is valuable reading, and serves
to collect, between the two covers, much useful information that has hitherto been
available only in fleeting references of magazine or newspaper files. That it deserves
commendation is evidenced by the fact that Chances in South and Central America
is entered as in stock among the outside publications on the list of books for sale by
the Pan American Union.
The Library of the Pan American Union has recently received a series of books
from the house of D. C. Heath & Co., comprising a set of their Lectura Natural, in four
volumes, and a set of their Método Natural de escritura Practica, in eight booklets.
The first set presents graded exercises in learning to read and in advanced reading
for the Spanish-speaking child. From simple words and phrases it advances through
these volumes to the enjoyment of real stories or descriptive articles, selected from
the best Spanish authors. These exercises are not mere translations from the English,
but are prepared in the-original Spanish, by Spanish scholars, and directed by teach-
ers who know what the Spanish pupil requires. They are of value for all schools in
632 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Panama, but seem to be well suited to native schools
in all Spanish America. The page is clear, the text distinct, and the type quite clean
and large. The books cost 30 cents, 40 cents, 50 cents, and 75 cents, respectively. The
same criticism may be applied to the writing books. They have been prepared
with special reference to the Spanish learner, and are not in any sense a translation
of anything in English, although they have received as much care as if they had been
originally compiled for English pupils. These can be obtamed im a series or in mul-
tiples of any single number (eight in all) at the price of 60 cents a dozen. The Pan
American Union would be pleased to hear from any teacher who may have used these
books in practice, for they surely seem, from outside the schoolhouse at least, to be
thoroughly usable and appropriate.
Investors’ Four Shilling Year Book, for 1914. Supplementary to and published
by the Financial Review of Reviews, 2 Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London,
S.W., England. 494 pages. Price, 4 shillings ($1).
It is difficult to give an idea of the immense amount of information contained in this
volume, because it is so extensive and at the same time so condensed. The prin-
ciple of it is, like that of the Financial Review of Reviews, to give a trustworthy
presentation of the condition of any stock company listed in the United Kingdom.
That this purpose is accomplished is evident by a study of the text. Of course
for the person interested in Latin America only, much of the book is extraneous to
the subject, but nevertheless practically all of the industrial enterprises—railways,
construction companies, light and power companies, breweries, land companies,
hotels, meat-packing companies, and others—are presented in their financial rela-
tions. These details include their capitalization, stock issue, assets and liabilities,
and present status. There are in addition brief summaries of the national, state,
and municipal debts of various countries, with a brief description under each country
of its geographical and other relations. The book bears every evidence of a valuable
volume of reference.
The English Address Book of the Argentine Republic, of British and North American
Residents, Business Houses, Institutions, etc., ninth edition, 1914. Published
annually by Robert Grant & Co., Cangallo 542, Buenos Aires.
Probably this is the most complete edition that has appeared of its character. All
the names of English (and North American) residents in Argentina are given alpha-
betically; the business houses are also so arranged, and in addition there is abundant
information of a general character which is very helpful to one studying conditions
in the entire Republic or in Buenos Aires by itselt.
The American Fertilizer Hand Book. Seventh annual edition, 1914. Ware Bros. Co.,
1010 Arch Street, Philadelphia, U.S. A. 470 pages. Price, $1, postage paid.
It contains a manutacturers’ directory, with similar lists of other allied manufac-
turers, and much useful information, including a poem on the virtues of fertilizing.
There is a very interesting and readable article on American kelp and the potash
products derived from it, well illustrated.
The Statesman’s Year-Book, 1914. Fifty-first annual edition. Macmillan & O©o.,
publishers. May 1, 1914.
ES ; ane : ie
To mention the receipt of this latest volume is to state that an old friend has come
back in the new dress. The Statesman’s Year-Book is so frequently consulted in
the Library of the Pan American Union that it could not be spared. Several war-
rantable changes have been made, including a revision of the Latin American bibliog-
raphies, and a fresh map of the Balkan States has been added.
BOOK NOTES. 633
The American Year Book, 1913. A record of events and_ progress for 1913. Edited
by Francis G. Wickware. D. Appleton & Co., New York and London.
The American Year Book is by no means a compendium of facts, as are many
almanacs issued annually, but a résumé of the world’s progress for the past 12
months, prepared in a systematic and orderly way. It aims to give, especially by
means of the extensive index, a ready reference to the student of all that went to make
history, especially in America (the Western Hemisphere), but with sufficient refer-
ence to foreign affairs and relations to complete a survey of the world. A carefully
prepared bibliography accompanies each article or section, so that further reading
may be prosecuted, should it be desired. The compilation is almost unique in annual
publications, and should be welcomed as an invaluable source of information to all
who seek references to the year’s events.
The Mexican Year Book, 1914. A financial and commercial handbook, compiled
from official and other returns. Seventh year ofissue. Issued under the auspices
of the Department of Finance (Mexican). New York, 32 Broadway.
The abundant official statistics offered in former issues are here given, revised
according to the data and events of the year 1913.
The Sea and the Jungle. By H. M. Tomlinson. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York.
354 pages. Price, $2.50. Being the narrative of the voyage of the tramp steamer
Capella from Swansea to Para in the Brazils, and thence 2,000 miles along the
forests of the Amazon and Madeira Rivers to the San Antonion Falls in the years
1909 and 1910.
Many have written of the Amazon region, the rivers and the forests. Bates gave his
diary of a naturalist; Agassiz tells us of his journey into Brazil. Both are naturalists
and describe what they saw as students of the material world around them. Tom-
linson is different. He may have observed things, and occasionally he drags in
scientific namesastf he thought it appeasing to his publisher to show some acquaintance
with modern literature and the physical conditions surrounding him. His only effort,
however, is to reproduce the impressions on the human soul as he penetrated the
unknown wilderness which we see on the map as the Amazonian jungle. His are
startled eyes looking out from a mind accustomed only to documented known. He
sees the wilderness as nature made it, and transcribes his feelings in words of emotion,
not of science. It is on that account the best that has ever been written about that
mysterious region, still in pristine solitude, the last remaining area of the world’s
surface unconquered by man. Let this one quotation show the character of his
writing:
The forest of the Amazons is not merely trees and shrubs. It is not land. It is
another element. Its inhabitants are arborean; they have been fashioned for life in
that medium as fishes to the sea and birds to the air. Its green apparition is per-
sistent, as the skies and the ocean. In months of travel it is the horizon which the
traveler can not reach, and its unchanging surface, merged through distance into a
mere reflector of the day, a brightness or a gloom, in his immediate vicinity breaks into
a complexity of green surges; then one day the voyager sees land at last and is released
from it. :
The forest, since we entered the Para River, now a thousand miles away, has not
ceased. There have been the clearings of the settlements from Para inwards, but those
clearings alter the forest of the Amazon no more than would the culling of a few weeds
alter the aspect of an English cornfield. The few openings I have seen in the forest do
not derange my clear conscienceness of a limitless ocean of leaves, its deep billows of
foliage rolling down to the only paths there are in this country, the rivers, and there
overhanging, arrested in collapse.
But to quote further could not bring out the charm and the gentle humore of the
book. It is real literature based on truth. It must be read, for it belongs to the per-
manent treasures of Amazonia.
634 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Diseases of Tropical Plants. By Melville Thurston Cook, Ph. D., professor of plant
pateleey Rutgers College. Macmillan & Co., London, 1913. Pages 313. Price,
$2.70.
The author was for some time chief of the department of plant pathology for the
Republic of Cuba, and thus can speak from direct study of the diseases of plants in
the Tropics. There are 85 illustrations scattered through the 10 chapters dealing
with the various tropical and subtropical vegetation, with a scientific analysis of the
structure, normal condition, pathology, cause of diseases, and treatment of such
important crops as that of the sugar cane, cotton, citrus fruit, pine apple, tobacco,
coffee, banana, coconut, and a host of others. The illustrations are well done, and
most of them are original.
Did the Peehnicians Discover America? By Thomas Crawford Johnston, San
Francisco, Cal. With Foreword by Oliphant Smeaton, M. A. F.S. A.
A careful study of all evidence available at present, giving any light upon the
early voyages of the Pheenicians, with a deduction, amounting to proof in the author’s
mind, that the cbscure mcnuments of the past, left in parts of the western shores of
both North and South America, were due to these hardy commercial explorers, who
crossed the Pacific Ocean and left colonies behind them. It is the work of a scholar.
The Banana. Its cultivation, distribution, and commercial uses. By William
Fawcett, B. Sc. (London), late director of public gardens and plantations,
Jamaica, etc. Published under the auspices of the West India Committee, Lon-
don, Duckworth & Co., Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, 1913. Pages 287.
Price, 7 shillings 6 pence (about $1.80).
Such an authoritative book will be welcomed by the many banana planters who
are interested, whether commercially or botanically in the cultivation of this remark-
able fruit. There are 34 chapters embracing every phase of the growth, diseases,
transportation, and preparation of bananas, with an appendix on recipes for cooking
them. There are 17 illustrations covering many of these topics. The matter is good
reading for one interested in following the development of the banana industry in
the Tropics and can well serve as a textbook for the practical grower.
Die Cordillerenstaaten. By Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Sievers, professor at the University of
of Giessen. Two volumes (a third promised), 12 mo., each volume approximat-
ing 150 pages, with a series of illustrations in the back.
The first volume has an introduction, and deals with Bolivia and Peru; the second
with Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Chile and Argentina are promised vol-
umes by themselves. These are handy pocket textbooks on the Andean countries,
full of facts and description, but with no attemptat giving opinions that might preju-
dice the traveler. They partake of the German thoroughness. Being in German,
they give the Eureopean rather than the American peint of view in most of the matter,
but as the data are usually scientifically substantiated, they are trustwerthy reference
books for those who read them.
SS an
SUBJECT MATTER OF CONSULAR R REPORTS
( EGS
5 PE ge BAG Se SS ees ACR PO a SS a —— Sa
REPORTS RECEIVED TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1914.!
Title. Date. Author.
ARGENTINA.
1914.
Ree KG! Lownie rae inl Aas NN oo ccopas ccs sooposnccnsecasoanoscues July 3 | William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario,
Rhucumanwaycrown sem tenonicapitaless=nseeeesee cere ec eee eee otOKOoscoe Do.
OVGrN aaa So acesa eae ass Sonot raAnose cane sate sebpGoneaceosoaeeE July 6 Do.
Facilities for free temporary entry in Argentina..........-.-.--- sO sas5e Do.
APP TO MD TROCL (Shin JOBS), cones snasomodascocoseadosanqeoessac 5-1 02s55- Do.
@ons trig WOMMVOn Keecrereeiae cleparies ain saree ier eee iaren sissy tei ceiere July 13 Do.
limpontsyo kealyanizedsLO nee secs =e eee eee ese ae see asec sees July 15 Do.
Steehinteniormish sacsassc hoes cae ee See Saco eais eee =~ OW. scoc Do.
PAS COTS atop rarer Aare NOG oe eee Eee Ol aan Ea aitoueee aera July 16 Do.
ATENUTS OOO SOP UNG = ooaseeccadcodcascobansssebdanscaeaces July 17 | Leo J. Keena, consul general,
| _ Buenos Aires.
Raniwaryaailunenine ane onivin aeess eer eeeee er aee eee eeeee rear eeee July 18 | William Dawson, jr., consul,
Rosario.
Sugar and other industries in Province of Tucuman, Argentina. .|...d0.....) Do.
Oil wells in ATS ONE G aeee te tino Saeed nessa ace cepa cemae cee July 21 | Leo J. I<eena, consul generil,
| Buenos Aires.
GrowihlombankinggineATcentin dase eeeeeeeeeetcee eee cere July 22 | Do.
ENG SEO WaT Be sees aes oo = Ae arlene oe anne SRST ais rarstonieevareiers July 23 | William Dawson, ir., consul,
Rosario.
WHURCHETOOG Sees cases ee a ee oe See eae eee oe ose n.05] Do.
Concession for street railway contruction at Parana............- ese0K 006] Do.
MIKO GMs a een eee Sas sana dnocosesensoncecdousaoSnuSaascs July 25 | Do.
Cotton goods, imports by counstries for four vears, 1919-13... ...- July 31 | Do.
BRAZIL.
Soft a tS Peeves eer sicst cise tiaieisrsome isle ee tetcios eam etuee gewoon cine June 24 | Maddin Summers, consul,
Santos.
Comiumlenrceandhnd UstrlesMoril 913 masses see eee eee eee June 29 | P. Merrill Griffith, consul,
Pernambuco.
Commer ceran den GuStrnlesh Ol ONS mers meee ee ese ieee July 11 | Julius G. Lay, consul general,
Rio de Janeiro.
CommercelolspontJalspl LOW UM eys 0 pl O04 eee eee ee errs July 24 Maidin Summers, consul,
Santos.
Second section of report on commerce and industries for 1913...-| July 27 | Julius G. Lay, consul general,
Rio de Janeiro.
(Carenani@ 19) OOS). NOR OMAR. 5 coc sconneooscussossssaupscoueeucusad Aug. 12 | Albro L. Burnell, vice consul
| | general in charge, Rio de
| Janeiro.
Coltonubh alighose nas = sees eee atl ane ae eee ier PRE ed Ofeee Do.
EtouseholdguitensilSteyeeererer eee ee eeter eae oe see eeeee eee eee ee ed Osea Do.
LMpPoLtationlorexplosiviesss| lil —12 seems seen eee eee eee eee Aug. 12) Albro L. Burnell, vice consul
| | general in charge, Rio de
| | Janeiro.
Steeliwand OwxSaShesiee so ase ees aoe aera eiee cea ORE Aug. 13 | Maddin Summers, consul,
| Santos.
imports ofbicyclesuntoyBrazil OV lisse eeee eee eee | Aug. 14, Albro L. Burnell, vice consul
general in charge, Rio de
Janeiro.
HGS einn cesads cn tata ti toes RAR eARE Hs RAE R ee eae ees ee sere lee dozeee Do.
ELE OLAW OLS tase era eee (ah Satis Sree srs raps oe ie Se | Aug. 18 | Do.
CHILE.
Exports from the United States to Chile......................... June 26 | E. B. Easterling, vice consul,
| Valparaiso.
ITO ES MiineGel Neel TSO, Co soon sedsoousosseesucuscocnouscs | July 27 Do.
ISSMCOSSINTG TEMAS 110. WENT NISO) oo cocansssocascenasnedssocescenes | July 28 Do.
Wommercejandsindusiriesiorn Ol Sse ee eee eae eee |...do...-| Percival Gassett, consul,
Tquique.
COLOMBIA. |
ZT AC CYEXLENS 1 ON Sera en penne pare ae age nine Se, Dee RE | July 8} Isaac A. Manning, consul,
| | Barranquilla.
Mining and industries in the Choco.....................---.---.-| July 13 | Louis G. Dreyfus, consular
| agent, Quibdo.
Womeshicandaco Gionky cease sss sae eee ee eee | July 16 nad A Thomson, minister,
| ogota.
Pele PRON eS meses ee creer erect in y secatos ean Sees | July 20 | Chas. W. Doherty, vice con-
sul, Cartagena.
zMan Golub ion gal WIA MORAY 5 gocoes sees anocssoaaoaddbeuoadeaoenaocee leecOlos sc Do.
Siteelkwind OwsSashes seawater ties cre tials Sheen ee eto serene | July 23 Do.
! This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America,
but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this institution.
635
LATIN AMERICAN PORRIGN TRADE
AMO) INL;
TRADE
ARGENTINA.
$877, 711,376.
BRAZIL
$641, 593,196.
ARGENTINA. CUBA
4408, 711, 966. $308, 581,785
NICARAGUA )
Gee ler BRAZIL CHILE
5 }
AOI $ 326,428,509 $ 264, 227, 313
$5,132,678: MEXICO
SALVADOR. 4 2A8, 088, 977.
$6,173,545. URUGUAY
PARAGUAY $115,808, 000.
$7,671,551 >
PERU
TEUANGRI, ee $ 74,001,062,
$8,100,125. i), oi cen
COSTA RICA
$8,778,497. $62, 851,032,
DOM. REP. BOLIVIA.
$9,272, 278. 457,151,390
GUATEMALA VENEZUELA
$10,062,328. +47, 513,892.
ECUADOR, GUATEMALA.
$10,354,564 $74, 512, 254
PANAMA, ECUADOR.
$10,400, 000. 424 044, 260.
DOMINICAN REP
419, TAZ, 225.
HAITI
$19,415, 684,
COSTA RICA.
$19, 211,050.
SALVADOR.
PANAMA. AF SENTINA $16, 10Z, 269.
$2,467,556) # 7 58,999,410
: , PARAGUAY
HONDURAS BRAZIL $13 a 552
$3,300,254) . , 5
+ 315,164,687.
ICARAGUA PANAMA
$3,861,516: $12,867, 556.
NICARAGUA.
$8,828, 336.
HONDURAS
48,432, 932
$ 164,823,059.
ECUADOR,
$13,689,696, GRAND TOTAL
GUATEMALA $2,864, 518, 151.
$14,449 926
FAN AMERICAN UNION.
SUBJECT MATTER OF CONSULAR REPORTS. 637
Reports received to September 30, 1914—Continued.
Title. | Date. \uthor.
COLOMBIA—continued.
1914.
BIG CHES Aiael WAOWOROWVOWS ccascsasccacvoccesccseouaesuupocecsuses July 24 | Thad. A. Thomson, minister,
| | Bogota.
AG WLI OE TINT OWES ces Seer orate tne octey crete nie Sees ciniaitge rete st steersiess July 27 Chas. W. Doherty, vice con-
| sul, Cartagena.
ED ANITAGS ee Meeycercie sieeve ate aerote cer eI RR Ie Ste eae esheets Seecee sts Aug. 3 Isaac A. Manning, consul,
Barranquilla.
SOen aa! ouuiehing mee 5. ss5ecuceagac snc aenacsensetecesouse Aug. 11 Do.
Nonicuilitunalamachinenyerrerrncascere eet tece neces ee tes sees \sacOOnos al Do.
Cat Heme qea cares sae nee a FPS ena e Kee et oe oe arsine ase domes Do.
IDOI GIA qaAUKO ING Seam ae ae curtalde sas sec Retr era ee ree renee tel aa donee Do.
NAIR) TRO) NS Gos oeyecanaeess ep Ree Sa ee caper N Mc Ne eIS OTST NM Te orale |; Aug. 14 Thad. A. Thomson, minister,
| Bogota.
ID ealershnywe bChesee 54 soacoe see eo oe ce Re ce eerie emacs - aeClO5 cel Do.
List of jobbers in power and steam specialty supplies and iron |...do.... Do.
foundries. |
Lists of railways with offices in Bogota, dealers in machinery; |...do..-.- Do.
printing houses. |
Dealers Thal AHUUOOAOOVIKS So) ONE 5 65 cao sc deh osess -esusosenscescesee Aug. 15 | Isaac A. Manning, consul,
Barranquilla.
Chemicals Se es pa EN ae yl Spe eat feet rele ee panes dere te | Aug. 7 | Do.
Tanning chemicals (no entry of TIMP OLES) Pe. t oss osseee cee cele do....| Chas. W. Doherty, vice con-
| sul, Cartagena.
MIG CARINE 5 ane een SS Rese Sen el ene ne ee ee eres ac as Sie area | Aug. 18 Do.
Wealterprootine(usedifor roohinesete>)sa-nssssesecee eee eee Aug. 25 | Isaac A. Manning, consul,
| Barranquilla.
Tbaayooreyis) Maio) COMO No coc ooncocuacoodaodsesesonoccesososesannloss do....| Chas. W. Doherty, vice con-
sul, Cartagena.
COSTA RICA
Champ esi itaniitettds-5: eseue pets er on oe ata ay err nner tert July 15 | Samuel T. Lee, consul, San
Jose.
Commerce and trade of Port Limon district for 1913...........-- July 19 Do.
CUBA.
Foreign trade of Cuba for calendar year 1913..............----.-. July 17 | James L. Rodgers, consul
general, Habana.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
IGANG Oit OLAMATETES CuMGl GUANO. X. - -. so Sa cecocnceecsucesescaeece | July 29} Charles H. Albrecht, vice
| | and deputy consul general,
Santo Domingo.
Motorade liveryaGATsy (a Oe T AG ket) eapeseeey a ee yee eee ete _..do....| Frank Anderson Henry, con-
| sul, Puerto Plata.
IB RMITRS OS sett A see IOP ROE Nee eee ene aes Series Brae ns Sete Cs .s.c 51 Do.
Cement ee See ee ee ee eee Rar stip can mance, ys ae _....| July 31 | Charles H. Albrecht, vice
and deputy consul general,
| Santo Domingo.
HITE PLOO LM Sep OTTO OLS OsMaAnKe t) sees eae eae Aug. 28 Do.
SASUUCOIMO DILES Reet eecy som sets SS Tas artspeaee Bree ees, tas tes ae Aug. 31 | Do.
ECUADOR.
IBYCUAG OTST OLES ee eee earl ee ots RSet ty ie er Bae eee June 30 | Frederic W. Goding, consul
| general, Guayaquil.
EDSPOGUSMMOMBH CUaG OT OTN LOIS eee ase eee ee eee ee July 24 | Do.
(Moe Wieimenval (een eT) JOR. Loeb codacceedocdsecaoees=eossconee Aug. 1 | Do.
GUATEMALA.
Toilet articles, imports of perfumery in 1913.............-.--.--- Sept. 1 | Stuart Lupton, consul gen-
eral, Guatemala City.
HONDURAS.
INehionallkanttomo)oilelsch 00] sees aaa neers ee July 7) E. Me eye, consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
Comme;ncelotebondunaston loses =eee eee eee eee eee edoseee Do.
(HATS CEI he wee Tame merase ee nee mee See rire Sacred mone ae iy uly 15 Do.
HEOO ind ase seared epee, GM ml i lan eeu ete ee cnn he July 16 Do.
Growthyontheypancelypost ineb ondurase eee ees eee ane July 17 Do.
(COO JOR UTS eee eee eae ea ne clarity Bele _.| July 20} John A. Gamon, consul,
| Puerto Cortes.
Newspaper publications..........._. Um of Vii Mae ge See ee a et EdOneEe Do.
Mirani Gee ee SN east niet TN coh aN ey Gee ter July 22 | EB. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
German steamship service.............---.------- Peete Eto e Sam July 23 | John A. Gamon, consul,
Puerto Cortes.
LGU OTS ee ee eS eee ee es me a Be Ae eee July 27 | E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
ANeartrenilinnan @OmMGTOOS.coo-scscesncas scene sedspeccossunctsesssee July 28 Do.
TBXOVAN See ec ci oe Ma cle ee ie A eg ne ee eta, cee dO neva: Do.
638
THE PAN AMERICAN
UNION.
Reports received to September 30, 1914—Continued.
Title. Date.
HONDURAS—Ccontinued.
1914.
INO VASO Oi TEeboL, AYO I WON Cease sce acosccsecuocossecccesec July 29
IGT CO WiRG oy ec eate ee ee ere eS UN eer legac ea ete eee aay July 30
Supplement to annual report on commerce and industries for 1913.| Aug. 3
Paperctnad Gms, els c.gsdt Pee sic cree aie Se aes cee Ses Eis ieee Aug. 11
Rertumless soaps, and toiletarticless.. 2. ------ ssssee se 22 seers le sOOss65
|
COVd=Walerip UINES ee Sasso ieee ee eee ie Se pe eee Aug. 13
Copnjenenes ciavel Haeluoweres, NON 55 conpoonconccobnoossccuancosce acl O Marek
TmmisrationtlawSeees Hees cee Cee ee noe ee ae ene eee eee ae Aug. 20
Miedicalvedir cations scree: ctere Sele otras ee ee eae | Aug. 27
MOO FONG HENS) WMEMIGI. < scot cesboscausenonne sscaassceoese sane be sGl@5-
Packing goods for shipment to Honduras............-...-------- 1 {COs see
Cattle and ust e eee eae Sasa eae eee eens ) Aug. 28
PEUMICS ATI Ma ISOS: wisey pseu ee teen bee ley oo ad 2 ee ap te Aug. 31
Shay Dhaene eee ti ers Shey ae ES 8 oar Se ect SAN TRS aaa ane ee Sead Otis
MEXICO.
Tonnage of vessels clearing the port for United States, quarter | Apr. 3
ended Mar. 31, 1y14.
Tonnage of vessels clearing the port for United States, quarter | Undated.
ended June, 1914.
Shipments of crude oil for quarter ended Mar. $1, 1914.........-- Apr. 9
Costs Of Ibhyihars eyt w Ryan = .6oncoocwenoaneonsoccosougccanoneuecce July 14
Shipments of crude oil for June quarter of 1914. ................. July 17
Commerce and industries for calendar vear 1913. .............--- July 21
FINE ROOT, COONS tery ase mee ee sey eet sce see dor Mire chee ee eens July 22
IDBIAO GIEHIGSS a aa aa OHO nacaatoad ayaa spo SABES nt me saaeasuae | Aug. 10
ID ealersuingny alintsee te Meee os eae cena le Meter es cae Be eee ‘Aug: 12
Comeolaninn cinGl Ibinglewitn. 5552 sseosecesoceoosoncsdasedooosesseue Aug. 17
IRMGAVOLIES eliaval TWNOWOROVCIAS. o scoscsooecsoocosSneseeacosUacascoseuc sdone
Annual report on commerce and industries for 1913..........---. ‘Undated.
(QCOYE Roy pees Ri Ae Stan, SE tre er EU UEay SOE, Ns CATE et Mee Satie Oy pene ee ee WeAumie. 2
Moiletipreparatonsce wes cece see se oe ae OTE CEC EEE ee eee Aug. 22
iINewsstieam's ni piSORviGess cee ace ae ee reC eee een cer eeeee saGlOs oi: ¢
Soaprandkcardlesitityaanssetsay cine Cree carte eee Aug. 24
Crude oil shipments for month of July, 1914................-...- | Aug. 25
|
New taxation schedule in San Luis Potosi. .......:............- | Aug. 29
SW OW OAS Sree atest shee tg y= fot nes EER Oe els ropa Pag ep eT acl omen
Hlectrichlamip sists eee e oe eee Sees Aug. 31
Dealersnmiwand OWselass se asa oe ce meee aati ee eee VaarOWaone
MEOUTOTD LC GIT OSE ek ater re ey ar thnohs oie aaron eee | Sent. 1
American shipments through pert of Tampico.............-..-- | Sept. 2
Exponbationiolsood sulpplicsspromilbitedia masses esse eee ese eee| see GO. aa -
Onlishipmentsihroue hy lami COR eee ae ea ee Sept. 3
1CrraVol ybuan hp COMO WHI. 5 oe caee -sese sone scsescsseseossesescecslisce do
Win GOW elas. 22 595 eee nee, BAe te Rare pre NCU gene e e dose
Metal bedsteadsaa se race im ce Reet ace ee ek caet eee see toate el aa Cs. cco
List of general dealers. Trade extension................-.-...-. | Sept. 4
Mlectricallls up plies gece ea ees ete ee ee pe ee a ere are | Sept. 5
COMCCICLO DE eee sae a ete en Se eae TCE eS oa en ere | Sept. 7
COE) 2) U Seater te HG REC Meee oe ok PL ll Sept. 8
Author.
E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
Do
Do.
John <A. Gamon,
Puerto Cortes.
E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
0.
Walter F.
Ceiba.
E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
ciealns:
consul,
Boyle, consul,
Walter F. Boyle, consul,
Ceiba.
Do.
E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
John A. Gamon, consul,
Puerte Cortes.
Do.
Clarence A. Miller, consul,
Tampico.
Do.
Do.
A. Q. Brown, consul, Mazat-
lan.
Clarence A. Miller, consul,
Tampico.
0.
Wm. W. Canada, consul,
Vera Cruz.
Marion Letcher,
huahua.
Louis Hostetter, consul, Her-
mosillo.
consul, Chi-
Wm. W. Canada, consul,
Vera Cruz.
0.
Philip C. Hanna, consul
general, Monterey.
Wm. W. Canada, consul,
Vera Cruz.
Marion Letcher, consul, Chi-
huahua.
Thomas EH. Bevan,
Tampico.
Wm. W. Canada,
Vera Cruz.
Thomas H. Bevan, consul,
Tampico.
Wilbert L. Bonney, consul,
San Luis Potosi.
consul,
consul,
Wm. W. Canada, consul,
Vera Cruz.
Philip C. Hanna, consul
general, Monterey.
Do.
Do.
Thomas H. Bevan, Vice con-
sul, ‘Tampico.
W illiam C, Blocker, vice and
deputy consul, Ciudad Por-
firio Diaz.
Thomas H. Bevan, vice con-
sul, Tampico.
Marion Letcher, consul, Chi-
huahua.
Wm. W. Canada,
Vera Cruz.
Wilbert L. Bonney,
San Luis Potosi.
consul,
consul,
SUBJECT MATTER OF CONSULAR REPORTS.
639
Reports received to September 30, 1914—Continued.
|
Aqithor.
Title. Date
PANAMA.
| 1914.
Healthireorulationsston barbenshopsmemeesssses see eser eee nee er | July 18
Matsfanidiceneallseeneer cre cc resect ceria rn aia re Heese ee July 20
SHES OS (BOUIN INOS) c oaks da45 dete de sactoadocsoscdeoseoues | July 21
INewssteamilaundnyforban am anaes eee eee nee eee en | July 23
INGUy Oy tnt Tew TANONE 4 oascces soc cusesoacecasssecuorsssanee encosmee
Mam can eSeyd CPOSILS ees ters ee naan eae eae teeter | July 27
SUE AN SHIP ISERVACC He eee eee terse | easyer eer ee De Seem erie | Aug. 5
IDO ESSE 5 aan cle SEES ae e eee a ee a eae eee ON aemeDner | Aug. 29
BD EXPOLLA ONTO fice POLO Lip Tce Clee eee ee eee (eee Oe
OST eS) sere er I eo RE Sor he ea RS era (et do
EA DUCA YS) ese a Gere ee Seen eee tect ench een Ss ely ee SPSS ge | Aug. 31
Imports of beer in 1912 (latest figures) - BAAN etre is Ae ae ee Bare Sept. 1
Motion-picture business... -.-. Fee eave Ban See Su Ore eee eens eae GOs oo e|
ANTS EMU) TONEY As boc Scapa secs sane ccsdsaseeusadesascoc=ce- | Sept. 5
MIO TOREVE MICOS Hea ates ere eee oe een chs ere sees ete Seen | Sept. 8
PERU.
Timber in Panama. List of railways in operation.......-.....-. June 30
PMoningamachineny nuk erilene ees eee ener aan eee eer | July 10
Trade by countries. Increased importations from United States.| July 18
Coal and coke imported into Peru for 1912-13................---- July 25
EW VAENIS Key ese vmsatspe ts cca oes are yNrna re ta eB ieee ees Se July 31
Costioitkee pin gemitlles Been eee eee a eee nee ~oGWascsl
Wahiskysnimponrts tors 9135s ealenstas sss seers ree eer ene adOseee
Imports of leather, 1913. Duties on leather. ................-.-- Aug. 1
Exportation of articles of actual necessity prohibited. Exporta- Aug. 12 |
tion of gold and silver.
SALVADOR.
Annual report of commerce and industries for 1913............-.. | July 31
Statistical tables, supplementary to report on commerce and in- | Aug. 10
dustries for 1913. '
Publication, ‘Memoria de Hacienda y Crédito Piblico”’.........|...do--.
URUGUAY. |
Incubators, brooders and poultry supplies, coal dealers; prices...) July 23
|
VENEZUELA.
Commerce and industries for 1913. Exports to the United States.| June 9
Whisky, brandy, gin, cognac, and-absinthe...................-. | July 8
Onkonsan dalw.oodisect eee een am ee a a hn ee a eine tages | July 11
TERT OWES) e eats pO ere Ute I i ER ee ee July 16
Commerce and industries for 1913...................-...---.--. | July 20
A. G. Snyder,
consul gen-
eral, Panama.
Do.
Paul Osterhout, consular
agent, Bocas del Toro.
Wi. H. Gale, consul, Colon.
A. G. Snyder, consul gen-
eral, Panama.
Do.
Wm. H. Gale, consul, Colon.
Do.
Wim. W. Handley,
general, Callao.
consul
Henry F. Trennant, consul
general, San Salvador.
Do.
.| T. Hinckley.
Albert G. Ebert, vice consul,
Montevideo.
Thomas W.
La Guaira.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Voetter, consul,
“, Y yy yY Y ao yy Yy YoU, Ory YG, Ye, Y Wy YU,
YG %
G4 GG ay
Wy, yy “Ye ‘Wk Yn y Y
4444, $44
todd bo de ld Gb ln Uh
CQ
NY
N
NSS
SN
WG
S
S
QQ
\
S
ing to the report of the Director of the Bureau of Fiscal Accounts, Senor Don
je E total foreign commerce of the Republic of Salvador for the year 1913, accord-
Bernardo Arce, amounted to $6,173,544.84 gold, imports; and 23,527,781.54
colones silver, exports.
Hstimating the colon silver at 42.2 cents United States gold, the exports would
amount to $9,928,723.81, and the total trade to $16,102,268 .65.
The statistics of foreign trade for the year 1912 were: Imports, $6,774,859.43;
exports, $9,942,184.32 (22,341,987.23 colones silver, converted on the basis of 44.5
cents); total trade, $16,717,043.75.
There was therefore a decrease for the year 1913 as compared with the preceding
year of $601,314.59 in imports, and on the basis of the conversion as above made of
$13,460.51 in exports, or a total decrease in the foreign trade of $614,775.10.!
IMPORTS.
The imports by countries for the last five years were as follows:
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
|
United States. -.... Neots 3 sete $1, 344, 315. 79 |$1, 346, 597. 13 |$1, 815,051.13 |$2, 627, 700. 22 | $2,491, 145. 93
Wmitedekane dome se ae = ae 1, 438, 613.90 | 1,165,992. 80 | 1,543, 827.54 | 1,904,546.16 | 1,603, 846. 44
Gemma. eokscnossonceoese 482,341.70 | 407,391.97 | 533,127.56 | 664,674.45 | 713, 855. 30
iEtreun Ce See eseien calle Rite ast 285,169.66 | 262,294.21 | 386,026.53 | 397,252.05 | 418, 111.17
Rie ere eer As cebu waters Cam 157,707.99 | 1338, 699. 78 191,400.08 | 288,399. 60 | 224, 826. 80
TBYe) en bina etl ree eee ee a RAD 104, 550. 13 65, 613. 37 128,068.81 | 224, 274. 52 | 204, 194. 72
SD SUIS cee peeee opty cme artis 82, 473. 91 67, 185. 04 83, 291. 05 87, 631. 21 | 110, 257. 56
Netherland Shee s seater 38, 196. 40 | 63, 413. 65 61, 674. 23 74, 717. 55 92,679. 79
UIs OR Nae RS i salt aen a es Wee ee cee capes 69, 061. 82 62, 172. 48 79, 952. 43 55, 839. 38 | 87. 615. 03
IMIG CO sis SE RO, hers ta pie hel 8, 202. 74 8, 999. 24 85, 298.32 | 239,930. 56 | 58, 008. 98
Chin ae seer enes S00 64,766.70 | 73,618. 86 74,249.40 | 81. 278. 88 56, S88. 78
Austria-Hungary ................ 16,583.87 | 12,468. 21 29,488.80 | 23, 297.55 24,943. 23
Sime d emer ues sso yee ae aoe 12, 000. 33 | 15, 179. 35 17, 213. 83 12, 625. 53 | 18, 751. 48
INIGERDEND, -co5ssscoccoscoslesons 12, 368. 42 19,214. 44 9, 044. 00 15,911. 81 15, 219. 89
BD Cuad Ore easiest eee 7, 075. 00 10, 656. 00 16, 665. 50 24, 294. 80 14, 912. 25
ShWiiASMBING! 4 6 scascancasaseusesc 3, 443. 82 4, 356. 36 | 5, 369. 27 7,184.19 8, 947. 87
TEV uUvege| Daa Uae a eee Mn ara Al pearcum ia eke 2, 238. 55 6, 856. 74 9, 825. 17 7, 21. 62
COS taxi Cae Pies Ses ecund toner A uals sePareeaned a 268. 00 404. 80 1, 585. 24 5, 400. 00
Demmi ar kes ete eee one ya 5, 425. 64 2, 607. 33 6, 165. 40 5, 723. 60 4,076. 05
IN OT velveteen ae een ih hea eee IRN | 1, 706. 18 1, 434, 26 2, 893. 18 3, 423. 09
TNA aNaS pe ee Mame L (bee person meas Pea areas 5, 767. 75 2,218. 70 3,161. 57
Cina ai Seis ch ea Nea ae 1, 597. 62 812. 50 2,599. 47 | 3,516. 69 1, 520. 96
Giratemlal ae eee er aera Ae nica) pacer 763. 00 1, 149. 72 | 451.15 1, 099. 00
I Ra DIsisy Fe vG3 ape ye eaten AI Aen alr IN Wins. Coe sleet 5 1 a 225) 916. 77 729.95
ECAH ON YG ey Seper es Meera ety RE Ree ocala nae aK os ep hal (ake eee Mune Se 44. 00 363. 25 617. 50
IPA INTO SER ONE i a hie oo ae aoe ere roars | erecta ites whee | heli p iste amn tal 80. 00 | 1, 086. 50 605. 00
EON Gurase. verre ore ey ee 36, 386. 69 13, 414. 74 | 28, 778. 64 12, 755. 90 500. 00
Gina ca em ne ee Caan ROR eer ian ce ic: ral 23. 65 | 2) 413.52 920. 13
Oiherconntniesss say se ete | 6, 649. 43 4,586.00 443,90 1,551.30 464. 75
ING Gell eRe eee oN oe | 4,176,931. 56 | 3,745, 240.19 | 5, 113,518.06 | 6,774,859. 43 | 6,173, 544. 84
i
1 Comparisons, one year with another, when the exchange medium is silver converted into gold values
are at the best always unsatisfactory. The statistician is more or less forced to make the conversion on
the basis of yearly average price of silver.
entirely to the fall in value of silver.
2 In 1909 included in ‘‘ Other countries.”’
3 In 1909 and 1910 included in ‘‘ Other countries.’’
640
2 f The result reached thereby is fairly accurate from an inter-
national viewpoint, but is often, as above, misleading from the domestic viewpoint.
In reality there was,
as shown above, a considerable increase on the silver basis in Salvador’s ex
port trade; the decrease is due
COMMERCE OF SALVADOR FOR 1913.
The following table shows the imports by articles for the last five years:
641
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Bertilizers)ede soc. e een eee $2, 661. 50 $8, 870. 87 $22, 373.87 | $130, 426. 49 $123, 600. 58
Mineraliwaterseeeecesen encoun 3, 352. 55 2, 388. 81 1, 522. 80 6, 110. 71 4, 406.96
RON COMWALO SEE le esac cee scecian Leon eee ene 22, 833. 79 35, 664. 74 62, 236. 22 54, 350. 57
Cottonsyarmenc ease eee ance 128, 362. 99 131, 372. 00 174, 851. 74 181, 240. 96 167, 082. 27
Cotton cloth and manufactures
thereoieacmeaceee cone neee teas 1, 492, 999. 74 | 1,391, 245.75 | 1, 767,579.63 | 2,016,953.22 | 1, 476, 537.96
LONG) Ease OE Pe oe a ee ee oe Sen oered 90. 00 746. 00 4,797.08 8, 792. 33
ancyganvicleswacseen ne eeee ee cee 7, 123. 66 9, 141.39 6, 836. 06 2, 980. 25 10, 710. 22
CACRO RS pa sect eee eock Suc nial|lsteteieecsniseees 48. 50 28. 40 463. 47 5, 523. 79
Bimeland(cement ss ee-ceeneeeeee 11, 472. 83 10, 167. 84 12, 678. 01 33, 178. 67 42, 073. 85
Boots, shoes, and findings. ...... 145, 961. 76 174, 888. 02 259, 285. 59 213, 724.15 234, 779. 25
Hemp manufactures............- 4, 780.34 7, 071. 69 8, 690. 37 12, 467. 26 14, 410. 28
Beer and ginger ale.............- 22, 299. 32 24, 939. 02 41, 025. 96 45, 757. 76 46, 492. 47
IBTOVASIONSSes eee Gaon ee eee 102, 863. 38 62, 950. 74 81, 877.67 114, 787.55 112, 173. 42
Glassware Mec. Wei ce seco cometsene 23, 811.91 19, 435. 06 33, 612. 13 48, 879. 04 26, 578. 83
eather coodsSese eee eens 3, 312.14 4,317.02 6, 534.35 17, 424. 28 33, 488. 64
Drugs and medicines...........- 193, 213. 82 214, 509. 67 207, 981. 64 418, 983. 56 477, 677.63
Spicesiandhteaseseseeee seen eee 4,804.45 4, 209. 01 5, 374. 37 8, 786. 42 9, 298. 03
AGW AOC eee ysl nts te enn 199, 427.10 229, 429. 23 279, 335. 64 564, 283. 57 759, 866. 20
Matches see aati eas eae 34, 165. 84 20, 648. 72 24, 840. 90 26, 863. 85 31, 734. 83
TOUT See eee aso oe see eres | 260, 708. 27 247, 437.65 263, 402. 88 392, 883. 27 333, 139. 04
Wewelryis een Goes edie sise 4,270.75 8, 097. 25 10, 251. 23 3, 749.15 2,914.51
MUCH hata sepcetodbacesues. 210. 36 1, 930. 89 737. 72 165. 72 362. 58
Woolen fabrics and manufactures ‘
thereolspincyac cease ete ee 68, 304. 63 53, 032. 51 86, 076. 00 100, 209. 07 65, 613.99
Rrintedybooksmec-een eect eee 6, 841. 93 5, 836. 66 15, 421. 67 6, 602. 78 15, 328.31
Distilled liquors. ...............- | 25, 389. 06 30, 709. 22 42,910. 80 56, 231.77 60, 663. 09
Teinenythredd an eee ee Ne call asic siete ooeeom | a ct seysre real Neston oberon 324. 71 93.32
Linen cloth and manufactures
thereolenssocacecu one saece ons 11, 621. 52 5, 466. 75 8, 467. 59 10, 667. 14 12, 744. 49
Stone and china ware............ 32, 466. 93 26, 691. 97 30, 075. 87 41,315. 09 40, 516. 87
Lumber and cork............... 3, 252.65 3, 393. 96 9, 885. 76 25, 119. 30 33, 476. 38
Tndian\Com'd aisissoco sees oe ous see ceeereane lee eeneesecoccalecae aeyaasees 190, 716. 12 1, 646. 50
Agricultural machinery 29. oss s alesse eee eee 16, 752. 35 32, 399. 84 60, 956. 59 91, 374. 03
All other machinery............. 53, 149.39 53, 856. 46 88, 273. 87 214, 716. 34 242, 568. 79
Marble seer e ey oS sce 7, 842. 75 5, 503. 57 10, 955. 99 4, 008. 20 4, 450. 80
Soap and candle grease.........- 89, 059. 65 93, 986. 53 138, 011. 12 178, 091. 04 160, 465. 35
Haberdashery and notions... .-- 22, 217.36 29, 125. 47 52, 312. 54 36, 564. 48 42, 737.63
COT eae eeu caeinaciod 74, 897. 22 12, 224. 00 30, 284. 90 8, 664. 69 6, 533. 80
Furniture and cabinetwork ..... 12, 006. 41 10, 112. 68 13, 605. 69 21, 658. 67 18, 961. 81
Paper and stationery...........- 26, 329. 04 28, 484. 30 28. 563.38 52, 483. 48 37, 168.97
Hiliminatineiousseeeeeeseeee eee 23, 645. 79 14, 610. 68 19, 875. 77 21, 794. 66 25, 798. 32
Blantsjandiseedsitis =: 2. aoe 2 oases aaciscse ame 285. 88 593. 63 1, 647.95 1,910. 24
Rerfumeryises sa eaccee coc oee eee 17, 563. 47 21, 958. 37 25, 872. 92 24, 762. 14 42,197.75
Cheese and butter............... 13, 045. 65 19, 640. 08 12, 744. 51 22, 608. 35 16, 943. 93
iBaestonicomeaseeeee eae tee cece. 117, 904. 06 59, 315. 66 102, 077. 79 117, 073.05 126, 613. 03
SilkyGhnead eae soe sins sane es 22, 790. 06 33, 666. 51 26, 630. 00 28, 415. 01 19, 323. 09
Silk fabrics and manufactures |
theneote eee Berea one 89, 098. 85 68, 809. 80 91, 299. 96 102, 739. 14 114, 169. 89
PanamayhalSasece setae oe eee 7, 075. 00 9, 826. 00 16, 665. 50 24, 062. 80 6, 031. 40
Hats other than Panama........ 29, 099. 49 23, 278.17 40, 118. 76 36, 857. 86 38, 919. 46
MODACCORS: sense cee ceece oe eee 1, 749. 01 3, 164. 89 2,010. 90 3, 704. 39 3, 739. 67
Wandlesasein se easee rence nae 3, 542. 98 aloo 5, 092. 43 13, 706. 45 52, 625. 26
WAIN OSipatcee ecto eiae not eiee cine 78, 041. 25 63, 909. 72 110, 044 98 112, 159. 67 123, 197. 96
Miscellane@ousis) 20 222-222 ee seen 304, 107. 58 346, 912. 34 477, 231.39 573, 697. 49 582, 280. 31
Articles admitted free........... 389, 087. 12 403, 516. 51 350, 783. 80 376, 158. 35 209, 456. 16
ERO tA eee ere See 4,176, 931.56 | 3, 745,249.19 | 5,113, 518.06 | 6,774, 859.43 | 6,173, 544. 84
1 Included in 1909 under ‘‘ Miscellaneous. ’’
2 Included in 1909 under ‘‘ Articles admitted free.”’
The imports by principal articles and countries for the year 1913 were as follows:
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.
Fertilizers: Kilos.} Cotton yarn: Kilos.1
Germanyleee see eee 852,530 | $57,300.31 United Kingdom..... 274, 840 | $149,175.18
United States...-.... 995, 030 41, 801.19 12,547 6, 046. 18
United Kingdom..... 276,448 | 20,975.38 2,922 | 3,637.18
Hiince seuss ee 170, 000 2, 443.00 3,399 | 2,825.98
Other countries... .... 35, 000 1, 080. 70 6,496 | 2,722.80
_————————— 2,837} 2,053. 45
Total sn senccassae 2,329,208 | 123,600.58 651 621.00
Fence wire: Totals sow meson ue 303,692 | 167,082.27
United States........ 1, 106, 605 53, 276. 23 (ee
Other countries....... 19, 404 1,074.34 || Cotton cloth and manu-
| factures thereof:
Total occ eeceetiees 1, 126, 009 54, 350.57 United Kingdom..... 961,453 | 834,546.04
ee United States ........ 617,930 | 346,385. 94
1 Kilo=2.2 pounds.
58476—Bull. 4—14—_10
SALVADOR
COMME Ci -1gi2
TO Tin) Plog. coeses
IMPORTS EXPORTS
$6,173,544.84 $9,928,723, 81
WA We
$2,491 ,145,93/
i |e OAC wa)
“7 KINGDOM
$1,603, 84644
$110, 257.56
UNITED STATES
$2,823,850.99/% FRANCE
$2,030, 345.71
PAN AMERICAN UNION
COMMERCE OF SALVADOR FOR 1913. 643
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.
Cotton cloth and manu- . Drugs and medicines: Kilos.
factures thereof—Con. Kilos. United States........ 656, 332 | $239, 504. 90
Ttaly ee ee aaa 167,072 | $132, 739.56 United Kingdom..... 264, 185 75, 301. 08
Germany ssa a 42,509 58, 493. 84 Hrance a 108, 772 74, 884. 50
Hrancee Uae eee oy 66, 623 50, 835. 36 Germanys aseeeeeene 168, 183 63, 295. 88
Spain ese sere Te 20, 451 23, 695.50 Spain see 2, 803 10, 196. 58
Bel zinm ae es ue 24, 261 20, 262. 59 Tay SC ae as 21,814 7,338, 42
Austria-Hungary. .... 3,474 5, 143.17 Beloiumis eae 31, 444 3, 722. 74
Switzerland...-...... 631 1, 854.00 Denmankaeeagu lee 250 1, 083. 45
Japan's Oe Bees 2, 286 1, 760.34 Other countries...__.. 2, 499 2, 350. 08
Other countries... ._. 756 821. 62 fe)
———_ |——___—. Motal:|2 sade ssuDss 1,256,282 | 447,677.63
Motal | shoo esc scse 1,907, 446 /1, 476, 537.96 ——————
=—}_ _ >————— . || Hardware:
Lime and cement: United States........ 8, 853,926 | 495,692. 36
United States........| 1,600,560 17, 338. 91 United Kingdom..... 932,691 | 116,263. 43
Belgie eee 1, 189, 683 11, 486. 63 Germanya asa 630,900 | 115,685. 43
Germany eee 1,111, 829 10, 236. 77 Belziumes says 211, 087 17, 448. 18
United Kingdom..... 200, 203 2,002. 47 Hrancess. 0. eaee 20, 242 7, 902. 14
Other countries..._._. 68, 639 809. 07 Titalye ee ee 6, 103 2, 108, 27
——____|—_____ Austria-Hungary - 11, 498 1, 476. 29
Totaljscae: s. Pin 4,170,914} 42,073.85 Mexingu: ais nue! 2,358 | 1,271.72
S| ——— Other countries....... 4,347 2,018. 38
Boots, shoes, and find- a a
ings: Dotalees ae yee Wh 10, 673,152 | 759,866. 20
United States........ 99, 600 154, 754.95 _
Germanyea eee 28,095 58,105.34 || Matches:
United Kingdom..... 18, 700 8,581.90 Swedenssaenseee ca! 71, 062 18, 140. 95
Trance jee yaa cones 3, 993 5, 405.32 Genmanyapeeeneeaee 40,754 11, 297. 38
Austria-Hungary... 4,455 2,538.35 Switzerland.......... 7,910 1,344.12
Belsinmeesse a 1, 236 2,376.09 Other countries....... 4,009 952. 38
tally ees 1,598 1, 256.70 _Beasen niet
Spainkite wanecra cop 3, 130 1, 229. 60 Totala 4: mee eae Ne 123,735 | 31,734. 83
Other countries....... 399 531.00 sd
S| = || Flour—United States..... 7,346,301 | 333,139. 40
Mota eniaccsoee 156, 206 234, 779. 25 SSS
SS |S |] Woolen fabrics and man-
Beer and ginger ale: ufactures thereof:
Mexico son) ed 144, 894 21, 692. 66 United Kingdom..... 19,772 29, 339. 52
Germany aes ee 110, 116 11, 097.65 Genmanyaene eee 9,199 9, 923. 32
United States........ 44, 696 5,098. 11 baly, Soy gos eee ar te tea 3,370 8, 254. 11
United Kingdom..... 53, 494 4,990.32 INFANCO sae oe ae 5, 906 8, 205. 31
Denmark sees al 25, 818 1,318.02 Eeuador ee ee 4,965 7, 488. 85
TANCE ne eileen 1,538 1, 088.55 Other countries....... 2,065 2, 402. 88
Other countries....... 10, 824 1, 207.16 ——_—_——_——
S| otal sie eee ees 45,277 65, 613. 99
Motel seacessonee. 391, 380 46, 492. 47
—————— =>———— _ |} Printed books:
Provisions: Dae ee eee 6, 892 5,047. 97
United States........ 272,101 44,461.74 Rrancege Spey meen ot 11, 706 4,872. 36
INTANCE eee eck cone 54, 883 22, 884.44 United States........ 3,424 3,556. 72
Spans yee er 6i hs 46,913 | 10,596.38 Other countries...__.. 5,222 1, 851. 26
nited Kingdom..... 33, 741 8,986.41 |
Italy ase sera sens 24, 704 7, 393. 54 Totals: Was Mees oe) 27,244 | 15,328.31
Germanys as i ese 51,677 6, 393. 89 ——————S—S
JRO ne Cal AEs 21,308 3, 825. 78 || Distilled liquors:
IND AUER S Sueno eBesoob 19, 829 3, 002. 82 iBrances eee sea 45,151 | 31, 483. 21
Chinas Se a od 5, 607 1, 701.89 United States........ 25, 700 8, 965. 35
Other countries. ...... 46,580 2, 926.53 Mexicos concen slat: 63, 069 7, 980. 80
el Spain cee ome as 17,689 5,441. 81
Mota na. 3 che cee 580,674 | 112,173.42 United Kingdom..... 14, 880 5, 137. 05
[|] SS Other countries....... 8, 341 1, 654. 87
Glassware <<<] —_—_———
Hermany, ao matetes « inate 71, 388 12,089. a Potaleessasee eee 174, 830 60, 663. 09
eleharmet sens oe 40, 647 3, 930. 24 « : SSS] SSS
United States....1..! 16,686 |) "3,614. 58 || Stone and china ware: a en
EAN Ce ae eee ees 18, 166 2, 296. 05 United Kingdom..... 15, 821 3, 046, 93
Mexico. occeloccossess 1,370 1, 148, 82 Austria-Hungary ..... 13,984 2: 090. 77
Austria-Hungary fSec06 5, 480 1,167.04 Japan ania 9 030 9 067. 92
Other'countries:->22=- ORES |e Besse? i aCe ee ial MUL He T5 || mera
Total se en wD 171,091 | 26,578. 83 Other countries. ...... Ce one
Leather goods: Total as 279, 313 40, 516. oy
United States......... 6, 453 22,974.44 || Lumber and cork: ii ce Se aha tora Rae oA
Germanye-e-e elo: 3, 660 6, 107. 61 United States. ....... 28, 706. 11
United Kingdom..... 1, 487 2,022. 74 Germanya es sececees 1, 606. 15
Hrance |e eee sees ease 566 1, 446. 30 Spain........ aboossoo5 1, 167. 63
Other countries...___. 535 937. 55 Otherjcountricss 5 ae ae 1, 996. 49
otal eral 12,701 33, 488. 64 Totals: so 2 S52 sles ea sek es ee 33, 476. 38
644 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Quantity. Value. | Quantity. Value.
Agricultural machinery: Kilos. Bags for coffee: Kilos.
United Kingdom..... 158,846 | $37, 747.09 United Kingdom..-... 609,219 | $108, 086. 23
Germany.....-.------ 191, 106 31, 766. 69 |; Mrance.: 4.55 s-cs- <= 49, 156 6, 038. 52
United States. --..---. 98, 717 20, 923. 25 | Germanys esses ee 24,521 4,511. 58
Other countries... --.- 1,004 937.00 |) Netherlands.....-..-- 14, 793 2,981. 57
$$$ }——_—__—_——-_ in di aes 11,911 1, 655. 00
Notables eee os 449, 673 91,374. 03 Belgium.......-- 6 5, 362 1,201. 75
Riis ube | Other countries....-.-- 7,475 2,138. 38
United States. .....-- 576, 748 160, 151.03 Motal yess casas 722,437 | 126,613. 03
United Kingdom..... 224, 043 41,551.04 SSS SS
Genmanyeeeeesesneace 86, 280 30, 945.97 || Silk thread:
Rrance. semen menn: 8,312 4, 545. 11 China UR away een ee 2,362 | 18,917.64
Spaineeeeeee- pesboonds 11, 675 4, 049. 64 Japamleene sees n ae 30 405. 45
Other countries... ..--. 14.717 1, 306. 00 Fare _———____—_—
eS Otallcn Sete as a8 2,392 19, 323.
otal cee a a 921,775 | 242,568.79 || _ on
_———————— Silk fabrics and manufac-
Soap and candle grease: tures thereof:
Belem see 492,898 | 96,691.31 Japan............---- 7,164 | 76,410. 67
Netherlands.......-.- 195,307 | 41,122. 38 (lathe) cosceoepsceras=- 2,935 | 26,338. 15
United States........- 107, 529 8, 860. 78 IRENE) 4 Gncoasaso8es 1,071 5, 943. 80
rane sesso eenee ae 24, 342 5, 260. 97 Ecuador. .....--...--- 153 1,392. 00
Genmanyseeses spares 21, 764 5, 090. 07 United States..... 295 1,363. 14
United Kingdom..... 41,357 3, 411. 64 Germany 397 1, 228. 05
Other countries..... . - 129 28, 20 Other countries 356 1, 494. 07
Totalisyeaw eet ees 883,326 | 160, 465. 35 otal epee eases 12,371 | 114,169.89
Haberdashery and no- Hats other than Panama:
tions; Italyerscteneiseeiocsisecits | sacee ata 26, 381. 09
Germany ase eee eee | lege ae eeu 20, 047. 28 IDNs oe oosdcesds||aseeac=5ece= 5, 155. 21
Hranice iene ete. Villiage ene wee 12, 604. 67 MIG AEs acbasaqoddeood|cnescasessce 4,097. 73
TAPAS 3,598. 50 German ysmere eee | See eee 1,581. 95
WTEed:Stetesey ee. onium mens 1, 706. 40 Other countries......./---...------ 1, 703. 48
Ching ere eee cee ee aa 1,399. 00
LR oe LO SINT A I FL Su a2 1, 396. 36 INOW) scesboudocecédlcesdossscces 38, 919. 46
Other countries-2222 5.222525 1, 985. 42 = ==
ieee Candles:
G NYY RAE MIR ow ley ml PRUE eee 42, 737. 63 Netherlands........-- 203,349 42, 046. 54
i ———ee United Statesi--.5---- 34, 562 5, 124. 74
Furniture and cabinet Belgium. .--------.--- 15,357 2,733. 71
work: United Kingdom..... 16, 419 2, 638. 56
United States. .......|.....-..--.. 7, 932. 89 Other countries....... 112 81. 71
OLIMANY oer se ienic/sare asic uaa versie 4,770. 24 MMA lis
Brance. 6 Seawater abe 2, 063. 66 Totaless sea sceeea 269, 799 52, 625. 26
Othercountries eas eee eens 4,195.02 || Wines: = aaa
liguare oer IRTanee 2. .enaceeae ns
otal panera, «lee 18, 961. 81 Spain. Pp oaaae 132,783 | 9300697
" _——$——— nited States......... 174,576 | 20, 443. 88
Raper and ealinscay ; Genmnany Anne 113,229 | 12,510. 49
Unites ae So ae 54, 266 5, 402. 77 Daly weee tenes 63,919 | 10,127.51
Nether A @8..---2--. 28, 849 8,355. 46 Switzerland ae 3,797 2, 745. 48
Belet ands....-..... 20, 145 3, 850. 63 United Kingdom..... 9, 557 1,673. 78
Fe a ae ddabbaasacsobs 31, 211 3, 192. 60 Pontucaleeeen nee 8, 438 1,355. 77
Seat acemaoetosoano 4, hee 3, Hee ee Other countries... ..-- 7, 446 1, 201. 13
SAB 04)5 srttsceee ) 2 2
Other countries....... 10, 416 2, 108. 57 Motalss sane leon Be 715,841 | 128,197.96
otale ye he ia! 158, 413 37, 168.97 || Miscellaneous:
Illuminating oils: FEC aan hae cae Seren, eee oe 3
: GinmneWhyosocaseocase :
puited Statesteese soe 807, 611 25, 226. 17 Weaicec. LE UNS OaD lak Ae 0, 166. Fe
er countries....... 14,393 572.15 United Kingdom..... 66, 826. 02
a ana Belgium seco eee . 116.
ROCA Sys ae iM 822,004 25, 798. 32 Masico CO DIOR OT Se a ae 7
—————S |S Spain see eee acces 16, 532. 20
Lagan HEtalyce beam ae 14, 092. 85
aot ay Co Seraph: 16, 519. 18 Austria-Hungary ....- 9, 236. 90
Us INE e eae 13, 738. 42 Ching eee yee ee 3, 908. 66
ented States 10,819. 10 eyo Meee ee soGse 2, 022. 09
ther countries 1,121.05 Other countries....-..- 3, 528. 63
bo) are) EOps Meine ide ay HIE a oO 42,197.75 Totals a eee se: alt Ne eee eee 582, 280. 31
Cheese and butter: Articles admitted free:
etn BF Aiea SET ea 40, 656 9,029. 78 United States.........| 1,017,485 | 135,347. 70
ee SMS 5 ed ons 2,446 1, 700. 12 United Kingdom..... 339, 606 51, 804. 16
TANCE CHU Ny 4,300 1, 692. 20 Germany 130,534 | 10,598. 80
TpAly ss See 2,472 1,148. 60 Mrancenen eee eas 8,217 7, 601. 51
Bens i coe dosa act 2,096 1,051. 98 Belgium eee eee 512, 962 3,773. 51
ther countries....... | 13, 937 2,321. 25 Other countries......- 1,594 330. 48
ae sia aS Sa 2S tira | aaa
TDotals oe Veen 65, 907 16, 943. 93 Tota ee eee ee 2,010,398 | 209, 456. 16
COMMERCE OF SALVADOR FOR 1913.
EXPORTS.
The exports for the last five years by countries were as follows:
645
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
WnitediStatesteceeso-- ese eee $1, 879, 453. 87 |$2, 279, 668. 59 |$3, 090, 081.32 |$2, 955, 794. 29 | $2, 823, 850. 99
TANI CO Lease eet eel aw weenie ‘i, 629, 063.15 | 1,097,118. 04 | 2, 272,190.32 | 1,510,491.99 | 2,030,345. 81
Germany) hah ae ce ssh ees eae iif 061, 315.73 | 1,584, 632. 26 | 1,669, 232. 64 2; 294° 500. 18 il, 699, 694. 51
Ttaliyepees yar hte "430, 811. 49 609, 673. 52 465, 411.38 "941; 137. 35 ik, 208, 376. 68
United Kingdom.... 449) 894. 35 483, 808. 59 555, 709. 75 | 445, 456. 23 "705, 607. 56
Austria-Hungary 317, 021. 07 419, 775. 53 347, 359. 17 770, 446. 94 505, 973. 99
Sivedeniane Peas ee om Te 40, 614. 64 47,051.84 | 115,259.02 | 295,874.18 283,372. 83
IN OTEW Ye ae leis = cee ater 28,161.11 77, 704. 48 83, 081. 75 243, 592. 51 262, 089. 85
Netherlands aie lae. yee 43,921. 74 43, 015. 36 RUBIN Messaacoosesons | 93) 518. 66
CHife re eae Lean A RA 12, 100. 13 37, 313. 00 27, 370. 10 36, 718. 50 | 77, 155. 23
ae ae es las cee Ep UN a 118,321.95 | 142,546. 24 148, 411, 29 103 614. 95 58, 498. 32
Spain A ae ee Reve Aon he ae 214, 157. 51 170, 871. 44 235, 324, 52 68, 058. 16 47, 824. 71
OStaE Ca Meise tr dary Sah gta 27,977. 77 46, 558. 92 51, 707. 50 30, 149. 99 42,758. 57
Honduras: Vases el ee eas 9,948. 51 33, 127. 19 38, 967. 82 14, 452. 96 22; 936. 30
STATA Es a Ty BP ee Sea ean GR |e ee Cee Ae ee ech 38, 543.54 17, 891. 33
IMG KICO ees Acceso omen 46, 494, 24 12, 634, 02 | 14) 788.99
PERUTSS Tenpepeye) 2 y sy pelea pel ss ates ete ee | a eS Meer Rahat es [ie hrarate a apatale ie | 20,425. 50 12) 106. 14
INTCATA SU Ay ee a se aU Ee 10, 642. 05 58, 276. 79
QQ eects ieee aut 112, 409. 53 19, 068. 26
IM CUACOTA ey Sea eS ee ee 105, 740. 00 | 36, 709. 92
Guatemalay Sasa ee ed 8, 230. 98 8, 617. 18
Belgium seen ees eee ree 1,498. 13 11, 107. 77
LES oF: Vale eps rita ee pe ereny Uae ne eae ern a UN RSS U8 eS Sat Rocpeceeee Seateeer Sas See
Siwatzerlern dees seo) Oe Se Oe aos | ee eerste [ Select rnee ecto 20, 425. 50
British America 1, 066. 42 6, 087. 61
Cura cdo eee eee ee aos eine ane omeee ee eee TOLANGO} joes 2 ase aces | oer eeee
OPMerCOuntnles ss aa Scene sale SIGH Me IGSOSGO Se ciscerecterscays = letni 2) 410 a ceisiar> oral Sesto eee
Ro tell Sewn eet enn cere 6, 361,340. 72 | 7,297, 836.07 | 9, 438,561.30 | 9,942, 184.32 | 9,928,723. 81
The following statement shows the exports by articles for the last five years:
1909 1910 1911
|
Starch epee ieee toh pte same aes Nem erenen oe $109. 40 | 76. 85
RCO re ane RS WAS EGY $13,179.91 7, 710.37 16, 410. 89
TeV DD See oe ee See A a 257,246.61 | 314,843.30 | 261,031. 45
Suparsys cnet. Pe ee. 136, 575. 00 279, 107. 00 388, 879. 81
Panela (a kind of sugar)......... Be eres cee aars 13, 647. 87 8, 003. 04
Balsamys Sate see ssek tothe oe fae | 103, 681. 12 81, 120. 00 87, 682. 60
Coffee: j
Clear Ms ees tage ktLe 4,590, 704.65 | 4,819,184. 28 | 6,681, 687. 48
In parchment ee eet ae ee 309, 576. 77 | 7188) 923. 72
Goldtinibarseis-ees-seeeee seen | 688, 509. 54 601, 318. 67 | 973, 368. 62
Gold and silver amalgams, con- |
Centrateseteysesseere re sseeee- eel 5Stal4 167, 800. 40 124, 770. 15
pile (in! a Soe ene | 300, 745. 35 487, 063. 41 523, 233. 62
1 OR Ge ORS OE CE Ie eae eE a EY REI I tre EN en eo IN St a eR
Steolbumibarsorec. xe ewn syste ep ene aera 0 ol ety Ear eS ae IE EES RS cS a 2tse
Cattlemhidessa iss ee ees 51, 600. 07 76, 429. 18 56, 965. 90
Deerskinsee sesso ce eee unt kee oe en aoe 7, 023. 10 ih 233. 25
IPAQSKANS mreve poses onscreen Nee aca biceeene ce eee 298. 00 297. 50
TORTS eee ee tc nne Cenc eee a tere 10, 034, 94 2, 072. 24
EERO VASIONI Se epee eco eae ey AIC |e a eRe ea rd [ee Cee Ses
IB GANS St ee ees ae a ee LAL RD Se Lee RYT ee es 11, 615. 53
Rubbers. Geese oe eee eeaee 20, 289. 84 38, 698. 10 ! 28, 353. 45
Henequenty.5 2) S00 552.) Se eenees a) AN Aan ties ie, 540. 00 275. 40
Jutewcordare 25. aso. ase ese eee cena 348. 60 1,354. 05
Indian) Comes eae ce aisccccos close ene seers 9, 891. 54 2, 062. 36
Wroodseasacs eter e ee. aaa.
ONC Yi. isc eee eee arene esate
Inst SEER Ser Ses ee eae caine
Coconuts i aeesesee cote nicae
Goatskinss3escesen- cone
Sheepskinss-cen sess nace
Alligator skins 7
Hats, palm-leaf , 736.
TODACCOR sae e ee ne eRe ete 19, 822. 30 b
Soletleathone aa. pete oe tassel tccceesccenens 22. 00 267. 93
OAT eee ae nese e ee So sten aes 2,417. 40 388. 88
IBootsiand!shoeseae see een ee eel eee a sees 83. 60 136. 42
IEE AIIM O CK: See sae ete | mente RR AO eee A 92. 01
Miscellaneouspepeaacee- seen eee 61, 522. 79 37, 482. 84 30, 406. 79 |
INGLE GE et ae SA NG 6, 361, 340. 72 | 7, 297, 836.07 | 9,438, 561. 30
1912 1913
$3, 428, 19 $2, 175. 27
31, 785. 65 1,944, 24
94, 940. 03 55, 898. 37
168, 458. 79 76, 857. 55
150221 G5) Taree eee
78,175.37 94, 397. 18
7,610, 818.31 | 7,810,317. 71
154, 466. 06 97, 133. 49
607, 603. 08 81) 405. 00
799,255.42 | 978, 736.4
148, 115. 90 21, 572.3
BL adie ial 1,361.4
SUIS BOT ee Sygate meres
69, 930. 34 93, 631. 13
7,468. 77 7,512. 00
752. 31 2, 360. 35
24,399. 90 88. 6
1, 657. 83 1, 116. 13
37, 518. 61 19, 085. 2
12) 251. 53 3, 807. 68
2} 854.78 1, 216. 63
YL CaO 8 2,917. 11
4, 288. 46 633. 00
1) 709. 64 67. 52
2 ee 15, 192. 00
284. 81 29.58
bi 2 eat ha 92. 50
OT 35) Monae eee
167480; (Steen
3, 622. 96 2,918.97
22) 714. 37 36, 247. 99
cs Soe 1, 283. 26
69264579) | see
140:,73 3 |B a a
32, 582. 38 23, 724. 98
9,942, 184.32 | 9,928, 723. 80
646
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The exports by principal articles and countries of destination for the year 1913
were as follows:
Quantity. Value. Value.
Indigo: Pounds. Coffee, in parchment:
nited Kingdom..... 40,195 | $16,402.55 Austria-Hungary ....- $55, 596. 77
Maxicow: oco- sees cece 37,017 14,179.20 United Kingdom..... 35, 923.17
Gormany..........-.- 32,998 12, 277.24 Germanyeeeeeee eee 5,613.55
APU os evecconese at 14,095 4, 758.47 _—<—$—_—_$——=
Ecuador...........-.- 9, 430 4,684.20 Mota lene sb cea eee 898, 795 97, 133.49
France... 222 ssc. 8,680 3,596. 71 Ss SSS S=
—_—_——____|___—_—_— || Cattle hides:
Totalilc.csensseeee 142, 415 55, 898.37 Germany 2s-+- seen eee 592, 2853 89,005. 75
_——SS SS United States......-... 42,369 4,625.37
Sugar: ‘ ——— ——
PANAMA ee ae ee 1, 214, 133 51, 238.01 Totalers acces snk ee 634, 6544 93,631.12
United Kingdom qogos 589, 939 24, 895. 26 SS os
Costa Rica.....-.----- 15, 150 639.33 || Deerskins:
Other countries....... 2,018 84.95 United States......... 17,553 5, 086. 15
_————————_ Germanyes—eee en aeee 10,491 2,425.84
Total sosss ee ease 1,821, 239 76, 857.55 -_——
SS Total vessel. ae 28,044 7,511.99
Balsam: a
United States......... 70, 886 45,578.11 || Rubber:
Germany........-.-.- 62, 239 40,828.50 @ermanyenceseeeseeee 30,0845 11,828. 43
Wrancess-y sees ae 8,223 5, 275.00 United States........- 13,969 6,486. 71
Wnited Kingdom..... 4,078 2,610.07 Prance 2. 3.2.23. ceec<22 2,146 755.38
Guatemala........-..- 175 105.50 Belgium eee eee 55 19.75
Total. 5. ssesehc es 145, 655 94,397.18 Motalinany sates 46,2543 19,085.27
Coffee, clean: Tobacco:
Brance .3\co-ccnssccce 15, 955,920 |2,020, 022. 43 Costaphicassesse sarees 98,174 35, 289.83
Germany..-......-.... 12,120, 133 |1,534, 151.97 Hondurashee eee eee 4,285 954.77
United States......... 10,779,655 |1,364, 630.18 NIGTEIE occooncses 17 3.38
CalV eee eee 9,538,976 |1, 207, 634.39
Austria-Hungary ..... 3,507,482 | 450,377.22 Motaleia:teesotieose 102, 476 36, 247. 98
United Kingdom..... 3,415,817 | 432,362.29 =
Sweden........-...--- 2,238,332 | 283,372.83 || Gold and silver in bars,
Norway.....-.-.----- 2,070,220 | 262,089.85 concentrates, etc.:
Netherlands.......... 738, 694 93,518.65 WnitediStatessesees-e eee see eeeree 1,336, 315.87
Chile reas eae 609,441 77, 155. 23 United Kingdom.....]............ 190, 367.95
Spain ee see 377, 729 47,820.49 —_
Denmark 140, 655 17,806.92 Rotal: sc 2ss0.c82 3524] ne seeeeeee 1,576, 713.28
Russia. .-. 95, 625 12, 106. 12
Panama. 51,910 6,571.81
Belgium. 5,508 697.31
Total) sae soa 61,695, 467 |7,810, 317. 70
In a recent message of the President of the Republic to the Federal
Congress, submitting the proposed BUDGET for 1915, the estimated
expenditures of the nation are given as 389,728,422.82 pesos national
currency (paper peso equals about 43 cents United States) and na-
tional bonds to the amount of 16,550,000 pesos national currency
The current expenses of the administration included in the amounts
mentioned are estimated, in national currency, as follows: Congress,
4,916,040; department of interior, 51,278,582.96; foreign relations
and worship, 4,715,576.61; treasury, 21,570,836, and 86,671,648.97,
the latter sum being for account of the public debt; justice and public
instruction, 64,024,909.09; war, 28,761,132. 64; marine, 26,440,452;
agriculture, 12,613,547.12; public inka. 9,052,860; pensions, annui-
ties, and retirements, 14, 950, 000; and naeiese ee 5,221,406.
The proposed budget law Buinoraes the President to lower or salen
the import duties on coffee and yerba maté tea from Paraguay and
Brazil, provided always that international agreements are made for
commercial reciprocity. The receipts from import duties for 1915
are estimated at 180,500,000 pesos national currency. In a mes-
sage of the Chief Executive to the Senate, prepared upon the recom-
mendation of the department of agriculture, the President recom-
mends that he be authorized to arrange with a private company, by
means of public bids, for the exploitation of the Comodoro Rivadavia
OIL fields. The Executive sets forth in the message his reasons for
believing that the present system of exploitation by the Federal Gov-
ernment results in a loss of revenue to the nation. Since the
breaking out of the European war the circulation of La Prensa, one
of the great newspapers of Buenos Aires, has reached the remarkable
figure of 240,000 copies daily. Preliminary steps have been taken
in Buenos Aires looking to the holding of a CONGRESS OF
ACCOUNTANTS in the Federal capital in 1916———The article
which appeared in the August Bulletin concerning the STATUE
OF SARMIENTO IN BOSTON has attracted wide notice. The
Government is proceeding with this project and Bela L. Pratt,
the sculptor, has prepared a model in plaster of this statue, which,
if accepted, will be cast in bronze and placed, probably, in one
of the parks of Boston. The FORE.GN COMMERCE of the
Argentine Republic during the first half of 1914 amounted to
384,750,618 Argentine gold pesos (gold peso=$0.9647), made up
of imports, 171,016,664 gold pesos, and exports, 213,733,954 gold
pesos. The exports of WHEAT from the Argentine Republic
from 1875 to 1912 occupied the first place in importance as com-
647
648 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
pared with other commodities exported from that country and
amounted to 1,149,901,014 gold pesos. Maize occupied the second
place, amounting to 654,462,598 gold pesos. In July last the
number of Argentine citizens resident in Paris, according to registra-
tions in the general consulate of that country in the French capital,
was 1,176. The Argentine Government has taken steps to acquire
from 25 to 50 hectares of land, within an hour’s ride by train from
Buenos Aires, for the establishment of an ASYLUM FOR THE
BLIND. The first important consignment of Comodoro Rivada-
via petroleum arrived at Buenos Aires recently on the tank steamer
Waneta. The consignment consisted of 2,000 tons, which was trans-
ferred to tanks specially erected for its reception. Steps are being
taken to increase the output of these important fields.
Sefior Juan Luis Gotret, of Potosi, has recently prepared a RELIEF
MAP of Bolivia, showing the mountain and river systems of the coun-
try and indicating in colors the climates of the different zones. The
map also shows the international boundaries, the means of communi-
cation by water, and the railway lines of the Republic. The Goy-
ernment of Bolivia has arranged with the author for a pressed card-
board edition of the map to be used in the schools of the Republic
and to be distributed abroad by the Bolivian consuls. Sefior Gotret
proposes to prepare another map on the same plan, but larger and
much more in detail, for the use of the Government. The author of
this map has been invited by the Bolivian Government to make a
relief map of the Potosi Mountain for the purpose of placing it on
exhibition at the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco in
1915. Sefior Gotret is professor of geography in the Pichincha
National College and a member of the Geographic Society of Potosi.
The National Office of Statistics and Geographic Propaganda of
Bolivia has requested a number of copies of the relief map for dis-
tribution to the different geographic and scientific societies of the
United States. During the first six months of the present year
the National Bank of Bolivia earned a net profit of 510,179.63 boli-
vianos ($204,071.85). The Hispanic Bolivian SANITARIUM at
La Paz, founded by Dr. José Querol, was opened to public use in
August last. As at present equipped the institution has a capacity
for treating 12 patients, but it is proposed at a later date to greatly
enlarge the capacity of the sanitarium. Dr. Juan Maria Zalles has
been appointed minister of government and fomento of Bolivia by
BRAZIL. 649
the President of the Republic. The AUTOMOBILE SERVICE
established between Potosi and Sucre requires 10 hours injwhich to
make the trip. Three machines are at present employedjin this
traffic. One of the important stops on the route is at Bafio de Don
Diego, 25 kilometers from Potosi. A FOOTBALL association has
been organized at La Paz. Max de la Vega is president, Francisco
Pinaya secretary, and Placido Escobari treasurer of the association.
Competitive games have been arranged and prizes will be distributed
to the victorious contestants. The BREWING industry at La
Paz has petitioned the municipal council to exempt the breweries in
that city from the export tax on beer shipped to interior points of the
Republic. Bottled beer manufactured in La Paz pays a municipal
duty of 40 centavos per dozen bottles when exported. If this beer is
sent to Oruro, Cochabamba, or Potosi an additional tax of 40 cen-
tavos per dozen bottles is imposed by these cities. Marcario
D. Escobari, a Bolivian philanthropist, recently deceased, left 40,000
bolivianos partly for the use of the College of Law at La Paz and
partly for other public purposes. The Bolivian Rubber & General
Enterprise Co. proposes to build electric TRAMWAYS in the city of
La Paz. It is planned to extend one of these lines from the center
of the city to the Antofagasta Railway station. The proposed tram-
way system will consist of six sections. The tramears are to be pur-
chased of J. B. Brill & Co., and both a passenger and a freight service
will be provided.
A VETERINARY MILITARY SCHOOL was inaugurated in
Rio de Janeiro in July last, the President and his cabinet being
present at the opening ceremonies. Three instructors have been
contracted by the Brazilian Government to teach in this school.
A WIRELESS TELEGRAPH STATION has been erected at Serra
Madureira, a point on the boundary between Brazil and Peru selected
by the Brazilian-Peruvian boundary commission. From this sta-
tion wireless communication is carried on with Manaos, about 700
miles distant. The committee on military affairs of the House of
Deputies of the Brazilian Congress has recommended that the
regular army of the Republic in 1915 shall consist of 31,925 men,
instead of 53,081, which was requested by the military staff.
Frederic Lundgreen, a member of the Brazilian House of Deputies,
recently purchased in London the fine STALLION Pericles for 95
contos ($30,780). This stud will be used at Recife for breeding
650 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
purposes. The Legislative Assembly of the State of Rio de Janeiro
has elected Dr. Nilo Pecanha governor of that Commonwealth.
Instruction has been temporarily suspended in the military AVIA-
TION SCHOOL at Rio de Janeiro, due to the lack of flying machines
in perfect condition. A separate aviation school is to be main-
tained for the navy. Two Farmen hydroplanes are to be used in
this school. Joaquin Mountaner, a Russian count and director
of the Prowodrick Powder Works at Riga, who has been in Brazil
a number of months investigating and studying the exploitation of
rubber, is negotiating with the department of agriculture of the
Brazilian Government for the establishment of a factory in Brazil
for the manufacture of rubber goods. According to A Rua, a
publication of the Federal Capital, the petroleum fields recently
discovered in the State of Alagoas cover an area of 250 square
leagues and are said to be the largest in extent in the world. The
oil from these fields is of excellent quality. A concession has been
solicited for the construction of a BRIDGE over the Guanabara
Bay. ‘The proposed bridge will be 3,500 meters long and will cost
about $14,500,000. The Senate of the Congress of Brazil has
approved a law authorizing the issuance of 300,000 contos
($97,200,000) paper currency, 200,000 contos ($64,800,000) of which
are to be used for account of the Federal Government and 100,000
contos ($32,400,000) are to be loaned to banks for the purpose of
relieving the stringency of the financial situation. The issue is to
be redeemed from a percentage of the customs revenues. A bill
authorizing foreign vessels engaged in the COASTWISE TRADE of
the Republic to sail under the Brazilian flag has been introduced into
Congress. The Brazilian steamer Astrea recently cleared from
Florianapolis for Buenos Aires with a cargo of BANANAS. The
REGATTA held in August last at Botafogo, a suburb of Rio de
Janeiro, was attended by vast crowds. Senhor Vasco da Gama was
the successful contestant. The death of Gen. Saturino Cardozo,
an eminent Brazilian military authority who has rendered important
services to his country, occurred on August 10 last.
A new cabinet has just been formed in Chile, as follows: Minister of
Interior, Sefior Guillermo Barros Jara; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sefior
Manuel Salinas; Minister of Justice, Sefior Absalén Valencia; Minister
of Finance, Sefior Alberto Edwards; Minister of War and Navy,
Sefior Alfredo Barros-Errazuriz; Minister of Public Works, Sefior
CHILE. 651
Julio Garces. The consumers GAS company of Santiago earned
during the first half of 1914 a net profit of 850,500 pesos (paper peso
equals about 20 cents United States), thereby enabling it to pay
a dividend of 9 per cent to its stockholders, and set aside 40,500
pesos, to the exploitation fund. The profits of the Agricultural
BANK during the first half of 1914 were 25,233 pesos, of which amount
10,285 pesos were placed to the reserve fund. The bank of Osorno
and La Union during the same period earned 105,101 pesos. This
bank paid a dividend of 6 per cent to its stockholders, and placed a
considerable sum to the credit of its reserve and other funds. The
administrative railway board of the Chilean Government, after a
thorough investigation of the RAILWAY RATES now in force, has
decided to raise the tariffs so as to enable the railway companies to
earn enough money to pay the expenses of operation, etc., out of
their own funds. The Government-owned railways in Chile have
been authorized by the Department of Communications to purchase
coal for the use of the railways to the value of 2,000,000 pesos.
A TIN MINE has been discovered in the Taltal Sierra in the
Cachiyuyo ravine, commune of El Transito. The vein of this mine
is similar to the veins of the tin mines at Vallenar and other tin-
producing districts of the Province of Atacama. The Government
of Chile proposes to employ 2,000 laborers in the construction of
potable WATH#RWORKS in the Province of Tarapaca, 500 in grading
and 3,000 in excavating cuts of the Zapiga to Arica Railway. With
the object of giving employment to workmen who are temporarily
idle because of the partial cessation of work in the nitrate fields,
_ plans and estimates have been prepared with the object of employing
large numbers of these men in the construction of the following rail-
ways: Paine to Talagante; a railway to connect the Traiguen branch
with the main line; the Iquique Railway, and the Antofagasta to
the Longitudinal Railway. Complete plans have also been made
for the construction of the following lines: Melpilla to Las Cabras,
Valparaiso to Casablanca, San Vicente to Perallillo and Parronal,
Valdivia to Los Canelos, Freire to Cunco, Los Angeles to Santa Bar-
bara and Quillaco, San Clemente to Colorado with a branch.to Queri,
San Bernardo to Puente Alto, Quilpue to Melipilla, San Carlos to
San Fabian, Artificio to Quincolmo, El Alamo to Molina, Cauquenes
to Chanco, Quirihue and Coelemu, Union to Rio Bueno, Yumbed to
Rio Claro, Bulnes to San Ignacio, and San Ignacio to El Recinto.
The decree recently issued prohibiting the exportation of PROVI-
SIONS to foreign ports excepted food articles necessary for the use
of vessels clearing from Chilean ports destined to foreign ports.
The customs revenues of Chile during the first seven months of 1914
amounted to 83,184,591 gold pesos, as compared with 87,721,612
gold pesos during the same period of 1913. (Gold peso =$0.365).
652 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The agricultural school at Talca has been authorized to invest the
sum of 1,500 pesos in the establishment of a nursery of fruit and
forest trees——The department of public works has completed a
study of IRRIGATION works in the Province of Bio-Bio, and
reports that the Laja River will irrigate 37,000 hectares of land, all
of which will soon be placed under cultivation——Funds have been
appropriated to pay for the printing of mining MAPS of the depart-
ments of Vallenar and Freirina, as well as for the coal maps of
Collinco, Province of Arauco. A National FORESTAL EXPO-
SITION was held in Santiago in September last. The Govern-
ment of Chile has ratified the WIRELESS telegraph convention con-
cluded and signed in London on July 5, 1912. A plan for the
establishment of an electric TRAMWAY in Talca has been approved
by the Federal Government.
Dr. Carlos Cortes Lee having declined the appointment of MIN-
ISTER OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, the President conferred the
post on Emilio Ferrero, who entered upon the discharge of his duties
on August 13 last. The STATUE of José Rufino Cuervo, the cele-
brated Colombian philologist, was unveiled in San Ignacio square
in Bogota on July 17 of the present year. The section of the elec-
tric TRAMWAY in Bogota, between San Francisco and Las Cruces
plazas, was opened to public traffic on July 20, 1914. A law has
been enacted appropriating $20,000 for the erection of a SANITARY
STATION at Tumaco. The construction work will be under the
direction of the Sanitary Board of the Pacific, the board of health
physicians at Tumaco, and the prefect of the province. The Min-
ister of Public Works has contracted with Joaquin de Mier for the
SANITATION of the port of Riohacha. The Conversion Board
has contracted with the Remington Co., of New York, for 16 IRON
SAFES to be used in guarding the funds of the Nation. Each of
these safes is to have a special combination lock that will require the
use of three keys to open the same. A new building, costing
$60,000, has been completed at Cartagena for the use of the
COURTS.——Theodore Prees, a German naturalist representing a
number of scientific societies, was recently in the region of Caqueta
engaged in the study of BOTANY, ethnography, sociology, and
geography. The National Academy of History has arranged for
an annual LITERARY CONTEST in which a prize will be given for
the best historical essay presented. The subject of the contest is to:
COSTA RICA. 653
be announced on November 1 of each year. The subject for the
present year is ‘‘Narifio’s campaign in southern Colombia.”
According to press reports the PETROLEUM Exploration Co.,
with a capital of $100,000 gold, has been reorganized in Carta-
gena. At the present time 63 newspapers are published in Bogota,
11 of which are dailies. Cartagena prints 2 daily papers, Barran-
quilla 10, and Medellin 4——The workmen of Bogota have an under-
standing by virtue of which they are to discard the use of STRAW.
HATS and the blanket or covering known as the ‘‘poncho,” substi-
tuting in their place caps and jackets similar to those used by North
American and European workmen. The EXPORTS OF COFFEE
from the department of Antioquia during the first half of 1914
amounted to 115,496 sacks. The estimated exports for 1914 are
231,000 sacks in comparison with 161,027 in 1913.——-In 1913 the
CONSULAR FEES of Colombia aggregated $765,404 gold, as com-
pared with $612,211 in 1912 and $451,273 in 1911. The cost of col-
lection was from 8 to 14 per cent of the gross receipts. The work
of extending Puerto Colombia WHARF is being rapidly pushed for-
ward. A WINERY has been established at Socorro by Ernesto
Villalba. This plant is giving excellent results, the grapes grown in
the vicinity being equal, it is said, to the best grapes of Spain.
The President has appointed governors of the following departments:
Department of Antioquia, Gen. Pedro J. Berrio; Atlantico, Dr. Teo-
dosio Goenaga; Bolivar, Dr. Ramon Rodriguez; Boyaca, Dr. Ale-
jandro Motta; Caldas, Sefior José Ignacio Villegas; Cauca, Dr. Miguel
Arroyo Diez; Valle, Gen. José A. Pinto; Cundinamarca, Sefior José
Ramén Lago; Santander, Dr. Rafael Neira; Huila, Sefior Alejandro
Villoria; Magdalena, Dr. Rafael de Armas; Narifio, Gen. Justo
Guerrero; Santander del Norte, Dr. Luis Febres Cordero; and
Tolima, Sefior Alejandro Caicedo. Sefior Leopoldo Cajiao has
been appointed director of POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS, and Dr.
Francisco Tafur secretary to the President of the Republic.
In July last the President of the Republic addressed a special
message to the House of Deputies recommending the establishment
of an AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE BANK. The message was
accompanied by a proposed bill which provided, among other things,
the following: That the business of the bank shall consist in the issue
of mortgage bonds, the collection of sums due the bank, the payment
of interest to the holders of mortgage bonds, and the liquidation at
654 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
par, out of the amortization fund, of mortgage bonds when they fall
due. The bonds are to be issued in denominations of 50, 100, 200,
500, and 1,000 colones (colon=$0.465) or the equivalents in foreign
money. ‘These bonds are to be issued in the names of their owners
or to bearer, as may be desired, and are transferable and negotiable.
Bonds issued in the names of the holders are transferable by indorse-
ment. Mortgage bonds issued on property are payable to the bank
only in such sums and for such period of years as may be specified
in the contract. The interest shall not exceed 10 per cent per annum,
the amortization fund shall not be less than 1 per cent, and the fund
for the expense of administration shall not exceed one-half of 1 per
cent per annum. The bank is prohibited from issuing bonds except
for the amount of the mortgages made in its favor. - Hach mortgage
bond shall be recorded in a special register. The value of the mort-
gaged property shall be ascertained by one or more experts appointed
by the bank. The proposed bank shall be called ‘National Agri-
cultural Mortgage Bank,” and its headquarters shall be in San Jose,
but it has authority to establish branches and agencies in other
points of Costa Rica or abroad, if it should deem advisable. The
initial capital of the bank shall not be less than 8,000,000 colones,
which may be increased to 50,000,000 colones if business transac-
tions should so require. The duration of the bank shall be for a
period of 30 years, during which time it shall have the exclusive
privilege of issuing mortgage bonds. The bank may have two sec-
tions—one commercial, which shall be subject to the regular banking
laws of the country, and the other the mortgage section. The maxi-
mum rate of interest to be charged by the commercial section shall
not exceed 10 per cent per annum; that of the mortgage section 8
per cent for loans of over three years and 9 per cent for shorter-term
loans. The bank may also issue bank notes. The proceeds of the
mortgage bonds sold abroad shall be invested in Costa Rica in new
issues of mortgage bonds. The capital, shares, bonds, and other
property of the bank are exempt from federal taxation. The Presi-
dent of the Republic is authorized to expend up to 50,000 colones in
payment of the expenses required to be incurred in the establishment
of the bank, and is also authorized to issue rules and regulations for
the government of the bank. The Holland DAIRY, near San Jose,
is one of the most modern and completely equipped establishments
of its kind in Latin America. The plant is owned by Fernandez &
Co., who have a large number of high-grade Holland milch cows.
Butter and cheese of a fine quality are made in this dairy. The
city of Limon has taken preliminary steps looking to the placing of a
LOAN of $150,000 American gold, at an annual rate of interest not
exceeding 8 per cent per annum and 2 per cent sinking fund after the
third year. The object of the loan is the funding of the municipal
debt and the improvement of the streets of Limon.
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The work of laying more than 100,000 meters of new WATER
MAINS in Habana has been finished. The mains referred to belong
to the new plan of water supply in the Federal capital. The installa-
tion will be complete when the electric pump is installed and in
operation at the Palatino tanks. According to the statement of the
city engineer, Senor Ciro de la Vega, the department of public works
intends to proceed with the laying of new mains in Vedado for the
purpose of extending the water service in that suburb. Hon.
Eldeberto Farres has been appointed Minister of Cuba near the
Government of Colombia. Director General Sanguily of the
MILITARY ACADEMY at Habana has recommended that money
be appropriated for a modern building especially constructed for the
needs of the academy. It is understood that a plan embodying these
features, which has the approval of the President of the Republic,
will be drawn up and submitted by the Executive to the considera-
tion of the Cuban Congress. The town of Torriente is installing an
ELECTRIC light plant which will furnish light and power to the
municipality. The building has already been constructed and the
plant is expected to be in operation in a short time. The INFAN-
TILE COLONY, which has been in operation in the neighborhood of
Habana for about two months by the National Department of Health
and Charities, under the auspices of the local board of health at
Triscornia, the object of which has been to provide outdoor life to
indigent children, has closed its work for the season. During the
two months in which it was in operation it enabled more than 700
children to spend a number of weeks in the country, and provided
them with sea bathing, open-air life, and nourishing food. It has
been decided to open the colony next year at an earlier date in the
season. A new STEAMSHIP LINE has been established to ply
between Cuban ports, the Isle of Pines, and New Orleans. For the
present two steamers will be used in this service, making the round
trip in about 12 days. Special attention is to be given to both freight
and passenger traffic. The official report just published for the
University of Habana for the scholastic years 1911-12 and 1912-13
shows a steady growth of the institution. The total enrollment for
the last named year was 1,118, of whom 264 were in the College of
Letters and Science, 632 in the College of Medicine and Pharmacy,
48 in the College of Law, and 174 in two or more of these departments.
In addition to the foregoing 610 students in the Republic of Cuba
took examinations in the university after pursuing their studies in
other institutions or privately. During the year referred to 246
655
656 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
degrees were conferred by the university, 50 of which were from the
College of Letters and Science, 108 from the College of Medicine,
Pharmacy, and Dentistry, and 88 from the College of Law. The
budget of the university for the year 1912-13 was $404,370, of which
$322,200 were expended for instruction, $4,800 for traveling fellow-
ships, $25,250 for equipment, and $52,120 for administration and
service. The Cuban cruiser Cuba participated in the CENTH-
NARY CELEBRATION of the American flag held in Baltimore in
September last. On August 15, 1914, the President of the Republic
laid the cornerstone of the MONUMENT which is being erected in
Matanzas in honor of the Cuban poet, José Jacinto Milanés. The
Hispano American Navigation Co. proposes to inaugurate a monthly
STEAMSHIP SERVICE between Spain and Cuba, using the steamers
Joaquin Mambri, Emilia S. de Pérez, and Catalina Pérez. Barcelona,
Valencia, Malaga, Cadiz, and Santiago de Cuba will be ports of
call. President Menocal has signed a decree suspending the SANI-
TARY ORDINANCES for 60 days. The new ordinances went into
effect on September 1 of the present year. An order has been
issued forbidding druggists from selling morphine, cocaine, and other
derivatives of opium, except on physician’s prescriptions. Violators
of the law are subject to heavy penalties.
The Consuelo Sugar Co., a corporation organized in accordance
with the laws of the State of New York for the purpose of cultivating
sugar cane, manufacturing sugar, raising stock, and engaging in other
related industries on the Consuelo plantation, situated in the juris-
diction of San Pedro de Macoris, recently requested permission of
the Dominican Government to bring into the country 1,200 laborers
from the neighboring Antilles to work during the grinding season of
1914-15. This permission was granted the company on the condition
that it repatriate, at its own expense, immigrants whose moral con-
duct should be contrary to the laws of the land or a menace to public
order. The company likewise agreed to send out of the country
such of these immigrants as might, through sickness, be rendered
unfit for work. The rise in the price of sugar in the markets of the
world has stimulated the sugar industry of the Republic, and many
planters are contemplating increasing to a very considerable extent
their acreage of sugar land. A recent executive decree provides
that importers of ALCOHOLIC PRODUCTS on which the law im-
ECUADOR. 657
poses a duty, and which products are not received in accordance
with the manifest, due to breakage or other causes, are entitled to
reimbursement for the excess payment of duties, provided the claim
is accompanied by a customs certificate verifying the overpayment.
Claims of this nature must be made within eight days after the arrival
of the vessel bringing the liquors on which duty was paid, otherwise
the consideration of the claim is barred. The sugar-cane planta-
tion known as the Central Romana, after securing the proper govern-
mental authority, has placed on its wireless telegraph tower a white
fixed LIGHT of the same candlepower as those carried by large ves-
sels on their masts. The hght is in north latitude 18° 25’, and
68° 57’ 15’’ west longitude, and is 105 feet above the level of the
sea. According to the Official Gazette of the Dominican Govern-
ment, in its issue of July 29 last, the following MINES have been de-
nounced: By Julio Pichardo & Co., a gold mine in the jurisdiction of
San Cristobal, Province of Santo Domingo; by Lugo, Cabral, and
Rodriguez, gold, copper, iron and gold placer mines on Guerra Creek,
near the Bani River, commune of Bani, Province of Santo Domingo;
by De Pool and Rodriguez, gold, copper, iron and silver mines at
Alearrizos, province of Santo Domingo, and by Julio Pichardo & Co.,
gold ores and auriferous sands at various points in the province of
Santo Domingo. A tobacco company entitled “‘Compafia Ané-
nima Tabacalera,’’ with a capital of $365,000 American gold, has been
organized in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, for the purpose
of purchasing the tobacco and cigarette factory of Séllner & Co.,
located in Santiago and operated under the name of ‘‘ La Habanera,”’
as well as the Nadal cigarette factory situated in the city of Santo
Domingo, together with all trade-marks, secret processes, etc. The
new company proposes to continue the manufacture of the same
brands of cigars and cigarettes hitherto made by the companies
referred to, and intends to do business on a larger scale. R. Sdéllner
is president of the company and E. Piola, secretary.
The following excerpts from the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth An-
nual Reports of the Council of Foreign Bondholders (London) is of
interest as showing the praiseworthy efforts of the present Govern-
ment of Ecuador to meet its financial obligations:
The council are glad to report that Gen. Plaza appears determined to carry these
satisfactory assurances into effect. In the ten months from March to December the
58476—Bull. 4—_14——11
658 , THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
payments made for the service of the railway bonds have amounted to nearly £190,000,
or about £40,000 in excess of the sum fixed by the contract of 30th September, 1908.
With the funds thus remitted, not only have the whole of the arrears of interest and
sinking fund on the prior lien bonds been cleared off and the current service duly
met, but the coupon on the 5 per cent first mortgage bonds, due July, 1910, was paid
January 2, 1913, leaving a balance of about £18,000 to be carried forward. * * *
This changed condition of affairs reflects credit on the Government of Ecuador,
and if they continue their present wise policy of strictly observing their obligations,
confidence in the Republic’s credit, which has been rudely shaken by the events of
the last three years, will be restored. (Thirty-ninth Annual Report.)
It is satisfactory to report that during the past year the Government of Ecuador has
continued its efforts to reestablish the credit of the country. In addition to the regu-
lar payment of the interest and sinking fund on the prior lien bonds of the Guayaquil
and Quito Railway Co., four of the arrear coupons on the first mortgage bonds were
paid off—viz, January 2, May 2, September 16, and December 10. During the 16
months from September, 1912, when President Plaza assumed office, up to the end of
1913, the Government remitted upwards of £300,000 for the service of the railway
bonds, so that, after providing for the above-mentioned payments, there was a balance
of nearly £24,000 to be carried forward to the current year.
The service of the salt bonds has been also brought up to date, seven amortizations
having taken place in the 12 months from January, 1913, to January, 1914. Out of
the total issue of these bonds nearly 40 per cent has been already paid off. (Fortieth
Annual Report.)
The consul of Ecuador in Brussels in a report published in one of
the daily papers of Guayaquil, recommends that the export duties
on TOQUILLA STRAW, from which the hats commonly known as
‘Panama hats” are made, be increased to such an extent that it will
be more profitable to manufacture the hats at home than to send the
straw out of the country for their manufacture abroad. With the
object of encouraging the industry in Ecuador, the consul recommends
a reduction of export duties on Panama hats. He also believes that
negotiations should be entered into with Colombia and Venezuela,
the two other countries which export toquilla straw, with the object
of inducing them to cooperate with Ecuador in taking such measures
as will encourage the development of the hat industry in all of the
countries where this straw is produced. The Senate of the Con-
gress of Ecuador, which assembled in the regular session on August
10 last, elected Dr. Baquerizo Moreno president of the Senate, José
Maria Barona, vice president, and Enrique Bustamante L., secre-
tary. During the first five months of 1914 the exports of CACAO
aggregated 545,535 quintals, upon which a duty of 4.80 sucres per
quintal was charged. A recent executive decree prohibits Ex-
PORTS OF PROVISIONS and other articles of prime necessity,
with the exception of coffee, cacao, and bananas, until such time as
Congress or the executive power may otherwise direct. A con-
tract has been made with the General Electric Co. to install a plant
for furnishing LIGHT AND POWER to the city of Ambato.
The President of Guatemala has appointed delegates to the follow-
ing Congresses and conferences: To the Nineteenth International
Congress of Americanists, which met in Washington from the 5th to
the 10th of October, 1914, Sefior Joaquin Méndez; to the Sixth Inter-
national Sanitary Conference, which will be held in Montevideo,
Uruguay, from the 13th to the 21st of December of the present year,
Dr. Alberto Enrique Toro and Dr. Manuel F. Valle; and to the Second
International Congress of Popular Baths, which was scheduled to
meet in Brussels from the 7th to the 10th of August of the present
year, Sefior Eugenio Thiery. According to reports of the BANKS
of the city of Guatemala, during the first half of the present year the
profits, plus the balance from the previous profit and loss account,
were as follows: Occidental Bank, 2,197,107.57 pesos, currency (paper
peso equals about 6 cents United States); Agricultural Mortgage
Bank, 441,795.23 pesos, currency; and the International Bank of
Guatemala, 881,303.30 pesos, currency. The net earnings of the
American Bank of Guatemala during the period referred to were
1,031,767.26 paper pesos, while those of the Bank of Guatemala were
2,020,604.96 pesos.—Sefior Reginaldo Wagner has been appointed
CONSUL of Uruguay in the city of Guatemala. Drs. Ramén
Bengoechea and Juan Padilla Matute, consuls of Guatemala in New
York and San Francisco, respectively, represented the Government
of Guatemala at the Fourth International Congress of Home Educa-
tion which met in Philadelphia in September last. In the depart-
ment of Quezaltenango in April of the present year there were 673
head of cattle slaughtered, 410 head of sheep, and 604 head of hogs.
The consumption of flour in the same department during the month
referred to was 1,202 quintals, of which 1,013 quintals were native
flour and 189 foreign.——The department of Chiquimula has organ-
ized a BOARD OF AGRICULTURE to look after, develop, and
promote agricultural interests in that section of the Republic. The
officers of this board are as follows: Juan Sagastume, president, and
Pedro A Zea, secretary. A NATIONAL EXPOSITION will be
held in the city of Guatemala from October 26 to 31, 1914, for the
purpose of showing the progress in mining and the industrial develop-
ment of the country. Exhibits for the department of mines will be
made under the following heads: Geology, mineralogy, metallic
products, geologic and mineralogic maps and technical work. The
industrial department will consist of exhibits of iron, steel, and other
metals, classified as smelters, machinery, blacksmithing, coppering,
659
660 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
plumbing, and tinning. Other principal exhibits represent the wood
industry, construction material, ceramics and pottery, fabrics of silk,
wool, cotton and other fibers, hats, mats and baskets, rope, leather,
printing, binding, and photography, jewelry and engraving, fertili-
zers, fats, wax, soaps and candles, gaseous waters and sirups, alco-
hols, beers and other fermented beverages, chemical industry, drugs,
food products and allied industries, tobacco, and miscellaneous
industries. Under the latter designation there will be exhibits of
glassware, mirrors, drawn work, cardboard and paper, clothing and
underwear, wax flowers and fruits, tailoring and embroidery. The
program provides for 62 classes of exhibits. The committee of
awards is to present its report on October 29. It is understood that
some of the exhibits will be sent to the Panama and San Francisco
expositions.
The National Assembly of Haiti has recently enacted a law impos-
ing duties of $1.20 per barrel of 240 pounds on common salt suitable
for culinary purposes imported into the country. With the object
of encouraging throughout the Republic, in so far as possible, the cul-
tivation of COTTON, the Minister of Agriculture has issued a circular
setting forth the advantages of carrying on this industry on a large
scale and the consequent wealth it would bring to the country. An
executive decree of August 23 last convoked the Congress of Haiti in
special session on September 2, 1914, with the chief object of consider-
ing the proposed BUDGET of receipts and expenditures of the Gov-
ernment for the present fiscal year. In conformity with article 69
of the constitution, which gives to the legislative power the right to
enact laws on all subjects of public interest, and in view of the opening
of the Panama Canal to the traffic of the world, and bearing in mind
the excellent location of the PORT OF SAINT NICOLAS and the
desirability that the Republic of Haiti should participate in the
benefits which will result in the opening of such a great interoceanic
waterway, the Congress ot Haiti has enacted a law authorizing the
President of the Republic to negotiate with contractors and capitalists
for the improvement of the port and town referred to. The plans,
estimates, and other papers in connection with these improvement
works shall be submitted to Congress for consideration during its
next regular session. The works which it is proposed to carry out
are as follows: Installation of lighthouses, construction of a general
HONDURAS. 661
wharf and of a coaling station, erection of a wireless telegraph station,
repair of the aqueduct for the purpose of facilitating ships in supplying
themselves with an abundance of potable water, repair of streets, and
the reconstruction or repair of the principal edifices of the port.
Should the works planned be successfully completed, it is undeniable
that this port, due to its remarkably advantageous geographic loca-
tion, will become not only one of the most important ports of the
Republic, but willsoon be one of the principal ports of the Antilles.
The Federal Government has called for bids for increasing and better-
ing the services of the POTABLE WATER supply of Port au Prince.
Public bids have also been requested for the establishment of a water
supply in the town of Petit Goave. The National Assembly has
passed a bill providing for the taking over for account of the Govern-
ment of the SCHOOL OF SURVEYORS, established by the associa-
tion of geometric surveyors at Port au Prince on May 14, 1900.
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A recent executive decree provides that from the sum of 200,000
pesos appropriated as a subvention to the DAY SCHOOLS of the
Republic, 189,785 pesos be distributed during the 10 school months
of the economic year which commences August 1, 1914, and closes on
July 31, 1915, the payments to be made in accordance with the pro-
visions set forth in the decree. The amount specified of the sub-
vention referred to is to be paid to the municipalities at the municipal
capitals or county seats, in accordance with article 17 of the Code of
Public Instruction, for the use of at least a school for boys and one
for girls. Should a municipality have only one school, the subven-
tion will be reduced one-half. The remaining 10,215 pesos are spe-
cially intended for such municipalities as may have native Indians
within their jurisdiction, this sum to be used in their instruction.
The President has approved the rules and regulations for the
National SCHOOL OF AUTOMOBILES. These rules and regula~-
tions consist of nine articles in which are enumerated the age and
qualifications candidates must have in order to be admitted to the
school, the examinations to which they will be subject, and the
hours devoted to work and for class instruction after entrance into
the school. When a pupil has acquired the necessary knowledge to
drive machines, he will be given a certificate of competency by the
Department of Fomento. According to data published in the
662 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
ECONOMIC REVIEW of Tegucigalpa, the number of bunches of
BANANAS exported from Honduras in 1913 was 6,333,582, as com-
pared with 5,897,279 in 1912. The CUSTOMS REVENUES dur-
ing the first five months of 1914 amounted to 1,527,613 pesos, as
compared with 1,215,527 pesos during the same period of 1913, or an
increase of 312,086 pesos in favor of the present year. On Septem-
ber 15 last the new CUSTOMHOUSE BUILDING at La Ceiba was
opened to the public. The building was specially constructed for
customhouse purposes, and is one of the many evidences of the
development and growth of the progressive city and port of La Ceiba.
According to data compiled by E. M. Lawton, the American
consul at Tegucigalpa, the value of the exports of Honduras to the
United States in 1913 amounted to $4,136,854, as compared with
$3,452,929, gold, in 1912, or an increase in 1913 of $683,925. The
PUBLIC HIGHWAY which runs from Tegucigalpa to San Lorenzo,
a port on the Pacific coast of Honduras, on the Bay of San Lorenzo
(Gulf of Fonseca), and which is known locally as the ‘‘Carretera del
Sur,” is 130 kilometers long, and has a width of from 7 to 12 meters,
the smaller width being in the hilly and mountainous sections of the
country traversed. The grades over most of the mountainous parts
of the road vary from 3 to 4 per cent, descending in some cases as low
as 4 per cent and rising to a maximum at specially steep points of 10
per cent. Passenger traffic over this road is carried on by saddle
animals, carriages, stages, and automobiles, while the ever increasing
freight traffic is dispatched by pack animals, two-wheeled oxcarts,
automobiles, and other vehicles. The trip in automobile from Tegu-
cigalpa to San Lorenzo requires six hours, it being easy to maintain
an average speed of from 21 to 22 kilometers her hour. By carriage,
stage, or muleback the journey requires two days, and freight is
brought over the road in carts in six or eight days. About 6,000 tons
of freight annually are transported over this highway, and 50 two-
wheeled oxcarts, approximately, are constantly employed in the
traffic.
SSS 6 en Sees 2
Be pe 5 cre = = (=n
The ELECTRIC TRAMWAY CO. of the City of Mexico proposes
to actively commence work in the near future on the tramway line
which will connect the Federal Capital with the city of Puebla. It
is estimated that about three months will be needed to complete the
line after the commencement of construction work. A summary
MEXICO. 663
of the commerce of Mexico for the first eight months of the fiscal
year 1913-14 shows exports to the value of 108,486,935.62 pesos, or a
decrease of more than 18 per cent, as compared with the commerce
of the same period of the previous fiscal year. The imports during
the period referred to were 16. 352,222.72 pesos, or a decrease of
nearly 22 per cent, as compared with the imports of the same period
of the preceding fiscal year. The Department of Agriculture and
Colonization of the Republic of Mexico has authorized Carlos Casillas
to engage in the exploitation of CHICLE and valuable woods encoun-
tered on the public lands of the Federal Government over an approxi-
mate area of 62,000 hectares. The concession is for a period of 10
years, the concessionaire agreeing to pay to the Government 7 pesos
for each mahogany or cedar tree felled, 1.50 pesos for each tree of
construction timber cut, 50 centavos for each ton of firewood gath-
ered, 30 pesos for each ton of chicle extracted, and 50 centavos per
annum for each head of cattle grazed on the lands covered by the
concession. If the exploitation of the land should require the con-
struction of a railway through the property, the concessionaire is
authorized to build such railway, which is to become the property of
the Government on the expiration of the term of the concession.
According to the Official Gazette, a contract has been granted for
20 years to Salvador Garcia to use 100 liters per second of the waters
of the Chapoloxo Creek, State of Puebla, for generating ELECTRIC
energy for industrial and lighting purposes. A similar concession has
been made to Salvador Garcia to use 500 liters of water per second
from Apatlaco Creek, State of Puebla, to be used for generating
electricity for ightimg and power purposes. The department of
public instruction of the Government of Mexico has issued invitations
to the governors of the different States to appoint delegates to par-
ticipate in the Fifth National CONGRESS OF PRIMARY EDUCA-
TION to be inaugurated in Pachuca, capital of the State of Hidalgo,
on October 1 of the present year. It is planned to discuss at this
congress the whole field of primary education as related to the needs
of the people of Mexico. The ACADEMY of San Carlos in the city
of Mexico has renovated its building and provided additional space
for the use of the school. Sefior Alfredo Martinez is director of the
Academy, which promises to be well attended during the present
school year. The agricultural school at Atzcapotzalco, a suburb
of the City of Mexico, has added a course of instruction on SILK-
WORM culture to its curriculum. The department of public
works of the Federal District has contracted with Genaro Alcorta
for the construction of a SEWER between the Hidalgo Guadalupe
collection reservoir and the eastern bank of the Undido River.
The American of Bluefields publishes a telegraphic dispatch stating
that the Supreme Court of the Government of Nicaragua has issued
an order to the Civil District Courts directing them to take, in the
shortest possible time, a complete inventory of all the cases at present
in the courts, whether decided or pending decision. A copy of the
inventory must be sent to the Supreme Court and the work is to be
pressed to the exclusion of all other judicial matters except mar-
rlages and preventive embargoes. Mr. Cornelius Ferris, jr., who
has been consul at Asuncion, Paraguay, and Port Antonio, Jamaica,
at both places of which he did splendid work, has been promoted to
the consulship at Bluefields. Mr. A. J. Clare, former consul at Blue-
fields, has been transferred to Port Antonio, Jamaica. The Blue-
fields Fruit and STEAMSHIP Co. has decided to make weekly trips
between Bluefields and Rama, employing for this purpose the river
steamer Hendy, which will leave Bluefields on Tuesday mornings
and return Wednesdays. The lull in the mahogany business and
other causes have temporarily decreased freight shipments between
Bluefields and Rama.——National BANK BILLS to the number of
23,700 were recently incinerated at the national bank in Bluefields.
The bills ranged in denominations from 50 centavos to 100 pesos.
Press reports state that the Government has prohibited the planting
of TOBACCO during the present year, as the amount on hand is
considered sufficient to meet the demands of the coming year. A
representative of the Los Angeles MINING Co. recently made a
thorough inspection of La Luz mine, and will report upon the busi-
ness of the company in Nicaragua. Peter Peterson is superintendent
of this mine. The Tunky Mining Co. in the Pis-Pis district is
under the direct management of Maj. Gillette, formerly engaged in
mining in Mexico. The Los Angeles Mercantile Co. at Prinsapolka
is reported to be doing a flourishing business in that section of the
Republic. Judge Otto Schoenrich, of the Mixed Commission, has
reported to the Department of Foreign Relations that 7,768 claims
have been presented before the Mixed Commission, representing a
total of over $13,000,000. Of the aggregate number, 7,746 claims
have been decided and amounts allowed totaling $1,247,000. There
are 22 claims remaining, four of which amount to over $5,000,000.
Of the claims decided, 4,202 have been paid, amounting to $158,548,
and checks are ready for the payment of 337 other claims. The
commission decided these 7,746 claims in three years and three
months, or at the rate of over 198 claims a month. The daily
newspaper, El Nacionalista, which was temporarily suspended, is
664
PANAMA. 665
again being published under the direction of Gen. Jose M. Mon-
cada. An executive decree of August 7, 1914, suspends for four
months the exportation of rice and beans. The new WATER
company at Managua will supply potable water to the city, taking
the same from Lake Managua, about one kilometer off the Xolotlan
Beach. The water will be taken at a depth of at least six meters,
and the plant will have a capacity for providing 250 liters of water
daily for a population of 100,000.
The Government of Panama has taken the necessary steps for the
establishment of a DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE similar to
those maintained by other countries. The services of Prof. Henry
Pittier, a man of large experience and extensive knowledge in tropical
agriculture, have been engaged to carry out the preliminary work
connected with the establishment of this department. Prof. Pittier
will visit the different departments of Panama and make a detailed
report to the Government, and the information collected by him will
be used as a basis for establishing and carrying on the work.
Recent advices state that the Government of Panama has arranged
to maintain ten LIGHTHOUSES on the Pacific coast of the Re-
public.——An interpretation of the MARRIAGE LAW of the Re
public has been circulated by the Government of Panama to the
effect that no marriage ceremony, unless performed by a Catholic
priest or a duly authorized judge, shall be valid in the Republic, and
that only such marriages shall be recorded in the general registry
kept for the purpose. Protestant ministers and Jewish rabbis, who
perform marriage ceremonies, are required to notify the proper
authorities of such marriages. On the recommendation of Sr.
J. E. Lefevre, secretary of the Legation of Panama in Washington,
the Rockefeller Institute has sent Dr. Hackett to Panama to study
ana discover, if possible, means of combatting the disease known as
usinariacis or TROPICAL ANEMIA. The consul of Venezuela in
Panama has taken possession of the space allotted to the Republic of
Venezuela at Panama City for exhibition purposes at the National
Exposition, and will have the VENEZUELAN BUILDING erected
on this ground. Under date of August 28 the Government of
Panama prohibited the exportation of RICE on hand at that time in
the Republic, or which may be imported in future, until the cessation
of hostilities occasioned by the European war. The night depart-
ment of the COMMERCIAL INSTITUTE of Panama requires for
666 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
its three-year course the study of the following subjects: Commercial
correspondence, English, arithmetic, stenography, typewriting, geog-
raphy and commercial history. The tramways of the city of
Panama have conceded special rates to SCHOOL CHILDREN going
to and returning from school in the Federal Capital. The Govern-
ment of Panama has approved a contract made in Bocas del Toro
by J. M. Keyes, a representative of the United Fruit Co., with H. M.
Field, for the construction of the Almirante aqueduct, dam, and
reservoir after plans made by order of and with the consent of the
Government. The contract made with Albert J. Froelich by the
Department of Fomento for the construction of a STADIUM or
hippodrome at Las Sabanas near the City of Panama, has been can-
celed by the Government for nonfulfillment of the terms of the .
agreement. The deposit of 500 balboas, which the concessionaire
made with the National Bank as a guarantee of the faithful perform-
ance of the stipulations of the contract, has been declared forfeited
to the Government.——On July 15, 1914, there was on hand in cash
in the public treasury 250,195.78 balboas. The Santa Ana
SCHOOL FOR BOYS in the city of Panama is the largest school of
its kind in'the Republic. It has 23 grades, 702 enrolled pupils with an
average attandance of 574, and employs 32 teachers.——Isaac
Brandon, president of the Panama American Corporation, has been
authorized by the municipal council of the city of Panama, to erect
two iron tanks in the city limits on the beach adjoining the San
José wall, at a distance of not less than 240 feet from any building, to
be used as PETROLEUM DEPOTS for the electric ight and power
plant of the Federal Capital.
RI aS
Nothing shows so clearly the material development of a country
as the steady increase of its commerce. The exports of Paraguay
have increascd during the last 10 years from 3,196,260 gold pesos
(gold peso =$.).9647) in 1904 to 5,630,928 gold pesos in 1913. In
1908 the exports of Paraguay ager gated $3,867,(94; in 1909,
$4,992,814; in 1910, $4,789,.65; in 1911, $4,828,917, and in 1912,
$4,235,723. Among the principal EXPORTS of Paraguay are Yerba
mate or Paraguayan tea, timber, quebracho, fruits, such as oranges
and tangtrines, tobacco, hides, quebracho extract, drid meat, and
becf extract. The chicf imports were made up of textiles, foodstuffs,
hardware, liquors, drugs, clothing, hats,etc. The imports of Paraguay
PERU. 667
rose from $4,072,953 in 1908 to $6,252,480 in 1910. The President
of the Republic has signed a DECREE organizing the National De-
partment of Engineers. The NATIONAL DAIRY, a new and
important industry, was inaugurated at Asuncion, capital of Paraguay,
in July last. The dairy is equipped with all modern apparatus and
appliances used in the handling of milk, and the manufacture of
butter and cheese. Owing to the large number of cattle in Paraguay
and the growth of the stock-raising industry of the Republic, it is
believed that the dairy industry will develop a steady growth and
that the new enterprise will be profitable from the beginning of its
business operations. Some of the prominent members of the
German colony residing in Asuncion have forganized 2 GERMAN
SCHOOL in the Federal capital, where children of German parentage
may, without neglecting the Spanish language, cultivate the language
of their Fatherland and familiarize themselves with the customs and
ideals of the German people. Prof. R. Chodat, representing the
Federal Board of Switzerland, is now in Paraguay engaged in SCIEN-
TIFIC WORK intrusted to him. Prof. Chodat is famous throughout
the entire scientific world on account of his important works in the field
of botany and for his studies of the flora of Paraguay. In company
with two assistants Prof. Chodat proposes to travel through Paraguay,
studying the plant life of the country with relation to the diff: rent
zones of the Republic. In July last the NEW MINISTER of
Uruguay, Senor Dn. Alfredo Silva y Atuifia, presented his credentials
and was received by President Scherer. A new COLONIZATION
COMPANY has been definitely organized by Argentine capitalists for
the settlement of Paraguayan lands. The property of the company
consists of 20,000 hectares of Paraguayan land to the south of the
Caaguazu River and to the east of Villarica, between the Monday or
Veragua River and the Capubory Creek. The company will establish
a number of agricultural and stock raismg colonis. Lots of from
20 to 400 hectares will be sold only to colonists at fixed prices on
long-time payments without interest. A large discount will be made
to purchasers of lots, who pay cash.
ISG @ Se’ © ——<$_‘_> Ss ep © ae ood
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CEN YESS) EN IF
With the object of rendering less acute the public necessities of the
moment and of avoiding greater injuries to commerce, the President
of the Republic issued, on August 6 of the present year, a decree
establishing a MORATORIUM of 30 days, commencing with August 8,
covering banking and commercial transactions. A later decree,
668 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
dated August 8, provided that within the terms of the moratorium,
banks would be required to pay in full balances in account current
which, at the time of the decree, amounted to £5 or less, and that on
bank balances exceeding £5, an amount equal to 5 per cent of the
total credit shall be paid. For the purpose of reestablishing confi-
dence, which had been impaired by the European war, the President
of Peru, acting under the authority of Congress, issued, on August 9,
1914, two decrees, one of which prohibits exports of provisions, cattle,
and coal, and the other provides that no industrial concern shall dis-
charge any of its workmen without giving 24 hours’ notice in advance
to the prefect of the Province. According to a elegren te dispatch
the Peruvian CABINET, organized on August 22, 1914, is as follows:
Dr. Aurelio Sousa, Chetimaea of the Cabinet and iNGleheter of Justice;
Dr. J. Fernando Gazzani, Minister of Foreign Relations; Dr. Fernando
Fuchs, Minister of Government and Police; Dr. J. Francisco Tudela y
Varela, Minister of the Treasury; Col. Augusto Bedoya, Minister of
War and Marine; and Engineer Francisco Alayza y Paz Soldan,
Minister of Promotion and Public Works. With the object of
avoiding an increase in the price of articles of prime necessity and
their unjustified monoply, during the first few days of August the
Peruvian Government empowered the municipalities of the Republic
to fix the prices of the articles referred to. One of the measures of
most importance promulgated in Peru on account of the European
war is that concerning BANK CHECKS. Congress authorized the
banks of the country to issue checks to bearer in values of 1, 5, and 10
Peruvian pounds, the banks guaranteeing payment with their assets,
including their gold’ reserve and commercial securities. These
checks are not to be issued to the amount of more than £1,100,000,
and are to be redeemed within six months after peace has been
declared between England, France, and Germany.——The MONU-
MENT to San Martin, which is to be erected in Peru, will soon be
shipped from Cadiz. As soon as it is known when it will arrive in
Callao, the date on which it will be unveiled will be fixed. The
unveiling will be witnessed by a special commission from the Argentine
Republic.
A recent law has been mere er the following
INHERITANCE TAXES: On direct descendants or ascendants:
Up to 5,000 pesos, 4 per cent; from 5,000 to 25,000, 4 per cent; more
than 25,000 pesos up to 100,000 pesos, 1 per cent; and more than
100,000 pesos, 2 per cent. Collateral heirs, second degree of con-
SALVADOR. 669
sanguinity: Up to 10,000 pesos, 4 per cent; over 10,000 up to 25,000
pesos, 2 per cent; over 25,000 up to 100,000 pesos, 3 per cent; and
more than 100,000 pesos, 4 per cent. Collateral heirs, third degree of
consanguinity: Up to 25,000 pesos, 4 per cent; over 25,000 to 100,000
pesos, 5 per cent; more than 100,000 pesos, 6 per cent. Collateral
heirs, fourth degree of consanguinity: Up to 25,000 pesos, 5 per cent;
over 25,000 pesos to 100,000 pesos, 6 per cent; and more than 100,000
pesos, 7 per cent. Relatives further removed than the degrees
already mentioned, or unrelated persons: Up to 10,000 pesos, 7
per cent; over 10,000 and up to 25,000 pesos, 8 per cent; more than
25,000 pesos and up to 100,000 pesos, 9 per cent; and more than
100,000 pesos, 10 per cent. During the first half of 1914 there were
in the city of San Salvador, 1,426 BIRTHS and 1,006 deaths, or an
excess of births over deaths of 420. During the same period there
were 49 marriages and 7 divorces. During the period referred to
there were slaughtered for food purposes in the city of San Salvador,
16,373 head of cattle and hogs, the values of which were, respectively,
537,600 pesos and 10,260 pesos. Arrangements have been made
for the installation of an ELECTRIClight plant at Metapan, which will
furnish light and power to the city and the surrounding country.
The survey of the RAILWAY from Metapan to Ahuachupan is
progressing rapidly. The proposed line will open up to easy traffic
a rich and fertile section of the country. The SCHOOL OF ARTS
AND CRAFTS for girls, founded in San Salvador by Mrs. Sara de
Zaldivar, has been temporarily closed. It is quite probable that this
school, which fills a long felt want, will reopen its sessions in the near
future. Negotiations are under way for the establishment of
WATERWORKS at San Miguel and at Santa Elena. In 1913
the exports of the Republic of Salvador to Great Britain were valued
at 1,672,055.83 pesos. The principal items of export were as follows:
Zinc, 1,411 pounds, valued at 3,226.20 pesos; auriferous silver, 4,868
pounds, valued at 165,397 pesos; silver bars, 1,486 pounds, valued at
94,816.03 pesos; slimes or tailings, 16,603 pounds, valued at 235,895.30
pesos; coffee in parchment, 340,504 pounds, valued at 85,126 pesos;
cleaned coffee, 3,415,187 pounds, valued at 1,024,555.20 pesos; balsam,
4,078 pounds, valued at 6,185 pesos; sugar, 589,930 pounds, valued at
58,993.50 pesos; indigo, 40,196 pounds, valued at 38,868.50 pesos; and
75 packages of miscellaneous articles, valued at 2,792.45 pesos. The
exports of Salvador to Italy during the same year amounted to
2,861,692.87 pesos. The charter of the Occidental BANK, whose
headquarters is in the city of San Salvador, has been authorized to in-
crease its capital to £135,000, equal to 1,500,000 pesos silver. An
ELECTRIC light and power plant was recently opened to the public
at Acajutla. The company has installed more than 900 lamps for the
use of the city and suburbs. The plant is owned by the railway
670. THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
company. The Congress of Salvador recently granted Sefior
Carlos Melendez, President of the Republic, permission to withdraw
from his office for a period of seven months, counting from such time
as President Melendez may designate. Dr. Alfonso Quifionez Molina,
the First Designate, will be President of the Republic during the
seven months’ period referred to. A recent law limits the Drilling
Company’s (Compafiia de Perforaciones) concession, known also as
the Emilio Mosonyi concession, to the drilling of ARTESIAN WELLS
for the extraction of water, but exclusive privilege is not.granted the
company for the extraction of minerals encountered in drilling for
water, although such minerals may be extracted by the company in
accordance with the mining laws of the country. The same law
limits the Schlesinger concession to the extraction of petroleum,
petroleum gas, asphalt, and coal.
=_
S
5
The President of Uruguay, in a special message to Congress, asks
for authority to honor the memory of Jose Marti, the father of Cuban
independence, by placing at the base of the monument erected to
Marti at Habana, Cuba, a plate with an inscription manifesting the
thanks of the Uruguayan nation for important services rendered the
Republic of Uruguay by the Cuban patriot. The executive
power has promulgated a BANKiNG LAW which provides for the
nonconversion into coin of the bank bills of Uruguay for six months,
with the object of preventing the exportation of gold coin for specu-
lative purposes during the existence of the European war. The
Bank of Uruguay is authorized to issue 5,000,000 pesos in dank
notes, thus making its total issue 26,000,000 pesos, an amount that
is perfectly guaranteed under the law. An AVIATiON SCHOOL
for civilians was opened in Montevideo in the early part of last August.
The school is equipped with two aeroplanes and the aerodrome “La
Atlantida.’ Representatives of the Central Uruguayan and
Brazilian railways have agreed to a RAILWAY TARIFF regulating
the transportation charges between the two countries. As soon as
this tariff is approved by the GOVERNMENTS in interest it will
be put into effect. The National STOCK CONGRESS met in
Montevideo early in August of the present year. A number of
interesting subjects were discussed, and it is believed that the Congress
will be of great value to the stock industry of the country. During
the first six months of 1914, 12,180,060 kilos of Uruguayan MEATS
valued at 2,335,558 pesos, were imported into the United States
=
VENEZUELA. 671
direct from Uruguay, while 3,900,000 kilos, valued at 741,000 pesos,
entered the United States via Liverpool. This makes the total
imports 16,080,060 kilos, valued at 3,076,558 pesos. ARBOR
DAY has been observed in Uruguay for 14 years. In the celebration
of August 15 last, 200,000 children of the public and private schools
participated, each one of which received a brochure explaining the
advantages of planting trees and the meaning of the ceremony.
The Congress of Uruguay has passed a law prescribing the measures
which should be adopted to avoid accidents to workmen. The
President of the Republic has requested bids for the construction of
a RA: LWAY, together with the necessary buildings, etc., from
Tablada to connect at Sayago with the Uruguayan Central Rail-
way. The Senate of Uruguay has approved the ARBiTRATiON
CONVENTiON concluded with Italy on November 29, 1913, for
settlement of the questions arising out of the embargo vessel Maria
Madre. It is stated that in April next the demarcation of the
Uruguayan-Brazilian BOUNDARY, on the frontier marked by the
Merim Lagoon and the Yaguaron River, in accordance with a treaty
of 1909, will be completed. The POLICE IDENTiF.CATiON
office at Montevideo, in accordance with the provisions of a recent
law, must identify all persons detained on a criminal charge as well
as the corpses of the unknown dead, by the dactilographic or other
identification system. Identification cards can only be issued by
this office. The Mortgage Bank of Uruguay has authorized an
issue of MORTGAGE BONDS to the amount of 5,000,000 pesos.
0S «[aQ TITIES Do Cok SS
_NENE ZUELA _ |
A decree of August 27 reduces the expense BUDGET, beginning
September 1, 1914, 25 per cent. This reduction does not affect
public-debt obligations nor obligations contracted under interna-
tional treaties. According to the budget as originally approved the
receipts and expenditures for 1914-15 are calculated, respectively,
at 51,809,540 bolivares ($9,999,234). The expenditures by depart-
ments in bolivares are as follows: Interior, 12,147,363.24; foreign
relations, 1,514,426.79; treasury, 13,617,627.10; war and marine,
13,000,000; fomento, 3,871,930; public works, 3,329,440; and public
Instruction, 3,815,786. In addition to this an expenditure of 512,-
966.87 is provided for under the heading “Corrections to the
budget.” The decree of August 1, issued with the object of
reconciling the CODE OF MINES with the new constitution, pro-
672 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
vides that titles to mining property issued by the executive and
contracts concerning the exploitation of mines shall be as follows:
1. In titles of mining property issued by the executive and in con-
tracts concerning the exploitation of mines, a clause shall be inserted
expressly stating that the former shall not be valid nor shall work
be begun on the latter until after the date of approval by Congress.
2. The term in which verification of denouncement papers prescribed
by the code in article 43 and in paragraph 3 of article 56 shall be
Counted from the day on which Congress approves the title. The
Central Sugar FACTORY, of Zulia, which will exploit rich sugar-
cane lands in the vicinity of Maracaibo, will soon be installed. The .
productiveness of these lands is such that, coupled with the abun-
dance and cheapness of labor in the district, the company entertains
a hope of earning large profits from the operation of the factory
from the very beginning, and believes that the sugar from this
factory can successfully compete in foreign markets with sugar
from other countries. Simon Musso and Juan Argote have been
appointed CONSULS GENERAL, respectively, at Habana and New
Orleans. The COMMERCE of La Guaira in 1913 consisted of
57,358,638 kilos of imports, 18,288,035 kilos of exports, and 40,469,-
527 kilos of coastwise trade-——A board has been organized in
Caracas for the purpose of preparing information concerning AGRI-
CULTURE, stock raising, and manufacturing in the Federal dis-
trict. Misle & Co. have established a steam sawmill in Caracas
and will engage in the preparation and sale of lumber for construc-
tion purposes. Work on the Carora AQUEDUCT is being rapidly
pushed forward, and the necessary machinery for the successful
operation of the aqueduct is being installed. Carora is a thriving
city and business center in the State of Lara. The first SUGAR
CENTRAL in the Yaritagua district, State of Yaracuy, will soon
be established at the Rodeo plantation. A large still will soon be
erected and will be ready for operation soon after the sugar machin-
ery is installed in the factory.
RGEN TINAY DOLIVIAy BRAZIL ~ GFMLE + GOLOANBIA
Ni@ FP MBER i «tune. ¢ 1974
BULLETIN OF THE
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GOVERNING: BOARD-OF-THE
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S974
Cat
| Pn WiuuiaMm J. Bryan, Secretary of State of the United States,
inva Chairman ex officio.
AMBASSADORS EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY.
Brazil: ssc ae ae eer Senhor Domicio Da GAMA,
Office of Embassy, 1780 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Mexico’. ene oss cade Sefior Don ManvuE.L Catero.!
Argentine Republic---Sefior Dr. Romuto S. Naon,?
ee)
34
9
cx]
ave :
Ae ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY.
“| Office of Legation, 1806 Corcoran Street, Washington, D. C.
.)
Chile sists <2 hoses Sefior Don Epuarpo SuArkEz Musica,?
Office of Legation, 1013 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
Bolivia cece ese Sefior Don Ienacio CaLDERON,
Office of Legation, 1633 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D, C.
Colomipiaeeeeeeeee eee Sefior Dr. Jutio Berancourt,
Office of Legation, 1319 K Street, Washington, D. C.
CostapRicaze sere eee Sefior Don Roperro BrENES MEsgEn,
Office of Legation, 1501 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D.C.
Cubace sa2c8eosnesee Sefior Dr. C. M. pE CESPEDES y QUESADA,
Office of Legation, 1529 Eighteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
Dominican Republic. ..Sefior Dr. Epuarpo R. SoLer,
Office of Legation, ‘‘The Champlain,’’ Washington, D. C.
IH cusdorereeeee eee Sefior Dr. Gonzato 8. CérpDova,
Office of Legation, 604 Riverside Drive, New York City.
Guatemala ......----- Senor Don Joaquin M&npez,
Office of Legation, 1511 Twentieth Street, Washington, D. C.
EV ai ti pee eee eee ster M. Soton Ménos,
Office of Legation, 1429 Rhode Island Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Honduras ._....-.---- Senor Dr. ALBERTO Mrempresxo,
Office of Legation, ‘‘ Hotel Gordon,’’ Washington, D. C.
INicanaouareseeeeeeeeee Senor Don Emit1ano CHAMORRO,
Office of Legation, ‘‘Stoneleigh Court,’’ Washington, D. C.
Panama Msc o2 ce eee Sefior Dr. Evsrsio A. MoRALss,
Office of Legation, ‘‘Stoneleigh Court,’”’ Washington, D. C.
a, Paraguay —.2 55-55-5255 Sefior Dr. Hrcror VELAzZQuEz,
Office of Legation, 1678 Woolworth Building, New York, N. Y.
j Peres sacs ed osacoseas Sefor Don Freprrico ALFonso PxzxE7,
Office of Legation, 2223 R Street, Washington, D. C.
Salvador cecsasseceee Sefior Dr. Francisco DuEN Aas,
Office of Legation, ‘The Portland,’’ Washington, D. C.
Uruguay Saeeeee eee: Sefior Dr. Cartos M. pg PENa,
Office of Legation, 1734 N Street, Washington, D. C.
Venezuela ......-.---- Sefior Dr. Santos AnrBAL DomInicl,
Office of Legation, 1406 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D. C.
CHARGES D'AFFAIRES.
Me@xi€Os cosqec Se se eaGe Sefior Don A. Ata@ara R. DE TERREROS,!
Office of Embassy, 1413 I Street, Washington, D.C.
1 Absent. 2 Appointed Ambassador.
De | PP
fe
v UNION OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS v
BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
NOVEMBER 1914
SEVENTEENTH AND B STREETS NW., WASHINGTON, D.C.,U.S.A.
CABLE ADDRESS FOR UNION AND BULLETIN : : : : “PAU,” WASHINGTON
IP BUE,
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
JOHN BARRETT
DIRECTOR GENERAL
| FRANCISCO J. YANES
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR THE BULLETIN
English edition, in all countries of the Pan American Union, $2.00 per year.
Spanish edition, ‘‘ Ge ee Gt ae £6 1.50 ss
Portuguese edition, a GG a id ct 1.00 a
French edition, A ag ce Gt Go a 15 “
An ADDITIONAL CHARGE of 50 cents per year, on each edition, for
subscriptions in countries outside the Pan American Union.
SINGLE COPIES may be procured from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at 25 cents each.
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1914
fh BUEN Sed BN son ge area tee casos ets RON aed eae echo om AO SSN Bale ee
‘They Manavithamamia) Ebates eo ee See) Sea epee eR oe ee
AUC ommercialeDraviel erpimy.s Oth wATIMe Ti Cay Relea eee eee
FVECEPONMOLMNIG Wael VIL TAT Sit CT: easy ea
Leroy A SYS hn, eeha Jeera eH ATE NIRS Soocoogoc cas sducuocauocusecuseocesecns
PanvAmeri casing th ee la ea) zine See eee eee a
A journey in South America—South of Panama—The River of Doubt—Railway expansicn
in South America—A forest of stone—Through sleepers from Nome to Cape Horn—Master-
pieces of aboriginal American art—The world’s trade in sugar—Mining in Honduras.
PanGA mer CAMMN OLE Se) ic stam aes apie eR te eg eee Scag ge seek orale eee een
United States must buy Latin American products—United States ambassador to Chile—Car-
negie statue at Dunfermline, Scotland—On the study of Spanish—American Express Co. to
enter Latin American field—Foreign trade enterprise—A ddresses on Latin America—Cruise
to South America—International Students’ Reunion—Commercial conference in Memphis—
Spanish instruction in commercial schools—Latin American trade—Sanitary conference
postponed—Peace treaties with Ecuador and Paraguay—International Bureau of Central
America—Pan American Trade Association in Indiana—Students of Georgia to be taught
Spanish—Foreign trade conference at Harrisburg, Pa.—Venezuelan Government confers
distinction on John J. Moran—Urging Pan American credit insurance company.
Subject: MattenotiConsularsReportssaeeeeee eee ee eee ee
CommiercevoteC olomib1aet OT Oss eee eee ae rene
Comme;nrcesofs Cos tae Ric afore OL eee ean a
ATS STEN WERE DUP Cee eae oe te eae 5 Se ea ve Oe aed Ae cee Seon Ue ee
Industrial statistics—Wireless regulations—Gift from Mexico—Monument to Pellegrini—
National stock fair—Forest timber concessions—Cereal crop—Sanitary works—Cordoba
census,
E30) Gh Ie eee eee eaten UNE De aati SPR fee mite ee Gr UN Sr ese Tera eh cee oats 1
Appropriation for education—Development in schools—Educational progress—Exports from
New York—Tarija Board of Trade.
Coffee crop—Neutrality declared—Arbitrary treaty—Rural bank—Independence anniver-
sary—Congress of History—Coal mines—New governors—Arbitration treaty—Commercial
conyention— Railway convention—Chilean nitrate.
Customhouse receipts—Street paving contracts—La Serena loan—Appropriation for sculp-
tural group—Contribution to Balboa monument—Improve Antofagasta Harbor—Maritime
recommendations—Railway construction—E xploit forests.
(Oxo) Koha] on yeaa et ene a, Ve OR ets Rea | A Cree ae ae pata CNRS Go oo eos oe
Cabinet change—State Council—Realty values—Municipal revenues—New city—Wireless
rates—Aerial cableway—Board of economics—Student officers—Cattle statistics—Authorize
government warrants.
Cos tania pei cg at aier cee oc Snyper o egel ey Sinn aE rd Mie aera C spay eer
Export exemptions removed—Ratify international treaties—Improve highway—Naranjo
loan—Hospital loan—Limon loan—Legal tender.
IIt
783
802
805
809
824
825
826
827
830
IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Sugar crop—Loan authorized—General measures—Supervising. public works—Citrus fruits—
Expand water supply—Franchise zone—Wireless regulation—Highway improyvements—
Nurseries established—Tramway extensions—General improvements.
PYOMIMIT CATO: SPUD LUC es epee ee ras ee at ae ee Eee re ae
Cabinet appointment—Biographical data on President—Consulting committee—New gov-
ernors—Bureau of Accounts—Customs receipts—Telephone improyvements—Dominican
lyceum—Gift to Dominican Republic.
IE CUWaAM Or: Ferns 3 SS ees Sie oe aie Se ee re Se ee Set ee eer oe eee
Riobamba water supply—Hot springs—Cacao supply—Other products—Tobacco produc-
tion—Tagua crops—Exports—Funds of Bank of Ecuador—Chone electric power—Water-
works material received.
Guatemala: cisco 5. cheese oki eas tSes Lewis Sees oases = aes Oe eee
To drill public wells—A verage rainfall—Increase lumber tax—Maize and corn purchases—City
of Guatemala loan—Chiquimula electric plant—Neutrality proclamation—Governmental
control of utilities.
Proposed bank note law—Denomination of notes—Guarantee revenues—Regulations for re-
fund—Use of issue—Text of bill—Treasury warrants.
TONG UT aS s/s. o se ais iced eidiseee Sic Sera Se SSS SED miss See Sine ets Se eee ee e
Telephone service extensions—Boundary convention—Santa Barbara aqueduct—Suiza Plant-
ing Co.—Tobacco company—N. Y. & H. R. Mining Co.—Sugar refining company.
IVECO XG OF epee Sa eae AS a STO ype See ieee eee Uae
Regulation of shop hours—Puebla tax regulations—Mining regulations explained—Articles on
Scholastic Movement—New mining association—Extension for railway construction—His-
torical documents.
IND CAT ASW AY oe Sci cede Biers encreral deere is beeale eee aes Sie Sie s MES SR eee eee
Article on gold mines—Location of yeins—Mining laws—Opportunities of miner—Farcel post
with Panama—Elections in the House—To study financial situation—To purchase railroad
stock—F ree importations.
Panamanian ek eck ccna wasiRateese ae Braise Se Sim es aie a AS SR oe eNO ee eee
Message of President—Telephone improvements—National code—Expenditures and receipts—
Bank dealings—School statistices—Canal Zone boundary treaty—Arbitration convention—
International congresses—Steam laundry—Motor boat service—Lighthouse.
Para ay aie.a 7s asa Srsyaeesreesca Sieve oe =e Se Serene Se en See Ree eae acy Se eee
Free imports—To canalize rivers—Labor contracts—Paraguari agricultural school—Wireless
connection—Coal vein—A gricultural bank loans—Encourage rice culture—Asuncion—B. A.
schedule.
Public highway project—Encourage rubber production—Seed imports regulated—Reduce
rents to workmen—Coal prices—Agriculture society—City of Ferrefiafe—Silver coinage.
Salvador: 5c ihe Se es red as ee see eecite ene epee ee
New cabinet—Budget, 1914-15—Mortgage bank—Provisions of charter—Ratify international
resolutions—Regulate manufacture of arms—Realty tax—Agricultural fair.
105 op bf hs ee ee ee ee ener ee ter ei ice ae io EPS GON O06
Treasury warrants—Interest on warrants—Inheritance tax—Statistical tax—Pavement con-
tract—Facilitate money exchange—National City Bank branch—Wine tax.
enezwelarsas pe esis ne Ne oe a ORE Oa Fe ee ee ee nee eee
Recapitulation of laws—Professional practice regulation—Additional appropriation—W heat
raising—School of arts—New scholarships—M ining statistics—Cabinet change—Mining notes.
833
834
835
836
837
839
840
841
843
844
845
846
847
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DR. VICTORINO MARQUEZ BUSTILLOS,
Provisional President of the United States of Venezuela.
Dr. Bustillos was Minister of War and Navy at the time he was elected President. Prior to his
Caines office he served as Governor of the Federal District and as president of his native State,
Trujillo.
a
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VOL. XXXIX. NOVEMBER, 1914. No. 5
VYYY YO: G™ PYG OGQGOYUGYUCY i t
eta: Malta ’ Y ZZ eo a
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GIGI. Saute — an dh Go, Iv rv Guth Iw a¢ a 22
N the United States of America there is one day of universal
feasting, a day set aside by presidential proclamation for the
observance of a religious festival, for rendering thanks to the
Creator for the blessings of a bounteous harvest and for the
prosperity of the people, and this day is known throughout the
length and breadth of the land as “ Thanksgiving Day.” Now indis-
solubly associated with that day in the minds of the people is a bird—
a bird of large proportions, a bird distinctively American, charac-
terized by neither the bold ferocity of the eagle of war nor the meek
humidity of the dove of peace, but from the standpoint of strict
utilitarianism perhaps superior to both. That bird is the turkey.
The first time that any Thanksgiving Day and the turkey were
brought into intimate relation was upon the occasion when Gov.
Bradford, of Plymouth Colony, in 1621, set aside a day of thanks-
giving to celebrate the gathering of the first harvest made by the
doughty Pilgrims who had come over in the Mayflower the year
before. The harvest had saved the colony, and incident to the
religious features of the occasion the governor sent out four men with
their flint-lock fowling pieces to procure meat to grace the festive
board which was to be provided, in order that the colonists ‘ might
after a more special manner rejoice together.”
In those days the wild turkey still strutted in unrestricted pride
and splendor through the forests of New England, and that in plen-
teous flocks. Doubtless the then friendly red man had introduced
the early settlers to the creamy taste of the white and the succulence
of the dark meat of the turkey; so wild turkeys were the quest of the
hunters, and upon the occasion alluded to constituted the piéce de
résistance of the banquet. From that good day to this the turkey,
either wild or tame, has occupied the place of honor on the Thanks-
giving dinner table where opportunity or opulence could possibly
provide it, from the eastern tip of Maine to the Golden Gate of San
673
* THE BRONZE TURKEY.
““Tndissolubly associated with ‘Thanksgiving Day’ in the minds of the people is a bird—a bird of large
proportions, a bird distinctively American, characterized by neither the bold ferocity of the eagle of
war nor the meek humility of the dove of peace, but, from the standpoint of strict utilitarianism, perhaps
superior to both. That bird is the turkey.”
THE TURKEY IN PICTURE WRITING
OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.
Whatever means the aboriginal inhabitants
of North America adopted to record infor-
mation was by rude inscriptions on wood
or stone. This curious presentation of a
turkey was meant to convey the idea that
the bird was abundant in that particular
neighborhood. It is a rare specimen of
native character writing, preserved in the
Bureau of Ethnology of the National
Museum.
Courtesy of Doubleday, Page & Co.
THE BARNYARD TURKEY.
The total number of domesticated turkeys found on farms of 3 acres or more in extent in the United States,
enumerated in the census of 1910, was 3,688,708. These were valued at $6,605,818, or, on an average, at
about $1.79 per live bird. The five leading States with respect to number of turkeys were Texas, with
364,000; Missouri, 312,000; Indiana, 203,000; Illinois, 189,000; and Kentucky, 188,000. The average value
of the birds in 1910 ranged from $3.08 cents in the New England States to $1.24 in the west South Central
ivision.
676 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Francisco—from the topmost border of North Dakota to the mag-
nolia-scented shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Thus on the last Thurs-
day of November of each year, the day that custom has assigned
for this celebration, the turkey gobbler reigns as uncrowned king of
the festival, although he needs must die to achieve that honor.
Just why the bird should have been called “ turkey ” in the English
language no one seems to know. The realm of His Sultanie Majesty
had no more to do with the introduction of the bird to polite society
than did Greenland or Kamchatka. The real turkey is a bird indige-
nous to North America and was first introduced into Europe by the
returning Spanish adventurers who had found it in the New World.
It may be that since the bird was brought to northern Europe from
Spain the generally ignorant public concluded that, like many other
unusual things, it came from Turkey or the Far East. Again, the
bird may have named itself, since the call of the hen to her chicks
sounds very much like tur-r-r-k, tur-r-r-k, tur-r-r-k. At any rate,
there is no actual connection between the bird and the country of the
same name.
The turkey was a favorite fowl among the aboriginal inhabitants
of America. It had its habitat over all that section where grew its
favorite food, Indian corn. When Cortez, in 1519, first reached the
realm of the Aztecs, Montezuma entertained him with royal splendor,
and among the delicious viands set before the Spanish invaders was
roasted turkey. It was found that the Aztecs had domesticated the
fowl to quite an extent, and that it was also plentiful in its wild state.
North of the Rio Grande the bird was equally well known, and the
adventurous Coronado found it among the cliff-dwelling Indians and
other tribes he met on his expedition through what is now Texas,
Arizona, and New Mexico. The Zuni Indians seem to have known
of the turkey for centuries, and some of their earliest traditions deal
with this interesting bird. Not only did the bird serve as a delectable
food, but its feathers formed a valuable asset for purposes of adorn-
ment in the headgear of the Indians and for embellishing the gar-
ments of the women, besides lending accuracy to the flight of their
arrows. When the English settled Massachusetts they found wild
turkeys in abundance, and other colonists found them from New
England down to Florida.
The wild turkey of America is without doubt the progenitor of all
kinds of turkeys the world over. Ornithologists in general accept
the view that all turkeys have descended from the three forms known
to-day as the North American, the Mexican, and the Honduras
(Ocellata) varieties. The bird found in certain forest regions of
South America known as the curassow, although sometimes called
the South American turkey, in reality belongs to a different family,
and scientists hold that any real turkeys found in that continent are
immigrants.
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“LNG WNOUIAND TVUNLVN UIAAHL NI SADMAAL GTM
“KN ‘asoureyoo “oourg ‘vy uerue Aq ydrasojioud
A SUCCESSFUL TURKEY HUNT.
Turkey hunting has been a fascinating sport ever since the discovery of America.™ It is the largest game
bird found in the United States. Formerly wild turkeys were killed in great numbers, and pothunters
caught them in traps and shot them from their roosts at night. Now, however, rigid game laws seek to
protect the birds, and only gobblers may be killed, and these only at certain short periods during the year.
Courtesy of Doubleday. Page & Co.
THE WHITE TURKEY
In America the White variety is called the White Holland, because some think that it came originally
from Holland, although they are not natural to that country. In England they are called Austrian
Whites, where they have been known for over a hundred years. Probably the Whites are ‘‘sports”
from other turkeys. In the United States the size and strength have been increased by breeding,
although the infusion of blood from the Bronze variety has detracted from the color of the plumage.
Courtesy of Doubleday, Page & Co.
A TURKEY ROOST IN WINTER TIME.
Turkeys in the wild state prefer the branches of low-lying trees for their perch. This habit of nature has
been carried over into domesticated life, and farm turkeys must be given opportunity to carry it out.
Even in winter they prefer out-of-doors, and only in extreme cold weather should they be induced to
make use of a sheltered or of a protected perch. Houses can be built for this purpose, but care must be
exercised that they do not become too delicate by resorting to it unnecessarily.
680 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The Mexican turkey, wild throughout the Republic, is known to
science as Meleagris mexicana; it is short in shank, the feathers of its
body are metallic black, shaded only shghtly with bronze, while all
its feathers are tipped with white. This appears to be the species
first taken to Spain and other European countries. It is thought
that the white markings of its plumage appear in the variety of
domestic turkey known as the Narragansett.
The Honduras turkey is called scientifically Meleagris ocellata, and
is found to-day scattered over most of Central America. The bird
is extremely wild, and has a freer flight than its cousins of the North.
It is the most beautiful in coloring of all the family. The head and
neck are naked, the caruncles on them differing from those of others
resident in less tropical regions, and no breast tuft is present. The
ground color of the plumage is a beautiful bronze green, banded with
gold bronze, blue and red, with some bands of brilliant black. This
bird can not be bred successfully nor domesticated away from its
native heath, and even there it is usually found only in its wild state.
The North American turkey, Meleagris americana, is the original
species of the eastern United States. Its colors are black, beauti-
fully shaded with a rich bronze, the breast plumage being dark bronze,
illuminated with a lustrous finish of coppery gold. All this em-
blazons the plumage with a distinctive brightness, and in the rays
of the sun the burnished appearance comes out with striking bril-
liancy. Other varieties known in the barnyard, and even recognized
among dealers as having distinctive markings, are in reality only
highly developed fowls with preserved peculiarities.
In the United States six standard varieties of the domesticated
turkey are recognized and grown. These are the Bronze, Narra-
gansett, Buff, Slate, White, and Black. The differences are chiefly
in size and coloring. The Bronze and Narragansett are the largest,
while in recent years the White variety has been so improved that
it comes third in point of size. The Buff and Slate are usually of
medium size and the Black the smallest.
The time since the turkey led its erstwhile simple life out in the forest
wild has been so short that even in its present domesticated state it
will not thrive in narrow confines nor within ‘“‘prison walls.” It needs
room and exercise and a wide range in which to pick about for food.
It likes no codling and prefers to roost in the branches of a tree out
in the open rather than be huddled with its fellows in closed houses.
Nor can it bear much inbreeding, but needs the infusion of new
blood from time to time if the flock is to thrive. In regions where
wild turkeys still are found—now, alas, only too few—tame turkeys
have been known to mate with their unregenerate kin and occasionally
even to revert to their primal state of savagery. The “‘call of the
wild” is in their blood, and it takes but little for them to sever the
bonds of civilization.
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TURKEY-FEATHER HEADDRESS OF APACHE INDIANS.
Among the aborigina] Indians not only did the bird serve as a delectable food, but its feathers formed
a valuable asset for purposes of adornment in the headgear of the men and for embellishing the gar-
ments of the women, besides lending accuracy to the flight of their arrows.
Photograph by C. B. Waite, Mexico City.
A NATIVE TURKEY MERCHANT.
The European explorers found the turkey domesticated in many parts of America. The fowl was one of
the delicacies of the Mexican table. Since prehistoric times the Indians have cultivated it for the market,
and many of the customs of sale are preserved unchanged to-day. The purchaser may select his choice
in the village street, or the vender will bring the bird, alive and fresh from the farm, to the house door
for inspection.
684 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
In every corner of the globe almost, at least where civilization has
spread its epicurean tastes,may be found the domesticated turkey—
not, however, of his own volition. Never would he, in his wild state,
have sought to cross the stormy seas to find green fields and pastures
new. He is not so constructed. He is not bold or adventurous of
disposition. On the contrary, he is timid and much afraid of things he
does not understand, and when undisturbed is prone to let well enough
alone and get along with his accustomed feeding grounds. Again, as
a flier the turkey is not a pronounced success. He flies ponderously,
almost painfully, and with great effort, and only when very much
frightened. His flight can be sustained for only a short distance, but
what the wild turkey lacks as an aviator he fully makes up as a
sprinter. He can outrun a race horse, especially in his own native
forest, where undergrowth and bushes seem but to add to his speed.
But he could not have flown over the ocean even if he had had that
unnatural desire. He was taken over by the hand of man, first to
Spain, then to other Mediterranean countries, to northern Europe, to
the Far East, until now he is well nigh omnipresent. And this
spreading out of his kind even unto the ends of the earth is all due
to the entrancing qualities his meat takes on when properly baked or
roasted.
To Spain he is said to have been taken by Cortez in 1520, and there
soon became a welcome addition to the Lucullian feasts of the rich
nobles and high livers of the time. In France his first historic appear-
ance was upon the occasion when Charles [X married Elizabeth of
Austria, June 27, 1570, the individual turkey of the feast having been
imported from the village of Boston, in the wilds of America. In
England it seems the turkey made his appearance as early as 1524,
and was soon domesticated. As stated, he is now found almost
everywhere, and his choice flesh regales the appetites of feasting
millions—or as many of them as can afford to buy him tame or kill
him wild. Time was when he could be bought in the United States
for 25 cents. Now he costs that much per pound, including head,
feet, and feathers, and even at that he becomes rare during the
festive seasons of Thanksgiving Day and Christmas and often brings
even a higher price. Taken all in all, a most remarkable bird is
Meleagris gallopavo—better known as the American turkey.
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CCORDING to the most reliable accounts, the first toquilla
straw hat was made 285 years ago in the Province of
Manavi, Ecuador, by Francisco Delgado, an Ecuadorian.
As at that time Panama was the great distributing center
for articles produced on the west coast of South America, many of
these products were credited to that city; hats woven from toquilla
straw in Manavi thus came to be called ‘“‘Panama” hats. While this
misnomer should be corrected to ‘‘Manavi” hat, the name by which
it is commonly known has come into such general use that it is very
doubtful if the change will ever be made.
The plants producing the toquilla straw from which Manavyi hats
are made are five or six species of stemless screw pines, the most
important being known to science as Carludovica palmata, which
grow wild in the hot humid regions of Ecuador and Colombia, and in
the forests of Peru along the headwaters of the Amazon River; but
they are seen at their best in the dense, dark, tropical forests on the
Pacific coast of Kcuador. The plants attain a height of 6 to 10 feet,
and present the appearance of diminutive fan-shaped palm trees.
Repeated attempts have been made to cultivate the plants with but
little success, for only in the wild state do the screwless pines best
develop their characteristic qualities.
The seeds are planted in furrows on low, wet land, during the rainy
season, after which little attention is devoted to them. When about 5
feet high, the young leaves are cut before expanding and are ready to
be prepared for use.
After the removal of the veins, the leaves are dipped repeatedly in a
vessel filled with boiling water and, after being shaken well, they are
exposed to the sun to be bleached. Exceptionally white straw is
obtained by adding a certain proportion of lemon juice to the boiling
water. The straw is then carefully selected, its value depending upon
the length, thickness, color, and number of strands obtained from
each leaf.
The coarser straw, unfit for the manufacture of hats, is utilized in
making small baskets, ornaments, bags, and other articles.
The toquilla straw is sold in many parts of the interior where it is
woven into hats; it is exported also to foreign countries where the hats
are made by machinery.
1By Frederic W. Goding, U. S. Consul General, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
67998—Bull. 5—14 2 685
THE CARLUDOVICA PALMATA.
The Carludouca palmata shrub, from which the toquilla straw or Panama hats is obtained,
grows wild in the hot and humid regions of the Pacific coast in Ecuador and Colombia
and in the forests of the upper Amazon in Peru. It reaches a height of from 6 to 10 feet.
There are several species of the plant, some of which have been more or less successfully
cultivated, but the main supply of the fiber comes from the plant in its natural state.
LEAVES OF THE PALM USED IN MAKING HATS,
The palm resembles the saw palmetto. The young leaves are cut from the stalk while
folded up, just as they begin to open.
PALM FIBER STRIPPED AND ROLLED, READY FOR WEAVING.
The outer plaits are removed and the inner ones split into shreds of the fineness
desired. After being immersed in boiling water the “straw”? is first dried in
the shade and then exposed to the sun
THE MANAVI (PANAMA) HAT. 689
The chief centers of the industry, in the order of their importance,
are Monticristi and Jipijapa in the Province of Manavi; Santa Rosa
and, to a limited extent, Guayaquil in the Province of Guayas; and
Cuen¢a in the Province of Azuay. Thousands of the natives of both
sexes and of all ages, throughout the interior of Ecuador, are engaged
in weaving hats, the work being carried on from a little after midnight
to 7 a.m., while the atmosphere is humid, as the straw becomes brittle
during the day.
After the straw has been prepared as indicated above, and damp-
ened to make it pliable, it is very finely divided into the required
widths by the nail of the little finger or thumb. A bunch of straw is
bound in the middle and placed on the center of a wooden mold, the
strands are arranged radially and equally distant, in pairs, the plait-
ing beginning at the apex of the crown and being continued in a cir-
cular form until the hat is finished, care being taken that no straws
are added while the crown is being made, but augmenting those used
in forming the brim and border. On the degree of nicety in which
the straws are lengthened depends the beauty and durability of the
hat. Should a strand be broken it-ean be replaced and so plaited as
not to be noticed. The finishing touches are now made by trimming
the brim, edging the border, and neatly fastening all projecting ends
of the straws so as to be invisible. The hat is washed in clean cold
water, coated with a thin solution of gum, and polished with dry
sulphur.
The necessary qualities of a fine hat are durability, strength,
elasticity, impermeability, and being easily washed when soiled.
They may be rolled up without injury, and will last for many years;
but a broken straw in the crown diminishes its value by one-half.
Three to six months, working four or five hours each day, are required
to complete the best hats; but children will make two of the cheapest
gerade hats from undressed straw in a day. Qualifications such as
patience, good eyesight, and the skill acquired by years of experience
are necessary to produce the very best grade of hats.
The finest hats ever made were the work of a native Ecuadorian
named Palma, which were purchased for $200 each and presented to
Emperor Napoleon III and Marshal MacMahon.
The only objection to the Manavyi hats is that they are of similar
shape, no attempt having been made to adapt the forms to modern
tastes. If the desired shapes were shown to the weavers, they would
very soon immitate them and produce hats agreeing with the latest
fashions.
The Manavi hat requires special care for its preservation. As water
is very injurious to it, it should be well dried and pressed each time
after having been exposed to rain for any considerable time. While
SUIAVOA OY} UL SYJUOUL XISs soye, uoyjo Ay[enb ouy jo yey y “MeIS oY} SuTyIeTd UT JOqel ATJUETyed UoIppYO pus ‘TeuIOM ‘ue;
‘SHNOH UIFHL NI MUOM LV SUMAVEM LVH NvIwoadyvnog
ORIGINAL PACKAGES PREPARED FOR SHIPMENT.
The upper package, or Seron, a cowhide covering, contains 600 hats‘ ‘in the
rough”; the lower case, 720.
HAT WEAVERS.
The fibers used in the finer grades of hats are as delicate as linen threads. A broken straw or obtruding
knot decreases the value more than 50 per cent.
UNFINISHED HATS AS THEY ARE SHIPPED.
THE FINISHED HAT.
THE MANAVI (PANAMA) HAT. 693
the sun’s rays are not harmful, producing only some change in the
color, the hat should occasionally be moistened to preserve its
flexibility.
Injuries should be repaired at once, as otherwise the hat will very
soon become valueless. When not in use the hat should be rolled up
carefully, and wrapped in camphored paper to preserve it from the
attacks of insects; or, 1f more convenient, the hat may be packed in
its usual form in a box containing camphor.
During the year 1913, hats to the value of $1,127,508 were exported,
principally to the United States, Germany, France, and Belgium, and
to a lesser extent to the Antilles, Mexico, Central America, and to the
various countries of South America. They are prepared for ship-
ment packed in bales, bags, cloth, or hides.
Another Hea of thew made from a species of grass, and eallede ‘oun
brero junco”’ is used here, and about $1,000 worth annually exported.
They can not be commpaned in any manner with those made trou
toquilla straw.
The toquilla straw hats are sold at prices varying from a few cents
to $100 and more each. The wholesale prices of the cheaper grades
from Cuenca are from $8.75 to $12 per dozen, the best from $12 to $15
each. The cheapest grades from Manavi wholesale from $1.45 to
$24.50 per dozen, the finer grades bringing $4.50 to $20 each, and the
finest from $25 to $100 each, or even more.
Exporters specialize in the grades of hats, some selling the best
grades only, others the cheapest, and yet others sell all grades.
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EAR MR. EDITOR: Your message asking me if I could and
would write my opinion of the present conditions in South
America, has followed and just overtaken me not so very
long ago. In one sense, I am pleased to comply with your
request, although, frankly speaking, to judge from what my friends
in New York who know the condition, think and feel, this is not the
time to have positive opinions or to interpret the future from the
abnormal conditions as they exist to-day. My own attitude is that
of patience—simpatia—and hopefulness. I am sure as I can be of
anything, that the future of South America—in fact all of Latin
America before the crisis came, and only vaguely, during my trip
time being growth and development.
It seems to me, therefore, that my wisest plan is to follow my
original purpose. That was, to end my series of ephemeral articles
giving my experiences in this my professional trip around South
America and then to add a paragraph or so of conditions as I think
they must be at this moment, because, as you know, I left South
America before this crisis came, and only vaguely, during my trip
along the north coast of Brazil and up the Amazon, perceived the
approach of some such upheaval as actually took place. This article
is, therefore, the one that should really be the last. I will follow it
by what I had intended to precede it, that is, an epitome of travel
in Venezuela and Colombia, with some suggestions about the con-
tiguous area of the Caribbean Sea.
Probably the question first in the minds of any manufacturer or
commercial organiation intending to send a traveling man into the
South American field is that of expense. As you know, I have tried
to give as I left each country a statement as to my expenses in that
country. My own experience is, that on the west coast living and
traveling are cheaper than on the east coast; that the farther north
one goes on the Atlantic side the higher must one reckon the daily
cost. Now, averaging from the time the traveler leaves New York
until he returns, taking his daily outlay into consideration, but leav-
ing out the steamer fares, whether he buys a round-trip ticket, as
I did (you remember I lost the use of some of this ticket by changing
my route, but this misadventure should be ignored), his employers
1This is really the twelfth and concluding article, but circumstances seem to demand
that it be given here, and what is really the eleventh article, descriptive of Colombia and
Venezuela, be given in the December Bulletin.
694
HOTEL METROPOLE, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA
en)
One of the many splendid hotels of Buenos Aires, situated on Avenida de Mayo, in the heart of the
business section of the Argentine capital. :
ARGENTINA.
)
INTERIOR OF A BANK IN BUENOS AIRES
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 697
should not allow him less than $10 a day. In some countries and on
some days he can save materially on this, because the ordinary hotel
bill, including two good meals a day and a respectably comfortable
room, does not run above $5 (gold). All my statements are United
States gold dollars (local prices I express in these terms without
troubling the reader with peso, or bolivianos, or libres, or De
but, and this is important, in large cities there is always carriage
hire; there are gratuities; simple amusements in which a man should
indulge to keep him out of mischief; and courtesies to his friends,
his prospects, or his customers. These little invitations or presents
to those he meets are so expressive of social good fellowship in
Latin America that a man is churlish if he is not downright liberal
in that regard. Don’t let’s call this bribery. It is no such thing.
It is only a generous acknowledgment of the traveler for the hun-
dred and one little tokens of hospitality which the Latin extends to
the traveler who makes himself welcome among them.
Two other factors may by a considerable degree increase this
average daily expense. If the man making up his expense account
wishes to combine all the items, he may do so. My advice is, how-
ever, that he put them aside and consider them apart from his living
expenses. One is the question of baggage; the other is that of
travelers’ licenses.
In my own case, my professional baggage occupied very small
space. I had practically no more than the ordinary liberal amount
of personal luggage. Now, in most of the Republics of South
America, a certain amount of personal luggage is carried free with a
first-class ticket, and the charge on excess weight is only moderate,
and this excess can of course be put into the daily expense account.
In Brazil, however, no baggage except a small hand satchel—in
some cases not even a suit case—is carried free; therefore, in Brazil,
excess baggage is a staggering item in the travelers’ expenses. I[
have met in the United States and in South America travelers whose
stock of samples was of enormous size. They must pay roundly for
transportation from the steamer to the dock, from the dock to the
train, and for excess weight. Of course, for any one to attempt to
restrain himself within the $10 limit and at the same time to pay
the charges of this excess baggage, would be to do himself and his
house, and even the United States in general, an injustice. For that
reason I say that for a large stock of samples the expense account
must be increased accordingly, even up to $15 or $20 a day.
The second item is that of travelers’ licenses. It will be noted in
my own items I made no mention of this and the omission was in-
tentional. In some of the Republics a travelers’ license covers the
whole country. In others there is no travelers’ license for the Re-
public, but each district, or even each municipality, charges from $50
NEW MODEL MARKET, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The New Model Market of Buenos Aires is under municipal control. The arrangement is good and the
location convenient. The greatest neatness and cleanliness are observed in the sale of food products, and
the organization and management of the market is a credit to the municipal government of the city.
THE SAN CARLOS ARCADE, PLAZA DE ARMAS, SANTIAGO, CHILE.
Here are exhibits of the latest products from foreign mills and factories.
—
\ ®
] © VEGETABLE PRODUCTS
J B® ANIMAL 99
@ MINERAL 39
ests @chq
Q
)
Sa
0
SOUTH AMERICAN EXPORTS.
Map showing distribution, by countries, of the three main cla:ses of South American exports. Each
circle equals $10,000,000. Amounts of less than $1,000,000 (animal products for Bolivia and for Ecuador;
mineral products for Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Ecuador) are not shown.
700 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
to $300 or more for a six months’ or a year’s permission to exhibit
and to sell goods. All these various charges can be found in a publi-
cation of the United States Department of Commerce, at least
within quite great detail. ‘These items should play no part in the
daily expense account. In some cases a traveler must pay them;
in other cases they may not be enforced owing to local conditions of
which J make no mention here. Anyhow, the cost of a travelers’
license does not belong in the daily expense account. JI have made
no mention of customhouse charges. In my own experience these
were trivial. What I carried was taxed so little that it was not
worth taking into consideration. JI have seen men, however, whose
customs duties were high, even though they received a substantial
rebate on their leaving the country after submitting to the proper
forms and regulations. I can not, therefore, speak from experience,
but I feel sure that, if a man’s samples are going to be subjected to
duty every time he enters a new country, he should not consider
such payments as part of his traveling expenses.
I am going now to bring up a point, Mr. Editor, of which I have
seen little mention and still less discussion. It is that of territory.
I know very well what I am talking about in this detail. So many
men have told me about “‘covering South America.’”’?’ What do they
mean by covering South America? They should please remember
that there are 10 Republics, which means 10 separate and distinct
countries, customhouses, and capitals, an area twice as big as the
United States, much less populously inhabited, and without the
facilities for moving from place to place which are so characteristic
of travel in the United States. If by covering South America is
meant to jump from capital to capital, well and good. This is prac-
ticable, as I shall explain in a moment. If, however, it is meant that
the purchasing capacity of South America is to be studied in a care-
ful way, that almost every prospect is to be met and solicited,
whether he be a wholesale importer or a substantial retailer, it can
not be done in one trip. That is, it can not be efficiently done.
Indeed, to go from capital to capital, to touch at Rio de Janeiro
and perhaps Sao Paulo in Brazil; Montevideo in Uruguay; Buenos
Aires and perhaps Rosario in Argentina; Asuncion in Paraguay;
Santiago and Valparaiso in Chile; La Paz in Bolivia; Lima in Peru;
Guayaquil and Quito in Ecuador; Cartagena, Barranquilla and
Bogota in Colombia; Caracas in Venezuela—such a tour may be
called a South American tour; but even if Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, and Paraguay are left out of the itinerary, this of itself
is a tremendous task. It will require all a man’s resources, all a
man’s patience, his energy, and his finesse to be successful in it.
I know from my own experience that on the whole stretch, whether
he goes down the east coast or up the west coast, or vice versa, he
Photograph by Notman, Boston,
A MODERN STEAMER IN REGULAR SERVICE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND
SOUTH AMERICA.
coat
ite
INTERIOR OF A WAREHOUSE IN A SOUTH AMERICAN PORT WHERE FOREIGN GOODS
ARE STORED.
67998—Bull. 5—14——3
Courtesy of T. A. Moore.
AUTOMOBILE SERVICE BETWEEN SUCRE AND POTOSI, BOLIVIA
This is probably one of the world’s highest automobile routes, Sucre being 9,625 feet, and Potosi, 15,380
feet above sea level. The trip between these two points, a distance of about 150 miles, can now be made
in 10 hours as against the 2 days required in the old fashioned coach or on mule back. The machine is
a 60 horse-power car made in the United States, and is one of four similar autos engaged in this service.
Courtesy of United States Consul A. A. Winslow.
A LOCOMOTIVE CONSTRUCTED AND EQUIPPED IN THE MACHINE SHOPS OF CHILE.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 7038
will become tired, have his notebooks overfull, and perhaps be
homesick before the end is reached. Nevertheless I feel warranted
in stating that for the man who enters the South American field for
the first time, if his house wishes him to become acquainted with
the best of the trade, that is the thing to do. He will hear of oppor-
tunities on side trips from each capital, and he will be tempted time
and again to be diverted and thus perhaps lose time which he had
planned to devote to the next capital on his itinerary. He and
his house must exercise the best judgment, of course, as to how
much can be accomplished by such side trips, but I do not want
any reader of the Buxierrn to say that Viajero did not place this
matter squarely before them. As far as concerns the proposal
which I have heard some men make in their inexperience that they
can do a good part of South America, with perhaps Cuba and Central
America thrown in, why really, Mr. Editor, that means to do the
job so superficially that the results will be disappointing. The
reward of the South American foreign trade is for the manufacturer
who canvasses it carefully and makes up his mind to win. Heshould
enter the field only after giving it proper study and forethought.
I speak from rather regretful experience, because I wish to confess
that I myself attempted too much. I said so frankly to my house,
and although my accumulated notes will be a splendid foundation
for the future, I think that if I were to begin over again I should
follow the plan which I now suggest.
South America divides itself rather naturally into three, or on
mature deliberation I should say four, areas. One is that of the
Gulf coast, which means Colombia, Venezuela, and perhaps some of
the near-by West Indian Islands. These can all be covered in a trip
of three to six months, so that good acquaintances can be formed and,
if no setback is encountered, with the establishment of good trade
relations.
A second area is that of the west coast, which can include Ecuador,
Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. Here is a splendid territory for certain
classes of goods, where, when you consider that the Panama Canal is
going to create new demands and new industries, an area in which
the seed can be planted for future harvests.
The third area is the region of the River Plate. This begins of
course with Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires is the center of this trade
world, it is the entrepéot for most of Argentina. Across the river is
Montevideo, with the Uruguayan hinterland, while up the river is
Paraguay. This region of the River Plate is an ample commercial
field. It will take all a man’s resources, all his energy, and all his
time to break into it. If he can make a success there, he can carry
that success to the west coast and up the east coast.
Photograph by Alexander P. Rogers, courtesy of ‘‘ The World’s Work.”
RUBBER AWAITING SHIPMENT.
Each of these balls of ‘‘smoked”’ crude rubber weighs about 75 pounds. Many such
piles, representing several thousands of dollars’ worth each may be seen lying in
the jungle, unprotected except for the owner’s marks stamped upon each piece.
LOADING COFFEE AT SANTOS, BRAZIL.
Santos is the seaport of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and the largest coffee-exporting center in the world.
The illustration shows the method of transferring the coffee from the warehouse to the wharf,each being
stamped with the name of the shipper as the stevedore files past the entrance.
ORTON,
Se
SLEEPING CAR IN THE TRANS ANDINE SERVICE.
Modern and commodious sleeping cars are attached to trains in this service.
Courtesy of H. F. Carl, National Zoological Park.
THE RHEA, OR SOUTH AMERICAN OSTRICH, ON THE PLAINS OF ARGENTINA,
URUGUAY, AND BRAZIL.
The Rhea Americana bears a close resemblance to the African ostrich when seen at a distance. Upon
closer inspection, however, it will be found that the rhea has three toes, while the African bird has
but two, and that the head and neck of the former are covered with feathers, while those of the
latter are bare. The general plumage of the cocks and hens is very much alike. They are usually
nearly black on the top of the head, down the back, and in front of the breast; dirty white on the
neck, belly, rump, and thighs. The wings and rest of the body are of either a rich brown ora
gray brown in color.
706 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Brazil, all by itself, is the fourth area. This is the point I am
going to emphasize. Brazil is not Spanish America. It is Portu-
guese America, and the Republic of Brazil is distinct and separate.
No one whom I have met unacquainted with Brazil seems to realize
what a tremendous trade area it represents, and to confuse it with
the west coast and even the River Plate is to make a commercial
mistake. In the very first place, experience with Spanish America
does not necessarily carry an intimate acquaintance with Portuguese
America. But let us leave that aside for the moment. My argu-
ment is that Brazil by itself deserves all the time a man can give
to it. For instance, there is south Brazil, which includes the States
of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina, and Parana, and the new
railroad which crosses them is opening up a good territory for future
settlement. Rio Grande do Sul and Porto Alegre do not control the
whole of this interior. It must be studied with the same purpose
which was given to Washington and Oregon a generation ago. The
climate is not dissimilar, nor, in a broad sense, are the civilizing
influences at work very dissimilar. It is not unlike parts of Peru,
Ecuador, and Bolivia. Let that hint suffice for South Brazil.
Next comes mid-Brazil. This mean the State of Sao Paulo, Rio
de Janeiro, Minas Geraes in the interior, and Espirito Santo with
its growing port of Victoria. A tremendous area, big enough to
absorb the energies of an active traveling man for weeks, assuming
that he is not content to visit merely Rio and Sao Paulo, trusting
that the few general dealers he meets in these large capitals will
represent him in the many similar but active cities in the interior.
If we add to this section which I call mid-Brazil the States of Sergipe
and Alagoas, and the quite large States of Bahia and Pernambuco,
the field becomes practically as large as New England (I am speaking
commercially and not geographically, that is, estimating the time
and energy necessary to work it). Its consuming power is not as
great, but the potentialities for certain products are tremendous.
Then comes north Brazil, which I will consider as embracing every-
thing north of Pernambuco and the Amazon. As I confessed, Mr.
Editor, my experiences there were not so very encouraging, although
the times were abnormal, even acknowledging the slump in rubber
conditions over much of this area, and I myself was really too red
to devote to it the attention it ought to receive.
That very fact, however, is indicative of the suggestion I am
trying to make, namely, that Brazil should be undertaken just as
Brazil. I firmly believe that the organization, whatever it may be,
which sends a traveling man to Brazil is acting wisely, if he is kept
in that territory without giving a thought to other parts of South
America. If the organization is big enough let the management send
three or four men to South America; one to Brazil, one to the River
A MODERN AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT AT WORK.
In many parts of South America agriculture has reached a most advanced state and the latest and
most modern machines and implements are seen at work in the fields. Y
MODERN CULTIVATION OF THE POTATO IN SOUTH AMERICA.
The old and simple way of cultivating potatoes is slowly disappearing. In highly productive areas
the machine for both planting and gathering displaces hand labor. In South America the same
tule is observed, and the latest mechanical contrivance for expediting work is eagerly adopted on
the modern hacienda. Potato fields there are growing in size and productiveness, and where the
soil and climate are suitable, potato growing promises to become one of the great agricultural
industries.
708 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Plata region, one to anything south of the Isthmus. Until some
one with a better grasp of the subject than I myself have can demon-
strate something better, I am bold enough to maintain that as an
argument. Do not let any one man try to do too much. It is a
mistake I made, and I know itis a mistake madebyothers. They have
told me so. One man can perhaps cover the few large capitals I men-
tioned above, but he can not do more, and it is the vast area away
from the capitals which need the continuous efforts of our Yankee
foreign trade if, on the one hand, we are to be benefited by it, and
if, on the other hand, they are to benefit by what they can sell to
us and what they can buy from us. This matter should be thrashed
out by trade organizations or by large producing companies when
they give serious attention to the problem. Nevertheless, | know
that if I am lucky enough to be sent again to South America to
represent my house, I shall select only a small part of the territory
with which I am now somewhat acquainted and come home again
before I venture to tackle any of the rest of it.
I have just one little note about that so easily dismissed proposition
of the equipment of the traveling salesman. Nine times out of ten I
read in various magazines that of course he must be a man who speaks
Spanish fluently. Now I am lucky enough to speak a very decent
Spanish and yet I make no claim to complete fluency in that language.
I have been at it for years. I can carry on an ordinary conversation
even with ladies at the dinner table. But I still hesitate from time
to time on technical words necessary to a clear explanation of the
goods I am trying to sell. And yet I know my line well and manage
to make sales. That is because I do know my line well. If I were
the foreign sales manager of a big corporation, I would prefer to send
into South America a man thoroughly well acquainted with my prod-
ucts, even if he did not speak Spanish at all, rather than to trust to a
salesman who was a linguist but when it came down to the rudiments
and the fine points of demonstration could be tripped up every time
by the merchant who was going to sell them at retail, and whose whole
commercial success depended upon having the manufacturing prin-
ciples well explained. If this home-grown salesman has the simple
qualifications of a gentleman, and is earnestly and sincerely striving to
earn his pay and to show a good profit, he will plug away at Spanish
day and night and learn to express himself in that language, but all
the time he will know what he is talking about. I fear, Mr. Editor,
you will be blamed for printing this paragraph, but I am speaking
from experience. Only the other day I met a man who has made the
tour. He represents the refined product of certain mills. He spoke
not a word of Spanish when he left, but he could demonstrate his
wares to the queen’s taste. When he got to Rio he picked up a young
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A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. ele
native student who spoke a little English. He took that man tea
his sample case, showed him pictures of the factory, showed him
how the stuff was made, what it was used for, and what were its
superior qualities. He made this young lad learn this little story in
Portuguese. -And then he went after the business, taking the lad
with him. Every question the intending purchaser asked passed
through this lad’s brain, but he was well primed and the two of them
together made a success of it. The same thing happened in Buenos
Aires, through a young Argentino who had been educated in the
States. Such good results, I am absolutely convinced, could not have
been obtained in any other way. Neither young lad could possibly
grasp the business so as to steal it from my friend, who all the time
was learning just the language and means of expressing himself so
that when he goes to make a second trip he will be able to stand on
his feet. Of course, if that wonderful combination of thorough
knowledge of every detail of the manufactured article, of salesman-
ship, and of ability to speak both English and Spanish (or Portu-
guese), is found, that’s the man to do the work. But so far as I have
seen, and I do not except myself from the criticism, by far the greater
majority of traveling salesmen claiming all such qualifications will
fall down either through ignorance of the methods of manufacture
or from overconfidence in the use of the Spanish by which they are
trying to make sales.
Another mooted question, which can always furnish a column to
writers in trade magazines, is that of catalogues. As a general prop-
osition catalogues are useless. Our great bulk of commercially
printed and commercially illustrated catalogues, with prices in
United States money, full of articles used only through the United
States and intended, therefore, only for customers who understand
the use of them, serve no purpose in South America. They simply do
not convey to the Latin mind the idea that they do to the Anglo-Saxon
mind, and most of them, therefore, go into the waste-paper basket.
And yet a carefully prepared, properly edited, and well translated
catalogue, put into colloquial and at the same time elegant Spanish
(or Portugese), has a real value. It must be done, however, by some
one who does not merely translate word for word but who presents
the idea in vital and, if necessary, in technical Spanish to arouse
and maintain the interest of the reader. Such a catalogue should be
simple and easy to handle. The illustrations must be very clear,
thoroughly explanatory, and even artistic, so that the sensibilities of
the Latin mind are not distressed. These catalogues will be pre-
served and, if distributed in person and with a serious purpose by a
traveling salesman, are bound to please his customers. Catalogues
cost money, but they need not cost so much as they do, while being
effective at the moment and useful for future reference.
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Te THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
By the way, a man asked me the other day how he could exhibit
his samples if he made the tour of Latin America. I have not found
that all hotels are as well equipped as many of our commercial hotels
in the United States which have so-called sample rooms. But in
many places there are sample rooms which can be used for that pur-
pose just as they are at home, or, if found to his advantage, the travel-
ing salesman can rent a small room at no more cost than he would
pay for the same accommodations if called another name. In this
way he is independent. I have, however, been offered by manufac-
turers’ agents a well-equipped sample room, where one’s wares could
be displayed to good advantage, but there is of course the mental
assumption, if not the actual commercial agreement, that. sales made
in the neighborhood should pass through the hands of this commercial
agent. Sample rooms in hotels can be obtained, however, and it
must rest with the individual whether he is determined to make
use of them.
Then here is another hint, and I give it free expression just because
I have violated it in my own case. It is a mighty good thing for a
man to take his wife with him. If he is on a rough and ready trip,
not knowing what he may run up against—certain unavoidable con-
ditions can make it tiresome—but if it is a matter easily decided one
way or the other, I should say that the fact that a man’s wife is with
him adds decidedly to his social prestige, and therefore gives him at
once a business rating, let us say, which he can get in no other way.
Commercial life in Latin America is essentially allied to social life,
and a man whose wife is tactful, interested, likes people, and shows
that interest and animation in her experiences which strikes a human
note and keeps it ringing clear, is going to make friends, is going to
enjoy the little incident of the day, and is going to make sales just
on that account in a way that will delight him and his house. Of
course, this costs extra money, and is a matter to be settled on its
own merits. I put in the statement only because so many poor fel-
lows I have met are sobbing all the time because they left their wives
at home, feeling that they were plunging into an unknown territory
and could not expose their better halves to its discomforts. This is
nonsense. The quicker we learn that the Latin has just as warm a
heart and just as open hospitality, and is struggling along with the
same old balance of optimism and pessimism—which, after all, can
be found in every part of the world—the sooner shall we realize that
we are all friends and neighbors, and that trade is only a matter of
selling something to another man, who gains thereby, because we are
also the gainers in making the sale.
And lastly, I am going to end my sermon, as I heard a dear old
parson say the other day, with a paragraph on agencies; and it will
IN THE MINING DISTRICT OF PERU. .
Therichest mining region of the country is that inclosed by the two great branches of the longitudi-
nal Andean Cordillera. Both of them contain an abundance of all classes of minerals. So free
is nature in her gifts to Peru that instances are not infrequent where gold-mining companies
are assisted in their operations by coal extracted from beds in close proximity to the deposits of
precious metals.
A MINING PROPERTY IN
PERU, NEAR LAKE TITICACA.
Zales THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
be a short paragraph. I can not pretend to offer any complete solu-
tion. I do feel, however, that we in the United States must make a
more determined effort to have our own prominently located repre-
sentative agencies in the big capitals of South America. Some say,
of course, that this is not possible so long as we do not have direct
banking facilities and direct independent transportation lines under
the Stars and Stripes. It must be assumed, therefore, that these
two obstacles willsoon be removed. Granted that they are removed;
that we do have proper banks and proper ships, we can not have
cordial, intimate, and reciprocal trade relations until we have such
agencies.
Agencies may be of several kinds. Agencies we must have, how-
ever. They may be of a chamber of commerce, or of a cooperative
force of allied and sympathetic manufacturers, or of resident sales
managers, who have at heart the best interests of both the United
States and Latin American peoples. To work out the details of
these agencies is beyond my province. I wish only earnestly to put
the thought into the minds of our manufacturers so that they may
insist on a successful solution of this problem along whatever lines
promise to give most satisfactory results. In this connection let me
add that exclusive agencies are often misleading, inopportune, and
annoying. If the territory, both geographical and commercial, is
carefully analyzed, an exclusive agency can be made profitable to all
concerned, but if a manufacturer goes it blind and gives an exclusive
agency because somebody tells him to do so he may destroy the very
purpose behind it.
Now, Mr. Editor, I have come around again to the point from
which I started in the first paragraph—the crisis affecting South
America at the present moment. What I have said in this letter is
the result of my experience during relatively normal times and
attempts to give the groundwork of helpful commercial activity in
our international relations. These suggestions will, therefore, I hope,
be permanently applicable. At present no rule will exactly fit, yet I
have no doubt whatever but that in the course of six months or a
year—or let us say even two years—normal conditions will be restored
and commercial activity become still greater, This is not an eco-
nomic disaster; it is a financial miscalculation. Argentina has its
wheat in abundance; Brazil its coffee, its rubber, its sugar, its tobacco;
Chile its nitrates; Bolivia its tin; Ecuador its cacao, etc. The mate-
rial prosperity in these countries is greater than it ever was. In fact,
to me the conditions seem decidedly better than they were in our
Middle West two generations ago when we boomed the country
trusting to the future, although hardly an extra acre of corn had at
the time been planted
A COTTON MILL NEAR LIMA, PERU.
There are a number of cotton factories in Peru, several of which are located in and around Lima.
The yearly production of cotton cloth is about 25,000,000 yards, and the consumption of clean cot-
ton is approximately 2,500 tons.
This is known as the Cartavio sugar estate and refinery. The establishment furnishes employment
to 2,000 people.
6799S—Bull. 5—14——_4
718 “THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
South America is indeed productively and industrially prosperous
and only a deadlock of financial maladjustment has disturbed the
routine of proper distribution of her resources. Perhaps those do
right according to their own bookkeeping who at the present refuse
credits, or will not continue sales. I dare not criticize them. But I
do assert that the wheels of prosperity must and will be turned again
and that the men in the United States who have the courage to
enter the South American market and will act sympathetically with
a view to establishing relations which will endure for years and years
are the men who are going to profit by it and who will help to make
more cordial not only our commercial but our social intimacies.
If I have any influence with my own house, I shall insist that they
do not for one moment drop their plans of establishing a South
American field. JI do not say that I can continue to sell as if nothing
had happened, but I shall urge a careful scrutiny of the credit con-
ditions and, if possible, an extension for a longer than the usual
period of time. That will cost money, and only people of estab-
lished rating can afford the delayed payment which is necessitated
by long credits. Perhaps my house may be able to make in various
parts of South America purchases which have not hitherto entered
their heads. Perhaps some of my neighbors may be able to make
purchases so that my clients may have means of buying what I offer
to sell. Well, Mr. Editor, I do not dare to offer any definite solution,
neither can anyone with whom I have recently come in contact. All
I can say is that my faith in South America is not one bit shaken.
I shall go back there and, perhaps, to other parts of Latin America,
thoroughly convinced that on this Western Hemisphere of ours there
is a future prosperity sufficient to make us glad that we live in it.
And the details of the approach of this prosperity I am going to
follow as close as I can and to help work them out with all my per-
sonal enthusiasm. I might say more, but after all at present it
might be nothing but a torrent of words.
And so I reach the end of my sermon. I thank you most sincerely
for your patience and your evident confidence in allowing me to
unload in the BULLETIN some of my experiences. I have only one
request, and that is that you do not betray my identity, because I
would be frightened at any publicity that might come from it.
VIAJERO.
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N July 21, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson officially received
M. Solon Ménos as the duly accredited envoy extraordi-
nary and minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of Haiti
to the United States. On the following day, July 22, Sefior
Dr. Carlos Manuel de Céspedes de Quesada, presented his credentials
to the President designating him the diplomatic representative of the
Republic of Cuba to the United States. The formal receptions of the
new ministers took place at the White House and were characterized
by the simple yet dignified ceremonies incident to such occasions.
The speeches of the newly accredited envoys breathed the spirit of
cordiality felt by their respective countries toward the United States,
and the President’s response to each of the ministers was equally
eratifying in its note of friendship and confraternity.
Minister Ménos, who is now for the second time representing Haiti
at Washington, is a lawyer of note. He received his legal education
at the University of Paris, graduating as doctor of laws: He prac-
ticed his profession in Haiti for a time with great success and was for
many years the acknowledged leader cf the Haitian bar. Dr. Ménos
was a member of the constitutional assembly in 1886 and has held the
posts of secretary of justice and public instruction, finance, com-
merce and foreign affairs, justice and worship, and other important
positions. He has always manifested a keen interest in the welfare
of his country and has devoted many years to the public service.
On presenting his credentials, Minister Ménos spoke as follows:
Mr. PRESIDENT:
I have the honor to place in your hands, together with my predecessor’s letters of
recall, the letters which accredit me to you in the capacity of envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of Haiti.
The Haitian Nation, because of the very spirit of independence and genuine am-
bition to perfect itself which animate it, sincerely and firmly wishes to continue in
the most cordial relations with the United States. I therefore faithfully voice the
sentiments of the President of Haiti in making wishes for the immutable and steady
development of those happy relations which attest and confirm the natural and need-
ful solidarity that a loyal and equitable policy maintains between the two Govern-
ments and peoples.
Permit me, Mr. President, to congratulate myself on the renewed opportunity that
has been given me to represent the Republic of Haiti at Washington. The pleasant-
ness of my previous stay in this magnificent Capital and the remembrance of unfalter-
ing courtesy were strong inducements and impelled me once more to respond to the
call of my country’s Government.
719
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RECEPTION OF NEW MINISTERS. 721
May I, guided by personal feelings that must be known to you and also with the
help of your assistance, succeed in having the mission I gladly accepted strengthen
more and more that friendship to which we attach so high a value.
The President replied in these terms:
Mr. MINISTER:
I receive with pleasure from your hands the letter of His Excellency the President
of Haiti, accrediting you in the capacity of envoy extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary of that Republic near the Government of the United States, and I, at the
same time, accept His Excellency’s letter recalling from his post your predecessor, Mr.
Ulrich Duvivier, whose cordial relations with this Government we shall hold in most
agreeable recollection.
The expression you convey of the desire of the President of Haiti for the develop-
ment of the happy relations maintained by a loyal and equitable policy on the part
of the two Governments and peoples gratifies me very deeply, and I assure you that
it is my steadfast purpose to leave nothing undone that may conduce to the mainte-
nance and even improvement of those relations.
The experience acquired by your former residence at this Capital, which is agreeably
remembered, will render the successful performance of the duties of your mission more
certain and you may rely on my efforts to aid you to that end.
I trust you will convey to His Excellency the President of Haiti the expression of
my sincerest wishes that peace, prosperity, and the orderly processes of constitutional
government may prevail in that Republic during his official term and those of his
successors.
The Cuban minister, Dr. de Céspedes, is a distinguished statesman
and diplomatist. He has devoted many years to the service of his
country, at home and abroad, and comes to this post well equipped
for its important duties. Dr. de Céspedes was born in 1871, and
received his education in the United States, Germany, and France.
He was graduated from the University of Habana as doctor of inter-
national and civil law, speaks six languages fluently, and has written
a number of important books. For a number of years he served as
deputy in the lower house in Habana and was also governor of the
Province of Santiago. In the diplomatic service he has been envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Argentina, Uruguay,
and Paraguay; to Italy, and also was sent on a special mission to
Greece. While in Rome he was the Cuban delegate to international
congresses and to the permanent Commission of International Inves-
tigation on Agriculture, in which he also represented the Republic of
Salvador. During the past year, Dr. de Céspedes was engaged on
an important commission in the state department of Cuba. On
being received by the President, Minister de Céspedes said:
Mr. PRESIDENT:
I have the honor to place in Your Excellency’s hands the letter which accredits me
in the capacity of envoy extraordinary and minister pleiipotentiary of the Republic
of Cuba to the United States of America, together with my distinguished predecessor’s
letters of recall.
At the same time it behooves me to say to you that my honorable President took
particular interest in making known to me the keen desire he cherished that imme-
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“ONIGTING NOIND NVOIMHNVY NVd HHL NI O1LVd WH
RECEPTION OF NEW MINISTERS. (233
diately upon my presenting my credentials at this solemn audience I should convey
to Your Excellency his most cordial and friendly greeting and express to you, in his
name and in that of the people and Government of Cuba, the fervent wishes he makes
for your personal happiness and the prosperity and good fortune of your Nation and
administration, with which it is his purpose, as well as the main object of the honoring
mission with which he has entrusted me, to maintain and strengthen more and more
the highly valued relations of long-standing friendship and brotherly solidarity
happily existing between our two countries.
This trend of our policy and immutable affection, destined to yield the highest
benefits, has its origin in the very history of our respective peoples and in the obvious
mutual advantage of zealously conserving and safeguarding the large moral and
physical interests which from a time memorable to both nations bind the Republic
of Cuba to her great friend and very powerful sister of the north and of fostering ia the
same manner the new interchanges that are coming forth in the warmth of intense
sympathy and growing reciprocity.
In the achievement of those noble ends, upheld by the aspirations of international
fraternity and the lofty ideals of civilization and progress cherished by our Govern-
ments, shall all my acts be bent in the discharge of my mission, for which I even now
bespeak and confidently look to the benevolent support of Your Excellency and the
invaluable cooperation of your Government, as elements indispensable to the success
of my official acts.
In addition to the wishes expressed in behalf of my honorable President, permit
me to offer to you, most excellent sir, those I most particularly make for Your Excel-
lency’s personal happiness, for the glory of your administration, and for the unbroken
rising in welfare and greatness of the admirable nation over which you so worthily
preside,
The President answered as follows:
Mr. MINISTER:
I receive you with pleasure as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
of Cuba to the United States, your credential letters as which you have just handed
tome. I also accept from your hands the letter of recall of your predecessor, whose
stay among us though of short duration is pleasantly remembered.
The assurances which you give of the good wishes of the President of Cuba and of
his desire to preserve and strengthen the good understanding and cordial relations
which exist between the two countries while welcomed were not necessary, since
the attitude of His Excellency in these respects has been in various ways publicly
manifested and was not unknown to me.
Iam equally convinced that in you President Menocal will find an ardent exponent
of his friendly principles.
The history of the relations of the United States with Cuba should leave in the
minds of the most skeptical no doubt of the disinterested and unselfish policy of the
United States to promote in every proper way the best interests of the island and to
advance the prosperity and happiness of its people.
The sympathetic friendship of my own administration is well known, and it will
be a great pleasure to me to cooperate with you in still further cementing, if that be
possible, the fraternal ties which bind the United States and Cuba.
IT ask you to be so good as to make known to President Menocal my appreciation of
his good wishes and to assure him of the respect and regard which I entertain for him.
For your personal sentiments of good will I thank you.
The official change in the diplomatic representation of Costa Rica
at Washington occurred on August 3, 1914, when Sr. Don Joaquin
Bernardo Calvo presented to President Wilson his letter of recall,
THE FOUNTAIN IN THE PATIO ILLUMINATED AT NIGHT.
With its ingenious construction the fountain can be made to display in luminous running water the
national colors of the various AmericanRepublics. On festive occasions the patio and its plants stand
out in shadowy relief against the soft illumination of the fountain spraying its colored waters in steady
streams or changing from the colors of one country to those of another.
RECEPTION OF NEW MINISTERS. (3D)
after 23 years of service as the representative of his country to the
United States. During the last 15 years of this period he served as
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. In the August
edition of the Bulletin there appeared an account of Sr. Calvo’s
career and official service. In terminating his mission, Sr. Calvo
made the following remarks:
Mr. PrEesIDENT: After 23 years of service as the representative of my country in this
cultured capital, the moment comes when the mission, which for so longa time has been
entrusted to me, is terminated. With this motive, in pacing in the hands of Your
Excellency the letter that informs you of my recall, if the regret I feel in this act is
profound, I am inspired by the very great satisfaction that, as formerly, in all these
years my country has received constantly only the highest regard and consideration
from the illustrious Government of this Great Nation: and by the fact that in termi-
nating my official duties, the relations between the two countries are, as it is to be
hoped they will be always, of the most friendly and cordial.
At the same time, and as a natural result of this friendliness and good understand-
ing, the commerce of Costa Rica with the United States has grown in greater propor-
tion than with the rest of the world, and large sums of capital from this country have
been invested in mine, having, moreover, in the near future the prospect of a great
impulse in this direction from the influence of the splendid achievement of the Panama
Canal.
Personally, I also wish to express the pleasure with which I will always remember
the period of my residence in Washington, and the hospitality and courtesies which I
received both officially and socially.
Mr. President, allow me, on this, for me, memorable occasion, to express my hope
for the well-being and the continued prosperity of the United States of America, and
for the personal welfare of Your Excellency and di:tinguished family.
The President replied as follows:
It is with sincere regret that I accept from your hands the letters whereby you are
recalled as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Costa Rica to the
United States, as during your long sojourn at this Capital you have devoted your
efforts toward strengthening the good understanding and friendly relation between
the two countries and promoting their common interest. You have so conducted
your Mis3ion as to win the esteem of all who have had official relations with you, and
we shall bear you in agreeable remembrance as a true friend to the United States.
The knowledge which you have acquired of our good-will toward Costa Rica I
confidently expect will be valuable in removing from the minds of your countrymen
any mistrust that may exist that the United States has for them any other than the
most kindly and unselfish feeling.
I thank you for your friendly personal sentiments, and desire to assure you of my
best wishes for your future success and welfare.
On the same day Prof. Roberta Brenes Mesén presented his creden-
tials to the President accrediting him envoy extraordinary and min-
ister plenipotentiary of Costa Rica to succeed Sr. Calvo. Prof.
Mesén ranks as one of the foremest educators and public men of his
country, and comes to this high post with the confidence and dignity
of one who has successfully devoted his best efforts and thought to
the public service. For many years Sr. Mesén has applied his broad
education and culture to problems of national education. With
THE GALLERY OF THE PATRIOTS IN THE PAN AMERICAN UNION BUILDING.
Beneath the splendor of the silk flags of the countries embraced in the Pan American Union, and along
the adjacent corridors, stand marble pedestals bearing the busts of noted Americans whose deeds
have glorified the pages of history. Many of the countries have already indicated their chosen hero
and presented his bust to the Union. It is hoped that before long all the countries will have named
their leading patriot, and thus complete the gallery with its 21 American heroes.
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728 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
untiring energy he has labored to bring about the high standards of
public instruction characteristic of that country. In addition, Sr.
Mesén has given sufficient thought and attention to other public
matters, so as to be regarded as cne of the most versatile and prac-
tical men of the day.
In handing his accrediting letter to the President, Prof. Mesén
sald:
Mr. PrestvEent: I have the honor to place in your hands my credentials as envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary near Your Excellency’s Government.
Profoundly sensible of the honor conferred upon me by this occasion, I gratefully
avail myself of the opportunity to reaffirm before you the cordial sympathy with
which the Government and people of Costa Rica note the tightening of their ancient
ties of friendship with this powerful Nation; a Nation which, conceived in liberty
and confident in its lofty and noble destinies on the American Continent, will move
ever forward toward their realization, in a spirit of justice and without a single of its
stripes ever being stained nor one of its stars ever being obscured, thus fulfilling the
proud boast of Webster, your unselfish patriot and eminent orator.
Secure in the thought that in entering upon the gratifying mission of cultivating
our ever happy relations, I can count upon the good will of Your Excellency’s Gov-
ernment, I beg of you, Mr. President, to accept from the Government and people of
Costa Rica, as well as from myself, the wishes I bring with me for the continued in-
crease in the prosperity of the people and Government of the United States, and for
the health and happiness of Your Excellency.
In response President Wilson said:
Mr. Minister: It gives me pleasure to receive from your hands the letter whereby
His Excellency the President of Costa Rica accredits you as the envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary of that country to the United States and to express to
you my high appreciation of the good wishes which he and his Government entertain
for the welfare and prosperity ef the United States.
You interpret aright, Mr. Minister, the spirit which animates the United States in
its relations with foreign governments. Especially is this Government desirous
that justice and equity and a due regard for the rights of each should prevail in its
intercourse with the sister republics of the Western Hemisphere. It is its wish to
to see all of these republics enjoying the blessings of peace and reaping the full benefit
of their manifold resources. It is a source of gratification to me that with none is
its intercourse fixed upon a more satisfactory basis than with Costa Rica. It is your
duty and mine to endeavor to continue undisturbed the tranquility of the relations
between the two countries and to promote to a still greater degree, if that be possible,
the trust and confidence reposed by each in the other. My efforts to these ends will
be no less earnest than your own.
I thank you for your sentiments of personal good will and trust that you will find
your sojourn among us agreeable.
Sefior Dr. Santos Anibal Dominici presented his credentials as
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Venezuela to
the United States on September 23, 1914, succeeding the late
lamented Minister Rojas. Minister Dominici brings to his post
the training and culture of many years of foreign travel and official
service. Completing his medical studies with high honors at the
University of Caracas, and in France, Dr. Dominici returned to
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730 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Venezuela to become professor and later rector of the University
of Caracas. He also founded the Pasteur Institute in the capital.
Dr. Dominici specialized in sero-therapy and developed this branch
of the medical science in Venezuela. In 1909 he was honored with
appointment as Minister to Germany. A few years later his diplo-
matic mission was enlarged to include Great Britain and Belgium.
Minister Dominici was the Special Envoy of his Government at the
coronation ceremonies of King George. He speaks a number of
languages fluently and is a writer of scientific and literary works.
On being received Dr. Dominici made these remarks:
Mr. PresipENT: I have the honor to place in Your Excellency’s hands the letter
of the President of the United States of Venezuela which accredits me as envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary near the Government of the United States’
of America.
The mission that brings me to this capital which is to maintain the good relations
so happily existing between your country and mine and to strive to make more and
more expansive and cordial is most pleasing to my soul because it answers not only
the earnest wishes of my Government but also the deep-seated sentiments of admira-
tion and sympathy which from tradition born in the very days when thoughts of
independence germinated in our first liberators are cherished toward the United
States of America by the Venezuelan people. Will Your Excellency permit me to
indulge the hope that in the discharge cf the duties of my mission I may rely on the
high cooperation of Your Excellency and your Government?
I am instructed again to express to Your Excellency Venezuela’s gratitude for the
honors paid to my honorable predecessor and to utter on this occasion the best wishes
of the President and the Government of Venezuela for the prosperity of the United
States of America and the personal happiness of the Chief Magistrate.
The President replied as follows:
Mr. Minister: I receive with pleasure from your hands the letter of His Excellency
the President of Venezuela accrediting you in the capacity of envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary of that Republic near the Government of the United
States, and thank you for the cordial greetings you convey from His Excellency
and for your expression of his good wishes for the prosperity of the American people
and for my personal happiness.
Permit me to request you to convey in return to His Excellency the assurance of
my earnest desire for the prosperity of the people of Venezuela, his own welfare and
the success of his administration of the Government of the Republic.
In expressing these sentiments I am sure that I speak also for the people of the
United States.
You have referred most felicitously to the cordial and sympathetic relations which
have existed between the United States and Venezuela since the birth of your Repub_
lic, and you may rely on my efforts, and those of the other officers of this Government
with whom you will come in contact, to aid you with the most cordial good will in the
performance of the duties of your mission and in the promotion of the common inter-
ests of both Republics.
In view of those long existing relations and as a testimonial of respect and admira-
tion of the memory of the distinguished statesman who occupied the post you now
fill, the Government of the United States felt it an honor to offer the fitting courtesies
on his decease.
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CASA
T32 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The official reception of the minister from the Dominican Republic
took place on October 13, 1914. Dr. Don Eduardo R. Soler, whose
portrait and biographical sketch appeared in the July, 1914, issue of
the BULLETIN, is the successor of Sefior Don Francisco J. Peynado,
who resigned his post in order to engage in journalistic work. In
presenting his letters of credence, Dr. Soler said:
ExcELLENcY: IJ have the honor to place in your hands the autograph letters in which
the President of the Dominican Republic accredits me as his envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary to the government of Your Excellency, and acquaints you
with the retirement cf my worthy predecessor, Sefior Francisco J. Peynado, who has
resigned his high post.
A further mission, most grateful tc me personally since it coincides with my personal
sentiments, brings me before your presence and it is the mission to tender you the
expression of admiration and deserved respect which the people and Government of
my country entertain for Your Excellency, in whom they recognize a sincere friend,
and likewise to the great people whose destinies you are guiding with the firmness of
a wise and just statesman.
My Government desires that I shall consecrate my efforts to the pleasant task of
preserving and fostering the good relations of friendship, commerce, and mutual con-
sideration which happily obtain since many years, between the two friendly nations,
and which have ever been held in highest esteem by ours, not only because it sees in
them basic factors for its prosperity but also because it recognizes that these mutual
sentiments of consideration and respect make for the dignity of nations and bind them
in the supreme mission of cooperation toward human progress and betterment.
If in this grateful labor of rapprochement and fraternity, to which I shall devote
myself with the highest interest, I may count on the valued concurrence of Your
Excellency, I might well congratulate myself, in anticipation, upon its complete and
flattering success.
Permit me, Excellency, that I offer you, in the name of President Baez and in my
own, the homage of our highest consideration and our wishes for your personal happi-
ness and for the prosperity and welfare of the great American people.
President Wilson said in response:
* Mr. Minister: It gives me pleasure to receive from your hands the letter of His
Excellency the Provisional President of the Dominican Republic accrediting you, in
view of the resignation of your worthy predecessor, Mr. Peynado, as envoy extraor-
dinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Republic to the United States, and I
thank you for the courteous and kindly expressions you have used in reference to my
efforts to perform rightly the duties of my office.
Permit me to assure you that your desire to preserve and foster good relations of
friendship, commerce, and mutual consideration between our two Republics will meet
with a ready response on my part and on the part of the other officers of this Govern-
ment. The constant desire of the Government of the United States in its relations
with the Dominican Republic has been to aid, so far as it found itself able, that Repub-
lic to pursue the course of orderly and constitutional government, by which alone its
prosperity and happiness can be rendered sure.
I hope you will convey to His Excellency, the Provisional President, my best wishes
for his personal happiness and his successful execution of the labor he has undertaken.
Permit me, Mr. Minister, to wish you a successful and agreeable term of official
residence in this Capital.
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AMERICAN AFFAIRS
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RGENTINA has recently suffered the loss of two of her
most illustrious citizens. On October 19 the death of
EX-PRESIDENT JULIO Roca was announced and this sad
intelligence was followed just six days later by the news
that ex-President José Evaristo Uriburu had also been called to
his final reward. President Roca was one of the foremost con-
structive statesmen of South America, and his energy, patriotism,
and devotion to duty, as well as his lovable character, endeared
him to the whole Nation. He was first. elected President in 1880,
and during his term of six years the country enjoyed a period of
unusual prosperity. On June 12, 1898, Sefor Roca was unani-
mously chosen by the electoral college to be president for the second
time. After the expiration of his term he continued to keep in
touch with public affairs and lent his ripe experience and sound
judgment to the consideration of important questions affecting
the welfare of the country. During his second administration
President Roca paid an official visit to Brazil and thus contributed
largely to a better understanding and more cordial relations between
the two great Republics. At the time of the visit the late Campos
Salles was President of Brazil, and it is interesting to note that
several years thereafter, when both men were out of office, ex-
President Roca was sent as minister to Brazil, which courtesy the
latter country returned by naming ex-President Campos Salles
as her minister to Argentina. Thus were these two distinguished
gentlemen again instrumental in promoting the cordial relations
between the two countries.
Ex-PrEsipENT José Evarisro Uripuru was also one of Argen-
tina’s notable statesmen and had rendered distinguished services to
his country. He was a native of the Province of Salta and began
his public career as a representative in the Chamber of Deputies.
Subsequently he became president of that body, and thereafter
minister of justice, worship, and public instruction. Among other
important public positions held by him during the earlier part of his
career were those of director of the bureau of lands in the Province
of Buenos Aires and Federal judge of Salta. In the diplomatic
field he served as minister to Bolivia, minister to Peru, and later
as minister to Chile. It was while occupying the last-named post
67998—Bull. 5—14——-5 733
Photo by Harris-Ewing.
RAFAEL URIBE-URIBE. POWELL CLAYTON.
PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. ABS
that the Argentine national convention of 1892, which named Dr.
Luis Saenz Pefia as President, chose Sr. Uriburu for Vice President.
On the resignation of President Saenz Pefia Sr. Uriburu succeeded
to the presidency. Soon thereafter Argentina entered upon a
period of national development and ascendant prosperity, with
which President Uriburu’s energy and executive ability had much
to do. In his death Argentina has lost a patriotic son and wise
counselor.
~The tragic death of Gen. RararL UriBpe-Urise has removed from
an active and useful career one of Colombia’s foremost statesmen.
At the time of his demise, October 16, 1914, Gen. Uribe-Uribe was
a member of the Senate and leader of the Liberal Party. A soldier,
lawyer, and diplomat, he displayed marked ability in his activities
and played a prominent part in the affairs of Colombia both at home
and abroad. In legal circles he was recognized as one of the leaders
of the bar of his country. Asa diplomat he served with tact and skill
as minister plenipotentiary to Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, and
also represented his Government on special missions to other Latin
American countries. Gen. Uribe-Uribe was an ardent advocate
of closer Pan American relations. He was a member of the Third
Pan American Conference of Rio de Janeiro in 1906, and a member of
the advisory committee that signed the recent treaty between the
United States and Colombia designed to settle the Panama contro-
versy. An imposing state funeral was held for Gen. Uribe-Uribe.
Powerit CiaytTon, United States ambassador to Mexico from 1897
to 1905, died at his residence in Wasington, D. C., several months
ago, at the ripe age of 81 years. A review of his career reveals
an interesting rise to prominence in the affairs of State and Nation.
Born in Bethel, Pa., he was educated in the common schools and at
the Bristol (Pa.) Academy. He took a course in civil engineering
and then commenced work at his chosen profession in Kansas. At
the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the fighting ranks and by
his gallantry rose to be brigadier general. After the war he settled
in Arkansas as a planter and became active in the upbuilding of the
State and. its public works. These endeavors brought him into the
political arena, and in 1868 he was elected governor of that State,
resigning in 1871 upon his election to the United States Senate.
Mr. Clayton served in this august body until 1877, after which he
retired to private life. As president and general manager of the
Eureka Springs Railway Improvement Co., railway and tramway
developments marked the progress of the State. In 1897 he was
appointed United States minister to Mexico, and the following vear,
with the raising of the rank of the United States legation to that
of embassy, he was made ambassador.
736 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
In a former issue of the Bulletin (November, 1913) it was our
pleasant duty to include in the columns of Prominent in Pan Ameri-
can Affairs a portrait and sketch of Sr. Don Luis Perrz Verpia, who
had then been received by the President of Guatemala as envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from Mexico. Combin-
ing his experience in the public affairs of his own country with that
acquired as a member of the Fourth Pan American Conference, he
was winning much favor by his efforts to promote closer relations
and better understanding among the American Republics. It is
now our sad mission to note the recent demise of this honored son
of Mexico. Born in Guadalajara, in 1857, he devoted himself to
the study of law and to writing. In his chosen profession he occupied
a ranking position. Sr. Verdia was professor of international law
and also served as magistrate of the supreme tribunal of justice.
In public life he was a member of the State Congress of Jalisco, and
later sat in the National Congress at Mexico City. The position in
which Sr. Verdia rendered perhaps the most noteworthy service to
his country was as director of public instruction, from 1887-1890.
He pursued energetically a policy of establishing schools, especially
primary schools, and was responsible for the measure, bearing his
name, which is now the organic law of the system of public education.
As a writer and historian his reputation is no less known and several
of his works have elicited special praise from the Madrid Royal
Academy of History.
On November 5, 1913, SENor Dr. Cartos F. Gomez presented
his credentials as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
of the Argentine Republic to President Ramon Barros Luco, of Chile.
The designation of Dr. Gomez to this post was most favorably
received by the Government of Chile, as the incumbent is a man of
high culture, engaging personality, and of wide experience in public
affairs. Prior to his diplomatic appointment he had gained prestige
and renown in the legislative branch of the Argentine Government,
while his intimate knowledge of international affairs eminently
qualifies him for the successful prosecution of his new duties. Upon
the occasion of the presentation of his letters of credence Minister
Gomez emphasized the importance of strengthening the economic
ties and promoting the intellectual intercourse and already cordial
relations between the two countries to even a fuller extent, and
gave assurance of his earnest efforts in this direction.
The present consul general of Ecuador in New York is Sr. Don
ENRIQUE GALLARDO, a prominent and patriotic citizen of that republic,
who is also a man of wide interests and recognized business acumen.
A native of Guayaquil, he graduated from college with the degree of
Ph. B., and launched into the business world, where his success has
been marked and continuous. He has built up a number of thriving
SENOR DR. CARLOS F. GOMEZ,
LUIS PEREZ VERDTA.
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the
Argentine Republic to Chile-
Photo by Harris-Ewing. 5
SENOR DON ENRIQUE GALLARDO. A. H. BALDWIN, ESQ.
Consul General of Ecuador at New York City. United States Commercial Attaché at London, England.
738 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
industries in his country which furnish employment to a large number
of people, and thus through actual experience is thoroughly conver-
sant with the commercial needs of his country. Interested in the
philanthropic work of the Government, he has also acquired a wide
reputation for his broad charity. In public affairs he has taken
high rank and served in the national congress of the Republic and
in other capacities. Since assuming charge of the consulate general
in New York he has conducted an active campaign to promote a
ereater commercial exchange between Ecuador and the United
States. Formerly the all-water route from New York to Guayaquil,
the principal harbor and commercial entrepdt of Ecuador, via the
Strait of Magellan, entailed a journey of over 10,000 miles, consuming
about 65 days. Since the opening of the Panama Canal less than
3,000 miles separate the two ports, and the trip can be made in about
two weeks. Consul General Gallardo is now directing his efforts
toward the establishment of a direct steamship line from New York
to Guayaquil with weekly sailings.
Business men and officials are united in their praise of Hon. Wilham
C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce of the United States, for the
plan of appointing commercial attachés to the principal centers
of commerce in Europe, South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
Secretary Redfield first made public this idea at a meeting of cotton
textile manufacturers, and the ready response with which it met
encouraged him to prosecute his efforts to secure the necessary
congressional appropriation for putting it into execution. The
service which is now an accomplished fact promises to become an
important agency in the development of the foreign trade of the
United States. Although the original plan calls for 14 attachés,
only 10 of this number have been appointed thus far, and it is indeed
gratifying to note that of the 10 already selected, 4 have been
designated to South American capitals. In discussing the functions
of the commercial attaché, Secretary Redfield makes, in part, the
following observations:
What is essentially required of the commercial attaché is initiative, combined
with practical imagination. It is not sufficient for him to learn, even with the most
scrupulous care, all that is now done in the commercial field in his district and report
fully thereon. * * * He should have vision to see what is not done, and to deter-
mine what is needed and point out the way to get it. * * * In brief he should
advise how we can better do what is already done either by ourselves or by others,
and how we can do that which is not now done at all either by ourselves or by our
competitors. * * * The commercial attaché is the business diplomat.
On account of the unusual conditions brought about in South
America by the war in Europe, it has seemed advisable to station
attachés in Buenos Aires, Argentina, with jurisdiction in Uruguay
and Paraguay; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Santiago, Chile; and Lima,
PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. 739
Peru, with jurisdiction in Bolivia and Ecuador. The appointees to
these posts, respectively, are Dr. Albert Hale, Prof. Lincoln Hutch-
inson, Verne L. R. Havens, and A. I. Harrington. All these men
speak Spanish or Portugese, three of them know Latin American
countries from frequent journeys there, and all have had the sort
of training calculated to make them especially valuable to American
commerce in the districts to which they are assigned.
In this list mention should be made of A. H. Batpwin, who for a
number of years has been the Chief of the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce, and who has resigned to accept the appoint-
ment of commercial attaché in London. Mr. Baldwin was familiar
with every detail of the plan for advancing foreign trade through
these attachés, and his association with official work for a long period
of years has made his name a familiar one both at home and abroad.
Mr. Baldwin has had experience in many branches of the Govern-
ment service since he received his first appointment in 1884 in the
Bureau of Fisheries. He is from the State of Connecticut, was a
student at Yale for a year, and later lived in Paris, France, from 1887
to 1889. He has been in executive positions in the Department of
Commerce since 1909, first as chief clerk of the Bureau of the Census,
then as chief clerk of the Department of Commerce and Labor, and,
for the past four years, as Chief of the Bureau of Manufactures and
the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Mr. Baldwin
was a Government representative at the Portland and Seattle exposi-
tions, has engaged in special service for the Department of Agriculture,
the Post Office Department, and the Interior Department. He has
also traveled extensively in the United States, Alaska, Porto Rico,
Hawaii, and in European countries. He speaks French and is con-
versant with Spanish, German, and Italian.
Dr. ALBERT HALE, the commercial attaché to Argentina, is well
known to the readers of the ButLerIn. Associated in an important
capacity with the Pan American Union since 1908, he has been a steady
contributor to the pages of the BULLETIN and has traveled extensively
throughout Central and South America in the interests of this organ-
ization. He has lectured and spoken on Latin America and Pan
American affairs, before leading colleges and universities, commercial
and civic organizations, and has written several authoritative works
on these subjects. Dr. Hale, who is a native of the State of Indiana,
holds the degree of B. A. from the University of Michigan, and of
M. D. from the Chicago Medical College. He also studied at the
Universities of Strassburg and of Kiel (Holstein). After some ex-
perience in Mexico with the Mexican International Railroad, Dr. Hale
made special tours of investigation through South America. His
frequent contributions to the literature on Latin America made him
well known to Pan Americans, and his frequent journeys «! 3:1:]
“yO X MIN Jo yue” :
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PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. 741
these countries have gained for him a wide circle of acquaintance
among officials and others in the southern countries. He therefore
goes to his post with exceptional experience and an unusual equip-
ment. Dr. Hale speaks Spanish, Portuguese, and German, is amember
of historic and geographical societies in the United States and in
Latin America and has also been decorated with the Bust of Bolivar
by the Venezuelan Government. “A Practical Guide to Latin
America”’ and “The South Americans” are two of his books which
are recognized as standard and authoritative.
In the appointment of Pror. LincoLtn HuTcHINsoN as commercial
attaché at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the Department has selected one
who by reason of his experience and training is well equipped to
discharge the duties of that post. Prof. Hutchinson at the time of
his appointment was associate professor of commerce and a dean in
the University of California. He holds the degree of Ph. D. from
that institution and the degree of M. A. from Harvard. He also
pursued a special course of studies at Leipzig. Prof. Hutchinson
has traveled widely in Europe, the Orient, Australasia, Alaska,
Hawaii, and through the Latin American countries. In 1905 and
1906, under the auspices of the then Department of Commerce and
Labor, he made a tour of the countries of Central and South
America, studying trade conditions, and then published a series of
reports on his investigations. He has also written extensively on
these topics and at the present time has on the press an article entitled
“The Panama Canal and International Trade Competition.”
Mr. A. I. Harrineton, the attaché at Lima, Peru, is from Ohio,
and is a graduate of Yale University. He has had commercial ex-
perience in railroad work in various parts of the United States.
Later he was an officer of the Philippine Constabulary, serving there
four years. In 1910, he entered the foreign sales organization of the
Standard Oil Co., being stationed in Java. He afterwards was
appointed traveling agent for the same company in the Dutch East
Indies, including also portions of the Malay Peninsula, Siam, Borneo,
etc. From this service he resigned in 1914 for the purpose of going
to Latin America.
Mr. Verne L. R. Havens is the commercial attaché at Santiago,
Chile. He attended public schools in Omaha, Nebr., and then
studied railway engineering. He also specialized in civil engineer-
ing at the University of Nebraska. Mr. Havens is a member of the
American Society of Civil Engineers and has had a great deal of
experience in railway construction and other engineering work in
the United States, Mexico, Cuba, and in Central and South America.
In 1911 he made reports on railway projects for the President of
Guatemala, and in the preparation of these a thorough study of the
commercial conditions of the country was required. Mr. Havens is
Ph by Ha
DR. ALBERT HALE, PROF. LINCOLN HUTCHINSON,
United States Commercial Attaché at Buenos Aires, United States Commercial Attaché at Rio de Janeir
Argentina. Brazil.
Photo by Harris-Ewing.
I. A. HARRINGTON, ESQ. VERNE L. R. HAVENS, ESQ.
United States Commercial Attaché at Lima, Peru. United States Commercial Attaché at Santiago, Chile.
PROMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. 743
‘engaged in preparing a course of instruction for Spanish engineering
students. This work is in Spanish, with which he is thoroughly
acquainted.
With the opening of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition
only a few months away, the grounds and buildings of this great
exhibition are taking on definite shape and color. Practically every
country which has accepted the invitation to participate is now put-
ting on the final touches to its structures, and, as frequently noted
in the BuLLETIN, the countries of Central and South America are to
be among the most conspicuous exhibitors. With nearly one and a
half million dollars appropriated for its display, the Argentine Repub-
lic is bestowing considerable attention upon her building and equip-
ment. To supervise these it has designated Sr. Don Horacio ANasa-
GASTI, commissioner general to the exposition, and he is now in this
country supervising the construction. Sr. Anasagasti has had con-
siderable experience in exposition work. He represented his country
in an official capacity at the St. Louis Exposition of 1904, was a
member of the committee on Olympic games during the Argentine
centenary celebrations of 1910, and served as one of the judges of the
Argentine Agricultural Exposition of that year. A mechanical en-
gineer by profession, Sr. Anasagasti is also lover of outdoor sports
and a daring sportsman. Himself a skillful aviator, he is instructor
in the military school of aviation. He has held the position of sub-
secretary of the department of public works, consulting engineer of
the Argentine Touring Club, was a delegate to the Brussels Congress
on Aerial Laws, to the Universal Aeronautic Federation of Vienna,
and is a former vice president of the Argentine Scientific Society.
Among those upon whom Columbia University conferred honorary
degrees at its last commencement exercises in June was Dr. ARISTIDES
AGRAMONTE, one of Cuba’s foremost scientists. The degree of D. Se.
was awarded to him in fitting recognition of his valuable contribu-
tions to the science of bacteriology. Dr. Agramonte’s activities in
this field of endeavor covers a period of many years, during which
time he has made extensive investigations and close studies of
hygiene and tropical diseases. Born in Camaguey, Cuba, in 1869,
he was educated in the United States at the City College of New
York and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he
received the degree of M. D. He practiced medicine in New York
for a few years and then joined the United States Army as assistant
surgeon, He is the only surviving member of that notable army
commission which, in 1901, demonstrated to science that yellow fever
was transmitted by mosquitoes. Returning to Cuba, Dr. Agramonte
became chairman of the board of infectious diseases and a member
of the national board of health. Since 1900 he has occupied the
chair of professor of bacteriological and experimental pathology at
744 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the University of Habana. The Doctor has been a prolific contributor’
to the medical and scientific press and has published more than 150
monographs and articles upon his particular studies. He is a member
of numerous societies at home and abroad, including the American
Academy of Science and the Society of Clinical Studies. The Laureate
Institute of France awarded to him the Breant prize in 1912.
In previous issues of the Bulletin mention has been made of the
branch banks which the National City Bank of New York is estab-
lishing in Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Officers and employees
for these new institutions have been selected with great care as to
their fitness and ability to successfully carry out this work. Among
those selected for important executive service is the Hon. GEORGE
R. Cotton, ex-governor of Porto Rico. Mr. Colton is eminently
qualified for the responsibilities attaching to his new trust. He has
lived and served among Spanish-speaking peoples for many years and
has a sympathetic understanding of the Latin Americans, as well as a
thorough knowledge of and training in their commercial relations,
Ex-Goy. Colton commenced his foreign service in the Philipppine
Islands, where he organized the customs service at Manila. In 1905
he went to the Dominican Republic and there readjusted the customs
service under the organization scheme provided for by the receiver-
ship convention. At the conclusion of his labors Mr. Colton was
made insular customs collector for the Philippine Islands, and in
1909 his services were rewarded by appointment to the position of
governor of Porto Rico which he held until November, 1913. The
Governor carries the best wishes of his many friends in private and
official circles to his new charge.
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A Journey in South America, by Robert Bacon, in The Outlook for
October 14, 1914, gives his impressions resulting from his visit to the
capitals of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, an@Peru. Mr. Bacon,
who was Secretary of State in Mr. Roosevelt’s adnainistration and am-
bassador to France during Mr. Taft’s, visited these countries in the
autumn of 1913 as the representative of the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace. Observations recorded by an eminent
diplomatist, an unbiased thinker and close student of men and affairs,
such as Mr. Bacon, are unquestionably of value at a time when the
attention of the people of the United States is being so prominently
directed to the republics of South America, and we herewith reproduce
brief excerpts from the article relative to the cities enumerated:
We gained our first impression of Brazil at Bahia, the third largest city in the Repub-
lic, and a principal mart for tobacco, sugar, cacao, and cotton, where on all sides were
evidences of the energy that is transforming the capitals of these Brazilian States into
modern cities. We were ashore for only a couple of hours, and our sightseeing was
confined to a rapid motor trip through some of the main avenues, but the short stay
was an inspiring introduction to the activity which we had heard was marking the
development of Brazil. Streets were torn up, old houses were being demolished,
new and imposing buildings were taking their places; street-car lines were being built
orimproved. Apparently expense was but little considered in the desire for improve-
ment. Bahia isa revelation to travelers from northern climes, who are wont to regard
the people of the Tropics as lacking in energy and too content with an easy existence
to suffer change.
Our first view of Rio was such as to stamp it forever on the memories of all of us. It
is probable that no one can enter that wonderful harbor without receivirg impressions
which can not be effaced, but it was our good fortune to pass through the narrow en-
trance just after sunset and to come to anchor in the circular bay when the myriad lights
of the city were shining, outlining the broad arc of the shore and extending from the
water’s edge to the heights behind the city. A full moon revealed the high, dark
mountains of curious shapes which encircled us, with the domelike rock, the Sugar
Loaf, which is beloved of every ‘‘Flumineuse,”’ rising sheer from the deep waters only
a few hundred yards away. * * *
The wonderful sanitary conditions of Rio are most striking, and it seems impossible
that the city should once have been a lurking place for deadly fevers. To-day the
city is scrupulously clean; the streets are so well cared for that a torn-up thorot ghfare
isararity. Pestilential disease has disappeared, and the mortality rate is one of the
lowest in the world.
The impression we all got, and which, I think, any one must receive in even the
briefest visit, was of a city and country and people for whom the future is big with
promise. The vastness of Brazil and its inestimable wealth stimulate the imagination
to picture the development that must surely come when this great country is more
thickly populated.
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. Ax
Of Buenos Aires Mr. Bacon writes:
It is truly a wonderful city, substantial, important, beautiful, third in point of size
on this hemisphere, nearly as large as Chicago, and rivaling that city in the rapidity of
its growth. In the shopping centers one finds the bustle and life of a prosperous
capital, and in the residential districts are splendid houses, nearly all of French archi-
tecture, indications of the wealth and cosmopolitan character of the inhabitants.
A day or two after our arrival, during a tour of the city, I saw some of the magni-
ficent new avenues and parks of the capital. We inspected the extensive under-
ground railway, which was just being completed, and also went to the model municipal
farm, and there had our first drink of maté, or Paraguayan tea, which, though scarcely
known in Europe or in the United States, is a most important article of consumption
in some of the southern republics, Argentina alone having imported 43,161 tons of
maté from Brazil in 1900.
The public schools of Buenos Aires are models of which any country might be
proud, and have aroused the admiration of such distinguished observers as James
Bryce and M. Clemenceau. It has been said that the Argentine spends, in proportion
to the population, more money upon the education of her children than any other
country in the world, with the exception of Australia; and one can easily believe that
this is true if her schools generally have the excellence of those in Buenos Aires.
In regard to Montevideo and the progressive Republic of Uruguay
he writes:
The Rio de la Plata at Buenos Aires is really an arm of the sea, so that Montevideo,
although ‘ ‘just across the river’’ from the Argentine city, is distant 110 miles, and the
journey between the two capitals occupies about nine hours.
Montevideo is a much smaller city than Buenos Aires, about one-third or one-fourth
the size, but it possesses all the dignity of a large and important capital, together with
the charm of individuality which smaller cities often retain. There are wide, well-
paved, well-lighted avenues, lined with attractive buildings and many interesting
shops. The city is well equipped with modern electric street railways. Public
squares and parks of exceeding beauty add to the attractiveness of the place, to which
many come from Buenos Aires during the hot months. Close by are delightful resorts
on the sea which are within easy access of the city and afford pleasant places for outings
for the Montevideans. To the west is the famous Cerro, a large conelike hill, beloved
by the people of the city, who often go there for the fine view to be obtained from its
summit of the river and harbor with its moles and docks. The harbor, already an
excellent one, although too small for the commerce of the port, is being extensively
improved.
Some one has weli described Montevideo as the American Hague, because of the
many international conferences and congresses which are held there. A large number
of these gatherings have in view the improvement of the present conditions of human-
ity. All that tends to uplift mankind, all that makes for progress in the march of
civilization, finds a cordial support in progressive Uruguay. More than one historian
has pointed out that the majority of leaders in the world’s advance have come from
the smaller nations. Uruguay, although the smallest in area of the South American
Republics, occupies a place of honor and consequence not dependent upon its size
but upon the intelligence, advancement, and patriotism of its people.
Santiago, the beautiful capital of Chile, laid its charm upon Mr.
Bacon, as it does upon all American visitors, and he describes it as
follows:
Santiago is entirely distinctive in character. It possesses all the charm of an old
Spanish city, but its progressive, enlightened citizens have added to this charm of
748 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
antiquity the comforts and improvements of modern capitals. Its situation is superb.
High mountains rise close at hand, inclosing the city in a frame of imposing propor-
tions and exquisite coloring. In the clear atmosphere the mountains appear to be
very near, but they give only the sense of protection without any oppressive feeling
of restriction, of being shut in, such as one so often experiences in cities built near
high mountains. The visitor, perhaps unconsciously, keeps ever in mind that longi-
tudinal valley of incomparable richness and fertility in which Santiago lies, and which
makes of this part of Chile a region which experienced travelers have regarded as one
of the earth’s most attractive garden spots.
It was an altogether pleasing and impressive glimpse that we got of the Chilean
capital the morning after our arrival, a perfect October morning, with the comfortable
sun shining from a deep-blue sky and a gentle but invigorating breeze blowing from
the mountains. Such days, I am told, are a common experience in Santiago, where
rarely dues it become uncomfortably hot or uncomfortably cold. From the historic
Cerro Santa Lucia we saw the city in panorama, a metropolis of half a million inhabit-
ants, with wide, straight avenues, large public buildings of Spanish architecture, and
statues and monuments worthy of the capital of a great and powerful nation.
Lima, the picturesque capital of Peru, and its ancient seat of
learning, the University of San Marcos, he deals with as follows:
~ The harbor of Callao is an excellent one, but as yet the ships do not come alongside
the piers. Only 7 miles from Callao is Lima. The individual and picturesque char-
acter of the city and the romantic and brilliant part it has played in American history
unite to make it irresistibly attractive to the visitor. There are many evidences of
the modern spirit of progress in Lima. Wide streets, beautiful squares, crowded
business thoroughfares, and delightful residential districts impress the visitor with the
attractiveness of the city and its commercial importance. To many travelers the main
point of interest in Lima, however, is the University of San Marcos, the oldest seat of
learning on the American Continent. It should fill any American with pride and
reverence to enter the beautiful patio of the university, climb the ancient stone stair-
way to the wide verandas, and visit the great halls with the portraits of rectors of the
university from the time of its foundation in 1551 looking down from the walls. Through
centuries of great stress, through war and revolution and untold hardships, earnest
teachers and students of San Marcos have kept brightly burning the first lamp of
learning lighted in the New World.
South of Panama, First Paper: Western Colombia and Ecuador, in
the November number of Century, is the first installment of a series of
articles written for that publication by Edward Alsworth Ross, pro-
fessor of sociology of the University of Wisconsin. Prof. Ross has
traveled extensively in the countries of South America and writes
from the standpoint of first-hand information. The following para-
graphs, quoted from the introduction, written by Mr. John Barrett,
Director General of the Pan American Union, foreshadow the scope
of Prof. Ross’s task and touch upon a few of the important features
to be considered in dealing with the subject:
The phrase ‘South of Panama’’ has a mighty significance. It means not merely
geographical location. It signifies vast virgin areas of lowland and upland contrasted
with fallow valleys and lofty plateaus populated and cultivated through centuries.
It means barren and burned mountains and dreary deserts mingled with forested and
watered slopes, grassy llanos and pampas, and flowering savannas. It means the
mixing of almost forgotten aboriginal races and surviving Indian types with the intel-
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750 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
lectual and refined descendants of early Spaniards and Portuguese and the later
sprinkling of adventuresome Germans, Italians, English, and Americans. It means
an ancient civilization, fascinating Incan ruins, old-fashioned Moorish and Spanish
architecture in the sleeping cities and towns with strange peoples and conditions
harking back to far centuries, hard by a new civilization, modern skyscrapers, and
boulevards in growing commercial entrepéts and ambitious capitals with progressive
peoples and conditions which rival the best that the old East and the new West of
North America canshow. * * *
South of Panama, above all, suggests opportunity. It stands for governments,
peoples, commerce, resources, progress, and possibilities that deserve the study and
interest of the world. It presents a field of new activity and fascinating achievement
that should attract the capital, trade, and travel of both North Americans and Euro-
peans. It holds out a need of increased population that should be studied and met by
the promoters of legitimate and worthy immigration. It calls for money and men to
build railroads, harness water powers, construct dams and dig ditches for irrigation,
open mines, promote agriculture, and fell forests. * * *
What is wanted to-day to promote true Pan-American solidarity and unity of pur-
pose in the great family of western nations is an appreciation and accurate knowledge
by North America and North Americans of the history and institutions, the peoples
and governments, and the present progress and future possibilities of South America
and South Americans. Let our boys and girls, our future citizens, wpon whom
depends the evolution of ideal Pan-Americanism, think and study not alone in terms
of Alexander the Great, Caesar, Charlemagne, Charles Martel, Cromwell, Napoleon,
Wellington, Washington, Scott, Grant, and Lincoln, but let them gain impressions
also from the names and achievements of San Martin, Bolivar, Sucre, Artigas, José
Bonifacio, O’ Higgins, Morazin, Hidalgo, and Marti, the great liberators and leaders
of South American struggles for liberty, independence, and free peoples. When our
students discuss educational and intellectual effort and progress in Europe and the
United States, let them also take into consideration the educational and intellectual
history and development of South America, not forgetting that in Lima, the capital
of Peru, was founded the great University of San Marcos almost a century before Har-
vard opened its doors, and that at Cordova, in Argentina, another university was
attended by hundreds of students long before Yale and Dartmouth were even planned
byathentounderciacm sae
After our municipal experts have visited and talked of the great cities of Europe,
they should not overlook Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil, with its population of
1,000,000, its wonderful municipal improvements in the form of broad avenues,
artistic waterfronts, and marvelous mountain parks; Montevideo, the attractive capi-
tal of Uruguay, with a population of 450,000, a city of homes, having also a harbor
development that represents an expenditure of $12,000,000; Buenos Aires, the capi-
tal of Argentina, which, with a population of 1,700,000, now takes rank after New
York and Chicago, and becomes third city of the Western Hemisphere, proudly
possessing the finest opera house, the best-equipped newspaper building and plant,
and the most elegant club house of any city in the world; and Santiago, the capital
of Chile, which, with a population of nearly half a million souls, is often described as
the Paris of the Andes, and is famed for the refinement of its people.
The following excerpts from Prof. Ross’s paper, dealing with the
journey from Guayaquil to Quito and the impressions of the coun-
try, will serve to indicate the character of his informative and inter-
esting contribution to our knowledge of this section of Latin America:
Perhaps the most attracting thing about Guayaquil is that from it an American train
will set you in half a day on one of the two greatest plateaus in the world, and at the
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 751
close of the second day will bring you to Quito, only 5 leagues south of the Equator.
Out across the plain to Bucay, where the 2-mile climb begins, one fills a mental film
with scenes from tropical agriculture; orange trees glorious with yellow globes; palms
bearing coconuts at every stage of growth; fields filled with a low, pinkish-green
Spanish bayonet, holding often a central spike that bears a pineapple; patches of
toquilla, which yields the “‘straw” for making Panama hats; banana plantations
making a dense jungle four fathoms deep. Then there are trees bearing papallas,
mangos, and bread fruit. The tall chimney stack marks the sugar mill. Over toy
tracks cars carry the sugar canes to the mill, and after they have been passed between
double rolls, the refuse is dry enough to burn at once in the furnace. Down orchard
rows one sees the magenta or golden cacao pods, as big as a bos’n’s fist, not drooping
gracefully from twigs, but stemmed right to the trunk and branches of the tree. * * *
At Alausi, 14 miles up, we are among irrigated patches of wheat, corn, cabbage, and
other characteristic crops of the temperate zone. Above 2 miles we rumble over
bleak paramos, or mountain pastures, with cattle and sheep cropping on the tawny
slopes, while the bottom of the ravines is gemmed with fields of lucerne, potatoes,
and barley, bright green in gray, like jade set in granite. * * *
We lie over night at Riobamba, and thence to Quito is a day, with a chain of Andes
on each hand. Surely no other city in the world is approached by a double avenue of
volcanoes, from 5 to 10 leagues wide and 40 long. Chimborazo, Altar, Tunguragua,
Cotopaxi, Sangay, and Cayambe thrust a mile or more of mantled peak above the
snow line, which here under the Equator is between 15,000 and 16,000 feet. The
' train pants up wind-swept ridges and slips down into sheltered valleys. At Urbina
we are near to 12,000 feet, 1,000 feet above the highest tillage. In 90 minutes we
glide down 3,400 feet to Ambato, girt with vineyards and peach orchards. It is like
passing from Labrador to Maryland. * * *
One does not need the smoke plume floating from the peaks or the jarring detona-
tions to learn what manner of land this is, for every railway cutting exposes a tragic
page of history. The blanket of volcanic ash dropped over the country every century
or so gives vast gray landscapes like Nevada. ‘Trees there are none, and the houses
are all of adobe and thatched. Beside the huts stand beehive stacks of yellow grain
like those of an Iowa farmer. Near by isa threshing floor, with a donky going round
and round while the husbandman plies the pitchfork. The irrigated fields, the
sheepfolds, the oxen drawing an iron-shod, one-handle plow of the time of the Pha-
raohs, remind one of Biblical agriculture. * * *
Between the fields run hedges of spiny American aloe, or century plant, the same
plant that in Mexico yields pulque and in Yucatan the fiber for binding twine. Cacti
abound, clumsy and bulbous, bearing a top like the seven-branched candlestick oi
Solomon’s Temple. Here, just as in China, one sees the cornstalk shelters of the noc-
turnal crop watchers. Most of the day we are within sight of the famous carretera, or
highroad, built 40 years ago by Garcia Moreno, the best, but also the most ruthless,
president that Ecuador ever had. One sees no wheel on it, but always there is in
sight a mule train or a file of burdened Indians. * * *
Although the eastern Cordilleras march between us and the hot, stream country of
the Napo, we cross streams that break through and find their way to the Amazon.
Latacunga, one /of these crossings, is the birthplace of the most romantic yold leg-
end in Ecuador. Benalcazar and his Spaniards, who came up from Peru and took
the kingdom of Quito, although in their mad search they left not one stone upon
another, never found the treasure which Quito gathered for the ransom of Atahualpa,
but secreted after word came of his murder by Pizarro. Long afterward, a certain
Spaniard in Ecuador, Valverde, became suddenly very rich after his marriage to an
Indian girl. Valverde returned to Spain, and on his death bed told how his father-
in-law had led him to a cave in the fastnesses of the Andes wherein lay the ransomed
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 753
gold of the Inca. He left for the King of Spain a written derrotero, or chart, with
minute directions how to reach the treasure cave from Latacunga. The derrotero
was sent to Ecuador, copied, and many expeditions have set forth on the strength of
it. The numerous landmarks it mentions tally perfectly with the locality until a
certain hill of pyrites is reached, after which the trail vanishes. * * *
Quito, lifted nearly 2 miles into thin air, has always boasted its “‘perpetual spring;’’
but, in sooth, it would be just as fair to call its climate “‘perpetual autumn.’’ Witha
temperature that covers about 60° F. in the shade, the Quitonian passes his life in
early April or late October. He escapes winter to be sure, but misses the vernal
miracle that redeems the higher latitude. But whether he feels chilled or baked,
he can always turn his eye toward comfort. Out across the plain, about 3 miles to
the north, the road drops 3,000 feet through a stupendous ravine, and from the high
places of Quito one can peer down into a semitropical valley, its coffee trees and
cane fields dancing in the heat waves. On the other hand, when the overhead sun
scorches, there are a score of snow peaks to refresh the eye. As you study through a
field glass the huge drifts and wild snow storms on Antisana, which looks out over the
rank forests of the ‘‘Oriente,’’ you realize that it is easier and safer to get from where you
are to Greenland than to reach those polar solitudes only a dozen milesaway. * * *
Groves of eucalyptus in the environs of Quito agreeably relieve the majesty of the
scenery, and it is said that this Province has a third of a million of these trees. Presi-
dent Moreno introduced them from Australia half a century azo, and it is a saying
among even the enemies of Moreno that on the day of judgment he will escape the
penalty of his misdeeds with the plea, ‘‘I gave Ecuador the eucalyptus.”” * * *
The numerous public squares, handsome monuments after the latest ideas of French
and Italian art, well-paved, through narrow streets, and gay colors of walls and cos-
tumes, combined with its wonderful natural surroundings, make Quito a city to
remember.
The River of Doubt, the seventh article in the series entitled ‘‘A
Hunter-Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness,” by Theodore Roose-
velt, appeared in the October number of Scribner’s Magazine. That
the article is of absorbing interest goes without saying. In it the
reader is given a detailed description of the first portion of this
famous journey down an unknown, uncharted river whose course
from its headwaters to its mouth had never been traversed by civil-
ized man. So graphically does Col. Roosevelt picture the incidents
of the journey that the reader is carried along with the subconscious
impression that he is himself a member of the party. The start of
the journey, which subsequently proved to be even more perilous
than anticipated, is thus briefly outlined by the author:
On February 27, 1914, shortly after midday, we started down the River of Doubt
into the unknown. We were quite uncertain whether after a week we should find
ourselves in the Gy-Parand, or after six weeks in the Madeira, or after three months
we knew not where. That was why the river was rightly christened the “‘Duvida.”’
We had been camped close to the river, where the trail that follows the telegraph
line crosses it by a rough bridge. As our laden dugouts swung into the stream, Amil-
car and Miller and all the others of the Gy-Parand party were on the banks and the
bridge to wave farewell and wish us good-by and good luck. It was the height of
the rainy season, and the swollen torrent was swift and brown. Our camp was at
about 12° 1’ latitude south and 60° 15/ longitude west of Greenwich. Our general
course was to be northward toward the Equator, by waterway through the vast forest.
154 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The arduous work of surveying and mapping the river was accom-
plished in the following manner:
The actual surveying of the river was done by Col. Rondon and Lyra, with Kermit
as their assistant. Kermit went first in his little canoe with the sighting rod, on
which two disks, one red and one white, were placed a meter apart. He selected a
place which commanded as long vistas as possible upstream and down, and which
therefore might be at the angle of a bend; landed, cut away the branches which
obstructed the view, and set up the sighting pole—incidentally encountering mari-
bundi wasps and swarms of biting and stinging ants. Lyra, from his station upstream,
with his telemeter established the distance, while Col. Rondon with the compass
took the direction and made the records. Then they moved on to the point Kermit
had left, and Kermit established a new point within their sight. The first half-day’s
work was slow. The general course of the stream was a trifle east of north, but at
short intervals it bent and curved literally toward every point of the compass. Kermit
landed 114 times, and we made but 94 kilometers.
The real difficulties and hardships, however, lay in circumventing
the many obstructions to navigation formed by falls and rapids in
the river, in procuring game for the subsistence of the party, and in
the constant battle against the innumerable insect pests, ete. At
times the heavy canoes had to be hauled out of the water with block
and tackle and dragged long distances through the tangled forests,
over rocks, and through marshy places in order to pass around the
unnavigable portions of the stream. The following is the graphic
account of the incident in which one of the men lost his life and in
which Kermit Roosevelt had a very narrow escape from drowning:
Kermit, as usual, was leading in his canoe. It was the smallest and least sea-
worthy of all. He had in it little except a week’s supply of our boxed provisions and
a few tools; fortunately, none of the food for the camaradas. His dog, Tregueiro, was
with him. Besides himself, the crew consisted of two men: Joao, the helmsman or
pilot as he is called in Brazil, and Simplicio, the bowsman. Both were negroes and
exceptionally good men in every way. Kermit halted his canoe on the left bank,
above the rapids, and waited for the Colonel’s canoe. Then the Colonel and Lyra
walked down the bank to see what was ahead. Kermit took his canoe across to the
island, to see whether the descent could be better accomplished on the other side.
Having made his investigation, he ordered the men to return to the bank he had leit,
and the dugout was headed upstream accordingly. Before they had gone a dozen
yards, the paddlers digging their paddles with all their strength into the swift current,
one of the shifting whirlpools of which I have spoken came downstream, whirled them
around, and swept them so close to the rapids that no human power could avoid going
overthem. As they were drifting into them broadside on, Kermit yelled to the steers-
man to turn her head, so as to take them in the only way that offered any chance
whatever of safety. The water came aboard, wave aiter wave, as they raced down.
They reached the bottom with the canoe upright, but so full as barely to float, and the
paddlers urged her toward the shore. They had nearly reached the bank when
another whirlpool or whirling eddy tore them away and hurried them back to mid-
stream, where the dugout filled and turned over. Joao, seizing the rope, started to
swim ashore; the rope was pulled from his hands, but he reached the bank. Poor
Simplicio must have been pulled under at once, and his life beaten out on the bowlders
beneath the racing torrent. He never rose again, nor did we ever recover his body.
Kermit clutched his rifle, his favorite 405 Winchester, with which he had done most
BUTTRESSED TREE IN BRAZIL.
“Here and there grew immense trees, and on some of them mighty buttresses sprang from the
base.”? (Col. Theodore Roosevelt in ‘‘The River of Doubt,’”’ in Seribner’s Magazine for October,
1914.)
A LANDING PLACE ON THE MADEIRA RIVER.
‘4Next morning we were on the broad, sluggish current of the lower Madeira, a beautiful tropical
river.” (Col. Theodore Roosevelt in Scribner’s Magazine for November, 1914.)
756 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
of his hunting both in Africa and America, and climbed on the bottom of the upset
boat. Ina minute he was swept into the second series of rapids, and whirled away
from the rolling boat, losing his rifle. The water beat his helmet down over his head
and face, and drove him beneath the surtace, and when he rose at last he was almost
drowned, his breath and strength almost spent. He was in swift but quiet water, and
swam toward an overhanging branch. His jacket hindered him, but he knew he was
too nearly gone to be able to get it off; and, thinking with the curious calm one feels
when death is but a moment away, he realized that the utmost his failing strength
could do was to reach the branch. He reached and clutched it, and then almost
lacked strength to haul himself out on the land. Good Tregueiro had faithfully swam
alongside him through the rapids, and now himself scrambled ashore. It was a very
narrow escape. Kermit was a great comfort and help to me on the trip, but the fear
of some fatal accident befalling him was always a nightmare to me. He was .o be
married as soon as the trip was over, and it did not seem to me that I could bear to
bring bad tidings to his betrothed and to his mother.
Simplicio was unmarried. Later we sent to his mother all the money that would
have been his had he lived. The following morning we put on one side of the post
erected to mark our camping spot the following inscription, in Portuguese: ‘‘ In these
rapids died poor Simplicio .”’
The circumstances under which the River of Doubt received its
new name are thus described by Col. Roosevelt:
On the morning following our camping by the mouth of the Rio Kermit, Col. Rondon
took a good deal of pains in getting a big post set up at the entry of the smaller river
into the Duvida. Then he summoned me, and all the others, to attend the ceremony
of its erection. We found the camaradas drawn up in line, and the colonel preparing
to read aloud ‘‘the orders of the day.’’ To the post was nailed a board with “Rio
Kermit”’ on it; and the Colonel read the orders reciting that by the direction of the
Brazilian Government, and inasmuch as the unknown river was evidently a great
river, he formally christened it the Rio Roosevelt. This wasa complete surprise to me.
Both Lauro Miller and Col. Rondon had spoken to me on the subject, and I had urged,
and Kermit had urged, as strongly as possible that the same be kept as Rio da Duvida.
We felt that the ‘“‘River of Doubt’’ was an unusually good name; and it is always well
to keep a name of this character. But my kind friends insisted otherwise, and it would
have been churlish of me to object longer. I was much touched by their action,
and by the ceremony itself. At the conclusion of the reading Col. Rondon led in
cheers for the United States, and then for me and for Kermit; and the camaradas
cheered with a will. I proposed three cheers for Brazil, and then for Col. Rondon, and
Lyra, and the doctor, and then for all the camaradas. Then Lyra said that everybody
had been cheered except Cherrie; and so we all gave three cheers for Cherrie, and the
meeting broke up in high good humor.
In the November number of Scribner’s appears the last installment
of the Roosevelt series. It is a record of terrible hardships, of
indomitable courage and heart-breaking labor. The series of im-
passible rapids followed one another in quick succession. Stripped
down to the absolute necessities for sustaining life, the party con-
tinued the struggle. It now meant getting through or dying in the
wilderness of starvation or at the hands of unknown hostile savages.
The following paragraph gives but a slight idea of the difficulties
which confronted the party almost daily:
The last three days of March we spent in getting to the foot of the rapids in this gorge.
Lyra and Kermit, with four of the best watermen, handled the empty canoes. The
From a sketch made in 1852, by Lieut. Lardner Gibbon, United States Navy.
DESCENDING THE RIBEIRAO FALLS OF THE MADEIRA RIVER IN BRAZIL.
Many falls such as these, and some even more difficult to descend, were encountered by the Roose-
velt-Rondon Expedition on their journey down the River of Doubt, described by Col. Roosevelt
in Scribner’s Magazine for October and November, 1914.
Sketched in 1852 by Lieut. Lardper Gibbon, United States Navy.
CROSSING THE MOUTH OF THE MADEIRA RIVER, BRAZIL, AT ITS JUNCTION
WITH THE AMAZON.
758 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
work was not only difficult and laborious in the extreme, but hazardous; for the walls
of the gorge were so sheer that at the worst places they had to cling to narrow shelves
on the face of the rock, while letting the canoes down with ropes. Meanwhile Rondon
surveyed and cut a trail for the burden bearers, and superintended the portage of the
loads. The rocky sides of the gorge were too steep for laden men to attempt to traverse
them. Accordingly the trail had to go over the top of the mountain, both the ascent
and the descent of the rock-strewn, forest-clad slopes being very steep. It was hard
work to carry loads over such a trail. From the top of the mountain, through an open-
ing in the trees on the edge of a cliff, there was a beautiful view of the country ahead.
All around and in front of us there were ranges of low mountains, about the height of
the lower ridges of the Alleghanies. Their sides were steep and they were covered with
the matted growth of the tropical forest. Our next camping place, at the foot of the
gorge, was almost beneath us, and from thence the river ran in a straight line, flecked
with white water, for about a kilometer. Then it disappeared behind and between
mountain ridges, which we supposed meant further rapids. It was a view well worth
seeing; but, beautiful although the country ahead of us was, its character was such as
to promise further hardships, difficulty, and exhausting labor, and especially further
delay; and delay was a serious matter to men whose food supply was beginning to run
short, whose equipment was reduced to the minimum, who for a month, with the
utmost toil, had made very slow progress, and who had no idea of either the distance
or the difficulties of the route in front of them.
At last, after two months of incessant toil and peril, the party
reached the camp of Lieut. Pyrineu, who had been awaiting them for
a month at the junction of the rivers called by the rubber men the
Castanha and the upper Aripuanan. Col. Roosevelt closes his narra-
tive with the following observations:
Zoologically the trip had been a thorough success. Cherrie and Miller had collected
over 2,500 birds and mammals, and a few reptiles, batrachians and fishes. Many of
them were new to science; for much of the region traversed had never previously been
worked by any scientific collector.
Of course, the most important work we did was the geographic work, the exploration
of the unknown river, undertaken at the suggestion of the Brazilian Government,
and in conjunction with its representatives. No piece of work of this kind is ever
achieved save as it is based on long-continued previous work. As I have before said,
what we did was to put the cap on the pyramid that had been built by Col. Rondon
and his associates of the telegraphic commission during the six previous years. It was
their scientific exploration of the chapadao, their mapping the basin of the Juruena,
and their descent of the Gy-Parana, that rendered it possible for us to solve the mys-
tery of the River of Doubt.
The work of the commission, much the greatest work of the kind ever done in South
America, is one of the many, many achievements which the republican government
of Brazil has to its credit. Brazil has been blessed beyond her Spanish-American
sisters because she won her way to republicanism by evolution rather than revolution.
They plunged into the extremely difficult experiment of democratic, of popular, selt-
government, after enduring the atrophy of every quality of self-control, self-reliance,
and initiative throughout three withering centuries of existence under the worst and
most foolish form of colonial government, both from tie civil and the religious stand-
point, that has ever existed. The marvel is not that some of them failed, but that
some of them have eventually succeeded in such striking fashion. Brazil, on the
contrary, when she achieved independence, first exercised it under the form of an
authoritative empire, then under the form of a lioeral empire. When the Republic
came, the people were reasonably ripe for it. The great progress of Brazil, and it has
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 7159
been an astonishing progress, has been made under the Republic. I could give in-
numerable examples and illustrations of this. The change that has converted Rio
Janeiro from a picturesque pesthole into a singularly beautiful, healthy, clean, and
efficient modern great city, is one of these. Another is the work of the telegraphic
commission.
We put upon the map a river some 1,500 kilometers in length, of which the upper
course was not merely utterly unknown to, but unguessed at by, anybody; while the
lower course, although known for years to a few rubber men, was utterly unknown to
cartographers. It is the chief affluent of the Madeira, which is itself the chief affluent
of the Amazon.
The source of this is between the twelfth and thirteenth parallels of latitude south
and the fifty-ninth and sixtieth degrees of longitude west from Greenwich. We em-
barked on it at about latitude 12° 1’ south, and about longitude 60° 15’ west. After
that its entire course lay between the sixtieth and sixty-first degrees of longitude,
approaching the latter most closely about latitude 8° 15.’ The first rapids we en-
countered were in latitude 11° 44’, and in uninterrupted succession they continued for
about a degree, without a day’s complete journey between any two of them. At 11°
23’ the Rio Kermit entered from the left, at 11° 22’ the Rio Marcino Avila from the
right, at 11° 18’ the Taunay from the left, at 10° 58’ the Cordozo from the right. In
10° 24’ we encountered the first rubber men. The Rio Branco entered from the left
at 9° 38’. Our camp at 8° 49’ was almost on the boundary between Matto Grosso and
Amazonas. The confluence with the Aripunan, which joined from the right, took
place at 7° 34’. The entrance into the Madeira was at about 5° 20’ (this point we did
not determine by observation, as it is already on the maps). The stream we had fol-
lowed down was from the river’s highest sources; we had followed its longest course.
Railway Expansion in South America, the series of articles by
Frederic M. Halsey running in Moody’s Magazine, deals with Peru in
the September number. Mr. Halsey gives a very comprehensive sketch
of the railway development of the country, including a description
of the Oroya, or Central of Peru Railway, which gives an excellent
idea of this remarkable achievement of modern railway engineering.
We quote in extenso as follows:
In 1913 there were only 1,841 miles of railway in operation throughout Peru,
although nearly 3,000 miles were under construction or projected. The development
of the country has been greatly retarded by the lack of railway facilities; the limited
development of the railways is accounted for largely by the rugged nature of the
country.
Most of the railway mileage of Peru is controlled by the Peruvian Corporation,
which was formed in 1890 by the holders of the external debt of this Republic. The
plan was that the holders of the £51,423,190 obligations would receive from the
Government all the railroads for a term of 66 years (since extended to 83 years),
together with mining privileges, land grants, etc. In return the bondholders were
to deliver over to Peru one-half her obligations abroad, and look to Chile for a settle-
ment of the other half. Chile settled by paying a large sum derived from the sale
of guano. The bondholders agreed to finish a number of railway lines which were
then uncompleted, and they were granted the right of free navigation on Lake
Titicaca; also 3,000,000 tons of guano, and the sum of £80,000 per annum for 30 years
from October, 1893. The latter annuitiesare secured by the proceeds of the custom-
house at Callao and payments are being made regularly.
The principal railway taken over by the bondholders was the Oroya or Central of
Peru Railway, ‘‘the highest line in the world.’ This line, the history of which
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 761
serves as an illustration of the difficulties of railroad building in Peru and the adjoining
countries, was begun by an American, Henry Meiggs, whose intention it was to have
the road cross the Andes and reach some port on the Amazon. This railway starts
at the port of Callao, and in a distance of 106 miles surmounts an elevation of 15,865
feet (Mount Blanc in the Alps is 15,781 feet high). After leaving Callao the line
passes Lima and starts to climb until it reaches Chosica, a famous health resort 33
miles from the starting point (altitude 2,700 feet). About 14 miles farther on is
San Bartolome (height 5,000 feet), near which place a ‘‘V-switch,”’ the first of its
kind ever tried, is in use. This is necessary, as the mountain ledge, along which
the line is constructed, breaks off abruptly and another ledge parallel with the one
used must be followed in order to reach the summit above. * * *
After the railway leaves San Bartolome there is in the next 5 miles a climb of about
1,000 feet to reach the Cuesta Blanca or White Hill Tunnel. On a portion of this
stretch of road the Verrugas Bridge or Viaduct is crossed. The construction of this
bridge, which is set at an altitude of 5,840 feet, was one of the great difficulties
of the undertaking. It isa cantilever bridge 575 feet in length and had to be placed
300 feet above the bottom of the ravine, through which at certain seasons there
rushes a raging torrent. The spanning of this gorge cost hundreds of lives, mostly
through the outbreak of a disease known as the Verrugas fever. Beyond the Cuesta
Blanca Tunnel the line zigzags its way until Chicla, 87 miles from Callao, is reached,
at an altitude of 12,215 feet. In the 34 miles from the tunnel to this town there is
one stretch a mile in length in which a rise of 700 feet must be accomplished, followed
by another stretch of 5 miles in which an ascent of another 2,000 feet is necessary ,
After this comes another portion of the line whereon Meiggs performed another won-
derful engineering feat. The railway at this point tunnels a high mountain crag
to emerge at the brink of a ravine, at the bottom of which a stream rushes. On the
other side of the ravine another mountain peak had also to be tunneled. Across the
chasm there was built out from the two tunnels a bridge, known as the Infiernillo
(Hell) Bridge. The sharp cliffs forming the sides of the chasm extend so high above
the railway that they almost exclude the lhght of day. The men who performed
the task of building the bridge had to work suspended in baskets let down from
ledges above. The line then proceeds through scenes of wild grandeur until Chicla
is reached. The amount of blasting required in laying out the right of way necessi-
tated the use of over £00,000 pounds of explosives per month, and over 8,000 men
were at times employed in the building of the road. When Chicla was reached in
1877, Meiggs died, his death being due to overwork and the great strain connected
with planning the enterprise. The Government’s treasury was then running low
and work ceased, not to be resumed until 1891, when the Peruvian Corporation took
over the railway. This corporation let a contract to complete the line to William
Thorndike (like Meiggs, an American), who continued along the surveys marked
out by his predecessor, until the maximum point of the main line, at the great height
of 15,665 feet, is reached. A short branch was also constructed to Morochoca, which
reaches the height of 15,865 feet, the greatest altitude reached by any railroad in
existence. Ata point 106 miles from Callao, and at an altitude of 15,665 feet above
the Pacific Ocean, a tunnel (the highest in the world) 3,855 feet in length had to be
cut through a mountain peak forming a part of the continental divide. This is
located in the regions of almost perpetual snow. From the eastern portal of this—
the Galera tunnel—the railway begins its descent to the terminal at Oroya, about
31 miles beyond. This town, a place of some importance, is about 12,178 feet above
the level of the sea, is the junction of an extension to Huancayo, and is also the
starting point of the Cerro de Pasco Railway.
The building of this railway cost, it is estimated, fully $200,000 per mile and not
less than 7.500 lives. The undertaking was one of the greatest engineering feats
of modern time. * * *
762 THE PAN AMERIOAN UNION.
The gross receipts of the Central of Peru Railway for 1912-13 (249 miles operated )
were $2,539,045 and the net receipts $938,890.
Of scarcely less importance to the Republic is the Southern Railway of Peru,
which winds its way up the Andes from Mollendo on the Pacific to Lake Titicaca
and to Cuzco. Mollendo has a population of only about 5,000, yet it is the great
shipping place for the tablelands of southern Peru and the region about Lake Titicaca.
After leaving Mollendo this railway strikes southward for several miles following
the shores of the Pacific to Majia, a seaside rescrt, from which point the course followed
is west to northwest. The railway trails its way upward through mountains of wonder-
ful scenic grandeur, until at a point 107 miles from Mollendo, the city of Arequipa
is reached, at an altitude of over 7,500 feet. This city, second only to Lima in size
and importance, boasts of a population of about 40,000. Here are located the Harvard
Observatory, a magnificent cathedral, and there are many other places of interest.
Daily trains with parlor cars attached are in operation between Arequipa and the coast.
Beyond Arequipa the traffic becomes lighter, but it is still sufficient to pay, and a
semiweekly passenger train service is maintained to connect the Pacific Steam Navi-
gation Co.’s steamers from Callao and other points with the interior. The line after
leaving Arequipa resumes its upward climb, following the trails of the Incas marked
out previous to the Spanish Conquest, until Juliaca, the junction of the branch to
Lake Titicaca, is reached. From this point (about 307 miles from Mollendo) the
railway follows the tableland northward, passing among other places the towns of
Tirpata, Santa Rosa, and Sicuani, and climbing through the passes of La Roya
(altitude, 14,518 feet) and Crucero (altitude, 14,666 feet) to Cuzco (206 miles from
Juliaca). The country about the latter city is, owing to irrigation, highly productive
and the railway which has but recently been completed to this section should greatly
assist in its wider development. Cuzco itself has a population of about 25,000 and is
probably the oldest city of South America, having been the capital of the ancient
Peruvian Empire. This new extension earned about 0.08 per cent on the cost of
construction during 1912-13.
The Lake Titicaca branch extends to Puno at the northern end of the lake (29 miles
from Juliaca), from which place a line of steamers, some of 1,000 tons register, operated
by the Peruvian Corporation runs across the Guaqui on the Bolivian shore. Lake
Titicaca, the highest large body of water in the world, is 12,450 feet above the sea
level, is 165 miles in length and has a maximum width of 60 miles, its area being
4,000 square miles.
The Southern Railway of Peru operated on June 30, 1913, 533 miles of main track
(gauge 4 feet $4 inches), this being the longest line in Peru. An extension is proposed
to Madre de Dios River, which runs into the Beni River, an important tributary of the
Amazon. The gross earnings for 1912-13 were $1,783,370 and the net earnings,
$664,833, of which $640,015 was paid to the Peruvian Corporation, the owner of
$11,114,000 ‘‘Southern” stock. * * *
Other railways controlled by the Peruvian Corporation are briefly
described as follows:
The Trujillo Railway connects the interior town of that name (called Trujillo after
the birthplace of Francisco Pizarro, population about 12,000), with the port of Sala-
verry, an open roadstead protected by jetties, situated about 250 miles northward of
Callao. Near Trujillo are located the ruins of the ancient Inca city Chanchan. The
railway has been extended inland some distance beyond Trujillo, its total length being
over 53 miles. Gross earnings for 1912-13 were $310,390 and net receipts $131,240, of
which $94,455 went to the Peruvian Corporation as owner of about $2,200,000 ordinary
stock.
The Pacasmayo Railway connects the port of that name with the towns of Guadalupe
(26 miles) and Chilete (65 miles) and further extensions have been planned. Daily
THE “INFIERNILLO” BRIDGE, ON THE OROYA RAILWAY, PERU.
*The railway at this point tunnels a high mountain crag to emerge at the brink
of a ravine, at the bottom of which a stream rushes. On the other side of the
ravine another mountain peak had also to be tunneled. Across the chasm there
was built out from the two tunnels a bridge, known as the Infiernillo (Hell)
Bridge. The sharp cliffs forming the sides of the chasm extend so high above
the railway that they almost exclude the light of day. The men who performed
the task of building the bridge had tu work suspended in baskets let down from
the ledges above.”? (Railway Expansion in South America, by Frederic M.
Halsey, in Moody’s Magazine for September, 1914.)
764 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
trains are operated to Guadalupe, beyond which the passenger service narrows down
to only two or three trains a month. The Chilete extension will have to be built
to a more inland point before it will pay. The company’s pier at Pascasmayo is
nearly one-half mile in length. The gross receipts of this railway for 1912-13 were
$104,490.
The Payta to Piura Railway (60 miles) runs from Payta, a seaport in the far north of
Peru, noted for its lack of rainfall, to Piura, 60 miles inland (population, 10,000),
t he first town in Peru to be settled by the Spanish. The gross earnings of this railway
for 1912-13 were $182,515.
The Chimbote Railway (35 miles) and Ilo-Moquequa Railway (62 miles), are also
controlled by the Peruvian Corporation which likewise works under agreement the
North Western Railway of Peru running between Ancon, Huacho, and Sayan (130
rane), Ss
The principal railway not operated by the Peruvian Corporation is the Cerrro de
Pasco Railway, running from Oroya on the Central of Peru Railway to the Cerro de
Pasco mines and to the latter’s coal fields (104 miles operated). The Cerro de Pasco
mines (discovered in 1630) are now under American control; they had produced to
the close of the nineteenth century fully 40,000,000 tons of silver and copper ore,
their copper production being estimated at 50,000,000 pounds annually (48,600,926
in 1911). The railway is owned by the mining company; the highest altitude reached
by it is about 14,300 feet.
Other railways, varying in length from 10 to 50 miles, are in operation in the Repub-
lic, while an extensive network of lines is either now being built, surveyed, or is
projected, including a railway (the Amazon-Pacific Railway) from a point on the
Cerro de Pasco Railway to the port of Pucalpa on the Ucayali River, 280 miles, which
will open up the rich department of Loreto and will afford an outlet for a vast wealth
of rubber, timber, tropical products, and extensive deposits of coal found in the
regions traversed. This railway will be subsidized by the Government to the amount
of $9,735,000. A trans-Andine railway has been surveyed and the contract let to
connect the Pacific port of Payta with points on the Maranon and Huallaga Rivers,
tributaries of the Amazon. This railway (highest altitude 6,600 feet) will cross the
Andes at a far lower altitude than the Central of Peru Railway and will present few
really difficult engineering problems. The length will be about 435 miles and the
cost $6,000,000. The Santa Ana Railway is under construction from Cuzco north-
ward to Santa Ana. This line meets some heavy grades, including the ascent of
El Arco.
A Forest of Stone, in the October number of American Forestry, by
F. H. Knowlton, of the United States Geological Survey, is a most
interesting description of the several groups of fossilized trees to be
found in Yellowstone Park. These trees, perfectly silicified, stand
imbedded in the surrounding matrix where they grew perhaps a
million years ago and are objects of interest to scientists and visiting
laymen alike. Mr. Knowlton writes:
Remarkable fossil forests exist in Yellowstone Park, the most remarkable, it is
believed, of the several fossil forests which have been discovered—there are others
in Egypt, in California, and in Arizona—because in the Yellowstone most of the trees
were entombed in their original upright position and not found recumbent and scat-
tered about the ground. In Arizona, for instance, the fossilized trunks have evidently
been carried a long distance from where they originally grew. In the Yellowstone
the trees now stand where they grew, and where they were entombed by the out-
pouring of various volcanic materials. Now as the softer rocks surrounding them is
gradually worn away they are left standing erect on the steep hillsides just as they
Courtesy of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C.
TWIN TRUNKS OF THE FOSSIL FOREST.
These are on Specimen Ridge, Yellowstone National Park. They are two feet in diameter twenty
feet apart and twenty-five feet high. (Illustrating ‘(A Forest of Stone,” by F. H. Knowlton, in
American Forestry for October, 1914.)
67998—Bull. 5—14-_7
766 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
stood when they were living; in fact, it is difficult at a little distance to distinguish
some of these fossil trunks from the lichen-covered stumps of kindred living species.
Such an aggregation of fossil trunks is therefore well entitled to be called a true fossil
forest. It should not be supposed, however, that these trees still retain their limbs
and smaller branches, for the mass of volcanic material falling on them stripped them
down to bare, upright trunks.
These fossil forests cover an extensive area in the northern portion of the park, being
especially abundant along the west side of Lamar River for about 20 miles above its
junction with the Yellowstone. Here the land rises rather abruptly to a height of
approximately 2,000 feet above the valley floor. It is known locally as Specimen
Ridge, and forms an approach to Amethyst Mountain. There is also a small fossil
forest containing a number of standing trunks near Tower Falls, and near the eastern
border of the park along Lamar River in the vicinity of Cache, Calfee, and Miller
Creeks, there are many more or less isolated trunks and stumps of fossil trees, but so
far as known none of these are equal to the fossil forest on the slopes of Specimen
LETC.
Recently another extensive fossil forest has been found on the divide between the
Gallatin and Yellowstone Rivers in the Gallatin Range of mountains, in Park and
Gallatin Counties, Mont. This forest, which lies just outside the boundary of the
Yellowstone National Park, is said to cover 35,000 acres and to contain some wonder-
fully well-preserved upright trunks, many of them very large, equaling or perhaps
even surpassing in size some of those within the limits of the park. * * *
One traversing the valley of the Lamar River may see at many places numerous
upright fossil trunks in the faces of nearly vertical walls. These trunks are not all at
a particular level but occur at irregular heights; in fact, a section cut down through
these 2,000 feet of beds would disclose a succession of fossil forests. That is to say,
after the first forest grew and was entombed, there was a time without volcanic out-
burst—a period long enough to permit a second forest to grow above the first. This
in turn was covered by volcanic material and preserved, to be followed again by a
period of quiet, and these more or less regular alternations of volcanism and forest
growth continued throughout the time the beds were in process of formation.
The area within which the fossil forests are now found was apparently in the begin-
ning an irregular but relatively flat basin, on the floor of which after a time there grew
the first forest. Then there came from some of the volcanoes, probably those to the
north, an outpouring of ashes, mud flows, and other material which entirely buried
the forest, but so gradually that the trees were simply submerged by the incoming
material, few of them being prostrated. On the raised floor of the basin, after a time,
the next forest came into existence, only to be in turn engulfed as the first had been,
and so on through the period represented by the 2,000 feet or more of similar beds.
The series of entombed forests affords a means of making at least a rough estimate of the
time required for the upbuilding of what is now Specimen Ridge and its extensions.
During the time this 2,000 feet of material was being accumulated, and since then
to the present day, there has been relatively little warping of the earth’s crust at this
point; that is, the beds were then, and still are, practically horizontal, so that the
fossil forests, as they are being gradually uncovered, still stand upright.
When the volcanic activities had finally ceased, the everworking disintegrating
forces of nature began to tear and wear down this accumulated material, eroding the
beds on a grand scale. Deep canyons and gulches have been trenched and vast quan-
tities of the softer materials have been carried away by the streams and again depos-
ited on lower levels or transported to great and unknown distances.
The fossil forest that was first brought to scientific attention is on the northern slope
of Amethyst Mountain, opposite the mouth of Soda Butte Creek, about 8 miles south-
east of Junction Butte. The following account, by Dr. William H. Holmes, the discoy-
erer of these fossil forests, shows the impression first made by them:
Courtesy of American Forestry Magazine, Washington. D. C.
ANOTHER SPECIMEN SHOWING BARK.
‘This ancient of ancients is also surrounded by live trees, many of them being of the same species.”
(Illustrating “‘A Forest of Stone.”’ by F. H. Knowlton, in American Forestry for October, 1914.)
768 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
‘‘Ags we ride up the trail that meanders the smooth river bottom (Lamar River) we
have but to turn our attention to the cliffs on the right hand to discover a multitude
of the bleached trunks of the ancient forests. In the steeper middle portion of the
mountain face, rows of upright trunks stand out on the ledges like the columns of a
ruined temple. On the more gentle slopes farther down, but where it is still too
steep to support vegetation, save a few pines, the petrified trunks fairly cover the
surface, and were at first supposed by us to be shattered remains of a recent forest.’’
These trunks may easily be seen from the road along the Lamar River, about a mile
away. They stand upright—as Holmes has said, like the pillars of some ruined
temple—and a closer view shows that there is a succession of these forests, one above
another. In the foothills and several hundred feet above the valley there is a per-
pendicular wall of volcanic breccia, which in some places attains a height of nearly
100 feet. The fossil trunks may be seen in this wall in many places, all of them stand-
ing upright in the position in which they grew. Some of these trunks, which are 2
to 4 feet in diameter and 20 to 40 feet high, are so far weathered out of the rock as to
appear just ready to fall; others are only slightly exposed; niches mark the places
from which others have already fallen; and the foot of the cliff is piled high with
fragments of various sizes. * * *
In many respects the most remarkable of the fossil forests is on the northwest end
of Specimen Ridge, about a mile southeast of Junction Butte and about opposite the
mouth of Slough Creek. So far as known, this forest was first brought to scientific
attention by Mr. E. C. Alderson, of Bozeman, Mont., and the writer, who discovered
it in August, 1887. It is found on the higher part of the ridge and covers several
acres. The trees are exposed at various heights on the very steep hillsides, and one
remarkable feature of the forest is that most of them project well above the surface.
One of the largest and best-preserved trees stands at the very summit of the slope.
This trunk, which is that of a giant redwood, is 264 feet in circumference without the
bark and about 12 feet in height. The portion of this huge trunk preserved is the
base, and it exhibits to a considerable degree the swelling or buttressing so well
known in the living redwood. The roots, which are as large as the trunks of ordinary
trees, are now embedded in solid rock.
The height attained by the trees of this fossil forest can not be ascertained with
certainty, since the tallest trunk now standing is only about 30 feet high, but every
one observed is obviously broken off and does not show even the presence of limbs.
Perhaps the nearest approach to a measure of the height is afforded by a trunk that
happened to have been prostrated before fossilization. This trunk, which is 4 feet
in diameter, is exposed for a length of about 40 feet, and as it shows no apparent
diminution in size within this distance it is safe to assume that the tree could hardly
have been less than 100 feet high and very probably may have been higher. * * *
The question is often asked, how old are the fossil forests? It is, of course, impos-
sible to fix their age exactly in years, though it is easy enough to place them in the
geologic time scale. The forests of the Yellowstone National Park are found in the
Miocene series of the Tertiary period. As compared with the eons of geologic time
that preceded it the Miocene is relatively very recent, though, 1f the various estimates
of the age of the earth that have been made by geologists are anywhere near correct, it
may well have been a million years ago. It must be remembered, however, that this
estimate involves more or less speculation based on a number of factors which may or
may not have been correctly interpreted.
Through Sleepers from Nome to Cape Horn, in the November number
of Popular Mechanics, deals in a very optimistic manner with that
dream of recent years, a great Pan American railway stretching its
continuous ribbons of steel from the icy fields of Alaska down to the
southern tip of South America. The impossible of yesterday fre-
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 769
quently becomes the probable of to-day and the accomplished fact
of to-morrow, and we herewith reproduce the article as a prophesy
and because of the spirit of hope which it evokes:
The stimulation of commerce between North and South America, due to the Euro-
pean war, has revived interest in the project of an all-rail route connecting the United
States with the countries of the Southern Hemisphere. When this plan is carried out,
as itis almost certain to be some day for strategic as well ascommercial reasons, it must
be extended to include a railway connection with Alaska, where the United States
Government now has surveying parties in the field selecting routes for a railway
system to develop the resources of that country.
Such a railway, reaching continuously from the great plateau of central Alaska to
the pampas of South America and beyond, would constitute the biggest enterprise
of its kind ever undertaken, if it were not that more than half of the line has already
been built and is in operation. Since the surveys for the Pan American railway
were made, there has been a steady development in railway building in South
America, particularly in Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, so that much of the
work planned at that time has already been done. That portion of western Canada
lying east of the Coast Range, formerly considered a forbidding country with an
arctic climate, has been invaded by two trunk-line railways, and its resources are
being rapidly developed. One of these railways, the Grand Trunk Pacific, reaches
as far north as Hazelton, and from this point an 800-mile line has been planned to
reach Dawson in the Yukon territory. Three hundred miles of comparatively easy
mountain construction would connect Dawson with Fairbanks, the focus of the
Alaskan railway system, while a 360-mile line, already planned, running south from
Fort George on the Grand Trunk Pacific to Vancouver, British Columbia, would form
the last link for connecting Alaska with the States of the Pacific coast. There would
then be a continuous system of railways running from the central plateau of Alaska
through the United States and Mexico to Ayutla, a Mexican town on the border of
Guatemala. The big gap remaining to be closed begins at Ayutla and extends through
Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru to a connection with the
Bolivian railways. In Central America, Ecuador, and Peru short stretches of existing
railways could easily be incorporated tn the plan.
Half a dozen different routes would be available for forming the link through the
United States. Over a route passing down the Pacific coast to El Paso, Tex., and
thence through Mexico City to Ayutla, the total distance by rail from Fairbanks,
Alaska, to Buenos Aires, Argentina, would be about 12,700 miles. About 7,000
miles of this distance is covered by existing railways, leaving about 6,000 miles to be
built. On the basis of a liberal estimate the entire undertaking could probably be
completed for less than $300,000,000.
Every variety of climate, from arctic to trcpical, as well as topographical conditions
of the most diverse kind would be encountered in building and operating such a line.
The line from Hazelton to Dawson, as proposed, strikes northwest along the moun-
tainous plateau that lies between the Coast Range and the Cassiar Range of the
Canadian Rockies to Lake Teslin, and then follows along that lake and down the Teslin
and Yukon Rivers to Dawson. For reaching Fairbanks the line would doubtless
continue down the Yukon River to Fortymile Creek. This creek would be used for
reaching the divide, and a tributary of the Tanana River would supply a practical
route for reaching Fairbanks. The proposed line south from Fort George follows the
Fraser River for about 200 miles and then strikes southwest to Vancouver. The con-
struction of these lines would involve much heavy work, and the cost in many places
would probably run as high as $100,000 a mile. In spite of this there is little doubt
that the construction of these links in Canada and Alaska is only a question of time.
st
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. uel
Owing to the difficult construction and long gaps to be filled, by far the biggest
expenditure will be required in building through Central America and the northern
part of South America. This is the portion of the line surveyed and estimated for the
Pan American railway. Starting at Ayutla, the proposed line follows a general line
parallel with the Pacific coast through Central America, but in order to find favorable
ground the location is in some cases 50 miles or more inland. In the northern part of
Central America, particularly in Guatemala, the mountain spurs and streams run
almost perpendicularly to the line, and many bridges and considerable tunneling will
be required. The line across the Panama Canal near the city of Panama goes over to
the Atlantic side and then begins the climb to the Andes through a rich and popu-
lous section along the Rio Cauca. This river serves as a sort of eave trough for the
northern Andes and is followed until the high plains and river basins of the Andes
are reached. Through Ecuador the line traverses the “trough” of the Andes, an
immense basin which is divided into 10 smaller basins by mountain ranges connect-
ing the Pacific or “Occidental” Range with the central range of the Andes. Each of
these must be crossed by therailway. Through both Ecuadorand Peru the line runs
for long distances at elevations greater than 10,000 feet, and in many places is more
than 13,000 feet above sea level.
At Cuzco, Peru, the line joins the existing railway running to Uyuni, Bolivia, at
which point there is a direct connection through the Antofagasta Railway with the
longitudinal railway to Chile, which now stretches along the coast from Iquique to
Puerto Montt. A line 200 miles long, built from Uyuni to La Guiaca, is all that
would be needed for connecting with the railway system of Argentina, which forms a
network of railways similar to the railway systems of the United States. This would
complete the true Pan American railway; but if the development of the country
should ever warrant it, the system could be extended at a comparatively small cost
per mile to Punta Arenas, the most southerly port on the American continent.
Daring as the dream of a Pan American railway seems, it is really no more visionary
than was the project of Cecil Rhodes for a railway from the Cape of Good Hope to Cairo,
the entire length of the African continent. Men of affairs laughed at Rhodes as a
dreamer when he proposed this gigantic undertaking; but to-day the Cape-to-Cairo
road is nearly half built, and its completion is merely a matter of time.
The Iron Ore Industry in Brazil, by KE. C. Harder, in The Iron Trade
Review (Cleveland, Ohio) for October 15, 1914, is something of a
revelation to those who know little of the vast mineral resources of
the largest of South American republics. Mr. Harder, widely known
as an expert mining engineer, presented this paper at the Pittsburgh
meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in October.
The following excerpts, selected because of their untechnical char-
acter, will give some idea of the tremendous deposits of high-grade
ore to be found in the State of Minas Geraes, while those of our
readers who desire more specific and technical information as to the
nature of the deposits, analyses of the various ores, means of trans-
portation to the sea coast, etc., are referred to the article in the
Review.
Few mineral deposits have in recent years attracted such general and widespread
attention as the Brazillian iron-ore deposits, due mainly to the quantities of rich ore
available in contrast to the ever-decreasing grade of ores shipped from many large
producing iron-ore districts of the world. The general average grade of iron ores
shipped from the Lake Superior district has decreased to approximately 50 per cent,
natural, in recent years. The Rubio ore, of Bilbao, Spain, in 1890 averaged 55.5 per
cent metallic iron, dried, in 1902, 52.8 per cent, while at the present time a large pro-
latee THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
portion of the ores shipped from Bilbao are obtained by reworking the old dumps.
In northern Sweden, where large magnetite deposits have only in recent years been
extensively developed, selected mining is even now necessary in order to obtain
high-grade Bessemer ores. During the last two years the iron ores of Chile have
attracted much attention on account of the activities of the Bethlehem Steel Co. and
others in the Chilean iron-ore region. Many of these ores are of good grade, yielding
67 and even 68 per cent metallic iron, but, judging from the writer’s observations in
this region, a large proportion of them will be found to be of non-Bessemer grade.
The most important variety of iron ore in Brazil is hard, dense to specular hematite,
occurring in Minas Geraes. A large number (89) of analyses of this type of ore have
been averaged, giving the following composition:
Per cent.
NE 00 eet rene aareoar eres gts eet eee ee ee ee ios iis, Sri ede eit Ss 6 cel erie 5 69. 65
IPOS PLO US sapscicie Seca teers ave see ae eee eS eee eee ye ee . 0125
ES BICGe Wega ae sg Ee ad ee Rn A ee Re a IU MN een Uris OSIRIS cs ore . 24
Combined) Fs Ocaessese ees a es e on Haeaine Sem err oee tame meatr Gees 4 Ole:
In few places in the world has iron ore been found in marketable quantities which
even approaches this in grade, while in Brazil several hundred million tons of such
ore are in sight, occurring practically on the surface, while besides this rich ore there
is an almost incredible amount of lower grade ores, i. e., ores of 60 per cent metallic
iron and over. It may be found impracticable, when mining operations commence,
to mine exclusively the high-grade ores, and that admixtures of other ores will some-
what lower the general quality of marketed material; still it is safe to say that Brazil
will be able to furnish for many years ores of Bessemer quality which will average
more than 68 per cent metallic iron. * * *
The iron ores of Brazil are of two distinct types: (1) magnetite ores associated with
igneous rocks occurring in the States of Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Parana, and Santa
Catherina; and (2) hematite ores associated with metamorphosed sedimentary rocks
in State of Minas Geraes. The magnetite ores are of relatively little importance,
occurring only as small scattered deposits.
The hematite deposits associated with the metamorphosed sedimentary rocks in
Minas Geraes are the only known iron ores in Brazil to which any considerable import-
ance is attached. They occupy a large area in the south-central part of Minas Geraes,
being practically coextensive with the sedimentary formations in this region. The
area within which the principal deposits are found is roughly 100 miles long from
northeast to southwest, and about 60 miles in width. Within this region the ore
bodies are more or less segregated at certain localities. * * *
The iron formation varies greatly in thickness, in places being less than 50 feet and
elsewhere more than 4,000 feet thick. The iron ore and ferruginous schist occur
interstratified with the itabirite as beds or lenses varying in length and thickness.
The iron ore appears to be a true sedimentary formation, laid down at the same time
as the inclosing rocks and later metamorphosed with them. The iron-ore beds have
the same strike and dip as the inclosing rocks and outcrop with them at the suriace.,
In many places hard ore layers form the tops of hills or ridges or form conspicuous
cliffs along the hillsides, due to their greater resistance to erosion. When the iron
formation weathers at the surface a blanket consisting of a mixture of itabirite and
ore fragments cemented by limonite is formed. This blanket may vary in thickness
from a few inches to more than 50 feet, and spread over the surface of the iron
formation as well as over the surface of adjacent formations, such as schist or granite.
This is the iron ore conglomerate or breccia termed cango. * * *
The hard massive ore is hematite, generally dense or finely specular, but occasionally
where strongly metamorphosed it is coarsely crystalline and has an admixture oi
magnetite. It occurs in beds varying up to more than 450 feet in thickness and to
more than two-thirds of a mile in length. Hard ore rarely contains more than 1 per
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. las
cent of silica and its metallic iron content is remarkably constant. The soft powdery
ore is specular hematite in a fine friable form, so that most of it when dried crumbles to
dust, which will pass through a 100-mesh screen. Hard ore and soft ore frequently
occur intermixed with each other, lenses or irregular bunches of soft ore occurring in
hard-ore beds or irregular masses cf hard ore occurring in soft ore deposits. Soft-ore
deposits are in general much smaller and more irregular than hard-ore deposits. Both
occur as lenses or beds interlayered with itabirite or laminated ore.
Masterpieces of Aboriginal American Art, by W. H. Holmes, in
Art and Archaeology for November, 1914, deals with the remarkable
mosaic work of the Aztecs and other American peoples prior to the
Spanish conquest. From his studies of the stucco work, sculptural
relics, mosaic work, and other ethnological investigations, Professor
Holmes has come to a definite conclusion as to the cultural de-
velopment of the aboriginal Americans. He writes:
The aboriginal Americans, wholly isolated from the Old World for no one knows
how many ages, had reached in their highest advancement the culture stage only of
the Egyptians of perhaps 10,000 years ago. Owing to an assumed later beginning,
and in part no doubt to the dearth of animals adapted to domestication, and to other
shortcomings of environment, they had lagged thus far behind on the rugged road
toward civilization, Yet in nearly every important branch of culture they were
advancing along identical lines, and even in many of the well specialized branches of
activity were duplicating the prehistoric phases of Old World handicraft. This was
illustrated by the stucco work of the middle Americans presented in the first paper of
this series, and is equally true even of the more highly specialized field of mosaic
work sketched briefly in the present pages. Mosaic work, called also inlaying, is the
art of incrusting the surface of artworks with bits of colored stone, shell, and the like,
giving brilliant effects of coloring and arranged in pleasing and often symbolic designs,
Ethnologists tell us that the art of color embellishment had its initial phases in lowest
savagery and that the first surface designedly treated was the human skin, a branch
of art as yet by no means obsolete. In the very early stages of development the
motive may have been that of protective coloration, as the naturalists put it, designed
to render the subject less conspicuous to lurking enemies, or possibly in mere imita-
tion of certain wild animals which were regarded with special veneration. These
simple applications of color may be regarded as the initial manifestations in a pro-
longed series of steps of esthetic advancement which have their culmination to-day
in the loftiest art achievements of the race. The idea of color embellishment probably
extended in time from the person to personal belongings, and thence to all things made
and used, manifesting itself in simple effects and in designs realistic and formal. But
colors have other than protective and esthetic values in the minds of most primitive
peoples. They come very early to possess special sacred attributes acquired in ways
not readily determined. Among the explanations offered a very interesting one 1s as
follows: The multitude of deities of the pantheon of the savage are believed to inhabit
the work about him, and in making his appeals to them he addresses himself in turn,
according to his needs, to those of the four quarters of the world and to those of the
zenith and the nadir. These directions manifest color phenomena peculiar to them-
selves which in time become associated with the deities as significant parts of their
essence. Thus the yellow of the morning comes to symbolize the gods of the east,
the red those of the west, black those of the underworld, and so on. Accepting this
theory of symbolic associations with colors, it would seem but natural that those
materials in nature which uniformly display particular colors, as the metals, stones,
and shells, should by well-known modes of transfer acquire sacred attributes and
become representative of the supernatural powers. Thus, blue turquoise would
Courtesy of Art and Archaeology.
Fic. 2—MOSAIC MASK OF THE AZTECS.
“««The foundation is of cedar wood carved at the back to fit over the face of the wearer and in front to represent two
plumed rattlesnakes so intertwined as closely to suggest a human face or skull. The surface is most cleverly
injaid witli turquoise, tle serpent bodies being distinguished one from tke other by differences in color, the
one being a brigi:t blue and the other a rich green.”” (Prof. W. H. Holmes in Art and Archaeology for No-
vember, 1914.)
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. CU
become the emblem of a sky god, and green the emblem of the god of tne sea; the
golden and glistening iron pyrites would symbolize the supreme deity, the sun;
malachite and jade the rulers of the sea, while carnelian and the ruby would become
attributes of the god of war, and so on with no end of variations and new combinations
resulting in time in a complex of color symbolism, like that of the Aztecs, too elaborate
and involved to be readily analyzed.
Just when and with what people the art of incrusting surfaces with designs in bril-
liant settings had its earliest manifestation can never be known, yet there is ample
evidence that in America it was practiced by the more advanced tribes from Alaska
to Argentina; that it had been practiced for a long period in some culture centers is
made plain by the maturity of the art, the periection of craftsmanship, the complexity
of symbolism, and the intimate association of the art forms with the mythologies and
the rites and ceremonies of the people.
An essential technical feature of the art of incrustation was the possession of some
kind of gum, asphaltum, glue, or other like substances with which the object to be
treated could be coated and which would harden after the setting of the incrustation
was completed. The infinite patience of the savage artisan was requisite in the
tedious work of cutting out, polishing, and fitting, by means of the crude processes
of the stone age, the little tablets of quartz, agate, obsidian, pyrites, garnet, turquoise,
malachite, jadeite, beryl, carnelian, jet, and gold, and the brilliant nacre of sea shells,
and certainly none were more keenly appreciative of the value and charm of such
work than were the ancient Mexicans.
Although the art of incrustation was practiced by many of the more advanced
peoples of the continent, works worthy of being called masterpieces were not pro-
duced outside of Mexico, Middle America, and possibly Peru, Mexico having sup-
plied the choicest specimens. Twenty-four examples only of the highest order of
workmanship are known, and nearly all of these are now preserved in European
museums, their preservation being due to the fortunate circumstance that they fell
into the hands of appreciative people and that for the greater part in the early days
of the Spanish conquest.
When Cortés landed with his invading host upon the coast of Mexico he learned
from the natives first encountered of the existence of a powerful nation occupying
a valley set high up in the continental plateau, whose ruler was Montezuma. He
immediately dispatched envoys to announce his approach and the proud monarch
of the Aztecs returned ambassadors to the Spanish camp bearing the richest gifts
that the empire could afford, and it is a noteworthy fact that among these were
numerous works of mosaic, the acme of American handicraft, the enumeration of
which is as follows: (1) A mask incrusted with a mosaic of turquoise, carrying upon
it a snake, coiled and twisted, worked of the same stone; (2) a bishop’s crozier, all
made of turquoise in mosaic work and terminating in a coiled snake’s head; (3) large
earrings of chalchihuitl in serpent design; (4) a miter of ocelot skin, surmounted by a
large chalchihuitl and decorated with turquoise mosaic, and (5) a staff adorned with
mosaic of turquoise.
It is not at all improbable that the mask first mentioned in this list is the identical
specimen now preserved in the British Museum. It is a most remarkable work and is
shown in figure 2. Although this object is incomplete, the lower part of the face
having been lost, its main features are readily traced. The foundation is of cedar
wood, carved at the back to fit over the face of the wearer and in front to repre-
sent two plumed rattlesnakes so intertwined as closely to suggest a human face or
skull. The surface is most cleverly inlaid with turquoise, the serpent bodies being
distinguished one from the other by difference in color, the one being a bright blue
and the other a rich green. The wide-open eye sockets and exposed teeth combine
with the serpent forms to make a barbaric and most gruesome object, a worthy
mask for the sanguinary gods of the Aztecs. That the mask pertains to Quetzalcoatl,
a
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Courtesy of Art
K INLAID IN TURQUOISE.
Fic. 4—WOODEN MAS
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(Illustrating ‘“‘ Masterpieces of Aboriginal American Art,’’ in the November number
are two small square patches of the same on the temples, through which as
number, and set in a dark gum or cement.
the teeth are of hard white shell.
This mask is of wood covered with minute pieces of turquoise,
of Art and Archaeology.)
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. CU
the feathered serpent deity, is clearly indicated by the rattles of the snake which
appear above, and the plumes of the bird which drape at the sides of the temples.
The heads, originally no doubt the most interesting feature of the work, are lost. We
may surmise that they met beneath the chin or projected therefrom to the right and
left across the cheeks. The skill of the workman in developing in the round these
serpentine forms in bits of cut and polished stones and other hard materials bespeaks
craftsmanship of a high order.
According to Tylor, the wonderfully preserved mask shown in figure 4 is of wood,
covered with minute pieces of turquoise, cut and polished, accurately fitted, many
thousand in number, and set in a dark gum or cement. The eyes, however, are
acute oval patches of mother-of-pearl, and there are two small square patches of the
same on the temples, through which a string passed to suspend the mask, and the
teeth are of hard, white shell. The eyes are perforated, as are also the nostrils, and
the mouth is slightly open, so that the wearer of the mask could see, breathe, and
speak with ease. The features bear that remarkably placid and contemplative
expression which distinguishes so many of the Aztec works in common with those
of the Egyptians. The face, which is well proportioned, pleasing, and of great
symmetry, is studded with numerous nodelike bits of polished turquoise.
The World’s Trade in Sugar, by John J. Macfarlane, in the Tea
and Coffee Trade Journal for October, 1914, is an interesting historical
sketch of the sugar industry, which also gives the latest statistical
information relative to the production and consumption of this
important food element. The historical feature is briefly dealt with
as follows:
Sugar was not known as an article of commerce among the Greeks, and it 1s not
mentioned in the Bible, showing that it was not known to the Hebrews. The sugar
cane is believed to have grown wild in India, and while no reference to sugar can be
found to 300 A. D., there is no doubt that the juice of the cane was in use long before
that period. The art of the evaporation of the juice to a solid substance is an Indian
invention of about the seventh century, and was spread all over the then known world.
The Arabs and Egyptians prepared candy at an early date by recrystalizing the sugar
obtained from the pressed cane.
The introduction of the use of sugar into Europe was largely due to the Crusaders,
who acquired a taste for it when they were in the Holy Land. On their return home
their demand for it resulted in creating a market for itin Venice. It was not long until
the sugar cane was cultivated in all the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, and
the industry flourished up to the fifteenth century. After the discovery of America,
the Spaniards and Portuguese, and later the Dutch, French, and English, introduced
sugar cultivation into their colonies in the West Indies and South America.
By the introduction of slave labor, which was practically unknown in Christian
countries prior to the fifteenth century, it became possible to produce sugar in large
quantities, so that it ceased being a costly product used only by the rich, and became
cheap enough to be an article of common consumption. The output, which formerly
amounted to only thousands of hundredweights, now increased to thousands of tons.
While it is possible to obtain sugar from the maple tree and sorghum sugars from
broom corn, as well as from fruits and some of the palms, the world’s supply 1s obtained
mainly from two sources—the sugar cane and beet roots. Cane sugar is grown entirely
between 30° north latitude and 20° south latitude. Beet sugar isa product of the
Temperate Zone, and its cultivation is confined to Europe and the United States. At
present the world’s supply is about equally divided between cane and beet sugar.
According to Willett and Gray, the world’s production of sugar in 1813-14 was
18,520,379 tons, of which 9,610,381 tons were cane sugar and 8,909,998 tons were beet
sugar.
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 779
The sugar crop of the world has increased from 4,412,000,000 pounds in 1865 to
40,711,000,000 {pounds in 1918, and the increase during the last 10 years was
18,489,000,000 pounds, or more than the increase in the preceding 35 years. The
value of this crop, allowing 2 cents a pound, would be $815,000,000, and when it
reaches the consumer the value would be over $2,000,000,000.
The use of sugar is increasing all over the world more rapidly than the population,
and, as a rule,its increase is coincident with an improvement in the material condi-
tions of the communities in which the increased consumption occurs. Europe, witha
population of 470,000,000, consumed 17,225,000,000 pounds in 1913, or 42 per cent of the
world’s consumption; the United States, with a population of 98,000,000, consumed
8,384,000,000 pounds, or 20 per cent, and India, with a population of 315,000,000,
consumed 6,725,000,000 pounds, or 16 per cent, leaving about 22 per cent for all other
countries. This does not include the quantities consumed in the cane-producing
countries, for which no statistics of consumption are available.
Mr. Macfarlane, after giving the per capita consumption by leading
countries, deals with‘the rise of the beet-sugar industry in Europe,
the production from the cane in India and Java, and then gives the
following account of the industry in Cuba:
The sugar cane was brought to Cuba by the Spaniards shortly after the discovery
of America, since which time it has always been cultivated, especially in the Provinces
of Santa Clara, Matanzas, and Oriente. The abolition of slavery and the first war with
Spain made an end of the lucrative period of sugar cultivation in Cuba, and the
second war with Spain almost destroyed the industry. The output, which had reached
1,054,000 tons in 1894, fell off to 212,051 tons in 1897. Since its independence Cuba
has increased its production of sugar until it reached 1,444,310 tons in 1907 and
2,541,000 in 1913. This great increase was due to the preference Cuban sugar was
granted in the United States tariff. It is claimed that the production will be doubled
in the next 10 years, as has been done during the last decade. There is no doubt it
would find a ready market for most of it in the United States.
Sugar is king in Cuba, being the most important crop. In 1912-13 the value of the
exports of sugar was $111,000,000, or 67 per cent of that of all the exports. Of this
amount the value to the United States was $100,000,000, to the United Kingdom
$9,800,000, to Canada $979,000, to France $514,000, and to Holland $204,000. The
quantity of sugar exported in that year was 2,181,000 tons. The opening of the Panama
Canal is expected to enable Cuban sugars to compete with those of Java in the Asiatic
markets. Already 5,500 tons have been sent to Japan. The Cuba plantations are
also considering the advisability of following the example of Java in taking up the
manufacture of white plantation sugar in order to become independent of the American
trust and the sugar refineries of the United States.
The following paragraph shows the importance of the United
States as a sugar market:
The United States in 1913 consumed 3,800,000 tons of sugar. In the fiscal year
1912-13 it imported 1,942,000 tons of cane sugar from foreign countries and 82,000
tons of beet sugar. Of the cane sugar 1,924,000 tons came from Cuba, and of the
remainder 6,000 tons came from Peru, 5,000 tons from the Dutch East Indies, 3,000
tons from Dutch Guiana, and 1,000 tons from Santo Domingo. There were also 80,000
tons of beet sugar imported, mainly from Germany. In addition, there were 484,000
tons of sugar imported from Hawaii, 340,000 tons from Porto Rico, and 90,000 from
the Philippines, so that the total imports of sugar into the United States were 2,936,000
tons, valued at $136.689,000. From this it will be seen that the United States.is the
most important market for sugar, and it has become a serious question where its future
supply is to come from. i
780 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The following paragraph, dealing with the probable effect of the
Huropean war on the industry, concludes the article:
The war has already laid waste the beet regions of Belgium and over half those of
France, so that 80,000 tons out of 230,000 tons from Belgium and 500,000 tons out
of a possible 900,000 tons from France will be all that can be expected. The beet-
sugar region of Austria-Hungary has not been as yet affected. After August 1 the beet
crop is generally left to itself until October 1, so that the absence of labor in August
and September is not a serious matter to either Russia or Germany. Both these
countries have taken a large number of prisoners, whom they have put to work in the
fields, so that the crop for this year will probably be as large as that of 1913. If the
war continues a year or more, as is generally expected, the next year’s crop will be
considerably less than that of this year. Then the great demand that there will be
for sugar from other sources than Continental Europe, which now supplies half of the
sugar of the world, will encourage a greater development of the sugar industry in this
country.
Revista Economica (the Economic Review) of Tegucigalpa, Hon-
duras, is publishing a series of articles dealing with the mineral re-
sources of the several Central American Republics. In a recent
issue the Review gives a short historic sketch of the mining industry
of Honduras and of its present development, introducing the subject
with a timely warning to investors in mining stocks to be on their
guard against unscrupulous exploiters who have been swindling
credulous buyers in the United States with their “eet-rich-quick”’
schemes. The following excerpts from the article will give an idea as
to the richness and diversity of the mineral resources of the country:
Honduras owes its prosperity under Spanish rule and the greater part of its present
progress to its mineral resources. The rich and fertile plains of the northern part of
the Republic had hardly any attraction for the Spaniards; gold attracted them above
everything else and made them penetrate into the most arid and inaccessible part of
the country and establish themselves at Choluteca, El Corpus, Sabana Grande,
Ojojona, Guascoran, Minas de Oro, and even at Tegucigalpa, the name of which, in
the native language, signifies silver hills. Accordingly, exportation from the mines
was the only flourishing industry under Spanish rule. At that time, the amount
produced was considerable, if we can judge by the following detail taken from Mr.
A. Vallejo’s work: ‘‘At the beginning of the eighteenth century, business men of Gua-
temala established an office in Tegucigalpa for buying gold and silver. The annual
amount of business was 12,000,000 francs at the beginning and kept on growing until
it amounted to from twenty-one to twenty-eight millions in the years from 1779 to
1819. Accordingly, in 41 years, the district of Tegucigalpa furnished to the com-
merce in precious metals more than 800,000,000 francs. * * *
‘“‘The Spanish aristocracy, owners of the richest mines of Honduras, abandoned the
country after the war of independence, and the works reverted little by little to the
Government. The natives retook possession of most of them, but different reasons,
among which must be mentioned the lack of capital and of workers and of the neces-
sary technical knowledge and political disturbances, caused work to be abandoned
at the mines. Work was not resumed in any serious way until some 30 years ago, and
every thing seems to predict a splendid future for the'mining industry; but neverthe-
less, it is still far from having regained its former importance, for during the years
1906-1913, the exports of all the metals had only reached the value of 17,091,185
Silvera mamma
A GOLD MINE IN HONDURAS.
SORTING GOLD ORE IN HONDURAS.
In many parts of Valle gold and silver bearing ore is found in substantial quantities.
67998—Bull. 5—14—_8
782 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The rivers best known for their mineral wealth are the Jalan and the Guayape,
from which the Spaniards obtained fabulous quantities of gold in colonial times. A
French explorer, Mr. Pinart, who traveled over Honduras some years ago, writing on
the subject of the Guayape and the Jalan, expresses himself as follows: “‘ These rivers
are extraordinarily rich in gold. The sands and alluvial deposits on the banks of
these streams pay anyone willing to wash them a minimum of 3 francs per cubic
meter. The mountains which bound the valleys of these rivers are penetrated by
very important and very rich veins of auriferous quartz easy to work. * * *”
But neither on the banks of these rivers nor along their tributaries such as the
Panal, the Rosario, the Almendares, the Espana, and the Guayambre, Tinta, Siale,
Mangulile, Paulaya Rivers have placer works been established. Those that exist
are very primitive, and the only instrument employed is the old-time wooden tray,
and the work is carried on only for three or four hoursand by women, * * *
Washing out gold constitutes the patrimony of a good many people living in the
region drained by these streams, and they get good results in spite of the imperfection
of the means they employ and the little time they devote to it. Frequently they
find nuggets weighing an ounce, 2 ounces, 3 ounces, or even more. The quantity
obtained annually by this process varies from 150,000 to 200,000 pesos, according to
the more or less copious rainfall. * * *
It is impossible to calculate even approximately the quantities of free gold which
exist in the sands of the famous zones of Olancho, Yoro, Minas de Oro, El Dorado,
Caratasca, Sensenti, las Quebradas, etc., but it can be said without fear of exaggera-
tion that these quantities are very large.
Ii Honduras is rich in precious metals, it is not less rich in useful metals and in other
products of the mineral kingdom. We will mention especially the following: Copper,
which we have already mentioned, is found in the form of carbonates; the azurites
and malachites contain a certain quantity of-silver.
The departments of Gracias and Choluteca contain platinum in the forms of films,
grains, and nuggets, but the quantities are rather limited.
On the high plateaus of the center of the country, there are lead deposits: annual
production about 4,000 kilograms.
The iron is of a superior quality and is found in the form of oxide mixed with sul-
phur. On the south coast and in the interior of the country, there are mountains
with magnetic iron in them. The deposits of Agalteca deserve special mention be-
cause of the abundance of the ores, the high proportion of metallic iron they contain
(over 60 per cent), and their purity; they contain no phosphorus, only a little sulphur,
and are suitable consequently for manufacturing steel of superior quality.
Near these deposits limestone would be found in abundance and water in sufficient
quantity to furnish the motive power. Besides, these ferriferous deposits are con-
sidered as being so abundant that the extracticn of the ores lying on the surface alone
could take about 50 years, working on a large scale. As the ore 1s very pure, the
blacksmiths of the vicinity work it, so to speak, just as it is, and make axes and
machetes of it. But, for the lack of transportation facilities the deposits, which
have a width of 25 kilometers, have not been worked. Years ago the well-known
capitalist, Gen. Ricardo Streber, was given an option running for a long term of years
for the exploitation of the great iron mine, and he is said to be negotiating at present
with the Bethlehem Steel Co.
There is a nickel mine, and tin, bismuth, and antimony are often found.
In the department of Gracias there are mercury and opals. The latter are abun-
dant in the Erandique Basin and are as good as Hungarian opals.
There are found in different localities alum, potassium nitrate, sulphur, asbestos,
and mica. Petroleum has been found in the department of Comayagua, only in very
small quantity, however, and precious stones and deposits of uranium.
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UNITED STATES MUST BUY LATIN AMERICAN PRODUCTS.
The BuLuetin has heretofore frequently sought to emphasize the
fact that trade between the United States and the countries of Latin
America must be reciprocal if it is to thrive and materially increase.
In other words, it behooves the business men of the United States
to inquire as earnestly as to what they can buy from these countries
as to what they can sell them. In this connection, it is gratifying
to note the activity of the foreign trade department of the San Fran-
cisco Chamber of Commerce, which has compiled and issued a timely
and instructive article dealing with this phase of the commercial
situation. The following introductory paragraph states the present
situation in plain and succinct language:
England and France are still importing from South America, but to a very small
extent compared with what they did prior to the war. Every dollar’s less imports by
Europe means a shrinkage to that extent in the purchasing power of the Latin Amer-
ican countries, and to the extent of their inability to sell their raw products will their
ability to buy manufactured goods be curtailed. Therefore if the United States
hopes to sell these Latin countries the goods that Europe heretofore sold to them,
then they must buy from them the raw products that Europe bought. It is a case
where the rule must work both ways, and we must buy from them to give them the
credit to buy from us.
The article seeks to point out to the manufacturers of the United
States the possibility of utilizing the raw materials that Europe is
now not in position to take, manufacturing them, and selling the
products in the markets that Europe had. It calls attention to the
principal raw products exported from Latin American countries and
endeavors to trace them to their manufacturing points, and the fin-
ished products in turn to their respective markets, hoping thus to
assist the manufacturers of the United States in investigating the
possibility of securing some of the markets by their trained and
technical experts. The facts given are summarized under con-
venient headings, giving the various agricultural, animal, and min-
eral products exported by each of the countries, the countries of
destination, and the countries which import the products manufac-
tured therefrom. The article is replete with valuable information
and should receive the attention of manufacturers throughout the
United States who are not already in touch with the situation. In
the commercial reports dealing with the different countries of Latin
America, which are published annually by the Pan American Union,
the principal exports, their value or quantity, countries of destina-
tion, etc., are given, and the United States now buys more of the
products of all of Latin America than does any other country in the
783
784 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
world. There is room, however, for a much greater consumption of
these products even in normal times. Under the present economic
conditions, brought on by the European war, the need for Latin
American countries to extend their markets in the United States is
ereater than ever before, and every agency which tends to this end
is to be commended.
THE UNITED STATES AMBASSADOR TO CHILE.
That the designation of Hon. Henry P. Fletcher as the first per-
manent ambassador of the United States to Chile has been accept-
able to the Government and people of that Republic is evidenced by
the complimentary notices which the event has evoked from its lead-
ing and most influential newspapers. The following excerpts from
the editorial columns of the three largest papers in Santiago will
serve as examples of the cordial editorial expressions with which the
news of his appointment was received throughout the entire country.
The editor of El Mercurio writes in part:
Public opinion had expected that Sefior Fletcher would be appointed to this diplo-
matic mission, because he is exceedingly popular in Chile, owing to his qualifica-
tions of intellect, sincerity, uprightness, and friendly feeling toward the country.
He has had a brilliant and rapid career; he is young, vigorous, and enthusiastic, and
is animated by noble and practical ideals. He has attained this high office after
acquiring all the knowledge of an experienced diplomat, independent, however, of
the antiquated customs and usages of diplomacy acquired by long service in different
capitals. The great nations, even those which scrupulously respect the right of pro-
motion, have often preferred to select their ambassadors from ranks outside of the
diplomatic service—that is, from among business men, political leaders, and those
engaged in active pursuits—in order to distinguish and single out these high officials
by a more spontaneous selection than that incident to age and long service. In the
present instance the Government of the United States has succeeded in combining
both things, inasmuch as Sefior Fletcher is a diplomat; but, at the same time, he isa
young diplomat of great initiative, a sincere and close student, a diviner of situations
and events, and altogether a clever and alert agent for the conduct of affairs intrusted
to him.
Among other complimentary editorial expressions appearing in
El Diario Ilustrado are the following:
His efficient actions in the relations of Chile with the great Republic, his remark-
able gifts and high attainments as a refined and affable man of the world, have made
the Chilean people long for his promotion to the rank of ambassador. Sefior Fletcher
will be the first diplomat to present his credentials to our Government as a permanent
ambassador, since other ambassadors who have come to our country have been of a
temporary character and for special missions or celebrations, like those of 1910. There-
fore, the name of Sefior Fletcher will be honorably associated with our history in an
event of great importance, and with an epoch of the utmost interest in the develop-
ment of our international affairs, and it should be borne in mind that this event is not
coincident with this epoch by mere accident of courtesy or policy, but owing to a
real and positive mutuality of interests, and to a change of judgment in regard to the
reciprocal dealings between the two nations. made evident after Mr. Roosevelt’s
journey and the mediation relative to Mexico. And in this new departure in the
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 785
relations between the United States and Chile we should recoznize that the same is,
to a great extent, due to the learning and tact of the new ambassador, who for a long
time has so conducted himself that he has been able to accomplish excellent results.
In a similar vein the editor of La Mafiana comments as follows:
The Government at Washington could not have selected another person who pos-
sessed better qualifications of character and of delicate tact to strengthen the relations
between the two countries than does His Excellency Sefior Fletcher. This sagacious
diplomat is justly appreciated in our country, where society holds him in high and
distinguished esteem. It is not strange, then, that the official notice of his designa-
tion has been received in all the social spheres with gratification, and that the felicita-
tions, from both public and private sources, of which he has been the recipient, mani-
fest the esteem in which Senor Fletcher is held among us.
THE CARNEGIE STATUE AT DUNFERMLINE, SCOTLAND.
One of the most beautiful parks in Great Britain is Pittencrief
Glen, in Dunfermline, Scotland, the birthplace of the great philan-
thropist, Andrew Carnegie. This park was presented by him to the
city in 1903, and the sum of $2,500,000 set aside for its improvement
and maintenance. This is but one of the many benefactions lav-
ished upon his native city by the man whose philanthropy knows no
bounds of country, sect, or race. As a testimonial of their great
esteem and in recognition of his many public and private benefac-
tions, the people of Dunfermline, on June 27, 1914, unveiled a statue
of Mr. Carnegie which was paid for with a fund raised by a general
popular subscription. Some of the details of the event are given in
the following excerpts from the local press accounts:
One of the most successful ceremonies which has ever been carried out in Dunferm-
line was that which took place on Saturday afternoon on the occasion of the unveiling
of the statue of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, which has been erected in Pittencrief Glen by
the inhabitants of Dunfermline in recognition of the many princely gifts which the
Dunfermline-American millionaire has lavished upon his native city. * * * At
the lowest computation the ceremony must have been witnessed by 20,000 people.
Dunfermline citizens were augmented by thousands of dwellers in the villages and
hamlets in the neighborhood of the city, incoming tramway cars, buses, and railway
trains being all heavily freighted.
Members of the town council, school board, parish council, Carnegie Dunfermline
Trust, and statue committees, headed by a pipe band, marched in processional order
via Bridge Street to the glen. Long before the arrival of the procession thousands of
persons had taken up their position on the sloping grounds in the neighborhood of the
statue, and the majority of those who had accepted invitations within the inclosure,
had already taken their places, as had also the trust band and choir of 600 voices, drawn
from practically all the musical societies of Fife. Viewed from the inclosure, the
spectacle of the surrounding crowd spoke eloquently of the interest which was evoked
by the proceedings. There was a vast sea of faces, all turned intently in the direction
of the figure in bronze which was soon to be unveiled. The principal actors in the
ceremony assembled at the base of the statue, from which position the speech-making
part of the proceedings took place. Selections were played by the trust band and by
the pipers as the party assembled. * * *
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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 787
The statue has been placed on the highest part of the glen against a natural back-
ground of tall trees, and fronting the new entrance at Chalmers Street in line with the
center of Bridge Street, so that a clear view is obtained not only from Bridge Street,
but from a considerable part of High Street. The figure, which is of bronze, is about
94 feet high. It represents Mr. Carnegie standing in the simple and dignified atti-
tude of a strong man, needing no added sculptural accessories. Across a portion of
the pedestal which rises behind him is thrown the LL. D., etc., robe, as if significant of
the fact that none is needed when this son of Dunfermline stands among his own people
who knew him. The head is shghtly turned, and looks over the abbey, so full of
memories for him.
The granite base is of very bold and massive design, which such a dominant situation
demands. In the vicinity of the monument are placed seats, as this will undoubtedly
be one of the most frequented spots in the glen, commanding as it does so fine a view
to the south, and but a step as it were from the heart of the city. The height of the
statue, including the grass bank, is about 26 feet. The inscription is as follows:
ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Born in Dunfermline,
25th November, 1835.
Having achieved great success in business in the United
States of America, he devoted his fortune to the good of
mankind.
This monument is erected by his fellow-citizens in grateful
appreciation of his many gifts to his native city.
ON THE STUDY OF SPANISH.
In a circular letter addressed to the members of the New York
State Examinations Board, which urges the restoration of Spanish
to the list of languages accepted in the requirements for the college
entrance diploma admitting to courses for the degrees in arts, science,
and engineering, appear the following paragraphs:
In view of the fact that many New York State higher institutions accept Spanish
for entrance on a par with French and German, it seems inconsistent that the New
York State Examinations Board should refuse credit for this subject. In short, this
board has heavily penalized the study of Spanish. Thisisastep backward on ground
where the trend of the times indicates the need of a step forward.
The study of Spanish has, in the opinion of those best equipped to know, a dis-
ciplinary value fully equal to that of a study of French. <A study of Spanish will
develop as many brain loops as the study of any other modern language. Intricacy
of idiomatic expression and a great wealth of vocabulary make Spanish a subject
of study worthy of the best mental effort.
The older Spanish literature has given to the world some of the great writers of all
times. Modern Spanish literature, both in Spain and Spanish America, is notable
for its high development of the novel and short story. Such things make for the
high cultural value of a knowledge of Spanish letters.
The commercial value of a knowledge of Spanish can not be too strongly empha-
sized. The acquirement of the language for such practical purposes does not, of
itself, detract from the general educational benefits involved in such acquirement.
The State should not refuse credit for this acquirement.
788 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
What may be called the social value of a knowledge of Spanish is becoming in-
creasingly important as our relations with South America daily become closer. Com-
missioner Claxton says: ‘‘A further reason for teaching. Spanish more than we do
is that it is the language of one-tenth of all the people claiming protection under
the American flag, as well as one of the culture nations of Europe.’’ Of the three
major national languages spoken in the Western Hemisphere—English, Spanish,
and Portuguese—Spanish is the tongue of over 60,000,000 people. With the future
of these people our destiny is inextricably interwoven. That the peace, prosperity,
and mutual understanding of the Americas now being auspiciously promoted may
not fail in the future, the first duty of educated North Americans is to encourage
all efforts to teach the tongue of our neighbors, whom, up till now, we have more
or less neglected. Just as they have everywhere in their secondary and higher
institutions courses in English, so should we provide in all high schools opportunity
for the study of Spanish equal to the opportunities already afforded for the study
of other modern foreign languages.
This letter, of which Prof. Lawrence A. Wilkins, of the De Witt
Clinton High School, of New York, is the author, will be signed by
many prominent citizens of the State of New York and elsewhere,
and is to be presented to each member of the board prior to its
next meeting early in December, 19t4. It is earnestly to be hoped
that in view of the general demand the board will rescind its former
action and that Spanish will be restored as one of the elective sub-
jects to be offered for the diploma referred to, and that provision
will be made for its study on a par with those furnished for the
acquirement of other modern languages.
In this connection it is interesting to note the importance that
the students of the De Witt Clinton High School attach to the
study of Spanish. In a communication recently received from Mr.
Wilkins, he states that over 400 boys are studying that language in
a three-year course. He then continues as follows:
* * * This fall courses in Spanish are being established in the high schools of
Newton, Brockton, and Springfield, Mass. Culver Military Academy, Culver, Ind.,
has large classes in Spanish. Brown University for the past year has accepted Spanish
as the equal of French or German in the requirements in modern languages for en-
trance, also Washington Square College of New York University.
In the New York Evening High School for men * * * Spanish has had this
year a great increase. Three of us having three periods each in the evening have
in total a registration of 422 men, most of whom are business employees who find a
knowledge of Spanish necessary.
Among colleges or universities where Spanish is accepted on a par with French
or German for entrance are Cornell, University of Pennsylvania, Princeton, Dart-
mouth, Hamilton, Amherst, Colgate, Syracuse, and various polytechnical institutes.
AMERICAN EXPRESS CO. TO ENTER LATIN AMERICAN FIELD.
The Pan American Union is in receipt of a pamphlet issued by the
American Express Co., containing information as to the company’s
activities in various countries and elaborately illustrated. The
notable feature is that the pamphlet is issued in three different
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 789
languages, one in English for home consumption, one in Spanish for
the 18 Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America, and the third in
Portuguese for distribution in Brazil. The company sent two
representatives to South America early in October to investigate
the field. Upon a favorable report from these agents the company
purposes to extend its services to South American countries.
This decision of the American Express Co. to study the Latin
American field with a view to establishing therein a practical and
comprehensive service should be welcomed by importers and export-
ers of the United States who heretofore have been compelled to make
use of foreign services because of the inadequate number of forwarding
agents capable of performing such duties properly. An instance of
this inability to handle Latin American shipments has recently been
brought to the attention of the Pan American Union in a communi-
cation from a New England lawyer, who writes as follows:
Last summer a representative of one of our express companies called upon the
writer, stating that he understood I had occasion to ship goods to South America and
that his company would be glad to make all future shipments and assured me that they
had all facilities, were familiar with all details, had agents in Colombia, and that all
T had to do was to pack the goods and tell them where to call for them. They would
do the rest, provided I gave the address of the parties to whom they were to be shipped
and a statement of the contents of the packages. Itis needless to say I was very much
pleased, as theretofore I had shipped everything through New York, the same going
through either a German house or another foreign house. I therefore determined to
make the experiment, and in a short time delivered to the express company a package
of the value of $75, giving explicit directions for its delivery to our agent in Barran-
quilla. I was assured everything would go all right and that the express would be
considerably less than the expense theretofore incurred through’ other shipping agents.
After a delay of over two months I was advised by the express company that it had
no agent in Barranquilla, and had therefore delivered the package to its agent at
Cartagena. This necessitated long delay in procuring the reshipment of the package
to Barranquilla, so that it might go up the river to the interior through the channel
desired by us. After two months’ more delay the package finally got started in the
proper way. I found afterwards that owing to the ignorance of the agents of the express
company at New York the bill of lading and manifest were not properly made out and
that owing to errors I was required to pay twice as much duty and some fines, which
would not have been required had the shipment been properly made. This experi-
ence will serve to explain why shipments are made through either German houses or
other foreign agencies.
FOREIGN-TRADE ENTERPRISE.
New Haven, Conn., is an important manufacturing center of the
United States interested in trade with Latin America. The diversity
of the city’s products is remarkable and the manufacturers thereof are
in no way averse to letting the world know of them. The latest
phase of their publicity campaign takes the form of a permanent
exhibition of ‘‘New Haven made goods.” This exhibit is arranged
in a large building having something over 7,000 feet of floor space
790 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and is directly in charge of an organization known as the New Haven
Manufacturers’ Exhibit. Besides the displays other features of the
exhibit which are at the disposal of the visiting public are a large
reading room having on its tables 25 trade journals, 22 daily news-
papers from different sections of the United States, magazines, etc.;
local and long-distance telephones; files of telephone directories of
other cities; an information bureau; and a manufacturers’ free
employment bureau. The building is kept open from 9 a. m. to 5
p.m. daily, and visitors from all over the world are cordially weleomed.
Notice has just been received that a special celebration will be held
by the New Haven Manufacturers’ Exhibit on December 3, 4, and 5
when the exhibits heretofore displayed will be redecorated and
rearranged and new ones added. Special invitations to representa-
tives of foreign countries as well as to prominent business men
throughout the United States have been issued, and the occasion is
to be made one of pleasure and profit to all concerned.
ADDRESSES ON LATIN AMERICA.
One of the most conclusive evidences of the widespread interest
throughout the United States in everything pertaining to Latin
America is the demand from all kinds of organizations for delivery
of addresses by the Latin American diplomatic representatives and
the Director General of the Pan American Union. These men are
continually importuned in letters, calls of committees, and tele-
graphed appeals to go here and there throughout the country and
discuss either individual countries or all Latin America in their com-
mercial and general relationship to the United States. Naturally
it is possible for these distinguished diplomatic representatives and
the Director General to accept in only a few instances. The demands
of their work and respective offices in Washington will not permit
them to be absent any such time as would be required if they re-
sponded to more than a small percentage of the nvitations. For
example, out of scores of invitations which came to the Director
General for the month of October he was able to accept only a small
number. These are given below as evidence of the variety of locali-
ties and organizations which are showing a particular interest in
Latin America, and typical of hundreds of others which are not
enumerated: October 10, Pittsburgh, Pa.; luncheon of the Industrial
Development Commission, W. C. Douglas, secretary, and the Foreign
Trade Commission, J. Rogers Flannery, president. October 12,
Moline, Il.; dinner of the After Dinner Club, J. M. Dale, secretary.
Also Davenport, Iowa; reception of Commercial Club, Irving C.
Norwood, secretary Greater Davenport Committee. October 13,
Chicago, Ill; dinner of Edward N. Hurley of the Tllmois Manufac-
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
HON. WILLIAM HEIMKE,
Chief of the Division of Latin American Affairs of the U. S. Department of State.
Mr. Heimke assumes the duties of his new post after long experience in the diplomatic service, having
been Secretary of the United States embassy at Mexico City, of the legation at Bogota, and envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Guatemala and later to Salvador.
792 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
turers’ Association at the Chicago Club. October 14, Chicago, IL;
luncheon of the Chicago Association of Commerce, Hubert F. Miller,
business manager; J. J. Arnold, vice president Foreign Trade Di-
vision. October 15, New York City; dinner of the Credit Men’s
Association, Edward D. Flannery, president; A. H. Alexander, sec-
retary. October 16, Providence, R. I.; dinner of the Town Criers of
Rhode Island, Edward J. Cooney, chairman of committee. October
17, Springfield, Mass.; luncheon of the Board of Trade, George E.
Foss, secretary. October 18, Washington, D. C.; Columbus Day
celebration of the Knights of Columbus, Leo A. Rover, grand knight
of Washington Council. October 22, Cleveland, Ohio; luncheon of
the Cleveland Advertising Club, T. W. Garvin, secretary. October
27, Bethesda, Md.; meeting of Woman’s Club, Mrs. Enoch G. John-
son, president. October 28, New York City; dinner of Carpet Club,
Myron W. Robinson, chairman of committee. October 29, Atlantic
City, N. J.; convention of American Hardware Manufacturers’
Association, F. D. Mitchell, secretary-treasurer.
CRUISE TO SOUTH AMERICA.
The BULLETIN is in receipt of the information that the Fidelity
Trust Co., of Baltimore, has chartered the steamship Finland, of the
Red Star Line, a vessel of 22,000 tons displacement, and of American
build and register, for a tour around South America. The vessel will
sail from New York January 27, 1915, and from Baltimore January
29, and will cover a distance of 16,130 miles, visiting all of the impor-
tant ports in the southern continent and several in the West Indies,
returning via the Panama Canal. The tour has been arranged for
the purpose of enabling bankers, manufacturers, exporters and im-
porters, and business men generally to become acquainted with the
economic resources of Latin America and to obtain a comprehensive
knowledge of the possipilities of that market. There will be suffi-
cient time at each port to make trips to any interior place of com-
mercial or historic interest. The trip will consume 106 days, of which
52 days will be actual steaming time and 54 days will be spent in the
different ports visited. A number of prominent officers of financial
and industrial corporations have already announced their intention
of making the trip andof taking their families with them. Thus,
notwithstanding the Pan European war, an interesting journey is
open to the people of the United States who care to take advantage of
the opportunity, a journey which will take them around a continent
whose material resources are incalculable and where may be enjoyed
every variety of scenic beauty, from the tropical verdure of northern
Brazil to the glaciers of the Strait of Magellan. Many of the great
capitals of South America, such as Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires,
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 793
Montevideo, Santiago, Lima, and others, will be visited and oppor-
tunity thus offered to get into closer touch with the people of the
‘other Americas.”’ The ordinary highways of travel to Europe being
closed, it is hoped that the venture of the Fidelity Trust Co. will be
successful. One of the unique features of the trip will be the arrange-
ment on the ship for an exhibit of manufactures and goods ‘‘made
in U. S. A.” Thus the twofold object will be accomplished of ac-
quainting the North Americans with the wants of the South Americans
and introducing the latter to some of the products of the former,
combining a touch of business with the pleasure of the journey.
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS’ REUNION.
A preliminary announcement of the International Students’ Re-
union to be held July 1-10, 1915, at San Francisco, Cal., has been
issued, indicating that plans are well under way to make this gather-
ing a significant one in the student world. Aided by the University
of California and the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, the
Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs (the North American section of
the International Federation of Students) is preparing to hold a re-
union of the world’s students. Eminent scholars and student dele-
gates will present papers on economic, social, political, and educa-
tional conditions, and it is hoped at this gathering to pave the way
for a wide representation at the official congress of Montevideo, which
is scheduled to take place in August. Taraknath Das, of the Uni-
versity of California, is chairman of the committee on arrangements.
Vern Smith, also of the University of California, is the secretary, and
A. L. Cowell, of the exposition, joint secretary.
COMMERCIAL CONFERENCE IN MEMPHIS, TENN.
Invitations have been issued for an important commercial con-
ference to be held at Memphis, Tenn., November 19 and 20. The
purpose of this gathering will be to consider the commercial relations
of the Mississippi Valley and Central West of the United States
with the Latin American countries and markets. A careful program
has been prepared, and it is hoped that a new and particular interest
may be aroused throughout the central section of the United States
in the Pan American commercial opportunity through this gathering
of representative men and interests. The calling of a conference of
this kind for a particular portion of the United States is another
evidence of the remarkable interest which is being shown all over
the United States to-day in the question of trade with Latin America.
More conferences and meetings have been held since July 1, 1914, in
the United States to consider the Pan American commercial situa-
tion than were held in two years previous to that date.
794 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
SPANISH INSTRUCTION IN COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS.
The Pan American Union is in receipt of a booklet from the Spen-
cerian Commercial School of Cleveland, Ohio, which announces the
inauguration of the department of Spanish instruction and transla-
tion. The course outlined is designed to give the necessary prepara-
tion for the positions of foreign secretaries with business concerns
having dealings with Spanish-speaking countries; preparation for
positions as traveling salesmen and special representatives in Latin
America; and, briefly, preparation for any kind of business oppor-
tunity where a knowledge of Spanish is necessary. The course, as
announced, embraces the following subjects: Spanish language;
Spanish business correspondence; trade conditions (both manufac-
turing and mercantile); business customs; banking facilities; trans-
portation facilities; metric system; commercial law, relating to
copyrights, registrations, patents, etc.
It is especially interesting to note that the study of Spanish is not
confined to the schools of any particular section of the United States.
From the South comes the information that Spanish is being studied
in the schools of Durham, N. C., and that at Mobile, Ala., over 300
persons are taking up this language in appreciation of its importance
with the increasing closer relations between the United States and
its sister Republics to the south. At Mobile, furthermore, a com-
mercial geography of Argentina has been introduced into the schools.
In the Commercial High School of Brooklyn, N. Y., according to a
statement by Mr. E. 8S. Harrison, an assistant professor, there are
seven Spanish teachers in the school and over 1,000 boys are enrolled
in their various classes. In some of these classes, writes Mr. Har-
rison, the students are using the Spanish edition of the Bulletin as a
supplemental textbook. The matter is naturally different from
that contained in the ordinary texts and the articles appeal to the
students as being useful and up to date.
LATIN AMERICAN TRADE.
The report of the Latin American trade committee appointed by
the Secretary of Commerce, Hon. W. C. Redfield, under a resolution
adopted at the informal Latin American Trade Conference called at
Washington, D. C., September 10, 1914, by the Secretary of State
and the Secretary of Commerce, has recently been made public.
This Latin American trade committee, it will be recalled, met at
the New Willard Hotel, Washington, D. C., October 2, at which were
also present the Secretary of Commerce and Robert Rose, foreign
trade adviser of the Department of State. The report adopted by
the larger committee outlines in succinct form South American trade
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
HENRY F. TENNANT, ESQ.,
Secretary of the U. S. Legation and Consul General at San Salvador, Salvador.
Mr. Tennant whose legal residence is Buffalo, N. Y., was born in Mayville,
N. Y., in 1886. Graduating from Cornell University with the degree of
LL. B., he practiced law in Buffalo and then gave up his profession to
enter the diplomatic service. He was appointed Third Secretary of the
United States Embassy at Mexico City, in 1912, and the following year was
raised to Second Secretary. Soon after, he was transferred to the Legation
at Caracas, as first secretary, and six months later he was made secretary o!
the legation and consul general at San Salvador.
796 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
conditions, and then presents a clear analysis of the present problems
confronting the commercial relations between the United States and
the countries of Latin America. These problems are stated as
follows:
PRESENT PROBLEMS.
1. Because of the warthe Latin American countries are confronted by the necessity—
(a) Of marketing their products despite the shrinkage of world-purchasing
power.
(b) Of obtaining funds to move crops and to continue indispensable indus-
trial and agricultural development normally financed by Europe.
2. The United States is confronted—
(a) By the necessity of holding its normal export trade with Latin America.
(b) By the possibility of increasing that trade by filling Latin American
needs for merchandise hitherto purchased in Europe, which Europe
can not now supply.
The solution of these problems depends upon—
1. Production.
2. Transportation—shipping and insurance.
3. Financing—
(a) Of production.
(6) Of transportation.
(c) Of settlements.
Production in the United States can be maintained if there be a sufficient market
at home and abroad for American goods. Production in South America may con-
tinue but can not be further developed unless financial assistance be obtained.
At the present time steamships are available and sailing regularly from this country
to the principal ports of Latin America and from those ports to the United States.
Many of these vessels are unable to obtain full cargoes. Although only a limited
number are under the United States flag, the above will clearly indicate to exporters,
importers, and manufacturers that they need not hold back from entering the field
on this account.
Before trade can resume its normal course the exchange problem must be solved,
either by the restoration of old or by establishment of new credit facilities.
After discussing the necessity of new credit machinery and the
importance of establishing commercial credits, the committee disposes
in a practical manner of the suggested establishment of a merchants’
cooperative exchange or clearing house for Latin American trade, and
offers the following recommendations:
Your committee, however, believes that the extension of credits might be facilitated
and some relief afforded pending the establishment of the Federal reserve banks if,
in addition to permitting national banks which have signified their intention to
enter the reserve associations to accept commercial paper, action be taken by the
Federal Reserve Board to make immediately effective the rediscount provision of
the new banking system, thus assuring early establishment of a discount market.
Your committee, while appreciating the necessity of conserving the banking
resources of this country for the protection of our domestic situation, nevertheless
believes that the cessation or curtailment of our trade with Latin America will in
itself be highly injurious to American industry, just as we believe that the extension
of this trade would make for the prosperity of the country at large as well as of those
directly interested. We therefore hope that American banking institutions may
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 197
be induced to meet the present emergency, not by tentative and inadequate measures,
but by extending accommodation sufficient at least to assure the maintenance of
our already established trade.
The report concludes with a brief summary of the results of the
committee’s investigations and states that the present trade situation
between the Latin American countries and the United States can
best be advanced and placed on a permanently satisfactory basis by
a consideration of the following suggestions:
1. The establishment of a dollar exchange—
(a) By the ultimate creation of a discount market.
(6) Pending the establishment of a discount market, by the extension of
adequate accommodation by banking institutions and the establish-
ment of reciprocal balances in the United States and in Latin America
for financing Latin American trade.
2. Perfection of our selling machinery—
(a) By furnishing additional support to commission houses already familiar
with Latin American business.
(6) By forming associations of merchants and manufacturers to be jointly
represented in Latin America.
(c) By obtaining information as to the possibilities of developing retail stores
in large Latin American cities.
SANITARY CONFERENCE POSTPONED.
The Pan American Union has been officially informed that the
Sixth International Sanitary Conference of the American Republics
which was scheduled to assemble at Montevideo, Uruguay, December
13-21, 1914, has been postponed until a later date to be selected
and announced by the Government of Uruguay. The general dis-
turbed conditions on the European Continent which have been felt
with more or less intensity in the American Republics have created
a situation unfavorable for the meeting of the conference, and it was
therefore decided to postpone this gathering until further notice.
PEACE TREATIES WITH ECUADOR AND PARAGUAY.
It is gratifying to note that two more countries of the Pan American
Union, Paraguay and Ecuador, have entered into treaties of peace
with the United States. Despite the conflict now raging in Europe,
there still stands out clearly the optimistic and confident belief of
the American Republics that the greatest achievements in inter-
national intercourse with the happiest results may be gained through
peaceful channels. In this spirit and inspired by such lofty ideals,
Secretary Bryan continues to express the policy of the present admin-
istration of the United States by the negotiation of arbitration
treaties. Of the 20 Latin American Republics, no less than 16 have
to date entered into such compacts with the United States.
67998—Bull. 5—14—_9
798 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF CENTRAL AMERICA.
The Pan American Union extends felicitations to Sefior Licenciado
José Pinto, of Guatemala, who has become president of the Interna-
tional Bureau of Central America, succeeding Sefior Licenciado
Carlos Lara, the delegate from Costa Rica. According to the regula-
tions of the international bureau, the president serves for the period
of one year, when he is succeeded by the delegate from one of the
other countries represented. The new president has the best wishes
of all for a successful term and an effective achievement of the ideals
of that body.
PAN AMERICAN TRADE ASSOCIATION IN INDIANA.
In Indiana the propaganda for developing commercial relations
with Latin American countries has found practical expression in the
organization of a Pan American Trade Association. According to a
published interview with Mr. Boyd M. Ralston, one of the incorpora-
tors of the association, its purpose is to combine the manufacturers
of the country into a mutual or cooperative company, this company
to establish coliseums or exposition buildings in selected South
American cities, where American products will be displayed and sold.
The South American manufacturers will also be asked to join the
organization and enter their wares. The parent organization will
select cities and obtain options on land for these exposition buildings
and the places will be erected and maintained by the mutual com-
pany. Among the activities of the association will be the gathering
and dissemination among the manufacturers and others of all possible
and desirable information relating to the conditions of trade in Latin
American countries, the character of the goods they require, the
extent of the market, ete. In other words, the association promises
to be of practical utility in promoting trade relations between those
countries and the United States.
STUDENTS OF GEORGIA TO BE TAUGHT SPANISH.
In view of the fact that the BuLLErrn has constantly and unre-
mittingly urged the necessity of including the study of Spanish in the
curriculum of every high school in the United States, it takes pleasure
in reproducing the folowing news item taken from the columns of the
Atlanta Constitution, of October 23, 1914:
EKurope’s war having shattered trade relations between England, France, Germany,
and other countries and South and Central America, and the prospect of the United
States—particularly the South—supplying most of the commerce to Latin America
looming bright, Atlanta’s school board Thursday afternoon created the chair of Spanish
instruction as part of the curriculum of the Boys’ High School. * * *
The addition of the study of Spanish to the high-school curriculum was made on the
recommendation of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. In a communication to the
NY NA
REN
ARO
SRY
RORY OK
SSSA
SSS
\PORT UEUeESE
L PRAMAER. |
“STUDYING UP”
Illustration reprinted from ‘‘The Evening Star,’ of Washington, D. C., November 12, 1914. It is the
work of the cartoonist, Clifford K. Berryman, and shows the BULLETIN OF THE PAN AMERICAN UNION
as an authentic source of information on Pan American resources, trade, and development.
800 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
board the chamber obligated itself, in the event the board did not have the money
available to pay the salary of a professor, to appear before the finance committee of the
general council when it meets in January to make up the annual budget and urge that
additional money be appropriated for the purpose.
Simultaneous with this move in Atlanta is also the introduction of
the Spanish language as part of the curriculum in the high schools of
Brunswick, Savannah, Rome, Waycross, and in Macon, where Hon.
A. L. Miller, one time commissioner to Ecuador, is doing a great deal
to promote its study. Through his efforts Spanish has been included
in the course at the Wesleyan Female College of Macon. At this
time mention should also be made of the special courses in Spanish
and Latin American history and economics which, according to the
announcement of Bishop Warren A. Candler, are to be given at the
new Methodist university in Atlanta.
FOREIGN TRADE CONFERENCE AT HARRISBURG, PA.
A foreign trade conference of the local and central Pennsylvania
manufacturing interests is to be held at Harrisburg, Pa., November 24,
1914. Central Pennsylvania has achieved an enviable reputation for
the diversity and excellence of its manufactured products, many of
which are known in foreign markets, where they compete with the
high-priced ines of European countries. The conference is expected
to stimulate the interest of manufacturers who have not as yet entered
the export field, and will be attended by representatives of banking
institutions, steamship companies, manufacturers already experienced
in the field, and others who are interested in the development of the
foreign trade of the United States. Especial attention is to be de-
voted to the promotion of trade between the United States and the
countries of Latin America.
THE VENEZUELAN GOVERNMENT CONFERS DISTINCTION ON JOHN J.
MORAN.
From El Nuevo Diario, one of the leading newspapers of Caracas,
the BuLLETIN learns that the Venezuelan Government has recently
conferred the coveted honor, ‘‘The Bust of Bolivar,’ on Mr. John J.
Moran, a citizen of the United States. It will be remembered that
Mr. Moran was one of the intrepid Americans who, in order to further
the experiments of the Reed and Carroll Military Commission in Cuba
in 1900, permitted themselves to be subjected to the bites of infected
mosquitoes and to the injection of infected blood. It was by means
of these experiments that the theory that the yellow-fever germ is
transmitted by the Stegomyia mosquito was finally and indisputably
established. In recognition of his heroic services to mankind in thus
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 801
aiding science to discover the means to successfully combat one of the
greatest scourges known to the world, the Government of Venezuela
has seen fit to confer this distinction on a foreigner.
URGING A PAN AMERICAN CREDIT INSURANCE COMPANY.
In a recent letter to Mr. William C. Breed, chairman of the New
York Merchants’ Association, Seftor Adolfo Ballivian, consul general
of Bolivia in New York, makes a very timely suggestion which, if
practically carried out, would be of inestimable value in facilitating
trade between merchants and manufacturers of the United States and
Latin American countries. Sefior Ballivian is quoted as follows:
The South American countries need goods of this country and the manufacturers
here require those markets. I therefore take pleasure in suggesting to this important
body the taking of active steps toward working out a medium that will make it possible
for South American business men to deal with those here on a mutually satisfactory
commercial basis.
Under existing conditions the merchants in South America should have from 6 to 12
months in which to meet their obligations, of course paying a fair rate of interest for the
accommodation. In so faras this burden can not and should not be borne by the manu-
facturers, would it not be feasible to adopt a plan on the scope of a ‘‘Pan American
credit insurance company,’’ whereby through the payment of a moderate premium a
fund could be created to cover such losses as might occur?
I feel reasonably sure that the Governments of the different countries would aid in
such a movement, and shall be very glad to lend my personal assistance to the further-
ance of any plan along the line indicated.
REPORTS RECEIVED UP TO OCTOBER 15, 1914.'
|
Title. ai Date. cal Author.
ARGENTINA. | 1914. |
Watches istotid ehlerste-menanc ce aces ocea)te te eran see eens July 31 | William Dawson jr., consul,
Rosario.
IMotorey.clesjandybi CyicleSpresr eee rr ere ree eee eee err er eee eee cree ATISE IG Do.
Shioedealersteae es acmecee eae ae eee ee cee eae e Pe ee era ee err doers) Do.
Surgical and optical instruments and supplies.---.-......-------|.-- Gdoseae| Do.
Pianos, Lis tiotndealerss ss aati asthe ee ce see ee eee ae Dae ae | Neuse, a || Do.
Pints ease arene, Re ar Rent es cane Wa capa ete Aug. 12 Do.
Whiskey, imports into Argentina 1912-13; charges, etc. .-....-..-| Aug. 13 | Do.
BRAZIL.
Importation of chemical products.......-.-.---------------.---- Aug. 24 | Albro L. Burnell, vice con-
| sul general in charge, Rio
de Janeiro.
IDM Oy OM Ceo SousossdocpaoncoaedunsnpsueHeDosesEGbocoapouSs ee cdloeeee Do.
Potatoes, importation for 19lI-12-- =. = Aug. 25 Do.
OythyES, mhadjoronctis Wore WOMAN. © coco sg spccemeccoosss0sscosecccesees|ocs doses Do.
ip TaVa) SUNITA AE Nr eS ne ere ea aR Sa pee eae Ox = | Do.
Exports of erude rubber, July and August, 1914..-..-...--..---- “Sept. 10 | Do.
CHILE. |
Shira \yatalOnny SAS. oc cencasore saan sco coor sasoacoseceoneseococesse Aug. 22 | A. B. Easterling, vice con-
sul, Valparaiso.
Lael Nr AYCTEOWAOIONIOS,.ccasaacoacosessososcccssaseosssceuscosonssas Aug. 24 Do.
(COmlitsgsahes tase looses saceaenanecdsen sa aeappopooen aso nestensSos Sept. 1 | David J. D. Myers, consul
: Iquique.
IREINGBSoocosacsoso oc ossescsbsbosdesccoosasesanescoscesassocsecac Sept. 9 Do.
WOOO DID WOCHIEUS < «cose sno coe eascosseseaecsagsacsscrssces ssc0Ossec Do.
COLOMBIA.
Agricultural implements, list of dealers.........-.--------------- Aug. 28 | Thad. A. Thomson,minister,
Bogota.
@hemical seers ce secre Seeteec in eae ee eee eee eee eee eee COcccs Do.
OOMllo gs ssscddasocosssnose seacesunsce seucuoUscogdesscmasUsEancaos “Aug. 30 | Isaac A. Manning, consul,
Barranquilla.
Report on theaters or motion-picture shows...------.----------- Sept. 2 Do.
JNA OOS OM GREP. 6 ao asconnoosconeco ss sa2scseusc oss adaagossesasse Sept. 3 | Chas. W. Doherty, vice con-
sul, Cartagena.
Drugadabelsm(ittlenmarket) peeeeeree ees ee eee eee eee Osea Do.
Motion-picture theaters and films sae sokee eieeaneeene sear WO=> o= Do.
INewseniissionetor Colom blasas= seen ee eer eee “Sept. 8 | Isaac A. Manning, consul
| Barranquilla.
Office furniture and modern appliances.....-.--..--------------- Sept. 10 | Do.
Leather pocketbooks (little market) .........-.----------------- Sept. 12 | Chas. W. Doherty, vice con-
sul, Cartagena.
GUE NOID. Gr gi Oss scssoeesadoudnopeddneesnonaddes cauSeaceaosasoes HoaeOOseccall Do.
Shoe mepaitin yee = eee eee ae as ae ee ee eee | Sept. 15 | Do.
AMEKOKN GINS OMsoaocuacsdsasskduboasas sour esasencouaoouSdoouccDr WosoCOsacee Do.
MoiletrantiClesee cere pee eer eee eee eee ease eee rer eee eer eer domes. Do.
CUBA.
MoilePaltiClestessctsc eile oe Bese oe ae Sn eee ee CREEL Eeee | Sept. 4 R. M. Bartleman, consul,
Cienfuegos.
IIEYol AIA Secoadoasosadcaddon aba nsnesEoondesuosscoouseoendnodess | Sept. 5 Do.
Hardware, list of sugar factories.....-.-- a es ee ae HeceO@cccell ~ IDO,
IFVAn Gl Waneshee tines cecwcn Base! ok acme sree Semen sen ema | Sept. 11 Dean R. Wood, consul, Nue-
| vitas.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Tradevextensionasance ste saat eee eae aCe ee te eee Seer erreeeeree | Aug. 22) H. Watson, consular agent,
| San Pedro de Macoris.
Leb igaGseees sopesoceceaamacieee cone > aco sae an asa aanaAaesouponuescalacs OOssscc Do.
iWialber palliis=s assem ser ener ae pecece aa ue seceeeece saeeeneed soe eee es socCOsee nc Do.
Men simishings lis iotid ealerssame = esr e see ener emer rr | Aug. 31 Charles H. Albrecht, vice
and deputy consul general,
Santo Domingo.
1 This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America,
but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Unionas likely to be of service to this organizaticn.
802
SUBJECT MATTER OF CONSULAR REPORTS.
8038
Reports received up to October 15, 1914—Continued.
Title. Date. Author.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC—continued.
1914
Rockcenushinesmachin Chyeeeee eee ere ee eer e eee eee ee ern eee Sept. 7 | Frank Anderson Henry, con-
sul, Puerto Plata.
Metalistrap pings (Monmarkel) paeeeeeeeee ee eee een eee eee eee nee sec nose Do.
@il=mill lovee nim ersyee aes oats seo eet eee erase seen Sept. 8 Do.
IBoxshooksl(Mommanrk6l) Sesees eee hee ee eee rere nee ae PAC OMe Do.
ROUStpPTrePALAviON Stee jean cee ae Een ean tee keene Sept. 15 Do.
Mia CCINOS TE Ry cqaeretecleporerae oye olga rae eee a late een uals SEER asa eee Eeadlovs-ce Do.
IMO GIOMIPIC LUT ES aaa ore ele eee ee Se one eee eee nee | Sept. 16 Do.
Matchess dutyeccesent sauce et Se see eect nanetie came eee ss Sept. 18 | Charles H. Albrecht, vice
and deputy consul general,
Santo Domingo.
HONDURAS
Brad evextONSiON: so <p .esseee at= = oes se oe eceemac isos Sass See ee | Sept. 7 | E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
oe cigalpa.
Noiletarticleshaubyseseersesos eee eos te eee eee eeteien ieee | Sept. 9 | John A. Gamon, consul,
Puerto Cortes.
IESE AO NS Ae eee Bea wnai dod a a aeons pede SESE aoe ene GS SURSaS Ese Sept. 10 | E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
| cigalpa.
“ASUITO LEU CLES 5 ye ats fe vetate te ee aac srs ie Ire eS See Vane Jae ISI See orca tea doers Do.
Footwear, firms handling shoe polish...-..........-.----+------- loscCOscaas Do.
Wistiotphotographerseeser ees eeeteoeere eee eeoe aoc eas eee > aoOl@ssoue Do.
Moiletanticles sateen cake Re ace rel io Ser eck eee Cee ee @Oscocc 0.
Galvanizedtroo fin sess ene nme see ees sleepers ney ees Sept. 11 | John A. Gamon, consul,
Puerto Cortes.
Business houses, list... - ie BP Te A CERO Ad Sad Rae nse ee aroma toe Gosaaee | Do.
ESP OLLOLS Oly Gd estan Ges keiTl Spares eee ae eee a |e doses Do.
MOTION IG EUTES meets eee eee ee eee eee eee ae Goseee Do.
Trade extension, list of merchants and importers. ...-.-.---- --.--| Sept. 14 Do.
Mlectricicaleulatin gma chin esheeee sep eee eee eee eee ener ae do.....| E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
‘cigalpa.
BWV BSC ai UGS eer homer ap ON ayn Oa a aye a ene cen Sept. 15 | John M. Gamon, consul,
Puerto Cortes.
PATA TIN Map Chasers sae see sae ee ee ee ee eee ee Sept. 16 0.
ISN RG yee ets eps yes ee es ee rere eases See ses nN Pelee nicr= eR es CWsccce E. M. Lawton, consul, Tegu-
cigalpa.
Coali(nonesed) Raspes eee See eas Mea ila see eee eee ad SE Sept. 17 Do.
ICHEND Os (6 ine teen Ronee G Saeane emo Ean oeoaom toto aur cecaueoeeaesoal lose doseaee Do.
ASV IDO WIELLOLSES: Sym cA sey tele rye tas a ee Oo ds onal i ene cps pe | doseee Do.
Wimibrellasssimporticharcestadealerseeeseeeseseeseee ee eee eee | Sept. 18 | John <A. Gamon, consul,
: Puerto Cortes.
UB COR arctare scepter oan eek ht gee eg peg Ae Lt tee eet te i NaaeCOscaas Do.
Sugarimachinenye. -paance sce te ae oe eee ee ene Sept. 23 | John A. Gamon, consul,
| Puerto Cortes.
PGT NINE SOTO ONES. o5os-sososeeosanesasseceosocconsgouscoossssa] SEI 2! Do.
IDYeiak Hise eee ees Patents SOMME nnk Dee ane nr Rie Ge iS Se lsec@Okccos Do.
MACH OW.G CLS eee athe ied a ni hy one ant eta oe een WecOOssace Do.
MEXICC.
EMTS HeCOS bio lt biyvalin Creme AS ee eget re GRE LN See ray ee | Sept. 6 | Thomas H. Bevan, vice con-
sul in charge, Tampico.
Me talibe Sire esas ope ee eee oe aire tess U Sire Senet ce ear ma area Sept. 7 | Philip A. Hanna, consul
general, Monterey.
GOTT eri rey eee te ere tee te a ede aera ee ET a eexcl OSE Marion Letcher, consul, Chi-
huahua.
IRGHGhaTMACO GOHMINE oo ose Ssesendcoessasssocoeseccuassseucessse ESC OSanae Do.
Mo wain SpiciinelbusimessimkGi strict eeeeeeeeee eee eee meee ee | Sept. 8 | Wilbert L. Bonney, consul,
San Luis Potosi.
AVON aye Ae phe eee ie teil}: Cre Eee rata ga er ae A Meet ays ee aS Bed Olen rns Do.
BOGS GING! WNONWIE CHO ccoccnconconasaoscccsnocesesucececsencloce dopeee Do.
WiOunoral FMORUEAS, IGE Or WAAUORS 5 ococsceceaccuosussassaeencosede | Sept. 10 | Wm. W. Canada, «6
| Vera Cruz.
ILA OF MONGOLS, Ch, CMH ...645scc0ssoccsssesecosss|leas do Louis Hostetter, consul
Hermosillo.
istoidealershininaden\sclothin eases eeeer asses e ae ne aecsoallece do...-- Do.
ID ep llores sin FORMS Hoel OMG. Sacsnscecnosecgcoacsesseuacacabeascus ieee Ozeeee| Do.
Dealersrinblamice fue a aeespye ees en tar es Meade peel es oes ee (eadouene: Do.
Dealers iii COMeNte = meysasae oso Sa enn eee Seer ae eee eects |sScCloce0- Do.
Cotton=erowin siexq eri enitSs ssa e eer ieee rer ear lccl@ cose Wilbert L. Bonney, consul,
| San Luis Potosi.
Oniliaclosniay 1m MGR)... pas céascesenesessenté soecucceccsducasccdllecs do ..... Thomas H. Bevan, vice con-
- sul in charge, Tampico.
BIGNKCtS Sets eee ee eee neces ee Nene eee eer oer Sept. 12 | Marion Letcher, consul, Chi-
huahua.
Physicians, dentists, and draggists in State of Chihuahua....... --. WOznacs 0.
List of dealers in men’s ready-made clothing. ........-..-.------- Sept. 14 | Wm. W. Canada, consul,
Vera Criiz.
Hlectrigliehts sam ponters OfsuppleSee eee eeee ee eeee eee ee eae eee WO ass Do.
IBCUSMIIS HONG Gall enserpye cere oe ae eee ee ee ere ee eee GlOsaaee
804
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Reports received up to October 15, 1914—Continued.
Title. Date. Author.
MEXICO—Ccontinued.
1914.
Marke tiforspaperotalliclasseSsee-eeeeeen ee eee eee eee ee neoeeeee Sept. 15 | Thomas H. Bevan, vice con-
sul in charge, Tampico.
Wiooliblanikets arti. yess ce eececn oe cee crick crce ie ociec heen en Sept. 16 | Wm. W. Canada, consul,
Vera Cruz.
1G gS Aon naa anes ERS ULCESE dae nD one aed oce roma obeansaaconsaae Sept. 17 | Philip A. Hanna, consul gen-
eral, Monterey.
istiolidentists-s aes cere tees ce ec eee Cee ee eee ee eee nae ee soc GlOn5-5 Do.
ID Noh on op lovee Soe oe oS an Sie ae ee Oe eG ae ae Sept. 18 Do.
Ri Werbines/s Seas qustee aie tere eee ee ne oe Rie eee elem mere Sela, ee Pe dorseee Do.
Decree concerning minimum wage, hours of labor, etc........... ~coG- cas Wilbert L. Bonney, consul,
San Luis Potosi.
Rnicesiomsusariny canvass eOLOSI=psee ee Eee ee eer er eEreree rere a acGlOssase Do.
DealerspiMbrmie ny sHunMi shin CC eee eee Sept. 19 | Marion Letcher, consul, Chi-
huahua.
nL XGTS HKG RUN AG aaa SOC CES Gc COST CE nGas Denon Son ane aenecaSeasesenoaee SaokoRees 3 Do.
Dentalistipply WOUsese eee ecient ne acim ee atlas tere cle cia soctObncon Do.
Mealersiniplumbineysuppluiessassesseeeeeereeeereeeeeeen eee eres nee doe Do.
(Ch SO al Rae coms Some cS ORCS ECE CUS E SAA HOSES e ab CSc e mee Seas Sept. 21 | Wilbert L. Bonney, consul,
San Luis Potosi.
iBoysaready-made clothingeess-eeeeeeereter cere eee eo eee eee eeeeels Do.
IS COT Sy sys reyes cerersic tao ear ie es tare eaten Se tenia e wie ae elem lee bieTeceioeae Do.
Trade and motoring conditions, list of dealers Do.
Medicinalinemediessdnugeistseeeeeee reer erect ree eeee tere ere eras Do.
DMentalisupplywhousestyesen seccec ssa sae claeeicts se ciseeiceeeeeieeel| SedOwenee Do.
INIA DOOD) OWISIOESS ooo Ganacocosooabnadcocessccaanossanogses Sept. 22 | Marion Letcher, consul, Chi-
huahua.
ING WIS Gall OTS irises erate ere eevee oe ols oe eterna oats ee ore tate ise eeeee Sept. 24; Wm. W. Canada, consul,
Vera Cruz.
Miquorsyand beers slistioidealerssseeseeee reece eee ee eaeeneenoes HERO Koes Do.
PANAMA.
Perfumery and toilet articles, list of dealers.................-.-.- Wim. H. Gale, consul, Colon.
\Wexeibibiesi(e fiat haan ao oecenanordeT sacosasdosoud aeedoncesooncdess Paul Osterhout, consular
agent, Bocas del Toro.
Owveralllshan sales sists Sotelo seis ss sie wic cians ose Demat eas setae nei Do.
PEAT WANG! Marista srecseiine te eres ee wets secivis enn aesee Do.
Rowboat motors (no market).............-....---- Do.
Wimilbrellastons Sarees sesso te Sree oe ee Raniae cece j Wm. H. Gale, consul, Colon.
National financial conditions—moratorium, credits, collec- |...do...-.. A. G. Snyder, consul general
tions, etc. Panama.
INOspositionsonelsthMisheeeeeseeeeeeeenee ee eee ee ee eceeeeeeeeeee Sept. 17 Do.
New library of catalogues, etc., for the Canal Zone............... trad Olas se Do.
CanaltZonemMotonCyclel@lubssesss-ee eee ee eee ee ere eee eee eee send Oseee Do.
Mra deextensionies tesccesosis cen esis ee ciceeciienosee chemecn secs meee Sept. 21 Do.
Ginger ale, prices, makes, and dealers. ............-.-.-----..:.- EadOwsae Do.
Wacnumicleanerss uty isseea-emasncoone reece acteenece eer c nee Sept. 23 | Wm. H. Gale, consul, Colon
Mal textrac tas sont ccs see mienice soiceacerciscis eee cinee AelaeeeE ee pee Osaces Do.
URUGUAY.
Annual report of State power plant of Montevideo for 1913-14....| July 16 | Albert G. Ebert, vice consul,
Montevideo.
Eats sm pPoxLrts Morel 910-1912 seneeraeeeee cere eee ee eeeee er eeeeoee July 30 Do.
VENEZUELA.
Annual report on commerce for year 1913, Maracaibo district....) Sept. 2 Thomas W. Voetter,!consul
a Guaira.
Lumber imports during year 1913, duties............-..--...---- Sept. 10 | George K. Donald, consul
Maracaibo.
NOT CUETO ss et oat sete Mess Bee eee ae aioe on SSIES See ee On oe enone douse Do.
BTACTI ONSEN LIMES fa cess eyecare eons eran nr crare ees ae ero eee Sept. 11 Do.
Ni Yt, ty Wye WY YY YY, Yin We, ‘Witty, YU%G YY, WG, wWM%G Gb yy Y WY Wi Z
COMMERCE OF COLOMBIA
GY uly
“db db” aw dee” Goo Great tu, “rd Iulh 4a Jb Gu db Goll db boc” Gav auld Iw bee Go
Yi, WE % Yb iy e
or Z y 7 y 4 a 4 Y y ae a a 4
7 Y “in ~D
. 4A Gn 4. 4.4. 2 2 2 b ao
HE total foreign trade of Colombia for the year 1913 amounted
to $62,851,600, of which $28,535,800 represented imports,
and $34,315,800 exports.
The figures for the year 1912
were: Imports, $23,964,623; exports, $32,221,746; total,
$56,186,369.
There was therefore an increase for the year 1913 as
compared with the preceding year of $4,571,177 in imports and of
$2,094,054 in exports, or a total increase in the foreign trade of
$6,665,231.
The balance of trade in favor of the Republic for the year 1913 was
$5,780,000; for the year 1912 it was $8,257,123.
IMPORTS.
The imports by countries of origin for the years 1911, 1912, and
1913 were:
1911 1912 1913
United Statessesisar 0 see se cere Cem esee Eee ee eae Soe eee seein $5, 404,976 | $7,612,037 | $7,629, 500
(United. Kan sdom eo. See ere ee ee ee eisistis eens a seeeiei-eiseinisincie's' 5, 838, 789 | 7,838, 879 5, 837, 400
German yess oa eH see eso Ao eS OSes Bee eos See Se ase eee eoee 3, 242,635 | 4,201,125 4,012, 100
IBY AMICON pecmcis ce steie so nnicin eae en ne ieeoate Gee eie oe Aces Scie cee 1,718,748 | 2,011,886 4, 408, 600
IBGl sium: ecm asec JSc sce see see eeiat cece Berea ae een ache ascend eeceeonasae 570,919 499, 000
WGA Wiser de beige a Saisie Sa aelaee we esi eee sem Seine eee meee See ecinss | bee eeeeiee 596, 881 726, 100
Spall eee S es sciseecisa vesce cee ewan wis le Salone sem oe Boe es einceee 397, 733 A705 969M Heer eee
WOT OZ UG] Aer esa sae eisece ee ce eee SVS ee Pere mace Rema acto ins sine linea eerste 825622) Reese ceeeeee
Dutch OWwest ln dies pepe = seca eeac nee Sate eee gece ciee eevee | eeeaee eo reeeae GUA (PES laonaooeecose
LOE eRe ener e sent Peces Geen eee See st tot cG ape tecseerc secon coeee 31,791 GEO le soaepancoas
Other countriesys sy. 4 aces seca ne ae eS She ae seh eee sce 1,474, 191 459, 317 3, 874, 700
Parcels=post: packages oi15. caiccence gee oc arenes aati aces ome neta eae Ore cieteccises boeeciorisisiecle 1, 548, 400
NO tale Wyse A= wisadis se Bosaae ashe seas e sea chee eee aoelacs 18, 108, 863 | 23,964,623 | 28, 535, 800
The imports by major groups of articles for the years 1911, 1912,
and 1913 were as follows:
1911 1912 1913
Mex lesiye ie ate esos a pase neta eee ee ire Re aE ern cee ee eee $8, 025, 856 |$10, 547,134 | $11, 455, 233
MS tallsth ss FUR a0 ope Be ie ale ae Vea eee Sy etiam Ie Ener ite 2,004,082 | 2,916,925 3, 163, 697
Hoodstuiiciandrcondim6nitseeeseeee eee coee eee eee terete eerereeere 2,191,009 | 3,054,953 2,817, 420
Locomotion: Railway cars, carriages, wagons, etc.........---------- 726,048 | 1,031,711 1,164, 104
SOLmdninksswinessandeliclOrsseeeeeeeeeeeere cere e Eee ere E eee Toe 628, 596 835, 772 1,051, 412
IMRUssan dyn edicin Csr eres s ce eles eet see see = ee ee oe erie ceils cic 762, 209 838, 349 947, 189
WTI ape Hav Bar EHO! THEO. Se So oc sooeaoseosnoscosescbesoseos 702, 856 620, 251 904,317
Hireanms accessories and ammunitionees see-se ee see eeee eee eee 48, 992 57, 439 605, 527
ley Oe CveKGl CrinolloVhOl ose eo enoseeeceneaee se ecu cdasncadeconsuledausne 453, 702 477, 522 555, 609
Ip AHINEA PHC Lees es Cet een She BeOS Ene epee on Roanetosemoss 371, 447 564, 063 523, 502
Ceramiucsiandistonesteca accor connate soe ceeee eee ae cee oe eemeciseriescet 457, 381 503, 579 520, 229
ASCH turalandiminin Syproduclseeserereeseee eee on seereesee cee 323, 074 381, 588 503, 875
Hadesjandiskinsyandsmanutactunesiotee eee sees -eeeeeeeecereeeeeeee 310, 441 459, 607 486, 326
NOW aS WE We Sen ee aae aE aa Seamer ee See toe ne em eater, 226, 373 317, 402 359, 392
Milectricaltmisa terial Sse sae soe see obec semen heme tb cesceen mere 100, 090 175, 639 320, 261
Av eyariima al see teste er eee hee ese ear eerie aa eee ae eee 7,179 26, 017 289, 478
@ilsian dvereases ass eee een on ce orion cna Genre aceeeee eee eecre 106,819 171, 734 159, 067
IPeriumMeny7an GSO ps. cae pose isiceesewiale ecis ce en ee isan see owe eects 97,389 152,170 153, 363
Varnish colorsiandtinks is sean ses assessed ac cosa e ee ee cee saaheaes 104, 345 125, 862 151, 774
Rubberscellaloid etc enccccasiscee et cee: are oes eeeseae aes 84, 505 102, 358 148, 436
Musicalhinstrumentss=eeeremec cae corkeceeoe eee ese eoe ee senate 55, 768 | 69, 623 89, 664
Tortoiseshell Phorm ete eases heb osee see sce cerca eso eee aneroee 53, 501 75, 600 78, 237
IDS-GOOSHVES MaKe CON NIGH S. = ocooncscdeccosacccocnuseccuscacenese 38, 420 | 94,116 68, 843
MS CellAN COS esac eae sorrel eee rie cree eee Arise 228, 781 365, 209 470,445
IPATCOlS= POSH PACA OS aes eer e is coarse eee a eee eee eae ee niet e Sac minmers eta Sraeseiseae mise 1,548, 400
DO GA sabia ee ae ce ctee Se as Se So oe oases coe emee er manisce 18, 108, 863 | 23, 964, 623 28,535, 800
806 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The following statement shows the countries of import under a
number of the foregoing classifications for the years 1912 and 1913:
1912 1913 1912 | 1913
| | ieee sat ae = « : Gaya ii. |
Textiles: | | Material for the arts and
United Kingdom...-. $5,749,399 | $3,447, 700 trades: ;
MTANCE se eee eee 902,917 | 3, 234, 900 UmitedtStavessaeaeeer $349,060 | $601, 600
WUmitedsStatesseaee.-- 1, 667, 132 | 1, 520,100 || United Kingdom.-.--- 109, 449 148, 200
Gennanyeen=aeeeeeeee | 1,3825289) | 582,700 || dit ali Aree ree ee 15, 134 | 23,000
italy ise eee eee 457, 538) | 534, 100 IMINO soo ecbaasaasece 23,328 20, 200
TBCIUIN, , oo ncccascuee 157, 121 | 144, 700 BOM .osassssse5e Sela 19, 400
Spaimts 2. eaace fsa IO Cl | oosssssesn- Genn any aaa eee 108, 058 3, 700
Other countries... ..-- CPs | al, Cet Oss} Other countries... ..-- 7,101 | 87,717
ZI (ell epee epee 10, 547,134 | 11,455,233 | Mo tales ieee 620,251 | 904,317
|
Metals: | Firearms, accessories, and
United States........) 1,060,274 1,119, 000 ammunition:
United Kingdom..... | 893,320 | 1,055,600 GiomineiN7.---6se5ee- 7,760 | 522, 700
GennanyAesen se eeeeee | 686,131 | 751, 100 United States........ 27,204 | 38, 000
IFAN COAL ase cee 145,719 | 125,300 Belem seas 2,350 | 9,700
IBOMAWIIN. 5 5<cceaoseses 68, 418 48, 100 ran Chere rss er 7,459 | 8, 100
Ihe bieemasseneemsaoes 19,726 | 15, 800 United Kingdom .._.- 5,323 | 7,000
Other countries... .--- 43,327 48,797 Gayo oes eae Meee eee | 100
== Other countries... ... 7,343 | 20, 027
ANG os ncscleesce 2,916,925 | 3,163,697
= | Mo tals 2 ote ee yee 57, 439 605, 527
Foodstuffs and condi- || - - —
ments: || Paper and cardboard:
United States........ | 1,573,257 | 1,474, 100 || Gennanyeee ese 205,035 | 212,500
Gennanyeeseeeeeee eee | 774,073 | 706,100 |) United States.....-..- 96, 630 115,300
United Kingdom... .. 244, 264 | 83,800 | Eran Compe 65,333 | 57, 400
BANCO ceO gees 89, 821 82,100 |, United Kingdom..-... 26, 838 | 36, 100
Bel imimeees sees eae 111,729 54,900 || itallyccis- sess oener eee 8,956 26, 100
Saline seeker eee Bee lo osessecceoc IBelewwN oc cceseascase 31,640 24,200
diallyeoe oe eee ee 19,249 | 30,300 | SOL cooscaseabodees 37,074 ese eeeree
Other countries. ---.-- 184,616 | 306, 120 Gther countries ...... 6,416 | 84, 009
RO talee Me eee 3,054,953 | 2,817,420 || Ro tales saeco eee 477, 522 555, 609
| = | }
| | i}
Locomotion: Railway || Lighting and fuel: |
ears, carriages, wag- | United States... --=.- 272, 241 305, 600
ons, etec.: United Kingdom....- 75, 052 79, 900
United States.......- | S76, 863 756, 300 | Genmanyeee ss eseseeee 99, 034 47,300
United Kingdom .....| 99,635 165, 400 | IBOLT coascosooness 74, 509 15, 600
Genmanyeeerere eee | 17,059 139, 700 BTRane@ aaa ss5- eae nee 26, 816 12, 100
olkealpii. 6sesossccn= 6,578 80, 600 tally Aa ceeeseueceeres 3,090 | 1, 400
MPIC kes roesaseaee 16, 008 21,300 Other countries....--- 12; 821 | 61, 602
italy eee eter 200 100 =
Other countries... ...- | 15,368 704 Totalcccsere ree Ae 564, 063 523, 502
Mota eee eee eee er | LBL, Zl 1,164,104 Agricultural and mining |
| — || products: |
Soft drinks, wines and | | United Kingdom..... 152, 410 | 268, 400
liquors: | | WnitedStatessess.-e—- 182,017 | 193, 400
IMG oa oseeseouTias | 292,788 362, 500 | Genm anya eseee eee 18, 675 | 19, 000
Salmi eae ee ee | 108, CHO leeseccoksose || INN aapeeeesesenacs 11,914 3, 900
United Kingdom. .---. 101,804 | 139, 200 Belem eases ree 4,879 1,000
SIOUOIEIN/sco2sns45s055 | 104,815 121,900 | Talis scat haa eae ee eee ees | 100
Umited!Statess == --5- | 68,173 86, 000 | Other countries... -..- _ 11, 692°) 18, 075
ital yes eee eae 23, 902 37,200 || - |
Bel sium eae ae | 20,021 | 21,100 || Motels ea se 381, 588 503, 875
Other countries... _.-- | 27,629 | 283, 512 ||
—~ == — || Electrical material:
Motalee see scree ee 835, 772 1,051,412 |, United States........- 110, 922 147, 000
‘ = i= | Germanyeaeseseeeee eee 29,720 | 121, 800
Drugs and medicines: | United Kingdom...-- } 22, 889 | 34, 500
Umitbedsstatessss----- | 390, 547 | 424,200 | pallivetsre ete SS Sse 4,259 7, 300
Genmanty Aes 150,090 | 178,600 | IMM. snsausossseade 1,795 6, 800
IMINO we saeisdenscoce 150, 493 | 148, 300 | Beller aaee ae eeeera | Be 17 2,000
United Kingdom..... | 98, 113 102,800 | Other countries... -.--) 937 861
Beleiume esa | 29,038 29,800 | ies
Titalliveee rae eee ee 6,052 4,900 | MO tae exe. 21: ase 5e | 175, 639 320, 261
Other countries... .--.| 14,016 | 58, 589 | |
TING tallies Sete 838, 349 947, 189 | |
COLOMBIA
CC OMIMia a Cin aos
TOTAL $62,851,600.
UNITED UNITED
LSTMES/ KINGDOM.
-T, 629,500 $5,837,400
COUNTRIES $4,408,600.
$3,874,700
ERMANY
4,012,100.
COUNTRIES
$ 5,268,700.
+ 5,566,000.
GOLD COIN BY
PARCELS POST ¥
$11,500 d
BELGIUM:
PAN AMERICAN UNION
THE PAN AMERICAN
808
EXPORTS.
UNION.
The exports for the years 1911, 1912, and 1913, by countries of
destination, were as follows:
1911 1912 1913
Wimited Statesien, os ec nen ssse me eee ae tee eres eee $12, 248,995 | $15,832,882 | $18, 861, 800
fWsmibe dle Keima'e cl Ora eee eee ree eee 4, 596, 138 4,376, 182 5, 566, 000
(C@aONO, o<cocoscuococaass cence sas oe9b cos denosess ssoseucascse 1,910, 354 1, 854, 211 3, 216, 200
RATS saa Gees Sete Secret aon U Nn Coe aae nie cn ee 769, 189 625, 199 797, 900
Belgium...-.-.-.----------+-+-+-+2+--2---++------ +--+ = 2-2-2 - |e 2-2 22232222 ae 593, 700
ISS a ee 119, 654 GO Oils) los cosecscaccc-
Oiler COUIMUHIES. . 555006 5530cce soe seoscoesubecnescescnasnescaoe 2, 731, 569 9, 230, 354 5, 268, 700
GoldkcomibyapancelipOstaeeeee seer eee eer eee Se Adina Rapecuraaieten lpaccomcacsaac 11, 500
DOW Rae cescad onc osacmaeadasecreng psSaHos cueosecosbhbe 22,375, 899 32, 221, 746 34, 315, 800
The exports, by classes, were as follows:
1911 1912 1913
WEBI ROTM one gedsoeadeacasupadcseasobeccassssSacdass $14,375,301 | $20,792,418 | $23, 975,300
Nimoralsproductsaa mos seserceetercocectn-he mene a eeeeeeeas 4, 507, 762 7, 769, 388 5, 514, 600
INTs DLOGUCES Sat ce he ie eiat Maer ue teen eee eer 1,960, 410 2, 258, 701 3, 362, 700
Manutactunedspno dU Cis) eee ee raet eee 1,347, 394 1, 210, 678 1,017, 100
iver animals Week ce ce eee eee ee acraso ee a oe eee aoe 92, 852 150, 606 85, 800
Miscellaneous PEoduCtsple meee sree ae ee eee leer eee 7,445 31, 809 48, 700
(CBTDHEINOW 5 op geo bcacknacaspoe0 sconce sess GanSbocmosdeeusecasenasSS 84, 735 8, 146 300, 100
(Goldicoinibyapanceliposteesseacse cena sere eee eee ee eee etemtatalee eee leer 11, 500
TOW > consuscaccoouoHqonnnuo so ooScunnDeUsodoCboDSECOSS 22, 375, 899 32, 221, 746 34, 315, 800
The principal articles of export were:
1911 1912 1913
@othee tetas © san cee ee cee Ge stink Seon sae omime eee ae ewes aaa $9, 475, 449 | $16, 777, 908 $18, 269, 768
(COIL a es SE eae en Rem Er arm et AR es emere a 3, 751, 632 4, 610, 073 4, 100, 115
Gatblesnides ss) sits 225s Meee ee Sea Dees eee re 1, 779, 790 2,261, 722 3, 180, 782
BATA AS Eee ee cc a cae uae earns Sos 2,172, 000 1, 996, 999 3, 059, 867
IETS CECE TINE) Lees eRe mie a ree No uann ae ace’ an eunacenceduanace 1, 088, 821 1,174,641 960, 362
INOIDEXEEO o caccodaccncesoonsnacouoceddceboupsnoeecaunDcosuDessox 332, 935 442, 461 921, 100
LR (Over RON RSI i oo a Mrlant a, ee er CR arate ao bark ES tee 739, 419 754, 708 819, 422
TOIT avon raate eget pom roe RR we rea sere nla ae ae SOR Ee ie Pe Si re 345, 896 594, 188 583, 995
IRS NPstaoosppoceunce SoomeoUabucaaspaUR sons ogeSooocUseEscoEdS 900, 886 736, 427 378, 210
The exports, by countries and classes, were as follows:
1912 1913 ety) 1913
Live animals: Manufactured products: |
United States......... $3, 284 $2, 400 WmitediSitatesex-aseee4) $824, 717 $800, 600
United Kingdom..... 2,013 700 | United Kingdom..... 218, 453 97, 800
Germanyrerisse- cece Soles cee aaa 200 Genmanyereeeeeeeeeee 92,735 29, 800
Other countries... .--- 145, 309 82, 500 IMIENKO oA ocecccodseas| 3, 059 4, 600
Other countries... .-.- 71, 714 84, 300
Note oncdeoasaness 150, 606 85, 800 -
Animal products: Motallress-Cacsence er 1, 210, 678 1,017, 100
Ginited States. ... 1, 280, 613 1,543,500 || \ineral products:
PLUM ee ke ee os aia eee ae 580, 000 .
United States........- 1,007,427 | 3,442, 800
Gemm any ere oa LN e8 382,500 | United Kingdom 1,380,421 | 1,569, 500
United Kingdom..... 164, 072 334, 200 SA aiace pe) pee)
PAN CO mE cere sen one 420, 654 393, 000
ONAN CC nteyeyepaeiee sees 30, 592 52, 900 =
F ¢ Gernmanyaeeeeeee eee 50, 874 91, 200
Spain......-. psec ecs 65, 139 |.......--..- Spaineeneee eee hae GOES loacoos .- a
Other countries... .... 567, 589 469, 600 Oiheucountnicsiaaea 4,742; 729 18, 100
Total. .....--------- 2,258,701 | _ 3,362,700 Motel oe eR nS 7,769,388 | 5,514,600
Vegetable products: _————— |
United States ........ 12,710,845 | 12,903,500 || Miscellaneous:
United Kingdom..... 2,610,224 | 3,428, 400 United States.........) 3,396 9,000
Germany Apeee ee eeeeee 1, 557, 457 2, 706, 200 Genmanyeeeeeeeeeeeee 2,245 6, 300
WITANCE Ee eehtemoeciee ae 166, 047 342, 500 United Kingdom....- 1,000 2, 500
ROMAIN Abs peSooscallecoocmesnace 13, 700 INNCO- o acoeessscosns 300 1, 200
Spaineeeeeeee ioe Soeeeele Ge, OBS l|socoosascso5 SpalMeeasesaseecer sees 6007) See aseeeee
Other countries....... 3, 679, 790 4,581, 000 Other countries.....-.| 24, 268 29, 700
MOM: sosscoccasceos 20,792,418 | 23,975,300 || ANGE cosenceoousece 31, 809 48,700
Ui, of Wwy yw uyY*Y wit Wuilly, Wi YY“, Yi Wy, Wy, UY% Z Yl y Wr tp, y
YG, Wy Y YG if GY, Y, “ly Wy GY 11
9 “db be" Saw be Gan ad Gao, “ot Sante "dbo Yup “ad “coud Ew boc Gw be» So od be
6444 46447 a4
y % @ % @
Ate 7
Gn “db dn law hw uh a 4 Z a2 2
HE foreign commerce of Costa Rica for the year 1913, com-
piled from the report of Sr. Don J. M. Alfaro Cooper, di-
rector general of statistics, attached to the report of Sr. Don
Enrique Jiménez Nufiez, undersecretary of state for fo-
mento, and presented to the Chamber of Deputies on May 1, 1914,
amounted to 40,874,573.77 colones gold, of which 18,677,652.77
colones were imports, and 22,196,921.00 colones were exports.
The figures for the year 1912 were: Imports, 21,675,928.41 colones;
exports, 21,427,966.00 colones; total, 43,103,894.41 colones.
There was, therefore, a decrease for the year 1913 as compared
with 1912 of 2,998,275.64 colones in imports, and an increase of
768,955.00 colones in exports, or a net decrease of 2,229,320.64 colones.
This statement, however, in the form above scarcely does justice
to the real facts in the comparison for the two years. The statistical
office of Costa Rica is accustomed to include in its totals imports and
exports of coined money. In 1912 the imports of coin amounted to
3,117,306.50 colones, while in 1913 these imports amounted to only
753 colones. The export of coin in 1912 was 154,061.00 colones; in 1918,
nothing. Instead, therefore, of there being a decrease in the im-
ports of the Republic for the year 1913, there was in reality an in-
crease, omitting coin, of 119,030.86 colones, and an increase in ex-
ports, omitting coin, of 923,016.00 colones instead of 768,966.00 colones.
Expressed in terms of United States currency (valuing the colon
gold at 47 cents), the value of the foreign trade of Costa Rica for the
year 1913 was $19,211,049.67, of which $8,778,496.80 (including
$353.91 coin) was imports, and $10,432,552.87 was exports. In 1912,
the foreign trade amounted to: Imports, $10,187,686.35 (including
$1,465,134.05 coin); exports, $10,071,144.02 (including $72,408.67
coin); total, $20,258,830.37.
IMPORTS.
The imports by countries for the last five years were as follows :
6, 175, 637. 01
|
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
United States... $3, 175,202.87 | $3,094,391.00 | $4,153,152.98 | $5,865,908. 48 | $4,515,870. 66
Germany....... 825,129.54 | 954,072.02 | 1,704,745.85 | 1,503,944.36 | 1,355,417. 45
United Kingdom _.| 1,059,762.71 | 1,291,005.62 | 1,553, 118.67 | 1,391,002. 72 |. 1,303, 187.57
rane: asso ES 363,082.41 | 314,416.37 443,993. 74 424,188.78 | 391, 680. 85
Central America. ........ | 264,169.91 | 569, 120. 67 373, 943. 70 333, 555. 89 353, 477. 29
Rial ype sso ee | 160,351.32 | 158, 792. 83 247, 935. 86 183,688.31 | 172,432.27
Spain meses sore ae 147,384.88 | 181,925.78 194, 477. 27 170,753.81 | 160, 682. 85
YIM LNIN A. ance daeecbe 90,963.36 | 348, 827.77 65, 448. 31 54, 313. 85 47, 463. 78
Other countries.......... 89,590. 01 | 70, 105. 56 230, 744. 41 260, 330. 15 478, 284. 08
7,982, 657.62 | 8, 967,560.79 | 10, 187,686.35 8, 778,496. 80
809
SLO THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Of the countries included in ‘Other countries” in 1913, the principal were: Panama
(not included in Central America), $234, 944.28; China, $88,622.87; Cuba, $52,118.55:
Ecuador, $18,314.30; Switzerland, $16,573.21; Netherlands, $8,817.62; Japan, $7,-
542.37; and Austria-Hungary, $3,487.23.
From the table it would appear that the imports from the United States in 1913 fell
off $1,350,037.82 as compared with the preceding year. But due to the fact that the
whole import of coin (nearly all gold) referred to above for both years was from the
United States, and that thisimport in 1912 was $1,465,134.05 and in 1913 only $353.91,
it can be seen that ordinary merchandise from the United States instead of showing
a decrease in reality shows an increase of $114,742.32.
Further details of imports for 1913, except of live animals, are not available, the
latest data emanating irom the general statistical office, except as above, being for
the year 1912 and is contained in the Anuario Estadistico for that year.
The following table shows a comparison of imports for four vears of certain articles
and classes, but does not include all the principal imports, for which details for four
years are not available.
Articles. 1909 1910 1911 | 1912
Colones. | Colones. Colones. Colones.
ICO eee eee IRR ee eto ease tale foe OSL Galle Ry 305,721 | 279, 449 336, 496 | 484, 405
Coie See ie re ek Onn rune kenats Learn VC lGnamry fer 328,641 | 318, 428 419, 288 | 313, 937
NS COT pss Pete noo SURE Cnn NN Pe yt CO Olas SRS ttc S ee GUNS 142, 065 | 138, 935 197,411 | 169, 853
Weatheran demanvitactuness sass seamen 184, 216 | 276, 568 211, 327 | 251, 832
Cannedfandipresenvyeditoodsese.a sn) sane) eens suet 99, 219 | 159, 912 164, 025 141, 851
SROKCULUTEEY| THRO GUM! GIGS. og = aac aectcessdosuscccnuce. 499, 859 | 624, 529 549, 737 625, 108
AITO TANGPD Upp Ua ee yee ae Se yet Gey ae etal es ais AL peg eg Ey ene nats 242, 079 253, 660
LOU aR co he Oe OE Oe Na See ee en BAe eae 996, 931 730, 852 840, 560 | 718, 440
Duos Oe) pote eae Ne ae ne ae te Ss Ae RL Cr ne 253,821 | 329) 145 319, 300 336, 182
UPON Sen eames aoe eee tei po ee Le pe oe oc ean LNG 338,155 | 467,674 428, 141 368, 428
HUTT TUNG ey en. Se my eae Me aw Say ee Meat en ne 70, 607 105, 636 130, 843 | 130, 018
Material:
JONDUD KG baer se Needs ee OR eho ae Cee Namen eee Ae 26, 953 | 147, 834 94, 468 82, 904
IE CEDICAIE Naas eee a ape ee, me aa oreo te ee Pi eyl| — OREY Tals 198, 731 | 271, 475
TREE NT LSYEN a Gm ee Meee cae nin roel agit ols pete DUNN) Sea 256,227.) 529, 780 569, 723 583, 373
Cres ciyea me oe aera ae ee pee eek) Where tails hae ey 31, 806 | 72, 648 80,357 | 48, 981
SE RVCLAS Cheeta conc meeteipee oT Slane UA ck UR Mec Ree alae ar ML | [epee aie 28, 154 16, 194
OpherinGustriess eect nee tee Ont ee 55, 974 | 75, 554 212, 702 | 107, 099
Mc. Chim Gy pee ye some thc So ee aD) Sars ent SN Sa 142, 362 | 124, 994 540, S78 786, 383
hanmaceuitcalll pro dG iseaeaeyen yee a ie nenen ne nune nnn 256, 573 | 274, 445 383, 309 421, 078
ROSEY Canetre es MUR ete eee eMac hn Bere Rhu ae 276, 089 | 297, 921 330, 744 366, 172
Cobtonifalbricss a hoe Sta, sheet epee ny nan. ve ee trie ip 1,491, 444 | 1,770,716 2,630,653 | 1,972, 182
WVOole metal ricsra ety s ee hac ee pee Uk baie tetera te 192, 237 166, 457 201, 065 122, 696
Sill eats) OATES eis Aerie Mio Soa dpe Merl thi tay ol 71, 021 | 125, 410 320, 458 | 270, 704
1 The figures for this classification are only a partial statement of imports under this heading.
The following statement shows the total imports of the principal articles for 1912
and also the proportion from the leading countries:
Colones. Colones.
TERS CO ecttne atm tue NAS ce aS GR ois AT AD etn pene oper IR ME et cee e 484, 405
Germ eT e ecient ee ea! ie PERL Oy eee Ga ee OeNe ee 340, 328
WintitedyStatesne ssp aay eee ee eters eee Dip Rae a esas ee 95, 729
|e CKEN Mee as AN Sree MRSA WE eS. im cor 3 fens Noes aren y we COL 24, 882
Metric
tons
Coal ae fA eet eer es RL cok Sto ict eae ane ere on rena, eee 49,258 313, 937
United" Statest When rele Wie a! oh ch ee eee 0 pon eee ae eC 42,070 302,436
Winated yams dogmas. ese los 3) od. Pek ao ot eRe tee A 167 10, 506
Grerim anny seers a ar ae So Perel ak re oe ec EE All 995
Breen) averag oxel hn sNeen Weim. Zeeman PON Meret iy Rad at 8 te eT PM entire cgi a 2 26, 557
Wmnited States sic <2. aes cw h ee NE ae wre any od were 17, 389
United “Kine dom sears.) at pantie 3s ie tans oar Pan re 6, 992
GRETNA AE oF = FO oh) PS Ca eo (ea nea vee pe 1, 923
COMMERCE OF COSTA RICA FOR 1913.
Colones.
TBS OOUSHATIGE SING CS ten sre i eevee wae cee sis ete ba > pe NS eae cg nye eet EM nae eee ee
Arnie cle Sita tes ee ac eases acy a dee ey OS So ae a Se 26, 894
Othermanmiarctunestotslieaiilerseeeree ee eee Sy ae eee
Germany...--- nes Mya IS date AL 2 rae eee 205, 557
(Wimiibed States rose kr ae hse oot nets et fo Sebel Ca, aie arene gees 46, 572
WaniiteclaKeimlogio mat ys ee Os tae ee) othe ee a ek dee 11, 702
AEDT ATA Chepeg rae erie erent eectie Miso Re See CCM ius aie AL recy ear 0 Ee ge 11, 048
Cannedtandiipreserved i000 Siz 35 a5 sae pore ne aes eh ee ee eee
Wimitece Sia teseesaesris ere eo es or cy ee, Aner ae yey pers 81, 437
TENN ONCLES SS cas cg ere ERATE ire, a Ten eleter re Uae eR bE EA te 20, 919
SORNNM sor tgac a5 adel ale GIES Git cars caren mI pate ys saree 12, 264
CS a OO NN ere eee ae eras aL roe ge eet a ee R Ue Re ASS 5 8, 186
|CGlsramnits S Gl aE al aT Ss Seem eh ee eet et ag eg aes eu eet ao 6, 651
(Ciovolinks) Vat here ah Sere Rope i aca ae ON SU Ste IR one ieee Biree ie ety Sao
UWiamate ce Sital tester te ees see cates aes cbt ae choeh Sen me ME UNH em a 80, 285
(Gaver cE My teal eae a eee aed eg pe RENE WR AOR Rea, Es AE cad tnt 16, 360
Wimnitedm Kame domi Aes eyes saps ties tno meee ey oe ee taney ene on 14, 283
UFEAREA TS yO ogee ar RR J ree El ae ee ne pa
Wimitvecde States tees se says ave ieee, en ieee) ny ee eee) ODO.)
[Ohovtizercl a Sabnterd Ohi ees Onenes soca ema ee beseegoneuucesese 6, 083
(Ciana Kesnisyevo Mimi oe ans EOS & eee ee amen, ance Lehre se Reman ota
\DiathreGl IeGhatge eis tot Eee ren as aade Seen BAH cited. mie ecu 78, 432
Gr CUI yee a pa oe a eel ee per ng gin ei op MoE A Wee en ue OLS
Mishvediivecditoricamane cts Ancsct oc ee paresis harem errata ie eae a tier aes Esper
WinibeGSSitateskice oye crear ee ce eee ee eo cena en ree me eae 51, 239
SHOP DOVE Lice Re es Caan ieee enate ABs Rela nn ae Mi cide Wee hts 2 23, 837
GERI ATi tas are 4 Reeerg ty Au ieyn dy nt Ok Pie oa at Cece dV RL eae a 13, 083
Wintel amie dl orambcaelt 2 yc ee Jat ec ie ay be ne enna 8, 309
(Ch ees Gre e-e etree ci irk AUN YMEES piper SR RERCA ak mayor lectern wiley eg ee nee pa
Wimmbe de S tales seers pares nhs <1 ge eee ee Aerteg femme eaten oe 18, 210
G erin any eee A es ee eee ot SNe Wiel eer aro a 17, 268
SINfe thie rel cir GSS Sis Aa ee Oe epee ae eee ence ee 16, 471
(IIIS): COt lsat haya are ar es a ee irae Dyer at eer Cee NE oe eh Oe Oe en
SSO EL LNG ey pene argh acetal ae I Ene ye eae ane ode ee ae 14, 150
ATR a ley, See och pd ol pera deat eh Aas Ds ce be yearns a8 PR aie ye Res tae Uy 2D)
OE ISIN GG Aah Ace ar Gea ntama eet te pemb eerperte Smet Uryere aaa some Ae tee as oo eal SONAL ee ety eet a
Waele S bales seme mare itn eee en ae ee cer rE 31, 745
1S raise SSI na ol rae ay Se thes an, te Sy ee ee Ute pc ete 5, 845
SS TL UTED ee ae rete glee Pg Te ee ee Ue Perey pu pe eee eee ant ra ae
EESTI CG tty ONG nek eee dalek eh a ya eemene ek cnet peels deep Ty Ua Be ts 18, 933
Wnnibe cle Siar bes recta etter ieee ee ey eee Een ee eeyunnS, 3 13, 192
Giutemmall alert ie k tt sere wm arlene aie Si tect ee pes 8, 015
Peel OUD Ae ace com sates eee ae cctv cra asa hide a8 rae oe 7, 901
Contectionenysamdusweetuneats sass eee ee prea eae ree eter
Wnttedk Kemiecdionne a Gah oe ee eo irre nes en ke eee 25, 634
LO frat reve San ests} ewer nr a ese ee ee ean 5 BPN 20, 542
INGER pee. ae are fe as etea ene Mine el -treme Sour Sey 10, 368
AS) OR GT Sc Lar oc re ant ee or ee rel ane See Cron Sak
WintitediskKame dma 2s ect Ae acess es ee sae 10, 285
Germany eee ee oe Senne ns, eyee ae ia eee che eee er eee 3, 203
[ratte cls Starke Sly -eete exicetelne ea cse seta ee tS Pe en gee em 2, 748
1 BSNS een cee he a Ree en oe aao ase eee e airs Sees maa
Inmmite dk Sitaites Gat oe erat ee he re ee ie eee Re eR eA 29, 598
ES Perl vee 0 01 Pee a ele earns De IONE Ig MN netic Co my OR eee Senne Sia tL WA}
S11
Colones.
36, 162
281, 814
141, 851
112, 206
49, 033
117, 430
106, 471
25, 196
51, 900
69, 893
17, 065
36, 991
$12 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Colones.
Putts preservied..2: Ue. S cet ee er eee Csi URC EE PERE ee
UnitedsStatesa sce kia ak cece eels Senet ae 13, 809
RS) CEN Ose Aas 2 el vat ese ee aa pe craps eM Sg ee ee tie 8, 842
Nigetliyetpevae, her ee ese nag Wah Seth anemia eee pare 2,979
J LeU ESfoG Let (V6 i Mie ey ieee arg rR ORO ee een Pye ta re MNES ey ees Are
Wmited a States: , Sixt ote Se Noe agin pts ate koe tee ue ienicg eee 12, 650
ISPD RUINS renee (opebacs aac sauces eee eke De ae eae npn n a cai 4,751
IQUE EHAN Cher ery ee ether ne ee arya Soe iolehs gin miei cote cinta asiasars 3, O77
TS UUSYOUUI RSIS R es ee lee eae Ne nie Ene ata aor Dinner ie Aen AM aS ce
Wout reve le Schaverc Koei seme ek ure ees Cen Gate wee is}, Sal
(Wintec States esr. eae a eae eee bee eee ar cn ater 39, 248
WAG GEO US oie sie iace ete ee So ree os lg OM pas pos i a ee ne emer oly enn
KOYe) oun aa\eey Ieee eae piesa ne ence ag a Ope Ry Re te ah Ney eNOS eRe capi Itc
IbaKeh Nay seh ahepenuet pete Seneae tare ete ene DURE age asin) Se Meas seh Se
Practically all the wheat flour, corn meal, and Indian corn
was from the United States.
ET seaih le cage ee Ge feat ee hci woh aa Gk hh aus ROHN Gey Wee
BS ont Weve Wats Rey HeNch eee ti nt ee ee Ms ee ee eC aah AS a ae 356, 021
INC am LO USERS eee nee einem oes, Sune Cesk cr Es elias 7, 586
AU GG Teaches eect paste ose arse tee ea ng pee Senn Sag a ne tty a eae ae
Germain yee TA seni Reriee gea coe ee, sg Seer ce EE 24, 022
Wii ECS Cates ees Sto ees serene ee Nine Bees ere pans eae eee 10, 776
NT Gealliyeepe pee ee ae Span tiie a Wear eta ge Se She ane eg ado a ee 9, 377
iWannnihecd acim scl ora 2 ee ee tea caren ei kt eer hed eee Seah 8, 746
BREE) Si WRB 8 Seiki SEAS RCE C ie elas eM cette EL SL A nek cep RAE No &
Uinieclal inerclonneestec ses deo ane Ree ondes Geen Beas 4 21, 615
AWAITS eee pee eee ape, hee c rk ON ata I Renee oe Es i iad US Ue ac et cee ae eee
All from the United States.
I BXECGTe 2 ea ee se pana ree a tna neha ean EET ee Res rat eres Li =
Gre bidla iy sient meno cee yam Nose ula Ney ae Uy acai d Med cepuce eed 88, 583
(Lena clase @ cl omnis cece as veh eae oe ti ere eee 38, 342
Wim Ge de Sita be ses cack eee Ne, ae pee ee eee ga Ate peer 32, 205
COIOVSI OEY Che teta, ca pee othe aPC Te ee ci Re URE Sony NES RS Ne aie eo gare co.
IE SPENIG Creatine atc eae Ses Eee ie RSS sR aA are ck yds PP RNIN eee 54, 257
AWWikaa SISe wy Mes een, spe tet 3 oreaiceee eee See ye chy ear yee neato ee eee occ ee
WimitedeStatesra sess sree oe cel ON ml apc Ste oh 50, 394
ssa cleat eine omnes ee ware ee eras eens Mp ee 24, 489
(OMNI ce Keays Moiina t ae Sees ae ee Neen See BE atane SteAncenmocccoc os
APSA Ch eae tee ee ane eae eae Bey Ee ea Recs rag hye 5 ae ey Se aya 16, 578
WANS atten Oe ae ear Ee eA neonate SMa me donc oale's
IORI Stadia Seen he aero reaming eect) ane 14, 043
AESTeEATA CG pea re age ess secon ee ae eee eRe 11, 784
Germany tee Sete Sea eye et eey ye er een Tee eae aa 7, 363
Wames-aulll pode diate, oc ena ies ine eo es eee ca a see ee ee ee
fe) OF. Oe Sear ene ae et tae ates eanteti ain are eee tata tac c 25, 251
LWonkiysol Kahivere hase eee eee eae Naess een o as 21, 961
GenmMany sie ois. 0 hae See eee es ae ea mee eee 9, 585
NY GUa Mets ina sys Lanna Mane eee Cer ee ena ata: ot AL oe eRe S oats 5
NED TET TOC Oat eh ae Ve Ae gat Le a pe gee ee cee rot 53, 676
Spoleto eee ate ten eater Ces epee eee Sete 30, 614
T beads Fae eatin Cee a. TS ao gue ep cy eee 20, 597
Wie teria Ott eh Sp A a ee es rh ar Sn en ee
Diba ys ses Se 8 eee 20 Me eR RR elas got aes pee t 15, 641
1 Dies hay (eye aep eee mrhe RE ene Te eB Uae ee Snr ee abana es 5, 991
WmitedhS tates ae yee ee SE an tt pep ene etree 3, 894
Germany 2 fo oe ok lye es tree eed ete Bonde crea 2, 362
Colones.
27, 958
26, 541
104, 453
718, 440
26, 470
63, 829
368, 428
56, 994
25, 761
340, 697
169, 853
61, 168
76, 748
19, 073
37, 455
68, 293
121, 353
31, 684
COMMERCE OF COSTA RICA FOR 1913.
Colones.
Bbnie ral wal Gs Nee ee eee ee ere eee ee eee
UnitedsStateshas: ser ae poe eee eau Scere ane 15, 606
CE rey gO ON lees ie Ee Me yA NCO aes Sate MIMS ena Spee 14, 784
Ura tee chy cara orale oto ee ee ea rere esos ne a cae eI 12, 835
POSTE dW Stein Cas PN Rie ERLE OEE Bes OUR Ee oleh ei hae. 2 Seite er em tn ye) Slee
(Ci) sO NA Ore eee DRT ii eM eRe nto eas). Ses eine ae 33, 916
IBS STS ee eres ees] BRE Un 2 SURES aeyHe nym te 4, 985
[Pearl fm serepsper gets ee esse Spo ei BN tes he iA oe ic A eNO te
WmitedeS tates sees seh a5 1s Ai ue eee cei 0 graphene 145, 944
Germanys Ss,- see ci cass B ict aye tay Svartes ea ctes sree ay yale seen opera 4, 352
ma OWeae nc crete eee ere etc nti ok Oana ee em LL Re ee
WmitediStates=ssq-s-e-5 55. BC fetes ne ec oe aces SU tm 60, 516
Hondurs trialoilsaerecseee eee ser cee ae eect tices tan ae ee
LWT Fee tates eters vee ee es ese ery eee eet apa ene 133, 584
Germany eee stern. < is) foe asian ceriaye Sse eis ae. t a apstraeleleele 21, 450
WinntedsKeimad ome: oo sence se a eee ee yee ees 19, 172
VR SYSn Tee Ram SS Ge SRN BSN RR eT Ct ea pee aN EU
Practically all from the United States.
PSI 1E6 [o) SA SS a aCe Ne ce he Rie AEN Ver SE ema a seis
WnitedyStates.5:s--os4s0-5 cee 24 EA GBD genes a Se ta eae IA 8, 912
Geerinmram yy setae eran aie ys ee ove Spero spas ata Se aaey ages resets ro 7,617
COttombyarile ser eric faye tee seine ae race haere ars weve esr at aera aR aera cyateee
Winitedekane dom 222. 2s ake sno ee eters thee eee 72, 684
GERMAN Ye Mares ete eet ace om prea eC ances sein eit eee 9, 490
WmitedeS tates cars sess ae re nent ian mee wee 5, 997
(ORT T YE Re SS ey See te Be Sie a ee Se mics gener yet nas o a Os Been acs sits
(Wmitedpktinod omlss-ce es nee re eee as Serra or a ets ae 109, 899
GOrIM AMY oe se aie See) ont ay) Sou maace avo e ety sta siiecieg sree 58, 587
Dy EOYs) Sag eae at lc A HS eager 31, 131
MER DE TNS pete ee ey cp cece teas See Taya es ta eee TSS SL SS LAPT SE rer eee ath eeptey arene
(GiLATO EN GN? SP Gage te oa ew eteey eben an Vos eaten ia Nit oop ee 24, 682
Ine). oe Meee eae one nee Gamo critents ccaccc tae 9, 852
(AN WAS een ais eese te he A oleh eater ies aS a iva eem mene crates intent vate) fae
SMUG CUS tAteRle cs ee cect age coe pece hep ee nye eee 23, 319
mites Kunodomrs sco aes aon ee eee arsine novice 4, 902
CWottombiabricane ss \ms-cs hes Sern peter aor rye Martti ay nerd eijore,5 seine
WimiteduKamod one ee scp ee a tea ete SB Eicte eit) terete 840, 539
Wireite GS ta tecy spe eee kta ee es ete UU a wt ear enn el ieee ca ar 594, 289
(CREIROTEN OT Age, 5 SEER ar Ua Tee eat sett gS es Se te ey var es 306, 601
TED TNC Cea es eee ir Ua Raga: In oe Cran pie eaters TR 99, 565
Ti Gea ly peer teste ee ee ees ey a el ahora ae 66, 884
PRR SPAM een eee ones ee eee ee a rcs are aa wars tapers 58, 098
Wioolkfabricsit titi scs one eee 5 = ocyicee aie, epciepcra nyo 20h wie avn) ayaa sto Verne eee
Germany neh asacoeeemc os eth eta Sare wal a eens ge areee eee Sees 56, 186
Winited Kanedomess 2 os.s-2 sec ce oat eet aie oe 39, 392
ESAT C Caesars thee sayin Scissors seeie Sv siclnie SEES SS too 19, 003
Silkpial rica P62 Sasso. nia.e Vey Sse ee ee cnr one ne nee eran teat
(HnTOE My Bn eee eS ee ee tee 5 Sacer aoe sos 126, 689
GETMAIN Yet ee i Bs, 5, eee etna nh sae ene fe elec 49, 499
Myancen et) 2 ei 5.05, os aa cere See ee eRe eee ee ce caee 29, 928
Winittedviinedom)s. 536-2 See cee en eae ee eres Sets 27, 745
(Wmited states sicecss teat enter bie ee binteteee rise ==) Pei iate 24, 036
&7998—Bull. 5—14——_10
813
Colones.
47, 051
41, 506
150, 395
63, 122
176, 266
65, 487
21, 311
89, 654
226, 533
44,270
34, 011
1, 972, 181
122, 696
270, 704
814 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Colones.
Ready-made clothing, cotton. .2-555--4 4. oe eae ee ee ae eee
Wnited@Statess. =a. ctecs thse fet ete hae ete 60, 452
Germanys een eaters Le ee nts chao eye et 40, 592
PSY OLE TV ae Rete Ror eR RAE AONE As EB Bo yt Se i 18, 238
WUmited Aaingdoms 438s nia ee eee ere eats 10, 304
Ready-made'clothing, ‘woolen- 62:45 2:255. 4-1-2 421-2 eee eee eee
GORMAN. 'F. eds aise eine ae ee et et 10, 357
PATA CO Re Fee eee ee ay re ran OS i pe 7, 896
United viangdom:s) 22-2 eae ee eee pee 7, 270
United: Statess 2 .2.25sn:ne ke eeeeeee ee eee eee ee rre ree 6, 021
Ready-made clothing silk). 3532 ae eee eee
FRAT COL SASS orci ee ate te iets ete Une ets eee eee ee 12, 701
Shirts: ‘cotton j02 232 fsck et eee ELE ee ee Ue ee ee ieee eee
Winited’ States sic: xe sisi Beek ne ey eee 55, 863
United*Kingdomes.4 3..e ieee essa eee eee 20, 304
Germany 2262 25 S558 52ers pe 19, 000
COrs Gta ise ee SOS ES re tre ete oe gees
United States... s.2-6 «ceo coats once ee Shen cee 15, 191
Collars amd’ eufigs sc ie ten re CA ee eae
Germanys 225-0521 see caer Pee eee es eee eee 6, 300
United States: 225) ssa ee eee See = ees eee ea 6, 070
Teal yc eek wen numal os lexecees) Uns uuey meee hap ey eee eae 3, 280
TUCO ee et ee ad bts hc CC Oc Oe ea ore a fen eats a pp a Rey ae 2, 689
Stockings. CN 2..24. OU Pee eee ER CoRR ee ees ines eee
Germanyeeeegwicl Stee Rene ec eee | REEL ae be ieee eee are 71, 341
Sy OO oe Aa ORME SO eM ee oS) Ae rs Mat shee det al ele we 20, 675
Winited’States....;s2)55ceses teak hee ee Cee ene Hee ee pee 17, 423
ran CEM ee eke REE EE DERE Oe eee ee Ree Seabees 11, 544
Shrawilst...v eee ec ae eee Oe opie a 8 ee ot, dor he ve ee ane
LTA Sue ey OME 7 HART Lica nth a COC sa ie 92, 375
GEV Ty een I oe age Be ye eraas ie cee ter ee oe 13, 861
Wmited' States... 402 tite hie RP Oee Be eee meets 4, 760
Scartstewieot sae Seas tS ie ene ees Be Saree Sed ror mee epee meer aie ee eae aee
Salva Or ese tee soe coi ee he el i at le ge ee ee 7, 901
Germanyeeeeons. epee ene a eee een ee aerate 4, 067
SPAT Gee cee en ei ors Oe RE ieee eee pee eee MR yoda 3, 518
Umited"S tatess 8h. ei tna eae Roepe ig ye eet 2, 750
Blankets ices 22 rs ai acs ea epee ate Sp er terra open 2S Sc ee
UnitedeKanedom.c.22 22th knee eee eee ee mae oer 49, 542
Germanys s20\4.4> Seance: bee eee ene ert eit 39, 464
United! States +. 26:.ces- ie het ee eee en Le 9, 164
Cordage. Aene tee 2 ieee ek Ee ee ee eer eer pence a7 for) eee
UTILe AS ta teae os lotic ace ee ea ees cia nal 59, 982
United *Kangdom).c2 2022 eee eee: eee 2, 910
Bags foricoiiee Sie 2e 2 sn. 2 eee oe ere cee eee i oe ase) oe
United?Kinedomtteiee 22 i eee ee eee ieee eienite 77, 987
United: States¢2:s225.c24b ae sek eee ee eee 11, 565
Germany Arise oe ok Serr heer oie Ree een ier Ciao rare ee 7, 376
Bags for other uses.225..224h) 425-2822 be See eee eee cece eee ee
United ingedom=2¢ mee eee ee rere eee eee eee 12, 910
United: Statessc.s 42-52 ce keke tee ae Peeks ome aie 12, 685
Wire, smoothed) oo eet ee ee eine ee eee
United: Statesi..i.cccashne saa eae eee eee eee 49, 504
Germany so! 08 Ney ce Rea ale Oo Ea ee ae eee 3, 131
Colones.
161, 125
32, 709
18, 674
105, 913
19, 029
19, 024
132, 077
114, 086
19, 379
106, 331
63, 352
100, 674
31, 360
54, 734
COMMERCE OF COSTA RICA FOR 1913. 815
Colones. Colenss.
AWA elon COM ty Semen et Narciso ae fala Si a RR a Coe 97, 102
WmitediStatess. acess ees eee ee ie meee 93, 772
Tar ware Gees opt oreo ee cay cy Een hs aren ee sya pee en eT eon 187, 026
WitedsS tates Ss. re: 2. 520 oe oo ee Me A RS Oe ee 131, 746
Ger A TD yp sess. ahah Alans MAL act eal ca cel Saul lm 21 33, 990
Unitedskanrdomes as 5 95.325 als Jone ae ae ee 18, 742
Toolse-oss 3835-2 SRE See te oe eee Ra er RANE CRI nee ele Te od) 167, 563
WimiteduS tates vnse secs a yes eda, oe eae 117, 815
inte da Kamm d oma y=) /s he Sere Ge te ke yates Nude ee 30, 669
Germany pesos yaa Vara ear teal, lt ee, SC ve ee 16, 837
oT GUO yess se Ce me ee gare eat ca i Vack cre 2 oY Rene co 253, 660
United iStates=-2espesscane = sess asa mns Soke eeu 20D CGS oe me
United himnedomree: speck a ete ea vo ae ek ae: 30, 046
Gerimaiy7 te ise ese cot ry er tn te Ahem eT Csi. Behl 17, 666
IN GUISIAMGUSCRE WS pe iste oar Fa hep se eyelets ees vehiavess, shea ae 116, 308
(Winitedi Statesmen sec ta peat ian <p eernnenee eM LS Sede alec 66, 142
(Winited bane do miss tyes ye ree a ot Ihe 8, 202
IESG © =p fete asco aoe re en etapa ate seete Sh 4, 256
SS ERUC HUTA MTOM cece eke eas ey ey ots yen Sh etre as ase ayes) Me BG 625, 108
Winited (States ses ete ase eee atone weve oekiae ey LOOISTD
WnrtediKinadomis acca. sae 2st dela he 252, 598
Germany see cert state ete ite aerate eialateh a yaya ec ee 92, 498
Houscuoldvutenstlawinomers Arr eee tl sais ae eves --.- - 100, 158
Germany tere ck oot ae el» te NE 022 ES sect es 62, 577
Wintec ein pd oe 52s art ats a ey em arash oe oe 26, 384
WMitedaStateseeas shi coe Seis See pcre teeter he oy en ai 7, 509
Other-manuficturestoh irons s-sse eons ae eer eee ee 77, 694
WinitedyS tatesnsnsn sae cekreee ici pment tre eee Sage 38, 993
United eine dom: 2.522 oS ee rene Seen eae rene 18,571 ©
Germany es. cos 56s aes ee ae ce ee Se 15, 833
Tewelnys Umtta Gomes sats ces oe ee ot ee ee ae ent eee CARE ew 33, 293
Wnited eS tates seat ek a ea el oer retention at 18, 631
(CPE arUOTEN Oh ee nant ete Cop de ELLA Teron PICT SE SAC, ah CAMA ae 12, 412
UGE) Uni 40) CLS pte SRA ree ee eer ete abner cine 3c a. snie Mee See oa eee eee? 56, 318
Germanys se oh ona. Meee ee bea ee eee et 42, 220
RANG CBr 58 oth eho ra oe Re oDS ote reed ooh a al la Rea a ee 5, 407
WimitedpKane dometse se Sees ease wae it se aah Phd oe 3, 103
Ce Leseee sateen en Mite see) ee Oe Ras ema Penn oO wen Ce cS 52, 376
United tatesyees cm eens eee ees em eee ee A 29, 995
Wintted sktnpdo mie? cote mena eyes eR ye 14, 662
GOTTA Ar acts sae nee este ee see awe ate 2 eae ik Be 7,123
Candles. ...-..-. Sees, eR ee ee (a RS Senha cies Daya a eee 53, 928
United skanp domerernnys: sete eters tae ea ee ee 31, 019
GOR IIIA Teena ee oe) teenies eae ees ere tetris sptbe ae sal satel fe 16, 613
Rubber snanwtactureds 22.5 2a. aes Ae a I eee 39, 892
Wmited Statese sean 6 os ae ess ail ey ae 22, 660
Germeamiyy scraecs ee see Ao Ee ape eae a 9,606
Cement ceteris aa cts Ste to's mica Gia cha ole oe nee hee ena ee 183,.385
COTES 0012 01/5 oe aes a Uae TR Pee RL Ue Pa erie ye oe A 106, 764
WMIteG RS tates tse ete s Bas 2 2 ese ets Se pe ee se eager 47, 685
Belowumes | esate es. ihe Seu ee ee eee 14, 093
Han Ce mae eee ee ee ee ee ee 9, 289
816 |THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Besict 3 acess Colones.
GRIDS WATC see oe rel el reas eee reac.) seas aac ere Sia yen ee rr ee
Germany gases sits oo a.2pssere oe atti Ae cere eee eee 19, 185
Ue UML CON OUALOS a8 8 om Sty ees eee eee eee aoe eee 10, 820
Hrancesen eet oo sae aes 2 Seb Ave hei By Ong BA DARN eo eed 3, 737
Chimaware seete. SS Ue ase eRe ae ee SP Se MAI Del a LNs is ateg RE
Germanys. oe oe hoc ey Nera Sears Soe iio eer eee 50, 100
ipo. onited Kinrdom gsc) tans s a errseree Ce ert ee eee ees 20, 695
United States. s-scna se aN Can ee eye en ey een aL 7, 047
Glass. sho ae Gea ee ese Re WE eee eRe RMB ERLE tout Los f
Germ ema yee eae ce sh eee eee op Head a EE 15, 500
PCCABPLEL ALE 2210 MT SLI Ui cr arse eae Men ae al mB a ee Pe PLD A Rhee 13, 904
Brushes. ee ese Godin a Sa a uae rence eee ene ey ee a
Germ ATi re oe I Ss elon renee et ey ore ae ey ae 9, 507
WnitedyStatess. 222s oases Ae ee See a eee 8, 019
END EWAN GYe Aah Ta cata Vuh eed Yet ce ae tatty Atel bee RN A a cr 2,970
OAD), MINE Suh Seis ee Soe ate cea ere a a ee ree eae
Wmited (States ee ese pe ea ee A eg 8, 480
STAM COS Ses ee ce is ean Sy eet rel ere acy ee ae ag ete 3, 935
fu imited Akimed ome oe) oy See A Ns soe eet Sere pees ages a 3, 414
SOA, COMMON es eee ao care sce) 2G amy toa eee Cee ee Sees
United (Mingd one 72008, ces a Ne aes a ee ee 27, 813
Wnited States es ae PLL Sy US eee oy pene ne ea a 10, 213
1S RONG eR) Rl ne RRO eM San ME SOIR Ret eA SA Ar AY as 32 oy 4m ce 2
(GeTisVATNy Seer 2 SR OS Wa Oe not aed I Sy ee 53, 257
1 Si ath OW exala) sc: Coy ey Repairwear Ueno cis oneal Sey een ara 8 uni aD 6, 431
Wnitedgkime dona: Ye Nees yet ae SN a eae cee ae Se 4, 878
PELL OC SCALES Sn acne te Dae) yo ee eee they I ny ee eee 4, 482
INOLLONIS 12S ce ech Shears Gate Waco ae ale Se an as
Geri ATi set NS Soe les 28) 28 Se cena a ER Ee eee sea . 70,434
Wnited estates) ess: 28 Rayne as et, Ao eee ar eae 32, 539
TON CO waiic soa h Seis BORON Se Oa Sa TS Se ee 23, 114
Wnitedskongd om sees ose as Jes see oe, Ton ey eee see 10, 668
Burniture sa ee oe Ses OUR ek Ree Nn Sake a ee
FUimited? States!) ose t ans Je Ae) Ce ae ee ne ae 76, 300
Germany seas 62 Sei as BS eS Ra nse eae ne oe Ser 21, 795
Wnitedwiinedomied 22 Jao e a Uk ah he Ae wena) ad eee ae 19, 929
ram COM ee eed oie tere Seige See Bl ue ciel As ee oneal 8, 845
atimibrellasvand parasol sss. eae ae = Sees ea eee eee
WAU ie OR eal BU Ba) ON a 27, 283
Gr Ta ee sig INS Ie con ahah Des er ee Ag a 20, 062
United pKa Od OMNI H ss.5 5 Wee eis sori eee ees OE Eee 10, 567
ieee refelit 528 ata eae ra) Ae ere eae eee rt ee
ve Neotel y, aE Roh RE, SR EI ase ig Rai ges ane ae _ 25, 606
Umited States. oes sae er ae rental eet ee na eee 13, 010
Hats, straw, 53,229 colones; palma, 29,021 colones; and Pan-
“" ‘Ama, 28,553 colones. The straw hats were from Italy, Ger-
many, and the United Kingdom; palma, from Salvador and
Guatemala; and the Panama hats from Ecuador.
aes pupples: cs. 23 SSR. 22S ae ol mw ae Seana ae la ee a
United@Statess: 2.) gees Soo ho an a Saree eu ee tae ea 30, 803
Geer ati Ses Si a se oe ee eae ae Lee eee Ee 7, 966
Photographérs} supplies. 19.0 32-42 25 eae ee eee
Umiteae States: i8 oo ae S iis eS Seo ete ee te eee 22, 536
Mtalhys oo es I ee ee re ee 3, 880
1S (2106 See eR ee Re A oid ES Aen er iy cs S 2,173
GORI AINY es Fee wd 2 yee on IN tle oI ee ae ea ee eI ee 2, 014
Colones.
36, 926
82, 461
38, 771
24, 154
18, 156
41, 794
70, 516
14663100
130, 018
65, 217
48, 045
42,157
31, 466
BUSTA Rite |
COMMERCE-1913 °~
TOTAL $19,211,049.67
IMPORTS DPISORIS =.
$8,778,496.80 _— $10,432,552.87
$ 5,297, 146.287 i
‘| omuTRaL Yj Y Y .
a Yn
sense |
260,363 51 (OL HER COUNTRIES
A
FRANCE
$96,664.90
|
$4, 364,435.98
FAN AMER/CAN UN/ON
818 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
BS Oks Molaro he shove css Sieh ey Sete eee Veneer epee ee amy
United States..-.........-.-.--- eee Me gy SA eee eps
GerMaR ye sce ei Sei Sc cit ake eee RE nae ped re
United Kingdom j25)0 se Sea ee eset ee eee
Books) printed sca ae... ics hee a eee
Winitedt Sta tesecs 2 scl) ag IN te Slee yet Nc eda
AEG) 0) oY eT O04 Oe) ge Pe eam ee eds Sie Nee hae Se alae soe
United States
United States
Envelopes
Practically all from the United States.
Automobiles and accessories for same
Carts and parts for same
United Statesis: ces eh ane ge ee eae Spee Line
Railway cars
Tramway cars
Practically all the railway and tramway cars were from
the United States.
Cash registers nese shia eee epsicnet inc tae ane age mg det cot,
Nearly all from the United States.
Steam boilers ce ey eee eee ee or woes ter Poe a a en oe
Cinematographs and accessories
United: States: 422.2 peeeis er aon ee ec ee aera Lee
Phonographs and parts for same
United States
Colones.
- Colones.
52, 666
20, 310
41, 236
85, 330
27, 703
20, 354
40, 549
79, 021
23, 150
57, 518
105, 346
33, 263
40, 497
11, 252
23, 423
22, 229
26, 215
25, 783
24, 528
COMMERCE OF COSTA RICA FOR 1913.
Colones.
Printing presses and parts for same..............-.-.1.2:222-2--dsenee2*
UGE Ree oie Me lon yy cece or oe a an a RED ao ate Sh 30, 783
Wine duS tates eas ws os ee ale en A aR ag, ee a 28, 268
Scientitic instruments: 2. asia: ese a ee ol) a ee ee
WTR tates ne siaccrsicscrs eee oh Osha, eo es ee ee 7, 851
Unitedekanedomyss. 22.5.3 2 on hs ct ae eee 4, 391
Germlamnyaee i. sisi Nike oem eu SIN a. ete eee 3, 073
RTOS Beet espe ecto selec jae a ease lag bee a VSS Oo als ec
WnitedeS tatestaesaee octet ces Nena Ce ae 24, 994
Othermusicalemstruments a5. gense2 Soo. AL es See eee
SORT oe SE ce etals Shot Oe ane eee ane aes eR Eerste 5, 493
Germanyre en tase sees sashes cere tn iia 8 Lon ET ee 4, 682
WimitedsS tatesssee seat ese e rye ah or ee Le 2, 690
MoTICH turalpmachimenyascs 4s sGs ae ese eo oe eect (eee
Winitedt Statese: icc eecen = See tene see Aion a aaa cis cess 12, 199
Wanitedakansd omer, ete seer eens race 2, 445
Sawantll sees acct ane OR, Sia aes. a eee Remar th wns 0c ee ea
(WinttedeStatess cee sacra eic ease eae ama eee so ak 50, 680
Coffeermachinery. csis5 cent ies a nec ye ele aes oe eS Sf
Wnitedwkoned omer a eee ee eel cee acer eee cs 55, 489
Wimite da States ect cee a ey ee ee eae cece PRI 8 Sek 16, 553
Sewing mMachimestansse scene ee reer tl oe ce ep eye a cee 2S eo eR
WiaitediStates.osss0 oo oa ee eee eee ae eet 108, 935
SPSYAPC WHT CO TS |p oe aia acta spetinnty Soto se See pes nada a Soe la sh cha eee
WmitedtStatest eet. seassn soe gS NSiA. core ET ys tte 29, 866
SUPA MA CIIMOT Ye oo 52 oii pap (slate Nie cs ee eee ocr ite Opec eye Sichens ta een
Germaine ese tose tgs le Se Se cet ias oa ie ae ik st 33, 986
Wintite dg Kom odlom Gees ois sever esc ote eee re 20, 850
Mining Machinery sso. fos ahr Wien eee eae Syma ee yey ye ers = BO
WinitedUStatesseses 2a 5 uel hee tpt ee ee Ce a age 176, 584
(WmateceKeimed ome fei 2) Rice ae 2 Cae ge at eee ese 10, 649
Goren rate See ig ke Lae eal eae ai eh Secale a eg ie ate WN 2 OO
Wmitede States ey ecco See Pe ag ee ge ee Re nes 32, 854
Unitedtikanedom 722s a.,8 se see see ee tee rye eee 5, 244
Machinerytor other industries). ee ee ore ecie oe ee e
WinitedUStatesse esate ce se eet ere nen ny ke Sc 132, 852
United Kim odometer eee sao er nets ce ee eae 2 28, 126
IEGHORW ONES ote H Sapttcine SEE Gata Siam SEIS Bia re ear a Iie nA 15, 306
Germany iets saene aelsceecnrt aoe pee ere ra ee A Ae Se Ss is 9, 261
IEG COR Eek tee ama Sten depen rainestta, Aaa, Ente ge (eet ble 8, 849
Wrastchesyanduclocksi staan pee eels ae eee A a tt 22 Joh i
WinitedsS tatesserni seer exci Werte roe puuny. Le ey yee al le 14, 640
Germamye meses nee eee nee tat G82 aio eet ee ae ae 12, 491
enttliZens’ see eee Saw e thee tas ee 2 he eae
Germany sees ese este stirn aa cl ers spent ope Note hate 63, 056
(WinttedsS tates tes ees a Se a hs A Ee a Site eae 17, 040
Gasoline eer ae a re a Sas re ee ee
Giro] CUM ete a ie i asia eis Sees cop clase be a weuimentesecue ere eee
Practically all the gasoline and petroleum was from the
United States.
819
Colones.
60, 888
19, 204
37, 965
16, 235
14, 875
59, 909
72, 174
111, 723
31, 531
56, 946
190, 867
40, 643
195, 417
33, 160
85, 556
58, 345
48, 175
820 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Colones.
Blectricalmaterialvew--"-e-- 2 vole Se Ut a ant, LaLa eee
Umiteds Statens 2 ers k ae 0k tah Ute ap eaten HUD pepeee ye Aes 229, 895
LC (hI EY 08 ase geal Oa ao Ee ee PES A see tel ats a eivctaic ae 35, 280
Ratlliwany sr ental 7d) jes, as t)e eco ea eee i ee
Wimiited States? >: 22 teks lun waa arabe a We Cae acon aga hees 492, 939
Geerimanye cite o se Ae we 2s cioeh NNN Ate Seah 5 Wed Nor ay aege 73, 494
18 2) 21100 01 ice tes est ai nee ene Se Rs hate eyes 13, 136
(hramiway; matenta lems e eee eee BSI Strayer ites EVs Se BEN na A Mea es ep anny ere a
United States tt 222 51440 ace (ha acaik We tial aati AP Rae ee 35, 303
German yiiii 22/6 Sele et ee ity eS ae & he es 12, 854
Minis “materiale cs fl i oece thietoed vs edhe ect tg hk ta ah ty UR ne
UmitedbStates’ 2202 fiero eet deceit een ne ane 90, 596
Unitedtiingdom.ceisttenii cae eens me be ee nee 8, 297
Sewerage matertal foe 22/5 wrtatebcsa wah yee ieee vane a wes Gl ae
GeePina nye: BF lire SS eel a sre es etR pat he a SM) Gop 11, 546
United States te foeacs sch cee cee ea NY eee. Bera 4, 504
Shoemakerss sup ples sss hehe se oe ee tele Ay ee
GETETATN Ys seis atele SS is fotie Vente ep ate Ce Ea yn eed Ee 10, 819
Waited Kinedom sas.) tee eta ey phic ep pe ey re ees 6, 499
Write dS fates seehakicrys Nise ees bien ean ah oeat Pose gered ue ali 5,596
Material forother mmd@ustries = 345-5. <22shar ee eae ee
Wanted’ States hese. 1+: eee eine ee opie ce aetome nals 73, 233
Ger T ye TREN sels shoe ie ss mee gis eae 7 a gee 35, 298
Building taateriall ease aaa eee eee rey pean tee eee
Wimite diSita teas .<Gicts ial vs tie ite heteeen ete geen poet tlie 74, 390
Germany cea, Vos Pisa Bi FF ence Ie recta ake rat atch ne 4, 092
United iKunedomie. 2s seen eek ee ae oe eee 3, 537
AGMA CTs Oe IE sso ee etic tetera Sek EIR oh ch ee eh de
Practically all from the United States.
Eharmaceuticalsproductsees--224-255-22-2 65s e-- ee ois SA
Windte cs Statens eee Se RNa bs aaa Sede he See eae 208, 646
NPAC Cos ARR Ree ork Ae aera Ae: Sr Ric a Oe Ane ye ee 67, 652
Unitedthimodomi ets ina: ie sad ee es el urea 64, 617
Germany cee sso he nk eee a ee ae ae ee eRe eee Seale 62, 182
AU COMO SPs eRe oe SOME NE BAT its 2 oe oe pa a a te
All from Cuba.
Shoe blaclema sae By Ata tk he dels a ean ee Berane le heh a A
Germany iiss. 20 eee ee bs see eee Ee ee ee eee 19, 916
aan eae S ta Gea ERs seis hy Bie 18 Se A eh a em RIG ae 8 BG 2,724
Hesencestandiextracta sav. 2955-262 ads swe CASS tent eee eee eee
Wmited-Statesie. 22s cee ss sora Beem eile i a eee 7,478
Germanys 323.75. 2 6 Jae see: ee eee eee eee ae 5, 282
RET COS We Rae RU ec) cy cath al a De Spc Sea llc 2,133
Mat@hess:egen ees dns oie ce Be ae We Ae pen teere tea ents led tal atiaeey pelae
Gre rma ny 0 ik a, TS SMAI ad Seta Se Ae a eh 52, 787
Perfumery 33-9534 o\.eio se ne 2 witok no's ene wae ae met ek Sr a
PAIN Os 2) ay egies cy Sek Sain elec Uae ew 58, 129
Germany a2 fc eden = spate Wiha re Ih elas een ae a 26, 684
United 'States=2 2 2 Be i, a Se Nhe Lelia 12, 763
Paints. 320232 205 Sas el i a de ry
United States, 222k aie cacti lace Stal ies Se ee at Rv a 51, 261
United “Kone dois) 5s ek a et ee ee 46, 425
Colones.
271, 475
583, 373
48, 981
99, 291
16, 194
31, 613
141, 195
82, 904
336, 082
421, 078
88, 096
23, 658
16, 405
54, 930
101, 351
103, 869
COMMERCE OF COSTA RICA FOR 1913. 891
Colones. Colones.
MODAC COs Bee A es ie ee ees ool ARO SiN aie Uae eae da 366, 172
Das en ig heecern se AE pee een vee neg ane mays RRC Sh Mien ty ele 115, 194
Colones.
WmigedsStatesss were san oe oe Ee aur) SmI
Manutac tuned rs ajc ce ei ees a Scie dae oe eee 152. 835
(UnitedtKkang domia-e see sete nan ane ae ee 65, 926
CU aoe fe cele SE ee re Se enh Ee 47, 825
WmitedtStatessen css .sen se nto aes Sea 22, 166
CutismolcineatobaccOns Meee isc cases Soe cee ae see ese 4, 906
Wintted' Statestas.- et assosee a. 24 Hiss tee ee 2, 162
WimitedsKangedomesensas mee cee esc eee 1, 588
eat tobaceos seen esate ee A ee Oe y= eh 98, 088
Salkvadormenscnts sect wer er mre cere arene 61, 088
(Umited’Statest: 20 A See et ee 27, 365
Iive animals.—According to the report of the director general of statistics, the
imports of live animals in 1913 amounted to 694,768 colones, of which 619,220 colones
were from Nicaragua; 46,902 colones from the United States; and 15,152 colones from
Spain. The imports from the United States were principally mules, and from Spain
horses. From Nicaragua the imports were 10,091 head of beef cattle, worth 555,005
colones; 385 mules, worth 38,500 colones; 467 cows, worth 21,015 colones; and 65
horses, worth 3,250 colones. The import of beef cattle from Nicaragua in 1912 was
10,128 head; in 1911, 14,255 head; in 1910, 23,015 head; and in 1909, 13,484.
IMPORTS BY CUSTOM HOUSES.
1912 1913
Colones. Colones.
IGITIVOIN Sees ese ee ee SR cat noe sere Aes Se Oe Pe cee Ee RTS, Be .| 14,114, 565. 70 14, 020, 343. 30
ME( bbe ee) Cel ats ee oe a es ee ae Sa a Tol A en Sa Neen oats OS ee 2,675, 970. 00 2,459, 196.15
Postalpackages Socc=csriee ae cre eaten eee Ee oe oe eee Se eS Ic 1, 200, 095. 21 1,322, 583. 52
Imiportsibyathe fromtieszof Nicaracias = see eee ann eee ae Ohh eine 6,316. 00 255, 556. 80
Hiyelanimials|onioo tro ma Na corey OU csp eee eee ere ene 561, 675. 00 619, 220. 00
COL e he ia Sse aise SIE Ceres ST a ai PE ese Byte Ce ae se EE 3, 117,306. 50 753. 00
Diao ocetcnodeoaus as aaa aa eCeerdaod ao te aSenoaeHa tanec aneete 21, 675, 928. 41 18, 677, 652. 77
Wel Tin IOmMOel SAWS GIlele cose os secouseoscocune vscuescevosterouee $10, 187, 686.35 $8, 778, 496. 80
POSTAL PACKAGE IMPORTS.
GRIN AI YE ere hae en A ae OE RIG ree Ee Get ee 422, 017. 20 458, 366. 07
UnitediStatesees-eee eer aiee saree on erae NS ao ees LS aa eer 300, 157. 80 301, 517.95
IEPA. CO. Esp een apese. eh a ap <i He Erm ie ee en Bil a SIE aan aL, SU Jhes Wine 233, 650. 11 253, 880. 59
United Kingdom........ Se Se eB Ae aCe S RUS UE One = Bn maWae aa ato Set ete 139, 934. 00 156, 662. 49
TE Ly Peg Sen Se se oe Ne yr) NU IW Ne Same aes cad SA Ore NO Se a 66, 693. 23 80, 967. 28
Ballard Osea eens ne po eee eee es UN ay ene eRe ete UREN he aan 8 10, 166. 38. 6,186. 77
Belsiuimess sees SA Me nere ode qed eS SHON ai es ARCO SES MEL ae 25, 207. 16 6,052.15
(Honduras sete ee Se eae aaa ep nears NG 5 dh Sag rita eh 2k SI Se ra Sev 5, 922. 28
Giatem alles ee ieee eae sore ee nee te a en ao ea oo ee NI He eee are 1, 428. 24
MIE CON ere ae ae Re eeter eae en ero a Ory ny 7) 2 SLE IRS Re ne 2, 269. 33 1,356. 65
ENING BYU ESS ral a se ae oe NI co NRO) Eyed a EEN: Hist Dc Ce ET RTC SS 263.05
EO ball ers cae eye eee 8 ee eh reese Sed Parlin as Gunz Mere 1, 200, 095. 21 1, 322, 583. 52
822 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
EXPORTS.
The exports by countries for the last five years were as follows:
Countries. 1909 1910 1911 1912 | 1913
United States......... $4,853, 991.16 | $5,097,348.34 | $4,973, 473.26 | $5,025,694.49 | $5, 297, 146. 28
United Kingdom...... 2,976, 596.95 | 2,989, 463.67 | 3,586,938.95 | 4' 193,035.91 4) 364, 435.98
Germany aoe ene 168) 478.55 277,841.91 304) 124.31 559, 566. 49 509, 804. 30
France....... Bers tees 118, 558. 91 38, 367.51 60,906. 14 131, 682. 72 96, 664.90
Spanish Americal. .... 129) 380. 66 38, 029. 58 39,341.35 69, 256. 38 60,363.51
CenitralvAmerica scan £) Sunk PANE | Mice RRA aR 47,971.96 47, 871.96 39, 033. 03
Other countries........ 17, 267. 33 23, 359. 94 7,393. 79 43, 936. 07 65, 104. 87
eo taleese nec ween 8, 264,173.56 | 8, 464,410.95 | 9,020,149.76 | 10,071,144.02 | 10, 432, 552. $7
1 In 1909 and 1910 included in ‘‘other countries.’’ The term ‘‘Spanish America’’ as used in this report
embraces Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Peru.
The exports for 1911, 1912, and 1913 are classified in five groups, as follows:
| i
1911 1912 1913
Colones. Colones. Colones.
IB ESVAVSNa FUSER Raa Olena ede elena Nie yee ta a unt ee in Ba, 9,309,586 | 7,623,561 | 11,170,812
Cofiee so ean eee ee DNS 6, 109, 542 | 10,647,702 | 7, 752, 750
Gold and silver in bars 2,917,372 1,625, 117 1, 827, 553
I LOO 0 IST ae te LE et Ate eA i ely ae eA GEA RG eae Peveenie ahSe Keo 193, 732 265, 483 304, 003
NEISCOHAN COLUSA A Aiew eta AN Ci erty cee ERLE iE caacas Wiee 1,061,576 | 1,266,103 | 1,141,803
4 Wolds) PSR ae eee Beh anes Oe Rees ce el Ieee tues Reap ays ie eens ai 19,191,808 | 21,427,966 | 22,196,921
Bananas.—The export of bananas for 1909 was 9,365,690 colones, ana for 1910,
9,097,285 colones. In 1913 the export to the United States was 8,354,722 colones; to
the United Kingdom, 2,763,111 colones, and to the Netherlands, 52,979 colones. In
1912 the export to the United States was 7,984,616 colones, and to the United Kingdom,
2,661,386 colones.
For statistical purposes the value of the banana is estimated at 1 colon (47 cents)
per bunch, so that the figures given in colones represent at the same time the number
of bunches exported.
Coffee.—The exports of coffee for the last five years were:
Gross
Year. weight. | Value.
Kilos. Colones.
10 1 ea ane Re TR ede RRR UNO ee eI ie ie os nen ee COC RECOM DOSS 12, 030, 104 5, 677, 146
AOL see ea nee as be 2c seiet Mne Sth te A Ce ee Be nes aes ea eo 14,396,926 | 5,916,181
BOUTS se ees oS PEE nes a och ote chen Shore ie aieie CTE ore oe eee Pe ie ace eeeetee 12, 641, 156 6, 109, 542
1 REE rea ea ten NY Gn, Soe REAR RES oa Gor Sa seE ene Cr econ coe aS 12, 237, 875 7,623, 551
1 eS ee ed are AC ON ere Nts ARES E IS il SOAs A ER cam RET INS 13, 019, 059 7, 752, 750
Coffee was exported in 1912 and 1913 to the following countries:
: In parch-
Countries. Clean. ee Total.
1oT2. Kilos. Kilos. Kilos.
Unitedcingdom eee ost cee eee eer a aoe eee Ree Leer eee 4,790,891 | 4,868, 464 9, 659, 355
(eC Su itt cy eae OE ea ORR EA ills Ge MAB ee Wiser SB Rasa 498,372 952, 800 1, 451,172
UnitedStatesie2s-jcsosis se cei Sa oe eee cee Se ee ee eee eens 653, 730 41,911 695, 641
BYanCes eco isaacle genet soni ae eee Eee eect pee REE ena SHALE PAD) IS sccessconsc 371, 720
Other countries.....-.....-- Ene TOSCO EEA ar Aneta ae baDouarsoacen 9, 887 50, 100 59, 987
MO baM eee oe ee os Ns I Da ss ata ean ERE ere | 6,324,600 | 5,913,275 | 12, 237,875
United Kingdom 6,318,355 | 4,325,221 | 10,643,576
Germany. 2250) aces eee a seca eee 672,070 498, 689 1,170, 759
NTATICS Te. a ee ES ae een ta ae BSG5S64 eS tae aces 336, 364
Wnited Sta tegen is cota Sera reita i ne Oe Deets mn eld ea _..-| 681,684 55, 804 737, 488
Spanish America | BMGs) lsasadocdesss 36, 383
Otherjcountries see Se eee ee eee eee | 86, 989 7,500 94, 489
MPO tal iso. Se UU ahl 5 mak ee AON ee TE | 8,131,845 | 4,887,214 | 13,019, 059
COMMERCE OF COSTA RICA FOR 1913. 823
Woods.—The principal woods exported in 1913 were: Cedar, 8,069 metric tons;
mahogany, 493 metric tons; and cocobolo, 282 metric tons.
Miscellaneous.—The principal articles included under this head, with export values
for the last five years were:
1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Colones. | Colones. | Colones. | Colones. | Colones.
IETS AEG NL ST om ate ee A RS 244,742 | 269,719 | 188,542 | 251,073 | 285, 770
RUD Der ee eee ae eh oes ks | RUA REIC CRE Ws Fee 154,314 | 219,957 | 180,784 | 200,825 | 95,661
OUYCN IAT Seats ae Re ee ORR AL Sie em OME OPE 119,926 | 88,556} 185,806 | 182,988 | 225,879
Mortolse\sheleene sete eich a Nhe es SURE 21,390} 18,512] 17,344] 18,912] 19,100
Bearlishclletns nthe ew Se LONG ae hu oat bros 34,458 | 46,878 | 17,372| 16,720| 17,701
eet hides and skins, cattle hides formed the great bulk, with few deer and alligator
skins.
Exports by ports.
1912 1913
: Colones. Colones.
IB UTC Soop sabgsoceunSecesousouse couaaSd cosa SouabuESc Hou be qouSsSeesESaeS 20, 183, 405 20, 933, 614
LETTE NEIGH SL Goossnes cc oqebnbocaapases aqos Hand sau anne oneseeasoee spAeoeas 1, 244,561 1, 263, 307
ANNEAL ose dapa cook ec abo seaencoomesconsaceneassas angeecomaseensnooas 21, 427, 966 22,196, 921
Waluelinv@nited)s tatesigol daa eee nes ae arene ee eee eae ee eee $10, 071,144.02 | $10, 432, 552. 87
~~~ 5
4 — = Amana uyiplice
EINED) i wees tae ie
SSS (Rony. 2S ees — “
ce SN Puthenudshwittnhsoetee ——T SRE oa Re
" Wi, tf Lae, = =
WAG heath ccna thaabh mide lid, (H
A, Ss RNG ER ro] SN
fy) INZA WAS RS
August 31, 1914, according to data compiled by the Bureau of
Municipal Statistics the city of BUENCS AIRES contained 41,191
business establishments, 29,848 of which are commercial concerns
and 11,343 industrial enterprises with a combined capital of 2,572,-
976,411 pesos (paper), of which 2,009,927,060 represent the tenth
of commercial houses, and 563,049,351 that of industrial institutions.
The employees of the commana houses numbered 151,504 persons
and those of the industrial establishments 132,272
of the navy of the Argentine Government has rendered a decision
limiting the use of WIRELESS telegraphy in waters under the juris-
diction of the Argentine Government to calls for help and answers
to such calls. In order that perfect neutrality may be observed,
vessels of all nations are required to temporarily render their wireless
installations unfit for service immediately on entering Argentine
waters. The Government of Mexico has presented to the Govern-
ment of the Argentine Republic a tablet or plaque with the word
‘‘Pax”’ engraved in the center, and bearing an inscription in Spanish,
a translation of which is as follows: ‘‘To His Excellency Dr. José
Luis Murature, minister of foreign relations and worship of the
Argentine Republic. Remembrance of the mediation of the A. B. C.
in the conflict between Mexico and the United States of America,
The confidential agent of Mexico, ex-minister of foreign relations,
R. Esteva Ruiz.” On September 12 last the unveiling of the
MONUMENT erected by the Argentine Government to Dr. Carlos
Pellegrini, one time President of the Republic, took place with appro-
pliate ceremonies. The monument stands in a small park at the
juncture of Alvear and Arroyo Streets.—The NATIONAL STOCK
FAIR, held at Palermo in the city of Buenos Aires during the latter
part of August of the present year, was one of the most interesting
and successful stock expositions ever held in the country——A
recent executive decree authorizes the department of agriculture
to grant concessions for the exploitation of Argentine FCRESTS
situated on the Andean slopes of the Territories of Neuquen, Rio
Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego. In future, timber
concessions will be made by the department of agriculture direct
in accordance with the rules and regulations established by the de-
partment for the exploitation of timber lands. A violation by the
concessionaire of the rules and regulations concerning timber grants
will work a forfeiture of the contract. The plantings of the
CEREALS, wheat, maize, flax, and oats, in the Argentine Republic
during the present year is conservatively estimated at 14,000,000
824
BOLIVIA. 825
hectares, calculated to produce 13,500,000 tons of grain, valued,
taking the prices of normal times as a basis, at 810,000,000 pesos
(paper), or about $350,000,000——The SANITARY WORKS
undertaken and projected by the Government up to December 31,
1913, in the different provinces of the Republic were estimated to
cost 63,636,486 pesos (paper). A recent CENSUS of Cordova
gives that Province a population of 732,727 inhabitants. The
city of Cordoba has a population of 134,901.
Sr. Don Ignacio Calderon, minister of Bolivia in Washington, has
kindly furnished the MontsHiy BULLETIN with information showing
that the Government of that country proposes to expend 2,412,296
bolivianos ($964,918) for public instruction in the Republic in 1914.
In Bolivia primary instruction is free and is made obligatory by law,
and every possible means is used to encourage a wider diffusion of
knowledge throughout the Republic, and especially among the
indigenous races. Wherever population and other conditions war-
rant, kindergartens are established and graded schools up to the
sixth grade are maintained. There are in operation in the common-
wealth 504 primary schools under the direction of the Federal Govern-
ment, 653 municipal schools, and 108 private schools, or a total of
1,265 primary schools in session in the country with an enrollment
of 58,865 pupils. In addition to these there are 16 academies, or
“‘colegios”’ as they are termed locally, in the Republic. Formerly each
Department had a university, but at the present time there are but
two universities in the country, namely, at La Paz and Chuquisaca.
Special instruction is given in the following schools: The normal
school at Sucre; the agricultural school at Altiplano; the national
Institute of Commerce at La Paz; the language school at Potosi; the
agronomic and veterinary school at Cochabamba; the mining schools
at Oruro and La Paz; the conservatory of music, drawing, and paint-
ing at La Paz; and the schools of arts and crafts at La Paz and Sucre,
the cutting and fitting school at Tarija, and the boarding school for
natives at Challapata. The Government maintains a number of
scholarships abroad, and great care is taken in selecting meritorious
students who agree, after completing their studies, to return to their
country and give at least five years of their services to the State. A
number of expert foreign instructors are employed in various insti-
tutions in the Republic, and the necessary furniture, scientific instru-
ments, material, etc., needed in these schools that can not be obtained
826 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
at home are imported. At Sucre, the capital of the Republic and
seat of the University of San Francisco de Xavier, there is a national
library which has received large donations of valuable books from
private individuals. An effort is being made at the present time to
consolidate this library with the General Archives of the Nation at
Sucre. Sr. Adolfo Ballivian, consul general of Bolivia at New
York, has compiled data showimg that in August, 1914, the shipments
of MERCHANDISE from New York to Bolivia consisted of 1,513
packages weighing 128,620 kilos, valued at $37,498.86, as compared
with 4,378 packages, weighing 400,642 kilos, valued at $68,638.08,
shipped in July of the same year. These shipments were made up
of machinery, hardware, cotton goods, drugs, and foodstuffs. Nearly
all of these commodities were imported through the ports of Antofa-
gasta, Chile, and Mollendo, Peru——The Board of Trade of Tarija,
Bolivia, advises the MontHLY BULLETIN of the election of the follow-
ing officers: Carlos Paz, president; Moisés Navajas, vice president;
Victor Navajas, treasurer; Eduardo J. Cérdova, secretary; Carlos
Schnorr, vocal; Juan Jofré and Zenén Colodro, alternates; and
Bernardo Rafia Trigo, attorney.
The COFFEE crop of Brazil for 1914 is estimated at 17,000,000
bags of 60 kilos each, or 1,020,000,000 kilos. As a number of the
great coffee-consuming countries of Europe are at present engaged
in war, a considerable quantity of this coffee, calculated approxi-
mately at 14,000,000 bags, will have to be temporarily stored until
transportation facilities become normal. The President of Brazil
has signed a decree declaring the NEUTRALITY of Brazil in the
HKuropean conflict——Gold remittances aboard the German steamer
Bliicher, amounting to £750,000, shipped from Buenos Aires and
Montevideo in August last, consigned to European banks, and which
was detained in Pernambuco, inasmuch as that vessel sought pro-
tection in Brazilian waters, has been reshipped on neutral vessels to
the original shipping points, £600,000 going to Buenos Aires and
£150,000 to Montevideo. An ARBITRATION convention has
been concluded between the Governments of Brazil and Paraguay
for a period of 10 years from the date of the exchange of ratifications.
At the expiration of that time, if neither of the high contracting
parties notify the other of its desire to terminate the convention,
then the convention remains in force for a period of one year there-
after, and so on successively until it is terminated by one of the
parties in interest.——A Noite, an important daily newspaper of Rio
CHILE. } 827
de Janeiro, is authority for the statement that a RURAL BANK is
soon to be organized in that metropolis by United States capitalists.
This bank is to deal chiefly with agriculturists and plantation owners,
and will make loans on coffee held in deposit. The ninety-second
anniversary of the INDEPENDENCE of Brazil from Portuguese
rule was celebrated with appropriate ceremonies in Rio de Janeiro
on September 7 last, one of the most notable features of the celebra-
tion being a military parade in Rio de Janeiro in which 10,000 soldiers
and sailors took part. The soldiers were reviewed by the President
of the Republic, accompanied by his cabinet, the diplomatic corps,
and a large number of distinguished persons. The opening session
of the NATIONAL CONGRESS OF HISTORY took place in Rio
de Janeiro on September 7, 1914, and remained in session until the
16th of the same month. Recent reports from the Federal capital
state that the exploitation of the COAL MINES of the Republic
continue with increased activity. Dr. Delfin Moreira has been
inaugurated GOVERNOR of the State of Minas Geraes, and Sr. Fe-
liciano Sodré governor of the State of Rio de Janeiro. An ARBI-
TRATION convention between Brazil and Uruguay has been pro-
mulgated. The Government of Brazil has assented to the order of
the Universal Postal Union providing for an exchange of letters and
parcels with the FIJI ISLANDS. The COMMERCIAL CON-
VENTION between Brazil and Italy has been extended until Decem-
ber 31, 1914——-The RAILWAY CONVENTION between Brazil
and Uruguay has been promulgated. The consumption of Chilean
NITRATE in Brazil has greatly increased during the last few years.
This fertilizer, which is used to a large extent on the coffee plantations
of the Republic, has hitherto been received from Hamburg. Steps are
being taken to import direct from Chile, and if adequate trans-
portation facilities and favorable freight rates can be obtained, it is
believed that there will be a large increase in the imports of nitrate
during the next few years.———The Government of Brazil has been
invited by the Government of Panama to participate in the erection
of a monument in the city of Panama in honor of VASCO NUNEZ
DE BALBOA, the discoverer of the Pacific Ocean.
gaa 5 casi
A@
NS x a05
During the first eight months of the present year the CUSTOM-
HOUSES of Chile have collected import and export duties, storage
charges, etc., amounting to 90,474,452 Chilean gold pesos, as com-
pared with 99,718,881 collected during the same period of 1913. The
$28 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
export duties during the period of 1914 referred to amounted to
52,630,466 gold pesos, as compared with 53,709,618 gold pesos during
the same period of 1913, while the imports for the first eight months
of 1914 aggregated 36,685,033 gold pesos, as compared with 44,708,314
gold pesos during the same period of 1913.——The municipality of
Santiago has requested bills for the PAVING of 20,000 square meters
of streets of the capital. The municipality of La Serena, Province of
Coquimbo, has been authorized by the Chilean Congress to contract,
under a guaranty of the Government, within a period of one year, a
LOAN of £36,000 or its equivalent in Chilean money, at a rate of
interest not to exceed 6 per cent per annum and an accumulative
amortization fund of not less than 1 nor more than 2 per cent per
annum. The proceeds of this loan are to be used in the following
manner: 82 per cent for street pavement and sidewalks, 134 per cent
for the completion of the municipal theater, and 44 per cent for repairs
and. improvements in the market building. An appropriation of
16,000 gold pesos has been made to defray the expenses of casting,
transporting, and setting up the SCULPTURAL GROUP which
the Government of Chile will present to the Peace Palace at The
Hague. President Barros Luco has been authorized by Coneress
to contribute 13,250 gold pesos toward the erection of a MONUMENT
in Panama in honor of Vasco Nifiez de Balboa, the discoverer of the
Pacific Ocean.— Recent rules and regulations of the Arica to La
Paz Railway entitles first-class passengers to free transportation of
50 kilos of BAGGAGE and second-class passengers to 25 kilos.
The senate of the Chilean Congress has passed a bill authorizing the
contracting of a loan for the improvement of the HARBOR OF
ANTOFAGASTA, one of the shipping centers of the nitrate and
copper industry. The Maritime League, an organization with
headquarters in Valparaiso interested in the development of Chilean
commerce, has petitioned Congress to enact a law authorizing the
payment of bounties or the granting of subsidies to the owners of
merchant vessels built to engage in the COASTWISE TRADE of
the Republic or which extend their operations to foreign countries.
The league also recommends that the proposed contract between the
Government of Chile and the South American Steamship Co. for a
loan, guaranteed by the Government, of £2,500,000, be used in
acquiring ships for the establishment and maintenance of a line of
vessels between Chile and ports of the United States and Europe.
The senate has passed a bill authorizing the President of Chile to
expend up to 2,300,000 pesos in the construction of a RAILWAY
between Paine and Talagante. The same bill empowers the Chief
Executive to invest up to 1,500,000 pesos in the construction and
repair of roads and in the building of bridges and culverts. The
consul general of Chile in Italy has informed the minister of foreign
COLOMBIA. 829
relations of the Chilean Government that a group of Italian capital-
ists has been considering a plan for the purchase and exploitatio. of
Chilean FORESTS for industrial purposes. Investigations are being
made of the transportation facilities, lay of the land in the wooded
zone of the country, and the conditions required by the Government
of Chile for the making of a contract.——Funds to the amount of
53,530 pesos have been provided for additional expenditures in fur-
nishing a supply of POTABLE WATER to the cities of Talca and
Tquique.
Dr. Daniel J. Reyes has been appointed MINISTER OF FINANCE
to take the place of Dr. Bernardo Escobar, resigned.——Congress has
passed the bill amending the constitution so as to provide for the
reestablishment of the COUNCIL OF STATE. This council is to be
composed of seven members, namely, the first designate or vice-
president, chairman, and seven members appointed in accordance
with the law of September 10, 1914. According to data published
in the Bulletin of Statistics of the Department of Antioquia, the total
value of REAL PROPERTY in that Department amounts to
$41,419,222, of which, $35,452,583 belongs to private parties,
$4,893,972 to the church, $597,214 to the municipality, $385,395
to the Department, and $90,058 to the National Government.
There are in the Department 82,000 holdings, which gives an average
of one piece of real property to every eight inhabitants. The
MUNICIPAL REVENUES of the entire Republic in 1913 amounted
to $4,146,589.26. The revenues of the customhouses of the country
during the first six months of the present year were as follows:
Barranquilla, $3,671,243.40; Cartagena, $1,469,592.93; Buenaventura,
$773,238.49; Tumaco, $202,056.27; Riohacha, $35,976.18; Santa
Marta, $165,907.59; Cucuta, $278,041.97, and Ipiales, Orocue, and
Arauca, $4,202.12, or a total of $6,600,258.95——In accordance
with a law passed by Congress in 1913 providing for the FOUNDING
OF A CITY the mayor of Choco has selected Utria, a fine port with a
good climate, for this purpose. The town has been laid out and a
road surveyed to the Atrato River. The Government has notified
telegraph operators in the Republic that they may receive WIRE-
LESS messages for Colon, the Canal Zone, and Atlantic steamers,
charging 20 cents a word for the former and 10 cents for the latter.
Wireless messages are given the preference——The AERIAL
CABLEWAY from Mariquita to Manizales is to be 73 kilometers
long, the longest cable of this kind in the world. It is to be com-
67998—Bull. 5—14——11
830 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
pleted by 1915 and can transport pieces weighing 200 kilos and of a
size up to a cubic meter. The carrying capacity of the cable is 100
tons daily. Arrangements will be made later for carrying heavier
and larger pieces as well as passengers. A TEMPORARY BOARD
has been organized at Medellin under the name of Council of Eco-
nomic and Commercial Defense, the object of which is to study
questions submitted to it by the chamber of commerce, as well
as to consider the banking, commercial, and agricultural interests of
the country and the manner of promoting same during the abnormal
times existing at present in the Republic. The FEDERATION
OF THE STUDENTS of Colombia has elected the following officers:
Kustacio Rivera, of the National College of Law, president; Alejandro
Villa, of the college of medicine, first vice president; Manuel
Gutierrez, of the dental college, second vice president; and Carlos M.
Perez, of the school of commerce, and Leonidas Uribe Olarte, of the
school of law, secretaries. A new industry has been established
in the Territory of Jurado, consisting of exports of GUM extracted
from the medlar tree. In the Atlantic coast section of Colombia
there are 713,933 head of horned CATTLE, 87,343 hogs, 13,480 sheep,
32,626 goats, 83,960 mules and asses, and 36,084 horses. A law of
August 12 last authorizes the Executive, should a lack of funds occur
with which to meet treasury payments, to issue Government WAR-
RANTS in accordance with decree 451 of May 10, 1913. The
value of REAL PROPERTY in Cali is $5,167,426 gold. The value
of the urban and rural properties of the entire Department of the
Atlantic in 1914 was $7,467,221.50 gold.
The decree of July 31, 1914, exempting from EXPORT DUTIES
for a period of 20 years coffee, cacao, rubber, vegetables, sugar, and
other agricultural products except bananas, which are dutiable under
a special law, has been repealed by a law of August 8 of the present
year enacted to minimize the depressing effects of the European war
on Costa Rican commerce. This same law authorizes the President of
the Republic to postpone for an indefinite time all decrees requiring
the disbursement of public funds, and especially of decrees providing
for the remittance of money abroad, should he deem it expedient for
the good of the country. The Congress of Costa Rica has approved
and ratified the following international TREATIES: Arbitration
treaty with Portugal, signed in San Jose, May 27, 1914; protocol
with Great Britain concerning the application of the treaty of friend-
ship, commerce, and navigation in certain parts of the British Em-
-CUBA.. aor 831
pire, signed in Panama on August 18, 1913; extradition treaty,
signed in Panama on October 22, 1913, between Costa Rica and the
Republic of Panama; treaty with the United States, signed in Wash-
ington on February 13, 1914, for the purpose of submitting to an
international commission all disputes to the settlement of which pre-
vious arbitration treaties or agreements do not apply in their terms
or are not applied in fact, and the extension for five years from
July 20 last of the arbitration convention with the United States.
Congress has appropriated 100,000 colones ($46,500) for improve-
ment of the public HIGHWAY which runs from Carrizal, Province
of Alajuela, to the plain of the Sarapaqui River. The road is to be
built by contract, under the supervision of the Government, in sec-
tions of 5 to 10 kilometers. The owners of the land through which
the road passes are to contribute 25 centavos per hectare as their
share of the expenses of road construction. The municipality of —
the canton of Naranjo has been authorized by Congress, under the
guaranty of the Federal Government, to negotiate a LOAN not to
exceed 18,000 colones (1 colon=$0.465), at an annual interest not
more than 12 per cent, to pay off the debt contracted in the erection
of public buildings and street improvements. The board of chari-
ties of Limon has been empowered by Congress to borrow 50,000
colones to be used in the construction of a | OSPITAL in that
city. The President of the Republic has been authorized to invest,
as soon as the condition of the public treasury warrants, up to 30,000
colones in the survey and construction of a public HIGHWAY from
a point on the Pacific coast to La Pacaya in the jurisdiction of the
canton of Tarrazu, Province of San Jose. The municipality of the
canton of Limon, Province of the same name, has been authorized
by Congress to contract a LOAN of $150,000 American gold, at an
annual rate of interest not exceeding 8 per cent, guaranteed by the
municipal revenues. A law of September 18 last specifies that
banks of issue are not obligated to redeem their BANK NOTES in
gold. The same law makes bank notes a legal tender for all debts:
payable in gold.
The SUGAR crop of Cuba for the present year is estimated at
17,357,200 sacks, or 2,479,600 tons. There are 176 sugar centrals
in the Republic which will grind cane during the present season.__—
The Congress of Cuba has passed a bill authorizing the President of
the Republic to contract a LOAN of $5,000,000. The bill also
grants a bonus to exporters of tobacco, appropriates $500,000 to aid
832 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
unemployed workmen, authorizes the coining of a national currency,
provides for the reorganization of the army and authorizes the Gov-
ernment to insure Cuban export goods. The bonuses on exports
of tobacco are effective for a period of six months, and consist of
$10 per thousand cigars exported, and 5 per cent ad valorem on
leaf tobacco exported. The department of public works has con-
tracted with Col. M. J. Dady, a subcontractor of the Port Co. of
Cuba, to execute all work of preservation of the DREDGING car-
ried on by the company before it suspended operations. Accord-
ing to present plans the RACH COURSE at Marianao, a suburb of
Habana, is to be opened on December 24. Many prizes will be
awarded during the races, the largest of which is $10,000. The
CITRUS FRUIT crop of Cuba for 1914, including the production
of the Isle of Pines, is estimated at 1,000,000 boxes of oranges,
grapefruit, lemons, and limes. Steps have been taken by a re-
sponsible firm to establish a plant in the city of Habana for pre-
paring JERKED BEEF.——The growth of the city of Habana
has necessitated the erection of four more WATER TANKS to
supply the needs of the municipality. One of these tanks has a
capacity of 827,000 gallons. Spain has granted the request of
the Chamber of Commerce of Habana to make Cadiz a FRANCHISE
ZONE for the storage in bond of foreign merchandise shipped to
that port for distribution to European markets immediately after
the close of the war. An executive decree, issued upon the recom-
mendation of the secretary of the interior, prohibits the installation
of WIRELESS stations in Habana operated by private parties.
A new SUGAR MILL is to be erected at Guayos in the Province of
Santa Clara by Galban & Co., of Habana. The mill is expected to
commence grinding by next season.™——The sum of $4,000 has been
appropriated for the repair of the public HIGHWAY between
Remedios and Caibarien. The bureau of children’s hygiene in
Habana has been petitioned to establish free nurseries in each bor-
-ough of the Federal capital. There are at present five nurseries in
Habana, but it is contended that at least ten more are needed.
Work has begun on a suburban ELECTRIC LINE which will give
the city of Habana trolley connection with Guanabacoa.——A con-
tract amounting to $500,000 has been awarded to Pablo Menoeal
for the construction of the Santa Clara AQUEDUCT.——The ELEC-
TRIC light plant at Ciego Montero, installed by Hernandez Bros.,
has commenced operations.——The new SANITARY ORDINANCES
of the city of Habana, which became effective in October last, pro-
hibit the erection of buildings higher than one and one-half the width
of the street. This will prevent the building of skyscrapers in the
Federal capital. The new MILITARY ACADEMY in Habana
is to be established in its own building in the Campamento de Co-
lombia.
Upon the resignation on August 27 last of Gen. José Bordas Valdez
as constitutional President of the Republic, Dr. Ramén Baez suc-
ceeded him as provisional President. One of the first acts of Dr.
Baez on taking possession of his high office was the appointment, of
the following CABINET: Licentiate Enrique Jiminez, secretary of
interior and police; Gen. Ignacio Maria Gonzalez, secretary of foreign
relations; Dr. Salvador B. Gautier, secretary of finance and commerce;
Gen. Pedro A. Lluberes, secretary of war and marine; Licentiate
Jacinto B. Peynado, secretary of justice and public instruction; Gen.
Pedro Maria Mejia, secretary of agriculture and immigration, and
Engineer Osvaldo B. Baez, secretary of fomento (promotion) and
communications. The new provisional President was born in Maya-
guez, P. R., on December 24, 1858, his parents being at that time
temporarily in Porto Rico for political reasons. Gen. Buenaventura
Baez, father of the provisional President, was six times President of
the Republic. Dr. Ramén Baez was educated in France and is a
graduate in medicine and surgery of the University of Paris.——An
executive decree of September 3, 1914, establishes a CONSULTING
COMMITTEE of three persons to prepare the legal reforms necessary
for the holding of impartial elections. The members of the committee
are the secretary of public instruction, chairman, and the secretaries
of state and of justice——The provisional President has appointed
Gen. José del C. Ramirez, civil and military GOVERNOR of the
Province of Santo Domingo, and Sr. Luis Bernard, governor of the
Province of San Pedro de Macoris. The provisional President
has issued a decree establishing a BUREAU OF ACCOUNTS made
up of the following members: Miguel A. Gautier, Rafael G. de Mar-
chena, Luis Matos Franco, Felix M. Brea and Rafael Sanchez Gon-
zalez. The revenues from the CUSTOMHOUSES of the Dominican
Republic in August last were as follows: Santo Domingo, $61,342.31;
Sanchez, $23,704.70; San Pedro de Macoris, $43,198.82; Puerte
Plata, $9,513.89; Azua, $6,356.96; La Romana, $3,770 and
Samana, $2,596.60; or a total of $150,483.28——In September last
the Dominican Government thoroughly repaired all the TELE-
GRAPH and telephone lines of the Republic, some of which were in
too bad a condition to be used. Where necessary, new equipment
was added, and the lines are now operating and in first-class order.
The Dominican LYCEUM located in the City of Santo Domingo,
opened its school year on September 1 last. The buildings used by
this college have been carefully repaired and renovated and: new
apparatus purchased for the better instruction of pupils. ‘Mrs:
833
834 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
James M. Sullivan, wife of the minister of the United States in Santo
Domingo, has presented to the President of the Dominican Republic
a silver box with the national coat of arms enameled upon the lid.
The box contains a glass urn appropriate for guarding the ASHES
OF COLUMBUS now said to be resting in the Metropolitan Cathedral
of the City of Santo Domingo. The President has accepted the gift
and promises to do all that he can to have it used for the purpose
indicated.
CS ESS oP &
Four canals from the Chibunga River furnish the city of Riobamba
with POTABLE WATER in quantities sufficient to amply provide
for the needs of the city proper, and, at the same time give an abun-
dant supply for the irrigation of the yards and gardens of the suburbs.
The outlying districts in the vicinity of Riobamba are irrigated with
water which comes from the Mocha River. Some years ago the
municipality of Riobamba acquired the San Pablo and Santa Elena
Springs about 17 kilometers to the north of the city, and it is esti-
mated that with the water from these springs a supply of 5,000,000
liters could be furnished the city daily. Wot springs also abound
not far from Riobamba in the province of Chimborazo. The Santa
Cruz Springs on the western bank of the Chibunga River, and the
Chambo Springs on the river of the same name, have quite a local
reputation for the cure of skin diseases. There are other hot springs,
such as Cachipogyo and the Tingon Springs, all of which are in easy
access of Riobamba, that are reported to have remarkable thera-
peutic properties. The daily newspaper, El Grito del Pueblo
Ecuatoriano of Guayaquil, estimates that the cacao production for
1914 will be in excess of 1,000,000 quintals, as compared with 500,000
quintals in 1909, or an increase in production in five years of 100 per
cent. The cacao brought into Guayaquil from January to May,
inclusive, 1914, was 545,535 quintals, as compared with 273,088
quintals during the same period of 1913. The export duty on cacao is
4.80 sucres ($2.34) per quintal. The Comercio Ecuatoriano in
enumerating the AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES of Ecuador states
that the coast country of the Republic produces cacao, coffee, tobacco,
bananas, pineapples, cocoanuts, ivory nuts, wndia rubber, and sugar,
while in the interior wheat, barley, rye, Indian corn, potatoes, sugar
cane, and fruits of every variety are grown. Cacao is cultivated
principally in the Provinces of Guayas, Los Rios, El Oro, and Manabi,
and is exported to the United States, Europe, Peru, and Chile. The
GUATEMALA, 835
growing of sugar cane is an important industry, the cane growing
luxuriantly and yielding a high percentage of excellent sugar. The
coffee of Ecuador is of good quality, and a large and growing demand
for it exists in Chile. Tobacco is one of the coming crops of the
Republic. The cigars made at Quito and Guayaquil of Esmeraldas
tobacco are of medium strength, rich, dark color, clear leaf, and of
good flavor. ‘“Tagua”’ or vegetable ivory is an important product,
and a large quantity of rubber is gathered in the eastern and western
forests of the country, but principally in the Provinces of Guayas and
Pichincha. Bananas, pineapples, rice, maize, indigo, and straw
for the manufacture of the so-called Panama hats are produced in
abundance in the country. In July last the EXPORTS through
the customhouse at Bahia de Caraquez consisted of 5,141 packages,
_weighing 455,390 kilos, valued at 115,504 sucres (sucre = $0.487).—-
At the beginning of August last the Bank of Ecuador had funds abroad
subject to draft amounting to 5,449,188 sucres.——The ELECTRIC
light and power plant at Chone has just been completed and put in
operation. A large quantity of supplies for use in the construction
of WATERWORKS and the buildmg of sewers in Quito have
recently been received at Guayaquil from Europe.
The municipality of Guatemala has decided to drill at least five
WELLS in different parts of the Federal capital with the object of
supplying water to the poor during the dry season. The wells are
to be drilled in public squares and parks of the more densely popu-
lated part of the City of Guatemala. The average annual rainfall
in the metropolis of Guatemala during the 8 years from 1906 to 1913,
inclusive, was 32.5 inches. During this period the most copious rain-
fall was 41.5 inches in 1909, and the smallest 17.6 inches in 1912.
An executive decree of September 10, 1914, increases from that date
until further notice the present EXPORT TAX ON LUMBER of
$1 American gold per ton of 480 square feet, to $2 gold, the present
decree modifying that of April 16, 1912, in this respect. The
municipal council of the City of Guatemala has borrowed from the
Occidental Bank $10,000 American gold, to be used in purchasing
in the United States MAIZE and beans. These products will be
retailed in the City of Guatemala at cost, in accordance with the
resolution of the municipal council of August 28 last. The order for
maize was placed by telegraph in New Orleans, and on receipt of
this cereal it will be sold and the proceeds again invested in corn, and
836 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the operation will be repeated until December 31 of the present year,
at which time the loan is payable to the bank.——An executive
decree of September 12, 1914, approves the contract made by the
municipality of the City of Guatemala with the Occidental Bank for
the LOAN of 600,000 pesos national currency (about $120,000)
with which to pay the debts of the city. The municipality agrees
to submit a detailed statement of its outstanding obligations to the
Federal Government before using this loan. The loan bears 10 per
cent annual interest and is guaranteed by the revenues of the munici-
pality. The Government of Guatemala has authorized the city of
Chiquimula to establish a municipal ELECTRIC lght and power
plant, and has granted it permission to import free of duty the machin-
ery, supplies, etc., that may be necessary for the installation, equip-
ment, and operation of the same. The sum of 19,000 pesos (about .
$3,800) 1s made available immediately for the expenses of the work.
The proceeds of the tax for the beautifying of the Department of
Chiquimula are to be used until the expenses of the installation are
paid.ct—Under date of September 22 the executive department
notified the SUGAR producers in Guatemala that sugar manufac-
tured by them would be allowed to be exported from the Republic
under the same conditions as heretofore, provided there was no
increase in the price of that article to the domestic consumers of the
country. The President of Guatemala has decreed the NEU-
TRALITY of the Government in the European conflict, and has
ordered that commercial vessels of belligerant nations dismantle
their wireless installations while in the jurisdiction of the Repub-
lic. A recent executive decree provides that all telegraphic and
TELEPHONIC INSTALLATIONS now in operation in the Repub-
lic, or which in future may be established, shall remain under the
absolute control and dominion of the Government.
At the suggestion of the secretary of finance and commerce, and
with the approval of the cabinet, the President of the Republic sub-
mitted to the consideration of Congress a proposed law authorizing
the Chief Executive to issue BANK NOTES to the amount of
12,500,000 gourdes, 4,000,000 gourdes of which are to be in denomi-
nations of 2 gourdes and 8,000,000 in denominations of 1 gourde.
These bank notes are to be of the same form as those now in circu-
lation and must bear on one side an engraved cut of J. J. Dessalines
and on the other a cut of Oreste Zamor. The 2-gourdes denomi-
HONDURAS. | 837
nation are to be divided into 8 series and the 1-gourde denomina-
tion into 12 series, all to be signed by a commissioner of the depart-
ment of finance, a member of the court of accounts, and a deputy or
senator appointed by the legislative body. The refund of this issue
of bank notes shall be made at the rate of 5 gourdes to the dollar,
and is guaranteed by the following duties in American gold: (a)
Half of the tonnage dues, plus 50 and 334 per cent, except those
collected in Cape Haytien, Gonaives, Port au Prince, and Jacmel;
(b) the surcharge of 25 per cent of the tonnage dues, not including
those collected in Gonaives; (c) the surcharge of 25 per cent on the
wharfage dues, not including those collected in Port au Prince. A
committee composed of two senators and a deputy selected by Con-
gress shall have charge, in cooperation with the secretary of the
treasury and the National Bank, of all transactions and operations
concerning the refund and incineration of the bank notes. Rules
and regulations are to be promulgated in due time covering the
details of the issue, refund, and incineration. From the amount of
the issue of bank notes there shall be set aside the following: 4,800,000
gourdes to be circulated in monthly installments of 400,000 gourdes
for the purpose of paying the expenses of the public service, pensions,
subventions, etc., of the fiscal year 1914-15; 1,200,000 gourdes to
pay the expenses of the present budget for the months of August
and September of the current year; and 500,000 gourdes to pay to
the injured at Gonaives. The Government reserves the right to
pay amounts due in American gold in national coin at the exchange
rate of 600 per cent. As soon as the new bills are placed in circu-
lation, the law of August 14, 1914, is to be repealed, and the law of
August 26, 1913, concernmg amortization, will become effective.
The text of this bill was published in full in Le Nouvelliste of Port
au Prince on September 30 last.—Senator L. C. Lherisson has
introduced into the Senate a bill authorizing a general MORATO-
RIUM for three months, which may be further extended by an
executive decree should the European war continue. The same bill
empowers the National Bank to issue treasury warrants to strengthen
its cash on hand and paper money.
TELEPHONIC SERVICE between the port of Amapala and the
city of Nacaome was established by virtue of a contract made on
January 27 of the present year by the Government of Honduras
with Col. Matamoros. According to the contract the construction
838 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
of the line cost 7,250 pesos, silver, not including the value of mate-
rials and the necessary apparatus. Work was commenced in Feb-
ruary, 1914, and completed in May of the same year. About the
middle of last May telephone and telegraph communication was
established between Amapala, Nacaome, and Tegucigalpa, including
the towns of Sabanagrande, Pespire, and Goascoran, using the cable
between Tigre Island and Sacate Grande until the telephone cable
ordered from New York is received, laid, and put in operation.
Another telephone line is being constructed to connect Nacaome
and Amapala with the city of Choluteca and the port of San Lo-
renzo. President Bertrand has approved the BOUNDARY
CONVENTION concluded by the resident minister of Honduras in
Guatemala, Lic. Guillermo Campos, with the minister of foreign
relations of the Government of Guatemala. The convention is ad
referendum and requires the sanction of Congress, to which body
it will be submitted at its next session before becoming operative.
The AQUEDUCT at Santa Barbara, which provides an abundant
supply of potable water for that city, was inaugurated on September
15 last. The aqueduct was constructed by the municipal council
of Santa Barbara, under the direction of Civil Engineer Daniel
Rapalo Bogran, who refused compensation for his services. The
SUIZA PLANTING CO., an organization formed for the purpose
of engaging in agriculture and stock raising in all its branches, has
been recognized by the Government of Honduras as a juridic entity.
The capital of the company is 200,000 pesos, divided into 2,000
shares of 100 pesos each. The company proposes to import fine
stock for breeding purposes, plant trees, engage in fruit growing,
the cultivation of tobacco, cereals, etc. The main office of the
company is in Tegucigalpa, but under its by-laws it may establish
other offices in different parts of the Republic—-A society entitled
“El Trabajo” (The Work) has been organized, with headquarters in
Tegucigalpa, for the cultivation, manufacture, and sale of TOBACCO.
The organization proposes to establish branches in other parts of the
Republic. The plan of the society is to operate for a period of five
years, and at the expiration of that time extend the term for suc-
cessive periods of five years should its board of directors and stock-
holders so desire. The by-laws of the organization have been
approved by the Government of Honduras, and the society has been
recognized as a legal entity. Joseph M. De Hart has been ap-
pointed superintendent of the New York & Honduras Rosario
Mining Co., a corporation organized under the laws of the State of
New York. Mr. De Hart has taken charge of the company’s busi-
ness in Honduras and has filed power of attorney in the office of the
minister of foreign relations of Honduras. The HONDURAS
SUGAR REFINING CO., a corporation organized under the laws of
MEXICO. _- 839
the State of Louisiana, with headquarters at New Orleans, has been
authorized by the Government of Honduras to do business in the
Republic. The company proposes to grow sugar cane, manufacture
sugar and by-products thereof, as well as to engage in such other
allied lines of business as its board of directors may deem proper.
The nominal capital of the company is $1,000,000, consisting of
10,000 shares of $100 each, but this may be increased to $5,000,000
if deemed advisable. The company is prohibited from beginning
operations until its paid-up capital equals $250,000. The president
of the company is Albert Breton and the vice president Felix P.
Vaccaro. The corporation has been recognized as a legal ay by
the Government of Honduras.
A decree promulgated in the City of Mexico on September 28 by
the governor of the Federal district provides that no person shall
be obliged to work more than nine hours daily, and the nine hours
referred to must not be consecutive. The same decree prescribes
that commercial houses shall be open from 8 a. m. to 1 p. m and
from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. Rest on Sundays and on national holidays
is made obligatory. Butcher shops and places where fruit, vege-
tables, milk, bread, wood, charcoal, corn, and fodder are sold are
rejuired to be open on Sundays and feast days from 6 to 10 a. m.
Violation of the decree is punishable with a fine of from 5 to 100
pesos, and for the second offense imprisonment is added to. the
fine——A decree has been issued by the governor of the State of
Puebla, effective October 1, 1914, doublirg the tax on PULQUE,
the national beverage of Mexico, brought into the State, and tri-
pling the taxes on houses selling beer, aguardiente, and other spirit-
uous liquors.—— Under date of September 15 of the present year, the
department of fomento has issued an important explanatory circu-
lar referring to the decree of August 29, 1914, concerning the pro-
cedure to be followed by persons interested in mines who desire to
safeguard their properties, an extract from which is as follows:
“The petition requestir g the restoring of mining papers and denounce-
ments made from February 19, 1913, to August 15, 1914, to their
original state, or the reissue of deeds granted during ah same period,
must contain the requisites prescribed in article 15 of the mining
law covering denouncemeits, together with the number of the
docket to which the petition refers. Upon filing the petition the
840 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
mining agent will enter it as in the case of a new denouncement, in
accordance with the regulations prescribed in paragraph 6 of section
7 and articles 13 and 17 of the regulations of the mining law. The
mining agent must deliver to the petitioner a duplicate of the state-
ment entered in the register, together with the data mentioned in
paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 21. If no objections are filed within
a month, the mining agent will send to the department of fomento
a copy of the petition and the documents relating thereto. If objec-
tions are made, they must also be sent to the department of fomento
for decision in accordance with articles 41 and 43 of the mining
law.’”’——Rafael Perez Taylor has been appointed by the depart-
ment of public instruction to write a series of articles on the SCHO-
LASTIC MOVEMENT in Mexico.—A MINING association has
been formed in the City of Mexico. T. P. Honey is president and
Emil Berthier secretary.——The department of communications has
been reyuested to extend the time in which to construct the RAIL-
WAYS included in the concession granted to Belgian interests under
the Huerta administration and covering a proposed investment of
about $20,000,000. The State of Michoacan has presented to the
National Museum in the City of Mexico a collection of HISTORICAL
DOCUMENTS, among which are papers which were the property
of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the hero of Mexican independence.
9 OD ° 90 € “SS swe v0 Q_ 7
_NICARAGUA _
The American of Bluefields has recently published an article on
GOLD MINING in eastern Nicaragua in which it is stated that while no
great bonanza gold mines have been discovered in the Republic, there
are strong veins now being worked in the mining zones of the country
which give promise of paying handsome dividends, notwithstanding
the fact that most of the ore extracted is comparatively of low grade,
assaying but a few dollars per ton. The ores are not free milling and
only about 40 per cent of the gold contents can be extracted from
them by the methods at present auglonad. It is estimated that there
are large quantities of gold ore between the Lone Star and the Hidden
Treasure mines in the Pis-Pis district. All of these ores require the
cyanide treatment for the extraction of the gold. In addition to this
there are placer mines in the Republic which are said to be rich pro-
ducers. One advantage Nicaragua has in the operation of gold mines
is the liberal mining law that allows with each claim a denouncement
of 250 acres of agricultural lands, thereby enabling the exploiter of
PANAMA. 841
mines to raise a large part of his foodstuffs in the neighborhood of the
place where mining is carried on if he so desires. Then, again, the
wages of native Nicaraguan miners, as compared with the scale of
miners in the United States, are much lower, and, inasmuch as the
cost of labor is one of the largest items in running a mine, this fact is
favorable to the exploitation of mines in the Republic. Recently
experienced and well-equipped prospectors with ample financial
backing have been looking over the Pis-Pis district, and it is confi-
dently expected that some exceedingly good prospects will be
found.—_—A PARCEL POST convention with Panama has been
signed in the City of Panama by the Nicaraguan minister, and it is
understood that an extradition treaty is soon to be concluded
between the two countries. For reasons of economy the legation at
Panama is to be abolished.——Senator Demetrio Cuadra has been
elected PRESIDENT of the Senate and Congressman Virgilio Guardian
speaker of the Chamber of Deputies. President Diaz has appointed
a commission to study the FINANCIAL SITUATION with the object
of devising means for remedying it. The members of the commission
are Octaviano Cesar, Albert J. Martin, Evaristo Carazo, Gregorio
Pasquier, J. R. Navas, Benjamin Elizondo, and Toribio J. Tijerino, jr.
The Government has accepted the offer of Brown Bros. & Co.
and J. & W. Seligman & Co. to sell the 51 per cent of the stock of the
Pacific Railroad held by them. The purchase price is $1,000,000.——
A recent executive decree suspends the FREE IMPORTATION OF
FINE STOCK for breeding purposes, as well as the free importation
of agricultural instruments and seeds. The former law not only
allowed the free importation of blooded cattle and horses for breeding
purposes, but returned to the importer the freight and other ex-
penses incurred in making these importations.
On September 1, 1914, President Belisario Porras delivered an
interesting MESSAGE to the National Congress, assembled at the
capitol in the City of Panama in regular session. Among other
things the Executive said, in substance, that a general plan had been
adopted for the construction of a network of telegraph lines in the
Republic, including the purchase of the necessary material. Tele-
phone and telegraph lines are being built in all the districts of the
Commonwealth, copper wires, strung on iron posts set in concrete
bases, being used. A commission of lawyers in the country has
842 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
been selected to prepare new national codes. The commission has
begun its work and hopes to submit to Congress during the coming
year a large part of the results of its labors. The receipts and
disbursements of the National Government from January 1, 1913,
to June 30, 1914, were as follows: Receipts, 6,270,124 balboas;
disbursements, 5,847,794 balboas, or an excess of receipts over
expenditures during the period referred to of 422,330 balboas. The
Government has borrowed $3,000,000 from the National City Bank
of New York to be used exclusively in the construction of railways.
The loan was made at the rate of 97 cents on the dollar. The same
institution has contracted with the Government to establish a bank
of issue in Panama and to do a general banking business in the
country. The capital the bank proposes to use for this purpose is
$1,000,000, which may be increased if desired. The bank will make
mortgage loans on long time—even as long as 20 years. The number
of schools in the Republic is 518 with an enrollment of 23,445 pupils
of both sexes. The school of arts and crafts has been installed in
a building specially fitted up with electrical and mechanical apparatus,
and all departments of the school have been equipped with new
machinery of the most appropriate and modern type. On Sep-
tember 3 last the Governments of the United States and of Panama
signed a TREATY fixing definitely the boundary of the Panama
Canal Zone-——An ARBITRATION CONVENTION has been
concluded between Panama and Portugal, under the terms of which
both nations agree to submit all questions of dispute of a judicial
nature arising between them to the Permanent Arbitration Tribunal
at The Hague, provided always these questions do not affect the vital
interests of the country, the mdependence and honor of the high
contracting parties, nor the interests of other nations. During
the National Exposition of Panama, which will be held in the City of
Panama in 1915, three INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES will
meet—namely, the pedagogic, the sanitary, and the engineering. A
committee has been appointed to look out after the interests of each
of these congresses. A company with a capital of $150,000 has
been incorporated to erect a modern STEAM LAUNDRY in the
City of Panama. It is proposed to sink wells to provide the plant
with water. The laundry will employ about 75 persons, and will
have in service four wagons and one automobile. It is reported that
the machinery, which will be of the latest design, is to be purchased
in New York. A MOTOR BOAT SERVICE between Panama
and Aguadulce is to be established. It is proposed to make two
trips a week on a 10-hour schedule. A small LIGHTHOUSE is
to be constructed at Pata Pallina Bar to indicate the entrance to the
Aguadulce Channel. Gen. Federico Barrera has been appointed
GOVERNOR of Veraguas.
President Scherer has promulgated a law authorizing the FREE
IMPORTATION of flour, wheat in the grain, maize, and common
salt until December 31 of the present year. The lighterag: and
statistic taxes applicable to these articles according to the customs
laws now in force are payable as formerly. A recent executive
decree makes EXPORT DUTIES payable in paper currency or gold
at the option of the exporter. If paid in gold the rate of exchange
will be fixed by the treasury department. Steps have been taken
by the Board of Trade of Asuncion to secure the passage of a bill by
Congress authorizing the canalization of a number of rivers in the
interior of the Republic with the object of facilitating steam navi-
gation by vessels of light draft engaged in the transportation of freight.
The same organization, with a view to avoiding abuses, recommends
that a law be enacted requirmg CONTRACTS FOR LABORERS
to work in the maté or Paraguayan tea fields, to be made exclusively
in Posadas, the principal labor center supplying the Paraguayan tea
district with help. According to the press, the President of the
Republic, who recently made a visit to the progressive city of Para-
guari, reported that the AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL at that place
is doing excellent work, and that considerable construction work is
being done on the public roads which lead from the city. WIRE-
LESS telegraph communication has been established between the
Mangrudo Station near Asuncion and Coquimbo, Chile, on the Pacific
coast, a distance in a straight line across the Andes of 1,550 kilo-
meters. The Asuncion Station has also succeeded in communicating
with the Bahia Blanca Station in the Argentine Republic. The
Boletin Industrial is authority for the statement that a vein of COAL
has been discovered within 1 meter of the surface near the village
of Arequa, Paraguay. A law has been enacted authorizing the
AGRICULTURAL BANK to lend to the banks of Asuncion 25,000,-
000 pesos (paper), payable in 6, 9, and 12 months, at the rate of 9 per
cent interest per annum. As payments on account of this loan are
made to the Agricultural Bank the bills are to be retired from circula-
tion and burned. The same law grants a moratorium of 20 days
applicable to debts payable in gold or in foreign money. For the
purpose of encouraging the development of RICE CULTURE in the
Republic, the Agricultural Bank of Asuncion is offering to furnish
farmers and plantation owners in Paraguay with an excellent quality
of seed rice at very low rates, guaranteeing, at the same time, to buy
the crop produced at fixed prices, which will insure a fair remunera-
tion to the cultivator of this cereal. The seed rice distributed by
843
$44 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the bank was obtained from Italy.——Since August 15 last the
Central Paraguay RAILWAY has run but one through train per
week from Asuncion to Buenos Aires and return. The train now
leaves Asuncion for Buenos Aires on Tuesday at 6 a. m., arriving at
the latter place on Thursday. The return train leaves Buenos Aires
on Friday and arrives at Asuncion at 8.30 p. m. on Sunday.
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The President of the Republic has ordered the making of a survey
ald the compiling of an estimate for the construction of a PUBLIC
HIGHWAY to connect the branch of the Vitor Railway with the
Sigues, Majes, and Camana Valleys. This road will be suitable for
automobile traffic. Should it be built by contract the President is
authorized to guarantee the payment of the work from the annual
road appropriation fund of the Department of Arequipa. or
the purpose of encouraging the RUBBER industry in the Depart-
ments of Loreto and Madre de Dios, the great rubber producing
sections of Peru, President Benavides has, with the unanimous con-
sent and approval of his cabinet, issued a decree reducing the export
duty on rubber originating in these Departments. Rubber coming
from the Madre de Dios River and its tributaries and exported
through the port of Mollendo shall pay export duties as follows: 2
per cent on rubber the London quotations of which fluctuate between
25d. and 36d., 4 per cent on rubber fluctuating between 37d. and 38d.,
and 6 per cent on rubber quoted at 49d. and over. The export duty
on the lower grades of rubber is based upon the same scale less a
discount of 30 per cent. With the object of encouraging the
importation of useful SEEDS AND PLANTS, and at the same time
facilitating the strict observance of the provisions of the sanitary
laws of the Republic concerning such importations, the Chief Execu-
tive has decreed that imports of seeds, cuttings, plants, and shrubs
for cultivation and propagation, shall be made solely through the
customhouse at Callao and the post office at Lima. The proper
officials at both these places will have at their disposal the services
of experts connected with the Central Agronomic Station and the
department of agriculture for the examination of such seeds and
plants. The owners of RENTED HOUSES in Lima, in cooperation
with the municipal authorities of that city, have decided to reduce
the rent of houses occupied by the middle class and by workmen
30 per cent on all rents under 40 soles (about $20) per month.
The exploiters of COAL mines in the Huancayo, Jauja, and Yauli
SALVADOR. 845
zones propose to furnish their product to the cities of Lima and Callao
at prices less than those charged since the beginning of the Huropean
war for English and Australian coal. Efforts are being made to
secure a reduction in railway freight rates on coal, and if successful,
the coal companies claim that they will be able to deliver coal at
Callao and Lima at considerably lower prices than those ruling at
the present time for imported coal——The association for the
protection of AGRICULTURE, with headquarters at Lima, has
elected the following officers: Antonio Grafia, president; E. L.
Houghton, vice president; Felipe Espantoso, treasurer; and Miguel
Cheea and Salvador Gutierrez, secretaries. An executive decree
of September 16 last makes the town of Ferrefiafe, Province of Lam-
bayeque, a city, thereby giving it the privileges accorded under the
laws to an incorporated municipality——The Government of Peru
has granted to the Cerro de Pasco Mining Co. authority to coin 340,000
ounces of Peruvian silver refined in the United States.
The President of the Republic of Salvador, Dr. Alfonso Quifionez
Molina, who succeeded to the presidential office on August 29, 1914,
on the resignation of President Carlos Melendez, has appointed the
following CABINET: Dr. Cecilio Bustamante, minister of interior
(gobernacion) ; Sr. Samuel Luna, minister of finance; Dr. Pio Romero
Bosques, minister of war and marine; and Dr. Francisco Martinez
Suarez, minister of foreign relations. The BUDGET of the Govern-
ment of Salvador for 1914-15 gives the receipts as 14,896,850 pesos,
made up of customs revenues, 9,645,750 pesos, and internal revenues,
5,251,100 pesos. The expenditures are calculated at 14,843,312.65
pesos, which leaves an excess of estimated receipts over estimated
expenditures of 53,537.35 pesos. The Government has granted
Frederick F. Searing or his assigns the right to establish a MORT-
GAGE BANK in the Republic. The authorized capital of the bank
is $10,000,000 American gold or its equivalent in national money.
The main office of the corporation shall be in the City of San Salvador,
but branches may be established at any place within or without the
Republic, with the approval and consent of the Government. The
duration of the charter is 50 years, but that of the exclusive privi-
leges of the bank is 10 years. The bank may commence operations
as soon as it has a paid-up capital of $1,000,000. The corporation
has the right to issue its own bank notes until 1925. These notes
67998—Bull. 5—14——_12
846 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
are redeemable on presentation, must not be issued in excess of double
the amount of the paid-up capital, and the bank shall always have
on hand in cash in its main office in gold or silver coin, or the equiva-
lent in intrinsic value of gold and silver bullion, a sum equal to 50 per
cent of the amount of its bank notes in circulation. The full text of
the concession is published in Spanish in the Diario del Salvador of
August 26, 1914.—The Congress of Salvador has ratified in full all
the resolutions, conventions, and recommendations (mociones) of the
Fourth INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of American States
which met in Buenos Aires in 1910.——A law has been passed by the
Congress of Salvador regulating the manufacture and sale of ARMS
and ammunition, and prohibiting the manufacture of war supplies
except for account of the Government——-—A law has been promulgated
imposing stamp taxes of 3 per cent of the selling price of transfers of
REAL PROPERTY and subjecting to heavy fines persons who
infringe the requirements of this law. The national AGRICUL-
TURAL FAIR, which held its opening session in the City of San Sal-
vador on August 1 last, was a great success. One of the most inter-
esting exhibits was that of the model farm, in which great pains
were taken to explain scientific agricultural methods.
An executive decree of September 17 regulates the issue of
TREASURY WARRANTS to cover the popular loan recently au-
thorized by the Congress of Uruguay to the amount of 4,000,000
pesos (peso=$1.034). These warrants are divided into three series,
of the values of 500, 100, and 50 pesos, respectively, and each war-
rant has a form printed on the back to be filled in when interest is paid.
The warrants are numbered, are signed by the secretary of the treas-
ury, bear 8 per cent annual interest, and are subject to a minimum
amortization of 6 percent annually. Both the interest and amortiza-
tion services are to take place every two months. These warrants are
to be issued at par, the law providing that 1,000,000 pesos be offered
between the Ist and the 5th of October, 10 per cent of the amount
to be paid in cash. The warrants will be issued under date of October.
1, will bear interest from that date, and 50 pesos will be the lowest
amount issued to any person. ‘The Congress of Uruguay has
enacted a law imposing graded TAXES on inheritances, legacies,
and gifts. These taxes vary according to the amount involved and
the degree of relationship. The amount of revenue they are expected
to produce annually is about 1,000,000 pesos. A STATISTICS
VENEZUELA. 847
TAX consisting of 33 mills per thousand on the official valuation of
imports, 14 mills on exports, 3 per cent surcharge on licenses in
Montevideo, and 4 per cent additional taxes on various items has
been levied by Congress. The city council of Montevideo has
authorized the mayor to contract with the Acquarone Co., of the
national capital, for the construction of 400,000 square meters of
gilsonite PAVEMENT in the municipality of Montevideo, with the
privilege of increasing or decreasing this amount 20 per cent if it is
deemed expedient. The contract is subject to the approval of
Congress.——A recent executive decree authorizes the legations of
the United States and of England in Montevideo, and the consulate
general of Montevideo in New York, to receive gold that banks,
merchants, or private persons may desire to deposit for account of
the Government or the Bank of the Republic, to be paid in Montevideo
to other banks, merchants, or private persons, and the same authori-
zation is given for the making of payments and the transfer of funds
which are at the disposal of the Bank of the Republic. The receipt
of money and the making of payments referred to in the decree are
to be made in accordance with instructions received from the Bank
of the Republic———The National City BANK of New York has
asked the Uruguayan Government, through the legation of Uruguay
in the United States, if the establishment of a branch bank of that
institution in Montevideo would be agreeable to the Government, and
an affirmative reply has been given to the bank._—_—The law imposing
a TAX ON WINES provides that imported fine and extra fine wines
shall pay at the time of importation an internal tax equivalent to
15 per cent of their appraisement. The internal tax imposed by
the law of July 14, 1900, on liquors, bitters and similar preparations,
vermuth, cognac, and other alcoholic beverages of foreign origin is
repealed and is substituted by another tax, payable at the time of
importation, representing 15 per cent of the appraisement value
of said beverages. Artificial wines or similar beverages, under what-
ever name imported, are subject to the existing tax of 7 centavos
per liter.
I Va TIDES DS DO
___NENE ZUELA
The publication of a new volume containing a RECAPITULA-
TION OF THE LAWS and decrees of the Republic, the sixteenth
of the series, has been ordered by the Government. Persons de-
siring to practice PROFESSIONS or occupations in Venezuela
which require a degree, title, or diploma may, if considered compe-
tent, on application and the payment of 100 bolivares ($20), obtain
$48 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
a temporary license from the department of the interior before taking
the formal examination.——An additional sum of 1,000,000 boli-
vares ($200,000) has been added to the BUDGET to pay the ex-
penses of the department of the interior.—— Successive sowings of
WHEAT have been carried on recently with excellent results in
lands situated in the valley of Caracas from seed obtained from Asia,
North Africa, the Argentine Republic, and the Canary Islands.
In the valley referred to two crops can be harvested annually, so
that the land can be made to produce an annual yield of 100 quintals
per hectare under intensive cultivation and for a short period of
time until the soil is impoverished. The best results were obtained
by a rotation of crops and the harvesting of but a single planting of
wheat yearly from the same piece of land. The Government has
granted permission to Felipe Francia to construct a TELEPHONE
line between Caucaguita plantation, State of Aragua, and the town
of Tejerias, in the same State-——Sr. Don Nicolas Veloz has been
appointed VICE CONSUL of Venezuela in New York. The school
of ARTS AND CRAFTS for women in Caracas has established an-
other course of instruction for the teaching of embroidery.
SCHOLARSHIPS to the number of 17 are to be allotted by com-
petitive examination in the normal school for males, and to the
number of 23 for females, the examinations to be held in Caracas.——
According to data compiled by the bureau of statistics of the Vene-
zuelan Government there were, on December 31, 1913, 227 MINES
in the Republic, covering an area of 188,089 hectares. The minerals
represented and the number of mines are as follows: Asbestos,
1; asphalt, 20; coal, 7; copper, 29; iron, 47; iron and copper, 1;
gold, 74; petroleum, 47; and argentiferous lead, 1. The President
of the Republic has reorganized the CABINET as follows: Dr. Pedro
M. Arcaya, minister of the interior; Gen. Ignacio Andrade, minister of
foreign relations; and Santiago Fontiveros, minister of fomento.—
An executive decree of September 19 declares the following MINES,
which did not belong at that time to private persons or companies,
to be inalienable: Anthracite and bituminous c¢ al. lignite, naphtha,
petroleum, asphalt, and pitch. Sr. Hector Pereira Alvarez has
been appointed CONSUL ad honorem in Philadelphia.——Sr. Don
Francisco J. Yanes has been appointed to represent the Government
of Venezuela at the Nineteenth International CONGRESS OF AMER- —
ICANISTS. The title to a SILVER LEAD MINE, under the name
of ‘‘Argentina,’’ has been granted to Ramon Dominguez. The con-
tract made in 1909 by the Government of Venezuela with J. G. Aldrey
for the exploitation of the Naricual and other COAL MINKS, as well
as the Guanta Wharf, in the State of Anzoategui having expired,
these enterprises have been taken over and will be operated by the
Government. ;
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BULLETIN OF THE
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UNIO
JOHN BARRETT, Drrector GENERAL.
Francisco J. YANES, Assistant Director.
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“CHRIST OF THE ANDES” STATUE ON THE
ARGENTINE-CHILE BOUNDARY.
GOVERNING: BOARD-OF:-THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
Wiutuiam J. Bryan, Secretary of State of the United States,
Chairman ex officio.
AMBASSADORS EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY.
Argentine Republic.--Sefior Dr. Rémuto 8. Naon,
Office of Embassy, 1806 Corcoran Street, Washington, D. C.
Bra zileveseesc seis ..---Senhor Domicio DA GAMA,
Office of Embassy, 1780 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Chile aseen sa serase ees Sefior Don Epuarpo SuAREzZ Musica,
Office of Embassy, 1013 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
Mexic0vs=.2526..c25< Sefior Don ManuEL Caero.?
ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY.
Boliviaieaeee aca Ses 8 Sefior Don Ianacio CALDERON,
Office of Legation, 1633 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
Colombiase---seee--—= Sefior Dr. Junio BEerancourt,
Office of Legation, 1319 K Street, Washington, D. C.
WostavRicaese eee ss. Sefior Don Roperto Brenes Mzsmn,
Office of Legation, 1501 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D.C.
Cubasehs Jie Sos Sefior Dr. C. M. pr CESPEDES vy QUESADA,
Office of Legation, 1529 Highteenth Street, Washington, D. C.
Dominican Republic. ..Sefior Dr. Epuarpo R. Souter,
Office of Legation, ‘‘The Champlain,’’ Washington, D. C.
Heuadoyeceee ees Sefior Dr. Gonzato 8. Cérpova,
Office of Legation, 604 Riverside Drive, New York City.
Guatemala -.22..-=.-- Sefior Don Joaquin Minpez,
Office of Legation, 1511 Twentieth Street, Washington, D. C.
lait nae ae eee M. Soton Ménos,
Office of Legation, 1429 Rhode Island Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Honduras. 25. 222 522: Sefior Dr. ALBERTO MremBrRENo,
Office of Legation, ‘‘ Hotel Gordon,’’ Washington, D. C.
Nicaragua ase =- eae Sefior Don Em1Lt1ano CHAMORRO,
Office of Legation, ‘‘Stoneleigh Court,’ Washington, D. C.
IPanamaiee sore eacee Sefior Dr. Eusrpio A. Morass,
Office of Legation, ‘‘Stoneleigh Court,’’ Washington, D. C.
JETER so ossooc Gasa6e Senor Dr. Htcror VELAzQuEz,
Office of Legation, 1678 Woolworth Building, New York, N. Y.
Peruse Ae See eee Sefor Don FEpERICO ALFoNnso PxHZET,
Office of Legation, 2223 R Street, Washington, D. C.
Salvadoneseceeessceee Sefior Dr. Francisco DuENas,
Office of Legation, ‘‘The Portland,’’ Washington, D. C.
Wirnleuay eee Sefior Dr. Cantos M. pg Prna,
Office of Legation, 1734 N Street, Washington, D. C.
Venezuelaje-2- se. 22 - Senor Dr. Santos AniBAL DomMInNIct,
Office of Legation, 1406 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D. C.
1 Absent.
v UNION OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS y
BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
py Cr IM Bib 1914
SEVENTEENTH AND B STREETS NW., WASHINGTON, D.C.,U.S.A.
CABLE ADDRESS FOR UNION AND BULLETIN : : : : “PAU,” WASHINGTON
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
JOHN BARRETT
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FRANCISCO J. YANES
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR THE BULLETIN
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An ADDITIONAL CHARGE of 50 cents per year, on each edition, for
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SINGLE COPIES may be procured from the Superintendent of Docu-
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A commercial traveler in South America—XIl._........--......--.---.:-------
IAPVIETIEZ WEA S CUD EO Tec. 5.o.5 cic apace ase Shae ee ee
Reception of ambassadors from Chile and Argentina..................-------
PanvAmerica-inuthe marazinesmasses see era eee ee ere
An invitation to Brazil—International democracy—Bolivia’s commercial possibilities—Peru:
A rich commercial field—Practical mediation and international peace—Railway expansion
in South America—Hunting the Spectacled Bear of the Andes—A near view of coffee in Mex-
ico—Early Mexican maiolica—Central American mineral resources and mining policies—
Among the rubber collectors of the remote 8. A. hinterland—Financial conditions in Argen-
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Pani Ameri can notes jc cca crac eee ee oe eI tes te Sees
Important meeting of governing board—The ambassadors from Chile and Argentina—Pan
American Society to honor new ambassadors—Pan American educational relations—Prof.
L. S. Rowe at La Plata University—Ambassador Naén honored—Postpone Panama expo-
sition—Spanish pavilion at Panama-Pacific Exposition—Southern Commercial Congress—
Pan American mass—Death of Mr. Rockhill—Latin American trade conference—Cruise
around South America—Scientific expeditions to South America—Southwest museum expe-
dition—Death of Frederic Brown—London Times review Prof. Shepherd’s book—S, A.
society at University of Minnesota—Postpone Fidelity Trust Co. cruise—News service with
Latin America—Hardware in Latin America—The new Republic—National Association of
Manufacturers.
BROOKS IOLCS 2s = ess ssc ccs eal ee ae ee eS nn aah Pe or pee eee
CommercerofeRermtor TOTS ss a see oe een Ce rn ee ei
atinvAmericantforeisnitraded 913——-Generalisurvieyaeee=eeaeee eee aes oe eee
Subjectimattemotcon'sularirepoltse eee eee eee eee eee eee
Argentine. Republics 2.55 Nc eee a ee eee ar eae ener
Publication exchange—Participate in naval review--S. A. football convention—Lumber
exports—Zoological garden opened—Bagging manufactures—United States eaition of La
Prensa—A gricultural display—Exports and imports.
IB OVIWAD ese seeps cies re cee cles res ses ephe in ed SE ee ee erate east
Wireless telegraphy course—National-bank report—Schedule revision Guaqui Ry.—Yungas
charcoal—Columbus day celebration—Student league—Rentals reduced—Public baths—
Money orders issued.
Do EY All i ep Ree See he eee oe ee eee oe een = cio ge Sino eae ao
Railroad in Matto Grosso—Railway extensions—Telephone franchise—Commerce 1914—New
steamship line—Peat deposit discovered—Nabuco statue unveiled—Aerial and submarine
school.
CIO 2 Se Bee ae er Sea erie cai, ca ceis i aoa 2 SSCs ick Spr Me eas eee SPP eee ce a et
Ore specimenos—Scientifie exploration—Stock fair—Investigate foreign markets—Telephone
concession—Agricultural machinery exhibit—Railway developments—Reservoir plans—
Fruit growers’ society—Coal tender.
© OVO Mm ay as ree ES Set ere
Cattle statistics—Cattle industry—Army and navy supplies—Contraband regulations—Arbi-
tration committee—Diplomatic annals—National holiday—Meiia statue.
CostavRiGan ore foe sent ee oe ea ee ee nee aera
Historical relics—Commemorative stone—Silver coinage—Issue gold bonds—National bank
established—Ratify arbitration convention.
IIL
929
952
963
974
983
985
986
987
988
989
990
IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Cuban commercial association—Construction of Gran Hippodrome—Cultivation of tobacco—
Complete Guines waterworks—Naval cadets—Diplomatic representation of Switzerland—
Infant sanitary defense—Restrict immigration—Demise of diplomat.
Dominican ‘Republic... e203 .2. eos ae oes see ese eee eee oe ae
Survey of highway—Import laborers—Collection of duties—Navigation regulations—E xhibit
commission organized—Road construction—Duty revenues—Historia Ecclesiastica pub-
lished—Blanton Mining Works.
PEGUA GOL). Seas ee es cee cree aie ee eae et TEI eRe ae
Library of national writers—Ambato-Curaray extension—Normal school course—Government
revenues for budget—National holiday—Advisory committee—Coin silver—Trade-mark law
amended—-Mantas warehouse—Liquidate public debts—Police pensions.
Guatemala ene Lecce eaten eee Ore ee Ce ere ees eee ee
Gymnasium instructor—Concession to marble company—Electric light concession—Consular
appointment—Honor to President Cabrera.
Public-health committee—Telegraph managers—Post-office inspector—Incineration of paper
currency—Circulating currency—New newspapers.
VOUT ASS: se sibs ie ac psf eerste oa ns a ps epee a San oS
Attorney for distilling company—Mutual-aid society—Tennis club organized—Lumber con-
cessions—Public auction of land.
Internal debt—Henequen exports—Model schools established—Wireless stations increased—
Restrict liquor sales—Petroleum exports—Registration of property—Handiwork exhibition—
Municipal waterworks—New prison school—Hemp exports.
ING ATA SU eee eh Shee rs ee eee arte) Se eT ee re
Special congressional session—A bolish consulates—Historic cannon—Budget reduced—Normal
school excursion—Municipal land law—Commission government—Approve postal con-
vention.
IPATIATN AER See cys eee as te Sante ioe aes eee pmsienetn Rua arecete eerste ern iN, oh yee
Demographic statistics—Scholarship to Columbia—Obaldia wharf—Consular appointments—
Government sugar plantations—Panama in 1915.
JEG AD I: hee gate ete corte ee Se ee EN eR Rt Pesta aL Rann N A ES oo
Banco constructor—Codification committee—Paraguayans in Uruguay—Bank of the Repub-
lic—Reduce fare to students—Gold payment of duties.
Celebrate Chilean independence—Coin silver—Extend arbitration period—Gold coinage at
Lima—Agricultural association founded—Ratify sanitary convention—Railway extension.
SUVA OR a eihe eee eee eo chene Snes et SARS eee be
Liquidate debts—Approve customs convention—Locust campaign—Automobile club—Arbi-
tration convention—Municipal employment bureau—Economic war measures—-Navigation
statistics.
Of 01 en eter eek a Ret Ay nS gern MPS rE aCe Son
Arbitration treaty with Italy—Payment on debt—Standardize time—Preparatory Interne-
tional Commission—Inheritence tax—Improve Negro River—Brazilian colony proposed—
Exposition exhibit—Modify benk charter—Meat export tax—Agricultural fair.
WEN CZ WEL Ae sso tecce Scheer cpa a ae ee ore ce eee ea re
Prize medical essay—Sanitary office activities—Import breeding cattle—Academy of His-
‘ory—Abolish customhouses—Traction cable authorized.
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
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AVE you heard the song of the banana—the song that is
wafted out on the tropical night as thousands of bunches
of fruit are delivered to mechanical loaders by barefooted
men and women with songs on their lips and bananas on
their heads ?
Bustle, work, song, and chant have made “the night swing merrily
on,’ and ere the coming of the dawn hundreds of tired workers lie
half asleep about the steamship piers and along Limon’s water front.
Fifty, eighty, or possibly a hundred thousand bunches of bananas
have passed from their native heath to the refrigerated hold of a
modern ship; each worker has borne his share of the burden and
now he rests from his labor; the cargo has been ‘“‘sealed” and the
vessel weighs anchor for her northern port.
Thus has the tourist who tarries at Costa Rica’s principal seaport
witnessed a busy tropical scene, most picturesque as well as interest-
ing. Such, however, is only a glimpse of one of the country’s indus-
tries—an industry that produces 11,000,000 bunches of fruit in
a single year, or about half the world’s supply. As we journey
toward the heart of this wonderland, yet so far from complete devel-
opment, we shall see something of other crops—of sights that please
and instruct the traveler within the country’s hospitable boundaries.
What has Costa Rica to attract me, asks the tourist looking for
sights a little beyond beaten paths. Just as much and more than
many sections of the world teeming with tourists, might be the
answer. Climatically, the country is an all-the-year resort, with
summer in the lowlands and perpetual springtime in the highlands;
over its mountains and along its swift and winding streams primi-
tive man has left traces of workmanship that cause us to wonder at
1 By William A. Reid, Pan American Union staff. ,
: 849
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AS TOURIST AND TRADER SEE COSTA RICA. 851
his ability; the quaint clatter of the two-wheeled oxcarts, often seen
by scores as they meander along ancient highways, are animated pic-
tures linking present and past; the peculiar and really inviting little
hotel that has arisen from earthquake ruins at Cartago furnishes the
visitor with a pleasant home from which to begin the horseback jour-
ney (six hours) to the crest of the volcano Irazu, there to stand
entranced—gazing at will over Costa Rica’s forest and plain to the
world’s greatest oceans stretching endlessly into space; the 3-mile
trolley trip from Cartago takes one to the famous Bella Vista Springs,
the temperature of which is 135° F., and a recognized cure for rheu-
matism and a score of other ills; in San Jose the modern electric light
shines on the museum with its precious relics as ancient as Rome
herself; indeed, and in brief, Costa Rica is a country of scenic beauty
with attractions peculiarly its own. Like all other lands, its attrac-
tions often mingle with disappointments—disappointments because
modern facilities and conveniences have not yet become as general
as the foreign visitor might wish.
Costa Rica is still in the making; and one of the leading factors in
this formative process is the little schoolhouse that dots the landscape.
Formerly, poverty was a barrier that kept many native children away
from school for want of proper clothing. To-day the system of cheap
uniforms for boys and girls leaves no class distinction; and the law of
truancy is so rigidly enforced that practically every child in the land
is attending school. Of public funds devoted to various departments
of the Government, the bureau of education receives one-half of the
total amount. This liberality toward the education of the country’s
youth has been working marvels, and lifting the humblest child from
a state of dependency to a field of usefulness.
In no branch of learning, perhaps, is this fact more pronounced than
in vocational training. Of the country’s half million cattle, compara-
tively few of their hides are exported; they are made into leather and
then into shoes by the persons whom the vocational schools have taught
the trades of tanning and shoemaking. Hardwoods abound, and the
youth is being taught to convert this product into a useful article
rather than continue to ship the natural log to foreign lands at only a
fraction of its real value. The escobilla or fiber plant, which is plen-
tiful in many sections, is being transformed into cords and ropes at a
factory near San Jose, and in this age of utility it appears strange that
some similar enterprise has not taken advantage of the vast area of
lands that lie covered with wasted banana leaves and stalks, not only
for cords and ropes, but for the manufacture of the best grades of
writing paper.
The average person planning a trip to Panama, and they are to be
counted by thousands, wishes to see as much as possible of tropical and
subtropical life. No adjacent county offers easier access or more
varied sights than does Costa Rica. A night on tropical waters and
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INTERIOR OF THE NATIONAL THEATER, SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA.
This beautiful theater, one of the finest in the world, was erected from the proceeds of a tax on
coifee at a cost of more than $1,000,000 gold. The edifice is of stone, trimmed with the finest Italian
marble and stucco. The mosaic work was done by European artists especially employed for that
purpose. The ceiling shown in the picture was the work of a famous Italian artist.
TYPICAL PRIVATE RESIDENCE OF A FAMILY OF WEALTH IN COSTA RICA.
In various cities of the Republic are to be seen new residences combining ancient Spanish architecture
with the more modern styles of building construction. ‘This is especially noticeable in San José and
the surrounding suburbs.
$54 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the distance is covered from Colon to Limon, and if desired a wireless
message may engage a parlor-car seat from the latter city to the
capital, San Jose, 103 miles distant.
About this time the intending visitor inquires what kind of clothimg
is demanded by Costa Rica’s climate; hence it may be worth while in
passing to offer a suggestion as to weather conditions that may be
expected.
Costa Rica, it should be remembered, is traversed by a great
mountain chain which divides the country into innumerable sections
and valleys. One of the high peaks, Irazu, rises 11,200 feet above sea
level. There are but two seasons, the dry and the wet. Rain usually
falls from May to November in the central region on the Pacific side,
but this should not be understood as being continuous. On the At-
lantic side of the mountains, as a rule, the reverse conditions prevail.
January is the coolest month, while December and February are rela-
tively cool. The months of May and June are the hottest, but gener-
ally the heat is not oppressive. The mean annual temperature in the
temperate lands varies from 57° to 68° F., and the foreigner after
residing for a time in the temperate region may safely live in the low
country without especially endangering his health.
Costa Rica’s main artery of commerce is her transcontinental rail-
road from Limon, on the eastern shore, to Puntarenas on the Pacific,
a distance of 172 miles. From the main trunk line there are various
branches, which give the country a total of about 430 miles of railway.
Starting at Limon, a ride over the railway presents a series of tropical
and mountain views the equal of which are difficult to find elsewhere.
First, the train passes through lowland forests which appear to be
impenetrable, and the traveler shudders to think of the trials and
hardships of the engineers who pioneered their course through swamp
and wilderness. At Siquirres, 36 miles from Limon, the tourist has
time for a short walk, and here a busy scene presents itself if a ship
happens to be waiting for cargo at Limon; the five railway tracks
lying in front of the little station are holding five trains loaded with
bananas, and each train is hauling many cars. Other trains are to be
seen in the distance, truly reminding one that he is in ‘‘banana land.”’
The full story of the banana is intensely interesting, but limited
space prevents afurther description of this vast industry. However,
in passing through this land with its millions of bunches of growing
fruit, it may be interesting to know that the land cost the present
owners only about $3.25 per acre. One company now has about
25,000 of its 100,000 acres under cultivation. Most of the banana
laborers are native Jamaicans, and some of their little villages along
the railway bear such names as New York, Culpeper, Buffalo, Free-
hold, Virginia, New Jersey, etc., which rather startle the northern
visitor as the stations are called by the trainmen. Native names of
course predominate, but those adopted from the United States indi-
cate that not a few of the chief workers hail from northern climes.
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856 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
While in “banana land” the tourist should not fail to partake of
a by-product of the banana—that is, the griddle cake made from
banana meal. The latter is manufactured by cutting the banana into
strips, drying the fruit in the sun, and then grinding and sifting it;
the yield being about 25 per cent pure meal, and the pancake itself a
novel article of food for the northern visitor. The banana has a food
value per pound of 460 calories, or more than three times that of the
ordinary cabbage, so generally consumed in many countries.
As our train proceeds, we begin to note the changes that nature pre-
sents. Lowlands fade from view and mountain and river offer new
sights. Onward and upward the train winds and climbs, and by
early afternoon we are high up in the mountains where tropical heat
is only a memory, and coats and wraps are called into service.
On reaching the coffee region the question arises, have you ever
tested Costa Rican coffee? On the London market it is quoted at a
higher rate than that of any other country of the American Mediter-
ranean; this is saying much when we remember the many excellent
grades of coffee that this section of the world supplies. Next to the
banana industry, that of coffee growing occupies the most important
place in the Republic. In 1912, an average year, this product was
valued at $5,000,000, of which Great Britain purchased the largest
amount, with Germany second-best customer, and the United States
third.
As a rule, the native Costa Rican drinks much stronger coffee than
do the people of the United States, and this fact is true all over Latin
America. Cups are small and the liquid so black that the newcomer
hesitates to partake, but the habit gradually grows on him, and ere
long he takes his coffee as do the people among whom he sojourns.
Another beverage for which the country is famous is matina and
matinita, two varieties of cocoa which are extensively cultivated.
The matinita is considered the better, and it contains all the proper-
ties that our factories need to produce the finest grade of commercial
cocoa or chocolate. The plant becomes productive in about three
years, while the matina requires double that time. Strange as it may
seem, oranges and pineapples are not yet seen in large quantities in
Costa Rica, and this fact can hardly be explained when such a vast
industry has been builded on the banana. Were like attention
directed to these and other varieties of fruits, most excellent results
would doubtless reward the labor. Like Hawaii, Porto Rico, and
Cuba, Costa Rica will produce the fruits—who will start the canning
industry on a large scale ?
Another feature of industry which the traveler is likely to notice
and admire is the work of the native artisan. In detail the latter’s
handiwork is seen to advantage in many buildings, notably in the
splendid granite theater in San Jose—an edifice that would be a
credit to any country; in the new hydroelectric power installation on
the Virilla River, about 6 miles from the capital, are to be seen many
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A SCENE NEAR THE TERMINAL OF THE COSTA RICAN RAILWAY.
The distance of 103 miles from Limon to San José is now made in comfortable chair cars of modern
construction and equipment in about 7 hours. A few hours after leaving Limon the train begins
to climb heavy grades, the scenery becomes more picturesque, and the traveler enjoys the cooler
breezes of the mountains.
Courtesy of El Loco.
OBSERVATION END OF A CAR ON THE NORTHERN RAILWAY OF COSTA RICA.
The Northern Railway Co. has established modern machine shops in San José, and this car
illustcates one of the late products. The framework of these coaches is native mahogany.
Second-class cars are made largely from “bitter cedar,” with natural finish.
AS TOURIST AND TRADER SEE COSTA RICA. 859
varieties of work of the skilled native laborer, in masonry, in ironwork,
carpentry, bricklaying, cement construction, etc., all of which indi-
cate that the trade schools have brought the lesson of modernity
which, combined with ancient handicraft passed down from genera-
tion to generation, produce a structure of permanence, utility, and
beauty.
In manufacture, Costa Rica has vast room for expansion. The
two shoe manufacturing establishments, equipped with modern ma-
chinery, produce a footwear that finds a ready sale, not only locally
but beyond the country’s boundaries. A number of sawmills are
awakening the echoes of the forest; 250 coffee-curing establishments
do their work by modern machinery; sugar-cane mills and a few re-
fineries are showing what might be done on grander scales, while local
tanneries are beginning to consume vast numbers of hides that form-
erly were shipped to foreign countries.
Music and flowers are to be enjoyed all over the country. In
Limon, under royal palms and amid countless blossoms peculiar to
the tropics, the military band in the evening draws the people to the
central plaza; while among the promenaders may be counted the
citizens of many nationalities. Likewise, in San Jose, in Cartago,
Heredia, Alajuela, and elsewhere the dreamy music of the Latin may
be heard alike in public park or private patio to the delight of native
and stranger.
San Jose, the capital since the removal of the seat of Government
from Cartago, stands in a beautiful valley at about 3,800 feet above
sea level. Thecity has a population of 40,000; and since the advent
of the railroad from either ocean, is rapidly becoming modernized.
A number of new buildings, among which may be mentioned the
magnificent $1,000,000 theater and many private residences, bespeak
an air of well-being and prosperity. San Jose’s hotels, however, have
not modernized in keeping with the city’s other strides, and to the
stranger this neglect is hardly understood. A fine new hotel is planned
and ere long the discriminating traveler will have no cause for com-
plaint. The climate of this section of the Republic is most delightful,
and this fact alone should attract large numbers of people. During
the building of the Panama Canal many of the officials made more or
less prolonged stays in the Costa Rica capital and elsewhere in the
highlands to great advantage to the health of themselves and their
families.
The Republic is about as large as the combined States of Rhode
Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire; or, to be
exact, the area is given as 23,000 square miles. There are about
410,981 people, which makes nearly 18 persons to the square mile,
or one-half the density of the population of the United States. At
the beginning of 1913 the population of the country was 399,424;
during the year the actual increase was 11,557 persons. The excess
of births over deaths was 8,364; excess of immigration over migra-
ONE OF THE MANY BEAUTIFUL\WATERFALLS IN COSTA RICA.
The rough topography of Costa Rica is responsible for many short rivers and streams, some of which form
most attractive falls and picturesque nooks. The tourist with brush and camera is just beginning to
pay attention to these phases of natural beauty. The fall shown in the cut is easy of access andis visited
by many tourists.
SCENE IN A COFFEE WAREHOUSE IN COSTA RICA.
The production of coffee being the second in importance of the agricultural crops of the country, the
various stages of growth and marketing occupy the attention of an army of workers. Among the
latter Bre. many women, as will be seen from the picture, which is typical of the coffee warehouse of
various districts.
70015—Bull. 6—14——2
862 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
tion 2,328; the total number of births during the year was 17,746, or
621 more than in the previous year; during 1913 there were 9,382
deaths, or 4 more than in 1912. These figures, it will be readily seen,
disclose a most healthful economic condition; and, with the progres- -
sive young ruler, Don Alfredo Gonzalez, as a guiding spirit, great and
substantial advancement may be expected along all lines of economic
and commercial development. The commerce of the country for a
recent average year amounted to $20,000,000, the exports and im-
ports being about equally divided.
Two events of recent occurrence are likely to prove of vast impor-
tance to future commercial and industrial development of Costa
Rica. A country having so many raw products awaiting man’s ap-
propriation, had not the important elements of coal and oil to reduce
her products to commercial use. In 1898 a discovery was made by
Dr. Jose M. Castro, of San Jose. Coal was found, and chemical
analysis proved it good for steaming purposes. Further development
naturally followed, and at present 8 outcrops of coal have been dis-
covered in various sections. The most important coal region is
known as Talamanca; the coal found there is about 30 miles south-
east of Limon and 3 miles from the Caribbean coast.
Oil has also been found in the same region, and as these two impor-
tant industries are developed, as they most likely will be, the few
factories now exiting may be greatly augmented in number and use--
fulness to thecountry.
More than ever before Costa Rica is in the limelight of travel; the
rapidly increasing number of travelers is an advertising medium that
can not be excelled. The visitor, however, to secure the best results
from his sojourn, must remember that although the country is ancient
and interesting, modern facilities and comforts have not yet reached
the highest standards.
A new régime, however, reigns over the land. Through the exi-
gencies of fate one of the world’s youngest presidents Gf not the
youngest) occupies the chair of chief executive. On May 1, 1914, a
member of the National Congress was called to the highest office in
the gift of the Republic. This young man, already distinguished in
the halls of legislation, is barely 37 years of age. He is tall, slender,
highly educated, speaking English and other foreign languages with
marvelous ease; he has traveled extensively in Europe, Latin Amer-
ica, and the United States, and will doubtless bring to his newer duties
the best ideals of foreign lands as well as those that are native to his
soil. On his landed estates of Heredia, on the political rostrum, or
in the drawing room he is equally at home. But he loves the land
and outdoor life, and only a few months ago he expressed to the
writer his ardent desire to devote more time to the cultivation of the
soil and the increase of his herds. As fate has decreed, this desire
may be carried to far greater service in the development of lands of
the whole Republic.
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My Dear Mr. Epiror: The island of Barbados is the gateway of
the Caribbean Sea. I love the little place and its pretty capital of
Bridgetown with the ‘“‘spots” and prices in American money which
are always paid in English coin, and other attractive features of
romantic West Indian life. Anyone in Barbados can get to about any
place he pleases along the Spanish Main, in and out of the smaller
islands, even to Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Porto
Rico. There are all sorts of intercolonial connections at Barbados,
and it is a cheerful round-up for commercial travelers who cover this
territory.
I really would advise the man who is for the first time endeavoring
to get experience of Latin America to begin with this region. In the
first place, the islands are so close to the United States that the trip is
not long nor does one get the feeling of being far awayfromhome. It
is a matter of a few days to jump to Barbados and from Barbados to
plenty of other places. Or, going a little farther afield from Barbados
one can make good connections by an English, German, French,
Italian, or Spanish steamer along the Gulf coast of South America,
which means Colombia and Venezuela.
I feel rather well acquainted with Barbados and I enjoy the trip
from there to Colon or from Colon to Bridgetown. I just let my
imagination run loose and sink backinto what we eall the romantic old
days of the buccaneers and of the Spanish galleons. Every point of
land or protected cove has its history, and besides the history I know
there is no more beautiful region of the world, not even excepting the
Riviera or the shores of the Adriatic, than this Gulf coast of South
America. Of recent years the tourist steamers put on for winter travel
have recognized and advertised this fact, and everyone who makes
the trip goes home enthusiastic over the beautiful natural scenery of
these tropical shores. You may think this a strange way for a com-
mercial traveler to narrate what he ventures to call his experiences
around South America, but indeed, Mr. Editor, if even a commercial
traveler can not get enthusiastic over the picturesqueness of this area
he will miss lots of the pleasure of travel and perhaps even be handi-
capped in his interpretation of his selling functions. To get into the
spirit of the thing one must be a nature lover, as are the Latins, and
have an eye for the artistic. At the same time, also, this is the best
1 The last of the series of 12 articles commencing in the January number of the Bulletin.
863
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SCENES IN BARBADOS.
Upper picture: Dock scene and new bridge leading into the city of Bridgetown. Center
picture: Street scene and some of the conveyances for use of tourists in visiting the places
of interest. Lower picture: Section of the harbor at Bridgetown.
Two of the unusual sights of this city and the island are the extremely white roads and the
vast number of windmills.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 865
way to understand the temperament of the people and have a per-
ception of their wants and needs from a commercial viewpoint.
Now, to get down to business. If a man is going to try to cover
this territory, he can take any one of the steamers above mentioned,
which will land him at La Guaira or Puerto Cabello for Venezuela
and at Cartagena (sometimes Barranquilla) for Colombia. And
from these main ports he can enter the interior; and when he is
finished, he can from there take a steamer back to New York. Just
to finish the round trip of South America, we can assume that he
does these two countries and goes on to Colon, the place from which
he started. For the coast towns of Venezuela, many of which are
really important as trading centers, he must take a local coasting
steamer. ‘These towns are Cumana, Carupano, and Barcelona, east
of Caracas, with a few other stops, which he may or may not care
to make; and west of Caracas is Maracaibo, which can be reached
also by other lines. The most interesting place near Barbados is
Trinidad, which is a thoroughgoing British insular possession with
a good trade, dependent largely upon the market for asphalt, much
of which comes from here. Cumana is a city of perhaps 15,000
inhabitants, with a good deal of industrial activity. Barcelona is
not actually on the open water, but is connected by railway with
the port of Guanta. The two together will give, probably, a popu-
lation close to 30,000 inhabitants. Corupano is another good town
of local importance, the population being, perhaps, 15,000, but the
agricultural resources are abundant and the people are good spend-
ers for articles which they need or which meet their fancy.
But, let me tell the truth, Mr. Editor. I did not on this last trip
of mine go westward from Barcelona. I came straight home—that
is, to New York—because I was tired, in the first place, which is
merely an incident, but chiefly because I found that commercial con-
ditions were beginning to be disturbed, and I thought it would be
wiser for me to make my report at once. But as I want to make
this little story of mine as complete as circumstances will permit, I
am adding what I know to be practical suggestions about this Gulf
coast of South America and can more easily, therefore, recur to my
early experiences when, as a matter of fact, I left Colon and came
eastward, touching Colombia first. If this explanation meets your
favor, please let it go at that. On one of my trips, then, I left Colon
on a queer little Italian steamer for Cartagena. Some really fine
French, Spanish, German, or English steamers can be taken on this
route if the traveler wants to wait for them; but I had no time to
waste, and therefore took the first one advertised. Since then, I
understand, two excellent vessels have been added to the Italian
line, making travel quite modern and comfortable. Cartagena is
about 400 miles (48 hours’ steaming) from Colon. The city itself
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868 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
is interesting, old in history, but acquiring a modern spirit. The
population is about 37,000. It is perhaps the most important port
in Colombia, although Barranquilla runs it pretty close. From both
the Magdalena River can be reached, and this is the only highway
to the immense interior of Colombia.
The money of Colombia has had its ups and downs, until what is
still called the peso is equal only to 1 cent of United States gold
money; that is, 100 pesos to the dollar. But the Government is
making every effort to establish its currency without fluctuations,
so that gold, either United States or British, is the quite staple
exchange. In fact, the United States dollar is pretty nearly the unit
and has a value of 100 pesos.
The capital of Colombia is Bogota. To reach it from Cartagena
one must take a little railway journey of 65 miles to the river,
where steamboats are the only means of transportation. Then
for 600 miles upstream to the south the river is the highway. This
trip may take 3 or 10 days, according to the depth of water
and the traffic. At La Dorada the passengers transfer to a railway
which carries them 22 miles farther south around a series of rapids.
Then again by steamer to the station of Giradot, where the rather
new railway goes over mountains 82 miles to the plain of Bogota
and to the city itself. If time is no object, the old mule trail over
the mountains is to be preferred, but I assume that the traveler
is ina hurry and that the railway is in good operation. The distance
from Cartagena to Bogota has been covered in 5 days, but it is best
to allow 10, so that every hour saved may be placed to one’s credit.
Bogota is a fine city, the people are most cordial, and one is
really astonished at the amount of money spent there and the variety
of goodsin demand. It isa pity that the good American commercial
traveler does not visit this interior as it deserves. I know the
gossip too frequently expressed about the cool reception accorded
to the fraternity from the States when they come here, but the
gossip is not warranted by the facts. The business man goes there
for business and if he is straightforward and honest he will get the
business no matter what his nationality may be. Let me give an
instance of what I mean. A friend of mine who is more venture-
some than most, decided to go to Bogota. He was told that he
could not do a dollar’s worth of business and that other nationalities
had it all. He had the address of one man who at times had made
purchases from his house, but he was told that this man would be one
of his worst enemies. Instead of being frightened, he went directly
to this man, spoke to him frankly, said he had nothing to do with
politics, that he would not discuss politics, and that he wanted to
ask this man’s cooperation in selling the goods represented. His
frankness won his case. The merchant saw his point and granted
SCENES IN BOGOTA, COLOMBIA.
The top picture shows the Avenida de Colon, one of the most important thoroughfares of the Colom-
bian capital. At the left is the monument of Columbus, and at the right that of Isabella the Catho-
lic. The bottom picture shows the cathedral and park. Bogota has a population of over 120,000.
Tt is situated on a level plain, 8,564 feet above the sea. Its business life is active and social condi-
tions unusually pleasing.
870 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
him a business interview. My friend demonstrated the worth of
what he had to sell, and the man was convinced that the business
proposition would be in the interests of both of them. He there-
fore took the agency, allowed my friend to solicit the trade, and
now this very merchant in Bogota is one of the most active and
enthusiastic dealers in the Yankee-made goods which all prophesied
would find no market whatever. This, Mr. Editor, is the experience
time and time again. We commercial travelers are not abroad
for politics nor for international fencing. We can make friends
wherever we go if we stick to our business. If we do not stick to
business and dabble in matters which really do not concern us at
all we are wasting our own and others’ time.
The second town of importance in Colombia is Medellin. This is
perhaps even more commercially active than Bogota. It is a city of
from 50,000 to 60,000 inhabitants, is a commercial center, and to
Medellin is contributed much of the product of the many mines which
are working or about to be worked in the neighborhood. It is well
worth visiting, and the traveler who will spend time for these two
cities in Colombia alone will have his eyes opened to the possibilities
of this big Republic. In going down the river, after he has visited
Medellin, let him go as far as Barranquilla, which is the foot of navi-
gation on the Magdalena. This is also a brisk, active, and important
city, as all the consular reports will show. From here, by studying
the itinerary carefully, I caught a steamer eastward into Venezuela.
The money of Venezuela is in one sense very simple and in another
sense rather perplexing to onewho mixes rather freely with the people.
The unit is the bolivar, which has the same value as the French franc,
of almost 20 cents. Year inand yearout the value of the United States
gold dollar is practically five bolivares, with a slight variation above
or below this figure. All financial transactions use the peso sencillo
as their basis. The trouble comes when one pays little bills on the
street, for here a so-called peso should be worth 4 bolivares (that is,
80 cents), but there is also the term of peso-fuerte, which is 5 bolivares,
or the equivalent of our gold dollar. Now, if one is not careful, he
pays, when he is told, for instance, that a certain thing costs 5 pesos,
5 full gold dollars, which means just 5 good bolivares out of pocket.
The neatest rule, therefore, is to assume always, when speaking of
pesos, that they mean the peso of 4 bolivares, and not to pay a fuerte
until this price is well understood on both sides.
How, Mr. Editor, can I express my enthusiasm for that country
itself, and even my love for its people? I know I will not be sup-
ported by every one in my praises, but, nevertheless, I am expressing
my Own opinion, and others are entitled to theirs. My own expe-
riences there have been nothing but delightful. I have been suc-.
cessful as a rule, which is one cause, and I have never once met any-
STREET SCENE, BARRANQUILLA, COLOMBIA.
Barranquilla, the most important commercial city of Colombia and capital of the province of the
same name, is situated on the Magdalena River 15 miles from its mouth. A railroad 18 miles long
connects the city with Puerto Colombia on the seacoast, where there is an excellent pier. An
extensive commerce is carried on from the Barranquilla docks with the interior by river steamers,
and a large part of the foreign trade of the Republic passes through this port. The principal ex-
ports are co‘fee, hides, tobacco, cacao, rubber, ores, etc.
INTERIOR OF A RETAIL STORE IN BARRANQUILLA, COLOMBIA.
Display of imported goods.
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VIANZANUA ‘OTTHRVS OLUANd
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 873
thing that was distasteful or unpleasant or contrary to that subtly
hidden meaning in the word sympdtico. He who enters Venezuela
with an open mind and a warm heart is sure to be rewarded. The
little daily events which go so far to making life pleasant are abundant
in their occurrence in any part of Venezuela I have ever visited. Let
me illustrate. J am particularly fond of going to the early market in
Caracas, where all the busy life of that city is found in its’ greatest
charm. One morning I wanted to buy some flowers, and in passing
let me add that the flower market of Caracas, if one gets there early
enough, is one of the gayest places I ever visited. I ordered from one
of the vendors a certain kind of rose. He finally got them for me,
and explained the delay. At that moment two young girls of the
types of the vivid beauty for which the Venezuelan ought to be
famous, in all their youthful innocence— they were not of the higher
social class, but they were undoubtedly respectable— came up to me
and asked to see the roses, which perhaps to them were unknown. I
explained their fragrance and the reason why I liked them, and then,
-with such little gallantry as even the Anglo-Saxon can acquire after
a long association with the Latin, I gave each girl a rose as a keepsake
of the morning. They thanked me sweetly, and went on with their
own purchases, and thus the incident closed. But can you imagine
such a happening in, say, the rush of Fulton Market in New York, or
the Old French Market in New Orleans? The whole affair was
apparently so trivial, and yet it showed the kindliness and good spirit
and trustfulness toward the stranger. Dozens,of little incidents like
this I could mention as having characterized my various visits to
Venezuela. Some may laugh at me for indulging in them and for
narrating them as part of a seemingly serious article on the commer-
cial side of Venezuela, but indeed he who can not feel this kindliness,
who can not enter into the spirit of the people, whether it be in Vene-
zuela, or Argentina, or Costa Rica, will not meet the greatest success,
even in the more commercial side of disposing of his goods, or in the
social side of feeling that these peoples are just as interested in life as
he is, are working just as hard to attain certain ends, andfare just as
thoroughly unselfish humans as we like to think we are. I pity the
man who would not get the fun and the pleasure out of his otherwise
sometimes very wearisome travel, far away from home, in Latin
America. And if he does catch this spirit of the Latin, he will find his
activities bring greater reward to himself in another field.
Let’s see now whether I can get down to business and suppress all
my enthusiasms of my little reminiscences and of my sentimentalities
about Venezuela, and give some wholesome advice as to the best way
to study it. By all means, then, let the commercial traveler go first
to La Guaira and as soon as he can catch a train go to Caracas. I
say this because Caracas is the capital of the country and the center
Upper picture: An unusually good view of the Falls of Tequendama. The effect of the yellow water
as it makes its great leap is, under certain sunlight conditions, like a mighty stream of molten gold.
Lower picture: Mountain scenery in the heart of the Andes, photographed by Mr. Arthur W. Du Bois,
son of the former U.S. Minister, during his 10-day journey to visit the Muzo mines, the greatest deposit
ofemeralds in the world. These mines are between the great Sabana of Bogota and the Magdalena
River, and are a Government monopoly. They produce a handsome revenue each year. The best
emerald ever taken from this mine was valued at $75,000.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. 875
of this business area, and La Guaira can be visited later. Caracas is
only 22 miles, an easy two hours, from La Guaira, and is not at all a
hard trip considering the picturesqueness of the railway. Caracas
deserves at least two weeks from the fact of its b3ing the capital. It
is not easy to push onesself for the first time into a business acquain-
tance, although this very reserved encounter at first makes the
second or third visit so much the easier to one who has already had
satisfactory commercial dealings with them.
The territory contiguous to Caracas lies along the so-called German
railway which runs between Caracas and Valencia. ‘The first city of
importance on this railway is La Victoria, of perhaps 10,000 inhabit-
ants, but a very brisk, energetic place and worth a visit. It is 59
kilometers (say, 37 miles) from Caracas, and its possibilities can be
pretty well analyzed. The next place is Maracay, 31 kilometers
farther on (about 20 miles) and somewhat the same kind of place.
Back. of Maracay are several smaller towns, but these need be visited
only by the man who has to sell any particular class of goods which
he thinks such an agricultural population might need.
Then comes Valencia, second only to Caracas, in this part of
Venezuela. It has a population of 50,000 inhabitants or more, and
is really a city in every sense of the word. I have walked the streets
of Valencia and made inquiries at many of the shops there, but
seldom have I seen our good Yankee products, while I have noticed
many European wares which were probably serviceable of their kind,
but were nothing to be compared with what we can ourselves sell to
our own advantage and to that of the people who should use them.
Venezuela is really such a short distance from the States that there
is no good reason why our commerce ought not increase and why we
should not to our own profit purchase the raw materials which they
produce. Valencia is the commercial area of which Puerto Cabello
is the seaport, and the same rule applies here as it did for La Guaira;
that is, that Puerto Cabello should be visited after the possibilities of
Valencia are well understood. The two places are 54 kilometers (say,
35 miles) apart.
From Puerto Cabello a steamer can be taken to Maracaibo, 725
kilometers (450 miles) to the west. This represents an entirely dis-
tinct part of Venezuela and is of itself the important trading center
from which a great interior is fed. If one wishes to go farther inland
undoubtedly something can be accomplished thereby; but I question
the advisability of attempting the trip until one is thoroughly familiar
with the trading conditions in the city itself.
Now, Mr. Editor, I am going to close this letter. I can not write
with the detail nor with the spirit which has prompted me hitherto.
I am depressed because of what I fear is about to happen if the
threatenings in Europe should eventuate into actual facts. The fore-
REPRODUCTION FROM A PAINTING BY THE FAMOUS VENEZUELAN ARTIST, DON
TITO SALAS.
The original of this work was exhibited at the Paris Art Exhibition last year, where it was greatly
ogni It represents the hardships and sufferings of the people during the Venezuela war for
independence.
STREET SCENE IN MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA.
Tnis city of 50,000 people is situated on the western shore of Lake Maracaibo, from which there are
four ship channels to sea. ‘ihe lake has an extensive trade with interior towns in Venezuela and
Colombia, which is made possible by several railroads leading southward from this body of water.
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELER IN SOUTH AMERICA. Sil
boding was upon me as I left the Amazon, and for that reason, as I
explained at the beginning of this letter, I hurried home. Such
meager facts as I have given now are all that I dare trust myself to
write. During my last visit to Venezuela everything was prosperous,
commerce was active, and business men were all hopeful. Now,
from what I can learn, business men are fearful, and I dare not run
the danger of misleading anyone by asserting that now is the time
to make a visit to this delightful country with the sole object of
attempting a business campaign. The country itself is still as rich
as ever and the people are as charming. So much must be borne in
mind. I am myself confused as to what advice I must give, and
therefore it is perhaps the wisest course to attempt to give no further
advice at all. This is, therefore, the end of my letter. My own
interpretation of the future of the area of the Caribbean Sea is not at
all cloudy, but I feel that patience is necessary before we can hope
to win that success which undoubtedly will come if we go at it in the
right way. I have therefore resolved to end right here, and shall
devote my next and last letter to what I promised when I began to
write—a résumé of my own ideas of the South American market.
VIAJERO.
70015—Bull. 6—14——_3
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HE visitor to Venezuela passing through the public buildings
is usually attracted to a little statue which he sees in a con-
spicuous place in each of the official departments. This
figure, the chiseled head of a woman, graceful in outline,
classic in features, and forcible in expression, is the work of a prom-
ising young sculptor of Caracas, Sefior Don Pedro M. Basalo, who is
receiving considerable notice on account of his sculptural conceptions
and splendid executions of them.
Although comparatively a young man, for Sefior Basalo is not yet
30, he has already established a creditable reputation in the fields
of art and his models of stone and bronze may be seen on exhibition
with those of masters of older years and greater experience. Harly
in youth Sefior Basalo evinced a particular appreciation of the
aesthetic and beautiful and encouraged by the warm interest of
friends who could foresee in his artistic efforts a worthy career, he
entered the School of Fine Arts (Escuela de Bellas Artes) in Caracas.
Here under the guidance of accomplished professors the talents of the
young sculptor were rounded out and developed by careful and
scientific training.
And then the sculptor mind began to create and the skillful fin-
gers to ply the clay and wax. Figure and statue issued from his
studio. It was not long before his work became known and admired,
and this recognition found expression in a fitting honor—an award
of one of the cherished Government scholarships to continue his
sculptural studies abroad.
The accompanying illustration reveals the range of the young
man’s efforts. Heads or groups, monuments or statues, all reflect
the creative mind of the artist, the deft touch of the skilled work-
man, the artistic temperament of the aspiring sculptor. The figure
numbered 1 and 2, already referred to, is the standard bust accepted
by the Venezuelan Government and by presidential decree has been
ordered placed in each official department and bureau. It is entitled
Republic of Venezuela and holds the same relation to that country
as does the symbolic figure of Columbia to the United States. The
monument numbered 3 is an idea conceived by the sculptor expres-
sive of American Peace.
The figures numbered 4, 5, and 6, display the versatility of the
sculptor and show an ability to create and interpret his ideas in stone
or bronze with force and vigor. The bust of the aged man is a
notable example of facial expression, full of feeling and character.
The middle picture is an imaginative concept both descriptive and
symbolic. The head of the soldier has been named El Negro Primero
by the sculptor and is a tribute to the memory of a valiant negro
soldier who fought heroically during the Venezuelan war of inde-
pendence, and fell at the memorable battle of Carabobo. The last
picture in the series is a view of Senor Basalo’s studio at Caracas.
Site)
“STUDIO‘AND MODELS OF THE MAN oe SCULPTOR, SENOR DON PEDRO M.
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N December 1, 1914, Sr. Don Eduardo Suarez Mujica pre-
sented his credentials to President Wilson accrediting him
in the capacity of ambassador extraordinary and pleni-
potentiary of Chile to the United States. On December 3,
the Argentine minister, Sr. Dr. Rémulo S. Naén also presented his let-
ters of credence designating him ambassador extraordinary and pleni-
potentiary of the Argentine Republic to the United States. Ambassa-
dor Suarez Mujica and Ambassador Naén have served at Washing-
ton as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of their
respective countries since 1911, but with the recent elevation of the
diplomatic mission of both these countries in the United States the
distinction and honor of serving as ambassadors were happily con-
ferred upon these diplomats.
In presenting his letters of credence, Sr. Suarez Mujica said:
Mr. PresipEnT: An evolution fruitful in substantial and progressive development
for this continent has been in operation of late through the agency of the neighborli-
ness and concord with which the Governments of America with a clear comprehen-
sion of our common destinies have begun to join their aspirations and efforts. To
this evolution our two Governments are contributing with special and sincere zeal,
and I feel that I am personally qualified to bear witness to the elevated spirit of fra-
ternity, harmony, and peace with which Your Excellency and your Secretary of
State have cooperated at every stage where the action of both Governments had
points of contact.
A resulting and high expression of that new current which has created deeper rela-
tions between the Government and people of Chile and the Government and people
of the United States is found in the friendly initiative which raised the class of the
mutual diplomatic representation of both countries by establishing an American
embassy at Santiago and a Chilean embassy at Washington.
The benevolence of my country’s Government has conferred upon me the honor of
being the first emissary of Chile’s friendship in this new dignity. If in carrying out
my Government’s instructions which are to continue indefatigably to promote the
cordial entente of the two countries both in political and commercial affairs—if in
carrying out my Government’s instructions as I said I may count, as has fortunately
been the case until now, upon the favor and wise cooperation of Your Excellency and
your eminent Secretary of State—the two most intense expressions of the pacifist
sentiment of this Republic—I am sure beforehand of my ability successfully to
achieve the object of the mission with which I have been invested.
880
RECEPTION OF AMBASSADORS FROM CHILE AND ARGENTINA. 881
May it please Your Excellency to accept the sincere wishes that I formulate in the
name of the Government of Chile, and in my own for the growing prosperity of the
United States and Your Excellency’s personal happiness.
I place in Your Excellency’s hands the autograph letters which accredit me in the
capacity of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Chile.
President Wilson replied to the ambassador’s remarks in the fol-
lowing terms:
Mr. AmBASsApDor: Widely separately geographically as are the United States and
Chile, they have been intimately associated in the history of this hemisphere by like
popular institutions and by close ties of commerce and friendly intercourse.
To preserve and promote this good relationship is of deep interest to me, and I have
viewed with pleasure the steady growth of the importance and intimacy of the inter-
change of thought and feeling between the two countries.
The steady advancement of Chile in the family of nations and its increasing influence
in Latin America make its counsel of value in the affairs of the American continents.
For these reasons I deemed it meet and fitting to recommend the raising of the
diplomatic mission of the United States at Santiago to the rank of embassy. To the
satisfaction it gave me to approve the measure by which this was accomplished is
added the gratification I feel at the reciprocal action of your Government in raising
to like rank its mission at Washington.
I should be glad under ordinary circumstances to welcome any accredited ambassa-
dor of Chile, but enhanced pleasure is given me by receiving, as I am now happy to
do, as the first accredited ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Chile to
the United States, a gentleman who, in his lower rank of envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary, had given so many evidences of his cordial good will and
had so conducted his mission as to win our esteem.
I sincerely appreciate the good wishes you express, both in the name of your Gov-
ernment and on your own account, for the prosperity of the United States and my
personal happiness, and I ask you to beso good as to assure your worthy President of
the like sentiments which the Government of the United States and I personally
entertain for his welfare and for the prosperity of the Chilean people.
On being received, Dr. Naén spoke as follows:
Mr. Presipent: The United States of America was the first Nation in the world to
be diplomatically represented, thereby giving recognition to our entity as a sovereign
nation at the first dawnings of our political emancipation. In these days this great
Republic is also that which extends to the Argentine people and Government further
eloquent proof of the respect they have won for their earnest endeavors for civilization
and progress by taking the initiative of raising its representative at Buenos Aires to
the highest rank in the diplomatic roll.
Thus is the traditional friendship of the two countries evidenced at all times, con-
sistent in its manifestations, and that which on yesterday was the expression of common
hopes is to-day the expression of consummated achievements and happy auguries.
I am, therefore, Mr. President, voicing the sentiments of my Government and people
when I express in their names the high value in which both hold the friendly initi-
ative with which it has pleased Your Excellency’s Government to honor us and the
great pleasure they have found in responding thereto.
I need not expatiate on the character of my mission at the outset of my new diplo-
matic office. I cherish the hope that in the three past years it has fallen to my lot
to give expressive evidence of the friendly nature of our sentiments and of the yearn-
ing for their unbounded expansion through the intimate and reciprocal acquaintance
of our two peoples, thus emphasizing a friendship that has not wavered for an instant
882 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
heretofore and will stand unshaken hereafter because it rests not on conventional
grounds but on existing reciprocal interests and common ideals, sentiments, and
principles.
In placing in your hands, Mr. President, the letters which accredit me in the
capacity of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Argentine Republic
near your Government, I have pleasure in conveying to you in the name of the Presi-
dent of the Republic the affectionate expression of his consideration for Your Excel-
lency’s person and Government and the assurance of the admiration and sympathy
with which the Argentine people follow the marvelous progress of this great Nation.
Accepting the ambassador’s credentials, the President replied:
Mr. AmBassapor: The Government of the United States has viewed with keen
interest and sympathy the growing development of the Argentine Republic. It
has been especially impressed, not only by that Republic’s increased importance in
the family of nations but as well by the enlarged influence which it exerts in the
affairs of Latin America; and the Government of the United States has been glad to
recognize this importance and influence by raising its diplomatic mission at Buenos
Aires to the rank of embassy. The approval of the measure by which this was accom-
plished was one of the most pleasing official acts I have had to perform; and the
action of your Government in raising, in reciprocation, its mission at Washington to
like rank has added to the satisfaction I feel in seeing the United States and Argentina
thus drawn into closer and more intimate association.
Since the independence of Argentina its relations with the United States have been
marked by unbroken friendship. Of the long line of distinguished gentlemen who
have represented your nation at Washington, to none is more credit due than to you
for preserving and promoting cordiality and mutual consideration in the intercourse
between the two countries. Consequently, feeling confident as I do that your endeav-
ors will continue to be directed toward the same end, I am gratified that President
de Ja Plata should have, by selecting you, appointed as the first ambassador of Argen-
tina to the United States a gentleman whose friendship and good will have been
proven and who has won our sincere esteem, and I accept from your hands with real
pleasure your credential letters as such.
I am sensibly appreciative of the friendly sentiments to which you give voice on
behalf of your Government, and ask you to convey to His Excellency your President
my cordial greetings to him and my best wishes for his personal welfare and the pros-
perity of the great nation of which he is Chief Magistrate.
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An Invitation to Brazil, by Domicio da Gama, ambassador of
Brazil to the United States, in the December number of The World’s
Work, is a short but able article in which the author pays an eloquent
tribute to the men of Brazil and their earnest, heroic work in the build-
ing up of a great nation. So much attention has been given to the
material resources and the industrial and commercial possibilities of
his country that the ambassador very justly thinks that ‘‘It is par-
ticularly important at this time that more attention should be paid to
the builders of the nation which many people in this country seem to
consider only as an exploitable land.” In this connection he writes:
I do not now speak of our much advertised natural resources, of our material possi-
bilities. I will not present figures or statistics, or burden memories with strange,
unromantic names. All that may be found in the reference books, in the files of the
Department of Commerce, in the library of the Pan American Union. I only wish to
say that nature is not everything to Brazil; that man also counts there, and it is this
man who, generation after generation, has been steadily working to build up a great
nation upon a vast and generous land. A century of political existence has not
elapsed for us, but we do not consider ourselves so young that we can play with our
destinies. Like the United States of America, Brazil felt from the beginning the re-
sponsibilities of national life; our first public men had charge of souls, and they
transmitted to their descendants their noble traditions of civic virtues; from the
Andradas to the Rio Brancos the mighty chain of personal abnegation and almost
religious devotion to public service remains unbroken. And so intense is this senti-
ment of love of country—strong as a natural force—that it does not even appear to
them as deserving a reward—as worthy of a prize. ;
This sense of civic duty brings about a kind of passion for sacrifice. Men die working
over their desks as soldiers do on a battlefield, and it was not glory nor personal profit
that they entrancedly sought. But their example is followed quietly, as it should be,
in every field of public activity. In religion, in arts, in science and letters, in industry
and war, in public administration and law, in general philanthropy, we have Brazilian
names enough to fill with statues the galleries of a national pantheon. Meanwhile, in
the hearts of their countrymen they have their virtual monuments. And this is the
principal, the sounder stock of our social, of our national capital.
It is not, therefore, an illegitimate ambition to claim that if we have not yet attained
the highest condition of external consideration which is the mark of greatness in the
political international world, we are certainly prepared to make a good showing when
our sister nations call us forward.
We in Brazil have come spontaneously to the United States and have learned some-
thing from your experience in life, be it political, social, or industrial. In return you
should come to see how the lessons are applied in another land, under different skies,
by men of other traditions. Our climate is mild, our hospitality iswarm. Let citizens
of this country who are interested come to Brazil and even if they should fail to find
all that they had expected to see in a great republic they certainly will find that ours
is a country well worth knowing, with untold possibilities of material development
combined with the ideals that make for true greatness among nations.
883
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
BONIFACIO, “FATHER OF BRAZILIAN INDEPENDENCE.”
In his tribute to the patriotic men of Brazil, Ambassador da Gama writes in the December number of The
World’s Work: “In religion, in arts, in science and letters, in industry and wen public administration
and law, in general philanthropy, we have Brazilian names enough to fill with statues the galleries of a
national pantheon.” Among these names perhaps none shines with greater luster than that of José
Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva, the leading spirit to bring about Brazilian independence and one of the first
to advocate the abolition of slavery in that country. As guardian of Dom Pedro II he wielded a powerful
influence on the destinies of the Monarchy of Brazil and on the development of the subsequent Republic
which was established nearly a quarter of a century after his death.
STATUE OF DOM PEDRO II AT FORTALEZA
STATE OF CEARA, BRAZIL.
886 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
International Democracy is the title of another article, in the same
issue of The World’s Work, which is a partial reproduction of the
masterly address delivered by Dr. Romulo 8. Naon, first ambassador
from the Argentine Republic to the United States, before the Ameri-
can Bar Association, October 22, 1914. The ambassador points out
that the principle of international democracy has at every moment of
his country’s history inspired its foreign policy, and that its adherence
to the method of settling international disputes by arbitration has
demonstrated the humanitarianism of the nation. He writes in part
as follows:
Another manifestation of our humanitarianism may be found in the propaganda
which our country has been conducting for international arbitration as a means of
settling disputes between nations, adopting a formula which is at the present time
the highest perfection of that system. One of the most illustrious statesmen of my
country thus had occasion in 1880, as minister of foreign affairs, to affirm that arbi-
tration had always been a noble and constant aim of our people, and that ‘“‘The Argen-
tine Government can show its adherence for a long time to that principle which wisely
considers both the interests of justice and the altruistic requirements of humanity.’’
In fact, since 1896, when the Argentine Republic concluded with Chile her first arbi-
tration treaty for the settlement of boundary questions pending at that time and such
others as might thereafter arise our efforts to bind ourselves with all other countries
of the world through compulsory arbitration have not ceased for a single day.
As early as 1867 our great President Sarmiento, the biographer of Lincoln and the
intimate friend of Horace Mann, proposed to the Government of the United States,
while Argentine minister in Washington, a general arbitration treaty so comprehen-
sive that it altered the jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Courts of both Nations, in
order to advance the cause of international justice. Sarmiento was at that time an
enthusiastic champion of the peace societies which even then were endeavoring to
secure the establishment of permanent tribunals for the settlement of international
disputes. In 1874 the Argentine Republic solemnly declared before the whole world
that ‘‘she was determined, with treaties or without treaties, to put an end by arbitra-
tion to all of her international controversies.’’ And later, until the year 1902, the
Argentine Republic also submitted all her other boundary questions to arbitration,
celebrating the respective treaties with Paraguay, Brazil, and Chile, submitting
always respectfully to adverse decisions, even when they implied lamentable losses
on more than one occasion to the integrity of the national territory. It was this man-
ifest respect for the cause of arbitration which led a distinguished publicist and diplo-
mat to acclaim the Argentine Republic as ‘‘the champion of arbitration on the conti-
nent.”
After hearing this, you will not be surprised if I affirm that my country was the
first to strive for the success of a formula establishing compulsory arbitration with-
out limitations, proclaiming and defending it in all the deliberations of international
congresses and conferences in which she has participated, and finally including it in
the numerous treaties of arbitration which she has entered into between 1899 and the
present date. In all of them the following clauses have been inserted: “‘The con-
tracting parties agree to submit to arbitration all questions of any nature that may arise
between them, provided they do not affect the provisions of the constitution of either
State, and can not be settled by direct negotiations.”’
The extent of this formula is such that it is limited only by the sacredness of the
constitution. It has been described by an eminent professor in La Revue de Droit
International as ‘‘the characteristic Argentine formula.’’ It received the applause
ot the whole world at the Second Hague Conference; and when, during the sessions
‘*As early as 1867 our great President Sarmiento, the biographer of Lincoln and the intimate friend of
Horace Mann, proposed to the Government of the United States, while Argentine minister in Wash-
ington, a general arbitration treaty so comprehensive that it altered the jurisdiction of the Federal
Supreme Courts of both nations, in order to advance the cause of internationaljustice.’”’? (Ambassador
Na6n, of Argentina, in his address before the American Bar Association, Oct. 22, 1914, reproduced in
part in the December number of The World’s Work.)
888 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
of that congress, the Argentine and Italian delegates signed the general arbitration
treaty which now binds the two nations, its president, Count Nelidow, and the
eminent Leon Bourgeois hailed it as the most advanced type of arbitration treaty
that could be recommended as an example. Baron Marschall von Bieberstein, the
eminent German diplomat and ambassador of Germany to that conference, also
acclaimed it as the model international arbitration treaty, and the universal applause
and acceptance given to the Argentine formula on that occasion was later regarded by
some as the extension toward Europe of the Argentine policy on international arbi-
tration.
And I cherish the belief—perhaps in my pride as an Argentine—that it is the recog-
nition of the moral conscience of my country, rather than her enormous economic
vitality, that now and always has won for her the esteem and respect of the civilized
world.
Bolivia’s Commercial Possibilities, by Ignacio Calderon, minister
of Bolivia to the United States, is one of the interesting contributions
to the December number of the World’s Work. The author gives
a brief geographical and historical sketch of Bolivia and deals with
the remarkable commercial progress the country has made during
the last 15 years and concludes with the following pertinent and sug-
gestive analysis of the reciprocal trade relations which should be
established between the United States and his country:
Events that are now saddening the world have come to show the necessity of
developing amongst the American Republics a community of interests that will
strenethen the democratic principles upon which rest their political structure.
The greatest part of the exports from South America are needed and consumed in
the United States, and the southern Republics can find here manufactures, machinery,
and so forth. If in addition to this established relationship American capital might
now be available, together with American enterprise and energy, the growth of our
commercial relations would rest upon more solid and broader economic foundations.
Bolivia perhaps more than any of the other southern Republics would, and will, wel-
come the increase of her commercial relations with the United States.
Amongst the variety of Bolivian products exported principally to Hurope are rubber,
copper, zinc, bismuth, silver and gold, coca leaves, peruvian bark, raw hides, alpaca,
wool, tin, etc. Most of these products are needed in the United States, especially tin,
which in America is exclusively a Bolivian product, as in no other part of the hemis-
phere is it commercially obtainable. The United States uses about 50 per cent of the
world’s output of tin. For want of a smelting plant here, all of more than 40,000 tons
of Bolivian concentrates has formerly gone to England and Germany, to be treated
and made into tin plates, and brought to the United States, where tin cans are so
much used.
Out of the $35,147,964 worth of exports from Bolivia in 1912 the United States re-
ceived $152,976. Bolivia imported in the same year from the United States $1,791,916
worth of goods, and brought from Europe and the neighboring Republics $18,516,590
worth.
Taking into consideration tin and rubber, two of the principal Bolivian exports
that are so much needed in the United States, it will be seen that they represent about
$30,000,000. This amount sold to the United States would enable Bolivia to buy
from the United States a far greater value in exports than the $1,791,916 worth that
Bolivia took in 1912. Flour, lumber, cotton goods, mining machinery, sewing
machines, typewriters, shoes, petroleum, canned goods are imported now into Bolivia,
but the amount and quantity of these importations could easily be increased tenfold,
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390 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
should the Bolivian products come direct to the United States and could the business
men of Bolivia find proper credit facilities to receive in exchange many of the Ameri-
can manufactures.
Trade implies mutual confidence and good faith, and to maintain it each party must
bestow its best care to furnish to the other exactly what is required, in good time and
in a proper shape, and obligations must be met when due. There will never be a
friendly increase of foreign trade relations if foreign customers find want of courtesy
and an arrogant spirit of superiority. Neither will southern merchants tolerate being
taken for rogues and be asked to hand over the cash before the goods are delivered.
European exporters know by experience that nowhere is there higher commercial
honor than in South America, nor are longer terms granted elsewhere with more
perfect confidence and success.
The economic union of the Republics of South and North America will consolidate
the bonds of political ideals that now bind them. We in democratic America have
repudiated the Old World’s theory that above the individual citizen exists an entity
called the State, before which private rights disappear, and whose mission is to grow
and expand regardless of any respect for justice and law. We in America believe
that nothing is greater than the freedom and welfare of the community and each of
its individual members; that the sum total of their happiness and welfare makes the
greatness of the nation. We believe in justice and right and, inspired by these noble
ideals, will advance the true civilization of mankind to the fulfillment of the old
heavenly promise of ‘‘ Peace on earth and good will toward men.”’
Peru: A Rich Commercial Field, by Federico Alfonso Pezet, min-
ister of Peru to the United States, is another interesting contribution
to the December number of The World’s Work. The minister
dwells upon the effect of the breaking out of the European war
upon the economic relations between the United States and the
countries of South America, upon the national awakening to the
possibilities of closer commercial relations between this country and
Latin America, and the eventual effect of the opening of the Panama
Canal on the trade relations between the United States and the
west coast of South America. With this last consideration he deals
as follows:
This terrible war opens great vistas and creates many possibilities for the coun-
tries of the west coast. It is to be your opportunity and our opportunity. The
opening of the Panama Canal precisely at this time is of paramount importance to
North America and to the west coast of South America. But it does not, it can not
mean as much to eastern South America as it does to you and us, because it does not
bring it any closer to Europe or the United States.
The state of war will undoubtedly bring about an appreciable increase in your
trade with the east coast of South America, but this will not be a permanent trade
because, once the war is ended, and when normal conditions are reestablished in
Europe, those countries will regain their preeminent position in those markets.
The slope of the South American Continent in a northwesterly to southeasterly
direction brings the west coast very much nearer to the Eastern States of North
America. A direct line drawn from Washington, D. C., south cuts through: the city
of Lima, so you see that a geographic freak and the wonderful achievement of Amer-
ican genius has made us close neighbors through the canal. This advantage should
be properly utilized by you and us at this time. And what Europe did for you,
and what she is now doing for eastern South America, and you yourselves have done
for your own West, you should in turn do for the west coast of South America.
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Our principal trade must be with you; the canal has made this possible. Whyshould
we buy the millions of dollars’ worth of manufactured goods from far-away Europe
when we are now close neighbors, and have a direct route of travel? Why should
we send our raw materials to feed European industrial plants, when you can utilize
them just as well here, and return them to us in their improved state as manufactured
articles that we need? Why should we look to Europe for the capital with which to
develop our material resources, when you can supply us with this and assure for your-
selves the advantages that Huropean capital has already acquired in eastern South
America? Why should we look to Europe for men to assist in the exploitation of our
many resources, when we have your trained and tried men at our very doors, ever
eager to open new fields that will be profitable in every sense?
No nation, no people, has ever developed itself; never in the history of the world
has progress come spontaneously from within. The European nations, by successive
wars, and through the migrations of races, have become what they are to-day. Each
race, each nation, has in a measure contributed to the growth, the development, the
wealth, the progress and culture of the others. And so it must be in the future.
The great southern continent must receive from outside the necessary assistance in
order to attain its proper development.
No section of the continent offers to this country greater inducements than the west
coast. And I believe that no nation on the west coast is destined to a greater future
than Peru.
With a territory that covers more than 600,000 square miles, it is by reason of its
varied products one of the few self-supporting countries in the world. With high-
lands and lowlands, mountains and plateaus and plains, valleys and deserts, rivers,
lakes, forests and pastures, Peru possesses every possible kind of climate and conse-
quently lands suitable to all races and soils for every product, while its mineral
resources are untold, embracing the precious metals, fuels of every class and all of the
ores of industry.
The war in Europe has lifted the veil that covered the great South American
Continent, the Panama Canal shows the people of this country the route that they
should follow to reach the land that dazzled by its opulence the discoverers of
America. It is there, as it was in the early dawn of the sixteenth century, with its
untold possibilities inviting development.
Practical Mediation and International Peace, by Charles H.
Sherrill, in the December number of the North American Review, is
an appreciative consideration of the work of the recent ‘A-B-C”’
mediation and its far-reaching international effect among the nations
of the Western Hemisphere.
The present deplorable state of affairs in Europe is woefully in need
of some practical plan whereby peace may be established, and Mr.
Sherrill takes occasion to point to the recent mediation of the three
South American countries through whose good offices the United
States and Mexico avoided a war which seemed imminent and inevita-
ble. Certainly the results of this mediation were practical and the
effects beneficial. Some of the results are dealt with by Mr. Sherrill
in the following excerpts:
This article is written to point out that a peace plan of the most practical nature has
been both initiated and matured on our side of the ocean, a plan that has succedeed in
averting a war, whilst in the Old World a whole continent is plunged into a dreadful
maelstorm of armed strife from which it will take years to recover. This plan is what
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 893
is generally known as the A-B-C mediation—the friendly offer by Argentina, Brazil,
and Chile of their good offices in the difficult situation which arose between our country
and Mexico growing out of internecine strife in the latter’s territory.
The two most outstanding results of this mediation in the Mexican crisis are, first,
that a high court of public opinion has been established for the Western Hemisphere,
and, second, that the Monroe doctrine has suddenly become continental and is no
longer, even in the opinion of Latin America, unilateral and constabulary.
For the first time in the political life of the New World we have seen appear a high
court of public opinion, appealing so equally to Latin Americans and Anglo-Saxon
Americans as to secure for its conclusions a respectful acceptance both in North and
South America, an acceptance far harder for any one country to disregard than even
the formal decisions of The Hague tribunal. Indeed, in many ways it is the most
practical result of that praiseworthy machinery for international peace which the
successive meetings at The Hague devised and fostered. We call it a high court of
public opinion. And why not? Who will gainsay such a title? Did it not consider
in formal, patient, and decorous fashion the various sides of a vexed question, and was
not the result of its effort the averting of a war—a war wholly unnecessary and yet,
save for this mediation, dangerously imminent because affronts to national dignity
were in the air, affronts which no nation could brook?
A court must be respected to be influential, and of international courts this is
especially true, lacking as they do the police powers enjoyed by a court whose juris-
diction is limited to its own nationals. A court must have gained the indorsement
of public opinion to be really effective, and the one we are discussing is a tribunal
which possessed that indorsement for the excellent reason that it was the product of
that very public opinion.
If the public opinion of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile had not already been edu-
cated up to approving this offer of mediation, it would never have been made, but,
thus approved, it carried with it so great a prestige as to insure the acceptance of the
mediators’ conclusions by Mexico, another Latin-American country, an acceptance
which nothing fathered by an Anglo-Saxon country could have achieved, It will
take a little time for the people of the United States to realize how powerful an agency
for international good such a tribunal as this possesses in the Western Hemisphere,
because we as a people do not yet know how much more powerful is public opinion
in South America than among us.
That it is so powerful is due to several reasons. One of them—and a most important
reason—was sensed by Henry Clay when, during his campaign in Congress for the
recognition of the independence of the struggling Spanish colonies, he pointed out
the amazing excellence of their press—more and better newspapers, said he, being
then published in Buenos Aires than in all of Spain and Portugal. Those high jour-
nalistic traditions have been worthily maintained, and it is difficult to overestimate
the educational influence of good newspapers upon the public opinion of people so
devoted to their perusal as are the South Americans. * * *
Nor is it by newspaper reading alone that our friends to the south of us have become
so generally enlightened upon international questions as to be able to produce so
sensible, so practical a solution of a difficult problem affecting two nations as this
mediation has proved to be. Their great universities have long devoted more atten-
tion to international law than have ours and have interested in that subject many
leaders of their bar, men of the type which in our country would be drawn rather to
advising upon large internal affairs. By reason of the popularizing by South American
universities of international law as a study, their educated men come to the task of
treating a concrete case involving two or more nations much better equipped than we
do. This should not surprise us, because such questions have for years enjoyed the
attention of a greater proportion of their leaders in thought than has been the case in
the United States. * * *
70015—Bull. 6—14——4
894 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
And now as a preface to speaking of the second great result of this A-B-C media-
tion, and also as a constant reader of that South-American press whose influence we
have seen is so great, that it has been both delightful and significant to note the wide
appreciation by those journals of our action in accepting this proffered mediation and
in waiving any indemnity for the military occupation of Vera Cruz which circumstances
forced upon us. This appreciation is delightful because it shows a changed attitude
of Latin-American public opinion toward us, and it is significant because it indicates
a brotherly tendency to understand the altruistic undercurrent of our national spirit.
Our hearty acceptance of the mediation has done more to convince South America
of our total lack of any desire to annex territory than did our successive withdrawals
from Cuba after intervention there. They are more convinced now of the integrity
of our purposes than even they were by two other recent and splendid proofs thereof,
viz, our defense of Venezuelan territory in 1895 and our action in being the only
nation to return to China a large portion of the Boxer indemnity.
And now for this second great result of the A-B-C mediation, which is nothing more
or less than the assumption by South America of her share in the responsibilities and
development of the Monroe doctrine. In that regard surely no development more
important than this mediation has taken place since President Monroe sent his famous
message to Congress on December 2, 1823. At last South America realizes the altruism
of our point of view in regard to that essential feature of our foreign policy, and at last
our people have come to appreciate the immense practical value of South American
public opinion in questions affecting the welfare of nations in our hemisphere.
And how else than by means of this mediation could this splendid two-sided reali-
zation have come to passso promptly? It tsnearly five years now since the importance
of joint action by Pan-American countries in settling Pan American difficulties
began to be discussed in Buenos Aires. The idea was well received there, particu-
larly by its ablest journalists, and it was especially clear in the remarkable mind of
Dr. Davila, the talented editor of La Prensa. To talk at any length with him was to
be converted to the crusade for the idea, and it was my privilege later to urge some
such joint action to nearly 200 commercial bodies all over our country. A most
inspiring ideal it was, but what a long and weary struggle seemed ahead before the
consummation ‘‘so devoutly to be wished.”’
And _ now it has swiftly come true, a beautiful and splendid fact, a precedent to be
followed, a standard set up which shall restrain any but forward steps in the future.
Railway Expansion in South America, in the November number of
Moody’s Magazine, is the fifth of a series of articles by Mr. Frederic
M. Halsey, and deals with the development of the railways of Brazil.
Omitting the statistical and descriptive matter dealing with the
commercial interests and the cities, the following paragraphs embody
the salient features of the article referring to the railway interests:
Brazil ranks twelfth among the nations of the world in its total of railway mileage,
Argentina being the only South American Republic surpassing it. The vast increase
in the Republic’s trade has stimulated the construction of railroads, and continually
through this means new sections of the country are being placed in communication
with the outer world. The size and extent of Brazil is little realized outside the
Republic’s own boundaries, its area being equal to that of the United States (exclud-
ing Alaska), England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Holland, Belgium, Portugal, and
Switzerland combined. The population of Brazil is estimated at upward of
23,000,000. * * *
The existence of many rivers and a vast seaboard has greatly obviated the necessity
for extensive railroad building. Brazil not only has upward of 4,000 miles of sea-
coust and the greatest river in the world, the Amazon, the basin of which covers
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896 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
about 3,350,000 square miles, but also has fully a dozen rivers averaging from 1,000
to 3,000 miles in length. Most of these rivers are tributaries of the Amazon; 10,000
miles of river are navigable for steamers and 20,000 miles additional navigable for
flat boats and light-draft vessels. The mighty Amazon, which is upward of 3,300
miles in length, is navigable for steamers for 2,500 miles (to Iquitos, Peru). At the
Peruvian-Brazilian boundary the river is 2 miles in width, and as it flows eastward
it widens until at its mouth it is 150 miles wide. The principal island in the delta
of the river is more than twice the size of the State of Massachusetts.
Although coffee and rubber are the two principal products of Brazil, many other
commodities are noted among the Republic’s exports. Manufacturing also plays a
part in Brazil’s industrial progress; it is estimated that there are in the Republic
upward of 3,500 industrial establishments, representing an investment of nearly
$300,000,000 and employing nearly 200,000 hands.
Despite the large number of rivers within the bounds of the Republic, there were
in operation early in 1914 a total of 15,246 miles of railway, while about 4,000 miles
additional were either under construction or approved. The Government operates
a portion of the existing mileage.
The Government-owned lines directly operated, although well managed and equip-
ped, are less successful than a majority of the privately-operated railways in the
Republic. The principal Government-owned line is the Central of Brazil Railway,
operating about 1,250 miles of road. This railway has its terminus at Rio de Janeiro,
from which place it extends into the interior, branching out in several directions
and reaching a number of important cities, including Sao Paulo, Bello Horizonte,
capital of the State of Minas Geraes, etc. The Government expects to extend this
system through the heart of the Republic to Para, on the Amazon River, 2,270 miles
from Rio, a step which will do much to develop the northern and central portion of
this vast country. The railway at present carries annually about 25,000,000 pas-
sengers and a large tonnage of freight, consisting of coffee, iron ore, lumber, sugar, etc.
On October 18, 1914, there passed into hands of receivers the Brazil Railway, an
Anglo-American enterprise incorporated in Maine, United States of America, in 1906.
This railway system, which consists of a number of consolidated lines extended and
joined together into a unit, is the largest system operating in the Republic of Brazil
and one of the largest enterprises of its kind in South America. The company was
controlled by the so-called Farquhar-Pearson syndicate, and until recently there
_ was every indication that large profits would result from the undertaking; in fact,
full dividends of 6 per cent per annum were paid on the preferred stock during 1911,
1912, and 1913. However, the great European war coming as it has in the midst of
a business depression in Brazil, demoralized the railway’s business and prevented
the company from securing funds to finance its requirements, necessitating a recelver-
ship.
The Brazil Railway, as of June 30, 1914, operated directly 3,362 miles of main
track, located mainly in the States of Sao Paulo, Parana, Sta. Catherina, and Rio
Grande do Sul. A large interest was also held in the Paulista Railway (715 miles
operated), running through the central portion of the State of Sao Paulo; the Mogyana
Railway (1,084 miles) operating in northern Sao Paulo and in Minas Geraes; also in
the Madeira-Mamore Railway (226 miles), described in a later paragraph. Subsidiary
companies, whose entire capital stocks are held by the Brazil Railway, have been
engaged in the building of extensive ports, docks, warehouses, etc., at Rio de Janeiro,
Rio Grande do Sul; also in lumbering, cattle raising, colonizing, etc. A total of
about 560,000 acres of forest lands is owned or leased by the Brazil Railway; alsc
about 6,000,000 acres of agricultural lands and a total of 8,163,081 acres of cattle-
grazing lands.
The gross earnings of the Brazil Railway (for lines directly operated) for 1913
amounted to $14,305,665. Gross earnings for a similar period of the Paulista and the
Courtesy of Viacao Ferrea do Rio Grande do Sul,
RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT IN BRAZIL.
The above photographs show the substantial character of the railway stations
even in the smaller towns of Brazil. The upper picture shows the station at
Piranhas, a picturesque village at the head of navigation of the lower San
Francisco River. The lower shows the station in one of the small interior
towns of the State of Rio Grande do Sul.
898 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Mogyana Railway totaled $20,934,335. The total capitalization of the parent com-
pany, as of December 31, 1912 (latest statistics available), amounted to $20,000,000
6 per cent preferred stock, $32,090,000 common stock, and $76,679,579 bonds. In
addition secured notes were outstanding. * * *
The Madeira-Mamore Railway, probably the most isolated railway in the world, is
located far in the interior of South America and affords a means of routing traffic
around a chain of dangerous rapids which prevent navigation through portions of the
Madeira, Mamore,and Beni Rivers. The route followed by the railway was surveyed
a number of years ago by Col. George Earl Church, an eminent American engineer,
and a party of followers, a large number of whom lost their lives owing to the climate,
the heat and the swampy nature of the country traversed causing great hardships.
Following Col. Church’s survey numerous attempts were made to open this possible
trade route. First a canal was authorized, but as this scheme did not seem to be
feasible it was decided that a railway should be built. A company was launched in
1872 and a contract to build the line was let to the Public Works Construction Co.
The latter company started work on the enterprise, but were shortly compelled to
giveitup. In 1877 the task was again attempted, this time by P. T. Collins, of Phila-
delphia, who succeeded in completing 19 miles of line and locating 40 miles additional.
The difficulties of the undertaking proved too great, however, and work had to be
abandoned. In 1903 the treaty of Petropolis made between Brazil and Bolivia
imposed upon the former in exchange for territories granted by Bolivia a guaranty
that the railway should be constructed. Brazil subsequently let a contract to Joachim
Catranby, who transferred it to the present owners of the line. * * *
The Madeira-Mamore Railway has its terminus at Puerto Velho, from which point
it extends southwestward and southward through the forest and jungle, following the
route of the river. The railway en route crosses a number of small streams; here and
there along the route small villages and towns have sprung up. The railway passes
opposite Villa Bella, Bolivia, near which town the Madeira River divides to become
the Mamore and the Beni Rivers. Each of these rivers has its source in the Bolivian
Andes, the former in the State of La Paz and the latter in Cochabamba.
The Madeira-Mamore Railway’s present southern terminus is at Guajara Miram, on
the Mamore River, beyond which point the river is navigable for some hundred of
miles. From Guajara Miram the railway has been surveyed to Riberalta, on the Beni
River. This extension, which will be 62 miles in length, will pass around the various
cataracts in the Beni River and will open a trade route of great importance to Bolivia.
The Government of the latter Republic has authorized a railway from La Paz to some
point on this river, which railway will provide an outlet for the trade of the Andean
plateau, on which most of the Bolivians have their homes.
Prior to the construction of the Madeira-Mamore Railway the passage around the
falls was an extremely difficult and dangerous task and the cost of handling freight
prohibitive. It is to be sincerely hoped that the owners of the railway will be able
to overcome their financial difficulties and meet with the success which they so justly
deserve. Despite a considerable falling off in business during the second half of the
year, gross earnings for 1913 reached the encouraging total of $1,701,335, while net
earnings amounted to $812,335. The company had outstanding, as of December 31,
1912, $1,000,000 preferred and $10,000,000 common stock. Approximately £12,600,000
60-year 6 per cent bonds were likewise outstanding, a portion being guaranteed by
the Brazil Railway and a portion by the Port of Para Co.
Brief mention will be made here of four other important railways operating in Brazil;
all of these are controlled by English companies.
The Leopoldina Railway, operating 1,700 miles of main track, extends from Nich-
theroy, an important city located on Rio de Janeiro Bay, northward through the valley
of tne Paranahyba River, traversing the Provinces of Rio, Minas Geraes, and Espirito
Santo. Four rugged mountain ranges are crossed by the main line and many spec-
RAILWAY EXPANSION IN BRAZIL.
Upper picture: Construction train at work on the Madeira-Mamore Railway. Lower picture: Locomotive
used some 35 years ago during first attempts to construct the Madeira-Mamore Railway.
900 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
tacular feats of engineering were performed by tue builders. The maximum grade
on the main line is about 8 per cent, while on the division which runs from Rio to
Petropolis the grade reaches the maximum of over 15 per cent. The gross earnings
of this railway system for the year 1913 amounted to $9,351,855. The company had
outstanding December 31, 1912, $65,000,000 stock and debentures. Substantial div-
idends have been paid by the company for a number of years.
The Sao Paulo Railway is 134 miles in length and produces more revenue per mile
than any other railway in the Western Hemisphere. The line extends from Santos,
via Sao Paulo, to Jundiahy, with a branch to Bragantina. The railway enjoys a
monopoly of the traffic between Sao Paulo and Santos and annually carries over one-
half of the world’s supply of coffee. The company has outstanding approximately
$15,000,000 ordinary stock, on which dividends of 14 per cent and upward are paid
annually, also $5,000,000 preferred stock and $10,000,000 debentures. The railway
is one of the best maintained properties in South America. At Sao Paulo a magnifi-
cent passenger station has been erected, while excellent terminals are owned at Santos.
The Great Western of Brazil Railway operates 1,010 miles of main track, extending
from Pernambuco into the interior and northward along the coast. The railway
handles a considerable traffic in sugar, cotton, timber, etc., and is a successful enter-
prise. Gross earnings for 1913 were approximately $3,750,000, and substantial divi-
dends are annually being paid (6 per cent in 1913 on common stock). The com-
pany’s total capitalization is approximately $19,000,000.
The Brazil North Eastern Railway operates approximately 475 miles of road, located
in the State of Ceara. The railway has its tidewater terminus at Forteleza (or Ceara,
as it is sometimes called), to which port it brings cotton and cotton products in fair
amounts; a large portion of its line is leased from the Government. Its importance
is likely to be greatly enhanced upon the completion of a large additional mileage
which is being constructed by the South American Construction Co. The State of
Ceara is about the size of Illinois and its population is approximately 1,000,000.
Although suffering in common with many other countries from overextension and
from the effect of the great war now being waged in Europe, Brazil, owing to its vast
area and unlimited resources, should have a very bright future, particularly in the
great interior, which is at the present time but sparsely settled. The Republic is at
present in rail communication with Uruguay and Argentina, and in a few years trains
will be running into Paraguay and Bolivia, through which latter Republic direct
rail communications with the Pacific coast will be established.
Hunting the Spectacled Bear of the Andes, by Wilfred H. Osgood,
in a recent number of Outdoor World and Recreation, is an enter-
taining story of the killing of one of these very rare varieties of
animals. The party started on the hunt from the little town of
Menocucho, about 25 miles from Trujillo, near the foothills of the
Peruvian Andes. Mr. Osgood writes:
We busied ourselves a few days”collecting birds and small mammals and during
this time the station agent’s 19-year-old son, Max, frequently proposed that I go with
him on a short hunt for bears. Finally I decided to do so, although I was somewhat
suspicious of the young man’s enthusiasm, and still more so of the extremely arid
region in which he proposed to hunt. On a previous trip in the mountains of Colombia
I had found signs of spectacled bears only in dense humid forests, and had been
inclined to believe that was their natural habitat. However, so little was known of
their habits that a chance to learn anything whatever was not to be neglected. So
far as I knew, no American or English sportsman ever had killed one, and references
to them in literature were extremely fragmentary.
Courtesy of the New York Zoological Society.
THE SPECTACLED BEAR.
The spectacled bear, Ursus ornatus, is strictly an Andean species, and the
only known specimen in captivity in the United States is in the pos-
session of the New York Zoological Society. Mr. Wilfred H. Osgood
is one of the few American naturalists who has succeeded in securing
evenadeadspecimen. In hunting the spectacled bear of the Andes he
describes, the hunt near the foothills of the Peruvian Andes, which re-
sulted in his securing this rare trophy.
902 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The bears here were said to live in mountains so near that we could go one day and
come back the next, having a few hours of one evening and the next morning for
hunting. Therefore, only simple preparations were necessary. * * *
Some 3 miles after starting we rounded the point of the first hil], and behind it
came into view of a bold mountain running up about 1,500 feet almost sheer from the
level of the playa. Later we entered a narrow gorge walled in by reddish-brown
scarps of great beauty. ‘The mountains about us and to be seen ahead were not of great
height, but extremely rugged and imposing. We continued on until noon, the sun
getting hotter and hotter, although at 10 o’clock it had seemed almost unbearable.
The large blackish cacti, which at first were very few and scattering, became more
numerous, and most of the mountain’s sides were rather thickly sprinkled with them.
A large green shrub, one of the zapotes, was practically the only other growing thing.
At a little distance it somewhat resembles a large, coarse manzanita, but it grows in
isolated, rounded clumps, 6 to 8 feet high, the leaves of its lower branches touching the
ground, so it might be compared also to a large, green inverted basket. Its pendant
elliptical fruit consists of a hard outer shell inclosing numerous rounded seeds, said to
be a favorite food of the bears. That this was true I had no doubt, always providing
any bears were in the country, for there was absolutely nothing else for them to eat.
Signs of small mammals, except an occasional fox track, were wanting, and birds
were very scarce, several species of doves being almost the only ones seen.
At noon Max, who was some 200 yards in the lead, hurriedly dismounted and
started off afoot frantically motioning me to follow. He wasa very excitable Teuton,
quite unable to restrain himself when on the hunt, and, though now he seemed very
much in earnest, he might, indeed, be after no more than a fox or even a flock of doves.
However, I hurriedly unstrapped the gun, while he and the dogs rushed off toward
the mountain opposite.
As soon as possible I started on the run across the rock-strewn river bed, followed
by Pedro, to whom I gave my canteen of water after it had collided once or twice
with my camera as the two flapped against my back. Max was nearly a quarter of a
mile ahead, and I soon saw him climbing up the side of a narrow quebrada which
opened into the main canyon. A minute more and I heard the dogs yelping, and
then the crack of a gun. Pedro said, ‘‘oso seguro” (bear, for sure), but I still felt
doubtful. Bears in such a desolate place and in the middle of such a hot day violated
all my northern ideas of such hunting.
But it was indeed a bear—in fact, there were two, although at first I saw only one,
apparently dazed and dodging in and out among the rocks not a hundred yards from
Max. I now hurried in earnest, jumping from rock to rock as fast as possible, although
I was perspiring and heated to a degree unequaled in any previous experience. Then
there was another shot and, as I came into the mouth of the quebrada, I saw the
bear stretched across a large bowlder, badly disabled, but still giving fight to the dogs.
Max ran excitedly toward me, calling out in mixed Spanish, German, and English,
though all I could understand was, ‘‘Queeck! queeck! dos osos!” Just then I saw
the second bear bounding in and out among the bowlders apparently headed straight
for Max, whose old muzzle-loading gun I knew was empty. I never had much belief
in charging bears but this was a species whose habits were almost wholly unknown not
only tome but to naturalists in general, so J was open to conviction. For a moment
I had all the sensations of going to another man’s rescue, as J could hear Max wildly
shouting above me, and the last time I’d seen the bear it was not farfrom him. After
a quick scramble through some cacti and horn bushes I came out at the top of the
bank and found no bear in sight. Max, now fairly frantic with excitement, rushed
me along, gesticulating and even trying to take my gun from me. Finally I saw
the bear making up the side of the mountain at all speed and just as IJ raised to fire it
stopped and stood broadside on a big shelving rock about 250 yards away. Hot, out
of breath, and unduly excited by my frenzied companion, I shot wide. The bullet
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 9038
appeared to strike his quarters, for they dropped down for an instant and then he
picked himself up and disappeared behind a rocky prominence. Instead of following
immediately I lost a little time trying to get the dogs to take the trail, but they were
too far gone, almost spent in fact, and lay panting with happy-looking faces, but
absolutely no go left in them. Seeing the hopelessness of trying to get any assistance
in this way I hurried up the mountain side, and soon saw the bear climbing slowly
and groggily, but steadily upward. He had a good lead in altitude as well as distance,
and not long afterward passed behind some rocks and failed to reappear. I continued
up for nearly 1,000 feet to the point where I’d last seen him and there found a number
of caverns, into one of which, no doubt, he had retreated, so I gave it up and sat
down for the first time to cool off. * * *
As a hunter I had some regret at not having brought down my bear, but as a zoolog-
ical collector I looked with satisfied eyes on the one already dead and counted myself
lucky. It was an adult female in good condition, and we estimated its weight at about
100 pounds. Its coat was fairly long and glossy black with quite extensive irregular
white markings about the head and throat. The hair on the back is 3 to 4 inches
long, and although not equal to that of the prime northern black bear in softness and
density, the fur is greatly beyond what might be supposed would be necessary or
even tolerable in such a hot climate. I had all too little opportunity to observe the
liveanimal. The glimpses of the one that escaped were very fleeting and interrupted,
put I could not fail to observe its quickness and great agility as it leaped and dodged
in and out among the scattered bowlders. This sort of ability in bears is usually
underestimated, however, and perhaps the spectacled bear bas no more activity than
his northern cousins, although the precipitous nature of his habitat would seem to
require amaximum. When Max sighted the bears one was parado (standing upright),
and he wasn’t sure of its identity until it dropped and walked. They seemed at
first to be rather dazed and acted as if they didn’t know whether to run away or not.
Evidently he had little difficulty in approaching them, and even when I arrived
on the scene one was still within easy range.
A Near View of Coffee in Mexico, in the November number of the
Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, is an interesting account of the coffee
industry in Mexico by Mr. E. G. C. Terry, who speaks from an
experience of 20 years of close association with the people otf the
coffee-growing section of the country and who is, or rather was, a
a coffee grower himself. The ‘following excerpt details the method
of coffee cultivation, gathering, and its preparation for the market
in vogue in the southern states of Mexico:
In Mexico, as elsewhere, coffee plants are grown from seeds, and the seedlings are
either raised in small nurseries or planted under the shade of cultivated trees. These
seedlings are transplanted into their permanent ground at eight months when strong
and hardy. They are placed at certain distances so as to allow plenty of space upon
maturity.
They are very fussy and demand a lot of attention—these pretty little trees. Like
spoiled children they have to be humored and coaxed. For example, they refuse to
flourish in the shade and equally sulk and droop if in the sunshine. So one has to
provide companionship—a nurse as it were—in the shape of a larger, taller tree,
which, placed sufficiently near to allow moderate sunshine to filter through, at the
same time affords protection from wind, storm, or other menaces. Such sheltering
trees can be either banana, a clump of cane, or such other ‘‘crop” as the planter may
elect. Thus a companion crop of say, bananas, sugar-cane, or other products can be
grown alongside of the coffee itself with added resultant value.
A BRANCH OF MEXICAN COFFEE TREE WITH RIPENING BERRIES.
“Coffee trees are pruned and topped if conditions require, though frequently they are left untouched ‘from
cradle to grave.’ Later, when the berries are developing, keen watch must be kept, for the branches
are so brittle that they frequently snap off like so many icicles if the weight of the berries proves too
heavy for them.”” (Mr. E. G. C. Terry in ‘‘ A near view of coffee in Mexico, in the November number
of Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.’’)
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 905
The treelets settled to their taste, one must now keep them free of weeds and watch
unceasingly for a certain dangerous little vine always found in the vicinity of coffee
trees and which, if left there, will twine itself about them and cause strangulation
and death.
Coffee trees are pruned and topped if conditions require, through frequently they
are left untouched ‘‘from cradle to grave.’? Later, when the berries are developing,
keen watch must be kept, for the branches are so brittle that they frequently snap
off like so many icicles if the weight of the berries proves too heavy for them.
The shrubs flower when 8 to 4 years old, at which time the foliage is a vivid, lustrous
green, the blooms and subsequent berries growing in small clusters along the twigs.
From January to March the bushes break into masses of white bloom, the berries
developing in July and thereafter. About September these berries begin to mature;
by October and November they are quite ripe, when harvesting begins. Incidentally,
this is the hour when the unfortunate planter (if he be a foreigner) experiences the
time of his life in agonizing attempts to pick out good ‘‘hands” from the crowd of
Indians, Mexicans, and general what-nots available for the gathering of the crop;
and after such weeding out to keep the pickers up to their work or at work at all.
For the moment coffee is ripe it must be gathered. If it is left on the bush just a
short overtime rain may come or some other case of ‘‘fuerza mayor” (work of Provi-
dence) may ruin part or all of the crop. The most provoking thing about coffee is
that it ripens slowly, one berry at a time, deliberately, in a ‘‘poco 4 poco” manner
that drives an Anglo-Saxon planter to distraction. So as each berry reddens and
ripens it must be picked. Moreover, picked in a careful almost persuasive fashion,
with a slow gentle twist. Otherwise the twig may be bruised and the bush will not
flower at all next season.
Mexican coffee crops are mostly gathered by women and children, whose light»
small Indian fingers are peculiarly fitted for the work. The berries, as twisted from
the bush, these pickers drop into a basket which they wear suspended from the neck,
its capacity being from 10 to 15 pounds. Pickers are paid from 25 to 30 cents for each
basket filled, or, during times of peace and exchange parity, an equivalent of 12
cents United States currency.
After being picked, taken to the ‘‘beneficio” (mill) and weighed, the coffee must
undergo the identical subsequent processes whether the plantation be a small one
without modern machinery or a large establishment with up-to-date improvements.
In the former case much more handwork has to be done, however, with correspondingly
slower results.
At the large “‘fincas” coffee as picked is sent by tram to the mill, where it is weighed
in pulp to ascertain the quantity of coffee produced per acre and to determine the value
and condition of the berry as gathered. Next it is thrown into a receptacle, whence
it is fed to a pulping machine on the lower floor. From this it is fed automatically
into a stone trough, where the berries are thoroughly washed. From such troughs
the berries go to the ‘‘espumador,’’ or whirlpool, where separating begins. In this
process the good berries, sinking, are taken straight to the pulper, where they are
pulped by revolving over a perforated cylinder, which makes ordinarily 200 revolu-
tions per minute. This takes away the pulp, which passes off to sewerage, while the
coffee beans drop down into a separator, then through a cylinder by way of troughs
to tne fermenting tanks. Thus the different grades of coffee are kept separate, and
the good coffee is precipitated into large tanks and left for some 30 hours to ferment.
Such fermentation is necessary, because every coffee berry (except the “‘caracolillo,”’
or peaberry, which is called a freak of nature) is composed of two flattish beans—the
peaberry being merely one single round grain.
These flat beans are covered with a sweet slimy substance known as ‘“‘honey,”’
which must ferment and rot off before the coffee can be washed. If not washed the
bean takes a yellow color instead of a blue-gray tint, which is the one to be desired.
906 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
After fermentation the coffee is automatically raised to the mechanical washer,
where any remaining honey is washed off, and the berries are then carried to a channel
washer where the operation is completed by hand labor. All the preceding processes.
have been automatic, and, of course, save a great deal of time when compared with the
old-fashioned handwork.
The channel washer is a long, narrow trough. Into this the coffee is thrown, and a
stream of fresh water turned on. Then the laborers swirl it about with wooden pad-
dles, eventually thoroughly cleaning the beans. Immediately thereafter comes the
drying of the product, accomplished by simple sunning in a “‘patio” or open courtyard
when there is no drying machine. Where the latter is used the coffee is placed in
a revolving hopper and hot air blown onto it until the grains are entirely dry. After
such drying the last treatment of “‘polishing” is in order.
This is merely a matter of loosely rubbing the grains together to shake off any
remnants of the thin, tissue-like membrane and to give it what is known in the trade
as ‘‘style.’’? By the way, none of these many handlings affect the flavor of the bean.
Only one thing will ever injure it, which is, to be remiss or incomplete in the drying,
which will give it a raw or musty flavor.
After ‘‘polishing,’”’ the coffee is ready for the market. It is packed into stout,
close sacks of about 132 pounds capacity each, stenciled with the name of its hacienda,
and then, per mule train, freight car, river boat or steamer, according to its locality,
started off on its journey to market.
The first yield of a coffee tree is from 4 to 5 ounces; the second year twice as much,
while the third crop doubles the previous year’s yield. Planters consider that 1
pound of berries per tree is a good average return. This, however, is a very conserva-
tive estimate, since almost always in the tropics there is a yield of 5 pounds to the tree.
Many Mexican coffee growers, while awaiting with more or less impatience the
maturing of their crop, cultivate the many other products which can be grown along
with the coffee itself. For all of the Mexican fruits, such as pineapples, oranges,
bananas, tobacco, cane, etc., there is a constantly increasing demand, and a Mexican
coffee planter need never find time hang heavy on his hands.
Early Mexican Maiolica, by Harold Donaldson Hberlein, nm Ameri-
can Homes and Gardens for October, 1914, is a most interesting
account of the early Mexican pottery. The Aztecs had achieved
considerable skill in the ceramic art, but their efforts were confined
to the production of unglazed ware. It was not until the Spaniards
introduced the art of glazing that the beautiful and artistic ware
known as maiolica began to be a product of Mexican skill. In this.
connection Mr. Eberlein writes:
Mexico is a land of surprises. This is true, at least, so far as most of us in America
are concerned. Although Mexico is our next neighbor, we really know but little of
the country or her history as compared with the knowledge of European countries
deemed essential for every educated person. The majority of people, and well-
informed people at that, do not know that the making of maiolica in Mexico was a
craft, important both artistically and commercially, as early as the last quarter of the
sixteenth century, and that it so continued until near the middle of the nineteenth,
when it fell into a debased condition from which in recent years attempts have
been made to restore it to its former dignified estate. * * *
Puebla, or Puebla de los Angeles, to give the town its full name, a city founded by
the Spanish conquerors in 1531, 115 miles southeast of the City of Mexico, at the foot
of Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl, was the first seat of various manufactures intro-
duced into the New World by European craftsmen and here, among other enterprises,
Courtesy of American Homes and Gardens.
MEXICAN JAR.
Jar with iron cover, lock, and key. Period of 1700, showing Spanish influence in decoration.
freee “ Warly Mexican Maiolica,’’ in the October number of American Homes and
araens.
Courtesy of American Homes and Gardens.
MEXICAN VASE.
Showing decorations in blue. Italian and Chinese influence. Puebla, 1660. (Illustrating
“Warly Mexican Maiolica,” in the October number of American Homes and Gardens.)
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 909
glass factorics and potteries were established. For nearly three centuries Puebla was
the only place where maiolica was made in the Western Hemisphere. The art of glaz-
ing, brought over by Spanish maiolica workers—the Aztecs had made only unglazed
pottery—prospered, and there is little doubt that by 1575 or 1580 Mexicans made tiles
of excellent quality, which were produced in sufficient quantity to render the new
land almost independent of Spanish importations. Tiles were not the only objects
made, for the craftsmen turned out all the various articles usually fashioned by potters.
By 1653 the industry had assumed sufficient importance in Puebla to warrant
the incorporation of a potter’s guild, with stringent regulations and penalties attached
for their infraction. The manufacture and sale of pottery was regulated by law and
no one might practice the trade of a potter without examination by the inspectors
of the guild. A certain standard of quality in the wares was rigorously enjoined and
jealously guarded.
From tne rules of the guild we learn that there were three grades of pottery—the
fine, the common, and the yellow. The difference lay in the workmanship and the
glaze employed. Two clays were used, white and red, being combined in equal
parts. The variations in color to be found in the body in different pieces is due to
the amount of firimg and not to varying proportions of the clay ingredients. After
the various pieces were shaped and allowed to dry they were put in the first kiln.
When taken out of the kiln they were dipped in the liquid glaze or ename! and then
allowed to dry. The decorations were then painted on in vitrifiable colors made from
metallic oxides and the pieces were subjected toa second firing, during which the col-
ors became incorporated with the glaze and took the appearance of underglazed paint-
ing. The glaze for the finer ware was made of 25 parts of lead to 6 of tin; the glaze
for the common and yellow ware had 25 parts of lead to 2 of tn. * * *
Jt was permissibie to use five colors in decorating the finer ware, and for the common
ware three colors were permissible. This did not mean that the use of so many
colors was in any sense prescribed, and many of the finest pieces have monochrome
decoration. If vases and other ornamental pieces had polychrome decoration before
the beginning of the eighteenth century, they have disappeared. Tiles, however,
which were classed as common ware, have been found in three colors and undoubtedly
date from the seventeenth century, as they were built in the walls of churches and
couvents erected at that period. Blue, green, and yellow were favorite hues for tile
decoration.
The manufacture of Mexican maiolica may be divided into four well-defined phases,
which began at successive dates, but several of which continued concurrently. The
first was the Hispano-Moresque phase, which lasted till the end of the seventeenth
century, and shows a strong Moorish influence which is characterized by strapwork
and interlacing scrolls. The second phase was the Spanish or Talavera, so called be-
cause the style of design peculiar to the maiolica made at Talavera, in Spain, furnished
the inspiration for a type of decoration developed by the potters of Puebla and prac-
ticed by them from about the beginning of the seventeenth century to almost the end
of the eighteenth. The third phase was the Chinese, in which the motifs and style
were derived from Chinese pottery and porcelain imported into Mexico in the early
seventeenth century. This style made its appearance about 1650 and endured to the
end of the eighteenth century. The last phase was the Hispano-Mexican or Pueblan,
which began about 1800 and lasted till shghtly past the middle of the century, when
it sank into a totally debased commercial style. By comparing dates, therefore, we
see that the Spanish or Talavera and the Chinese phases apparently possessed the
greatest vitality and enjoyed the longest vogue, lasting concurrently, as they did,
throughout for the greater part of two centuries. * * *
One of the characteristics of the Spanish Talavera maiolica was the introduction of
animal, bird, and human forms along with flowers and foliage, oftentimes crowded to-
70015—Bull. 6—14——_5
Mie is FESS
Courtesy of American Homes and Gardens.
MEXICAN TILES.
Upper left: Tile in blue. Aztec influence. Puebla, 1650-1700. Upper right: Tile in blue. Santa Rosa de Lima,
Puebla, 1650-1700. Lower left: Tile, blue ground, design in white. Chinese influence, 1650-1700. Lower right: Tile
in blue, orange yellow, and black. San Miguel, Puebla, 1680.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 911
gether without the least feeling of restraint in composition. Blue figure work on a
white enamel ground was also characteristic. These features the Talavera phase of
Mexican maiolica incorporated, and another distinctive peculiarity is found in it
besides—the tattooed ornamentation ‘‘rudely painted in dots and dashes in dark
blue,”’ which appears on many of the pieces of this period. It is distinctly impres-
sionistic In suggestion and must be regarded at a distance to get its real artistic value
and see the coherence of its design. Another highly characteristic type of decoration
found upon the Mexican Talavera maiolica consists of flowers, birds, or heavy con-
ventional patterns boldly silhouetted in raised dark blue, nearly covering the white
surface. So early as the forepart of the seventeenth century trade relation of some
magnitude existed between Mexico and the Orient, and naturally enough a good deal
of excellent pottery and porcelain from Cathay found their way through this channel
to the shores of New Spain. Naturally enough, also, their presence produced an appre-
ciable effect upon the color, design, and shape of the Mexican pottery. The Chinese
influence, once introduced, lent a new refinement to the work made at Puebla and
continued a powerful factor in the maiolica industry until quite the end of the eight-
eenth century. This influence is easily detected in color, a full rich blue; in shape,
in the contour of jars, which closely follow the lines of the ginger jars, and also in the
contour of vases, of which not a few were potted in the inverted pear form; finally, in
types of design and methods of decoration we find not only Chinese figures and decora-
tive motifs freely employed but a noticeable following of Chinese forms of combination.
Central American Mineral Resources and Mining Policies is the
title under which the Revista Economica of Tegucigalpa, Honduras,
has been publishing a series of articles descriptive of the mining
industry of the various Central American countries. The mineral
wealth of Costa Rica is dealt with in considerable detail in the third
article of the series, and the following excerpts will give an idea as to
the present development of the mining industry and its future possi-
bilities as a field of investment:
The history of Costa Rica mining operations reaches back into colonial times.
Some of the largest gold mines have been worked in a primitive way with success
for several centuries, and the mineral treasures brought up to the light of day by the
old Spanish gold seekers are said to have been almost fabulous. One of the richest
gold mines, called “Tisingall,’” had to be abandoned because of the hostility of the
native Indians; the mine itself was then completely destroyed by them and the
locality closed up by changing the course of the neighboring streams. After quelling
the uprising it was impossible for the Spaniards to locate the rich mine again. It is
thought at present that this mine lies hidden in the bed of one of the larger streams,
and that a number of other mines worked with success by Indians and Spaniards
now lie hidden under heavy forest growths.
But enough of the past. This progressive country with its varied national wealth,
which the Spaniards named “Costa Rica’’ with good reason, now arouses a lively
interest in other countries. Distinguishing itself for a long time past with its stable
and responsible government, this still scantily populated Republic offers opportunities
for investment of foreign capital equaled by few countries. Its abundant and divers-
ified mineral wealth, which is coming more and more to the front, is already attract-
ing the attention of large capitalists to-day. Abundant forests, unlimited hydraulic
power, some means of local transportation, though still too few, are favorable con-
ditions for successful working of the diversified deposits of useful minerals. The
geological picture of Costa Rica is bright and rich. Aside from numerous places
where free gold and silver ores are found, mention may be made of copper, wolfram,
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 913
magnesia, nickel, iron, cinnabar, and coal. In connection with these minerals,
kaolin of the best quality, cement, alumina, and ochre for coloring purposes are
found.
The rcecks of Costa Rica are generally of volcanic origin and formed of diorites,
porphyries, and basalts. Black bowlders are found in a good many places. The
climate of the mining region is pleasant and healthful. On the mountain of Aguacate
the temperature almost always reaches 72° F. The waters are pure and abundant
and can be utilized in a good many of the mines as motive power. The Albangares
River, which traverses the mining district of the same name, gives a force of 850
horsepower. There is excellent building timber, which can be obtained and used
in the mining works at moderate prices. The mining zone of Costa Rica, 8,800 feet
on the average above the level cf the sea, is found on the Pacific slope; it extends
from northwest to southeast and includes the following three districts: (1) The
Albangares mines; (2) the mines of Montes de Oro; (3) the mines of Monte de Aguacate.
The Albangares Gold Fields Co., working with a capital of $2,590,000, is located
18 leagues from Puerto Iglesias, with a good wagon road; from this locality to Punta
Arenas (on the Pacific Ocean) is a distance of 20 leagues.
The situation is favorable for the exportation of ores and the importation of the
machinery necessary for the works. The mine of ‘“‘Tres Amigos” is worked at present
by the company of the Albangares Gold Fields Mining Syndicate. The “Boston”
mine belongs to the Costa Rica Esperanza Mining Co., and is being worked at present.
The Albangares mines extend over about 150 square leagues of territory and are
situated in the Province of Guanacaste. * * *
The mines of Monte del Aguacate were discovered in 1815, and it is estimated that
from 1820 to 1845 they produced a quantity of gold and silver worth about eight
million American dollars. With perfected machinery, $2,000,000 more would have
been taken out. The Aguacate mining district is composed of five groups, as follows:
Aguacate, Sagrada Familia, Los Castros, Quebrada Honda, El Porvenir. The Sagrada
Familia is situated in the canton of San Mateo, Province of Alajuela; it belongs to
W.J. Ford & Co.; work has been resumed there since 1901. Los Castros is located
in the same canton. This mine was discovered in 1822 by Nicolas and Pio Castro.
Quebrada Honda, situated in San Mateo, is the property of Mr. Demetrio Iglesias.
El Porvenir, along the Machuca River, not far from San Mateo, produces gold and
silver; it belongs to the Ric Grande Co., and was claimed in 1900 by Mr. Gorenaga y
Garcia.
Monte del Aguacate has for its proprietors Federico Tinoco & Co. * * *
It remains to say a few words of the third and last district, that of Montes de Oro,
composed of the following mines: La Trinidad, which is at present the property of
an English company, the manager of which is Mr. W. J. Ford; it is situated at San
Mateo, Province of Alajuela; La Union, which is situated at Montes de Oro, in the
section of Punta Arenas, is the property of the Costa Rica Unién Mining Co., of San
Francisco, Cal., and has not been worked for some years; La Macacona was worked
about 30 years ago by a native company with a small capital; it was bought in 1899
by R. A. Crespi & Co.; Bella Vista, which belongs to the Thrayer Mining & Milling
Co., situated in the district of Miramar, in the Territory of Punta Arenas.
Independent of these groups of mines there are others which have been worked or
where work is now goingon. * * *
An examination of the claims filed shows that there are a great many other places
in the country that have concealed in them minerals of value, such as gold, silver,
copper, zinc, mercury, iron, lead, marble, onyx, lignites, petroleum, etc., all of
them mines that need only capital and experience to be worked. It is to be noted
that the gold ores extracted generally contain little silver, but there are said to be
rich deposits of this latter metal in the country.
MINING IN COSTA RICA.
‘The mining zone of Costa Rica, 8,800 feet on the average above the level of the
sea, is found on the Pacific slope; it extends from northwest to southeast and
includes the following three districts: (1) The Albangares mines; (2) the mines
of Montes de Oro; (3) the mines of Monte de Aguacate.”? (Revista Economica
of Tegucigalpa, Honduras.)
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 915
There is a collection of specimens of Costa Rican ores in the Philadelphia Museum
and in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington.
The workers in the mines are good, intelligent workers; their wages are not high,
amounting to about 3 colons a day, or $1.35 in American money; ordinary labor is
paid for at about half this rate.
Mr. Roberto A. Crespi, the manager of the mines of the Costa Rica Exploration Co.
and one of the leading stockholders, is an expert on the subject, and a large part of
the progress of the mining industry in Costa Rica is due to him. Ex-President
Iglesias, another eminent miner, is the owner of the greater part of the mines of
Aguacate Mountain. A great many important personages and capitalists of the
country are interested financially in the mining enterprises, and some believe that
inside of 10 years or so the working of mines will be the principal industry of Costa
Rica.
The mining laws are framed in a very liberal spirit. The Government has always
observed a protecting and friendly attitude toward mining enterprises. In the time
of Gen. Tomas Guardia a law was passed exempting from military service the men
working in the mines,
The Albangares Mining Syndicate has secured for itself, through contracts with the
Government, concessions and advantages which the nation would doubtless grant to
similar enterprises which, with well-defined purposes and with a capital deemed
sufficient by the Government, would propose to organize companies for working the
mines, seeing that, in granting these concessions, it had no other object in view but
rotecting and stimulating the development of the untouched national wealth. One
ot the great concessions obtained by the Albangares syndicate is that all the mining
veins existing on the lands of the company and on those it may acquire afterwards are
its property, provided that it does not leave more than three consecutive years pass
without working one or more of these veins. The other advantage consists in the
exemption of all national taxes that may be provided for on its properties or on the
products of the mines and on all the other works and accessory operations related to
the working of said mines. The length of time for which this privilege or this con-
cession holds good is 50 years.
The machinery, tools, and explosives intended for the mines in general can be
imported free of customs duties. The Albangares syndicate has assured itself this
concession for 50 years; it includes not only free entry for machinery, tools, and
explosives, but also of all necessary materials for the reduction of the ore, coal, fixed
and rolling equipment for the construction of railroads, tramways, moles, telegraph
and telephone lines, and the wood that it may import for the construction of shops
and buildings and for use in the tunnels of the mines.
The enterprise is also exempted from the payment of mole taxes, when it makes
use of its own moles, but if it uses the Government moles it has to pay a tax of 5 colons
per ton of 1,000 kilograms. The syndicate pays to the Government, according to the
terms of the contract, a direct tax of 1 per cent per year on the gross product of the
enterprise during the first 25 years of the contract, and 2 per cent on the same gross
product during the following 25 years.
The company will also pay the municipal taxes already existing or which may be
imposed later for building roads, bridges, schools, and for lighting and other public
services in the district where the properties of the syndicate are situated.
The minimum capital of the company, according to the contract, must be £50,000
sterling.
As we have just said, the concessions granted by the Government to the Albangares
Goldfields Syndicate can be obtained by any other company of standing, already
founded and organized, which solicits from the Government in due form the con-
clusion of a contract to this effect. But it goes without saying that the concessions
mentioned can not be extended to badly organized companies, the objects of which
might not be well defined and whose capital might be insufficient.
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 917
_ Among the Rubber Collectors of the Remote South American Hinter-
land, in the November 1, 1914, issue of the India Rubber World, is a
comprehensive description by Leo E. Miller, the well-known explorer
for the American Museum of Natural History, of the methods of col-
lecting and marketing rubber in the remote regions indicated. Mr.
Miller, in his four years of almost constant exploration and travel in
the wilds of South America, has spent much of his time in the haunts
of the rubber gatherers, and his entertaining descriptions give the
reader first-hand information relative to one of the greatest indus-
tries of the South American Continent. He writes:
It has rarely been my privilege to penetrate into more primitive regions than the
headwaters of the Orinoco, or into a land of greater promise than is found along the
upper reaches of the Gy Parana, better known as the Rio Machado. The Gy Parana,
it might be well to state, is one of the largest affluents of the Madeira. For many years
its lower course has been known to adventurous seekers of orchids, rubber, and other
natural products, all of which have been yielded in abundance; but it is only within
the last few years that the course of the upper river has been thrown open to navigation
of any kind. Even now only an occasional dugout ventures beyond the zone of
pestilence and rapids into the land of hostile Indian tribes; but the way has never-
theless been opened, and within a comparatively short time this region will be giving
up its fair quota of the natural riches that lie hidden in the vast, untrodden wilderness.
The Orinoco is, no doubt, better known by name than the Machado, and at present
it must suffice to give merely a vague idea of the remoteness of its hinterlands by citing
that it requires approximately three months of travel from Ciudad Bolivar, 240 miles
from the mouth of the mighty river, to reach the rapids of Guajaribo, far above the
mouth of the Cassiquaire; beyond that point the river is wholly unknown.
On February 28, 1913, I stopped at the barraca of one Sefior Paraquete, far up on the
Orinoco, beyond the mouth of the Ventuari. The main building stood ona high bank
30 feet above the river, and was occupied by Sefior Paraquete and his assistants.
Several large rooms were used as a venta or store and a fair stock of provisions and
merchandise was carried. On one side was the camp of the full-blooded Indian
employees, Maquiritares from the regions of the Cunacunuma, who lived in small
palm-leaf huts with their families. On the other side stood long, thatched buildings,
open all around, with scores of hammocks strung from the posts and beams; these
were the quarters of the natives—Venezuelans and Zambos. In the rear, and some dis-
tance away, stood the smokehouses, completely inclosed with palm leaves except for
one small door opening. Trails led into the forest from a number of points, and numer-
ous dugouts tied to the landing indicated that work was also prosecuted on the other
side of the river. Often, especially in the case of the Indians, man and wife worked
together. Old-fashioned methods are employed entirely. The trees are girded with
strips of palm pitch at the base which intercept the latex and deflect it into a folded
leaf placed underneath. This system is rather wasteful and injurious to the trees.
There is no fixed rule or custom for tapping the trees, the men hacking into the bark
at random, but occasionally the herringbone pattern of cut is used. Each man has
two routes, and endeavors to have from 300 to 500 trees on each, seldom more, often
less, according to the abundance of the rubber trees in the locality. He takes one
trail one day, and the other the next, thus permitting the trees to rest on alternate
days. If it rains the day’s catch is spoilt, as latex mixed with water is worthless.
The season of 1913 had been a poor one; at the beginning the flow was abundant and
of good quality, 100 pounds of latex yielding 60 pounds of rubber. That was in
December; by May 500 trees were producing only 25 pounds of milk, and this was of
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 919
such poor quality that it contained but 40 per cent of rubber. Of course, the trees
had become weakened as the season advanced, which also accounts for the decrease
in yield, but the main trouble had been almost constant rains long before the regular
wet season. The milk was weighed as brought in by each man at midday and credited
to his account; in the afternoon the whole force repaired to the smokehouse to work
up the day’s catch. A kind of wood called Mazarandul is used exclusively for the
smudge; it is of a deep reddish color and grows plentifully along the river.
The cost of transportation between the Upper Orinoco and Ciudad Bolivar is enor-
mous. In the first place, the distance is very great and the river is full of rapids,
necessitating long overland portages; all provisions have to be brought up, and the
crude product has to be taken back down; there is always a great loss both ways from
theft and wreckage, and as there is no regular system of navigation beyond the mouth
of the Apure, the difficulties encountered in securing boats and crews are tremendous.
The headquarters of the Orinoco rubber gatherers is San Fernando de Atabapo, con-
taining about 100 huts, which is the only settlement above the Cataract of Maipures.
In February the town was almost deserted. In May it was full of life. Numbers of
people were arriving daily; there was dancing and gaming, eating and drinking, day
and night, and many a man spent his entire season’s earnings in a few evenings. The
sight was not unlike that formerly seen in the western mining camps of our own coun-
try. Representatives of the big houses in Ciudad Bolivar, which had made advances
to the concessioners, were there to see that they received all the rubber collected by
their debtors. The governor of the department (Alto Orinoco) made his home farther
down the river, on the Rio Cataniapo, near the Rapids of Atures. * * *
On the Machado the rubber camps are not abandoned during the rainy season but
as the floods advance stand isolated above the muddy water, crowded with their
human inhabitants, chickens, pigs, and dogs. Many of the houses are built on piles,
and the water comes up until it touches the floor. Cooking and washing are done on
the front porch and canoes are tied to the posts in readiness for instant flight if neces-
sary, or to use in gathering wood or visiting the neighbors. Behind the huts, banana
palms bend and bow gracefully as the current tugs at their bases, and a few vultures
are usually perched on the roof. The whole presents a scene of devastation, but the
people seem perfectly happy. If there is any high country within reach, the men
may cut timber and collect copaiba oil or hunt for various kinds of gums. The gather-
ing of Brazil nuts forms one of the chief occupations, and thousands of tons are brought
down the various rivers annually. Canoes are hollowed out, palm leaves and poles
for new huts are brought in, and everything is made shipshape so that there may be no
delay in beginning the rubber season when the water recedes. There are invariably
a few men in each camp who are famed for their prowess with gun and harpoon, and
it has been my pleasure on several occasions to accompany these nimrods of the tropi-
cal jungles on their long rambles in search of meat.
At Calama on the Madeira, just opposite the mouth of the Machado, are located
the headquarters of one of the best organized rubber companies I have found anywhere
during my four years of explorations. It is the establishment of Asensi & Co., who
started business 18 years ago with 8 men; to-day they employ 3,500 men all told, and
produce 700 tons of rubber annually, besides large quantities of copaiba oil, tobacco,
lumber, and other natural products. Their concessions cover the entire country
bordering the Machado and Commemoracion, extending inland a distance of 30 kilo-
meters on each side of the water. In addition, the concern controls large tracts on
the Madeira. The buildings at Calama are large and comfortable, and besides living
quarters include modernly equipped offices, storerooms, warehouses, carpenter and
machine shops, and cattle barns. A resident physician is retained for the care of the
employees, who are brought down from the camps and cared for when in need of
treatment. Each department is in charge of competent officials, and the spirit of
92.0 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
cooperation and efficiency is plainly visible even to the casual observer. All steamers
plying on the Madeira call at this port, while numbers of the fleet of privately owned
launches and other craft are arriving and departing at all hours of the day and night.
Provisions in enormous quantities are sent upriver. To reach the farthest outpost,
each parcel has to be carried on four different launches, twice on mule back, eight
times on men’s backs, and five times in canoes and batelaos, a form of transportation
at once difficult and time absorbing.
In the working camps conditions are better than in many other regions. A rigid
set of rules has been formed regulating the tapping of rubber trees, with which all
tappers are compelled to comply in bleeding the precious Hevea Brasiliensis. At first
a long-handled, narrow-bladed ax is used, which enables the men to make an incision
at twice their height from the ground. No tree is touched unless it has a circumfer-
ence of at least 4 spans (all measurements are made with the hands, for convenience)
and all cuts must be two spans apart, so that if a tree has a circumference of 12 spans,
a circle of 6 spans 1s made each day. At first these cuts are of too great height above
the ground to permit of cups being placed to catch the latex, but they are necessary
to simulate the flow of the sap, which nature intends to cleanse and close the wound
so that it may readily heal. To facilitate the healing process the cut is not made at
right angles with the tree, but slantingly. Each day a new ring of cuts is made one
span below that of the previous day, so that within a week after starting a tree the
cuts are within reach and the flow of milk is sufficient to be collected. A small tin
cup is pushed into the bark under each incision, into which the sap flows. A short-
handled ax is now used and the rows of cuts, one beneath the other, are continued
until the ground is reached, when new ones are started just halfway between the old
ones, and this is continued indefinitely, so that the original openings are not reached
again until many years later, when they have of course completely healed. The col-
lector starts out in the early morning making the cuts and placing the cups, then he
retraces his steps and collects the catch. * * *
Great care must be exercised in smoking the latex of Hevea. If allowed to stand
too long, the finished product will contain numerous small holes like a cheese, and
will be graded as of inferior quality. If prepared while perfectly fresh, it is smooth
and fiem and of the best quality. In preparing rubber in the old way—that is, by
pouring the latex over a paddle and revolving it in a column of smoke until a ball
weighing several pounds had been formed—there was always a considerable amount
of loss to the producers, and for the following reason: It required the run of many
days to produce a ball of this size with the result that on some days the latex was
prepared properly and a peifect layer was added to the rapidly growing ball, while
on other days the layer added was of a porous consistency. When the ball was fin-
ished and cut open for inspection the two qualities showed plainly and the whole
ball, including the first-class layers, was classed as entre-fina or second quality.
The Asensi company has evolved a method of working up the latex that eliminates
all this loss. Instead of the paddle, a wood cylinder nine or ten inches in diameter
and a foot wide is used; there are low flanges on the ends, and the whole resembles a
shallow spool. After having been smoked the cylindrical piece of rubber is slipped
off the form and cut open, resulting in a flat slab. This process possesses many ad-
vantages. Each slab represents one day’s work for one man; the quality of the
rubber is immediately visible, and the surface presented to the smoke is so large that
it takes less time to prepare the latex. The flat slabs pack easily and save all the
space that is lost in packing the large, unwieldy balls; there is no possibility of mix-
ing the two qualities, and the slabs dry perfectly and cut down the dead weight of
water. In smoking the latex of Hevea Brasiliensis the nuts of Attalea Excelsa are
used exclusively for the smudge.
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 921
Financial Conditions in Argentina at the End of October, in the
November number of The Americas (published by the National
City Bank of New York) summarizes the situation as viewed by
Mr. R. O. Bailey, who has been in Buenos Aires since August 1, 1914,
engaged in arranging the preliminary details in connection with the
establishment of a branch of the National City Bank of New York
in that city. The following excerpts give the salient features of
Mr. Bailey’s communication :
There are signs of revival of business, but the readjustment of the disturbed eco-
nomic position of Argentina depends upon the abundance of the growing cereal crop.
The present outlook is for a plentiful harvest. There is still time, however, for damage
to be done and predictions are made with these reservations.
The customs receipts of the Argentine Government so far this year are about one-
third less than the amount collected last year during the corresponding period. The
ereat problem at present is to adjust the expenses of the Government to the decreased
revenue. On account of the pressure of other matters, especially those pertaining
to finances affecting the commercial and industrial crisis, Congress was unable to
agree on any definite plan for the budget prior to end of its session. President De La
Plaza has therefore called a special session for the sole purpose of considering ways and
means of reducing the various items of the budget of 1916. * * *
Although the decrease of imports affects the Government seriously on account ot
the consequent decrease in duties collected, this is otherwise beneficial to the country,
as its foreign indebtedness is decreased and it is able to protect its gold reserve, which
would otherwise be drawn down in satisfying abnormal European needs for the metal.
About one-third of the old crop of maize has been exported and bottoms are in sight
for the larger part of the remainder for the first part of November. This, with the
exports later on of new crop wheat, will enable the country to liquidate a large part
of its foreign indebtedness and start again with a new slate.
The foreign exchange tangle, due to the large amount of exchange in transit when
the war was declared, is gradually being straightened out with the assistance of
the international moratorium, which provides for an extension of these obligations.
There is still a large amount pending settlement, however, as banks and commercial
houses were accustomed to work with capital obtained through the sale of long paper
on Europe. They have been obliged to restrict their local credits to provide for the
retirement of this paper and in turn merchants have been obliged to liquidate mer-
chandise stocks. Many have been obliged to assign, even though at normal values
their assets would have exceeded their liabilities considerably. All exchanges are,
therefore, practically on a basis of canje transfer and the business is limited to the
settlement of the reduced current transactions that are made on a cash basis, to pay-
ment of credits that have been called in Europe, and to the remittances for the needs
of Argentine families abroad, which always reach large totals.
The conservative manner in which Government finances have been handled in
previous years of prosperity has tended to alleviate abnormal conditions that have
affected all parts of the world, and it is safe to say that Argentina’s position, when
everything is considered, is very favorable. All of the treasury notes of the National
Government had been retired during the prior administration so that this resource is
available for liquidation of current expenses that may be urgent without creating an
unwieldy amount of floating debt.
The Present Best Policy Toward South American Trade, by Hon.
John Barrett, Director General of the Pan American Union, is
another short article in the same number of The Americas, which
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PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 923
outlines commercial conditions in Latin America as affected by the
Kuropean war. Mr. Barrett writes in part:
Advices emphasize that what is needed at this hour in Latin America is not alone
the manufactured products of the United States, which are required in very con-
siderable quantities, but generous credits on these purchases, markets at reasonable
rates for raw products which usually go to Europe, ready money and loans. If
Latin America can sell at a fair figure her accumulating raw products and buy in
turn through receiving financial help and cooperation in the form of advances and
credits from United States exporters, importers, and bankers, the situation will be
speedily remedied and the commercial interests of the United States and Latin
America will truly enter upon a new era of Pan American commerce and comity. *
* *
The European war, while greatly lessening the sources of Latin-American imports
and the market for exports, and opening a correspondingly greater opportunity to
United States exports and imports, has so unavoidably affected Latin American
financial resources and commercial machinery that it must require several months
or a year before conditions can readjust themselves and permit results that many
United States business men expect immediately. * * *
A great stream of letters and telegrams from both North and South America are
daily pouring into the office of the Pan American Union, as the international American
bureau of information, and they prove the widespread interest in the field and oppor-
tunity; but they are invariably answered not only with the statement of the actual
opportunity but with an admonition that the Latin-American market, while vastly
potential, is at this moment embarrassed by a serious financial stringency and disloca-
tion of commercial conditions for which it is not in itself to blame.
The opportunity of the hour, therefore, in a word, is not so much one for immediate
large sales of United States manufactured products as one for cooperation and mutual
help, together with careful investigation of commercial conditions and preparation
to meet future competition.
Bank Acceptances and Dollar Credits is another notable article in
The Americas, which deals with the probable effect of the Federal
reserve act in financing foreign trade and thereby offering material aid
especially to the development of trade between the United States
and the countries of Latin America. The following excerpts give
the gist of the article.
One of the immediate difficulties arising from the conditions produced by the
European war is that of financing foreign trade. Since the outbreak of hostilities there
has occurred in most of the important financial centers of the world a more or less
complete breakdown of exchange facilities and international credit.
This is especially true of our trade with South America. The war has created an
opportunity for selling our manufactures in place of those normally supplied by
European countries. But it has also caused the withdrawal, to a large measure, of
Europe’s financial support, on which South America has placed extensive reliance.
Without outside credit her buying power is seriously curtailed. One of the conclusions
reached by the Latin-American trade committee is that, unless the restriction of
commercial credits be remedied, we will not only be unable to extend our trade,
but we will lose a considerable portion of that which we already have. Ii we accept
an estimate by Mr. John Barrett, Director General of the Pan American Union, New
York alone may lose for this reason $200,000,000 worth of business with Latin America
this year.
Can it be expected that our banks, already under severe pressure, can render appre-
ciable service in meeting this extraordinary condition?
924 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The power of accepting bills of exchange recently given national banks by the
Federal reserve act, facilitating the establishment of an active discount market, has
an important bearing on this problem. It has, in effect, created a vast amount of
potential credit hitherto unavailable, which can be used only in financing foreign
trade. The act referred to reads, in part, as follows:
‘¢ Any member bank may accept drafts or bills of exchange drawn upon it and growing
out of transactions involving the importation or exportation or goods having not more
than six months’ sight to run; but no bank shall accept such bills to an amount equal
at any time in the aggregate to more than one-half its paid-up capital and surplus.
‘‘ Any Federal reserve bank may discount acceptances which are based on the
importation or exportation of goods, and which have a maturity at time of discount
of not more than three months, and indorsed by at least one member bank. * * *”
In Europe the need of the standardization of commercial paper receives its proper
recognition. Each merchant selling goods on time sees to 1t that he is provided with
an aceepted bill that is marketable. If the credit of the house to which the sale is
made is sufficiently good, the bill would be acceptable, but if not the buyer must
arrange for a bank acceptance. An accepted bill is like a certified check, in that it
becomes the direct obligation of the bank accepting it. As such, it can be readily
placed in general circulation, and is available for discount at any time and at a price
determined solely by the current rate of interest.
The difference between the methods in vogue here and in Europe has been that
commercial transactions were financed in this country by notes; in Europe by bills
of exchange. The one constitutes an unsalable investment; the othera prime, quick
asset. Credit resources of American banks have been strictly limited to the amount
of their real assets. European banks, on the other hand, have been in a position to
assume a contingent liability far in excess of this imitation by accepting and trans-
ferring bills of exchange.
The services performed by the London bill are not overstated in an article appear-
ing in the London Economist, just prior to the war, which reads:
“The bill on London is the currency of the world. It is the only currency of the
world. It represents gold, but it is better than gold and is preferred to gold because
transferable with greater rapidity, greater ease, greater certainty, and infinitely less
risk of loss. It has, therefore, become the universal world currency, which, and which
alone, the producer and handler of all nations will accept as wholly satisfactory and
sufficient. There is nothing like it elsewhere. No such function is performed by a
bill on Paris, on Berlin, or on New York.”
In ordinary times the amount of money employed in the London bill market is
estimated at $2,250,000,000.
The importance of the new source of credit which. will be placed at the disposal of
American manufacturers, exporters and importers, by the operation of the Federal
reserve banking system, may be appreciated when it is considered that the combined
capital and surplus of all the national banks amounted in June to $1,781,530,601, and
of New York City banks alone to $237,705,000. The amount of accepted bills of ex-
change arising out of foreign trade transactions which the new law permits to be out-
standing at any one time may aggregate 50 per cent of these amounts. Assuming the
average time the bills will run to be four months, the annual volume of foreign trade
capable of being financed in this way alone can equal one and a half times these huge
figures. It is possible that a partial solution, at least, of the problem of financing a
erowing trade with South America and other countries may be found here, in spite
of the unusual difficulties resulting from the effects of the war.
Now that the Federal reserve act has given this country the opportunity, it is
sincerely hoped that banks and the business community generally will cooperate to
the end that an international discount market will be established for service to our
commerce. Not only is this essential to the success of the new banking system now
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 925
being initiated, but it is the only way the bill on New York can be made an acceptable
form of payment to foreign merchants. If we can not hope to establish the dollar
immediately in the high place now occupied by the pound sterling, we can at least
strive to raise it to a higher position than it has heretofore held in public regard, and,
by degrees, establish direct dollar exchange throughout the world.
Facilities for Shipping to South America, in the same publication,
gives the following assurance that adequate shipping facilities to
South and Central American countries are at present available to
the exporters of the United States:
A canvass among ship owners and operators, however, indicates that there is no
tendency on their part to curtail existing schedules, and that, for the present at least,
there is nothing to warrant any anxiety on the part of prospective shippers of inade-
quate shipping facilities. The loss of the Vandyk is looked upon as the destruction
of a vessel by fire would be regarded; that is, as an unfortunate accident of chance
and not as evidence of a serious and widespread danger sufficient to cause the cessa-
tion of all shipping in those waters. The statement is freely made that ships can be
found to carry the freight.
Furthermore, there are several lines operating from New York to South America
with ships of American or neutral registry, and which are, therefore, immune from
the interference of war vessels of belligerent countries. The west coast is well served
by the American steamers of the New York & South American Line, which operates
a regular service to Peru and Chile through the Panama Canal, without transshipment.
It is additionally served by the American steamers of the Panama Railroad Co. and
the United Fruit Co., which ply regularly between New York and Colon, where freight
can be transshipped to the steamers of the Compafiia Sud América de Vapores and the
Peruvian Steamship Co., both sailing under neutral flags for ports in Chile and Peru.
Brazil is reached by vessels of the United States & Brazilian Steamship Line, the
Lloyd Brazileiro, and Funch, Edye & Co., which fly American, Brazilian, or Nor-
wegian flags. The Barber Line is operating an American vessel, the Dochra, between
New York and Argentina, the next sailing being scheduled for November 30.
December will see the inauguration of another regular service of steamers, under
the American flag, between New York and the River Plate, provided by the Norton
Line, which has recently transferred two steamers from British to American registry
for this purpose, the San Francisco and Bantu.
The plans of manufacturers of this country for entering the South American field
at this time should not, therefore, be unduly influenced by any consideration of
inadequate shipping facilities. It is true that freight rates are 25 per cent above nor-
mal and that war insurance rates on freight sent by merchantmen of belligerent nations
adds materially to the cost of doing business, but these same conditions apply to ship-
ments from Europe and other competitive countries while South America is dependent
upon overseas’ sources for many indispensable lines of manufactured articles.
The Central American Court of Justice, by Joseph Wheless, of the
St. Louis (Mo.) bar, in the December number of Case and Comment
(Rochester, N. Y.), is an article which deals in a most comprehensive
way with the formation, scope, and activities of this unique inter-
national tribunal. Mr. Wheless is the author of a compendium of
Mexican law and has practiced in the Mexican courts, while his
contributions to the Bulletin of Comparative Law of the American
Bar Association are well known. In this instance he deals with a
subject that is especially pertinent, as he describes a tribunal which
70015—Bull. 6—14——8
926 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
has been established for some years and where practical and efficient
work has averted international strife in Latin American countries
and whose counterpart, on a larger scale, could have been established
in Europe and perhaps averted the disastrous war of to-day. The
following excerpts touch the salient features of the court:
The most notable tribunal—in idealism and in potential practicality—ever insti-
tuted among men, is the Central American Court of Justice, established in Cartago,
Costa Rica, under the treaty of Washington of 1907. Having in mind the triumphant
reality of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the embryonic (and now
seemingly aborted) permanent court of arbitral justice of the Hague, this may seem
an exaggerated estimate of this new international tribunal. But the American
Supreme Court is an interstate court of an “‘indissoluble union” of States into one
national government, and The Hague tribunal is neither a court nor permanent;
while the jurisdiction of both is far more restricted than is that of the Central American
court. The latter, too, owes its origin to the consummate genius of the American
Secretary of State, Elihu Root, who inspired it with the lofty conception of a true
international court which he sought in his instructions to the American delegates to
the Second Hague Conference, to have impressed upon its proposed tribunal: ‘‘It
should be your effort to bring about a development of the Hague tribunal into a
permanent tribunal composed of judges who are judicial officers and nothing else;
* * * and who will devote their entire time to the trial and decision of inter-
national causes by judicial methods and under a sense of judicial responsibility.”’
This is the judicial ideal realized in the constitution of the Central American Court
of Justice, the essential features of which, and of its far-reaching jurisdiction, as
traced in these pages, must vindicate the high hopes entertained for this unique
international court. * * *
The convention for the establishment of a Central American Court of Justice recites
in its preamble that the Governments of the named Republics ‘‘for the purpose of
maintaining unalterable peace and harmony in their relations, without in any case
being obliged to have recourse to the employment of force,’’ conclude a convention
for ‘‘the constitution of a court of justice charged with realizing such high aims.”
In its first article the parties agree to constitute and maintain a permanent tribunal
“‘to which they bind themselves to submit all controversies or questions which may
arise among them, of whatsoever nature or origin they may be, in the event that
their respective chancelleries have not been able to reach an agreement.’ There is
here no reservation of ‘‘questions of national honor or vital interests,’’ as is the vogue
in so many treaties of arbitration; every question between honorable nations is sub-
mitted to the judicial settlement of a court of justice in the same way that law-abiding
citizens have recourse to the courts instead of to the code duello of the street fight
to settle their questions of personal honor or vital interest.
The jurisdiction of the court is further defined with the amplest latitude of power
of oyer and terminer, in Articles II to IV, in terms which I epitomize slightly from
the Spanish text as follows:
“This court shall likewise have jurisdiction of questions which individuals of one
Central American country may raise against any of the other contracting Governments
on account of the violation of treaties or conventions and in other cases of an inter-
national character, whether their own Government supports such claim or not, pro-
vided that the remedies which the laws of the respective country afford against such
violation shall have been exhausted or a denial of justice be shown. Also of all cases
which the contracting Governments by mutual consent may submit to it, whether
arising between two or more of them or between any of said Governments and indi-
viduals, as well as of cases arising between any of said Governments and individuals
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 927
when they mutually consent to submit such question to the court. Also of inter-
national questions which by special agreement may be submitted to it by any of the
Central American Governments and that of a foreign nation. Also of conflicts which
may arise between the legislative, executive, and judicial powers, and when the judi-
cial decisions or the resolutions of the National Congress shall not be respected.”
The court is to have its seat at Cartago, Costa Rica, where the munificence of Mr.
Carnegie erected a handsome palace of justice for its use, which has since been destroyed
by an earthquake. The court is composed of five judges, one appointed by each
Republic, ‘‘and selected from among the jurists who possess the qualifications which
the laws of each country prescribe for the exercise of high judicial office, and who
enjoy the highest consideration both because of their moral character and their pro-
fessional ability.’’ Two substitute judges, having like qualifications, are to be
appointed also by each country, from among whom vacancies are to be filled. The
attendance of all five judges is requisite to make a legal quorum in the decision of the
court. The judges and substitutes are appointed by the legislative power of each
country for the term of five years, and may be reelected; their salaries and the expenses
of the courts are paid equally by all the countries. The judges enjoy the privileges
and immunities granted to the highest magistrates, and in the other contracting
countries have those of diplomatic agents. The judges during their term can not
hold any other office or engage in the practice of their profession. At the beginning
of each annual session the court will elect a president and vice president, appoint a
secretary, treasurer, and other necessary officers, and draw up an estimate of its
Exp) GNSS aaa
The court is empowered to make its rules of organization, to formulate the rules of
procedure which may be necessary, and to determine the forms and terms not pre-
scribed in the convention. In compliance with this provision, the court, which was
immediately organized by the appointment of judges of exceptional ability and
integrity, adopted its ‘‘reglamento” or rules of internal organization, and its ‘‘ordi-
nance of procedure.’’ The former concerns the character and organization of the
court, its jurisdiction and powers, the regulations concerning the judges and officials
of the court, and the modus operandi of the court. All these are merely comple-
mentary of the provisions of the convention, or matters of internal routine, and need
not be stated. I will quote, however, the declaration contained in Article I, in which
the judges thus express their formal estimate of the court and its functions: ‘The
object of the Central American Court of Justice is to guarantee with its authority,
based upon the honor of the States, and within the limits of the powers which have
been granted to it, the rights of each of them in their reciprocal relations and to main-
tain peace and harmony among them. It is, by its nature, by its attributions, and by
the character of its jurisdiction, a permanent court of international justice, with
power to adjudge and decide, upon petition, all the cases included in its constitutive
Navihem ah aaah
The formal inauguration of the court took place on May 15, 1908, amid much cere-
mony befitting so notable an occasion, in the handsome building erected at Cartago.
Hardly had the court been installed, before it became possessed of its first case, and
for the first time in the world’s history was the solemn spectacle presented of a court
of justice sitting in judgment between nations, parties litigant before it. This first
case is remarkable in several respects, beginning with the unique fact that the court
itself by telegraph, on July 8, invited the parties to invoke its jurisdiction, instead of
prosecuting a war of the Republics just pledged to unaltered peace and friendship,
Another remarkable feature is that, in response to the telegraphic invitation, formal
complaints were promptly lodged with the court by the Government of Honduras
against El Salvador and Guatemala. These complaints, together with all the pleadings
and orders in the cause, were transmitted by telegraph—indeed, an innovation in
928 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
court procedure. The record in this cause célébre is 183 pages of opinion of the court,
which recites in extenso the pleadings, documentary, and oral evidence, the consid-
erandos and judgment of the court. * * *
The court at once, on July 13, 1908, made an interlocutory order in the nature of a
writ of injunction, prohibitory and mandatory, in which, “‘in order to fix the status
in which the high interested parties are to remain pending the final decision of the
case,’’ it ordered and adjudged the following remarkable dispositions:
“The Governments of El Salvador and Guatemala must (a) refrain from any military
measure or movement, naval or land, and from all acts, of whatsoever nature, which
might directly or indirectly imply interference in the Republic of Honduras; (0) con-
fine in one place all emigrants suspected of being interested in the Honduran revolu-
tion or of being hostile toward the Honduran Government; (c) prevent preparations
from being made, or any kind of requisites intended to help or foment the conflict
within their territories; (d) rigorously prosecute any person who abets the struggle in
any manner; (e) disarm and confine in one place any revolutionary force entering
their territory; (f) discharge any Central American emigrants holding positions as
officers in their service, and compel them to reside in their respective capitals, subject
to strict vigilance; (g) reduce their military forces to the proportion necessary for their
ordinary service, plus the detachments required at suitable places along the frontiers
for the purpose of preventing assistance being offered the revolutionists in the shape
of men, war stores, or subsistence supplies. On its part, the Honduran Government
shall refrain from any act of hostility against the aforementioned Republics.’”’ Signed
by all the judges and countersigned by the secretary of the court.
Mirabile dictu! The simple decree of a court stopped the war, the sovereign defend-
ants submitted to judicial writs, the revolution in Honduras collapsed! Law had
triumphed over arms, and an order of court over a Latin American revolution.
All the parties readily accepted the judicial decision; a casus belli thus became a
res judicata. My friend, Dr. James Brown Scott, president of the American Society
of International Law, and editor of its quarterly journal, commenting on this decision,
aptly says: ‘‘The decision marks a great progress toward the judicial settlement of
international disputes, and shows the complete analogy between public and private
aad een
Before closing this study of the truly remarkable tribunal of Central America, I can
not forbear to add a plea for its greater usefulness by extending its jurisdiction through
the adhesion of the other Republics of America, thus transforming it into a real Pan
American tribunal for the adjudication of all questions and controversies among the
nations of the New World. A greater and nobler temple, erected at Colon or Panama,
on the line of what President Wilson happily terms “‘the new center gravity of the
world,’’ and which brings the three Americas close together at a common center of
material interest and spiritual unity, would be the noblest monument to America’s
colossal mechanical achievement. The Panama Canal, open to the peaceful traffic of
the world, and the Pan American court, dedicated to peace through justice in all
America would be the most ennobling inspiration to the coming ages, and America’s
enduring contribution to the welfare of the world and ad majorem Dei Gloriam. Over
the portals of this temple should be sculptured the golden words of Secretary Bryan,
addressed to the assembled nations of America: ‘‘God has made us neighbors; let justice
make us friends.”
Vi
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IMPORTANT MEETING OF GOVERNING BOARD.
HE Governing Board of the Pan American Union, composed
of the Secretary of State of the United States and the dip-
lomatic representatives in Washington of the 20 Latin
American countries, met on December 8, 1914, in the
board room of the Pan American Building, and adopted the follow-
ing preamble and resolutions:
The Governing Board of the Pan American Union declares:
1. That the magnitude of the present European war presents new problems of inter-
national law the solution of which is of equal interest to the entire world.
2. That the formin which the operations of the belligerents are developing redound
to the injury of the neutrals.
3. That the principal cause for thisresult is that the respective rights of the bellig-
erents and of the neutrals are not clearly defined, notwithstanding that such definition
is demanded both by general convenience and by the spirit of justice which doubt-
less animates the belligerents with respect to the interests of the neutrals.
4, That considerations of every character call for a definition of such rights as
promptly as possible upon the principle that liberty of commerce should not be re-
stricted beyond the point indispensable for military operations,
On these grounds the Governing Board of the Pan American Union resolves:
1. A special commission of the same is hereby appointed, to consist of nine members,
of which the Secretary of State of the United States shall form part, acting as chairman
thereof, ex officio.
2. This commission shall study the problems presented by the present European
war, and shall submit to the governing board the suggestions it may deem of common
interest. In the study of questions of a technical character this commission will
consult the board of jurists.
3. Each Government may submit to the committee such plans or suggested resolu-
tions as may be deemed convenient on the different subjects that circumstances
suggest.
The committee appointed under these resolutions consists of the
Secretary of State, Hon. William J. Bryan, chairman; Sefior Domicio
da Gama, Ambassador from Brazil; Sefior Don Eduardo Suarez
Mujica, Ambassador from Chile; Sefior Dr. Romulo S. Nadn, Ambas-
sador from Argentina; Sefior Dr. Carlos Maria de Pena, Minister from
Uruguay; Sefior Don Federico Alfonso Pezet, Minister from Peru;
Sefior Dr. Alberto Membrefio, Minister from Honduras; Sefior Dr.
Gonzalo S. Cérdova, Minister from Ecuador; and Sefior Dr. Carlos
Manuel de Céspedes, Minister from Cuba, secretary. At the meeting,
which was presided over by Secretary Bryan, in his capacity of
chairman ex officio, most of the members of the board and the chair-
man himself spoke each in turn. The preamble and resolution
929
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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 931
introduced by the Ambassador of the Argentine Republic, with the
addition introduced by the Minister of Uruguay, show the concern
felt. by all the people of the 21 Republics of America because of the
European war as a world-wide calamity, and also in so far as it affects
the interests and commerce of the American Republics. This is
considered one of the most important meetings of the governing
board, and marks a new era in Pan American solidarity. The special
committee appointed under the resolution has invited all the Govern-
ments of the Union, through their respective representatives in Wash-
ington, to present to the committee such memoranda or propositions
on the subject as they may deem expedient, so that every one of the
countries concerned may have an opportunity to cooperate in framing
such suitable measures as may secure the amelioration of the condi-
tions that exist to-day.
THE AMBASSADORS FROM CHILE AND ARGENTINA.
Early in December President Woodrow Wilson officially received
as ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary two distinguished
diplomats of America, Sr. Don Eduardo Sudrez-Mujica and Sr. Dr.
Rémulo S. Naon, erstwhile envoy extraordinary and minister pleni-
potentiary of, respectively, the Republic of Chile and the Argentine
Republic. The elevation of these gentlemen to the position of
ambassador reflects distinction upon the high character of their
respective diplomatic missions. Once again the Pan American
Union extends congratulations to these members of the governing
board who have been so singularly honored. Elsewhere in this issue
there are published in full the cordial expressions of comity and
amity exchanged between the ambassadors and,the President of the
United States on the occasion of their presenting their letters of
credence.
PAN AMERICAN SOCIETY TO HONOR NEW AMBASSADORS.
Announcement has been made that the Pan American Society of
the United States, of which Hon. Henry White is the president and
Secretary of State Bryan and Ambassador da Gama of Brazil are
honorary presidents, will entertain its members at a luncheon to be
given at New York City, the latter part of January, m honor of
the distinguished diplomats, Sr. {Don Eduardo Suarez-Mujica, and
Sr. Dr. Rémulo S. Naén, who have been officially received as am-
bassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary of, respectively, Chile
and Argentina.
HAA ier asc
Photograph by Harris-Ewing.
THE ARGENTINE AMBASSADOR, DR. ROMULO S. NAON, AND THE UNITED STATES
AMBASSADOR TO ARGENTINA, HON. FREDERIC J. STIMSON.
Photograph taken in fiont of the Department of State Building when the two ambassadors called upon
fee Secretary of State Bryan. Ambassador Stimson is near the automobile, with Ambassador Naén
ollowing.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 933
PAN AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL RELATIONS.
Under the title Intellectual and Cultural Relations Between the
United States and the Other Republics of America, the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace has published a very interesting
report made by Dr. Harry Erwin Bard on the recent tour of the
principal capitals of South America by a party of university men.
This tour, conducted under the auspices of the American Association
for International Conciliation and with the sanction and support of
the Carnegie Endowment, was organized for purposes set out as fol-
lows:
This tour is a part of the general plan of the American Association for International
Conciliation to encourage exchange of visits between persons distinguished in different
callings or professions in the United States and in other Republics of America in con-
nection with the work of developing closer intellectual and cultural relations between
the peoples of these Republics. The immediate object of this visit is to become
acquainted with some of the leading personalities of the countries to be visited, to
know some of the more important institutions, to become familiar with the method
and material of instruction in certain important subjects, such as geography, history,
languages, etc., and to gather information and to collect material relative to different
phases of higher education, particularly such as will have especial interest for gradu-
ate students of the United States.
It is expected that as a direct result of these visits much will be accomplished which
will tend to improve instruction in our schools in the geography of the South American
States, the history of early civilization in the New World, and in Spanish colonization
in South and Central as well as in North America; to promote instruction in the Span-
ish and Portuguese languages and the better articulation of this instruction with the
life and the institutions of the peoples of America who speak these languages. It is
hoped also that through these visits the exchange of students, of teachers, and pro-
fessors or specialists in different fields may be successfully encouraged. Back of all
this is, of course, the development of a common knowledge and experience which is
fundamental to good understanding and friendly relations between nations.
That the tour was made at an opportune time and that it will be
productive of far-reaching and beneficial results must be patent to
all who read this report. Courtesies and hospitable attentions were
shown the party in every city visited, and many of these pleasant
incidents are mentioned specifically. It is evident that the members
of the party were gratified by these cordial receptions, and, to quote
Dr. Bard, ‘‘It is certain that all members brought back with them a
more adequate conception of the countries visited and of their people
than they could have received in any other way, and that the general
impressions on both sides were good.” In the following paragraphs
Dr. Bard strikes the keynote of this important effort to bring the peo-
ples of the United States and the other Republics of America into
closer touch socially and intellectually:
Nothing perhaps could have served quite ‘so well to bring out the importance of
work at this particular time looking to the development of closer relations of an
intellectual and cultural character between our people and the people of these other
Republics or to prepare the way for successful work of this kind as has this visit which
934 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the wisdom and generosity of the endowment made possible. If this need existed in
the past, more now. Owing to the present unfortunate conditions in Europe, these
Republics of America are practically cut off from these important nations with which
their political and commercial relations, as well as their intellectual and cultural
relations, have been closest. More, then, perhaps, from necessity than from choice
will their political and commercial relations with us become closer day by day.
If these relations are to be free from needless friction and vexatious misunderstand-
ings, and close friendly relations with these countries are to be maintained and strength-
ened, the more rapid development of closer relations of an intellectual and cultural
character with them is really imperative, and in this work the interest of all institu-
tions of culture and learning in the United States and in those countries should be
enlisted and their effective cooperation secured.
PROF. LEO S. ROWE AT LA PLATA UNIVERSITY.
Advices from Argentina refer to the recent presence of Prof. Leo
S. Rowe in that country and his series of lectures at the National
University of La Plata in terms of cordial praise. Dr. Rowe has
concluded his courses at the university and is now touring Chile
and Peru, improving every opportunity to develop a better under-
standing between the United States and the countries of Latin
America, encouraging closer ties of friendship and intercourse, and
creating a stronger Pan American spirit. Intimately associated for
many years with Pan American affairs, Dr. Rowe is entitled to the
conspicuous position he occupies in Pan American circles. As pro-
fessor of political science in the University of Pennsylvania and
chairman of the American Academy of Political and: Social Science,
Prof. Rowe is qualified to speak authoritatively on questions of this
character. At La Plata he delivered three courses of lectures, viz,
a series of public addresses, an advanced course on problems of inter-
national law, and a course to special students on municipal problems.
It is, moreover, peculiarly appropriate that Prof. Rowe should have
been favored with this opportunity to speak at La Plata, from which
university he received the honorary degree of LL. D. Dr. Rowe’s
public addresses were well attended and received wide publicity in
the press of Argentina.
AMBASSADOR NAON HONORED.
The feature of the sixteenth annual dinner of the Pennsylvania
Society in New York, given December 12, 1914, was the presentation
of a gold medak to Sr. |Dr. Rcmulo S. Naén, ambassador of Ar-
gentina. Former Gov. Fdwin S. Stuart, of Pennsylvania, in pre-
senting the medal alluded to Dr. Nadén as the diplomat “who within
the past week, on behalf of his Government, has sought to define the
rights of neutral nations on principles of right and justice.” In his
speech of acceptance the ambassador dwelt on present commercial
t
RECEPTION OF HON. HENRY P. FLETCHER AS UNITED STATES AMBASSADOR TO CHILE, AT THE
GOVERNMENT PALACE, SANTIAGO, NOVEMBERQ(AIQ, 1914.
Upper: The reception room at the palace of La Moneda where President Ram6n Barros Luco of Chile received the creden-
tials of Ambassador Fletcher. Front row, left to right: Sr. Don Absalon Valencia, minister of justice; Sr. Don
Guillermo Barros Jara, minister of interior; the United States Ambassador; the President of Chile; Sr. Don Manuel
Salinas, minister of foreign affairs; Sr. Don Julio Garcés, minister of public works; Sr. Don Alberto Edwards, minis-
ter of finance. Second row: Sr. Don Carlos Castro Ruiz, subsecretary of foreign affairs; aid-de-camp of the President;
Capt. Earl Biscoe, military attaché, United States Embassy; secretary of the President; George T. Summerlin, first
secretary of the embassy; aid-de-camp of the President; Perry Belden, second secretary of the embassy; Mr.
Harriman, private secretary to the ambassador. Lower: The ambassador and official party leaving the palace of
La Moneda under military escort.
936 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
conditions in Argentina and the opportunities for the development of
trade relations between his country and the United States and the
promotion of the common interests of the two great Republics.
OPENING OF EXPOSITION AT PANAMA POSTPONED.
The BULLETIN is in receipt of advices stating that the opening of
the National Exposition of Panama, which was to have taken place on
January 1, 1915, in commemoration of the building of the Panama
Canal, has been postponed until March 13, 1915. Inability to have
everything in readiness by the first of the year is ascribed as the
reason for the postponement.
SPANISH PAVILION AT THE PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION.
A movement has been started by the Ibero-Americans of San
Francisco to provide a special pavilion at the Panama-Pacific Inter-
national Exposition to serve as a general headquarters for all Span-
iards and people of Spanish descent who may visit the exposition.
The organization is known as the League of the Ibero-American Race,
and its membership is drawn from the various Spanish societies and
organizations already established in San Francisco, and includes —
members of the diplomatic and consular corps of several foreign
governments. The local organization expects to interest numerous
Spanish societies throughout the Americas and hopes to raise a fund
sufficient to build a creditable pavilion, thus adding to the comfort
and pleasure of thousands of Spanish-American visitors. Consul
Count del Valle de Salazar, of Spain, has been made honorary president.
of the league, and Consul General Encarnacion Mejia, of Salvador,
honorary vice president. Prof. Oreste Ouille is the active president;
Sr. Fernando Garcia, chancellor of the Spanish consulate, secretary
general; and Sr. Adolfo Vico, executive ‘secretary.
SOUTHERN COMMERCIAL CONGRESS ESTABLISHES BUREAU OF
TRANSLATION.
The Southern Commercial Congress, in order to be of still greater
service to American manufacturers and exporters, has established a
bureau of translations in connection with its foreign trade department.
The bureau will undertake to translate circulars, catalogues, booklets,
business letters, etc., into and from the leading commercial languages
of the world. The work is to be done by educated natives of the
several countries, all of whom have had experience as official and
private translators. That attractive literature, printed in the correct
and technical language of the country in which trade is desired, is an
essential element in the building up of foreign commerce is patent to
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938 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
every business man who knows anything of the value of advertising,
and the Southern Commercial Congress is to be congratulated on its
progressive spirit in thus furnishing the means whereby such literature
may be published in any language desired.
THE PAN AMERICAN MASS.
The Pan American mass which has become a notable feature of
the Thanksgiving Day celebrations at Washington, was again sol-
emnized on Thursday, November 26, 1914, at St. Patrick’s Church.
The President of the United States was officially represented by Secre-
tary of State Bryan. Attending the mass and uniting in praises
for peace was a large number of high officials including members of
the Cabinet, justices of the Supreme Court, members of the diplo-
matic corps, especially from the countries of Central and South
America, and others prominent in the official and social life of the
Capital. Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop Patrick J. Donohue, of Wheeling,
W. Va.; Bishop Thomas J. Shahan, of the Catholic University of
Washington, together with other church dignitaries occupied seats
within the chancel rail and assisted in the mass. The church was
adorned with the colors of the 21 American nations of the Western
Hemisphere, and the pews reserved for each of the embassies and
legations were designated by the flags of the countries they represent.
The special prayer for peace was read by Right Rev. Monsignor
William T. Russell, rector of St. Patrick’s Church, who maugurated
these services six years ago. Preceding the prayer, Rev. John Cava-
naugh, president of Notre Dame University, of Indiana, preached a
stirring sermon in which he expressed the hope that
here in this new world, aloof from inherited animosities and ancient grudges, there
may arise a new civilization, whose watchword shall be brotherhood, whose ideal
shall be service and whose dream shall be the reign of peace and universal good will.
Rey. Cavanaugh paid special tribute to President Wilson and Secre-
tary Bryan for their efforts in the direction of peace. Following the
church services Monsignor Russell was host at a luncheon in the
rectory of the church at which a number of distinguished guests met.
Monsignor Russell, as toastmaster, welcomed and thanked them for
their assistance in making the Pan American celebration a success.
The speakers were Cardinal Gibbons, Secretary of State Bryan, the
ambassador from Brazil, Sr. Domicio da Gama, and Director General
Barrett of the Pan American Union. Each of the guests was pre-
sented with a silver medal struck for the occasion and bearing on
one side a reproduction of the Christ of the Andes statue, and on the
obverse this inscription, ‘St. Patrick’s Church, Thanksgiving Day,
Nov. 26, 1914. Rt. Rev. William T. Russell.”’
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940 . THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
DEATH OF MR. ROCKHILL.
The sad intelligence of the death of Hon. William Woodville Rock-
hill, at Honolulu, came as a severe shock to his many friends in official
and private circles at Washington and in the foreign countries where
he had served with honor and distinction. It was but a short few
months ago when the Bulletin in these very columns extended sin-
cere felicitations to Mr. Rockhill on his appointment as foreign
adviser at large to the President of the Chinese Republic. Mr.
Rockhill achieved remarkable success in his diplomatic career, hav-
ing reached through the various grades the high position of ambas-
sador. His diplomatic missions included that of minister to China
and Greece, and ambassador to Russia and Turkey. For a number
of years he was Assistant Secretary of State, and was also a former
director of the International Bureau of American Republics, now
the Pan American Union. An experience’of his early,career which is
frequently recounted was his fearless penetration into Thibet dis-
guised as a Chinaman, an undertaking fraught with grave peril In
the death of Mr. Rockhill the world has lost one of the few great
authorities on China and the Orient, and America one of its foremost
diplomatists.
LATIN AMERICAN TRADE CONFERENCE OF THE NEW YORK, NEW
HAVEN & HARTFORD R. R.
An important conference on Latin American trade was held under
the auspices of The New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad at
Boston, Mass., Tuesday, December 15, 1914. The gathering was
arranged by the industrial bureau of the railroad and a list of speakers
fully conversant with general trade and banking conditions in the
countries of South and Central America addressed the meeting.
The meeting which was preceded by a complimentary luncheon
took place at the New American House and was well attended by
prominent manufacturers and commercial representatives of Boston
and other New England centers. Mr. Howard Elliott, chairman of
the board and president of the railroad, presided, and introduced
the following speakers: Director General John Barrett, Pan Ameri-
can Union; W. S. Kies, foreign department, National City Bank of
New York; Dr. Edward E. Pratt, Chief, Bureau Foreign and Domestic
Commerce; Prof. S. O. Martin, graduate school of business adminis-
tration, Harvard University; Hon. John F. Fitzgerald, chairman,
committee on foreign trade, Boston Chamber of Commerce; Dr. W. EH.
Aughinbaugh, editor Leslie’s, New, York; Thomas F. Anderson, secre-
tary, New England Shoe and Leather Association; V. Gonzales, Na-
tional Association of Manufacturers, New York. A souvenir booklet
entitled, ‘“Trade Opportunities in South America,’ was presented to
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 941
those attending the session. In tabloid form this pamphlet presents
a number of useful suggestions to the’ manufacturer and exporter
seeking information on the subject of foreign trade.
CRUISE AROUND SOUTH AMERICA.
All-around-the-world tours as well as the shorter trips to Europe
having been cut out, for the time being, by the European war—at
least as far as the habitual tourist and ordinary traveler is concerned—
now is the accepted time for the confirmed globe-trotter, as well as for
the occasional wanderer, to acquaint himself with the scenic beauties,
hospitable people, and commercial opportunities to be found in the
countries of Central and South America and the charming islands
of the West Indies. Numerous opportunities will be given the ‘‘wan-
derlusters”’ of the United States during this winter to thus bask in
the genial sunlight of warmer climes and to revel in delightful scenes
and new experiences. Among the several tours that have been
arranged and widely advertised is that of the Kroonland, under the
management of Charles H. Gates, of Toledo, Ohio. This vessel, of
22,000 tons displacement, specially arranged and adapted to touring
purposes, and sailing under the United States flag, is advertised to leave
New York at 9 a. m. January 21, 1915. The trip around the conti-
nent of South America has been arranged to consume 82 days, and
will include stops at the largest ports of Cuba, Jamaica, Panama,
Peru, Chile, Strait of Magellan, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Trini-
dad, Martinique, and Porto Rico. Tours such as this enable trav-
elers to see many of the best features of foreign countries at perhaps
the least expense, and certainly with the least personal inconven-
lence, attending any other mode of travel. At no time in the recent
past has general interest been so centered on South and Central
America as just now, and tours embracing these countries will doubt-
less prove the most attractive offered to the American public during
the coming year.
SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS TO SOUTH AMERICA.
Other fields for scientific exploration having been more or less
exhausted, or perhaps made somewhat impracticable because of the
European war, South America has become the Mecca for scientists,
explorers, and adventurous seekers for unusual knowledge generally.
Several expeditions have recently been organized with the view of
scientifically exploiting the southern continent. Prominent among
these may be noted that of Mr. Leo E. Miller, the well-known nat-
uralist of the American Museum of Natural History, of |New York,
who is something of a veteran in South American exploration, having
recently devoted over four years of his lfe in adding to the world’s
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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 943
knowledge of the faunal conditions in the wilds of South American
forests. Accompanied by Mr. Howarth Boyle as his assistant, Mr.
Miller sailed from New York on October 21, 1914, for Puerto Colom--
bia, Colombia, expecting to go up the Magdalena River to Puerto
Berrio, thence to proceed overland to Medellin, where he expects to
establish his headquarters pending a four or five months’ stay for
zoological studies. These studies are to embrace a section of both
the central and western cordillera of the Andes, beginning a few thou-
sand feet above the Magdalena and continuing to the top of the range
to the frigid region of Santa Elena; then down the slope fo the Cauca,
and up to the top of the western range to Paramillo, and down the
western slope to the Atrato. This is one of the most interesting
faunal regions of Colombia and doubtless much will be learned con-
cerning the origin and distribution of life in South America. This
work being completed, Mr. Miller will proceed to the west coast of
Panama for a month’s study of that region, and will then sail down to
Antofagasta, Chile, proceeding from there to the high mountain re-
gion and making Suere his base of operations for long excursions to
Lakes Titicaca and Poopo, and down the eastern slope.of the Andes
into the lowlands of Brazil and Paraguay. If possible the expedition
will later descend the Beni or the Pilecomayo Rivers, and finally return
by way of the Amazon.
Another notable venture of the same character is the Collins-Day
South American expedition, organized under the joint auspices of
the Field Museum of Natural History, of Chicago, and the American
Museum of Natural History, of New; York. This expedition
will be under the patronage and direction of Mr. Alfred M. Col-
lins, one of the directors of the Philadelphia Geographical Society,
Mr. L. Garnett Day. of New York, land W. F. Walker, a graduate
of Yale University. Mr. Robert H. Becker will be the special rep-
resentative of the Field Museum and Mr. George K. Cherrie, recently
a member of the Roosevelt South American expedition, will represent
the American Museum. They will go via Mollendo to La Paz,
Bolivia, to Cochabamba, and thence down the Mamore River to the
Madeira and into the Amazon. Their object is the study of natural
history and the collection of specimens, especially of birds and
mammals, and will take with them all necessary equipment for this
purpose. The expedition is to leave New York on December 26,
1914.
THE SOUTHWEST MUSEUM EXPEDITION.
An expedition, under the aupices of the Southwest Museum of Los
Angeles, Cal., was recently organized for the purpose of securing
educational photo-records and motion-picture films of the remarkable
natural scenery, ancient ruins and monuments, and the picturesque
944 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and interesting peoples of Spanish America and the South Seas.
The well-known explorer, naturalist, and writer, Dr. Charles F.
Lummis, is the scientific director of the expedition. Leaving Los
Angeles Harbor early in December the steamer is to make stops at
the most interesting ports on the west coast of Mexico, Central and
South America, giving opportunity for the party to make inland
excursions to places of scientific and historic interest. From Val-
paraiso the expedition is to go to Easter Island to examine and
photograph its remarkable prehistoric monuments and hieroglyphs,
and thence to Pitcairn Island, Tahiti, the Christmas Islands, and to
Honolulu, returning to San Francisco for a week’s stay at the Panama-
Pacific Exposition, thence to San Diego, ‘‘The Harbor of the Sun,”
for a few days’ visit to the Panama-California Exposition, and thence
back to Los Angeles. The entire trip is to cover some 15,000 miles
and will take about five months.
DEATH OF FREDERIC BROWN.
It is with profound regret that the BULLETIN records the death of
one of the ablest and staunchest friends of Pan America, Frederic
Brown, erstwhile secretary-treasurer of the Pan American Society of
the United States, which occurred on November 28, 1914. While
specific details of his active and successful life are not as yet available,
it may be stated that he was in his thirty-ninth year when death
cut off his promising career. His early education was gained in the
public schools and at college in Brownsburg, Ind., where he also
took up the study of civil engineering, which he subsequently prose-
cuted in New York. In 1902 he became manager of the export
department of the H. W. Johns-Manville Co. and later was sent to
the Dominican Republic to assist in the organization of the National
Bank of Santo Domingo. Much of his life thereafter was spent in
Latin American countries and in connection with the business
interests of their people, and he was generally regarded as an authority
on the commercial relations between the United States and the south-
ern Republics. His knowledge of the Latin people and his sympa-
thetic understanding of their fine qualities made him their friend,
and his efforts toward promoting cordial relations between his own
country and the other American nations were highly appreciated in
both hemispheres. While secretary-treasurer of the Pan American
Society he had frequent occasion to deliver addresses and lectures
before chambers of commerce, business organizations, economic
societies, etc., throughout the United States, and his thorough
familiarity with and able presentation of the subject of Latin Ameri-
can commercial relations were universally lauded by the press of the
cities visited. Upon learning of his death a special meeting of the
DR. JUAN CARLOS BLANCO,
Minister of Public Works of Uruguay, who is coming to the United States on Special Mission to
return the visit of Hon. Elihu Root in 1906, and to represent his Government at the formal
opening of the Panama Canal. He is expected to arrive about the middle of January, and
will travel extensively throughout the country, making industrial and commercial studies of
interest to his department. Dr. Blanco is one of the leading men of Uruguay, and an advocate
of closer Pan American relations.
946 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
executive committee of the Pan American Society was called on
December 2, 1914, and the following resolutions were unanimously
adopted:
Whereas Frederic Brown, the secretary-treasurer of the Pan American Society of the
United States, died on Saturday, November 28, 1914.
Whereas Mr. Brown had been associated, in the office which he filled, with the society
since its organization and had devoted his energies and ability to building it up and
making it a favorable influence for the betterment of the relations between the
United States and its sister American Republics: Be it
Resolved, That the executive committee of the Pan American Society of the United
States, called in special session for this purpose, express its regret that death has re-
moved Mr. Brown from the activities to which he was so earnestly devoted; that the
committee extend to his bereaved widow and to the other members of his family pro-
found sympathy in their loss, and that copies of this resolution be spread upon the
records of the society and forwarded to his widow and other members of his family.
THE LONDON TIMES REVIEWS PROF. SHEPHERD’S BOOK.
In the literary supplement of the London Times of October 1, 1914,
appeared an extended review of Prof. William R. Shepherd’s Central
and South America. The following excerpt will show the compli-
mentary nature of the British critic’s comments on this notable work
of an American professor:
The Home University Library Series has received a notable addition in a volume
on Central and South America by Prof. William R. Shepherd, a writer who has every
qualification for being regarded as an authority upon the subject. It is a little book,
but compact with valuable information admirably arranged. To compress into a very
brief space an account of the colonization of Latin America, of its early history, organi-
zation, and methods of government, and of the rise, the political fortunes, and the
economical and social development in modern times of the 20 Republics which have
taken the place of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies is a difficult task. To accom-
plish it clearly and intelligently without presenting the reader page after page with
an uninviting mass of dull, dry, bewildering statistics bespeaks that masterly grasp of
detail which comes from the combination of wide knowledge with real historical
insight. Prof. Shepherd has aimed. as he tells us in his preface, at so arranging the
contents of his book as to describe the phases of civilization through which Latin
America as a whole and its several States have passed in the course of its history,
and to draw from the varying conditions of progress in this country or in that illus-
trations of similarities or of differences in character, spirit, or attainment; and he has
succeeded in his aim. Many far more pretentious works upon Latin America have
appeared in recent years; there is none with which we are acquainted that gives more
evidence than does this volume of an intimate familiarity with the subject or treats
it more fairly and sympathetically.
SOUTH AMERICAN SOCIETY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.
The BULLETIN is in receipt of an interesting communication from
Mr. James Newbery, of Argentina, who is at present a student at
the University of Minnesota, in which he states that so much interest
in South American affairs has been manifested by the student body
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 94.7
that a society has been organized for the purpose of making special
studies of social, political, and commercial conditions in the various
countries of the southern continent. Among the students at the
university are men from Argentina, Peru, Mexico, Cuba, and from
some of the Central American countries, and their familiarity with
Latin American affairs will materially aid the society in its work.
The Pan American Union is always ready and glad to be of assistance
in any way possible to such organizations of young men, and here-
with extends its best wishes for the success of the new society.
CRUISE OF THE FIDELITY TRUST CO. CANCELLED.
As this issue of the Bulletin goes to press, word has been received
that the plans of the Fidelity Trust Company of Baltimore for a
South American commercial cruise have been cancelled.
BETTER NEWS SERVICE WITH LATIN AMERICA.
At a recent meeting of the Chamber of Commerce of Newport
News, Va., the matter of an improved news service between the United
States and the countries of Latin America was generally discussed,
and the following resolutions, which embody the salient facts anent
the situation, were passed:
Whereas there has recently been much discussion in regard to closer trade relations with
the countries of Central and South America, and as to the best method of accom-_
plishing this purpose; and
Whereas close trade relations depend upon the mutual, cordial, and friendly under-
standing of the parties thereto and a knowledge and appeciation of their conditions
and wants, the trade relations between strangers being such only as arise from
actual necessity; and
Whereas our knowledge of the Latin-American peoples, to whom we are so closely
attached politically, and theirs of us, is little better, if any, than that which we
possess of the inhabitants of Thibet; and
Whereas nothing is so conducive to the existence of a proper understanding and
appreciation between peoples as the daily exchange and publication of news in
newspapers of general circulation; and
Whereas our news service with South America is totally inadequate, if not altogether
negligible, such as is transmitted passing through European hands, and being
molded to suit European state and trade policies: Therefore, be it
Resolved, That it is the sense of the Chamber of Commerce of Newport News, Va.,
that immediate and appropriate steps should be taken toward the establishment of an
adequate news service between the United States of America and all of the countries
of Latin America; and be it further
Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the Chamber of Commerce of the
United States of America, with the request that this matter be taken up by it and urged
to some definite conclusion.
These resolutions reflect a feeling that is doubtless shared to a
greater or lesser extent by representative interests of the American
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PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 949
continent, and it is to be sincerely hoped that the new era of Pan-
American development which is dawning in a most gratifying manner
will see a decided improvement in this particular phase of inter-
national intercourse.
HARDWARE AND ALLIED PRODUCTS IN LATIN AMERICA.
The Pan American Union has received through the courtesy of the
American Hardware Manufacturers’ Association a limited number of
copies of a pamphlet entitled, “The Latin American Opportunity for
American Hardware Manufacturers.”” This is a reprint of an address
delivered by Director General John Barrett at the annual meeting of
that association in Atlantic City, N. J., October 29, 1914. An
appendix to this monograph contains a schedule showing importations
of hardware and allied products by Latin America from foreign coun-
tries and the share furnished by the United States. Copies of this
booklet may be had upon application to the Pan American Union.
“THE NEW REPUBLIC.’’
The BULLETIN desires to acknowledge a welcome addition to its
exchange list. The New Republic, “a weekly journal of critical
comment on national affairs,’’ is a refreshing innovation in the field of
periodical literature in the United States. In its initial number,
which appeared November 9, 1914, the founders stated that it would
be:
* * * A weekly critical review which publishes neither illustration nor fiction,
but which seeks rather and above all to mold opinion. It will be a journal, that is,
of ideas. Its influence will depend upon the ability of its management to formulate
and disseminate ideas; ideas which will touch the imagination, keep curiosity alive,
intensify conviction, and exert a force—an immediate force—in the direction of sound
action. Its work will be to play a stream of fresh and honest thought on every sig-
nificant phase of intellectual and practical activity in American life; upon current
literature, art and the drama; upon science, public and private business, and educa-
tion; upon politics, industry, and society.
Quite some task, to be sure, but, judging from the issues that have
come to this office, the founders are making good their promise. It
is in truth “a journal of ideas,’ and while not iconoclastic in its
expression its criticisms are trenchant, keen, and wholesome withal,
and will give the reader, whatever may be his own predilections, con-
siderable food for thought. Editors and contributors evidently have
the courage of their convictions and the reader is convinced of their
honesty of thought and entire independence of any favoritism with
respect to political parties, race, creed, or color. While the New
Republic manifests none of the muck-raking proclivities which char-
acterized such a large section of the periodical press of the United
Photographs by oma,
THE EMBASSIES IN WASHINGTON OF BRAZIL, MEXICO, CHILE, AND ARGENTINA.
Opper; Brazilian, 1780;Massachusetts Avenue; center, Mexican, 1413 I Street, and Chilean, 1013 Sixteenth
treet; lower, Argentine, 1600 New Hampshire Avenue. On December 1, 1914, the Chilean, and on
December 3, 1914, the Argentine diplomatic representatives were received by President Wilson in
their newly created character and rank of ambassadors.
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 951
States some few years ago, it is aggressive in its tone and constructive
in its criticism and will doubtless become an important factor in
molding public opinion, at least in the ranks of the earnest and
thoughtful people of the United States who keep abreast of the times,
and it is to be hoped that there are enough of these to make such a
venture as this new publication a pronounced success from its very
inception.
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS REPORTS.
The National Association of Manufacturers of the United States
is to be commended on its enterprise in issuing a series of special bul-
letins for the purpose of keeping its members promptly advised of all
developments affecting the export and import trade arising out of the
present struggle in Europe. At the time of this writing five of these
special reports have been issued. Such intelligent cooperation with
the representative business interests of the country in an endeavor to
secure and maintain a broader exchange of foreign trade is worthy of
every encouragement, and reveals a proper appreciation of the impor-
tance of careful study and investigation for effective trade campaigns.
The Commercial Laws of the World, comprising The Mercantile, Bills of Exchange,
Bankruptcy and Maritime Laws of all civilized nations, together with Com-
mentaries on Civil Procedure, Constitution of the Courts, and Trade Customs
in the original languages interleaved with an English translation contributed
by numerous eminent specialists of all nations. American edition. Consulting
editor. The Hon. Sir Thomas Edward Scrutton, Judge of the King’s Bench
Di: ision of the High Court of Justice, England. General editor: William Bow-
stead of the Middle Temple, barrister at law, London, with a general introduction
by Charles Henry Huterich, professor of law in the law school of the Leland
Stanford Junior University. Boston, The Boston Book Co. To be completed
in 35 4° volumes; price, $9 each. Volumes I, II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII, X,
KONI, SXCTV5 XGV XGVI, SOV AIL XV TEE XGXGXEXGIE XGXET XOXGT VE OXGV rari
XXXII, received.
The utility of a work of this character, giving in comparative form the commercial
laws of all the countries of the civilized world is recognized by every practitioner
called on to advise in matters of international commerce. Too often this advice is
first asked when the case has reached the acute stage. Generally speaking, it has
reached this stage before the persons in interest themselves know of it. Questions
of maritime liens, commercial paper, factors and brokers, bankruptcy, partnership,
stock companies, alien traders, sales, bills of lading and responsibility of carriers,
only to mention a few of the cases arising under foreign law, the circumstances of
which may be known only through a brief cable message and requiring prompt
action, present puzzling contingencies even to the best equipped lawyer. This
same is very aptly put by Justice Scrutton in his preface to the work:
‘When a German ship is chartered by an Englishman to load cotton in Egypt
under bills of lading executed there and deliver it in Antwerp, and on the way puts
into a Spanish port in distress, the English lawyer, suddenly called upon to advise,
looks hastily for a work in which he can find the law of Germany, Egypt, Belgium,
or Spain, applicable to the point in question.”
Eyen supposing him to be a linguist and having access to a well-stocked library,
the chances are many to one that the lawyer will not be able to lay his hands on the
book n eded. On the other hand, if he be a German, Frenchman, or South American,
and the question one involving English or American law, it is even less likely that
his search will be fruitful.
It is to supply this need that the work under consideration was undertaken. The
need of the work is apparent, but is it possible adequately to satisfy this need? Can
the commercial laws of fifty-six countries (and that, too, counting such aggregations
as the United States, British Possessions and Protectorates, and Dutch East Indies
as single units) be presented with original text and translation in such a manner as
to be of any substantial use to the practicing lawyer?
The undertaking is a stupendous one. Let us look at a few of the factors involved
in the solution thereof.
First. There must be something approximating identity of subjects for all of the
countries treated. Commercial law is a very elastic term and may comprehend
much or little, but even so, a work purporting to deal with the commercial law of a
number of countries is in its essence comparative, and so must not depart too far
from some standard of uniformity. Yet subject headings, groupings, and, in fact, all
classifications of laws are more or less arbitrary and artificial. They could not be
otherwise, even granting that jurisprudence be a science, about which there is much
to be said for and against. The task of regrouping these arbitrary groups makes the
undertaking more than doubly difficult. If it were true that each of the countries
952
BOOK NOTES. 953
of the world had evolved from within itself its own system of laws without regard
to any other country and had its own peculiar nomenclature, then the task of pre-
senting these laws in comparison and from the practitioner’s standpoint would be a
task much too complex and difficult to be undertaken. Fortunately for the compiler
and for the practitioner this is by no means true.
Second. Differences of commercial usages and customs upon which commercial laws
are and must be radicated. It may be granted that the purpose of all man-made law8
in every country is to act as signposts indicating the line of natural right and justice as
between man and his fellow in their dealings the one with the other. But these deal-
ings, in other words, commerce, both in the small and in the large, have always and
everywhere moved a step in advance of commercial laws. The path is trodden before
the signposts are placed. In placing these signposts the intelligent purpose has been to
make them conform to certain so-called basic principles and to this end the trodden
path may be corrected. But these basic principles themselves, while intended to
serve as exponents of right and justice, are rooted on habits, customs, and usage.
Granting the fundamental ideas of right and wrong are the same over all the world,
though it would be difficult to maintain this, but even so granting, it does not follow
that a principle of law conceived in one locality and there conformable in the highest
degree to this fundamental, ethical standard, may not in another locality widely depart
therefrom. The principle of law is only an application of ethics to conditions, and if
the conditions be not the same, then the application—that is, the law—can not be the
same. Take, for instance, the matter of principal and agent and the rights of a third
party. It may be sound doctrine and founded upon natural right that in one locality
of the world the principal should be bound, in certain cases, by the acts of his agent,
but this principle might work rank injustice in another part of the world where the
tripartite duties and obligations of principal, agent, and third party have not the same
foundation.
No man can comprehend, and therefore no lawyer can intelligently advise, regarding
the commercial laws of a country in all their ramifications as applicable to commercial
life and usage unless he be adept in the idiom, has lived in the country, is thoroughly
soaked in its civilization, history, and customs, and has studied and practiced his
profession therein.
Notwithstanding, a work of the kind under review has practical utility. Not
because it is sufficient. That it can not be. But because it gives light in cases
where light can not otherwise be procured. Not in one case in a hundred in actual
practice will it be feasible to consult foreign counsel. In a large proportion of cases
time presses. It is then that this work, carefully examined, will prove its value. In
some cases mistakes may be made, but it is safe to say that a mistake made due to
misconstruction or misapplication of the law (and many such must arise) will never
be so bad a mistake as one due to total ignorance of the law.
It has been said that ‘‘a little learning is a dangerous thing’’, but itis true nev=
ertheless that no learning is oftentimes a much more dangerous thing.
Nuevo York en todo sus Fases, por Clovis Ochoa (New York in its various aspects,
by Clovis Ochoa, sent by the Government of Chile on special mission to the United
States and Europe). Illustrated with plates, photographs, and a colored map.
Printed at Santiago, Chile, 1913. Octavo, 600 pages. Price, $2.50. For sale by
Brentano and the American News Co.
The author states, and with evident truth, that when he arrived in New York he
could discover no guidebook in Spanish which would be of service to him in finding
his way about the city and in giving him detailed information of many points of interest
on which the stranger should be posted. So strongly did he feel the need of such a
book that he spent considerable time in collecting data, in verifying much that was
common knowledge and yet apt to be inaccurate, and in systematizing his facts for
954 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
publication in readable form. He sincerely thanks the many persons, especially
officials, who aided him in his work, and then presents the book to Spanish readers
and travelers in the hope that it will permit them to escape the trials which beset him,
as a Spanish-speaking visitor, while he was becoming acquainted with the place.
And he has accomplished his work commendably. Besides the map, a street index,
and similar tabulated information, there are chapters on New York’s history, its
architecture, its theaters, schools, and public buildings, its business activity, the
universities, churches, and societies. Everything of interest receives attention and
must be of supreme value to those speaking Spanish. The suburbs are not forgotten,
and several excursions around New York are suggested. Considering the many
visitors who in increasing numbers come to New York every year for pleasure or busi-
ness, the book can be recommended as a trustworthy guide for those who, in the
beginning at least, must have some book in Spanish to satisfy their inquiries concerning
the great city.
The Railways of South and Central America. By Frederick M. Halsey. New
York: Francis Emery Fitch. 1914. 183 pages. Price, $1.50.
This little work comes upon the market at a most opportune time and its wealth
of information will doubtless be greatly appreciated by commercial and industrial
corporations that are interesting themselves more than ever before in the possibilities
of the great Southlands. The student of economics will also find its pages filled with
matter closely allied with the progress and welfare of nations.
The work, as its name indicates, contains statistics and other information concerm-
ing the important railways of all Latin America and various islands of the West Indies.
It is divided into three parts: South America; Mexico, Central America, and Panama;
and the West Indies. Each of the three parts is divided into chapters, covering a
country or a group of countries. The chapters begin with a brief description of the
railway development and other information regarding the country or countries.
These data are followed by tables and notes giving details as to colonization, mileage,
earnings, financial condition, amount of freight and number of passengers carried,
history, location and nature of the country traversed by each of the various railway
lines. The tables in most cases are rendered in both pounds sterling and in Ameri-
can gold. At the end of the book there are appendices containing additional infor-
mation of interest. The highest railway in the world, that built by the famous Meiggs
in Peru, and several others are given special notes relative to the unusual difficulties
attending their construction.
Three maps, one of which is large and shows the general railway development of
Latin America, and which was recently published by the Pan American Union, add
interest to the text as well as being useful for reference. Asa whole, the publication
will fill a need; and the few minor errors, which it is almost impessible to avoid in a
work of this character, will be overlooked and the author congratulated for the pro-
duction of a valuable addition to the railway literature of Latin America.
Reports to the Board of Trade on the Conditions and Prospects of British
Trade in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela. By Mr. G. T.
Milne, special commissioner. Presented to both Houses of Parliament. Lon-
don, T. fisher Unwin, 1913. Price, 2s. 8d. (about 55 cents).
As in all of the publications of the British Board of Trade, the pages are full of
valuable information on commercial conditions in the region discussed, and can be
mae available not only by British merchants, but also*by those in the United States
interested in foreign commerce. The admirable index of the first fuur pages gives
a clue to the contents, which treats of a great variety of subjects. There are naviga-
tion and shipping intelligence, information on banks, suggestions on popular tastes,
comparative prices, and other similar details. There is also a clear railway map of
Central America. Anyone interested in the region examined in this report must
find it full of useful data.}
BOOK NOTES. 955
Evaporation in the Cane and the Beet-Sugar Factory. By Edward Kop-
pesschaar. A theoretical and practical treatise. London, Norman Rodger, 1914.
Pages 116, price 7s. 6d. (about $1.85).
Tor the technician engaged in sugar production this niust prove valuable, especially
in association with other books on the same subject and from the same publishers.
As the authorities are almost all Dutch, and have had great experience in their chosen
field, their opinions and niethods deserve attention.
Hints to Homeseekers. A Book of Agricultural Opportunities, by W. J. Geib,
U. S. Department of Agriculture. State Journal Printing Co. (Madison, Wis.),
1913. Pages 274, illustrated with diagrams and maps. Price $1.50.
While the book deals chiefly with advice to those in the United States who desire
to remove from one part of the country to another, it has pages on the opportunities
in Canada, and not a few of the suggestions can be applied to the agricultural home-
seekers who turn their glance toward the areas in Latin America, like Argentina,
where new land is open to the settler.
Chart of the World. G. W. Bacon & Co. (Ltd.), London.
This is a well-mounted diagram of a new proposed system tu chart the world on a
scientific basis.
Health and Sickness in the Tropics. A Guide for Travellers and Residents
in Remote Districts. By (Dr.) Leonard Bostock, British vice consul, Porto
Amelia. Pages 94. Price 2 shillings (about 50 cents).
The author is a trained physician with responsibilities and duties in the tropics
of (Portuguése east) Africa and writes from his own knowledge. There are chapters
on residence, hygiene, the teeth, food, water, use and abuse of alcohol, clothing,
and similar matters. An entire section is devoted to diseases and accidents, with
the simple medical and surgical treatment which is needed and which a nonmedical
person may apply. Certainly no simpler or more practical book could be placed in
the hands of one intending to go to the Tropics for either a visit or residence.
Kelly’s Directory of the Merchants, Manufacturers, and Shippers of America,
1914. Published by the Kelly Publishing Co., New York, 70 Fifth Avenue
(with agencies in Paris, Hamburg, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool,
Manchester, Sheffield). Pages 783; thin paper.
This annual index now in its third edition covers the United States, Canada, and
Latin America. The index is divided so as to include in one section the countries,
towns, etc., and in another the trades or occupations of the business men in those
towns. The fact that this compilation has reached its third year is an indication
that it has found a field where its information is of value to those engaged in foreign
trade. Special attention must be called to the statement that free copies of the
index will be presented to institutions in foreign countries established for the pur-
pose of extension of the American export trade, provided that the American consul
located in that city makes the request therefor. It is probable that as time goes on
an edition will be prepared with Latin America by itself, thus separating those Repub-
lics from Canada and the United States, because the bulk may soon render the book
unhandy should it continue its present growth.
International Congress of Americanists. Proceedings of the XVIII Session,
London, 1912. PartsI and II. Prepared by the Editorial Committee, London,
Harrison & Sons, 1913.
It is impossible to give a résumé of the collection of brilliant essays on American
subjects, all by scholars, and all contributing to our knowledge of the Western Hem-
isphere, both past and present. When it is stated, however, that these studies are
in the library of the Pan American Union, it can be taken for granted that they may
be consulted by students interested in materia Americana.
956 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
South America as an Export Field.
The United States Department of Commerce, through the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce, has just issued Special Agents Series No. 81, with the title
“‘South America as an Export Field,’ a thoroughly practical volume of 216 pages,
of the regular size of Government publications, from the Government Printing
Office. From the contents it is seen that a survey of the continent as a whole i8
given, and that there follow subdivisions devoted to each Republic and the Guianas
in alphabetical order, each country being presented in detail. The physical features,
population, agricultural, pastoral, and mining activities, the manufacturing industries,
transportation, chief cities and ports, and the foreign trade are examined. The postal
regulations and tables of the money of each country are given. In not a few in-
stances special hints are added, wherever the trade indicates them, concerning the
probability that manufacturers in the United States can increase their exports by
careful and systematic effort with that purpose in view. At the end of the volume
general postal information and a list of departmental publications on South America
are given,
In reading the book with the interest it merits, many good points impress themselves
on the memory. For instance, emphasis is laid on the fact that of the importations
into South America the great majority are manufactured goods, a fact that, of course,
appeals"to’manufacturers in the United States. The explanation of this condition is
very clearly explained on page 7, and should be encouraging to those who are studying
the possibilities of export. Details of steamship lines, of railways, and of crops are
given, and in some cases the local crop seasons are defined, although omitted in others.
In this connection it would have been well to hint what seasons are favorable to com-
mercial travelers, provided any difference at all needs noting for selling merchandise.
This newer book, with the several publications of the Department of Commerce,
especially that in 1908, Winning Foreign Markets, and the Foreign Credits, in 19183,
are most serviceable and practical guidebooks to the traveler, and the Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce deserves the thanks of the country for the aid thus
far offered in these details. Sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Govern-
ment’ Printing Office, Washington, D. C., for 25 cents.
The Physiography of the Rio Grande Valley, N. Mex., in Relation to Pueblo
Culture. By Edgar Lee Hewitt, Junius Henderson, and Wilfred William Rob-
bins. Bulletin 54 of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institu-
tion, 1913.
A technical studyof physical conditions indicated in the title, must be a substantial
contribution to research work on the study of the early inhabitants of that portion of
the United States. It has the characteristic thoroughness of everything done by the
Smithsonian Institution.
Patents and Trade-Marks, in Central and South America. 1914. Published
by Obligado & Oo., publishers of ‘‘Patentes y Marcas,”’ the official journal of the
Argentine Patent Office. 343 Bartolomé Mitre, Buenos Aires.
While this is, to some extent, a publication ‘for commercial use, it nevertheless
presents in a handy volume of 55 pages the essential information needed for the regis-
tration of patents and trade-marks in the Latin-American Republics. The brochure
is on file at the library of the Pan American Union.
Trade Relations between United States and Brazil. By A. G, de Almeida.
Dr. de Almeida presented this essay to the Boston’Chamber of Commerce, in recog-
nition of their tour around South America. He sets forth the resources of Brazil and
calls attention to the advantages of reciprocal trade between the north and south.
The pamphlet is bound to leave a good impression on"all who have the good fortune
to read it. It was issued from the press of the Hooper Printing Co., Boston.
BOOK NOTES. 957
The Indians of the Terraced Houses. By Charles Francis Saunders. Pages 293.
Illustrated by photographs by the author. G. P. Putnam’s Sons. New York.
Price, $2.50.
In 26 chapters and 3 appendices the author gives his experiences among the Pueblo
Indians of New Mexico and Arizona, and enters a plea that they be studied with due
care to preserve them from annihilation and to be allowed to live out their true lives
in their own way. It is an interesting book and has a sincere sympathy with these
aborigines of which the United States should be proud.
Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at the Seventh
Annual Meeting, April 24-26, 1913 (Washington),
Las Americas. Organa Oficial De La (Official Organ of the) Pan American States
Association. Published by them at their office, 102 West 32d Street, N. Y.,
U.S. A., Junio (June) 1914, Tomo (Volume) 1.
A new monthly review published by the Pan American States Association (Inc.)
has recently appeared for distribution and circulation, principally in Latin America,
and also to be read by all in other parts of the world who appreciate the value of a good
monthly in Spanish, devoted to a great extent to Latin American affairs, or to condi-
tions in the United States which bear directly upon Latin America. The volume
has a worthy appearance and is effectively illustrated, special attention being given
to the description of the projected new building of the Pan American States Associa-
tion in New York. A number of attractive advertisements, in Spanish, are found
both at the front and back. This new monthly publication will be a permanent
addition to the Library of the Pan American Union.
Chile: Its land and people. The history, natural features, development, and
industrial resources of a great South American Republic. By Francis J. G.
Maitland. London: Francis Griffiths, 34, Maiden Lane, Strand, W. C. 1914.
Sold in the United States by James Pott & Co., New York. 293 pages, illustrated
by 44 photographs anda map. Price, ten shillings, six pence (about $2.50).
The Republic of Chile deserves all the attention given it in the last few years and
this new book by Mr. Maitland is a real contribution to the newer literature on that
country. Itis written from the British point of view, but criticisms of certain English
faults in South America are freely presented along with much deserved praise for his
country’s activity on the continent. Considerable attention is given to history, but
a great deal more to the people of Chile themselves in their present relationships.
Among the interesting chapters are, for instance, ‘‘Partridge Shooting in Chile,”
‘“‘Women and Social Life,’’ ‘‘How the Panama Canal will Influence Chile,’’ ‘‘ Pata-
gonia and Its Sheep Farms,” and especially XXXII, the chapter which deals with
‘Art, Literature, and Journalism in Chile.’’ As not sufficient attention has hitherto
been given to the undoubted art influences at work in the Republic, it is well to note
its appearance here.
El Tecolote. The Annual Review published by the students of the Department of
Spanish in the Commercial High School, San Francisco, Cal., is certainly an
ambitious little volume, and shows what rapid advance the students really
interested in Spanish can make when they give serious attention to it. It is
interesting to note the number of Spanish-American students at the school. One
of the articles has the title, ‘The Significance of Pan Americanism” (put into
attractive Spanish), by Prof. Wm. Fisher, Secretary of the Pan American Society
of the Pacific Coast, in which great praise is given to. the Pan American Union,
to its director general and subdirector for the vital influences toward this Pan
Americanism.
“Conquest of the Tropics.’? Thestory of the creative enterprises conducted by the
United Fruit Co. By Frederick Upham Adams. Illustrated. Doubleday, Page
& Co., New York. 1914. Price, $2.00.
In this book Mr. Frederick Upham Adams tells about the conquest of the Tropics.
It is the first of a series of volumes which the publishers intend to issue dealing with
70015—Bull. 6—14——8
958 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the ‘‘Romance of Big Business.’’ There is no attempt to disguise the fact that the
book gives interesting points in the origin and development of the United Fruit Co.,
but the story is one of decided interest and is much more than an account of the com-
mercial success of this corporation. Life in the Tropics is the subject of many a pen
picture and can be recognized easily by those who know what the Tropics really mean.
If all the volumes of the series are as absorbing to the general reader as this one there
will be no question of their success and of the genuine storehouse of information they
offer to the reader.
Commercial Monographs. Costa Rica; Guatemala; British Honduras; Pan-
ama; Nicaragua. Edited by Edward Neville Vose, of Dun’s International
Review.
These five monographs have recently appeared in attractive form, after having
been given originally in the regular International Review published by the huuse of
R. G. Dun & Co., of New York. They contain abundant information, commercial
and otherwise, on the countries mentioned under each title, are well illustrated, and
serve a very useful purpose for anyone who is preparing himself for a visit to this
part of the world, The facts, figures, and other data presented in each of them are
well up to date and trustworthy.
A Scientific Geography. South America. Buvuok VIII of a series of geographies
of this title, which includes other great subdivisions of the world. By Ellis W.
Heaton, B. Sc., F.G.S. London, Ralph, Holland & Co. 90 pages, illustrated.
Price 1 shilling (25 cents).
The contents are given in two parts: General considerations and the South American
Republics. There are 21 maps and diagrams in the text, which has seven chapters,
an appendix with geology in relation to geography, and a glossary.
Roosevelt. By Ir. Carlos de Vasconcelos.
A monograph on Mr. Roosevelt’s visit by the author, who has spent several years
in the United Statzs and has already written, for Brazilian readers, his impressions
on the Republic of North America. The last pages of the pamphlet are devoted to the
Portuguese text of the address delivered by Sr. Teodoro Roosevelt on the 24th of
October, 1913, at the Historical and Geographical Institute of Rio de Janeiro.
Bolivia. Breve Resumen, Histérico, Fisico y Politico. (Descriptive sketch, Histori-
cal, Physical, and Political.) By E. Diez de Medina. Third edition. La Paz,
Bolivia, 1914.
In reality this pamphlet of Bolivia can be used as a guidebook, to which the begin-
ning chapters serve as a suitable intruduction. Many facts, like the tables of dis-
tances and the itineraries of various travel routes, are inaccessible in any other pub-
lication, and the author has crowded into his 142 pages a wonderful amount of useful
data. An excellent map of the Republic is given at the end.
Mining Code of the Republic of Nicaragua. By F. A. Browne Webber. Managua,
Nicaragua. 47 pages. 1914. Price, $3.
This is a translation of the mining code of Nicaragua of 1906, with subsequent
amendments. Mr. Webber, the translator, is a resident of Nicaragua and is a graduate
of the faculty of law of the University of Leon. The booklet is divided into 17 chap-
ters, and of course takes up the many legal and other formalities that must be com-
plied with by foreign companies that seek mining enterprises in the Republic. It is
a valuable addition to the literature on mining and will be especially helpful to
English-speaking people.
What We May Learn from the Other Americas. By Charles Grandpierre. 207 West
Fourteenth Street, New York.
This is a unique production. It was printed at sea aboard the 8. S. Verdi, and no
copies are for sale. The writer says that he is not satisfied with the book; and for
BOOK NOTES. 959
this reason he has waited some months before giving out copies to a few friends, or
to quote his words, ‘‘I am conscious that the idea is good and that it contains a few
good things which have not been published in this country. Later, if the work is
offered to the public, the BULLETIN may review it more extensively.
Les Palmiers. By C. L. Gatin, Doctor of Science. Octave Doin et Fils. 338 pages.
Paris.
This is a French work on the natural history and description of the various palms.
There are 46 illustrations that accompany the text and aid in making the book at-
tractive and interesting to those whose labors lie in scientific fields.
All About Coconuts. By Roland Belfort and Alfred J. Hoyer. The St. Catherin
Press, London. 200 pages. 1914. Price $1.50.
This is a most interesting volume and is calculated to open the eyes of the average
reader who is unfamiliar with the countless uses to which the coconut now contributes.
The lay reader will be able to form some idea of the gigantic strides made in the devel-
opment of the coconut industry when it is mentioned that the value of the world’s
output for the year 1913 was estimated to exceed $375,000,000, or nearly double the
value of the world’s output of rubber. That we are only on the fringe of gigantic
developments in the industry is clearly and interestingly shown by the writers of
this book, both of whom have spent much time in the Tropics and in studying first-
hand the various phases of the industry.
Report of the New York Produce Exchange.
This volume of 383 pages contains a vast amount of detail that is of special interest
to financiers and others engaged in that special line of business. It contains the
charter, by-laws, rules adopted by the exchange, list of members, etc., and covers
the operation of the exchange from July, 1913, to July 1, 1914.
Filters and Filter Presses for the Separation of Liquids and Solids. From the German
of F. A. Buhler. By John Joseph Eastick, F.1.C. 184 pages. Price 12 shillings.
London. Norman Rodger.
This is a technical work and will be of great interest to those engaged in enterprises
of which it treats. It has 327 illustrations and many of them contain essential mat-
ter in detail.
Rubber and Rubber Planting. By R. H. Lock, Sc.D. Cambridge University Press.
G. P. Putnam’s Sons. 245 pages. Price $1.50.
During recent years interest in the rubber-planting industry has extended far
beyond that comparatively large section of the community which is engaged in trades
more or less directly connected with rubber. In fact, this material enters so intimately
into the daily life of almost everyone that there will probably be few to whom the
romance of the rubber fails to make an appeal.
The writer, Dr. Lock, is assistant director of the Government botanic gardens in
Ceylon, and those who are familiar with the marvels that have been accomplished in
growing tea and rubber in that picturesque isiand will be greatly pleased to see the
pictures that the author presents to his readers. The book is divided into 11 chapters,
and each one is filled with interesting matter both for the professional and for the
amateur.
West Indies Scenery. By Frederick Alcock, F. R. G. S. Published by Andrew
Reid & Co. London. Price 4 shillings.
It is rare to see business and artistic talent combined. Those who are familiar with .
the author’s Trade and Travel in South America, a work that has aided many of
us in city and country all over South America, are rather surprised to see a work of
art by the same author.
West Indies Scenery consists of 22 water-color sketches of natural scenery; they
were made by Mr. Alcock on voyages to and from the Tropics, and many of them.
960 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
are highly interesting and show the hand of the finished artist. Some of the sub-
jects which caught the artist’s attention are picturesque Kingston; Roseau from the
sea; Plymouth, the capital of Montserrat; Blue Mountains, Jamaica; La Popa Hill,
Cartegena; a glimpse of Grenada; Castries, St. Lucia; etc. The historical and topo-
graphical notes are by H. B. J. Ward, B. A.
Chronological Digest of the ‘‘Documentos Ineditos del Archivo de las Indias.” By
Benjamin M. Read. 161 pages. Price $1. Sante Fe, N. Mex.
This is a painstaking work bearing on unedited documents of the Indies; the object
being to make public more than “‘half of the true history of the discovery and con-
quest of the New World which has not been published.’’” The work indicates a vast
amount of tireless energy and it should appeal strongly to those interested in Spanish
history and the beginnings of our country. Mr. Read is the author of a number of
books on history and is an accomplished scholar, especially in connection with the
development of our great southwest.
The Stanford Expedition to Brazil. Vol.1. By. J.C. Branner, Stanford University.
499 pages. 1914.
This is the first volume of a collection of papers dealing with the various phases of
the work of the Stanford Expedition to Brazil in 1911, of which Dr. Branner was the
director. The expedition was composed of eight scientists from the several depart-
ments of the university. They visited a long section of the Brazilian cost and several
members of the party proceeded up the Amazon to Manaos and to the new railway
on the Mamore-Madeira. Everywhere special attention was given to scientific inves-
tigation, such as studying the geology, ichthyology, entomology, and malacology of
the several sections. A second volume of these papers will be issued later, including
a report on the reptiles and additional papers on entomology and geology.
The Tourist’s California. By Ruth Kedzie Wood. Dodd, Mead & Co. New York.
1914. 395 pages. Price $1.25.
This book is written by the author of ‘‘The Tourist’s Russia,’’ ‘‘The Tourist’s Spain
and Portugal,’’ etc.,and the thousands of readers of those works will also profit and be
guided by the present volume. As the flow of travel starts westward to marvel at
the sights that have been prepared at San Francisco and at San Diego, the guidebook
will be an indispensable requisite, and Mrs. Wood’s book will doubtless be as popular
as her other works. The first chapter records routes westward from the leading cities
of the Atlantic seaboard; then follow descriptions of restaurants along the way,
hotels, excursions to points of interest, festivals, sports, brief bits of history and the
early settlers, the California cities, a visit to the Yosemite, the big-tree country, and
various other places that the traveler will delight to know. There are a number of
illustrations and a detailed map of California.
California Coast Trails. By J. Smeaton Chase. Houghton, Mifflin Co. New York
and Boston. 326 pages. 1913. Price $2.
This book records the sights and experiences of a horseback ride from Mexico to
Oregon. The object was to view the country in a leisurely manner and see some of
its less commonplace aspects; the older manner of life in the land; the ranch house of
Gringo days; the Franciscan Missions; relics of the era of the padre and the don;
the large, slow life of the sheep and cattle ranges; and whatever else that might be
found on the ‘‘backwaters of the hurrying stream of progress.’’ The little expedi-
tion consisted of two men, each mounted upon a horse, together with cooking outfit,
blankets, and other needful accessories for living the outdoor life. There are 22
chapters, which take the reader in imagination from southern California to the bound-
ary of the State of Oregon and lay before him many interesting side lights on people
and things far from the railway and the beaten lines of travel. The book has 16
illustrations from pictures made by the writer and his companion.
BOOK NOTES, 961
Latin America. A series of addresses delivered at Clark University in November,
1913, by leading officials, scholars, and travelers. Published in book form by
G. E. Stechert & Co. New York.
History of Mexico. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. The Bancroft Co. New York
1914. 581 pages. Price $2.
This history is another standard work by the author of many books, most of which
are of a historical nature. It is divided for convenience into six parts, as follows:
Aboriginal, Spanish Conquest, Colonial Period, Revolution, United States of Mexico,
and the Growth and Condition of the Republic. Many illustrations add life to the
text, which is a clear and condensed narrative of history and is given in sufficient
detail to meet the requirements of the scholar as well as of the general reader.
The Panama Gateway. By Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Secretary of the Isthmian
Canal Commission. Illustrated. New York. Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1913.
459 pages. Price, $2.50.
This almost official and certainly authoritative volume on the Panama Canal pre-
sents the subject from the very first discovery of Balboa in his march across the land
from ocean to ocean, down to the Completed Canal, as is the title of the concluding
Part V. Part lis altogether historical; Part II discusses the French Effort and Failure;
Part III gives the details of the American Purchase and Control; and Part IV details
the Period of Construction. There are in addition four appendices, with data on the
Canal Commissions; Appropriations and Expenditures; An Act to Provide; and Equip-
ment at Period of Greatest Activity. The illustrations, over 60 in number, are excep-
tionally fine. Undoubtedly the book will be on the shelves of all libraries as one of
the trustworthy documents for the future historian of canal activities.
The Panama Canal. Pictorial View of the World’s Greatest Engineering Feat
Linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. With a brief history and description.
By Thomas H. Russell, Member National Geographic Society. The Hamming
Publishing Co. Chicago, Ill. A series of about 70 photographs of the Canal
and related conditions in Panama. The photographs are 4 by 64 inches. Price,
paper, 25 cents; cloth, 50 cents.
Measurement of Vessels for the Panama Canal. By Emory R. Johnson,
Special Commissioner on Panama Canal Traffic and Tolls. Washington, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, 1913.
This very exhaustive and comprehensive report of 600 pages, with diagrams, maps,
and tables covering the subject, was issued by the Secretary of War toward the end of
1913. It is on the shelves of the library of the Pan American Union for reference by
those interested in the matter.
The Republics of Central and South America. By C. Reginald Enock,
F. R. G. S. With 16 illustrations and 9 maps. London, J. M. Dent & Sons.
New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1913. Pages 522. Price, $3.
The author has already contributed extensively to the literature on Latin America,
and is well qualified from experience, study, and sympathy to speak of the Republics
of America. The present book is an epitome of the present condition of these Repub-
lics, so arranged in one volume that most of the essential facts are thus easily at hand.
The illustrations are exceedingly good, and the maps are of practical service, although
they do not in all cases uphold the statements in the text. Each country receives
notice in regard to population, geographical features, products, and industry. Taking
the book for what it is given by the introduction, it is one of the most serviceable of
its kind.
A Tour Through South America. By A.S. Forrest. With 145 illustrations by
the author. New York, James Pott & Co. Pages 355. Price, $3.
This tour was made merely for travel and enjoyment, and the book is largely a
personal narrative, with sufficient text of general information to keep the reader posted
962 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
on the chief characteristics of the countries visited. One attractive feature of the tale
is the illustrations, which are all from the author’s pencil, and therefore they carry
his artist’s interpretation of what he saw.
The Champlain Tercentenary. Final Report of the New York Lake Champlain
Commission. Prepared by Henry Wayland Hill, LL.D., Secretary of the Com-
mission. Albany, J. B. Lyon Co., State Printers. 1913.
In July, 1909, representatives of France, Canada, and the United States, and of
the several States bordering on Lake Champlain, united in celebrating the three hun-
dredth anniversary of the discovery of that lake by the great pioneer whose name it
bears. In perpetual memory of Samuel Champlain there was erected at Crown
Point, the scene of the discovery, and 300 years after the event, a lighthouse em-
blematic of Champlain, and later, in 1912, May 3, « further celebration took place,
when a French delegation came to the United States to add the token of France to
this memorial. ‘They were received in New York, Washington, and on the historic
ground itself, with cordiality. The complete report of these events is incorporated
in this volume. It must be mentioned, as indicative of the broad sense with which
the term Latin America should be used, that the building of the Pan American Union
was opened to the visitors and a ball given in their honor by the Director General.
General Map of the Mexican Gulf Oil Fields, prepared and compiled by N.
Paulsen, of Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico, and New York (Station O, Box 72).
A series of five sheets, the maps being about 3 by 5 feet on a scale of 1:100,000, with
colored areas. The set sells for $80 gold, and can be ordered from the designer, who
is a civil engineer and has had access to many other maps, some of them prepared
under Government supervision. As this region has recently become very impor-
tant in the industries of the country, these maps must be exceedingly valuable for
those especially interested in the production of oil.
HE total foreign trade of Peru for the year 1913, according to
the report of Sefior Don Oscar F. Arris, chief of the statis-
tical division of customs, amounted to 15,226,556 libras, of
which 6,088,776 libras were imports and 9,137,780 libras
exports.
The figures for the year 1912, according to the same report, were:
Imports, 5,140,339 libras; exports, 9,438,581 libras; total, 14,578,920
libras. There was, therefore, an increase in imports for the year
1913, as compared with the preceding year, of 948,437 libras, anda
decrease in exports of 300,801 libras, or a net increase in the foreign
trade of 647,636 libras.
Estimating the value of the libra at $4.86 United States gold (the
same as the British pound sterling), the value of the Peruvian foreign
trade for the year 1913 would be: Imports, $29,591,451; exports,
$44,409,610; total, $74,001,061. On the same basis the figures for
1912 would be: Imports, $24,982,047; exports, $45,871,503; total,
$70,853,550. This shows an increase in imports of $4,609,404 and a
decrease in exports of $1,461,893, or a net increase of $3,147,511.
Ten-year table of foreign trade.
Year. Imports. Exports. Total.
$21, 176, 665 $19, 763, 868 $40, 940, 533
21,178, 407 27, 980, 724 49,159,131
24,351,014 97, 681, 973 52, 032, 987
26, 825, 994 27,918, 488 54, 744, 482
25,816, 191 26, 627, 655 52, 443, 846
20, 891, 329 31, 554, 379 52, 445, 708
24, 206, 188 34, 380, 009 58, 586, 197
26, 429, 875 36, 041, 896 62,471,771
24, 982, 047 45, 871, 503 70, 853, 550
29,591,451 44, 409, 610 74, 001, 061
IMPORTS.
The following table shows the imports by countries for the years 1909, 1910, 1911,
1912, and 1913:
Countries. 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
WnitediStates sree oe ne!) aac: $4, 112,180 | $4,484,214 | $6,069,863 | $5,763,425 | $8,530,525
United! Kinedomiee ten Wee cs es ogace 7,619,983 | 8,158,489 | 8,358,383 | 6,648,368 | 7,769, 225
German yaeeeiee ns ee 8 od ase 3,339,951 | 3,842,854 | 4)598,565 | 4,521,729 | 5,132,039
Pelee Ne Meme sos hac eds) 1,201,996 | 1,217,892 | 1,623,154 | 1,192,284] 1,866,915
France...... 950,516 | 2,361,492 | 1,407,114 | 1,547,575 | 1,363, 191
Ttalyneenee 732, 456 815,461 969,328 | 1,237,876 | 1,236,739
Chiles: 885, 500 739, 638 373, 101 951,136 | 1,035,554
Hongkong... 441, 878 6301996) [Eee ae 752, 595 768, 954
ANSTIGhing THES es SO 572, 821 885,259 | 1,114,427 | 1,164,252 631, 290
963
964 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Countries. 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Sopibaee densa paoneoadoonessesosRaeeoueeann $255, 242 $254, 219 $386, 841 $421,625 $355, 495
British india so eee eee Gee ee 154, 758 144, 966 189, 431 162, 033 274, 303
Cubase ee eae eis eee eee By eily/ 36, 046 77, 949 112,985 158, 990
Borticaleses se sves meas caw ee Ae Malaya 140, 013 208, 243 102, 351 117,063 86, 192
TES CULL OTS ee Oe a ace en ITE AE ep 166, 155 100, 787 61, 992 96, 189 85, 492
42,060 72, 439 114, 496 112, 650 62, 879
2, 863 1,802 101 209 45,951
192 6, 142 8, 166 11,591 45,179
817 408 4,549 22, 283 33,014
23, 893 25, 845 43,757 24,713 20, 747
83, 603 35, 649 43, 280 14, 784 19, 858
16, 190 44, 258 39, 843 45,043 17,277
1,214 54, 832 42,610 34, 054 13, 263
98, 392 20,212 | 1752,625 €90 714
35, 339 55, 045 47,949 26, 895 37, 665
Totaleeesbe kB came Pane 20, 891,329 | 24,206,188 | 26,429,875 | 24,982,047 | 29,591,451
1 Includes Hongkong.
The imports for 1910, 1911, and 1913 (1912 not available), under 20 major classifica-
tions, were:
Articles. 1910
Cotton textiles and manufactures.............--.-
Wool and animal hair and manufactures..........
Linen, hemp, jute, and other textile fibers and
£588, 031. 0.07
213, 387. 1.12
MAMUPACtUNES eae eee eee eer nies esineteictsis 93, 740. 5.65
Silk, anima and vegetable, and manufactures.... 61, 744. 0.17
Hides, skins, and leather goods............------- 34, 781. 4. 98
Wearing apparel and notions 1..............-...--- 167,375. 8.95
UTM TGUTe Sep ces oe See aoe Bo te eae eee niet 31, 924. 0.63
Metals, and manufactures of...........--.--------- 449, 199.7. 81
Stones, earths, coal, glass and china ware.....-..- 122, 091.9. 29
Woods, lumber, and manufactures........------- 89, 852.9. 51
Paints, dyes, varnishes, bitumen, and gums.....- 79, 762. 9.45
Liveianimalsisoss<c'ns todo Sites siy semeeis bese tae 9,310.9.17
Stationery, paper, and cardboard .........-.----- 66, 468. 8.01
Tools, ships’ stores, machines, and vehicles...-..- 183, 764. 8.31
Mirsicaliinstrumentseeceeseeeeecreceeeeeee ee eee 7, 420. 0.01
Arms, ammunition and explosives...........--.-- 38, 154. 8. 72
Dry goods and miscellaneous articles.......-.---- 1, 739, 630. 6. 55
BOVerageSixic cise dic: Beiecicis.s sista eee oeleeis seen eee 115, 527.0. 87
Comestibles and condiments.............--.-.---- 734, 464. 7.35
Medicines and pharmaceutical products.......-.-- 113, 298. 5. 40
Articlesmoticlassifiedeeesseeee seer eeee eee ace aaeee 40, 764. 9. 66
Added for differences between customshouse and
ETUC VAIUES s.c:serer eels eee ee eee eee ea oe llcleieersieleselevelemeicicisiots
MMC Bees arene cia AB ataTanodoouacad@osaaaes 24,980, 697. 1.68
Value; United! States goldiy..j2ees-ce see eee ae $24, 206, 184. 24
1911
£745, 807.0. 95
321, 118.6. 21
132, 781.0. 96
73,212. 0.46
104, 350. 4.81
21) 159.8. 75
35, 268. 0. 42
1,001, 592. 3.00
408) 728. 4.22
362, 872. 9. 53
213, 015. 2.84
13, 536. 5.50
176, 596. 3.57
418) 015. 8.02
28, 261.7. 15
113, 182. 4.02
272,729. 7.14
119, 166. 8. 21
684, 679. 6.80
178, 958. 7.27
13, 211.9. 86 |...
5, 438, 245. 9.69
$26, 429, 875.00
1913
£688, 359.8. 19
302, 232.7
132, 365.6. 61
58, 023.3. 41
95,594. 3. 80
93, 178.7. 46
57, 335. 7.32
725, 632. 5.07
510, 043. 6. 02
377, 236. 2.07
364, 292. 2.25
12) 169. 8. 06
187,991. 7.96
923) 202. 9.54
31,389. 5.70
134, 300. 2. 20
342, 665. 4. 66
133) 081. 5.60
752, 685.6. 55
212) 046. 1.84
24, 948. 6. 75
6, 088, 776. 8. 80
$29, 591, 451.00
1 In 1911 included wearing apparel only.
2 This figure is read 4,980,697 libras or pounds, 1 sol, and 68 centimos.
The imports, by countries, under the above classifications for the years 1910, 1911,
and 1913 were as follows:
1910
1911
1913
Cotton textiles and manufactures:
United Kingdom
Italy.
Beloimereeeeeeeeee
United States.......
Germany, 020). ee ne ens GN
_..| £363, 735.3. 76
ae ron 140K 923)
_..| 46,065. 2. 47
27,170. 8.47
30, 659. 1.55
oahu oS 7B
Gna) 12995390158
Ca 2, 463, 0.96
ae 3,045. 6.32
---| 588,031. 0.07
£437, 991.3. 64
109, 951. 4. 93
83,079. 1.17
34,805. 8. 64
28, 687. 2. 82
26,732. 1.79
20, 401. 7. 10
1, 683.3.17
2, 474. 7.69
745, 807. 0.95
£376, 749. 4. 15
117,919. 9. 68
74, 469. 9. 65
30, 486. 8.99
38, 833. 6.91
25,703. 8. 52
20,939. 3.19
2) 118. 1.68
1, 138.5. 42
688,359. 8.19
Pt Ee
(We Mmis RCE 19%
IMPORTS (
peoeot aed $74,001,061. Bee .
UNITED STATES
$8,559,525. UNITED KINGDOM.
Vf 4 7, TES, 225
OTHER,
COUNTRIES
# 5,132,039
P
a)
q
oO
4
1]
1,866,915,
UNITED KINGDOM
16,539,110.
UNITED $ ey
y
4 5,847, 139.
Pan AMERICAN UNION
1911
$131, 195.3.82
118, 722.0. 91
32, 723.3. 28
17,376.5. 11
15,928. 0.18
1, 683. 1. 19
1, 409. 0.07
2; 081.1. 65
966 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
1910
Wool and animal hair and manufactures:
United Kingdom y 3.6 seen see ee cee oeeeee ee eee $109, 513. 0.04
COMET aoc oocsosneuecocosocsSSososaonesesoooedoses 57, 036. 4. 72
Belgium... 3 saci teh see. sad sates ons sesso eee ieee 19, 054. 8.57
5 (LE) ka IONS AR MN Uae SMe, Fike VP 12,644. 0. 43
aaa Daa Aa ner amveho nts elute ansa(cre Dinars aicloato a eee aera 8, 662. 1.58
United Stas ee a ka 514. 6.84.
Othericountrics ee oes ere haere ee ioe bee 5, 961. 8.94
Ota SG aoe eee Ice ce gi ate a eee Coat gn ee 213, 387. 1.12
Linen, hemp, jute, and other textile fibers and manu-
factures:
United’Kingdom rch bee hecmeyonen sees nc eee ee 51, 257. 2.15
British InG@iae sce. oie sents Saalone coate ae isieieine eine 18, 282. 2.80
Germany aes scnoasineinse co ene ae cae one oeee 6, 410.3. 25
Australian so 235 susedck ons ns ce eee eos e ees sas aie seieosioe 4,035. 0.60
IN TANCO sig shisha re SOROS Oe ee Ree ee ee Ie 3,306. 6.99
Belpium sooo. ose sc ekock cece teeonalcteenaeetismieaie velo 2,840. 3.30
United 'Statesicecnc ose ses c sence seca eee em ooeeaies 1,055.0. 99
SPAM 2. ease eaaisisars a cisven sac wiawissialerersie wis hipcemio siereiel es See eee
Ttal yee sets sete ama ia saicnetecaisi pecs ein sine eineeeent 2,330. 2.82
Chile eon sasaied Seas oot cate Stes emis See eee 3,354. 2. 80
Other‘countries o55 5. ns2 speciosa oe ee Gas-amedoee 868. 9.95
TOL AD se neni athe ame VF ote soeta eRe area tae 93, 740. 5. 65
Silk, animal and vegetable and manufactures:
Germanys sees ne sons camies ee Sao oe eae aceeonie 24, 894.9. 47
United); Kine bomieetebesceccecaceee ee a oeee eee 13, 076. 0. 26
TAN CQe oc) Nee ee rscve cite wle iain cee Seles ale win ie ete bie eee aeeo ale 11, 943. 3.99
JEN Woadoadoacasobe dab doesdusoausqgKosopesaceoeneanse 4, 837.1. 87
Belgium....
1,526. 5.21
5, 465. 9.37
Totaleen sorta ists cites cessei sm ces heat selehvens oe See ores 61, 744. 0.17
Hides, natee and leather goods:
United Kang domi: ss5-0 cose cece soe ence eee 12,117.4.51
WnitediS tates ee ee anes ante tees 7, 702. 4.34
German yo sae cee iscissiceacemceaeteeae teenie receienimeree 8, 369. 9. 66
STAN COs ree ee eee alee eee ona eee en eeemaeciee , 899. 9. 75
TAP AME. 2 sci e ewe wisis oes ae eee eee eee sean eee Se eee een oe
) Ak aed enn See de el ate Ue ee Eee ical necsaescoaceurdes
fo] aX: 911 ee eee Ae Wire eam tee ar ya Seu at Ul aelguamacs
Other/countrics soe ee ee essere eeee eerie 3, 691. 6.72
Totals oc. o csevawenen meh ote a sais hewn weet csieee 34, 781. 4. 98
Wearing apparel and notions:
BLY? Salen s Sate cree des er dle Metomne meen cmecns 22,346. 4.06
BANCO le siae se Se Seles che tee ee een atreee rerio 25,577. 8.96
Germany. G55 Pea ease ener eee en coEe 24, 411.7.91
Winited sKsing Go meee eee ee eee eee eae 53, 212. 6. 02
United 'Statess see iaceee toe ee eee 11,935. 7. 96
Other’ countriesss sess ees ee ae ee ee ee 29, 891. 4. 04
Totals Lede cates ernie pee ee RL 167,375. 8.95
Furniture:
Germany-c oe: epee eee eee detonate tabs Bratt S/ates 11,009. 2.61
WMite aS tates yw Wr ope cere eel een a 8, 266. 0. 72
Wnited i keine domes ee ee ee eee 9, 043. 2.35
TAN CO oes SESS See ee a ete eee 2,223.3. 94
PRON BIO Bio. she ee ee eg aa EY pace tT
Other countries). 352. ses ee eon eee eae 1,382. 1.01
DOG ALY eed tes clase ances ata a eee Re CE eae 31, 924. 0. 63
Metals, and manufactures of:
United Kein domly 2/5 Vey e ey eae ey renee eee eee oe 261, 124.5. 79
United States ADE. area 14 ls hel) sevca a Dye a ee ne ae 102, 441.6. 29
Germany. eye jase fe oes ee es ea 42,242.5.72
LST iba ene eee eA. erent aka eae 33, 944. 6. 48
MTANCe Bs se ess a cee ocr Ra a eee STR aa 7,565. 2. 43
15) 27) 1 Ee Marcie SR Dna a Teeter CN nT IHN SA es 8 br
Ttaly's csiteccedee ccclssS seh ea Nera Teentaal | PP Rees Ree ean
Other'countriessjayse es See eee 1,881. 1.10
Total
449, 199.7.81
321, 118.6. 21
57,545. 1.30
38, 772. 1.98
11, 411. 8.37
8, 636. 7. 80
4, 133.3. 90
3) 493. 4.15
2, 871.7. 74
2) 135. 4.33
2; 113.9. 40
1, 420. 7.88
246. 4.11
132, 781. 0.96
33, 145.5. 62
13,725. 9.31
13, 144.2.81
4, 142.6. 67
3,911. 6.39
2; 137. 4.53
1, 180. 8. 70
”996. 7.77
826. 8. 66
73, 212. 0. 46
33, 524.5. 31
28, 571.3. 44
20, 733.3. 48
10, 814. 2.51
4 688. 0. 13
2; 208. 7. 25
*949.3. 62
2, 860. 9. 07
104, 350. 4.81
21, 159. 8.75
10,175.3.91
9, 248. 0. 86
8,818. 3.86
4,546.3. 74
933.3. 90
1,546. 4. 15
35, 268. 0. 42
400, 490. 4. 82
324,597. 2.99
126, 629. 5. 32
100, 842. 6. 03
37,572. 0.53
5,019. 3.00
3, 889. 6.37
102, 551.3. 94
1,001,592. 3. 00
1913
$142, 770. 1.39
72,506. 2.76
25,765. 3. 44
41, 560.3. 42
12; 098. 0.38
3, 723.0.87
1,699.9. 16
2; 109. 6.32
302, 232. 7. 74
55,697. 1.18
55, 093. 1.50
5 748. 4.25
80.0. 00
3,940. 6. 22
2) 332. 7.34
i 554. 7.19
1, 839. 7. 53
2, 738. 8. 67
2} 674. 4. 80
"975.7. 93
132, 365. 6. 61
18, 575.1. 49
13, 152. 7.93
11, 601. 7.92
4, 094. 9.18
Be 363. 9.80
Be 494.1.30
2} 052. 2. 20
1, 313. 3.20
”375.0.31
58, 023.3. 41
26,715. 8. 62
29, 103.5. 80
22) 241.5.95
10, 439. 2.08
115. 7.38
2, 752. 2.75
1,248. 4.00
2) 977. 7.22
——_—___—__—_
95,594. 3. 80
12, 007.0. 61
3,535.3. 82
ily 949. 6.13
3, 795. 2. 87
781. 1.38
1,110. 2. 65
23,178. 7.46
20, 631.5. 15
17, 845. 6.38
11, 749. 7.60
3,449. 6. 62
871. 7.58
2, 787.3.99
57,335. 7.32
259,547. 8.65
248, 988. 1.29
100, 073. 0.64
91,609. 3.83
13,514. 8.33
97.7.55
3,327. 0.26
2,597.5. 01
725, 632. 5. 07
COMMERCE OF PERU FOR 1913.
967
1910 1911 1913
Stones, earths, coal, glass and china ware:
United Kingdom. sae £55,913.5.03 | £192,328.8. 48 £192,074. 4.89
Germany.........-- 29, 353. 5.38 97, 863. 4.33 118, 688. 3. 02
Belgium bdocecosboonTccoHnoopSocoqoueadad 13,964. 7.01 48,808. 4.71 55,825. 4.59
(UMILCGES TALES Be mermeeee nee mace cciieceiallceaer nics 10, 670.5. 43 26, 201. 2.68 77, 149. 4. 92
PATIStralia =e eee pe toseedes GucQenae apeeeneneetaaes 5,531.6. 26 12,248. 8.84 21,907.8.04
INPINCD SoH oeuce ol deodusoodouosiad Bobo CeaDSesoHeEaseoe 3,119.8. 65 12,392. 7.72 5,645. 4. 77
(iil cs cdsdosedsusoduedbosdoscdots HAS sS UEC BeR BE SEE NOSer ies are siesta 6,821.5.58 21, 132.9. 74
EDEN. Sooaccodossod as ousbooscsdaccosdedsasEeeubodbH Sappacrasesaaoae 6,578. 4. 89 1,339. 4. 04
ILIAIW aca nooodbdesnapacooosqueossoos poddsduecHoposdaH bonseseasersodac 2,886. 1.88 5, 423. 6. 42
Ofhericoun tresses eter ee eee ececce seine sa 3,538. 1.53 2,598.5. 11 10, 856.5.59
TG Gal sweet ne eer een Aum Eten Ee wick SN 4 122,091.9.29| 408, 728. 4.22 510, 043. 6. 02
Woods, lumber, and manufactures:
United States_...........-.------------------------- 66,316. 4. 75 314, 536. 1.01 308, 877. 0. 46
CTT Cee ene rates ate eee ne Sateteeiemioen ieee aes 3,580. 6.56 10,076. 2.85 9,323.1.92
Germany eee ee ci eM AMER Reo LCA: 3, 120.8. 63 10, 919. 2.23 8,983. 9.36
CUA Ones ee ee ee ee eee eel miamaemciiigle ,300. 8. 11 7,405. 5.35 9, 684.3. 00
TCD aacs aeoce acute obeoad CoDoC CORES GOO CEO CC OSE Css ARORemaRrooracad 4,920. 0.95 4, 473.5.34
UEDEIN. - o SoncoeosodabocaonpogsencnacHoEScusuoseopedallyocopscosaugonaT 3,617.0.38 1,687.7. 13
Tate Kein od Omens ee teary eerie re a Ls 20 3,562.9. 44 3,301. 1.65 11, 003. 1.35
TBIGMAKMNS 5 cosopcondndeoucogeauococal cocaueadeds sp ebHoceoecocpET 1,837. 7.15 960. 1.08
IS} ADT, ose eeoooncodooascoou Co cooEs= cdaneceebee ee |SSee—choooo—Cc5e 1, 233. 1.72 2,311.4.25
Spain seme sein ak nin eee eee 2 tats Sat tclaicdicte idle ate 1,170.5.58 881.8. 15
IU caliyae ements on a MMS Mien PRC Noe sce sins acew niece sa 1, 150.3.11 1,496. 8. 60
(Colombiaeieeeeneeseeee neater eee 1, 254. 6.95 1,680. 1.90 9,295.9. 91
GOS TaaEU ICs See ee BNE ee res SN fs Se Se Sk a lh etaatetotats lel cetaielolee 896. 0. 00 6,793.0. 00
Othericountriestse sees ee eee cee reee oe seems 8, 716. 5.07 229.5.65 1, 464.1.52
Mota sete gone saswle ates secs see eeweoe ns: 89, 852. 9.51 362,872. 9.53 377, 236. 2.07
Paints, dyes, varnishes, bitumen, and gums:
Wii tod (States tbeas maneak Gant men rete nN. .-| 43,810.5.47 | 100,924. 1.62 183, 885. 4. 10
Genmanyeeeeeree trees ae peer ee eee aa 13, 892. 9. 46 45, 937. 2.52 86,380. 5.69
Umitedtkeine dombereaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeecee ec ea= 12, 823.5.56 31,288. 7.32 61,975. 1.67
16 (2) Cth 0 ee ee en a nS BO CHOO On Ob GRO E ECS Arerr 3,377.2.47 14, 853. 6. 91 11,891. 7.06
Galy adores a eekn SSE RMN, OH ie 3, 285.6. 00 9, 003. 4. 86 4,268. 7.00
MUD A OSs Gene aU esas econ he banobe OSCE Eno dae scusal SSSeE een er cere AUG Tite Led! Bese eenas ae
EGTA TY CO ee Ne Sct et aR yobs meal ee el eile icberaieloaleieTsiete 3, 986. 3. 92 11,801. 1.20
lita] yee a arte ec nee NRE RRC El oS Se Saecinee 1,329.0. 72 3, 181.5. 50
Other countries ee ae eee encase 2,573.0. 49 1,015.3. 83 908. 0. 03
PE Ot alia. Meee Bees ae sai eae cence eicieine 79, 762.9. 45 213, 015. 2.84 364, 292. 2.25
Live animals
(Te eae Soren ROR EERE ae 2,073.4. 49 9,129.5. 00 9, 623. 8.00
HGuUad Ors jee eae eee eee in-- 2,115. 0.00 42.0. 00
WinitediStatestare time sss saan eee eee eiie a aaceeees 1,092. 2.50 1,642. 1.28
ee ee Ce mee
nite ingdom 309. 8.
Ofhiericountrics mame ae aaa aaa sacecceie le 7, 237. 4.68 160. 0. 00 579. 6.00
Mota hee Geshe cic eeeltorstalenterntala natclera sia iaiz eieveiaye 9,310. 9.17 13,536. 5.50 12, 169.8. 06
Stationery, paper, and cardboard e
seni SS TSE HE SOO COO DCO E DEO CoeeCnre 31, 763. 6. 25 86, 900. 8.34 82, 959. 7. 51
Ad nS OES Se OBESE BD BBO R COE ODES DO a Ee eerees 4 457. 6. 51 22° 296. 2. 83 12; 034. 1. 66
theted leGhavgolojatl ao saeeeeodd sua oenocesOAeeOnOCenouS Gh 332. 4. 40 20, 301. 3. 90 21) 501. 4. 24
WAAL SUENICS Sea euebbasese savacueseeuEeobesCemenas 9, 623.9. 58 19, 966. 3.37 36, 451. 0.96
lee ealehony oe bn adoadcussen ces camobocdasboso seddesOe 5, 841. 6. 44 11, 807.3.17 16, 157. 4. 75
LST ATI CO are eee ea heise ING Lk 3, 433. 1.08 op 603. 5. 01 11, 105.3. 66
UL Gallty WAP eee nee ere mee sie mane ede ca Skar 3,014. 0.82 5, 417. 8. 40 6, 112. 3.64
TBIOMNEAKQNINE. Jc scouscucoccaos cusuEbocguSSadeu soca auNE) bos neEEmnROsbaee 1, 069. 0. 25 ” 452. 6. 93
Ophencountricse testator eee were eres ose ccens: 1, 002. 2. 93 1, 233. 8.30 1,217. 4. 61
FIN Cea papers een ete eek apache Mace 66, 468.8.01 | 176, 596.3. 57 187, 991. 7.96
Tools, ships’ stores, machines; and vehicles:
WimitedtStatessepeseeeeer crete eee serie 89, 748. 4. 11 154, 087.3. 90 473, 496. 0.90
United Kingdom - 55, 304. 7. 24 166, 403. 6. 61 190, 251.0. 55
G@GBMEIMN/CoossacotoseuuccéouencusupadesucouEeeDEsaad 15, 955. 2. 65 46,338. 7.07 159, 228. 0.90
IR eit ne Guage Soceo coo doedeusacadSod aaa neepaeEceaT 7, 333. 1. 53 35, 517. 6. 25 63, 910. 6.37
ISTANI CO Saar ae neiae eciesleme tices eye elses te 11, 918. 5. 20 10, 121.9. 81 28) 180. 6.33
MiB A5 Sa ochccdaesoccecco coco ssuandEbes ad db BCb Bsode| posaueccoEacaoos 2 411. 2.85 4 ee ee Ess
IOWANS. cgancoeqn -ocococouS been oe ee seueaocdadl pasacereceounuss "935. 1.10
OWeGr CawinihneS....-d sa qconescosbonboneesseopseuuseRS 3, 504. 7. 58 2, 200. 0. 43 3, 800. 0. 72
AM Hees cosousdsonubooEd ooedop son eeoubHedoaaenee 183, 764. 8.31 418, 015. 8. 02 923, 202. 9. 54
_———————— ————————————. OE
Musical instruments:
Goan, coo coseudedo sed sa scodgdecoouEsuaseqedscocG 4,107.8. 83 15, 609. 8. 55 18, 331. 2. 85
WinitediStatesseesee--ee scene See euaeeee. 4 1,631.9. 76 6, 274. 8. 27 6, 465. 9. 60
United Kingdom........-..---------------+-2--- +++ |-ee eet errr: 2: 337.9. 55 3. 041. 1.80
IMB INCD 55 non dears Sandon sb neu bbeae one saoosuadcesdRoljposcddsooscpcnas 1, 130. 4.35 1, 408. 5. 25
OpPHeRCOUNTTICSH eee eee sae ee see ee ele ea 1, 680. 1. 42 2, 908. 6. 43 2; 142. 6. 20
TING by ie ae cess et sep a Lies Nee Ere mentees 7,420. 0.01 28, 261. 7.15 31,389. 5. 70
968
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Articles not classified
Germany
United Kingdom
United States...
rancose =e
19, 459. 9. 40
10,527. 3.41
10,777. 6. 85
40, 764. 9. 66
1910 1911 1913
Arms, ammunition, and explosives:
German ye ele auc ae opie ey aaa ogee els Se ce Pps ss £3, 562.3.38 | £35,379.8.38 £23,077. 2. 03
Ljaniieral Wecthapzelovan eg es eo ec catede 13, 814. 8. 64 25, 450. 6. 58 26, 783. 9. 10
UWUMIted IS tates re ett pane eh cma et saree Chant aa 8, 082. 1. 51 21, 025. 2. 66 55, 206. 3. 96
SRSA TN GOs ARIAL SALTS ERECT EI Js EOE a Sn cei | ee Pag Nae 15, 734. 1. 64 4,061.2. 92
Hongkong 5, 550. 5. 40 11,887. 1.32 12, 925. 0. 20
TEYs) ea idan bpeslbel BEOOP OR SPAUED Ia ah nite cp aes ed aay eb cl elt Aas oe od 1, 843. 9. 68 9, 212. 9. 03
Other countries sess pen eee ae mer ere ober 7,144. 9.79 1, 861.3. 76 3, 033. 4. 96
Dotalicis- tease eee eeas cee eet eens ames 38, 154. 8. 72 113, 182. 4. 02 134, 300. 2. 20
Dry goods and miscellaneous articles:
Wnited’Rained omiscas. tse babes sence eee oe or oe. 530, 860. 3.31 69, 152. 7.17 67, 759. 9. 68
Germany eentar a cece te eee het ee eee enn eau 306, 288. 6. 02 52,504. 6.29 70, 571. 0.65
WinitediStatesteaeroscse eet ee Coane eee ee 370, 279. 9. 66 42, 266. 7. 68 67,395. 4. 75
ISP ATI CO Rey ata nate Ne apna ape Pere mabe ere area Does 307,310. 4. 71 29,370. 9. 45 27,878. 3.88
Chile ens cio see eens ee occ ee RE eee Eee 29, 451.1.94 27,621. 4. 85 25, 757. 4. 87
JoXe] Feit b haar ea een ee be ee el Oe te Oe es Sane 115, 382. 3. 23 19, 776. 9.13 34, 075. 2. 08
COUT Os fa ae i VC AOR a mL od SN Aon ae Saal 7, 269. 9. 43 16, 038. 9.11 32, 688. 7. 99
12, 856.1. 51 3, 598. 6. 44 6, 003. 6.70
Slee TSG ai AS am Sanaa tani ren alale treme ALE eae fata ue oes 3, 292. 6.25 3, 387. 0. 00
11, 332. 2. 08 2,451. 6.87 114. 6.90
SESE eas ao seeon seep eas seeom ac 2,427.1.19 2,157.9.17
8, 703. 6.38 1, 937. 9. 24 2,240. 4.19
7,675. 6. 27 1, 628. 4. 93 1, 759. 0. 08
32, 220. 2.01 660. 8. 54 876.3. 72
1, 739, 630. 6. 55 272, 729. 7.14 342, 665. 4. 66
Beverages:
WTAT CO par ceva hae ts esc metre, yc 9 pee) Se A Bis Ona 33,025. 1. 60 35, 724. 9. 48 41,320. 7. 74
Gen aT tee eyecare cis cicdae Meee eee EE en 18, 093. 0. 87 17, 927. 0. 82 12, 537. 4.31
Winited Kane d ome rie se arene ere mene eee ae 16, 927. 6.77 24, 393. 6. 78 26, 846. 0.37
VES LD Ft) AR Ie ee ne ae h Oe Ae eo a 14, 271. 4. 62 13, 097.1. 62 10, 539.1. 70
1 GE) ly AAS Ree eee Sp a Te en tears eae St as a ee 9,339. 7. 56 8, 908. 2.19 16, 631. 0. 12
GALT ei RE ore Ake SU SU AE Nearer ean nse 6, 559. 1.16 10, 526. 0. 84 10, 758. 5. 75
d5Ye) Featibh ce Vyeps see yn eel A ed ee ee Weis hie lovin Tala: 5, 160. 8.30 PRL O57 9, 545.3. 62
WmnitediStatesta ys sad. sacnas bes eee enone 3,369. 0.90 2, 123. 8. 12 2,154. 3.91
Ba Woy ake) io) neg Se A ait TU Bap Pale Taide eae ee here avid ve CI (Ae hoc Se ee 860. 3. 70 1, 283.3. 26
Othericountries- fo cey ae alee ayaa eee Reel 8, 780. 9. 09 382.3. 95 1, 465. 4. 82
CN Hee cies ae Ree ete Mees Sit Be Cee ieee es or 115, 527. 0. 87 119, 166. 8. 21 133, 081. 5. 60
Comestibles and condiments:
PAUSE alta ete nei econ etc ee eens ere vae see O 164, 726. 9.00 208, 340. 1.05 107, 689. 8.25
FEVOTS Km os PUNE a Por bip Olt an ele crea cree) aaa 104, 264.9. 47 128, 798. 4. 28 131, 310. 3.00
112, 495. 7.78 116, 802. 4. 33 137, 584. 1.60
76, 143. 9. 61 66, 353. 0.37 68,507. 7.71
70, 938. 3. 94 56, 237. 9.01 63, 643.3. 63
37, 548.5. 80 38, 134. 8. 25 49, 425.3. 06
102, 282. 2. 24 19, 508. 6. 22 136, 403. 0. 74
a eS ee gs ee 18, 348. 9. 27 17, 192. 9. 21
7, 822. 7.15 12, 204. 8. 76 17, 694. 4.55
RSs sae reac ae Rl Sees eS eee 9, 283. 3.11
Fn Sua eee oe CEES (OUPs lboobooddassoscos
11, 539.1. 68 5, 791. 8. 61 5, 199.3. 23
pa aomocesocsemor 2,945. 2.19 2,701. 2.52
Lopmmeer enema 1,559. 8.12 1, 209, 1.68
26, 528. 2.50 1,319. 8. 82 4,841.4. 26
734, 464. 7.35 684, 679. 6. 80 752, 685. 6.55
Medicines and pharmaceutical products:
United: Statesis: oe Been eaten ores be er aes yeas 24,405. 2.15 43, 755. 2.61 59, 739. 2.47
Germany.) i s5 2a eet eee Same tee Gul ees 26, 990.3. 48 43, 240.3. 70 44, 368. 7.12
rence s Wau asses ep eee oe ae eee 15, 639. 1. 20 36, 488. 1.22 | 42, 101.5.59
LWpareol SHINE 5 socobockaoooeosdboccusellococeses 29, 707.4. 77 29, 580. 8.59 35, 744. 6.93
Leal Spins ee dird.a is oeteeee eee Se eae ge 10, 213. 4.37 11, 054. 7.32 18, 906. 9. 86
Boel BTM, 2 aise m wicic a spe oe ORG ee Sere a ar anal LE 2,668. 9.95 6, 151. 0.68
ONS KON 2 F< HRS ER ree Te Cg | er ae UB. 78%) 2, 796,5. 94
Othericounitries! fakes see eee ee eee 6, 342. 9. 43 10, 048. 6.53 2,237.3.25
1 Ney 5) ne meme oie Ret, ou oe a) ROE ey od dow i | 113, 298.5. 40 178, 958. 7.27 212, 046. 1. 84
COMMERCE OF PERU FOR 1913.
The imports, by principal articles, for the years 1912 and 1913 were:
969
Articles. 1912
Cotton, linen, woolen, and silk goods.......-.-.--- Bagasssaoanasendsaaeppeqonscsce° £677, 140
Woods, fine or common, and small boards for making cases... 205, 992
Cr eee eS cisncins Sanckinse meee cet os eeieismeeise 157, 5938
WiiGbine se cosuodaosbesaccococeodasoune - JUDE sobs Sone BpoSEoresSErescocaodocurosacodds 334, 2U6
Machinery, mining..........-.....-.---------- 2-22 eee een eee ee eet nent eree 75,015
JHC REP E OG. 3 soceno doocasSeccasabees sono HeodeconuacEaddEgeccacuDsoEoosgoccacS 97,114
Machinery, agricultural: 62 0002-222 cs. - cc - <2 2 - nee oe ee ene re== 65, 781
Rails, with accessories, for railways. -..-.------------------------++- 22-222 ee sere 154, 907
(Gnineal RNS Ce songoonsnadsocadcedsco cosa aseanacseScHneHEasSocaseEomrEOs0sEDe000" 98, 750
Paper, blank or printed.........--.--.------- +--+ +22 022 e ee eee eee eee eee cee 116, v24
Corrugated iron in sheets and bars.......--------------------+++ 2-22 2e eee reece ee 78,975
Carts, automobile trucks, and tramway cars 47, 0U6
ICOM NUSK ed seeen een enero steers sac= sea 122,963
IRE) coco dacoosacoasooonsbossosasoospesascoso00SnON0u0R0>" 83, 266
Machinery for the arts and trades. ........------------------------2+--- 62, 807
IPARG soncosdbokoosaccascadadodéoboccodosnudeccssedaccoardecbonecenonupodsodsconouss 63, G06
Pharmaceutical specialties. ..........-.-------- +--+ eee ee ee eee ee eee eee eee e eres 69, 808
Cement, Roman or Portland...........--.---------+--2002 secretes 60,129
Dynamite and like explosives........-..---------- +2222 eee eee eee eee t este tees 39,189
Guayquil reeds for building.............--------------- +22 - ence eee e cere eee rete e ee 65, 542
1EIRIS ANN STROKE 6 socodagaesodadcoocce seococoebScoEuoeocnsEsceucEsadDeSooeoobESaecoD 55, 989
INiitrateanGlothenieriilizorseemeenmeremeree ince cece cicice acieiscieisieioe elsisicietsisiiemiani-t= 63,517
IWiinlesBeee eine ceaeita eos Ee ee epee ie felere eieiaversisia eieinisiasaisicis/oolsiaisisteleles,sis 58, 153
Spare parts for machines of all kinds 27, 832
Locomotives and portable engines........-.---------- 2, 380
Leaf tobacco and Cigarettes..........--------+-2------+-e-0-------- 47, 957
Thread, linen and cotton..........------------ +--+ --2- 2 eee e nee ene eens eer e ee 52,127
Electrical apparatus and accessories. ......-...------------02-- eee eee enter e eee 25,178
Underwear, cotton and woolen.........--------------2---202 es eee cence enter nee eee 35, 222
IEG IDTSNG AY Gaoopooc noua anocooUE eo cH ebade aobeD Sodboc OU sHospaducuSTacseSeDnEoageoge0Rs 50,424
Pipes, cast iron or steel... 22.2... -- 22-52 -- on eo wooo wn nn ween eee nee 45, 398
Nericulturallimplementsa.sseerecee coer ee eeece sce cscs seer elem aellnins-l-laln-(ci=-'=1 21,877
Cond SSE eae ee eae a ecient ieinisisioie iso teleeleteteielnletetaiainisininter~ 44,825
Preserved fish and meat.............-- 42,095
TREO NES Hin! Gre i sooocadscssa5onososouon dood oonbondaBbooogoDosDboSRoDoODoGTeGaaC 26,823
paraflinianGisteariiesseee eee mere srteneeere ae scceace casas S06 29, 263
Paints andkyvarnishosseeeeee eee eee eee re rertee re ceeeeraeaeisicne seem melee S60 23, 984
IDS AUR CUN TOR oc osaas aceon assocosoo go oboondosaaKodescoondeneoSGoEDaeese00oR508 36, U88
Carden iene ae sais ae ciate Galata ete cia eisiscele PE Ae ee nace sean eee cies ceeee 31, 207
(@TATMINIG. GEIR cone coosavsqadeocoaond sdopoDonooududdoadEaeDadaFonadgpcqDedooaGeDODeS 24, 392
Jewelry, gold silver, or platinum, with or without precious stones.......--------- 29,491
Tools and implements, ships’... ......------------ +--+ sccen nen ce eee e serene cen e eee 34, 983
Minwaresplainioripaimbted wessee nee ce eee ee sees eens ieisiem alee eleieei=(a ela /el=[-1=1= i=l l= la)=ialei=tei= 24,013
Bottles, glass, for aerated waters 16, 417
Weathorss 2. t asec oc cscas canecacocbat sees eeenne 26,877
Wheat and other flours 29, 242
TIN re neers carci ote oleae aorta ere ae laee ele ee ieee cine S ce mics oie wiseteletarsie 1,126
YATE Ose eer areola oa ee ee een cintainia stioelalsiniesiejeleiSnvce meres 24, 296
Pumps foninnicarine On miningeeseeesereereseee se aeecsecce os eeeck ee selec tiel-= ee 13, 245
Chinawares plamrondecorated ences eee eee eens tere eee esaciss ence ceeisese asim t= 22,105
Dyes ang Colorstes sees ee aeewe aes oe aaa oe eo aaammesaebesases Stiehejerenteleisieeciaisieis's 25, 873
Scarismwoolenionsilkteseeeer ner cere eee eeeee eee moee acer enaee eect cneer cismeisimeisie= 19, 943
Garmies} an dhe Oy. Soe eee ee eee eee meee eee a lanie sicigisisinie'sisi<iaisie wielete'e 18,734
Soapssnneyand commoneeeee eee en eeee cere mcen cece acne cinisccieleisa sociale slain ieselee eieieia 30, 032
iEandikerchieisco tton see eee eer ee eee eee eee css eieicte sisisise sminisicieieieietatorele 17, 431
Gilasswares- 22 ssc tenon Unnin ee 19, 449
Vessels for the coasting and export trade 10, 489
Boopsiblankson printed sssnaecocrem ees tecnce cee cc re sec ncisicinseislesic cctos 30, 606
Sardines’ cam caliente neater ane eet nee Senne icteric tic lninjersiaib cle bieteis/sie's sic(s 28,165
Geet rmieatstey sree tte cree emetic oe rere eictoeterarsiciavelslciste ioe is /eicicloieisleswisise wicleviwsisislelelelsre 6, 612
TRTANSUSslonDeltin Gea eree eee eee eee eee ee eee ee eee cisieeinoistisiclsteietsiainioin ar 11,564
CTO tL T apse ete eee ne re ert tae tis octave lentes Se Maleicisieis lobia seis's pjeisieleinie 14,442
Oilicanshaspsvete on bronzelon Drassemeeeceer nesses esses -lececisciein cise cies ie 16, 604
Chests of drawers, cots and bedsteads........--..----.---2222-+22ce cere cece ee eeee 12,646
Aerated waters 16,214
AWWA T Gis orate erent ea eee eA aM RS AL EE ol aU apni inteinjo sain eicecicnicies 10,695
Percussion caps 2,136
Sleepers: ah eee esos ee cece cece 11,630
Printing presses and accessories 1,168
PEGA T WOT KG eee en eT I a LES 3 TS a Se a ok ove pee arin seetereen 9,632
WHE GS Oe ee Re eR reg hae aeebia wioars Aulce Ubs bie cto cinecle eens ebace numer 10, 236
MGR CO Mest oe ee ee aes wie eis oe oie esis eis cisliaeleje s oistercreicisizicieis sieve wisietejeiscieistetats 8,503
ancy crackersiandibiscuitse meee cece ce ee cee cricc sine = o\sieln clolei-iele eleieinistelejoteiemiciel= 13,092
Sugarsresned eee eae eens cock Gees conn ci won nics dulsclsisicleisieisicieisiclsisiacemiceemicins 19,505
WEATIOS ore sete eee mate cicnicibralsie ave wieiwis wisiars ois o slata'n siais'e eeiereisjajcisietenalsterie'ajsteleate 1,952
Steamiboilerstep cae se ete eae soc dae aeess wiewccieseibdwise att ciecaniwiotiteteememente 18,553
Causticisodaiandicarbonateofsod asen seer seen cnc oeee onee een a neisincc aeieeincieoe eeieiee 8,529
Girders, framework, etc., for building 13, 241
Rubber, manufactured 6, 424
Ammunition............ - 8,599
IC KeS ee een ee eine ciate oerintesios 9,139
MOOlS Mechanics meee sees eae oa we ee erence oe SE enon SOL ae meme 8, 281
AE URE COT ee eae ora area arctan on ern ta fonwial ela win Gia ahetevs Tele srataeie ts bieiore bine oleleiomicinre Mreeeeee 14,395
IB GOtstandishoesssms tae sae e soaee cece cence ceiscencisese sae einen socce ceeoerenesmee 2,142
Mar pOleisoan sa sce mcerte cto nice one sels canine lersia wove cis Sista oaercays seiorsle sicicinermioiscins earenmiacie 11
Olivevoilfandiotheredibleroils yee sen sce eee eee cialis seeseias ein icine iseieioeeereeeiel 12,073
1913
£664, 601
312, (24
3u1, 521
250, 519
215, (47
153, 193
144, d11
13u, u19
127, v2
112,740
112, 506
112, 200
112, 200
92, 007
87, 402
71, 592
71, 704
78, 164
66, 558
63, 000
62,070
58, 539
5b, 541
56, 000
5b, 146
48, 978
45, 2U5
46,049
45, 202
43, 052
42, 207
40, 959
40, 338
-37, 749
35, 769
35, 448
34,744
34, 538
32,630
32,050
30, 585
29, 536
29,172
28, 078
27,425
27, 235
27,073
27, 008
26, 728
25,153
24,772
22,759
22, 428
21, 433
21,270
20,621
19, 366
19, 233
19,074
18,647
18, 452
17,401
15, 572
14, 761
14, 628
14, 328
14,325
14, 259
13, 413
13, 250
12,767
12,751
12,600
12,523
12,075
12, 037
11,693
11,672
11,570
11,330
11,184
11,136
11,128
10,841
10, 775
9,373
’
970 THE PAN AMERIOAN UNION.
Articles. 1912 1913
Pianos eee b eee ieee ees ae tak wie age nie late Slee oe oe Ree eee ee ee eee £8,863 | . £8,939
GuMnpOWMer: o2 steal Se mianclen ce Sera aaa ee ein eee eee OE EEE e Rena Ere 9,728 8, 602
TROLS O82 2 oa: mors iaiclain alice alae cig toes ce soe eee es eek eet ee aoe CEE Eee Eee Cree 15, 460 8, 483
Rireproof bricks for boilersiec 3 eee cite sce Benen Cee Renee ee eee tee ee reE nee 6,128 8,458
Wiatches, goldvand:silwer. 22. ao seems sams ca stoe ee oe eee Cee en conten 9,986 8,387
Seales: 2-25 occ Sen eee stele sete mio ee tepesatnte raters acre ee a ee Seen eee eee oul 4,863 8,324
Sporting) Suns. ssn sc aaa ree cle siecle Sess Melos eects mice eee ee eee an eee 6,819 8,323
Boot blackinganGhvar nish. jcc ac nisiie Oeceeion oe oe eee eee eee eon 6,542 8,273
Wioolen:yarnsfortanittimg i io pe Sarees aa eee eee eee eee eee eens 9,436 . 8,179
Barley...... Cate a ete Se Rete pele Ae et Ire ERC Tet Nay ocr nits le nV eh Rn ey eae ma 7,277 7, 209
TMG 9 Sec Sede cower attree azine ees nae neeine SERS see ate ee Ce eee eee a eee 5,174 6,891
BiUthonsiec' se eS ee yee ee ape te gee one oY SAGES Dele CS ae See ea eee eens 5,709 6, 887
Collars;;men/s and boys/siete seems ceseste nea ee eet eee cee ee eee eee eeee 7,401 6,728
Telegraph POSUSAITON EE Sei taeeanae Meee ete aoe oer ee SEE ren tne Seree aes 2,594 6,688
Vermicelli and like pastes 7,258 6,655
Nails, wire (French nails) 5,135 6, 586
Scientific instruments........-- 3,629 6,539
FP msi tea a rea ee oe Moye a ee 6,964 6,302
Macorajstra welorhats 2 hy. tomer ayers cee See ee Sane eae ne Sa nS 6, 409 6,091
RAD PONS (SIDR es ate Pe PS eT a erat pen Se een cee eto ee Se Sree en a ee 10, 438 6, 048
TV CLO OS ee eee ay Sara age eras aero een a) ae apa a ee a St RD Re eee ele 5,673 5, 907
WB COE sista Bikie ore sates es aig uate is iia sa eee ee See ISTE a a nN eee eer eee 16,129 5, 659
Combs, plain and fancy, with or without metal trimming......................... 5,977 5, 614
Dextiles ofall kame sso ea sensory ee ee pe ere eee oe ae a eae ea tone 5,577 5, 479
Accordcons/and mmouthyharmMonicassses ese eas eee een eee eee eee nee nr eeee eee Eee 6,728 5, 384
Mubingwironycopperstecliombcronze\epesseen eee eee eee eee see eee gee ene eee 4,678 5,609
Bolts'andimutse..- fhe oh Neh va a Vee) ue Mgt seks eek CLR Rae 2,771 5,176
‘Preserved fruits) 5 socio ee oe te eee ea a ee ena ne A Ree ae ag! 6,304 5,135
AM Vououbay=di oy; tel cae aeers Gee me Miri nn ROR Rien cise GL er eres nme Beek met ahs tl inlay 6,130 5,012
The imports by customhouses for the years 1912 and 1913 were:
Customhouses. 1912 1913
COPE Tce tere sel eine SEL See ORS Eee PR Sere EE 5 CoCo Sr RUENN Neo Cot noeeeae £3, 162,568 | £3,891,046
UO ieee eS a Sas Rae enor arama arrorie Men nGGen san eeancecoadcdenboresae 437, 781 388, 698
Mollendo........ 2 563, 847 580, 802
Salaverry. . --. 317, 128 478, 797
Pia bas soils Sa oases ci Reis eieaya seg stat gae a al aoe See Ee Sane ete cee eee 262, 625 315, 323
EB COMES Sarcteceeeicta eta crs Mata tin = ciswic in mre tae Se MAE SEICIIE Et Oa SEE eee erase 179, 880 203, 679
PAS COW aaah SS yaad rere Se Rim streets Soe ate tee SBS erm Se cI ee ST OE tore 131, 696 136, 055
Pacasmayo. 78, 937 86,592
Ce ae Cans Sheen ern SORE aan ena tiers Te Smet Dear ho dG ame 4, 642 3, 716
BUCA Wis tae tae aicies areca Mtaaie ey iniarote corse Salar srei a Sse ele ee ce ae eer 496 1,454
Madre de Digs see ois sas nse hauinae ee ite a berate cc se eae le Se Oe oe ee ne 2,239
PATO sso cl Reps ea esac bara ee chess vane e wiereee Sn Sa eRe eae aT TE eae SET ae eo 732 69
ATICOMMAT CAL Has sete ne dae aoe elo ae ioc tae tie Cee ONDE See ee eee 7 219
Wee titia 2 eee chess SaidiSals cin om wcescre ria wie Saeral amhacclniare vel aes Steere nO ee eee eee eee 87
Motalizas Nae ai shad ae aja s los, Saisie statcled foams CaUe eRe nS as OE SEE eee ees 5, 140, 339 6, 088, 776
Valuejin Uinited|Statesigold: oo ..at Mise Geese sce sacneeen eee meee ree enn ee eee $24, 982,047 | $29,591,451
EXPORTS.
The following table shows the exports by countries for the years 1909, 1910, 1911,
1912, and 1913:
Countries. 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
United Kingdom $12, 988,546 |$12, 234,119 |$12, 017,921 |$15, 734,561 | $16,539, 110
United States... 7,268,728 | 9,878,327 | 10,187,997 | 17,495,276 | 14,741,639
Chilesto. eae 4,138,507 | 4,349,608 | 6,332,381 | 5,157,534 | 5,847,139
Germany toss 5. Sao Or Dae esate cn cterees 1,701,449 | 1,740,893 | 2,776,766 | 3,205,496 2, 966, 884
AERPATI CGS) oct patch tec eee APR tn 2,620,225 | 3,750,560 | 1,902,446} 2,730,698 | 1,566,495
Bel eitrmn 45195 ae ee at Re Oe 205, 057 516, 186 494, 650 322,369 | 1, 212,555
Bolivia see ee OPP Osa eee ee 988, 069 970, 055 730, 903 558, 200 639, 590
Canada sss Uae WE SNS eae ee eee eu enter 62, 264 2245 308i Seen ZS] Lc citeme meee
EM cuad ort OkGe S22 age ae eee Pease 90, 563 70, 282 248, 094 143, 759 241, 668
Arica and Tacna (Chile)...........-------- 119, 007 174, 183 144, 116 166,542 200, 174
Australia TRUE ks aa cadddoasss 141, 426
Spates ue) EU Ts See 299, 471 14, 998 95, 042
HEF ena beh aac EAS a INe NN Gerais enka Aya lay ane ATE Te 107,529 116, 989 55, 754
Uruguay 119, 897 114, 117 43, 021
13} eV A | ae Le AU ap a SRR et Gh in lg?) 10, 959 23, 221 38, 501
Colombia 76, 380 37, 884 23, 901
Netherlands see ea a0 "S705 ee yee OG yee ee 13, 273 12, 743
Arpentingl saa. ee Se Aaa esl eS Qe GO (tae et OO TO eae eeaeese 1,652 7,620
TVA. Goeacusolee 13, 210 11, 849 7,557
Japaneer ee pees 2, 202 214 6, 683
Barbados 1896 ckekee teas 948
Santa Lucia (West Indies)................. 341,979 |. 2 scccscs22|eenmeeasuesleesmoe menasel saeeeieeeeeee
Other{countrics oe eee eran 220. 258 34, 651 176,521 22, 871 21,160
Totally ee diary mii Soma eateinys eS 31,554,379 | 34,380,009 | 36,041,896 | 45,871,503 | 44,409, 610
971
COMMERCE OF PERU FOR 1913.
19°F Eh
PE °6 OFE
10°@ 22S
09 ‘0 892
12 °% 088
G0 °F ES
92 0 '8LF iT
QT 3 “219 'T
00 6 “100 ‘%
PF '6 P10 %
86 9 88T °%
OF 6868'S...
COP LIC'S
O16 T9T‘S
08-6866
00°¢I12‘¢
20 °8 ‘Oar ‘¢
68° 683 '9
GBB bGL'L
IL "PF ZOT ‘2t
00 2 “£69 ‘6
GLI “8h ‘el
08 ‘I 628 ‘FT
00 6 ‘GF ‘8%
09° 809 ‘62
01°6 62L‘ZE
G6 PSE
$81 S26 ‘FE
QE °SSh6 ‘bE
8E°o “GGL 'Ge
000 ZFS ‘98
10°9 926 ‘8L
ZI ‘8 689 ‘SOL
£88 “SEL ‘STI
08 “I “162 ‘TOT
99 I “886 ‘E91
98 9 TEs “I6T
06 I ‘02g ‘Eze
68 ‘0 PTS ‘STS ,
969 092 ‘088 ‘T
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G6 ‘0 1SL
GZ 'T “E61
OTT “291 T
00'S "228 'T
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06 3 68h 'T
92°9 ELL ‘T
88 8 E12 ‘T
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G68 'GF6‘G
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Go 0 828 ‘6
02 °€ 288 ‘ZI
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19 "8 “6hL ‘SC
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GL ‘8 $90 ‘92
08 0 ‘289 ‘OT
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GL°S TST ‘69
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COMMERCE OF PERU FOR 1913.
973
The exports of minerals by countries, for the years 1909 and 1910, were as follows:
1909 1910
Winiied’S tatesceeesess-pecesceeeree rn seeeerit ee Oe ccetee hat Vey £1,075,995.8.40 | £1, 406, 663.5. 93
Winitedekang domleememenssecemeeenestkitnen ce eenton cece een cee 462, 046. 9. 57 388, 792. 9. 40
Germany aemaceee ce eacceee eee et etee seer epee eeeeeen cece ems aoeeene 107, 138. 2. 02 102, 194.9. 10
JSENND Soon dogdoetoonoaebadadcononsos qo eq EedesEcauengabueduEoGooe 247.3.16 18, 435.7. 41
IE WC). sooncoacouncaqdacou cco unonoU AUR eDeSuRe Sone ebeoeSEdoLeocean 1,505. 5. 28 2, 702. 6.17
(QING GOWNS) « « casos ecococcoc secs absoqcuSsouS ods dossocosseoseousen 16, 490. 2. 58 3, 670. 0.50
ANDI oo 6 s cosesnacosonecseascascHesnossuDsooDSbSHaodeocauEnuase 1,663, 424. 1.01 1, 922, 459. 8.51
In 1918, the mineral exports to the United States, as given from an unofficial source,
were valued at $12,093,500; to the United Kingdom, $2,605,655; to Germany, $946,338;
and to France, $6,953.
The exports by customhouses for the years 1912 and 1913 were:)
Customhouses. 1912 1913
CEITE ce noanacqnenacobonosoHDcoondoues Sous coDabo oD ResonsondadeosseHenecdoas £4, 279,513 £3, 906, 997
IORWUCS ac oasonsdosssoosooseeocuasscsSaosSaceocouSasqusoScoScosdsossesoRacaaE 1, 209, 959 763, 077
Sala veLn yaa roa seistais iets sini wrsvetorerateeraieers cea aire ols Sree ais ane technic moe actet et 922,030 923, 581
WIG) Gina Seep suseesseeonbe sae6 ase code qepsousabaderaadecorabanpenaaaeasasdoda 737, 093 1, 104, 580
Dai tah. Rises seaescam seasons se eee beac aanere cheer vetueacbe danacvecaecess 1, 212, 545 1, 201, 955
POM teense eee tne eels eis leerctettnee sects seisiet eins ceric ciemenian ateesmmnerec ne 441, 646 365, 189
LETEED)S 6 suo ancaoaoeuoo conbesouboauoS0S0N0s onbade boBoedan nas EseadEcbaoeTaauOue 460, 835 662, 778
AlreneysOl CUSLOMNOUSC sciences crete ack eee santo eee eee ene By 6st ABBA nooconce
IR ACAS MAYO} apetere oie tesecterstnig serie etclne sie sleia lee eaion ie siceis wie mininisineicie cieeieeraecieiiels 64, 680 71, 817
EP ULTO ate asc ete eoinetm eistniotete ele ole mines siete seine te ietetee ei teks ncinte eee cise oeoieis cieetnet cee 79, 467 85, 349
AN COMBLCA Sasa ewes ise maate aise lenis elstae cleo tie clewlenecio se ene emiocineuioe Senie 109 648
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HE foreign commerce of the 20 Latin American countries
for the year 1913, customshouse valuations, was $2,864,-
876,224, of which amount $1,325,752,627 represented
imports and $1,539,123,597 exports. For the preceding
year the figures (revised and corrected) are: Imports, $1,242,512,578;
exports, $1,573,533,307; total, $2,816,045,885. The increase in
imports for the year was $83,240,049, and the decrease in exports
$34,409,710, showing a net increase in the total trade of $48,830,339.
The decrease in exports was very much less than was expected
prior to the compilation of these statistics. Nineteen twelve had
shown a phenominal increase of over $287,000,000 in exports as
compared with 1911. It was thought, therefore, that if the trade of
1913 came within $150,000,000 of the high water mark of 1912, it
would show a most satisfactory and flourishing condition. As a
matter of fact, however, it falls short less than $34,500,000, and
exceeds the export trade of 1911 by more than $250,000,000. Even
the decrease over the high-water mark of 1912 is more apparent
than real, being due not to a shrinkage in the volume of exports,
but to a fall in price of one or two commodities.
The increase in imports for 1913 over the preceding year is approxi-
mately the same as the increase of 1912 over 1911. The purchases of
Latin American countries in two years increased about $165,000,000.
It is proper, in connection with the figures given in the tables
accompanying this survey, to state that these figures, when used
comparatively, that is totals of one country compared with totals
of another, do not represent aggregates of identical units comparable
the one with the other. The figures are in all cases based on customs-
house valuations, and these valuations are predicated on widely differ-
ing theories of appraisement. Until there be an international agree-
ment for uniformity in collecting and stating commercial statistics,
there can be no correct totaling or comparisons of countries in groups.
The totalings given above must therefore be treated as approxima-
tions only, although the units going to make up the same are fairly
accurate, each viewed within itself and from its own standpoint.
Of course comparisons of totals by years, 1912 and 1913 for instance,
being composed as they are of the same integers, are not open to a
like criticism.
In many of the Latin American countries—and these the ones hav-
ing the largest trade—customshouse valuations of imports are based
975
976 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
upon rigid appraisements in comparatively few classifications. This,
by operation of forces pressing always in one direction, necessarily.
shows values much less than true values.
Valuations in exports, generally speaking, approach nearer a
uniform standard, and in addition approximate somewhat more
closely commercial values.
CONSTANTLY INCREASING VOLUME OF TRADE.
Comparisons for one or two years sometimes fail to show the real
commercial progress of the countries whose statistics are under
observation. The stream of imports and exports—the former de-
pending for its volume in all the Latin American countries on the
volume of the latter—moves by undulations and not under constant
pressure. It is therefore necessary, in order to arrive at something
like accurate conclusions in estimating the trade of these countries,
to take for comparison longer periods. In 1897 the imports of all
the Latin American countries were only a little over $400,000,000,
and their exports for that year less than $500,000,000. In 1913 the
imports were over $1,300,000,000 and the exports over $1,500,000,000-
Imports. Exports.
DOTSER.: a2 ys eels ae oe ets oh eee lee ae acne ae ia oe asians eraeneee $1,325, 752,627 | $1,539, 123.597
TOY Se eR R ES AE SRO CREE SSS Dn babies com se enon cee NeSuaads coucan auabebone 415, 079, 562 495, 342, 937
TNGTeaSe e225 2 cae ease ne eae oe Se ees ee eee BSR OHOe AAC CEe eae 910, 673, 065 1, 043, 780, 660
Pericentiofiincrease, 16 years ya soo seen nc sake ee ee ee erence 219 - 211
Average yearly per cent of increase..............-..-.---------eeeeeeeeee 13.7 13.2
This constant annual increase of over 13 per cent, as shown by the
comparison for 16 years, represents a larger trade development than
has taken place in any other considerable part of the world during
the same period. There is no reason to suppose that this ratio of
increase will not continue for a like period of 16 years in the future.
IMPORTS.
What does Latin America buy? To answer this question cate-
gorically by enumerating the articles, or even the classes, would be
to name nearly all the finished manufactured products of Europe or
the United States, the standards of living being practically the same.
Unlike Europe and the United States, Latin America produces very
few of these articles. Even when it produces the raw material, it
rarely produces the finished product, or, if producing at all, in quan-
tities or qualities sufficient to satisfy the home demand.
Generally speaking, the imports of all the 20 countries are of
the same character. This general statement is of course subject to
modifications due to difference of climate and, in the case of primary
food products, to differences of home production. Of course heavy
woolen clothing is but little in demand in tropical countries, while
wheat and flour are largely imported. In the temperate countries
no wheat or flour is imported, but the clothing is heavier.
LATIN-AMERICA |
COMMERCE-1912
OTHER COUNTRIES
$422, 651,544
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
978
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‘SLUOdXA—-ACVUL LO NOILNAGIULSIA
980 THE PAN AMERIGAN UNION.
EXPORTS.
On the contrary, Latin American exports, while in general falling
in one class—that is, raw materials for use in manufacturing, metals,
and primary food products—yet, owing to the great differences of
soil, climate, rainfall, and other natural conditions, the proximity to
or remoteness from markets and the degree of development in trans-
portation, are widely differentiated in the several countries.
The greatest mining development is in such countries as Mexico,
Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. But there is a wide difference
in the character of mining and in the class of minerals exploited in
these countries. Gold is produced, but in no very great quantities,
in many of the countries, but only in Mexico and Colombia does the
production of gold attain to figures of world importance. Silver is
produced in many countries, but only in Mexico to a considerable
amount. The rarer metals, platinum, vanadium, and the like, are
found, often in good-paying quantities, all through the Andes, from
Colombia to Chile. Chile, Peru, and Bolivia are the principal pro-
ducers of copper; Cuba of iron ore, although the great deposits of
Chile and of Brazil will undoubtedly soon come into the market.
Mexico and Peru are at present the principal sources of the Latin
American supply of crude oils, but the known fields of Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador, and Central America will no doubt soon be
developed. Bolivia is the great source of tin and bismuth.
The exportation of forest products, outside of rubber, ivory nuts,
and quebracho, has not attained in any country the importance
that it is destined to attain in most of them.
Rubber as a forest product is exported from all of the Latin Amer-
ican countries except those of the southern third of South America—
that is, excepting those within the Temperate Zone. Brazil is the
principal exporter. Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela,
Mexico, and Central America all produce considerable amounts.
The export of woods, particularly fine cabinet woods, can scarcely
be said to have made a beginning in any of the countries. Its prin-
cipal development has been in the countries bordering on the Carib-
bean.
The great possibilities of the animal industries in nearly, if not all,
of the Latin American countries as a basis of an export trade have
been taken advantage of in comparatively few of them. Outside of
Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, animal industries
are generally limited to supplying home needs and the exportation
of by-products—hides, hoofs, etc. The great possibilities of western
Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Mexico, and
Central America as meat-exporting countries await development in
the future.
LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE IN 1913—-GENERAL SURVEY. 981
Coffee is an export of all the countries bordering on the Caribbean,
and, in addition, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil—Brazil, of course, being
the principal source of the world’s supply of coffee.
Cacao is produced in general in all the countries producing coffee,
though not in the same localities.
- The export of grain, wheat, oats, linseed, Indian corn, flour, bran,
and hay is from Argentina, although Chile exports some small quan-
tities of these farm products and in addition beans and fruits. Out-
side of the countries named, most Latin American countries are
importers of wheat and flour. This condition will exist for some time
to come.
Cuba is the principal sugar country, its production being far in
excess of all the rest of America; but the Dominican Republic, Haiti,
and Peru are also exporters.
DISTRIBUTION OF TRADE.
The United States controls nearly three-tenths of all Latin Ameri-
can trade. This is over one-third to one-half more than that con-
trolled by its nearest rival, the United Kingdom, and double or more
than double the proportion of Germany. To many Americans this
statement sometimes causes surprise. The erroneous impression too
often left by writers on Latin American trade subjects, particularly
if they be North Americans, is that the United States is woefully
behind in Latin American trade. This is far from being true if the
whole trade be taken as a basis. The following tables show the total
trade of Latin America for the years 1912 and 1913 and the propor-
tionate share of the four leading commercial countries in this trade:
Total trade, 1912, all Latin America.
Imports, $1,242,512,578; exports, $1,573,533,307; total, $2,816,-
045,885.
SHARE OF FOUR LEADING COMMERCIAL COUNTRIES.
Imports. | Percent.) Exports. | Percent. Total. Per cent.
UmitedStatessessse see seeeeere $304, 481, 093 24.50 | $531, 788, 884 34.43 | $836, 269, 977 29.70
WnitedKangdom!=s2 2252) soeee 308, 644,559 24.84 | 311,494,911 19.79 | 620, 139, 460 22.02
Germany sacs os can sees ek 208, 158, 295 16.67 | 187,091,942 11.88 | 395, 250, 237 14. 04
Hranceee 2h eee SelaatelSisie size 103, 377, 408 8.32 | 124,276, 240 7.89 | 227,653, 648 8.08
Total trade, 1913, all Latin America.
Imports, $1,325,752,627; exports, $1,539,123,597; total, $2,864,-
876,224.
SHARE OF FOUR LEADING COMMERCIAL COUNTRIES.
Imports. | Percent.| Exports. | Percent. Total. Per cent.
United States................. $325, 837, 345 24.59 | $477, 628, 500 31.03 | $803, 465, 845 28. 04
United Kingdom.............. 322,228'073 | 24.32 | 321,358,313 | 20.88 | 643,586, 386 22. 46
Sane ee Oe eee eee 217,976,202 | 16.45 | 189,156,172| 12.22] 406,132,374 14.18
Brancoswewaee ao eee eo aes 110, 484; 385 8.34 | 128,329,068 8.34 | 238,813,453 8.33
9382 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
In the northern group of states, Mexico, Central America, Cuba,
Haiti, and the Dominican Republic, to which is added Venezuela
and Colombia in South America, the United States controls about
60 per cent of the whole trade of these 12 countries, as is shown by
the following table:
Imports. Exports. Total.
1913.
Motal trade sto 4eNen yy ate the ok AGE Niro keene een $350, 697,079 | $445,051,491 | $795, 748,570
Sig Oy Wine Wintel Saree, Lal aLdosctsocsoncocenous saccosunes 174,419,399 | 300,549,379 | 474,968, 778
Pericentiof the United Statesss=-ceseecsee enone tees neon eee 49.7 67.5 59.6
In addition to the countries mentioned, the United States leads in
the total trade of Ecuador, in Peru it leads in imports, and is a close
second to the United Kingdom in total trade. In Brazil, it has a
commanding lead in exports, its takings from Brazil being more
than twice that of any other two countries. In the five countries not
mentioned the trade of the United States ranks below that of both
the United Kingdom and Germany.
For a number of years the United States has been the leading
country in Latin American exports; that is, it has taken more of the
products of these Republics than has any other country of the world,
but heretofore it has always been second to the United Kingdom.
In 1913, for the first time in history, the United States led in Latin
American imports as well as in exports. This is the most significant
fact to be derived from the study of the figures for that year. So
far from being distanced by Europe, the United States has in fact
gained more rapidly than any of its rivals, not only jn the northern
or nearby group countries, but also in the southern. Under normal
conditions and if the European war had never occurred, everything
pointed to the belief that the great bulk of the trade, both in imports
and in exports, for nearly every one of the Latin American countries
would in a few years move north and south and not east and west.
( PS
F SUBIECT MATTER OF CONSULAR REPORTS
REPORTS RECEIVED TO DECEMBER 1, 1914.!
Title. Date. Author.
ARGENTINA.
4 1914.
Wolfram available for export.........--....-....-...- Aug. 21 | William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario.
Meat exports from the River Plate................... Aug. 24| Leo J. Keena, consul general, Buenos
Aires,
SteelisashPecercscscees tasteaceer er cccins toe sicnce selec. Aug. 26 | William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario.
Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics........... -do....| Leo J. Keena, consul general, Buenos
Aires,
Foreign commerce of Argentina, six months 1914..... Aug. 24 Do.
“‘ Boletin Mensual de Estadistica Municipal” ........ Sept. Do.
Advertising electricity at Rosario. ..........-..--....- Sept. a William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario.
ATARI HIDE) (HENS 5 ooo gc aaasansososeoooensabasonesseees Sept. 4 ree J. Keena, consul general, Buenos
ires,
Advertising agencies in Buenos Aires.............-.-- Sept. 7 Do.
Cinematocraphyilimsreneeeseersececeeeeeses teaee Sept. 14 | William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario.
rad eiextensionise.cneja-einseieeisiseis nese neieice see ne Sept. 17 Do. ‘
Edible oils and groceries from Southern States........ Sept. 21 Do.
WO BECED aco osc cobassoce deooocusonsooscosesosacsgssecRr Sept. 22 E90. J. Keena, consul general, Buenos
ires.
Argentine exports for September, 1914...........-.--- Sept. 23 Do.
British purchase of Argentine meat......--....---.---- soeGlO cage Do.
Boletin Mensual de Estadistica Agricola.....-...--.-- Sept. 26 Do.
Establishment of grain elevators......-...-..-------- Sect) S55 Do.
inlectrically driven Cars!==ss se eeeee nesses eeeeace ae Sept. 30 | William Dawson, jr., consul, Rosario.
BRAZIL.
IRI Sees eatete cieisiacic nie Seisteiolsimare iinet ee etteiatsis sie © Aug. 15 | Albro L. Burnell, vice consul general,
Rio de Janeiro.
Vat W wary Seoate etcetera sinister isyae selasigeisislectersiele Aug. 19 Do.
Veterinary remedies: 492.85.) Sas seeee = cecloness see Sadi Ose55q Do.
INIGARES ICO Rssoocoscoccoocousa[S Agadooooseadaoteaacue Aug. 22 Do.
Tradex eOxtensionics oases en -eeemeese ees aaecenis.s! sett Do.
Sapedaccouas sso cddcsdodenccdaseosqe conaasoaane Do.
Enon PIASS 2/556 seco semeeiccmnosien eis eeiosise mien sleaineeis Jas Do.
Commercial depression in Brazil....-....- Do.
Kerosene blowtorches............-------- Do.
Marketiforicottoniwastereces seer aaeere oe teeeecoeceree eed. Do.
CHILE.
INEGI NOES occ cocsascar ccs nsoassesecceoceososcosaouas
Aira d evexten SiOnSeeyee seep eee ere loe alae isate wets
Letter from Mr. G. L. Burdus, of Iquique, who desires |...
agencies for and catalogues of American manufac-
tures.
Paralyzation of the nitrate of soda industry.........-
rad Slextensioneesas eon sree esc rae estseoeorne ces
Parcels post between European countries and Chile. - ‘g
@hurchrean less seas as see eee sees ae nce eee eels
SILOS Sere oma ceva scree aisatn cose Ne EIS Sie olsd ic wee a the
Barbemsupplicsesss-reeee sek coro centr aiosscaeas
Efiectsjofithe Huropean wales 222-520-250 sessec- se
COLOMBIA.
Commerce and industries. ..........-..--..-----------
Cookin fatsiniColombiassssseeeseraeesece aoe oeeeee
COSTA RICA.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
IISG On ary —so0dsid ealersmem maaan essence
ATIGOM ODES ep seean eee ee eee als seins aise eieasiene
Sept. 7
9
Sept. 23
Sept. 25
Sept. 28
Oct. 2
David J. D. Myers, consul, Iquique.
0.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
A.B. Easterling, vice consul, Valparaiso.
Do.
Do.
Tsaac A. Manning, consul, Barranquilla.
Do.
C. Donaldson, consul, Port Limon.
H. Watson, consular agent, San Pedro
de Macoris.
Charles H. Albrecht, vice and deputy
consul general, Santo Domingo.
H. Watson, consular agent, San Pedro
de Macoris.
Charles H. Albrecht, vice and deputy
consul general, Santo Domingo.
1 This does not represent a complete list of the reports made by the consular officers in Latin America,
but merely those that are supplied to the Pan American Union as likely to be of service to this institution.
2 Undated.
983
984
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Reports recewed to December 1, 1914—Continued.
Title. Date. Author.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC—continued. Gh
Cold'storage:! S22 ss5.2 bn st eens eee eee ees Oct. 12 ec Anderson Henry, consul, Puerto
ata.
Coates sear sso eo ee eee he eee Oct. 21] Charles H. Albrecht, vice and deputy
coasul general, Santo Domingo.
ECUADOR.
Market TrOvieW: soc -ccirescs see ease acian eo ee eee ane Sept. 29 | Charles Baker, consul,’ Guayaquil.
GUATEMALA,
Motion-picture theaters and films............-.-..-.. Sept. 17 | Stuart Lupton, consul general, Guate-
mala City.
HONDURAS.
ENT) ONG (HAE oo pc pocuooeouboudsoeconGoedsCCECnS Sept. 23 | John A. Gamon, consul, Puerto Cortes.
Dairying industry Sept. 28 Do.
Paints Sas ee, gale TT Se Peas ee a tears eels as Sept. 30 Do.
Crude and refined oils. Dealers...................... Pe edoeeee Do.
Shears:. VDealerse sss c5oc nasa eee oe erweceaee pen GOneaie Do.
Motortrucks 345. ease arte ately ras Sanne om ereraiee ae Oct. 7 | Walter Boyle, consul, Ceiba.
Trad omio tesserae ee ss cee ee en eVect tenes Jt Oct. 12 | John A. Gamon, consul, Puerto Cortes.
Net yb AA ee Aer ORS a Mae RR upton NR Te Oct. 16 | Walter Boyle, consul, Ceiba.
MEXICO.
GOAN eras etdake ein saeceai coasters SEE ee Sept. 29 | Thomas H. Bevan, consul, Tampico.
IBITISAWS weiseebie ea aac neem e ae em ecise eee e ene cer ciaie mi GOs. .cc 0. ves
List of dealers in chic peas, building materials, and | Oct. 4 | Louis Hostetter, consul, Hermosillo.
refrigerators.
Dentists 22% socitecniecte wee seceel eae e eee BO keene as Do.
DealersiinsShoesi san cemoccemesescseeacm oot meee Oct. 6 Do.
Moving pictuness oi ase ens sec ee een dor A. Gordon Brown, consul, Mazatlan.
Sepsemberienude-oilireportic-- eee e eee eee eee eee Oct. 7 | Thomas H. Bevan, consul, Tampico.
Trad eextensions: sac soe oe ore Oe eee onset oe meee Oct. 10 | A. Gordon Brown, consul, Mazatlan.
Shrimp fisheries of Pueblo Viejo..................... Oct. 11 | Thomas H. Bevan, consul, Tampico.
Sugar industries of the Tampico district.............. Oct. 16 Do.
Exports roms Tampico district to the United States, | Oct. 17 Do.
1911-1914. :
Qualityot¢Mexicanioilee ses epee eee nee eee eee eee Eee 20 ytert L. Bonney, consul, San Luis
otosi.
Wire, wire nails, barbed wire, etc...................- 22 | T. C. Hamm, consul, Durango.
Report on commerce and industry 26 | Clements S. Edwards, consul, Acapulco.
PANAMA.
Nngineeringanstrumentsseas-eeese eee eee eee eee eeeeee Sept. 26 | A. G. Snyder, consul general, Panama.
Impontersioimaliioxtracteasere ot eemeenee seen nee Oct. 1 Do.
athena anill(Chtickssee seep eer te eer eee epee by Osaiete Do.
Brokerage business and ship’s agency..............-. Oct. 9 Do.
BUrnitunre: oucices niesce le mosae ene niaaeee ek Soe eee Oct. 19 | Paul Osterhout, consular agent, Bocas
del Toro.
PERU.
New revenue tax on sale of steamship tickets........- Sept. 18 Wa W. Handley, consul general,
allao.
Trade information and the Department of Commerce.| Sept. 23 Do.
Copy of West Coast Leader containing article, ‘“Bo- | Sept. 26 Do.
livia and Its Resources.”’
URUGUAY.
Bank statement of Uruguay.-..............-.--.---- Aug. 30 | Herman L. Spahr, consul, Montevideo.
VENEZUELA.
Dairy industry -/.2 ssbsase- cece cee eee eee Sept. 28 Edward C. Cipriani, vice consul, La
uaira.
Lum betas actus: toegaeeee ee eee ee eee Oct. 10 Do.
As a result of negotiations between the minister of Colombia at
Buenos Aires and the minister of foreign affairs of the Argentine
Republic an exchange of OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS and Govern-
ment documents between the two countries has been established.
The Argentine Government has accepted the invitation of the United
States to participate in the NAVAL REVIEW to be held at Hampton
Roads in February, 1915, and has designated the dreadnaught
Moreno, under the command of Rear Admiral Betbeder, to represent
the country upon that occasion. A South American FOOTBALL
CONVENTION was recently held in Buenos Aires, and in addition
to adopting general rules and regulations governing the game definite
plans for the South American championship contests for 1915 were
formulated. The Roca and Rio Branco cups, offered by the Govern-
ments of Argentina and Brazil, respectively, are the prizes for which
the first international series of contests are to take place in South
America. Santiago del Estero has become one of the great
LUMBER producing sections of Argentina. During the first nine
months of 1914 there were marketed 17,000,000 logs, 7,000,000
crossties, 400,000 girders, and 5,000,000 pieces of miscellaneous
timbers. The southern ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN, established
by the municipal council of Buenos Aires in the park of ‘‘Los Patri-
cios,’”’ was opened to the public on October 16, 1914.——The minister
of agriculture has appointed a commission to investigate the feasi-
bility of manufacturing BAGGING in sufficient quantities to supply
the demand of the grain producers of the country, thus stimulating
home industries. The Argentine newspaper, La Prensa, has
planned to publish a special AMERICAN EDITION on January 1,
1915, which will contain contributions from prominent and repre-
sentative writers and publicists selected from the various countries
of the Western Hemisphere. The collection of AGRICULTURAL
SAMPLES prepared by the Grain Exchange of Buenos Aires for the
Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco has been on exhibition
in the Argentine capital. The exhibit contains over 1,700 samples
of cereal, foraging, and oleaginous plants and the various manu-
factures thereof, and gives a comprehensive idea of the agricultural
resources and their development in the Republic. The exporta-
tion of FROZEN AND CHILLED MEAT during the month of
September consisted of 161,091 frozen wethers, 214,642 frozen
quarters of beef, and 121,167 chilled quarters of beef. During
the first six months of 1914 Argentina imported 8,173,000 pounds of
985
986 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
cottonseed oil, an increase of 390,000 pounds as compared with the
corresponding period of last year. Imports of olive oil for the same
period were 26,627,000 pounds, a decrease of 2,300,000 pounds as
compared with those of the first six months of 1913.
A free course of WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY has been estab-
lished in the National School of Telegraphy, under the supervision
of the director of military wireless, and it is compulsory for all the
students of that institution. The NATIONAL BANK OF BO-
LIVIA has just published its seventieth semiannual report to the
governing board, which is accompanied by a balance statement of
July 30 last which indicates a net profit of 510,179 bolivianos.
The direction of public works authorized the company of the GUAQUI
RAILWAY to reduce the traffe of that line. Consequently the
trains which used to run between Challapampa and Viacha on
Sunday and Thursday mornings and on Mondays and Wednesdays
at 1 p. m. have been discontinued, as has also the international mail
of Sundays. In view of the actual scarcity of COAL for the.
railways of Bolivia, it has been determined to substitute for it char-
coal manufactured in Yungas. The woods of this place are of won-
derful quality for such a purpose, especially the wood from the tree
called ‘vill ca,’’ whose product develops an intense heat suited
to foundries and other industries using high units of heat. The
Bolivian Congress has decided to honor the DISCOVERY OF
AMERICA and has ordered that the 12th of October of every year
be celebrated by all the schools, institutions of learning, and off cial
geographic societies of the Republic. The students of Cochabamba
have organized in that city a society called PROTECTRESS
LEAGUE OF STUDENTS and have established a university
library. By decree of September 6 last, the President of the
Republic orders that the RENTALS in force on July 31 last shall be
reduced as follows: Those not exceeding 100 bolivianos per month,
20 per cent; those over 100 and not exceeding 200 bolivianos per
month, 15 per cent; and those exceeding this amount per month,
10 percent. The decree shall be in force until December 31, 1916.
The prefect of La Paz has supplied the city with two PUBLIC
BATHING PLACES in the Orcojalmira River, of which one is for
men and the other for women. The former is 32 feet wide by 49 feet
long; the latter has the same length by 26 feet wide, and both are
BRAZIL. 987
more than 3 feet deep.
In 1913 the department of MONEY
ORDERS of Bolivia received 22,5917money orders, representing a
value of 1,548,632 bolivianos, and sent 22,767, amounting to 1,561,557
bolivianos.
On October 12, 1914, the F}RST RAILROAD LINE built in the
State of Matto Grosso was officially opened to traffic. The line
extends from Itapura, State of Sao Paulo, to Esperanza, State of
Matto Grosso, and its entire completion will mean the linking up of
Corumba with the commercial centers of the Republic. A recent
Government decree approves the plans for the construction of 17
kilometers of the RAILROAD between Lages and Macao, a branch
of the Central Railway of Rio Grande do Norte, whose cost of con-
struction is estimated at 1,063,807 milreis—-Sr. José O’ Donnell has
been granted a franchise to establish a TELEPHONE SYSTEM con-
necting all the municipalities of the State of Catarina. The Diario
Official has published the figures for the FCREIGN TRADE of
Brazil for the first eight months of 1914. The total trade amounted
to 928,990,165 milreis, of which 486,349,438 milreis were exports
and 442,640,727 milreis were imports. While these figures show a
decided falling off in the foreign commerce of the country on account
of the European war, they also show a very flattering balance of
trade in favor of the Republic, amounting to 43,708,711 milreis.
According to recent information from Curityba in Porto Amazonas,
the ‘‘Empreza de Navegacio Fluvial Brasileira’? has established a
STEAMSHIP LINE on the Iguassu River. The congress of the
State of Sao Paulo has granted to Jordiana da Costa Machado a 15-
year franchise for the establishment of a STEAMSHIP SERVICE
on the Rio Pardo from the municipality of Caconde in Minas Geraes
to one of the stations on the Mogyana Railway. On November 11,
1914, the service of the new SERRA DO MAR RAILWAY was
officially inaugurated in the presence of the President of the Republic
and other officials. This branch of the Central Railway of Brazil,
running between Belem and Barra da Pirahy, was begun in July,
1913, and its completion means much to the development of this
section. The inauguration of the first 93 kilometers of the
MONTES CLAROS BRANCH of,the Central Railway of Brazil was
recently celebrated. The line runs, through the Diamantina and
Cabral Mountains, whose rich mineral resources will thus be made
988 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
available, while the agricultural and industrial development of Montes
Claros will doubtless be greatly stimulated. In the municipality
of Itapemirim, State of Espirito Santo, a DEPOSIT OF PEAT
some 30 kilometers wide and 6 meters deep, has been discovered.
Samples have been taken to Rio de Janeiro for analysis, and the
Government engineers state that the calorific properties are very
great and that the deposit will furnish an admirable substitute for
coal. The value of the discovery is enhanced by the fact that the
deposit is located close to the railway station and harbor of Itabapo-
ana. The bust of the lamented Brazilian statesman and former
ambassador to the United States, JOACHIM NABUCO, was unveiled
in the department of foreign relations of the Brazilian Government
in Rio de Janeiro on October 10, 1914. The Government of Brazil
has decided to install an AERIAL AND SUBMARINE SCHOOL
on Rijo Island.
Mr. Isaac Silva has presented to the Museum of Valparaiso an
interesting collection of ORE SAMPLES from some rich and typical
mines of Chile. The noted North American botanist, Mr. J. N.
Rose, of the Smithsonian Institution, arrived recently at Santiago,
Chile, where he is preparing for a SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION.—
On October 8 last the official inauguration of a STOCK FAIR organ-
ized by the National Society of Agriculture took place with appro-
priate ceremonies at Santiago, Chile. The exposition was held at
Quinta Normal in the capital and was one of the most interesting and
successful stock expositions ever celebrated in the country. At
a meeting of manufacturers, merchants, and farmers, held during the
first days of October last at the department of foreign affairs, the
matter of carrying CHILEAN PRODUCTS to the North American
markets was considered. In this connection it was agreed to ask the
National Government to put at the disposal of the National Society
of Agriculture one of the vessels of the navy in order to make a trip
of commercial propaganda to foreign ports. The wine manufac-
turers of Chile recently held a meeting for considering measures to
secure foreign markets for CHILEAN WINES in the United States
and Europe. Permission has been granted to Sr. Florencio Rioja to
exploit a TELEPHONE SYSTEM between Arica and Puerto Montt
and all the intermediate towns and villages. On October 12 last a
permanent exposition of AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY was
COLOMBIA. 989
established by the minister of industries at the agricultural institution
in the city of Santiago.——The construction of the RATLWAY
between Confluencia and Tome was finished about the middle of
Octoker last. The director of public works has appointed a com-
mission of engineers to make a practical study of the plans for the
construction of RESERVOIRS at Piquenes and La Laguna, at the
mouth of the Coquimbo River. A society of FRUIT GROWERS
was organized in Santiago for the purpose of promoting the exporta-
tion of fruits, fresh, dry, or in cans, and to estat lish sanitary fruit
markets in the principal cities of the country. The National Rail-
ways have requested bids for the supply of 300,000 metric tons of
COAL every year during three years at the following places: 125,000
tons at Valparaiso, 135,000 tons at Concepcion or Talcahuano, and
40,000 tons at Corral. The delivery shall begin before January 15,
1915. Thebids must contain the name of the bidder or his represent-
ative, the quality of coal offered, the name and location of the mine,
and the analysis of the mineral. The payments will be made in
drafts of the treasury of 90 days sight, on London, or cash, at the
option of the direction of the national railways.
ois ED Sa ey
we
wa
VPS
In the Department of the Atlantic there are 713,933 heads of
cattle; 87,343 hogs, 13,480 sheep, 32,626 goats, 83,960 mules and
donkeys, and 36,084 horses having a total value of $21,708,860
American gold. In the Department of Santander the statistics of
the CATTLE INDUSTRY are as follows: Cattle, 73,543 head;
mules, 13,487; horses, 12,382; donkeys, 4,512; sheep, 13,436; goats,
23,295; and hogs, Chamber of Representatives
recently approved a bill which determines the method which will be
observed for the purchase of ammunition, armament, vessels, equip-
ment, and other supplies for the ARMY AND NAVY of the Repub-
lic. It also enacted a law relative to the partition of CONTRA-
BAND GOODS and punishment of the contrabandists, which orders
that the contraband goods shall be distributed as follows: Seventy
per cent for the national treasury, 15 per cent for the one who appre-
hends it, and 15 per cent for the denouncer. Sr. Antonino Olano
has been appointed a member of the ARBITRATION COMMITTEE
which is to meet in Quito, Ecuador, with the purpose of rendering
decisions on the claims of Colombian citizens. Volumes III and
IV of the Diplomatic and Consular Annals of Colombia, compiled
70015—Bull. 6—14—_10
990 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
by Dr. Antonio José Uribe, have just been published. According to
the Colombian press, this work is a valuable contribution of Dr. Uribe
to the history of the foreign relations of the country and an important
contribution of the Republic to the study of diplomacy in Amer-
ica. The National Congress has declared as a NATIONAL
HOLIDAY July 5, 1915, the first centennary of the battle of El Palo.
In order to commemorate this battle the Government will create a
secondary school in the city of Santander, Cauca, and an agricultural
station in Caloto or its suburbs for the high class cultivation of
tropical plants and for the practical teaching of the cure and pre-
vention of the diseases of such plants, especially cacao, tobacco, and
sugar cane. Within a short time a STATUE of the Colombian
patriot, Col. Liborio Mejia, decreed by the National Congress in 1911,
will be erected in the city of Rionegro, Antioquia.
Sr. Pedro Loria, son-in-law of the celebrated Costa Rican patriot,
Mora, has given to the International Museum of Costa Rica a number
of valuable HISTORIC RELICS which belonged to the lamented
Mora. A COMMEMORATIVE STONE has been placed in the
house in which the famous ex-President Mora was born 100 years ago.
The ceremonies attending the unveiling of the stone were attended
by high officials of the Government, the diplomatic corps, the school
children, and the general public.—— Licentiate Jose Pinto, delegate
of Guatemala to the CENTRAL AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL
BUREAU, entered upon the duties of his office as president of the
bureau on September 15 last._--The President of Costa Rica has
ordered placed in circulation 150,000 pieces of SILVER COIN of
the value ‘of 10 centavos each, and 507,217 silver coins of the
denomination of 5 centavos each. These coins were made in the
United States mint in Philadelphia. — Under a decree of October 6
last, the President of the Republic authorized the secretary of the
treasury to issue GOLD BONDS to the value of 2,000,000 colones
(1 colon equals $0.465), redeemable one year after the establishment
of peace in Europe or before that time if possible. The President
of Costa Rica has issued a decree, under date of October 9, establish-
ing a financial institution known as the NATIONAL BANK OF
COSTA RICA. This bank is empowered to issue bank notes up to
4,000,000 colones guaranteed by recent issues of treasury bonds and
by other securities, and will make loans to the Government of an
CUBA. 991
amount not to exceed 2,000,000 colones. The remaining 2,000,000
colones which the bank is authorized to issue will be loaned to the
public at an annual rate of interest not exceeding 10 per cent, to be
used in developing the national wealth of the country, encouraging
the harvesting of crops, promoting the growing of cereals, stimulating
the business of factories, and for employment in any way necessary
to aid and assist the growth of commerce. The Congress and
President of Costa Rica have ratified the diplomatic convention
subscribed in Washington on March 16 last, extending for a period of
five years the ARBITRATION CONVENTION concluded between
Costa Rica and the United States on January 13, 1909.
The CUBAN COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATION, organized for the
purpose of attracting visitors to the Island and in affording them a
comfortable and pleasant stay, has just opened its offices in the
Hotel Plaza, of Habana. The work on the GRAN HIPPODROME
of Habana, now being constructed near Marianao and connected
with the capital by excellent electric car lines, is progressing finely.
The hippodrome, when completed, will compare favorably with the
best of its kind in France, Spain, and England. Important ex-
periments have been carried on in the Province of Pinar del Rio,
in the CULTIVATION OF TOBACCO and especially in fertilizers
employed for that purpose. The proper analyses are made in the
different laboratories at the experimental school of the Province,
and the results of these experiments are distributed among farmers
together with a list of the precautions which should be taken in
order not to be deceived by those who sell poor fertilizers. The
Cuban Congress has made an appropriation of $150,000 to com-
plete the WATERWORKS of the town of Guines, in Habana Prov-
ince. By an Executive decree it has been ordered that the students
on board the training ship Patria shall hereafter be called
“GUARDIAS MARINAS,” and that students now on board the
ship shall be appointed to fill vacancies in the ranks of second class
sailors. The Government of Switzerland has informed that of
Cuba of its desire to establish a DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTA-
TION in Cuba and in other American Republics, with residence at
Habana. The colony of DEFENSA SANITARIA INFANTIL,
established at the Triscornia Encampment, has given excellent
results. More than 400 children have been cared for, and have
received not only the benefits of good nourishment, comfortable
992 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and sanitary shelter, but also practical and useful training for the
future. It has been decreed that the immigration department
shall not permit the LANDING OF PERSONS who come to Cuba
because they have been expelled from other countries. During
the month of September, 1913, the value of the EXPORTS from
the port of New York to those of Cuba amounted to $3,224,406,
while during the same month of the present year the value of exports
amounted to $5,657,442, or an increase of $2,433,040.——Mr.
CESAR L. PINTO, Cuban minister to Venezuela, died at Caracas
on the 10th of November. The remains of the deceased diplomat
were taken to Habana, Cuba, on board the vessel Cuba, of the Cuban
Navy.
The SURVEY of the road from San Pedro de Macoris to Hato
Mayor has been finished and the construction work has commenced.
The region traversed by this road produces large quantities of cocoa
which are exported through the port of Macoris. The managing
director of the Porvenir Sugar Co. has been authorized to import
from the neighboring West Indies 800 LABORERS, who will be
employed during the sugar-grinding season of 1914-15. The
President of the Republic has decreed that the DUTIKS relating to
the certificate of the manifest or list of freight of a vessel and those
of the consular invoices which heretofore had been collected by the
consulates, shall hereafter be collected by the customhouse where
the inspection of the merchandise is made. The proceeds of the
duties shall be exclusively applied to the payment of the members
of the consular service. In accordance with a resolution adopted
by the Fourth International American Conference, it has been
decided that the OFFICE HOURS of the Dominican consulates
shall be the same as those of the customhouse of the different places
where they are established. In conformity with an executive
decree, the authorization granted at different times by the Execu-
tive Power to foreign vessels to render COASTWISE SERVICE at
the ports of the Republic has been withdrawn. Hereafter this serv-
ice shall be exclusively rendered by national vessels between the
ports of San Domingo, Macoris, La Romana, Samana, Sanchez,
Azua, and Barahona. The Angelina Sugar Plantation, of fan
Pedro de Macoris, has requested permission to bring 1,200 LABOR-
ERS FROM THE DANISH ISLANDS to work on the planta-
ECUADOR. 993
tion. In 1913 the value of the FOREIGN TRADE of the Repub-
lic amounted to $19,742,225, divided into imports, $9,272,278, and
exports, $10,469,947. The commission appointed to take charge
of the necessary work to EXHIBIT DOMINICAN PRODUCTS at
the San Francisco Exposition has been duly organized. The work
which will be done in the first stretch of the ROAD leading from the
capital to Cibao will cost $85,000, and will be started at an early
date in the direction of San Carlos to the Alcarrizos. The DUTIES
collected in the month of August by the customhouse of the port of
San Domingo amounted to $53,367.28. In the month of September
the customhouses mentioned below collected the following amounts:
Azua, $5,863.01; La Romana, $3,445.33; Macoris, $38,425.30; Monte
Christi, $21,773.21; Samana, $2,878.36; Sanchez, $32,963.93; San
Domingo, $68,285.81, and Tierra Nueva, $666.82. The second
volume of the HISTORIA ECLESIASTICA of Santo Domingo,
written by Lic. Carlos Nouel, has been published. The Blanton
Copper Mining Syndicate, located 27 miles west of San Domingo
city, has ordered a 100-ton CONCENTRATING MILL from a New
York machine company.
ov ° . ee SS 9e ° BOR
ECUAD DOR,
ISS
The Congress of the Republic has ordered the establishment of a
BIBLIOTECA DE ESCRITORES NACIONALES (Library of
National Writers). A committee presided over by the minister of
public instruction shall select the works for the library. In order
that the national printing office may be able to render this new serv-
ice, aN appropriation of 30,000 sucres has been made, to be applied
to the improvement of the office. The engineer of the ‘‘Ferrocar-
riles nacionales’” (national railroads) and the director general of
public works are now engaged in a thorough examination of the sur-
vey, through Pelileo, of the AMBATO TO CURARAY RAILROAD,
in order to determine whether it is convenient or not to construct
the line through this section. In the ‘‘Instituto Juan Montalvo”’
will soon be inaugurated a normal course which will be called ‘‘in
tensivo,” the exclusive object of which is to obtain the greatest pos-
sible number of NORMAL-SCHOOL TEACHERS. The attendants
of this course of studies must have diplomas as teachers and be from
18 to 25 years old. The Congress has decided that all the GOV-
ERNMENT INCOME obtained in 1915, including that created by
special decrees and for special purposes, shall be regarded as a com-
mon fund only for the purposes of preparing the budget. The
994 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Government has decreed that the 18th of September, which is the
anniversary of the independence of Chile, shall be celebrated as a
LEGAL HOLIDAY throughout the Republic——In consequence
of the crisis brought about by the European war it has been decided
to organize an ADVISORY COMMITTEE at Guayaquil, the duties
of which will be to suggest to the minister of the treasury measures —
which should be taken in connection with said war. The Bank of
Ecuador has been authorized to order abroad the coining of a sum
which shall not exceed 700,000 sucres in fractional SILVER
COINS. Article 6 of the TRADE-MARK LAW has been amended
as follows: ‘‘The following can not be registered as trade-marks:
(1) Letters, words, names, coats of arms, emblems, or symbols used
by the Republic or the municipalities or by foreign states or cities.
(2) Immoral expressions or drawings. (8) The name of an indi-
vidual or legal entity, unless represented in a peculiar or distinctive
shape. (4) A trade-mark which has already been registered or used
by another person or concern, if applied to articles of the same kind.
(5) The name or picture of any person without his consent, or that
of his heirs when said person is dead.”’ Article 14 of the same law
shall be amended as follows: ‘‘The registration of a trade-mark may
be applied for personally or through an attorney duly authorized to
do so by a power of attorney.” The Chief Executive has been
authorized to construct a new public WAREHOUSE at the port of
Mantas. The Chief Executive has been authorized to apply as
much as 40 per cent of all the Government income to the PAY-
MENT OF DEBTS in current accounts with the banks of the
country, and to use for the same purpose up to 60 per cent of the
funds provided for public credit and public works. The Presi-
dent has been authorized to grant PENSIONS to members of the
national police who become crippled or invalids during the serv-
ice. The Medical School of Guayaquil and the Medical Institute
of Quito will receive monthly subsidies from the Government in
order to promote the establishment of MUSEUMS, exhibits, ete.
2 mR Sera SEES
Percival W. Fuller, an instructor contracted in London by tne
Government of Guatemala to teach in the GYMNASIUM and phys-
ical-culture classes of the schools of the Republic, has commenced to
organize his work in the principal educational centers of the coun-
try.——The concession granted to the Guatemala Marble & Mining
Co. gives it the following privileges: The exportation free of duty
HAITI. 995
of marble taken from its mines; the right to construct and operate
a railway from the marble quarries to the junction with the Guate-
mala Railway; and the right to utilize the Santa Cruz and Hondo
Rivers for hydroelectric installations.—_— The ELECTRIC light and
power plant at Mazatenango has been granted exclusive privilege for
10 years to continue furnishing light and power for that town and
vicinity provided it equip ifs plant with such modern machinery and
appliances as may be necessary to make it an up-to-date installa-
tion.——The municipality of Huehuetenango has been authorized
to import free of duty the machinery required for the installation
of an electric light and power plant.——Sr. Trumann Gile McGonigal
has been appointed CONSUL of Guatemala in Mobile. Sr.
Eduardo Lainfiesta has been appointed CONSUL GENERAL of
Guatemala in New Orleans.——With the object of honoring Licen-
tiate Manuel ESTRADA CABRERA, President of the Republic of
Guatemala, for the great services he has rendered his country along
educational lines and especially for his activity in promoting popular
instruction in the country, the Congress of Guatemala has decreed
that the chief event of the principal day dur:ng the next school cele-
bration shall be the placing of medallions with the image of Estrada
Cabrera, the protector of education in Guatemala, in places of honor
in the temples of Minerva throughout the Republic.
Committees of PUBLIC HEALTH have been established at
Leogane and Petit Goave. M. Casis and P. P. Bigord, respectively,
have been elected chairmen of these committees. The National
Government has placed Charles Pierre Louis and Franc Delinois in
charge of the land TELEGRAPH office of the Republic. Leon
Archer, who has been appointed POST-OFFICE inspector, took
charge of his office on October 22 last. The central amortization
board, acting in accordance with the laws of the country, incinerated
on October 19 of the present year, bank bills of the denomination of 5
gourdes each amounting to 97,490 gourdes. Up to that date bank
bills of the denomination referred to had been burned to the value of
1,184,960 gourdes, which, added to the sum first mentioned, makes a
total incineration of 1,282,450 yourdes. The issue of bank notes of
this class amounted to 2,000,000 gourdes, which leaves outstanding
for circulation 717,550 gourdes of the 5-gourdes denomination.
Three new NEWSPAPERS have recently been founded in Puerto
996 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Principe, two of which are weekly and one semiweekly. One of
these newspapers, entitled La Revolucion, is under the direction of
Edgard Francis; another, L’E cho, is issued from the printing estab-
lishment of August A. Héraux, and has for its object the publication
of concise and true news of the day and of cable dispatches; and
Le Petit Journal, a political, literary, scientific, and commercial
publication, under the direction of Bernard & Co. The latter paper
gives special attention to commercial advertising.
The Chief Executive has authorized Mr. Carmelo d’Antoni, in
accordance with the laws of the Republic, to assume the office of
general attorney of the Honduras Sugar Distilling Co. The Society
of SOCORROS MUTUOS, called EL PROGRESO, has been recog-
nized as a juridical entity and its statutes have been approved. The
society was founded at the port of La Ceiba, Honduras, for the pur-
pose of promoting the moral and intellectual improvement of all its
members, and to do everything possible to secure work for them
whenever they need it. A CLUB DE TENNIS, the by-laws of
which shall be drafted in accordance with those of the best tennis
clubs of Manchester, is to be organized at Tegucigalpa. The materials
and equipment have already been ordered and a contract has been
entered into for the construction of a suitable pavilion for the club.
The National Congress has approved the contract made between the
President of Honduras and the Mahogany Syndicate (Ltd.), an
English company which has its domicile in London, whereby the
latter is authorized to cut CEDAR AND MAHOGANY timber in
such public forests as may be found in the lands comprised between
the Aguan River and its tributaries, the Patuca, Guayambre, Jalan,
and Caratasca. Under the contract the company agrees to pay to
the Government the sum of $8.40 American gold for each mahogany
or cedar tree it may cut, besides paying the proper export duties.
Congress has also approved the contract whereby the Chief Executive
granted to Mr. Ramén Funes the necessary permission or authoriza-
tion to cut mahogany and cedar trees for a period of five years. The
contractor or grantee shall pay to the Government an annual sum
of $8,400 in American money. Congress has authorized the Chief
Executive to sell LOTS up to 800 square meters in length each, con-
tiguous to the port towns of the Republic, and which can not be used
for agricultural purposes. The sales of the lots shall be at public
auction.
The Executive Power has created an INIERNAL DEBT amount-
ing to $130, 000, 000, through the issue of paper money or currency,
the redemption of which shall be carried out in such form and on such
terms as may be fixed by a special decree later on. During the
month of September the EXPORTS OF HENEQUEN amounted to
53,851 bales, weighing 9,567,997 kilograms, valued at $3,219,822.
The governor of the State of Michoacan has established four MODEL
SCHOOLS (Escuelas Modelo) in the Zamora, La Piedad, Uruapan,
and Zitacuaro districts of said State. Mexico intends to increase
the number of WIRELESS TELEGRAPHIC stations and to extend
the working radius of those existing at present. To this end the
reach or scope of the Mazatlan, Tampico, and Guaymas Stations
has been increased. The power of the Chapultepec Station will be
tripled in order that it may be able to communicate with any place
in the Republic. The governor of the Federal District has ad-
dressed a circular to the prefects under his command, wherein he
proscribes the prohibition of the SALE OF LIQUORS and of pulque
within their jurisdictions. During the first 20 days of October the
EXPORTS OF CRUDE PETROLEUM through the port of Tam-
pico for different ports of the United States amounted to 681,680
barrels. The exports during the same period in 1913 amounted to
734,880 barrels. During the month of September the exports of
petroleum through Mexican ports amounted to a total of 1,303,452
barrels. The preparation of the general REGISTRATION OF
PROPERTY of the Republic has been ordered. The owners, or
interested parties, proprietors, or managers of estates existing in
Mexico, or of capital invested in farms, city properties, cattle, mer-
cantile, industrial, and manufacturing interests are required to file
with the Classifying Board (Junta Clasificadora) of each munici-
pality an itemized statement as to their properties. A TAX of 60
cents on each ton of crude petroleum has been imposed. On the
Ist of November an EXHIBITION of handwork was inaugurated
at La Corregidora de Querétaro, the Industrial High School of the
capital. The municipal WATERWORKS of the town of Coyoa-
can, near the Mexican capital, will be completed at an early date.
The principal or director of military instruction has ordered that a
SCHOOL shall be established at the military prison of Santiago.
The EXPORTS OF MEXICAN HEMP made through the port of
Progreso during the month of October amounted to 98,938 bales, the
weight of which was 17,500,707 kilograms.
997
The President of the Republic called a SPECIAL SESSION OF
CONGRESS for the purpose of discussing the enactment of laws
required by the present economic condition of the country. The
session commenced its labors on September 10 last. The Nica-
rauguan CONSULATES at Mobile, Ala., and Liverpool, England,
were abolished on October 1,
found on the Cardon Island near the port of Corinth, has been given
to the United States Government in exchange for three modern
cannons. The cannon in question was used at the siege of San
Sebastian during the eighteenth century. Two coats of arms are
inscribed upon it, one being those of Castile and the other those of
a Spanish province. A decree of September 28, 1914, reduces
the general BUDGET of expenses of the Government of Nica-
racua. An interesting excursion was recently made to Sabana-
grande by thestudents of the NORMAL SCHOOL for girls at Managua.
A special train carried the young ladies, accompanied by the prin-
cipal, assistant principal, and teachers of the school, to the station
at Sabanagrande, from whence they proceeded in vans and carriages
to San Cristobal plantation where luncheon was served and outdoor
amusements provided for the party——The MUNICIPAL LAND
LAW of Bluefields is being strictly enforced by the local authorities.
A recent decree provides that the mayor of Bluefields shall not
decide petitions for vacant municipal lands unless the parties in
interest show receipts for the payment of the tax of $10 established
for the benefit of the municipal treasury. If after the survey and
notification concerning vacant lands have been made, the petitioners
should allow 15 days to elapse without presenting the municipal tax
receipts referred to, the proceedings shall be withdrawn in conformity
with article 30 of the agrarian law. The law prohibits the erection
of buildings on vacant municipal lands within a year from the date
of their allotment, under penalty of a forfeiture of the lands to the
municipality, providing the buildings erected are 15 feet or more in
width by the same dimensions in length. Congress has authorized
the municipality of Rama to install a COMMISSION GOVERN-
MENT to govern the city on and after December 1, 1914. The
law provides that the President of the Republic shall appoint the
members of the commission. Congress has approved the POSTAL
CONVENTION made with the Government of Panama.
998
Statistics compiled by the bureau of demography of the Govern-
ment of Panama show that the marriages, births, and deaths in the
Republic in September, 1914, were as follows: Marriages, 79, of
which 9 were by the civil and 70 by the ecclesiastical authorities;
births, 1,264, of which 647 were males and 617 females; and deaths,
641, of which 357 were males and 284 females. The Federal
Government has granted a SCHOLARSHIP to Ricardo A. Morales,
a promising young Panaman student who has distinguished himself
in the study of civil government at home, for the purpose of enak ling
him to complete a course in political science and pedagogy in the
University of Columbia in the city of New York. The WHARF at
Port Obaldia in the district of Anton has been opened to public service
recently by order of the treasury department of the Federal Govern-
ment.— Alejandro Ami C. has been promoted from the position of
CONSUL of Panama at Southampton to that of consul general at
Genoa, Italy. Federico Boyd, jr., consul general at Hamburg, has
been temporarily transferred to the consulate at Southampton.
A bill has been introduced into the Congress of Panama authorizing
the Federal Government to buy and equip two SUGAR plantations
in the Province of Los Santos. Under this plan it is proposed to order
the necessary sugar machinery from a Cincinnati manufacturer, sell the
plantations to companies organized for the purpose of exploiting the
same, and install the machinery at the places indicated ty the pur-
chasing companies. The companies engaging in this enterprise are
to be limited companies, authorized to issue stock of a value not to
exceed 25 balboas per share. The purchasing companies are to
reimburse the Government for the selling price of the plantations,
payments to be made in annual installments of 3,750 balboas each,
the first installment to become due within a year after the planta-
tions commence operations, and like amounts to be paid annually until
the obligation to the Government is liquidated. Early in 1915 the
national exposition to be held in the city of Panama proposes to issue
a nicely bound and profusely illustrated book, published in Spanish,
entitled ‘‘PANAMAIN 1915.’’ This book will contain material pre-
pared by noted Panaman writers on the Panama Canal, on the history
of the Isthmus, and on topics of national interest. A section of the
book will be flevoted to demographic and commercial statistics and
the natural wealth of the Republic and its industrial possi! ilities.
The work will also contain articles on the laws and literary progress.
of the country. The edition is to consist of 50,000 copies. It will be
published by the Diario of Panama and edited by J. D. Arosemena.
999
Messrs. Juan Crossa and Enrique Faella have made an application
to the department of interior requesting the approval of the by-laws
and the recognition of the juridical entity of the BANCO CONSTRUC-
TOR of Paraguay, which was established on the 6th of April of the
current vear. The institution has already deposited 10 per cent of
the capital subscribed, which amounts to 2,000,000 pesos. The
COMISION CODIFICADORA has reported to the ministry of justice
that it has finished the drafting and revision of the articles concerning
the bill on the organic law of the tribunals———The natives of Para-
guay residing in Uruguay have organized a society, the members of
which will meet for the purpose of keeping in mind their native
country. This society, called EL CENTRO PARAGUAYO, will
strenethen the ties which unite the two countries, will commemorate
the historical events of its native country, and will make an active
propaganda for the purpose of bringing about a better mutual
acquaintance between the two countries——The Congress has
authorized the Chief Executive to establish a bank which will be
known as the BANCO DE LA REPUBLICA, the offices of which
will be at Asuncion. This bank may be created directly by the
President of the Republic or by private parties, hy means of a con-
tract, for a term of 50 years. The bank will have a capital of
$6,000,000 in gold, $2,000,000 of which will be subscribed by the
Government and $4,000,000 by private parties, with the understand-
ing that the capital may be increased to more than $20,000,000 in
gold. The institution will be authorized to issue currency or paper
money which will be redeemable on presentation, may issue obliga-
tions, may be intrusted with the transactions of the State Treasury,
may act as financing agent of the same both in the country and abroad,
may issue mortgage cedulas.and receive deposits. The FRENCH
NAVIGATION CO., ‘Sud Atlantique,” the vessels of which sail
weekly from Bordeaux to Buenos Aires, has reported to the president
of the Universi:y of Asuncion that it has decided to make a reduction
of 50 per cent on the passages of the students of Paraguay who desire
to go to Europe to finish their studies ——The president of the
Republic has ordered that until further notice EXPORT DUTIES
shall be collected in gold or in legal currency or paper, and that the
Minister of the Treasury shall fix thé rate of exchange, for the payment
of the duties in paper money.
1000
The national colors were hoisted at the Government Palace, as well
as on other public buildings of Peru, in order to render homage to the
anniversary of CHILEAN INDEPENDENCE. This demonstration
of courtesy and friendliness has made a very favorable impression in
Chile. The Mining Co. of Cerro de Pasco has proposed to the Goy-
ernment the COINING of 340,000 ounces of Peruvian silver, to be
refined in the United States. The company promises to pay to the
State 8 per cent of the total of the coins thus obtained. By virtue
of an AGREEMENT mode between the Governments of Peru and
France the term fixed for the adjustment of the questions submitted
by Peru to the Arbitration Tribunal of The Hague has been extended
three months. The NATIONAL MINT OF LIMA has lately been
coining large amounts of gold. The Sociedad Minera (Mining Society)
de Morococha, delivered to the mint gold bullion brought from the
United States which, after having been weighed, yielded a sufficient
quantity for the coiage of more than £24,000 (Peruvian). The
Chuquibamba Mining Co. has also delivered to the mint sufficient gold
bars to coin more than £1,000 (Peruvian). Agriculturists and
cattle raisers residing in Lima have established the ASOCIACION
DE DEFENSA AGRICOLA, which will be composed of the land-
owners and managers of farms of the Republic, as well as of the rep-
resentatives of agricultural and cattle-raising corporations. The
SOCIETY intends to request of the Government such legislative
and economical improvements and measures as may promote the
progress of the agricultural and cattle industries, also to spread knowl-
edge and information concerning these industries by means of lectures,
distribution of pamphlets, establishment of libraries, and other means
of instruction; to devote proper attention to the use and application
of fertilizers; to promote the creation of agricultural banks; to devote
proper attention to land hygiene and stimulate agricultural and cattle-
raising contests and expositions._—The Peruvian Government has
approved the resolution which was adopted by the Fourth Interna-
tioanl Americen Congress which met at Buenos Aires on international
sanitation, by virtue of which article 9 of the SANITARY CON-
VENTION of Washington is amended. The President of the Re-
public has authorized Mr. Juan I. Valladares to make the preliminary
studies for the construction of a RAILROAD from the port of Chancay
to Cerro de Pasto and to report to the Government the result of his
studies within a term of two years.
1001
The BUDGET of the Government of the Republic of Salvador for
the current fiscal year appropriates £86,010 ($418,540) toward the
payment of the £1,000,000 loan, and 2,100,000 pesos for the settle-
ment of pending contracts, salaries in arrears, interest, etc., or a total
disbursement of 3,146,350 pesos (peso = $0. 422) for ened amortiza-
tion purposes. The President of Salvador promulgated, under date
of August 20, 1914, a congressional decree approving the resolution
of the Fourth Pan American Conference, held in Buenos Aires in
1910, concerning CUSTOMS REGULATIONS.— The Government
has ordered the civil and military authorities to render all the assist-
ance within their power in the destruction of the LOCUST pest, and
has offered a prize of 500 pesos to the person or corporat'on initiating
the most effective way of destroying the plague-—— IMPORTS FROM
SPAIN in 1913 amounted to $106,592.68 gold. The by-laws of
the AUTOMOBILE CLUB of Salvador, an association recently organ-
ized with headquarters in the Federal capital, which encourage the
building, maintenance, and improvement of public roads, the regu-
lation of urban and rural traffic, and the placing of signs along public
highways for the information of travelers, have been approved by
the Federal Government.—— The President has promulgated the
agreement made on May 13 last with the United States extending for
a period of five years the ARBITRATION CONVENTION concluded
between the two countries on December 21, 1908.——-An EMPLOY-
MENT BUREAU has been established in the city of San Salvador,
under the directicn of the police department, for the purpose of assist-
ing persons out of work in securing employment. With the object
of improving the situation arising out of the European war, the Gov-
ernment has established, among other economic measures, the follow-
ing: The maintenance of the official rate of exchange at 156 per cent
until further notice, the issuance of a decree approving the depart-
mental orders prohibiting exports of silver in coin or bullion, and
requiring the placing on sale of the cereals in the possession of the
agricultural company. In 1913 ships to the number of 813 called
at PORTS OF SALVADOR, transporting 573,852 packages of mer-
chandise and 6,036 sacks, 399 bundles, and 79 packages of mail mat-
ter.——The Government has issued an order requiring all foreigners
who enter the country to have in their possession at the time of land-
ing at least $100 in American gold. Persons suffering with hydropho-
bia, leprosy, typhoid fever, syphilis, tuberculosis, and insanity, as
well as vagabonds, prostitutes, and beggars, are prohibited from
entering the Republic of Salvador.
1002
Discussions in the Congress of Uruguay relating to the ARBITRA-
TION TREATY made between Uruguay and Italy show that this
treaty covers a wider scope than that of any treaty concluded up to
the present time with South American countries, inasmuch as it
does not exclude from the operations of the treaty questions concern-
ing the honor and sovereignty of the two countries, subjects hitherto
excepted by all former treaties. The minister of Uruguay in
London has obtained the funds necessary for making the quarterly
payment on the CONSOLIDATED URUGUAYAN DEBT.
An executive decree of March 17, 1914, concerning the designation
of time from 0 to 24, beginning at midnight, has been placed in force
in the offices of the department of foreign relations. The marking of
time is indicated at midnight by 0 hour, at 1 o’clock a. m. by 1 hour,
and so on consecutively up to 24 hour. In compliance with a
request from the Government of the United States, the Government _
of Uruguay has decided to adopt the proposal made by Great Britain
that the business of the PREPARATORY INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION be intrusted to a commission chosen from among the
members of the administrative board of the permanent arbitration
tribunal of The Hague, the board itself selecting the members of the
commission. The executive power has prepared a new law con-
cerning the taxing of INHERITANCES, legacies, and gifts. The
law was promulgated on September 17, 1914. The minister of
public works has made a trip through the interior waterways of the
country for the purpose of studying a vast plan whose object is to
make the NEGRO RIVER and its tributaries navigable to a greater
degree than they now are. The consul of Uruguay at Porto
Alegre, Brazil, has reported to his Government that a number
of Brazilian families desire to establish a COLONY in Uruguay.
Each one of these families has a capital of not less than $500.
The TABLES which the Uruguayan Climatologic Institute will
forward to the exposition at San Francisco have recently been on
exhibition in the halls of the observatory in the Prado at Monte-
vedio. Congress has passed a law modifying the charter of the
BANK OF THE REPUBLIC, and making the capital of the bank
25,000,000 pesos (peso=$1.034) and the reserve fund 10,000,000
pesos. A tax has been imposed on EXPORTS OF MEAT made
during the present year. At the AVICULTURAL FAIR
recently held in Montevideo, a National Association of Aviculture
was organized to aid in the development of that industry in the
country.
1003
The Academy of Medicine of Caracas has given a prize of 1,000
bolivares ($200) to Sr. Enrique Tejera for the best essay submitted
during the competitive contest of that association. “ Ankilostomo-
sis’’ was the subject of the essay. The national sanitary office at
Caracas sends on Sundays and other suitable days a part of its office
force to places in the immediate vicinity of the Federal Capital to
examine and treat indigent persons who suffer with ANEMIA. The
results obtained in combating the evil effects of this disease among
the poor have been highly satisfactory. The governor of the State
of Portuguesa in the Republic of Venezuela has issued a decree pro-
viding for the importation into that State of a certain number of
BREEDING CATTLE of superior pedigree for the purpose of cross-
ing same with the native stock. Dr. Rafael Lopez Baralt has been
elected an active member of the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF HISs-
TORY. The CUSTOMHOUSE at Ano Colorado was abolished on
October 16 last. Upon the date referred to the customhouse at Cris-
tobal Colon was opened for imports and exports with jurisdiction
over the maritime littoral from Promontorio de Paria to Punta Playa,
the banks of the River Guarapiche and the Colorado, Francis, and
San Juan canyons from Maturin to the mouth of the Gurapiche River.
On the same date the customhouse at Imataca was also closed and a
new customhouse established at Barrancas on the Orinoco River.
The jurisdiction of this customhouse includes the fluvial zone of the
delta of the Orinoco from the Orinoco fork at the Cano Piacoa to the
mouth of all the branches and channels which empty into the ocean
through the Orinoco River. The minister of public works has
authorized Walter Albert Lilell to construct a TRACTION CABLE
from Valencia to Nirgua, thereby facilitating access to the towns of
Bejuma, Miranda, Montalban, and Salon. Work on the line must be
commenced within a year and completed within the two following
years.
1004
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